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[ "PHANTOM. ", "ONE OF ONE\n\nPHANTOM\n\nThose whose presence has the power to inspire greatness. ", "Those who are heard but no need for celebration. ", "Those whose strength is phenomenal but rarely needs using. ", "For the few who choose greatness, only the purest expression of Rolls-Royce will do. ", "Phantom. ", "This signature Rolls-Royce is reimagined for a new age. ", "This is the eighth generation and always the first of its kind. ", "Phantom is beyond time. ", "A new era begins. ", "Phantom is one of one. ", "Your Phantom is one of one.", "\n\nAn Extraordinary Presence\n\nAn unmistakeable aura. ", "A presence that defies time itself. ", "This is the signature Rolls-Royce; an enduring interpretation of the modern motor car.", "\n\nThe Loudest Sound Is your Heartbeat\n\nPhantom is the first model to use the Rolls-Royce New Model Architecture. ", "The new aluminium spaceframe is lighter and stronger. ", "Glide in silence with elegance.", "\n\nRefined. ", "Composed. ", "Iconic.", "\n\nThe Phantom experience is anticipated. ", "But it is never expected. ", "A harmonious collaboration of rear-axle steering, active stabilisation and on-air suspension deliver a graceful, beautifully balanced drive.", "\n\nPre-Owned\n\nPeace of mind\n\nOwning a Rolls‑Royce is an effortless pleasure, made even simpler by the high standards of aftercare that we offer. ", "We will provide support and advice on all aspects of your motor car and a comprehensive four-year ownership package, including warranty, service and roadside assistance.", "\n\nMaintenance\n\nFinancial services\n\nAcquiring a Rolls-Royce motor car is a unique experience. ", "Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Financial Services applies the same philosophy, offering a range of finance options which are designed to suit your personal needs.", "\n\nA guide on fuel economy and CO2 emissions which contains data for all new passenger car models is available at any point of sale free of charge. ", "In addition to the fuel efficiency of the car, driving behaviour as well as other non-technical factors play a role in determining a car’s fuel consumption and CO2 emissions." ]
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[ "Enantiomer discrimination of peptides by tandem mass spectrometry: influence of the peptide sequence on chiral recognition.", "\nThe enantiomer discrimination of peptides by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry is described. ", "A cinchona alkaloid derivative, tert-butylcarbamoylquinine, is used as chiral selector. ", "The chiral selector forms diastereomeric complexes with the peptide enantiomers in the liquid phase (methanolic solution), which are then transferred to the gas phase, where their dissociation behaviour is studied in an ion-trap mass spectrometer. ", "Different degrees of dissociation of the diastereomeric complexes allow for the discrimination of the peptide enantiomers. ", "The influence of the peptide sequence on enantiomer discrimination is discussed and molecular recognition information is derived by comparing the results obtained for related peptides. ", "For dipeptides, small amino acid residues at the N-terminus and bulky side chains at the C-terminus were found to enhance chiral recognition, while for tripeptides the effects were rather irregular." ]
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[ "Gating and assembly of heteromeric hERG1a/1b channels underlying I(Kr) in the heart.", "\nUntil recently, ion channels generating cardiac IKr were thought to comprise four identical alpha subunits encoded by the ERG1a transcript. ", "Despite studies identifying another transcript, ERG1b, failure to identify the corresponding protein in native tissue led to the conclusion that the ERG1b subunit is not a constituent of cardiac IKr channels. ", "Interestingly, hERG1b subunits coexpressed in heterologous systems preferentially form heteromultimers with hERG1a and modify the deactivation gating properties previously attributed to the hERG1a N-terminus. ", "The two subunits are identical except for their divergent N-termini. ", "Moreover, IKr kinetic properties are more closely mimicked by currents from heteromeric, compared to homomeric, channels. ", "Studies with a new generation of antibodies now show that ERG1b subunits also contribute to IKr channels in vivo, likely in heteromeric assemblies with ERG1a. ", "Bidirectional coimmunoprecipitation of ERG1a and 1b subunits from canine and human ventricle indicates that the subunits associate in native tissue, where they are also found by immunocytochemistry to localize to the same subcellular compartment. ", "These new findings raise questions as to the role of the respective N-termini in deactivation gating and assembly in vivo, as well as the disease mechanisms of mutations causing hERG-linked long QT syndrome, approximately 20% of which reside in the hERG1a N-terminus and have previously been evaluated only in the context of the hERG1a homomers." ]
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[ "Description\n\nLambdaTest is cloud-based cross browser testing platform that helps in both manual and browser compatibility testing. ", "Users can perform live interactive testing of their website or web app on a combination of 2000+ different browser and operating system right from their own browser. ", "In addition, the platform allows the users to run Selenium automation tests on a scalable, secure, and reliable cloud-based Selenium grid and perform live interactive cross-browser testing of their public or locally hosted websites and web app on the cloud. ", "LambdaTest also offers the feature of taking automated full page screenshots across all 2000+ environments to quickly test the layout, check in a single click how your website will look across 36 different devices, and compare design and HTML images. ", "In addition, the LambdaTest platform also has single-click integration with popular project management and enterprise tools like Jira, Asana, Trello, Github, Gitlab, BitBucket, Slack, and Visual Studio Team Services.", "\n\nAbout Deal\n\nLambdaTest started the journey last year this month, and on completing one year of the journey, LambdaTest is offering 20% discount to all new and existing users. ", "Happy Testing!!", "\n\nReviews" ]
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[ "Q:\n\ncfindex causing template to be killed\n\nmy first question on stack,\nI'm running cf10 Enterprise on windows 2003 server AMD Opteron 2.30 Ghz with 4gb ram. ", "Im using cfindex action = update to index over 1k pdfs\nI'm getting jvm memory errors and the page is being killed when its run as a scheduled task in the early hours of the morning.", "\nThis is the code in the page :\ncfindex collection= \"pdfs\" action = \"update\" type= \"path\" extensions = \".pdf\" recurse=\"yes\" urlpath=\"/site/files/\" key=\"D:\\Inetpub\\wwwroot\\site\\files\"\nJVM.config contents \n\njava.home=s:\\ColdFusion10\\jre\napplication.home=s:\\ColdFusion10\\cfusion\njava.args=-server -Xms256m -Xmx1024m -XX:MaxPermSize=192m -XX:+UseParallelGC -Xbatch -Dcoldfusion.home={application.home} -Dcoldfusion.rootDir={application.home} -Dcoldfusion.libPath={application.home}/lib -Dorg.apache.coyote.", "USE_CUSTOM_STATUS_MSG_IN_HEADER=true -Dcoldfusion.jsafe.defaultalgo=FIPS186Random -Dcoldfusion.classPath={application.home}/lib/updates,{application.home}/lib,{application.home}/lib/axis2,{application.home}/gateway/lib/,{application.home}/wwwroot/WEB-INF/flex/jars,{application.home}/wwwroot/WEB-INF/cfform/jars\njava.library.path={application.home}/lib,{application.home}/jintegra/bin,{application.home}/jintegra/bin/international,{application.home}/lib/oosdk/classes/win\njava.class.path={application.home}/lib/oosdk/lib,{application.home}/lib/oosdk/classes\n\nIve also tried going higher than 1024mb for -Xmx however cf would not restart until i tokk it back to 1024mb \nCould it be a rogue pdf or do i need more ram on the server ?", "\nThanks in advance \n\nA:\n\nI would say you probably need more RAM. ", "CF10 64 bit with 4Gigs of RAM is pretty paltry. ", " As an experiment why don't you try indexing half of the files. ", "Then try the other half (or divide them up however appropriate). ", "If in each case the process completes and mem use remains normal or recovers to normal then there is your answer. ", "You have ceiling on RAM.", "\nMeanwhile, more information would be helpful. ", "Can you post your JVM settings (the contents of your jvm.config file). ", "If you are using the default heap size (512megs) then you may have room (not much but a little) to increase. ", "Keep in mind it is the max heap size and not the size of physical RAM that constrains your CF engine - though obviously your heap must run within said RAM.", "\nAlso keep in mind taht Solr runs in it's own jvm with it's own settings. ", " Chekc out this post for information on that - though I suspect it is your CF heap that is being overrun.", "\n\n" ]
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[ "Literacy and Essential Skills\n\nHon. ", "Jim Munson: Honourable senators, my question is for the Leader of the Government in the Senate. ", "On the literacy issue, reports have shown that nearly one half of Quebecers lack the basic literacy skills required to compete in the global economy. ", "In Nunavik, the situation is dire. ", "More than 63 per cent of young people between 15 and 24 years of age do not attend school. ", "That is double the Quebec average. ", "Can the leader please tell us what the government is doing to ensure that young Inuit people have the literacy skills they need to fully participate in society?", "\n\nI understand that in his announcement tomorrow, Minister Cannon may be talking about the Arctic. ", "Will the minister have anything to say about literacy rates in that part of Quebec?", "\n\nHon. ", "Marjory LeBreton (Leader of the Government and Minister of State (Seniors)): I wish to thank the honourable senator for that question. ", "I will not comment on what Minister Cannon may or may not say tomorrow. ", "However, I would be more than happy to provide Senator Munson with a written response.", "\n\nIn the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, under our capable minister, Minister Strahl, there are many literacy, education and skills-training programs. ", "I am aware of these programs because we have been dealing with them. ", "I would be happy to provide a fulsome answer to the honourable senator’s question." ]
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[ "Q:\n\nAccess Paperclip avatar from other views/resources in rails?", "\n\nCurrently I'm using Paperclip to handle my avatar uploads and usage in Rails 3. ", "I have a Users resource (With controller, model, views etc.) ", "where I'm uploading the avatars to (using the users/new view) and they actually upload and work when \"embedding\" them in the Users show View for example. (", "I get broken images, but I assume is because of the local server as the images actually save and link to the correct path in my app when looking at the source code) Now, I have another resource called skills (with controller, model and views also) In wich views I need the avatars to show too, but whenever I try to embed/use an user avatar in a skills view I get the following error (The same thing if I try to embed the avatars in another view different from users/show):\n\nundefined methodavatar' for nil:NilClass`\n\nWhy is this happening?", "\nAlso, as I say, when embeding the avatars in the show view, they actually \"embed\" but I get broken images and the following Routing error:\n\nNo route matches [GET] \"/public/assets/users/UserID/thumb/userimage.jpg\"\n\nI'm on Localhost... Is because of that? (", "I'm guessing so because \"userimage\" it's actually saved on that path in the app)\nCould someone explain me what's happening with this routing error and how to use the avatars in multiple views? ", "I'm \"embedding\" the images with the following code:\n<%= image_tag @user.avatar.url(:thumb) %>\n\nThank You.", "\n\nA:\n\nFixed the problems! ", "For the\nundefined methodavatar' for nil:NilClass`\n\nI removed the \"@\" from user in the following code:\n<%= image_tag @user.avatar.url(:thumb) %>\n\nThen, for the following error:\nNo route matches [GET] \"/public/assets/users/UserID/thumb/userimage.jpg\"\n\nI had to remove the \"public\" from my Url Symbol in the user model, so it changed from\nthis:\n:url => \"/public/assets/users/:id/:style/:basename.:extension\"\n\nTo this:\n:url => \"/assets/users/:id/:style/:basename.:extension\"\n\nNow the images show (in local and production enviroments) and I'm able to use them from all the views I need.", "\nHope this helps somebody.", "\n\n" ]
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[ "Selective association of spectrin with the cytoplasmic surface of human erythrocyte plasma membranes. ", "Quantitative determination with purified (32P)spectrin.", "\nA specific association between spectrin and the inner surface of the human erythrocyte membrane has been examined by measuring the binding of purified [32P]spectrin to inside out, spectrin-depleted vesicles and to right side out ghost vesicles. ", "Spectrin was labeled by incubating erythrocytes with 32Pi, and eluted from the ghost membranes by extraction in 0.3 mM NaPO4, pH 7.6. [", "32P]Spectrin was separated from actin and other proteins and isolated in a nonaggregated state as a So20,w = 7 S (in 0.3 mM NaPO4) or So20,w = 8 S (in 20 mM KCl, 0.3 mM NaPO4) protein after sedimentation on linear sucrose gradients. ", "Binding of [32P]spectrin to inverted vesicles devoid of spectrin and actin was at least 10-fold greater than to right side out membranes, and exhibited different properties. ", "Association with inside out vesicles was slow, was decreased to the value for right side out vesicles at high pH, or after heating spectrin above 50 degrees prior to assay, and was saturable with increasing levels of spectrin. ", "Binding to everted vesicles was rapid, unaffected by pH or by heating spectrin, and rose linearly with the concentration of spectrin. ", "Scatchard plots of binding to inverted vesicles were linear at pH 7.6, with a KD of 45 microng/ml, while at pH 6.6, plots were curvilinear and consistent with two types of interactions with a KD of 4 and 19 microng/ml, respectively. ", "The maximal binding capacity at both pH values was about 200 microng of spectrin/mg of membrane protein. ", "Unlabeled spectrin competed for binding with 50% displacement at 27 microng/ml. [", "32P]Spectrin dissociated and associated with inverted vesicles with an identical dependence on ionic strength as observed for elution of native spectrin from ghosts. ", "MgCl2, CaCl2 (1 to 4 mM) and EDTA (0.5 to 1 mM) had little effect on binding in the presence of 20 mM KCl, while at low ionic strength, MgCl2 (1 mM) increased binding and inhibited dissociation to the same extent as 10 to 20 mM KCl. ", "Binding was abolished by pretreatment of vesicles with 0.1 M acetic acid, or with 0.1 microng/ml of trypsin. ", "The periodic acid-Schiff-staining bands were unaffected by trypsin digestion which destroyed binding; mild digestion, which decreased binding only 50%, converted Band 3 almost completely to a membrane-bound 50,000-dalton fragment resistant to further proteolysis. ", "These experiments suggest that attachment of spectrin to the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane results from a selective protein-protein interaction which is independent of erythrocyte actin. ", "A direct role of the major sialoglycoprotein or Band 3 as a membrane binding site appears unlikely." ]
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[ " 2*z**2 - 2*z. ", "Let a(l) = k*w(l) + v*o(l). ", "Determine a(-3).", "\n-12\nLet o(g) = -2*g + 3*g + 0*g - 2. ", "Let k be (12/14)/(((-5871)/266)/(-103)). ", "Determine o(k).", "\n2\nLet c(v) = -3*v**2 + v - 5. ", "Let y(d) = d**3 + 38*d**2 - 166*d + 82. ", "Let w be y(-42). ", "What is c(w)?", "\n-19\nLet h(n) = 1 + 2*n - 2 + 0*n**2 - 2 + 5*n**2 - n**3. ", "Let r be 26/65 + (-4)/10. ", "Suppose 3*c = r, -4*t - c + 20 = -3*c. ", "What is h(t)?", "\n7\nLet h(f) = -82*f**2 - f + 82 + 15*f**2 - 82. ", "Determine h(1).", "\n-68\nLet x(m) = -m**2 + 2*m - 2. ", "Suppose -r - 5 = -11. ", "Suppose -r*g + g - 79 = -s, -2*g - 150 = -2*s. ", "Let z = -72 + s. Calculate x(z).", "\n-2\nLet q(d) = 214 - 137 + 202 + 217 - 24*d + 51. ", "Give q(23).", "\n-5\nLet n be (-1 - -2)/((-5)/(-20)). ", "Suppose n*u - 231 = -w + 28, -3*w + 249 = 4*u. ", "Let t = u + -64. ", "Let j(a) = a**2 + 2*a - 1. ", "What is j(t)?", "\n7\nLet b(r) be the first derivative of -2*r**3/3 + 14*r**2 - 32*r + 994. ", "Calculate b(13).", "\n-6\nLet n(m) = -m**2 + 25*m + 233. ", "Let v be (-55 - 9)*(3 - 49/14). ", "What is n(v)?", "\n9\nLet v = 108 - 111. ", "Let g be v/2*4/(-3). ", "Let i(p) = -2*p + 6. ", "Let j(c) = -c + 1. ", "Let x(f) = i(f) - 5*j(f). ", "Determine x(g).", "\n7\nSuppose -72 = 7*y - 9*y. ", "Let q = y + -39. ", "Let x(k) = 7 + 8 + 3*k + k**2 + 31 + 10 - 59. ", "Give x(q).", "\n-3\nLet l(u) = u**2 - 4*u + 2. ", "Let t(s) = -s - 7. ", "Let o = 73 + -85. ", "Let k be t(o). ", "Determine l(k).", "\n7\nLet p(q) = -6 + 18 - 9*q + 3*q**2 + 34*q. ", "Let o be p(-8). ", "Suppose -g + 2 = v, 0*v = 3*v + o*g - 9. ", "Let j(c) = -27*c. ", "Calculate j(v).", "\n27\nLet c(g) = -2 - 3*g**2 + 2629*g + 2*g**2 - 2626*g - g**3. ", "Calculate c(0).", "\n-2\nSuppose 4 = 2*w - w - 4*h, 5*w = h - 56. ", "Let s(k) = -2*k**3 - 23*k**2 + 10*k - 13. ", "Let y be s(w). ", "Let z(g) = -g**2 + 12*g - 12. ", "Determine z(y).", "\n-1\nLet p(v) = -119*v + 3 - 117*v + 355*v - 116*v. ", "Suppose 2 = k - 2*k. ", "Let y be k/4*3*2. ", "Determine p(y).", "\n-6\nLet w be ((-18)/(-72) - 2/(-8))*0. ", "Let a(s) be the second derivative of 21*s - 1/12*s**4 + w*s**2 + s**3 + 0. ", "Determine a(3).", "\n9\nLet i(r) = -r**2 + 3*r - 5. ", "Let d be (-9)/6 + (12 - 294/28). ", "Determine i(d).", "\n-5\nLet j(o) = 3071*o + 3059*o + 3*o**2 - o**3 - 6 + 2*o**2 - 6125*o. ", "Determine j(6).", "\n-12\nLet u = 141 - 135. ", "Let o(r) be the first derivative of -4*r**3/3 + 2*r**2 + r - 3. ", "Let y(q) = 5*q**2 - 5*q - 1. ", "Let t(i) = u*o(i) + 5*y(i). ", "What is t(-3)?", "\n13\nLet b(k) be the first derivative of 3*k**2/2 - 46*k - 1805. ", "What is b(0)?", "\n-46\nLet b(y) = 3*y**2 + 1. ", "Suppose 0 = -4*s - 3*f + 1677, -3*s - 2*f = 2*s - 2105. ", "Let v = 426 - s. Determine b(v).", "\n28\nSuppose -836*w + 844*w - 104 = 0. ", "Let z(g) = -g**2 + 5*g + 17. ", "What is z(w)?", "\n-87\nLet v(n) = n**3 - 6*n**2 + 7*n + 8. ", "Let j be ((-208)/572)/((-4)/44). ", "Give v(j).", "\n4\nLet u(v) = -v**2 + 8*v + 25. ", "Suppose -2*l = -3*o + 3*l - 24, 3*o = -3*l. ", "Calculate u(o).", "\n-8\nSuppose -16*b + 15*b - 16 = 0. ", "Suppose -11*d + 12*d = 11. ", "Let p = b + d. Let m(z) = z**2 + 5*z + 5. ", "What is m(p)?", "\n5\nLet i(s) be the third derivative of s**4/8 - 10*s**3/3 + s**2. ", "Suppose -4*v = 5*o + 30, -2218*v + 2206*v = 4*o + 156. ", "Calculate i(o).", "\n-2\nSuppose 1092 + 172 = 79*y. ", "Let r(g) = g**3 - 16*g**2 + g + 23. ", "Determine r(y).", "\n39\nLet u(j) be the first derivative of j**3/3 - 5*j**2/2 - 273*j + 2090. ", "Calculate u(-14).", "\n-7\nLet s(u) be the second derivative of -2/3*u**4 - 7/2*u**2 + 1/20*u**5 + 0 + 4/3*u**3 + 69*u. ", "Determine s(7).", "\n0\nLet j(n) = -n - 15. ", "Let b be 20/18*126/28. ", "Suppose -2*v = -b*s + 26, 0 = -6*v + 2*v - 2*s - 52. ", "Calculate j(v).", "\n-2\nLet t(b) = 7*b + 19. ", "Let l be t(-2). ", "Suppose l*h - 2 + 23 = -j, 3*j + 4*h + 19 = 0. ", "Let m(q) = 2*q + 2. ", "Give m(j).", "\n0\nLet o(n) = -13*n + 20*n**2 - 6 + 2*n + n**3 + 21 - 9*n. ", "What is o(-21)?", "\n-6\nLet f(d) = d**2 - 17*d + 64. ", "Let g(k) = -9*k - 8. ", "Let c be g(-2). ", "Let p be f(c). ", "Let u(w) = w**2 + 4*w + 5. ", "Calculate u(p).", "\n17\nLet m(h) = -2*h**3 + 13*h**2 - 22*h + 37. ", "Let w be m(5). ", "Let p(b) be the third derivative of 5/6*b**3 - 9*b**w + 0*b - 1/24*b**4 + 0. ", "What is p(-7)?", "\n12\nLet h = -21 - -44. ", "Let w = -26 + h. Let s(j) = 6*j + 11. ", "Let v be s(w). ", "Let p(o) = o + 5. ", "Calculate p(v).", "\n-2\nSuppose -5*q = 5, -988*x + q - 19 = -983*x. ", "Let c(y) be the second derivative of y**4/12 + y**3 + 4*y**2 + y. Determine c(x).", "\n0\nLet s(w) = -w**2 - 11*w - 11. ", "Let g(q) = -4*q - 32. ", "Suppose 4*n + 12 = -0*n. ", "Let z(h) = 4*h + 31. ", "Let y(d) = n*z(d) - 2*g(d). ", "Let f be y(-5). ", "Calculate s(f).", "\n7\nLet n(b) = 18*b - 158. ", "Let g be n(9). ", "Suppose -5*x - 10 = -4*s, 3*s - 2*x - 8 = -4. ", "Let l(h) = -3 + g*h - 13*h + s*h - 6*h. ", "Determine l(-2).", "\n27\nLet q(d) be the second derivative of 15*d - 1/60*d**5 + 0*d**2 + 0*d**3 + 0 - 1/720*d**6 - 1/6*d**4. ", "Let x(u) be the third derivative of q(u). ", "Determine x(3).", "\n-5\nLet v(l) be the third derivative of 66*l**2 - l + 0 + 0*l**3 + 1/24*l**4. ", "Let x = -25 + 20. ", "Determine v(x).", "\n-5\nLet h(i) = -878*i + 435*i + i**3 + 68 + 27*i**2 + 9 + 496*i. ", "What is h(-25)?", "\n2\nSuppose 2*y = -9*k + 11*k - 48, -y - 100 = -5*k. ", "Let z = k - -59. ", "Let u = z + -75. ", "Let m(s) = -s**2 + 2*s + 2. ", "Give m(u).", "\n-1\nLet v(b) be the second derivative of 13*b**3/6 + 27*b**2/2 + 3*b - 5. ", "Let q be v(-2). ", "Let o(u) = 30*u - 1. ", "Give o(q).", "\n29\nLet u(z) = -z**3 + 5*z**2 - 4*z - 1. ", "Suppose 18*d + 402 = -1146. ", "Let s = d + 90. ", "Determine u(s).", "\n-1\nLet l(y) = -2 - 12*y**2 + 8*y**2 - 5*y**2 + y**3 + 4*y + 3*y**3. ", "Let z(u) = 7*u**3 - 17*u**2 + 8*u - 4. ", "Let k(h) = 5*l(h) - 3*z(h). ", "Determine k(5).", "\n7\nLet p = -514 + 578. ", "Let i(d) = -p*d**2 + 5*d + d + 2*d + 63*d**2. ", "Determine i(5).", "\n15\nLet w(c) = 50*c - 156*c + 278 + 86*c - 99. ", "Give w(9).", "\n-1\nLet h(r) = -r**2 + 8*r - 3. ", "Let p = 23 - 17. ", "Let g be 10 + (p - 6) + 1*-1. ", "Suppose g*l - 20 = 5*l. ", "What is h(l)?", "\n12\nLet p(f) = 54*f**3 - 53*f**3 + 11*f**2 + 2 + 15 + 15 + 19 - 8*f. ", "Give p(-12).", "\n3\nLet w(a) = -4*a + 4. ", "Let j = 856 - 854. ", "What is w(j)?", "\n-4\nSuppose 0 = -5*j + 5, -2*k + 8 - 2 = 4*j. ", "Let h(f) = f**3 + f**2 - 9*f + 7. ", "Let l be h(k). ", "Let t(q) = q + 4. ", "Give t(l).", "\n4\nLet i(v) = 2*v**3 - 17*v**2 - 7*v - 15. ", "Let s(f) = -314*f + 7859. ", "Let p be s(25). ", "Give i(p).", "\n3\nLet h(z) be the first derivative of z**5/120 + z**4/6 + 41*z**3/3 - z - 136. ", "Let o(d) be the third derivative of h(d). ", "Calculate o(2).", "\n6\nLet h(f) = 2*f**3 + 21*f**2 - 33*f + 37. ", "Let y be h(-12). ", "Let u(p) be the first derivative of -9*p**2/2 + 4. ", "Calculate u(y).", "\n-9\nLet d(p) = 2*p**2 + 7*p. ", "Let q(x) be the third derivative of 0 - 1/20*x**5 + 0*x - 7/12*x**4 + 1/6*x**3 - 15*x**2. ", "Let l(w) = 5*d(w) + 3*q(w). ", "Determine l(3).", "\n-9\nLet h(g) = -115*g - 65. ", "Let p(d) = 26*d + 16. ", "Let s(c) = 2*h(c) + 9*p(c). ", "What is s(6)?", "\n38\nLet r(b) = 66*b - 57. ", "Let w be (-1 + 0)*3/27*-9. ", "Calculate r(w).", "\n9\nLet c(r) be the third derivative of -125*r**2 + 0*r - 1/2*r**3 + 0 + 1/4*r**4 - 1/60*r**5. ", "Suppose 5*y - 3 - 5 = 4*a, 2*a = -5*y + 26. ", "Give c(a).", "\n6\nSuppose 3*c - 2 = -i, -2*i + 5*i + 22 = 5*c. ", "Let f be 0/(-2 + c - 1). ", "Suppose f = 5*u + 10, -3*u - 14 = -4*a - 4. ", "Let l(z) = 6*z + 1. ", "Calculate l(a).", "\n7\nLet n(z) = z**3 + 5*z**2 + 6. ", "Let k be n(-5). ", "Suppose -760 = -64*f + 56*f. ", "Let x(u) = f*u - 6 - 289*u + 97*u + 96*u. ", "Determine x(k).", "\n-12\nLet i(v) = -3*v**2 + 67*v - 18. ", "Let w(p) = p**2 - 23*p + 3. ", "Let j(y) = -4*i(y) - 11*w(y). ", "Determine j(15).", "\n39\nLet f(y) be the second derivative of 11*y**7/420 - y**6/180 + y**4/24 - y**3/6 + 15*y**2 - 26*y + 2. ", "Let u(a) be the second derivative of f(a). ", "Give u(1).", "\n21\nLet o(v) = -31*v. ", "Let p(d) = -d + 36. ", "Let h(y) = 42*y**2 + 3*y - 2. ", "Let u be h(-1). ", "Let f be p(u). ", "Calculate o(f).", "\n31\nLet f(w) = w**3 + 22*w**2 + 40*w - 1. ", "Let q = -11461 - -11441. ", "Calculate f(q).", "\n-1\nLet l = 605 + -601. ", "Suppose 4*t + c - 2*c = -l, -t - 4*c = -16. ", "Let u(h) = h**3 - h**2 - h + 3. ", "Give u(t).", "\n3\nLet o(p) be the third derivative of 77*p**4/24 + 9*p**3/2 - 51*p**2. ", "Let w(h) = -27*h - 9. ", "Let x(k) = 6*o(k) + 17*w(k). ", "What is x(-9)?", "\n-18\nLet y be (2 - -1 - 6) + 3. ", "Let l(q) = -3*q + 1 + y*q**2 - q - q**2. ", "Let c = -29585 + 29579. ", "Calculate l(c).", "\n-11\nLet t be (-15)/(-5) - 1 - -4. ", "Let l(h) = 3*h**3 + 6 + 4*h - 3*h**2 - t*h**3 - h + 2*h**3. ", "Give l(-4).", "\n10\nSuppose 4*z = 4*a - 76, 4*a = 2*z - 0*a + 46. ", "Let x = -7 - z. Let u be (2 + (-7)/6)/(x/48). ", "Let r(p) = -3*p + 4. ", "Give r(u).", "\n-11\nLet r = 9238 + -9245. ", "Let x(g) = 9*g + 65. ", "Determine x(r).", "\n2\nLet f(x) = 4*x**2 - 4*x - 39. ", "Let b(r) = -10*r**2 + 7*r + 79. ", "Let n(g) = -3*b(g) - 7*f(g). ", "Let t(l) be the first derivative of n(l). ", "Give t(-5).", "\n-13\nLet l(j) be the third derivative of j**6/240 + j**5/60 + j**4/24 - 5*j**3/6 - 38*j**2. ", "Let w(o) be the second derivative of l(o)" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }
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[ "Steve,\n\nBelow is an analysis of 125 EBS employees listed for redeployment. ", " The final \nnumber is still predicted to be around 140, but the information reflects all \nthe names received for this process to date. ", " We are continuing to get names \nin on a daily basis and do feel the 140 number will be about right.", "\n\nKriste Sullivan, in Corp. Legal said the risk looks low for age or any other \ndiscrimination claims based on the analysis completed.", "\n\nWe will update this information as we add names, but wanted you to have this \ninitial summary.", "\n\nMarla Barnard (marla_barnard@enron.net)\nVice President - Human Resources\nEnron Broadband Services\n713-345-8158 (Office)\n713-646-2678 (Fax)\n----- Forwarded by Marla Barnard/Enron Communications on 03/15/01 03:16 PM \n-----\n\n\tMargaret Dennison\n\t03/14/01 06:30 PM\n\t\t \n\t\t To: Marla Barnard/Enron Communications@Enron Communications, Kriste \nSullivan/Enron@EnronXGate\n\t\t cc: \n\t\t Subject: EBS Analysis\n\n\n\t\n\n\nMarla and Kriste,\n\nAttached is a breakdown between our current status (in green) and the \nredeployment info (in yellow). ", " Let me know if you have any questions. ", " \nThanks. ", " md" ]
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[ "Recent events have raised the level of ethics awareness and concern all around the world. ", "Companies with deficient corporate ethics are being held accountable. ", "Ethics is an area that needs to be addressed by all businesses. ", "Ethics policies and procedures need to be clear and all people in the organization need to understand them. ", "Ethics compliance needs to be assessed and monitored. ", "Ethical issues need to be dealt with promptly and properly. ", "We provide consulting in all areas of business ethics. ", "Below are a few of the specific areas our ethics consultants can help you with." ]
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[ "/*\n [auto_generated]\n boost/numeric/odeint/external/eigen/eigen_algebra.hpp\n\n [begin_description]\n tba.", "\n [end_description]\n\n Copyright 2013 Christian Shelton\n Copyright 2013 Karsten Ahnert\n\n Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.", "\n (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or\n copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)\n*/\n\n\n#ifndef BOOST_NUMERIC_ODEINT_EXTERNAL_EIGEN_EIGEN_ALGEBRA_HPP_INCLUDED\n#define BOOST_NUMERIC_ODEINT_EXTERNAL_EIGEN_EIGEN_ALGEBRA_HPP_INCLUDED\n\n#include <Eigen/Dense>\n#include <boost/numeric/odeint/algebra/vector_space_algebra.hpp>\n\n// Necessary routines for Eigen matrices to work with vector_space_algebra\n// from odeint\n// (that is, it lets odeint treat the eigen matrices correctly, knowing\n// how to add, multiply, compute the norm, etc)\n\nnamespace Eigen {\n\n\ntemplate<typename D>\ninline const\ntypename Eigen::CwiseUnaryOp<\n typename Eigen::internal::scalar_add_op<\n typename Eigen::internal::traits<D>::Scalar>,\n const D >\noperator+(const typename Eigen::MatrixBase<D> &m,\n const typename Eigen::internal::traits<D>::Scalar &s) {\n return Eigen::CwiseUnaryOp<\n typename Eigen::internal::scalar_add_op<\n typename Eigen::internal::traits<D>::Scalar>,\n const D >(m.derived(),Eigen::internal::scalar_add_op<\n typename Eigen::internal::traits<D>::Scalar>(s));\n}\n\ntemplate<typename D>\ninline const\ntypename Eigen::CwiseUnaryOp<\n typename Eigen::internal::scalar_add_op<\n typename Eigen::internal::traits<D>::Scalar>,\n const D >\noperator+(const typename Eigen::internal::traits<D>::Scalar &s,\nconst typename Eigen::MatrixBase<D> &m) {\n return Eigen::CwiseUnaryOp<\n typename Eigen::internal::scalar_add_op<\n typename Eigen::internal::traits<D>::Scalar>,\n const D >(m.derived(),Eigen::internal::scalar_add_op<\n typename Eigen::internal::traits<D>::Scalar>(s));\n}\n\n\n\ntemplate<typename D1,typename D2>\ninline const\ntypename Eigen::CwiseBinaryOp<\n typename Eigen::internal::scalar_quotient_op<\n typename Eigen::internal::traits<D1>::Scalar>,\n const D1, const D2>\noperator/(const Eigen::MatrixBase<D1> &x1, const Eigen::MatrixBase<D2> &x2) {\n return x1.cwiseQuotient(x2);\n}\n\n\ntemplate< typename D >\ninline const \ntypename Eigen::CwiseUnaryOp<\n typename Eigen::internal::scalar_abs_op<\n typename Eigen::internal::traits< D >::Scalar > ,\n const D >\nabs( const Eigen::MatrixBase< D > &m ) {\n return m.cwiseAbs();\n}\n\n\n\n} // end Eigen namespace\n\n\n\n\n\nnamespace boost {\nnamespace numeric {\nnamespace odeint {\n\ntemplate<typename B,int S1,int S2,int O, int M1, int M2>\nstruct vector_space_norm_inf< Eigen::Matrix<B,S1,S2,O,M1,M2> >\n{\n typedef B result_type;\n result_type operator()( const Eigen::Matrix<B,S1,S2,O,M1,M2> &m ) const\n {\n return m.template lpNorm<Eigen::Infinity>();\n }\n};\n\n} } } // end boost::numeric::odeint namespace\n\n#endif // BOOST_NUMERIC_ODEINT_EXTERNAL_EIGEN_EIGEN_ALGEBRA_HPP_INCLUDED\n" ]
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[ "High levels of interleukin-6 in the exhaled breath condensate of patients with COPD.", "\nChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by chronic inflammation of the respiratory tract. ", "We investigated the presence of interleukin-6 (IL-6: a cytokine secreted by monocytes/macrophages, T cells, B cells, fibroblasts, bone marrow stromal cells, keratinocytes and endothelial cells) in the exhaled breath condensate of 16 exsmokers with moderate COPD, 12 healthy non-smokers. ", "IL-6 was measured by means of a specific enzyme immunoassay. ", "IL-6 levels were detectable in all of the subjects, but were higher in the COPD patients (8.0 +/- 0.1 pg/ml; P < 0.0001) than in the healthy non-smokers (4.9 +/- 0.2 pg/ml) with a correlation in this group between age and IL-6 levels (r = 0.597; P < 0.05). ", "The increased IL-6 levels in exhaled breath condensate may reflect airway inflammation in patients with COPD." ]
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[ "Like It's Her Birthday\n\n\"Like It's Her Birthday\" is a song by American pop punk band Good Charlotte from their fifth studio album, Cardiology (2010). ", "It was released as the album's first single on August 24, 2010.", "\n\nWritten by the band brothers Benji and Joel Madden, with additional writing and full production of Don Gilmore, the song is a pop punk song that talks about having fun with a girlfriend who likes to celebrate every day like it was her birthday.", "\n\nThe song received positive reviews from music critics, who praised it for its catchiness, funny lyrics and danceable content. ", "It was a big success on the ARIA Charts, reaching the top ten.", "\n\nThe band premiered the song live for the first time on May 22 at the 2010 Bamboozle Road Show in Charlotte, North Carolina.", "\n\nA version featuring Tonight Alive was also released, though they do not appear in the video version.", "\n\nThe music video was released on September 21, 2010 on YouTube. ", "It alternates between shots of the band performing in a dark room and scenes in a club.", "\n\nBackground \nGuitarist Benji Madden wrote on the band's website that Good Charlotte released the song to show appreciation of their patient fan base: \"We always put a song on every record that's there just for fun and this is that song.\" ", "He also explained to Alternative Press that it \"has a good mix of the old-school sound from our self-titled record from 2000, and the sound we explored on Good Morning Revival in 2007.: ", "Guitarist Billy Martin discussed his contribution to the song during an interview with Unrescuable Schizo: \"I got to do a guitar solo in it. ", "I've been pushing to do some guitar solos for years. ", "I got to do a really cool one on that song so that was definitely a highlight for me. ", "It's a fairly pop song for us. ", "It's still rock, it's very guitar-heavy but it's sort of a real pop melody. ", "By putting a big rock guitar solo in the middle of the song, it gives it a nice edge. ", "I like that fine line between being a rock band and writing pop songs.\"", "\n\nCritical reception \nKevin Barber from Consequence of Sound wrote, \"“Like It’s Her Birthday” is a little off-color from what the album is trying to accomplish. ", "It does not shy away from the dance-y, mall-pop type of music that they were trying to avoid, but it is a catchy single that lets the public know that Good Charlotte is back,\" adding, \"It will be a guilty pleasure that some will try to ignore, but most will succumb to.\" ", "Ian Drew from US Magazine considerate it a \"downright danceable fun\". ", "Jon Dolan from Rolling Stone said: \"Like It's Her Birthday\" sets a man's problem (\"She said she only had a meeting/But she is dressed for something/Something that is no good\") to a bubblegum groove that a 14-year-old could throw a fist to.\" ", "Eric Sundermann from Spin gave it a positive review, saying: \"The track blends a combination of old and new Good Charlotte: It's a fast paced party song, but rather than \"The Anthem\"-style distorted electric guitars, the group uses synthesizers to create the upbeat sound.\"", "\n\nMusic video \nThe music video was released on August 27, 2010 on YouTube. ", "It features the band performing inside of a glass cube-like structure in a blacked-out room. ", "The video also shows the band at a party with a number of attractive women. ", "Cameo appearances are made by The Maine's John O'Callaghan and Kennedy Brock, Boys Like Girls' Martin Johnson and Paul DiGiovanni, and Mest's Tony Lovato.", "\n\nChart performance \n\"Like It's Her Birthday\" debuted on the ARIA Digital Track Chart at #40 on August 30, 2010 and #17 on the ARIA Top 50 Singles Chart on September 5, 2010.", "\n\nChart positions\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:2010 singles\nCategory:Good Charlotte songs\nCategory:Songs written by Benji Madden\nCategory:Songs written by Joel Madden\nCategory:Capitol Records singles\nCategory:2010 songs\nCategory:Songs written by Don Gilmore (record producer)" ]
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[ "ASICS® Baseline Volleyball Shorts Women Shorts\n\nSize\n\nJump, set and serve in the ASICS® Baseline Volleyball Short. ", "Made of 90% nylon/10% spandex, this soft and comfortable short features flat-seam stitching and a finished waistband at the inside. ", "4\" inseam. ", "Imported. ", "This product can be shipped to US addresses ONLY. ", "Delivery Services Availability depends on shipping address entered at checkout. ", "Business days: Monday-Friday, excludes US Holidays. ", "All orders subject to complete verification prior to shipment." ]
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[ "Q:\n\nTVL1 algorithm for optical flow\n\nThis is a bit of a long shot, but I was hoping somebody might have some insight (not sure of a better forum than here but open to suggestions). ", "I have implemented the optical flow algorithm from the paper An Improved Algorithm for TV-L1 Optical Flow. ", "I've tried to stick to exactly the same parameters as the article explains (they have quite detailed implementation notes), and yet I can't reproduce their results.", "\nFrom my analysis (I'll show images in a moment), it appears that the algorithm works well with small images, so in the coarse-to-fine pyramid you can see the flow is accurately calculated for small-scale version of each image. ", "Then when the images are upscaled beyond a certain point the optimisation seems to converge to some poor local minimum. ", "To confirm this suspicion I reran the algorithm with a scaling factor of 0.9 between pyramid levels (instead of the 0.5 the article uses) and the results are much improved - it seems with a small enough up/downscaling factor we avoid the poor local minima. ", "Here are the flows (Middlebury backyard scene, with scaling factors of 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 in that order):\n\nThese are the iteration-by-iteration sequences of each scaling factor (here we see that even 0.5 works well on small images):\n0.5: http://youtu.be/EHTO7lJeMrA\n0.7: http://youtu.be/-PlTU3VioWg\n0.9: http://youtu.be/lK5EP865u0E\nI've fiddled with all the other parameters of the algorithm, and they don't have any major impact on this phenomenon. ", "I can upload my Matlab code if anyone is interested. ", "So my question is:\nDoes anyone have an alternate explanation for this phenomenon? ", "The fact that I can't reproduce their results is troubling me greatly.", "\n\nA:\n\nIt turns out I wasn't multiplying the dual variable by 4 on upsampling which kept it out of sync with the primal variable (because the upsampling adds zero rows/cols and blurs so to maintain value integrity we need to multiply by the ratio of new zero entires to old entries). ", "So trivial and yet so frustrating.", "\n\n" ]
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[ "By RICCARDO BIANCHINI - 2019-11-04\n\nThe Pinacoteca Giovanni e Marella Agnelli is a private art museum in Turin, located on top of the Lingotto former car manufacturing plant.", "\n\nThe Lingotto, once the main factory of the automobile manufacturer FIAT, was designed in the 1920s by engineer Matté Trucco; the one million cubic meter building was famous for its imposing industrial architecture as well as for the futuristic vehicle test track placed on its rooftop.", "\n\nRenzo Piano’s design\n\nAfter being dismissed in 1982, the Lingotto was fully renovated and converted into a multifunctional center after a design by Italian architect Renzo Piano, as the winner of an international design competition organized in 1984 by Fiat.", "\n\nPiano’s design left the building’s exterior largely unchanged, while it completely transformed the internal space to accommodate an exhibition center, an ice skating arena, a convention center, theaters, restaurants, a shopping center, a hotel, a department of the University of Turin, and the Pinacoteca Agnelli.", "\n\nThe Lingotto factory in the 1920s, photo FIAT Group\n\nThe Lingotto today, with the Pinacoteca Agnelli in the middle; photo © RPBW / Enrico Cano\n\nLingotto, aerial view, photo © Studio fotografico Merlo fotografia aerea\n\nFor the Pinacoteca, Piano designed a six-story venue, including an addition located on the Lingotto’s rooftop, which houses temporary exhibition spaces, a library, an art education center, offices, a bookshop and, on the sixth floor, a permanent exhibition space known as Lo scrigno (the Jewel box).", "\n\nPinacoteca Giovanni e Marella Agnelli designed by Renzo Piano Building Workshop, longitudinal section\n\nPinacoteca Giovanni e Marella Agnelli, transverse section\n\nTo illuminate the exhibition with natural light, Piano conceived a semi-transparent roof , he nicknamed il tappeto volante (the magic carpet), composed of 1746 louvers made in glass, coupled with motorized aluminum slats, an array of sensors and an artificial lighting system, which maintain a constant illumination of 250 lux on the artworks, independently from the external conditions.", "\n\nPhoto © RPBW / Enrico Cano\n\nCollection and activities\n\nOpened to the public in 2002, the “jewel box” houses a permanent collection composed of 25 artworks from the private collection of industrialist Giovanni Agnelli (1921- 2003) and his wife Marella (b. 1927).", "\n\nWorks on view include paintings by Giambattista Tiepolo, Canaletto, Giacomo Balla, Edouard Manet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, and Amedeo Modigliani, and two sculptures by Antonio Canova.", "\n\nThe Pinacoteca Agnelli activities include temporary exhibitions, lectures, educational classes, workshops, and special events.", "\n\nThe permanent exhibition, installation view with the paintings (from left to right) “Méditation – Après le bain” (1920), “Femme et anémones” (1920), and “Intérieur au phonographe” (1924) by Henri Matisse; image courtesy Pinacoteca Giovanni e Marella Agnelli\n\nThe permanent exhibition, installation view with the painting “Velocità astratta” (1914) by Giacomo Balla in the foreground; image courtesy Pinacoteca Giovanni e Marella Agnelli\n\nCover photo by Truus, Bob & Jan too!" ]
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[ "Noninstrumented facet fusion in patients undergoing lumbar laminectomy for degenerative spondylolisthesis.", "\nThe purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the radiographic and clinical efficacy of uninstrumented facet fusion in elderly patients undergoing lumbar laminectomy for spinal stenosis due to a single-level degenerative spondylolisthesis. ", "Several studies have clearly demonstrated the beneficial effects of concomitant spinal fusion with laminectomy in degenerative spondylolisthesis. ", "Controversy, however, persists regarding the virtues of fusion in this patient population. ", "This study included 62 patients with a single-level grade I or II degenerative spondylolisthesis who underwent laminectomy and uninstrumented facet fusion for unremitting symptoms of spinal stenosis. ", "Group 1 (39 patients) had a fixed degenerative spondylolisthesis with no measurable translation on flexion/extension radiographs, while group 2 (23 patients) had a mobile degenerative spondylolisthesis with preoperative translation. ", "Postoperatively, the 62 listhetic levels were analyzed for radiographic signs of instability on flexion/extension radiographs for a minimum of 24 months. ", "Clinical outcome was assessed in each patient at the time of final follow-up. ", "In group 1 (patients with no preoperative translation), 64% of the index listhetic facet fusion levels had < or = 2 mm of motion on postoperative flexion/extension radiographs, while the other 36% had > 2 mm to < or = 15 mm of motion. ", "Ninety-six percent of patients with < or = 2 mm of postoperative motion were \"much better\" after surgery, whereas only 50% of patients with > 10 mm of postoperative motion had similar results. ", "Similar trends were also observed in group 2 with 52% of levels having < or = 2 mm motion and patient \"much better\" outcomes being observed with less motion postoperatively. ", "The overall postoperative radiographic stabilization rate and improved patient outcomes were higher in group 1 than in group 2. ", "In patients undergoing laminectomy for a grade I or II fixed or mobile degenerative spondylolisthesis, concomitant facet fusion decreases motion and stabilizes the spine via a bony fusion or a stable pseudarthrosis. ", "In general, patients with less motion on postoperative flexion/extension radiographs had a better clinical outcome than those with more motion." ]
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[ "El Ministerio de Transporte llamó a licitación para concesionar la operación y el mantenimiento de las líneas Belgrano Norte y Urquiza hasta 2035. ", "Esos ramales son los únicos dos del área metropolitana que no son controlados por Trenes Argentinos. ", "La licitación, anticipada por este medio, llega sobre el filo de la fecha en que la operación hubiera revertido al Estado.", "\n\nEl Ministerio de Transporte de la Nación lanzó este miércoles una licitación nacional e internacional “para la concesión, operación, mantenimiento y obras de mejoras” de las líneas Belgrano Norte y Urquiza.", "\n\nMediante este proceso se busca seleccionar operadores para gestionar esas dos líneas, las únicas dos del área metropolitana que son administradas por privados, por un plazo de 15 años, que finalizaría en 2035.", "\n\nEl llamado a licitación, que había sido adelantado por enelSubte en abril pasado, se hizo público sobre el filo del plazo autorizado, que vencía a fines de este mes en el caso de la línea Urquiza. ", "Para el Belgrano Norte, en tanto, la fecha era apenas más holgada: había tiempo hasta octubre.", "\n\nSegún se desprende de las propias resoluciones oficiales, de no haberse materializado el llamado a licitación, la operación de ambas líneas hubiera revertido a Trenes Argentinos Operaciones, la empresa estatal que administra el resto de las líneas ferroviarias del área metropolitana (Mitre, San Martín, Sarmiento, Belgrano Sur, Roca y Tren de la Costa), algo que el Gobierno parece decidido a evitar.", "\n\nSegún informó Transporte en un comunicado, el “primer paso del proceso” será la realización de un “data room, un espacio de presentación a potenciales interesados, quienes podrán hacer llegar consultas sobre aspectos técnicos de los pliegos”.", "\n\nA diferencia de lo que ocurrió con la nueva concesión del Subte (lanzada en 2017 y aún sin resolver), no se conoce que ningún consorcio o empresa extranjera quiera participar de la compulsa. ", "De momento, en el caso de la línea Urquiza, sólo ha confirmado interés la actual operadora Metrovías, que volvería a presentarse, con asesoramiento técnico de la DB.", "\n\nTal como explicó este medio, las nuevas concesiones no contemplan la infraestructura (que estará en manos de la ADIF), sino la operación y el mantenimiento, un esquema similar al vigente para el Subte porteño, lo que posibilita el encuadramiento de la operación privada dentro del esquema de la ley 27.132 de Ferrocarriles Argentinos, sancionada en 2015.", "\n\nSi bien los detalles de los pliegos aún no se conocen, el Gobierno anunció que los concesionarios tendrán responsabilidad sobre “la incorporación de material rodante, renovación de vías, talleres de mantenimiento y reparaciones, estaciones, sistemas de señalamiento y comunicaciones y obras de arte como puentes, entre otros”.", "\n\nLa decisión de mantener la operación privada del Belgrano Norte y el Urquiza llama la atención, sobre todo cuando se considera que el Estado cubre aproximadamente el 95% de los costos de explotación de ambas líneas, algo que no cambiaría con la nueva concesión. ", "Además, una operación separada seguiría manteniendo aislados a ambos ramales del resto de la red ferroviaria metropolitana, que Trenes Argentinos Operaciones maneja con éxito, en todos los casos con mejores resultados que la gestión privada que la precedió.", "\n\nLa empresa estatal, sin embargo, podría quedarse con la operación del Urquiza y el Belgrano Norte en el caso de que la licitación fracase. ", "Cabe recordar que en 2015, cuando por ley se recreó Ferrocarriles Argentinos y dispuso que el Estado asumiera directamente la administración de las cinco líneas metropolitanas que tenían concesiones caídas, estaba previsto que al vencer las concesiones vigentes a Ferrovías y Metrovías también estas revirtieran al Estado. ", "El actual gobierno primero prorrogó las concesiones y, con este llamado a licitación a meses de finalizar su mandato, parece obstinado a evitar la reunificación de los ferrocarriles metropolitanos en manos del Estado.", "\n\nComentarios" ]
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[ "Introduction {#s1}\n============\n\nOchratoxin A (OTA) is a naturally occurring mycotoxin, produced principally by a wide range of *Aspergillus* and *Penicillium* species [@pone.0093923-ElKhoury1] while various nephrotoxic, carcinogenic, immunotoxic, genotoxic and teratogenic effects [@pone.0093923-Fuchs1], [@pone.0093923-PfohlLeszkowicz1], [@pone.0093923-Reddy1], [@pone.0093923-Matsuda1] as well as Balkan Endemic Nephropathy [@pone.0093923-Abouzied1], [@pone.0093923-Stefanovi1] have been attributed to this mycotoxin.", "\n\nOTA is receiving attention due to its high incidence in a wide range of food commodities such as cereal-based products, coffee, spices, nuts, olives and grape-derived products [@pone.0093923-Leong1], [@pone.0093923-Duarte1], [@pone.0093923-Palencia1], [@pone.0093923-Velmourougane1], [@pone.0093923-Tittlemier1], [@pone.0093923-Ponsone1]. ", "RASFF Annual Report places OTA as the mycotoxin with most notifications for fruit and vegetables in 2012, while is being always second after aflatoxins in notifications on mycotoxins for food and feed for over the last decade [@pone.0093923-European1]. ", "Several publications report the high occurrence of OTA in wine and grape products from different European countries, with higher OTA levels reported for products originating from southern European regions and in particular in regions with a Mediterranean climate [@pone.0093923-Otteneder1], [@pone.0093923-Pietri1], [@pone.0093923-LopezdeCerain1], [@pone.0093923-Battilani1], [@pone.0093923-Battilani2], [@pone.0093923-Perrone1]. ", "Since 2005 the European Commission has imposed regulatory limits for OTA, and has established a 2 *μ*g l^−1^ maximum level of OTA in wine and grape products [@pone.0093923-European2], [@pone.0093923-European3].", "\n\nSeveral studies performed worldwide have shown that OTA is produced during infection of grapes in vineyards mainly by mycotoxigenic strains of black aspergilli (section *Nigri*), in particular *Aspergillus carbonarius* and species belonging to the *Aspergillus niger* aggregate such as *Aspergillus niger* and *Aspergillus tubingensis*, [@pone.0093923-Battilani1], [@pone.0093923-Battilani2], [@pone.0093923-Perrone1], [@pone.0093923-Leong2], [@pone.0093923-Visconti1], [@pone.0093923-MartnezCulebras1]. *", "A. carbonarius* although less common than other black aspergilli, is considered to be the predominant species responsible for OTA contamination in grapes and wine, because of the ability of almost all of its strains to produce high levels of the toxin [@pone.0093923-Mateo1], [@pone.0093923-Astoreca1]. ", "Due to the variations in the toxin production potency of different aspergilli, it is of great importance to identify the *Aspergillus* species accurately in order to define potential toxicological risks at an early stage [@pone.0093923-Magan1].", "\n\nBlack aspergilli are difficult to classify following only morphological criteria [@pone.0093923-Abarca1]. ", "Though *A. carbonarius* can be easily recognized, closely related morphospecies like the biseriate species included in the *A. niger* aggregate, or uniseriate species such as *Aspergillus aculeatus* and *Aspergillus japonicus*, have been always difficult to distinguish. ", "Among the molecular approaches used to decipher the *Aspergillus* taxonomy [@pone.0093923-Schmidt1], [@pone.0093923-Bau1], [@pone.0093923-Perrone2], [@pone.0093923-MartnezCulebras2], [@pone.0093923-Perrone3], [@pone.0093923-Oliveri1], [@pone.0093923-Esteban1], [@pone.0093923-Varga1], [@pone.0093923-Perrone4], [@pone.0093923-Spadaro1], Polymerase Chain Reaction - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) has been used successfully to identify *Aspergillus* species [@pone.0093923-MartnezCulebras2], [@pone.0093923-Spadaro1]. ", "The non-coding Internal Transcribed Spacer regions (ITS) due to their high degree of sequence polymorphism have been used widely for fungi molecular systematics at the species level [@pone.0093923-Cary1], [@pone.0093923-Borman1], [@pone.0093923-Levin1]. ", "Standard primer pairs have been used for selective amplification of these fungal sequences and have been proved useful for the identification of *Aspergillus* species [@pone.0093923-MartnezCulebras2], [@pone.0093923-Spadaro1].", "\n\nThe objective of this study was to characterize (i) the biodiversity of black aspergilli isolates from vineyards of four traditional grape producing regions in Greece during the 2011/2012 vintage using molecular techniques and (ii) study their ochratoxigenic potential. ", "To our knowledge this is the first study with the objective to monitor the population of black aspergilli by molecular means in Greece.", "\n\nMaterials and Methods {#s2}\n=====================\n\nEthics Statement {#s2a}\n----------------\n\nPart of this study was carried out in private lands. ", "No specific permissions were required for these locations/activities that took place and all the land owners agreed to perform this research in their site. ", "The field studies did not involve endangered or protected species.", "\n\nSampling and culturing conditions {#s2b}\n---------------------------------\n\nThirty-three vineyards, located at four traditional grape-producing regions of Greece, were chosen for sampling during the 2012 harvesting period (from August to October). ", "The sampled vineyards were located in Iraklion prefecture of Crete (n = 8), Mesogeia province of Attica (n = 11), Corinthia and Arcadia prefectures of Peloponnese (n = 7), Thessaloniki, Imathia, Florina and Pella prefectures of Macedonia (n = 7). ", "Selection of sampling areas was made with provision to represent the whole range of the typical climatic conditions of Greece, i.e. the Peloponnese from Southern Greece and Attica from Central Greece, having both a landlocked Mediterranean climate with vineyards of high and low altitudes, respectively, Crete from the Southern Aegean Sea with insular Mediterranean climate, and Macedonia from Northern Greece having a typical mountainous climate with vineyards of high altitude.", "\n\nFrom every vineyard five plants were selected along two major diagonal transects and two bunches were collected from each plant, resulting in a total of 10 bunches per sampled vineyard. ", "Bunches were kept separate in sterile plastic bags and stored in portable refrigerators during transfer to the laboratory where the analysis took place within 24 hours from sampling.", "\n\nFrom each bunch five healthy berries were randomly selected and placed directly on the surface of Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol (DRBC) medium (LabM, UK). ", "The plates were incubated in the dark at 25°C for 7 days.", "\n\nMycoflora enumeration and black aspergilli isolation and identification {#s2c}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAfter incubation, incidence of infected with black aspergilli berries and distribution of most dominant grape mycoflora at genus level, were recorded. ", "A representative number from the black aspergilli from every vineyard were isolated from DRBC and sub-cultured on Malt Extract Agar (MEA, LabM) and Czapek Dox Agar (CD, Oxoid) for further identification at species level. ", "The initial identification of the different strains of *Aspergillus* section *Nigri* was performed using macroscopic and microscopic morphological criteria in accordance with appropriate keys [@pone.0093923-Abarca1], [@pone.0093923-Samson1], [@pone.0093923-Pitt1]. ", "The reference strains of *A. carbonarius*, *A. niger*, *A. tubingensis*, *A. ochraceus* and *A. westerdijkiae* were kindly provided by Prof. N. Magan from the Mycology Group of Cranfield University. ", "The isolates were preserved at −80°C in the culture collection of the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition of the Agricultural University of Athens, Greece.", "\n\nDNA extraction {#s2d}\n--------------\n\nFor DNA extraction all strains were grown in Yeast Extract Sucrose broth (YES; contained per litre 20 g yeast extract and 150 g sucrose) at 30°C for 2 days. ", "Mycelia were collected, washed briefly with ethanol 96%, and dried using Whatman No. ", "1 filter paper. ", "Approximately 200 mg of mycelia from each individual strain were frozen in liquid nitrogen and ground to a fine powder. ", "DNA extractions were performed using the NucleoSpin Plant DNA kit (Macherey-Nagel, Germany) according to the manufacturer\\'s instructions.", "\n\nPCR reactions and Restriction Endonuclease DNA digestions {#s2e}\n---------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe 5.8 S-ITS region was amplified by PCR using universal primers ITS 1 and ITS 4 [@pone.0093923-White1]. ", "PCR reactions were performed in a 50 *μ*L final volume, containing 1× standard reaction buffer (New England Biolabs, UK), 2.0 mM MgCl~2~, 300 *μ*M dNTPs (each), 300 nM primers (each), 100 ng DNA template and 1.25 U of Taq DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs, UK). ", "The PCR reactions were performed in a MJ Research PTC-200 thermal cycler (Bio-Rad Laboratories, USA), starting with an initial denaturation step at 95°C for 5 min, followed by 37 cycles consisting of 30 sec at 95°C, 30 sec at 52°C and 40 sec at 72°C, and a final extension step at 72°C for 10 min. ", "PCR products were digested with the *Hha*I, *Hinf*I and *Rsa*I (New England Biolabs, UK) restriction endonucleases. ", "Digestions were performed at 37°C for 3 h, in a 20 *μ*L reaction volume containing 2 *μ*L of 10X reaction buffer, 10 *μ*L amplicon, 1.5 U restriction endonuclease, and 0.2 *μ*L BSA (10 μg *μ*L^−1^) for *Hha*I digestions. ", "PCR amplicons and their restriction digestion fragments were separated by electrophoresis at 100 V, 1×TAE buffer, in 1% and 3% agarose gels, respectively. ", "Agarose gels were subsequently stained in ethidium bromide solution (0.5 mg ml^−1^), and DNA bands were visualized under Ultra Violet (UV) light using a Gel Doc XR^+^ system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, USA). ", "Molecular sizes were estimated by comparison with the DNA standard GeneRuler 50 bp and 100 bp DNA ladders (Thermo Scientific, USA).", "\n\nSequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis {#s2f}\n------------------------------------\n\nPCR products were purified using a QIAquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen, USA). ", "Sequencing was performed for both strands using primers ITS1 and ITS4 with the BigDye Terminator v3.1 cycle sequencing kit (Life Technologies, USA) in an ABI3730 xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Life Technologies, USA) automatic DNA sequencer (Cemia, Greece).", "\n\nAlignment of the 5.8S-ITS region sequences was performed using the CLUSTALΩ multiple sequence alignment program available at ΕΒΙ (EMBL, UK). ", "The following *Aspergillus* spp. ", "5.8S-ITS sequences: FJ450778, *A. acidus*; KF815051, *A. aculeatinus*; AJ279997, *A. aculeatus*; AM087614, *A. awamori*; AJ280010, *A. brasiliensis*; AF459734, *A. carbonarius*; FJ491684, *A. coreanus*; FJ629326, *A. costaricaensis*; AY656631, *A. ellipticus*; KC796400, *A. eucalypticola*; HE818074, *A. fijiensis*; AY373850, *A. foetidus*; AJ280013, *A. heteromorphus*; FJ629334, *A. homomorphus*; AY656624, *A. ibericus*; FJ629335, *A. japonicus*; FJ629336, *A. lacticoffeatus*; KC796401, *A. neoniger*; AJ223852, *A. niger*; FJ629352, *A. piperis*; EU159216, *A. sclerotiicarbonarius*; HM853552 *A. saccharolyticus*; FJ629353 *A. sclerotioniger*; FJ629367, *A. tubingensis*; AM745757, *A. uvarumn*; FJ629368, *A. vadensis* and FR733805, *A. violaceofuscus*, were included as outgroups for the phylogenetic analysis. ", "Genetic distances were calculated using the Jukes-Cantor, parameter model and the phylogenetic inference was obtained by the Neighbour-Joining (NJ) method [@pone.0093923-Saitou1]. ", "The NJ tree and the statistical confidence of a particular group of sequences in the tree, evaluated by bootstrap test (1000 pseudoreplicates), were performed using the computer program MEGA version 3.0 [@pone.0093923-Kumar1].", "\n\nOTA extraction {#s2g}\n--------------\n\nAll 128 black aspergilli isolates were centre inoculated to CYA medium (which contained per litre: K~2~HPO, 1 g; Czapek concentrate, 10 ml; trace metal solution, 1 ml; yeast extract, 5 g; sucrose, 30 g; agar, 15 g) [@pone.0093923-Borman1] and incubated at 25°C for 7 days in order to assess their ochratoxigenic potential. *", "Aspergillus* section *Nigri* isolates was subjected to Ochratoxin A determination according to the Bragulat et al. ", "protocol [@pone.0093923-Bragulat1] with a slight modification in the OTA extraction step. ", "Instead of removing 3 small agar plugs, the whole content of the Petri dish was removed and used for OTA extraction [@pone.0093923-Valero1], [@pone.0093923-Kapetanakou1]. ", "Specifically, the content of the Petri dish (substrate and mycelium) was weighted in order to express OTA production per g of substrate and extraction took place with 100 ml of an 80/20 methanol/water solution of HPLC grade purity when prepared for HPLC analysis and a 50/50 solution when prepared for the ELISA method. ", "The weighted substrates were blended with the solutions for 2 min and left for a total of 30 min before filtered, at first through a Whatman No 1 filter paper, and subsequently through Millex nylon membrane filter of 0.2 *μ*m pore size (EMD Millipore Corp. Billerica, USA), and kept at −80°C until analysis. ", "Additionally, known concentrations of OTA (50, 100 & 500 ppb) were spiked on CYA and recovery rates for both HPLC and ELISA methods were estimated, resulting in satisfactory recovery percentages of 96--99% and 84--95% for the former and latter method, respectively.", "\n\nHPLC Analysis {#s2h}\n-------------\n\nOchratoxin A analysis was performed using reverse-phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography with fluorometric detection (HPLC-FLD). ", "This consisted of a JASCO AS-2055Plus autosampler, a JASCO LC-Net II/ADC system controller, a JASCO PU-980/LC-980-02 pump, and a JASCO FP-2020Plus fluorescence detector (JASCO Inc., Easton, USA). ", "The samples were separated using a C18 analytical column (250×4.6 nm, 4 *μ*m, Resteck Co., Pinnacle II, Bellefonte, USA) under isocratic conditions at a flow rate of 1 ml min^−1^ of the mobile phase (water/acetonitrile/acetic acid: 99/99/2). ", "All chemicals used for HPLC analysis were HPLC grade (methanol and acetic acid: Sigma-Aldrich Co., Germany; water and acetonitrile: Carlo Erba Reactifs SDS, Val de Ruill, France). ", "An excitation wavelength of 333 nm and an emission wavelength at 460 nm were used for UV detection. ", "Standard solutions were made from stock ochratoxin A solution (10.06 *μ*g ml^−1^ in acetonitrile; Biopure, Romer Labs Diagnostics GmbH, Tulln, Austria) in mobile phase and a recovery study took place by spiking known concentration solutions to substrate and following the same extraction procedure as for samples. ", "Run time for samples was 14 min with OTA being detected at about 11 min. ", "The limit of quantification was 2.0 ng OTA g^−1^ CYA (ppb), while the limit of detection was 1.0 ng OTA g^−1^ CYA.", "\n\nELISA {#s2i}\n-----\n\nOchratoxin A quantification was additionally performed with a competitive direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CD ELISA). ", "Veratox ELISA quantitative test kit (Neogen Corp. Ltd, Lansing, USA) was applied to the samples, having a detection limit of 1 ppb (ng g^−1^) and range of quantification of 2--25 ppb. ", "ELISA was strictly performed with accordance to the manufacturer\\'s protocol and optical densities were determined at 650 nm absorbance with a spectrophotometer (Synergy HT, Biotek, USA). ", "Quantification of OTA concentration was estimated with the aid of standard curves obtained from standard solutions provided within the test kit. ", "When the determination of OTA by HPLC revealed concentrations greater than the upper limit of quantification by the ELISA method, serial dilutions of the extracts with the extraction solution took place in order to accomplish the ELISA method without extrapolation of its standard curves. ", "Finally, non-ochratoxigenic isolates were omitted from screening with the ELISA method.", "\n\nResults {#s3}\n=======\n\nDiversity of grapes\\' fungal population and *Aspergillus* section *Nigri* presence during the harvesting period {#s3a}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe genera of filamentous fungi most abundant on sampled grapes were, in descending order, *Aspergillus* (39%), *Fusarium* (15%), *Alternaria* (12%), *Cladosporium* (11%), *Rhizopus* (8%), *Penicillium* (7%) and *Botrytis* spp. (", "5)%. ", "With respect to the different regions studied, *Aspergillus* was the most frequently isolated species in all regions (32%--55%) with the exception of Macedonia in Northern Greece where *Alternaria* was dominant (36%).", "\n\nAmong the potential OTA-producing fungi, only black aspergilli (*Aspergillus* section *Nigri* group) were isolated for further identification to species level. ", "Initially, the 128 different black aspergilli species isolated from grapes were classified according to their morphological characteristics into three subgroups namely, *Aspergillus niger* aggregate, uniseriate species and *A. carbonarius*, and thereafter, a partial molecular identification took place.", "\n\nIncidence of black aspergilli isolation from the sampled vineyards is presented in [Figure 1](#pone-0093923-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Regarding the presence of *Aspergillus* section *Nigri*, Macedonia presented very low numbers, namely 47% incidence (i.e., % of contaminated out of total analysed grapes) with 18% distribution in the isolated mycoflora (i.e., % of group in total recorded fungi), while between the other regions occurrence of black aspergilli was similar and always the dominant genera. ", "The highest incidence and distribution were observed in Attica (99% incidence/55% distribution), followed by the Peloponnese (96%/34%) and Crete (76%/32%).", "\n\n![*", "Aspergillus* section *Nigri* strains distribution.