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[ "Q:\n\noracle requests counters\n\nI am using IIS counters to monitor \"bussiness\" of IIS. ", "Specially I like 2 of them:\n\nCurrent Anonymous Users (The number of users who currently have an anonymous request pending with the WWW service. ", "In IIS 6.0, Current Users (Anonymous or NonAnonymous) is the number of requests currently being worked on by the server)\nTotal Anonymous User (The number of users who have established an anonymous request since the WWW service started. ", "This counter does not increment when files are being served from the kernel cache.)", "\n\nBecause my bottle neck is database, which happend to be Oracle 10g, I wonder if similar counters could be taken from Oracle server (on database level). ", "\nBasicly speaking I would like to know how many request to database ABC is waiting to be served at the moment of my request, and how many request was served since (last reset, beginnig of the day...)\nHow I could get this data of Oracle Server ?", "\n\nA:\n\nV$SESSION can be used to determine how many database sessions are active at the current instant in time. ", " This query will show you the number of user sessions (rather than background sessions that the Oracle database itself creates) are active at the current instant. ", " You may want to further restrict this to be the number of active sessions where the USERNAME is the user that your middle tier is connecting as or the MACHINE from which the session is created is one of your middle tier servers.", "\nSELECT COUNT(*)\n FROM v$session\n WHERE status = 'ACTIVE'\n AND type = 'USER'\n\nThere is no easy mapping in Oracle for the \"number of requests served\" of a web browser. ", " From a database perspective, there aren't any markers of when a \"request\" begins and ends. ", " You could potentially count transactions but the Oracle database itself is constantly issuing transactions in the background which is likely to cause problems if you wanted a measure that would map closely to the number of web pages served.", "\nThat said, however, using counters to diagnose and monitor Oracle database performance is not a particularly good idea. ", " Oracle has much more sophisticated monitoring and tuning tools available. ", " Depending on the edition (standard or enterprise) and whether you've licensed the Performance and Tuning Pack, you'd be much better served grabbing an AWR report from a time period when the database was the bottleneck and analyzing that to see what needs to be tuned.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Understanding self-report Multidimensional Attitudes Scale Toward People with Disabilities: An exploratory analysis.", "\nThis study aimed to explore the factor structure of the Multidimensional Attitudes Scale Toward People With Disabilities (MAS) using participants from South Korea and assess the impact of participants' social desirability on this South Korean version of the MAS (MAS-K). ", "Research Method/Design: One hundred eighty-nine college students without disabilities from 4 universities in South Korea completed an online survey. ", "Among them, 75 were females. ", "Participants completed the MAS-K and a social desirability scale. ", "We used principal axis factoring with promax rotation to examine the factor structure of the MAS-K, and correlations between factors and social desirability measure. ", "We obtained a 27-item 4-factor MAS-K. Four factors were negative affect (α = .89), ease-unease (α = .75), positive cognition (α = .86), and avoidant behavior (α = .88). ", "The interfactor correlations ranged from .18 to .61. ", "The correlations between the social desirability measure and the 4 factors in the MAS-K ranged from -.23 to -.33. ", "The MAS-K retrieved from this study may help researchers identify unique attitudinal factors that need to be addressed to promote social inclusion of PWD in South Korea. ", "Moreover, the emergence of the MAS-K highlights the necessity to develop culturally relevant versions of the MAS. ", "This line of research will facilitate researchers' worldwide investigations regarding attitudes toward PWD and discussions about the rights of PWD. ", "Finally, this study also pointed out the potential impact of social desirability on attitude measurement using the MAS. (", "PsycINFO Database Record" ]

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[ "/*\n * Copyright 2015 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a\n * copy of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"),\n * to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation\n * the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,\n * and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the\n * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.", "\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. ", " IN NO EVENT SHALL\n * THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER(S) OR AUTHOR(S) BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR\n * OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,\n * ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR\n * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.", "\n *\n */\n\n#ifndef _SMU7_DYN_DEFAULTS_H\n#define _SMU7_DYN_DEFAULTS_H\n\n\n/* We need to fill in the default values */\n\n\n#define SMU7_VOTINGRIGHTSCLIENTS_DFLT0 0x3FFFC102\n#define SMU7_VOTINGRIGHTSCLIENTS_DFLT1 0x000400\n#define SMU7_VOTINGRIGHTSCLIENTS_DFLT2 0xC00080\n#define SMU7_VOTINGRIGHTSCLIENTS_DFLT3 0xC00200\n#define SMU7_VOTINGRIGHTSCLIENTS_DFLT4 0xC01680\n#define SMU7_VOTINGRIGHTSCLIENTS_DFLT5 0xC00033\n#define SMU7_VOTINGRIGHTSCLIENTS_DFLT6 0xC00033\n#define SMU7_VOTINGRIGHTSCLIENTS_DFLT7 0x3FFFC000\n\n\n#define SMU7_THERMALPROTECTCOUNTER_DFLT 0x200\n#define SMU7_STATICSCREENTHRESHOLDUNIT_DFLT 0\n#define SMU7_STATICSCREENTHRESHOLD_DFLT 0x00C8\n#define SMU7_GFXIDLECLOCKSTOPTHRESHOLD_DFLT 0x200\n#define SMU7_REFERENCEDIVIDER_DFLT 4\n\n#define SMU7_ULVVOLTAGECHANGEDELAY_DFLT 1687\n\n#define SMU7_CGULVPARAMETER_DFLT 0x00040035\n#define SMU7_CGULVCONTROL_DFLT 0x00007450\n#define SMU7_TARGETACTIVITY_DFLT 50\n#define SMU7_MCLK_TARGETACTIVITY_DFLT 10\n#define SMU7_SCLK_TARGETACTIVITY_DFLT 30\n#endif\n\n" ]

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[ "[\"Ondine's curse\" in adults].", "\nThe term \"Ondine's curse\" is normally used for congenital central hypoventilation in children. ", "We report on 10 adult patients with this disorder (average age 46 y), who were treated from 1990 to 1996. ", "They were hypercapnic while awake (mean 57 Torr) and during sleep (mean 87 Torr). ", "The CO2-rebreathing response was negative. ", "During exercise test minute ventilation volume did not rise adequately (mean pCO2 : 63 Torr, mean pH: 7.21). ", "Five of these patients underwent emergency intubation before diagnosis, 2 presented with hypoventilation syndrome and 2 with decompensated cor pulmonale, 1 was diagnosed without complaints. ", "8 patients needed intermittent positive pressure ventilation therapy, 7 of them noninvasive, 1 via tracheal canula. ", "One female patient has already died, the others are under stable clinical condition with the underlying central disorder remaining unchanged. ", "Only 2 patients showed central defects visible in magnetic resonance tomography." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Sindo County\n\nSindo County is a kun (county) in the North P'yŏngan province of North Korea. ", "Most of the county consists of Pidansŏm, an island in the estuary of the Yalu River. ", "Sindo was established as a separate county in 1991; previously, it had been part of Ryongch'ŏn, although it had enjoyed a brief existence as a separate county in 1967.", "\n\nGeography\nLying in the northwest corner of North Korea, Sindo borders the People's Republic of China to the north and west, and faces the Yellow Sea to the south; to the east, it looks across a narrow expanse of sea at Ryongch'ŏn. ", " Much of the county's land has been reclaimed through draining and filling. ", " There are various islands offshore, and together with the Sindo archipelago make up the kun. ", "The island of Pidansŏm is the westernmost point in Korea; it was formed by a 1958 reclamation project from several smaller islands. ", " Other islands include Hwanggumpyong, Ssarisŏm, Kanŭnsŏm, Munbakto, and Wihwa. ", " There are various alluvial plains and extensive reed fields.", "\n\nAdministrative divisions\nSindo county is divided into 1 ŭp (town), 2 rodongjagu (workers' districts) and 1 ri (village):\n\nEconomy\nReeds are the chief local crop, but fisheries and farming also play an important role in the local economy. ", " The reeds produced in the county are shipped to the chemical-textile factory in Sinŭiju. ", " Oysters are gathered in abundance, and there are numerous fish resources as well.", "\n\nSindo County is home to the island of Hwangkumpyong. ", "In 2011, China and North Korea agreed to develop Hwangkumpyong as a special economic zone, though the project stalled following the execution of Jang Song-thaek in 2013.", "\n\nTransportation\nThere are no railroads in Sindo, and roads are minimal. ", " However, there is a bus connecting central Sindo to Pidan Harbour, and boats provide transportation to Sinŭiju and nearby Ryongamp'o.", "\n\nSee also\nGeography of North Korea\nAdministrative divisions of North Korea\nNorth Pyongan\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Counties of North Pyongan" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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", "In most cases, the Atlanta Roll off Dumpsters are generally stationed at strategic locations. ", "People living around can simply make use of this kind of containers to put up their particular waste products. ", "A fortunate note about the Metro atlanta Roll away from Dumpsters is that, you'll find companies accountable for removing these from time to time. ", "His or her drop the dumpsters at strategic places; you and the neighbors can load them with waste products via your environs. ", "Then the organization comes back to decide on them. ", "Simply by so carrying out, the environment is kept great clean.", "\n\nWill have a torch and another individual with you to observe your back again. ", "You don't want a person sneaking high on you if you are going through their particular trash.", "\n\nEmploying Dumpster Rental in 32091s inside construction or any other major challenge can help to have a safe functioning environment to your workers. ", "This will assist prevent regrettable events or maybe accidents through happening. ", "The prospect of accidents transpiring increases if you have uncleared debris on the premises. ", "Being sure that the construction trash is eliminated and treated in a timely manner likewise lessens the chance that you will be held accountable for any health-related costs following from injuries in the construction site.", "\n\nRequest a Call Back!", "\n\nStill need a quote but don't want to talk on the phone right now? ", "Fill out the form below and we will get back to you!", "\n\nPlease use the form below to contact us. ", "We look forward to working with you and will get back to you as soon as possible. ", "All fields are required" ]

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[ "1. ", "Introduction {#sec1-ijms-21-02905}\n===============\n\nThe connection between plasma cholesterol levels and the development of dementia is still an inconclusive topic of discussion in the scientific community. ", "Results in the literature range from no effect, positive effect, and negative effect of the plasma cholesterol levels on the progress of dementia. ", "Research has shown that the neuronal plasma membrane does more than just retaining an electrochemical gradient between the intracellular and extracellular environment. ", "It maintains the appropriate level of fluidity for proper movement of integral membrane proteins. ", "Research has shown that the actual lipid composition in a particular environment can significantly affect the functioning of these integral membrane proteins. ", "The clearest example of this is the role of cholesterol and sphingolipid enriched micro domains in the plasma membrane, referred to as detergent resistant \"lipid rafts\" (e.g., see \\[[@B1-ijms-21-02905]\\]). ", "These rafts have reduced fluidity within their domain; yet, many receptors, enzymes and integrin proteins are found to have direct associations with these lipid microdomains \\[[@B2-ijms-21-02905]\\]. ", "It is also known that removing plasma membrane cholesterol using the biochemical agent methyl-ß-cyclodextrin (MßCD) cause the lipid raft domains to dissolve, presumably because the level of cholesterol necessary to preserve their integrity is not maintained. ", "This disassociates the receptors/enzymes/integrins associated with them, which could compromise their integrated signaling capability \\[[@B3-ijms-21-02905]\\]. ", "For details on how cholesterol carriers may support lipid transport and injury repair in the brain and the main genetic determinants of Alzheimer disease (AD), see: \\[[@B4-ijms-21-02905]\\], \\[[@B5-ijms-21-02905]\\]. ", "Once membrane lipids have been exposed to free radicals, a process of autoperoxidation may be initiated that may, if uninterrupted, proceed for years. ", "Free radicals are highly reactive molecules with at least one unpaired electron in their outermost shell. ", "Any free radical involving oxygen, referred to as reactive oxygen species (ROS), is a common outcome of normal aerobic cellular metabolism (\\[[@B6-ijms-21-02905]\\], \\[[@B7-ijms-21-02905]\\]). ", "The built-in antioxidant system of the body plays a decisive role in the prevention of any loss due to ROS overproduction. ", "The imbalance between the production of ROS and the biological system's ability to detoxify the reactive intermediates leads to the oxidative stress \\[[@B8-ijms-21-02905]\\]. ", "Such stress has been implicated in the progression of major neurodegenerative diseases, namely, the AD and Parkinson's disease \\[[@B6-ijms-21-02905]\\].", "\n\nIn general, oxidative stress refers to the shift in the balance between oxidants and antioxidants in favor of oxidants. ", "Regulation of the reducing and oxidizing (redox) state is critical for cell viability, activation, proliferation, and organ function. ", "Therefore, oxidative stress in cell biology refers to the inability of a cell or organism to handle ROS, either due to increased production of ROS or due to decreased antioxidant defense enzymes. ", "Aerobic organisms have integrated antioxidant systems, which include enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, that are usually effective in blocking harmful effects of ROS. ", "For instance, Glutathione and antioxidant enzymes have complementary roles \\[[@B9-ijms-21-02905]\\]. ", "However, it should be noted that in pathological conditions, the antioxidant systems may be overwhelmed and sometimes ignored (for example, see: \\[[@B10-ijms-21-02905]\\]).", "\n\nSeveral studies considered that the oxidative stress and H~2~O~2~ production in neurons occur with the slow accumulation of minor damaged proteins or oxidized protein and lipid, that does not get repaired until such accumulation leads to a serious interruption of neuronal function, such that the cell undergoes apoptosis \\[[@B11-ijms-21-02905],[@B12-ijms-21-02905],[@B13-ijms-21-02905]\\]; however, this may not be necessarily correct, as oxidative stress occurs as a result of either decreasing antioxidant defense systems or increasing ROS production. ", "Cholesterol is also oxidized in the brain and results in cholesterol turnover from the membrane and replacement with fresh cholesterol to maintain appropriate levels of cholesterol for proper membrane function. ", "We hypothesize that repeated or long-term stress and/or loss of the replacement of cholesterol will not result in reduced plasma membrane levels of cholesterol. ", "The latter is known to affect lipid raft structure and other aspects of plasma membrane function, making the neuron more susceptible to oxidative stress.", "\n\nIn addition, and as noted by \\[[@B14-ijms-21-02905]\\], most studies suggest that an increased content of cholesterol in the brain correlates with an increased risk of developing AD. ", "However, not all studies support this view, and epidemiological studies on the association between plasma cholesterol levels and the development of dementia have produced conflicting conclusions (e.g., see \\[[@B15-ijms-21-02905],[@B16-ijms-21-02905],[@B17-ijms-21-02905],[@B18-ijms-21-02905],[@B19-ijms-21-02905],[@B20-ijms-21-02905],[@B21-ijms-21-02905]\\]). ", "Nevertheless, it has to be stressed that in this work we only report the effect of MßCD in the model of H~2~O~2~.\n\nSeveral cultured cell models of neurons exist for dopaminergic neurons. ", "The most direct system for studying the effects of toxins on midbrain dopaminergic neurons is the N27 neuronal cell created from fetal embryonic midbrain neurons by transformation with SV40 large T antigen \\[[@B22-ijms-21-02905]\\]. ", "This neuronal cell line has been utilized to study H~2~O~2~ toxicity \\[[@B23-ijms-21-02905]\\], which we use in this work to test our hypothesis of the deleterious effects of reduced cholesterol on the neuronal response to oxidative stress.", "\n\nThe main scope of this study is to examine the effect of reducing oxidized neuronal cholesterol on the lipid raft structure of plasma membrane. ", "Results reveal that there is a minor effect of altering neuronal cholesterol on cell toxicity by adding hydrogen peroxide based on 6 triplet experiments. ", "We present the experimental results and the interpretations, and indicate a list of limitations pertaining to this project.", "\n\n2. ", "Materials and Methods {#sec2-ijms-21-02905}\n========================\n\n2.1. ", "Culture of Neurons/N27 Cells {#sec2dot1-ijms-21-02905}\n---------------------------------\n\nThe rat immortalized mesencephalic dopaminergic neuronal cell line 1RB3AN27 (N27) was used (each vial contains ≥ 1 × 10^6^ viable cell; see also \\[[@B22-ijms-21-02905]\\]). ", "The cell line was a kind gift from Dr. Curt Freed (University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver CO). ", "Cells were cultured at 5% CO~2~ at 37°C in RPMI 1640 medium (Mediatech, Inc., Manassas, VA, USA), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Mediatech, Inc.), 1% 10,000 μg/mL penicillin streptomycin (Mediatech, Inc), and 1% 200 mM L-alanyl-L-glutamine (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) and subcultured weekly. ", "All experiments were performed with cells plated in 12- well Cell Culture Multiwell plates (Greiner Bio One, Munich, Germany), at approximately 100,000 cells/well; (24 h each experiment, all performed in a week). ", "This cell line has previously been used as a model to study neurotoxicity on dopamine neurons (e.g., \\[[@B23-ijms-21-02905],[@B24-ijms-21-02905],[@B25-ijms-21-02905],[@B26-ijms-21-02905]\\]). ", "The sample size is *n* = 8; note that 24 wells (in 2 plates) have been used in performing each experiment, which were grouped in 8 independent triplets of samples of the same concentration \\[[@B27-ijms-21-02905]\\]. ", "To account for variability or error in the cell-counting readings, we have a blank plate that is read by the machine before each experiment that served as a background level, while we performed triplet experimental trials.", "\n\n2.2. ", "Calcein AM Viability Assay {#sec2dot2-ijms-21-02905}\n-------------------------------\n\nA calcein AM viability assay was conducted. ", "Cells were washed with Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) (Mediatech, Inc) and incubated with HBSS containing 1 μg/mL Calcein AM (Life Technologies, Eugene, Oregon, USA) in DMSO and 20% Pluronic F-127 (Life Technologies) in darkness for 20 min at 37°C. ", "After incubation cells were washed again with HBSS and fluorescence read in a SpectraMax M4 Microplate Reader at excitation wavelength 495 nm and emission wavelength 515 nm, the validity of 6assay method was tested for determining the number of live cells by a whole plate fluorescence assay by using the Calcein AM live cells reagent on culture plates inoculated with known amounts (serial dilution) of N27 cells. ", "Data plotted in [Figure 1](#ijms-21-02905-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"} show a linear relationship up to the 100,000 cells per well, which is maximal in our subsequent hydrogen peroxide toxicity studies. ", "We thus interpret our fluorescent analysis to mean that if hydrogen peroxide reduces the amount of fluorescence in the dish by half, then half of the cells have been killed and are no longer capable of taking up and concentrating the Calcein AM dye.", "\n\n2.3. ", "Neuron Death Behavior {#sec2dot3-ijms-21-02905}\n--------------------------\n\nN27 cells were plated at 100,000 cells/well in RPMI 1640 as indicated above. ", "At the appropriate density, cells were changed to 0% FBS for 24 h, and cells were exposed to 0, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, and 80 µM tert-Butyl hydrogen peroxide (tBuOOH) for 24 h. N27 cells were killed in a dose-dependent fashion after 24 h of treatment with tert-butyl H~2~O~2~, with a half-maximal dosage at approximately 24 µM, as indicated in [Figure 2](#ijms-21-02905-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}.", "\n\n2.4. ", "Cholesterol Assay and MßCD-Cholesterol Modeling {#sec2dot4-ijms-21-02905}\n----------------------------------------------------\n\nCells were washed with HBSS and dissolved in 0.1% PBS-Triton x 100, transferred to eppendorf tubes and spun at 4000 rpm for 5 min. ", "The Amplex Red assay protocol (Life Technologies) was performed with the following modifications. ", "Samples were prepared in 1x Reaction Buffer in a 96 well microplate, exposed to a working solution of 300 μM Amplex Red reagent stock solution (Amplex Red reagent, horseradish peroxidase, cholesterol oxidase, cholesterol esterase) and incubated for 30 min at 37 °C. ", "A cholesterol standard curve was prepared using a cholesterol reference standard in 1× Reaction Buffer, to yield samples with cholesterol concentrations between 0 and 8 μg/mL. Fluorescence was measured in a SpectraMax M4 Microplate Reader at excitation wavelength 535 nm and emission wavelength 590 nm. ", "The averaged values of MßCD (in \\[μM\\]) and normalized cholesterol content are shown in [Table 1](#ijms-21-02905-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\n2.5. ", "MßCD-tBuOOH Cell Viability Assay and Modeling {#sec2dot5-ijms-21-02905}\n--------------------------------------------------\n\nN27 cells were plated in the earlier stated format. ", "After suspension in 0% FBS RPMI for 24 h, cells were exposed to 0--2.5 μM MßCD for 1 h. Cells were then washed with HBSS and exposed to previously stated concentrations of tBuOOH for 24 h. A calcein AM viability assay was conducted as described above.", "\n\n[Table 2](#ijms-21-02905-t002){ref-type=\"table\"} shows the triplet cellular viability experiments for different H~2~O~2~ doses and MßCD concentrations. ", "Inferred cellular viability at different H~2~O~2~ dosage and for different MßCD concentrations is shown in [Table 3](#ijms-21-02905-t003){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "Note that in general, the cell viability of the nanoparticle-treated samples is less than the control sample (100%), but it is also possible that for few treatments, there might be values that exceed \\>100%, that is, the value is higher than the standard value. ", "The reason for the latter case is that in order to calculate viability, we need to know the optical density value of a non-treated/standard/control population of cells (that is, the theoretical 100%). ", "This may mean that a low treatment can result in an optical density value that is higher than the 100%. ", "Also, some treatments may help cells proliferate, giving you more than 100%, for instance, see: \\[[@B28-ijms-21-02905]\\].", "\n\n3. ", "Results {#sec3-ijms-21-02905}\n==========\n\n3.1. ", "Methyl-ß-Cyclodextrin (MßCD) Depletion of Plasma Membrane Cholesterol {#sec3dot1-ijms-21-02905}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe levels of plasma membrane cholesterol can be reduced by treating the intact cells with MßCD (0--10 µM), a cyclic molecule with a structure that extracts a cholesterol molecule from the surface of the cell (plasma membrane). ", "However, 5 µM or more of MßCD, while extracting more cholesterol from the cell, also caused \\~50% cell death (data not shown), so in this paper, we focused on 0--2.5 µM MßCD. ", "Using data from [Table 1](#ijms-21-02905-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}, we examine the cholesterol (%) variability as a function of MßCD (μM) content. ", "As shown in [Figure 3](#ijms-21-02905-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}, MßCD caused a dose-dependent reduction in the level of total cholesterol in the N27 neuronal cell. ", "We then fit the relationship between MßCD and cholesterol by the equation:$$j(x) = \\varepsilon + \\eta\\, e^{- x/\\tau}$$ where *j* is the cholesterol % concentration and *x* represents MßCD concentration. ", "The function *j*(*x*) decreases exponentially with increasing *x*, where *ε* is its lower asymptote, *τ* is the difference between its upper and lower asymptotes, and *η* is a regulating parameter. ", "Note: This clearly monotonically decreasing relationship between MßCD and cholesterol will be used to analyze the detected relationship between H~2~O~2~ and MßCD and derive the converted relationship between H~2~O~2~ and cholesterol.", "\n\n3.2. ", "Effect of MßCD's reduction of Plasma Membrane Cholesterol on the Sensitivity of N27 Cells {#sec3dot2-ijms-21-02905}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe hypothesized that reducing plasma membrane cholesterol and the subsequent disruption of lipid raft entities in the plasma membrane would not increase the sensitivity of N27 cells to oxidative stress and thus, resulting in a leftward shift in the H~2~O~2~ dose response curve. [", "Figure 4](#ijms-21-02905-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the variation of cellular viability as a function of H~2~O~2~ (µM) for different values of MßCD concentrations. ", "Here, data were fit by a modified version of Gompertz law of mortality, which was often used in previous studies for describing the cellular viability and fitting data that involve growing populations with an inflection point. ", "For instance, see: \\[[@B29-ijms-21-02905],[@B30-ijms-21-02905]\\]. ", "This model has never been used in this specific case of viability with H~2~O~2~. The modeling provides a good fit. ", "The expression of the modelled cell viability is:$$v(h) = \\alpha + \\beta\\,\\exp\\lbrack - e^{\\gamma(h - \\delta)}\\rbrack$$ where *v* is the cell viability, *h* is the concentration level of H~2~O~2~, *α* is the asymptote as *h* becomes large, *γ* represents the effect of MßCD (if any) on the toxicity of the neuronal cell, *β* is proportional to the difference between the upper and lower asymptotes, and *δ* represents the toxic intensity of H~2~O~2~.\n\nOn each panel of [Figure 4](#ijms-21-02905-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}, the error bars are inferred from the variance of the triplet mean at each H~2~O~2~ value and represent the variability of the triplet data. ", "The mean and variance are trivially given by a sampling of three measurements, i.e., $\\overline{v} = (1/3) \\cdot {\\sum_{i = 1}^{3}v_{i}}$, $\\sigma_{v}^{2} = (1/2) \\cdot {\\sum_{i = 1}^{3}{(v_{i} - \\overline{v})}^{2}}$. Then, the fits in [Figure 4](#ijms-21-02905-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"} were optimized by minimizing the chi-square, determined by the differences between *n* = 8 pairs of observed ${\\overline{v}}_{m}$ and modeled $v(h_{m};\\alpha,\\beta,\\gamma,\\delta)$ values of the viability, that is, $\\chi_{}^{2} = (1/4) \\cdot {\\sum_{m = 1}^{8}\\left\\{ {\\sigma_{v_{m}}^{- 2} \\cdot {\\lbrack{\\overline{v}}_{m} - v(h_{m};\\alpha,\\beta,\\gamma,\\delta)\\rbrack}^{2}} \\right\\}}$ (where we have 8 data points, but 4 modeled parameters to estimate their optimal values). [", "Table 4](#ijms-21-02905-t004){ref-type=\"table\"} lists the values of the optimized parameters inferred from the best-nonlinear fit for all MßCD concentrations.", "\n\n[Figure 5](#ijms-21-02905-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the variation of the fitted parameters as a function of H~2~O~2~ level and as a function of varying MßCD concentration. ", "Two parameters of physical importance are *γ* (shown in black) and represents the effect of MßCD on the toxicity of the neuronal cell), and *δ* (shown in green) and represents the toxic intensity of H~2~O~2~. [Figure 6](#ijms-21-02905-f006){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the normalized fits from all the 6 triplet experiments on the same plot and color-coded to indicate different MßCD concentrations. ", "In particular, we over-plotted the inflection points of each of the fitted curves (denoted by solid circles). ", "The inflection point is a good measure of the gradual viability drop as H~2~O~2~ increases. ", "As can be determined from Equation (2), the inflection point is located at an H~2~O~2~ value of *h = δ*, and corresponds to the viability value $$\\nu_{\\inf} = \\alpha + e^{- 1}\\beta$$\n\nAs shown, the inflection points are characterized by some variability at different concentrations. ", "There is a weak dependence of the inflection point's location *δ* on MßCD concentrations. ", "This indicates that there is a small effect of cholesterol on the viability. ", "The statistical confidence of this variability is estimated in the next section.", "\n\n4. ", "Statistical Analysis {#sec4-ijms-21-02905}\n=======================\n\nWe examine the set of the estimated parameter values, *p* = *α*, *β*, *γ*, *δ*, to assess whether they are independent of the MßCD concentration or not. ", "The following statistical analysis samples the values derived in [Section 3](#sec3-ijms-21-02905){ref-type=\"sec\"} and shown in [Table 4](#ijms-21-02905-t004){ref-type=\"table\"}; thus, there are *n* = 6 estimates for each parameter value.", "\n\nFor the hypothesis of the parameters being constant and independent of the MßCD concentration, we use the constant statistical model (set as *p*) and derive the value of the corresponding minimized chi-square and its reduced value. ", "Indeed, for any *p* = *α*, *β*, *γ*, *δ*, we have $${\\chi_{p}^{2}(p) = {\\sum\\limits_{i = 1}^{6}\\left\\lbrack {\\sigma_{p}^{- 2}{}_{i} \\cdot {(p_{i} - p)}^{2}} \\right\\rbrack}}{;~\\chi_{p,\\,}^{2}{}_{red} = (1/5) \\cdot \\chi_{p}^{2}}$$ whose minimization gives $${\\chi_{p}^{2}{}_{\\min} = {\\sum\\limits_{i = 1}^{6}\\left\\lbrack {\\sigma_{p}^{- 2}{}_{i} \\cdot {(p_{i} - \\overline{p})}^{2}} \\right\\rbrack}}{;~\\overline{p} = \\frac{\\sum\\limits_{i = 1}^{6}{\\sigma_{p_{i}}^{- 2}p_{i}}}{\\sum\\limits_{i = 1}^{6}\\sigma_{p_{i}}^{- 2}}}$$ and $$\\delta p = \\sqrt{\\frac{(1/6) \\cdot {\\sum\\limits_{i = 1}^{6}{\\sigma_{p}^{- 2}{}_{i}}}}{\\left( {\\sum\\limits_{i = 1}^{6}{\\sigma_{p}^{- 2}{}_{i}}} \\right)^{2} - {\\sum\\limits_{i = 1}^{6}{\\sigma_{p}^{- 4}{}_{i}}}} \\cdot \\chi_{p}^{2}{}_{\\min} + \\frac{1}{\\sum\\limits_{i = 1}^{6}{\\sigma_{p}^{- 2}{}_{i}}}}$$\n\n(Note: the error of the mean is given as the square sum of two different types of errors, the statistical and propagation errors. ", "The former is related to the chi-square minimization, is caused by the variability of the sampled values, and it has geometric interpretation; the latter is caused by the propagation of the errors of the sampling values. ", "For more applications on these two types of errors, see: \\[[@B31-ijms-21-02905],[@B32-ijms-21-02905],[@B33-ijms-21-02905],[@B34-ijms-21-02905]\\].)", "\n\nTo test the hypothesis of the parameters dependence on the MßCD concentration, we use the linear model, set as $p = a_{p} + b_{p}{\\cdot Mß{CD}}$, where the two model parameters *a~p~* and *b~p~* correspond to the intercept and slope. ", "The chi-square is then set as $${\\chi_{p}^{2}(a_{p},b_{p}) = {\\sum\\limits_{i = 1}^{6}\\frac{\\left\\lbrack {p_{i} - (a_{p} + b_{p} \\cdot MßCD_{i})} \\right\\rbrack^{\\, 2}}{\\sigma_{p}^{2}{}_{i} + b_{p}^{2} \\cdot \\sigma_{MßCD\\,}^{2}{}_{i}}}}{;~\\chi_{p,\\,}^{2}{}_{red} = \\frac{1}{4}\\chi_{p}^{2}{}_{\\min},~{for}~p:~\\mathsf{\\alpha},~\\mathsf{\\beta},~\\mathsf{\\gamma},~\\mathsf{\\delta}}$$ where $\\sigma_{MßCD\\,}^{2}$ are the uncertainties on the values of MßCD concentrations. ", "Note that the minimization of chi-square as shown in Equation (6) leads to two complicated normal equations that can only be solved numerically; (for more details, e.g., see: \\[[@B35-ijms-21-02905]\\]). ", "The same applies for the equations describing the errors of the intercept and the slope (see: \\[[@B31-ijms-21-02905],[@B35-ijms-21-02905]\\]).", "\n\nThere are two easily derived and statistically confident tools for estimating the goodness of the fitting. ", "The reduced chi-square and the P-value; both are derived from the estimated minimum value of chi-square $\\chi_{\\min}^{2}$.\n\nThe reduced chi-square $\\chi_{red}^{2}$ helps to estimate the goodness of the fitting, and is generally given by $\\chi_{red}^{2} = (1/n) \\cdot \\chi_{\\min}^{2}$, where *n = Ν−M* represents the degrees of freedom, while *N* is the number of samples and *M* is the number of free parameters to be estimated by the fitting. ", "The goodness of fitting is characterized as better when the estimated value of $\\chi_{red}^{2}$ is closer to 1; if $\\chi_{red}^{2}$ is smaller (greater) than 1, the involved errors are said to be overestimated (underestimated) \\[[@B36-ijms-21-02905]\\].", "\n\nThe *p*-value is derived from the chi-square distribution. ", "It is the portion of the distribution corresponding to all the extremer values of chi-square than the estimated one, $\\chi_{\\min}^{2}$. The chi-square distribution is written as $$f(x;n) = \\frac{2^{- \\frac{1}{2}n}}{\\Gamma(\\frac{1}{2}n)} \\cdot x^{\\frac{1}{2}n - 1} \\cdot \\exp\\left( {- \\frac{1}{2}x} \\right),$$ while the *p*-value is given by:$${P - {value}(}\\chi_{\\min}^{2}) = {MIN}\\left\\lbrack {{\\int_{\\, 0}^{\\chi_{\\min}^{2}}{f(x;n)\\, dx}}\\,\\,,\\,\\,{\\int_{\\,\\chi_{\\min}^{2}}^{\\infty}{f(x;n)\\, dx}}} \\right\\rbrack.$$\n\nThe goodness of the fitting is characterized better when the estimated *p*-value is larger and closer to 0.5. ", "Hypotheses, corresponding to *p*-values larger than \\~0.05 confidence, are considered acceptable. ", "The behavior of both measures are similar when they are standardized to be minimized on the best fitting goodness, such as, ${1 - 2} \\cdot {P - {value}}$ and $\\left| {\\chi_{red}^{2} - 1} \\right|$. A common measure can be considered by the formula:$${{Common}~{Measure}~} \\equiv \\sqrt{{({1 - 2} \\cdot {P - {value}})}^{2} + \\left| {\\chi_{red}^{2} - 1} \\right|^{2}}.$$\n\nFor further details on the characterization of the goodness of fitting, see: \\[[@B36-ijms-21-02905]\\]; for other applications of this characterization, see: \\[[@B34-ijms-21-02905],[@B35-ijms-21-02905],[@B36-ijms-21-02905],[@B37-ijms-21-02905],[@B38-ijms-21-02905]\\].", "\n\nThe errors of the parameters *α*, *β*, *γ*, and *δ*, in [Table 4](#ijms-21-02905-t004){ref-type=\"table\"}, as derived by the nonlinear fitting of the model given by Equation (2) are not quite precise, and they are likely suffer from possible underestimations or overestimations. ", "In order to improve our results, we consider a multiplication factor (M.F.) for the smaller and questionable errors; then, we detect the optimal value of M.F. that minimizes ${1 - 2} \\cdot {P - {value}}$ and $\\left| {\\chi_{red}^{2} - 1} \\right|$, thus, maximizes the goodness of the fitting. ", "First, we apply this methodology for the constant statistical model, and the results are shown in [Figure 7](#ijms-21-02905-f007){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "This can be seen as an optimal averaging technique, where the results of the mean and its error are shown in [Table 5](#ijms-21-02905-t005){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "Next, we apply the methodology for the linear statistical model, and the results are shown in [Figure 8](#ijms-21-02905-f008){ref-type=\"fig\"}.", "\n\nWe observe that the goodness of the fitting, which is calculated using the unified measure as given by Equation (9), is minimized for some values of the multiplication factor that do not always correspond to significant signal-to-noise ratio as regards the slope; in such a case, the linear model is disregarded. ", "In particular, for the cases of the parameter *α* and *γ*, we have the optimal values of the *p*-value and reduced chi-square derived for small signal-to-noise ratios, i.e., │*b/δb*│\\< 1, so that the hypothesis of these parameters being dependent on MßCD is rejected. ", "On the other hand, the cases of the parameter *β* and *δ* have the optimal values of the *p*-value and reduced chi-square for │*b/δb*│\\>\\> 1, thus, the hypothesis of these parameters being dependent on MßCD is accepted.", "\n\nOur analysis concluded that parameters *α* and *γ* are likely constants, while parameters *β* and *δ* are likely exhibiting small linear dependence on MßCD, correlated and anti-correlated, respectively. ", "More specifically, we obtained:$$\\begin{array}{l}\n{\\alpha = 9.2 \\pm 2.8\\,\\,,} \\\\\n{\\beta = (401 \\pm 57) - (109 \\pm 33) \\cdot {Mß{CD}}\\,\\,,} \\\\\n{\\gamma = 1.69 \\pm 0.70\\,\\,,} \\\\\n{\\delta = (11.14 \\pm 0.48) + (1.87 \\pm 0.27) \\cdot {Mß{CD}}\\,\\,.} \\\\", "\n\\end{array}$$\n\nAll results of the performed statistical analysis are included in [Table 5](#ijms-21-02905-t005){ref-type=\"table\"}, where we have separated the cases of constant and linear statistical models. ", "Furthermore, using the estimated values in Equation (10), we can derive the linearized dependence of viability on MßCD, namely, $$v \\cong (156.72 \\pm 21.16) \\cdot \\left\\lbrack {1 + (0.25 \\pm 0.08) \\cdot {Mß{CD}}} \\right\\rbrack.$$\n\nTherefore, the dependence of viability on MßCD concentration is \\~25% increase per 1 μM of MßCD.", "\n\n5. ", "Experimental Limitations {#sec5-ijms-21-02905}\n===========================\n\nWe list below a number of important limitations characterizing the experiments and considerations involved in this study. ", "Albeit, the next level of work is set to be performed in a future follow-up project, we find it necessary to explicitly state these limitations:\n\nThe results identified by this study are not generalizable and only report the effect of MßCD in the model of H~2~O~2~ in this particular cell line.", "\n\nH~2~O~2~ represents only a model for increasing ROS production; with aging, antioxidant defense systems may decrease and therefore, a model where intracellular defense enzymes are decreased should be assessed, such as glutathione depletion/erastin treatment.", "\n\nA positive control for the model must be used, since the lack of effect may not be attributed to MßCD, but simply because H~2~O~2~ does not reduce cholesterol.", "\n\nPropidium iodide may be used to ensure measurements of cell viability and not proliferation.", "\n\nThe cell viability of nanoparticle-treated samples should ideally be kept less than the control sample (100%).", "\n\n6. ", "Discussion and Conclusions {#sec6-ijms-21-02905}\n=============================\n\nA review paper by \\[[@B12-ijms-21-02905]\\] indicated that several studies provided conflicting results on the association between plasma cholesterol levels and the development of dementia (e.g., \\[[@B13-ijms-21-02905],[@B14-ijms-21-02905],[@B15-ijms-21-02905],[@B16-ijms-21-02905]\\]). ", "Results range from no effect, positive effect, and negative effect on the progress of dementia.", "\n\nIn this study, we hypothesized that repeated or long-term stress and/or a decrease in the replacement of oxidized neuronal cholesterol would not result in reduced plasma membrane levels of cholesterol. ", "If true, this would affect lipid raft structure and other aspects of plasma membrane function, making the neuron more susceptible to oxidative stress. ", "Since the levels of plasma membrane cholesterol can be reduced by treatment of the intact cells with MßCD, we used MßCD (0--10 µM) in our experiment. ", "The relationship between cholesterol and MßCD has been quantified by Equation (1).", "\n\nA modified version of the Gompertz mortality function (as described in Equation (2)) was used to model the relationship between the cell viability and the level of H~2~O~2~ with varying concentrations of MßCD, and hence varying levels of cholesterol. ", "A least-squares analysis was performed and the model parameters were inferred. ", "Traditionally, Gompertz law of mortality is used to describe the cellular viability (e.g., \\[[@B25-ijms-21-02905]\\]).", "\n\nThe results of the examination of the variation of viability as function of H~2~O~2~ level and the MßCD concentration showed that there is a minor rather than significant effect of altering neuronal cholesterol on cell toxicity by the addition of hydrogen peroxide, based on six triplet experiments. ", "Cellular viability curves are similar and it is not possible from the curve-fitting analysis to identify a consistent physical trend in the fitted parameters.", "\n\nIn particular, the modeled parameters of physical importance are *γ*, which represents the effect of MßCD on the toxicity of the neuronal cell, and *δ*, which represents the toxic intensity of H~2~O~2~. Parameter *γ* was found to be characterized by a statistical constant model, while parameter *δ* by a linear model of the increasing MßCD concentration. ", "Overall, the dependence of viability on MßCD concentration was found to be characterized by \\~25% increase per 1 μM of MßCD concentration.", "\n\nIn summary, the results show that:\n\n\\(1\\) The viability of neuron cells drops sharply to stable minimum at H~2~O~2~ concentrations of 15--20 (µM); the corresponding curves are well described by a modified form of the Gompertz law of mortality.", "\n\n\\(2\\) The effect of increasing MßCD concentration on the viability is not conclusive, since a small increase of the location of the inflection point (corresponding to the drop of viability in (1)) was detected to be correlated with increasing MßCD concentration; this corresponds to H~2~O~2~ viability, characterized by a \\~25% increase per 1 μM of MßCD concentration.", "\n\nWe note that there are likely other effects that could interfere with the membrane cholesterol and are not taken into account in this study. ", "These may include age-dependent changes in membrane cholesterol (e.g., \\[[@B39-ijms-21-02905]\\]), and the effects of different amyloid peptides and oligomers preparations, among others. ", "Further studies in a controlled environment are necessary to better define the relationship between oxidative stress, membrane cholesterol, and cell viability. ", "Also, recently, it has been shown that the modeling of chemical kinetics can be done either with differential or difference equations \\[[@B40-ijms-21-02905]\\]; the mathematical framework of difference equations has been extensively over the last decades (e.g., see \\[[@B41-ijms-21-02905]\\]), with particular applications on population dynamics in biological systems \\[[@B42-ijms-21-02905]\\].", "\n\nConceptualization, M.A.D., J.L.R., S.E., G.L., K.H.C., F.A.; Methodology, N.V., J.L.R.; formal analysis, M.A.D., G.L., S.E.; writing, M.A.D., S.E., G.L., J.L.R., visualization, M.A.D., G.L., project administration, S.E., M.A.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.", "\n\nThis research was partially supported by a grant from King Abdul Aziz University, SAU.", "\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.", "\n\n{#ijms-21-02905-f001}\n\n{#ijms-21-02905-f002}\n\n{#ijms-21-02905-f003}\n\n{#ijms-21-02905-f004}\n\n{ref-type=\"table\"}, plotted against the respective values of the MßCD concentration (the latter's standard deviations are not plotted).](ijms-21-02905-g005){#ijms-21-02905-f005}\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}, normalized to superposed viability curves for different MßCD concentrations. ", "A small variation of the location of the inflection point *δ* with the MßCD concentrations is observed.](ijms-21-02905-g006){#ijms-21-02905-f006}\n\n{#ijms-21-02905-f007}\n\n{#ijms-21-02905-f008}\n\nijms-21-02905-t001_Table 1\n\n###### \n\nMeasurements (average values) of Cholesterol for every methyl-ß-cyclodextrin (MßCD) value.", "\n\n -----------------------\n MßCD\\ Cholesterol\\\n \\[μM\\] \\[%\\]\n -------- --------------\n 0.0 100\n\n 0.5 79.97\n\n 1.0 69.25\n\n 1.5 57.02\n\n 2.0 52.50\n\n 2.5 43.66\n -----------------------\n\nijms-21-02905-t002_Table 2\n\n###### \n\nTriplet cellular viability experiments for different H~2~O~2~ doses and MßCD concentrations. \"", "Exp. \\#\" ", "refers to individual trials of the triplet experiment.", "\n\n $\\mathbf{\\mathbf{M}\\mathbf{\\beta}\\mathbf{C}\\mathbf{D} = 0}$ $\\mathbf{\\mathbf{M}\\mathbf{\\beta}\\mathbf{C}\\mathbf{D} = 0.5}$ $\\mathbf{\\mathbf{M}\\mathbf{\\beta}\\mathbf{C}\\mathbf{D} = 1.0}$ \n ----------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- -------- -------- --------- -------- -----------\n H~2~O~2~ \\[µM\\] Exp. ", "1 Exp. ", "2 Exp. ", "3 Exp. ", "1 Exp. ", "2 Exp. ", "3 Exp. ", "1 Exp. ", "2 Exp. ", "3\n 0 473.02 328.33 362.08 461.07 431.04 410.68 182.08 177.97 121.52\n 10 368.59 361.37 332.60 541.67 416.46 408.28 134.25 113.8 135.96\n 15 11.62 \\* 13.06 10.18 44.82 \\* 81.23 8.41 8.40 \\* 9.58 7.23\n 20 13.13 \\* 12.98 13.28 13.60 23.54 21.59 4.25 14.39 4.127\n 25 9.92 \\* 9.01 10.836 16.10 12.12 14.56 5.90 14.39 4.12\n 30 27.25 15.04 44.33 25.51 10.05 54.34 8.68 6.10 7.39 \\*\n 40 11.23 \\* 12.07 10.39 12.44 \\* 14.31 10.58 4.64 \\* 5.13 4.16\n 80 19.08 14.45 25.26 11.94 10.32 24.08 1.88 5.42 3.65 \\*\n $M\\beta CD$ = 1.5 $M\\beta CD$ = 2.0 $M\\beta CD$ = 2.5 \n H~2~O~2~ \\[µM\\] Exp. ", "1 Exp. ", "2 Exp. ", "3 Exp. ", "1 Exp. ", "2 Exp. ", "3 Exp. ", "1 Exp. ", "2 Exp. ", "3\n 0 223.38 171.39 185.32 164.88 180.13 212.25 226.04 196.60 183.61\n 10 152.32 191.64 220.30 151.79 190.53 255.27 198.92 188.58 195.53\n 15 78.76 10.21 22.35 77.53 30.58 30.57 141.26 78.38 109.82 \\*\n 20 13.89 14.50 37.59 16.64 13.35 41.04 9.07 5.90 7.82 \\*\n 25 8.47 7.31 6.69 20.06 12.81 17.66 11.93 14.20 20.45\n 30 10.98 9.36 30.56 21.19 9.90 37.64 19.33 18.44 45.11\n 40 46.68 7.54 4.40 45.53 17.39 13.59 3.20 12.40 8.08\n 80 8.01 7.42 26.70 17.04 12.49 18.69 4.61 6.31 5.46 \\*\n\n\\* Indicates the average of the other two experiments for the same MBCD value. ", "This data point was discarded through the Q-test for being an outlier.", "\n\nijms-21-02905-t003_Table 3\n\n###### \n\nCellular viability at different H~2~O~2~ doses and for different MßCD concentrations \\*.", "\n\n H~2~O~2~ \\[µM\\] $\\mathbf{\\mathbf{M}\\mathbf{\\beta}\\mathbf{C}\\mathbf{D} = 0}$ $\\mathbf{\\mathbf{M}\\mathbf{\\beta}\\mathbf{C}\\mathbf{D} = 0.5}$ $\\mathbf{\\mathbf{M}\\mathbf{\\beta}\\mathbf{C}\\mathbf{D} = 1.0}$ $\\mathbf{\\mathbf{M}\\mathbf{\\beta}\\mathbf{C}\\mathbf{D} = 1.5}$ $\\mathbf{\\mathbf{M}\\mathbf{\\beta}\\mathbf{C}\\mathbf{D} = 2.0}$ $\\mathbf{\\mathbf{M}\\mathbf{\\beta}\\mathbf{C}\\mathbf{D} = 2.5}$\n ----------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------\n 0 387.81 ± 75.70 \\*\\* 434.26 ± 25.35 160.52 ± 33.84 193.36 ± 26.91 185.76 ± 24.18 202.08 ± 21.74\n 10 354.19 ± 54.19 455.47 ± 74.77 128.00 ± 12.33 188.09 ± 34.13 199.20 ± 52.28 194.35 ± 5.28\n 15 11.62 ± 1.44 44.82 ± 36.41 8.41 ± 1.17 37.11 ± 36.58 46.23 ± 27.11 109.82 ± 31.44\n 20 13.13 ± 0.15 19.58 ± 5.27 7.59 ± 5.89 21.99 ± 13.51 23.68 ± 15.13 7.48 ± 1.58\n 25 9.92 ± 1.29 14.26 ± 2.01 8.14 ± 5.49 7.49 ± 0.91 16.84 ± 3.69 15.53 ± 4.41\n 30 28.87 ± 8.87 29.97 ± 22.48 7.39 ± 1.29 16.97 ± 11.80 22.91 ± 13.95 27.63 ± 15.15\n 40 11.23 ± 1.19 12.44 ± 2.64 4.64 ± 0.68 19.54 ± 23.56 25.50 ± 17.45 7.89 ± 4.60\n 80 19.60 ± 5.42 15.45 ± 7.52 3.65 ± 1.77 14.04 ± 10.96 16.07 ± 3.21 5.64 ± 0.85\n\n\\* Cellular viability (%) inferred at different MßCD concentrations (μM). \\*\\* ", "Shown uncertainties represent standard deviations inferred from the triplet experiments, where errors would be estimated by dividing these values by the square root of 3.", "\n\nijms-21-02905-t004_Table 4\n\n###### \n\nFitted parameters and goodness of fit.", "\n\n \\# MßCD *α* *σ~α~* δ*α* *β* *σ~β~* δ*β* *γ* *σ~γ~* δ*γ* *δ* *σ~δ~* δ*δ* $\\mathbf{\\mathbf{\\chi}_{\\mathbf{r}\\mathbf{e}\\mathbf{d}}^{2}}$\n ---- ------ ------- -------- ------ ------- -------- ------ ------ -------- ------ ------- -------- ------ ---------------------------------------------------------------\n 1 0 13.05 5.22 1.85 374.8 86.9 30.7 1.20 0.30 0.11 11.96 2.00 0.71 3.02\n 2 0.5 14.22 1.08 0.38 422.2 18.3 6.5 2.67 1.64 0.58 14.64 9.27 3.28 0.52\n 3 1 5.13 0.62 0.22 155.5 37.3 13.2 0.56 0.22 0.08 12.58 1.02 0.36 1.18\n 4 1.5 7.67 0.69 0.24 185.7 20.8 7.4 0.83 1.27 0.45 14.27 1.28 0.45 0.59\n 5 2 16.93 1.01 0.36 171.2 9.6 3.4 2.72 0.10 0.04 14.79 0.08 0.03 0.19\n 6 2.5 5.97 1.11 0.39 202.2 20.5 7.2 0.42 0.14 0.05 16.20 1.22 0.43 1.85\n\nNote: the errors of the parameters are derived from their standard deviation, $\\delta p = \\sigma_{p}/\\sqrt{8}$.\n\nijms-21-02905-t005_Table 5\n\n###### \n\nStatistical Analysis of Model Parameters vs. MßCD.", "\n\n Constant Model Linear Model \n ----- ---------------- -------------- ----- ------- ------- ------ ------- ------ ------- ------ -------\n *α* 9.2 2.8 5.8 −18.6 10.8 3.8 −1.29 2.8 −0.46 6.5 −32.7\n *β* 266 70 8.2 −90.8 401 57 −109 33 −3.34 3.8 −85.6\n *γ* 1.69 0.70 7.5 −8.0 1.95 1.36 −0.17 0.75 −0.22 8.7 −10.9\n *δ* 14.78 0.53 1.3 95.6 11.14 0.48 1.87 0.27 7.04 0.36 96.2\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Slideshow ( 3 images )\n\nISTANBUL (Reuters) - President Tayyip Erdogan said the United States should look at its own actions if it wants the return of an American Christian pastor who has been jailed in Turkey for suspected links to a 2016 failed coup.", "\n\nErdogan made the comment in a live interview with broadcaster NTV.", "\n\nAndrew Brunson, who has lived in Turkey for more than two decades, was indicted on charges of helping the group that Ankara holds responsible for the failed coup against Erdogan. ", "He faces up to 35 years in prison. ", "Brunson denies the charges.", "\n\nErdogan has previously linked Brunson’s fate to that of the cleric Fethullah Gulen, the Muslim cleric Turkey blames for the coup attempt. ", "Gulen has lived in the United States since 1999 and denies the charges. ", "Turkey is seeking his extradition from the United States.", "\n\nU.S. President Donald Trump and dozens of U.S. senators have urged Erdogan to release Brunson." ]

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[ "Discrimination of suppurative cholangitis from nonsuppurative cholangitis with computed tomography (CT).", "\nSuppurative cholangitis is characterized by obstruction, inflammation, and pyogenic infection of the biliary tract. ", "This disease represents a true emergency. ", "The purpose of this study was to compare the computed tomography (CT) findings between acute calculous suppurative and nonsuppurative cholangitis and to determine if there are findings that assist in the differential diagnosis. ", "Fifteen patients with acute suppurative cholangitis were enrolled in this study. ", "Findings at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP) were the standard of reference for suppurative cholangitis. ", "To compare the findings of suppurative cholangitis with those of nonsuppurative cholangitis, 35 patients with nonsuppurative cholangitis were randomly selected. ", "The following findings were evaluated: the presence of papillitis, the presence of stones in the ampulla, the presence of intrahepatic stones, the presence of early inhomogeneous enhancement of the liver, the degree of bile duct dilatation, the degree of bile duct wall thickening and presence of cholecystitis. ", "Sensitivity and specificity for each of the individual findings were calculated. ", "Statistical analyses were performed the Pearson chi(2) test, Fisher's exact test and the Mann-Whitney U test. ", "Papillitis showed the highest specificity 86% with 60% sensitivity. ", "Marked inhomogeneous enhancement of the liver during the arterial phase showed 80% specificity with 60% sensitivity. ", "In multivariate logistic analysis, papillitis and marked early inhomogeneous enhancement of the liver were the most significant predictors of acute suppurative cholangitis. ", "The combination of these two CT findings improved specificity (97% specificity) for the diagnosis of suppurative cholangitis. ", "Papillitis and marked early inhomogeneous enhancement of the liver were found to be the most discriminative CT findings for the diagnosis of acute suppurative cholangitis and the differentiation between suppurative and nonsuppurative cholangitis." ]

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[ "Background\n==========\n\nIn the past fifteen years there has been a wave of closures of small rural maternity services \\[[@B1]-[@B3]\\]. ", "This is coincident with the regionalization of health services world-wide and the concomitant challenges in recruiting and retaining rural providers \\[[@B4]-[@B6]\\]. ", "The closure of such services results in the need for rural parturient women to travel to access care, \\[[@B7],[@B8]\\] this being most challenging for socioeconomically vulnerable women and families who have the most difficulty in mobilizing the financial and support resources needed to travel to access services in a referral centre \\[[@B9]\\]. ", "Lack of local access to care in rural environments has previously been associated with negative perinatal outcomes \\[[@B10],[@B11]\\]. ", "Larimore modelled the potential increase in perinatal mortality associated with the loss of maternity care providers in rural Florida and found a 9% increase was associated with the loss of local specialist obstetrical care \\[[@B10]\\]. ", "A larger population based study has shown a slightly increased level of risk (RR 1.4) for term newborns born to women who live in communities served by a small hospital (\\< 100 per year) compared to those in communities served by a large hospital (\\> 2000 births) \\[[@B12]\\]. ", "While this slight but important difference supports the supposition that it may be safer to live in or near a facility providing a larger volume of maternity services it does not address the potential adverse outcomes associated with having no access to elective local intrapartum services at all. ", "Two recent publications have found an association between distance to travel to access maternity services and adverse outcomes \\[[@B13],[@B14]\\].", "\n\nRecent evidence examining the psychological experience of pregnancy in rural communities has documented a 7 times greater likelihood of increased stress for women who have to travel more than one hour to access maternity services \\[[@B15]\\]. ", "While the physiological mechanisms are only poorly understood, stress in pregnancy has been associated with a range of complications including preterm labour and birth and spontaneous abortion \\[[@B16]-[@B18]\\].", "\n\nIt is only in recent years that a systematic erosion of long standing basic services in small rural communities has created the opportunity to examine the issue of access in sufficient detail within the Canadian medical context. ", "The purpose of our study is to systematically document newborn and maternal outcomes as they relate to distance to travel to access the nearest referral maternity services.", "\n\nMethods\n=======\n\nThe study setting is British Columbia, the mountainous most western province in Canada with a population of just over 4.5 million scattered over just under 950,000 square kms and a population density of 4.7 per square kilometre \\[[@B19],[@B20]\\]. ", "Of the approximately 42,000 births recorded annually we have excluded the 27,000 that occur to residents of the urban and suburban areas of the Southwestern segment of the province including Victoria and suburbs, Vancouver and suburbs, and the adjacent Fraser Valley. ", "The health system in British Columbia and across Canada provides universal medical coverage for core health care \\[[@B21]\\]. ", "Access costs for residents of rural and remote areas are generally the responsibility of the individual though Aboriginal people living on reserve have access to travel subsidies when forced to leave their homes to access medical services \\[[@B22],[@B23]\\].", "\n\nBritish Columbia has categorized Neonatal Intensive Care units (NICU) into either Level 2 (transitioning) or Level 3 (most severely compromised) dependant on the scope of problems (level of prematurity, respiratory status) of the newborns under care in the facility \\[[@B24]\\]. ", "There are 13 NICU\\'s in the province, 4 of which are located in rural referral centres (Prince George, Kamloops, Kelowna, and Nanaimo).", "\n\nThe study population is taken from the women and newborns residing in communities ranging from small settlements of less than 100 people in remote valleys and coastal enclaves to residents of rural referral centres with populations of about 100,000 such as Prince George, Kelowna and Kamloops. ", "All women carrying a singleton pregnancy beyond 20 weeks and delivering between April 1, 2000 and March 31, 2004 were included in the study. ", "As well as excluding women with twins or multiples, we excluded all recognized congenital anomalies and late terminations from the analysis in order to more clearly focus on the relationship between outcomes and services.", "\n\nUsing data from the BC Perinatal Health Program we defined the location of all rural maternity services in the province and using GIS we created geographic 1 hour travel catchments for each maternity service \\[[@B25]\\]. ", "In British Columbia rural residents\\' addresses are generally defined using a 6 digit postal code which translates into a final postal distribution point. ", "While specific street addresses exist at a community level to facilitate emergency access, they are not consistently recorded on birth records. ", "Each postal code has a defined centroid with longitude and latitude coordinates. ", "We defined the distance from each postal code centroid to the nearest maternity service point and grouped all rural postal codes into unique catchments based on proximity to a maternity service level within 60 minutes of surface travel time \\[[@B25]\\]. ", "We then extended the definition of catchments to women residing 1 to 2, 2 to 4, and greater than 4 hours from the nearest maternity service with Cesarean section capability and defined the postal codes that fell within each catchment.", "\n\nMaternal and newborn data was linked to specific catchments by the B.C. Perinatal Health Program (BCPHP) using the postal code of maternal residence regardless of the actual location of delivery. ", "Catchments were stratified by distance to nearest maternity service or level of local service as shown in Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "When a hospital changed service level during the 4 years of the study we changed the service level designation and linked the data with the appropriate strata.", "\n\n###### \n\nSummary of obstetric service levels for Rural British Columbia (2000-2004)\n\n Obstetric Service Level Definition of Service Level \\# of Catchments \\# of Births\n ------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------ --------------\n **1** No local services Greater than 240 minutes (4 Hours) from maternity services 15 506\n \n **2** No local services 121-240 minutes (2-4 Hours) from maternity services 19 747\n \n **3** No local services 61-120 minutes (1-2 Hours) from maternity services 23 1,359\n \n **4** Primary care services with and without Cesarean Section (GP Surgeons) Intrapartum care provided by Family Physicians and Midwives (No local specialist access) 31 8,031\n \n **5** Mixed Model C-section provided by GP surgeon or Specialist 8 5,945\n \n **6** OB/GYN and General Surgery C-section provided by Obstetricians or General Surgeons 19 32,814\n \n **Total** 115 **49,402**\n\nTo test for significant associations among obstetric service levels and maternal characteristics, risk factors, and perinatal outcomes, a one way Anova was performed for continuous variables and the chi square test for categorical variables. ", "P values of \\< 0.05 were deemed significant. ", "Findings are displayed in Table [2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\n###### \n\nMaternal characteristics and ecological determinants by obstetric service level (N = 49,402)\n\n Service Level 240+ minutes from services 120-240 minutes from services 60-120 minutes from services Primary care Mixed model Specialist C/S Services P-Value\n --------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ------------------------------- ------------------------------ -------------- ------------- ------------------------- ----------\n **Maternal characteristics** \n \n Average maternal age 27.23 27.25 28.65 27.81 27.67 28.65 \\< 0.001\n \n \\% Nulliparous women 36.8 36.7 38.6 38.4 40.9 42.6 \\< 0.001\n \n Antepartum hemorrhage at or \\> 20 wks (%) 0.8 0.8 1.9 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.037\n \n Pregnancy induced hypertension (%) 3.8 4.7 3.8 4.4 4.5 4.5 0.732\n \n Preexisting and/or gestational diabetes (%) 2.4 3.6 3.2 3.0 2.5 4.1 \\< 0.001\n \n Smoking during pregnancy (%) 20.6 16.5 16.5 20.3 18.0 17.9 \\< 0.001\n \n Alcohol use during pregnancy (%) 6.5 3.2 1.5 1.3 1.7 1.6 \\< 0.001\n \n **Ecological determinants** \n \n Catchment level social vulnerability-1 to +1 \\[[@B30]\\] 0.33 0.30 0.10 0.23 \\- 0.002 0.12 \\< 0.001\n \n Catchment proportion of Aboriginal people 0.42 0.23 0.30 0.13 0.08 0.05 \\< 0.001\n\nWe performed hierarchical logistic regression analyses to examine the effect of obstetric service level on maternal and newborn outcomes. ", "The newborn outcomes of interest were perinatal mortality (including stillbirths, and early neonatal mortality), prematurity (gestational age \\< 37 weeks), and admissions to the neonatal intensive care unit. ", "The maternal outcomes we examined were induction of labour, primary Cesarean section, and unplanned out of hospital deliveries. ", "We controlled for two sets of variables: maternal characteristics and risk factors (entered in step 1 of the logistic regression model), and ecological determinants of outcomes, i.e. catchment level social vulnerability and proportion of Aboriginal people residing within the catchment (entered in step 2). ", "The primary maternal characteristics that were entered into all six models were maternal age over 35 or under 16 and parity. ", "We also controlled for the following pre-existing or pregnancy induced medical conditions when assessing predictors of adverse newborn outcomes: pre-existing and/or gestational diabetes mellitus (I and II) and antepartum hemorrhage at equal or greater than 20 weeks gestation. ", "Because we could detect no significant differences in the prevalence of pregnancy induced hypertension across service levels, this medical condition was not included in the regression models. ", "For the logistic regression model testing predictors of perinatal mortality, a history of stillbirths and a previous neonatal death were added as control variables. ", "For the logistic regression model testing predictors of prematurity, history of premature birth was added as a control variable. ", "Maternity care service level was dummy coded into 5 levels plus one reference category (level 6) which was the highest level of service available in communities in our study. ", "Social vulnerability scores ranged from -1 to +1 with scores closer to +1 indicating increased vulnerability \\[[@B26]\\]. ", "The proportion of Aboriginals variable had a theoretical range from 0-1. ", "Analysis was done using SPSS software (Version 18). ", "Ethical approval for the study was granted by the University of British Columbia ethics board.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nFrom April 1, 2000 to March 31, 2004, BCPHP provided us with maternal and newborn data for 52, 139 deliveries. ", "After exclusions there remained 49,402 cases of women and newborns resident in the rural population catchments. ", "Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"} presents the distribution of women by service level in their home communities. ", "Over 5% of parturient women resided in catchments with no local access to intrapartum services within one hour travel time.", "\n\nTable [2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"} compares selected characteristics of women across service strata including age and parity and ecological profiles such as socio-economic status and ethnicity.", "\n\nTable [3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"} compares newborn outcomes across service strata. ", "After adjustment for potential confounding factors Table [4](#T4){ref-type=\"table\"} demonstrates an odds ratio of 3.17 (95% CI 1.45- 6.95) for perinatal mortality for births from level 1 communities (\\> than 4 hours from intrapartum services).", "\n\n###### \n\nNeonatal outcomes compared across obstetric service levels\n\n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Service Level 240+ minutes from services 120-240 minutes from services 60-120 minutes from services Primary care Mixed model Specialist C/S Services P-Value\n ----------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ------------------------------- ------------------------------ -------------- ------------- ------------------------- ----------\n \\% of deliveries at facilities with NICU beds 39.9 12.0 46.9 16.1 2.8 51.6 \\< 0.001\n\n \n\n Perinatal mortality\\ 18 5 6 9 8 6 0.001\n per 1000 births \n\n \n\n Birth weight \\< 2500 gr\\ 36 24 43 36 34 38 0.253\n per 1000 births \n\n \n\n Gestational Age \\< 37 weeks\\ 86 71 86 63 65 71 0.004\n per 1000 births \n\n \n\n NICU 2 admissions per 1000 births \\* 27 11 51 26 8 33 \\< 0.001\n\n \n\n NICU 3 admissions per 1000 births\\* 4 5 8 3 2 3 0.004\n\n \n\n NICU 2 days per 1000 births\\* 140 141 480 189 80 229 \\< 0.001\n\n \n\n NICU 3 days per 1000 births\\* 8 179 100 24 34 42 0.007\n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\\*NICU 2 and 3 data only available from 2001-2004\n\n###### \n\nHierarchical logistic regression results for newborn outcomes\n\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Perinatal Mortality\\ Prematurity\\ NICU 2 Admissions\\ \n N = 49,402 N = 49,402 N = 36,805 \n --------------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- -------------------- --------------------- -------- ----------------------\n **OR** **95% CI** **OR** **95% CI** **OR** **95% CI**\n\n \n\n **Step 1: Maternal Risk Factors** \n\n \n\n  Maternal Age \\< 16 or \\> 35 1.62 (1.23, 2.14) \\*\\* 1.25 (1.14, 1.38) \\*\\*\\* 1.22 (1.03, 1.45)\\*\n\n \n\n  Nulliparity 1.38 (1.09, 1.72) \\*\\* 1.33 (1.24, 1.45) \\*\\*\\* 1.40 (1.23, 1.58) \\*\\*\\*\n\n \n\n  Previous stillbirth 2.68 (1.30, 5.54) \\*\\* NA NA NA NA\n\n \n\n  Previous neonatal death 2.25 (0.81, 6.18) NA NA NA NA\n\n \n\n  Previous premature birth NA NA 4.49 (4.00, 5.03) \\*\\*\\* NA NA\n\n \n\n  Antepartum hemorrhage \\> 20 wks 8.29 (5.51, 12.44) \\*\\*\\* 7.50 (6.23, 9.03) \\*\\*\\* 5.97 (4.41, 8.10) \\*\\*\\*\n\n \n\n  Diabetes (Pre-existing and/or gestational) 0.79 (0.42, 1.49) 1.87 (1.62, 2.17) \\*\\*\\* 3.17 (2.57, 3.91) \\*\\*\\*\n\n \n\n **Step 2: Ecological risk factors** \n\n \n\n  Social vulnerability 1.86 (1.24, 2.78) \\*\\* 1.12 (0.99, 1.27) 8.79 (6.91, 11.17) \\*\\*\\*\n\n \n\n  Proportion Aboriginal 0.73 (0.24, 2.24) 1.18 (0.79, 1.76) 0.19 (0.09, 0.39) \\*\\*\\*\n\n \n\n **Step 3: Obstetric Service Level** \n\n \n\n  Level 1 3.17 (1.45, 6.95) \\*\\* 1.11 (0.78, 1.59) 1.07 (0.54, 2.12)\n\n \n\n  Level 2 0.92 (0.33, 2.53) 0.94 (0.70, 1.27) 0.31 (0.14, 0.65) \\*\\*\\*\n\n \n\n  Level 3 1.04 (0.48, 2.22) 1.12 (0.89, 1.41) 2.20 (1.59, 3.05) \\*\\*\\*\n\n \n\n  Level 4 1.44 (1.08, 1.93)\\* 0.85 (0.77, 0.95) \\*\\* 0.70 (0.58, 0.85) \\*\\*\\*\n\n \n\n  Level 5 1.46 (1.05, 2.03)\\* 0.89 (0.79, 0.99)\\* 0.35 (0.25, 0.50) \\*\\*\\*\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\\* P-value \\< .05 \\*\\* P-value \\< .01 \\*\\*\\* P-value \\< .001\n\nNA - the variable was not included in the model as the clinical association was not felt to be strong enough to justify inclusion.", "\n\nTable [5](#T5){ref-type=\"table\"} summarizes the main outcomes including intervention rates for mothers across service strata. ", "Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"} demonstrates the induction rates across service levels and shows that rates are the highest for women travelling 2 to 4 hours to access services. ", "Figure [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"} looks specifically at induction for logistical reasons and shows that this is also highest in women travelling 2 to 4 hours to access services. ", "Table [6](#T6){ref-type=\"table\"} shows that the odds ratio for having an unplanned out of hospital birth is 6.41 (95% CI 3.69, 11.28) for women 1 to 2 hours away from services.", "\n\n###### \n\nMaternal intervention rates and outcomes across obstetric service levels\n\n Service Level 240+ minutes from services 120-240 minutes from services 60-120 minutes from services Primary care Mixed model Specialist C/S Services P-Value\n ----------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ------------------------------- ------------------------------ -------------- ------------- ------------------------- ----------\n \\% of women who delivered at level 6 hospitals 75.5 67.2 86.5 30.6 18.8 95.8 \\< 0.001\n \n \\% Epidural 19.8 17.3 16.6 13.6 17.8 23.7 \\< 0.001\n \n \\% Induction (excl. ", "women with planned CS) 17.4 28.4 23.5 22.0 25.5 24.4 \\< 0.001\n \n \\% Logistics as reason for induction 2 2.1 1.5 0.7 0.2 0.3 \\< 0.001\n \n \\% Episiotomy (vag deliveries only) 7.3 11.2 9.9 11.1 13.4 12.8 \\< 0.001\n \n \\% CS (all types) 19 20.9 23 23.7 24.8 26.2 \\< 0.001\n \n \\% Planned CS (primary and repeat) 5.5 8.0 8.2 9.3 9.6 9.8 0.006\n \n \\% Assisted vag. ", "delivery 6.1 6.2 7.5 8.0 9.0 7.9 0.014\n \n \\% Unplanned out of hospital birth 1.4 0.3 2.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 \\< 0.001\n \n Average PP length of stay (hours) 51.88 55.03 53.50 53.86 59.05 57.58 \\< 0.001\n \n Average PP length of stay (hours) CS only 92.30 84.48 83.31 78.92 86.65 84.06 \\< 0.001\n \n Average PP length of stay (hours) Vag delivery only 41.83 47.22 44.43 45.88 49.71 48.04 \\< 0.001\n\n{#F1}\n\n{#F2}\n\n###### \n\nHierarchical logistic regression results for maternal outcomes\n\n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Primary Cesarean section^1^\\ Induction of Labour^2^\\ Out of Hospital Deliveries^3^\\ \n N = 43,122 N = 44,677 N = 49,402 \n ------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------- -------------------------------- --------------------- -------- ----------------------\n **OR** **95% CI** **OR** **95% CI** **OR** **95% CI**\n\n \n\n **Step 1: Maternal Risk Factors** \n\n \n\n  Maternal Age \\< 16 or \\> 35 1.72 (1.60, 1.85) \\*\\*\\* 1.08 (1.01, 1.15) \\* 0.94 (0.61, 1.45)\n\n \n\n  Nulliparity 5.50 (5.18, 5.83) \\*\\*\\* 1.31 (1.26, 1.37) \\*\\*\\* 0.30 (0.20, 0.46) \\*\\*\\*\n\n \n\n **Step 2: Ecological Determinants** \n\n \n\n  Social vulnerability 1.09 (0.99, 1.20) 0.84 (0.78, 0.91) \\*\\*\\* 0.49 (0.29, 0.83)\\*\\*\n\n \n\n  Proportion Aboriginal 1.25 (0.91, 1.71) 0.81 (0.63, 1.06) 4.79 (1.48, 15.53)\\*\\*\n\n \n\n **Step 3: Obstetric Service Level** \n\n \n\n  Level 1 0.67 (0.49, 0.90) \\*\\* 0.74 (0.57, 0.95) \\* 3.63 (1.40, 9.40) \\*\\*\n\n \n\n  Level 2 0.78 (0.61, 0.98) \\* 1.34 (1.13, 1.59) \\*\\* 0.92 (0.22, 3.88)\n\n \n\n  Level 3 0.78 (0.65, 0.94) \\*\\* 1.01 (0.87, 1.17) 6.41 (3.69, 11.28) \\*\\*\\*\n\n \n\n  Level 4 0.89 (0.83, 0.96) \\*\\* 0.91 (0.86, 0.97) \\*\\* 1.40 (0.89, 2.20)\n\n \n\n  Level 5 0.92 (0.85, 1.00) \\* 1.05 (0.98, 1.12) 0.99 (0.57, 1.73)\n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n1\\. Excluding women with a previous CS\n\n2\\. Excluding women with a planned CS\n\n3\\. Excluding planned home deliveries with a registered midwife\n\n\\* P-value \\< .05\n\n\\*\\* P-value \\< .01\n\n\\*\\*\\* P-value \\< .001\n\nTables [4](#T4){ref-type=\"table\"} and [6](#T6){ref-type=\"table\"} overview the regression analyses for the key outcomes.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nThis study shows that having to travel to access intrapartum maternity services for rural parturient women is associated with adverse outcomes for newborns and mothers and increased interventions. ", "Even with the relatively small numbers of births we are able to demonstrate statistically significant increases in perinatal mortality for newborns whose mothers reside greater than 4 hours from services and increased rates of NICU 2 admissions and numbers of NICU 2 and 3 bed days generated per thousand births for newborns whose mothers reside 1-2 hours away from services. ", "The costs of neonatal intensive care days are substantial, estimated at \\$1300 day (public) for an average NICU 2 day and \\$2500 per day (public) for an average NICU 3 day. ", "These system costs in adverse outcomes and actual dollars spent need to be considered in the planning process and it may well be that within the fiscal constraints of the regional planning process, the value of sustaining small rural hospital maternity services may be greater than previously appreciated. ", "Most importantly the quality of both newborn and maternal outcomes is associated with access to local services. ", "The cost effectiveness of small rural maternity services needs to be compared to other service situations.", "\n\nWhile system costs are important, it is also necessary to consider the costs of travel borne by rural women and families who may be forced to leave a rural community at 36 weeks gestational age to await the onset of labour in a referral centre far from home \\[[@B9]\\]. ", "Costs of travel, accommodation, lost income for both partners and supplemental food costs can be substantial. ", "While First Nation and Inuit Health (FNIH) subsidizes some costs for First Nations families who live on reserve, even this important contribution only goes part way to defray the financial costs of maintaining a family out of the community for several weeks. ", "Perhaps the potential exists for intergovernmental collaborative solutions which may benefit all parties.", "\n\nThe relative distance women have to travel to access services also is associated with different interventions and outcomes. ", "Women who have to travel more than 2 hours are unlikely to remain at home and try and reach the referral hospital when they go into labour. ", "Our results support previous work that has suggested that inductions for logistical reasons are used to try and shorten the stay \\[[@B27]\\]. ", "Women who live 1 to 2 hours away from services are more likely to remain at home until the onset of labor particularly if they have other children at home and hence are more likely to deliver en route to the hospital. ", "This is also demonstrated in the results and consistent with previous work \\[[@B28]\\].", "\n\nLimitations of the study include the necessity of using a partial ecological design in order to include Aboriginal ethnicity and socio-economic status for which data is unavailable at the case level due to privacy constraints. ", "We have adopted an approach similar to that outlined by Tu and Ko in their cogent review of the subject \\[[@B29]\\].", "\n\nNICU 2 admission rates are quite variable across the cohorts. ", "As the clinical criteria for newborn admission to a NICU 2 bed are less stringent than admission to a NICU 3 unit admission rates are subject to greater variation related to provider influence. ", "This is demonstrated by the strong association between proportion of a cohort born in a facility with on site access to NICU beds and the number of newborns per thousand admitted to a NICU 2 bed. ", "Importantly this association does not extend to admission to NICU 3 beds for which the criteria are much more stringent \\[[@B24]\\].", "\n\nAlso of importance is that the results relate to a geographically mountainous and coastal province on the west coast of Canada where seasonal travel can be particularly difficult due to inclement weather.", "\n\nThe implications of this study support improving access to maternity services for women from rural and remote communities. ", "The recently published Rural Birth Index provides a metric for systematically quantifying need for maternity services in rural community populations and defining the appropriate service level for a given population \\[[@B30]\\]. ", "The Canada Health Act specifies that insured persons must be provided \\\"reasonable access\\\" to insured services. ", "The research underpinning costs and outcomes needs to redefine what is \\\"reasonable\\\" because if it is reasonable then we should act accordingly. ", "How we treat our most vulnerable populations is a measure of the strength of our society. ", "Perhaps the evidence presented in this study contributes to the evolving larger fabric of understanding about the importance and effectiveness of primary care services to population health. ", "If we do not provide local services to rural residents we should take greater responsibility to overcome geographical barriers to access \\[[@B31]\\].", "\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nDistance matters: rural parturient women who have to travel to access maternity services have increased rates of adverse outcomes and newborns have increased numbers of NICU 2 and 3 care days. ", "Rural parturient women are also subject to increased rates of inductions for logistical reasons and unplanned out of hospital deliveries. ", "Health planners and policy makers need to consider such findings when planning the fate of rural services.", "\n\nCompeting interests\n===================\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.", "\n\nAuthors\\' contributions\n=======================\n\nSG contributed to conceptualizing the study, writing the grant proposal, implementation and data analysis, and was the lead writer of the manuscript. ", "KS carried out the analysis and contributed to the writing of the manuscript. ", "JK contributed to conceptualizing the study, writing the grant proposal, implementation and data analysis, and the writing of the manuscript.", "\n\nAll authors read and approved the manuscript.", "\n\nAuthors\\' information\n=====================\n\nSG, MD, Professor and Co-Director for the Centre for Rural Health Research in the Department of Family Practice. ", "KS is a PhD Candidate and works with the Centre for Rural Health Research in the Department of Family Practice at the University of British Columbia. ", "JK, PhD, is an Assistant Professor and Co-Director of the Centre for Rural Health Research in the Department of Family Practice at the University of British Columbia.", "\n\nPre-publication history\n=======================\n\nThe pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:\n\n<http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/11/147/prepub>\n\nAcknowledgements\n================\n\nWe would like to gratefully acknowledge funding through the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Interdisciplinary Capacity Enhancement grant, the Provincial Health Services Association for contributing to the grant, and to the Vancouver coastal Health Research Institute for supporting the Centre for Rural Health Research. ", "The funding source had no involvement in any of the study design, collection, analysis and interpretation of data, writing of the report, or in the decision to submit the paper for publication. ", "We would also like to thank Jonathan Berkowitz, PhD, Statistics and Rob James, PhD Epidemiology for their helpful advice on the analysis.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "ニュース 2015年08月19日\n\n※イメージ画像：サヘル・ローズオフィシャルブログ「sahel日記」より\n\nイラン出身のタレントのサヘル・ローズ（29）が、報道番組の中でセクシーショットを披露して男性ファンを喜ばせた。", "\n\nサヘルは18日放送のニュース『スーパーJチャンネル』（テレビ朝日系）にVTR出演。地域のお得な生活情報を取り上げるコーナー「新・東京見聞録」のレポーター役として登場し、夏にぴったりのグルメを紹介した。", "\n\nしかし、涼を感じるアイスクリームやスタミナ満載のデカ盛り丼ぶりなどが次々と出てくる中、男性ファンの視線はサヘルの胸元に集中。この日のサヘルは夏らしいゆったりとした涼しげな衣装で、カラダを動かすたびに推定Fカップといわれるおっぱいをたぷんたぷんと揺らしていたのだ。", "\n\nさらにデコルテゾーンが大胆に開いた衣装のサヘルが少し前かがみになれば、豊満な胸の谷間がハッキリと確認できる胸チラも。たびたびサービスショットを披露したサヘルには、「意外とセクシーなんだな」「サヘルちゃん、刺激的すぎ！」などと男性ファンからのコメントが相次ぐこととなった。サヘルはバラエティ番組の中で「お嫁にいくまで純潔は守る」と発言したり、NHKの情報番組でレギュラーを務めるなど、比較的お堅いイメージもあるが、それがかえって今回の姿に色っぽい印象を与えたのかもしれない。", "\n\nだが、サヘルはこれまでにもたびたびセクシーショットを披露しているという。", "\n\n" ]