\\\n*A*. ", "section *Nigri* distribution in total mycoflora (bars) and different species distribution within the *A*. ", "section *Nigri* group (percentages inside bars) for each sampled prefecture. ", "The percentages underneath prefectures\\' names refer to distribution and incidence of *A*. ", "section *Nigri*.](pone.0093923.g001){#pone-0093923-g001}\n\nRegarding *A. carbonarius*, the highest distribution occurred for isolates from Crete, with 83% of black aspergilli identified, followed by the Peloponnese and Attica with 45% and 32%, respectively, while *A. carbonarius* isolation was most scarce in vineyards of Macedonia (15%). ", "As regards uniseriate spp. ", "a sole isolate was identified originating from Attica prefecture. ", "According to the spore size that can discriminate between black uniseriate aspergilli, the isolate could be characterized as *A. japonicus*.", "\n\nMolecular characterization of *Aspergillus* isolates by PCR-RFLP {#s3b}\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn order to monitor the representation of black aspergilli (*A. aculeatus*, *A. awamori*, *A. brasiliensis*, *A. carbonarius*, *A. foetidus*, *A. ibericus*, *A. japonicus*, *A. niger*, *A. tubingensis* and *A. uvarumn*) reported to be isolated from grapes [@pone.0093923-Perrone1], [@pone.0093923-MartnezCulebras1], [@pone.0093923-Perrone3], [@pone.0093923-Varga1], [@pone.0093923-Perrone4] we focused on a partial molecular characterization of the 128 isolates at the species level by use of PCR-RFLP of the 5.8S-ITS region. ", "PCR mediated amplification of the ribosomal region was performed using the ITS1 and ITS4 primers resulting to amplicon molecular sizes of approximately 600 bp for all samples. ", "RFLP analysis was done using the *Hha*I, *Hinf*I and *Rsa*I restriction endonucleases in order to differentiate among species. ", "The restriction patterns of reference strains as presented in [Figure 2](#pone-0093923-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"} were used for comparison with the individual isolates restriction digestion patterns. *", "Hha*I and *Hinf*I enzyme digestion can differentiate *A. carbonarius* from *A. niger/A. tubingensis* since they both generate 2 different restriction patterns designated here as A (for *A. carbonarius*) and B (for *A. niger* and *A. tubingensis*). *", "Rsa*I digestion can distinguish further *A. niger* from *A. tubingensis* generating different restriction patterns for these two species, pattern A (common for *A. niger* and *A. carbonarius*) and pattern B (for *A. tubingensis*). ", "A total of 128 black *Aspergillus* isolates previously characterized by morphological criteria were analyzed by PCR-RFLP and their restriction patterns were compared with those obtained from the reference strains. ", "Digestion with *Hinf*I resulted to 61 A and 66 B pattern profiles and 1 for a new profile designated as C and closely resembles profile B. *Hha*I digestion resulted to 60 A, 66 B pattern profiles and 2 for new pattern profiles designated as C and D. These new profiles for both enzymatic digestions can be seen for samples Aj-1 and Ai-1 in [Figures 3](#pone-0093923-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [4](#pone-0093923-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Restriction digestion with *Hha*I can also differentiate uniseriate (*A. japonicus, A. aculeatus, A. uvarum*) from all biseriate black aspergilli species [@pone.0093923-MartnezCulebras2], [@pone.0093923-Spadaro1]. ", "Depending on the pattern which will result from the *Hinf*I digestion, *A. japonicus* can be further distinguished from *A. aculeatus* [@pone.0093923-Spadaro1]. ", "According to restriction endonuclease site profile study (data not shown) of characterized black uniseriate aspergilli ITS sequences deposited in public sequence databases, *Hinf*I digestion results in a double band visible pattern for either *A. japonicus* and *A. uvarum* and a three band visible pattern for *A. aculeatus*. ", "The 66 strains which gave a B--B pattern combination after *Hinf*I and *Hha*I digestions were subjected to digestion with the *Rsa*I, resulting to 62 B and 4 A type restriction patterns. ", "The strain with the C-C *Hinf*I*-Hha*I, restriction digestion pattern when digested with *Rsa*I, resulted to a new profile designated as C. This profile closely resembles *Rsa*I profile A and can be seen in [Figure 4](#pone-0093923-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The strain with the A--D *Hinf*I*-Hha*I, restriction digestion pattern, when digested with *Rsa*I resulted to a pattern nearly indistinguishable from profile A ([Figure 4](#pone-0093923-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Though the molecular size of the largest DNA fragment generated (slightly above 500 bp) runs somehow faster that the corresponding band from profile A, the visible difference is not so obvious. ", "This new profile was designated as D. According to the PCR-RFLP results for the 128 isolates, 60 (46.88%) were characterized as *A. carbonarius*, 62 (48.44%) as *A. tubingensis*, 4 (3.12%) as members of the *A. niger* aggregate, 1 (0.78%) -- resembling the pattern C-C-C for *Hinf*I, *Hha*I and *Rsa*I digestions -- could be characterized as *A. japonicus/A. uvarum*, and 1 (0.78%) with an A-D-D *Hinf*I, *Hha*I and *Rsa*I digestion pattern could not be clearly classified to any of the previously referred species. ", "A detailed classification according to both phenotypical and molecular data can be seen in [Table 1](#pone-0093923-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\n![", "Ribosomal 5.8S-ITS region restriction digestion patterns of *Aspergillus* reference strains.\\\nRestriction digestion patterns (designated as **A** and **B**) of ribosomal 5.8S-ITS DNA amplicons from *Aspergillus* reference strains, after digestion with the restriction endonucleases ***Hinf*** **I**, ***Hha*** **I** and ***Rsa*** **I**. **", "Ac**: *Aspergillus carbonarius*, **An**: *Aspergillus niger*, **At**: *Aspergillus tubingensis*, **Aw**: *Aspergillus westerdijkiae*, **Ao**: *Aspergillus ochraceus*, **L**: Low molecular weight DNA ladder (molecular sizes are 766, 500, 350, 300, 250, 200, 150, 100, 75, 50 and 25 bp respectively).](pone.0093923.g002){#pone-0093923-g002}\n\n![", "Ribosomal 5.8S-ITS region restriction digestion patterns of *Aspergillus* grape isolates.\\\nRestriction digestion patterns (designated as **A**, **B** and **C**) of ribosomal 5.8S-ITS DNA amplicons from various *Aspergilli* grape isolates (presented as isolate designations), after digestion with the restriction endonucleases ***Hha*** **I** and ***Hinf*** **I**. ", "50 bp **(** ***l*** **)** and 100 bp **(L)** DNA ladders are also shown.](pone.0093923.g003){#pone-0093923-g003}\n\n![", "Restriction digestion patterns of sequenced ribosomal 5.8S-ITS region amplicons.\\\nRestriction digestion patterns (designated as **A**, **B**, **C** and **D**) of five sequenced ribosomal 5.8S-ITS DNA amplicons from five different *Aspergilli* grape isolates (presented as isolate designations), after digestion with the restriction endonucleases ***Hha*** **I**, ***Hinf*** **I** and ***Rsa*** **I**. ", "Each isolate is a representative of the five different *Aspergillus* species characterized in this study. **", "L**: DNA ladder.](pone.0093923.g004){#pone-0093923-g004}\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0093923.t001\n\n###### Identification, origin and OTA production of *A*. ", "section *Nigri* isolates.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0093923.t001){#pone-0093923-t001-1}\n\n Spp. - ", "No Species Origin OTA level (ppb) \n ----------- ------------------ ------------- ----------------- ----------\n At-1 *A. tubingensis* Crete \\<LOD \n At-2 *A. tubingensis* Crete \\<LOD \n Ac-1 *A. carbonarius* Crete 31.01 32.20\n Ac-2 *A. carbonarius* Crete 27.79 43.16\n Ac-3 *A. carbonarius* Crete 42.40 44.85\n Ac-4 *A. carbonarius* Crete 1208.42 803.52\n Ac-5 *A. carbonarius* Crete 814.63 665.20\n Ac-6 *A. carbonarius* Crete 1208.79 906.39\n Ac-7 *A. carbonarius* Crete 1040.77 550.92\n Ac-8 *A. carbonarius* Crete 1290.46 590.72\n Ac-9 *A. carbonarius* Crete 1270.25 585.80\n Ac-10 *A. carbonarius* Crete 116.90 62.46\n Ac-11 *A. carbonarius* Crete 6512.18 4828.77\n Ac-12 *A. carbonarius* Crete 442.60 290.79\n Ac-13 *A. carbonarius* Crete 1013.88 405.31\n Ac-14 *A. carbonarius* Crete 1274.33 837.26\n Ac-15 *A. carbonarius* Crete 706.68 415.62\n Ac-16 *A. carbonarius* Crete 62.44 31.88\n Ac-17 *A. carbonarius* Crete 68.88 13.42\n Ac-18 *A. carbonarius* Crete 347.18 61.63\n Ac-19 *A. carbonarius* Crete 229.36 79.67\n Ac-20 *A. carbonarius* Crete 397.93 107.69\n Ac-21 *A. carbonarius* Crete 556.58 140.77\n Ac-22 *A. carbonarius* Crete 44.58 23.65\n Ac-23 *A. carbonarius* Crete 355.52 279.08\n Ac-24 *A. carbonarius* Crete 94.86 18.25\n Ac-25 *A. carbonarius* Crete 760.72 299.86\n Ac-26 *A. carbonarius* Crete 644.05 615.97\n At-3 *A. tubingensis* Crete 227.37 314.39\n Ac-27 *A. carbonarius* Crete \\<LOD \n At-4 *A. tubingensis* Crete \\<LOD \n At-5 *A. tubingensis* Crete \\<LOD \n At-6 *A. tubingensis* Crete \\<LOD \n Ac-28 *A. carbonarius* Crete 12782.62 5010.56\n Ac-29 *A. carbonarius* Crete 34825.69 30456.77\n Ac-30 *A. carbonarius* Crete 86.00 58.42\n At-7 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n Ac-31 *A. carbonarius* Attica 2263.18 742.60\n At-8 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n Ac-32 *A. carbonarius* Attica 31.68 17.79\n At-9 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n At-10 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n At-11 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n Ac-33 *A. carbonarius* Attica 18752.53 7221.62\n Ac-34 *A. carbonarius* Attica 748.87 216.94\n At-12 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n At-13 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n At-14 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n Ac-35 *A. carbonarius* Attica 553.06 341.50\n At-15 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n Ac-36 *A. carbonarius* Attica 121.32 116.19\n An-1 *A. niger* aggr. ", " Attica \\<LOD \n Ac-37 *A. carbonarius* Attica 54.13 69.34\n Ac-38 *A. carbonarius* Attica 57.92 43.92\n At-16 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n At-17 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n At-18 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n At-19 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n Ac-39 *A. carbonarius* Attica 618.33 393.06\n At-20 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n At-21 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n Ac-40 *A. carbonarius* Attica 182.46 97.34\n Ac-41 *A. carbonarius* Attica 194.28 107.03\n Ac-42 A. carbonarius Attica 17.64 7.85\n At-22 A. tubingensis Attica \\<LOD \n At-23 A. tubingensis Attica \\<LOD \n At-24 A. tubingensis Attica \\<LOD \n Ac-43 A. carbonarius Attica 4.71 7.73\n Ac-43 A. carbonarius Attica 2.07 2.03\n At-25 A. tubingensis Attica \\<LOD \n Ac-45 A. carbonarius Attica 671.44 496.88\n Ai-1 A. ibericus Attica \\<LOD \n At-26 A. tubingensis Attica \\<LOD \n At-27 A. tubingensis Attica \\<LOD \n Ac-46 *A. carbonarius* Attica 4.26 3.83\n An-2 *A. niger* aggr. ", " Attica \\<LOD \n At-28 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n At-29 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n At-30 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n Ac-47 *A. carbonarius* Attica 3924.93 4041.81\n At-31 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n Ac-48 *A. carbonarius* Attica 2725.74 2998.55\n At-32 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n At-33 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n Ac-49 *A. carbonarius* Attica 23.24 9.87\n At-34 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n At-35 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n At-36 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n At-37 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n At-38 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n At-39 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n At-40 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n At-41 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n At-42 *A. tubingensis* Attica \\<LOD \n Aj-1 *A. japonicus* Attica \\<LOD \n At-43 *A. tubingensis* Peloponnese \\<LOD \n At-44 *A. tubingensis* Peloponnese \\<LOD \n At-45 *A. tubingensis* Peloponnese \\<LOD \n At-46 *A. tubingensis* Peloponnese \\<LOD \n At-47 *A. tubingensis* Peloponnese \\<LOD \n At-48 *A. tubingensis* Peloponnese \\<LOD \n Ac-50 *A. carbonarius* Peloponnese 90.34 59.40\n Ac-51 *A. carbonarius* Peloponnese 141.51 82.34\n Ac-52 *A. carbonarius* Peloponnese 82.00 56.81\n Ac-53 *A. carbonarius* Peloponnese 65.44 55.56\n An-3 *A. niger* aggr. ", " Peloponnese \\<LOD \n Ac-54 *A. carbonarius* Peloponnese 684.39 675.38\n Ac-55 *A. carbonarius* Peloponnese 741.88 662.32\n Ac-56 *A. carbonarius* Peloponnese 247.80 152.97\n At-49 *A. tubingensis* Peloponnese \\<LOD \n At-50 *A. tubingensis* Peloponnese \\<LOD \n Ac-57 *A. carbonarius* Peloponnese 745.14 686.79\n At-51 *A. tubingensis* Peloponnese \\<LOD \n Ac-58 *A. carbonarius* Peloponnese 167.52 116.37\n At-52 *A. tubingensis* Peloponnese \\<LOD \n At-53 *A. tubingensis* Macedonia \\<LOD \n At-54 *A. tubingensis* Macedonia \\<LOD \n Ac-59 *A. carbonarius* Macedonia 1496.38 605.75\n At-55 *A. tubingensis* Macedonia \\<LOD \n At-56 *A. tubingensis* Macedonia \\<LOD \n An-4 *A. niger* aggr. ", " Macedonia \\<LOD \n At-57 *A. tubingensis* Macedonia \\<LOD \n At-58 *A. tubingensis* Macedonia \\<LOD \n At-59 *A. tubingensis* Macedonia \\<LOD \n At-60 *A. tubingensis* Macedonia \\<LOD \n At-61 *A. tubingensis* Macedonia \\<LOD \n Ac-60 *A. carbonarius* Macedonia 3654.06 2273.10\n At-62 *A. tubingensis* Macedonia \\<LOD \n\nSpecies identification and origin of *A*. ", "section *Nigri* spp. ", "isolated from the present study and their ochratoxigenic potential assayed by HPLC and ELISA methods.", "\n\nLimit of Quantification (LOQ) 2 ng OTA g^−1^ CYA and Limit of Detection (LOD) 1 ng OTA g^−1^ CYA.", "\n\nSequencing and Phylogeny study {#s3c}\n------------------------------\n\nRepresentative isolates (spp. ", "Ac-28, At-10, Ac-36, Ai-1, An-2, Aj-1, At-46, Ac-57, An-4 and At-59) for each species as resulted from PCR-RFLP analysis were subjected to sequencing for results verification. ", "A part from the resulted sequences alignment can be seen in [Figure 5](#pone-0093923-g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The DNA sequence restriction pattern analysis was in accordance with these of reference strains for all isolates sequenced except isolate Ai-1. ", "Isolate Ai-1 had a *Hinf*I restriction site pattern common to *A. carbonarius*, however, the presence of an extra *Hha*I restriction site (nucleotides 143 to 146) generated a *Hha*I restriction site profile similar to this of *A. japonicus*. ", "A presentation of the DNA fragments generated according to the *Hinf*I, *Hha*I and *Rsa*I restriction sites, in all sequenced isolates and representative reference isolates of black aspergilli species isolated from grapes can be seen in [Table 2](#pone-0093923-t002){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "The fragment sizes that are generated resemble the sizes of the fragments visualized after gel electrophoresis of the amplicon digests.", "\n\n![", "Alignment of the ribosomal 5.8S-ITS amplicon sequences of representative *Aspergilli* isolates.\\\nA part of the amplicon sequences (nucleotides 101 to 200) alignment is presented. ", "Restriction sites are presented as bold-underlined, and variable nucleotides are highlighted. ", "The extra *Hha*I restriction site present in the Ai-1 sequence is also shown.](pone.0093923.g005){#pone-0093923-g005}\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0093923.t002\n\n###### 5.8S-ITS RFLP DNA fragment sizes profiles.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0093923.t002){#pone-0093923-t002-2}\n\n Isolate Rest. ", "Endonuclease \n ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ------------------- ---------\n Ac-28, Ac-36, Ac-57 (*A. carbonarius*) 288, 191, 110, 8 330, 178, 89 521, 76\n At-10, At-46, At-59 (*A. tubingensis*) 302, 289, 8 207, 178, 124, 90 599\n An-2, An-4 (*A. niger aggregate*) 302, 289, 8 207, 178, 124, 90 523, 76\n Ai-1 (*A. ibericus*) 289, 192, 110, 8 186, 178, 145, 90 523, 76\n Aj-1 (*A. japonicus*) 293, 274, 8 185, 178, 137, 75 497, 78\n *A. carbonarius* AF459734 288, 191, 110, 8 330, 178, 89 521, 76\n *A. ibericus* AY656624 289, 192, 110, 8 186, 178, 145, 90 523, 76\n *A. brasiliensis* AJ280010 290, 192, 110, 8 207, 178, 124, 91 524, 76\n *A. niger* AJ223852 301, 290, 8 207, 178, 123, 91 524, 75\n *A. tubingensis* FJ629367 302, 289, 8 207, 178, 124, 90 599\n *A. awamori* AM087614 302, 289, 8 207, 178, 124, 90 523, 76\n *A. foetidus* AY373850 302, 286, 8 207, 178, 124, 87 520, 76\n *A. aculeatus* AJ279997 273, 183, 110, 8 185, 177, 137, 75 496, 78\n *A. japonicus* FJ629335 293, 274, 8 185, 178, 137, 75 497, 78\n *A. uvarum* AM745757 293, 273, 8 185, 177, 137, 75 496, 78\n\nIndividual isolates and reference strain isolates from grapes are clustered according to their RFLP profile deduced after sequencing of the 5.8S-ITS amplicon. ", "Fragment sizes generated respect to the restriction endonuclease site position in the sequence, are given in bp.", "\n\nBLAST analysis of all sequences indicated that 3 clones had high similarity to *A. carbonarius*, 3 to *A. tubingensis*, 2 to *A. niger/A. awamori*, 1 to *A. japonicus/A. aculeatus* and 1 to *A. ibericus*. ", "The results support the characterization of the 10 isolates deduced from the RFLP analysis and suggest that the isolate with the A-D *Hinf*I-*Hha*I RFLP pattern can be classified as *A. ibericus*.", "\n\nThe phylogenetic relationship between the isolates of *Aspergillus* species is illustrated in an N-J method cluster analysis ([Figure 6](#pone-0093923-g006){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The ten sequences were aligned together with reference strains sequences retrieved from NCBI resulting to the formation of five clades. ", "Isolate Aj-1 was aligned with uniseriate *A. japonicus, A. uvarum* and *A. aculeatus* forming together with *A. aculeatinus, A. fijiensis* and *A. violaceofuscus* a clade separated from all other biseriate *Aspergilli* sequences with a 100% bootstrap value. ", "Two other major clades were formed. ", "The first consisted by *A. carbonarius/A. ibericus* isolates (Ac-28, Ac-36, Ac-57 and Ai-1) together with *A. carbonarius*, *A. ibericus and A. brasiliensis* outgroup reference sequences, each one of the last three species forming a separate subgroup inside the clade. *", "A. carbonarius* sequences were aligned together and were separated from the *A. ibericus* sequences with a 98% bootstrap value. *", "A. brasiliensis* formed a separate branch in this clade with a 79% bootstrap value. ", "The second major clade was formed by *A. tubingensis*/*A. niger* aggregate isolates (At-10, At-46, At-59 and An-2, An-4 respectively) and *A. niger* aggregate outgroup reference sequences. *", "A. tubingensis* sequences were clustered together with other black aspergilli (not reported to be found in grapes), forming a subgroup separated from all other *A. niger* aggregate (*A. niger*, *A. awamori* and *A. foetidus*) species of the clade, with a 86% bootstrap value. ", "Two other minor clades were also formed, one by *A. saccharolyticus* together with *A. homomorphus* and the other by *A. ellipticus* together with *A. heteromorphus*.", "\n\n![", "Neighbour-Joining phylogenetic tree based on divergences of ribosomal 5.8S-ITS sequences.\\\nThe alignment of ribosomal 5.8S-ITS sequences from 10 isolates and 10 reference strains of *Aspergillus* spp. ", "was performed using the CLUSTALΩ program. ", "Nucleotide divergences were estimated according to the Jukes--Cantor model. ", "Node numbers represent the frequency (proportion) with which a cluster appears in 1000 bootstrap runs.](pone.0093923.g006){#pone-0093923-g006}\n\nOchratoxigenic potential of Aspergillus section Nigri species {#s3d}\n-------------------------------------------------------------\n\nA total of 128 isolates from grapes belonging to *Aspergillus* section *Nigri*, were tested *in vitro* for their potential to produce ochratoxin A. For the estimation of their ochratoxigenic potential a Competitive Direct ELISA procedure was also applied apart from the official HPLC method. ", "Results showed that of the 60 *A. carbonarius* isolates 59 (98.33%) produced OTA from all geographic regions assayed. ", "In contrast, among the *A. niger* aggregate, only 1 out of 62 isolates (1.61%), identified as *A. tubingensis*, had the potential to produce OTA. ", "Finally, neither *A. ibericus* nor *A. japonicus* isolates were capable for OTA production.", "\n\nReferring to ranges of OTA production, within the *A. carbonarius* species 1 isolate (1.67%) produced less than 1 ng OTA g^−1^ CYA, 19 isolates (31.67%) produced between 1 and 100 ng OTA g^−1^ CYA, 24 (40%) between 100 and 1000 ng OTA g^−1^ CYA, 13 (21.67%) between 1000 and 10000 ng OTA g^−1^ CYA and 3 isolates (5%) had an extremely high OTA potential with quantities greater than 10000 ng OTA g^−1^ CYA ([Table 3](#pone-0093923-t003){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "As regards the single *A. tubingensis* OTA producing isolate it had a potential of 227 ng OTA g^−1^ CYA.", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0093923.t003\n\n###### OTA ranges and distribution.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0093923.t003){#pone-0093923-t003-3}\n\n *A. carbonarius* *A. tubingensis* *A. niger* aggregate *A. ibericus* *A. japonicus* *A.* section *Nigri* *A. carbonarius* OTA ranges (ppb or ng g^−1^ CYA) \n ----------------------------- ------------------ ------------------ ---------------------- --------------- ---------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------- ---- ---- ---- ---\n Crete 30 (29) 6 (1) 0 0 0 36 (30) 1 8 11 8 2\n Peloponnese 9 (9) 10 (0) 1 (0) 0 0 20 (9) 0 3 6 0 0\n Attica 19 (19) 36 (0) 2 (0) 1 (0) 1 (0) 59 (19) 0 8 7 3 1\n Macedonia 2 (2) 10 (0) 1 (0) 0 0 13 (2) 0 0 0 2 0\n Total *n* (% ΟΤΑ producers) 60 (98.33%) 62 (1.61%) 4 (0%) 1 (0%) 1 (0%) 128 (46.88%) 1 19 24 13 3\n\nOTA-producers and their distribution within the identified species of *A*. ", "section *Nigri* group, and ranges of OTA potential for *A. carbonarius* isolates per prefecture.", "\n\nRegarding the performance of the ELISA test kit quantification, results were linearly correlated with those of the HPLC method with an r^2^ = 0.905 ([Figure 7](#pone-0093923-g007){ref-type=\"fig\"}), but with an underestimation of the produced OTA at concentration levels above 5000 ppb. ", "Results of both methods are presented in [Table 1](#pone-0093923-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}, together with the characterisation of the isolates after both phenotypic and molecular means.", "\n\n![", "Correlation of HPLC and ELISA values for OTA determination.\\\nLinear correlation and *R^2^* for the two methods assayed for OTA quantification (ELISA & HPLC).](pone.0093923.g007){#pone-0093923-g007}\n\nDiscussion {#s4}\n==========\n\nIncidence of isolation and distribution of *Aspergillus* section *Nigri* group among the fungal genera were in accordance with previous reports from Greece [@pone.0093923-Perrone1], [@pone.0093923-Tjamos1] and other Mediterranean countries [@pone.0093923-Bell1], [@pone.0093923-Lasram1], [@pone.0093923-Serra1]. ", "A very high incidence was observed in our samples since 23 out of 33 vineyards sampled presented 100% presence for black aspergilli, although some studies have reported lower indices for vineyards from some European and South American countries [@pone.0093923-Battilani2], [@pone.0093923-Magnoli1], [@pone.0093923-Serra2], [@pone.0093923-Daz1].", "\n\nRegarding the molecular characterisation of the isolated black aspergilli, a PCR-RFLP method was applied in order to differentiate the *Aspergillus* strains. ", "RFLP analysis of the rDNA 5.8S ITS products was performed to identify different isolates of black *Aspergillus* species from grapes compared to reference strains. ", "A total of 128 black *Aspergilli* isolate-ITS amplicons were digested using the *Hha*I, *Hinf*I and *Rsa*I restriction digestion endonucleases resulting in 4 different RFLP patterns for *Hha*I and *Rsa*I respectively and 3 patterns for the *Hinf*I enzyme digests. ", "In previous studies [@pone.0093923-MartnezCulebras2], [@pone.0093923-Spadaro1], [@pone.0093923-Accensi1], [@pone.0093923-Medina1], [@pone.0093923-Apriyanto1] according to authors\\' descriptions these restriction endonucleases have been used successfully to differentiate the *A. carbonarius*, *A. niger, A. tubingensis, A. japonicus and A. aculeatus* species. ", "It was shown that *Hinf*I enzyme digestion can differentiate *A. carbonarius* from *A. niger/A. tubingensis*, and so does *Hha*I. Furthermore, *Hha*I can differentiate the uniseriate *A. japonicus*, *A. aculeatus* and *A. uvarum* species from all three previously reported biseriate aspergilli species. *", "Hinf*I can distinguish further *A. japonicus/A. uvarum* from *A. aculeatus* and *Rsa*I can distinguish *A. tubingensis* from all other species belonging to the *A. niger* aggregate [@pone.0093923-MartnezCulebras2], [@pone.0093923-Spadaro1], [@pone.0093923-Accensi1], [@pone.0093923-Medina1], [@pone.0093923-Apriyanto1].", "\n\nAccording to the digestion pattern combinations resulted from the PCR-RFLP analysis of the 128 *Aspergilli* isolates and reference species, 60 were characterized as *A. carbonarius*, 62 as *A. tubingensis* and 4 as species belonging to the *A. niger* aggregate other than *A. tubingensis*. ", "These results are in accordance with results presented by other authors, supporting the use of the *Hha*I, *Hinf*I and *Rsa*I restriction endonucleases for accurate characterization of *A. carbonarius*, *A. tubingensis* and, *A. niger* species [@pone.0093923-MartnezCulebras2], [@pone.0093923-Spadaro1], [@pone.0093923-Medina1], [@pone.0093923-Apriyanto1]. ", "Two other digestion pattern combinations have resulted using the *Hha*I and *Hinf*I enzymes. ", "One combination resumed a pattern presented by Spadaro *et* al. [", "@pone.0093923-Spadaro1], suggesting that the isolate possibly belongs to the *A. japonicus/A. uvarum* species. ", "The other digest pattern combination suggested a characterization of the isolate as *A. carbonarius* according to *Hinf*I digestion; however, this could not be supported from the *Hha*I digestion profile which closely resembled this of *A. japonicus*.", "\n\nSequencing of representative isolate DNAs supported the RFLP data since the restriction site profile of each isolate generated DNA fragments with molecular sizes that corresponded to the bands found after electrophoresis of the amplicon digests. ", "An extra *Hha*I site is present in the sequence of isolate Ai-1 generating a restriction digestion profile different from the rest that are observed. ", "A nucleotide substitution, C instead of T that is present in nearly all other sequences generates this extra *Hha*I site. ", "The results presented in [Table 2](#pone-0093923-t002){ref-type=\"table\"} show that the DNA fragments generated according to the *Hinf*I restriction sites are nearly equal in size and close to the DNA fragment sizes that generate pattern B for (*A. tubingensis* and *A. niger*). ", "Though the pattern generated for *A. japonicus* is not identical to pattern B, it is very similar and cannot be distinguished clearly from it in a gel electrophoresis due to similar sizes and the techniques\\' limited resolution. ", "A similar conclusion for unisereriate/biseriate species may be also deduced when evaluating by gel electrophoresis a profile generated after *Rsa*I digestion.", "\n\nSequence alignment with reference strain sequences retrieved from NCBI, together with BLAST analysis verified the RFLP results and showed that 3 out of the ten individual isolates were assigned to *A. carbonarius*, 3 to *A. tubingensis*, 2 showed high homology to members of the *A. niger* aggregate (*A. niger/A. awamori*) and 1 showed high homology to *A. japonicus/A. uvarum* species. ", "Isolate Ai-1 was assigned to the species *A. ibericus* after BLAST analysis, showing 100% homology when aligned with *A. ibericus* AY656624.1, AY656623.1 and AY656622.1 strains. *", "A. ibericus* was first reported by Serra et al. [", "@pone.0093923-Serra3] as a new *Aspergillus* species isolated from grapes and to our knowledge this is the first report that this species is isolated in Greece. ", "Furthermore, as shown from a comparison of the *A. ibericus* 5.8S-ITS DNA sequences available at NCBI (data not shown), the fact that an extra *Hha*I site is present in all of these sequences makes it useful for characterization of *A. ibericus* by PCR-RFLP using this restriction endonuclease. ", "The phylogenetic analysis performed using reference species\\' sequences as outgroups supports the sequence data and is in accordance with data presented by other authors using the ITS region for phylogenetic analysis of black aspergilli [@pone.0093923-Varga1].", "\n\nAccording to various authors [@pone.0093923-Perrone1], [@pone.0093923-Perrone3], [@pone.0093923-Varga1], [@pone.0093923-Perrone4], [@pone.0093923-Accensi1], [@pone.0093923-Susca1], [@pone.0093923-Varga2] black aspergilli that have been isolated from grapes fall into the biseriate *A. carbonarius*, *A. tubingensis*, *A. niger*, *A. awamori*, *A. foetidus*, *A. brasiliensis* and *A. ibericus*, and the uniseriate *A. japonicus*, *A. uvarum* and *A. aculeatus* species. ", "Characterization of these isolates by molecular means has been based on different approximations using RFLP [@pone.0093923-MartnezCulebras1], [@pone.0093923-Bau1], [@pone.0093923-MartnezCulebras2], [@pone.0093923-Spadaro1], [@pone.0093923-Bau2], AFLP [@pone.0093923-Schmidt1], [@pone.0093923-Perrone2], [@pone.0093923-Esteban1], [@pone.0093923-Chiotta1], or multilocus analysis [@pone.0093923-Susca1], [@pone.0093923-Chiotta2]. ", "RFLP and AFLP have been used successfully for characterization of the main ochratoxigenic aspergilli isolated from grapes [@pone.0093923-MartnezCulebras1], [@pone.0093923-Schmidt1], [@pone.0093923-Bau1], [@pone.0093923-Perrone2], [@pone.0093923-MartnezCulebras2], [@pone.0093923-Esteban1], [@pone.0093923-Spadaro1], [@pone.0093923-Bau2], [@pone.0093923-Chiotta1]. ", "Multilocus analysis based on calmodulin, beta-tubulin and ITS sequences has proved a useful tool for extended characterization and comparative study of isolates from a great variety of sources such as grapes, coffee, soil, surfaces, or unknown origin [@pone.0093923-Varga1], [@pone.0093923-Susca1], [@pone.0093923-Chiotta2]. ", "In this work we have followed a similar approximation using ITS PCR-RFLP in order to characterize black aspergilli isolates from grapes. ", "We have been able to characterize the isolates belonging to the *A. carbonarius*, *A. tubingensis* and *A. ibericus* species, since the RFLP patterns ([Table 2](#pone-0093923-t002){ref-type=\"table\"}) can clearly differentiate these species from all other black aspergilli species isolated from grapes.", "\n\nThe Aj-1 isolate could not be characterized only by molecular means since there is no difference between the RFLP patterns and ITS region DNA sequence for either species. ", "According to the morphological observations the Aj-1 isolate was characterized as *A. japonicus* since its conidial size (4.3 μm) falls in the range of *A. japonicus* (4--5 μm) and not in the range of *A. uvarum* (3--4 μm) [@pone.0093923-Perrone3]. ", "PCR-RFLP when used in combination with other means such as use of morphological criteria is a reliable approximation for black aspergilli characterization, where, for example, differentiation of aspergilli as biseriate/uniseriate can initially short the strains to two major groups. ", "Isolates An-1 to An-4 have been characterized as *A. niger* aggregate members due to the limitation of the ITS PCR-RFLP to differentiate between *A. niger*, *A. awamori* and *A. foetidus* species, thus resulting to a partial molecular characterization of these four isolates.", "\n\nWith regard to the field study, Greece is a country with extended coast, although, areas of grape planting are characterized by different climatic characteristics. ", "Vineyards localisation can vary from very low altitude, near seaside, either arid or wet, to very high altitudes and wet climate regions. ", "Referring to the present study, influence of the geographic localization of the vineyards on the incidence of black aspergilli in grapes was significant. ", "The vineyards selected for this study are representative of these different climatic profiles existing in the country. ", "Most studies that correlated the geo-climatic conditions with the presence and distribution of black aspergilli reported a trend of higher isolation incidence in regions with higher mean temperatures, but more wet areas [@pone.0093923-Battilani2], [@pone.0093923-Lasram1], [@pone.0093923-Chiotta2], [@pone.0093923-Chiotta3]. ", "These reports are partly in accordance with the present study, since the geographical localisation of sampled vineyards influenced black aspergilli presence, but with the higher incidences found in arid areas. ", "In accordance with our results are the findings of Serra et al. [", "@pone.0093923-Serra1], [@pone.0093923-Serra2] for Spain where higher incidences for black aspergilli were reported from hot and dry regions. ", "In addition, most of the ochratoxigenic isolates came from regions with arid climate, Crete and Attica prefecture, but this could be also correlated with the low altitude of these vineyards in contrast with the Peloponnese and Macedonia where altitudes of grape cultivation are higher. ", "Moreover, the incidence of black aspergilli and the *A. carbonarius* isolation were much lower in Macedonia where temperatures are lower and the climate is wet compared with the other regions. ", "In contrast, Chiotta et al. [", "@pone.0093923-Chiotta1] have reported higher incidences of *A. carbonarius* from vineyards of higher altitudes. ", "In addition, Perrone et al. [", "@pone.0093923-Perrone1] and Visconti et al. [", "@pone.0093923-Visconti1] denoted the strong correlation of relative humidity and rainfall with *A. carbonarius* presence and OTA accumulation in grapes. ", "Finally, many works denote that, apart from the climate of a wider region, very important role have also the different practices used in grape cultivation and the specific microclimate of the vineyard [@pone.0093923-Tjamos2], [@pone.0093923-Bau3], [@pone.0093923-Labrinea1].", "\n\n*A. niger* aggregate and *A. carbonarius* were equally distributed in the present work, while only one uniseriate species was isolated and identified as *A. japonicus*. ", "Similar distributions of *A. carbonarius* within the *A*. ", "section *Nigri* group has been also reported by Bau et al. [", "@pone.0093923-Bau3] for grapes from the Mediterranean Spanish coast and Tjamos et al. [", "@pone.0093923-Tjamos1] for Rhodes island in Greece. ", "These results are in accordance with our findings, since Crete, which has an insular Mediterranean climate, similar to those of Rhode and the Mediterranean Spanish coast, presented the higher incidence of *A. carbonarius* among black aspergilli. ", "In contrast, El Khoury et al. [", "@pone.0093923-ElKhoury2] for Lebanon and Chiotta et al. [", "@pone.0093923-Chiotta1], [@pone.0093923-Chiotta2] for Argentina have reported relatively lower participation of *A. carbonarius* within black aspergilli, while Battilani et al. [", "@pone.0093923-Battilani2] reported very high occurrence (20%) of uniseriate species in Italian vineyards during grape ripening.", "\n\nSeveral studies from countries all over the world during the last years have identified *A*. ", "section *Nigri* group as the responsible fungi for OTA contamination of grapes and derived products. ", "Specifically, *A. carbonarius* is considered as the main OTA contamination source, and to a lesser extend species of *A. niger* aggregate, mainly *A. niger* and *A. tubingensis*. ", "This conclusion derives from the higher ochratoxigenic ability of *A. carbonarius* in contrast to *A. niger* aggregate isolates that, even when they are more abundant within the *A*. ", "section *Nigri* group, they are either totally incapable of toxin production or their toxigenic ability is scarce and weak [@pone.0093923-Battilani2], [@pone.0093923-Lasram1], [@pone.0093923-Palumbo1]. ", "In our study, all *A. carbonarius* isolates, with one exception, were capable for OTA production with most of them having a high ochratoxigenic potential, while from *A. niger* aggregate only one isolate identified as *Aspergillus tubingensis* was capable to produce OTA *in vitro* ([Table 3](#pone-0093923-t003){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Similar results have been reported for other Mediterranean countries [@pone.0093923-Battilani2], [@pone.0093923-Serra1], [@pone.0093923-Serra2], [@pone.0093923-Bau3], [@pone.0093923-Lasram2], although there are reports of higher ochratoxigenic incidences among *A. niger* aggregate and uniseriate spp. [", "@pone.0093923-Spadaro1]. ", "Ranges of ochratoxigenic potential for *A. carbonarius* isolates varied from 0 to 34 ppm (*μ*g OTA g^−1^ CYA), with most of them producing between 1 and 1000 ppb ([Table 3](#pone-0093923-t003){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Our results are also in agreement with studies contacted in Greece [@pone.0093923-Tjamos1], [@pone.0093923-Tjamos2], although Greek isolates with higher ochratoxigenic potential have been reported [@pone.0093923-Bau1]. ", "Particularly, Tjamos et al. [", "@pone.0093923-Tjamos1], [@pone.0093923-Tjamos2] in their studies have also shown that most *A. carbonarius* isolates were strong OTA producers with capabilities greater than 25 ppb, while only 6% of the *A. niger* aggregate presented high OTA potential.", "\n\nConclusions {#s5}\n===========\n\nFrom our results there is a clear correlation of *A*. ", "section *Nigri* group with the arid climate of Crete and Attica, whereas for colder and wet areas its presence is scarcer. ", "Moreover, higher incidence of ochratoxigenic isolates and OTA production was recorded for the *A. carbonarius* isolates, confirming in this way that *A. carbonarius* is the main species responsible for OTA contamination in Greek grapes. ", "Regarding PCR-RFLP our data indicate that *A. ibericus* can be differentiated from other aspergilli using the *Hha*I restriction endonuclease.", "\n\nThe authors are also grateful to Prof. N. Magan from Cranfield University for providing fungal reference strains and also to Assistant Prof. D. Tsitsigiannis from the Agricultural University of Athens for advisory support.", "\n\n[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.", "\n\n[^2]: Conceived and designed the experiments: DK PN GJN EZP. ", "Performed the experiments: DK PN. ", "Analyzed the data: DK PN EZP. ", "Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: EZP. ", "Wrote the paper: DK PN EZP.", "\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
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[ "//\n// Copyright (c) 2016 Intel Corporation\n//\n// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n//\n// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n//\n// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n// limitations under the License.", "\n//\n\npackage virtcontainers\n\nimport (\n\t\"fmt\"\n\t\"io/ioutil\"\n\t\"os\"\n\t\"path/filepath\"\n\t\"reflect\"\n\t\"testing\"\n)\n\nfunc testSetHypervisorType(t *testing.", "T, value string, expected HypervisorType) {\n\tvar hypervisorType HypervisorType\n\n\terr := (&hypervisorType).Set(value)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\tt.Fatal(err)\n\t}\n\n\tif hypervisorType !", "= expected {\n\t\tt.Fatal()\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc TestSetQemuHypervisorType(t *testing.", "T) {\n\ttestSetHypervisorType(t, \"qemu\", QemuHypervisor)\n}\n\nfunc TestSetMockHypervisorType(t *testing.", "T) {\n\ttestSetHypervisorType(t, \"mock\", MockHypervisor)\n}\n\nfunc TestSetUnknownHypervisorType(t *testing.", "T) {\n\tvar hypervisorType HypervisorType\n\n\terr := (&hypervisorType).Set(\"unknown\")\n\tif err == nil {\n\t\tt.Fatal()\n\t}\n\n\tif hypervisorType == QemuHypervisor ||\n\t\thypervisorType == MockHypervisor {\n\t\tt.Fatal()\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc testStringFromHypervisorType(t *testing.", "T, hypervisorType HypervisorType, expected string) {\n\thypervisorTypeStr := (&hypervisorType).String()\n\tif hypervisorTypeStr !", "= expected {\n\t\tt.Fatal()\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc TestStringFromQemuHypervisorType(t *testing.", "T) {\n\thypervisorType := QemuHypervisor\n\ttestStringFromHypervisorType(t, hypervisorType, \"qemu\")\n}\n\nfunc TestStringFromMockHypervisorType(t *testing.", "T) {\n\thypervisorType := MockHypervisor\n\ttestStringFromHypervisorType(t, hypervisorType, \"mock\")\n}\n\nfunc TestStringFromUnknownHypervisorType(t *testing.", "T) {\n\tvar hypervisorType HypervisorType\n\ttestStringFromHypervisorType(t, hypervisorType, \"\")\n}\n\nfunc testNewHypervisorFromHypervisorType(t *testing.", "T, hypervisorType HypervisorType, expected hypervisor) {\n\thy, err := newHypervisor(hypervisorType)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\tt.Fatal(err)\n\t}\n\n\tif reflect.", "DeepEqual(hy, expected) == false {\n\t\tt.Fatal()\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc TestNewHypervisorFromQemuHypervisorType(t *testing.", "T) {\n\thypervisorType := QemuHypervisor\n\texpectedHypervisor := &qemu{}\n\ttestNewHypervisorFromHypervisorType(t, hypervisorType, expectedHypervisor)\n}\n\nfunc TestNewHypervisorFromMockHypervisorType(t *testing.", "T) {\n\thypervisorType := MockHypervisor\n\texpectedHypervisor := &mockHypervisor{}\n\ttestNewHypervisorFromHypervisorType(t, hypervisorType, expectedHypervisor)\n}\n\nfunc TestNewHypervisorFromUnknownHypervisorType(t *testing.", "T) {\n\tvar hypervisorType HypervisorType\n\n\thy, err := newHypervisor(hypervisorType)\n\tif err == nil {\n\t\tt.Fatal()\n\t}\n\n\tif hy !", "= nil {\n\t\tt.Fatal()\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc testHypervisorConfigValid(t *testing.", "T, hypervisorConfig *HypervisorConfig, expected bool) {\n\tret, _ := hypervisorConfig.valid()\n\tif ret !", "= expected {\n\t\tt.Fatal()\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc TestHypervisorConfigNoKernelPath(t *testing.", "T) {\n\thypervisorConfig := &HypervisorConfig{\n\t\tKernelPath: \"\",\n\t\tImagePath: fmt.", "Sprintf(\"%s/%s\", testDir, testImage),\n\t\tHypervisorPath: fmt.", "Sprintf(\"%s/%s\", testDir, testHypervisor),\n\t}\n\n\ttestHypervisorConfigValid(t, hypervisorConfig, false)\n}\n\nfunc TestHypervisorConfigNoImagePath(t *testing.", "T) {\n\thypervisorConfig := &HypervisorConfig{\n\t\tKernelPath: fmt.", "Sprintf(\"%s/%s\", testDir, testKernel),\n\t\tImagePath: \"\",\n\t\tHypervisorPath: fmt.", "Sprintf(\"%s/%s\", testDir, testHypervisor),\n\t}\n\n\ttestHypervisorConfigValid(t, hypervisorConfig, false)\n}\n\nfunc TestHypervisorConfigNoHypervisorPath(t *testing.", "T) {\n\thypervisorConfig := &HypervisorConfig{\n\t\tKernelPath: fmt.", "Sprintf(\"%s/%s\", testDir, testKernel),\n\t\tImagePath: fmt.", "Sprintf(\"%s/%s\", testDir, testImage),\n\t\tHypervisorPath: \"\",\n\t}\n\n\ttestHypervisorConfigValid(t, hypervisorConfig, true)\n}\n\nfunc TestHypervisorConfigIsValid(t *testing.", "T) {\n\thypervisorConfig := &HypervisorConfig{\n\t\tKernelPath: fmt.", "Sprintf(\"%s/%s\", testDir, testKernel),\n\t\tImagePath: fmt.", "Sprintf(\"%s/%s\", testDir, testImage),\n\t\tHypervisorPath: fmt.", "Sprintf(\"%s/%s\", testDir, testHypervisor),\n\t}\n\n\ttestHypervisorConfigValid(t, hypervisorConfig, true)\n}\n\nfunc TestHypervisorConfigDefaults(t *testing.", "T) {\n\thypervisorConfig := &HypervisorConfig{\n\t\tKernelPath: fmt.", "Sprintf(\"%s/%s\", testDir, testKernel),\n\t\tImagePath: fmt.", "Sprintf(\"%s/%s\", testDir, testImage),\n\t\tHypervisorPath: \"\",\n\t}\n\ttestHypervisorConfigValid(t, hypervisorConfig, true)\n\n\thypervisorConfigDefaultsExpected := &HypervisorConfig{\n\t\tKernelPath: fmt.", "Sprintf(\"%s/%s\", testDir, testKernel),\n\t\tImagePath: fmt.", "Sprintf(\"%s/%s\", testDir, testImage),\n\t\tHypervisorPath: \"\",\n\t\tDefaultVCPUs: defaultVCPUs,\n\t\tDefaultMemSz: defaultMemSzMiB,\n\t\tDefaultBridges: defaultBridges,\n\t\tBlockDeviceDriver: defaultBlockDriver,\n\t\tDefaultMaxVCPUs: defaultMaxQemuVCPUs,\n\t}\n\tif reflect.", "DeepEqual(hypervisorConfig, hypervisorConfigDefaultsExpected) == false {\n\t\tt.Fatal()\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc TestAppendParams(t *testing.", "T) {\n\tparamList := []Param{\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tKey: \"param1\",\n\t\t\tValue: \"value1\",\n\t\t},\n\t}\n\n\texpectedParams := []Param{\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tKey: \"param1\",\n\t\t\tValue: \"value1\",\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tKey: \"param2\",\n\t\t\tValue: \"value2\",\n\t\t},\n\t}\n\n\tparamList = appendParam(paramList, \"param2\", \"value2\")\n\tif reflect.", "DeepEqual(paramList, expectedParams) == false {\n\t\tt.Fatal()\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc testSerializeParams(t *testing.", "T, params []Param, delim string, expected []string) {\n\tresult := SerializeParams(params, delim)\n\tif reflect.", "DeepEqual(result, expected) == false {\n\t\tt.Fatal()\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc TestSerializeParamsNoParamNoValue(t *testing.", "T) {\n\tparams := []Param{\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tKey: \"\",\n\t\t\tValue: \"\",\n\t\t},\n\t}\n\tvar expected []string\n\n\ttestSerializeParams(t, params, \"\", expected)\n}\n\nfunc TestSerializeParamsNoParam(t *testing.", "T) {\n\tparams := []Param{\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tValue: \"value1\",\n\t\t},\n\t}\n\n\texpected := []string{\"value1\"}\n\n\ttestSerializeParams(t, params, \"\", expected)\n}\n\nfunc TestSerializeParamsNoValue(t *testing.", "T) {\n\tparams := []Param{\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tKey: \"param1\",\n\t\t},\n\t}\n\n\texpected := []string{\"param1\"}\n\n\ttestSerializeParams(t, params, \"\", expected)\n}\n\nfunc TestSerializeParamsNoDelim(t *testing.", "T) {\n\tparams := []Param{\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tKey: \"param1\",\n\t\t\tValue: \"value1\",\n\t\t},\n\t}\n\n\texpected := []string{\"param1\", \"value1\"}\n\n\ttestSerializeParams(t, params, \"\", expected)\n}\n\nfunc TestSerializeParams(t *testing.", "T) {\n\tparams := []Param{\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tKey: \"param1\",\n\t\t\tValue: \"value1\",\n\t\t},\n\t}\n\n\texpected := []string{\"param1=value1\"}\n\n\ttestSerializeParams(t, params, \"=\", expected)\n}\n\nfunc testDeserializeParams(t *testing.", "T, parameters []string, expected []Param) {\n\tresult := DeserializeParams(parameters)\n\tif reflect.", "DeepEqual(result, expected) == false {\n\t\tt.Fatal()\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc TestDeserializeParamsNil(t *testing.", "T) {\n\tvar parameters []string\n\tvar expected []Param\n\n\ttestDeserializeParams(t, parameters, expected)\n}\n\nfunc TestDeserializeParamsNoParamNoValue(t *testing.", "T) {\n\tparameters := []string{\n\t\t\"\",\n\t}\n\n\tvar expected []Param\n\n\ttestDeserializeParams(t, parameters, expected)\n}\n\nfunc TestDeserializeParamsNoValue(t *testing.", "T) {\n\tparameters := []string{\n\t\t\"param1\",\n\t}\n\texpected := []Param{\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tKey: \"param1\",\n\t\t},\n\t}\n\n\ttestDeserializeParams(t, parameters, expected)\n}\n\nfunc TestDeserializeParams(t *testing.", "T) {\n\tparameters := []string{\n\t\t\"param1=value1\",\n\t}\n\n\texpected := []Param{\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tKey: \"param1\",\n\t\t\tValue: \"value1\",\n\t\t},\n\t}\n\n\ttestDeserializeParams(t, parameters, expected)\n}\n\nfunc TestAddKernelParamValid(t *testing.", "T) {\n\tvar config HypervisorConfig\n\n\texpected := []Param{\n\t\t{\"foo\", \"bar\"},\n\t}\n\n\terr := config.", "AddKernelParam(expected[0])\n\tif err !", "= nil || reflect.", "DeepEqual(config.", "KernelParams, expected) == false {\n\t\tt.Fatal()\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc TestAddKernelParamInvalid(t *testing.", "T) {\n\tvar config HypervisorConfig\n\n\tinvalid := []Param{\n\t\t{\"\", \"bar\"},\n\t}\n\n\terr := config.", "AddKernelParam(invalid[0])\n\tif err == nil {\n\t\tt.Fatal()\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc TestGetHostMemorySizeKb(t *testing.", "T) {\n\n\ttype testData struct {\n\t\tcontents string\n\t\texpectedResult int\n\t\texpectError bool\n\t}\n\n\tdata := []testData{\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t`\n\t\t\tMemTotal: 1 kB\n\t\t\tMemFree: 2 kB\n\t\t\tSwapTotal: 3 kB\n\t\t\tSwapFree: 4 kB\n\t\t\t`,\n\t\t\t1024,\n\t\t\tfalse,\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t`\n\t\t\tMemFree: 2 kB\n\t\t\tSwapTotal: 3 kB\n\t\t\tSwapFree: 4 kB\n\t\t\t`,\n\t\t\t0,\n\t\t\ttrue,\n\t\t},\n\t}\n\n\tdir, err := ioutil.", "TempDir(\"\", \"\")\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\tt.Fatal(err)\n\t}\n\tdefer os.", "RemoveAll(dir)\n\n\tfile := filepath.", "Join(dir, \"meminfo\")\n\tif _, err := getHostMemorySizeKb(file); err == nil {\n\t\tt.Fatalf(\"expected failure as file %q does not exist\", file)\n\t}\n\n\tfor _, d := range data {\n\t\tif err := ioutil.", "WriteFile(file, []byte(d.contents), os.", "FileMode(0640)); err !", "= nil {\n\t\t\tt.Fatal(err)\n\t\t}\n\t\tdefer os.", "Remove(file)\n\n\t\thostMemKb, err := getHostMemorySizeKb(file)\n\n\t\tif (d.expectError && err == nil) || (!", "d.expectError && err !", "= nil) {\n\t\t\tt.Fatalf(\"got %d, input %v\", hostMemKb, d)\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tif reflect.", "DeepEqual(hostMemKb, d.expectedResult) {\n\t\t\tt.Fatalf(\"got %d, input %v\", hostMemKb, d)\n\t\t}\n\t}\n}\n\nvar dataFlagsFieldWithoutHypervisor = []byte(`\nfpu_exception : yes\ncpuid level : 20\nwp : yes\nflags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc rep_good nopl xtopology eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq vmx ssse3 fma cx16 sse4_1 sse4_2 movbe popcnt aes xsave avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch tpr_shadow vnmi ept vpid fsgsbase bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 erms rtm rdseed adx smap xsaveopt\nbugs :\nbogomips : 4589.35\n`)\n\nvar dataFlagsFieldWithHypervisor = []byte(`\nfpu_exception : yes\ncpuid level : 20\nwp : yes\nflags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc rep_good nopl xtopology eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq vmx ssse3 fma cx16 sse4_1 sse4_2 movbe popcnt aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch tpr_shadow vnmi ept vpid fsgsbase bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 erms rtm rdseed adx smap xsaveopt\nbugs :\nbogomips : 4589.35\n`)\n\nvar dataWithoutFlagsField = []byte(`\nfpu_exception : yes\ncpuid level : 20\nwp : yes\nbugs :\nbogomips : 4589.35\n`)\n\nfunc testRunningOnVMMSuccessful(t *testing.", "T, cpuInfoContent []byte, expectedErr bool, expected bool) {\n\tf, err := ioutil.", "TempFile(\"\", \"cpuinfo\")\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\tt.Fatal(err)\n\t}\n\tdefer os.", "Remove(f.", "Name())\n\tdefer f.Close()\n\n\tn, err := f.Write(cpuInfoContent)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\tt.Fatal(err)\n\t}\n\tif n !", "= len(cpuInfoContent) {\n\t\tt.Fatalf(\"Only %d bytes written out of %d expected\", n, len(cpuInfoContent))\n\t}\n\n\trunning, err := RunningOnVMM(f.", "Name())\n\tif !", "expectedErr && err !", "= nil {\n\t\tt.Fatalf(\"This test should succeed: %v\", err)\n\t} else if expectedErr && err == nil {\n\t\tt.Fatalf(\"This test should fail\")\n\t}\n\n\tif running !", "= expected {\n\t\tt.Fatalf(\"Expecting running on VMM = %t, Got %t\", expected, running)\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc TestRunningOnVMMFalseSuccessful(t *testing.", "T) {\n\ttestRunningOnVMMSuccessful(t, dataFlagsFieldWithoutHypervisor, false, false)\n}\n\nfunc TestRunningOnVMMTrueSuccessful(t *testing.", "T) {\n\ttestRunningOnVMMSuccessful(t, dataFlagsFieldWithHypervisor, false, true)\n}\n\nfunc TestRunningOnVMMNoFlagsFieldFailure(t *testing.", "T) {\n\ttestRunningOnVMMSuccessful(t, dataWithoutFlagsField, true, false)\n}\n\nfunc TestRunningOnVMMNotExistingCPUInfoPathFailure(t *testing.", "T) {\n\tf, err := ioutil.", "TempFile(\"\", \"cpuinfo\")\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\tt.Fatal(err)\n\t}\n\n\tfilePath := f.Name()\n\n\tf.Close()\n\tos.", "Remove(filePath)\n\n\tif _, err := RunningOnVMM(filePath); err == nil {\n\t\tt.Fatalf(\"Should fail because %q file path does not exist\", filePath)\n\t}\n}\n" ]
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[ "While on a recent mission to map the sea floor in their new ocean explorer, RV Investigator, researchers with the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) made a startling discovery just off the coast from Sydney, Australia: An extinct volcanic range teeming with nightmarish fish, reports CSIRO News.", "\n\nOne of the fish found lurking in this undersea range is the creature pictured above, a tiny, jet black, fanged, scaleless creature. ", "Chief scientist for the voyage, UNSW marine biologist professor Iain Suthers, said he was amazed by how many of these little creatures could be found so far out to sea. ", "The discovery could change how researchers study juvenile fish.", "\n\n\"We had thought fish only developed in coastal estuaries, and that once larvae were swept out to sea, that was end of them,\" explained Suthers. \"", "But in fact, these eddies are nursery grounds for commercial fisheries along the east coast of Australia.\"", "\n\nThe features of the sea floor, such as with the underwater volcanic range discovered on this voyage, can create eddies that provide ideal places for life to flourish. ", "The scaleless black fish is not the only strange creature discovered. ", "Also lurking were eel-like idiacanthidae and the ever-frightening chauliodontidae, both pictured here:\n\nEel-like idiacanthidaeIdiacanthidae were discovered off the Australia in an underwater volcanic range teeming with life. ", "© Copyright CSIRO Australia, (July 13, 2015\n\nJuvenile Chauliodontidae or viperfish were also found in the extinct volcanic range. ", "© Copyright CSIRO Australia, (July 13, 2015\n\nThe extinct volcanic range itself consisted of four calderas estimated at around 50 million years old. ", "It is located about 200 kilometers off the coast of Sydney, Australia, and is roughly 20 kilometers long and about 6 kilometers wide, and it rises 700 meters off the ocean floor at the highest point.", "\n\n\"This is the first time these volcanoes have been seen,\" professor Richard Arculus of the Australian National University told the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. \"", "It proves yet again that we know more about the topography of Mars than we do the sea bed in our own backyard.\"" ]
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[ "The present invention relates to a method and to a device for the optimizing of the performance characteristics of a liquid crystal display matrix screen as a function of the angle of observation.", "\nOne problem that is often encountered by the users of liquid crystal display (LCD) screens, using especially those using twisted nematic liquid crystals, is the deterioration of the legibility of the images displayed when the observer moves away from an axis of observation normal to the screen.", "\nThis deterioration is characterized by a fall in contrast and a colorimetrical drift (entailing a desaturation or reversal of the colors).", "\nThis phenomenon is chiefly related to the fact that an LCD screen possesses a limited field of observation.", "\nThis field of observation is even further reduced when images containing shades of gray are displayed, as is the case for example in synthetic imaging. ", "This effect necessitates an anti-aliasing type of processing operation to improve image quality.", "\nIn the prior art, this lowering of the performance characteristics is compensated for by a overall adjustment of the voltages used to address the liquid crystal display screen. ", "This is done by means of a control potentiometer placed in the vicinity of the screen.", "\nAn object of the invention is a method by which optimum legibility of the images shown on a liquid crystal display screen can be obtained automatically, whatever may be the observer's position with respect to the screen, hence whatever may be the direction of observation. ", "An object of the invention is also a device for the implementation of this method." ]
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[ "Former Baltimore Orioles right fielder Nick Markakis loved Maryland so much that he never left, even after signing with the Atlanta Braves in 2014.", "\n\nIn an interview last year with the Baltimore Sun, he said he and his family still lived full time in Monkton, MD, and planned to build a new house in the community in the near future.", "\n\n“That's where we're going to be,” Markakis told the Sun. “", "That's where my kids were born. ", "It's where they've got their friends. ", "We love the area. ", "We love the community, so that's where we're going to call home.”", "\n\nEarlier this month, Markakis listed his four-bedroom, 4.5-bath home in Monkton for $925,000. ", "He purchased the Colonial-style, 4,900-square-foot home in 2008.", "\n\nExterior realtor.com\n\nThe home is warm and inviting, with an open floor plan and family-friendly features. ", "To start, the 1.7-acre property features a wide front lawn, perfect for a game of catch. ", "The home’s lower level features a living room, family room, den, kitchen, and dining room, all anchored by a central, curving staircase to the second floor.", "\n\nThere are hardwood floors throughout the lower level, with wainscoting in the foyer and dining room. ", "Large windows are in every common room. ", "The step-down family room is carpeted and has a fireplace with mantel; its coffered ceiling extends through the chef's kitchen.", "\n\nFamily room realtor.com\n\nKitchen realtor.com\n\nThe kitchen features granite countertops, warm wood cabinetry, stainless-steel appliances, double ovens, and island with a gas stovetop.", "\n\nUpstairs, the master bedroom has a tray ceiling and its master bathroom has stone countertops, dual sinks, soaking tub, and standalone shower. ", "The finished basement has enough room for a pingpong table, pool table, poker table, and (probably) a second dining table.", "\n\nThere’s an attached three-car garage and a detached six-car garage. ", "Markakis had turned the area above the detached garage into a professional-grade home gym, but the listing notes it could easily be turned into a second living area, possibly for an au pair.", "\n\nHome gym realtor.com\n\nOutside, there’s a fenced deck with a cooking center, a fire pit area, and children’s playground. ", "Monkton, which has a median listing price of $512,000, is roughly 30 minutes north of downtown Baltimore.", "\n\nMarkakis was the Orioles’ first-round draft pick in 2003 and began his MLB career in 2006. ", "He’s won the Golden Glove Award twice and slugged 157 home runs over his 11-year career.", "\n\nIn late 2014, he signed a four-year, $44 million contract with the Braves. ", "He and his wife, Christina, have three young sons. ", "Last year, the family sold a home in Sarasota, FL." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
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[ "Take It With You\n\nHard-traveling photography and digital media entrepreneur Danya Henninger, co-founder of Imagic with her husband Mark, makes the most of web apps both old and new. ", "She took time out to discuss her must-have online applications." ]
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[ "require('../../modules/es6.math.expm1');\nmodule.exports = require('../../modules/_core').Math.expm1;\n" ]
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[ "Gérard Battaglia\n\nGérard Battaglia (26 March 1937 – 2 March 2015) is a former sailor who represented Monaco at two Olympic Games in sailing.", "\n\nCareer \n\nAlongside Jean-Pierre Crovetto and Jules Soccal Battaglia finished 23rd in the Dragon class at the 1960 Olympic Games. ", "He won a bronze medal with Crovetto at the 1963 Mediterranean Games. ", "In the 1976 Olympic Games he finished 23rd in the soling class with Borro and Claude Rossi.", "\n\nPersonal life \n\nHis son Philippe and nephew René Battaglia both competed for Monaco in the Olympics.", "\n\nHe later became president of the Monegasque Sailing Federation and an Officer of the Order of Saint-Charles.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1937 births\nCategory:2015 deaths\nCategory:Olympic sailors of Monaco\nCategory:Sailors at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Dragon\nCategory:Sailors at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Soling\nCategory:Competitors at the 1963 Mediterranean Games\nCategory:Officers of the Order of Saint-Charles" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
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[ "package com.ctrip.xpipe.redis.core.proxy.endpoint;\n\nimport com.ctrip.xpipe.proxy.", "ProxyEndpoint;\nimport com.ctrip.xpipe.redis.core.exception.", "NoResourceException;\nimport com.google.common.collect.", "Lists;\nimport org.slf4j.", "Logger;\nimport org.slf4j.", "LoggerFactory;\n\nimport java.util.", "List;\n\n/**\n * @author chen.zhu\n * <p>\n * May 24, 2018\n */\npublic class DefaultProxyEndpointSelector implements ProxyEndpointSelector {\n\n private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DefaultProxyEndpointSelector.class);\n\n private ProxyEndpointManager endpointManager;\n\n private List<ProxyEndpoint> candidates;\n\n private List<ProxyEndpoint> selected;\n\n private NextHopAlgorithm algorithm;\n\n private SelectStrategy strategy;\n\n public DefaultProxyEndpointSelector(List<ProxyEndpoint> candidates, ProxyEndpointManager endpointManager) {\n this.candidates = candidates;\n this.endpointManager = endpointManager;\n this.endpointManager.storeProxyEndpoints(candidates);\n this.selected = Lists.newArrayListWithCapacity(candidates.size());\n }\n\n @Override\n public ProxyEndpoint nextHop() throws NoResourceException {\n\n if(strategy !", "= null && !", "strategy.select()) {\n throw new NoResourceException(String.format(\"No resource for strategy: %s\", strategy.getClass().getSimpleName()));\n }\n logger.debug(\"[candidates][before]{}\", candidates);\n List<ProxyEndpoint> toBeSelected = Lists.newArrayList(candidates);\n toBeSelected.retainAll(endpointManager.getAvailableProxyEndpoints());\n logger.debug(\"[candidates][after]{}\", toBeSelected);\n\n ProxyEndpoint endpoint = algorithm.nextHop(toBeSelected);\n if(endpoint == null) {\n throw new NoResourceException(\"No candidates available\");\n }\n selected.add(endpoint);\n\n return endpoint;\n }\n\n @Override\n public void setNextHopAlgorithm(NextHopAlgorithm algorithm) {\n logger.debug(\"[setNextHopAlgorithm] algorithm: {}\", algorithm.getClass());\n this.algorithm = algorithm;\n }\n\n @Override\n public int selectCounts() {\n return selected.size();\n }\n\n @Override\n public List<ProxyEndpoint> getCandidates() {\n return candidates;\n }\n\n @Override\n public void setSelectStrategy(SelectStrategy strategy) {\n logger.debug(\"[setSelectStrategy] strategy: {}\", strategy);\n this.strategy = strategy;\n }\n}\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
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[ "The New York Times’ Maggie Haberman made a comparison between Iran’s mass social media blackout and Donald Trump blocking certain users on his Twitter page Tuesday.", "\n\nHaberman tweeted:\n\nThe president often blocks individual people from seeing the @realDonaldTrump Twitter feed https://t.co/cVoLLlXrGR — Maggie Haberman (@maggieNYT) January 2, 2018\n\nIn response to protests in Iran over the last few days, the government has been restricting its citizens’ use of social media programs Instagram and Telegram. ", "The Islamic government has said that this is due to violence and rioting that has accompanied some protests.", "\n\nIranian citizens have been protesting the government over the last week for a variety of reasons, including a stagnant economy, oppressive laws and financing of terror in the Middle East. (", "RELATED: At Least 20 Dead As Iran Uprising Stretches Into Sixth Day)\n\nPresident Trump tweeted Tuesday:\n\nThe people of Iran are finally acting against the brutal and corrupt Iranian regime. ", "All of the money that President Obama so foolishly gave them went into terrorism and into their “pockets.” ", "The people have little food, big inflation and no human rights. ", "The U.S. is watching! — ", "Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) January 2, 2018\n\nFollow Justin on Twitter" ]
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[ "Kjerstin Øvrelid\n\nKjerstin Marie Øvrelid (March 16, 1929 – January 1989) was a Norwegian painter. ", "She was known for her poetic paintings of flowers and depictions of the sea and skerries, usually those seen from Holmesund, northeast of Arendal, where she had her summer home.", "\n\nØvrelid was born in Hitra. ", "She attended the Trondheim Academy of Fine Art from 1948 to 1949, the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry from 1949 to 1950, and the Norwegian National Academy of Fine Arts from 1950 to 1953, where she studied under Aage Storstein and Jean Heiberg. ", "In addition, she studied at the State Teachers' School in Notodden from 1953 to 1954, and she also attended the National School of Fine Arts in Paris from 1957 to 1958.", "\n\nHer paintings have been described as having lyrical colors, with a bright saturated palette of red-yellow, blue, and green that contain a lot of white. ", "In addition to landscapes, she also painted portraits, interiors, and still lifes. ", "Øvrelid is represented in the National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design with the paintings Sommernatt (Summer Night, 1969) and Hav og rød himmel (Sea and Red Sky, 1978). ", "She participated in the Autumn Exhibition fifteen times from 1959 to 1978, and six times in the Southern Norway Exhibition () from 1970 to 1977. ", "She also took part in a number of solo and group exhibitions in Norway and abroad.", "\n\nJerven was part of an artists' colony that developed in Flosta after the Second World War. ", "Together with artists such as Ellen Iden, Ivar Jerven, Knut Monrad, Finn Strømsted, Bodil Cappelen, Finn Henrik Bodvin, and Liv Nergaard, an artistic environment was created that drew inspiration from nature and the skerries. ", "In the mid-1960s, six of these artists exhibited at the Skien Art Association () as the Flosta Artists ().", "\n\nØvrelid was married to the artist Ivar Jerven.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Norwegian women painters\nCategory:1929 births\nCategory:1989 deaths\nCategory:20th-century women artists" ]
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[ "Q:\n\nPushing the below section with the height of the text\n\nI have carousel with image. ", "Above the image I've placed one div with text.", "\nNow I want to place second div, next to the first one but a bit lower and to push the bellow section down and show the text. ", "\nWhat is happening is that the second div with the text is visible only while the text is above the carousel. ", "Once the text is extended bellow it is hidden behind the bellow section. ", "\nHere is the demo of what I have so far\n\n.mask-what-we-do {\r\n width: 444px;\r\n height: 340px;\r\n background-color: #1b1a1a;\r\n position: absolute;\r\n top: 0;\r\n left: 50px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mask-follow-text {\r\n width: 633px;\r\n height: 340px;\r\n background-color: #fff;\r\n position: absolute;\r\n top: 81px;\r\n left: 500px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.carousel-inner {\r\n height: 340px;\r\n}\n<link href=\"https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.1.0/css/bootstrap.min.css\" rel=\"stylesheet\" />\r\n<div id=\"head-image\" class=\"carousel\">\r\n\r\n <!-- ", "Wrapper for slides -->\r\n <div class=\"carousel-inner\" role=\"listbox\">\r\n <div class=\"item active\">\r\n <img src=\"https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/madgexdotcom-assets/transforms/pageheaders/2490/header-careers-2_73f47f2168e54879fea667b73c67519e.jpg\" alt=\"Image\">\r\n <div class=\"mask-what-we-do\">\r\n <hr style=\"width: 375px;margin-top: 50px;border-top: 1px solid #fff;\">\r\n <p style=\"height: 24px;color: #ffffff;padding:35px; font-weight: 900;margin-top: -35px;font-size: 24px;\"><i>Lorem Ipsum</i></p>\r\n </div>\r\n <div class=\"mask-follow-text\">\r\n <p style=\"height: 24px;color: #ffffff;padding:35px;margin-top: -35px;font-size: 24px;\">\r\n Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ", "In arcu ante, elementum. ", "</p>\r\n <p style=\"height: 24px;color: #000;padding:35px;margin-top: -35px;font-size: 24px;\">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ", "In arcu ante, elementum. ", "</p>\r\n\r\n <p style=\"height: 24px;color: #000;padding:35px; margin-top: -35px;font-size: 24px;\">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ", "In arcu ante, elementum. ", "</p>\r\n\r\n <p style=\"height: 24px;color: #000;padding:35px;margin-top: -35px;font-size: 24px;\">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ", "In arcu ante, elementum. ", "</p>\r\n\r\n <p style=\"height: 24px;color: #000;padding:35px;margin-top: -35px;font-size: 24px;\">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ", "In arcu ante, elementum. ", "</p>\r\n\r\n <p style=\"height: 24px;color: #000;padding:35px;margin-top: -35px;font-size: 24px;\">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ", "In arcu ante, elementum. ", "</p>\r\n </div>\r\n </div>\r\n </div>\r\n\r\n <section class=\"team\">\r\n <div class=\"container\">\r\n <div class=\"row\">\r\n <div class=\"col-md-10 col-md-offset-1\">\r\n <div class=\"col-lg-12\">\r\n <h2 class=\"partners-title\" style=\"text-align:center;\">Lorem</h2>\r\n\r\n </div>\r\n </div>\r\n </div>\r\n </div>\r\n </section>\n\nThe second white div above the image with the Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, text doesn't push the <section> bellow and it is not visible. ", "\nHere is also JSfiddle demo of it.", "\nUPDATE: adding image of what it need to be\n\nA:\n\nCan you try this:\n\n.mask-what-we-do {\r\n background-color: #1b1a1a;\r\n z-index: 1;\r\n margin-left: 50px;\r\n grid-column: 1/2;\r\n grid-row: 1/3;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mask-follow-text {\r\n width: 633px;\r\n background-color: #dedede;\r\n z-index: 1;\r\n margin-left: 5px;\r\n padding: 20px;\r\n grid-column: 2/3;\r\n grid-row: 2/-1;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.item-wrap {\r\n display: grid;\r\n position: relative;\r\n grid-template-columns: 200px auto 1fr;\r\n grid-template-rows: 100px 100px auto;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.item-wrap img {\r\n top: 0;\r\n left: 0;\r\n grid-column: 1/ -1;\r\n grid-row: 1 / 3;\r\n width: 100%;\r\n height: 100%;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.team {\r\n background-color: #a9a9a9;\r\n}\n <link href=\"https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.1.0/css/bootstrap.min.css\" rel=\"stylesheet\" />\r\n<div id=\"head-image\" class=\"carousel\">\r\n\r\n <!-- ", "Wrapper for slides -->\r\n <div class=\"carousel-inner\" role=\"listbox\">\r\n <div class=\"item active\">\r\n <div class=\"item-wrap\">\r\n <img src=\"https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/madgexdotcom-assets/transforms/pageheaders/2490/header-careers-2_73f47f2168e54879fea667b73c67519e.jpg\" alt=\"Image\">\r\n <div class=\"mask-what-we-do\">\r\n <hr style=\"margin-top: 50px;border-top: 1px solid #fff;\">\r\n <p style=\"height: 24px;color: #ffffff;padding:35px; font-weight: 900;margin-top: -35px;font-size: 24px;\"><i>Lorem Ipsum</i></p>\r\n </div>\r\n <div class=\"mask-follow-text\">\r\n <p style=\"padding:3px;font-size: 24px;\">\r\n Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ", "In arcu ante, elementum. ", "</p>\r\n <p style=\"padding:3px;font-size: 24px;\">\r\n Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ", "In arcu ante, elementum. ", "</p>\r\n <p style=\"padding:3px;font-size: 24px;\">\r\n Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ", "In arcu ante, elementum. ", "</p>\r\n <p style=\"padding:3px;font-size: 24px;\">\r\n Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ", "In arcu ante, elementum. ", "</p>\r\n\r\n </div>\r\n </div>\r\n </div>\r\n </div>\r\n\r\n <section class=\"team\">\r\n <div class=\"container\">\r\n <div class=\"row\">\r\n <div class=\"col-md-10 col-md-offset-1\">\r\n <div class=\"col-lg-12\">\r\n <h2 class=\"partners-title\" style=\"text-align:center;\">Lorem</h2>\r\n <p>Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. ", "Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen\r\n book. ", "It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. ", "It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more\r\n recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum.", "\r\n\r\n </p>\r\n\r\n </div>\r\n </div>\r\n </div>\r\n </div>\r\n </section>\n\n" ]
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[ "'He's Not a General': Rep. Luis Gutierrez Hits Back at 'Mean' John Kelly\n\n'We've Never Faced This': Hillary Says Trump Wants 'Unaccountable, Unchecked Power'\n\nNew York Times reporter Yamiche Alcindor said on MSNBC that she knows \"sources\" who are \"still in therapy\" because Hillary Clinton was defeated by President Donald Trump in 2016.", "\n\nAlcindor did not say what type of \"therapy\" those people were in, whether it be clinical or otherwise, in video obtained by the Daily Caller.", "\n\nShe said that Clinton's new book, \"What Happened,\" is meant to be a way for the former first lady and her supporters to \"vent\" about Trump's victory and to help those who are \"writing about this\" and \"still in therapy.\"", "\n\nAlcindor said the people reportedly seeking therapeutic means are \"really upset by the election.\"", "\n\nHowever, Alcindor went on to say that Clinton is the \"embodiment of all that is still going wrong with the Democratic Party.\"", "\n\nShe said the book is a \"clear picture\" of where the party is today, and that it should help \"lay out the way forward.\"", "\n\nFL Chainsaw Nun: Viral Video Shows God 'Can Bring Good Out of Tragedy'\n\n'Endless Stupid Political Nagging': Tucker Blasts ESPN After Anchor Calls Trump a 'White Supremacist'" ]
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[ "---\ntitle: KSNODETYPE\\_ADC\ndescription: KSNODETYPE\\_ADC\nms.assetid: 534babaa-ef28-4c9a-8429-a52e77fc4d11\nkeywords: [\"KSNODETYPE_ADC Audio Devices\"]\ntopic_type:\n- apiref\napi_name:\n- KSNODETYPE_ADC\napi_type:\n- NA\nms.date: 11/28/2017\nms.localizationpriority: medium\n---\n\n# KSNODETYPE\\_ADC\n\n\n## <span id=\"ddk_ksnodetype_adc_ks\"></span><span id=\"DDK_KSNODETYPE_ADC_KS\"></span>\n\n\nThe KSNODETYPE\\_ADC node represents an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). ", "The ADC has one input stream and one output stream.", "\n\nA KSNODETYPE\\_ADC node can support the following optional properties:\n\n[**KSPROPERTY\\_AUDIO\\_SAMPLING\\_RATE**](ksproperty-audio-sampling-rate.md)\n\n[**KSPROPERTY\\_AUDIO\\_DYNAMIC\\_SAMPLING\\_RATE**](ksproperty-audio-dynamic-sampling-rate.md)\n\n \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n" ]
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[ "APWA\n\nAPWA as an acronym may refer to:\n\n All Pakistan Women's Association\n American Public Works Association" ]
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[ "Effect of oral aromatic retinoid (Ro 10-9359) on human papilloma virus-2-induced common warts.", "\nPersisting human papilloma virus (HPV) 2 induced common warts of a chronic lymphatic leukemia patient were orally treated with aromatic retinoid Ro 10-9359 (Tigason). ", "Clinically, the lesions improved rapidly. ", "Virus-specific cytopathogenic effects (CPE), virus particles and viral DNA were no longer detectable. ", "Therapy was discontinued because of the development of a liposarcoma, which led to a complete relapse of the cutaneous lesions. ", "HPV-2 specific parameters, CPE and viral DNA, were restored. ", "Comparison of the restriction enzyme cleavage patterns revealed that warts before and after therapy contained the same HPV-2 subtype. ", "The implications of the observation on the effect of Tigason on virus-induced papillomas are discussed." ]
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[ "[Surgical treatment for non-ischemic mitral regurgitation].", "\nNon-ischemic mitral regurgitation( MR) is classified in degenerative MR, infective endocarditis( IE) and rheumatic MR. ", "For degenerative MR, although 100% achievement of successful mitral valve plasty (MVP), it still important to evaluate mitral morphology preoperatively and to select suitable procedure.", "MR due to IE, the most important thing is to exclude vegetation completely. ", "Then MVP is considered depends on its area of defect. ", "Rheumatic MR is still difficult to accomplish MVP. ", "Mitral valve replacement(MVR) is a main strategy for rheumatic MR." ]
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[ "§ 479.122 Requirements.", "\n\nb.(b)Persons engaged in the business of exporting firearms caliber .22 or larger are subject to the requirements of a license issued by the Secretary of State. ", "Application for such license should be made to the Office of Munitions Control, Department of State, Washington, DC 20502, prior to exporting firearms." ]
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[ "Q:\n\nHow to detect page is refreshed in vue.js\n\nI would like to detect when page is refreshed or reloaded in vue.js. ", "I have read the question from this post Do something before reload or close in vue.js. ", "It's using window.onbeforeunload. ", "But the problem for me, where do I put this window function ? ", "Could we use another default method from vuejs for detecting the page that is refreshed ?", "\nThank you\n\nA:\n\nYou can use the created function to call another function. ", "Example:\ncreated() {\n window.addEventListener('beforeunload', this.handler)\n},\nmethods: {\n handler: function handler(event) {\n // Do Something\n }\n}\n\nor\n\ncreated() {\n window.addEventListener('beforeunload', function(event) {\n event.returnValue = 'Write something'\n })\n },\n\nCheck it : https://forum.vuejs.org/t/detect-browser-close/5001/8\n\n" ]
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[ "Cyclodextrin and phosphorus(III): a versatile combination for coordination chemistry and catalysis.", "\nWith the advent of efficient methods for functionalising cyclodextrins, the synthesis of a variety of cyclodextrin-based P(iii) ligands has been made possible. ", "Capable of acting both as first and second coordination sphere ligands towards various transition metals, these compounds have found many applications in homogeneous catalysis. ", "This perspective article describes the different approaches that have been used to covalently associate the ubiquitous P(iii) donor atom with a cyclodextrin cavity. ", "In addition, special emphasis is placed on the influence the cyclodextrin receptor has on the coordination and catalytic properties of these cavity-shaped ligands." ]
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[ "\nBailing out of the mainframe industry (1984) - luu\nhttps://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/05/business/bailing-out-of-the-mainframe-industry.html\n======\ncombatentropy\nThis sounds like a classic case of the Innovator's Dilemma. ", "The ascendance of\nthe personal computer in the 1980s upset many large companies. ", "I was surprised\nhow old some of them were:\n\n1879 - NCR\n\n1886 - Burroughs\n\n1906 - Honeywell\n\n1910 - Sperry\n\n1911 - IBM\n\n~~~\nsimonh\nNot mainframes I know, but I saw this happening to Prime Computer back in the\nearly 90s. ", "We had a Prime at Wolverhampton Poly (UK) when I was a student, and\nmy first job was at a Forestry Commission Research Station down in Surrey and\nthey had a Prime as well. ", "I used to come in early to change the 1/2\" backup\ntape spools.", "\n\nThat company did everything they could to stay relevant. ", "I went on a training\ncourse on their new x86 Unix boxes, but we ended up buying from SUN. ", "The late\n80s/90s saw a lot of odd computing architectures and ideosyncratic systems. ", "I\nworked on a Pick system once, with a dictionary based file system. ", "PCs and\nUnix paved over everything between them by the end of the 90s though. ", "Sorry,\nrambling.", "\n\n------\ntyingq\nAnd now we're back to building stuff from a fixed set of blessed components\nfrom a couple of giant vendors :)\n\n~~~\npjmlp\nCloud computing with the browser as thin terminal, and around the circle they\ngo.", "\n\nThe irony is getting one of those rich clients for microservices hosted on IBM\nand Unisys mainframes, written in Cobol, NEWP, RPG.", "\n\n~~~\ncstross\nThe \"wheel of reincarnation\" is a thing in multiple sub-fields of computing:\nwhere there are two approaches to an architectural solution, an arms race\nbetween competing models often develops. (", "In the 1960s-2000s in computer\ngraphics it was a competition between dedicated GPU hardware -- e.g. Evans and\nSutherland, Silicon Graphics -- and throw lots of CPUs at the problem and\nsolve it in code. _", "That_ race was ultimately run by the masses of GPUs thanks\nto Moore's Law, but for a while there was a competing model where commodity\nCPUs and software could undercut on price. ", "Similarly: departmental\nminicomputers, corporate-wide mainframe, and feral PCs roaming the desktop is\na similar story of competing models.)", "\n\n" ]
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[ "# Project-wide Gradle settings.", "\n\n# IDE (e.g. Android Studio) users:\n# Gradle settings configured through the IDE *will override*\n# any settings specified in this file.", "\n\n# For more details on how to configure your build environment visit\n# http://www.gradle.org/docs/current/userguide/build_environment.html\n\n# Specifies the JVM arguments used for the daemon process.", "\n# The setting is particularly useful for tweaking memory settings.", "\n# Default value: -Xmx10248m -XX:MaxPermSize=256m\n# org.gradle.jvmargs=-Xmx2048m -XX:MaxPermSize=512m -XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8\n\n# When configured, Gradle will run in incubating parallel mode.", "\n# This option should only be used with decoupled projects. ", "More details, visit\n# http://www.gradle.org/docs/current/userguide/multi_project_builds.html#sec:decoupled_projects\n# org.gradle.parallel=true\n\norg.gradle.jvmargs=-Xmx2048M" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
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[ "[Cytotoxicity of human T-lymphocytes sensitized by Epstein-Barr virus. ", "Role of HLA antigens at the surface of target cells infected by the virus].", "\nPeripheral T-lymphocytes from patients with infectious mononucleosis are cytotoxic towards target cells from Epstein-Barr virus-genome carrying human lumphoblastoid lines. ", "Thus, these T-cells appear to be sensitized to viral coded determinants. ", "Daudi cells, that carry EBV-genome, but lack HLA antigens are resistant to specific cytolysis in this model. ", "These results suggest direct HLA involvement in the target structure recognized by birus-sensitized cytolytic T-lymphocytes in human." ]
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[ "A friend said something recently that I found to be profound and that assisted me to open a point within myself. ", "She said that abdicating responsibility for oneself is the same as not having the will to live, because real Living, becoming life, living, is only possible when one takes responsibility for oneself. ", "Abdicating responsibility [...]\n\nThe past week my partner and I have been busy clearing out space on his mother’s farm, going through layers upon layers of furniture, bookkeeping papers, books, clothes and old love letters. ", "There were things in that house going back 7 generations, all the way back to old farming equipment and maps of the land [...]\n\nIn the last two posts I’ve investigated two ‘extremes’, radical self-unschooling on one hand and the word ‘must’ on the other. ", "Now – these two can represent polarized extremes where one is a total abnegation of rules and the other is an enforcement of rules, but they can also be redefined as commonsensical self-expressions lived [...]\n\nSince writing the last post on radical self-unschooling I have been looking at the point of ‘having to’ do things and how I have reacted to that, something that I’ve also previously written about. ", "My partner and I have discussed the words ‘must’ and ‘have to’ over the last few weeks, specifically in looking at [...]\n\nI forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to judge and blame myself for what I perceive as me being fat and ugly\n\nI forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to blame myself for what I perceive as me having allowed myself to become fat and ugly\n\nI forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to believe and perceive myself as fat and ugly\n\nI forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to see and define myself as a body image from which I look at myself “from the outside” as though I am looking “in” on myself as in a mirror or on a picture, thus in fact not seeing or looking here or seeing or looking at what is real, because what is real is the physical that is not an image\n\nI forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to believe, see, define and perceive that it is me who is fat and ugly within defining myself according to a body-image that only exist within and as the reflection I mirror myself in, in and through the mind based on the acceptance of and the submission of myself to competitive beauty systems where only a photo shopped, slim, tanned body can be “real” and “perfect” and where all other bodies and body-forms are “wrong” and “flawed”\n\nI forgive myself that I, within defining and accepting myself as fat and ugly, have accepted and allowed myself to believe, define, see and perceive myself as a “second class citizen”, as “worth-less” because I do not fit into the mold of the photo-shopped woman in the picture that I have accepted and allowed myself to believe is real and the only real way to be worthy and perfect, not seeing, realizing or accepting the reality, worth or perfection of me here\n\nI forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to judge, accept, perceive and define “fat people” as second class citizens that do not have a right to happiness, fulfillment, money, enjoyment, sex or worth simply because they are fat and as such when I got fat have consequently placed myself into the same category believing and accepting that I do not have a right to accept myself or worth myself, simply because I am fat\n\nI forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to see, define, judge, experience and accept the word ‘fat’ as inferior, less-than (ironically), shameful, disgusting, low-life within and as spite and because I have fat on myself human physical body that I myself have accepted and allowed myself to accumulate, define, experience, see and accept myself as inferior, less-than, shameful, disgusting and low-life and within that deliberately spite myself in judging myself for being fat\n\nI forgive myself that I have not accepted or allowed myself to release the word ‘fat’ from my hold on it through, within and as the ego, from where I have allowed myself to brutally judge, spite and perceive ‘fat’ as ‘flawed’, ‘shameful’ and ‘wrong’ and that the people who are fat are rightfully to be pushed down and feel ashamed of themselves and accept their place as lesser beings, within the judgment of them as “weak” and “disgusting” and thus because I define and accept myself as “fat”, equally believe and accept myself as “weak” and disgusting and a “lesser being”\n\nI forgive myself that I have not accepted or allowed myself see or realize that fat on a human physical body is a manifestation of consequence as the acceptance of who and what self has allowed self to be and become in and as self-suppression as holding onto layer upon layer of information that self has not allowed self to release and within the addiction to self-abuse through self-pity and self-hate as overeating in and as greed and self-spite – not seeing that fat is not an energetic or personal manifestation, but in fact the accumulation of my abuse against myself – and thus in fact wanting to not be fat without actually investigating myself as fatness, is avoiding and abdicating self-responsibility and in fact continuing to abuse myself\n\nI forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to feel good about looking down at and spiting fat people and as such feel good about looking down at and spiting myself – justifying this in self-righteousness in the self-deceptive belief that not being fat mean that one is superior and better-than those that are fat and as such feel good because I feel better about myself when I judge fat people\n\nI forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to feel sad and angry and depressed when I see myself in the mirror and immediately judge myself and feel disgusted by what I see, believing that what I see through my judging eyes of the mind, is in fact what is real and what I really am – ugly, fat, old and disgusting and a loser\n\nI forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to feel and experience myself ashamed within exposing and revealing how I actually see and experience myself, because I have feared exposing and revealing this, believing that if I kept it secret, it would not be real and others might not see me as fat, disgusting, old and a loser – when in fact it was myself I was hiding from, within and as\n\nI forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to believe, see, define, judge, accept and experience fact people as sloths that don’t deserve to live or exist or be happy and to feel violated when I see a fat person expressing themselves or accepting themselves, wanting them to accept themselves as inferior and less than – exactly as I as a fat person, accept myself as inferior and less than those who are not fat\n\nI forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to be obsessed and preoccupied with being and becoming skinny and beautiful and within that constantly think about being skinny and beautiful and compare myself to those I see, define, perceive, judge and accept as more than me because they are skinny\n\nI forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to want, desire and perceive that I need to and must become skinny and beautiful to be of any worth in this world and to believe that I must do anything to achieve this as a goal of being a woman – as an ultimate goal of being a woman, yet within not having been willing to face the origin of why I have allowed myself to become fat, have continued to gain weight within being simply obsessed with “weight”\n\nI forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to pretend to myself and everyone around me that I do in fact accept myself and that I don’t care about my weight or my looks, when in fact it is all I think about, all the time, all day long, torturing myself with thoughts about how ugly and disgusting I look within focusing in my mind, and through the mind with my physical eyes, examining, judging and measuring every part of my body finding it all flawed, disgusting and ugly – not realizing what I am in fact allowing myself to do to myself – diminishing, spiting, bullying, brutalizing and abusing myself in the justification of self-righteousness as the brutality of the competition of the system, wherein and from I tell myself over and over again, that as long as I am fat, I am simply not good enough, not worthy of existing, not worthy of being loved, not allowed to enjoy myself in having sex and that I should continue abusing myself because that is all I am worth – resulting in me actually abusing myself through over-eating and as such completing the vicious cycle of self-abuse where I am the mouth that bites the hand that feeds me that is myself\n\nI forgive myself that I have not accepted or allowed myself to realize that being fat – as the physical manifestation of the accumulation of consequence, is not about looks and how looks are valued in the world system based on competition , where there can only be winners and losers and that being fat is in fact about me having allowed myself to abuse myself, through punishing myself within and as the mind, refusing to let go of the past, holding myself on lock-down and locked-in inside the layers of the human physical body, in and through which I have patted myself with fat as information upon information layers as who I am\n\nI forgive myself that I have not accepted or allowed myself to see, realize, understand or admit, that while I have been preoccupying myself with self-judgment and desire for beauty, money, power and success – as being a winner in this world, I have allowed myself to exist in complete and total self-abuse in and as a lock-down of suppression within and as my human physical body a myself – as what is real – in consuming everything in fear of losing myself and as such in greed and fear of not having enough, resulting in the layering of fat around the body with the consequence of harming myself in ways I have not even begun to understand or experience in full awareness\n\nI forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to believe that only by keeping all physical experiences down, suppressed, controlled, enslaved, defeated, would I be able to survive and succeed as such in this world, thus never having allowed myself to get to know or experience myself within and as the physical body, even though that was and has been my deepest and most real desire – to get to know and express myself and explore myself here as life in self-enjoyment, unconditionally and innocently in interaction with myself as life\n\nI forgive myself that I have not accepted or allowed myself to see or realize that how I have allowed myself to exist within and as a separate part in and as this human physical body as an entity located in the head, has been in absolute and total terror, torture and self-abuse, where I, with every breath I have taken – yes taken – and never given or embraced within and as me, have accepted and allowed myself to hold myself down, diminish and suppress myself because I feared facing the reality of me as the physical – not only the human physical body – but the physical as the total manifestation of what is here and thus face what I have accepted and allowed and as such justify for myself that it is better and easier to remain in fear, suppression and self-diminishment, to always keep the truth about myself – the truth that I am walking and living with and within every day – under control\n\nI forgive myself that I have never ever allowed myself to face the truth about myself – the truth that is existing HERE evident as this human physical body and how I have tortured myself to fit and mold myself into an image of control and power – never seeing or realizing that everything and all I have been doing is enslaving myself to a delusion – a cruel and unnecessary delusion – that I at any point could have stopped, but in my acceptance of the delusion as myself, feared losing myself if I, as the first one admitted that it was not real – not realizing the absolute absurdity of my claim over life as the enslavement of myself into the confinements of consciousness – only and merely to not lose face or image, to the other parts of myself that I have separated myself from, into and as – not realizing that those parts are myself and that if no-one of us budges we will keep existing in the delusion that we are flawed and lacking and thus must abuse each other to fill ourselves up – when in fact, all parts are me and I am all parts\n\nI forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to fear showing my partner my naked body and to do all and anything to hide it, in the delusional and deceptive belief that I can hide how I perceive myself to look like as fat and ugly from my partner and that if I am lucky he will not notice how I look, if I tug there and suck in here and place my body like this or cover it up like that – when in fact is that I cannot hide my body or how I look and that the person I have been wanting to hide from, was in fact myself and my own self-image of and as myself as my human physical body\n\nI forgive myself that I have not accepted or allowed myself to realize that I am in fact fat and ugly and disgusting and a loser because that is who and how and what I have accepted myself as and as long I accept and allow myself to bow down to the system of competition that exist within and as brutality and absolute evil in and as spitefulness – which is in fact is my own creation – I will never be anything else but fat and ugly and a loser – because that is my prerogative and responsibility as a creator, to decide who and what I will accept myself as and what now – and as such I forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to accept everyone else that can possibly or in any way have the same or similar experience as me, to hate themselves, despise themselves, accept themselves as less than – because of my acceptance and allowance of my submission to the system of competition and consumerism through and in which the beauty system exists\n\nI forgive myself that I have not accepted or allowed myself to realize that I, within the acceptance of myself as fat, ugly, disgusting, a loser – have accepted and allowed myself to exist in and as self-spite, absolute brutal self-abuse and deception and as such have accepted everyone else who are fat or ugly in the eyes of the system and everyone in fact, to accept themselves the exact same way – because the world exist as a direct reflection and consequence of my acceptances and allowances\n\nI forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to feel ashamed and disgusted every time I feel my stomach against my pants or shirt reminding me of how fat I am or when I feel the skin wobbling on my legs reminding me of how fat I am – not realizing that fat is merely fat as a particular manifestation of form as the consequence of who and how I have accepted and allowed myself to exist in and as and that the problem of fatness is NOT how I look – but who and what I have accepted myself as, in and as self-abuse\n\nI forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to let every girl and woman in the world hate their human physical bodies and torture their human physical bodies in all and every way possible to fit into an impossible ideal of delusion of perfection based on the pushing of photo-shopped images, that we, through consumerism have accepted as real and possible in our collective self-delusion and self-abusive reality that we have forced in and onto the physical as our human physical bodies and this earth through within and as our complete and total abdication to and as the mind\n\nI forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to feel ashamed that I have not accepted or allowed myself to realize and see the extent to and within which I have accepted and allowed myself to abuse myself through my participation in, submission to and acceptance of the system of competition in which there can only be winners and losers and according to the rules of beauty that I have directly accepted as real, valid and valuable – I can only be a loser, because I am not skinny or young or beautiful in the way the competition system of beauty measures it – according to my very own decreed\n\nI forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to experience sadness within seeing what I have accepted and allowed and in experiencing that this point is so extensively integrated into my acceptance of myself, that I don’t know what to do to stop and purify myself and bring myself back to an innocent, unconditional acceptance of myself – instead of allowing myself to see and realize that this is in fact what I am doing here and that I have suppressed and hid this point so extensively from myself and refused to look at it and myself within and as it and a such that this is why I am experiencing that I am opening a can of worms that are exploding in my face – and not allowing myself to go into and as an emotional reaction and instead PUSH all the way through, not allowing myself to be moved or influenced by facing myself in self-honesty and actually allow myself to see and face myself in absolute brutal self-honesty in seeing that I AM IN FACT purifying myself here and that it will take however long it takes – and that I WILL WALK THROUGH IT NO MATTER WHAT – because what the fuck else is it that we are doing here? ", "What is the alternative? ", "That I keep accepting and allowing myself to continue this self-abuse and as such allowing it equally in everyone else. ", "That is NOT Acceptable in any way what so ever\n\nI forgive myself that I have not accepted or allowed myself to realize or admit to myself the extensive and total self-abuse that I have done onto myself as the physical body – through suppressing myself, through accepting myself as addicted to energy, through judging, hating and despising myself, through being greedy within fear of losing, feeling sorry for myself and punishing myself through forcing myself to over-eat – with the consequence that I am in fact in every moment killing myself, torturing myself and hurting myself that I accept and allow myself to continue participating\n\nI forgive myself that I have not accepted or allowed myself to realize and admit to myself in self-honesty what I, in my participation in and acceptance of myself in and as my participation in thoughts am in fact doing to myself as the physical, even though I live with the consequences every single day as pain and overweight and rapid deterioration of the physical as myself\n\nAnd as such, I forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to deliberately refuse and deny myself to see what I am accepting and allowing in every moment I accept and allow myself to participate within and as and from the mind and what I am in fact doing to myself as the physical – when in fact I am completely and 100 % aware of what I am doing and I simply don’t care because I have diluted myself into the belief that I cannot live without the mind, without energy, without emotions or feelings, without indulging myself in food and sweets\n\nI forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to convince and deceive myself into believing that the most important thing in the world is for me to lose my weight so that I can be skinny and beautiful and be a winner and so that I no longer have to despise and hate myself because I am a loser because that is the rules and paradigm that I have accepted and allowed myself to submit myself to\n\nI forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to let the point of weight and overweight and losing weight overshadow all and everything else and not care about anything or anyone else than me losing weight – totally and completely disregarding what is here and why we are here and what we are doing here in terms of creating a world that is best for all – which is the only relevant point that matters while in fact my preoccupation with beauty and looks and weight is detrimental to what is best for all and as such totally and completely unacceptable – not to mention the fact that it is based on something that is not real, real life, real value or real in anyway what so ever\n\nI forgive myself that I have not accepted or allowed myself to realize that the cause and effect of me being fat, is not that I am worth-less as a human being or a loser in fact, but that I have abused myself and that this is what is evident and visible in and on my human physical body and by defining myself according to beauty as worth, I have completely disregarded what I have actually accepted and allowed and who and what I am in fact here as life\n\nI forgive myself that I have accepted and allowed myself to believe that I have a right to abuse myself in and as the physical through over-eating, doing drugs, over-sleeping, over-drinking because I believe that that is my prerogative within and as believing that I have free-will and choice to do with myself as life whatever the fuck I want – not allowing myself to see or admit to myself in self-honesty that what I have been doing with my free-choice and will is to enslave myself to a delusional reality in which I have in no way lived what is best for all and only lived according to my delusional idea of satisfaction based on the fear of losing myself in and as separation of and from myself\n\nI forgive myself that I have not accepted or allowed myself to accept the fact that I, as the human physical body I live within and as, am in fact fat and that this has nothing to do with my worth as life, but with my acceptance and allowance as worth-less and of my abuse and disregard of myself that stands as the evidence for all the world to see, how much I have hated myself and despised myself and what I have done to myself for no reason at all as well as to everyone else, because of my acceptances and allowances\n\nI forgive myself that I have not accepted or allowed myself to honor myself as the human physical body, fat or not fat simply by the fact that I am here as life and as such honor myself as what is best for all, through changing myself into and as an effective physical form, in and through which I can support myself to live an effective life and support what is best for all\n\nI commit myself to honor myself in and as this human physical body and to transform myself into and as a physical form that lives and stands within the principle of what is best for all in all ways\n\nI commit myself to make a plan for my entire physical body, as individual forms that each requires absolute care and consideration as to what is best for each form to live and function in a way that is best for all\n\nI commit myself to stop all reactions to my own reflection in my minds judging eyes and in the judgment of the mind that I have superimposed onto my human physical body when I see my own reflection in a mirror on in a window\n\nI commit myself to eat only that food which is of support of my human physical body and to honor myself through the giving of nourishment to myself through the grace of food and I commit myself to eat in gratefulness – and not in greed based on fear of losing myself\n\nI commit myself to stop seeing myself as a image within, from and as the mind, in and as separation of and from myself as a projection of reality that is not in any way real – and to support myself to be and live here in and as the physical and in and through self-intimacy get to know myself as the physical\n\nI commit myself to stop all self-abuse through participating in energetic reactions as emotions and feelings and self-judgment and desire through thoughts and indulgence and being hard on myself in physical actions and I commit myself to stop judging myself for being fat and to stand by the consequence of my acceptances and allowances as the manifestation of myself as this human physical body and to support myself to bring myself to living in and as absolute self-support as what is best for all as myself as the human physical body\n\nI commit myself to stand by and support human beings that have accepted and allowed themselves to live and exist as I have in and as self-abuse of the human physical body – to stop and stand up in and as self-respect, dignity, integrity and honor of themselves as life\n\nI commit myself to expose the beauty system and its brutality and how we have collectively accepted and allowed ourselves to submit ourselves to a lie and a deception based on consumerism in and through which we are diminishing ourselves in valuing only beauty and fitting into and as a certain specific, yet completely unattainable and delusional body-form that has nothing to do with what is best for all in any way what so ever and that only serves to feed the system with consumers and energy within and as competition between winners and losers where everyone always loses because there is no such thing as winning\n\nI commit myself to support all women in supporting and accepting themselves to stand up as life as what is best for all to accept themselves in and as the physical as life, as I walk the process of standing up and accepting myself in and as the physical as life\n\n“Weightloss – throughout existence we’ve accumulated the burdens of our acceptances and allowances of separation that has become a weight within/as our very beingness as we have always known what we have done, but did not stand up and as we continue facing the consequences – the weight as burdens has piled on – weightloss is the attempt of self to direct the release of the burdens of our existence onto/towards the physical, where we abuse the physical to pay for what we’ve accepted and allowed as we try and ‘lose the burdens/weight’ of/as our beingness within/as the physical – when the actual reality is not seen/realised: we must release the weight/burden as ourselves/our beingness as what we’ve become as consequence as the mind, and weightloss towards the physical is not going to solve the consequence of burdens we have to face as our beingness, because to lose the weight of burdens – is a process of writing, self forgiveness and self corrective application.” – ", "Sunette Destonian Spies\n\n“Diet – dye-it, the tendency of the human-being to veil the reality of the physical with a distracted illusion, where diets have become imbued/dyed with mind illusions and the practical physical reality of the individual’s human physical body is not considered/regarded – equal-to and one with how the entire mind dye reality with illusion, and what experience/face the consequence is ourselvs in the physical that we’re dependent on. ", "When we’re in fact dependent on the physical to exist and not the mind. ", "Thus – redefinition of dye-it/diet – remove the dye/veil as illusion of the mind and get to know your human physical body as how you exist/express within it in the physical, and accordingly in that equal and one relationship of getting to know your body as you – nurture it as you would nuruture yourself as the body – both within the context of what you mentally and physical.” – ", "Sunette Destonian Spies\n\n“Bodyshape – lol; when human beings see the word bodyshape – BODYshape is how it’s read, and attempt/try to shape the body according-to how the mind has shaped reality, and thus what exist within BODYshape is MINDshaped – where the mind takes IMAGES/PICTURES and attempt/try to shape it with/as actual physical reality that is not a Picture/Image but an actual physical existence/reality that is constantly/continuously in motion/movement according to our beingness/mind as how we express through/with/as the physical. ", "And thus, Bodyshape has become Mindshaped and what experience the consequence is the being in/as/with the body – because the mind try shape the body according to a picture/image, like trying to stop time in the physical for the image/picture to manifest when the physical is constantly changing/in movement. ", "Thus, the process should be SELFshaping – assisting and supporting self to shape self up into/as Life/Living, and realise that it’s bodySHAPE – simply the shape the body is in according to self’s relationship with self and the physical, and to align self with the physical in shaping self and the body into/as equality and oneness – this is the shape that should be regarded.” – ", "Sunette Destonian Spies\n\n5 thoughts on “The “Fat and Ugly” Truth of Me: DAY 18”\n\nYes – we have accepted that the goal of a woman in Life is to become beautiful and skinny – and that we fail if we cannot do this – such bullshit we force ourselves to believe is valuable. ", "Thanks for sharing this Anna.", "\n\n[...] Maryland at Fed Ex Field. ", "Shamrock Series 2011Win Him Back :: Fastest Growing Ex Back Product On CBNotre Dame Football Team running out onto field before their game on 11-12-11 vs Maryland at Fed Ex …includes/images/aspectratio.png\" [...]\n\n[...] December 4, 2012 in Anna's Journey to Life This is DAY 20 of my 21 days of bringing myself back to breath. ", "In the next and the last post in this series I’ll do a sum-up of how these past 21 days have went. ", "But in this post I will be walking a point that has come up today. ", "For context of what I will be walking here, this post is relevant: The “Fat and Ugly” Truth of Me: DAY 18 [...]" ]
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[ "Friday, May 9, 2008\n\nFriday Challenge\n\nAs I mentioned earlier, the Monday, Wednesday and Friday challenges for the near future will be related to the Responsible Plan to End the War in Iraq, http://www.responsibleplan.com/. What I'll do each of these days is highlight two members of our group of Congressional challengers. ", "One is for you to contact and convince to endorse the Plan. ", "The other is someone who has already endorsed the plan, for you to reward because they did the right thing.", "\n\nToday's focus is on John Russell, from District 5. ", "Call him and ask him to sign on the Responsible Plan (details on the plan are at http://www.responsibleplan.com, you could also use the talking points from our endorsement of the plan, http://quinnell.us/sspb/?p=1524, or you could use the argument mentioned at OpenLeft showing candidate Darcy Burner gaining ground in her race because of the plan, http://www.openleft.com/showDiary.do?diaryId=4936, or that she raised more than $500,000 in the first quarter this year running primarily on this issue, http://www.horsesass.org/?p=4656). ", "You can contact him at 813-625-2822, johnrussell@johnrussellforcongress.com.", "\n\nSecond is Joe Garcia, challenger in District 25, who has already endorsed the Plan. ", "If you think this was a good thing for him to do, which you should, you can contribute to his campaign here: http://www.actblue.com/page/fpc2.", "\n\nIf you contact anyone on the list, please be completely professional and respectful in doing so. ", "The idea isn't to attack these people, it's to let them know that Floridians support this plan and we want our candidates to do the same.", "\n\nWe have set up an ActBlue page for the Florida challengers that have endorsed the plan. ", "You give to one or all of them here: http://www.actblue.com/page/fpc2." ]
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[ "Drug-induced Liver Fibrosis: Testing Nevirapine in a Viral-like Liver Setting Using Histopathology, MALDI IMS, and Gene Expression.", "\nNevirapine (NVP) is associated with hepatotoxicity in 1-5% of patients. ", "In rodent studies, NVP has been shown to cause hepatic enzyme induction, centrilobular hypertrophy, and skin rash in various rat strains but not liver toxicity. ", "In an effort to understand whether NVP is metabolized differently in a transiently inflamed liver and whether a heightened immune response alters NVP-induced hepatic responses, female brown Norway rats were dosed with either vehicle or NVP alone (75 mg/kg/day for 15 days) or galactosamine alone (single intraperitoneal [ip] injection on day 7 to mimic viral hepatitis) or a combination of NVP (75/100/150 mg/kg/day for 15 days) and galactosamine (single 750 mg/kg ip on day 7). ", "Livers were collected at necropsy for histopathology, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry and gene expression. ", "Eight days after galactosamine, hepatic fibrosis was noted in rats dosed with the combination of NVP and galactosamine. ", "No fibrosis occurred with NVP alone or galactosamine alone. ", "Gene expression data suggested a viral-like response initiated by galactosamine via RNA sensors leading to apoptosis, toll-like receptor, and dendritic cell responses. ", "These were exacerbated by NVP-induced growth factor, retinol, apoptosis, and periostin effects. ", "This finding supports clinical reports warning against exacerbation of fibrosis by NVP in patients with hepatitis C." ]
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[ "Q:\n\nAre all single letters in English considered words?", "\n\nFor example, would you consider 'e' to be a full-fledged word? ", "I'll delete my post if this relies too much on opinion. ", "\n(We may ignore obvious single-letter words such as 'a' , 'I' here.)", "\n\nA:\n\nMost dictionaries consider individual letters to be words, specifically nouns that are defined as the letter themselves.", "\nFor instance, Merriam-Webster defines 'e' as:\n\na : the 5th letter of the English alphabet\nb : a graphic representation of this letter\nc : a speech counterpart of orthographic e\n\nM-W provides some example sentences:\n\na word that begins with an e\n\na word that begins with e\n\na song in the key of E\n\nCambridge English Dictionary also defines 'e' as the fifth letter of the alphabet. ", " In this sense, the individual letters are nouns and would be considered words.", "\n'E' is not the only case, you can search dictionaries for other individual letters and find similar results.", "\n\n" ]
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[ "Q:\n\nMultiple languages and Emoji button on iOS keyboard\n\nI'm using German and English keyboard on my iPhone and want to insert emojis easily. ", "The problem is when you have 2 languages and emoji, it only jumps to the next keyboard. ", "This is very annoying.", "\nIs there a possibility to have a language button (German/English/…) and a emoji button?", "\n\nA:\n\nNo, this is not possible.", "\nYou can quickly switch to a specific keyboard by holding down on the keyboard language button and sliding your finger to the specific keyboard.", "\nAlso, the keyboard order is always fixed, so you know to double-tap the keyboard language button to go to a specific keyboard from another specific keyboard.", "\n\n" ]