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[ "PicoLisp\n\nPicoLisp is a programming language, a dialect of the language Lisp. ", "It runs on operating systems including Linux and others that are Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) compliant. ", "Its most prominent features are simplicity and minimalism. ", "It is built on one internal data type: a cell. ", "On the language level, a programmer can use three different data types (numbers, symbols, and lists) being represented by cells and differentiated by bits at the end of the cell. ", "It is free and open-source software released under an MIT License (X11).", "\n\nFeatures \nFunctions can accept arbitrary types and numbers of arguments. ", "Macros are needed only in rare cases and are implemented using the quote function. ", "PicoLisp does not include Lisp's lambda function. ", "This is because the quote function is changed to return all its arguments unevaluated, not only the car of the first.", "\n\nA special feature is the intrinsic create, read, update, and delete (CRUD) functioning. ", "Persistent symbols are first-class citizens (objects), they are loaded from database files automatically when accessed, and written back when modified. ", "Applications are written using a class hierarchy of entities and relations.", "\n\nOther features include: Prolog engine, database engine and database queries, distributed databases, inlining of C language functions and native C function calls, child process management, interprocess communication, browser graphical user interface (GUI), and internationalization and localization.", "\n\nHistory \n\nIn the 1980s, PicoLisp began development on the Macintosh, and was used in commercial application development since then. ", "It was ported to DOS and SCO Unix. ", "Since 1993, it was used mainly on Linux. ", "In the mid-1990s, database functions were added.", "\n\nThe first versions were written in a mix of C and assembly language. ", "In 1999, a first rewrite from scratch was done, fully in C. In 2002, that version was released under a GNU General Public License (GNU GPL). ", "In 2010, it changed to an MIT/X11 license.", "\n\nIn 2009, the 64-bit version was released, another rewrite, this time written in generic assembly, which in turn is implemented in PicoLisp. ", "This version adds support for coroutines.", "\n\nIn December 2010, a Java version named Ersatz PicoLisp was released.", "\n\nIn September 2014, Burger announced the PilMCU project on the PicoLisp development listserv, an effort with George Orais to implement PicoLisp in hardware directly.", "\n\nIn the summer of 2016, development of PilBox (\"PicoLisp Box\") – a generic Android app allowing to write apps in pure PicoLisp – was started. ", "It is still being developed and maintained.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nCategory:Lisp programming language family\nCategory:Dynamically typed programming languages" ]

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[ "Introduction\n\n\n\nIt’s here! ", "It’s finally here! ", "If you know CMLL or Lucha Libre you know that CMLL Anniversary is the biggest Lucha show of the year. ", "In the tapestry of Lucha Libre and really wrestling as a whole… nothing makes you cemented in wrestling history as appearing in his card. ", "Especially if you are in the main event which for the last couple decades has been a betting match.", "\n\nCMLL Anniversary, of course is the longest running annual wrestling show in the world. ", "Only once in the last 85 years has this show not taken place back in 1985 when a massive earthquake hit Mexico City, where it is always held : Arena Mexico which is lovingly referred to as ‘The Cathedral of Lucha Libre’.", "\n\n\n\nThis post is meant to be a review of who is who and how we found ourselves with these matches. ", "This is also taking place on September 16th, which is notable because it’s Mexico’s Independence Day, which is around when they normally hold this event.", "\n\nStuka Jr. Blue Panther Jr. The Panther\n\nHechicero Dragón Rojo Jr. Pólvora\n\nKickoff match\n\nA team of tecnicos vs a team rudos.", "\n\nBoth have an odd man out as Hechicero isn’t aligned with Dragon or Polvora who alone are Los Revolucionarios del Terror(Revolutionaries of Terror). ", "They often have entrances where they come out in Sombreros, dance with ring girls and shoot off old timey prop rifles.", "\n\nWhile their 3rd Hechicero is NWA World Historic Light Heavyweight Champion and a Sorcerer. ", "Hechicero literally translating to that or medicine man. ", "He often has an entrance where he has a plate or handful of greek fire like substance.", "\n\nWhile Stuka is similarly the odd man out. ", "While the Panther Brothers aren’t a stable really they are a dynasty both being sons of the legendary Blue Panther who still wrestles regularly on CMLL. ", "Two weeks ago he was in the opener of the Gran Prix PPV with both his sons.", "\n\nWhile this match doesn’t have high stakes, both Rojo/Polvora and Panther Bros might be first draft picks for teams to usurp the CMLL Tag Champs Shocker and Negro Casas who have the longest CMLL Tag Title reign of all time… much to the dismay of fans as Shocker and Casas have barely worked together this year.", "\n\nMarco Corleone Diamante Azul Valiente\n\nSansón Cuatrero Forastero\n\nSecond contest\n\nAnother typical face vs heel dynamic here.", "\n\nThe faces are just… a mish-mash of good guy talent. ", "Marco hasn’t been a group in ages and neither has Azul. ", "While Valiente is 1/3rd of the trios champions, ‘Sky Team’. ", "I’m a little disappointed we aren’t getting a trios title defense, though CMLL might be looking to have Sky Team become the longest reigning CMLL Trios Champions right now they are in 2nd with 944 days while first place Black Warrior, Dr. Wagner Jr. and Blue Panther have roughly 1,141 days(exact length is iffy).", "\n\nWhile the heels are a dynasty, Sanson and Cuatrero are brothers with Forastero being their cousin. ", "The three normally wear black and white and together are known as Nueva Generación Dinamita(New Generation Dynamite) or NGD for short. ", "This is their first time on Anniversary which I think is unique, as most of the people on this card have been on it in previous years. ", "They have the 3 belts, though two are regional and one is one of the national titles. ", "Not really the CMLL World Title Caliber team titles, but having 3 helps bolster relative their low value. ", "CMLL seem high on them and if they beat the face team it would be one of their biggest wins yet… even if nothing is on the line.", "\n\nRush Kraneo Sam Adonis\n\nNegro Casas Barbaro Cavernario El Felino\n\nRudos vs Rudos\n\nWe have Rush who atm is basically leader of Los Ingobernables(Though only his dad and him are in it), Kraneo who is a bit of a goofball and Sam Adonis who recently was given a big rub by beating Blue Panther in a hair vs hair match. ", "He went on a rant about wanting to beat everyone in CMLL betting matches. ", "So I’d look for seeds to be planted for a Felino/Barbaro/Casas hair vs hair feud for Adonis here.", "\n\nOn the other side we have 3 members of La Peste Negra(The Black Plague), with Felino and Negro being brothers and part of the Casas wrestling family. ", "Negro(Spanish for black) is the leader of that faction and probably the biggest name on this undercard having main evented CMLL 4 times(64th, 67th, 69th and 76th) and on plenty of other Anniversary shows.", "\n\nPrincesa Sugehit vs Zeuxis, mask vs mask\n\nThis match has been building for a while. ", "Back in February of 2016, Sugehit won the Mexican National Women’s title off Zeuxis. ", "At last year’s CMLL Anniversary Sugehit’s team lost to Zeuxis’ team in women’s trios to kick off the show. ", "Sugehit was in the last 1 on 1 Women’s match at CMLL where she lost to Dark Angel at CMLL 82nd, which was Dark Angel’s big farewell match.", "\n\nWhile Sugehit is still holding the Mexican National Women’s title, Zeuxis in mid August won the vacant Reina-CMLL Women’s title which is a title CMLL has in the Joshi promotion Reina.", "\n\nUnlike the men’s division titles it seems the CMLL branded world title isn’t as valuable as the National/Reina titles since Dalys who holds the CMLL title isn’t on the card. ", "Though to be fair… no other women are on the card.", "\n\n\n\nThis match is pretty intriguing, as it could be either/or. ", "Though even if I feel strongly about a match I probably wouldn’t try to spoil it here. ", "Sugehit could win and be pushed as the female icon akin to Santo/Atlantis. ", "Or perhaps CMLL think it’s too late to make Sugehit an icon. ", "If so, Zeuxis win here could be the start of her getting that kind or rub/aura.", "\n\nFlip Gordon Caristico Volador Jr.\n\nUltimo Guerrero Satoshi Kojima Mephisto\n\nPenultimate Trios match\n\nWe have one more faces vs heels trio matchup. ", "This one is basically the superstars. ", "Volador Jr./Ultimo have both won the CMLL Universal Tournament(Highest honor/accolade in CMLL besides Main Eventing this card) and were in the finals this year. ", "Volador Jr/Ultimo are also the longest currently reigning CMLL Singles champions.", "\n\nCaristico is THE luchador of the mid 2000′s, he lost lots of steam going to WWE(Sin Cara) then AAA(Myzteziz) a few years ago. ", "Recently CMLL have warmed back up on him and obviously know he has star power.", "\n\nUltimo/Mephisto are both rudo leaders. ", "Ultimo of Los Guerreros(the main event featuring both guys who were in that group) and Mephisto is leader of Los Hijos del Infierno(Sons of Hell) which is a trio of devil/demon themed luchadors.", "\n\n\n\nThe odd men out are Kojima who has been rudo/heel in CMLL since arriving a few weeks ago. ", "Flip Gordon will be making his CMLL debut at this show. ", "I think both men are included because CMLL likes their show to semi-represent wrestling as a whole. ", "While obviously Kojima/Flip Gordon don’t really represent all of ROH/NJPW/wrestling outside of CMLL. ", "It’s CMLL spotlighting some outside talent.", "\n\nThe greater CMLL outside talent event happened 2 weeks ago at Gran Prix. ", "This is probably the most noteable outsiders on Anniversary since 80th when Ishii and Desperado kicked off the show. (", "Though 83rd had Super Crazy, who isn’t a CMLL talent, but is still a Lucha guy)\n\n\n\nGran Guerrero vs Niebla Roja, Mask vs Mask\n\nThis match is former stable mates coming to blows. ", "This all came to a head months ago, when Los Guerreros(Ultimo, Gran and Roja) were in a trios match that involved Angel de Oro(Gold Angel). ", "Oro is older brother to Roja who before becoming Niebla Roja(Red Mist) was Angel de Plata(Silver Angel). ", "Roja refused to lay a hand on his brother time and time again in the match. ", "Roja had already been getting skittish with pulling heel antics. ", "That match saw Roja kick Ultimo in the face and officially breaking away from Los Guerreros.", "\n\nThey may have just let him go AWOL, but one major thing was wrong. ", "Neibla Roja’s mask is very inspired by the Los Guerreros leader, Ultimo Guerreros mask before he lost it at 81st Anniversary.", "\n\nSo in following weeks Ultimo and Gran would attack and tear the mask off Roja or at least tear it. ", "This lead to them cutting promos that he NEEDED to change his mask design or they’d make him. ", "Which is how we got here.", "\n\nGran Guerrero, the younger brother to Ultimo, vs Niebla Roja, the younger brother to Angel de Oro. ", "In mask vs mask matches their are often cornermen, so my money would be on the older brothers filling those roles here even if Ultimo has a match right before.", "\n\nRoja is the tecnico that deserted his rudo team and is now going to battle for the mask rights. ", "Both men have Ultimo inspired masks, in fact Gran’s mask is basically the exact same mask Ultimo use to wear, while Roja’s is inspired, but is more unique with red/gold flair.", "\n\nThe build has been very weak to this. ", "I’m still excited and hope the two deliver on this big spot they have been given. ", "Niebla Roja went AWOL in Los Guerreros, but really for the last match has been AWOL for the build to this main event. ", "I don’t know if Roja got hurt or had a family member get sick or perhaps has family in the part of Mexico that was affected by that earthquake? ", "I don’t want to throw him under the bus, but I might be a little upset if I was Gran getting this big shot and I just have to coast doing next to nothing in the weeks leading to Anniversary.", "\n\nThe event starts at 5 PM Central Time Saturday and can be bought over at Internetv.tv\n\nNOTE :\n\nIf you don’t watch CMLL regularly, ALL of these matches will be 2/3 falls, and the tag matches will be Lucha Libre tag.", "\n\nWhat that means : to get a fall you have to pin the captain(Captain will likely be first named guy on each team) or pin both the other competitors on that team to get a fall. ", "Obviously in singles matches you only need to pin/submit the other person, though you can lose a fall by tearing off the others mask… that likely won’t happen as you’d be risking your own mask.", "\n\nLucha Libre tag dictates that tags don’t need to be made, instead when one team member leaves another can come in to be the legal man." ]

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[ "Your next smartphone may flip open to reveal its screen and fold up when you are ready to put it away — just like the old-school clamshell phones from the 1990s.", "\n\nThe question is: Is that something we even want anymore?", "\n\nTech companies like Samsung, Motorola and Huawei sure hope so. ", "Many of us realized a few years ago that the smartphones we had were already very good — and their successors were only slightly better — so we have been holding on to our phones longer and longer before upgrading. ", "That hurts those companies’ bottom lines.", "\n\nSo in an effort to come up with something new and exciting that will make us spend our dollars, phone makers are bombarding us with so-called foldables. ", "They include Samsung’s $1,380 Galaxy Z Flip, which was unveiled on Tuesday, and Lenovo’s $1,500 Motorola Razr, which was released last week.", "\n\nThere’s something off about all of this. ", "For years, tech companies experimented with new phone designs driven partly by consumer surveys, which brought us handsets with bigger screens, longer battery life and sharper cameras — things we really wanted. ", "But folding phones are not something most of us have asked for." ]

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[ "Reflections on Pan-Africanism in teacher training\n\nThe importance of the “Learning to travel, travelling to learn” period in teacher training and in the development of Pan-Africanism, by Agripino Chipassa\n\nThe first year of training at the ADPP Teacher Training Schools is called The International year of the Teacher, and includes a 3 to 4-month study trip in Angola and Southern Africa, as one of three main program elements. ", "Here Agripino Chipassa, Director of the ADPP Teacher Training School in Zaire, recounts his experience of how the travel impacted on Team 2014. ", "The team started in 2014 and completed their education with a full year of teaching practice in rural areas in 2016.", "\n\n\"The African population is mostly young and consequently needs teachers. ", "What is needed however in not just any teacher, but that particular teacher who is ready to help the community in all issues.", "\n\nThe international journey “Travelling our Continent,” is rooted in this ideal. ", "First, the trip is for the future teacher to make a comparative study of the various societies of Africa. ", "Students from Team 2014 toured countries of Southern Africa, which helped them a lot in the long teaching practice period to adapt to the communities where they worked. ", "After all, one of the basic questions associated with any education is the relationship of the educated person to the person they are going to work with, and the community in which they are going to work. ", "This means that the closer you can establish contact with the future environment during training, the greater the opportunity to fertilize cooperation with the environment after training. ", "This community-teacher relationship is much better for students who have travelled.", "\n\nSecond, the trip improves the knowledge among students in disciplines like geography and history. ", "In geography, for example, students learn about time zones and with all theoretical assumptions, but when they arrive in Tanzania, they experience in practice how the time is different, and this was one of the situations that moved students a lot. ", "They learn in theory about Mount Kilimanjaro, but only by seeing the mountain do they have a real notion of what is being talked about. ", "The borders of Angola and other countries take on a new meaning just by crossing them. ", "The students gain more than a notion of, for example, the Zambezi River between Angola and Botswana passing through the Jangada. ", "In general, when speaking about practical knowledge of geography, we cannot compare a student who has travelled with another who has not.", "\n\nIn history, there is much to comment on. ", "Beginning in Namibia, we can talk theoretically about how Germans massacred the Hereros, but when we speak to a surviving elder, we experience the feelings associated with that moment of time. ", "This is impossible for someone who was not there. ", "We can speak of Julius Nyerere and African socialism, but when we arrived in Tanzania we become infected with incarnations of his thinking. ", "We can talk about Zimbabwe’s independence, but it is more striking to the student if we talk to a Zimbabwean politician about his fight for independence. ", "We can talk about the Civil War in Angola, when South African troops invaded Angola from the side of UNITA. ", "But when we talk to a veteran of Namibia who participated on the South African side, we deeply understand the subject and it becomes something remarkable that students and teachers will never forget;\n\nThird, the trip provides insights into other countries and cultures. ", "In Tanzania, for example, we were amazed by the fact that on Independence Day, instead of having a party as is usual, every population under the president’s leadership went out to collect garbage in the city of Dar es Salaam. ", "In Zambia, we witnessed a demonstration for the election campaign. ", "Such events cultivated in us the feeling that we are not an isolated island, but that we are part of something much larger, and that the political cultural manifestations that take place in Angola also happen in other places and in other countries. ", "In addition, in the countries visited, it was possible to observe in practice how neoliberal policies affect the day-to-day lives of populations, as the policies of the World Bank and the IMF have adversely affected the populations of countries like Tanzania and Zambia.", "\n\nIn each country we visited, we investigated the education system. ", "We visited schools and sometimes we even lived at the schools, and it was possible to see and debate what could be improved in the Angolan educational reality. ", "In Zambia, for example, we noted that the method of group work is much used in primary schools. ", "The use of teaching materials is compulsory. ", "For the success of the classes, teachers are deeply committed to preparing their lessons for the following day." ]

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[ "// ************************************************************************\n// ***************************** CEF4Delphi *******************************\n// ************************************************************************\n//\n// CEF4Delphi is based on DCEF3 which uses CEF3 to embed a chromium-based\n// browser in Delphi applications.", "\n//\n// The original license of DCEF3 still applies to CEF4Delphi.", "\n//\n// For more information about CEF4Delphi visit :\n// https://www.briskbard.com/index.php?lang=en&pageid=cef\n//\n// Copyright © 2017 Salvador Diaz Fau. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n//\n// ************************************************************************\n// ************ vvvv Original license and comments below vvvv *************\n// ************************************************************************\n(*\n * Delphi Chromium Embedded 3\n *\n * Usage allowed under the restrictions of the Lesser GNU General Public License\n * or alternatively the restrictions of the Mozilla Public License 1.1\n *\n * Software distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" basis,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. ", "See the License for\n * the specific language governing rights and limitations under the License.", "\n *\n * Unit owner : Henri Gourvest <hgourvest@gmail.com>\n * Web site : http://www.progdigy.com\n * Repository : http://code.google.com/p/delphichromiumembedded/\n * Group : http://groups.google.com/group/delphichromiumembedded\n *\n * Embarcadero Technologies, Inc is not permitted to use or redistribute\n * this source code without explicit permission.", "\n *\n *)\n\n // The complete list of compiler versions is here :\n // http://docwiki.embarcadero.com/RADStudio/Tokyo/en/Compiler_Versions\n\n{$DEFINE DELPHI_VERSION_UNKNOW}\n\n// Delphi 5\n{$IFDEF VER130}\n {$UNDEF DELPHI_VERSION_UNKNOW}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI5_UP}\n{$ENDIF}\n\n// Delphi 6\n{$IFDEF VER140}\n {$UNDEF DELPHI_VERSION_UNKNOW}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI5_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI6_UP}\n{$ENDIF}\n\n// Delphi 7\n{$IFDEF VER150}\n {$UNDEF DELPHI_VERSION_UNKNOW}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI5_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI6_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI7_UP}\n{$ENDIF}\n\n// Delphi 8\n{$IFDEF VER160}\n {$UNDEF DELPHI_VERSION_UNKNOW}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI5_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI6_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI7_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI8_UP}\n{$ENDIF}\n\n// Delphi 2005\n{$IFDEF VER170}\n {$UNDEF DELPHI_VERSION_UNKNOW}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI5_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI6_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI7_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI8_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI9_UP}\n{$ENDIF}\n\n{$IFDEF VER180}\n {$UNDEF DELPHI_VERSION_UNKNOW}\n // Delphi 2007\n {$IFDEF VER185}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI5_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI6_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI7_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI8_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI9_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI10_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI11_UP}\n // Delphi 2006\n {$ELSE}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI5_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI6_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI7_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI8_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI9_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI10_UP}\n {$ENDIF}\n{$ENDIF}\n\n// Delphi 2009\n{$IFDEF VER200}\n {$UNDEF DELPHI_VERSION_UNKNOW}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI5_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI6_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI7_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI8_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI9_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI10_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI11_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI12_UP}\n{$ENDIF}\n\n//Delphi 2010\n{$IFDEF VER210}\n {$UNDEF DELPHI_VERSION_UNKNOW}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI5_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI6_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI7_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI8_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI9_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI10_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI11_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI12_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI14_UP}\n{$ENDIF}\n\n// Delphi XE\n{$IFDEF VER220}\n {$UNDEF DELPHI_VERSION_UNKNOW}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI5_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI6_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI7_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI8_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI9_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI10_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI11_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI12_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI14_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI15_UP}\n{$ENDIF}\n\n// Delphi XE2 (First FireMonkey and 64bit compiler)\n{$IFDEF VER230}\n {$UNDEF DELPHI_VERSION_UNKNOW}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI5_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI6_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI7_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI8_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI9_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI10_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI11_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI12_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI14_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI15_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI16_UP}\n{$ENDIF}\n\n// Delphi XE3\n{$IFDEF VER240}\n {$UNDEF DELPHI_VERSION_UNKNOW}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI5_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI6_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI7_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI8_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI9_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI10_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI11_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI12_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI14_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI15_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI16_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI17_UP}\n{$ENDIF}\n\n// Delphi XE4\n{$IFDEF VER250}\n {$UNDEF DELPHI_VERSION_UNKNOW}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI5_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI6_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI7_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI8_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI9_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI10_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI11_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI12_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI14_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI15_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI16_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI17_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI18_UP}\n{$ENDIF}\n\n// Delphi XE5\n{$IFDEF VER260}\n {$UNDEF DELPHI_VERSION_UNKNOW}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI5_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI6_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI7_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI8_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI9_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI10_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI11_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI12_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI14_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI15_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI16_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI17_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI18_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI19_UP}\n{$ENDIF}\n\n// Delphi XE6\n{$IFDEF VER270}\n {$UNDEF DELPHI_VERSION_UNKNOW}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI5_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI6_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI7_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI8_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI9_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI10_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI11_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI12_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI14_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI15_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI16_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI17_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI18_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI19_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI20_UP}\n{$ENDIF}\n\n// Delphi XE7\n{$IFDEF VER280}\n {$UNDEF DELPHI_VERSION_UNKNOW}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI5_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI6_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI7_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI8_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI9_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI10_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI11_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI12_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI14_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI15_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI16_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI17_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI18_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI19_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI20_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI21_UP}\n{$ENDIF}\n\n// Delphi XE8\n{$IFDEF VER290}\n {$UNDEF DELPHI_VERSION_UNKNOW}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI5_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI6_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI7_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI8_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI9_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI10_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI11_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI12_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI14_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI15_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI16_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI17_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI18_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI19_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI20_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI21_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI22_UP}\n{$ENDIF VER290}\n\n// Rad Studio 10 - Delphi Seattle\n{$IFDEF VER300}\n {$UNDEF DELPHI_VERSION_UNKNOW}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI5_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI6_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI7_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI8_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI9_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI10_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI11_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI12_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI14_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI15_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI16_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI17_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI18_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI19_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI20_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI21_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI22_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI23_UP}\n{$ENDIF}\n\n// Rad Studio 10.1 - Delphi Berlin\n{$IFDEF VER310}\n {$UNDEF DELPHI_VERSION_UNKNOW}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI5_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI6_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI7_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI8_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI9_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI10_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI11_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI12_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI14_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI15_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI16_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI17_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI18_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI19_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI20_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI21_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI22_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI23_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI24_UP}\n{$ENDIF}\n\n// Rad Studio 10.2 - Delphi Tokyo\n{$IFDEF VER320}\n {$UNDEF DELPHI_VERSION_UNKNOW}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI5_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI6_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI7_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI8_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI9_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI10_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI11_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI12_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI14_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI15_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI16_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI17_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI18_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI19_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI20_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI21_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI22_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI23_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI24_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI25_UP}\n{$ENDIF}\n\n// Rad Studio 10.3 - Delphi Rio\n{$IFDEF VER330}\n {$UNDEF DELPHI_VERSION_UNKNOW}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI5_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI6_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI7_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI8_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI9_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI10_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI11_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI12_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI14_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI15_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI16_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI17_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI18_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI19_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI20_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI21_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI22_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI23_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI24_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI25_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI26_UP}\n{$ENDIF}\n\n// Rad Studio 10.4 - Delphi Sydney\n{$IFDEF VER340}\n {$UNDEF DELPHI_VERSION_UNKNOW}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI5_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI6_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI7_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI8_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI9_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI10_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI11_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI12_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI14_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI15_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI16_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI17_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI18_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI19_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI20_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI21_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI22_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI23_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI24_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI25_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI26_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI27_UP}\n{$ENDIF}\n\n{$IFDEF FPC}\n {$DEFINE SUPPORTS_INLINE}\n {$IF DEFINED(FPC_FULLVERSION) AND (FPC_FULLVERSION >= 30200)}\n {$DEFINE FPC_VER_320}\n {$IFEND}\n{$ELSE}\n {$IFDEF DELPHI_VERSION_UNKNOW}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI5_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI6_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI7_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI8_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI9_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI10_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI11_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI12_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI14_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI15_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI16_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI17_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI18_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI19_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI20_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI21_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI22_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI23_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI24_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI25_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI26_UP}\n {$DEFINE DELPHI27_UP}\n {$ENDIF}\n{$ENDIF}\n\n{$IFDEF DELPHI9_UP}\n {$DEFINE SUPPORTS_INLINE}\n{$ENDIF}\n\n{$IF DEFINED(CPUX32) OR\n DEFINED(CPU386) OR\n DEFINED(CPUi386) OR\n DEFINED(CPUPOWERPC32) OR\n DEFINED(CPUSPARC32) OR\n DEFINED(CPU32BITS) OR\n DEFINED(CPUARM32) OR\n DEFINED(WIN32) OR\n DEFINED(IOS32) OR\n DEFINED(MACOS32) OR\n DEFINED(LINUX32) OR\n DEFINED(POSIX32) OR\n DEFINED(ANDROID32)}\n {$DEFINE TARGET_32BITS}\n{$IFEND}\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nxml error: Object reference not set to an instance of an object after SelectSingleNode\n\nhere's my code:\nXmlDocument doc = new XmlDocument();\nforeach (string c in colorList)\n{\n doc.", "Load(@\"http://whoisxmlapi.com/whoisserver/WhoisService?domainName=\" + c + @\"&username=user&password=pass\");\n textBox1.Text += doc.", "SelectSingleNode(\"WhoisRecord/registrant/email\").InnerText + \",\";\n}\n\nfor the second line of code (textbox1...) is generating this error\nwhat am i doing wrong?", "\n\nA:\n\nHow about splitting up the line to see where the exception occurs?", "\n// if node is null the problem is with SelectSingleNode \nXmlNode node = doc.", "SelectSingleNode(\"WhoisRecord/registrant/email\");\n\n// if text is null the problem is with the node \nstring text = node.", "InnerText;\n\n// if textBox1 is null the problem is with textBox1\ntextBox1.Text += text + \",\";\n\nA:\n\nThe documentation for SelectSingleNode states it returns null if no matching node is found. ", "You'll have to fix the query or handle a failure to find a match.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "President Donald Trump on Thursday pulled a classic North Korean negotiating move by canceling his planned summit with Kim Jong Un.", "\n\nWithin 12 hours of the cancellation, North Korea backtracked on threats to \"reconsider\" the summit.", "\n\nIt now says it will meet Trump \"at any time\" should he reconsider, and Trump has also left the door open for future talks.", "\n\nTrump has shown he's not desperate to talk to Kim at any cost, and it changed North Korea's tune.", "\n\nTrump seemed pleased with North Korea's response, calling it \"warm and productive,\" after criticizing previous statements as angry and hostile.", "\n\nPresident Donald Trump took a page out of North Korea's book Thursday by canceling his planned summit with Kim Jong Un, and now Pyongyang appears to be scrambling to save the summit.", "\n\nWithin 12 hours of the cancellation, which Trump blamed on North Korean hostility, Pyongyang backtracked on threats to \"reconsider\" the summit.", "\n\nIt instead insisted \"we have the intent to sit with the US side to solve problem regardless of ways at any time.\"", "\n\nTrump said North Korea's recent \"tremendous anger and open hostility\" toward the US made the summit inappropriate. ", "Media from Pyongyang had been bashing senior Trump administration officials and even threatening nuclear war.", "\n\nBut North Korea on Friday seemed to sweep that under the rug, saying the hostility was \"just a reaction to the unbridled remarks made by the US side which has long pressed the DPRK unilaterally to scrap nuclear program ahead of the DPRK-US summit.\" (\"", "DPRK\" is the abbreviation of North Korea's official name, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.)", "\n\nNorth and South Korea, in the Panmunjom Declaration made when Kim met South Korean President Moon Jae-in, have stressed a phased approach to denuclearization. ", "The US reportedly favors a front-loaded agreement that would see North Korea abandon its weapons up-front.", "\n\nPresent in North Korea's response was a sense of looking back in regret. ", "The statement said North Korea \"inwardly highly appreciated President Trump\" for accepting the summit and praised him for the move.", "\n\n\"We even inwardly hoped that what is called 'Trump formula' would help clear both sides of their worries and comply with the requirements of our side and would be a wise way of substantial effect for settling the issue,\" the statement continued, in a possible attempt at flattering Trump.", "\n\nA page from North Korea's book\n\nKim Dae-jung and Kim Jong Il, the leaders of South Korea and North Korea at the time, toasting each other at a June 15, 2000, luncheon in Pyongyang, North Korea. ", "Newsmakers via Getty Images\n\nNorth Korea is no stranger to talks with the US. ", "The past four US presidents have all attempted diplomacy with Pyongyang, and all failed.", "\n\nTypically, these talks end with North Korea walking away or taking provocative actions that force the US to walk away.", "\n\nNorth Korea frequently cites \"hostile\" US policy as motivation to develop weapons and resist diplomatic solutions. ", "Now, Trump has done that to North Korea.", "\n\nAs the summit approached, it became clear that North Korea had its own ideas of denuclearization and that they didn't match those of the US.", "\n\nSouth Korea \"overestimated what the North means in terms of denuclearization and oversold it to Washington,\" Chun Yung-woo, a former South Korean nuclear negotiator, told Reuters.", "\n\nBut NBC News suggested that Trump sensed the disappointment hiding around the corner and sought to beat the North Koreans to the punch by exiting the summit so quickly he told neither South Korea nor Congress beforehand.", "\n\nThe door is still open\n\nA composite image of Trump and Kim Jong Un. ", "Ahn Young-joon/AP\n\nAbove all, North Korea's statement on Friday left the door open to future talks. ", "Trump, in his letter to Kim Jong Un, did the same.", "\n\n\"Please do not hesitate to call or write,\" Trump wrote in the conclusion of his letter.", "\n\n“This looks more like a deferral than a cancellation. ", "The tone of Trump's letter is civil and diplomatic. ", "There are lots of doors left open,\" Robert Manning, senior fellow in the Atlantic Council's Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security, wrote of the letter.", "\n\nFor now, Trump has shown he's not so desperate to talk to Kim that he'll enter the talks from a weakened position, and with a single letter, he's changed North Korea's tune.", "\n\nTrump seemed pleased with North Korea's response on Friday, calling it \"warm and productive.\"", "\n\n\"We will soon see where it will lead, hopefully to long and enduring prosperity and peace. ", "Only time (and talent) will tell!\" ", "Trump tweeted." ]

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[ "Greek football clubs in European competitions\n\nFootball clubs from Superleague Greece have participated in European football competitions since 1959, when Olympiacos took part in the European Cup. ", "In total, twenty Greek clubs have taken part in European competitions. ", "Panathinaikos' run to the 1971 European Cup Final is the biggest achievement by any Greek club. ", " \n\nPanathinaikos' success includes two European Cup/UEFA Champions League semi-final appearances in 1985 and 1996. ", "AEK Athens are the only Greek team to have reached the semi-final of the UEFA Cup, in 1977. ", "Greek clubs have reached the quarter-final of major European competitions on another twelve occasions.", "\n\nAppearances in UEFA competitions\n\nApp = Appearances; Mat=Matches; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost;\n\nGreek club distinctions in European competitions\n\nEuropean Cup / UEFA Champions League (1955/56 - Today)\n\nInter-Cities Fairs Cup / UEFA Cup / Europa League (1955/56 - Today)\n\nUEFA Cup Winners' Cup (1960/61 - 1998/99)\n\nEuropean Cup/Champions League\n\nCup Winners' Cup\n\nInter-Cities Fairs Cup/UEFA Cup/Europa League\n\nUEFA Intertoto Cup\n\n1 Olympiacos withdrew for political reasons.", "\n\n2: Match played at Wembley Stadium, London\n\n3: The original game ended 2-1 for Panathinaikos and this led to a penalty shoot-out. ", "While CSKA Sofia was leading by 3-2, the Soviet referee Lipatov interrupted the shoot-out and declared the Bulgarian team as winners (although CSKA Sofia had shot 3 penalties no miss and Panathinaikos had shot 4 penalties 2 misses. ", "Therefore, UEFA decided that the match should be replayed.", "\n\n4: The Ukrainian team Dinamo Kiev, participant in the Champions League, was disqualified by UEFA after its first game in the league stage (Dinamo Kiev-Panathinaikos 1-0, Kosovskyi in the 61st minute at the Olimpiysky Stadion, Kiev on September 13, 1995), when the Spanish referee Antonio Jesús López Nieto reported a bribe attempt (including minks and female escort). ", "To replace Dinamo Kiev in the group stage, UEFA promoted its Qualifying Round rivals Aalborg\n\n5: The first leg finished 2–1 to Maccabi Tel-Aviv but UEFA awarded a 3–0 w.o to Maccabi Tel-Aviv because PAOK fielded an ineligible suspended player (Liassos Louka).", "\n\n6: PAOK had lost to Metalist Kharkiv in the third qualifying round and Metalist Kharkiv were drawn against Schalke. ", "However, they were excluded from the competition by UEFA for their involvement in a match-fixing scandal in the 2007–08 season. ", "UEFA decided to replace them with PAOK in the play-off round.", "\n\n7 Olympiacos withdrew\n\n8 The away goal rule didn't exist at the time, so to break the tie a play-off game was played in Vienna, Austria where Olympiacos won by 2-0.", "\n\n9 Iraklis got a bye.", "\n\n10 The game was suspended after Cagliari's third goal because three Greek players refused to return to the pitch after they were expelled by the police. ", "Later, UEFA validated the score of 3-0 as definitive.", "\n\n11 Panionios was disqualified after the first leg due to fan riots.", "\n\n12: The original game was interrupted in the 88th minute, while the score was a 3-3 draw, due to a floodlight failure in the stadium, and UEFA established that it should be replayed from the beginning.", "\n\n13: The match was interrupted in the 51st minute, while Paris Saint-Germain were leading by 0-2, due to incidents in the stands. ", "Paris Saint-Germain were later awarded a 0–3 w.o win by UEFA.", "\n\n14: Olympiakos Volou, reached the play-off round and were drawn against Paris Saint-Germain. ", "However, they were excluded from the competition by UEFA on 11 August 2011 for their involvement in a match-fixing scandal. ", "UEFA decided to replace them with Differdange from Luxembourg, which had lost to Olympiakos Volou in the third qualifying round, in the play-off round.", "\n\n15: Olympiacos withdrew after the first 2 matches and lost the away match to Toulouse with a walk over. ", "Olympiacos received a heavy fine from UEFA, who obliged the Greek Football Federation to find another team to replace Olympiacos, otherwise all Greek clubs would be banned from next season's European competitions. ", "Finally, Panionios was the replacing team and played the 3 remaining matches of the group phase.", "\n\n16: Match played by Olympiacos.", "\n\n17: Match played by Panionios.", "\n\nSee also\nGreek football clubs in European competitions 1960–69\nGreek football clubs in European competitions 1970–79\nGreek football clubs in European competitions 1980–89\nGreek football clubs in European competitions 1990–99\nGreek football clubs in European competitions 2000–09\nGreek football clubs in European competitions 2010–19\nGreek football clubs in European competitions 2020–29\n\nNotes\n Olympiacos had withdrawn from 1958/59 European Cup competition\n Olympiacos had withdrawn from 1962/63 Uefa Cup Winner's Cup \n Olympiakos Volou were excluded from the competition by UEFA for their involvement in the match-fixing scandal\n In season 1963–64, Olympiakos had played a third play off match\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nUEFA Website\nRec.", "Sport.", "Soccer Statistics Foundation\n\n \nCategory:Football clubs in European football" ]

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[ "Second Dragoon Expedition\n\nThe Second Dragoon Expedition of 1835 (also called the Dodge Expedition) left Fort Leavenworth, unorganized territory May 29, 1835, charged with contacting the Indian tribes across the Central Plains to the Rockies as far west as the Mexican border. ", "Traveling first up the Platte River they made contact with the Otoe, Omaha, Grand Pawnee, and Arickaree tribes. ", "Continuing south along the front range of the Rockies, they reached Bent's Fort on August 6. ", "At Bent's Fort the expedition held councils with the Arapahoes, Cheyennes, Black Feet, Gros Ventres, and others. ", " On August 12, 1835 the Dragoons began the return march from Bent's Fort, following the Santa Fe Trail eastward. ", " They arrived at Council Grove, Kansas the evening of September 8, 1835. ", "Between Council Grove and Hundred and Ten Mile Creek the expedition experienced its only loss, the death of 23 year old, Private Samuel Hunt on September 11, 1835. ", "In Colonel Dodge's Journal he wrote, \"On the 11th a man of company “A” died—the first death that has occurred on our whole march, and the only severe sickness. ", "The colonel directed him to be buried on a high prairie ridge, and a stone placed at the head of the grave, with his name and regiment engraved thereon. ", "Continued the march; crossed the Hundred-and ten-mile creek, and entered upon the dividing ridge between the Kansas and Osage rivers; passed Round and Elm Groves, and arrived at the crossing of the Kansas, at Dunlap's Ferry, on the 15th; crossed the river, and on the 16th arrived at Fort Leavenworth.\"", "\n\nNote: The First Dragoon Expedition was from Fort Gibson to the Southern Plains in 1834.", "\n\nSee also\nUnited States Regiment of Dragoons\n\nReferences\nDodge, Henry. ", "Journal of the March of a Detachment of Dragoons, Under the Command of Colonel Henry Dodge, During the Summer of 1835. ", "American State Papers. ", "Class V. Military Affairs. ", "Volume VI. ", "24th Cong, 1st Session, H. Doc., ", "138. (", "Serial Set 21). ", "1836.", "\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\nDodge's Expedition\nSamuel Hunt Grave (National Register of Historic Places)\n\nCategory:History of Colorado\nCategory:Pre-statehood history of Kansas\nCategory:Pre-statehood history of Nebraska\nCategory:American frontier" ]

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[ "Q:\n\njava.lang.", "NullPointerException: Attempt to invoke virtual method on a null object reference to select sqlite\n\nI am a newbie of android world. ", "I have a problem of the coding. ", "It was just a tiny error buy i dont know it doesnt work even i change others method but the error still the same error. ", "Here the error occur at logcat:\njava.lang.", "NullPointerException: Attempt to invoke virtual method 'android.database.", "Cursor com.example.zellon.surveyapps.", "DatabaseHelper.getAData()' on a null object reference\n\nI just want to select the data in the database to get an id but cant cuz of the error above.", "\nI will give a code that i coded for select the data from database\nsurveyinstruction.java\npackage com.example.zellon.surveyapps;\n\nimport android.content.", "Intent;\nimport android.database.", "Cursor;\nimport android.os.", "Bundle;\nimport android.support.v7.app.", "AppCompatActivity;\nimport android.util.", "Log;\nimport android.view.", "View;\nimport android.widget.", "Button;\nimport android.widget.", "TextView;\n\npublic class surveyinstruction extends AppCompatActivity {\nDatabaseHelper myDb;\n\nprotected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState){\n super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);\n setContentView(R.layout.surveyinstruction);\n\n TextView user = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.user);\n\n Intent in = getIntent();\n\n String nameUser = in.getStringExtra(\"nameUser\");\n String tarikhUser = in.getStringExtra(\"tarikhUser\");\n\n user.setText(\"Selamat Datang \" + nameUser);\n\n Button btnSeterusnya = (Button) findViewById(R.id.btnTerus);\n\n btnSeterusnya.setOnClickListener(new View.", "OnClickListener() {\n @Override\n public void onClick(View v) {\n Intent intentTerus = new Intent(getApplicationContext(), surveymain.class);\n Cursor res = myDb.getAData();\n intentTerus.putExtra(\"id\", res.getString(0));\n Log.e(\"ID \", res.getString(0));\n startActivity(intentTerus);\n }\n });\n}\n}\n\nAnd here is for database handler\nDatabaseHelper.java\npackage com.example.zellon.surveyapps;\n\nimport android.content.", "ContentValues;\nimport android.content.", "Context;\nimport android.database.", "Cursor;\nimport android.database.sqlite.", "SQLiteDatabase;\nimport android.database.sqlite.", "SQLiteOpenHelper;\npublic class DatabaseHelper extends SQLiteOpenHelper {\npublic static final String DATABASE_NAME = \"survey.db\";\npublic static final String TABLE_USER = \"user\";\npublic static final String COL_USER_1 = \"ID\";\npublic static final String COL_USER_2 = \"NAMA\";\npublic static final String COL_USER_3 = \"TARIKH\";\npublic static final String COL_USER_4 = \"MARKAH\";\n\npublic static final String TABLE_QUESTION = \"question\";\n\npublic static final String COL_QUES_1 = \"ID\";\npublic static final String COL_QUES_2 = \"IDUSER\";\npublic static final String COL_QUES_3 = \"K1\";\npublic static final String COL_QUES_4 = \"K2\";\npublic static final String COL_QUES_5 = \"K3\";\npublic static final String COL_QUES_6 = \"K4\";\npublic static final String COL_QUES_7 = \"K5\";\npublic static final String COL_QUES_8 = \"A1\";\npublic static final String COL_QUES_9 = \"A2\";\npublic static final String COL_QUES_10 = \"A3\";\npublic static final String COL_QUES_11 = \"A4\";\npublic static final String COL_QUES_12 = \"A5\";\npublic static final String COL_QUES_13 = \"V1\";\npublic static final String COL_QUES_14 = \"V2\";\npublic static final String COL_QUES_15 = \"V3\";\npublic static final String COL_QUES_16 = \"V4\";\npublic static final String COL_QUES_17 = \"V5\";\npublic static final String COL_QUES_18 = \"D1\";\npublic static final String COL_QUES_19 = \"D2\";\npublic static final String COL_QUES_20 = \"D3\";\npublic static final String COL_QUES_21 = \"D4\";\npublic static final String COL_QUES_22 = \"D5\";\npublic static final String COL_QUES_23 = \"TOTK\";\npublic static final String COL_QUES_24 = \"TOTA\";\npublic static final String COL_QUES_25 = \"TOTV\";\npublic static final String COL_QUES_26 = \"TOTD\";\n\npublic DatabaseHelper(Context context) {\n super(context, DATABASE_NAME, null, 1);\n}\n\n@Override\npublic void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) {\n db.execSQL(\"create table \" + TABLE_USER + \" (ID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, NAMA TEXT, TARIKH TEXT, MARKAH INTEGER)\");\n db.execSQL(\"create table \" + TABLE_QUESTION + \" (ID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, IDUSER INTEGER, K1 TEXT, K2 TEXT, K3 TEXT, K4 TEXT, K5 TEXT, A1 TEXT, A2 TEXT, A3 TEXT, A4 TEXT, A5 TEXT, V1 TEXT, V2 TEXT, V3 TEXT, V4 TEXT, V5 TEXT, D1 TEXT, D2 TEXT, D3 TEXT, D4 TEXT, D5 TEXT, TOTK INTEGER, TOTA INTEGER, TOTV INTEGER, TOTD INTEGER)\");\n}\n\n@Override\npublic void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int newVersion) {\n db.execSQL(\"DROP TABLE IF EXISTS \" + TABLE_USER);\n db.execSQL(\"DROP TABLE IF EXISTS \" + TABLE_QUESTION);\n onCreate(db);\n}\n\npublic boolean insertDataUser(String nama, String tarikh){\n SQLiteDatabase db = this.getWritableDatabase();\n ContentValues contentValues = new ContentValues();\n contentValues.put(COL_USER_2, nama);\n contentValues.put(COL_USER_3, tarikh);\n long result = db.insert(TABLE_USER, null, contentValues);\n\n if(result == -1)\n return false;\n else\n return true;\n}\n\npublic Cursor getCertainData(String namaUser, String tarikhUser){\n String selectQuery = \"select * from \" + TABLE_USER + \" where NAMA like '\" + namaUser + \"' AND TARIKH like '\" + tarikhUser + \"'\";\n SQLiteDatabase db = this.getWritableDatabase();\n Cursor res = db.rawQuery(selectQuery, null);\n return res;\n}\n\npublic Cursor getAData(){\n SQLiteDatabase db = this.getWritableDatabase();\n String selectAQuery = \"SELECT ID FROM \" + TABLE_USER;\n Cursor re = db.rawQuery(selectAQuery, null);\n return re;\n}\n\npublic boolean insertDataQues(int id, String k1, String k2, String k3, String k4, String k5, String a1, String a2, String a3, String a4, String a5, String v1, String v2, String v3, String v4, String v5, String d1, String d2, String d3, String d4, String d5, int totalk, int totala, int totalv, int totald){\n SQLiteDatabase dbQues = this.getWritableDatabase();\n ContentValues contentValues = new ContentValues();\n contentValues.put(COL_QUES_2, id);\n contentValues.put(COL_QUES_3, k1);\n contentValues.put(COL_QUES_4, k2);\n contentValues.put(COL_QUES_5, k3);\n contentValues.put(COL_QUES_6, k4);\n contentValues.put(COL_QUES_7, k5);\n\n contentValues.put(COL_QUES_8, a1);\n contentValues.put(COL_QUES_9, a2);\n contentValues.put(COL_QUES_10, a3);\n contentValues.put(COL_QUES_11, a4);\n contentValues.put(COL_QUES_12, a5);\n\n contentValues.put(COL_QUES_13, v1);\n contentValues.put(COL_QUES_14, v2);\n contentValues.put(COL_QUES_15, v3);\n contentValues.put(COL_QUES_16, v4);\n contentValues.put(COL_QUES_17, v5);\n\n contentValues.put(COL_QUES_18, d1);\n contentValues.put(COL_QUES_19, d2);\n contentValues.put(COL_QUES_20, d3);\n contentValues.put(COL_QUES_21, d4);\n contentValues.put(COL_QUES_22, d5);\n\n contentValues.put(COL_QUES_23, totalk);\n contentValues.put(COL_QUES_24, totala);\n contentValues.put(COL_QUES_25, totalv);\n contentValues.put(COL_QUES_26, totald);\n\n long result = dbQues.insert(TABLE_QUESTION, null, contentValues);\n\n if(result == -1)\n return false;\n else\n return true;\n}\n}\n\nSo, in the code of surveyinstruction.java i only call getAData() function from DatabaseHelper.java the select an ID from database but the error shown that it null object reference. ", "I dont know what the error is. ", "I hope someone please help me for it to work fine. ", "Thank you.", "\n\nA:\n\nInitialize the DatabaseHelper:\nprotected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState){\n super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);\n setContentView(R.layout.surveyinstruction);\n\n DatabaseHelper db = new DatabaseHelper(this);\n\n //...\n}\n\nA:\n\nYou have not initialized your reference to DatabaseHelper myDb;. ", "Thats why the nullpointer exception.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "MTRR (gene)\n\nMethionine synthase reductase also known as MSR is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MTRR gene.", "\n\nFunction \n\nMethionine is an essential amino acid required for protein synthesis and one-carbon metabolism. ", "Its synthesis is catalyzed by the enzyme methionine synthase. ", "Methionine synthase eventually becomes inactive due to the oxidation of its cobalamin cofactor. ", "Methionine synthase reductase regenerates a functional methionine synthase via reductive methylation. ", "It is a member of the ferredoxin-NADP(+) reductase (FNR) family of electron transferases.", "\n\nMethionine synthase reductase (MTRR) is primarily involved in the reductive methylation of homocysteine to methionine, utilizing methylcob(I)alamin as an intermediate methyl carrier. ", "Methionine is an essential amino acid in mammals, necessary for protein synthesis and one carbon metabolism. ", "In its activated form, S-adenosylmethionine acts as a methyl donor in biological transmethylation reactions and as a propylamine donor in polyamine synthesis. ", "A major product of methionine demethylation is homocysteine. ", "Remethylation of homocysteine occurs via a cobalamin dependent enzyme, methionine synthase (MTR). ", " The folate cycle is linked to homocysteine metabolism via MTR. ", "Circulating blood folate (5-methyl tetrahydrofolate, 5-MTHF) donates methyl groups to MTR to be utilized in cellular methylation. ", "A methyl cobalt bond of the intermediary methyl carrier, methlycob(III)alamin is cleaved heterolytically producing cobalamin in its highly reactive oxidation state as cob(I)alamin. ", "The enzyme bound cob(I)alamin cofactor of the MTR enzyme functions as a methyl carrier between 5-MTHF and homocysteine. ", "Cob(I)alamin is oxidised to cob(II)alamin about once every 100 methyl transfer cycles, rendering the cob(I)alamin-MTR-enzyme complex inactive. ", "Reactivation of this enzyme complex occurs through reductive remethylation by MTRR, utilizing S-adenosylmethionine as a methyl donor. ", "MTR reactivation can also be NADPH dependent involving two redox proteins, soluble cytochrome b5 and reductase 1. ", "However, this pathway is responsible for a minor role in reactivation, whilst MTRR remains a major contributor in this reductive reactivation.", "\n\nBiological processes influenced by MTRR include: sulfur amino acid metabolic process, DNA methylation, methionine metabolic process, methionine biosynthetic process, methylation, S-adenosylmethionine cycle, homocysteine catabolic process, folic acid metabolic process, oxidation-reduction process and negative regulation of cystathionine beta-synthase activity.", "\n\nMTRR gene \n\nThe Methionine Synthase Reductase (MTRR) gene primarily acts in the reductive regeneration of cob(I)alamin (vitamin B12). ", "Cob(I)alamin is a cofactor that maintains activation of the methionine synthase enzyme (MTR) Methionine synthase, linking folate and methionine metabolism. ", "Donation of methyl groups from folate are utilized for cellular and DNA methylation, influencing epigenetic inheritance.", "\n\nAliases \n 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine Methyltransferase Reductase\n MSR\n [Methionine Synthase]- Cobalamin Methyltransferase (Cob(II)Alamin Reducing)\n Methionine Synthase Reductase, Mitochondrial \n EC 1.16.1.8\n CblE\n\nMapping \nThe gene was mapped to human chromosome 5. ", "Gene specific primer pairs resulted in PCR amplification of a product matched by size to a hybrid-mapping panel containing only chromosome 5 as its human genetic material. ", "The product DNA sequence matched pre-established gene markers specific to this chromosome. ", "Exact gene cytogenic position was determined by mapping to an artificial chromosomal construct containing the gene via fluorescence in situ hybridization. ", "The exact MTRR gene location was mapped to 5p15.3-p15.2.", "\n\nStructure \nThe MTRR gene is associated with a family of electron transferases known as the Ferredoxin-NADP(+) reductase (FNR) family. ", "Found in 15 primates and over 16 tissues in humans, MTRR is 34 kb long. ", "The gene comprises 15 exons and includes numerous cytolosic mitochondrial mRNA isoforms. ", "Multiple cofactor binding sites assist in the maintenance of MTR activity via reductive remethylation. ", "All binding domains involve selective and non-covalent interactions except the flavodoxin_1 domain.", "\n\nCo-factor binding sites\n\nFlavodoxin-1 domain \nFlavoproteins are ubiquitous biocatalysts binding specific redox active prosthetic groups. ", "The domain is associated with electron transfer proteins and used in electron transport systems. ", "The cofactor flavin-mononucleotide (FMN) is bound non-covalently to the domain, which is functionally interchangeable with iron-sulfur constituted proteins regulating electron transfer or ferredoxins.", "\n\nFAD \nFlavin adenine dinucleotide in its oxidized form, FAD is a cofactor of flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes. ", "Flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductases, including FAD catalyse the interchange of reducing equivalents (H+ or electrons). ", "Initial electron donors and final electron acceptors comprise single electron carriers and two electron carrying nicotinamide dinucleotides respectively.", "\n\nNAD \nEvolutionary conserved protein domain corresponding to oxidoreductase activity. ", "NAD binding catalyzes redox reactions to alter the oxidation state of metal ions, using NADP+ as an electron acceptor.", "\n\nMethionine synthase reductase activity \nInvolved in the reductive remethylation of cob(II)alamin using S-adenosylhomocysteine as a methyl donor. ", "Catalyses the reaction:\n\n[methionine synthase]- cob(II)alamin + NADPH + H+ + S-adenosylmethionine → [methionine synthase]-methylcob(I)alamin + S-adenosylhomocysteine + NADP+.", "\n\nAquacobalamin reductase (NADPH) activity \nBelongs to the oxidoreductase family, oxidizing metal ions with NADP+ acting as an electron acceptor. ", "Uses FAD as a cofactor when catalyzing the following reaction:\n\n2cob(II)alamin + NADP+ 2aquacob(III)alamin + NADPH + H+.", "\n\nFlavin adenine dinucleotide \nInteracts with the cofactor or prosthetic group, FAD of flavoproteins and contains a flavin moiety in the form of FAD or FMN (flavin mononucleotide). ", "The domain non-covalently binds oxidized FAD or its reduced form, hydroquinone (FADH2).", "\n\nFMN \nFlavin mononucleotide binding domain interacts with a coenzyme of flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, FMN.", "\n\nNADP \nNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate is a coenzyme present in redox and biosynthetic reactions. ", "The domain binds NADP in its oxidised or reduced forms as NADP+ or NADPH respectively.", "\n\nADPH \nInvolves a non-covalent and selective interaction with the reduced form of NADP, NADPH.", "\n\nNADPH-hemoprotein reductase activity \nThe domain is associated with the oxidoreductase family and acts on NADH or NADPH, using a heme protein as an electron acceptor. ", "Requires FAD and FMN as cofactors to catalyse the reaction:\n\nNADPH + H+ + n oxidised hemoprotein = NADP+ + n reduced hemoprotein.", "\n\nProtein binding \nBinding domain involved in the interaction with proteins or protein complexes.", "\n\nPolymorphisms\n\nPathogenic mutations \n (MTRR):c.66A>G – Polymorphism resulting in isoleucine conversion to methionine at codon 22. ", "This mutation is found within and affects the FMN binding domain. ", "\n (MTRR):c.524C>T – Serine to leucine substitution at codon 175. ", "Benign mutation associated with impaired intracellular cobalamin metabolism disorders. ", "\n (MTRR):c.1049A>G – Lysine to arginine substitution at codon 350.", "\n (MTRR):c.1349C>G – Proline to arginine substitution at codon 450. ", "Prevalence associated with abnormal intracellular cobalamin metabolism disorders. ", " \n (MTRR):c.903+469T>C – Deep intronic insertion between exons 6 and 7 (r.903_904ins140). ", "Threonine to cysteine change resulting in activation of an exon splicing enhancer in intron 6. ", "\n (MTRR):c.1361C>T – Rare polymorphism involving serine to leucine substitution at codon 454. ", "Known as the Iberian mutation, prevalent in homocystinuria megaloblastic anemia due to impaired cobalamin metabolism. ", "Mainly three different halotypes (GTACG, GCACA, GCACG) from the deamination of methyl cytosine in different chromosomes.", "\n (MTRR):c.1459G>A – Involves glycine to arginine substitution at codon 487. ", "Conserved in MTRR and found to occur within the FAD binding domain. ", "Pathogenicity associated with inborn genetic diseases. ", " \n (MTRR):c.1573C>T – Arginine substitution with a premature termination codon at codon 525. ", "\n (MTRR):c.1622_1623dupTA – Results in formation of a premature termination codon. ", "Pathogenicity associated with CblE type of homocystinuria. ", "\n (MTRR):r.1462_1557del96 – Associated with splicing of exon 11 due to a 7 base pair deletion. ", "A large deletion of this mutant allele results in the absence of a c-terminus in the FAD binding domain. ", "Pathogenicity associated with CblE type of homocystinuria.", "\n (MTRR):c.1953-6_1953-2del5 – Novel mutation associated with CblE type of homocystinuria. ", "Unstable mRNA arising from this mutant results in an absence of mRNA required for translation, producing pathogenicity.", "\n\nMutations involved in the formation of premature termination codons result in truncated mutated proteins if translated. ", " Mutants exhibit an absence of FAD/NADPH binding domains and unstable mRNA due to nonsense mediated decay (NMD). ", "NMD is not present in (MTRR):c.1573C>T or (MTRR):c.1622_1623dupTA polymorphisms. ", " The (MTRR):c.903+469T>C variant is also associated with the formation of premature termination codons.", "\n\nOther mutations \n (MTRR):c.1911G>A ¬– Benign synonymous mutation (alanine to alanine) at codon 637. ", "Associated with disorders of cobalamin metabolism.", "\n\nClinical significance \n\nSingle nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the MTRR gene impair MTR activity, resulting in elevated homocysteine levels due to compromised methylation to methionine. ", "Elevated homocysteine levels are associated with birth defects in addition to pregnancy complications, cardiovascular disease, cancer, megaloblastic anemia, Alzheimer’s diseases and cognitive dysfunction in the elderly. ", "Presence of the mutant variant (66A>G) is associated with significantly lower, up to 4 fold, plasma cobalamin and folate levels in cardiac transplant patients. ", "A consequent decrease in S-adenosylmethionine availability results in DNA hypomethylation. ", "Low folate limits one carbon metabolism and homocysteine metabolism as vitamin B12 interacts with folate in this pathway. ", "Additionally, this mutation is associated with an increased risk in type 2 diabetes.", "\n\nCancer \nSpecific SNPs are associated with an elevated risk of lung cancer and interact with folate dietary intake in this etiology. ", "The (MTRR):c.66A>G mutation relates to a significant increase in the risk of lung cancer. ", "When co-expressed with the polymorphism (MTR): 2756A>G, lung cancer risk is further increased in a dose dependent manner. ", "Correlation between this polymorphism and increased risk of lung cancer is present with low folate intake and high vitamin B12, suggesting a B12 independent mechanism of action. ", "This mutation is also associated with an increased risk in colorectal cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, bladder cancer, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma.", "\n\nCblE type of homocystinuria \nRemethylation of homocysteine to methionine by MTR requires the derivative of cobalamin, methylcobalamin. ", "Cobalamin metabolism is initiated by the endocytosis of cobalamin bound to the plasma protein transcobalamin (II). ", "Cleavage of this complex produces free cobalamin, translocating from lysosome to cytoplasm. ", "Conversion can occur to 5’-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) activating the mitochrondrial enzyme methylmalonly coenzyme A mutase or to methylcobalamin (MeCbl). ", "An error in cobalamin metabolism resulting in decreased MeCbl and unaffected AdoCbl is characteristic of the CblE type of homocystinuria. ", "This complementation is rare with autosomal recessive inheritance. ", "The inherited methionine synthase functional deficiency corresponds to a defect in the reducing system required to activate the MTR enzyme. ", "Symptoms of this condition comprise developmental retardation, megaloblastic anemia, homocystinuria, hypomethioninemia, cerebral atrophy and hyperhomocysteinemia. ", "However, hypomethioninemia remains an inconsistent symptom. ", "Decreased MeCbl alongside normal cobalamin uptake is suggestive of decreased intracellular methionine biosynthesis. ", "Occurring mainly in childhood, 15 pathogenic mutations can be associated with CblE type homocystinuria. ", "Additionally, vascular abnormalities are associated with this defect. ", "Impaired reduction of an oxidised cobalt atom in the active site of MTR is associated with this condition, where enzyme activity can be corrected with reducing agents. ", "Rare polymorphisms related to this disease include (MTRR):c.1459G>A, (MTRR):c.1623-1624insTA and (MTRR):c.903+469T>C. These mutations, excluding (MTRR):c.1459G>A result in a frame shift, producing premature termination codons. ", "As consequent products are distant from normal, mutant mRNA arises and nonsense mediated decay (FMN) is initiated. ", "The large insertion of 903_904ins140 corresponding to 903+469T>C is most prevalent in CblE pathology. ", "The activation of an enhanced splicer within intron 6 is incomplete, producing small quantities of normal spliced MTRR mRNA. ", "Prenatal diagnosis of this condition is possible using [14C] methyltetrahydrofolate. ", "Mutation analysis in native chorionic villi and [14C] formate in amino acids within these villi or cultured amniocytes is indicative of the CblE defect. ", "Additionally, macrocytic anemia is a typical feature of the CblE defect and can be corrected though OH-Cobalamin administration or folate supplementation.", "\n\nCoronary artery disease \nHomocysteine, a sulfur based amino acid is the main product of methionine demethylation. ", "Elevated homocysteine is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and inversely correlated to consumed vitamin B12/B6 and folate levels. ", "Homocysteine methylation to methionine is catalyzed by MTR, resulting in appropriate intracellular levels of methionine and tetrahydrofolate, alongside non-toxic homocysteine levels. ", " The GG phenotype promotes the development of premature coronary artery disease (CAD) independent of hyperhomocysteinemia. ", "Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with cerebral, coronary and peripheral atherosclerotic pathology as it promotes endothelial cell dysfunction, platelet adhesion and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. ", "DNA damage and homocysteine levels are proportional to CAD severity. ", "Micronucleus frequency in human lymphocytes, dependent on homocysteine levels increases reactive oxygen species and uracil incorporation in DNA methylation, promoting genetic alterations and point mutations. ", "The (MTRR):c.66A>G, polymorphism containing chromosome is prone to fragmentation. ", "This chromosomal loss or global DNA hypomethylation results in under condensation of pericentromeric heterochromatin, micronucleus formation and elevated risks of aneuploidy. ", "Co-expression of this mutation and the 677T polymorphism in methionine tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase act to further the extent of DNA damage.", "\n\nHypomethylation due to impaired methylation up regulates atherosclerotic susceptible genes whilst down regulating atherosclerosis protective genes. ", "This abnormality is present during the atherosclerotic pathology, increasing transcriptional activity of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and promoting smooth muscle cell proliferation.", "\n\nNeural tube defects\n\nSpina bifida\nMTRR requires vitamin B12 for maintenance of the methyl synthase reaction whilst folate is needed for normal synthesis of nucleotide precursors. ", "These ensure normal DNA synthesis and cellular methylation reactions. ", "Chronic folate or methyl deficiencies are thereby linked to abnormal DNA methylation. ", "The 66A>G polymorphism is up-regulated in neural tube defects and increases the risk of spina bifida by two-fold. ", "Homozygosis for this mutation is an established maternal risk factor for spina bifida especially with low intracellular vitamin B12 in the circulation or amniotic fluid. ", "Vitamin B12 is reflected by plasma methylmalonic acid (MMA), an elevation in which indicates impaired B12 uptake or metabolism. ", "A raised MMA combined with the MTRR mutation corresponds to a 5-fold increase in spina bifida. ", "The mechanism of action of this polymorphism is through the mother, hence there is no preferential transmission of this mutation from parent to child. ", "Abnormal MTRR binding to the MTR-cob(I)alamin-enzyme complex down regulates the rate of homocysteine methylation. ", "Consequent decreases in methionine and S-adenosylmethionine negatively affect DNA, gene and protein methylation, all of which are involved in neural tube closure. ", "Increased proliferation during neurulation decreases the availability of DNA nucleotides. ", "As these are unable to be replaced due to impaired DNA methylation and nucleotide formation, consequent disturbed neurulation results in the formation of neural tube defects. ", "Co-expression of this mutation with the 677C>T MTHFR polymorphism furthers the risk of spina bifida compared to an independent acting 66A>G mutation.", "\n\nDown syndrome \nTrisomy 21 or Down syndrome is the most common human chromosomal anomaly arising from abnormal chromosomal segregation in meiosis. ", "The condition can occur during anaphase in meiosis(I) marking oocyte maturation before ovulation and/or during anaphase in meiosis (II) signifying fertilization. ", "Metabolic impact during these stages is furthered by low vitamin B12. ", "Methylation of homocysteine to methionine is affected, primarily by the (MTRR):c.66A>G polymorphism. ", "Chronic homocysteine elevation increases s-adenosyl-L-homocysteine levels, consequently inhibiting methyltransferase activity and promoting DNA hypomethylation. ", "Mothers homozygous for this mutation (GG phenotype) are at a greater risk of having a child with down syndrome compared to heterozygotes (GA phenotype). ", "Geographically, Irish populations are more likely to be homogenous whilst north American populations are commonly heterogeneous, resulting in a greater incidence of the polymorphism in the former group. ", "The homozygous mutant allele promotes DNA hypomethylation and meiotic non-disjunction, increasing the risk of down syndrome. ", "This polymorphism correlates to a 2.5 fold risk increase independently and a 4 fold increase in risk when co-expressed with the 677C>T MTHFR mutation. ", "Combination with the MTR2756A>G genetic polymorphism further elevates down syndrome risk.", "\n\nSee also \nMethionine synthase\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links \n GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Disorders of Intracellular Cobalamin Metabolism" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Q:\n\nSlider just working on First Page (jQM), but Failed on Page Two, Three and on\n\nHello everyone, I have problem with Swiper on JQM multipage document.", "\nI'm using Swiper by http://www.idangero.us/sliders/swiper/ in my JQM project.", "\nI can have the slide display and working fine on my First Page of my Multipage JQM document structure. ", "But when ever I try to put the slider to other JQM page other than the First Page, the slides 'Will Load and Display' BUT 'Not Working correctly'.", "\nDescription of Not Working Correctly: The loading error will cause incorrect width of the whole slider, the content/list not completely loaded and swipe gesture not working correctly, as it should stop at each slide when swipe/drag left-right.", "\nPlease help, thank you.", "\nThe following two example, first I load the Swiper on First Page of JQM document and its working as it should:\nHere is the JSfiddle for Working Slider [Page One]: http://jsfiddle.net/h73k2/11/\n<!", "DOCTYPE html><!--HTML5 doctype-->\n<html>\n<head>\n <title>Your New Application</title>\n <meta http-equiv=\"Content-type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\">\n <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=0\" />\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"css/idangerous.swiper.css\">\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"css/idangerous.swiper.3dflow.css\">\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"css/normalize.css\">\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"css/appstore.css\">\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"css/jquery.mobile-1.4.0.css\">\n</head>\n<body> \n\n<!-- ", "Start of first page -->\n<div data-role=\"page\" id=\"page1\">\n\n <div data-role=\"header\">\n <h1>Page One</h1>\n </div><!-- /header -->\n\n <div data-role=\"content\">\n <div class=\"swiper-container featured\">\n <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(img/big/1.jpg)\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(img/big/2.jpg)\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(img/big/3.jpg)\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(img/big/4.jpg)\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(img/big/5.jpg)\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(img/big/6.jpg)\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(img/big/7.jpg)\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(img/big/1.jpg)\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(img/big/2.jpg)\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(img/big/3.jpg)\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(img/big/4.jpg)\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(img/big/5.jpg)\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(img/big/6.jpg)\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(img/big/7.jpg)\">\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n <p>I'm first in the source order so I'm shown as the page.</p> \n <p>View internal page called <a href=\"#page2\">Page Two</a></p> \n </div><!-- /content -->\n\n <div data-role=\"footer\">\n <h4>Page Footer</h4>\n </div><!-- /footer -->\n</div><!-- /page -->\n\n<!-- ", "Start of second page -->\n<div data-role=\"page\" id=\"page2\">\n\n <div data-role=\"header\">\n <h1>Page Two</h1>\n </div><!-- /header -->\n\n <div data-role=\"content\">\n <p>I'm the second in the source order so I'm hidden when the page loads. ", "I'm just shown if a link that references my id is beeing clicked.</p> \n <p><a href=\"#page1\">Back to Page One</a></p> \n </div><!-- /content -->\n\n <div data-role=\"footer\">\n <h4>Page Footer</h4>\n </div><!-- /footer -->\n</div><!-- /page -->\n\n <!-- ", "content goes here-->\n\n<script src=\"js/jquery.min.js\"></script>\n<script src=\"js/jquery.mobile-1.4.0.min.js\"></script>\n<!-- ", "Don't forget to get the latest Swiper and scrollbar version here-->\n<script src=\"js/idangerous.swiper-2.0.min.js\"></script>\n<script src=\"js/idangerous.swiper.3dflow-2.0.js\"></script>\n<script src=\"js/appstore.js\"></script>\n</body>\n</html>\n\nJSfiddle for Not-Working Slider [Page Two]: http://jsfiddle.net/jgYGJ/8/\nNot working on the following page after moved the Swiper DIV to Page Two:\n<!", "DOCTYPE html><!--HTML5 doctype-->\n<html>\n<head>\n <title>Your New Application</title>\n <meta http-equiv=\"Content-type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\">\n <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=0\" />\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"css/idangerous.swiper.css\">\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"css/idangerous.swiper.3dflow.css\">\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"css/normalize.css\">\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"css/appstore.css\">\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"css/jquery.mobile-1.4.0.css\">\n</head>\n<body> \n\n<!-- ", "Start of first page -->\n<div data-role=\"page\" id=\"page1\">\n\n <div data-role=\"header\">\n <h1>Page One</h1>\n </div><!-- /header -->\n\n <div data-role=\"content\">\n\n <p>I'm first in the source order so I'm shown as the page.</p> \n <p>View internal page called <a href=\"#page2\">Page Two</a></p> \n </div><!-- /content -->\n\n <div data-role=\"footer\">\n <h4>Page Footer</h4>\n </div><!-- /footer -->\n</div><!-- /page -->\n\n<!-- ", "Start of second page -->\n<div data-role=\"page\" id=\"page2\">\n\n <div data-role=\"header\">\n <h1>Page Two</h1>\n </div><!-- /header -->\n\n <div data-role=\"content\">\n <div class=\"swiper-container featured\">\n <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(img/big/1.jpg)\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(img/big/2.jpg)\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(img/big/3.jpg)\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(img/big/4.jpg)\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(img/big/5.jpg)\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(img/big/6.jpg)\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(img/big/7.jpg)\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(img/big/1.jpg)\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(img/big/2.jpg)\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(img/big/3.jpg)\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(img/big/4.jpg)\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(img/big/5.jpg)\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(img/big/6.jpg)\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(img/big/7.jpg)\">\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n <p>I'm the second in the source order so I'm hidden when the page loads. ", "I'm just shown if a link that references my id is beeing clicked.</p> \n <p><a href=\"#page1\">Back to Page One</a></p> \n </div><!-- /content -->\n\n <div data-role=\"footer\">\n <h4>Page Footer</h4>\n </div><!-- /footer -->\n</div><!-- /page -->\n\n <!-- ", "content goes here-->\n\n<script src=\"js/jquery.min.js\"></script>\n<script src=\"js/jquery.mobile-1.4.0.min.js\"></script>\n<!-- ", "Don't forget to get the latest Swiper and scrollbar version here-->\n<script src=\"js/idangerous.swiper-2.0.min.js\"></script>\n<script src=\"js/idangerous.swiper.3dflow-2.0.js\"></script>\n<script src=\"js/appstore.js\"></script>\n</body>\n</html>\n\nJS to initiate swiper:\n$(function(){\n //Featured Slide\n var featuredSwiper = $('.featured').swiper({\n slidesPerView:'auto',\n centeredSlides: true,\n initialSlide:7,\n tdFlow: {\n rotate : 30,\n stretch :10,\n depth: 150\n }\n })\n\n //Thumbs\n $('.thumbs-cotnainer').each(function(){\n $(this).swiper({\n slidesPerView:'auto',\n offsetPxBefore:25,\n offsetPxAfter:10,\n calculateHeight: true\n })\n })\n\n //Banners\n $('.banners-container').each(function(){\n $(this).swiper({\n slidesPerView:'auto',\n offsetPxBefore:25,\n offsetPxAfter:10\n }) \n })\n})\n\nCode update:\n\n<!", "DOCTYPE html><!--HTML5 doctype-->\n<html>\n<head>\n <title>Your New Application</title>\n <meta http-equiv=\"Content-type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\">\n <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=0\" />\n <script src=\"js/jquery.min.js\"></script>\n <script src=\"js/jquery.mobile-1.4.0.min.js\"></script>\n <!-- ", "Don't forget to get the latest Swiper and scrollbar version here-->\n <script src=\"js/idangerous.swiper-2.0.min.js\"></script>\n <script src=\"js/idangerous.swiper.3dflow-2.0.js\"></script>\n <!-- ", " <script src=\"js/appstore.js\"></script>-->\n <script>\n $(document).on(\"pagecontainerbeforehide\", function (e, ui) {\n var activeP = ui.nextPage;\n var activeID = ui.nextPage[0].id;\n if (activeID == \"page2\" && $(\".swiper-container\", activeP).length === 0) {\n $(\"body .swiper-container\")\n .removeClass(\"swiper-hidden\")\n .prependTo($(\".ui-content\", activeP));\n }\n });\n </script>\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"css/idangerous.swiper.css\">\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"css/idangerous.swiper.3dflow.css\">\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"css/normalize.css\">\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"css/appstore.css\">\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"css/jquery.mobile-1.4.0.css\">\n</head>\n<body> \n\n<!-- ", "Start of first page -->\n<div data-role=\"page\" id=\"page1\">\n <div data-role=\"header\">\n <h1>Page One</h1>\n\n </div>\n <!-- ", "/header -->\n <div data-role=\"content\">\n <p>I'm first in the source order so I'm shown as the page.</p>\n <p>View Slider on <a href=\"#page2\">Page Two</a>\n\n </p>\n </div>\n <!-- ", "/content -->\n <div data-role=\"footer\">\n <h4>Page Footer</h4>\n\n </div>\n <!-- ", "/footer -->\n</div>\n<!-- ", "/page -->\n<!-- ", "Start of second page -->\n<div data-role=\"page\" id=\"page2\">\n <div data-role=\"header\">\n <h1>Page Two</h1>\n\n </div>\n <!-- ", "/header -->\n <div data-role=\"content\">\n <p>I'm the second in the source order so I'm hidden when the page loads. ", "I'm just shown if a link that references my id is beeing clicked.</p>\n <p><a href=\"#page1\">Back to Page One</a>\n\n </p>\n </div>\n <!-- ", "/content -->\n <div data-role=\"footer\">\n <h4>Page Footer</h4>\n\n </div>\n <!-- ", "/footer -->\n</div>\n<!-- ", "/page -->\n<!-- ", "content goes here-->\n<div class=\"swiper-container featured swiper-hidden\">\n <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(http://furkidtag.com/img/big/1.jpg)\"></div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(http://furkidtag.com/img/big/2.jpg)\"></div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(http://furkidtag.com/img/big/3.jpg)\"></div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(http://furkidtag.com/img/big/4.jpg)\"></div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(http://furkidtag.com/img/big/5.jpg)\"></div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(http://furkidtag.com/img/big/6.jpg)\"></div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(http://furkidtag.com/img/big/7.jpg)\"></div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(http://furkidtag.com/img/big/1.jpg)\"></div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(http://furkidtag.com/img/big/2.jpg)\"></div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(http://furkidtag.com/img/big/3.jpg)\"></div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(http://furkidtag.com/img/big/4.jpg)\"></div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(http://furkidtag.com/img/big/5.jpg)\"></div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(http://furkidtag.com/img/big/6.jpg)\"></div>\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\" style=\"background-image:url(http://furkidtag.com/img/big/7.jpg)\"></div>\n </div>\n</div>\n\n</body>\n</html>\n\nA:\n\nYou need to initialize \"swiper\" on pagecontainershow event. ", "This event cant be bound to a specific page, so you need to retrieve active Page's id and compare it with id of the page containing \"swiper\".", "\nPlace the below code in head and don't wrap it in $(function () {});.", "\n$(document).on(\"pagecontainershow\", function () {\n $.mobile.pageContainer.pagecontainer(\"getActivePage\").find('.featured').swiper({\n slidesPerView: 'auto',\n centeredSlides: true,\n initialSlide: 7,\n tdFlow: {\n rotate: 30,\n stretch: 10,\n depth: 150\n }\n });\n});\n\nDemo\n\nTo retrieve active page's id\n$(document).on(\"pagecontainershow\", function () {\n /* page's object */\n var active = $.mobile.pageContainer.pagecontainer(\"getActivePage\");\n /* page's id */\n var activePage = $.mobile.pageContainer.pagecontainer(\"getActivePage\")[0].id;\n if( activePage == \"targetPageID\") {\n $(\".featured\", active).swiper({\n slidesPerView: 'auto',\n centeredSlides: true,\n initialSlide: 7,\n tdFlow: {\n rotate: 30,\n stretch: 10,\n depth: 150\n }\n });\n }\n});\n\nDemo\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "This disclosure relates to the field of wireless handheld electronic devices such as mobile telephones, personal digital assistants, handheld computers, and similar devices which are herein collectively referred to as handsets. ", "More particularly, this disclosure relates to user interfaces on handsets that provide a user with the capability to access systems on the handset including desired applications.", "\nUser interfaces on wireless devices or handsets are difficult to use. ", "The interfaces have many menu selections making it challenging for a user to manually navigate between the many different options. ", "A user that requires immediate access to an option or application may find it difficult to figure out which buttons to push or which menus to select to access the desired option or application." ]