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[ "Cyprus sends rumbles through shaky banking system\n\nNew sense that depositors, bondholders will take losses shifts playing field in euro crisis\n\nThe Cypriot, left, and EU flag are seen at the Cypriot delegation building in Brussels on Sunday, March 24, 2013. ", "The EU says a top official will chair a high-level meeting on Cyprus in a last-ditch effort to seal a deal before finance ministers decide whether the island nation gets a 10 billion euro bailout loan to save it from bankruptcy. (", "AP Photo/Virginia Mayo)\n\nFRANKFURT, Germany (AP) -- This week's deal to rescue Cyprus and its banks from financial collapse has renewed fears about Europe's shaky financial system and where trouble might next appear.", "\n\nMany banks across Europe have been struggling for more than three years as losses on government bonds and bad loans piled up. ", "Some governments, meanwhile, have taken on more debt trying to prop up their lenders to the point where they have needed bailing out themselves.", "\n\nIn Cyprus's case, its banking sector became much bigger than the country's government could afford to rescue — seven times the size of the country's economy. ", "When the banks were hit by large losses and Cyprus could not afford to bail it out on its own, the country turned to the other 16 European Union countries that use the euro.", "\n\nRather than making Europe's taxpayers foot the entire bill for bad banking, Cyprus and the other eurozone countries agreed to make the banks' bondholders and big depositors contribute to the rescue. ", "One bank, Laiki, is to be split up, with its nonperforming loans and toxic assets going into a \"bad bank.\" ", "The healthy side will be absorbed into the Bank of Cyprus. ", "Savers with more 100,000 euros in both Bank of Cyprus and Laiki will face big losses — possibly as much as 80 cents on the euro.", "\n\nDaniel Gros, director of the Centre for European Policy Studies in Brussels, said the Cyprus deal \"could be a strategic change.\"", "\n\nDepositors and investors have taken note of the Cyprus deal and are warily looking around at other countries where the financial sector appears too big or too unstable. ", "The STOXX Europe 600 Banks index have fallen 7 percent since a first bailout deal, later rejected, was reached March 16.", "\n\nEven some of the more financially disciplined countries in the eurozone can raise concerns: The Netherlands had to take over SNS Reaal, the country's fourth-largest bank, after it suffered heavy losses. ", "And in Germany there are banks under pressure from competition and losses on bad loans. ", "However, most of the countries that are gaining scrutiny in the aftermath of the Cyprus bailout do not have economies on the same scale as the eurozone's financial leaders.", "\n\nHere is a look at some countries whose banking sectors are getting increased attention form analysts and investors.", "\n\nSLOVENIA: Privately owned banks are suffering from a burst real estate bubble and unpaid property loans. ", "The country — which is only 0.4 percent of the eurozone's overall economy — has a relatively small banking system and has relied on successful exporters such as home appliance maker Gorenje. ", "But the banks' troubles are large enough that the government has struggled to borrow to finance its deficits and some think it might eventually seek a bailout loan from other eurozone countries.", "\n\nThe new government of Prime Minister Alenka Bratusek is moving to set up a \"bad bank\" to take shaky loans and investments off banks' hands. ", "Analysts at Commerzbank say depositors will not suffer losses in any bank restructuring because the system only needs a billion euros in new capital for this year. ", "Cyprus, which is half the size of Slovenia, needed up to 8 billion euros to help rescue its banks.", "\n\nFitch Ratings said last week it didn't think Slovenia, which is in a recession, would need a bailout. ", "But the agency warned that the quality of the banks' assets and the capital buffers needed to protect them from future financial shocks are deteriorating.", "\n\nMALTA: Like Cyprus, Malta is a small island country with a big banking system — eight times annual GDP. ", "Its banks have not suffered the huge losses on government bonds that brought down Cyprus' banks. ", "But last year the IMF warned that the size of Malta's banking sector and its interconnectedness to the rest of the eurozone raised the potential for trouble to spread from elsewhere. ", "It told Malta, whose economy has so far avoided a recession, to strengthen deposit insurance guarantees and push banks to strengthen their finances.", "\n\nThe head of the central bank has said that comparisons to Cyprus are misleading. ", "The country is 0.07 percent of the eurozone's economy, with only about 6.7 billion euros of GDP.", "\n\nLUXEMBOURG: The small, wealthy country's banking system is more than 20 times the size of the economy. ", "Economist Gros says it's completely different from Cyprus, since the banks are subsidiaries of foreign banks, whose parent companies could take any losses. ", "So far the banking sector seems calm.", "\n\nThe terms of the Cyprus bailout could give Luxembourg cause for concern, however. ", "Germany insisted that as part of the rescue, Cyprus should shrink its banking system to the EU average — about 3 ½ times GDP — and abandon its business model of seeking prosperity as a financial center for foreign savers and investors. ", "Luxembourg, which accounts for 0.4 percent of the eurozone, has followed a similar business model to Cyprus.", "\n\nThe country's government has taken exception to the idea, saying it was concerned about \"general assessments of the size of the financial sector and the alleged risks this poses.\" ", "The financial sector is a key pillar of the economy, accounting for 27 percent of GDP.", "\n\nSPAIN: The country's banks have been struggling under toxic property loans and assets since Spain's property bubble collapsed in 2008. ", "The level of bad debt in the country's banks hit almost 11 percent in January — some 170.7 billion euros ($220.9 billion) in the first month of the year, up from 167.5 billion euros the previous month. ", "The toxic loans have been transferred to the country's bad bank, which was set up as a condition for Spain receiving 40 billion euros in European Union assistance for its financial sector last year. ", "Spain is the No. ", "4 country in the eurozone, with about 12 percent of the collective economy.", "\n\nThe Cyprus deal has led to speculation that depositors there might head for the exits if the country moves toward a bailout. ", "But that hasn't happened so far. ", "The financial system appears more stable since the European Central Bank offered to help with a country's borrowing costs by buying up unlimited amounts of short-term government debt if necessary." ]
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[ "Sponsored by: The Varsity Fort Worth\n\nThursday, September 4, 2008\n\nIf that picture looks familiar, it shouldn't. ", "It's actually from the future. ", "It's a picture of the stadium this Saturday at about 6:15 pm, right after kick-off vs. Stephen F. Austin.", "\n\nThat's because TCU fans SUCK. ", "Too many kids get to campus, having cheered for whichever college Mommy & Daddy went to, and don't have a mind to think for themselves. ", "They see that TCU doesn't get a crowd of 80-90,000 like Texas or LSU, so they don't think it's worth their time to be part of the crowd inside the stadium at a TCU game. ", "Instead, they put on their purple shirt and show up to the tailgate at about the time of the kick-off and stay there for about an hour before heading to some shithole of a bar like Snookie's.", "\n\nSure, playing a 1-AA team doesn't help attendance, but it is the home opener. ", "But the TCU administration seems eager to feed the fan apathy by prohibiting alcohol at the student tailgate (nice job, maybe you should suspend our starting running back. ", "Oh wait...).", "\n\nThings are better now than my freshman year in the fall of 2001. ", "Back then, they were announcing crowds of 30,000 when in actuality there might have been 15-18,000 in the stadium. ", "Now we have slowly built our die-hard fanbase and are probably closer to averaging a legit 30,000, but that is still a sad figure for a team of the caliber of the Frogs.", "\n\nOur program is making great strides in becoming the elite program we'd like it to be. ", "We've got one of the best head coaches & coaching staffs in the nation, an ever-improving set of facilities and recruiting continues to get better and better. ", "The only thing missing is a truly devoted fanbase.", "\n\nThe thousands upon thousands of empty seats this Saturday are going to speak much more loudly than the (hopefully) lop-sided score in favor of the Frogs.", "\n\nSo, who here likes LaDainian Tomlinson? ", "Who likes the old school Flying T logo? ", "WELL, thanks to ESPNshop, now you can have BOTH on the same jersey. ", "I know everyone has seen the above jersey, but you've probably seen it in the \"eeeehhhh do I reeeeally want this?\" ", "$79.99 money slot. ", "No more! ", "ESPNshop has dropped, make that SLASHED, the price to $19.99. ", "There was very little hesitation on the part of myself and lyle lanley and I just wanted to spread the wealth. ", "I realize that now that we're graduated there are very few acceptable jersey donning situations, but for this I'll definitely make the exception, maybe even work it into my wedding garb.", "\n\n‘Sit down.’ ‘", "We can’t see the game.’ ‘", "I pay money for these seats.’ ‘", "I like Ike.’", "\n\nYou’re bound to hear it. ", "You’re at a game. ", "You stand up. ", "You cheer. ", "And, mostly, it goes by unnoticed.", "\n\nThen, at some point, the grey-hairs in the back start bitching. ", "And rightfully so. ", "The way they see it, they didn’t see their buddies die face down in the Battle of Antietam so young whippersnappers in zoot suits could stand up and act all uppity.", "\n\nYou pay it no mind. ", "You glance back. ", "Finally, the smuggled sock-bourbon forces it out of you:\n\n‘Listen old man, it’s 4th and 1. ", "Either stand up and watch, or just imagine the shit like you did during the golden era of radio.’", "\n\nAnd before you know it, you have General Longstreet’s superior officer coming at you with an AARP seat cushion like he’s Sonny Corleone by an open fire hydrant.", "\n\nThe fight will rage on for eternity.", "\n\nYou’ll never see eye-to-eye. ", "And not just because he’s bent over like an on-duty prostitute. ", "Because you’re from two entirely different worlds.", "\n\nWhen you were in college, 50 Cent was a rapper. ", "When he was in college, 50 Cent was a damn good salary.", "\n\n9) Going back to campus and exaggerating how much ass you'd re-get in college\n\nIf you were still in college, you would get so much pussy.", "\n\nYou would smash ass at such an record-shattering pace that it would lead to televised Senate hearings. ", "See that hot girl? ", "You would tap it. ", "That blonde? ", "You would crush it. ", "The curly-headed one? ", "Your id just fucked the shit out of her id. Doggystyle.", "\n\n‘Man, do you know what I would do if I were still in college?’", "\n\nIf you were still in college, parents would send their daughters to school with fucking wrought-iron panties. ", "Dads would order their daughter's va-jay-jays to retreat to Helm's Deep to avoid being ransacked by the massive armies of your cock.", "\n\nNever mind real life, and all the times you went home empty-handed and jerked it to Windows-Media-Player-porn.", "\n\nNevermind all the times you got shot down in front of the entire fucking bar, took home the fatty, or got too drunk to spit game and was turned down by an army of 3 A.M. Plan B’s.", "\n\nBecause if you could do it again, you would be fucking Pierce-Brosnan-with-the-cameras-rolling. ", "Your dick would be so active, it would have a resume. ", "You would fuck until '1-UP's starting popping up over your head. ", "You would would fuck like Star Power.", "\n\nOh, and all the girls now are hotter than they were when you were there.", "\n\nAll of them. ", "You have to say it. ", "It's a rule. ", "It has nothing to do with the fact that you’re used to working in an office all day with 35-year old women with tank asses and titties that look like Zip-loc bags full of water.", "\n\n21 year-old girls now are hotter than 21 year-old girls were in the ancient bygone era of 1998-2002.", "\n\nUh huh. ", "And you could bag them all.", "\n\n8) Your girlfriend/wife questioning your sanity\n\nSomewhere between the broken remote control and you shouting repeated obscenities at a 37”-inch Samsung LCD TV, it’s bound to happen.", "\n\n‘You’re crazy.’", "\n\nShe’s right. ", "You are fucking crazy. ", "You’re bat-shit. ", "And you know it. ", "Then again, it’s the fall. ", "90,000 other people in hundreds of American cities go bat-shit every Saturday.", "\n\nShe just doesn’t understand. ", "She’s a woman. ", "And women are irrational. ", "Women are so irrational they don’t understand why you spend 15% of your salary on season tickets and love your starting quarterback and hate your starting quarterback and love your starting quarterback and let the actions of 19 year-old strangers dictate your mood for one-fourth of the Caesarian calendar.", "\n\nThey just don't get it. ", "Crazy bitches.", "\n\n7) Deciphering incoherent message board code\n\n'RTR.' '", "WDE.' '", "JFK.' '", "FDR.'", "\n\nWTF does any of this mean?", "\n\nWhat in the name of monogrammed towels is going on?", "\n\nNo one knows, but in the midst of logging on to your team’s message board and trying to find legit info, you’ll want to find out. ", "Because entering a message board as an abbreviation-virgin can be like the real thing: painful and confusing.", "\n\nIt starts out innocently enough. ", "You log on in search of inside info on USC’s new 13-star quarterback signee. ", "You click on a thread that catches your interest, and – boom – it’s like you’re playing scrabble with Gary Busey.", "\n\n'LMAO.' '", "ROTFL.' '", "IMHO.' '", "STFU.' ", "If these aren’t the caps-lock ramblings of a deranged lunatic, well then just what in the fuck are they?", "\n\nThey’re message board abbreviations. ", "And it’s college football season. ", "So make like Nicholas Cage and decipher that shit ASAP.", "\n\nWhat does all of this mean?", "\n\nDLAMJFTSOFY.", "\n\n(Don’t Look At Me Just Figure That Shit Out For Yourself.)", "\n\n6) Breaking the spirit of the irritating small-school fan\n\nYou know that guy in your office, who invariably went to some non-BCS school, that’s more of an annoying cunt than Gilbert Gottfried in a full vagina outfit? ", "You know, the guy who cheers for the impossibly mediocre program yet has unbearably high expectations at the start of every season?", "\n\n“Man, I don’t know, I just have this feeling this year. ", "If our transfer JUCO QB can come around and the 12 freshmen on our offensive line can step up, I think our brand-new inexperienced coordinator will have a lot to work with and it won't really matter than our only scholarship running back runs a 23-minute 40. ", "Shoot, we might surprise some folks in the [insert conference of choice].”", "\n\nNo, you aren’t surprising anyone. ", "Your team's mascot should be Danny Devito. ", "Your favorite team is a legalized midget. ", "And yet every year you display the same fuck-me-in-the-brain hope syndrome.", "\n\nAnd last year only made things worse. ", "Giving these assholes the parity-driven ‘07 season was like handing a homeless guy the keys to a non-existant Jaguar. ", "False hope abounds.", "\n\nAt the start of the season, these small-time dreamers are more annoying than big-school blowhards.", "\n\nBut, come October, when their team is sporting a fat 3-loss lip, the bounce in their step has been replaced by cold, hard, satisfying reality.", "\n\nIf you have a state university coffee mug, this is the time to bring it to work.", "\n\n5) Making hung-over Fantasy Football decisions\n\nIf you’re a true college football fan, you don’t give a proper fuck about the NFL. ", "You watch it, you like it, you follow it. ", "But you don’t really give a fuck about it. ", "To true college fans, the NFL is like the show that came on HBO after a really good episode of The Sopranos. ", "Just because it’s on your TV screen, doesn’t mean you care what happens.", "\n\nAnd so, in the choice between Saturday night and Sunday morning, Sunday morning gets run over like a fleet-footed possum.", "\n\nThe after-effect of this concrete fact? ", "Fantasy football shame.", "\n\nShould you go with Marshawn Lynch against the Patriots D or go to the bathroom and puke straight vodka?", "\n\nDid you sleep in? ", "Did you get lucky last night? ", "Were you two up until sunrise playing 'Tag, you're it' with your pants down? ", "Good for you. ", "Hope you enjoyed it. ", "Because while she might have been the one getting pounded last night, once 12:00 P.M. strikes, it’s your turn Cinderella.", "\n\nAnd in your sad state, you're fucked. ", "Your clothes smell like the Zoo. ", "Your hair smells like Afghanistan. ", "You aren't fit to lead a group of men onto the football field. ", "You aren't fit to lead a group of men to Waffle House.", "\n\nAnd when you come around to your senses at 8:34 P.M. with your fantasy team down 42-116, you have only your college fanaticism to blame.", "\n\nWhat were you thinking sitting Edgerrin James against the SF D/ST? ", "Why did you think Eli Manning was a must-start against the BYE?", "\n\nBecause you didn’t know what the fuck you were doing, that’s why.", "\n\nBecause your left eye was shut like the door to George Wallace’s guest house.", "\n\nBecause you couldn’t see straight. ", "Because you couldn’t see at all. ", "Because your face looked like Rocky Balboa's at the end of Rocky IV.", "\n\nBecause you needed a bald sweaty black guy over your shoulder yelling “Start the one in the middle!” ", "to even have a fucking chance.", "\n\nBecause either set your fucking fantasy line-ups during the week, or get Clubber-Langed. ", "Fool.", "\n\n4) Mooching the tailgate HD\n\nThere are some things that are just meant to be mooched. ", "WiFi. ", "Cigarettes. ", "Domestic fridge beer. ", "And campus-tailgate HDTVs.", "\n\nYou know. ", "You’re tailgating it up in a grass field full of tents as far as the eye can see. ", "You were too lazy to get into town early, but you know a buddy who knows a guy who knows a guy who has a tailgate. ", "And an hour after you roll into to town, you roll by the tent.", "\n\nThe HD is just sitting there. ", "Big, bright, shiny. ", "Go ahead. ", "Mooch it. ", "Ask the score. ", "Squint. ", "Lurk. ", "Who gives a fuck if you don't know the tent owner from Adam? ", "That's not what's important here.", "\n\nWhat's important here is that it's 6:48 left in the 4th and Ole Miss is about to go up on Georgia.", "\n\n'Hey, does anyone know the Ole Miss-Georgia score?'", "\n\nYea, the guy with the giant fucking TV knows it. ", "Now quit asking questions and go mooch the HD.", "\n\nThe owner of the HD wants you to mooch it. ", "The HD itself wants you to mooch it.", "\n\nIt’s like a girl in a hoochie skirt at a nightclub. ", "Do you think she spent all that time picking out her slut-gear and putting on her slut-gear and hiking-up her slut-gear and setting up her slut-gear... so that guys WOULDN’T stare at it?", "\n\nOf course not. ", "She wants you to stare at it. ", "And not just one or two guys. ", "Every guy who walks by it. ", "She brought it out in public for that exact reason.", "\n\nSure, you stare at it long enough and she’ll turn around and give you a look. ", "Don’t be fooled. ", "She loves it. ", "She loves the attention.", "\n\nIt’s the same way with tailgate HD. ", "Mooch and mooch hard.", "\n\nAnd before you start to feel guilty, remember, there’s nothing wrong with just lookin’.", "\n\nThe best way to HD-mooch is to just glance at a TV screen that’s naturally within your view/conversation. ", "So long as you’re not stealing chairs, no one should give a fuck.", "\n\nAnd if they do, fuck them. ", "Keep staring. ", "Or, just go find another one to stare at. ", "There are plenty of fish in the HD-tailgating sea.", "\n\nIf a 37-incher wants to play hard-to-get, fuck that bitch. ", "Go find a 40-inch.", "\n\nBut don’t just go for one just because you’re desperate. ", "If there’s some box with fucking rabbit ears sitting under a near-empty tent, don’t just make a beeline for it, no matter how desperate you are for the Ohio State score. ", "Use your fucking cellphone if you want it that bad. ", "Or, just pound a few beers and say ‘Fuck it. ", "TV’s TV.’ ", "We’ve all been there.", "\n\nHaven't found one yet? ", "Relax. ", "There’s bound to be a 47-inch HD beauty nestled somewhere in this grassy Saturday paradise.", "\n\nRemember, alumni are rich as shit. ", "How else do you think college football players make so much? ", "Now go find you some damn HD.", "\n\nDon’t sit here and fucking lie. ", "Don’t even act, for one second, like you’ve never gazed into the handsome wonder that is Kirk Herbstreit’s face and thought ‘That guy gets more skirt-warmth during one commercial break than I got my Freshmen-to-Junior years.’", "\n\nGo ahead. ", "Stare. ", "It isn’t gay. ", "It’s actually quite the opposite.", "\n\nImagine showing up for work and your boss saying:\n\n“OK (your name), what we need you to do today is to go to a college campus full of hot pussy and be good-looking on national television. ", "Oh, and be sure to watch plenty of football, talk about plenty of football, and hang out with plenty of uber-famous football coaches. ", "Anyway, here’s your hotel key and a few extra copies for any big busty sluts that happen to throw themselves in the general vicinity of your cock during the upcoming Thursday-Sunday time frame.”", "\n\nYou love you some Herbstreit. ", "And please, no comments about the gelled hair. ", "You aren’t fooling anyone. ", "You’re jealous. ", "You’d gel your pubes with hot kitchen grease if it meant taking Kirk Herbstreit’s job for 15 minutes.", "\n\nWhy do you think your girlfriend lets you watch College Gameday, you dense fuck? ", "Because while you’re busy geeking out over which cartoon-animal-face Lee Corso is going to put on top of his head, she’s going for an imaginary ride on Kirk Herbsteit’s pelvis.", "\n\nYou think you’re jealous? ", "How do you think other former mediocre Ohio State quarterbacks feel? ", "How fucking pissed would you be if you were Craig Krenzel? ", "While Herbstreit is out smashing on hot Big-12 puss, you’re sitting at home jerking it to the 2002 calendar year and having wet dreams about phantom pass interference calls.", "\n\nComing to movie theatres this fall: Being Kirk Herbstreit. ‘", "Three college-football fanatics find a secret portal to Kirk Herbstreit’s head and discover an endless world of fame, college football, and hot sex as they embark on a spiritual journey of vaj-pounding across ACC/SEC/PAC-10 country.’", "\n\n2) Chastising Wal-Mart jerseys\n\nMuch like sixteenth-century Britain, in the world of college football, there are social classes. ", "Hierarchies, if you will.", "\n\nAnd grown men in Wal-Mart jerseys are the fucking indentured servants of college football fandom. ", "Everyone looks down on them. ", "And for good reason.", "\n\nBecause if you could afford season tickets, Miller Lite, a wife, and the gas money to get to your favorite college town, you can afford a real fucking jersey.", "\n\nNot a fucking Wal-Mart jersey.", "\n\nWe all know Wal-Mart jerseys. ", "Those hideous team-oriented nylon beasts ugly enough to double as a future throwback for the 2046 Cincinnati Bengals.", "\n\nWe all know them. ", "And we all hate them.", "\n\nFor instance, there is perhaps no jersey in college football as simple and elegant as the white-on-red home uni of the Alabama Crimson Tide. ", "And what better way to show your home-game allegiance to an old-school masterpiece than by trashing it up with white zebra stripes, 3D numbers, grey shoulder squares and D-cup-sized elephant logos?", "\n\nNo matter what your education-level, job-status, career, salary, athletic ability, talent, house-size, dick-size, primary-TV-size, or ass-getting ability, you may forever look down on anyone in a jersey purchased from the king of Everyday Low Prices.", "\n\nYou could be a janitor with a two-inch dick, a GED and a publicly visible STD, and so long as you’re a college football fan, you have total social permission to chastise any man in a Wal-Mart football jersey.", "\n\nIt doesn’t matter if he’s the CEO of the fucking Northern Hemisphere. ", "His jersey looks like something a Chinese Rugby team would wear. ", "To practice.", "\n\nYou could put the King of England in a Wal-Mart jersey and he’d immediately be labeled a redneck douche of epic proportions.", "\n\nWal-Mart jerseys. ", "The college football equivalent of a fanny-pack.", "\n\n1) ESPN will be out to get you.", "\n\nESPN hates you.", "\n\nAnd more importantly, ESPN hates your team.", "\n\nESPN will go to any length to diss your team. ", "Any length. ", "You know that LSU coozie you used to have but can’t seem to find? ", "ESPN took it. ", "Because ESPN hates LSU. ", "That is, if LSU is your team.", "\n\nIt has nothing to do with you being too passionately involved in both liking your team and hating other teams. ", "ESPN just likes to fuck with your head. ", "That's why when Mark May says something like 'LSU has question marks at quarterback. ", "Watch out for Florida in this one' you get pissed. ", "Sure, you just read the same thing in the Times Picayune. ", "But the Times Picayune isn't ESPN - who clearly is having a love affair with Urban Meyer and the Gators while simultaneously throwing the LSU Bengal Tigers under the bus every chance they get.", "\n\nUnless you're a Florida fan. ", "In which case the time that Chris Fowler made that dig about Urban Meyer's 28-point loss to Alabama is clear evidence of an ESPN-wide plan to, in fact, shut the UF football program down.", "\n\nRemember that time ESPN ran a story about your favorite player getting arrested? ", "Nevermind that he actually did get arrested. ", "That's bullshit. ", "ESPN is bullshit. ", "And it is obvious that, by running timely stories about factual events, ESPN is biased against your team.", "\n\nIf you love bread, ESPN is 'anti-sandwich.' ", "If you hate end-pieces, ESPN will run a special about end pieces. ", "Mark May will hold up two hard, crusty-ass end pieces and hype the shit out of them all year long. ", "Bob Ley will run a special called ‘Outside The Loaf.’ ", "Ivan Maisel will write a column with a pun-filled headline like 'The piece to the end puzzle' and mind-force you to read it and then email him in anger about it.", "\n\nIf you were for the Union, ESPN was for the Confederacy.", "\n\nIf you had a Sega Genesis, ESPN had a Super Nintendo. ", "If you had a Super Nintendo, ESPN had Sega Genesis.", "\n\nIf you liked like Tombstone, ESPN liked Wyatt Earp.", "\n\nIf you preferred Use Your Illusion I, ESPN preferred Use Your Illusion II." ]
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"recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_139620637004608", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 18391 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 18766, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_139620637004608", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 18756 } ]
[ "Nevadans will decide more than the White House occupancy this November.", "\n\nAlso appearing on the 2020 general election ballot will be at least five state-level decisions focused on same-sex marriage, voting rights, higher education, renewable energy and pardons.", "\n\nSecretary of State Barbara Cegavske on Thursday announced the ballot numbers for the constitutional amendments whose fate will rest in the hands of voters this fall. ", "To get to this point, these proposed amendments passed two legislative sessions — 2017 and 2019.", "\n\nQuestion 1 is the Nevada Higher Education Reform, Accountability and Oversight Amendment. ", "It proposes removing the Board of Regents from the state constitution and authorizing the Legislature to create new statutes for the governance of the state’s institutions of higher education. ", "The specifics on the proposed amendment are detailed in 2017’s Assembly Joint Resolution 5.", "\n\nQuestion 2 is a proposal to amend the state constitution to require the recognition of all marriages regardless of gender. ", "The Nevada Constitution currently reads that only marriages between a male and a female person can be recognized by the state. ", "That position became unenforceable in 2015 with the Supreme Court’s Obergefell v Hodges decision, which legalized same-sex marriage nationally.", "\n\nBeyond cleaning up the outdated language of the state constitution, this proposal also establishes the rights of religious organizations and members of the clergy to refuse to perform marriages on the basis of gender or other factors. ", "The specifics on the proposed amendment are detailed in 2017’s Assembly Joint Resolution 2.", "\n\nQuestion 3 proposes changes to the State Board of Pardon Commissioners, which consists of the governor, attorney general and justices of the Nevada Supreme Court. ", "The proposed amendment would eliminate an existing requirement that the governor vote in the majority for any action. ", "It would also require the board to meet at least quarterly and allow any member of the board to submit matters for consideration. ", "The specifics on the proposed amendment are detailed in 2017’s Senate Joint Resolution 1.", "\n\nQuestion 4 is a proposal to codify existing voting rights laws into the constitution. ", "This includes the right to vote without being intimidated or threatened, to request assistance in voting, and the right to cast your ballot if you are waiting in line at a polling place when the polls close. ", "The specifics on the proposed amendment are detailed in 2017’s Senate Joint Resolution 3.", "\n\nThese four Legislature-prompted ballot questions will be joined by one petition-driven effort, the Renewable Energy Promotion Initiative, also known as Question 6. ", "This question should be familiar to many, as it appeared on the 2018 ballot (also as Question 6) and passed with 59 percent of the vote. ", "Petition-driven initiatives must be approved by voters twice before becoming part of the Nevada Constitution.", "\n\nQuestion 6 would require electric utilities to acquire at least 50 percent of their electricity from renewable sources by 2030.", "\n\nIn 2019, the Nevada Legislature passed Senate Bill 358, a bill that mandated electric utilities acquire at least 50 percent of their electricity from renewable sources by 2030. ", "That means passing Question 6 this November would not change the existing renewable energy goals set by the state. ", "However, it would set them into the state constitution, making it difficult for politicians to change.", "\n\nTwo other proposals for constitutional amendments have been formally filed with the Secretary of State but have yet to meet the signature requirement needed to appear on the ballot. ", "The first proposal would establish a redistricting commission to map electoral districts for the Nevada Senate, Assembly and U.S. House of Representatives. ", "The second proposal would make sweeping changes to the Nevada Senate, including shortening term limits and moving to ranked-choice voting.", "\n\nOrganizers of those efforts have until June 24 to secure 97,598 valid signatures from across the state. ", "If they make that deadline, they will be assigned a question number and appear on the 2020 general election ballot. ", "Both would need to be approved by a majority of voters in 2020 and 2022 in order to be written into the Nevada Constitution." ]
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[ "// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only\n/*\n * TI AM33XX SRAM EMIF Driver\n *\n * Copyright (C) 2016-2017 Texas Instruments Inc.\n *\tDave Gerlach\n */\n\n#include <linux/err.h>\n#include <linux/genalloc.h>\n#include <linux/io.h>\n#include <linux/kernel.h>\n#include <linux/module.h>\n#include <linux/of.h>\n#include <linux/of_platform.h>\n#include <linux/platform_device.h>\n#include <linux/sram.h>\n#include <linux/ti-emif-sram.h>\n\n#include \"emif.h\"\n\n#define TI_EMIF_SRAM_SYMBOL_OFFSET(sym) ((unsigned long)(sym) - \\\n\t\t\t\t\t (unsigned long)&ti_emif_sram)\n\n#define EMIF_POWER_MGMT_WAIT_SELF_REFRESH_8192_CYCLES\t\t0x00a0\n\nstruct ti_emif_data {\n\tphys_addr_t ti_emif_sram_phys;\n\tphys_addr_t ti_emif_sram_data_phys;\n\tunsigned long ti_emif_sram_virt;\n\tunsigned long ti_emif_sram_data_virt;\n\tstruct gen_pool *sram_pool_code;\n\tstruct gen_pool\t*sram_pool_data;\n\tstruct ti_emif_pm_data pm_data;\n\tstruct ti_emif_pm_functions pm_functions;\n};\n\nstatic struct ti_emif_data *emif_instance;\n\nstatic u32 sram_suspend_address(struct ti_emif_data *emif_data,\n\t\t\t\tunsigned long addr)\n{\n\treturn (emif_data->ti_emif_sram_virt +\n\t\tTI_EMIF_SRAM_SYMBOL_OFFSET(addr));\n}\n\nstatic phys_addr_t sram_resume_address(struct ti_emif_data *emif_data,\n\t\t\t\t unsigned long addr)\n{\n\treturn ((unsigned long)emif_data->ti_emif_sram_phys +\n\t\tTI_EMIF_SRAM_SYMBOL_OFFSET(addr));\n}\n\nstatic void ti_emif_free_sram(struct ti_emif_data *emif_data)\n{\n\tgen_pool_free(emif_data->sram_pool_code, emif_data->ti_emif_sram_virt,\n\t\t ti_emif_sram_sz);\n\tgen_pool_free(emif_data->sram_pool_data,\n\t\t emif_data->ti_emif_sram_data_virt,\n\t\t sizeof(struct emif_regs_amx3));\n}\n\nstatic int ti_emif_alloc_sram(struct device *dev,\n\t\t\t struct ti_emif_data *emif_data)\n{\n\tstruct device_node *np = dev->of_node;\n\tint ret;\n\n\temif_data->sram_pool_code = of_gen_pool_get(np, \"sram\", 0);\n\tif (!", "emif_data->sram_pool_code) {\n\t\tdev_err(dev, \"Unable to get sram pool for ocmcram code\\n\");\n\t\treturn -ENODEV;\n\t}\n\n\temif_data->ti_emif_sram_virt =\n\t\t\tgen_pool_alloc(emif_data->sram_pool_code,\n\t\t\t\t ti_emif_sram_sz);\n\tif (!", "emif_data->ti_emif_sram_virt) {\n\t\tdev_err(dev, \"Unable to allocate code memory from ocmcram\\n\");\n\t\treturn -ENOMEM;\n\t}\n\n\t/* Save physical address to calculate resume offset during pm init */\n\temif_data->ti_emif_sram_phys =\n\t\t\tgen_pool_virt_to_phys(emif_data->sram_pool_code,\n\t\t\t\t\t emif_data->ti_emif_sram_virt);\n\n\t/* Get sram pool for data section and allocate space */\n\temif_data->sram_pool_data = of_gen_pool_get(np, \"sram\", 1);\n\tif (!", "emif_data->sram_pool_data) {\n\t\tdev_err(dev, \"Unable to get sram pool for ocmcram data\\n\");\n\t\tret = -ENODEV;\n\t\tgoto err_free_sram_code;\n\t}\n\n\temif_data->ti_emif_sram_data_virt =\n\t\t\t\tgen_pool_alloc(emif_data->sram_pool_data,\n\t\t\t\t\t sizeof(struct emif_regs_amx3));\n\tif (!", "emif_data->ti_emif_sram_data_virt) {\n\t\tdev_err(dev, \"Unable to allocate data memory from ocmcram\\n\");\n\t\tret = -ENOMEM;\n\t\tgoto err_free_sram_code;\n\t}\n\n\t/* Save physical address to calculate resume offset during pm init */\n\temif_data->ti_emif_sram_data_phys =\n\t\tgen_pool_virt_to_phys(emif_data->sram_pool_data,\n\t\t\t\t emif_data->ti_emif_sram_data_virt);\n\t/*\n\t * These functions are called during suspend path while MMU is\n\t * still on so add virtual base to offset for absolute address\n\t */\n\temif_data->pm_functions.save_context =\n\t\tsram_suspend_address(emif_data,\n\t\t\t\t (unsigned long)ti_emif_save_context);\n\temif_data->pm_functions.enter_sr =\n\t\tsram_suspend_address(emif_data,\n\t\t\t\t (unsigned long)ti_emif_enter_sr);\n\temif_data->pm_functions.abort_sr =\n\t\tsram_suspend_address(emif_data,\n\t\t\t\t (unsigned long)ti_emif_abort_sr);\n\n\t/*\n\t * These are called during resume path when MMU is not enabled\n\t * so physical address is used instead\n\t */\n\temif_data->pm_functions.restore_context =\n\t\tsram_resume_address(emif_data,\n\t\t\t\t (unsigned long)ti_emif_restore_context);\n\temif_data->pm_functions.exit_sr =\n\t\tsram_resume_address(emif_data,\n\t\t\t\t (unsigned long)ti_emif_exit_sr);\n\temif_data->pm_functions.run_hw_leveling =\n\t\tsram_resume_address(emif_data,\n\t\t\t\t (unsigned long)ti_emif_run_hw_leveling);\n\n\temif_data->pm_data.regs_virt =\n\t\t(struct emif_regs_amx3 *)emif_data->ti_emif_sram_data_virt;\n\temif_data->pm_data.regs_phys = emif_data->ti_emif_sram_data_phys;\n\n\treturn 0;\n\nerr_free_sram_code:\n\tgen_pool_free(emif_data->sram_pool_code, emif_data->ti_emif_sram_virt,\n\t\t ti_emif_sram_sz);\n\treturn ret;\n}\n\nstatic int ti_emif_push_sram(struct device *dev, struct ti_emif_data *emif_data)\n{\n\tvoid *copy_addr;\n\tu32 data_addr;\n\n\tcopy_addr = sram_exec_copy(emif_data->sram_pool_code,\n\t\t\t\t (void *)emif_data->ti_emif_sram_virt,\n\t\t\t\t &ti_emif_sram, ti_emif_sram_sz);\n\tif (!", "copy_addr) {\n\t\tdev_err(dev, \"Cannot copy emif code to sram\\n\");\n\t\treturn -ENODEV;\n\t}\n\n\tdata_addr = sram_suspend_address(emif_data,\n\t\t\t\t\t (unsigned long)&ti_emif_pm_sram_data);\n\tcopy_addr = sram_exec_copy(emif_data->sram_pool_code,\n\t\t\t\t (void *)data_addr,\n\t\t\t\t &emif_data->pm_data,\n\t\t\t\t sizeof(emif_data->pm_data));\n\tif (!", "copy_addr) {\n\t\tdev_err(dev, \"Cannot copy emif data to code sram\\n\");\n\t\treturn -ENODEV;\n\t}\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\n/*\n * Due to Usage Note 3.1.2 \"DDR3: JEDEC Compliance for Maximum\n * Self-Refresh Command Limit\" found in AM335x Silicon Errata\n * (Document SPRZ360F Revised November 2013) we must configure\n * the self refresh delay timer to 0xA (8192 cycles) to avoid\n * generating too many refresh command from the EMIF.", "\n */\nstatic void ti_emif_configure_sr_delay(struct ti_emif_data *emif_data)\n{\n\twritel(EMIF_POWER_MGMT_WAIT_SELF_REFRESH_8192_CYCLES,\n\t (emif_data->pm_data.ti_emif_base_addr_virt +\n\t\tEMIF_POWER_MANAGEMENT_CONTROL));\n\n\twritel(EMIF_POWER_MGMT_WAIT_SELF_REFRESH_8192_CYCLES,\n\t (emif_data->pm_data.ti_emif_base_addr_virt +\n\t\tEMIF_POWER_MANAGEMENT_CTRL_SHDW));\n}\n\n/**\n * ti_emif_copy_pm_function_table - copy mapping of pm funcs in sram\n * @sram_pool: pointer to struct gen_pool where dst resides\n * @dst: void * to address that table should be copied\n *\n * Returns 0 if success other error code if table is not available\n */\nint ti_emif_copy_pm_function_table(struct gen_pool *sram_pool, void *dst)\n{\n\tvoid *copy_addr;\n\n\tif (!", "emif_instance)\n\t\treturn -ENODEV;\n\n\tcopy_addr = sram_exec_copy(sram_pool, dst,\n\t\t\t\t &emif_instance->pm_functions,\n\t\t\t\t sizeof(emif_instance->pm_functions));\n\tif (!", "copy_addr)\n\t\treturn -ENODEV;\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\nEXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(ti_emif_copy_pm_function_table);\n\n/**\n * ti_emif_get_mem_type - return type for memory type in use\n *\n * Returns memory type value read from EMIF or error code if fails\n */\nint ti_emif_get_mem_type(void)\n{\n\tunsigned long temp;\n\n\tif (!", "emif_instance)\n\t\treturn -ENODEV;\n\n\ttemp = readl(emif_instance->pm_data.ti_emif_base_addr_virt +\n\t\t EMIF_SDRAM_CONFIG);\n\n\ttemp = (temp & SDRAM_TYPE_MASK) >> SDRAM_TYPE_SHIFT;\n\treturn temp;\n}\nEXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(ti_emif_get_mem_type);\n\nstatic const struct of_device_id ti_emif_of_match[] = {\n\t{ .compatible = \"ti,emif-am3352\", .data =\n\t\t\t\t\t(void *)EMIF_SRAM_AM33_REG_LAYOUT, },\n\t{ .compatible = \"ti,emif-am4372\", .data =\n\t\t\t\t\t(void *)EMIF_SRAM_AM43_REG_LAYOUT, },\n\t{},\n};\nMODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(of, ti_emif_of_match);\n\n#ifdef CONFIG_PM_SLEEP\nstatic int ti_emif_resume(struct device *dev)\n{\n\tunsigned long tmp =\n\t\t\t__raw_readl((void __iomem *)emif_instance->ti_emif_sram_virt);\n\n\t/*\n\t * Check to see if what we are copying is already present in the\n\t * first byte at the destination, only copy if it is not which\n\t * indicates we have lost context and sram no longer contains\n\t * the PM code\n\t */\n\tif (tmp !", "= ti_emif_sram)\n\t\tti_emif_push_sram(dev, emif_instance);\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic int ti_emif_suspend(struct device *dev)\n{\n\t/*\n\t * The contents will be present in DDR hence no need to\n\t * explicitly save\n\t */\n\treturn 0;\n}\n#endif /* CONFIG_PM_SLEEP */\n\nstatic int ti_emif_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)\n{\n\tint ret;\n\tstruct resource *res;\n\tstruct device *dev = &pdev->dev;\n\tconst struct of_device_id *match;\n\tstruct ti_emif_data *emif_data;\n\n\temif_data = devm_kzalloc(dev, sizeof(*emif_data), GFP_KERNEL);\n\tif (!", "emif_data)\n\t\treturn -ENOMEM;\n\n\tmatch = of_match_device(ti_emif_of_match, &pdev->dev);\n\tif (!", "match)\n\t\treturn -ENODEV;\n\n\temif_data->pm_data.ti_emif_sram_config = (unsigned long)match->data;\n\n\tres = platform_get_resource(pdev, IORESOURCE_MEM, 0);\n\temif_data->pm_data.ti_emif_base_addr_virt = devm_ioremap_resource(dev,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t res);\n\tif (IS_ERR(emif_data->pm_data.ti_emif_base_addr_virt)) {\n\t\tret = PTR_ERR(emif_data->pm_data.ti_emif_base_addr_virt);\n\t\treturn ret;\n\t}\n\n\temif_data->pm_data.ti_emif_base_addr_phys = res->start;\n\n\tti_emif_configure_sr_delay(emif_data);\n\n\tret = ti_emif_alloc_sram(dev, emif_data);\n\tif (ret)\n\t\treturn ret;\n\n\tret = ti_emif_push_sram(dev, emif_data);\n\tif (ret)\n\t\tgoto fail_free_sram;\n\n\temif_instance = emif_data;\n\n\treturn 0;\n\nfail_free_sram:\n\tti_emif_free_sram(emif_data);\n\n\treturn ret;\n}\n\nstatic int ti_emif_remove(struct platform_device *pdev)\n{\n\tstruct ti_emif_data *emif_data = emif_instance;\n\n\temif_instance = NULL;\n\n\tti_emif_free_sram(emif_data);\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic const struct dev_pm_ops ti_emif_pm_ops = {\n\tSET_SYSTEM_SLEEP_PM_OPS(ti_emif_suspend, ti_emif_resume)\n};\n\nstatic struct platform_driver ti_emif_driver = {\n\t.probe = ti_emif_probe,\n\t.remove = ti_emif_remove,\n\t.driver = {\n\t\t.name = KBUILD_MODNAME,\n\t\t.of_match_table = of_match_ptr(ti_emif_of_match),\n\t\t.pm = &ti_emif_pm_ops,\n\t},\n};\nmodule_platform_driver(ti_emif_driver);\n\nMODULE_AUTHOR(\"Dave Gerlach <d-gerlach@ti.com>\");\nMODULE_DESCRIPTION(\"Texas Instruments SRAM EMIF driver\");\nMODULE_LICENSE(\"GPL v2\");\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
[ 0.0038272279934390375, 0, 0, 0.007352941176470588, 0.002122015915119363, 0, 0.004866180048661801, 0.005457025920873124, 0, 0, 0, 0.001949317738791423, 0.010869565217391304, 0.003536067892503536 ]
0.002856
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[ "---------------------- Forwarded by Mark Taylor/HOU/ECT on 01/21/2000 10:00 \nAM ---------------------------\n \n\t\n\t\n\tFrom: Mark Taylor 01/21/2000 10:00 AM\n\t\n\nTo: \"John and Eleanor Taylor\" <j_and_e_taylor@email.msn.com>\ncc: \nSubject: Analyst's report" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Enron Emails" }
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[ "Coronavirus -19 disease (COVID-19) is an emerging worldwide pandemic, whose clinical course, in up to 15% of infected patients, can evolve in a severe form of acute respiratory syndrome (ARDS) requiring mechanical ventilation and admission to Intensive Care Unit (ICU). ", "A meta-analysis, [@bib0001] including 341 patients 36% with severe disease [@bib0002], [@bib0003], [@bib0004], [@bib0005] reported that troponin (Tn) I were increased in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with those with milder disease. ", "The clinical and/or prognostic role of increased Tn is still under evaluation, especially in severe COVID-19-related ARDS. ", "We describe our initial experience as of March 31 with 28 consecutive patients with COVID-19-related ARDS admitted to our ICU. ", "We specifically investigated the cardiac involvement by COVID-19 infection, by assessing serial troponin T levels and serial echocardiograms during ICU.", "\n\nMethods {#sec0001}\n=======\n\nIn this case series study we enrolled all patients with COVID-19 ARDS consecutively admitted to our ICU (which is an ECMO referral center) from March 1 to March 31. ", "The study protocol was approved by our Ethical Committee (n.17024, approved on March 31, 2020). ", "ARDS was defined according to the Berlin definition.[@bib0006]\n\nOn ICU admission we measured: Troponin T (pg/ml), N-terminal-pro Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-BNP, pg/ml), C-reactive Protein (CRP, mg/dl) creatinine (mg/dl), Lactose dehydrogenase (LDH, UI/L), alanine transaminase (ALT, UI/L), D-dimer (ng/ml), procalcitonin (PCT, ng/ml), and interleukin 6 (IL-6, pg/ml). ", "Troponin T and cardiopulmonary resuscitation were measured every day and peak levels were recorded.", "\n\nAccording to our standard protocol, an echocardiogram was performed on ICU admission and, afterwards on clinical judgment, as previously described.[@bib0007] The right ventricle size was assessed by the RV end-diastolic area (EDA) and the ratio between EDAs of the right and left ventricles was calculated. ", "Systolic pulmonary artery pressure was obtained using the simplified Bernouilli\\'s equation: 4 • (Vmax tricuspid regurgitation) ^2^ + central venous pressure. ", "Each measure was performed 3 times, and the mean value was recorded. ", "Tricuspid Annular Plane Excursion was also measured, as the difference of displacement during diastole and systole.", "\n\nEchocardiogram was repeated at least once a week, in case of increased Tn levels, on clinical judgment (i.e., Onset of atrial fibrillation, need of increased dose of vasoactive drugs) and at discharge. ", "The echocardiographic examination was blinded to the troponin T results. ", "Myocarditis was defined according to American Heart Association.[@bib0008]\n\nElectrocardiogram (ECG) testings' were performed simultaneously to the echocardiograms on ICU admission ECG was repeated whenever increased Tn I values were detected.", "\n\nData have been stored in a dedicated data-base and analyzed with SPSS for Windows 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). ", "p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. ", "Categorical variables are reported as frequencies and percentages; continuous variables are reported as mean ± standard deviation or median (range), as needed. ", "Pearson\\'s linear regression analysis was used to detect correlations between both troponin T levels and CRP. ", "Between group\\'s comparisons are performed by means of chi-square (categorical data) or, for continuous data, with with Student\\'s *t* test.", "\n\nResults {#sec0002}\n=======\n\nOur population included 28 consecutive COVID-19 patients, admitted to ICU, mainly males (22/28, 79%). ", "The main age was 61.7 ± 10 years and more than a half showed a Body mass index ≥28. ", "Hypertension was the commonest risk factor (89%), whereas diabetes was detected in 39%. ", "Previously known ischemic heart disease was present in about one third of the entire population (28.6%). ", "The majority of our patients were mechanically ventilated (86%) and 4 patients (14%) required veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).", "\n\nAs of March 31, the ICU mortality rate was 7%, whereas 7 patients were discharged (25%) with a length of stay of 8.2 ±5 days. ", "Troponin T levels upper the 99^th^ percentile (28 ng/ml) were detectable in 11 patients (39%), on ICU admission. ", "At linear regression analysis, troponin T showed a direct relationship with CRP (R square: 0.082, F: 5.95, p = 0.017). [", "Table 1](#tbl0001){ref-type=\"table\"} Table 1Clinical characteristics (n.28)Table 1VariableAge (mean ± SD) (years)61.7 ± 10Men22 (79%)BMI (mean ± SD) (kg/m^2^)28.4 ± 5BMI ≥ 2817 (60.7%)Risk factorsSmoker21 (75%)Hypertension25 (89%)Diabetes mellitus11 (39%)Ischemic heart disease8 (28.6%)Chronic renal failure1 (3.5%)COPD2 (7%)Mechanical ventilation24 (86%)Veno-venous ECMO4 (14%)ICU death2 (7%)Laboratory findingsCreatinine (mg/dl) (mean ± SD)1.08 ± 0.5ALT (U/L) (median, range)28 (9--205)LDH (U/L) (median, range)379 (200--1900)NT pro BNP (pg/ml) (median, range)390 (56--12800)Procalcitonin (pg/ml) (median, range)0.24 (0.06--9)Interleukin-6 (pg/ml) (median, range)66 (4--354)Interleukin -- 6 \\> 40 ng/ml (n.%)20 (71%)D-dimer (ng/ml) (median, range)1571 (513--55758)Troponin T (median, range)Admission17 (8--180)Peak32 (8--253)C-Reactive proteinAdmission175 (5--760)Peak241 (5--780)[^1]\n\n[Table 2](#tbl0002){ref-type=\"table\"} depicts echocardiographic findings on ICU admission and at discharge in 7 patients and as of 31 in the remaining 21 patients.", "Table 2Echocardiographic findingsTable 2On admissionMarch 31pLV dimension (mm/m^2^)27.5 ± 1.827.2 ± 20.557LV ejection fraction (%)55 ± 1355 ± 140.893LV segmental abnormalities6 (21%)6 (21%)RV/LV0.39 ± 0.10.34 ± 0.10.568RV wall thickness (mm, mean ± SD)5.3 ± 0.55.9 ± 0.70.001sPAP (mm Hg, mean ± SD)51 ± 646 ± 100.038PE \\> 5 mm2 (7%)28 (100%)[^2]\n\nOn ICU admission, a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF \\< 50%) was detected in 6 patients, with previously known ischemic heart disease, in whom 2 patients had postischemic dilatated cardiomyopaty with severe reduction of LV systolic function (\\< 25%) and a cardioverter defibrillator implanted. ", "Six patients exhibited segmental cynetic abnormalities in previously known ischemic heart disease. ", "No other alterations in wall motion kinesis were detectable. ", "Acute cor pulmonale was detected in 2 patients who required ECMO support. ", "Increased systolic arterial pressure was detected in all patients, with values abover 45 mm Hg in all cases (range 45--60 mm Hg).", "\n\nAt the echocardiographic evaluation performed at discharged in 7 patients, and as of March 31 in the remaining ones, a significance reduction in systolic pulmonary arterial pressure was detectable in all patients. ", "In discharged patients, only 2 patients had systolic pulmonary arterial pressures above 45 mm Hg (48 and 52 mm Hg, respectively) In the 4 patients on VV ECMO support, pulmonary arterial pressures cannot be measured for technical reasons. ", "All patients developed pericardial effusion with no hemodynamical significance.", "\n\nOn ICU admission 2 patients showed chronic atrial fibrillation. ", "In the remaining 26 patients, 11 patients (11/26, 42%) showed episodes of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, all cardioverted by amiodarone infusion.", "\n\nDiscussion {#sec0003}\n==========\n\nIn our investigation, performed in 28 consecutive COVID-19 patients with ARDS requiring ICU admission, cardiac involvement was assessed by means of serial troponin T assessment, echocardiographic examinations and monitoring of arrhythmic events. ", "The main findings of our study are as follows: (1) increased Tn levels, although common, was not associated with echo wall motion abnormalities; (2) a significant direct relationship was detectable between Tn and C-reactive protein. (", "3) Systolic pulmonary arterial pressures were increased in all patients on ICU admission but significantly decreased during ICU stay.", "\n\nIn 187 COVID-19 positive patients with mild disease,[@bib0009] elevation of Tn was observed in about one third (27.8%) but echocardiographic assessment was not performed. ", "In112 COVID-19 patients, retrospectively evaluated, Deng et al [@bib0010] observed that most patients had normal troponin T levels on admission, which increased during hospitalization in about one third (37.5%). ", "Typical signs of myocarditis were not detectable on serial echocardiograms and ECGs. ", "Unlike our investigation, the study population assessed by Deng et al [@bib0010] included patients with less severe COVID-19 disease since only 26 patients (23.2%) were admitted to ICU.", "\n\nWe confirm this finding in a subset of severe COVID-19 ARDS, mostly requiring mechanical ventilation. ", "Differently from previous studies, in presence of an increase in Tn levels, we simultaneously assesses LV wall motion by echocardiogram and we did not observe any new onset segmental wall motion abnormalities. ", "The hypothesis of viral miocarditis and/or myocardial infarction as possible causes for increased Tn I levels may be ruled out by our findings which are in agreement with the recent report by the American College of Cardiology on the role of biomarkers in patients with COVID-19-19. ", "In patients with COVID-19 infection, troponin T elevation is likely to be multifactorial, linked to disease severely and less likely due to coronary thrombotic occlusion.[@bib0011] ^,^ [@bib0012] Indeed, in our series, Tn showed a positive direct relationship with CRP values, a marker of inflammatory activation in COVID-19 disease. ", "Furthermore, Tn increase was observed Further studies should be performed in severe COVID-19 patients to assess whether Tn values could help to risk stratification, as previously reported in patients with mild COVID-19 disease.[@bib0013]\n\nWe did observe that systolic arterial hypertension is a common finding in severe COVID-19 ARDS. ", "This may be related to the hypoxic vasoconstriction in compliant lungs,[@bib0014] factors which seems to characterize COVID-19-related ARDS, although mechanical ventilation itself might represent also a contributing factor (by increasing RV afterload). ", "Deng et al[@bib0010] reported a lower incidence of pulmonary hypertension (13%) probably because their series was constituted mainly by patients with milder COVID-19 disease.", "\n\nFurthermore, we observed a reduction in systolic pulmonary arterial pressure during ICU stay, which might be related to ventilatory strategies (protective mechanical ventilation and pronation). ", "Further studies are needed to specifically assess the effects of strategies/therapies (pronation and/or inhaled nitric oxide) on pulmonary circulation in severe COVID-19 disease in a larger cohort of patients.", "\n\nThe small number of patients in a single center investigation may be a limitation, but our population is homogeneous, including severe COVID-19 ARDS requiring ICU. ", "The strength of our study is the multimodal approach in assessing the cardiac involvement in severe COVID-19 disease.[@bib0015]\n\nAuthor contributions {#sec0004}\n====================\n\nConceptualization; CL, AP. ", "Data curation; Formal analysis; SB, GEF. ", "Investigation; Methodology; SB, CG. ", "Roles/Writing - original draft; CL MB. ", "Writing - review & editing CL, MB, AP.", "\n\nDisclosures {#sec0005}\n===========\n\nThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relations that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this report.", "\n\n[^1]: ALT = Alanine transaminase; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ECMO = extra corporeal membrane oxygenation; ICU = intensive care unit; , LDH = Lactose dehydrogenase; NT-BNP = N terminal Brain Natriuretic Peptide; SD = standard deviation.", "\n\n[^2]: LV = left ventricle;: PE = pericardial effusion; RV = right ventricle; sPAP = systolic pulmonary arterial pressure.", "\n" ]
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[ "/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////\n// Name: src/motif/accel.cpp\n// Purpose: wxAcceleratorTable\n// Author: Julian Smart\n// Modified by:\n// Created: 17/09/98\n// Copyright: (c) Julian Smart\n// Licence: wxWindows licence\n/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////\n\n// For compilers that support precompilation, includes \"wx.h\".", "\n#include \"wx/wxprec.h\"\n\n#include \"wx/accel.h\"\n\n#ifndef WX_PRECOMP\n #include \"wx/string.h\"\n #include \"wx/utils.h\"\n#endif\n\n#include <ctype.h>\n\nwxIMPLEMENT_DYNAMIC_CLASS(wxAcceleratorTable, wxObject);\n\nclass WXDLLEXPORT wxAcceleratorRefData: public wxObjectRefData\n{\n friend class wxAcceleratorTable;\npublic:\n wxAcceleratorRefData();\n virtual ~wxAcceleratorRefData();\n\npublic:\n int m_count;\n wxAcceleratorEntry* m_entries;\n};\n\n#define M_ACCELDATA ((wxAcceleratorRefData *)m_refData)\n\nwxAcceleratorRefData::wxAcceleratorRefData()\n{\n m_count = 0;\n m_entries = NULL;\n}\n\nwxAcceleratorRefData::~wxAcceleratorRefData()\n{\n wxDELETEA(m_entries);\n m_count = 0;\n}\n\nwxAcceleratorTable::wxAcceleratorTable()\n{\n m_refData = NULL;\n}\n\nwxAcceleratorTable::~wxAcceleratorTable()\n{\n // Data deleted in ~wxObject\n}\n\n// Load from .rc resource\nwxAcceleratorTable::wxAcceleratorTable(const wxString& WXUNUSED(resource))\n{\n m_refData = new wxAcceleratorRefData;\n}\n\n// Create from an array\nwxAcceleratorTable::wxAcceleratorTable(int n, const wxAcceleratorEntry entries[])\n{\n wxAcceleratorRefData* data = new wxAcceleratorRefData;\n m_refData = data;\n\n data->m_count = n;\n data->m_entries = new wxAcceleratorEntry[n];\n int i;\n for (i = 0; i < n; i++)\n data->m_entries[i] = entries[i];\n\n}\n\nbool wxAcceleratorTable::IsOk() const\n{\n return (m_refData !", "= NULL);\n}\n\nint wxAcceleratorTable::GetCount() const\n{\n return M_ACCELDATA->m_count;\n}\n\nwxAcceleratorEntry* wxAcceleratorTable::GetEntries() const\n{\n return M_ACCELDATA->m_entries;\n}\n\n// Implementation use only\nbool wxAcceleratorEntry::MatchesEvent(const wxKeyEvent& event) const\n{\n bool eventAltDown = event.", "AltDown();\n bool eventCtrlDown = event.", "ControlDown();\n bool eventShiftDown = event.", "ShiftDown();\n int eventKeyCode = event.", "GetKeyCode();\n\n bool accAltDown = ((GetFlags() & wxACCEL_ALT) == wxACCEL_ALT);\n bool accCtrlDown = ((GetFlags() & wxACCEL_CTRL) == wxACCEL_CTRL);\n bool accShiftDown = ((GetFlags() & wxACCEL_SHIFT) == wxACCEL_SHIFT);\n int accKeyCode = GetKeyCode();\n int accKeyCode2 = GetKeyCode();\n if (wxIsascii(accKeyCode2))\n accKeyCode2 = wxTolower(accKeyCode2);\n\n return ((eventAltDown == accAltDown) && (eventCtrlDown == accCtrlDown) &&\n (eventShiftDown == accShiftDown) &&\n ((eventKeyCode == accKeyCode || eventKeyCode == accKeyCode2))) ;\n}\n" ]
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[ "A chemical absorption method is used in a decarbonation process performed in existing large-scale plants for hydrogen production, urea production, or the like. ", "To separate CO2, such a chemical absorption method requires a huge CO2 absorption tower and a huge tower for regenerating a CO2 absorbing liquid. ", "The step of regenerating the CO2 absorbing liquid also wastefully consumes energy because it requires a large amount of steam to remove CO2 from the CO2 absorbing liquid by heating for the reuse of the liquid.", "\nIn recent years, as a countermeasure for global warming, natural energy that does not emit CO2 has been expected to come into wide use, but natural energy has a significant problem in terms of cost. ", "Thus, attention has been paid to a method called CCS (Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage) in which CO2 is separated and collected from waste gases from thermal power plants, ironworks and the like, and buried in the ground or sea. ", "Currently, even CCS is based on application of the chemical absorption method. ", "In this case, for separating and collecting CO2 from thermal power plants, not only large-scale CO2 separation equipment is required, but also a large amount of steam should be fed.", "\nBesides separation and collection of CO2 from waste gases from thermal power plants and the like, for example, purification of natural gas as a major energy source requires separation of CO2 because it contains several % of CO2 in addition to methane as a main component. ", "A chemical absorption method is used in existing processes for such purification.", "\nOn the other hand, a CO2 separation and collection process using a membrane separation method is intended to separate a gas by means of a difference in velocity of gases passing through a membrane using a partial pressure difference as driving energy, and is expected as an energy-saving process because the pressure of a gas to be separated can be utilized as energy and no phase change is involved.", "\nGas separation membranes are broadly classified into organic membranes and inorganic membranes in terms of a difference in membrane material. ", "The organic membrane has the advantage of being inexpensive and excellent in moldability as compared to the inorganic membrane. ", "The organic membrane that is used for gas separation is generally a polymer membrane prepared by a phase inversion method, and the mechanism of separation is based on a solution-diffusion mechanism in which a gas is separated by means of a difference in solubility of the gas in the membrane material and diffusion rate of the gas in the membrane.", "\nThe solution-diffusion mechanism is based on the concept that a gas is first dissolved in the membrane surface of a polymer membrane, and the dissolved molecules diffuse between polymer chains in the polymer membrane. ", "Where for a gas component A, the permeability coefficient is PA, the solubility coefficient is SA, and the diffusion coefficient is DA, the relational expression: PA=SA×DA holds. ", "The ideal separation factor αA/B is expressed as αA/B=PA/PB by taking the ratio of permeability coefficients between components A and B, and therefore αA/B=(SA/SB)×(DA/DB) holds. ", "Here, SA/SB is referred to as solubility selectivity, and DA/DB is referred to as diffusivity selectivity.", "\nSince the diffusion coefficient increases as the molecular diameter decreases, and the contribution of diffusivity selectivity is generally greater than that of solubility selectivity in gas separation, it is difficult to allow selective passage of gases having a larger molecular diameter by suppressing passage of gases having a smaller molecular diameter among multi-component gases having different molecular diameters.", "\nThus, studies are conducted on a permeable membrane called a facilitated transport membrane that allows selective permeation of a gas by a facilitated transport mechanism, in addition to a solution-diffusion mechanism, using a substance called a “carrier” which selectively and reversibly reacts with CO2 (see, for example, Patent Document 1 below). ", "The facilitated transport mechanism has a structure in which a membrane contains a carrier which selectively reacts with CO2. ", "In the facilitated transport membrane, CO2 passes not only physically by the solution-diffusion mechanism but also as a reaction product with the carrier, so that the permeation rate is accelerated. ", "On the other hand, gases such as N2, CH4 and H2, which do not react with the carrier, pass only by the solution-diffusion mechanism, and therefore the separation factor of CO2 with respect to these gases is extremely high. ", "Energy generated during the reaction of CO2 with the carrier is utilized as energy for releasing CO2 by the carrier, and therefore there is no need to supply energy from outside, so that an essentially energy-saving process is provided." ]