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[ "Soaps boxes are one of the most frequently used household things. ", "Every day a number of soap brands are introduced in the market, making it more competitive. ", "With the passage of time, every business should learn new techniques to deliver something innovative to its customers. ", "Soap boxes packaging plays an important role in this regard. ", "A well-designed soap box can make your brand more reputable in the market. ", "Whether you are offering beauty soap, acne control soap, fairness soap, herbal or a dermatological one, you have to work on making its packaging highly impressive for the customers.", "\n\nBelow are some of the interesting ways to make your soap packaging boxes attractive for the customers:\n\nUnique Box Shapes:\n\nThe shape of the soap box is an important factor to attract customers at first sight. ", "As the customers want something different and innovative, so you have a number of options to bring changes in the shape of custom soap boxes. ", "You may introduce a circular, hexagonal, triangular or shell-shaped packaging whatever you like. ", "Going for unique box shapes creates a good shelf appeal. ", "This can make your soaps different from others in the market. ", "You can also introduce a packaging with a two-piece set like a box with a separate lid. ", "All such techniques are extremely useful in getting the attention of customers at first look.", "\n\nAn Attractive Logo:\n\nSometimes an attractive logo can do much more than other ways to attract the customers. ", "It not only provides an enticing display but also helps in promoting your brand. ", "A logo acts as a symbol of remembrance and makes people recognize your products as they shop. ", "Design the logo in fascinating colors and keep it the same across your entire soap range. ", "A logo may serve as a good alternative to graphics and images. ", "It shows off ethics and values in a professional way.", "\n\nWays To Make Attractive Soap Packaging Boxes For The Customers\n\nUse attractive Designs and Color Schemes:\n\nThe role of color and designs in creating packaging can never be ignored. ", "The design of the soap box represents the level of professionalism of your brand. ", "Designing the soap boxes in an attractive manner by using different printing styles can make your products different from competitors. ", "Color plays an important role in increasing the visibility of the soaps for the target audience. ", "If you manufacture the soaps in different colors and fragrances, you can incorporate this change by designing your packaging boxes in different colors. ", "It facilitates the customers in selecting one of their choices. ", "Introducing captivating design, floral patterns, and related imagery is also a good way to make your packaging attractive for the customers.", "\n\nUse Natural Material:\n\nCreating natural packaging is a useful way to get the customer’s attention. ", "Although most of the soap boxes are designed from Kraft paper which is an Eco-friendly material, designing the packaging in a natural way adds to its appeals. ", "Customers are always inspired by packaging which does not harm the environment. ", "Instead of creating a box, you can use a paper wrapper with a recycling capability. ", "It further enhances value as being environmentally friendly. ", "You may also print phrases like “100% natural” to increase sales." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWarning: Field is never assigned to, and will always have its default value null\n\nI have got following message: \n\nWarning: Field is never assigned to, and will always have its default value null. ", "\n\nMy code looks like (it is simplified, so useless):\npublic class MyEntity\n{\n // ...\n public string MyProp { get; set; }\n}\n\npublic class MyClass\n{\n string dbMyProp;\n\n public string MyProp { get { return dbMyProp.", "Replace(\"a\", \"b\"); } }\n\n public static readonly Expression<Func<MyEntity, MyClass>> FromMyEntity = e => new MyClass\n {\n dbMyProp = e.MyProp // ...\n };\n}\n\nI think that the message is not true. ", "\nIs it a bug in C# compiler or I have missed something?", "\nUPDATE The field is dbMyProp. ", "It is simplified but it still produces this warning.", "\nUPDATE2 The following code does not produce such warning:\npublic class MyClass2\n{\n string dbMyProp;\n\n public string MyProp { get { return dbMyProp.", "Replace(\"a\", \"b\"); } }\n\n public static MyClass2 FromMyEntity(MyEntity e)\n {\n return new MyClass2 \n {\n dbMyProp = e.MyProp // ...\n };\n }\n}\n\nA:\n\nAn Expression is not code. ", "It is intent; so at the compiler level, it could indeed be argued that no code actually ever assigns that field. ", "There is a MemberAssignment (from Expression.", "Bind), but that is unrelated.", "\nThat would only by an actual field assignment if the expression were compiled. ", "And that would be reflection at runtime, which the compiler does not attempt to detect.", "\nHere is what that actually is at compile-time:\nstatic MyClass()\n{\n ParameterExpression CS$0$0000;\n FromMyEntity = Expression.", "Lambda<Func<MyEntity, MyClass>>(\n Expression.", "MemberInit(\n Expression.", "New(\n (ConstructorInfo)methodof(MyClass..ctor),\n new Expression[0]\n ),\n new MemberBinding[] {\n Expression.", "Bind(\n fieldof(MyClass.dbMyProp),\n Expression.", "Property(\n CS$0$0000 = Expression.", "Parameter(typeof(MyEntity), \"e\"),\n (MethodInfo)methodof(MyEntity.get_MyProp)\n )\n )\n }\n ),\n new ParameterExpression[] {\n CS$0$0000\n }\n );\n}\n\nNote what isn't there is any assignment to a field; just use of the imaginary fieldof operator (meaning: it embeds the field handle directly - it doesn't use a string of the name).", "\nAnd by the same logic, the warning goes away if we make it a delegate:\npublic static readonly Func<MyEntity, MyClass> FromMyEntity = e => new MyClass\n{\n dbMyProp = e.MyProp // ...\n};\n\nNow this is code; it is not just an object-model showing \"here's what I would do, if I were compiled\".", "\n\nA:\n\nYes, it seems a shortcoming of the compiler. ", "It apparently cannot see through (does not include) the Expression.", "\nThe following prints \"bbc\" as expected:\nvar exp = MyClass.", "FromMyEntity.", "Compile();\nvar mc = exp(new MyEntity { MyProp = \"abc\"});\nConsole.", "WriteLine(mc.", "MyProp);\n\nI tried a few tricks like a private constructor on MyClass but the warning remains. ", " \nIt seems the compiler applies a more conservative algorithm, only checking if any (normal) member assigns to dbMyProp . ", "\n\nYou are confusing things by having 2 different elements with the name dbMyProp but MyEntity.", "MyProp is never written to here. ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat's the grammar of \"You kiss me tomorrow, I'll bite you face off!\"?", "\n\n\"Zootopia\" around 00:23:37/01:48:32\nThere is a YouTube clip (by the way, is \"clip\" an appropriate word?): ", "\n\nNick Wilde: Hey, no kiss bye-bye for daddy?", "\n Finnick: You kiss me tomorrow, I'll bite your face off!", "\n\nQuestion: Is \"You kiss me tomorrow\" subjunctive?", "\nDoes it mean \"If you kiss me tomorrow\"? ", "Then why is \"if\" missing?", "\nAnd what does \"I'll\" stand for? ", "Is it \"I would\"?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe future simple \"will\" (I'll = I will) is used in English for making promises and threats. ", "\n\nI will sue you (threat)\n I'll be careful (promise)\n\nFinnick, the fennec fox, is threatening to hurt Nick Wilde, if the red fox kisses him the next day. ", "\nThe subordinate clause in the Zootopia exchange is “You kiss me tomorrow”, by removing the \"if\" in the protasis, the speaker is warning Finnick that his face will be bitten off is a certainty not a probability. ", "\n\nI\"ll bite your face off \n\nI'll bite your face off is the main clause, it is the CONSEQUENCE based on the condition that Nick kisses Finnick. ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Naši izvori s Velesajma napominju da to poduzeće ima službe zadužene za poslove koje je odradio Butković, odnosno da koncepta poput Butkovićevog na velesajmu imaju »na tone«. ", "Također, oni upozoravaju da je posljednji sajam vina Vinovita zaradio oko 70 tisuća kuna, što je iznos koji je Velesajam isplatio Davoru Butkoviću. ", "Sajam Vinovita za koji je Butković radio (ili »radio«), podvucimo još jednom, ove godine nije održan.", "\n\n\n\nTrbojevića smo zatim upozorili na znakovit gaf: Davor Butković nije na čelu Eno galerije, tvrtke preko koje je novac isplaćen.", "\n\n– Istina, on nije na čelu te tvrtke. ", "Bio je to lapsus. ", "Vaš spomenuti kolega je, pored ostalog, ekspert za vinska tržišta i vina. ", "Utoliko je on bio naš suradnik, odgovorio je Trbojević.", "\n\n– Davor Butković je surađivao u sklopu magazina Akademija i radio tu veliku reportažu, najavu vezanu uz Vinovitu. ", "On je autor članka, te priče, reportaže i zapravo smo zajedno kao magazin Akademija radili na lobiranju unutar vinske scene. ", "Lobirali smo za njihovo sudjelovanje na Vinoviti, rekao nam je vlasnik Eno Galerij Darko Duilo.", "\n\nNapravio media plan\n\nSam Davor Butković odmah je pak potvrdio da je novac isplaćen njemu. ", "Napisao sam im, kaže Butković, »novi koncept Vinovite, što postoji dokumentirano na papiru«.", "\n\n\n\n– Angažirao sam sve udruge vinara u Hrvatskoj da daju potporu tom projektu, a angažirao sam i neke od vodećih hrvatskih vinara da daju potporu Vinoviti. ", "Napravio sam i media plan za reklamiranje i mislim da sam pomogao pri konstituiranju organizacijskog odbora, rekao je Butković. ", "On tvrdi da mu novac nije unaprijed isplaćen, nego pola godine nakon obavljenog posla." ]

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[ "Macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) is increased in the synovial-like membrane of the periprosthetic tissues in the aseptic loosening of total hip replacement (THR).", "\nThe aim of the study was to assess the eventual presence, cellular localization and extent of expression of the osteoclast activating cytokine M-CSF (CSF-1) in the periprosthetic tissues around loose total hip replacement (THR). ", "Synovial-like membrane was obtained from the implant-to-bone interface and pseudocapsule from ten total hip revisions performed for aseptic loosening and compared to ten hip synovial tissue samples obtained from ten patients who had primary THR for osteoarthritis. ", "Avidin-biotinperoxidase complex (ABC) and alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) methods were used for staining and VIDAS image analysis for quantification. ", "M-CSF was mainly produced by macrophages, which often contained wear particles, but also by some fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells. ", "The number of cells containing (per one mm2 tissue) clearly increased in the interface (1585 +/- 212; p < 0.01) and pseudocapsular (1456 +/- 248; p < 0.01) tissue compared to synovial tissue (543 +/- 118). ", "The present findings suggest, that inflammatory foreign-body type of response enhances expression of M-CSF in cases of aseptic loosening of THR. ", "M-CSF produced in the synovial-like membrane in the implant-bone interface may contribute to activation of osteoclasts in periprosthetic bone and thus to loosening." ]

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[ "The present invention relates generally to integrated circuit (IC) designs, and more particularly to a dual port memory device with reduced coupling effect.", "\nFIG. ", "1 schematically illustrates a typical dual port static random access memory (SRAM) cell 100 that is often used in memory devices for electronic products, such as cellular phones, digital cameras, personal digital assistants, and personal computers. ", "The cell 100 includes two cross-coupled inverters 102 and 104. ", "The inverter 102 is comprised of a pull-up p-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (PMOS) transistor 106 and a pull-down n-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (NMOS) transistor 108. ", "The inverter 104 is comprised of a pull-up PMOS transistor 110 and a pull-down NMOS transistor 112. ", "The sources of the PMOS transistors 106 and 110 are coupled to a power supply through a power line Vcc. ", "The sources of the NMOS transistors 108 and 112 are coupled to a ground or a complementary power supply through a complementary power line Vss. ", "The gates of PMOS transistor 106 and NMOS transistors 108 are connected together at a node 114, which is further connected to the drains of PMOS transistor 110 and NMOS transistor 112. ", "The gates of PMOS transistor 110 and NMOS transistor 112 are connected together at node 116, which is further connected to the drains of PMOS transistor 106 and NMOS transistor 108. ", "The cross-coupled first and second inverters 102 and 104 function as a latch that stores a value and its complement at the nodes 114 and 116, respectively.", "\nA first port pass gate transistor 118 is coupled between a first port bit line BL1 and the node 114. ", "Another first port pass gate transistor 120 is coupled between a first port bit line bar BLB1 and the node 116. ", "A second port pass gate transistor 122 is coupled between a second port bit line BL2 and the node 114. ", "A second port pass gate transistor 124 is coupled between a second port bit line bar BLB2 and the node 116. ", "The gates of pass gate transistors 118 and 120 are controlled by a first port word line WL1. ", "The gates of pass gate transistors 122 and 124 are controlled by a second port word line WL2. ", "The first and second port word lines WL1 and WL2 can be separately selected to turn on the pass gate transistors 118/120 or 122/124 for reading or writing a value from or into the node 114 through the bit lines BL1/BLB1 or BL2/BLB2.", "\nConventionally, the bit lines, BL1, BLB1, BL2, BLB2, word lines WL1, WL2, power line Vcc, and complementary power line Vss are constructed on the same metal layer in an IC chip. ", "These closely placed conductors induce coupling capacitance, which, in turn, reduces operation speed and increases noise for the memory cell 100. ", "The coupling effect becomes more serious when those conductive lines become closer as the semiconductor processing technology advances.", "\nAs such, what is needed is a dual port SRAM device with a reduced coupling-effect." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "\n# Tutorial: Using libdill sockets\n\nThis tutorial is meant as an introduction to libdill socket library. ", "We are going to develop a simple version of `wget` utility, that can be used to download webpages from the net.", "\n\nTo avoid parsing the URLs our program will accept 3 parameters: A protocol (either `http` or `https`), the server name and the resource to download from the server:\n\n```\n$ wget http www.example.org /index.html\n```\n\nThe program will, in turn, write the downloaded webpage to `stdout`.", "\n\n## Step 1: Creating a TCP connection\n\nLet's start with some basic argument checks (there's nothing libdill-specific about that):\n\n```c\n#include <assert.h>\n#include <errno.h>\n#include <libdill.h>\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <string.h>\n\nint main(int argc, char *argv[]) {\n if(argc !", "= 4) {\n fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: wget [protocol] [server] [resource]\\n\");\n return 1;\n }\n int port;\n if(strcmp(argv[1], \"http\") == 0) port = 80;\n else if(strcmp(argv[1], \"https\") == 0) port = 443;\n else {\n fprintf(stderr, \"Unsupported protocol.\\n\");\n return 1;\n }\n\n return 0;\n}\n```\n\nThe first thing we have to is to convert the name of the server to its IP address. ", "In other words, we have to do a DNS query. ", "To that end, libdill provides `ipaddr_remote` function:\n\n```c\nstruct ipaddr addr;\nint rc = ipaddr_remote(&addr, argv[2], port, 0, -1);\nif(rc !", "= 0) {\n perror(\"Cannot resolve server address\");\n return 1;\n}\n```\n\nNote that errors from all libdill functions are reported in standard POSIX way: Each function may indicate an error in a different way. ", "It case of `ipaddr_remote` it happens to be by returning -1. ", "However, the actual error code is always passed in `errno`. ", "Adhering to this standard system allows us to use standard POSIX error handling functions such as `perror`.", "\n\nOnce the IP address of the web server is known, we can create a TCP connection to the server:\n\n```c\nint s = tcp_connect(&addr, -1);\nif(s < 0) {\n perror(\"Cannot connect to the remote server\");\n return 1;\n}\n```\n\nOnce again, the error is handled in a POSIX-y way. ", "From now on, to keep the tutorial succint, we are going to ommit error handling code. ", "However, if you want to add it, all you have to do is to follow the above pattern.", "\n\nAt the end of the program we want to close the TCP socket. ", "There are two ways to do that. ", "First, you can use `hclose`, the generic function for closing handles. ", "This function does close the socket and deallocates all the allocated resources, however, it doesn't negotiate an orderly shutdown with the remote peer. ", "If you use `hclose` to close a socket, there's no guarantee that the peer will even notice, let alone shutting down in an orderly manner. ", "While this may sound like a bad idea there are legitimate cases where you should do exactly that. ", "If you are under DoS attack, for example, it makes sense to close offending connections as soon as possible rather than trying to play nice with the attacker:\n\n```c\nrc = hclose(s);\nassert(rc == 0);\n```\n\nThe other way to close a socket is to execute a protocol-specific shutdown procedure:\n\n```c\nrc = tcp_close(s, -1);\nassert(rc == 0);\n```\n\nHere's what this function does under the hood: First, it closes the outbound half of the connection. ", "Then it reads and discards the data from the peer. ", "Finally, when the inbound half of the connection is closed by the peer it exits. ", "That behaviour, of course, can be exploited by a malicious peer. ", "The peer can ignore the shutdown request and swamp us with unwanted data. ", "Therefore, the function has a deadline parameter. ", "In a real-world application you should give peer only a limited amount of time to shut down the connection:\n\n```c\nrc = tcp_close(s, now() + 1000);\nassert(rc == 0);\n```\n\nNow let's compile what we've written so far.", "\n\nWe will be using TLS sockets which are not part of the vanilla libdill build, so we'll have to rebuild it with `--enable-tls` option. ", "To do that we will need OpenSSL version 1.1.0. ", "or later. ", "To check currently installed version of OpenSSL run `openssl version` from the command prompt. ", "Once you've installed proper version of OpenSSL rebuild libdill like this:\n\n```\n$ ./configure --enable-tls\n$ make\n$ sudo make install\n```\n\nThen build the test program:\n\n```\ncc -o wget wget.c -ldill\n```\n\nTest it by connecting to `example.org` remote server:\n\n```\n$ ./wget http www.example.org /index.html\n```\n\nThe program won't do anything visible but if it didn't fail, it means that it have successfully connected to the remote server.", "\n\n## Step 2: Building the protocol stack\n\nTo understand what we are going to do next, one has to understand that, instead of full-blown shrinkwrapped protocols, libdill provides a repository of network microprotocols that can be assembled in different ways to create more complex protocols.", "\n\nIn essence there are two ways to combine protocols. ", "One of them is to stack one protocol on top of another. ", "For example, typical network stack is composed of TCP living on top of IP living on top of Ethernet:\n\n![](", "composite1.png)\n\nAnother way to combine two protocols is to shutdown one of them and start another one. ", "For example, websockets start with HTTP negotiation then switch to a different, binary, protocol:\n\n![](", "composite2.png)\n\nIn our case we are going to stack HTTP on top of TLS on top of TCP. ", "Once HTTP negotiation is finished we'll shut down the HTTP protocol and we will continue with raw TCP/TLS:\n\n![](", "composite3.png)\n\nTechnically, the way to stack one protocol on top of another is to use one of the `attach` functions. ", "In our case we want to stack TLS on top of our existing TCP connection:\n\n```c\ns = tls_attach_client(s, -1);\nassert(s >= 0);\n```\n\nWhen you stack one protocol on top of another the handle to the underlying protocol will not be available any more. ", "It's a safety measure. ", "You don't want user of a TLS socket to be able to write random data to the underlying TCP connection and thus confuse the TLS implementation. ", "That being the case, there's no need to preserve the original TCP protocol handle. ", "We can reuse the existing variable `s` to keep the handle of TLS protocol.", "\n\nAnother thing to keep in mind is that if `attach` function fails, the protocol stack may be in some broken intermediary state. ", "To prevent user from trying to use it and experiencing undefined behaviour, the entire protocol stack is automatically deallocated.", "\n\nIf you want to do a similar trick yourself `hclose` on the socket does exactly that: It deallocates the entire protocol stack.", "\n\nAnyway, there's one more problem with our implementation. ", "User is able to specify either `http` protocol or `https` protocol. ", "Therefore, TLS protocol layer must be made optional:\n\n```c\nif(port == 443) {\n s = tls_attach_client(s, -1);\n assert(s >= 0);\n}\n```\n\nAt the end of the program we want to use `detach` function to safely tear down the topmost protocol layer (TLS in our case) and retrieve the underlying TCP socket:\n\n```c\nif(port == 443) {\n s = tls_detach(s, -1);\n assert(s >= 0);\n}\n```\n\nOnce again, if `detach` function fails it deallocates the entire protocol stack.", "\n\nNow we can compile the program and test whether we can open an HTTPS connection to `www.example.org`.", "\n\n## Step3: Exchanging HTTP headers\n\nHTTP protocol is used to initiate the conversation with the web server, to let it know what page we are looking for or any other options we may like to convey.", "\n\nWe are going to layer HTTP protocol on top of the underlying protocol stack the same way as we did with TLS:\n\n```c\ns = http_attach(s);\nassert(s >= 0);\n\ns = http_detach(s, -1);\nassert(s >= 0);\n```\n\nAfter attaching the HTTP socket, we can send the request to the webserver:\n\n```c\nrc = http_sendrequest(s, \"GET\", argv[3], -1);\nassert(rc == 0);\n```\n\nComplemented by a list of options:\n\n```c\nrc = http_sendfield(s, \"Host\", argv[2], -1);\nassert(rc == 0);\nrc = http_sendfield(s, \"Connection\", \"close\", -1);\nassert(rc == 0);\n```\n\n`Host` option is mandatory in HTTP/1.1 and we will simply fill in the server name. ", "By setting `Connection` option to `close` we are asking the web server to close the connection after it sends us the web page. ", "If we did not set that option it would leave the connection open just in case we wanted to send more HTTP requests.", "\n\nFinally, we have to inform the server that we are done with the request and that it can process it now. ", "On the protocol level this means that the socket will send an empty line to the server:\n\n```c\nrc = http_done(s, -1);\nassert(rc == 0);\n```\n\nNow we can receive the response from the server:\n\n```c\nchar reason[256];\nrc = http_recvstatus(s, reason, sizeof(reason), -1);\nassert(rc >= 0);\nfprintf(stderr, \"%d: %s\\n\", rc, reason);\n```\n\nAfter the call `rc` will contain the status code returned by the server, such as 200 for \"OK\" or 404 for \"Page not found\". ", "Also, reason will contain textual description of the error. ", "Having nothing better to do with these values we'll just print them to `stderr`.", "\n\nAfterwards, the server sends us a list of options. ", "Each option is a name-value pair. ", "Once again, we have no use for them, so we'll just print them to `stderr`:\n\n```c\nwhile(1) {\n char name[256];\n char value[256];\n rc = http_recvfield(s, name, sizeof(name), value, sizeof(value), -1);\n if(rc == -1 && errno == EPIPE) break;\n assert(rc == 0);\n fprintf(stderr, \"%s: %s\\n\", name, value);\n}\nfprintf(stderr, \"\\n\");\n```\n\nNote that error code `EPIPE` signals an orderly shutdown of the HTTP protocol. ", "Specifically, it means that the server sent a blank line. ", "At that point we are ready to detach the HTTP protocol and retrieve the underlying TCP socket.", "\n\nCompile and run your program. ", "Check which HTTP options we are getting from `www.example.org`.", "\n\n## Step 4: Reading the HTML.", "\n\nNow the server is about to send us the HTML page. ", "The only thing we want to do with it is to write it to `stdout` so there's no need for any fancy protocols. ", "The TCP socket we have will be fully sufficient for the job.", "\n\nTo understand send/recv functions one has to understand that there are two diffent kinds of sockets. ", "There are bytestream sockets that can be used via `bsend`/`brecv` functions. ", "And then there are message-based sockets usable via `msend`/`mrecv` functions.", "\n\nThe difference between the two is that the former does not preserve message boundaries. ", "The latter does. ", "TCP and TLS are examples of bytestream protocols. ", "UDP and Websockets are examples of message-based protocols.", "\n\nFurther, when layering protocols, it's not just that each protocol is either bytestream- or message-based. ", "It's also that it requires either a bytestream-based or message-based protocol to live on top of. ", "For example, TLS protocol requires a bytestream-based underlying protocol. ", "So it's all right to layer it on top of TCP. ", "However, trying to attach to an message-based UDP socket would fail.", "\n\nIn any case, we are dealing with TCP protocol now, which is a byteastream protocol. ", "Therefore, we will use `brecv` function to read data from the socket. ", "We will read one byte at a time:\n\n```c\nwhile(1) {\n unsigned char c;\n rc = brecv(s, &c, 1, -1);\n if(rc == -1 && errno == EPIPE) break;\n fprintf(stdout, \"%c\", c);\n}\nfprintf(stderr, \"\\n\");\n```\n\nOnce again, notice how the `EPIPE` error code is used to indicate that the protocol was terminated by the peer. ", "In this particular case, the TCP connection was closed by the server.", "\n\nCompile the program and try to use it to download webpages from different sites!", "\n\n## Step 5: Connection via a proxy.", "\n\nIf your client cannot connect directly to the remote host it is often required\nthat the connection is made via a proxy service. ", "In the case of a SOCKS5 proxy\nthe initial connection is made to the proxy (via proxy hostname/ip and port)\nand then a request is passed to the proxy to connect out to the remote host.", "\n\nAuthentication to the proxy and connection through the proxy to the remote host\nis via a single call to `socks5_client_connectbyname`. ", "If `username` and\n`password` are set then the call will allow for basic authentication. ", "If not,\nthe client will attempt to connect without authentication.", "\n\nNote that once the connection to the proxy is made there is no additional proxy\nprotocol. ", "The proxy becomes transparent and all bytes sent to the proxy are\nforwarded to the remote host. ", "Any protocol compatible with a bytestream (e.g.\ntls, http) can then be initiated and will be passed through the proxy.", "\n\nAlso, regardless of the type of connection from the client to the proxy, the\nconnection from the proxy to the remote host is a (plaintext) TCP connection.", "\nIf the connection should be encrypted through to the remote host then\n'tls_attach_client' should be called after 'sock5_client_connectbyname'.", "\n\n```c\nchar *host = argv[2];\nchar *proxy_host = argv[4];\nint proxy_port;\nsscanf(argv[5], \"%d\", &proxy_port);\n\nrc = ipaddr_remote(&addr, proxy_host, proxy_port, 0, -1);\nif(rc !", "= 0) {\n perror(\"Cannot resolve SOCKS5 proxy address\");\n return 1;\n}\n\ns = tcp_connect(&addr, -1);\nif(s < 0) {\n perror(\"Cannot connect to the SOCKS5 proxy\");\n return 1;\n}\n\nrc = socks5_client_connectbyname(s, username, password, host, port, -1);\nif (rc !", "= 0) {\n perror(\"Error connecting to remote host via SOCKS5 proxy\");\n return 1;\n}\n```\n" ]

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[ "If this transfer window is any guide, Arsenal are undergoing a second period of enforced austerity. ", "But while the Emirates era austerity was in response to building a stadium, this period of austerity is effectively because Stan Kroenke doesn’t want to spend any money of his own money on Arsenal, and having had to get a bridging loan to fully takeover the club, the club is now funding his takeover, lessening funds available.", "\n\nIt is perhaps not a bad thing that Arsenal cannot spend money this window, taking the club away from short-term, expensive fixes, such as Ever Banega, or Gary Cahill. ", "For if Arsenal are to get back into the Champions League places and ensure that it is a constant, while being self-sustaining, they must copy what other clubs in England’s elite do, particularly Liverpool and Chelsea. ", "Chelsea, of course, have the backing of Roman Abramovic, but that backing is less in direct expenditure now. ", "Chelsea’s recent purchases—such as Christian Pulisic—come from selling assets for large fees. ", "Callum Hudson-Odoi, for example, may depart for £40m. Last season, Chelsea sold Nathan Aké to Bournemouth for £22.8m. Aké made 17 appearances for Chelsea over four seasons, and while it is perhaps cheaper to keep Aké rather than sign, say, Antonio Rudiger, having young players who are attractive to other clubs is a vital way of being a self-sustaining club.", "\n\nLiverpool famously sold Coutinho and bought Van Dijk, among others, but it is other sales that have helped them just as much: Dominic Solanke left this month for £19m, Danny Ings left in the summer on loan with Southampton obliged to buy, for up to £20m, and Jordon Ibe departed two summers ago for £15m: £55m for three players that Liverpool no longer needed. ", "Conversely, Arsenal let Serge Gnabry go for under £10m, and Danny Welbeck will leave on a free transfer (not to mention Aaron Ramsey, Wojciech Szczesny, etc etc). ", "An added bonus from Ibe, Ings and Solanke is that they are all home-grown players, which may become vastly more important in a post-Brexit Premier League.", "\n\nArsenal, though, cannot really do this. ", "Perhaps, in time, Héctor Bellerín could appeal to Manchester City, and Rob Holding, Lucas Torreira an Mattéo Guendouzi could collect fees. ", "But those are all players needed now, who are not surplus. ", "In terms of sellable assets, they simply don’t exist. ", "Furthermore, with the 7th-oldest squad in the league, it is not as if Arsenal’s current first team can be phased out; Arsenal will take a loss on Mkhitaryan, Lacazette, Aubameyang and Özil, all of whom will need replacing in the next 2-3 years.", "\n\nThis is why Arsenal’s new philosophy has to be a return to project youth. ", "That will entail first that the team will get younger, and secondly, that the team can sustainably fund big purchases and wages. ", "The addition of a loans manager is an encouraging step, for choosing the right loan can increase the attractiveness of a player. ", "Even if Reiss Nelson does not make the first team at Arsenal, a deal for a large fee should be found. ", "The same goes for Joe Willock and Eddie Nketiah; there is value in developing these players even if they don’t make the first team, because they allow for a return on investment.", "\n\nArsenal went for a quick rebuild last summer. ", "But moving forward, the approach of the team has to be to surround an emerging core of younger talent with elite players—the final step that was missing from the Project Youth of the Wenger era. ", "If a move to a younger approach is successful, Arsenal should be able to fund their purchases and handle the loss of big stars by being able to smartly scout and sign their successors, while collecting a profit. ", "If Arsenal don’t do this intelligently, then the club are looking at a longer look outside of Europe’s elite. ", "The first indication of whether Arsenal will be able to return to Europe’s elite or if they will be on the outside looking in will come this summer." ]

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[ "I love fly fishing. ", "I am an International Federation of Fly Fishers Certified Two Hand Casting Instructor with fifty years experience in fly fishing, casting and fly tying to share. ", "Please feel free to send me an e-mail and I will tell you what I know. ", "My areas of knowledge are in fly fishing and fly tying for North Eastern trout, Landlocked salmon and the experience of over thirty five rivers world wide fly casting to Atlantic Salmon.", "\n\n.", "\n\nMonday, July 25, 2011\n\nMake sure that your hands are polished and smooth. ", "Use a fine emery stick and work on your nails as well as the entire tips of you fingers. ", "This will keep thread and floss from sticking and gives you the ability to hold materials down and have your thread circle your fingers with ease.", "\n\nSaturday, July 23, 2011\n\nHere is the first fly order from the FlySpoke Shop. ", "I hope the buyer is as happy as I am with the results. ", "I used Arctic Fox for the wing because of how wonderfully it swims. ", "The only material that is better would be Temple Dog but that is illegal to possess or purchase in the USA.", "\n\nFriday, July 15, 2011\n\nAtlantic Salmon On The Matane River. ", "Flowing north out of the Chic Choc Mountains the Matane empties into the Saint Lawrence Seaway at the Village of Matane, Quebec. ", "It is called The Salmon School by many because of it's ease of access to the many pools as well as the river's gentle and steady decent.", "\n\nAugust 4, 2008\n\nThe river opens in June when the larger fish come in, but the main runs enter the last week of July and through the first ten days of August. ", "There is a dam at the very bottom of the river with a counting observatory. ", "This is a must see during the height of the run and also gives the anglers on the river knowledge of the quantity and size of the fresh fish in the system. ", "It is very exciting to hear that a very large fish has just passed through.", "\n\nOne of my favorite pools is called Grande Tamagodi. ", "The pool is broken into two distinctive parts. ", "The top is a rapid with Grande Tomogodi Stream entering the main river. ", "The bottom is a wide flat glide that is the finest looking dry fly water I have ever fished. ", "A number of years ago, Leo and I were on the pool. ", "I have been in a dry fly state of mind for some time now, and to see the glide was just too much to pass up. ", "A far greater number of fish will take up residence in the upper pool but when the river is right there will be the perfect opportunity to fish the glide. ", "My favorite Matane dry is the Canuel. ", "Created by Raynald Canuel of Rene' de Matane and made to fish in a smaller size than the usual big Gaspe Bombers. ", "They say on Matane that the big bomber is to attract a salmon and the small one is to catch them.", "\n\nI started casting in short drifts, from my river right position, starting at the very tail of the slick and flicked each cast a foot higher. ", "When I made the final cast as high up river as possible I let the fly dead drift all the way back to the tail and was sucked in a millisecond before I was going to pick it up. ", "What I am going to tell you is true, will never happen again to me or possibly anyone else, but true none the less.", "\n\nGrand Tamagodi, Fish On\n\nThis was a big fish. ", "Twenty five pounds or more and acting as crazy as a salmon gets. ", "The first charge was a violent surge directly up stream that put a birds nest in my reel. ", "I hate when I am so stupid and don't make sure all is right. ", "I profess always making everything right and am guilty of not listening to my own good advise. ", "Such a simple thing to check. ", "While I was fumbling with my line, the fish made a sharp left and directly at me, another sharp left and like a rocket down stream, then making a 180 degree spin up stream with one big jump right into the circle of line that had been created while I fumbled. ", "This all happened so quickly that it took me some time to figure it out. ", "Now what do you do when a crazy twenty five pound salmon has tied your fly line in an overhand knot. ", "There was no way to hold the fish as I was on eight pound test and when she ran over the rapid directly below the pool it was over. ", "It pains me to even tell the story.", "\n\nI have a few lessons that I learned that day. ", "First I will never use eight pound test for salmon unless it is Maxama. ", "My drag was set light because I was afraid that the leader material needed to be treated with caution. ", "Second, I will never let a fish get directly below me without immediately moving down stream as quickly as I can. ", "I will run if needed, and I will not hesitate. ", "A straight down river position is the least forgiving angle that you can have. ", "The third is that I love the Matane. ", "Watching a dry fly disappear to a big fish is fly fishing on steroids.", "\n\nWith August approaching rapidly I have made plans to be in Quebec. ", "The idea is that I will start with a dry fly and end with a dry fly. ", "Or maybe throw a big Muddler for a while." ]

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[ "Tag: Michael Page\n\nEnglish welterweight Michael “Venom” Page (7-0) has become one of the most consistently thrilling MMA fighters in the world. ", "This is the dude who won his pro MMA debut via tornado kick, in the world’s first-ever “just gonna stand here for a while” knockout (see above). ", "He won his Bellator debut in just 10 seconds. ", "In his second Bellator fight, he did this to Ricky Rainey. ", "His decision win last month over Strikeforce/UFC veteran Nah-Shon Burrell marked the first time that one of Page’s fights made it out of the first round.", "\n\nNo, we’ve never heard of the guy either, and his nickname deserves itsown post. (“", "My 3rd-grade teacher gave me that name, and it just stuck” — made-up quote from Curtis Millender.) ", "Apparently, he’s a 7-0 fighter from San Berdoo, with all of his fights taking place in the OC Fight Club promotion. ", "He’s a coach at the UFC Gym in Fullerton, and comes from a wrestling background. ", "He only has two stoppage wins to his name, including a 48-second doctor’s stoppage TKO of TUF 16 castmember James Chaney last month.", "\n\nOkay, maybe it’s not fair to write this dude off as dead meat before we’ve even seen him. ", "Watch the promo video below, and you’ll see Millender throw some flashy attacks that we might describe as “Page-esque in their execution, Joe.” ", "Plus, at the 0:36 mark, he makes his opponent do the stankiest stanky-leg we have ever seen in sanctioned competition. ", "So that’s pretty cool.", "\n\nBellator CEO Bjorn Rebney didn’t give out the gate numbers at the post-fight presser, even when asked (which probably means they were bad). ", "And it’s still too early to know how Bellator 120 performed at the box office. ", "So, financially, Bellator’s first PPV can’t definitively be called a success or a failure.", "\n\nRegarding entertainment value, however, Bellator 120 was a success. ", "There were some pacing issues, yes, but overall the card delivered.", "\n\nIn the first fight, Michael Page did his best Anderson Silva impression, knocking out Ricky Rainey (who’s name was hilariously spelled wrong at the post-fight presser) after taunting him mercilessly. ", "In the next bout, former Bellator heavyweight champ Alexander Volkov scored an upset submission win over Blagoi Ivanov.", "\n\nThen came Tito Ortiz vs. Alexander Shlemenko. ", "Ortiz was the laughing stock of this card, without a doubt. ", "He was a relic from a bygone era who hadn’t won a fight in three years. ", "His ridiculous pre-fight promos (he promised to make Shlemenko “literally shit himself”) only made him look worse. ", "Shlemenko, on the other hand, was Bellator’s middleweight champ and a stern Russian killer. ", "He’d have no problem with Ortiz despite the considerable size difference, or so the world thought. ", "But Ortiz won the fight. ", "He submitted Shlemenko with an arm-triangle choke in the very first round. ", "Then he gave the worst post-fight interview of all time; he pretended to be Hulk Hogan.", "\n\nAs crazy as Ortiz-Shlemenko was, it wasn’t the emotional high point of the PPV, nor was Michael Chandler vs. Will Brooks. ", "Chandler-Brooks was not a particularly anticipated match. ", "In fact, the entire Bellator PPV was centered around the rubber match between Chandler and Eddie Alvarez. ", "When Alvarez withdrew due to a concussion, many thought it meant death for Bellator 120. ", "Will Brooks was thrown in against Chandler, but it was a squash match—or at least that’s what conventional wisdom held. ", "But Brooks upended fans and pundits, beating Chandler via split decision. ", "He was made of sterner stuff than we all gave him credit for.", "\n\nThen we had the main event, Rampage Jackson vs. King Mo. The fight itself was banal. ", "Mo dominated Rampage with wrestling while Rampage landed a couple of decent shots throughout the fight. ", "It seemed like a pretty easy decision win for King Mo, but the judges didn’t see it that way; they awarded Rampage with a unanimous decision. ", "What happened after the fight was the real draw though. ", "King Mo and Rampage started jaw-jacking. ", "During the Spike TV portion of the broadcast, King Mo accused Bjorn Rebney of “dick riding” Rampage. ", "He didn’t hold in such feelings in his post-fight speech, nor did he silence himself at the post-fight presser. ", "Him and Rampage yelled at each other while the presser stream intermittently died possibly due to the sheer volume of viewers.", "\n\nIn this liveblog of Bellator’s first-ever PPV, CagePotato social media kosmonaut and weekend editor Matt Saccaro will be giving you the results for the PPV portion of the fight card, in case you’re too cheap to buy it or don’t have access to it for some reason. ", "He’ll also be posting quick results from the rest of the event, as well as his typical analysis of commercials on the Spike TV portion of the broadcast.", "\n\nThe PPV begins at 10:00 pm EST. ", "The Spike TV preliminaries start at 8:00 pm EST. ", "We’ll start posting results after the jump shortly thereafter. ", "Refresh the page every few minutes for all the latest.", "\n\nAll nine of the fights for Bellator 120 — four Spike preliminaries, five main card contests — have been ranked solely by my interest in watching them. ", "If you disagree, feel free to write some terrible things about me in the comments section. ", "I look forward to ignoring them.", "\n\nI don’t think either fighter is even capable of a boring match, much less a boring match against each other. ", "I could type paragraph after paragraph on how their first two encounters resulted in two of the greatest fights in our sport’s history, and how…oh why am I even trying to pretend that I’m not going to insert an Al Bundy GIF and move along to the next fight:\n\nDespite losing some of its star power due toinjuries, last night’s Bellator 93 event in Lewiston, Maine, turned out to be a mostly-satisfying affair, with eight of the ten scheduled matches ending within the first-round, and three ending within the first 20 seconds. ", "But two unfortunate moments cast a shadow on the event.", "\n\nFirst off, Michael Page‘s hotly-anticipated Bellator debut ended with a 10-second KO victory over Ryan Sanders, as the flashy British striker caught Sanders with a straight right as his victim was charging in…or so it seemed. ", "Upon closer inspection, there was something a little fishy about the stoppage. ", "Watch the replays in the video above, and you’ll see that Page either barely touched Sanders, or didn’t touch him at all. ", "At any rate, the strike didn’t seem to justify the reaction of Sanders, who immediately flopped to the mat, clutching his head in agony. ", "He was back on his feet moments later, looking somewhat disappointed. ", "We’re not going to accuse Bellator of some vast conspiracy; it’s more likely that Sanders simply didn’t want to be there. ", "And unfortunately, he may have robbed us of the opportunity to see Page produce another classic no-walk-off knockout.", "\n\nSpeaking of let-downs, the guaranteed barnburner between Marcus Davis vs. Waachiim Spiritwolf ended in a no-contest in the first round, after Davis nailed Spiritwolf with a knee to the groin; Spiritwolf couldn’t continue after the foul. (", "Sound familiar?) ", "Though the Lewiston crowd chanted “Bullshit!” ", "and booed Spiritwolf in an apparent indictment of his bitchassness, there was nothing fake about that low-blow. ", "Check out the GIF below, via BloodyElbow…\n\nSince switching to the “Thursday Night Fights” format, Bellator has been consistently cranking out high quality fight cards that often compensate for their lack of name value with exciting finishes and entertaining brawls to boot. ", "Then again, with all of their biggest starts consistently underperforming, Bellator’s cards often live and die by the performances of their lesser known fighters. ", "Tonight’s Bellator 93 card is no different, featuring a slew of relative unknowns and up-and-comers that are all but guaranteed to deliver in terms of entertainment. ", "Here’s why you should be watching when they do…\n\n1. ", "Michael. ", "F’in. ", "Page.", "\n\nDespite his short time in the sport, Michael “Venom” Page might just be the most hyped fighter currently outside of the UFC. ", "At just 3-0, the British phenom has already drawn comparisons to Jimi Manuwa and even Anderson Silva for his flashy yet devastating style of striking. ", "Just check out the above video of Page clowning Ben Dishman in his professional debut (fight starts at the 3 minute mark) and tell us that the sky isn’t the limit for this kid. ", "On the heels of a doctor stoppage TKO victory at Super Fight League 7, Page will be taking on relative unknown Ryan Sanders, who has dropped three of his past four fights. ", "Yeah, this is not going to end well for him. ", "But it probably will for fans of horrifying knockouts.", "\n\nIt doesn’t really matter how we lead into this knockout video, which features Anderson Silva Jr. a.k.a Michael Page at his highlighty best during a mixed rules bout at last weekend’s UCMMA 29 card. ", "These words are ultimately meaningless; they might as well be gobbledygook. ", "Because this knockout, though outstanding in its own right, barely stands a chance of distracting you from the bombshell that was dropped this afternoon. ", "To sum things up using the words of the people who occupy my Twitter feed: No UFC 151. ", "No Christmas. ", "God is dead. ", "Jon Jones is an scaredy-cat, punk-bitch, fake champ. ", "Greg Jackson is a yoda-looking, wet blanket, douchenozzle. ", "Etc, etc…\n\nWe have no clue where this video came from, or what the true purpose of it is, but we’d be lying if we said that Piterland doesn’t look like the bees knees, and apparently former PRIDE Heavyweight champion Fedor Emelianenko and his daughter Masha agree. ", "We are still waiting to hear who “The Last Emperor’s” next opponent will be, but rumors have ranged everywhere from Bobby Lashley in a MMA match to Brock Lesnar in a pro wrestling bout, so who the hell knows? ", "What we do know is that the next man to fight Fedor might want to reconsider if he values his health whatsoever. ", "Poor Ishii.", "\n\nWhat’s that you say? ", "You want to see a MMA fighter humiliate and dance around his opponent ala Silva/Leites/Maia/anyone before brutally kicking them in the face? ", "Well we’ve got just the video awaiting your viewership after the jump." ]

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[ "\n219 S.W.3d 168 (2005)\nSteven PINELL, Appellant,\nv.\nSTATE of Arkansas, Appellee.", "\nNo. ", "CR 04-1240.", "\nSupreme Court of Arkansas.", "\nDecember 8, 2005.", "\nB. Dale West, Monticello, for appellant.", "\nMike Beebe, Att'y Gen., by Vada Berger, Ass't Att'y Gen., Little Rock, for appellee.", "\nROBERT L. BROWN, Justice.", "\nAppellant Steven Pinell appeals from his convictions for violation of a minor in the first degree and rape. ", "On April 19, 2002, judgment was entered which contained a sentence of thirty-six months' imprisonment for violation of a minor and ten *169 years' probation for rape. ", "The State appealed the probation for rape. ", "In State v. Pinell, 353 Ark. 129, 114 S.W.3d 175 (2003) (Pinell I), we reversed Pinell's probation and remanded the case, because the circuit court erred in sentencing him to probation for the crime of rape. ", "Following our remand, the circuit court entered an amended judgment and commitment order in which it sentenced Pinell to 120 months' imprisonment. ", "Pinell has appealed and his sole point on appeal is that there was insufficient evidence to sustain the rape conviction. ", "We affirm the judgment of conviction.", "\nS.L., the victim in this matter, testified at trial that she resided at the Vera Lloyd Presbyterian Home in Monticello during the spring of 2001. ", "She was fifteen years old at the time and lived in the Barton house at Vera Lloyd with several other girls. ", "Pinell and his wife served as the house parents at Barton and lived in the house as well.", "\nIn late February 2001, S.L. experienced a change in her relationship with Pinell. ", "She testified that at that time, Pinell's physical and verbal actions toward her altered, and specifically, that he began making \"dirty\" comments to her. ", "She further testified to three nonconsensual sexual encounters with Pinell.", "\nThe first encounter occurred when S.L. returned to the house during school hours to retrieve her art project and some books for another resident. ", "S.L. testified that while upstairs, Pinell came into her room, grabbed her by the arms, took off her pants and underwear, and raped her. ", "She testified that before and afterwards, Pinnell told her that if she told anyone, they would not believe her, that he and she would both go to jail, and that he would lose his family.", "\nThe second encounter took place after S.L. finished visiting with her mother. ", "S.L. testified that she had fallen asleep on a bean-bag chair in the family room at the Barton house. ", "She said that it was getting dark and that Pinell came into the room, put his hand over her mouth, and like the time before, told her to be quiet and not to tell anybody. ", "He then forced her to have sex with him.", "\nThe third encounter took place days later while the other residents were out. ", "She testified that she was half-way up the stairs and going to her room when Pinell stopped her and told her to come back down. ", "She said that he grabbed her arms as he had in the past and pushed her into the family room. ", "He next pushed her onto the couch and raped her. ", "Following the rape, Pinell told her to go to her room and go to bed.", "\nPinell testified in his defense and denied the charges. ", "At the conclusion of the jury trial, the jury convicted Pinell as set forth above.", "\nPinell contends as his sole point on appeal that there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction for rape. ", "He asserts that his conviction was based solely on the inconsistent testimony of S.L. He further alludes to the fact that there was no evidence in support of S.L.'s testimony, and he contends that S.L.'s testimony about her return visit back to the house conflicts with the testimony of Vera Lloyd employees as to the procedures that are in place at the home. ", "He also points to the fact that S.L. told no one about the alleged attacks.", "\nThe State responds that Pinell's insufficiency-of-the evidence challenge is untimely in that he should have pursued an appeal from the judgment of conviction entered on April 19, 2002. ", "In addition, the State avers in a footnote that Pinell's current appeal is barred by the law-of-the-case doctrine, because his sufficiency *170 challenge could have been litigated in the prior appeal and because any failure to resolve that issue results in piecemeal litigation which this court steadfastly avoids. ", "In the alternative, the State argues that Pinell's sufficiency claim that the victim's testimony was not worthy of belief and thus insufficient to support his conviction fails for two reasons: (1) the argument is not preserved due to the lack of specificity of Pinell's motion for directed verdict at trial; and (2) his argument regarding lack of substantial evidence is wholly without merit. ", "Pinell does not reply to the procedural points raised by the State.", "\nWe first address the State's procedural points. ", "In this regard, a chronology of the two appeals is necessary. ", "As already pointed out in this opinion, judgment was entered for first-degree violation of a minor and rape on April 19, 2002, and Pinell was placed on probation for rape. ", "On May 9, 2002, the State filed a notice of appeal pertaining to the probation. ", "On May 20, 2002, Pinell filed a notice of appeal, appealing \"all issues[.]\" ", "On May 28, 2002, the State amended its notice of appeal to include also an appeal from the denial of the motion for resentencing, and on May 30, 2002, the State cross-appealed from Pinell's notice of appeal of the April 19, 2002 judgment and commitment order on the same grounds.", "\nThe same day as the entry of the amended judgment of conviction for ten years' imprisonment for rape, which was June 9, 2003, Pinell filed a notice of appeal \"of the sentencing entered by the Circuit Court of Drew County[.]\" ", "No record was filed following this notice of appeal. ", "On November 16, 2004, Pinell filed a pro se motion to proceed with his appeal, which we treated as a motion for rule on clerk and granted on January 27, 2005. ", "We further directed Pinell's counsel of record, B. Dale West, to file a petition for writ of certiorari to bring up the remainder of the record for his appeal. ", "Because we concluded that Mr. West was at fault in not perfecting the appeal, we forwarded a copy of our per curiam to the Committee on Professional Conduct. ", "See Pinell v. State, CR04-1240 (Ark. Jan. 27, 2005) (per curiam).", "\nWhat concerns us about this case are the multiple procedural deficiencies that have worked to Pinell's disadvantage. ", "Counsel first filed a notice of appeal from the first judgment on \"all issues\" but did not pursue it. ", "Instead, the State persevered in its appeal that related only to sentencing, and specifically to the probation for rape. ", "We agreed with the State and reversed the probation and remanded for resentencing in Pinell I. Counsel for Pinell remained quiet after filing the notice of appeal on Pinell's behalf on \"all issues.\"", "\nIt subsequently came to light, based on Pinell's pro se motion for belated appeal which we treated as a motion for rule on clerk, that Pinell did want to follow through on his appeal from \"his conviction.\" ", "We allowed his appeal to continue in our per curiam order dated January 27, 2005. ", "We note, however, that Pinell's notice of appeal, following resentencing, relates only to the sentence—not to the merits. ", "Specifically, his notice of appeal from the amended sentence reads: \"Comes the defendant, Steven Pinell, and gives notice of his appeal to the Arkansas Court of Appeals of the sentencing entered by the Circuit Court of Drew County, Arkansas, in the above cause on the 9th day of June, 2003.\" ", "It is signed by defense counsel.", "\nThe State argues abandonment, untimeliness, and law of the case as grounds for affirmance. ", "We note an additional procedural defect owing to Pinell's 2003 notice of appeal, which relates only to sentencing and not to the merits. ", "What strikes this court, nonetheless, is that since his 2002 *171 judgment of conviction, Pinell has shown a desire to appeal his conviction. ", "Why his appeal was not fully perfected early on is unclear to this court. ", "We do know that in January of this year, we ordered counsel for Pinell to pursue the matter at Pinell's behest, referred to counsel's failure in this regard, and sent the matter to the Committee on Professional Conduct. ", "See Pinell v. State, CR04-1240 (Ark. Jan. 27, 2005) (per curiam).", "\nOur dilemma now is that Pinell, by his notice of appeal, appealed only his sentence following the circuit court's amended sentence, whereas he has filed an appellant's brief in this appeal which addresses only whether substantial evidence supports the issue of guilt. ", "This raises the appearance that error occurred in the preparation of the notice of appeal which limited Pinell's appeal just to matters related to sentencing. ", "This seems especially so since Pinell stated in his pro se motion for belated appeal that he wanted to appeal \"his conviction.\" ", "And, of course, his brief filed by counsel does address sufficiency of the evidence supporting the conviction.", "\nAll this being the case, we choose to address the merits of Pinell's appeal which, again, is related to whether substantial evidence supports the judgment of conviction for rape. ", "We conclude, however, that Pinell is procedurally barred from mounting this challenge on appeal. ", "Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure 33.1 provides, in pertinent part:\n(a) In a jury trial, if a motion for directed verdict is to be made, it shall be made at the close of the evidence offered by the prosecution and at the close of all of the evidence. ", "A motion for directed verdict shall state the specific grounds therefor.", "\n* * * * * *\n(c) The failure of a defendant to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence at the times and in the manner required in subsections (a) and (b) above will constitute a waiver of any question pertaining to the sufficiency of the evidence to support the verdict or judgment. ", "A motion for directed verdict or for dismissal based on insufficiency of the evidence must specify the respect in which the evidence is deficient. ", "A motion merely stating that the evidence is insufficient does not preserve for appeal issues relating to a specific deficiency such as insufficient proof on the elements of the offense. ", "A renewal at the close of all evidence of a previous motion for directed verdict or for dismissal preserves the issue of insufficient evidence for appeal. ", "If for any reason a motion or a renewed motion at the close of all of the evidence for directed verdict or for dismissal is not ruled upon, it is deemed denied for purposes of obtaining appellate review on the question of the sufficiency of the evidence.", "\nArk. R.Crim. ", "P. 33.1(a, c) (2005).", "\nThis court has held that to preserve an issue for appeal from a decision on a motion for directed verdict, the issue must be stated clearly and specifically to the circuit court. ", "See Phillips v. State, 361 Ark. 1, 203 S.W.3d 630 (2005). ", "The reasoning underlying this holding is that when specific grounds are stated and the absent proof is pinpointed, the circuit court can either grant the motion, or, if justice requires, allow the State to reopen its case and supply the missing proof. ", "See id. A further reason that the motion must be specific is that this court may not decide an issue for the first time on appeal. ", "See id.\nHere, counsel for Pinell made the following directed-verdict motion after the State rested its case, which the circuit court denied:\n\n*172 DEFENSE COUNSEL: I'd like to make a motion for directed verdict because of the insufficiency of the evidence.", "\nHe then made the following renewal of his motion at the close of his defense, which the court again denied:\nDEFENSE COUNSEL: Your Honor, I would like to renew my motion on Count Three. ", "The only evidence here has been force. ", "Count Three, there's no force involved.", "\nCounsel's initial motion at the close of the State's case was manifestly a general challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence. ", "It failed to point to any specific flaw in the State's case, nor did it specify any elements of the criminal acts which had not been proven. ", "This court has held that Rule 33.1 is to be strictly construed. ", "See Pratt v. State, 359 Ark. 16, 194 S.W.3d 183 (2004). ", "Because Pinell's directed-verdict motion was non-specific, it is not preserved for this court's review. ", "Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of conviction.", "\nAffirmed.", "\nDICKEY, J., not participating.", "\n" ]

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[ "Kirundo\n\nKirundo is a city located in northern Burundi. ", "It is the capital city of Kirundo Province.", "\n\nThe city is served by Kirundo Airport.", "\n\nCategory:Populated places in Kirundo Province" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.017857142857142856, 0, 0, 0 ]