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[ "Mariela Castro's March: Cuba's LGBT Revolution\n\nMariela Castro's March: Cuba's LGBT Revolution is a 2016 documentary film by Jon Alpert for HBO about Mariela Castro's (Raul Castro's daughter and Fidel Castro's niece) LGBT advocacy work in Cuba.", "\n\nSee also\n LGBT rights in Cuba\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2016 television films\nCategory:Documentary films about Cuba\nCategory:Documentary films about LGBT topics\nCategory:HBO documentary films\nCategory:LGBT in Cuba" ]
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[ "Musing of a Middle Aged Author\n\nTag Archives: classic story\n\nThe Puppet Queen is a great twist on the well known fairy tale, Sleeping Beauty. ", "I really enjoyed this read. ", "It is an adult version, gritty, and full of intrigue. ", "There is no swearing, the only sexual content is implied rape, does contain violence. ", "I can recommend for ages 16 and up. ", "I will be reading more by this author." ]
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[ "Riedel's thyroiditis containing cytologically atypically appearing B-cells: a case report.", "\nWe report on a case of Riedel's thyroiditis containing cytologically atypically appearing B-cells. ", "The patient was a 60-year-old Japanese female, who had a well-demarcated tumor that showed extensive growth from the right thyroid lobe into perithyroidal soft tissues. ", "Histologically, the lesion consisted of two components. ", "The central tumor-like portion of the mass showed spindle cells intermixed with abundant collagen fibers. ", "In addition, scattered B-cells with large nuclei and multiple small, but conspicuous nucleoli were also present. ", "At the periphery of the nodule, numerous plasma cells and small lymphocytes, as well as occasional B-immunoblasts and plasmablasts were growing between non-neoplastic thyroid follicles. ", "An infiltration of thyroid follicles by B-cells also resulted in lymphoepithelial-like lesions. ", "The specimen obtained from an enlarged cervical lymph node occurring 14 months later contained numerous mature plasma cells showing a sheet-like arrangement with occasional immature plasma cells and immunoblasts in the interfollicular area and medullary cords. ", "The polyclonal nature of B-cells was demonstrated immunohistochemically and by polymerase chain reaction in both the thyroid gland and the lymph node lesion." ]
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[ "Q:\n\nGetting null on object reference for Up navigation\n\nThis seems to work but not sure if I have to add it to every Activity? ", "\nandroid:theme=\"@style/Theme.", "AppCompat\"\n\nalong with extending the Classes with ActionBarActivity\nHere is what I did in the manifest:\n<application\n android:allowBackup=\"true\"\n android:icon=\"@drawable/ic_launcher\"\n android:label=\"@string/app_name\"\n android:theme=\"@style/AppTheme\" >\n <activity\n android:name=\"com.shmira.shmira.", "MainActivity\"\n android:label=\"@string/app_name\" >\n <intent-filter>\n <action android:name=\"android.intent.action.", "MAIN\" />\n\n <category android:name=\"android.intent.category.", "LAUNCHER\" />\n </intent-filter>\n </activity>\n<activity android:name=\".", "Book\"\n android:theme=\"@style/Theme.", "AppCompat\"\n android:label=\"Shmira\" >\n </activity>\n\nThe class looking like this:\npublic class Book extends ActionBarActivity\n\n @Override\n protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {\n super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);\n setContentView(R.layout.book);\n\n getSupportActionBar().setDisplayHomeAsUpEnabled(true); \n\n@Override\n public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {\n // Handle action bar actions click\n switch (item.getItemId()) {\n // lets user travel back to where they came from\n case android.R.id.home:\n finish();\n return true;\n\nA:\n\nIf you're using a support lib i.e. ActionBarActivity add the following line after calling setContentView:\n getSupportActionBar().setDisplayHomeAsUpEnabled(true);\n\nand if you're not using a support lib i.e. Activity, then simply change getSupportActionBar() to getActionBar().. and don't forget to add android:theme=\"@style/Theme.", "AppCompat\" to AndroidManifest.xml\nTo go back to the MainActivity instead of up through the stack, define ActivityA as parent for ActivityB in AndroidManifest.xml like this:\n <activity\n android:name=\".", "Book\"\n android:label=\"Shmira\">\n <meta-data\n android:name=\"android.support.", "PARENT_ACTIVITY\"\n android:value=\"com.shmira.shmira.", "MainActivity\" />\n </activity>\n\n" ]
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[ "Meet The Brewer: Kjetil Jikiun (Nøgne ø)\n\nIn a first for Meet the Brewer we head across the North Sea to Norway and chat to Kjetil Jikiun of Nøgne ø\n\nWhat is your Brewery name and where did it come from? ", "Nøgne ø, Det Kompromissløse Bryggeri, which litteraly means Naked Island, The Uncomromising Brewery.", "\n\nKjetil keeping an eye on things\n\nNaked Island is a term from from the poem “Terje Vigen” www.terjevigen.com which Henriks Ibsen wrote while living in our home town, Grimstad, and it refers to an island without much vegetation.", "\n\nWhat is your brewery capacity? ", "The annual capacity of Nøgne ø is around 4500 hl.", "\n\nWhat is different about your brewery? ", "In a Norwegian context, pretty much everything is different, as most other breweries make almost nothing but light, industrially brewed, filtered and pasteurized lager.", "\n\nIn an international setting I still think we stand out.", "\n\nFor starters we only brew what we like, never what we think the public will like.", "\n\nWe do not filter (in fact we do not even own a filter).", "\n\nWe make sake, as the first and only in Europe.", "\n\nAs we use English traditional malts and liberal amounts of American aggressive hops, we feel that our beers are true mid Atlantic in profile.", "\n\nHow long have you been brewing for? ", "Personally I started home brewing in 1999.The founding of Nøgne ø in 2002 made me take the step into commercial brewing.", "\n\nLots of lovely copper\n\nHow did you get into brewing? ", "By my enthusiasm for cooking, which made me venture into making my own beverage. ", "Since grapes do not grow well in Norway, the only right beverage to start making was beer.", "\n\nWhat beers do you brew regularly?", "\n\nPersonally I do not have time to brew much any more. ", "There is the occasional brew during summer or Easter, when the brewers are on vacation. ", "Other than that, most time is spent at other task, like quality control, product development and upgrading/improving various procedures and equipment.", "\n\nThe future of brewing is in good beers made with focus on quality and craftsmanship. ", "People understand that these products should be respected.", "\n\nThis is in contrast to industrially made products which nobody care about and everyone wants to pay as little as possible for.", "\n\nDo you bottle/keg/cask your beer?", "\n\nInitially we started with an all bottle conditioned portfolio. ", "Now we have some products which are too strong to bottle condition, as the yeast becomes quite unpredictable above 10 percent alcohol.", "\n\nWe also keg on disposable keykegs. ", "Most of these are keg conditioned. ", "The key kegs are fantastic. ", "We believe that the use of these is an advantage for the environment, as it can be recycled 100%, and we do not have to ship steel kegs in return.", "\n\nOccasionally we do cask condition our ales, but only upon request from our customers.", "\n\nLove the wellies!", "\n\nWhat is you proudest moment in brewing?", "\n\nIt makes me very proud when we get emails, phone calls and letters from people who wishes to tell us how much they appreciate the beers we brew. ", "That shows that we are having an impact on people’s lives. ", "That we are doing something good.", "\n\nDo you have any brewing regrets?", "\n\nActually, No! ", "Because all mistakes I have done(there has been many!)have been extremely educational.", "\n\nWhat is your brewing ambition?", "\n\nTo make the majority of the population in Norway to understand that pasteurized, filtered, underhopped lager beer is the inferior drink. ", "That one day people will understand that beer is as versatile, complex and rewarding to drink as wines. ", "What was last beer you drank?", "\n\nWhat is your favourite hop and why?", "\n\nHmmm….This is a tricky question to answer!!!!!", "\n\nGenerally I think I would say Cascade. ", "Fresh and citrusy. ", "It can be subtle. ", "You can make it aggressive. ", "It goes with most beer styles. ", "But I love the spiciness of Columbus as finishing hops (i.e. in whirlpool). ", "It gives a unique complexity.", "\n\nWhat is your favourite beer/food combo? ", "Beer and cheese. ", "Rich Belgian ales, dark or light. ", "Strong malty British ales as barley wines, old ales or strong browns and porters with Stilton, Gouda and Chevre. ", "If you add some walnuts and pickles, then it is 100% perfect.", "\n\nDo you have a Brewing hero/inspiration? ", "There are so many. ", "For so many different reasons.", "\n\nBut I guess Fal Allen and Dick Cantwell who started the Pike Place Brewery, and John Maier from Rogue are a true inspiration. ", "They have been in the brewing business for a long time, and still they are 100% dedicated to brewing. ", "They are still totally hands on. ", "No desk , suit or commercial jobs for them. ", "But brewing and dedication to flavours.", "\n\nIf you could brew one collaboration beer with someone who would it be with and what would it be? ", "I wish I could brew an unfiltered and unpasteurized IPA with some large brewery as Carlsberg or Anheuser Busch. ", "Not because I want to rub shoulders with the big guys but because I want to reach out to a large audience.", "\n\nWhen I am not brewing, I am either working for the brewery by my laptop computer, or doing my other job which is as an airline captain on Boeing 737s. ", "The only time I can relax is when I visit my second home, which is on a beach in Malaysia.", "There I do as little as possible. ", "Such a contrast to my life in Norway!", "\n\nIf you could have one superhero superpower what would it be?", "\n\nThe ability to concentrate, have patience and focus. ", "Both in an intellectual way and spiritual.", "\n\nDo you have a website/twitter/blog?", "\n\nOur website is www.nogne-o.com. ", "There you will find links to beer blog, sake blog, facebook and twitter.", "\n\nAnything else you want to tell us?", "\n\nMaybe that we at Nøgne ø are working on keeping the playful spirit we had when we started. ", "It takes an occasional battle against the beancounters, but we are still committed to keep the non commercial mindset.", "\n\nBig thanks to Kjetil for filling this in, I really enjoyed reading it and hope you do to." ]
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[ "We are a commune of inquiring, skeptical, politically centrist, capitalist, anglophile, traditionalist New England Yankee humans, humanoids, and animals with many interests beyond and above politics. ", "Each of us has had a high-school education (or GED), but all had ADD so didn't pay attention very well, especially the dogs. ", "Each one of us does \"try my best to be just like I am,\" and none of us enjoys working for others, including for Maggie, from whom we receive neither a nickel nor a dime. ", "Freedom from nags, cranks, government, do-gooders, control-freaks and idiots is all that we ask for.", "\n\nRaise it to 75. ", "Americans are not like lazy European slackers. ", "We like to be useful and productive, and it helps us respect ourselves. ", "Any 65 year-old American will tell you that they are in the prime of life and ready to do anything. ", "65 is the new 45. ", "The vast majority of Americans who retire at 65 have incomes at or below $20,000 per year. ", "That's a bad plan.", "\n\nThoughts On A Sunday\nThe weather has been relatively nice over the past few days, sunny with some chilly temps. ", "The local ski area has been making the best of it, running their snow guns as soon as the temperature is below freezing....\n\nDavid Harsanyi: If this were true for Obama, who was once a constitutional law lecturer at the University of Chicago, why would he attempt to restrict a right that is explicitly laid out in the Bill of Rights (even if it were eminently sensible) without putting it through the republican wringer — the deliberation, the checks and balances, all of it?", "\n\nExecutive orders under the U.S. system are subject to checks and balances. ", "The powers were provided by Congress or the Constitution, and are subject to review by the courts. ", "A look at the executive order on guns shows how limited this power is.", "\nhttp://www.slate.com/blogs/weigel/2013/01/16/read_president_obama_s_new_proposed_executive_orders_and_legislation_on.html\n\nAs for restricting gun rights, no rights are unlimited, not even freedom of speech. ", "The answer to the previous question about what is meant by \"arms\" might shed some light on this. ", "Are all weapons are protected?", "\n\nAn arm is a weapon that can be held in one's hands. ", "A \"well regulated militia\" (from 10 USC 311):\n\nQUOTE:\n\nThe militia of the United States consists of all able-bodied males at least 17 years of age and, except as provided in section 313 of title 32, under 45 years of age who are, or who have made a declaration of intention to become, citizens of the United States and of female citizens of the United States who are members of the National Guard.", "\n\nYes, we have. ", "For instance, \"Like most rights, the Second Amendment right is not unlimited. ", "It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose\". ", "Do you agree?", "\n\nwirraway: Heller notes that militiamen would bring their private firearms to a muster. ", "the 2A protects today firearms of a type that citizens -- the militia -- typically own.", "\n\nTypical weapons have changed considerably over time. ", "How is typical determined? ", "The decision also said the government \"must permit Heller to register his handgun and must issue him a license to carry it in the home.\" ", "So, licensing is allowable.", "\n\nhow about you actually read Heller instead of pretending you did. ", "the court which addresses this issue specifically --what are the characteristics and uses of modern firearms that are protected. ", "you wouldn't ask questions like that, - if you'd read the case.", "\n\nyou're seriously misrepresenting the law by pretending these questions are up for debate, this is grossly dishonest.", "\n\nno one says the 2A bars all regulation. ", "the DC law effectively banned handguns and made other weapons unusable for self defense, the issue wasn't registration itself, it was banning.", "\n\nregistration has been legal for years. ", "big deal. ", "Heller was about banning.", "\n\nand you people won't be able to use licensing as a back-door method of banning, the demoncraptic party already tried barring rights by overly restrictive rules intended to keep blacks from voting. ", "it failed, just as it will when it oversteps the constitution.", "\n\nWilliam Teach: National Geographic Links Snow And Cold To Globull Warming\n\nYes, they do so by citing the National Climate Assessment and Development Advisory Committee, supported by science from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.", "\n\nQUOTE:\n\nWilliam Teach: Even if anthropogenic global warming was real, it is not going to cause cold and snow.", "\n\nThat's simply not the case. ", "When you disrupt circulation patterns, it can cause formerly warm areas to cool, such as the moderated climate of northwestern Europe. ", "Or it can cause increased snow in the interior of Antarctica, which is often too cold to snow, and is essentially desert.", "\n\nQUOTE:\n\nWilliam Teach: Only in the warped minds of dogmatic progressives hell bent on pushing their pet cult could warm cause cold.", "\n\nWhich just emphasizes his adherence to personal ignorance and incredulity.", "\n\nQUOTE:\n\nWilliam Teach: The hottest year in American history was one of the coldest worldwide this century. ", "Yes, yes, we’re talking about this century.", "\n\nGlobally, 2012 was the tenth warmest on record, and warmer than 2001, 2008, and 2011.", "\n\nDoes that include all the temperature stations next to air conditioning exhaust, near air ports? ", "Can you audit these stations? ", "Seems I remember that a few years ago when people started taking pictures of some of these stations showing that they were placed in areas of elevated temperatures (not related to weather) their positions became classified.", "\n\nMark Hemingway: Whoops: PolitiFact's 'Lie of the Year' Turns Out to Be True\n\nRomney originally and falsely stated, \"I saw a story today that one of the great manufacturers in this state Jeep -- now owned by the Italians -- is thinking of moving all production to China. ", "I will fight for every good job in America.\" ", "They then followed up with an ad that was highly misleading.", "\n\nPolitiFact discussed the \"literally accurate\" canard in their original article. ", "Hemingway hasn't introduced new information, as implied by the headline, but is simply recycling an old story.", "\n\n\"PolitiFact discussed the \"literally accurate\" canard in their original article. ", "Hemingway hasn't introduced new information, as implied by the headline, but is simply recycling an old story.", "\n#3 Zachriel on 2013-01-20 09:22\"\n\nPicking nits imo.. More true than false. ", "Is 100% accuracy now the norm for political cycles?", "\nWhen do you suppose the \"grace period\" ends for the progressive libs, and they can be expected to be held to the same standards?", "\n\nThank you Master Zachriel from getting up early this Sunday morning despite your hangover in the dorm room and educating us rubes out here in flyover country...you are like so smart and golly... I didn't know you could put quotes in the post too. ", "What'll they think of next?", "\n\nIf anybody is interested in how temperature data and recording instrument evaluation are done, this pdf from the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources is one of the best I've ever seen. ", "You might also want to take a look around the web site - it's very well done.", "\n\nCBS Political Director Tells Obama to “Go for the Throat” and “Pulverize” Republicans\n\nIt is becoming increasingly clear that John Edwards was right - there really are two Americas. ", "The sad thing is that the people who can most afford to pay for all these social program taxes avoid them like the plague and the middle class gets it in the neck because it's the broadest tax base.", "\n\nWhat the Hell Is an 'Assault Weapon'?", "\n\nThere is not such thing as an \"assault weapon\". ", "A semi-auto rifle or handgun, even if it is styled in similar fashion to a military assault rifle, is not an \"assault weapon\". ", "Assault weapon is largely a term made up by the media and it is meant to provide in the broadest terms any gun other than a single shot rifle/shotgun/handgun.", "\n\nAnd the sad thing is that politicians and media types who have never been exposed to military type weapons think that \"weapon\" equals \"rifle\". ", "An assault rifle can be fully automatic, burst rounds (up to five) or single shot. ", "The custom made semi auto .22 target rifle I have has a \"high\" capacity magazine - twenty rounds. ", "That does not make it an \"assault weapon\". ", "The AK-47 that somebody I know very well and have a very close relationship with is an \"assault weapon\" with a 50 round banana clip.", "\n\nCuriously, the politicians and media never stop to consider that the term \"assault weapon\" can cover a whole multitude of \"weapons\" from hammers to box cutters to swords and knives. ", "There was a case twenty years or so ago in Louisiana where a guy killed four people and wounded three others with a screwdriver. ", "I would consider that particular screwdriver an \"assault weapon\".", "\n\nOnce, as an experiment, I disabled the safety plunger on a framing nail gun and spend some time target shooting with it. ", "Under high pressure (125 psi), that is a pretty dangerous weapon all by itself - and it has a high capacity magazine - over 150 nails. ", ":>)\n\nIt is going to be a sad and painful day when \"Heller\" is inevitably overturned in Obama's second term. ", "The current court roster cannot last another four years and if worse possible justices than the execrably vile Sotomayor are out there, Obama will find them.", "\nThen the dominoes of our Bill of Rights protections will fall.", "\n\nExample. ", "The Court makes a contradictory decision on a new case that results in overturning the old precedent. ", "One well-known example is when the justices determined segregation in the public schools was unconstitutional in their decision for Brown v. Board of Education, (1954). ", "This reversed the \"separate but equal\" doctrine permitting legal segregation, established in Plessy v. Ferguson, (1896).", "\n\nDifferent case, different court, different judges. ", "Very different result. ", "The judges Obama puts on the bench will have a very long time to change ... everything.", "\n\nagain, you're not familiar with how the USSC works. ", "Board of Education is a very rare exception. ", "if politics were behind every ruling, then Roe v Wade would have been history long ago. ", "the real battle will be about the particular limits of control.", "\n\nChicago Military Academy (high school college-prep serving population 84% low income, largely Black, male only) and its spawn may be the answer to raising and educating young men without a father in the home. ", "All reports indicate success at focusing youth on the discipline and skills necessary to maturing into responsible and contributing adults. ", "It's worth consideration for future education investment...early \"military\" training doesn't harm those lacking any discipline at all.", "\n\nI can't remember if I read it here or in my research on animal behavior, but managing elephants in reserves demands that an older bull must be present to control and instruct the juveniles, who are inclined to raise havoc lacking an occasional \"thwack on the side of the head.\" ", "Same goes for many species.", "\n\n\"Rosa Parks didn't NEED to sit in the front of the bus.\" ", "For intelligent people, that is enough for them to get the point.", "\n\nIf talking to an ignoramous about to accuse me of racism, followed up with, \"But she had a right to. ", "So why do I 'need' an assault rifle? ", "I need an assault rifle because eff you I don't have to demonstrate a need to retain my rights.\"", "\n\nE-Mail addresses will not be displayed and will only be used for E-Mail notifications.", "\n\nTo prevent automated Bots from commentspamming, please enter the string you see in the image below in the appropriate input box. ", "Your comment will only be submitted if the strings match. ", "Please ensure that your browser supports and accepts cookies, or your comment cannot be verified correctly.", "Enter the string from the spam-prevention image above:" ]
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"recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "DateRecognizer_139620637004272", "recognizer_name": "DateRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 1827 } ]
[ "Q:\n\nNovaClient - create cloud server using \"boot\" - ERROR (BadRequest): Multiple possible networks found\n\nI'm a fresher to OpenStack and NovaClient API.", "\nNovaClient version: 2.20.0\nI have successfully logged in to my OpenStack account and have NovaClient API privileges.", "\nI was trying to create a cloud server on OpenStack using nova client with \"boot\" command as follows.", "\nnova boot --flavor 2 --image 004337db-0dad-4c14-a154-726a1428f524 ubuntu-1204\n\nI'm unable to complete the request since getting following error.", "\nERROR (BadRequest): Multiple possible networks found, use a Network ID to be more specific. (", "HTTP 400) (Request-ID: req-25e05d24-b152-481c-aaa3-de563ca28cfa)\n\nHow do I resolve this issue?", "\nPlease provide a direction to proceed from here.", "\nLink I'm referring is as follows.", "\n[1] http://www.rackspace.com/knowledge_center/article/useful-python-novaclient-commands\n\nA:\n\nFound the solution.", "\nSince I have multiple networks in OpenStack cloud, OpenStack doesn't seem to assign a default network to my server upon boot if I don't specify any network during creation.", "\nI did use --nic net-id=<private-net-id> switch and server boot was successful.", "\nnova boot ubuntu-12.04 --flavor 2 --image 004337db-0dad-4c14-a154-726a1428f524 --nic net-id=b55f009a-1cc6-4b17-924f-4ae0ee18db5e\n\n" ]
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[ "Q:\n\nHow can I hide Create button from tree view in a specific object. ", "As this object has all the fields readonly\n\nHow can I hide Create button from tree view in a specific object? ", "As this object has all the fields readonly.", "\n\nA:\n\nIt depends on which OpenERP version you are working, please mention it if you'd like more specific answers. ", "If you're asking this question you're probably not using 7.0 yet, but it might be useful to know nevertheless.", "\nOpenERP 7.0\nAs of OpenERP 7.0 the system will automatically do this for you for each of the following possible actions: create, edit, delete: if the current user has no access (based on the Access Rights configuration) the corresponding flag will be added to the root node of the view definition, effectively hiding the option in the UI.", "\nThese flags correspond respectively to the following access rights: create, write, unlink.", "\nAs user1576199 mentioned, this flag could also be set manually in your view definition, but that should only be required when the access rights do not correspond to the options you want to show. ", "You could do it in this manner, in any combination:\n<tree create=\"false\" delete=\"false\">\n....\n</tree>\nor\n<kanban create=\"false\" edit=\"false\">\n....\n</kanban>\netc..\n\nOpenERP 6.1 and earlier\nThere is no option to hide these buttons, so you'll need to customize the OpenERP client(s) if you want to specifically achieve that. ", "simahawk's answer gave you some starting points for the web client 6.1, which is probably what you want to customize.", "\n\n" ]
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[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 890, "entity_type": "MEDICAL_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "MedicalLicenseRecognizer_139620637004512", "recognizer_name": "MedicalLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 1, "start": 881 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 890, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_139620637004608", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 879 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1246, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_139620637004608", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1243 } ]
[ "Q:\n\nUnittest.mock - how to mock a call to cursor.execute() from connection object?", "\n\nI am trying to stub out cursor.execute() in the following code with mock such that I can test execute is called with a correctly formatted query:\n// Module ABC\n\ndef buildAndExecuteQuery( tablesAndColumnsToSelect ):\n '''Build and execute a query.", "\n\n Args: tablesAndColumnsToSelect (dict)\n - keys are table names, values are columns\n\n '''\n query = ..... < logic to build query > ....\n\n from django.db import connections\n cursor = connections[ 'mydb' ].cursor()\n cursor.execute( query )\n\nHow can I accomplish this type of mock in python2.7 with the mock library?", "\n\nA:\n\nI will expand @G_M answer with example since I have two objections:\n\nIn my opinion, it is a good practice to explicitly close database cursor, more about this here: Necessity of explicit cursor.close(). ", "This can be done by using the cursor as a context manager, more in Django docs: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/topics/db/sql/#connections-and-cursors.", "\nWhen using mock we should not patch objects where they are defined:\n\nThe basic principle is that you patch where an object is looked up,\n which is not necessarily the same place as where it is defined. ", "A\n couple of examples will help to clarify this.", "\n\nRef: https://docs.python.org/3/library/unittest.mock.html#where-to-patch\nExample:\nOur function we want to test:\n# foooo_bar.py\nfrom typing import Optional\n\nfrom django.db import DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, connections\n\ndef some_function(some_arg: str, db_alias: Optional[str] = DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS):\n with connections[db_alias].cursor() as cursor:\n cursor.execute('SOME SQL FROM %s;', [some_arg])\n\nTest:\n# test_foooo_bar.py\nfrom unittest import mock\n\nfrom django.db import DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS\nfrom django.test import SimpleTestCase\n\nfrom core.db_utils.xx import some_function\n\nclass ExampleSimpleTestCase(SimpleTestCase):\n @mock.patch('foooo_bar.connections')\n def test_some_function_executes_some_sql(self, mock_connections):\n mock_cursor = mock_connections.__getitem__(DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS).cursor.return_value.__enter__.return_value\n some_function('fooo')\n\n # Demonstrating assert_* options:\n mock_cursor.execute.assert_called_once()\n mock_cursor.execute.assert_called()\n mock_cursor.execute.assert_called_once_with('SOME SQL FROM %s;', ['fooo'])\n\nA:\n\nSince I don't know what your query logic is, I modified the query to just accept a sentinel value directly through the tables_and_columns_to_select argument.", "\n# b_and_ex_q.py\n\ndef build_and_execute_query(tables_and_columns_to_select):\n \"\"\"Build and execute a query.", "\n\n Args: tablesAndColumnsToSelect (dict)\n - keys are table names, values are columns\n\n \"\"\"\n\n query = tables_and_columns_to_select # ..... < logic to build query > ....\n\n from django.db import connections\n\n cursor = connections['mydb'].cursor()\n cursor.execute(query)\n\nimport unittest\n\nfrom mock import patch, sentinel\n\nfrom b_and_ex_q import build_and_execute_query\n\nclass TestCursorExecute(unittest.", "TestCase):\n @patch('django.db.connections')\n def test_build_and_execute_query(self, mock_connections):\n # Arrange\n mock_cursor = mock_connections.__getitem__('mydb').cursor.return_value\n\n # Act\n build_and_execute_query(sentinel.t_and_c)\n\n # Assert\n mock_cursor.execute.assert_called_once_with(sentinel.t_and_c)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n unittest.main()\n\n" ]
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[ "Q:\n\nUpdating existing key value pair throws has no method 'push' error\n\nI'm trying to update an existing JavaScript object with a new key value and also update an existing value like so\n$.each(eventsData, function() {\n if (this.", "ID== \"eb_0\") {\n this.push({\n author_name: \"John Seeds\" //new key value pair to be added.", "\n title: newTitle_var //to be updated\n });\n }\n});\nconsole.log(this.eventsData) \n\nMy Object looks something like this.", "\n[\n Object { ID=\"eb_0\", title=\"DayY\", Date=Date, more...}, \n Object { ID=\"eb_1\", title=\"DayZ\", Date=Date, more...},\n Object { ID=\"eb_2\", title=\"DayX\", Date=Date, more...} \n]\n\nCurrently console.log outputs the following error.", "\nUncaught TypeError: Object #<Object> has no method 'push' \n\nCould anyone help me figure this out please?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou could use:\n$.each(eventsData, function () {\n if (this.", "ID == \"eb_0\") {\n this.author_name = \"John Seeds\"; //new key value pair to be added.", "\n this.title = newTitle_var; //to be updated\n }\n});\n\n" ]
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[ "127. (", "George Eliot)\n\nThis post will open with George Eliot and then drift, possibly to return. ", "For a starting point, consider one of the most beguiling and frustrating of passages in nineteenth-century British literature:\n\nHer finely-touched spirit had still its fine issues, though they were not widely visible. ", "Her full nature, like that river of which Cyrus broke the strength, spent itself in channels which had no great name on the earth. ", "But the effect of her being on those around her was incalculably diffusive: for the growing good of the world is partly dependent on unhistoric acts; and that things are not so ill with you and me as they might have been, is half owing to the number who lived faithful a hidden life, and rest in unvisited tombs.", "\n\nAs a biographical aside, this passage would have been the cornerstone of a dissertation that I did not write on wasted life in nineteenth-century British literature. ", "I did not know how to write the dissertation, and though friends and advisors agreed that the topic, wasted life, was rich with possibility, nobody seemed to agree on, or clearly articulate, what those possibilities might be; I was not ready to write the dissertation. ", "I still would not be, but now I see in this passage a clue: wasted life and waste is not enough of a hook–there needs, to my mind, to be a region or problem of language intersecting with the ethical dimension. ", "That I lacked and, looking for synonyms and key-words for waste, could not find.", "\n\nBut now the answer seems clear–or an answer–seems clear: the language of measurement and calculation, whereby waste is calculated, or proves impossible to calculate. ", "It is a source of prevarications in Victorian literature–as above, where Eliot hedges in writing “half owing to the number who lived faithful”–but, even in the moments of prevarication, is also, because it is a place where authors feel the inadequacy of language, a moment where Victorian literature reaches for something new, bringing something into breathtaking view (“tBut the effect of her being on those around he was incalculably diffusive: for the growing good of the world is partly dependent on unhistoric acts…”).", "\n\nThe challenge is verbal and analytical at once: what metric would be adequate for measuring what is wasted and lost in a life, for calculating influence and significant? ", "And even if such a metric were found, in numerical terms, then what would it mean, in verbal terms? ", "What would the judgment-laden verbal description of such numbers be?", "\n\nThe challenge arises simultaneous to the rise of statistics, to the swelling of evolutionary and geological time, to the acceleration in population growth, and to a related concern with self-cultivation and education.", "\n\nBut the real division might be best approached through Weber’s distinction, formed to grapple with a modernity nascent in 19th century Britain, between formal and substantive rationality. ", "The former (formal rationality) is, in the words of Weber’s intellectual biographer Fritz Ringer, characterized by “predictability and calculability in the legal environment of economic enterprise…[Weber] initially defined formal rationality in economic action as the degree to which calculation is technically possible and actually applied in it. ", "He further specified that money calculation is the indispensable means of maximizing the formal rationality of an enterprise. ", "Substantive rationality by contrast, is the degree to which the provisioning of human groups through economic action is guided by “normative postulates.” ", "In Weber’s own words, substantive rationality “puts forward demands of an ethical, political, utilitarian, hedonistic, status, egalitarian, or any other kind, in terms of which the results of economic action are assessed in a value-rational way.”", "\n\nI am suggesting that the notion substantive rationality be expanded to include the assessment of fruition in an individual life, or even the collective life of a civilization or society, determined by an aggregate of individuals.", "\n\nThe necessity and challenge (perhaps an impossibility) of substantive rationality in measuring the course and waste of a life prompts some of the great literature of the 19th century. ", "As is evident, substantive rationality does not abolish money as a unit of measurement, but it subsumes it within other metrics that do not allow for calculation and predictability. ", "For one moment at least in the intellectual history of the nineteenth-century, there was an alignment of the two: in the first flowering of Classical Political Economy, which historian Boyd Hilton labelled “evangelical economics” in the “Age of Atonement,” the thought was that the markets provided a guide to divine judgment, lessons for how to live, and punishments for those who failed to follow those lessons.", "\n\nBut hardly satisfied everyone; and the ideology of economic-atonement driving evangelical economics had dissipated by mid-century (when, Hilton asserts patly, the incarnation rather than the atonement had gained priority in structures of faith). ", "Besides, the struggle for authors would be different: though language, ineluctably normative in its functioning, can describe the terms and aims of substantive rationality, it struggles when confronted by formal rationality’s expectation to measure or calculate the gains and losses when substantive goals are met or fail to be met. ", "And such expectations infiltrate discourse over the century.", "\n\nI had at first thought to start the project with Wordsworth, but that now seems a wrong-step, or a step onto another path. ", "For Wordsworth encounters something similar but crucially different, and encounters his challenge for the first time in his poetry at the end of the unsettled, and unpublished, poem “The Ruined Cottage.” ", "Faced with the tragic death of Margaret after a painful erosion of her life the poet turns to the view site of her cottage to find consolation:\n\n.", "\n\nAt length towards the cottage I returned\n\nFondly, and traced with milder interest\n\nThat secret spirit of humanity\n\nWhich, mid the calm oblivious tendencies\n\nOf Nature, mid her plants, her weeds and flowers,\n\nAnd silent overgrowing, still survived.", "\n\n.", "\n\nWordsworth seeks to discern what influence a life can have on the world, and whether tragic losses can be redeemed; it is a perennial problem of tragedy, containing the subset of Victorian cases that interests me. ", "The pressure-point in the lines above is the word “survive,” and Wordsworth’s poetry investigates as much as any poetry what survival means, what value survival and endurance can have in itself. ", "But the Victorian cases that interest me can be distinguished from Wordsworth’s, although they share with him a preoccupation with waste and loss. ", "By the mid-nineteenth century, that is, it is not just loss of potential or waste of life that animates literature; it is reckoning with that waste and potential within a context teeming with claims that waste and loss ought to be measurable, or at least assessable by a publicly-verifiable, historically-neutral rubric.", "\n\nWordsworth is able, in his poem “The Old Cumberland Beggar,” to simply reject the “Statesmen” and their demand that the life of vagrants be put to productive ends in a workhouse, appealing instead to a vision of organic communal life that would conserve for its own sake; such an alternative rhetoric of valuation is still available to Wordsworth, writing not-so-long after Goldsmith’s “The Deserted Village,” at a time when Crabbe was a first-rate poet in the public eye, and Hannah More a hero of evangelical piety. ", "And even for those Statesmen who would place the beggar in a workhouse, their concern was as much with piety as with measurable economic output; labor was godly, as well as convenient for social organization. ", "The thought that there is a real problem with not assessing the waste of life in some way that could be verified, assessed, or calculated does not impinge on authors until much later–Carlyle perhaps is the first to strike against it, and with savage results, both in his survey of the contemporary scene and in his retrospective account of the French Revolution, which so disorients the reader as to provoke a hunger for rational assessment that Carlyle implies cannot be provided.", "\n\nIn Tennyson, we can see the inheritance of a fascination with endurance and bare survival from the earlier generations, Wordsworth’s and Keats’, meeting with a pervasive sensitivity to the rational calculability made possible by clock-time, coming to pervade the world with the standardization of the railway clocks across the nation (early 1840s), and with coordination of global time as telegraphic technology increased. ", "Ulysses despairs not only of a life that is wasted, but a life whose waste is counted out:\n\n.", "\n\nAs though to breathe were life. ", "Life piled on life\n\nWere all too little, and of one to me\n\nLittle remains: but every hour is saved\n\nFrom that eternal silence, something more,\n\nA bringer of new things.", "\n\n.", "\n\nBut for Ulysses, and for Tennyson himself in other poems, there is a need to assert oneself against the time parceled out by clocks, that beat out the lives of men; he sets sail to redeem the time that is left to him. ", "Tennyson’s sensitivity to clock-time, and his resistance to the order it imposes, is a resistance to one component of formal rationality. ", "Wordsworth also would redeem the time, but for Wordsworth, the time redeemed has not been calculated as it has been for Tennyson, and in Tennyson’s poems.", "\n\nFor Dickens, the cases are quite otherwise; the tragedies of his novels, and the near-tragedies, are often those who measure their own lives with an understanding of status and value that is imprisoned within the formally rational metrics of money; even fallen gentlemen, clinging to that title, cannot separate it from monetary distinction.", "\n\nBrowning’s dramatic monologues form part of the story here too: in “Andrea del Sarto,” and “The Bishop Orders His Tomb,” the specter of personal waste sits uneasily against the riches of the Renaissance civilization to which they belong, and the poems are tense with uncertainty as to how we are to measure the waste of human potential in the Renaissance when the calculability of wealth and objets d’art is blindingly grand. ", "At the same time, both poems present the destructive temptation that such wealth and assessable grandeur represents to those who produce, sustain, and are sustained by it. ", "In the best dramatic monologues, the proliferation of production, consequence, and value in a single life, at whatever historical removes, with whatever historical perspective Browning is afforded as he looks back, staggers the potential for adequate calculation; no ledger has rows and columns sufficient for the task. ", "They are defiantly anti-whiggish, refusing us the ability to neatly parse what has led to fruitful modern ends, and what has not; refusing us the summary judgments of Macaulay.", "\n\nAs interesting as cases that fit my narrative are those that do not; of these, Christina Rossetti stands out as a poet who, like Wordsworth and like Tennyson, writes with intensity and inventiveness about endurance, the waste of life, and the virtue of patience–but who is indifferent to the prospect and problem of calculating waste; it is not, for her, a human task. ", "But the poem’s are restless in the absence of such accounting; they throw their muscular effort into turning away from it, and waiting instead, in a struggle of patience, for God’s final word.", "\n\nCentral to it all is George Eliot: her novels, especially the late novels, Romola, Middlemarch, and Deronda are experiments in straddling the contradictions between formal and substantive rationalities in a rhetoric that accepts the charge of the first while answering the demands for the second; accepting that waste and potential can be described, without accepting that they can be reduced to calculable means, and struggling as a consequence with a description that feels warranted and fair, that does justice also to what it means to speak of life in such a context at all." ]
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[ "Conventional piston-based compressors use mechanical seals to resist leakage at the expense of additional mechanical friction. ", "This type of compressor requires the design of dynamic seals that are typically a significant source of inefficiency, both volumetrically and mechanically, while the piston applies the work to the fluid in a compression chamber.", "\nOne existing advancement that has some limited applications is the use of roll-sock seals in air compressors. ", "These designs use a compliant diaphragm material to improve efficiency of the mechanical piston seal by replacing the sliding seal with a rolling contact of the diaphragm on the piston chamber or piston while the piston continues to do the work on the fluid in the compression chamber. ", "Such compressors use roll sock seals to eliminate fluid flow through small gaps internal to the compressor and are not mechanically designed to survive the large forces experienced when exposed to larger areas. ", "As a result, this type of roll sock seal does not reduce the mechanical burden of internal loading and high tolerances that are typical of even standard compressors.", "\nRoll socks are generally constructed from elastomers, and elastomers with fiber reinforcement (ideally but not always axial). ", "The roll sock tube must be sufficiently compliant to fit both the inside cylinder diameter and the outside piston diameter, between which two diameters it rolls. ", "It must also be sufficiently thin and compliant to continuously bend in a full semicircle between the two, without compromising fatigue life and while resisting a useful pressure. ", "These geometrically imposed longevity and environment constraints limit the utility of roll sock seals to relatively specialist applications.", "\nAdditionally, diaphragm compressors are known in the art. ", "However, the displacement of such diaphragm compressors is generally small for higher strength lower elastic range more rigid diaphragm materials. ", "Mechanically driven diaphragm pumps can use elastomer diaphragms, at low pressures, and higher strength materials, including steels, at higher pressures. ", "Diaphragm pumps tend to have low power-to-weight ratios due to use of low strength elastic diaphragm materials or low displacement high strength diaphragm materials that operate in bending instead of in tension, as per an ideal thin wall pressure vessel.", "\nDue to the low deflection capability of high strength semi rigid materials that are conventionally used in such systems, diaphragm pumps also tend to have large diameters and short strokes, not only departing substantially from the form of an ideal pressure vessel, but also having low volume, which results in low power. ", "Diaphragms that use highly elastic materials so as to achieve greater strokes and volumes generally do so by using low-strength materials, which reduce power-to-weight ratio, operating pressure, and can reduce longevity or cycle life of such diaphragms.", "\nIn view of the foregoing, a need exists for an improved compressor system and method in an effort to overcome the aforementioned obstacles and deficiencies of conventional compressor systems.", "\nIt should be noted that the figures are not drawn to scale and that elements of similar structures or functions are generally represented by like reference numerals for illustrative purposes throughout the figures. ", "It also should be noted that the figures are only intended to facilitate the description of the preferred embodiments. ", "The figures do not illustrate every aspect of the described embodiments and do not limit the scope of the present disclosure." ]
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[ "Microencapsulation of human parathyroid cells: an \"in vitro\" study.", "\nPatients affected by hypoparathyroidism of variable etiology are currently treated with exogenously administered vitamin D and calcium. ", "Human parathyroid transplantation has long been investigated as a possible mean of treating these patients to prevent long-term hypocalcemia. ", "However, the main obstacle for this treatment is represented by tissue rejection. ", "A reliable method to efficiently protect the transplanted tissue from rejection and to allow long-term survival of the graft is the encapsulation of tissues or cells in alginate-polylysine-alginate membranes, which were successfully used for encapsulation of islets of Langerhans. ", "The microencapsulation of parathyroid tissue fragments or of parathyroid cells becomes, therefore, a potential approach for the successful treatment of permanent symptomatic hypoparathyroidism without pharmacological immunosuppression. ", "We describe microencapsulation of differentiated human parathyroid cells derived from adenoma or hyperplastic glands. ", "Long-term viability, cell growth, and parathyroid hormone production of microencapsulated cells were evaluated together with responsiveness to extracellular Ca(2+). ", "Microencapsulated parathyroid cells maintained proliferative and differentiative properties for a long term in culture with a good response to extracellular Ca(2+) concentration. ", "These findings represent a crucial step toward the construction of functional bioartificial parathyroid organoids for the treatment of hypoparathyroidism in humans." ]
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[ "Q:\n\nForeach loop seems to destroy the array in Laravel / PHP 7\n\nI have a simple CRUD item called Filters. ", "In here each filter is assigned to a category with a foreign key. ", "What I am trying to do is loop through each foregin key to get the category name rather than id to display to the user.", "\nI get all filters first and performed a die/dump to check all results were there and they are.", "\nWhen trying to assign the category name to the correct array item I get this error:\n\"Indirect modification of overloaded element of App\\Filter has no effect\"\nSo to check what's happening I have die/dumped inside the foreach loop and the exact same data has now disappeared. ", "Even if I just put a foreach loop in with no modiifcaiton of the original array, when I pass this back to the view it has been unset.", "\nAM I being very naive and not realising something this foreach loop does that destroys this data???", "\nI have copied my code below and commented where the dd works and doesn't;\npublic function show()\n{ \n $filter = [];\n $filter['filters'] = Filter::all();\n\n //dd($filter['filters']); --this works fine here\n foreach($filter['filters'] AS $key => $filter){\n //dd($filter['filters']); --this returns null here\n $category = Category::where('id', $filter->category)->first();\n $filter['filters'][$key]->category = $category->category;\n }\n\n return view('admin.crud.filters.index')->with('filter', $filter);\n}\n\nA:\n\nDon't re-initialize a variable or different data-type with same name\nTry to change the $filter to something else in foreach loop. ", "Because you already have an array with same name.", "\nDo something like:\nforeach($filter['filters'] AS $key => $f){...}\n\n" ]
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[ "The FADER has included a feature story on Nicki Minaj in its upcoming Fall Fashion issue, for which Nicki goes au natural in her photo spread. ", "While the Carrie Battan-penned piece reeks of P.R.-sanitized “introspection,” it’s worth reading for several reasons.", "\n\n1. ", "Nicki doesn’t outright address her relationship status after Battan inquires, but there is a noted awkwardness that arises when it’s asked. ", "So that Safaree Samuels guy–who makes a couple of appearances in Battan’s piece–maybe-might be Nicki’s longtime boyfriend or fiancé. ", "Sorry, bros.", "\n\n2. ", "Drake is Drake, even to Nicki Minaj:\n\n[Nicki’s third album, ‘The Pink Print’ is] set to feature hit-makers like Dr. Luke, Ester Dean, Boi-1da and Detail, and she’d like to get Rihanna in the mix. ", "Drake will contribute, too, though “he’s unpredictable,” she says.", "\n\nOne of Nicki’s favorite topics is Lil Wayne…. “", "But I don’t think I’ll ever feel like he’s my peer because of how much he’s done for me. ", "I’ll always think of him like…” she pauses, grins and breathlessly bats her painted eyelashes like a starstruck teen. “", "Like the king.”", "\n\nNicki has floated the idea of doing a massive tour to perform strictly old mixtape tracks “for my diehard fans from five or six years ago,” she says. “", "But it’s hard. ", "No matter what, you kind of need the people who know you from the mainstream to fill those venues.”", "\n\n5. ", "She also addresses the Iggy Azalea “beef” and makes a good point about the position many female emcees often find themselves in:\n\nBy the time of our interview, Nicki has clearly spent some time thinking about the speech, and she’s got her spiel prepared. “", "My point of saying what I said was that women need to have a perspective,” she starts off. “", "If we’re out here saying that we’re so confident, and we’re so this and so that, but we don’t even trust ourselves to write down our own thoughts and spit it on a beat?” ", "She’s getting ignited, her volume picking up. “", "It just doesn’t add up.”", "\n\n“Unfortunately, the Iggy Azalea business overshadowed a far more curious part of her BET acceptance speech, a disturbing aside about fame: “The other day, I really thought I was about to die… And I didn’t call the ambulance, because I thought, ‘Well, if I call the ambulance, it’s going to be on TMZ,’” she said. “", "And it made me realize: I don’t care what anybody gotta say. ", "I’ma do me. ", "I’ma do me.” ", "When I ask about the health scare that prompted her revelation, she dodges the question by responding in vague, broad strokes: “I was making a point to say that the business kills so many people and we don’t even realize it,” she says. “", "I can only imagine how many people in this business have died because they may not have wanted to… to be embarrassed publicly. ", "We care so much about what the world thinks that we don’t live, really.” ", "But what had happened to her? ", "Had she fainted or had a panic attack? “", "I don’t even want to talk about it,” she says, avoiding eye contact.”", "\n\nIt’s not the revealing profile that many would have wanted from the press-shy Minaj, but it’s something. ", "And hey, at least she’s copping to the fact that she’s a mainstream artist and not a rap darling anymore.", "\n\n-yall wanna see some Reed Richards level reaching? ", "here you go\nremember on drakes album how he spoke about not being as close to nicki and he took the blame for that himself.", "\ni think, the 1st verse of Pills n Potions is for drake. ", "it fits perfectly.", "\n\n-thats a beautiful pic of nicki, looking like an around the way girl. ", "ppl mad about cover art making girls act like thots, this can have the opposite effect of letting regular looking girls know that theyre good enough to be on magazine covers as well.", "\n\nI don’t know what y all seeing cuz shawty look wack to me it shows honestly I know mad regular girls killing her out here but a style team works wonders. ", "I applaud her for it though cuz it will inspire some like ,” damn I look better than her without the makeup maybe I am good enough. “", "\n\nIDGAF this cover or the Anaconda cover, I’m sportin her either way. ", "I’ll fight Sarafee ass in a steelcage death match for Nicki’s fake cakes\n\nBy: RealNigga\n\n08.05.2014 @ 6:27 PM\n\nShe looks exactly like Chaka Khan. ", "The young Chaka Khan that is. ", "Twins. ", "Kinda eerie.", "\n\nWhy is she still shading Iggy Azalea though? ", "Tip already said he aint write shit for Iggy Azalea. ", "There was a time when people thought Wayne & Drake wrote Nicki’s lyrics too. ", "She may need to chill on that angle. ", "Or she might be hearing those footsteps" ]
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[ "Q:\n\nWPF MVVM VB.Net multiple views application\n\nHelp! ", "It's been a week now I've started to try and build a MVVM application in VB.NET. ", "Unfortunately 98% of the documentation is C# oriented. ", "I found some clues but I still have not all the answers ...\nWhat I want to do:\nAn application with 3 views: loginView, View1 and View2. ", "If no user connected the the loginView is displayed (which is ok). ", "When user is connected, then I should load View1 or View2 regarding his permissions.", "\nIt should be quite simple but as I hardly find the pieces of this puzzle I almost lost all of my hair ...\nFirst issue:\nIn the loginView how can I check the user credentials?", "\nAs I can't bind any property to the PasswordBox, I found some doc saying I should do it this way:\n<Button x:Name=\"btnLogin\" Content=\"Log in\"\n Command=\"{Binding Path=AuthenticateUser}\"\n CommandParameter=\"{Binding ElementName=txtPassword}\"/>\n\nBut if I managed to execute a command without parameters, I can't find how to execute a command WITH parameters. ", "Any simple idea?", "\nTo run a command from a button, I use the relayCommand class found there: Implementing RelayCommand (MVVM) in VB.NET: Syntax problems\nSo I defined a property like this:\n Dim _relayCmd As New RelayCommand(AddressOf Authentication)\n Public ReadOnly Property AuthenticateUser As ICommand\n Get\n Return _relayCmd\n End Get\n End Property\n\n ' Authentication method\n Private Sub Authentication(ByVal _passwordBox As PasswordBox)\n\n 'do something...\n End Sub\n\nSecond issue: \nOnce the user is connected, how I switch to View1 or View2? ", "I read some doc saying I should use an observablecollection of my views and navigate through it. ", "But I should change the datacontext of my MainWindowView. ", "Still haven't found the right way in VB.", "\nI don't want you to do everything for me instead I would like to find an easy tutorial that can explain clearly how it works in VB.", "\nThanks for your help!", "\n\nA:\n\nYou could cast the command parameter to a PasswordBox:\nDim _relayCmd As New RelayCommand(AddressOf Authentication, Function(obj As Object)\nReturn True\nEnd Function)\nPublic ReadOnly Property AuthenticateUser As ICommand\n Get\n Return _relayCmd\n End Get\nEnd Property\n\nPrivate Sub Authentication(ByVal _passwordBox As Object)\n Dim passwordBox = TryCast(_passwordBox, PasswordBox)\n 'do something...\nEnd Sub\n\nAs for your second issue you haven't provided enough details. ", "But please ask another question if you have another issue.", "\n\n" ]