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[ "#\r\n# JSFormatter test\r\n# Author: Sun Junwen\r\n# Date: 2014-01-04\r\n#\r\nimport hashlib\r\nimport os\r\nimport sys\r\nfrom subprocess import call\r\n\r\nfrom util import *\r\nfrom testbase import *\r\n\r\nTEST_CASE_DIR = \"jsformat\"\r\n\r\nJSFORMATTER_PATH_WIN = \"../../trunk/debug/JSFormatterTest.exe\"\r\nJSFORMATTER_REL_PATH_WIN = \"../../trunk/release/JSFormatterTest.exe\"\r\nJSFORMATTER_PATH_WIN_64 = \"../../trunk/x64/debug/JSFormatterTest.exe\"\r\nJSFORMATTER_REL_PATH_WIN_64 = \"../../trunk/x64/release/JSFormatterTest.exe\"\r\nJSFORMATTER_LIB_PATH_MAC = \"../../trunk/DerivedData/JSTool/Build/Products/Debug\"\r\nJSFORMATTER_LIB_REL_PATH_MAC = \"../../trunk/DerivedData/JSTool/Build/Products/Release\"\r\nJSFORMATTER_PATH_MAC = \"../../trunk/DerivedData/JSTool/Build/Products/Debug/JSFormatterTest\"\r\nJSFORMATTER_REL_PATH_MAC = \"../../trunk/DerivedData/JSTool/Build/Products/Release/JSFormatterTest\"\r\nJSFORMATTER_NODEJS_SCRIPT_PATH = \"../JSToolJS/jsfjsnode.js\"\r\n\r\nclass MacOSCaseRuntime(CaseRuntime):\r\n def __init__(self, runtime_path, lib_path):\r\n super(MacOSCaseRuntime, self).__init__(runtime_path)\r\n self.lib_path = lib_path\r\n os.environ[\"DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH\"] = self.lib_path\r\n\r\n def dump_name(self):\r\n log(\"macOSCaseRuntime\")\r\n\r\n def dump_info(self):\r\n log(\"DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=%s\" % (os.environ[\"DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH\"]))\r\n\r\nclass NodeCaseRuntime(CaseRuntime):\r\n def _case_execute(self, test_case):\r\n call([\"node\", self.runtime_path, test_case.source, self.get_out_path_from_case(test_case)])\r\n\r\n def dump_name(self):\r\n log(\"NodeCaseRuntime\")\r\n\r\n def dump_version(self):\r\n call([\"node\", self.runtime_path, \"--version\"])\r\n log(\"node version: \")\r\n call([\"node\", \"--version\"])\r\n\r\nclass ValidateCaseRuntime(CaseRuntime):\r\n def __init__(self, runtime_path, nodejs_script_path):\r\n super(ValidateCaseRuntime, self).__init__(runtime_path)\r\n self.nodejs_script_path = nodejs_script_path\r\n self.out_cpp = \"outcpp.js\"\r\n self.out_js = \"outjs.js\"\r\n\r\n def _case_execute(self, test_case):\r\n log(\"Call cpp...\")\r\n call([self.runtime_path, test_case.source, os.path.join(test_case.case_dir, self.out_cpp)])\r\n log(\"Call node...\")\r\n call([\"node\", self.nodejs_script_path, test_case.source, os.path.join(test_case.case_dir, self.out_js)])\r\n\r\n def _case_result(self, test_case):\r\n result = \"ERROR\"\r\n outcpp_md5 = hashlib.md5(open(os.path.join(test_case.case_dir, self.out_cpp), \"rb\").read()).hexdigest()\r\n outjs_md5 = hashlib.md5(open(os.path.join(test_case.case_dir, self.out_js), \"rb\").read()).hexdigest()\r\n if outcpp_md5 == outjs_md5:\r\n result = \"PASS\"\r\n\r\n log(result)\r\n return result\r\n\r\n def dump_name(self):\r\n log(\"ValidateCaseRuntime\")\r\n\r\n def dump_info(self):\r\n log(\"%s vs. %s\" % (self.runtime_path, self.nodejs_script_path))\r\n\r\n def dump_version(self):\r\n call([self.runtime_path, \"--version\"])\r\n call([\"node\", self.nodejs_script_path, \"--version\"])\r\n log(\"node version: \")\r\n call([\"node\", \"--version\"])\r\n\r\ndef main():\r\n x64 = True # x64 is default\r\n release = False\r\n nodejs = False\r\n validate = False\r\n\r\n for argv in sys.argv:\r\n argv = argv.lower()\r\n if argv == \"node\" or argv == \"nodejs\":\r\n nodejs = True\r\n x64 = True\r\n release = False\r\n validate = False\r\n break\r\n if argv == \"validate\":\r\n validate = True\r\n x64 = True\r\n release = False\r\n nodejs = False\r\n break\r\n if argv == \"release\":\r\n release = True\r\n if argv == \"64\" or argv == \"x64\":\r\n x64 = True\r\n if argv == \"32\" or argv == \"x86\":\r\n if not is_osx_sys():\r\n x64 = False\r\n\r\n # system check\r\n if nodejs == False:\r\n if not is_windows_sys() and not is_osx_sys():\r\n if is_linux_sys():\r\n log(\"Only node support Linux.\")", "\r\n else:\r\n log(\"Unknown operating system.\")", "\r\n return\r\n else:\r\n if not is_windows_sys() and not is_osx_sys() and not is_linux_sys():\r\n log(\"Unknown operating system.\")", "\r\n return\r\n\r\n # prepare path\r\n jsformatter_path_sel = \"\"\r\n jsformatter_lib_path_sel = \"\"\r\n jsformatter_nodejs_script_sel = \"\"\r\n\r\n if nodejs == False and validate == False:\r\n if is_osx_sys():\r\n jsformatter_lib_path_sel = JSFORMATTER_LIB_PATH_MAC\r\n if release:\r\n jsformatter_lib_path_sel = JSFORMATTER_LIB_REL_PATH_MAC\r\n\r\n if is_windows_sys():\r\n jsformatter_path_sel = JSFORMATTER_PATH_WIN\r\n if release and x64:\r\n jsformatter_path_sel = JSFORMATTER_REL_PATH_WIN_64\r\n elif x64:\r\n jsformatter_path_sel = JSFORMATTER_PATH_WIN_64\r\n elif release:\r\n jsformatter_path_sel = JSFORMATTER_REL_PATH_WIN\r\n if is_osx_sys():\r\n jsformatter_path_sel = JSFORMATTER_PATH_MAC\r\n if release:\r\n jsformatter_path_sel = JSFORMATTER_REL_PATH_MAC\r\n if validate:\r\n # validate test only support Windows x64 relase build\r\n jsformatter_path_sel = JSFORMATTER_REL_PATH_WIN_64\r\n if nodejs or validate:\r\n jsformatter_nodejs_script_sel = JSFORMATTER_NODEJS_SCRIPT_PATH\r\n\r\n # make runtime\r\n case_runtime = 0\r\n if nodejs == False and validate == False:\r\n if is_windows_sys():\r\n case_runtime = CaseRuntime(jsformatter_path_sel)\r\n if is_osx_sys():\r\n case_runtime = MacOSCaseRuntime(jsformatter_path_sel, jsformatter_lib_path_sel)\r\n if nodejs:\r\n case_runtime = NodeCaseRuntime(jsformatter_nodejs_script_sel)\r\n if validate:\r\n if is_osx_sys():\r\n log(\"Validate only support Windows.\")", "\r\n return\r\n case_runtime = ValidateCaseRuntime(jsformatter_path_sel, jsformatter_nodejs_script_sel)\r\n\r\n # prepare cases\r\n case_generator = CaseGenerator(TEST_CASE_DIR)\r\n test_cases = case_generator.generate()\r\n\r\n # run cases\r\n start_time = current_millis()\r\n allpass = True\r\n idx = 1\r\n for name, case in test_cases.items():\r\n log(\"name: \" + name)\r\n log(\"source: \" + case.source)\r\n log(\"result: \" + case.result)\r\n log(\"running...\")\r\n\r\n result = case_runtime.run_case(case)\r\n log(\"[%d/%d]\" % (idx, len(test_cases)))\r\n log(\"\")\r\n\r\n if result == \"ERROR\":\r\n allpass = False\r\n break\r\n\r\n idx += 1\r\n\r\n end_time = current_millis()\r\n duration_time = (end_time - start_time) / 1000.0\r\n\r\n if allpass:\r\n log(\"%d cases ALL PASS, took %.2fs.\" % (", "len(test_cases), duration_time))\r\n\r\n log(\"Test args: x64=%r, release=%r, nodejs=%r, validate=%r\" % (x64, release, nodejs, validate))\r\n log(\"\")\r\n\r\n case_runtime.dump_name()\r\n case_runtime.dump_info()\r\n case_runtime.dump_version()\r\n\r\nif __name__ == '__main__':\r\n main()\r\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.004720496894409938, 0, 0, 0.0024198427102238356, 0.003436426116838488, 0.006968641114982578 ]

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[ "Detroit-Hamtramck Assembly Plant would remain open to produce an electric pickup under the proposed deal between the UAW and General Motors, according to people familiar with the tentative agreement.", "\n\nThe news Wednesday confirms earlier Free Press reporting that an electric pickup is slated for the plant closest to General Motors' headquarters at the Renaissance Center in downtown Detroit.", "\n\nAdditional details, including the number of electric pickups to be produced at D-Ham, as it's known locally, how many workers would be needed and when the plant would be retooled, were not immediately available. ", "The fate of the tentative agreement is contingent on a positive ratification vote.", "\n\nThe 4-million-square-foot plant, which straddles the border of Detroit and Hamtramck, was among those slated to be \"unallocated\" in GM's surprise announcement on future product last year. ", "However, the plant was not idled before the strike, and was still operating on an extension granted in February to produce the Cadillac CT6 and Chevrolet Impala. ", "News about the future of other unallocated plants, such as the one in Lordstown, Ohio, was not available.", "\n\nWorkers on the picket line at D-Ham Wednesday who spoke to the Free Press before the electric pickup news was confirmed sounded pleased at the prospect of a new vehicle but were also wary about what it would mean for them. ", "Automakers have been ramping up production plans for more electrification in their fleets, but EVs are still a fraction of the new vehicle market.", "\n\n\"Any product is a good product. ", "Whether people are ready for an electric pickup ...,\" pondered Kurt Fiegel, 66, of Roseville, noting that \"they didn't have much luck with the Volt.\"", "\n\nThe Chevy Volt, a plug-in hybrid, was made at D-Ham but was among a number of car models discontinued by GM, with production ending earlier this year. ", "The company still has its all-electric Chevy Bolt, but that vehicle is a relatively low volume offering.", "\n\nMore:GM, UAW proposed tentative agreement's ratification bonus and vacation\n\nMore:GM, UAW tentative deal: Everything we know, what's next\n\nMore:UAW to boost strike pay to $275 per week\n\nGM finds itself in competition on electric pickups with not just established players that have announced plans for them, but also newcomers, such as Rivian, which has generated lots of interest for its planned electric SUV and pickup.", "\n\nRivian, with which GM had reportedly been in talks at one point, has secured significant investments from Ford and Amazon. ", "That company, with offices in Plymouth Township west of Detroit, on Sunday drew a crowd as it showed off its vehicles in Normal, Illinois, where it has its manufacturing plant.", "\n\nKristin Dziczek, vice president of industry, labor and economics at the Center for Automotive Research in Ann Arbor, said details on production of any new electric vehicle will be key for D-Ham in part because of the competition.", "\n\n\"Everybody's got electric pickups coming in the next couple of years, even an electric F-150. ", "They're all trying to get that out to market pretty soon,\" Dziczek said.", "\n\nThe depletion of $7,500 federal tax credits for buyers of electric vehicles from both GM and Tesla raises questions about the companies' abilities to maintain or grow electric vehicle demand as they face competitors that still retain the incentives, she said.", "\n\nFor D-Ham, another issue would be how many electric pickups would be built. ", "If it's 50,000 or less, another product would likely be needed there, she said.", "\n\nWhile many predict that electric vehicles are the future for the automotive industry, production of the vehicles themselves are expected to employ fewer workers because the vehicles have fewer parts.", "\n\nGetting the news\n\nWord that a tentative agreement with GM had been reached came as Maurice Faust arrived for his four-hour picket shift in the midst of a cold drizzle at D-Ham at noon Wednesday.", "\n\n\"I just got it off my text as I was pulling up in my truck,\" said Faust, a 42-year GM veteran who lives in Southfield and has worked at the plant since 1997.", "\n\nFaust, 63, is hopeful the deal will meet the needs of workers, but if not, he said he's prepared to stay on strike longer, noting his weather-appropriate jacket.", "\n\n\"If need be I'll do what I have to do,\" he said, noting the message behind the strike. \"", "You've got to show them you can starve, just like they can starve.\"", "\n\nThe announcement of a proposed tentative agreement on the 31st day of the UAW's national strike against GM does not mean workers will automatically return to their jobs. ", "The UAW National GM Council is set to meet Thursday to consider recommending the deal to the full membership and could either continue the strike pending ratification or stop it.", "\n\nD-Ham workers walking the picket line in their rain gear Wednesday sounded, like Faust, generally pleased with the news of a potential deal but insisted that certain issues, including job security and a path for temporary workers to become permanent, must be addressed. ", "Several said they thought the presence of GM Chairman and CEO Mary Barra at recent negotiating sessions likely had an impact on talks.", "\n\n'Beautiful day to picket'\n\nIn spite of the rain, Fiegel said it was a \"beautiful day to picket,\" as he considered the prospect of a settlement. ", "He's three months away from retirement, but remains concerned about the other workers, including a son-in-law, who will deal with the results of any new contract. ", "He'd like to see a better pension benefit, but also a better deal for temps, with some workers making half what others make and creating \"an unhappy workplace.\"", "\n\nFor Kathy Faith, 48, of Casco, \"seeing is believing.\"", "\n\nWhile the news of a tentative agreement sounds promising, Faith wants to see details. ", "Like her co-workers, she's also concerned about temporary workers.", "\n\n\"You work for a company for so long, that should count,\" said Faith, who works in the paint shop.", "\n\nAs for an electric pickup at the plant? ", "That's a positive for Faith because it means D-Ham would stay open, but she also called it a win-lose situation because of the expectation of fewer workers.", "\n\nIf the plant were to get additional products beyond just an electric pickup, \"it'd be wonderful,\" she said.", "\n\nGM in general should make more products in U.S. plants, Faith said.", "\n\n\"We buy the products, we should be making the products,\" she said, noting that she means no disrespect to Mexican workers.", "\n\nContact Eric D. Lawrence: elawrence@freepress.com or (313) 223-4272. ", "Follow him on Twitter: @_ericdlawrence." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSimple C/C++ library for triangle-intersection acceleration structure\n\nI'm raytracing and would like to speed it up via some acceleration structure (kd-tree, BVH, whatever). ", "I don't want to code it up myself. ", "What I've tried so far:\n\nYanking the kd-tree out of pbrt. ", "There are so many intra-dependencies that I couldn't succeed at this without pulling all of pbrt into my code.", "\nCGAL's AABB tree. ", "Frustratingly, this seems to return only the point of intersection. ", "Without knowing which triangle the point came from, I can't efficiently interpolate color over the triangle. ", "I'd love to just extend the notion of \"Point\" with color, but this doesn't seem possible without writing a lot of template code from scratch.", "\nWriting my own. ", "Okay so I wrote my own grid acceleration class, and it works, but it's nasty and inefficient.", "\n\nSo, if anyone can suggest a simple library that I can use for this purpose I'd really appreciate it! ", "All I need is given a triangle soup and ray, find the closest intersection and return the index of that triangle.", "\n\nA:\n\nJaco Bikker wrote this series of tutorials: http://www.devmaster.net/articles/raytracing_series/part7.php\nThey're very helpful and he includes code at the end for a ray tracer using a kd-tree.", "\nYou might be able to use that.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Adolphus Hailstork\n\nAdolphus Hailstork received his doctorate in composition from Michigan State University, where he was a student of H. Owen Reed. ", "He had previously studied at the Manhattan School of Music, under Vittorio Giannini and David Diamond, at the American Institute at Fontainebleau with Nadia Boulanger, and at Howard University with Mark Fax.", "\n\nDr. Hailstork has written numerous works for chorus, solo voice, piano, organ, various chamber ensembles, band, and orchestra\n\nSignificant performances by major orchestras (Philadelphia, Chicago, and New York) have been conducted by leading conductors such as James de Priest, Paul Freeman Daniel Barenboim, Kurt Masur, Lorin Maezel, Jo Ann Falletta and David Lockington.", "\n\nRecent commissions include RISE FOR FREEDOM, an opera about the Underground Railroad, premiered in the fall of 2007 by the Cincinnati Opera Company, SET ME ON A ROCK (re: Hurricane Katrina), for chorus and orchestra, commissioned by the Houston Choral Society (2008), and the choral ballet, THE GIFT OF THE MAGI, for treble chorus and orchestra, (2009). ", "In the fall of 2011, ZORA, WE’RE CALLING YOU, a work for speaker and orchestra was premiered by the Orlando Symphony. ", "I SPEAK OF PEACE commissioned by the Bismarck Symphony (Beverly Everett, conductor) in honor of (and featuring the words of) President John F. Kennedy was premiered in November of 2013.", "\n\nHailstork’s newest major works, are ROBESON, an operatic theater work (written for the Trilogy Opera Company of Newark, New Jersey), and HERCULES (“the veriest dandy slave”) a concert overture for the Grand Rapids Symphony which was premiered in October 2014. ", "Current projects are BOUND FOR THE PROMISED LAND for the Atlanta Festival (November 2016) and NDEMARA for the Myrelinques Festival of France (May 2017).", "\n\nDr. Hailstork resides in Virginia Beach Virginia, and is Professor of Music and Eminent Scholar at Old Dominion University in Norfolk.", "\n\nEngaging and heartwarming… The music…favors a tangy Franco-American lyricism, while assimilating echoes of spirituals, cowboy songs and jazzy inflections.–Scott Cantrell, Kansas City Star\n\nThis through-composed piece with lively music by Adolphus Hailstork and a clever libretto by Susan Kander is singable by older students and a few young professionals, but is sophisticated enough to qualify as opera.–Heidi Waleson, The Wall St Journal\n\nRISE FOR FREEDOM… a gem of a chamber opera … Hailstork has composed a score that sounds of pure Americana – engagingly rhythmic [and] lyrical.–Janelle Gelfand, The Cincinnati Inquirer\n\nVIOLIN CONCERTO…the piece nodded toward such black idioms as blues and jazz, but mostly went its own lively and engaging way…a mixture of virtuosic, satirical and lyrical effects…the piece has a quirky personality in which serious intent keeps breaking through.–Andrew L. Pincus, Berkshire Eagle\n\n2001: Eminent Scholar, Old Dominion University2001: Honorary Doctorate, College of William and Mary2000: Governor’s Award for the Arts, from the state of Virginia1995: First Place: University of Delaware Festival of New Music (for “Consort Piece”)1994: Outstanding Faculty Award of the state of Virginia1992: Cultural Laureate Award of the state of Virginia1983: First Prize: Virginia CBDNA College Band Symposium" ]

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[ "Anthony Joshua has laid down the gauntlet for Tyson Fury following his British rival's comeback announcement.", "\n\nFormer heavyweight champion Fury revealed Thursday he will return to the ring at the Manchester Arena on June 9 after agreeing to promotional terms with Frank Warren, following a 2½-year exile from boxing.", "\n\nAnd while Fury had plenty to say regarding a potential bout, Joshua wasted no time in responding.", "\n\nEditor's Picks\n\nTyson Fury is back, but what does this mean for Fury himself, Anthony Joshua, Deontay Wilder and the rest of the heavyweight division?", "\n\n\"If he wants to fight me next, he can fight me next,\" Joshua told the Press Association. \"", "If he wants to fight 10 fights down the line, he can do that as well.", "\n\n\"It'll be a situation that, when the opportunity does come, he'll [Fury] be saying he's the man who beat the man, he deserves this, he deserves that, and then he won't fight me.", "\n\n\"I'm the flag-bearer, the best heavyweight champion out there now. ", "The ones who are scared to step up talk a good game, but don't really back it up so I get bored of it.", "\n\n\"When Tyson Fury's ready, we'll make it big, we'll make it fun. ", "When [Deontay] Wilder's ready, we'll make it big, we'll make it fun.", "\n\n\"With or without Fury, my career will go on. ", "With or without Wilder, my career will go on. ", "With or without Povetkin and the WBA belt, my career will go on. ", "I'll keep on doing this for another 10 years, and then I'm done.\"", "\n\nJoshua considers American Jarrell Miller or Alexander Povetkin of Russia his likeliest next challenger.", "\n\nThe IBF, WBA and WBO heavyweight champion's management have made an offer to Deontay Wilder, who holds the WBC title, for what would be the world's richest and most significant fight, but Joshua is not convinced of his interest.", "\n\nAnthony Joshua holds three of the four major heavyweight world titles. ", "Nick Potts/PA Images via Getty Images\n\nThose working with Wilder most recently spoke of making a counter offer because of their dissatisfaction at the one made to them, which has contributed to Joshua's pessimism.", "\n\nIt is understood a fight with Miller, in New York on Aug. 25, is one potential alternative, while the WBA recently demanded he make a mandatory defense against Povetkin.", "\n\nMiller also first needs to defeat Johann Duhaupas on April 28, but asked whom he was most likely to fight next, Joshua said: \"Miller or Povetkin. ", "If I was to list which [negotiations] would be easiest I'd put them at the start.", "\n\n\"Miller's more serious. ", "Miller would definitely step up to the challenge. ", "When these guys haven't got much to lose they're more serious, they know they've got everything to gain.", "\n\n\"If Wilder was as serious as he says he is he would jump at the opportunity. ", "I haven't heard from the president of the WBA, but that's a conversation to be had. ", "If there was a situation where Wilder accepted the challenge and it was something he was looking to do this year, it would be a conversation with the WBA, to see how we could hopefully postpone Povetkin until 2019. ", "I didn't work this hard to give things away.", "\n\n\"Wilder's had 40 fights. ", "The fans and broadcasters are fed up so he has to make a move. ", "That fight will happen sometime. ", "My career isn't based around Wilder -- that's what's clear about it.\"" ]

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"analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2278, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_139620637004608", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2270 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2335, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_139620637004608", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2329 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2349, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_139620637004608", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2343 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2452, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_139620637004608", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2446 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2475, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_139620637004608", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2469 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2634, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_139620637004608", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2628 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2822, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_139620637004608", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2816 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2897, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_139620637004608", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2888 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2987, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_139620637004608", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2979 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2998, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_139620637004608", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2994 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3052, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_139620637004608", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 3046 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3201, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_139620637004608", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 3195 } ]

[ "Morganellaceae\n\nThe Morganellaceae are a family of Gram-negative bacteria that include some important human pathogens formerly classified as Enterobacteriaceae. ", "This family is a member of the order Enterobacterales in the class Gammaproteobacteria of the phylum Proteobacteria. ", "Genera in this family include the type genus Morganella, along with Arsenophonus, Cosenzaea, Moellerella, Photorhabdus, Proteus, Providencia and Xenorhabdus.", "\n\nHuman pathogens \n\nA number of Morganellaceae bacterial species are opportunistic human pathogens, including Proteus, Providencia, and occasionally Morganella in nosocomial settings.", "\n\nProteus \n\nThree Proteus species P. vulgaris, P. mirabilis, and P. penneri are opportunistic human pathogens, most commonly resulting in urinary tract infections. ", "Proteus vulgaris is commonly found in the intestine in various animals, and is shed into manure and soil.", "\n\nAbout 10–15% of kidney stones are struvite stones, caused by alkalinization of the urine by the action of the urease enzyme of Proteus (and other) bacterial species.", "\n\nProvidencia \n\nProvidencia rettgeri is a common cause of traveller's diarrhea.", "\n\nInsect pathogens and symbionts \n\nA number of Morganellaceae have intimate relationships with insects and other invertebrates.", "\n\nArsenophonus\n\nArsenophonus are endosymbiotic bacteria of various insects. ", "In Nasonia parasitic wasps, Arsenophonus nasoniae acts as a reproductive manipulator by killing developing male wasps. ", "This promotes an increased frequency of females in the population, which are the only biological sex that transmits Arsenophonus to the next generation. ", "This type of interaction is referred to as \"male-killing or son-killing.\"", "\n\nIn flies and Lice, Arsenophonus-like bacteria act as primary symbionts faithfully transmitted from generation to generation. ", "In such relationships, the primary endosymbiont commonly supplements the host's metabolism by providing essential vitamins and nutrients that the host cannot synthesize itself.", "\n\nPhotorhabdus and Xenorhabdus\n\nPhotorhabdus and Xenorhabdus are bacterial associates of entomopathogenic nematodes. ", "These nematodes infect insects and regurgitate their Photorhabdus or Xenorhabdus bacteria into the insect blood (also called hemolymph). ", "The bacteria then suppress the insect's immune response, increasing the success of the nematode parasite. ", "As a result of this highly effective evolutionary strategy, entomopathogenic nematodes are commonly used as biological control agents against insect pests like corn rootworms.", "\n\nProvidencia\n\nProvidencia are common bacterial species in the microbiome of Drosophila fruit flies. ", "In Drosophila melanogaster, Providencia rettgeri is a common pathogen isolated from wild-caught flies. ", "The fly immune system defends against this infection using a highly specific antimicrobial peptide that is required for defence against P. rettgeri, but not other Providencia species.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Gram-negative bacteria\nCategory:Gammaproteobacteria" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Q:\n\nbower install missing files\n\nI am running bower install insider my dir.", "\nIt creates a bower_components folder, but some .js files are missing..\nGET /customapp/customapp.controller.js 304 7ms\nGET /customapp/testmodal.controller.js 304 5ms\nGET /bower_components/bootstrap/dist/js/bootstrap.js 404 1ms\nGET /bower_components/bootstrap/js/tooltip.js 404 1ms\nGET /bower_components/bootstrap/js/popover.js 404 1ms\nGET /bower_components/angular-resource/angular-resource.js 404 1ms\nGET /bower_components/angular-cookies/angular-cookies.js 404 0ms\nGET /bower_components/angular-sanitize/angular-sanitize.js 404 1ms\nGET /bower_components/angular-route/angular-route.js 404 1ms\nGET /bower_components/angular-grid/build/ng-grid.js 404 1ms\nGET /bower_components/angular-bootstrap/ui-bootstrap.js 404 1ms\nGET /bower_components/angular-bootstrap/ui-bootstrap-tpls.js 404 1ms\nGET /bower_components/angular-google-chart/ng-google-chart.js 404 1ms\nGET /bower_components/moment/moment.js 404 1ms\nGET /bower_components/angular-moment/angular-moment.js 404 1ms\nGET /bower_components/jquery-ui/ui/jquery-ui.js 404 1ms\nGET /bower_components/angular-ui-calendar/src/calendar.js 404 1ms\nGET /bower_components/fullcalendar/fullcalendar.js 404 1ms\nGET /bower_components/fullcalendar/gcal.js 404 0ms\nGET /bower_components/tinymce/tinymce.min.js 404 1ms\nGET /bower_components/angular-ui-tinymce/src/tinymce.js 404 1ms\n\nI have tried to do delete the dir and install it again, yet it wont install correctly. ", "These files are always missing from my bower_components dir...\nI have searched for the missing files on my entire filesystem, they are not there, which is why the 404.", "\nI am installing bower locally in my directory using this bower.json file, after having done npm install\n{\n \"name\": \"sccd-ng\",\n \"version\": \"0.0.1\",\n \"main\": \"app.js\",\n \"moduleType\": [\n \"node\"\n ],\n \"license\": \"xyz\",\n \"private\": true,\n \"dependencies\": {\n \"angular\": \"1.2.16\",\n \"angular-cookies\": \"1.2.16\",\n \"angular-google-chart\": \"~0.0.8\",\n \"angular-mocks\": \"1.2.16\",\n \"angular-scenario\": \"1.2.16\",\n \"angular-sanitize\": \"1.2.16\",\n \"angular-grid\": \"2.0.11\",\n \"angular-route\": \"1.2.16\",\n \"bootstrap\": \"~3.0.3\",\n \"es5-shim\": \"~2.1.0\",\n \"json3\": \"~3.2.6\",\n \"moment\": \"2.5.1\",\n \"angular-resource\": \"1.2.16\",\n \"angular-moment\": \"~0.6.2\",\n \"jquery\": \"2.1.1\",\n \"jquery-ui\": \"~1.10.4\",\n \"angular-ui-calendar\": \"latest\",\n \"angular-bootstrap\": \"~0.11.0\",\n \"angular-ui-tinymce\": \"latest\",\n \"vis\": \"latest\"\n },\n \"resolutions\": {\n \"jquery\": \"2.1.1\"\n }\n}\n\nRunning bower install && find . ", "-name bootstrap.js\n$ bower install && find . ", "-name bootstrap.js\nbower cached git://github.com/angular/bower-angular.git#1.2.16\nbower validate 1.2.16 against git://github.com/angular/bower-angular.git#1.", "\n2.16\nbower cached git://github.com/angular/bower-angular-route.git#1.2.16\nbower validate 1.2.16 against git://github.com/angular/bower-angular-route.", "\ngit#1.2.16\nbower cached git://github.com/angular/bower-angular-cookies.git#1.2.16\nbower validate 1.2.16 against git://github.com/angular/bower-angular-cookie\ns.git#1.2.16\nbower cached git://github.com/twbs/bootstrap.git#3.0.3\nbower validate 3.0.3 against git://github.com/twbs/bootstrap.git#~3.0.3\nbower cached git://github.com/moment/moment.git#2.5.1\nbower validate 2.5.1 against git://github.com/moment/moment.git#2.5.1\nbower cached git://github.com/angular/bower-angular-mocks.git#1.2.16\nbower validate 1.2.16 against git://github.com/angular/bower-angular-mocks.", "\ngit#1.2.16\nbower cached git://github.com/angular-ui/ng-grid.git#2.0.11\nbower validate 2.0.11 against git://github.com/angular-ui/ng-grid.git#2.0.1\n1\nbower cached git://github.com/bouil/angular-google-chart.git#0.0.10\nbower validate 0.0.10 against git://github.com/bouil/angular-google-chart.g\nit#~0.0.8\nbower cached git://github.com/bestiejs/json3.git#3.2.6\nbower validate 3.2.6 against git://github.com/bestiejs/json3.git#~3.2.6\nbower cached git://github.com/angular/bower-angular-sanitize.git#1.2.16\nbower validate 1.2.16 against git://github.com/angular/bower-angular-saniti\nze.git#1.2.16\nbower cached git://github.com/angular/bower-angular-resource.git#1.2.16\nbower validate 1.2.16 against git://github.com/angular/bower-angular-resour\nce.git#1.2.16\nbower cached git://github.com/jquery/jquery.git#2.1.1\nbower validate 2.1.1 against git://github.com/jquery/jquery.git#2.1.1\nbower cached git://github.com/urish/angular-moment.git#0.6.2\nbower validate 0.6.2 against git://github.com/urish/angular-moment.git#~0.6\n.2\nbower cached git://github.com/components/jqueryui.git#1.10.4\nbower validate 1.10.4 against git://github.com/components/jqueryui.git#~1.1\n0.4\nbower cached git://github.com/es-shims/es5-shim.git#2.1.0\nbower validate 2.1.0 against git://github.com/es-shims/es5-shim.git#~2.1.0\nbower cached git://github.com/angular/bower-angular-scenario.git#1.2.16\nbower validate 1.2.16 against git://github.com/angular/bower-angular-scenar\nio.git#1.2.16\nbower cached git://github.com/angular-ui/ui-calendar.git#0.8.1\nbower validate 0.8.1 against git://github.com/angular-ui/ui-calendar.git#*\nbower cached git://github.com/angular-ui/ui-tinymce.git#0.0.5\nbower validate 0.0.5 against git://github.com/angular-ui/ui-tinymce.git#*\nbower cached git://github.com/angular-ui/bootstrap-bower.git#0.11.0\nbower validate 0.11.0 against git://github.com/angular-ui/bootstrap-bower.g\nit#~0.11.0\nbower cached git://github.com/almende/vis.git#3.1.0\nbower validate 3.1.0 against git://github.com/almende/vis.git#*\nbower cached git://github.com/jozzhart/tinymce.git#4.0.0\nbower validate 4.0.0 against git://github.com/jozzhart/tinymce.git#4.0.0\nbower cached git://github.com/angular/bower-angular.git#1.3.0-build.2974+\nsha.f3a763f\nbower validate 1.3.0-build.2974+sha.f3a763f against git://github.com/angula\nr/bower-angular.git#~1.3\nbower cached git://github.com/arshaw/fullcalendar.git#1.6.4\nbower validate 1.6.4 against git://github.com/arshaw/fullcalendar.git#~1.x\nbower cached git://github.com/jquery/jquery.git#1.11.1\nbower validate 1.11.1 against git://github.com/jquery/jquery.git#^1.8.0\nbower new version for git://github.com/angular/bower-angular.git#~1.3\nbower resolve git://github.com/angular/bower-angular.git#~1.3\nbower download https://github.com/angular/bower-angular/archive/v1.3.0-buil\nd.2982+sha.86340a5.tar.gz\nbower cached git://github.com/jquery/jquery.git#1.10.2\nbower validate 1.10.2 against git://github.com/jquery/jquery.git#~1.10.2\nbower extract angular#~1.3 archive.tar.gz\nbower invalid-meta angular is missing \"ignore\" entry in bower.json\nbower resolved git://github.com/angular/bower-angular.git#1.3.0-build.2982+\nsha.86340a5\n\nUnable to find a suitable version for angular, please choose one:\n 1) angular#1.2.16 which resolved to 1.2.16 and is required by angular-cookie\ns#1.2.16, angular-mocks#1.2.16, angular-resource#1.2.16, angular-route#1.2.16, a\nngular-sanitize#1.2.16, angular-scenario#1.2.16, sccd-ng\n 2) angular#~1.x which resolved to 1.2.16 and is required by angular-ui-tinym\nce#0.0.5\n 3) angular#>=1 which resolved to 1.2.16 and is required by angular-bootstrap\n#0.11.0\n 4) angular#^1.0.8 which resolved to 1.2.16 and is required by angular-grid#2\n.0.11\n 5) angular#~1.2.x which resolved to 1.2.16 and is required by angular-ui-cal\nendar#0.8.1\n 6) angular#>=1.0.0 <1.3.0 which resolved to 1.2.16 and is required by angula\nr-moment#0.6.2\n 7) angular#~1.3 which resolved to 1.3.0-build.2982+sha.86340a5 and is requir\ned by angular-google-chart#0.0.10\n\nPrefix the choice with ! ", "to persist it to bower.json\n\n[?] ", "Answer: 1\n\nPlease note that,\n fullcalendar#1.6.4 depends on jquery#~1.10.2 which resolved to jquery#1.10.2\n\n angular-grid#2.0.11 depends on jquery#^1.8.0 which resolved to jquery#1.11.1\n\n sccd-ng depends on jquery#2.1.1 which resolved to jquery#2.1.1\n jquery-ui#1.10.4 depends on jquery#>=1.6 which resolved to jquery#2.1.1\n angular-ui-calendar#0.8.1 depends on jquery#~2.x which resolved to jquery#2.", "\n1.1\n bootstrap#3.0.3 depends on jquery#>= 1.9.0 which resolved to jquery#2.1.1\n\nResort to using jquery#2.1.1 which resolved to jquery#2.1.1\nCode incompatibilities may occur.", "\n\nbower install angular-ui-tinymce#0.0.5\nbower install angular-bootstrap#0.11.0\nbower install angular-ui-calendar#0.8.1\nbower install angular-moment#0.6.2\nbower install vis#3.1.0\nbower install angular-google-chart#0.0.10\nbower install json3#3.2.6\nbower install es5-shim#2.1.0\nbower install angular-grid#2.0.11\nbower install angular-route#1.2.16\nbower install angular-resource#1.2.16\nbower install angular-scenario#1.2.16\nbower install angular#1.2.16\nbower install angular-sanitize#1.2.16\nbower install jquery#2.1.1\nbower install tinymce#4.0.0\nbower install jquery-ui#1.10.4\nbower install fullcalendar#1.6.4\nbower install moment#2.5.1\nbower install angular-mocks#1.2.16\nbower install angular-cookies#1.2.16\nbower install bootstrap#3.0.3\n\nangular-ui-tinymce#0.0.5 bower_components\\angular-ui-tinymce\n├── angular#1.2.16\n└── tinymce#4.0.0\n\nangular-bootstrap#0.11.0 bower_components\\angular-bootstrap\n└── angular#1.2.16\n\nangular-ui-calendar#0.8.1 bower_components\\angular-ui-calendar\n├── angular#1.2.16\n├── fullcalendar#1.6.4\n├── jquery#2.1.1\n└── jquery-ui#1.10.4\n\nangular-moment#0.6.2 bower_components\\angular-moment\n├── angular#1.2.16\n└── moment#2.5.1\n\nvis#3.1.0 bower_components\\vis\n\nangular-google-chart#0.0.10 bower_components\\angular-google-chart\n└── angular#1.2.16\n\njson3#3.2.6 bower_components\\json3\n\nes5-shim#2.1.0 bower_components\\es5-shim\n\nangular-grid#2.0.11 bower_components\\angular-grid\n├── angular#1.2.16\n└── jquery#2.1.1\n\nangular-route#1.2.16 bower_components\\angular-route\n└── angular#1.2.16\n\nangular-resource#1.2.16 bower_components\\angular-resource\n└── angular#1.2.16\n\nangular-scenario#1.2.16 bower_components\\angular-scenario\n└── angular#1.2.16\n\nangular#1.2.16 bower_components\\angular\n\nangular-sanitize#1.2.16 bower_components\\angular-sanitize\n└── angular#1.2.16\n\njquery#2.1.1 bower_components\\jquery\n\ntinymce#4.0.0 bower_components\\tinymce\n\njquery-ui#1.10.4 bower_components\\jquery-ui\n└── jquery#2.1.1\n\nfullcalendar#1.6.4 bower_components\\fullcalendar\n└── jquery#2.1.1\n\nmoment#2.5.1 bower_components\\moment\n\nangular-mocks#1.2.16 bower_components\\angular-mocks\n└── angular#1.2.16\n\nangular-cookies#1.2.16 bower_components\\angular-cookies\n└── angular#1.2.16\n\nbootstrap#3.0.3 bower_components\\bootstrap\n└── jquery#2.1.1\n\nA:\n\nDoing bower cache clean, then renaming the bower_components and doing bower install again fixed this issue.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "NEPTUNE, N.J. (CBSNewYork) — Four people were attacked by a pit bull on Tuesday morning, at an apartment complex in Neptune City.", "\n\nAs CBS2’s Alice Gainer reported, the dog was finally stopped by a quick-moving resident.", "\n\nBlood was coming through the bandages on the arms of a 42-year-old woman. ", "She was bitten repeatedly and said had it not been for her 22-year-old nephew, she might be dead.", "\n\n“I heard somebody screaming,” the woman’s nephew Carl Henry Ganchier said.", "\n\nIt was just before 7 a.m. and Carl was in his bed.", "\n\nHis aunt had just dropped her baby off before work and was in the parking lot. ", "Once he heard her cries he ran out and wrangled the pit bull off of her.", "\n\n“I trying to get the dog, but he goes from behind her, trying to come on me now, and I kind of let him go and grabbed him from behind, put him in between my legs until the cops come,” he said.", "\n\nPrior to the attack, police said the dog bit three other people at the Brighton Arms III complex including a child.", "\n\n“As we were taking him to my patrol car he was extremely aggressive and trying to bite both of us,” Patrolman Alexander Parisi said.", "\n\nThey said a man named Terrance Simmons brought the pit bull to his sister’s apartment on Tuesday night. ", "On Wednesday morning, his nephew wanted to see the dog.", "\n\n“They open up the door and the pit bull viciously attacks the 10-year-old boy,” Public Safety Director Edward Kirschenbaum said.", "\n\nThat is when the 42-year-old woman was attacked. ", "Police praised Ganchier for what he did.", "\n\n“Carl’s a hero today because how do you not spring into action? ", "Not contain that dog?” ", "Parisi said.", "\n\nGranchier is happy he was able to stop the dog when he did.", "\n\n“A lot of kids around here going to school, could’ve been worse,” he said.", "\n\nFor his big save he now sports a minor scratch on his am. ", "All four people attacked were taken to local hospitals and are expected to be okay.", "\n\nPolice said Simmons was given the dog by a friend who got rid of it because it bit his wife.", "\n\nThe dog is now int he custody of the Monmouth County SPCA.", "\n\nAn investigation is underway." ]