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[ "Greenville’s Shepard signs to play soccer at Manchester University\n\nGREENVILLE – Greenville Lady Wave senior Maddie Shephard, the daughter of Stef and Steve Shepard signed Saturday to play college soccer for the Manchester University Lady Spartans, playing in the Heartland Collegiate Athletic Conference.", "\n\n“It means everything,” Shepard said of signing to play college soccer. “", "I’ve been playing this sport since I was eight years old and I’ve always had a good support system, so it’s nice that I will be able to take it to the next level.”", "\n\n“It makes me proud that we are nurturing that type of atmosphere, that they are going on and playing this sport in college,” said GHS second year Lady Wave soccer coach Jason Arnold. “", "As a coach you couldn’t be happier when they take that to next level.”", "\n\nShepard’s father Steve was a major influence in Maddie’s ‘support system’ having coached his daughter since she first stepped on a soccer field, including head varsity coach of the Green Wave ladies soccer team both her freshman and sophomore seasons. ", "Maddie’s mother Stef was always supportive of her daughter’s soccer career as well.", "\n\n“My dad coached me. ", "He was my first coach and I owe everything to him. ", "He taught me soccer and he showed me the love for the game. ", "I’ll never be able to pay them back. ", "They’re great,” Shepard said of her parents.", "\n\nShepard would like to help get the Lady Spartans Women’s soccer program get back to winning as the team stands at 0-13 on the 2017 season.", "\n\n“Where ever they need me,” Shepard said of how she sees herself fitting in with the Lady Spartans. “", "In all my past years I’ve been able to play any position, so where ever I can fit in I’ll try my best to help.”", "\n\n“My goal is to come in and play as a freshman,” added Shepard, “and be able to play and contribute to the team.”", "\n\nMaddie’s father took time to reflect on the many days and years teaching and coaching his daughter the sport of soccer.", "\n\n“There were a lot of tough moments between her and I,” noted Shepard. “", "I was hard on her. ", "She always put the work in, she hung with it a lot of times when I thought maybe I had gone too far, but she still has such a passion for the sport. ", "She was practicing in the side yard today burning off nervous energy for the game tonight. ", "She has worked so hard and she deserves everything she gets.”", "\n\nCoach Arnold had high marks for his team Captain, for her leadership both on and off the field.", "\n\n“There is no one more transparent where she’s at, what she stands for, and you know what she’s all about,” stated Arnold. “", "It’s wonderful that she is as true a person as there is. ", "It’s great to see her succeed.”" ]
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[ "Find a Compassionate Doctor\nto Help You Prevent Vaccine Injuries\n\nVaccination: It’s your health, your family, your choice.", "\n\nEver since the first vaccines – smallpox and rabies vaccines – one of the most serious complications of vaccination has been brain inflammation.1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Brain inflammation can cause convulsions, also known as seizures.8 Continuing seizures can permanently damage the brain over time.9\n\nIn fact, for the first 40 years that the pertussis vaccine was given to children in the DPT shot, pediatricians were told: “Do not give any more pertussis vaccines to children who develop seizures within 72 hours of a DPT vaccination.", "”10,11,12,13 Convulsions were an absolute contraindication to more DPT shots, especially if they occurred without a fever.", "\n\nProtecting Children Vulnerable to Vaccine Reactions\n\nBut that changed after Congress passed a 1986 law shielding doctors and vaccine manufacturers from vaccine injury lawsuits.14 Once pediatricians were protected from lawsuits,15 public health officials and medical trade associations such as the American Academy of Pediatrics, said serious vaccine reactions – such as seizures (1 child in 14,000),16 high-pitched screaming and collapse/shock (hypotonic hyporesponsive episodes) – weren’t all that important.17,18,19\n\nSo today, it is really up to parents to find a doctor they can trust, who will take the precautionary approach to giving more vaccines in the face of previous vaccine reactions, like seizures, especially if the child has symptoms of brain injury.", "\n\nOn NVIC’s Vaccine Freedom Wall at NVIC.org, mothers are posting descriptions of how they have been threatened and punished with dismissal from pediatric practices when they try to protect their children from vaccine reactions.", "\n\nHere is one Mom’s story:\n\n“After receiving her first vaccines, including DPT, my daughter began to have violent seizures, which continued but lessened over the next year. ", "On many occasions, pediatricians have attempted to bully me into allowing more vaccinations for her. ", "Telling them about her seizures, I refuse and tell each of them ‘unless you will personally guarantee, in writing, that there will be no adverse reactions so I can sue you if there are, then I won’t do it.’ ", "Not a single doctor has taken me up on my offer,” she said.", "\n\n“My daughter is now diagnosed with autism. ", "After we moved, we had to get another doctor and, after a year when I wouldn’t change my mind about more vaccines, he told me he wouldn’t be our doctor anymore. ", "I went to another doctor, who wouldn’t even take us into his practice. ", "We finally found someone who understands. ", "She is an awesome pediatrician! ", "So something good came of it in the end,” she said.", "\n\nThe Precautionary Approach: Children Are Not All the Same\n\nThere are enlightened pediatricians, who do take the precautionary approach to vaccination because they care about preventing vaccine reactions, injuries and deaths. ", "They want to be partners with parents in making personalized health care decisions for children because they know that children are not all the same20 and that some children are not able to handle the process of vaccination.21\n\nPlease don’t be afraid to stand up for your human right to protect your child from harm. ", "Especially if your child has already experienced a vaccine reaction, search until you find a compassionate pediatrician or family practice doctor who will work with you to make the best health care decisions for your child.", "\n\nIt’s your health, your family, your choice.", "\n\nCA Bill to Restrict Personal Belief Exemption Passes\n\nOn Aug. 27 an amended California bill (AB2109) to restrict a parent’s ability to obtain a personal belief exemption to vaccination for their child to attend school, passed the Assembly by a vote of 49 to 24. ", "The bill will force parents filing a non-medical exemption to pay for an appointment with a medical doctor or state-designated medical worker and ask for a signature that permits the parent to obtain an exemption for religious, conscientious or philosophical beliefs.", "\n\nSchool Nurses, Not Pharmacists Can Sign the Form\n\nThe bill was vigorously debated on the Senate floor on Aug. 24 after an amendment had been added to allow school nurses to sign the personal belief exemption form but denied pharmacists the right to sign the form due to opposition from the bill’s sponsor, pediatrician Richard Pan, M.D. (D-Sacramento). ", "There are fewer than 2500 nurses working in California’s 10,000 schools but there are more than 300,000 pharmacists working in local drug stores.", "\n\nContact Governor Jerry Brown and Make Your Voice Heard\n\nIf Governor Jerry Brown signs AB2109 into law, it will take effect on Jan. 1, 2014. ", "If you want to tell Governor Brown what you think about AB2109, sign up for NVIC’s Advocacy Portal and be put in touch with him with the touch of your iPhone screen or click of a computer mouse." ]
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[ "NORTH HOLLYWOOD, CA — A teaching assistant at Oxnard Street Elementary School has been pulled from the classroom after several young students accused him of inappropriate touching.", "\n\nPolice are investigating the assistant, and, in the meantime, the man will not have contact with children, according to the Los Angeles Police Department and the Los Angeles Unified School District The mother of a fifth-grade student at the school, 10912 Oxnard St., told reporters outside the campus that as many as eight students may have been inappropriately touched. ", "She explained how she found out that her daughter was one of the girls allegedly touched by the man.", "\n\n\"I was called yesterday by the school principal letting me know that one of the teacher's assistants had touched my daughter inappropriately, along with seven other little girls,\" the unidentified mother told KTLA5. \"", "I spoke with him personally, and yes, he believes it. ", "He was very sorry that this happened, but the eight girls came into the office together and spoke up.\" ", "The school district vowed to take the allegations seriously, assuring parents the district \"takes all allegations of misconduct seriously and remains committed to the safety and well-being of students.\"", "\n\nAnother mother said her daughter was scared about what she was asked to do by the teacher's assistant. \"", "There are more things that has been happening to the other girls, my daughter told me,\" the mother said. \"", "He was asking the girls to be on their hands and knees, and started touching her on her back. ", "When my daughter told me that I was really, really upset.\"", "\n\nLos Angeles police Capt. ", "McNeill Gardner said criminal or not, the alleged actions were concerning.", "\n\n\"As a parent, my children are grown now, if any instructor is touching my children in a way, even though it may not be criminal, that cause my children to be uncomfortable or cause me as a parent to be uncomfortable, it is clearly not the behavioral expectations we would want from our educators,\" Gardner said." ]
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[ "Movie Search\n\nCutthroat Island\n\nCutthroat Island is a pirate adventure about Morgan Adams, a female pirate, King George, her trusty monkey, a ship, the Morning Star, and a piece of a treasure map. ", "The Morning Star was left to her by her father, Pirate Captain Harry Adams, who was murdered by his brother, Dawg Brown. ", "After the death of her father, Morgan convinces the crew to join her in finding the treasure. ", "However, they are missing two pieces of the map which are in the possession of her two uncles, Mortichi, and Dawg. ", "Since Morgan has vowed revenge upon Dawg for her father's death, she decides to get Mortichi's piece of the map first and try to convince him to join her against his brother. ", "This way she can avenge her father's death and at the same time get Dawg's piece of the map. ", "Because the map is in Latin, Morgan must find someone willing to cooperate with pirates who can translate the map but be expendable if they are too greedy. ", "Morgan sails into Port Royal, Jamaica and discovers that the governor is planning an auction the next day and that Willy Shaw, presently in jail, will be auctioned off. ", "The reports that she has received indicate that Willy can speak Latin. ", "With this information, she gets dressed in all her female finery and pays a visit to him in prison. ", "After seeing Willy, Morgan decides to purchase him at the auction. ", "Unfortunately, Morgan is not the only one interested and a betting war begins between herself and another gentlemen. ", "This brings attention to Morgan and her entourage, which in turn causes her to be recognized by one of the military personnel. ", "Morgan pays for her purchase and the group separates, agreeing to meet at the ship. ", "She takes Willy with her and a wild chase ensues as the two are pursued after stealing a carriage and four white horses. ", "However, this is just the beginning of the adventure as they battle pirates on the high seas and on land before finally finding Cutthroat Island and the treasure.", "\n\nFeatured Animal Action\n\nThe monkey, King George, is seen throughout the film doing a variety of tricks, such as sitting on a cage, putting his hands over his mouth, saluting, running down a table, sitting on an actor's shoulder as they are walking, picking up various objects, lifting up a lid and poking his head out, holding a prop gun and supposedly loading a gun. ", "The monkey was trained for all of his behavioral stunts in pre-production. ", "His trainer placed him on his mark using verbal and visual commands to cue him with food as a reward. ", "When Morgan is being chased by the military, she steals a carriage and she and Willy race through the village. ", "Lt. ", "Trotter leads the military on horseback as they pursue Morgan and Willy past street vendors, livestock and peasants, causing havoc in the streets. ", "A street vendor's fish cart is overturned as soldiers chase the carriage. ", "Two soldiers ride up alongside the carriage and jump from their horses onto the vehicle. ", "A horse is seen hitting a cart and the cart breaks apart as it makes contact with the horse's chest. ", "In another scene, Morgan goes to a pirate island looking for her uncle Mortichi. ", "Upon arriving, she finds out that Dawg is also there, so she disguises herself as a prostitute and goes in search of Mortichi. ", "While walking through the streets of the pirate community, they pass vendors in the streets. ", "A fish vendor is seen cutting off the head of a dead fish, and a man holds a large snake in the air. ", "The snake was animatronic. ", "There is a scene where Mr. Reid, a traitor on board Morgan's ship, successfully copies the map. ", "He is seen afterwards releasing a pigeon. ", "There is another scene on the island when Dawg catches Morgan and trys to find out where the treasure is hidden. ", "He ties her down to stakes in the sand and applies maggots to her back to coerce her into talking. ", "When they arrive on the island, various exotic animal sounds are heard in the background. ", "Turtles, a snake and a lizard are seen crawling on the ground in various scenes. ", "In another scene on the island, Morgan finds Willy in the cave with the treasure. ", "The tide has come in and all that can be seen of him is his head with a rat crawling on it. ", "As Morgan rescues Willy, other rats are seen crawling on the crates of treasure around him. ", "There is a scene when Dawg is sleeping and a spider is seen crawling up his chest. ", "He grabs the spider and later opens his hand and all that is seen is blood on his palm, giving the appearance that the insect was crushed. ", "Cutthroat Island was filmed on location in Malta and Thailand. ", "American Humane was not present on the set but verified the animal action involving the monkey, with his trainer. ", "This action was done according to American Humane Association Guidelines. ", "However, after repeated attempts to contact the other various trainers who handled the other animals and receiving no response, we must rate Cutthroat Island \"Questionable\" because of the horse action." ]
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[ "\n282 S.W.3d 801 (2008)\nMario CLARK, Appellant,\nv.\nSTATE of Arkansas, Appellee.", "\nNo. ", "CR 06-1397.", "\nSupreme Court of Arkansas.", "\nApril 10, 2008.", "\n*802 Mario Clark, pro se.", "\nDustin McDaniel, Att'y Gen., by: Vada Berger, Ass't Att'y Gen., for appellee.", "\nPAUL DANIELSON, Justice.", "\nAppellant Mario Clark appeals from the circuit court's denial of his petition pursuant to Ark. R.Crim. ", "P. 37. ", "He asserts two points on appeal: (1) that the circuit court erred in denying his Rule 37 petition because he was improperly convicted and sentenced for attempted capital murder, first-degree battery, and aggravated robbery, and (2) that his counsel was ineffective because counsel failed to make an objection as to whether the circuit court could enter convictions and sentences for all the charges. ", "We hold that the circuit court did not clearly err and affirm the circuit court's order.", "\nThe record reveals that on June 3, 2003, Clark was tried by a jury for the robbery of Cherry Street Liquor Store, which occurred October 16, 2001. ", "In the process of the robbery, Clark used a .38 caliber revolver and fired two shots at the store *803 clerk, Mr. John Grider, for not cooperating. ", "While Grider was not fatally injured, he was injured by the second shot, which struck him in the leg. ", "The jury found Clark guilty of aggravated robbery, first-degree battery, and attempted capital murder and sentenced him to 72 months' imprisonment for attempted capital murder, 60 months' imprisonment for first-degree battery, and 120 months' imprisonment for aggravated robbery. ", "The court of appeals affirmed in Clark v. State, 94 Ark.App. ", "5, 223 S.W.3d 66 (2006).", "\nOn March 22, 2006, Clark filed a Rule 37 petition with the circuit court, which alleged four grounds for relief: (1) ineffective assistance of counsel; (2) double jeopardy; (3) denial of a fair and impartial trial; and (4) denial of due process of law. ", "The circuit court denied Clark's petition on August 31, 2006, and Clark filed his notice of appeal on September 18, 2006.", "\nClark's robbery of Cherry Street Liquor Store violated several statutes; however, the issue in the instant appeal is whether his convictions on all three charges of aggravated robbery, first-degree battery, and attempted capital murder violated double jeopardy. ", "While the circuit court found that Clark could not raise a double-jeopardy violation because he had not raised it at trial or on appeal, such a claim may be raised for the first time in a Rule 37 petition. ", "See Rowbottom v. State, 341 Ark. 33, 13 S.W.3d 904 (2000).", "\nUnder the standard of review for a proceeding on a Rule 37.1 petition, the denial of postconviction relief is not reversed unless the circuit court's findings are clearly erroneous or clearly against the preponderance of the evidence. ", "See O'Connor v. State, 367 Ark. 173, 238 S.W.3d 104 (2006). ", "A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there is evidence to support it, the appellate court after reviewing the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed. ", "See Flores v. State, 350 Ark. 198, 85 S.W.3d 896 (2002).", "\nArkansas law provides three distinct ways in which an offense qualifies as a lesser-included offense. ", "See McCoy v. State, 347 Ark. 913, 69 S.W.3d 430 (2002). ", "Under Ark.Code Ann. § ", "5-1-110(b) (Supp. ", "2007), if any of the three criteria are met, an offense is a lesser-included offense of another:\n(1) Is established by proof of the same or less than all of the elements required to establish the commission of the offense charged;\n(2) Consists of an attempt to commit the offense charged or to commit an offense otherwise included within the offense charged; or\n(3) Differs from the offense charged only in the respect that a less serious injury or risk of injury to the same person, property, or public interest or a lesser kind of culpable mental state suffices to establish the offense's commission.", "\nArk.Code Ann. § ", "5-1-110(b).", "\nTherefore, the relevant statutes must be reviewed to determine whether aggravated robbery is a lesser-included offense of attempted capital murder and whether first-degree battery is a lesser-included offense of aggravated robbery.", "\n\nA. Attempted Capital Murder & Aggravated Robbery\nClark cites Rowe v. State, 275 Ark. 37, 627 S.W.2d 16 (1982), and Barnum v. State, 276 Ark. 477, 637 S.W.2d 534 (1982), as authority for the proposition that a defendant may not be sentenced on both a charged felony and an underlying felony, as the underlying felony is a lesser-included offense. ", "Indeed, this was once the law; *804 however, Ark.Code Ann. § ", "5-1-110(d)(1) changed that law. ", "See Walker v. State, 353 Ark. 12, 110 S.W.3d 752 (2003). ", "Section 5-1-110(d)(1) (Repl.1997)[1] states, in pertinent part, as follows: \"Notwithstanding any provision of law to the contrary, separate convictions and sentences are authorized for: (A) Capital murder, § 5-10-101, and any felonies utilized as underlying felonies for the murder[.]\" ", "Circuit courts now have specific authority to sentence a defendant for the underlying felony of the capital murder, as well as the murder itself. ", "See Walker v. State, supra.", "\nClark was charged with attempted capital murder under Ark.Code Ann. § ", "5-3-201. ", "An individual may be convicted of attempting to commit an offense if:\n(a) A person attempts to commit an offense if he or she purposely engages in conduct that:\n(1) Would constitute an offense if the attendant circumstances were as the person believes them to be; or\n(2) Constitutes a substantial step in a course of conduct intended to culminate in the commission of an offense whether or not the attendant circumstances are as the person believes them to be.", "\n(b) When causing a particular result is an element of the offense, a person commits the offense of criminal attempt if, acting with the kind of culpable mental state otherwise required for the commission of the offense, the person purposely engages in conduct that constitutes a substantial step in a course of conduct intended or known to cause the particular result.", "\n(c) Conduct is not a substantial step under this section unless the conduct is strongly corroborative of the person's criminal purpose.", "\nArk.Code Ann. § ", "5-3-201 (Repl.2006).", "\nIn the instant case, robbery was used as the underlying felony for the attempted-capital-murder charge. ", "Therefore, the elements required for Clark to be convicted of attempted capital murder were that he committed or attempted to commit robbery, and, in the course of or in flight from such robbery, caused the death of a person under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life. ", "See Ark.Code Ann. § ", "5-10-101(a)(1) (Supp.2006). ", "We have held that the required intent when a person is killed in the course of committing a felony, here robbery, is the intent to commit the felony, and not the intent to commit murder. ", "See Jordan v. State, 356 Ark. 248, 147 S.W.3d 691 (2004); Isom v. State, 356 Ark. 156, 148 S.W.3d 257 (2004); Jones v. State, 336 Ark. 191, 984 S.W.2d 432 (1999).", "\nFor an aggravated-robbery charge, the first required element is the commission of the robbery itself. ", "See Ark.Code Ann. § ", "5-12-103 (Repl.2006). ", "In addition, that person must have also either: (1) been armed with a deadly weapon, (2) represented by words or conduct that they were armed with a deadly weapon, or (3) inflicted or attempted to inflict death or serious physical injury upon another. ", "See id.\nHere, the circuit court instructed the jury as to all the elements possible for aggravated robbery, and the jury returned a general verdict, failing to specify the ground upon which the verdict rested. ", "Therefore, if any one of the elements for aggravated robbery renders Clark's conviction for both aggravated robbery and attempted capital murder in violation of double jeopardy, the circuit court erred in denying his Rule 37 petition.", "\n*805 However, aggravated robbery is not a lesser-included offense of attempted capital murder. ", "While an aggravated-robbery charge shares the intent to rob with attempted capital murder, aggravated robbery also requires one of three other elements. ", "Two of those elements, being armed with a deadly weapon, or representing as such, are unique to aggravated robbery. ", "The third possible element of aggravated robbery is having inflicted or attempted to inflict death or serious physical injury upon another. ", "This element is not equivalent to the element in attempted capital murder that the defendant, in the course of or in flight from such robbery, caused the death of a person under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life. ", "For the offense of attempted capital murder, the focus of the intent remains on the actual robbery, whereas in aggravated robbery the focus is on the intent to inflict death or serious physical injury.", "\nThus, we conclude that aggravated robbery is not a lesser-included offense of attempted capital murder under section 5-1-110(b) and, accordingly, that the circuit court did not err in denying Clark's Rule 37 petition on that point.", "\n\nB. Aggravated Robbery & First-Degree Battery\nThe remaining issue is whether first-degree battery is a lesser-included offense of aggravated robbery. ", "The charging instrument and the jury instructions were both limited to the second definition of battery listed in Ark.Code Ann. § ", "5-13-201(a)(1)(Repl.1997). ", "Therefore, the State had to prove that Clark, with the purpose of causing physical injury to another person, caused physical injury by means of a firearm, to convict him of first-degree battery.", "\nAs previously noted, the elements of aggravated robbery include the robbery itself, plus one of the following elements: (1) the defendant was armed with a deadly weapon, (2) the defendant represented by words or conduct that they were armed with a deadly weapon, or (3) the defendant inflicted or attempted to inflict death or serious physical injury upon another. ", "See Ark.Code Ann. ", "5-12-103 (Repl.2006).", "\nFirst-degree battery is not a lesser-included offense of aggravated robbery as it is not established by proof of the same or less than all of the elements required to prove aggravated robbery. ", "First-degree battery, as defined by the instructions in this case, requires proof of a purpose of causing any physical injury to another person. ", "Such a requirement is not needed for aggravated robbery, unless the aggravated robbery is shown by proof that the defendant inflicted or attempted to inflict death or serious physical injury. ", "However, even if the aggravated robbery is established with proof that the defendant inflicted or attempted to inflict death or serious physical injury, only first-degree battery contains the unique proof of the use of a firearm to cause injury.", "\nFurthermore, first-degree battery simply requires proof of a purpose of causing some kind of physical injury. ", "Aggravated robbery requires proof of a robbery, either with a deadly weapon, a representation that the defendant is armed with a deadly weapon, or the infliction/attempted infliction of death or serious physical injury on another. ", "As previously noted, the risk of injury is not the only difference between the two crimes. ", "First-degree battery requires proof of the use of a firearm, whereas aggravated robbery does not; aggravated robbery requires proof of a robbery, whereas first-degree battery does not. ", "Thus, we conclude that first-degree battery is not a lesser-included offense of aggravated robbery under section 5-1-110(b).", "\n*806 Clark's final point on appeal is that his attorney was ineffective for failing to move the circuit court to limit the judgment of conviction to one charge. ", "However, as the State avers, this argument was not preserved for appellate review. ", "Clark failed to raise this issue at the circuit court level and, as a result, the circuit court did not provide a ruling. ", "Therefore, Clark is procedurally barred from raising this issue on appeal. ", "See Howard v. State, 367 Ark. 18, 238 S.W.3d 24 (2006).", "\nBecause aggravated robbery is not a lesser-included offense of attempted capital murder, and first-degree battery is not a lesser-included offense of aggravated robbery, the circuit court did not err in denying Clark's Rule 37 petition.", "\nAffirmed.", "\nNOTES\n[1] While there are more current versions of this statute, they have been amended since the time of Clark's convictions.", "\n" ]
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[ "News Releases\n\nE. Providence Company Faces Fine for Ammonia Violations\n\n(Boston, Oct. 5, 2010) – Tanner Industries, an East Providence, R.I., company that distributes ammonia, faces a $149,080 penalty for violating federal regulations meant to prevent chemical accidents, according to a recent complaint by EPA.", "\n\nTanner operates ammonia distribution facilities across the country, including one in East Providence, and is subject to the Clean Air Act’s risk management planning requirements because ammonia is an extremely hazardous substance. ", "Although Tanner has a risk management plan, EPA’s New England office is proposing to fine Tanner for a deficiency in its plan concerning the failure to anticipate the problems that could arise if an ammonia release occurred at the East Providence facility during periods when the facility is unstaffed. ", "In a separate administrative order issued in June 2009, EPA New England ordered Tanner to correct these deficiencies, and Tanner is cooperating, according to EPA.", "\n\nThe facility is not routinely staffed except when ammonia is transported into or out of the facility. ", "Tanner’s primary emergency plan is to rely on local emergency responders to respond to any ammonia releases, although the facility has no automatic ammonia sensors to alert emergency responders of potential releases. ", "The facility is about a tenth of a mile from a residential neighborhood, and even closer to other public businesses.", "\n\nAccording to the complaint filed by EPA, Tanner failed to do the required analyses or take precautions to address the fact that its facility is not routinely staffed except when ammonia is being actually received or distributed. ", "For instance, Tanner failed to consider the use of sensors or monitors to detect leaks of ammonia or conditions that might lead to leaks. ", "Tanner’s emergency response program also did not include adequate communication and coordination with local emergency response agencies, and the company’s plan did not ensure that the public would receive adequate notice of an accidental release.", "\n\nExposure to anhydrous ammonia, which is toxic and corrosive, can result in chemical-type burns to skin, eyes, and lungs. ", "These burns may be serious enough to cause permanent blindness, lung disease, or death." ]
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[ "An important area of research in gender dysphoria[@b1], also known as transsexualism, involves the frequency and nature of psychopathology and the comorbidity of mental disorders. ", "Information on psychological impairment may help health care providers identify the most appropriate clinical management for transsexuals individuals. ", "The continued demand for appropriate treatment decisions for gender reassignment candidates underscores the need for further research to aid in establishing the nature and degree of psychopathology that these individuals are likely to experience.", "\n\nAs recommended in the 7^th^ version of the Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual People[@b2], mental health professionals should screen for these psychological characteristics and other mental health concerns and incorporate the identified concerns into the overall treatment plan. ", "Existing studies have revealed contradictory results, highlighting either normative functioning[@b3][@b4][@b5][@b6][@b7][@b8][@b9][@b10][@b11] or a high proportion of psychiatric comorbidity[@b12][@b13][@b14][@b15][@b16]. ", "These discrepancies may the result of the following methodological differences. ", "First, the studies included heterogeneous populations and often examined mixed clinical groups that included both transsexuals and other gender-nonconforming individuals, as well as individuals in different phases of the gender transition process. ", "Second, psychological characteristics were established using varying psychometric measures, including different tests and structured psychiatric interviews. ", "Although psychological distress may result from multiple stressors associated with sex reassignment, including frequent familial and social rejection, employment problems, and economic and legal difficulties[@b10][@b17], few data are available. ", "We provide information from a large homogeneous sample of transsexuals including those undergoing a standardized sex reassignment procedure, using a standardized and widely available personality test, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2, for which norms are available.", "\n\nThis study aimed to determine the psychopathological characteristics of transsexuals based on a large sample of French individuals and to identify whether these characteristics differed according to the individuals sociodemographic or clinical characteristics.", "\n\nMethods\n=======\n\nDesign\n------\n\nThis study used a cross-sectional design and was conducted in the psychiatric department of a French public university teaching hospital (Marseille, France). ", "In this department, individuals with gender dysphoria are managed in a special unit by a multidisciplinary team. ", "This specific management is based on the chart of the French Society for Transsexual Management (Société Française d'Etudes et de Prise en Charge du Transsexualisme, SoFECT), which was recently created to improve coordination among the various professionals involved in caring for transsexual individuals (<http://www.transsexualisme.info>). ", "Our gender team has adopted the guidelines of the International Standards of Care of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health[@b2], which represents an international consensus on the psychiatric, psychological, medical, and surgical management of gender dysphoria. ", "In France, six care units operate according to these guidelines. ", "The study was approved by the local ethics committee (Comité de Protection des Personnes, Marseille, France, Number 07 070/2007-A01173-50). ", "The procedures were carried out in accordance with the approved guideline, and all participants provided written informed consent.", "\n\nSample selection\n----------------\n\nThe inclusion criteria were as follows: age 18 years or older; a diagnosis of gender dysphoria according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV-TR)[@b18]; and eligibility for a standardized sex reassignment procedure[@b19] following the agreement of a multidisciplinary team[@b20]. ", "In France, the SoFECT chart has been developed according to the principals of WPATH and the French Health Authority[@b20] and includes the following: a 12-month minimum multidisciplinary evaluation period to obtain a ruling on eligibility for sex reassignment. ", "If conditions are satisfactory, hormonal therapy is initiated for a 12-month minimum period before sex reassignment surgery. ", "The hormonal therapy proceeds with a reversible phase followed by an irreversible phase.", "\n\nThe initial sample consisted of 143 adults consecutively referred to the gender identity unit between 2007 and 2010. ", "Evaluations were performed by a psychiatrist and a psychologist, both of whom were experienced in gender dysphoria management. ", "Confirmation of eligibility for the sex reassignment procedure required the agreement of the two experts.", "\n\nData collection\n===============\n\nThe following data were collected\n---------------------------------\n\n1\\. Sociodemographic information: medical files and interviews were used to report gender identity (male-to-female MtF/female-to-male FtM), age (younger: \\<median age; older: ≥median age), hormonal therapy (the patients were categorized into the hormonal therapy group if they had received physician-prescribed cross-sex hormones for a minimum of 3 months' as a part of the sex reassignment procedure, corresponding to a minimal delay for expected physical changes[@b2]), onset age (early vs. late onset age, i.e., beginning before vs. after puberty[@b21]), and sexual orientation (same biological sex exclusively vs. others).", "\n\n2\\. Personality test scores: personality was assessed using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI-2), administered by a psychologist as part of a more extensive psychological evaluation. ", "The MMPI-2 is a questionnaire widely used to assess psychopathological functioning[@b22][@b23]. ", "The MMPI-2, a restandardization of the MMPI, is a 567-item true--false questionnaire. ", "The inventory includes i) 3 validity scales: Lie (L), Infrequency (F), and Correction (K); ii) 10 clinical scales: Hypochondriasis (Hs), Depression (D), Hysteria (Hy), Psychopathic Deviate (Pd), Masculinity/Femininity (Mf), Paranoia (Pa), Psychasthenia (Pt), Schizophrenia (Sc), Hypomania (Ma), and Social Introversion (Si). ", "French norms were available[@b24]. ", "Raw scores were converted to uniform T scores relative to the normative data for the subject's biological sex. ", "Higher scores indicate less favourable functioning. ", "The exclusion criteria for the MMPI-2 data analyses are in accordance with the French scoring manual: 1) Lie scale T-score above 80; 2) Frequency scale T-score above 110; and 3) Correction scale T-score above 80. ", "For the clinical scales, a T-score of 50 can be interpreted as a score in the normal range, and a T-score of 65 or higher can be considered clinically significant.", "\n\nStatistical analysis\n--------------------\n\nThe MMPI-2 data were analysed using both means and standard deviations (T-scores) and the proportions of individuals with a score higher than 65 according to the MMPI-2 manual. ", "Comparisons between sex reassignment surgery eligible and non-eligible patients were performed for biological sex, age, hormonal therapy status, and MMPI-2 scales. ", "For each biological sex, the MMPI-2 scores were compared according to four variables of interest: age group (younger vs. older), hormonal therapy status (yes vs. no), onset age (early vs. late onset age), and sexual orientation (same biological sex vs. others), using the two-tailed Mann-Whitney t-test for independent samples. ", "The proportions of individuals with scores ≥65 were compared among the subgroups using chi-squared or Fisher's exact tests. ", "For each individual, the number of scales (excluding the Masculinity/Femininity scale which reflects gender dysphoria) on which he or she scored in the clinical range was calculated. ", "To determine potential variables of interest linked to the MMPI-2 scores (biological sex, age group, hormonal therapy status, onset age, and sexual orientation), logistic regression models were performed using a forward stepwise approach. ", "The final models expressed the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). ", "All of the tests were two-sided. ", "Statistical significance was defined as p \\< 0.05. ", "Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS version 15.0 software package (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nSample\n------\n\nA total of 143 consecutive referrals for sex reassignment surgery were assessed between January 2007 and December 2010. ", "Twenty-nine subjects were considered non-eligible for sex reassignment surgery by the multidisciplinary team and failed to meet the DSM-IV-R criteria. ", "The 29 non-eligible subjects were significantly more often MtF than the 114 eligible subjects (79.3% vs. 50.9%, p \\< 0.01), and they less often reported receiving hormonal therapy. ", "The proportion of scores over 65 for Hypochondriasis was significantly higher in the non-eligible group compared with the eligible group. ", "According to the definitions in the French MMPI-2 manual, 2 (6.9%) non-eligible individuals and 6 (5.3%) eligible individuals presented an invalid test. ", "These details are presented in [Table 1](#t1){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\nOf the 114 eligible individuals, 108 had a valid MMPI. ", "The final sample of 108 participants included 54 (50%) FtM individuals with a median age of 31 years (range 18--58). ", "Fifty-two (49%) individuals received hormonal therapy (2 were missing data), 83 (78%) presented an early onset age (2 were missing data), and 83 (81%) reported a same-biological-sex sexual orientation (6 individuals did not provide this information). ", "Approximately 48% (n = 52) of the individuals had at least one scale score (excluding the Masculinity/Femininity scale) in the clinical range ([Fig. ", "1](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The proportion of individuals in the clinical range was the lowest for the Social Introversion scale and the highest for the Masculinity/Femininity scale. ", "All of the results are detailed in [Tables 1](#t1){ref-type=\"table\"} and [2](#t2){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\nThe T-score means differed significantly between FtM and MtF individuals on 4 of the clinical scales (Hypochondriasis, Depression, Hysteria, and Paranoia), with higher scores for the MtF individuals ([Table 2](#t2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The proportions of individuals in the clinical range were significantly higher in the MtF group compared with the FtM group for the Hypochondriasis and Depression scales.", "\n\nFtM individuals\n---------------\n\nNone of the MMPI scores differed between the younger and the older groups. ", "Because no FtMs reported a late onset age, and only one declared not having an exclusive sexual orientation with the same biological sex, no statistical tests were performed according to these 2 parameters. ", "Individuals who were not receiving hormonal therapy had significantly higher scores on the Masculinity/Femininity and Schizophrenia scales. ", "These results are provided in [Table 3](#t3){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\nMtF individuals\n---------------\n\nThe older MtFs had significantly higher scores for Hypochondriasis scale compared with the younger MtFs. ", "The individuals without hormonal therapy had significantly higher scores for Hypomania and a higher proportion of scores ≥65 on the Psychasthenia scale. ", "The T-score means and proportions of scores ≥65 for all of the scales were not statistically higher for the individuals without hormonal therapy compared to the individuals with hormonal therapy. ", "Compared with the late onset age transsexuals, the early onset age transsexuals had significantly higher T-score means for the Hypomania scale and higher proportions of scores ≥65 on the Social Introversion scale. ", "When sexual orientation was exclusively geared toward the same biological sex, the individuals had significantly higher scores on the Hypomania scale and higher proportions of scores in the clinical range for the Schizophrenia scale. ", "These results are provided in [Table 4](#t4){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\nMultivariate approach\n---------------------\n\nThe multivariate models showed no links between the MMPI-2 scores and age group, age at onset of transsexualism, and sexual orientation. ", "Mtf individuals and individuals who were not receiving hormonal therapy were significantly more likely to be in the clinical range on the Psychasthenia scale (OR = 4.2, p = 0.05 and OR = 7.0, p \\< 0.01, respectively). ", "Individuals without hormonal therapy also had a higher risk of being in the clinical range on the Masculinity/Femininity scale (OR = 2.8, p \\< 0.05). ", "No other relationships were found for the other clinical scales (data not shown).", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nAlthough three previous studies[@b5][@b10][@b25] have examined differences in MMPI-2 scores according to gender, age, and sexual orientation, to our knowledge, the present study was the first to report MMPI-2 scores for a large sample of French transsexuals according to their biological sex, age, hormonal therapy status, onset age, and sexual orientation.", "\n\nThe main finding of this study was that transsexual individuals present profiles that are relatively free of psychopathology. ", "Several previous studies have described the psychological testing of transsexuals. ", "In the oldest studies, the results were inconsistent. ", "Although some studies have concluded that the MMPI profiles of the participants indicated serious psychological disturbances, depression, and interpersonal problems[@b12][@b26][@b27][@b28][@b29], others have concluded the opposite[@b3][@b5][@b7][@b8][@b30][@b31][@b32][@b33][@b34][@b35]. ", "The heterogeneity of the studied populations and the relatively small sample sizes of most of the studies could explain in part the contradictory findings. ", "In the most recent studies, which were conducted with larger homogeneous samples of highly selected transsexuals (i.e., those who were eligible for a standardized sex reassignment procedure) and/or using the MMPI-2[@b4][@b7][@b10][@b25], the results were consistent with ours and support the view that transsexualism is usually an isolated diagnosis[@b5][@b7][@b8][@b10][@b25]. ", "The main message of these last studies was that transsexuals showed no evidence of psychopathology according to the MMPI-2 profile, and transsexualism can exist independent of other psychopathology. ", "These results are consistent with our clinical experience and underline the fact that, contrary to the formerly widespread opinion, transsexuals do not have significant psychological disorders, and their demands for sex reassignment surgery are not symptoms of psychopathology.", "\n\nConsistent with previous studies, the scales on which the highest proportions of individuals scored in the clinical range were Masculinity/Femininity and Psychopathic Deviate[@b3][@b5][@b28][@b31][@b36][@b37]. ", "As expected[@b3][@b7][@b10][@b37], the Masculinity/Femininity scale is where both biological men and women most frequently showed profiles in the clinical range[@b5]. ", "This result clearly reflects the gender role discomfort these individuals experience in terms of their biological sex. ", "Therefore, we can hypothesize that an individual may provide a normal or abnormal score depending on where he/she is in the course of the disorder. ", "However, it is important to note that this psychological testing was not used to diagnose transsexualism or comorbidities of transgender but to provide a psychological profile that would be useful to the psychiatrist. ", "Some authors have suggested that the MMPI scores of transsexual individuals should be interpreted using the normative data for the subject's gender identity[@b5][@b28][@b36]. ", "The Masculinity/Femininity scale scored for the biological sex is frequently abnormal but becomes normal when it is scored for the desired sex. ", "The Masculinity/Femininity scale may be considered a reflection of the gender role dysphoria of these individuals. ", "It is also often viewed as a nonclinical dimension of the MMPI[@b7].", "\n\nMtFs scored in the clinical range more often than FtMs on the Hypochondriasis and Depression scales. ", "The literature shows contradictory results. ", "Whereas similar studies did not find significant differences in the MMPI-2 profile according to sex[@b4][@b5][@b10], other authors have tended to indicate that MtF individuals are more psychologically distressed than FtMs[@b3][@b25][@b26][@b37][@b38]. ", "Some of these studies focused on different populations, such as participants with a late onset of the disorder, i.e., those who adapted to their biological sex during early life[@b26], or gender dysphoric adolescents[@b38]. ", "MtF individuals appeared more affected than FtMs on three other scales: Hypochondriasis, Depression and Hysteria. ", "These scales can be considered neurotic-like, raising the question of whether MtFs are more neurotic than FtMs, because of stigma[@b39]. ", "These results may indicate that, with regard to the body image concerns of MtF and FtM individuals, MtFs more often request visual changes to the body. ", "The FtMs, in comparison with the MtFs, seem to pass more easily for the opposite gender[@b25].", "\n\nWhile the psychological functioning did not differ according to age for the FtMs, our results were as expected for the MtFs in terms of hypochondriasis, which is more frequent with older age[@b40][@b41], mainly because of greater concerns about health problems. ", "Because all the FtMs reported an early onset and almost all of them reported a same biological sex orientation, no comparisons could be made on this basis. ", "Contrary to other studies[@b25], we found worse psychological functioning in the MtFs with a same-biological sexual orientation in comparison with other cases. ", "These findings should always be interpreted with caution because sexual orientation consists of various components and can change during a person's lifetime[@b42].", "\n\nNot surprisingly, the no-hormonal therapy group functioned psychologically worse than the hormonal therapy group (the Schizophrenia and Masculinity/Femininity scales in the FtMs, and the Psychasthenia and Hypomania scales in the FtMs). ", "We can hypothesize that transsexual individuals without hormone therapy tend to be centred on their own difficulties, depressed, and uncomfortable with other people. ", "In contrast, hormonal therapy is often accompanied by a change in gender role, better self-confidence, greater comfort with others, and better social skills[@b43][@b44]. ", "Furthermore, some authors have recently reported that initiating the hormonal treatment in untreated patients seemed to have a positive effect for reducing stress levels[@b45] and more generally psychopathology[@b46]. ", "By definition, individuals did and did not undergo hormonal therapy were not in the same phase of the sex reassignment procedure. ", "The procedure may reinforce gender affirmation with better social recognition. ", "In the same way, hormonal therapy, by inducing external physical modifications, can reduce the feelings of foreignness or strangeness that individuals sometimes report, thus explaining the scores found on the Schizophrenia scale which decrease. ", "We can hypothesize that the absence of these different psychological disorders as a result of hormonal therapy may accelerate an individual's potential eligibility in the sex reassignment procedure.", "\n\nAfter accounting for biological sex, age group, onset age, and sexual orientation, the hormonal therapy status should affect the Masculinity/Femininity and Psychasthenia scores. ", "A lower score on the Masculinity/Femininity scale of the hormonal therapy group may indicate that the transsexuals readily complied with cultural stereotypes of gender role. ", "This finding is consistent with the literature[@b3][@b4][@b5][@b7][@b10][@b34][@b47]. ", "We can hypothesize that participants with hormonal therapy have less need to assert themselves because of their bodies and their perception that their appearance is more in accordance with their stereotype. ", "Previous authors have noted that the Masculinity/Femininity scale refers to stereotypical male and female interests and most likely reflects gender dysphoria[@b25].", "\n\nHormonal therapy can be beneficial for anxiety and mood disorders[@b48], which could explain why the individuals who were receiving hormonal therapy presented fewer disturbances on the Psychasthenia dimension compared with those who were not receiving hormonal therapy. ", "It is now well established that, by inducing external physical modifications, regular hormone treatments produce a change in the gender role, greater self-confidence, greater comfort with others, and better social skills, and they reinforce gender affirmation through social recognition[@b44][@b49][@b50]. ", "This finding is in line with recent studies suggesting the positive role of hormonal therapy in the quality of life of transsexuals[@b51][@b52].", "\n\nThere were several strengths and limitations of this study:\n\n1\\. This study compared psychological test data obtained from individuals approved for gender reassignment procedure with test data obtained from individuals who were rejected. ", "This comparison showed higher scores among the non-eligible individuals for two clinical scales: Hysteria and Schizophrenia. ", "The extrapolation of the results should consider these particularities. ", "Selection bias could explain the relatively low levels of comorbidities. ", "Future studies could focus on the individuals who do not meet criteria for gender reassignment procedure, do not want genital surgery, and who are outside of organized care systems.", "\n\n2\\. The definitions of hormonal therapy and onset age should be discussed. ", "In France, three months of hormonal therapy at low doses is often prescribed at the beginning of treatment, this is not enough to produce substantial physical/psychological changes. ", "There is no generally single definition regarding the onset age of transsexual development. ", "An early onset transsexual development could be defined as one in which the person fulfilled the DSM-V criteria for gender dysphoria in children[@b18].", "\n\n3\\. How the psychopathology profile is assessed warrants further discussion. ", "The MMPI-2 is one of the best standardized methods for assessing the psychopathological profile of adult populations aged 18 years and over, including transsexual individuals[@b5][@b36][@b53][@b54]. ", "The MMPI-2 was a major revision of the MMPI[@b23] and was standardized on a new large national sample of adults in the United States. ", "A wide variety of subscales was also introduced over many years to help clinicians interpret the results of the original clinical scales, which had been found to contain a general factor that made interpretation of scores on the clinical scales difficult[@b55][@b56]. ", "The latest version of the MMPI-2, the MMPI-2-restructured form, could not be used because the beginning of this study preceded the availability of this version[@b57]. ", "The use of this test on transsexual populations relies on: i) the availability of both female and male norms, ii) the identification of response distortion from the 3 validity scales, and iii) the availability of a specific Masculinity/Femininity clinical scale, which is especially pertinent to the assessment of transgender individuals.", "\n\n4\\. Cultural influences and theoretical viewpoints may impact treatment and gender reassignment in France and future studies should consider this parameter to clearly understand/interpret the impact that the psychological profile of transsexuals has on therapeutic strategies. ", "Indeed, while psychological distress can be inherent to being transsexual, it could also be socially induced by the society, peers and family[@b2].", "\n\n5\\. An assessment of depression, anxiety, and coping using specific and objective tools would be helpful to correlate our findings with these measures. ", "Future studies should include these scales to support more valid clinical implications.", "\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nA psychological profile assessment can help a multidisciplinary gender dysphoria team to detect potential psychopathological factors of vulnerability, changes and stabilization over time of the abilities of adaptability of the individual. ", "Health professionals should screen for and incorporate co-existing psychopathological concerns into the treatment plan.", "\n\nAdditional Information\n======================\n\n**How to cite this article**: Bonierbale, M. *et al.* ", "MMPI-2 Profile of French Transsexuals: The Role of Sociodemographic and Clinical Factors. ", "A cross-sectional design. *", "Sci. ", "Rep.* **6**, 24281; doi: 10.1038/srep24281 (2016).", "\n\nThis work was supported by institutional grants from the French 2004 Programme Hospitalier Recherche Clinique, and the sponsor was represented by Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Marseille. ", "We are grateful to all the subjects for their participation in the study.", "\n\n**Author Contributions** M.B., K.B., L.B., P.A. and C.L. designed the study and wrote the protocol. ", "M.B., A.G.L. and C.L. performed the psychiatric assessment. ", "A.M. performed the psychological assessment. ", "M.B., K.B., A.M., A.G.L. and L.B. managed the literature searches and analyses. ", "K.B., A.L. and P.A. managed the statistical analysis. ", "M.B., K.B., A.M. and A.G.L. wrote the manuscript. ", "All authors contributed to and approved the final manuscript.", "\n\n![", "Proportions of individuals with of abnormal scores on MMPI scales\\*.\\\n\\*Excluding the Masculinity/Femininity scale.](srep24281-f1){#f1}\n\n###### Characteristics comparison between non-eligible (n = 29) and eligible (n = 114) individuals.", "\n\n     Non-eligible n = 29 N (%) Eligible n = 114 N (%) *P*^\\*^\n ----------------- ------------ --------------------------- ------------------------ ----------\n Sex FtM 6 (20.7) 56 (49.1) \\<*0.01*\n MtF 23 (79.3) 58 (50.9) \n Age \\<31 years 11 (37.9) 54 (47.4) *NS*\n ≥31 years 18 (62.1) 60 (52.6) \n Hormons Without 22 (75.9) 55 (49.1) \\<*0.01*\n With 7 (24.1) 57 (50.9) \n MMPI-2 Invalid 2 (6.9) 6 (5.3) *NS*\n Not invalid 27 (93.1) 108 (94.7) \n Clinical scales ≥65 \\% \\% *p*^\\*^\n Hs 22.2 17.6 *NS* \n D 11.1 14.8 *NS* \n Hy 33.3 13.0 \\<*0.05* \n Pd 33.3 23.1 *NS* \n Mf 51.9 56.5 *NS* \n Pa 25.9 17.6 *NS* \n Pt 18.5 16.7 *NS* \n Sc 22.2 13.9 *NS* \n Ma 7.4 11.1 *NS* \n Si 14.8 8.3 *NS* \n\n\\*p-value.", "\n\nNS non-significant.", "\n\nHs Hypochondriasis, D Depression, Hy Hysteria, Pd Psychopathic Deviate, Mf Masculinity/Femininity, Pa Paranoia, Pt Psychasthenia, Sc Schizophrenia, Ma Hypomania, and Si Social Introversion.", "\n\n###### Comparison of characteristics and MMPI scales according to the biological sex (n = 108).", "\n\n     FtM (n = 54) MtF (n = 54) p   \n -------------------- --------------------- -------------- ------------------- ------------------- -------- ------------------ ------------------\n Age (median) \\<31 years 37 (68.5) 16 (29.6) **\\<*****0.001***      \n ≥31 years 17 (31.5) 38 (70.4)   \n Hormonal therapy Without 38 (71.7) 16 (30.2) **\\<*****0.001*** \n With 15 (28.3) 37 (69.8)   \n Onset age Early 52 (100) 31 (57.4) **\\<*****0.001*** \n Late -- 23 (42.6)   \n Sexual orientation Same biological sex 50 (98.0) 33 (64.7) **\\<*****0.001*** \n Others 1 (2.0) 18 (35.3)   \n     M ± SD M ± SD p % ≥ 65 % ≥ 65 p\n MMPI-2 Hs 49.0 ± 10.9 57.7 ± 11.0 **\\<*****0.001*** 9.3 25.9 **\\<*****0.05***\n D 49.5 ± 11.6 56.0 ± 8.3 **\\<*****0.001*** 7.4 22.2 **\\<*****0.05*** \n Hy 50.0 ± 10.6 58.2 ± 10.0 **\\<*****0.001*** 7.4 18.5 *NS* \n Pd 56.4 ± 11.0 57.7 ± 11.1 *NS* 20.4 25.9 *NS* \n Mf 65.2 ± 12.0 64.0 ± 9.1 *NS* 59.3 53.7 *NS* \n Pa 52.7 ± 10.2 58.1 ± 10.3 **\\<*****0.01*** 13.0 22.2 *NS* \n Pt 51.4 ± 10.3 54.6 ± 11.8 *NS* 13.0 20.4 *NS* \n Sc 53,5 ± 9,6 55,4 ± 11,4 *NS* 13.0 14.8 *NS* \n Ma 52.8 ± 9.9 51.7 ± 11.0 *NS* 13.0 9.3 *NS* \n Si 52.1 ± 8.8 51.8 ± 9.4 *NS* 5.6 11.1 *NS* \n\nM ± SD mean ± standard deviation, p p-value, bold values: p \\< 0.05, NS non significative.", "\n\nFtM female-to-male, MtF male-to-female.", "\n\nHs Hypochondriasis, D Depression, Hy Hysteria, Pd Psychopathic Deviate, Mf Masculinity/Femininity, Pa Paranoia, Pt Psychasthenia, Sc Schizophrenia, Ma Hypomania, and Si Social Introversion.", "\n\n###### Comparison of the MMPI scores according to age group, hormonal therapy status, onset age, and sexual orientation in FtMs individuals (n = 54).", "\n\n Age   Hs D Hy Pd Mf Pa Pt Sc Ma Si\n -------------------------- -------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------- ------------- ------------- -------------- ------------- -------------\n \\<31 years (37) M ± SD 47.5 ± 9.9 49.3 ± 10.6 48.5 ± 8.8 55.5 ± 11.2 65.4 ± 11.3 52.3 ± 8.6 53.1 ± 10.1 53.4 ± 10.1 53.8 ± 11.0 52.9 ± 8.9\n ≥31 years (17) M ± SD 52.1 ± 12.6 49.8 ± 13.8 53.2 ± 13.5 58.2 ± 10.8 64.8 ± 13.9 53.5 ± 13.2 47.9 ± 10.1 51.7 ± 8.3 50.7 ± 6.9 50.5 ± 8.8\n p-value   *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS*\n \\<31 years (37) % ≥ 65 5.4 8.1 2.7 18.9 64.9 13.5 13.5 16.2 16.2 5.4\n ≥31 years (17) % ≥ 65 17.6 5.9 17.6 23.5 47.1 11.8 11.8 5.9 5.9 5.9\n p-value   *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS*\n **Hormonal therapy** \n Without (38) M ± SD 48.0 ± 10.0 49.8 ± 11.1 49.3 ± 9.9 57.7 ± 10.6 67.3 ± 12.0 53.7 ± 8.6 53.0 ± 10.4 55.5 ± 9.1 54.0 ± 11.2 53.2 ± 8.1\n With (15) M ± SD 51.3 ± 13.6 49.2 ± 13.5 52.0 ± 12.8 53.1 ± 12.3 59.3 ± 10.6 50.4 ± 13.7 46.9 ± 9.4 48.3 ± 9.3 49.6 ± 4.7 49.4 ± 10.6\n p-value   *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* \\<***0.05*** *NS* *0.05* \\<***0.01*** *NS* *NS*\n Without (38) % ≥ 65 7.9 7.9 5.3 23.7 65.8 13.2 15.8 15.8 18.4 5.3\n With (15) % ≥ 65 13.3 6.7 13.3 13.3 40.0 13.3 6.7 6.7 0 6.7\n p-value   *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS*\n **Onset age°** \n Early (52) M ± SD 48.8 ± 10.8 49.3 ± 11.8 49.6 ± 10.1 55.9 ± 10.7 65.2 ± 12.2 52.4 ± 10.3 51.5 ± 10.5 53.3 ± 9.6 52.9 ± 10.1 51.9 ± 8.8\n Early (52) % ≥ 65 7.7 7.7 5.8 19.2 59.6 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 3.8\n **Sexual orientation°** \n Same biological sex (50) M ± SD 48.6 ± 10.9 48.5 ± 11.0 49.3 ± 10.1 55.5 ± 10.6 66.0 ± 11.7 52.3 ± 10.4 50.9 ± 9.8 52.9 ± 9.1 53.0 ± 10.3 51.4 ± 8.2\n Others (1)   55 81 64 76 40 62 79 79 52 77\n Same biological sex (50) % ≥ 65 8.0 6 6.0 18.0 62.0 14.0 12.0 12.0 14.0 2.0\n Others (1) % ≥ 65 0 100 0 100 0 0 100 100 0 100\n\nM ± SD mean ± standard deviation, p p-value, bold values: p \\< 0.05.", "\n\nHormonal therapy: 'With': individuals had received cross-sex hormones for a minimum of 3 months' duration prescribed by a physician as a part of the sex reassignment procedure; 'Without': all other cases, corresponding to a minimal delay for expected physical changes.", "\n\nOnset age: 'Early': individuals with onset age beginning before puberty, 'Late': individuals with onset age beginning after puberty.", "\n\nHs Hypochondriasis, D Depression, Hy Hysteria, Pd Psychopathic Deviate, Mf Masculinity/Femininity, Pa Paranoia, Pt Psychasthenia, Sc Schizophrenia, Ma Hypomania, and Si Social Introversion.", "\n\n°No statistical performed.", "\n\n###### Comparison of the MMPI scores according to age group, hormonal therapy status, onset age, and sexual orientation in MtFs individuals (n = 54).", "\n\n Age   Hs D Hy Pd Mf Pa Pt Sc Ma Si\n -------------------------- -------- ------------------ ------------ ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------\n \\<31 years (16) M ± SD 52.5 ± 8.3 53.6 ± 8.3 54.5 ± 10.7 55.9 ± 13.4 62.9 ± 9.8 60.4 ± 12.2 54.3 ± 13.6 55.0 ± 14.5 56.4 ± 14.9 51.4 ± 10.2\n ≥31 years (38) M ± SD 59.9 ± 11.3 57.0 ± 8.3 59.8 ± 9.4 58.4 ± 10.1 64.5 ± 8.9 57.1 ± 9.3 54.7 ± 11.1 55.5 ± 10.1 49.7 ± 8.4 52.0 ± 9.1\n p-value   **\\<*****0.05*** *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS*\n \\<31 years (16) % ≥ 65 18.8 12.5 12.5 31.3 50.0 37.5 25.0 18.8 18.8 18.8\n ≥31 years (38) % ≥ 65 28.9 26.3 21.1 23.7 55.3 15.8 18.4 13.2 5.3 7.9\n p-value   *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS*\n **Hormonal therapy** \n Without (16) M ± SD 60.0 ± 11.7 56.7 ± 8.7 60.1 ± 11.4 59.5 ± 14.3 64.5 ± 7.1 59.9 ± 12.0 58.9 ± 15.7 59.1 ± 14.8 57.6 ± 13.3 55.2 ± 9.4\n With (37) M ± SD 56.1 ± 10.7 55.7 ± 8.4 56.9 ± 8.8 56.5 ± 9.3 64.0 ± 9.9 57.2 ± 9.6 52.8 ± 9.4 53.7 ± 9.6 49.0 ± 8.7 50.4 ± 9.2\n p-value   *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* **\\<*****0.05*** *NS*\n Without (16) % ≥ 65 37.5 25.0 31.3 37.5 62.5 25.0 43.8 25.0 18.8 18.8\n With (37) % ≥ 65 18.9 21.6 10.8 18.9 51.4 21.6 10.8 10.8 5.4 8.1\n p-value   *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* **\\<*****0.05*** *NS* *NS* *NS*\n **Onset age** \n Early (31) M ± SD 56.3 ± 10.3 55.0 ± 8.7 55.7 ± 9.7 56.3 ± 11.6 63.3 ± 10.3 59.1 ± 11.4 55.4 ± 12.4 55.6 ± 13.3 53.8 ± 11.0 53.0 ± 11.2\n Late (23) M ± SD 59.7 ± 11.7 57.2 ± 7.8 61.7 ± 9.6 59.6 ± 10.3 65.0 ± 7.2 56.7 ± 8.6 53.5 ± 11.0 55.0 ± 8.5 48.8 ± 10.5 50.2 ± 6.1\n p-value   *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* **\\<*****0.05*** *NS*\n Early (31) % ≥ 65 22.6 19.4 16.1 25.8 48.4 29.0 22.6 19.4 9.7 19.4\n Late (23) % ≥ 65 30.4 26.1 21.7 26.1 60.9 13.0 17.4 8.7 8.7 0\n p-value   *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* **\\<*****0.05***\n **Sexual orientation** \n Same biological sex (33) M ± SD 57.8 ± 11.6 56.1 ± 8.7 57.4 ± 10.6 57.5 ± 11.6 64.2 ± 9.8 60.1 ± 10.7 56.9 ± 12.5 56.3 ± 13.9 54.3 ± 11.6 53.1 ± 10.0\n Others (18) M ± SD 56.8 ± 10.6 55.1 ± 7.8 58.4 ± 8.6 58.6 ± 9.9 63.9 ± 7.8 54.7 ± 8.1 51.4 ± 10.3 54.1 ± 5.7 47.6 ± 8.9 49.3 ± 8.4\n p-value   *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* **\\<*****0.05*** *NS*\n Same biological sex (33) % ≥ 65 27.3 24.2 21.2 30.3 57.6 30.3 27.3 24.2 12.1 18.2\n Others (18) % ≥ 65 16.7 16.7 11.1 16.7 50.0 5.6 11.1 0 5.6 0\n p-value   *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* *NS* **\\<*****0.05*** *NS* *NS*\n\nM ± SD mean ± standard deviation, p p-value, bold values: p \\< 0.05.", "\n\nHormonal therapy: 'With': individuals had received cross-sex hormones for a minimum of 3 months' duration prescribed by a physician as a part of the sex reassignment procedure; 'Without': all other cases, corresponding to a minimal delay for expected physical changes.", "\n\nOnset age: 'Early': individuals with onset age beginning before puberty, 'Late': individuals with onset age beginning after puberty.", "\n\nHs Hypochondriasis, D Depression, Hy Hysteria, Pd Psychopathic Deviate, Mf Masculinity/Femininity, Pa Paranoia, Pt Psychasthenia, Sc Schizophrenia, Ma Hypomania, and Si Social Introversion.", "\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
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[ "The present inventions are related to systems and methods for data processing, and more particularly to systems and methods for data detection.", "\nVarious data transfer systems have been developed including storage systems, cellular telephone systems, and radio transmission systems. ", "In each of the systems data is transferred from a sender to a receiver via some medium. ", "For example, in a storage system, data is sent from a sender (i.e., a write function) to a receiver (i.e., a read function) via a storage medium. ", "The effectiveness of any transfer is impacted by an ability to recover the originally provided data. ", "Such recovery often involves detection of a sync-mark that indicates a location and timing of user data to be recovered. ", "In some cases, the sync mark cannot be properly recovered resulting in data losses.", "\nHence, for at least the aforementioned reasons, there exists a need in the art for advanced systems and methods for data processing." ]
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[ "Intel has unveiled a new proof-of-concept tied to its Sawtooth Lake distributed ledger project.", "\n\nThe latest prototype from the tech giant is a marketplace for the exchange of digital assets, a demo version of which has been posted on the Intel website. ", "The release follows similar demos focused on bond trading and tracking seafood as it moves through the supply chain.", "\n\nSawtooth Lake was first unveiled in April 2016 as part of the Linux Foundation-led Hyperledger blockchain project.", "\n\nHow it looks:\n\nAs the screenshot above shows, the Sawtooth Lake-based marketplace lets you view lists of available assets. ", "Users can also add their own – this reporter added one for ‘lembas bread’ – which can then be listed for sale or exchanged for other assets.", "\n\nHow we got here: Past observers may note that the marketplace isn’t the first instance in which Intel has designed a digital asset exchange, of a sort.", "\n\nIn February of last year, CoinDesk reported that the tech firm had developed a fantasy sports game through which assets, representing shares in sports teams, were exchanged in a marketplace setting.", "\n\nThe goal of the game, the company said at the time, was to accrue the most ‘mickels’ by selling shares tied to successful teams.", "\n\nWhile there’s no clear relationship between the two projects, one of the assets listed on the new digital asset markets, ‘mickels’, is likely a reference to that earlier initiative.", "\n\nImage Credit: Alexander Tolstykh / Shutterstock.com" ]
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[ "Modern computers provide effective tools for producing animated movies. ", "Computerized animation techniques provide many advantages over conventional pen-and-ink animation. ", "For example, conventional animation requires that each cell or frame in an animated sequence be drawn and inked individually. ", "This requires painstaking attention to detail in order to ensure that each object, such as the animated scenery and actors, appear consistent from one cell to the next.", "\nComputer animation solves these problems because once an object is drawn, it can be repeated from cell to cell quickly, and without any variation. ", "Likewise, computers employ a variety of three-dimensional (3D) rendering techniques in order to represent 3D objects, such as actors, which change position or location from one cell to the next.", "\nSimple graphics applications use wire frame drawings to connect points along the surface of a 3D object in order to visually represent surface details of a 3D object. ", "Wire frames give the computer user a sense of depth perception, while minimizing the amount of surface detail in order to reduce the computer processing capacity required to represent and manipulate the 3D object. ", "Although wire frames may be used to effectively represent some 3D objects, the lack of detailed surface attributes may result in the 3D object having an unrealistic or confusing appearance.", "\nRay tracing is a 3D graphical technique that has been used to render much more detailed and realistic representations of 3D objects. ", "Essentially, ray tracing is a complex method of producing shadows, reflections, and refractions in three dimensions. ", "Ray tracing calculates the brightness, the reflectivity, and the level of transparency of the object by tracing light backwards from the viewer's eye to the object from which light bounced off. ", "By using more complex graphical techniques, such as ray tracing, a computer user can create an image of a 3D object and provide a great amount of graphical detail.", "\nAlthough computer animation effectively addresses many of the difficulties associated with traditional animation techniques, it introduces various considerations of its own. ", "For example, the input devices associated with most computers include a keyboard and a pointing device, such as a mouse. ", "Although a mouse provides input in only two dimensions, 3D animation typically requires that the object be moved in at least four dimensions, including movement along the x, y, and z axes, and rotation about the vertical axis (i.e., the y-axis). ", "Prior art methods have addressed this problem by using keyboard input (e.g., the arrow keys) to control movement in the third or fourth dimensions. ", "For example, the mouse may be used to move the object from right to left (x-axis) and front to back (z-axis), while the up/down and left/right arrow keys are used to move the object vertically (y-axis) and rotate the object about the y-axis, respectively. ", "Although these solutions allow the user to move the object as needed, they do not provide a simple, effective interface for moving the object in three or more dimensions. ", "In order to provide a simple, effective user interface, it is desirable to place the object in the x-z plane and orient the object about the y-axis using only input from the mouse. ", "Therefore, there is a need in the art for an improved method for placing and orienting an object.", "\nIn computer animation, it is necessary for the program to record where the specific actions or events performed by the object are supposed to take place. ", "A computer animated movie, like any other linear story, has the concept of time associated with it. ", "A frame in a digital movie represents a snapshot of the animated objects (scene, actors, etc.) ", "in time as it would in actual film. ", "The movie is replayed by replaying all the events for each frame in each scene.", "\nIn light of this fact, an approach used in prior art computer animation is to match the events to the frames of the movie, i.e., to make the events time-based. ", "Although this approach works well when recording the initial path and events, it produces unsatisfactory results when the original movie is edited. ", "In an example where the animated object is an actor, the actor may run into a room in frames 1-20, and sit down on a chair in frames 21-23 in the original sequence. ", "If the user wishes to change the initial action from a run to a walk along that same path, in a model in which events are bound to frames, the actor would be approximately midway to the chair by frame 21 and would sit down in space long before he reached the chair. ", "Therefore, there is a need for a method of recording the path of an object and events performed by the object that facilitates editing and maintains the proper relationship between the events and the object's position along a path.", "\nAn example of an event that may be performed by an object is changing the appearance of an animated object. ", "In the context of traditional theater and motion picture productions, it is common for actors to change costumes during and between scenes. ", "Selecting costumes is a crucial part of any theatrical production. ", "Similarly, changing the appearance of an animated object can help tell a story more effectively.", "\nIn the realm of computer animation, changing an object's appearance or attributes is very different than the real world of shrugging off a robe, wiping off makeup, and reappearing from the dressing room with a new look. ", "During the process of making a computer animated movie, changing an object's appearance or attributes can involve making intricate changes to the attributes of the object. ", "A great deal of attention must be paid to how dull or shiny is the surface of the object or its parts, what color is the object or its parts, the shape of the object and what detail or texture is mapped to the surface of the object. ", "In order to change the appearance or attributes of an object, the three-dimensional surface of the object must be painstakingly analyzed, changed if desired, and redrawn by the computer. ", "This process is repeated for every surface of the animated object with multiple user interface operations.", "\nThis process is a very flexible way to change the appearance of a computer animated object. ", "However, the process can be complex and extremely time intensive. ", "It requires a great deal of skill by the user to understand the graphical manipulations required to change the attributes of each individual part of the object. ", "Therefore, there is a need for a simple, intuitive and efficient process for changing the appearance of an object.", "\nIn summary, there is a need in the art for an improved method of placing and orienting an object using only two-dimensional input from a mouse. ", "Additionally, there is a need for a method of recording the location of an object and events performed by the object that facilitates editing and maintains the proper relationship between the events and the object's location. ", "Finally, there is a need for a simple, intuitive and efficient method for changing the appearance of an object." ]
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[ "School to Blame for Girl's Rape?", "\n\nParents say developmentally disabled girl should have been escorted to bus on day she was taken\n\nhttp://www.wcsh6.com/video/2142309401001/1/School-to-Blame-for-Girls-Rapehttp://bcdownload.gannett.edgesuite.net/wcsh/35121342001/35121342001_2142363476001_SchoolRape0204-500K-00000500.jpg?pubId=35121342001School to Blame for Girl's Rape?Parents say developmentally disabled girl should have been escorted to bus on day she was taken01:31" ]
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[ "The missing cases of tuberculosis in Malawi: the contribution from cross-border registrations.", "\nLow case detection rates of new smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients globally are a cause for concern. ", "The aim of this study was to determine for patients registered for TB in Malawi the number and percentage who lived in a neighbouring country and the registration, recording and reporting practices for these 'foreign' patients. ", "All 44 non-private hospitals, which register and treat all TB patients in the public health sector in Malawi, were visited. ", "Ten (23%) hospitals in 2001 and 14 (32%) in 2002 maintained a separate register for cross-border TB cases. ", "Patients recorded in these registers were not formally reported to the Malawi National TB Programme (NTP), the neighbouring country's NTP, nor to WHO. ", "They therefore constitute missing cases. ", "In Malawi, the number of cross-border new smear-positive PTB cases was 77 in 2001 and 91 in 2002, constituting about 3% of missing smear-positive cases in those hospitals that maintain cross-border registers and about 1% of missing cases nationally." ]
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[ " IN THE\n ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS\n DIVISION ONE\n\n\n STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee,\n\n v.\n\n WSVALDO TORRES MORENO, Appellant.", "\n\n No. ", "1 CA-CR 19-0442\n FILED 08-27-2020\n\n\n Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County\n No. ", "CR2018-129397-001\n The Honorable Annielaurie Van Wie, Judge Pro Tempore\n\n AFFIRMED\n\n\n COUNSEL\n\nArizona Attorney General’s Office, Phoenix\nBy Joseph T. Maziarz\nCounsel for Appellee\n\nMaricopa County Public Defender’s Office, Phoenix\nBy Lawrence S. Matthew\nCounsel for Appellant\n\n\n\n OPINION\n\nJudge Lawrence F. Winthrop delivered the opinion of the Court, in which\nPresiding Judge Jennifer B. Campbell and Chief Judge Peter B. Swann\njoined.", "\n\f STATE v. TORRES MORENO\n Opinion of the Court\n\nW I N T H R O P, Judge:\n\n¶1 Wsvaldo Torres Moreno appeals his enhanced sentence for\nresisting arrest. ", "The trial court added two years to Moreno’s sentence under\nArizona Revised Statutes (“A.R.S.”) section 13-708(D) because Moreno\ncommitted the offense while on felony release. ", "At the time he resisted\narrest, Moreno was (1) on felony-release status for unrelated charges and\n(2) in custody for an unrelated misdemeanor. ", "Moreno argues § 13-708(D)\ndid not apply because, having been taken into custody on the unrelated\nmisdemeanor, he was no longer on release when he resisted arrest. ", "Because\nMoreno’s arrest for an unrelated misdemeanor did not change his felony-\nrelease status, the court did not err in enhancing his sentence under § 13-\n708(D). ", "Accordingly, we affirm Moreno’s conviction and sentence.", "\n\n FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY\n\n¶2 The relevant facts are uncontested. ", "In April 2018, some two\nmonths before the incident at issue here, Moreno was arrested, charged\nwith multiple felony offenses, and released on a $50 bond. ", "In June 2018,\npolice officers contacted Moreno while responding to a “check welfare”\ncall. ", "They soon discovered he had an outstanding misdemeanor warrant.", "\nThe officers arrested Moreno and took him to a police station for booking.", "\nAfter an officer removed Moreno’s handcuffs to fingerprint him, Moreno\npulled his arm away from the officer and began yelling and running around\nthe room. ", "When the officers caught Moreno, he kicked and fought with\nthem until they eventually subdued him.", "\n\n¶3 Based on the incident at the police station, the State charged\nMoreno with aggravated assault, a class five felony offense, and resisting\narrest, a class six felony offense. ", "After a four-day trial, a jury convicted him\nof resisting arrest but acquitted him of aggravated assault. ", "The jury also\nfound Moreno committed the offense while on felony release. ", "The court\nsentenced Moreno as a category three repetitive offender to a total of 5.75\nyears’ imprisonment, after adding two years to his sentence under § 13-\n708(D) because he was on felony release. ", "We have jurisdiction over\nMoreno’s timely appeal pursuant to A.R.S. §§ 12-120.21(A)(1), 13-4031, and\n13-4033(A)(4).", "\n\n ANALYSIS\n\n¶4 In pertinent part, § 13-708(D) provides:\n\n A person who is convicted of committing any felony\n offense that is committed while the person is released on bond\n\n\n 2\n\f STATE v. TORRES MORENO\n Opinion of the Court\n\n or on the person’s own recognizance on a separate felony\n offense . . . ", "shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment two\n years longer than would otherwise be imposed for the felony\n offense committed while on release.", "\n\nThe legislature enacted this sentencing enhancement “to increase the\npunishment for breaching the conditions of release by committing a felony\noffense.” ", "State v. Mount, 149 Ariz. 394, 395-96 (App. ", "1986); see also Ariz. R.\nCrim. ", "P. 7.3(a)(2) (directing the trial court to order a defendant not to\ncommit any criminal offense as a condition of release).", "\n\n¶5 Moreno argues the trial court improperly increased his\nresisting-arrest sentence based on his felony-release status because he was\nin police custody when he resisted arrest, meaning he was not “released on\nbond” as § 13-708(D) requires. ", "We review de novo issues of statutory\ninterpretation. ", "State v. Peek, 219 Ariz. 182, 183, ¶ 6 (2008).", "\n\n¶6 When interpreting a statute, our goal is to determine and give\neffect to the legislature’s intent. ", "See id. at 184, ¶ 11. ", "We look first to the text\nof the statute because its plain language gives the best indication of that\nintent. ", "See id. “When the language of the statute is clear and unambiguous,\nwe need look no further to ascertain the legislative intent.” ", "Id. (citing State\nv. Getz, 189 Ariz. 561, 563 (1997); State v. Christian, 205 Ariz. 64, 66, ¶ 6\n(2003)). “", "Ambiguity occurs when uncertainty exists about the meaning or\ninterpretation of a provision’s terms.” ", "Heath v. Kiger, 217 Ariz. 492, 494, ¶ 6\n(2008) (citing Hayes v. Cont’l Ins. ", "Co., 178 Ariz. 264, 268 (1994)).", "\n\n¶7 We discern no ambiguity in the plain language of § 13-708(D).", "\nSee Peek, 219 Ariz. at 184, ¶ 11; Heath, 217 Ariz. at 494, ¶ 6. ", "Under the\nstatute’s explicit terms, the two-year sentencing enhancement applies to\nany defendant who commits a felony offense after he or she has been\nreleased pending trial on a separate felony charge. ", "See A.R.S. § 13-708(D);\nsee also Ariz. R. Crim. ", "P. 7.2(a) (granting trial court discretion to set bail or\nto release a defendant on his or her own recognizance pending and during\ntrial). ", "The statute imposes no further requirements and creates no\nexceptions. ", "See A.R.S. § 13-708(D).", "\n\n¶8 Here, there is no dispute Moreno (1) had been conditionally\nreleased on bond pending trial on felony offenses, (2) was arrested on an\nunrelated warrant, and (3) was later convicted of a post-arrest felony\noffense. ", "His circumstances satisfied the express conditions of § 13-708(D).", "\n\n¶9 Moreno nonetheless asserts, without citing legal authority,\nthat his conditional release on the prior charges ended when he was\n\n\n 3\n\f STATE v. TORRES MORENO\n Opinion of the Court\n\narrested on the unrelated warrant because § 13-708(D) only “covers the time\na ‘released’ individual spends among free society.” ", "Moreno’s argument is\ncontrary to law and the facts of this case.", "\n\n¶10 Arizona Rule of Criminal Procedure 7 governs release rights,\nconditions, and procedures. ", "After releasing a defendant, the trial court\nretains authority to modify the release conditions “[o]n motion or on its\nown.” ", "Ariz. R. Crim. ", "P. 7.4(c)(1). ", "The court may also modify or revoke a\ndefendant’s release if it finds the defendant violated a release condition. ", "See\nAriz. R. Crim. ", "P. 7.5(d). ", "Indeed, Moreno’s release order explained these\nprocedures. ", "Nothing in Rule 7, however, provides that a subsequent arrest\non an unrelated charge revokes or modifies a defendant’s conditional\nrelease, at least without a further order from the trial court.", "\n\n¶11 Contrary to Moreno’s proffered interpretation, the phrase\n“released on bond or on the person’s own recognizance” in § 13-708(D)\nrefers to a “[b]efore conviction” release pursuant to a court’s order under\nRule 7.2(a), not to the defendant’s time spent in “free society.” ", "If the\nlegislature intended to limit the statute’s application as Moreno suggests, it\nwould have said so. ", "See Hughes v. Jorgenson, 203 Ariz. 71, 73, ¶ 11 (2002)\n(stating that a reviewing court assumes “the legislature has said what it\nmeans”). ", "Furthermore, Moreno’s argument conflicts with the statute’s\npurpose to punish a “released” defendant more severely because he or she\nviolated the release conditions by committing a new crime. ", "See Mount, 149\nAriz. at 395-96.", "\n\n¶12 Moreno’s arrest on an unrelated warrant did not change,\nmuch less terminate, his felony-release status in the absence of a further\norder from the trial court. ", "Accordingly, because Moreno was “released on\nbond” at the time he resisted arrest, the trial court did not err by increasing\nhis sentence under § 13-708(D).", "\n\n CONCLUSION\n\n¶13 We affirm Moreno’s conviction and enhanced sentence.", "\n\n\n\n\n AMY M. WOOD • Clerk of the Court\n FILED: JT\n 4\n\f" ]
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[ "Individuals exposed to maternal diabetes in utero are more likely to develop metabolic and cardiovascular diseases later in life. ", "This may be partially attributable to epigenetic regulation of gene expression. ", "To examine whether differential DNA methylation, a major source of epigenetic regulation, can be observed in offspring of mothers with type 2 diabetes (OMD) during the pregnancy as compared to offspring of mothers with no type 2 diabetes(OMND) during the pregnancy, we performed an epigenome-wide association study. ", "A total of 423,311 cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites were analyzed in 388 Native Americans, of which 187 were OMD and 201 were OMND. ", "Forty-eight differentially methylated CpG sites (with empirical false discovery rate < 0.05), mapping to 29 genes and 10 intergenic regions, were identified. ", "The gene with the strongest evidence was LHX3, where 6 CpG sites were hyper-methylated in OMD (P 1.1 10-5). ", "Similarly, a CpG near PRDM16 was hyper-methylated in OMD (1.1% higher, P = 5.6 10-7), where hyper-methylation also predicted future diabetes risk (hazard ratio = 2.12, P = 9.7 10-5). ", "Hyper-methylation near AK3L1 and hypo-methylation at PCDHGA4 and STC1 associated with exposure to diabetes in utero and decreased insulin secretory function among offspring with normal glucose tolerance. ", "Analysis of all 29 genes in aggregate did not shown enrichment for any biologic pathway; however, literature searches provided evidences that several of these genes have a role in embryonic development and/or beta cell function. ", "We conclude that intrauterine exposure to diabetes can affect methylation at multiple genomic sites. ", "Methylation status at some of these sites can impair insulin secretion, increase body weight and increase risk of type 2 diabetes. ", "We have also conducted a genome-wide analysis to identify CpG sites at which methylation associates with BMI in Pima Indians. ", "DNA methylation in 399 peripheral blood leukocyte samples was measured on the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip, and 423,311 CpG sites were analyzed. ", "Each subject's BMI (measured at the time of blood sampling) was natural logarithm transformed and tested for association with DNA methylation with adjustments for appropriate covariates. ", "CpG sites that achieved genome-wide significance in the discovery cohort (FDR p 0.05) were analyzed for replication in two existing datasets of Pima Indians (N = 320, age = 35; N = 183, age = 53). ", "Among 263 CpG sites that associated with BMI in the discovery cohort, 9 replicated (p 0.05 and consistent direction of effect) in both replication cohorts. ", "These were located in 6 genes and 2 enhancer elements. ", "Three of these CpG sites map to genes (AHRR, RPS6KA2 and LGALS3BP) where DNA methylation has previously been reported to associate with BMI in other populations. ", "The epigenetic associations at the remaining genes (DUSP5, RRAS2, APOBR) and enhancer elements are novel. ", "Several of these genes have known roles in inflammation (DUSP5, LGALS3BP, APOBR, RPS6KA2) or cell proliferation (RRAS2 and AHRR). ", "Thus, the present study has validated that DNA methylation at some genes associates with obesity in different ethnic groups, and it identifies other genes that may have a larger effect in American Indians." ]
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[ "\"Not bad!\" \"", "So much better!\" \"", "They just left.\" \"", "According to wiretaps, they're going to the airport.\" \"", "The house is empty.\" \"", "I want to get a look inside.\" \"", "Careful, they may come back.\" \"", "We'll hurry.\" \"", "Come here.\" \"", "A stockpile.\" \"", "Something's in the works.\" \"", "I'll alert airport security.\" \"", "Tell them to be careful.\" \"", "No gunfire.\" \"", "Understood.\" \"", "The Alfa Romeo?\" \"", "I can try.\" \"", "Permission to fire back!\" \"", "He's out of his mind.\" \"", "Open the door!\" \"", "Don't move.\" \" ", "Are you okay?\" \" ", "I'm fine.\" \"", "Vice Minister of the Interior\" \"I spoke to the Minister.\" \"", "He wants a report on Carlos' group.\" \"", "They have backing the world over.\" \"", "Especially in progressive Arab countries.\" \"", "Friends of our big brother, Moscow.\" \"", "What do our Soviet comrades think?\" \"", "Sorry we're late.\" \"", "Have a seat.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "The question is:\" \"does he work for the KGB?\" \"", "The West thinks they have very close ties.\" \"", "Our comrades in Moscow are tight-lipped.\" \"", "He studied there, but was expelled for misconduct.\" \"", "They claim to have no file.\" \"", "It's the best possible cover.\" \"", "So what do they recommend?\" \"", "They say that as a sovereign state, we should act as we see fit.\" \"", "Let's make sure he has no targets here in Hungary.\" \" ", "What's out there?\" \" ", "Nothing at all.\" \"", "Let go!\" \"", "You think I'm an idiot?\" \"", "Come here.\" \"", "Some whiskey, please.\" \"", "Libyan Secret Service\" \"Aden, South Yemen\" \"Come on, guys!\" \"", "The documents!\" \"", "Burn them on the double!\" \"", "Writer\" \"Moscow Airport\" \"I told you your time would come!\" \"", "It will never come!\" \"", "Calm down!\" \"", "Don't touch me!\" \"", "Is this what you want?\" \"", "Know what?\" \"", "You're right.\" \"", "Your time will never come.\" \"", "Never!\" \"", "Not until you learn discipline.\" \"", "You think this is a game?\" \"", "You think it's a game?\" \"", "It's a war!\" \"", "We're soldiers!\" \"", "Soldiers fighting a war!\" \"", "It's no game!\" \"", "I'm not just your husband.\" \"", "Understand?\" \"", "I'm your leader.\" \"", "I'll send you out on the field only when I decide it's time.\" \"", "Not a minute before.\" \"", "Until then, you have absolutely nothing to do except to stay ready.\" \"", "Watch out!\" \"", "Why does Weinrich want to talk?\" \"", "Probably about the weapons.\" \" ", "What does the KGB say?\" \" ", "Nothing, as usual.\" \"", "They know of no arms that came via Moscow.\" \"", "Carlos wants to make East Berlin a base for attacks in Western Europe.\" \"", "The arms transit by Syrian diplomatic pouch.\" \"", "Syria is allied with us and the Soviets.\" \"", "According to my report on Carlos, he met with Qaddafi.\" \"", "He's also a Libyan agent.\" \"", "Syria and Libya work hand in hand.\" \"", "Al-Assad and Qaddafi will soon announce their alliance.\" \"", "Carlos is a mercenary.\" \"", "He's dangerous.\" \"", "We have him under control.\" \"", "You're naïve.\" \"", "He's uncontrollable.\" \"", "If Western intelligence locates him here, we'll be under pressure.\" \"", "Let him stay in Budapest, anywhere.\" \"", "But not here.\" \"", "Understood?\" \"", "Major Voigt!\" \"", "Tell those idiots they're making a serious mistake.\" \"", "They'll have to answer for it.\" \"", "It's their duty.\" \"", "Don't insult them.\" \"", "I don't think it's their duty to undermine my agreement with the Soviets.\" \"", "They let me transit arms and explosives.\" \"", "I am aware of no such agreement.\" \"", "I want to see Dahl.\" \"", "You shall.\" \"", "Given that Moscow is helping us with these deliveries,\" \"I wonder how you can dare stop us.\" \"", "I'll keep you posted.\" \"", "You have no business here now.\" \"", "I need to know about Ceausescu's money.\" \"", "Get going.\" \"", "Can we come back?\" \"", "When I whistle.\" \"", "What's going on, Ali?\" \"", "We didn't hear much.\" \"", "They're wary.\" \"", "They mentioned Ceausescu.\" \"", "He offered them a million dollars.\" \" ", "What for?\" \" ", "We don't know.\" \"", "I want to be paid more.\" \"", "He hit me.\" \"", "I have blood in my mouth.\" \"", "Find a place for them to load their weapons into a camping car with French license plates.\" \"", "Colonel Dahl is returning the confiscated arms?\" \"", "It came from higher up.\" \"", "It was approved by Minister Mielke.\" \"", "On one condition:\" \"the transfer must not occur on Stasi property.\" \"", "Find a suitable place.\" \"", "Come on!\" \"", "Back it up!\" \"", "All here.\" \"", "You can check.\" \"", "I assume there's no use asking where you're taking them.\" \"", "We have an agreement with your superiors.\" \"", "We're asking you to secure the transportation of the weapons\" \"to the border with West Germany.\" \"", "Beyond that... it's not your concern.\" \"", "I'll personally follow the vehicle to the border.\" \" ", "Don't cheat.\" \" ", "I'm not cheating!\" \"", "Not so fast.\" \"", "Can I look now?\" \"", "One more step.\" \"", "Not so fast!\" \"", "It's a big surprise.\" \"", "Open your eyes.\" \"", "You're insane!\" \"", "Totally insane!\" \"", "I'm 30.\" \"", "It's my birthday.\" \"", "I'll never get inside!\" \"", "Of course you will!\" \"", "You're getting inside!\" \"", "I can't believe it.\" \"", "I have a gift for you.\" \"", "The flag of the Cuban revolution.\" \"", "The flag of victory, Ilich.\" \"", "I haven't been called Ilich in ages.\" \"", "Okay?\" \"", "Five.\" \"", "Show me... what you're made of.\" \"", "I'll hit three.\" \"", "France's Ambassador to Beirut was killed.\" \"", "Louis Delamare was assassinated near his residence.\" \"", "He was alone with his chauffeur in his car.\" \"", "He was shot with 10 bullets, 3 to the head.\" \"", "Damascus, Syria\" \"Couldn't find gloomier?\" \"", "It's discreet.\" \"", "There are others downtown.\" \"", "Throw out your joint on the double!\" \" ", "You do what I asked?\" \" ", "Sure.\" \"", "It's here in Rue Marbeuf.\" \"", "Here's the entrance.\" \"", "Al Watan Al Arabi is located here.\" \"", "And Abu Zahr's office?\" \"", "Here on the right.\" \"", "Everyday at 9 a. m. he goes down to buy the Arab press.\" \"", "He reads it in this café here.\" \"", "He's back in his office by 10.\" \"", "I'll tell you when.\" \"", "You'll pick up the car bomb and park it in Rue Marbeuf.\" \"", "Just below his office.\" \"", "I'm no explosives expert.\" \"", "The timer will be set.\" \"", "Magdalena will come.\" \"", "It'll be easy.\" \"", "She'll have my instructions.\" \"", "Follow them to the letter.\" \"", "Bruno Bréguet.\" \"", "I don't know you.\" \"", "My friend François Genoud speaks highly of you.\" \"", "Can I trust you?\" \"", "I just spent 7 years in Israeli prison.\" \"", "I'm as committed to Palestine as ever.\" \"", "I brought you 2000 dollars.\" \"", "I need pictures for the passports.\" \"", "We had some taken.\" \"", "It wasn't very clever to get your bag stolen.\" \"", "All your stuff, your money...\" \"First day in Paris!\" \"", "50,000 dollars.\" \"", "Can't file a complaint!\" \"", "Today's the day.\" \"", "A white Peugeot.\" \"", "Basement of the George V parking lot.\" \"", "Hello, sir.\" \" ", "Can I help you?\" \" ", "No, thank you.\" \"", "Have your ticket?\" \"", "From the gate.\" \"", "Don't move!\" \"", "Hang up!\" \"", "Now!\" \"", "Don't move!\" \"", "Get down!\" \"", "To Gaston Defferre, Minister of the Interior.\" \"", "I'm writing to inform you that 2 members of our organization,\" \"Magdalena Cecilia Kopp and Bruno Bréguet were arrested in Paris by French law enforcement during mission which wasn't targeting France.\" \"", "They should not serve time for being dedicated to the revolutionary cause.\" \"", "On behalf of our group leaders, issue the following warning..\" \"One, we refuse that our comrades stay in prison.\" \"", "Two, we will not accept their extradition to any country whatsoever.\" \"", "We demand their release within 30 days upon receipt of this letter.\" \"", "We are not at war with socialist France.\" \"", "I ask you in all sincerity not make us wage one.\" \"", "signed the Organization of the Armed Arab struggle,\" \"Arm of the Arab Revolution.\" \"", "Carlos.\" \"", "French Embassy at the Hague\" \"Kopp and Bréguet's lawyer\" \"Come...\" \"Let's get away from the bugs.\" \"", "I've been tailed since I set foot in Hungary.\" \"", "They won't let up till you leave.\" \"", "The newspapers printed my letter.\" \"", "Who leaked it?\" \"", "The Ministry.\" \"", "Defferre wanted to negotiate.\" \"", "His advisors were against it.\" \"", "He's stuck.\" \"", "He won't give in?\" \"", "Chirac, the mayor of Paris, is dead-set against it.\" \"", "He knows I weigh my words.\" \"", "If he ignores my ultimatum,\" \"I won't hesitate to strike.\" \"", "Public opinion prevents them from giving in.\" \"", "So war it is.\" \"", "Two days after the ultimatum expired\" \"Chirac is travelling in this wagon.\" \"", "In the VIP section.\" \"", "I heard a terrible explosion.\" \"", "The window on one side... on my right... exploded.\" \"", "What's strange is that I was wounded on this side.\" \"", "At 8:40pm.\" \"", "the Capitole train was travelling at 140km/h when an explosion tore through the second wagon.\" \"", "Pieces of the roof were found 100 meters away.\" \"", "Travellers ran to help the victims.\" \"", "shouts, cries for help, corpses...\" \"AFP?\" \"", "This is the Armed Wing of the Arab Revolution.\" \"", "We blew up the train.\" \"", "We won't let up until the release of Bruno Bréguet and Magdalena Kopp.\" \"", "I told you it would be war.\" \"", "Beirut, two weeks later\" \"Coder at the French Embassy\" \"Don't tire yourself.\" \"", "The embassy is becoming unbearable.\" \"", "The Syrians have gone berserk.\" \"", "French TV is running a documentary blaming them for the Ambassador's murder.\" \"", "But they did it.\" \"", "They deny it.\" \"", "They're using Carlos as leverage.\" \"", "Any news?\" \"", "A second ultimatum.\" \"", "It's being kept secret to avoid panic.\" \"", "They say they'll strike here in Beirut.\" \"", "What for?\" \"", "To be heard.\" \"", "The trial's an excuse.\" \"", "Isn't it today?\" \"", "Prison guards are on strike.\" \"", "All the Syrians want is to block the documentary.\" \"", "Period.\" \"", "You shouldn't have!\" \"", "East Berlin, two days later\" \"Ljubljana, Yugoslavia\" \"Postojna, Yugoslavia\" \"The same day\" \"Italo-French border\" \"The next day\" \"Offices of AI Watan Al Arabi\" \"The same evening,\" \"TF1 broadcasts the documentary implicating Syria in the murder of the French Ambassador to Lebanon\" \"The next day, 9:00\" \"Beginning of the trial of Magdalena Kopp and Bruno Bréguet\" \"9:01 am, Rue Marbeuf.\" \"", "A car parks in front of number 33.\" \"", "The violent detonation rocks the windows and storefronts up to 150 meters away.\" \"", "The car was parked by the AI Watan AI Arabi newspaper.\" \"", "Last report.. one dead 46 wounded. ", "11 very seriously.\" \"", "Did you work at the paper?\" \"", "Is there a connection?\" \"", "We had a bomb threat in December.\" \"", "We often got letters.\" \"", "What kind of letters?\" \"\"", "We're going to blow you up. \"\" \"", "sometimes the night guard would get a call..\" \"\"It's gonna blow.\" \"", "You got 5 minutes to live. \"\" \"", "It had to happen.\" \"", "Like when it was based in Lebanon.\" \"", "Now they did it in Paris.\" \"", "The government will use every means to find the perpetrators, to bring them to justice and to reinforce the protection of the population.\" \"", "As of today, the government has decided to declare persona non grata the military attaché and the cultural attaché of the Syrian Embassy in Paris because of their actions on French soil.\" \"", "By remaining silent, by awaiting your verdict,\" \"the man you call Carlos, a man of audacity and courage, has shown the poise of a great politician.\" \"", "Kopp and Bréguet remained seated showing total indifference to the trial.\" \"", "Despite being entitled to express and defend themselves, they saw no interest or value in the proceedings.\" \"", "5 years for Bréguet, 4 for Kopp.\" \"", "Twice what prosecutors asked for, but the Rue Marbeuf bombing tipped the scales.\" \"", "Budapest, State Security\" \"Get the whisky.\" \"", "Rome, Fiumicino Airport\" \"Follow me, ma'am.\" \"", "Fleury-Mérogis, three years later\" \"Get your things.\" \"", "You leave today.\" \"", "French-West German border\" \"We've informed her that she's banned from France.\" \"", "We'll question her, then let her go.\" \"", "It's no longer our business.\" \"", "Neu-Ulm, West Germany\" \"The next day\" \"Mama!\" \"", "No one calls me so late.\" \"", "Frankfurt Airport\" \"What are you doing?\" \"", "Leave that!\" \"", "Fall of the Berlin Wall\" \"Stasi Headquarters\" \"Damascus, Syria\" \"Where's Carlos?\" \"", "He could help for once.\" \"", "Where's the little girl hiding?\" \"", "Where is she?\" \"", "Here!\" \"", "I'll catch her!\" \"", "I'll eat her up piece by piece!\" \"", "There she is!\" \"", "I found her!\" \"", "Game over.\" \"", "Time to go.\" \"", "Mama's waiting.\" \"", "Where are we going?\" \"", "Libya.\" \"", "A city called Tripoli.\" \"", "Is Tripoli far?\" \"", "Very far.\" \"", "Damascus, the same evening\" \"Khartoum, Sudan\" \"Islamic guide of the Sudanese regime\" \"Damascus, Syria\" \"Secret Service Headquarters\" \"Hello, Ali.\" \"", "Have a seat.\" \"", "You're at home here.\" \"", "My Carlos assignment is over.\" \"", "You've done your duty.\" \"", "You stayed by his side.\" \"", "He's all washed up now.\" \"", "No longer of any use.\" \"", "Neither to us, nor to anyone else.\" \"", "I'm at your service.\" \"", "I need proof of your loyalty.\" \"", "You know what I mean.\" \"", "Carlos can be of use one last time.\" \"", "The Americans will bid highest.\" \"", "They'll need our help.\" \"", "Are you willing?\" \"", "To help the CIA?\" \"", "Khartoum Airport\" \" Have a good trip?\" \" ", "Excellent.\" \"", "French Secret Service\" \"Follow them.\" \"", "He won't be much longer.\" \"", "What kind of surgery?\" \"", "Plastic.\" \"", "Liposuction.\" \"", "For his love handles.\" \"", "We know him, but not by name.\" \"", "Our services call him the phantom.\" \"", "Now you can put a name on him.\" \"", "That of a murderer.\" \"", "There's a warrant out for him.\" \"", "He killed two of our men and committed attacks all over Europe.\" \"", "He must be judged in France.\" \"", "State Security Headquarters\" \"Head of Secret Service, National Islamic Front\" \"You can't go home.\" \"", "Too risky.\" \"", "Your enemies have your address.\" \"", "How?\" \"", "The Syrians never forgave you for cutting off contact.\" \"", "Sold me to the U.S.?\" \"", "Maybe.\" \"", "You're protected by our guide, Hassan Al-Tourabi.\" \"", "You'll stay near his residence.\" \"", "His guards will watch over you.\" \"", "The pain in his testicles is terrible.\" \"", "Can I see him?\" \"", "Yes, this way, please.\" \"", "Can you lower your pyjamas?\" \"", "You have any news?\" \"", "How long are we staying here?\" \"", "Probably several days.\" \"", "We have no information.\" \"", "It's a state secret.\" \"", "It's in the hands of the National Islamic Front.\" \"", "And here?\" \"", "You're on French territory.\" \"", "was arrested in 1994 inYemen, then extradited to Germany.\" \"", "He is currently serving a life sentence in a prison in Berlin.\" \"", "spent three years in Venezuela with Carlos' family.\" \"", "Returned in 1995 to Neu-Ulm, her home town, in exchange for cooperating with German investigators.\" \"", "was arrested in 1998 in a town in Normandy, after several years in hiding.\" \"", "Tried in 2001 for the OPEC raid, he received a 9-year sentence.\" \"", "Given amnesty in 2003, he lives in France.\" \"", "After 10 years in a Swiss prison, she was extradited in 1987 to Germany where she was tried for the OPEC raid.\" \"", "Because witnesses were scared to testify, she was acquitted in May of 1990.\" \"", "She died of cancer 5 years later, at the age of 44.\" \"", "was sentenced to life for trying to kill the former Iranian prime minister in Paris.\" \"", "He was released and extradited after a series of bombings, in 1990.\" \"", "Now a geopolitical consultant for Lebanese TV.\" \"", "He was never prosecuted for the OPEC raid in Vienna.\" \"", "came to France after Carlos' arrest, but left without seeing him.\" \"", "She has since vanished without a trace.\" \"", "is still on the run.\" \"", "was convicted in 1997 to life in prison for killing 2 DST agents in Rue Toullier.\" \"", "He is currently serving his sentence in a penitentiary in Clairvaux.\" \"", "He is soon to be tried for bombing the Capitole train and Rue Marbeuf.\" \"", "Indicted for the drugstore bombing, which is still under investigation.\" \"", "He was never prosecuted for the OPEC raid.\" \"", "PART THREE\"" ]
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[ "Q:\n\nWhat is a property object?", "\n\nI am not new to python, but I have a pretty basic question here.", "\nI was playing around with python and found that there is the type property\n>>> property\n<type 'property'>\n\nBut I have only heard of properties in the function context.", "\n>>> a = property()\n<property object at 0x0246C090>\n\nBut what about property objects? ", "What are they use? ", "Property methods are not very intuitive or suggestive\n>>> dir(a)\n['__class__', '__delattr__', '__delete__', '__doc__', '__format__', '__get__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__set__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'deleter', 'fdel', 'fget', 'fset', 'getter', 'setter']\n\nThank you for the attention!", "\n\nA:\n\nThe property object is what you are actually thinking of as a property. ", "Consider this example:\nclass Foo(object):\n def __init__(self):\n self._bar = 0\n\n @property\n def bar(self):\n return self._bar + 5\n\nFoo.bar is a property object which has a __get__ method. ", "When you write something like\nx = Foo()\nprint(x.bar)\n\nthe lookup for x.bar finds that type(x).bar has a __get__ method, and so the attribute lookup becomes equivalent to\ntype(x).bar.__get__(x, type(x))\n\nwhich produces the value x._bar + 5.", "\nThe use of property as a decorator somewhat obscures the fact that bar is a property object. ", "An equivalent defintion is\nclass Foo(object):\n def __init__(self):\n self._bar = 0\n\n bar = property(lambda self: self._bar + 5)\n\nwhich shows more explicitly that you are creating a property object with the given lambda expression as the getter for that property, and binding the object to the class attribute bar.", "\nThe property class (along with instance methods, class methods, and static methods) is a specific application of Python's general descriptor protocol, which defines the behavior of class attributes with __get__, __set__, and/or __del__ methods.", "\n\nA:\n\nclass MyClass:\n def __init__(self,*costs):\n self.costs = costs\n def item_cost(self):\n return sum(self.costs)\n\nnow you can do\nMyClass(1,2,3,4).item_cost() #prints 10\n\nbut we can make it a property\nclass MyClass:\n def __init__(self,*costs):\n self.costs = costs\n @property\n def item_cost(self):\n return sum(self.costs)\n\nand now we can access it as a simple variable \nMyClass(1,2,3,4).item_cost\n\nyou could also create a setter for the value with\n ...\n @item_cost.setter\n def set_item_cost(self,value):\n pass #do something with value\n ...\n MyClass(1,2,3,4).item_cost = \"yellow\"\n\nIn general I find them to be sort of an anti-pattern... but some folks like em\n(side note you could also make it a property using it as a regular function instead of a decorator MyClass.item_cost_prop = property(MyClass.item_cost) )\n\nA:\n\nA property is an attribute object containing a getter and a setter method.", "\n\n" ]
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[ "All source code is available from GitHub (<https://github.com/strator1/CilOCT>).", "\n\nIntroduction {#sec001}\n============\n\nAccommodation, the eye's adjustment to different viewing distances, is achieved by a contraction of the ciliary muscle, a smooth, ring-shaped muscle surrounding the crystalline lens, controlling its shape to keep the retinal image in focus. ", "Due to a worldwide increase in myopia prevalence \\[[@pone.0234330.ref001]\\] and innovative approaches for presbyopia correction \\[[@pone.0234330.ref002]\\], research on a deeper understanding of the ciliary muscle's morphology and mechanisms has increased during the last years. ", "Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been frequently used to image the ciliary muscle morphology and its changes during accommodation \\[[@pone.0234330.ref003]--[@pone.0234330.ref008]\\].", "\n\nTo date, the shape changes of the ciliary muscle during accommodation were analyzed by measuring the ciliary muscle thickness (CMT) either in equidistant steps posterior to the scleral spur \\[[@pone.0234330.ref003],[@pone.0234330.ref005]\\] or proportionally to the length of the muscle \\[[@pone.0234330.ref009]\\]. ", "Alternatively, the change of the ciliary muscle's area during accommodation is measured \\[[@pone.0234330.ref008],[@pone.0234330.ref010],[@pone.0234330.ref011]\\]. ", "Both approaches require the segmentation of the ciliary muscle, which is usually performed manually, either using built-in calipers of the OCT-system \\[[@pone.0234330.ref007],[@pone.0234330.ref008]\\], custom-developed programs \\[[@pone.0234330.ref009],[@pone.0234330.ref012]--[@pone.0234330.ref014]\\], or image processing software \\[[@pone.0234330.ref010],[@pone.0234330.ref011]\\]. ", "The diversity of tools and methods for the segmentation of the ciliary muscle as well as of the analyzed parameters results in difficulties in comparing outcomes of different studies. ", "Furthermore, custom-developed programs used for segmentation are often not made available, which impedes the reproduction of study results.", "\n\nHere we present the first software for semi-automatic segmentation and standardized analysis of the ciliary muscle, CilOCT, which is free to use and fully open-source. ", "Biometric parameters of the ciliary muscle are automatically calculated after segmentation and image distortion correction, accounting for the different refractive indices of the tissue layers. ", "Additionally, CilOCT performs the formation of continuous CMT profiles, which allow for the detailed comparison of the ciliary muscle morphology between different subjects or different accommodative states. ", "CilOCT also provides an audit trail documenting all processing steps, fostering reproducibility of research. ", "The application of CilOCT is demonstrated by summarizing the results of three of our previously published studies.", "\n\nBy providing this open-source software, we aim to lay the foundation for an improved comparability of studies in the field of accommodation and ciliary muscle research using OCT, thereby fostering a better understanding of both anatomy and functionality of the ciliary muscle and its role in myopia and presbyopia development.", "\n\nMaterial and methods {#sec002}\n====================\n\nSoftware architecture {#sec003}\n---------------------\n\nCilOCT was developed as a Java (Version 8) application with a graphical user interface based on JavaFX and uses several open-source libraries. ", "The user interface leverages the ribbon-paradigm, a graphical control element consisting of a set of toolbars placed on several tabs, first introduced in Microsoft Office 2007, using the open-source library FXRibbon (version 1.0.1, BSD license) to simplify and accelerate user interaction \\[[@pone.0234330.ref015]\\]. ", "The image import makes use of the standard Java ImageIO classes for common image file formats (BMP, JPEG, PNG) and dcm4che-imageio (version 3.3.8, MPL 1.1 license) for raw DICOM files of the Zeiss Visante^™^ anterior segment-OCT (AS-OCT). ", "Mathematical calculations, especially matrix algebra and polynomial spline fitting, are implemented using the Apache commons-math3 library (version 3.6.1, Apache license 2.0). ", "Im- and export of guiding landmark coordinates to XML leverages jackson-databind (version 2.9.7, Apache license 2.0). ", "CilOCT uses Apache Maven 3 as project management and build-automation system \\[[@pone.0234330.ref016]\\].", "\n\nSoftware functionalities {#sec004}\n------------------------\n\nCilOCT enables the semi-automatic segmentation of the ciliary muscle in images acquired using OCT. ", "It allows OCT images to be imported from raw DICOM images of the Zeiss Visante^™^ AS-OCT \\[[@pone.0234330.ref017]\\] or common image formats (i.e. BMP, JPEG, PNG). ", "DICOM images of the Zeiss Visante^™^ AS-OCT are automatically resized and rotated for the correct display \\[[@pone.0234330.ref014]\\]. ", "The software can easily be extended for other OCT instruments. ", "After importing the image, its contrast can either be manually increased or decreased or adjusted by adaptive histogram equalization \\[[@pone.0234330.ref018]\\] to enhance the edges of the ciliary muscle for easier placement of guiding landmarks along the muscle's boundaries. ", "Changing the contrast does not affect the following automatic segmentation. ", "The semi-automatic segmentation using the manually placed guiding landmarks results in polynomial spline fits of the borders of the ciliary muscle, the anterior chamber, the scleral-air boundary, as well as the surface of a possibly used contact lens. ", "The coordinates of the guiding landmarks, along with any processing performed to enhance image quality, can be stored as an XML file, which allows for reliable reproduction of the segmentation results. ", "Before the determination of ciliary muscle biometric parameters, the image distortion resulting from the refraction of the infrared light beam on boundaries with different refractive indices is corrected to enable the calculation of the true layer thicknesses. ", "Image distortion correction is performed and applied to the segmentation using ray-tracing based on Snell's Law and the refractive indices of the respective layers (sclera: 1.41, ciliary muscle: 1.38, aqueous fluid: 1.34 \\[[@pone.0234330.ref019]\\]). ", "The values of the refractive indices of the different layers are configurable. ", "Finally, based on the distortion corrected polynomial splines, the following biometric parameters are calculated: ciliary muscle apex, scleral spur, perpendicular axis (a selective anterior CMT reading taken at the apex), ciliary muscle apex shift, ciliary muscle area, and CMT profile \\[[@pone.0234330.ref020]\\]. ", "The determined parameters can be copied to the system clipboard or saved as character separated text files. ", "The batch-processing feature allows for the analysis of large numbers of images based on previously created and stored XML segmentation files and to subsequently export the anatomical ciliary muscle landmarks, determined parameters, and CMT profiles as tabulated text files.", "\n\nImaging of the ciliary muscle using OCT {#sec005}\n---------------------------------------\n\nIn our previous studies, a Zeiss Visante^™^ AS-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany; enhanced high-resolution corneal mode, 512 A-scans, scanning size: 10 mm x 3 mm, wavelength 1310 nm) was used. ", "To image the ciliary muscle, subjects were positioned in front of the OCT device with their head placed in the combined head and chin rest. ", "After adjusting the imaged area using pupil center alignment, the subjects were instructed to shift their gaze about 40° to an external target without moving their head but keeping it parallel to the instrument. ", "This allowed imaging the entire ciliary muscle as shown in [Fig 1](#pone.0234330.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "A detailed description of the process including a sketch of the experimental setup can be found in \\[[@pone.0234330.ref020]\\].", "\n\n![", "OCT image of the temporal ciliary muscle of the right eye.\\\nThe ciliary muscle appears as a dark shaded bent triangular structure below the sclera. ", "The image was acquired using a Zeiss VisanteTM anterior segment-OCT, covering a size of 10 mm length and 3 mm tissue depth.](pone.0234330.g001){#pone.0234330.g001}\n\nSegmentation of the ciliary muscle using CilOCT {#sec006}\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nThe ciliary muscle segmentation consists of a two-stage process:\n\n1. ", " Guiding landmarks (about 10--15 per boundary) are placed manually roughly along the borders between (1) sclera and muscle, (2) muscle and pigmented epithelium, as well as (3) along the muscle boundary towards the iridocorneal angle ([Fig 2b](#pone.0234330.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "For each of the borders, a polynomial spline is fitted through the coordinates of these landmarks.", "\n\n2. ", " For each pixel of the fitted polynomial splines, the coordinates of the maximum brightness gradient within a distance of ± 5 pixels perpendicular to the spline are determined ([Fig 2c](#pone.0234330.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and used for a second, exact polynomial spline fit ([Fig 2d](#pone.0234330.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n![", "An illustrative example of the segmentation of the ciliary muscle: (a) The imported raw DICOM OCT image. (", "b) Manually placed guiding landmarks for the upper (green circles), lower (blue circles), and the nasal or temporal border (yellow circles) of the ciliary muscle, and a landmark in the iridocorneal angle (purple circle) as starting point of the 8-neighbor flood-fill algorithm (guiding landmarks size is enlarged for better visibility). (", "c) Maximum brightness gradients determined from the first rough polynomial spline fit of the landmarks. (", "d) Polynomial splines of the final segmentation. (", "e) Distortion correction based on Snell's Law using the refractive indices of the different tissue layers. ", "The incoming light rays of the infrared light beam and how they are refracted at the boundary between air and scleral-conjunctival tissue are exemplified as yellow lines perpendicular to the top of the images. ", "Red and orange lines depict the refracted light rays. (", "f) Distortion corrected segmentation and determined biometric parameters scleral spur, ciliary muscle apex, perpendicular axis, and ciliary muscle area (all values in pixels).](pone.0234330.g002){#pone.0234330.g002}\n\nIn addition to the ciliary muscle borders, the scleral-air boundary, as well as the borders of the anterior chamber are segmented by a simple 8-neighbors flood-fill algorithm using a manually placed starting point (purple landmark in [Fig 2b](#pone.0234330.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}, turquoise area in [Fig 2c](#pone.0234330.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}, orange and yellow borders in [Fig 2d](#pone.0234330.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These borders are required for the following distortion correction using Snell's Law and the refractive indices of the different tissues (infrared light rays depicted as yellow lines perpendicular to the upper border of the image and as red/orange lines after refraction at the different tissue borders in [Fig 2e](#pone.0234330.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Similarly, a possibly worn contact lens can be segmented (see [S1 Movie](#pone.0234330.s001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} for an example). ", "The thresholds of the flood-fill algorithm can be manually adjusted for the different regions. [", "Fig 2f](#pone.0234330.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"} depicts the determined biometric parameters scleral spur, ciliary muscle apex, perpendicular axis, and ciliary muscle area after distortion correction.", "\n\nIn addition to the biometric parameters ciliary muscle apex, scleral spur, perpendicular axis, ciliary muscle apex shift, and ciliary muscle area, the CMT profile is calculated as the distance between the intersections of a secant perpendicular to the scleral-conjunctival surface with the scleral-muscle border and the muscle-pigmented epithelium border, respectively ([Fig 3](#pone.0234330.g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This approach is used to normalize different shapes of the scleral-conjunctival surface \\[[@pone.0234330.ref020]\\].", "\n\n![", "Ciliary muscle thickness profile.\\\nThe profile is calculated as the distance between the intersection of a secant perpendicular to the scleral-conjunctival surface with the scleral-muscle border and the muscle-pigmented epithelium border (red lines).](pone.0234330.g003){#pone.0234330.g003}\n\nA demonstration of the segmentation process using the open-source software CilOCT is available as a movie in the supporting information ([S1 Movie](#pone.0234330.s001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "To test the segmentation of the ciliary muscle using the CilOCT software, the OCT image file in DICOM format ([S1 File](#pone.0234330.s002){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) along with the corresponding guiding landmarks file ([S2 File](#pone.0234330.s003){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) can be used.", "\n\nApplication of CilOCT in previous studies {#sec007}\n-----------------------------------------\n\nImages and results reported here were collected in previously published studies \\[[@pone.0234330.ref020]--[@pone.0234330.ref022]\\] in which CilOCT was applied. ", "The studies followed the tenets of the declaration of Helsinki and were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the medical faculty of the University of Tuebingen (376/2017BO2).", "\n\nResults {#sec008}\n=======\n\nIn a first study, the reliability of the ciliary muscle segmentation performed with CilOCT was evaluated by analyzing the OCT images of fifteen near-emmetropic volunteers. ", "Intra- and inter-examiner as well as intra-session repeatability using the two parameters ciliary muscle area (CMA) and perpendicular axis (PA) ([Fig 3](#pone.0234330.g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}) were assessed \\[[@pone.0234330.ref020]\\]. ", "Six OCT images of the right temporal ciliary muscle were taken in each of the volunteers during both, near and far accommodation. ", "A short break followed by subject re-alignment after three images in both accommodation states, respectively, allowed for the intra-session repeatability analysis. ", "The ciliary muscle segmentation was performed twice by the same examiner (SW) within one week to assess intra-examiner repeatability and additionally by a second examiner (TS) once to evaluate inter-examiner repeatability. ", "The intra-examiner analysis of the CMA revealed a statistically significant mean difference of 0.06 mm² between the two successively performed segmentations, probably caused by a training effect of the examiner \\[[@pone.0234330.ref020]\\]. ", "However, the analysis of the PA showed that the resulting mean difference between the two segmentations was 22.97 μm (≙ 2.94 px) and therefore within the range of the tomographer's resolution \\[[@pone.0234330.ref020]\\]. ", "The intra-session repeatability, analyzed using the mean value of the CMA of the first and the last three images segmented by one examiner, was found to be good with an ICC of 0.88 and a paired t-test revealed no statistically significant difference \\[[@pone.0234330.ref020]\\]. ", "A comparison between the CMA derived from the segmentation of the two examiners showed no statistically significant difference and inter-examiner repeatability was found to be good with an ICC of 0.87 \\[[@pone.0234330.ref020]\\].", "\n\nThe analysis of the CMT profiles as a novel parameter resulted in the identification of regions of a posterior thickening and an anterior thinning of the ciliary muscle when accommodating by 3 D. This could not be observed in such detail using selective thickness measurements based on equidistant or proportional steps as done before \\[[@pone.0234330.ref020]\\].", "\n\nReferring to the accumulating evidence of an association between near vision and myopic development, the second study using CilOCT aimed at comparing the accommodation process of emmetropic (n = 18) and myopic (n = 20) young adults regarding both refractive power changes of the crystalline lens and CMT changes for different accommodation demands. ", "The OCT image analysis revealed that accommodation mechanics of the two refractive groups differ significantly with respect to the ciliary muscle's shape, movement, and thickness changes. ", "The myopic ciliary muscle was found to be thinner than the emmetropic one in the anterior region, but thicker posteriorly. ", "Moreover, myopes exhibited smaller anterior thickness changes of the ciliary muscle during accommodation, but they showed a larger muscle movement compared to their emmetropic counterparts. ", "On the contrary, refractive power changes of the crystalline lens during a dynamic target presentation of the pattern far-near-far were not found to be statistically significantly different between emmetropes and myopes \\[[@pone.0234330.ref021]\\].", "\n\nIn this context, a third study was performed to investigate the effect of prolonged nearwork on the ciliary muscle and the refractive power changes of the lens. ", "OCT imaging of the ciliary muscle as well as photorefraction recordings of accommodation for a demand of 4 D were performed in 17 emmetropes and 18 myopes before and after a continuous 30-min reading task at 25 cm distance. ", "The analysis of the changes of the CMT profiles revealed an unexpected thinning of the muscle after the nearwork task in both refractive groups. ", "However, only myopes showed a sustained relative myopic shift of their lens power after the prolonged close work, while it remained rather stable in emmetropes \\[[@pone.0234330.ref022]\\].", "\n\nThese previous studies using CilOCT gave new insights into the myopic ciliary muscle's anatomical structure and reactions during regular and sustained accommodation and the respective differences to the emmetropic muscle. ", "The findings could therefore be instrumental in the further assessment of a possible role of the ciliary muscle in myopigenesis.", "\n\nCilOCT availability {#sec009}\n-------------------\n\nThe source code of CilOCT is available in a GitHub repository at <https://github.com/strator1/ciloct> and is licensed under the open-source GNU General Public License 3 (GNU GPLv3) to ensure that any derivative work is kept as open-source.", "\n\nA pre-built version of the software can be downloaded from <https://github.com/strator1/CilOCT/releases/tag/2.0.6>. ", "The software runs on any operating system with compatible Java Runtime Environment (JRE, version ≥ 8) installed (i.a. ", "Windows, macOS, Linux).", "\n\nDiscussion {#sec010}\n==========\n\nThe open-source software CilOCT allows for a semi-automatic segmentation and a standardized analysis of the ciliary muscle with an audit trail documenting the processing steps for reproducible results. ", "Reproducible research requires, as stated in a recent article, \"Making computer codes available to others together with a detailed log of every action\" in order to \"provide\\[s\\] a level of detail greater than experimental descriptions using natural language\" \\[[@pone.0234330.ref023]\\]. ", "A minimum requirement is, in addition to the study protocol and the description of the measurement procedures, the data with descriptive metadata as well as the analysis software and, in case the original software is not supported anymore, the source code \\[[@pone.0234330.ref024]\\]. ", "By providing a detailed log of the image processing and segmentation steps, CilOCT opens up the possibility of a reliable replication of the ciliary muscle's segmentation and subsequent analysis. ", "CilOCT's batch feature enables time- and resource-saving automatic and reproducible determination of biometric parameters of the ciliary muscle in large numbers of OCT images resulting from longitudinal studies or those involving large cohorts. ", "Such studies will help to answer questions regarding the relationship between the ciliary muscle morphology and the accommodation dynamics, and the possible involvement of the ciliary muscle in the development of myopia. ", "In case a relationship between myopia progression and changes in the ciliary muscle morphology was found, the here presented anatomical measures might serve as additional endpoints in interventional studies aiming at myopia control. ", "Similarly, biometric parameters of the ciliary muscle derived from the application of OCT imaging may help to answer the still open question of the ciliary muscle's contribution to the development of presbyopia. ", "While it is well accepted that a progressive hardening of the crystalline lens finally results in presbyopia \\[[@pone.0234330.ref025]\\], it is unclear if and to which amount the ciliary muscle is active at that stage \\[[@pone.0234330.ref026]\\], though several studies found indications for a preserved functionality well beyond the onset of presbyopia \\[[@pone.0234330.ref027]--[@pone.0234330.ref030]\\]. ", "The analysis of the CMT profiles may add further evidence to a purely lenticular-based theory of presbyopia.", "\n\nFurthermore, CilOCT's unique use of a coordinate system with the scleral spur as the point of origin and the intersections between upper ciliary muscle border and perpendiculars to the sclera as basis for the abscissa renders the analysis independent of the ciliary muscle's position and orientation within the OCT image \\[[@pone.0234330.ref020]\\]. ", "CMT profiles of subjects with different refractive errors, of different ages, or in different accommodative states can thereby be accurately overlaid and compared. ", "In addition to the commonly used ciliary muscle area measurements and discrete CMT readings, CMT profiles offer a novel analysis method for visualization and measurement of fine details of the thickness changes, which might remain undetected using current analysis techniques.", "\n\nBy providing CilOCT as free and open-source software, we aim to establish a better comparability of studies assessing the ciliary muscle's structure, features, and changes during accommodation, thereby bringing forward both, myopia and presbyopia research.", "\n\nConclusions {#sec011}\n===========\n\nIn this paper, we presented CilOCT, an open-source software for the semi-automatic segmentation of the ciliary muscle in OCT images. ", "It provides automatic calculation of several biometric parameters for analysis of the ciliary muscle's morphology as well as a novel approach for the creation of a continuous ciliary muscle thickness profile. ", "The software is written in Java and therefore runs on Windows, macOS, and Linux/Unix. ", "CilOCT can import OCT images from either the raw DICOM format of the Zeiss Visante^™^ AS-OCT or standard image files. ", "Further sources can easily be added. ", "CilOCT performs an image distortion correction accounting for the difference in the refractive index of the anatomical layers. ", "All image processing steps and the guiding landmarks can be stored as an XML file, allowing for a reproducible segmentation and an automated batch processing. ", "CilOCT was successfully employed in several studies and we believe that it can foster further research on the structure and the function of the ciliary muscle in myopia and presbyopia.", "\n\nSupporting information {#sec012}\n======================\n\n###### Demonstration of the segmentation of the ciliary muscle in an OCT image using the open-source software CilOCT.", "\n\n(MP4)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### Example OCT image of the ciliary muscle of one of the authors (TS).", "\n\n(DCM)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### Saved guiding landmarks file for the segmentation of the ciliary muscle in the OCT image ([S1 File](#pone.0234330.s002){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\n(XML)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\nWe thank Marco Ruggeri for advice regarding the analysis software and Anne Kurtenbach for proofreading the manuscript.", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0234330.r001\n\nDecision Letter 0\n\nAchiron\n\nAsaf\n\nAcademic Editor\n\n© 2020 Asaf Achiron\n\n2020\n\nAsaf Achiron\n\nThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the\n\nCreative Commons Attribution License\n\n, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.", "\n\n18 Mar 2020\n\nPONE-D-20-01371\n\nCilOCT: An open-source software for semi-automatic segmentation and analysis of the ciliary muscle in OCT images\n\nPLOS ONE\n\nDear Dr. Straßer,\n\nThank you for submitting your manuscript to PLOS ONE. 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", "Please also ensure that your ethics statement is included in your manuscript, as the ethics section of your online submission will not be published alongside your manuscript.", "\n\n\\[Note: HTML markup is below. ", "Please do not edit.\\]\n\nReviewers\\' comments:\n\nReviewer\\'s Responses to Questions\n\n**Comments to the Author**\n\n1\\. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?", "\n\nThe manuscript must describe a technically sound piece of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. ", "Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. ", "The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented.", "\n\nReviewer \\#1: Yes\n\nReviewer \\#2: No\n\nReviewer \\#3: No\n\n\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\n\n2\\. 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(", "Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters)\n\nReviewer \\#1: Thank you for allowing me to review this interesting paper.", "\n\nResearch article-is the very suitable for this article.", "\n\nOpen-Source is the most talked issue in programing in the last years It's very good to see it in our field.", "\n\nRemarks\n\nabstract\n\n1\\. I think you need to elaborate more about the \"batch processing\"- Most of the readers don't know enough about it.", "\n\nIntro\n\n2\\. You are talking about different refractive Indices please elaborate more including the numbers you are talking about.", "\n\n3\\. You're explaining how you took the images- Its not very clear- please add a photo how you've taken it. ", "Moreover- you're siting \\[16\\] your own article.", "\n\nMethod\n\n4\\. When you are talking about figure 2e and 2f is not very clear. ", "It needs to be more elaborated.", "\n\n5\\. The colors in 2b are not sharp enough- very difficult to see it and understand.", "\n\n6\\. In line 126 you are talking about \"distortion correction\"- it is not clear enough since you've already talked about the ciliary muscle in 2d.", "\n\nDiscussion\n\n7\\. You are talking about 6 OCT images in 15 Volunteers -- why is the discrepancy?", "\n\nI think it is a very interesting research article with a very updated topic. ", "Though with a small number of subjects.", "\n\nReviewer \\#2: editor comments\n\nGeneral\n\n1 was intrigue by the title of this study -- to evaluate the ciliary muscles -- indeed a great topic as accommodation presbyopia and myopia our daily life.", "\n\n2 The ability to standardized reports of imaging is of benefit to all researchers as it create a common language for definition and classification\n\ncover letter\n\n1 I understand you offer the code for the program. ", "Can you offer the software itself for those who do not have coding experience? ", "An online tool will be great\n\nIntro\n\n1 some font and formatting could be improved- please go over and make sure all is correct= for example reference 15 is not in the same font\n\n2 FIG 1- please refer the reader to the figure from the text.", "\n\n3 \"CilOCT supports the import of images of the ciliary muscle either from standard image format 54 (BMP, JPEG, PNG) or from raw Zeiss DICOM files \\[15\\]. ", "In the case of an import from raw Zeiss 55 DICOM format, the images are automatically rotated and resized \\[14\\].\"", "\n\nand\n\n\"To image the ciliary muscle subjects were positioned in front of an anterior segment-OCT (VisanteTM 62 AS-OCT, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany; enhanced high-resolution corneal 63 mode, 512 A-scans, scanning size: 10 mm x 3 mm, wavelength 1310 nm) with their head placed 64 in a combined head and chin rest \\[16\\]. ", "Since the infrared beam can only penetrate the sclera but 4 65 not the highly pigmented iris \\[17\\], the subjects were instructed to shift their gaze about 40° to an 66 external target while keeping their head parallel to the instrument. ", "This allowed imaging the entire 67 ciliary muscle as shown in Fig 1 \\[16\\]. ", "Images and results reported were collected in previously 68 published studies \\[16,18,19\\]. ", "The studies followed the tenets of the declaration of Helsinki and 69 were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the medical faculty of the University of 70 Tuebingen (376/2017BO2)\"\n\nshould move to the methods\n\n4 The intro lacking the purpose of this study: please state clearly that this is a review study aiming to introduce the software- no new data is given her- this is an overview report\n\nyou could add that to the title that it is a review\n\nmethods-\n\n1 CilOCT is developed\\-\\--\\> \"was\"\n\n2 The user interface leverages the ribbon-paradigm to simplify and accelerate user interaction- please explain in words that average human can explain that is this ribbon? ", "give example or photo?", "\n\n3 Table 1 -- please refer the reader from the text- I think this could be incorporated in the text actually as the table does not add much\n\n4 ccontrast can either be manually increased or decreased or adjusted by adaptive histogram equalization\\-\\--\\>Is different contrast affect the measurements?", "\n\n5 Illustrative Examples -- could you provide capture screen video as a tutorial? ", "ah S1 movie Ok\n\n6 is a windows version exist that a regulat user can download and install and work?", "\n\nDiscussion\n\n1 no results sections?", "\n\nfor example, from 100 scans how many were accurate? ", "what is the false positive negative? ", "timing of the procedure? ", "etc.", "\n\n2 The intra-examiner analysis of the CMA revealed\\-\\--where is this reported? ", "how many examiners? ", "how many test? ", "what was the statistical test\n\nplease follow a intro- method-results-conclusion design- we are all used to it\n\nciliary muscle thickness profiles- you should show that this is indeed an helpful parameter\n\nconclusion- after reading the study- I must admit that the format or order of the study made me confused- what was the propose of this study? ", "if 3 previous studies were already puclished what is new in the current one- if it a review please descrivvve in depth the previous studies (n, methods etc) summeried the results etc.", "\n\nI think if the aim is to present a new software the the format should be technical and present data that show that the software is more accurate them manul segmention that it reduce cost and time etc-\n\nReviewer \\#3: This manuscript summarizes the authors' experience with a software for the analysis of OCT images of the ciliary muscle. ", "This experience is based on 3 of the authors' previous studies (ref 16, 18 and 19). ", "The paper is well written, and demonstration of the technique is clear and appears to be easy to reproduce. ", "However, in my opinion, the authors did not provide adequate justification to publish this manuscript, since there is no evidence of any new original research compared to the 3 previous reports. ", "This manuscript may benefit from being presented as a review.", "\n\nAt list one of the figures was published in one of the authors' previous studies, though this was adapted with permission. ", "This seems inappropriate to me.", "\n\n\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\n\n6\\. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article ([what does this mean?](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/editorial-and-peer-review-process#loc-peer-review-history)). ", "If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.", "\n\nIf you choose \"no\", your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.", "\n\n**Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review?** ", "For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our [Privacy Policy](https://www.plos.org/privacy-policy).", "\n\nReviewer \\#1: Yes: Evgeny Gelman\n\nReviewer \\#2: Yes: Asaf Achiron\n\nReviewer \\#3: No\n\n\\[NOTE: If reviewer comments were submitted as an attachment file, they will be attached to this email and accessible via the submission site. ", "Please log into your account, locate the manuscript record, and check for the action link \\\"View Attachments\\\". ", "If this link does not appear, there are no attachment files to be viewed.\\]\n\nWhile revising your submission, please upload your figure files to the Preflight Analysis and Conversion Engine (PACE) digital diagnostic tool, <https://pacev2.apexcovantage.com/>. ", "PACE helps ensure that figures meet PLOS requirements. ", "To use PACE, you must first register as a user. ", "Registration is free. ", "Then, login and navigate to the UPLOAD tab, where you will find detailed instructions on how to use the tool. ", "If you encounter any issues or have any questions when using PACE, please email us at <figures@plos.org>. ", "Please note that Supporting Information files do not need this step.", "\n\n###### \n\nSubmitted filename: review CilOCT.docx\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0234330.r002\n\nAuthor response to Decision Letter 0\n\n30 Apr 2020\n\nWe ensured that the manuscript meets PLOS ONE\\'s style requirements, including those for file naming.", "\n\nWe supplied a replacement figure for figure 3\n\nWe added the ethics statement to the Methods and material section.", "\n\nPlease find all other responses to reviewer questions and comments in the submitted document \\\"Response to Reviewers.docx\\\"\n\n###### \n\nSubmitted filename: Response to Reviewers.docx\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0234330.r003\n\nDecision Letter 1\n\nAchiron\n\nAsaf\n\nAcademic Editor\n\n© 2020 Asaf Achiron\n\n2020\n\nAsaf Achiron\n\nThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the\n\nCreative Commons Attribution License\n\n, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.", "\n\n26 May 2020\n\nReview of the application of the open-source software CilOCT for semi-automatic segmentation and analysis of the ciliary muscle in OCT images\n\nPONE-D-20-01371R1\n\nDear Dr. Straßer,\n\nWe are pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been judged scientifically suitable for publication and will be formally accepted for publication once it complies with all outstanding technical requirements.", "\n\nWithin one week, you will receive an e-mail containing information on the amendments required prior to publication. ", "When all required modifications have been addressed, you will receive a formal acceptance letter and your manuscript will proceed to our production department and be scheduled for publication.", "\n\nShortly after the formal acceptance letter is sent, an invoice for payment will follow. ", "To ensure an efficient production and billing process, please log into Editorial Manager at <https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/>, click the \\\"Update My Information\\\" link at the top of the page, and update your user information. ", "If you have any billing related questions, please contact our Author Billing department directly at <authorbilling@plos.org>.", "\n\nIf your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper to enable them to help maximize its impact. ", "If they will be preparing press materials for this manuscript, you must inform our press team as soon as possible and no later than 48 hours after receiving the formal acceptance. ", "Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. ", "For more information, please contact <onepress@plos.org>.", "\n\nWith kind regards,\n\nAsaf Achiron\n\nAcademic Editor\n\nPLOS ONE\n\nAdditional Editor Comments (optional):\n\nReviewers\\' comments:\n\nReviewer\\'s Responses to Questions\n\n**Comments to the Author**\n\n1\\. If the authors have adequately addressed your comments raised in a previous round of review and you feel that this manuscript is now acceptable for publication, you may indicate that here to bypass the \"Comments to the Author\" section, enter your conflict of interest statement in the \"Confidential to Editor\" section, and submit your \\\"Accept\\\" recommendation.", "\n\nReviewer \\#2: All comments have been addressed\n\nReviewer \\#3: All comments have been addressed\n\n\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\n\n2\\. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?", "\n\nThe manuscript must describe a technically sound piece of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. ", "Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. ", "The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented.", "\n\nReviewer \\#2: Yes\n\nReviewer \\#3: Yes\n\n\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\n\n3\\. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?", "\n\nReviewer \\#2: N/A\n\nReviewer \\#3: N/A\n\n\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\n\n4\\. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?", "\n\nThe [PLOS Data policy](http://www.plosone.org/static/policies.action#sharing) requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). ", "The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. ", "For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. ", "If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data---e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party---those must be specified.", "\n\nReviewer \\#2: Yes\n\nReviewer \\#3: Yes\n\n\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\n\n5\\. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?", "\n\nPLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. ", "Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here.", "\n\nReviewer \\#2: Yes\n\nReviewer \\#3: Yes\n\n\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\n\n6\\. Review Comments to the Author\n\nPlease use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. ", "You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (", "Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters)\n\nReviewer \\#2: I think this will be a good tool.", "\n\nthe author did correct all my remarks\n\nI have no more comments\n\ngood luck\n\nReviewer \\#3: Thank you for the request to re-review this article.", "\n\nThe authors addressed and amended all issues in a satisfactory manner, most importantly changing the format of the paper to a review. ", "No further comments. ", "My recommendation is to accept this valuable manuscript.", "\n\n\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\n\n7\\. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article ([what does this mean?](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/editorial-and-peer-review-process#loc-peer-review-history)). ", "If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.", "\n\nIf you choose \"no\", your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.", "\n\n**Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review?** ", "For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our [Privacy Policy](https://www.plos.org/privacy-policy).", "\n\nReviewer \\#2: No\n\nReviewer \\#3: Yes: Tal Koval\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0234330.r004\n\nAcceptance letter\n\nAchiron\n\nAsaf\n\nAcademic Editor\n\n© 2020 Asaf Achiron\n\n2020\n\nAsaf Achiron\n\nThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the\n\nCreative Commons Attribution License\n\n, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.", "\n\n28 May 2020\n\nPONE-D-20-01371R1\n\nReview of the application of the open-source software CilOCT for semi-automatic segmentation and analysis of the ciliary muscle in OCT images\n\nDear Dr. Straßer:\n\nI am pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. ", "Congratulations! ", "Your manuscript is now with our production department.", "\n\nIf your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper at this point, to enable them to help maximize its impact. ", "If they will be preparing press materials for this manuscript, please inform our press team within the next 48 hours. ", "Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. ", "For more information please contact <onepress@plos.org>.", "\n\nFor any other questions or concerns, please email <plosone@plos.org>.", "\n\nThank you for submitting your work to PLOS ONE.", "\n\nWith kind regards,\n\nPLOS ONE Editorial Office Staff\n\non behalf of\n\nDr. Asaf Achiron\n\nAcademic Editor\n\nPLOS ONE\n\n[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.", "\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
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[ "The Challenge: Champs vs. Stars - From Rainbows to Storm Clouds\n\nTensions rise with one Star out for revenge against the person who sent him to elimination. ", "Meanwhile, one team tries to remain a uniformed front, even though some members of the team actively try to plot against others.", "\n\nLol at that description trying to be mysterious when there's only been one male that has been sent into elimination so far. ", "Obviously, it's Casper vs Tony. ", "Why not just say so? ", "It doesn't really make a difference, just strikes me as super odd." ]
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[ "City Buys 2.57 Acres From Navy for New Marine Animal Care Center\n\nFriday, August 03, 2012\n\nThe City of Virginia Beach on Thursday bought 2.57 acres from the Navy as the first step toward creating a new Virginia Aquarium Marine Animal Care Center. ", "The property is near the end of Bells Road off Owls Creek, across from the Virginia Aquarium & Marine Science Center. ", "The city paid $128,500.", "\n\n“The Aquarium is one of the crown jewels of Virginia Beach, and this purchase will help make it even stronger,” said Mayor William D. Sessoms, Jr. “We thank our partners in the Navy, who always stand ready to defend our country and help make Virginia Beach the great city it is.”", "\n\nCapt. ", "Bob Geis, commanding officer of Naval Air Station Oceana, said, “This is another example of the great partnership between the Navy and the city. ", "Considering the many other property transactions the city has completed and is pursuing near NAS Oceana, which have helped to sustain Navy air operations and enhance the health and welfare of the citizens of Virginia Beach, the Navy was pleased to cooperate in the expansion of the Marine Animal Care Center, a compatible use per the Navy's Air Installation Compatible Use Zone (AICUZ) Program. ", "We look forward to continuing our mutually beneficial relationship.\"", "\n\nThe Marine Animal Care Center, which is not a publicly visited building, provides operational support for the Aquarium. ", "This includes providing animal holding and quarantine for exhibits, and serving as home base for educational outreach program animals as well as the Virginia Aquarium Stranding Response Program. ", "Director of Research & Conservation Mark Swingle said, “The current facility, in a leased building, is substandard in size and capabilities. ", "For example, there is no holding space to house a large shark from the Aquarium, should it need to be treated for illness or isolated for pregnancy, and stranded animal autopsies must be conducted outdoors throughout the year.”", "\n\nThe new 18,000-square-foot center will cost about $13.7 million and is expected to open in mid-2018. ", "The city will fund construction, while the nonprofit Virginia Aquarium & Marine Science Center Foundation, through a capital campaign, will provide funding to equip the new facilities." ]
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[ "Q:\n\nFour color theorem for 'solid' maps\n\nIs there an equivalent of the four color theorem for 'solid' maps? ", "In other words, if we consider a 'map' in $3D$ what is the minimum number of colors we have to use in order to avoid that two adiacent solid regions have the same color?", "\nThanks.", "\n\nA:\n\nAndré's comment is correct: for any integer $n>0$ it is possible to produce a collection of $n$ solid regions each of which touches all the others. ", "The solid regions to be constructed are best explained by a picture, but I don't want to put in the effort, so here's a description. ", "The $n$ regions, $R_i$, for $0<i<n$ are all constructed in a similar way:\n\nTake two sticks each with unit square cross-sections and length $n$ units.", "\nLay one stick perpendicularly on top of the other, so they form a cross.", "\nThe lower stick will project $i$ units in front of the crossing stick and the crossing stick similarly projects $i$ units to the left of the lower stick.", "\n\nNow take the $n$ regions and lay them out in left-to-right order $R_0, R_1, \\dotsc, R_{n-1}$, arranged so that the lower stick of each is aligned in the front.", "\nYou'll then have $n$ regions, each of which touches all the rest. ", "In short, there's no minimum chromatic number for solid regions in 3-space. ", "An interesting followup: what if we required the regions to be convex?. ", " \n\n" ]
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[ "Had heard of this game, but had never played it until now. ", "I lucked out finding it here for such a steal. ", "Right now, I am learning the ropes, but what I have seen I really like. ", "It is going to be a magical ride." ]
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[ "Introduction {#Sec1}\n============\n\nFerumoxytol, an iron oxide nanoparticle compound with superparamagnetic properties, was originally designed as an intravascular contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) \\[[@CR1]\\], although ultimately it was commercialised as an intravenous iron therapy for anaemia. ", "Meanwhile, ferumoxytol is now increasingly used off-label by clinicians and researchers as an MRI contrast agent. ", "Vascular imaging in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) can be challenging due to increased susceptibility to adverse events such as contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) with iodine-based contrast agents and concerns regarding nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) with gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs).", "\n\nFerumoxytol has high relaxivity at 1.5 T and 3.0 T \\[[@CR2]\\] with theoretical advantages as a contrast agent for MRA. ", "It is not filtered by the glomerulus but is removed from the circulation via macrophage phagocytosis with the remaining iron oxide particles taken up by the reticuloendothelial system of the liver, spleen and bone marrow being incorporated into body iron stores for red blood cell synthesis. ", "Due to its large molecular weight of approximately 750 kD \\[[@CR3]\\], ferumoxytol resides in the blood pool and does not diffuse out into the extracellular fluid space. ", "Given its long intravascular half-life, it can potentially be used without the need for bolus timing with imaging in a 'steady state' when the arterial and venous vasculatures are equally enhanced.", "\n\nIn June 2009, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ferumoxytol for parenteral treatment of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in adults with CKD and in February 2018 expanded the approval to include all eligible adults with IDA who cannot tolerate or have not responded to oral iron. ", "Recently, ferumoxytol has gained appeal in vascular imaging and there are reports in the literature for its safe use and utility in both adult and paediatric patients with CKD \\[[@CR4]--[@CR11]\\]. ", "However, dose-related efficacy studies are lacking with different doses having been reported in the literature, ranging from 120 mg of elemental iron as a bolus for angiographic assessment of arteriovenous fistulas \\[[@CR4]\\] to 6 mg/kg for T2\\* renal perfusion mapping \\[[@CR12]\\].", "\n\nThe aim of this study was to establish the optimal dose of ferumoxytol required for vascular imaging in patients with CKD.", "\n\nMaterials and methods {#Sec2}\n=====================\n\nStudy population {#Sec3}\n----------------\n\nPatients older than 18 years of age with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of \\< 30 mL/min/1.73 m^2^ (including patients on haemodialysis) requiring vascular imaging were included in this prospective, single-centre study. ", "Patients were referred for ferumoxytol-enhanced MR angiography (FeMRA) if the clinician felt that an angiogram was required for one the following indications: characterisation of the aortoiliac vasculature prior to wait-listing for kidney transplantation, investigation of renal artery stenosis or to assess peripheral vascular disease (PVD). ", "In all patients, standard contrast-enhanced imaging techniques were avoided due to potential risks of CIN or NSF. ", "Dialysis patients were referred for FeMRA if they had residual renal function with a risk of decline or loss of function after use of iodine-based contrast agents or if there was prior evidence of extensive vascular calcifications which would impair CT images. ", "Patients with standard contraindications to MRI (such as non-MRI-compatible pacemakers, severe claustrophobia and metal in the eyes), history of allergic reaction to any intravenous iron product, any conditions associated with iron overload and patients with active immune or inflammatory conditions (e.g. systemic lupus, rheumatoid arthritis) were excluded.", "\n\nAs ferumoxytol was increasingly used off-label in our centre as an alternative MRI contrast agent \\[[@CR11]\\], this dose-finding study was performed to optimise our protocol. ", "This was approved by the Clinical Governance Committee of the Diagnostics Directorate. ", "The regional Research Ethics Committee ethics officer was consulted and confirmed that formal ethics committee approval was not required. ", "Nevertheless, as this was an off-label use of the agent, informed consent was obtained from all subjects. ", "Investigations were performed between 1 December 2015 and 30 June 2016.", "\n\nBaseline data {#Sec4}\n-------------\n\nAge, gender and aetiology of established renal failure (ERF) were recorded. ", "We retrieved data on last haemoglobin and serum creatinine prior to FeMRA and calculated the eGFR using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation \\[[@CR13]\\]. ", "All patients were weighed on the day of the scan to calculate the doses of ferumoxytol given.", "\n\nMRI protocol {#Sec5}\n------------\n\nPatients underwent MRA with ferumoxytol administered in an appropriate setting under supervision of trained medical personnel and were observed for a minimum of 30 min following termination of ferumoxytol infusion. ", "All studies were performed on a 3.0-T Prisma MRI scanner (Magnetom, Siemens Healthineers) with local phased-array imaging coils in the supine position using standardised protocol similar to that of standard MRA studies with GBCAs.", "\n\nFerumoxytol administration {#Sec6}\n--------------------------\n\nFerumoxytol was infused intravenously through a 22-gauge intravenous cannula placed in the antecubital fossa of either arm. ", "Optimal dose was selected on the basis of the minimum effective dose (MED) to achieve diagnostic imaging rather than maximum signal intensity criteria similarly to the 'As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) principle' employed to minimise radiation exposure. ", "A total dose of 4 mg/kg of ferumoxytol (Feraheme; AMAG Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) was delivered up to a maximum of 400 mg. ", "The dosage of ferumoxytol is expressed in terms of milligram of elemental iron, with each millilitre of ferumoxytol containing 30 mg of elemental iron.", "\n\nIn all cases, ferumoxytol was diluted to a concentration no greater than one part ferumoxytol to four parts 0.9% sodium chloride and was administered in 4--7 (median 4) divided controlled infusions (aliquots) until the maximum dose was delivered. ", "Ferumoxytol infusions were delivered by an MRI-compatible infusion pump for precise control over infusion rates which were set at 1 ml/s of diluted ferumoxytol (equal to 6 mg/s of elemental iron) followed by 20 ml of 0.9% sodium chloride at a rate of 1 ml/s. The infusion time for each aliquot ranged up to 18 s depending on body weight and volume of the infusion. ", "These aliquots were delivered with a minimum interval of 5 min between them to allow time for planning and different imaging components to be performed; thus, the total dose was delivered over a minimum of 20 min.", "\n\nPatients were instructed to immediately alert the operator should they have any discomfort at any time, and were continuously monitored by pulse oximeter (measuring both heart rate and oxygen saturation) while in the MRI scanner and had blood pressure measured before and after infusions. ", "Average scan duration was 30 min.", "\n\nImage acquisition {#Sec7}\n-----------------\n\nA full range of angiographic sequences were performed depending on the clinical indication; however, for the purposes of this study, the relevant one was a T1-weighted fast low-angle shot (FLASH) sequence of aortoiliac vasculature. ", "This sequence was performed before giving contrast and 60 s after each aliquot of the diluted ferumoxytol was administered without changing the imaging field-of-view between sequences.", "\n\nData analysis {#Sec8}\n-------------\n\nImages were analysed using OsiriX MD (Pixmeo). ", "For quantitative analysis, signal intensities within the vessel lumen were measured using the regions of interest (ROI) placed in the abdominal aorta (AA), inferior vena cava (IVC), psoas muscle, intra-abdominal fat, liver and spleen that were cloned (in terms of position and size) across the acquisitions. ", "An ROI was placed in air outside of the imaged body for noise calculation. ", "The target ROI size was a minimum of 1 cm^2^. If this size could not be achieved in small vessels, the largest practical ROI area for that vessel was assessed. ", "Mean signal intensity (SI; arbitrary units, U) following each dose increment was recorded from all ROIs except those placed in air, from which the standard deviation (SD) was recorded. ", "Contrast-to-noise (CNR) and signal-to-noise (SNR) ratios were calculated. ", "Correlation analyses between CNR and SNR in the AA and IVC and ferumoxytol dose were performed. ", "Assessment of the CNR and SNR was performed independently by two radiologists (MH and GR) with 5 years and \\> 20 years of experience, respectively, in cardiovascular MR imaging. ", "Following analysis of all images, discordances were adjudicated by discussion and consensus reached.", "\n\nDescriptive statistics are expressed as means ± SD or numbers and percentages. ", "Four quadratic regression models were used to plot the relationship between cumulative doses of ferumoxytol and CNR and SNR change within AA and IVC, respectively, and estimate the regression coefficients. ", "The open-source statistics environment R (version 3.4.3; The R Foundation) was used for statistical analysis \\[[@CR14]\\].", "\n\nResults {#Sec9}\n=======\n\nA total of 25 patients had angiographic assessment with FeMRA. ", "Two patients were excluded from analysis due to failure to acquire all repeated FLASH sequences because of claustrophobia necessitating abandonment of the scan. ", "From the 23 remaining patients, 13 (57%) required imaging as part of pre-operative kidney transplant assessment, 7 (30%) had clinical manifestations of renovascular disease and 3 (13%) had PVD. ", "Five (22%) patients were on haemodialysis and 18 (78%) had various degrees of renal failure (6 of them had a kidney transplant). ", "The mean age was 59.8 (SD 12.8) years, 20 (87%) were men and almost half of them had diabetic nephropathy. ", "An average of 325 mg (SD 65) of ferumoxytol was administered (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}).Table 1Baseline characteristicsAge (year), mean (SD)59.8 (12.8)Female sex, *n* (%)3 (13.0)Body weight (kg), mean (SD)85.4 (22.9)BMI categories, *n* (%)18.5--259 (39.1)25.1--304 (17.4)\\> 3010 (43.5)Cause of ERFDiabetes, *n* (%)11 (47.9)Renovascular, *n* (%)3 (13.0)Other^a^, *n* (%)6 (26.1)Unknown, *n* (%)3 (13.0)Laboratory values at time of MR imagingHaemoglobin (g/L), mean (SD)106.4 (21.2)Creatinine (μmoL/L), mean (SD)^b^359 (131)eGFR (mL/min/1.73m^2^), mean (SD)^b^17.2 (7.5)CKD stage, *n* (%)HD5 (21.7)510 (43.5)48 (34.8)Dose of ferumoxytol given (mg), mean (SD)325 (65)^a^Glomerulonephritis (*n* = 4), reflux nephropathy (*n* = 1), obstructive uropathy (*n* = 1)^b^Excludes patients on dialysis*BMI*, body mass index; *ERF*, established renal failure; *eGFR*, estimated glomerular filtration rate; *CKD*, chronic kidney disease; *HD*, haemodialysis\n\nThe imaging parameters for the post-contrast breath-hold MRA acquisitions are listed in Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "Minor changes to these values were made on an individual basis due to differences in patient body habitus and extracellular fluid status. ", "All subjects completed MRA with ferumoxytol enhancement with no adverse events.", "Table 2Pulse sequence parameters for the T1-weighted FLASH sequencesTR (repetition time)2.88 msTE (echo time)1.04 msFlip angle20°Number of averages1Field of view400 × 325 mmSection thickness1 mmVoxel dimensions1.0 × 1.0 × 1.0 mmData matrix243 × 384Timing of sequence^a^60 sAcquisition time18 sMean volume thickness112Bandwidth300 Hz/PXParallel imaging acceleration factor3^a^After start of contrast infusion\n\nCumulative doses of 0 (pre-contrast), 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/kg of ferumoxytol yielded mean CNR of − 41 (± 36), 20 (± 26), 46 (± 29), 90 (± 66) and 86 (± 62) in AA and − 45 (± 37), 4 (± 31), 38 (± 26), 78 (± 46) and 95 (± 71) in IVC, respectively. ", "Mean SNR values were 35 (± 14), 92 (± 63), 97 (± 40), 155 (± 96) and 153 (± 95) in AA and 30 (± 10), 77 (± 43), 89 (± 38), 138 (± 83) and 162 (± 109) in IVC, respectively.", "\n\nFigures [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} demonstrate the distribution of the CNR and SNR, respectively, measured in AA and IVC against the cumulative dose of the administered ferumoxytol. ", "Both graphs demonstrate a parabolic relationship between the administered dose and vascular signal with a line of best fit calculated by quadratic regression analysis.", "Fig. ", "1Distribution of CNR measured in abdominal aorta and IVC following incremental doses of ferumoxytolFig. ", "2Distribution of SNR measured in abdominal aorta and IVC following incremental doses of ferumoxytol\n\nThe calculated relationships for the AA are described below, where *x* represents the ferumoxytol dose and *f*(*x*) the returned signal:$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$ \\mathrm{CNR}:f(x)=-6.6{(x)}^2+59.4(x)\\kern0.5em -34.1 $$\\end{document}$$with an estimated regression co-efficient (*R*^2^) = 0.56 and$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$ \\mathrm{SNR}:f(x)=-7.0{(x)}^2+58.9(x)+31.2 $$\\end{document}$$with an estimated *R*^2^ = 0.35.", "\n\nThese equations predict peak aortic CNR and SNR at 4 mg/kg ferumoxytol with decrease in signal with higher doses (Tables [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"} and [4](#Tab4){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "However, 85% of peak CNR in AA is predicted to be obtained after administration of 3 mg/kg of ferumoxytol and \\< 10% of SNR gain is predicted with administration of \\> 3mg/kg of ferumoxytol (Tables [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"} and [4](#Tab4){ref-type=\"table\"}).Table 3Predicted CNR in abdominal aorta and IVC following ferumoxytol dose increments calculated by the regression equationsFerumoxytol dose (mg/kg)Predicted peak CNR in AA (%)Predicted peak CNR in IVC (%)0− 34− 381198258463857549895598106685109Table 4Predicted SNR in abdominal aorta and IVC following ferumoxytol dose increments calculated by the regression equationsFerumoxytol dose (mg/kg)Predicted peak SNR in AA (%)Predicted peak SNR in IVC (%)031271837321211093145135415515251511596133157\n\nThe calculated relationships for the IVC are described below, where *y* represents the ferumoxytol dose and *f*(*y*) the returned signal:$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$ \\mathrm{CNR}:f(y)=-4.4{(y)}^2+50.9(y)\\kern0.5em -38.1 $$\\end{document}$$with an estimated *R*^2^ = 0.65 and$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$ \\mathrm{SNR}:f(y)=-4.8{(y)}^2+50.4y+27.2 $$\\end{document}$$with an estimated *R*^2^ = 0.44.", "\n\nThese equations predict peak IVC CNR and SNR at 6 and 5 mg/kg ferumoxytol, respectively, with decrease in signal with higher doses. ", "Still 75% of peak CNR in IVC is predicted to be obtained after administration of 3 mg/kg of ferumoxytol and \\< 15% of SNR gain is predicted with administration of \\> 3 mg/kg of ferumoxytol (Tables [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"} and [4](#Tab4){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Examples of the images obtained are shown in Figs.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"} where it is obvious that image quality was significantly improved in both arterial and venous compartments following ferumoxytol dose increments up to 3 mg/kg but no visual difference was apparent with higher doses.", "Fig. ", "3Serial arterial phase maximum intensity projection (MIP) coronal and axial images of abdominal and aortoiliac vasculature after each increment of ferumoxytol. (**", "a**) Pre-contrast and after administration of (**b**) 1 mg/kg, (**c**) 2 mg/kg, (**d**) 3 mg/kg and (**e**) 4 mg/kg of ferumoxytolFig. ", "4Plane cross-sections of aortic bifurcation before ferumoxytol administration and after serial dose increments. (**", "a**) Pre-contrast, (**b**) 0.4 mg/kg, (**c**) 0.8 mg/kg, (**d**) 1.2 mg/kg, (**e**) 1.6 mg/kg, (**f**) 2 mg/kg, (**g**) 3 mg/kg and (**h**) 4 mg/kgFig. ", "5Plane cross-sections below the level of the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries before ferumoxytol administration and after serial dose increments. (**", "a**) Pre-contrast, (**b**) 0.4 mg/kg, (**c**) 0.8 mg/kg, (**d**) 1.2 mg/kg, (**e**) 1.6 mg/kg, (**f**) 2 mg/kg, (**g**) 3 mg/kg and (**h**) 4 mg/kg\n\nWith ferumoxytol, arteries and veins can be selectively depicted in a single exam. ", "However, due to the prolonged residence of contrast in the intravascular space, there may be overlay of the arteries and veins, and this is more pronounced in steady-state thick maximum intensity projection (MIP) images of the peripheral vasculature (Fig.", " [6](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}, Supplemental Video [1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}).Fig. ", "6Steady-state coronal thin slab (6mm) maximum intensity projection (MIP) images of the left below knee vasculature at level of tibial plateau and proximal fibula with ferumoxytol-enhanced MRA. ", "Magnified images showing details of distal popliteal and proximal tibial artery branching\n\nDiscussion {#Sec10}\n==========\n\nFerumoxytol as a contrast agent results in profound shortening of the T1 relaxation time of blood which increases the signal in blood vessels in T1-weighted sequences. ", "However, high concentrations of the agent can cause artefacts \\[[@CR15]\\] because of signal loss through T2\\* shortening. ", "We used incremental doses of ferumoxytol as an MRI contrast agent for assessing arterial and venous vasculature in patients with CKD to establish the optimal (minimum effective) dose and observed a parabolic relationship between the administered dose and vascular signal. ", "After exceeding a threshold, a negative correlation between the injected dose and the signal intensity was confirmed which is explained by T2\\* shortening effects at higher doses of ferumoxytol.", "\n\nOur findings demonstrate dose-dependent improvement in signal with ferumoxytol doses up to 3 mg/kg with no significant benefit (or even loss in signal) with higher doses of contrast. ", "We defined the optimal dose as the minimum effective dose to maximise diagnostic yield while minimising potential for reactions. ", "Although it could be argued that ferumoxytol doses exceeding 3 mg/kg were predicted to achieve better CNR and SNR in the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava, the gain in signal was minimal, especially considering that a 33% increase in dose above 3 mg/kg is required to yield just 10% increase in signal. ", "Our images were judged as diagnostic when assessed by two readers. ", "It has been argued that peak SNR correlates poorly with the subjective quality rating because it is essentially a pixel-based fidelity measurement method that does not match to the human perception \\[[@CR16]\\]. ", "Hence, the 'more is better' approach is not always applicable for SNR. ", "We advocate that 3 mg/kg is an acceptable dose with advantages in terms of protocol simplification, dose saving and minimisation of side effects without compromising diagnostic accuracy.", "\n\nThere are no published dose-finding data on ferumoxytol for vascular imaging with most centres using between 3 and 4 mg/kg based on limited clinical experience. ", "Two studies were identified to formally evaluate the ferumoxytol dose when used as MRI contrast agent, one for MRA and the other for lymphography and lymph node imaging. ", "In a small pilot study including 5 patients who had 3D MRA of the tibial artery trifurcation at 1.5 T, escalating doses of 0.4 mg/kg of ferumoxytol (for a total of 4 mg/kg) were administered. ", "The mean SNR in the arteries increased with higher doses of ferumoxytol; however, a cut-off dose for optimal imaging was not determined \\[[@CR17]\\]. ", "In the non-vascular study investigating ferumoxytol for MR lymphography in 15 patients undergoing prostatectomy with regional lymph node dissection, a dose of 7.5 mg/kg was found to be safe and effective in differentiating between malignant and benign lymph nodes 24 h after ferumoxytol injection \\[[@CR18]\\].", "\n\nIn our initial experience, ferumoxytol has potential clinical utility as a contrast agent for MRI. ", "We have previously reported a case series of kidney transplant candidates to examine the feasibility of acquiring adequate aortoiliac enhancement with FeMRA \\[[@CR11]\\]. ", "Similar MRI and ferumoxytol dosing protocols were used and there is patient overlap between the studies. ", "However, the objective of this current study is fundamentally different and the data analysis used to estimate the optimal dose is novel. ", "Meanwhile, we are testing ferumoxytol in prospective comparative studies of FeMRA versus CT angiography and Doppler ultrasound to assess vasculopathy in CKD patients using similar MR angiography protocols ([ClinicalTrials.gov](http://clinicaltrials.gov) registration number: NCT02997046). ", "As ferumoxytol's pharmacokinetics are independent of renal function, the proposed dose of 3 mg/kg can be applied universally for MRI irrespectively of renal function. ", "This creates the basis for adoption of this dose in current clinical practice with the caveat that further work is required to translate our protocol to 1.5 T. When given for treatment of anaemia, the licenced dose of ferumoxytol is an initial 510-mg dose followed by a second 510-mg dose 3--8 days later. ", "This corresponds to a dose of approximately 7.3 mg Fe/kg for a 70-kg man or a dose of 14.6 mg Fe/kg over 3--8 days. ", "The 3-mg/kg dose we propose for imaging is substantially lower than this therapeutic dose (approximately a fifth of the full dose for a 70-kg adult) and this should reduce the risk of hypersensitivity reactions while also minimising iron overload if repeated imaging is needed.", "\n\nTraditional contrast-enhanced MRA employs timed, first-pass imaging of a GBCA bolus, focused on the arterial or venous territory of interest. ", "For the majority of GBCAs, the volume of distribution is the extracellular fluid space which is quickly accessed after a relatively short time within the blood pool; hence, the time window for a vascular phase is very short. ", "Ferumoxytol has a prolonged intravascular half-life of approximately 14.5 h \\[[@CR19]\\] which allows for a longer time window for data acquisition, higher spatial resolution during the equilibrium phase and repeat imaging, if necessary, with negligible loss of intravascular SI \\[[@CR20]--[@CR22]\\]. ", "FeMRA has been used for both arteriography \\[[@CR5], [@CR7]\\] and venography \\[[@CR8], [@CR10]\\] in patients with CKD and has been shown to provide excellent visualisation of both central and peripheral vessels without the confounding effect of dense vascular calcification on luminal assessment often seen at CT. ", "On the downside, the agent can be present in the blood pool for weeks following administration and months in the reticuloendothelial system, potentially complicating the appearance of follow-up studies \\[[@CR23]\\]. ", "This should be ameliorated with minimised dose.", "\n\nFerumoxytol has an iron oxide core encapsulated by a semisynthetic carbohydrate that is substantially different from prior dextran compounds, which diminishes immunogenicity, retards phagocytosis and slows the release of elemental iron from the core. ", "Ferumoxytol has an established safety profile and has no known long-term toxicity \\[[@CR24]\\]. ", "Rates of adverse events have been similar to those seen with iodine-based contrast \\[[@CR24]\\] and the more commonly used intravenous iron formulations \\[[@CR25]\\]. ", "The main concern has been reported cases of anaphylactic-type reactions with rapid therapeutic bolus injections of undiluted compound leading to the recent recommendations by the US FDA for controlled infusion of dilute ferumoxytol \\[[@CR26]\\]. ", "In our study, no adverse events occurred and there was no change in the recorded vital signs during or after administration of ferumoxytol.", "\n\nThis study has notable strengths. ", "We used a consistent protocol with standardised infusion rates and imaging parameters; hence, differences in exposure to ferumoxytol were minimised. ", "Instead of allocating patients into fixed-dose groups, all patients received multiple dose increments allowing for intra- and interpatient dose comparisons. ", "To balance between risk and benefit, the optimal ferumoxytol dose was selected on the basis of maximising signal while maintaining a low-risk threshold rather on the basis of achieving the peak predicted signal.", "\n\nOur study has several limitations. ", "This is a single-centre study with a relatively small number of patients. ", "However, we used a sequential design to eliminate variations in demographic and clinical factors and detect changes in signal after studying a small set of patients. ", "Translation of the current protocol to 1.5 T needs to be studied but this should be feasible with alterations to echo time etc. ", "to ensure reliable vascular enhancement. ", "Lastly, we have examined dose based upon body weight; however, theoretically, the dose should be based upon the patient's intravascular blood volume which does not linearly increase with body weight; hence, a relatively lower dose may be appropriate for larger patients.", "\n\nUsing a consistent dosing regimen for contrast administration, we have shown that 3 mg/kg of ferumoxytol is effective for MR angiography in CKD patients in whom there are concerns in regard to standard contrast-based vascular imaging methods. ", "In the era of growing use of ferumoxytol for diagnostic MR applications, this study fills unmet clinical needs by offering an effective dosing regimen.", "\n\nElectronic supplementary material\n=================================\n\n {#Sec11}\n\nSupplemental Video 1(MOV 4433 kb)\n\nAA\n\n: Abdominal aorta\n\nALARA\n\n: As low as reasonably achievable\n\nCIN\n\n: Contrast-induced nephropathy\n\nCKD\n\n: Chronic kidney disease\n\neGFR\n\n: Estimated glomerular filtration rate\n\nERF\n\n: Established renal failure\n\nFeMRA\n\n: Ferumoxytol-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography\n\nIDA\n\n: Iron deficiency anaemia\n\nIVC\n\n: Inferior vena cava\n\nMED\n\n: Minimum effective dose\n\nNSF\n\n: Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis\n\nPVD\n\n: Peripheral vascular disease\n\n**Publisher's note**\n\nSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.", "\n\nThe authors state that this work has not received any funding.", "\n\nThe scientific guarantor of this publication is Professor Patrick Mark.", "\n\nThe authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies, whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.", "\n\nOne of the authors has significant statistical expertise.", "\n\nWritten informed consent was obtained from all subjects (patients) in this study.", "\n\nInstitutional Review Board approval was not required because this dose-finding study was performed to optimise our currently used protocol. ", "This was approved by the Clinical Governance Committee of the Diagnostics Directorate of NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde. ", "The West of Scotland Research Ethics Committee ethics officer was consulted and confirmed that formal ethical committee approval was not required.", "\n\n• prospective\n\n• experimental\n\n• performed at one institution\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
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[ "Q:\n\nCMS for a large community\n\nWhat's better then WordPress for a large community website? ", "Joomla, Drupal or some other CMS?", "\nI'm also looking for a CMS which can be easily adapted with custom scripts aka plug-ins.", "\nPlease state your answer and write why you think it's better.", "\n\nA:\n\nBigger/better than wordpress you're typically looking at Joomla or Drupal (There are others, these are just the most common ones)\nJoomla is much much easier to learn than drupal, but in the right hands drupal can be very very powerful (And handle LOTS of users)\nEither way you have to learn a new CMS. ", "Besides, just my opinion, very subjective question.", "\n\n" ]
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[ "Q:\n\nExecute a stored procedure from another, and return two variables\n\nI have a stored procedure called clients with 3 parameters: the first one for user input, and the last two are OUTPUT parameters.", "\nThis is the code:\nCREATE PROCEDURE clients\n (@name NVARCHAR(100),\n @id_client int OUTPUT,\n @messg varchar(1) OUTPUT)\nAS\nBEGIN\n SET NOCOUNT ON;\n BEGIN TRY\n BEGIN TRAN\n IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT name FROM client WHERE name = @name)\n BEGIN\n INSERT INTO client(name) VALUES (@name);\n\n SET @id_client = SCOPE_IDENTITY();\n SET @messg = 'o'\n\n COMMIT TRAN\n END\n ELSE\n BEGIN\n SELECT @id_client = id_client \n FROM client \n WHERE name = @name;\n\n SET @messg = 'o'\n\n COMMIT TRAN\n END\n END TRY\n BEGIN CATCH\n SET @messg = 'e'\n ROLLBACK TRAN\n END CATCH\nEND\n\nI need to call this stored procedure from another the second one is called updateS, and I'm trying the following:\nCREATE PROCEDURE updateS\n (@clientname VARCHAR(100))\nAS\nBEGIN\n SET NOCOUNT ON;\n\n DECLARE @id INT;\n DECLARE @msg VARCHAR(1);\n\n EXEC clients @clientname, @id, @msg; --Problem here to retrieve the id\nEND\n\nThis stored procedure has a parameter for the name of the client, but I need to retrieve the id of the client, but it doesn't work as I'm trying. ", "\nBasically I need to get the id and use it in the second stored procedure.", "\nAny question post on comments.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou need to specify OUTPUT when you execute the stored procedure as well as when you define it:\nEXEC clients @clientname, @id OUTPUT, @msg OUTPUT;\n\n" ]
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[ "So I kindly asked my SS to help me run a triathlon next year. ", "My Santa was very nice and helped me out.", "\n\nThank you Santa! ", "Leucemia and Lymphoma research wouldn't be possible without you!", "\n\nLots of love,\n\nA young triathlete :)\n\nPS. ", "If you would like to help me run a triathlon for cancer research you can donate here :)\n\nhttps://secure.e2rm.com/registrant/FundraisingPage.aspx?registrationID=3608152&langPref=fr-CA" ]
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