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[ "\nCindy Wu and Experiment.com (YC W13) - dluan\nhttp://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2015/07/08/woman-raised-1-2-million-with-a-spirited-3-minute-speech/\n======\ndanieltillett\nWhat we really need to find a way to support long-term, high risk projects\ndriven by young scientists with breakthrough ideas. ", "At the moment all\nscientists have to live from grant to grant which makes it near impossible to\ngo after the really risky projects. ", "If you try a difficult project and fail\nthen you are out of a job.", "\n\nWe also, because of the wonderful system of peer review, pretty much only give\ngrants to old established researchers with long track records. ", "These\nscientists are great at running mini-empires, but not so good at coming up\nwith the really novel ideas that we so need.", "\n\n~~~\njacques_chester\n> _What we really need to find a way to support long-term, high risk projects\n> driven by young scientists with breakthrough ideas._", "\n\nFellowships typically fill the roll of paying for long-term, high risk\nresearch.", "\n\nIf it needs to be weighted away from established researchers, make it a\nlottery.", "\n\nCurrent funding models are optimised for convergence on leading hypotheses. ", "A\nlottery would increase coverage.", "\n\n~~~\ndanieltillett\nHaving a lottery is a good idea and one I support for grants in general. ", "The\ngrant review process should be simply \"is this idea viable and worthy of\nfunding - yes or no”. ", "If yes put it into the lottery and fund as many good\ngrants as you have resources. ", "Peer review works well for this type of sorting,\nbut it is terrible for trying to pick a top 10% idea from a top 15% idea. ", "It\njust isn’t possible for even the best scientists to be able to do this\nconsistently.", "\n\nThe problem with fellowships is that the longest I know of only go for 5 years\nand most of the junior ones are only for 3 years. ", "This is just not long enough\nto take the chance on failure.", "\n\nIf you want to encourage young talented people to tackle really hard and high\nrisk problems you need to provide funding for at least 10 years.", "\n\nI would go as far as adding a restriction that recipients of these high risk\nfellowships can’t publish in anything but the absolutely top tier journals\n(Nature, Science, Cell, etc) for the first 7 years so they don’t get\ndistracted from the high risk work that other scientists can’t afford to do.", "\n\n~~~\ncindywu123\nIn my opinion we are missing out on great discoveries because we allow a small\nnumber of humans determine if a scientific research question is worthy of\nfunding. ", "If a single scientist thinks an idea is worth doing and can find the\nresources to support it, she should do it.", "\n\nWe will move to a system where we only ask 'can this question be answered by\nthe scientific method?' ", "If we use the scientific method to answer these\nquestions we will uncover secrets of the universe that would never survive in\nthe current system humans have designed.", "\n\nThe best scientists do not design their experiments with a goal of publishing\nin top tier journals. ", "And as a community, we should not be encouraging this\nbehavior.", "\n\nThe best scientists investigate questions out of pure curiosity and as a side\neffect publish the most impactful research.", "\n\nYoung talented people are already tackling really hard and high risk problems.", "\nIf this is truly what young scientists want to do, they will find a way. ", "10\nyears of guaranteed salary is not the solution, but giving everyone the\nopportunity to be a scientist may be.", "\n\n~~~\ndanieltillett\n>Young talented people are already tackling really hard and high risk\nproblems. ", "If this is truly what young scientists want to do, they will find a\nway. ", "10 years of guaranteed salary is not the solution, but giving everyone\nthe opportunity to be a scientist may be.", "\n\nI love your idealism, but having climbed the greasy pole to academic tenure (I\nhave since left science) I can say that you really can’t afford to work on the\nhigh risk projects. ", "When you are a junior scientist the more senior scientists\ncontrol what you can work on and they want you generating publications. ", "When\nyou are a post doc you can’t afford to not get publications out and hence you\nhave to work in areas which will produce results within 2 years. ", "Once you are\na senior scientist you are forced to work on projects that will generate x\nnumber of papers within the 3 year grant period or else you wont get any\nfurther funding. ", "At every stage of your career you are effectively forced to\nwork on projects that are guaranteed to generate publishable results within\nthe next 2 years.", "\n\nThe reason I suggested that the scientists awarded one of these 10 year\nfellowships are not allowed to publish in anything but the top journals is to\nremove the pressure of publishing off the fellows and allow them to\nconcentrate on solving the difficult problems. ", "The only reason I suggested an\nexception for the top tier journals is in rare case the fellow made a lucky\nbreakthrough - we don’t want them sitting on some important result for years\njust because they not allowed to publish.", "\n\nI have many high risk/high reward projects that I would have loved to have\nworked on when I was a professional scientist, but I could not afford to do\nso. ", "I knew if I failed to produce consistent publishable results I would be\nout of a job. ", "Even once I had tenure I could not in all honesty ask my\nstudents or post docs to work on projects with a significant risk of failure.", "\nWe have created a system where we have a high probability of making\nincremental progress, but almost no chance of big breakthroughs.", "\n\n------\nPieSquared\nThe SF Bay Area community bio labs (BioCurious and Counter Culture Labs [0])\nare considering using this platform to try and fund their iGEM team,\nresearching inducing UV resistance in E. Coli and then optimizing it with\ndirected evolution. ", "Community labs have effectively no funding to operate\nwith, so these types of platforms (Experiment, Kickstarter, etc) are\nincredibly important for them.", "\n\nIf you'd like to support the SF Bay Area community labs and hobbyist\nbiologists trying to do real research without academic and commercial funding,\nwatch the Experiment.com biology section [1] over the next week or two!", "\n\n[0] [http://biocurious.org/](http://biocurious.org/) and\n[https://counterculturelabs.org/](https://counterculturelabs.org/) [1]\n[https://experiment.com/discover](https://experiment.com/discover)\n\n~~~\ncindywu123\nandrew, come by our office next week!", "\n\n~~~\nPieSquared\nSadly I'm not in the Bay Area for the next 3-4 weeks and missed the original\nmessage :) Also I'm not really the one organizing the BioCurious funding, so\nmaybe not the right person to speak to on that matter...\n\nNonetheless I'd be delighted to meet you at some point, Experiment.com sounds\nlike a pretty great organization :)\n\n------\njoshu\nSilly summary; the talk isn't the thing that raised the money.", "\n\n(I am an investor in Experiment.com)\n\n~~~\nteej\nThe world wants to belive that YC works like Shark Tank.", "\n\n------\nreasonattlm\nExperiment.com falls into an awkward area for my fundraising efforts for\nlongevity science projects. ", "The community I raise from has been funding a few\nn*$10k scientific projects every year or so for a decade now, and the yearly\nfundraiser I cheerlead brought in $150k last year, and will hopefully do as\nwell this year (halfway there). ", "We're growing slowly in reach, but would\ngreatly benefit from a Kickstarter-like thing that helps us pull in a larger\naudience and new faces.", "\n\nThat doesn't seem to be experiment.com yet, or indeed any of the organizations\ntrying to crack the same nut of how you make crowdfunding work for research\nprojects. ", "We wouldn't do any better with them than we do with our own hacked-\ntogether infrastructure and communication channels. ", "We need the existence of a\nlarge successful science crowdfunding community before it is worth our trying\nto surf on that science crowdfunding community, and I'm sure we're not the\nonly people with that chicken and egg situation.", "\n\nSome folk in the community have had luck with indiegogo.com for scientific\nresearch projects, such as mouse gene therapy or immune transfer treatments in\nEuropean labs at a few tens of thousands of dollars, but even there I think it\nis a case that you are buying infrastructure for the audience you bring to the\ntable, not buying fresh faces and new listeners to persuade to your point of\nview.", "\n\nI'm vaguely hopeful that among the competitors in this space someone will come\nup with something that works and scales and pulls in the crowds, the halo of\nattention. ", "There are some quite different styles of approach floating around,\nsuch as labcures.com that implements a \"back a team\" strategy, or lifespan.io\nthat'll be launching sometime soon. ", "Perhaps one of them will gain more\ntraction. ", "Experimentation is key.", "\n\n~~~\ndluan\nEh, I guess I don't mind. ", "Our lever on the chicken-egg problem is that we'll\nalways go out to find the best and most impactful science, and this type of\nscience will always be funded because this type of science is always growing.", "\nWe'd rather have 1000 $1k projects than 1 $1M project. ", "The halo of small\ngroups is what will bring meaningful scientific results. ", "Caveat to all of this\nis that there is one project right now that's so far raised $1.55M\n([http://experiment.com/curebatten](http://experiment.com/curebatten)) for\norphan disease research.", "\n\nResearchers who use Indiegogo are only using it because 1) they are locked-in\nby their institutions (a small number of universities coerce their faculty\nlike this) or 2) they can't yet use Experiment because they are outside of the\nUS.", "\n\n------\nniels_olson\nI didn't realize Cindy was the driving force behind this. ", "I just need to re-do\nmy video and my project should be ready to launch...\n\n~~~\ncindywu123\n👌🏻\n\n------\nshanev\nWhat a great idea. ", "Maybe this is what will keep corporate interests out of\nscientific research, as there's more transparency and diversity in funding\nsources. ", "I'm willing to bet the reproducibility rate for these studies will be\nmuch higher than the ~30% average.", "\n\n~~~\ncindywu123\nIn my opinion reproducibility is a technical problem. ", "Once research is\npublished and peer reviewed in real time, all studies should be reproducible.", "\nIf they are not reproducible, we should have insight into exactly why they are\nnot and propose a solution.", "\n\n------\nambicapter\nScanning through the website (Experiment.com) I am both surprised and elated\nat how many projects seem to be 100% funded.", "\n\n~~~\ntechnotony\nSadly the stats aren't that good. ", "From the article \"Two years on and with a\nsmart name change, “Experiment” has launched 5,058 projects and funded 336 of\nthem\" so still a long way to go - Kickstarter's success rate I think is around\n40%. ", "That's still 336 research projects that wouldn't have been funded\notherwise! ", "Go Cindy!", "\n\n~~~\ndluan\nThe 5,058 projects figure are people who've signed up and started projects.", "\nThere've actually only been 836 launched projects, with 336 funded and 395\nfailed. ", "Not sure why that number got reported, perhaps an attempt at \"there\nare 5000+ researchers who've signed up\".", "\n\n[https://experiment.com/stats](https://experiment.com/stats)\n\n------\ndesdiv\nI shudder to imagine how much the experiment.com domain must have cost.", "\n\n~~~\ntrevyn\n$54k :) [http://priceonomics.com/how-microryza-acquired-the-domain-\nex...](http://priceonomics.com/how-microryza-acquired-the-domain-\nexperimentcom/)\n\n~~~\nbloaf\nMeanwhile, GivingTo.", "Science is sitting at $75\n\nIs there a reason people would want to avoid newer domains like .science?", "\n\n~~~\njonathankoren\nBranding. ", ".com is the top-domain. ", "It's synonymous with Internet companies.", "\nWithout a traditional TLD, your domain doesn't even look like a domain.", "\nInstead it look s like a bunch of random.words.smashed.into.one. (", "Which\ncoincidentally, is a valid domain.)", "\n\n------\nkeso_77\nI like this a lot. ", "Kickstarter for scientists. ", "It would be very welcome if\nscientists didn't have to come up with military applications of their research\nin order to get funding.", "\n\n------\ndevanti\nIt seems they used to have more employees and 2 other co-founders. ", "Wonder what\nhappened\n\n~~~\ncindywu123\none day we will write about the experiment story. ", "one thing that is true for\nall startups is things never go the way you expect. ", "😏\n\n------\nthrowawayhs\nHah, I went to high school with her. ", "I saw the early Microryza stuff, didn't\nthink much of it. ", "I'm glad it seems to be going well.", "\n\n------\ntonydiv\nTo tie a funding round to nothing more than a \"spirited 3-minute speech\" is\nsilly. ", "If I had to guess, Cindy is a fearless founder who has been working\nhard for a long time to achieve her vision.", "\n\nThis article's title makes it sound like it's as easy as skipping your\nStarbucks run to found a company and raise $1M+.", "\n\n~~~\ndluan\n> If I had to guess, Cindy is a fearless founder who has been working hard for\n> a long time to achieve her vision.", "\n\nYup.", "\n\n------\nrory096\nA 3-minute speech... at YC Demo Day.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Heated Pools in Spartanburg County South Carolina > USA\n\nAdvertisements\n\nThere are generally discounts available to senior citizen and tiny children. ", "Find out by contacting your nearest pool in Spartanburg County. ", "Are you on holiday and wish to keep fit and healthy? ", "Swimia.com gives you the painless and quickest way to obtain pool near Spartanburg County.", "\n\nPlease check the nearest Heated Pools in Spartanburg County or Contact us to ADD IT. ", "It's absolutely free! ", "The most beneficial Heated Pools in Spartanburg County are located primarily in big cities but it is also frequent to locate public pools in rural places.", "\n\nRegular users told us essentially the most necessary thing of swimming is to control your breathing. ", "To get this, our head should be aligned with our spine all of the time. ", "For Spartanburg County and its vicinity, we're showing you each of the registered Swimming Pools, some of them have no GPS coordinates and you're not locating them at the map.", "\n\nSwimming is actually a great idea to keep your body active in the course of your visit to Southern Shops (Spartanburg County), or even in case you are a local. ", "Swimia helps you to find your closest Swimming Pool in Southern Shops.", "\n\nIt's difficult to visit Spartanburg County with out dropping by Woodruff (with 4.090 residents). ", "Currently Swimia is showing you all the Swimming Pool in Woodruff and also the closest pools located in its vicinity.", "\n\nTop Swimming Pools in Spartanburg County\n\n266 S. Pine St. , Spartanburg , SC , USA (Postal Code: 29302). ", "Few days ago a regular user of this center told us they offer 25 yards, 12 lanes, Indoors. ", "Furthermore, they keep in good conditions 25 yards, 5 lanes, Indoors. ", "For this Swimming Pool, only phone number is number here." ]

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[ "People who frequently suffer from chronic pain in their muscles or joints often do not know what treatment they really need. ", "There are tons of treatment available out there, which can make it daunting to figure out which is the right for you, especially with all of the misinformation floating around the internet. ", "More specifically, people are unsure if they should see a chiropractor or a physical therapist. ", "Today, we will be going through some differences between chiropractic treatment and physical therapy, so we can find out which one is the ideal treatment for you.", "\n\nUnderstanding the Differences\n\nFirst and foremost, you’ll have to understand that the way a chiropractic specialist and physical therapist treat patients is quite different. ", "A chiropractor deals with an extremely specialized form of treatment which involves joint manipulation and some muscle release techniques. ", "Some techniques the chiropractor uses are the Gonstead technique and the Cox-Flexion Distraction.", "\n\nOn the other hand, a physical therapist encompasses a much wider range of treatment techniques and can even have the ability to manipulate the spine much like a chiropractor. ", "In addition to this, physical therapists should be able to perform muscle release techniques along with possessing a wide knowledge of core stability exercises for one’s posture, balance and pain relief. ", "On top of that, a physical therapist is able to help perform myofascial release together with the other roles they have, making them a more all-rounded specialist.", "\n\nThat being said, it doesn’t mean that a physical therapist is better than a chiropractor when it comes to treating the different ailments that you may have. ", "It all depends on how much experience and skills that each physical therapist and chiropractor have under their belt along with how comfortable they are at performing a particular set of treatment. ", "A physical therapist may be able to perform spinal adjustments, but you will realize that their techniques are far more conservative as compared to an average chiropractor.", "\n\nIn conclusion, it is best to have a first-hand experience with both a physical therapist and a chiropractor in order to see how satisfied you are with each treatment and how they help with alleviating your condition. ", "From there, you’ll be able to tell just how much of each treatment you really benefit from and adjust your following treatments to suit your needs. ", "It goes without saying that it is best if you find an accredited specialist that has lots of experience in treating your particular condition in order to hasten the process." ]

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[ "Alesso returns to the Essential Mix stage. ", "The Swedish superstar delivers a mix of two halves, with an hour of fresh house and techno and an hour of classics and influences." ]

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[ "Bacterial community structure and diversity during establishment of an anaerobic bioreactor to treat swine wastewater.", "\nAn upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was successfully established to treat swine wastewater. ", "The bacterial structure and biodiversity of activated sludge in the anaerobic bioreactor were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and amplified 16S rDNA restriction analysis (ARDRA). ", "The UASB reactor was acclimatized with swine wastewater for a period of 36 days and exhibited an increase in daily COD removal rate up to 90% and methane production up to 9.5 L/day for an influent COD of 3,500 mg/L at the end of the start-up period. ", "The reactor was then run continuously with an influent COD of 3,000-6,000 mg/L in the following two months of steady operation, reaching COD removal rate of 90-95% and methane production of 9.5-13.2 L/day respectively. ", "The results of microbial community analysis showed a diversified and abundant bacterial structure and biodiversity during the start-up period, which then changed insignificantly in the steady operation period. ", "The change patterns of the bacterial population function were similar to those of the bioreactor performance, indicating a close relationship between bacterial community structure and treatment efficiency." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCheck null value in MS Access Query\n\nIn SQL Server we can use IsNull() function to check whether expression value is null or not. ", "For ex.", "\nSelect IsNull(sum(amount),0) as TotalAmount\n From Payments \n\nLikewise is there any function in MS Access Query to check the null? ", "I need the same statement to be executed in MS Access Query.", "\nCan anybody tell me the replacement for IsNull() in MS Access?", "\n\nA:\n\nUsing Jet/ACE your query can be re-written as:\nSELECT IIf(Sum(amount) Is Null, 0, Sum(amount)) AS TotalAmount\nFROM Payments\n\nThis should work even from C# because Is Null and IIf are both built in to Jet/ACE. ", " Please note the space in Is Null and the lack of parentheses (it is a statement, not a function).", "\nThere are two added bonuses to using IIf and Is Null as opposed to Nz even if Nz is available to you:\n\nit executes faster because all the processing is done within the database engine (so it doesn't have to make function calls to the Access library)\nit retains the field's original type; because Nz returns a Variant, Jet/ACE is forced to display the result as a string (which is usually not what you want when dealing with dates, numerics, etc)\n\nUPDATE: Allen Browne has an excellent primer on the use of IIf, Nz, IsNull(), and Is Null. ", " I was planning on posting that link as my original answer, but I couldn't find the page at the time. ", " I did the best I could from memory, but the true credit goes to Mr. Browne.", "\n\nA:\n\nPretty much the equivalent in Access is the nz function.", "\nThere's a good page on how to use it here.", "\nHowever, if you're using Access just as a database backend and using Jet in your connectionstring then nz won't be available to you.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "Re. ", "27,617 (Olsen) discloses a process of making a louvered light control film by skiving a billet of alternating layers of plastic having relatively low (clear) and relatively high (pigmented) optical densities. ", "Upon skiving the billet, the pigmented layers provide light-collimating louver elements which, as illustrated in the patent, may extend orthogonally to the surface of the resulting louvered plastic film. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,707,416 (Stevens) discloses a process whereby the light-collimating louver elements may be canted with respect to the surface of the louvered plastic film. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,919,559 (Stevens) teaches a process for attaining a gradual change in the angle of cant of successive light-collimating louver elements.", "\nAmong uses for louvered plastic films are as lenses in goggles as shown in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,791,722 (Ahlberg et al.) ", "to be worn where high levels of illumination or glare are encountered. ", "When used as a transparent covering for a back-lighted instrument panel, a louvered plastic film minimizes reflections, e.g., from being cast onto the windshield of an automobile. ", "A louvered plastic film can also be used to give a black-and-white photographic negative the appearance of a positive made from the negative, as taught in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,653,138 (Cooper).", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,128,685 (Lowrey et al.) ", "reports that billets from which louvered plastic films have been skived often are heated during the skiving, but that the heat \"may tend to be absorbed preferentially by the opaque louver material so that the billet employed is softer along the louver lines than along the clear or transparent lines\" (col. ", "1, lines 13-21). ", "The patent teaches how to select materials for the billet so that the alternating clear and pigmented (opaque) layers have relatively uniform heat absorptive ability. ", "The preferred material for the pigmented layers comprises self-crosslinking anionic acrylates, water-soluble polyazo direct dyes such as \"Formanil Black G\", and finely divided silica.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,922,440 (Wegwerth et al.) ", "points out that because louvered plastic films \"are thin sheet materials: (1) they are not by themselves capable of structurally withstanding extreme stresses and (2) they are subject to distortion from physical stress and temperatures\" (col. ", "1, lines 19-22). ", "Furthermore, the skiving by which the louvered plastic films are produced results in irregular surfaces. ", "Accordingly, as in Example 1 of that patent, the louvered plastic film usually is laminated under pressure between two clear plastic films, e.g., cellulose acetate butyrate, the material usually used in making louvered plastic films. ", "Typically, the louvered plastic film is skived to a thickness from 0.2 to 0.4 mm, and each of the outer clear plastic films has a thickness of about 0.15 to 0.3 mm.", "\nWegwerth's process of laminating louvered plastic films between two clear films requires an expensive press that is expensive to operate, in part from the need to distribute heat uniformly, and in part from the need to apply pressure with precision. ", "Because the resulting laminates cannot be larger than the platens of the press in which they are laminated, the press must be sufficiently large and expensive to produce the largest required size." ]

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[ "Democratic senator Kamala Harris, who announced her candidacy for president yesterday, has been hailed as a “political Beyoncé.” ", "Who can forget the GIFs of her questioning Brett Kavanaugh during his confirmation hearings, or her epic grilling of Jeff Sessions as part of the Senate’s probe into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election?", "\n\nHarris is also fluent in the language of social justice, and she’s become a central figure in the Democrats’ attempt to woo younger, hipper, and more diverse voters. ", "But there are occasions when it’s hard to square the mythologizing of Harris with her track record as a prosecutor and attorney general.", "\n\nWhen Harris was a D.A. in San Francisco, convictions for drug-related crimes soared 18 percent. ", "She also pushed to make truancy a crime for which parents could be jailed, attempted to block the release of nonviolent second-strike offenders from overcrowded prisons (by arguing that prisons would lose a vital pool of cheap labor), and contested a transgender inmate’s bid for gender-confirmation surgery.", "\n\nHarris was also criticized by activists for going after the platforms sex workers use to vet potential clients and keep themselves safe. ", "She twice brought criminal charges related to human trafficking against Backpage.com, an emoji-filled website used by escorts, while sponsoring federal bills that led to the site’s seizure.", "\n\nThe 2016 indictment named 17 victims, both adults and children, who were allegedly trafficked on the site, and some of their stories are harrowing. ", "One 15-year-old girl, identified as E.S., said she was forced into prostitution when she was 13. “", "I mean really, coming from someone my age, there was too much access, like it’s too easy for people to get on it and post an ad,” she told California Special Agent Brian Fichtner, according to his affidavit.", "\n\nBut while the closing of the site had a negligible impact on the pimping of children (abusers simply found other platforms, according to a 2017 New York Times story), it had a direct effect on the lives of sex workers.", "\n\nWest Seegmiller, a former sex worker and organizer for Sex Workers Outreach Project Los Angeles, says that Harris’s efforts to shutdown Backpage directly affected his livelihood. “", "It basically forced me back into much more dangerous forms of sex work, including soliciting clients on unconventional platforms, like Grindr, that aren’t intended for erotic services,” he says.", "\n\n“I found myself fighting eviction, trying to scrape together enough money to eat every day. ", "I returned to clients that I had refused because they did hard drugs,” he continues. “", "I was, just generally, in much more dangerous situations with people.”", "\n\nAccording to a study published in 2016 in the Journal of Sex Research, sex workers who advertise their services online face less risk of physical violence or rape compared to those who work on the streets, though violence in both venues is still pronounced.", "\n\n“Across all venues where sex is sold, including the internet, sex workers face such risks as physical violence, sexual assault, rape, robbery, kidnapping, arrest, harassment, threats of violence, and emotional abuse,” the report reads.", "\n\nBut, Seegmiller says, “With Backpage, you had the opportunity to connect with clientele that were already familiar with what was expected of them in that kind of transactional relationship. ", "They were more professional and safer.”", "\n\nSince the closing of Backpage and the passage of FOSTA-SESTA, a pair of anti-sex trafficking bills signed into law by Donald Trump last year, sex workers have found other ways to vet potential clients but many of these methods require industry connections or advanced internet savviness, says Seegmiller.", "\n\nThere’s a presumption that male sex workers face fewer dangers, but Seegmiller doesn’t believe that to be true, pointing to Ed Buck, the prominent democratic donor who has been accused by activists of preying on black sex workers. ", "Since 2017, two men, Gemmel Moore and Timothy Dean, have been found dead of apparent overdoses inside Buck’s West Hollywood home. “", "The whole situation with Buck, in my own neighborhood, has forced me to confront my own assumptions that men are less vulnerable to violence and exploitation,” Seegmiller says.", "\n\nHe believes that politicians will continue to conflate sex work with sex trafficking because it’s politically expedient, even if the end result is that people from disadvantaged communities will be negatively impacted.", "\n\n“The broader picture is that sex workers need real criminal justice reform,” he says. “", "That’s what Kamala Harris wants to be seen as championing, but it doesn’t seem like this narrative matches up with her own record.”", "\n\nRELATED: Kamala Harris Announces She’s Running for President\n\nStay on top of the latest in L.A. food and culture. ", "Sign up for our newsletters today." ]

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[ "21 - Magic by Sweden (2 Disc Set) - DVD\n\nTen inventors and performers of magic took siege of the magic bar in stockholm to record project 21, but it proved impossible to hold a strong fort against the proprietor who opened the doors and laymen flooded the premises. ", "Could they continue their secret work, just a few feet away from the unsuspecting guests? ", "The following takes place between 10 am and 11 pm:\n\nAxel Adlercreutz\n\nThe Self Bending Straw - A drinking straw bends by itself as you hold it lightly.", "\n\nCircle Vanish - A very visual coin vanish.", "\n\nTwo rope & ring moves - Fast, clean and super visual linking and unlinking of a ring and rope.", "\n\nErik Nordvall\n\nMemoradix - After three increasingly impossible card locations, the deck ends up in new deck order.", "\n\nClink Catch - An eyecatching stunt. ", "Start with coins, turn them into anything you like.", "\n\nTomas Blomberg\n\nTime After Time - An amazing principle. ", "Three spectators, a shuffled deck and a series of random events leading to three impossible card revelations that will probably even fool the performer.", "\n\nQuotes:\n\n\"I have rarely enjoyed watching a magic DVD as much as this one. ", "The productions values are top-notch, the setting is elegant, the inventors are charming and well-rehearsed, and the material is of an extremely high quality.\"- ", "Gordon Bean\n\n\"Ten of Scandinavias most clever and talented magicians demonstrate and teach their magic on this new DVD. ", "This is creative, energetic and visual magic in a beautifully produced DVD, highly recommended.\"- ", "Matthew Field, Editor, The Magic Circular\n\n\"Watch out for the latest invasion from Scandinavia! ", "Fortunately it is just excellent magic, very well executed. ", "A Smorgasbord of Magic - it\"s their specialty.\"- ", "Roberto Giobbi\n\n\"Do yourself a favor and get 21! ", "Twen-ty-one, Twen-ty-one!\"- Bill-Ma-lone\n\n\"Creativity is certainly alive and well in Sweden! ", "The thoughts that popped into my head as I watched were - Wow! ", "This is excellent! ", "Great thinking! ", "Got me again! ", "How cool is that! ", "My two word recommendation - \"Buy it!\"- Mike Powers" ]

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[ "Tony Blair has been accused of “unacceptable” behaviour after it emerged he has been briefing Emmanuel Macron on how to force Britain to stay in the EU.", "\n\nThe former Labour prime minister believes that if the EU stands its ground over the Brexit deal, Parliament will cave in and accept a customs union - which would keep Britain yoked to Brussels - or a second referendum that could cancel Brexit altogether.", "\n\nSources in Paris confirmed to The Telegraph that Mr Blair had been speaking to the French President about Brexit.", "\n\nHe is reported to have told Mr Macron to “hold firm” and wait for events to play out in London that end in Britain staying in the EU.", "\n\nPeter Bone, a Eurosceptic Conservative MP, said: “It is totally unacceptable for a former prime minister to go around the heads of European countries and undermine the Government’s position. ", "I’m not sure we could find another time in modern history when this has happened.", "\n\n“Tony Blair has to realise he has had his time as prime minister and I’m surprised and disappointed he has done this. ", "I doubt he would have liked it if his predecessors had done this to him.", "\n\n“Thankfully I don’t think it will have any effect other than to damage his legacy.”" ]

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[ "Post navigation\n\nSpecial Blackout Excerpt!", "\n\nNew York whirled around us, people bustling to get to where they were going. ", "JFK had been packed, but we managed to hail a cab and get ourselves to the loft in Manhattan, where we would be staying. ", "It was easy to get to Theatre Row, our undercover location, from the high-rise building. ", "Our backstory was simple. ", "Rae and I were from a company out in California, and we were looking to move to New York. ", "We wanted to try out a couple locations before deciding to make a permanent decision.", "\n\nRae insisted we maintain that we were friends, so as to avoid complications. ", "Hell, our friendship was complicated already after New Orleans, but whatever made her feel comfortable. ", "I flung down my bag on the queen bed in the sparsely furnished room. ", "The Bureau made sure we had the necessities, so that was nice.", "\n\n“There’s a tech meeting at the theatre tonight.” ", "Rae leaned on the doorframe with a sigh. “", "Certainly not the Ritz, huh?”", "\n\nI chuckled. “", "Nope, but it works. ", "You okay?”", "\n\nShe raised and lowered a shoulder. “", "Usual zone. ", "Feeling more uneasy about this one than I was when Madame Evangeline was telling my future.”", "\n\nI had to admit, I missed Sabine’s grandmother. ", "I missed New Orleans. ", "I missed…well, I missed holding and kissing Rae. “", "Heh.”", "\n\n“Should we get something to eat first? ", "I’m sure there’s a pizza place.”", "\n\nI loved how Rae knew when to break obvious building tension. “", "Order in?”", "\n\nShe smiled and walked to the olive green kitchen. “", "Geez, you’d think they’d make some decorating changes since the 70s.” ", "She thumbed through a stack of takeout brochures by the fridge, settling on one and placing an order for a large pepperoni pizza and a bottle of Coke. ", "I hated this on duty crap. ", "Pizza and Coke just wasn’t the same.", "\n\nI slumped into the sofa, sinking into the middle. ", "Clearly they were trying to keep us in the façade that we were struggling theatre people. “", "Damn,” I groaned, adjusting my position. “", "Hey, Rae, wanna experience true torture?”", "\n\n“Aww, come on. ", "Cuddle up with me on the couch of death.” ", "I patted the empty spot.", "\n\nShe huffed and walked over, sitting down with a small scream. “", "What is this? ", "I think a spring just poked me. ", "Undercover, or not, we’re replacing this monstrosity tomorrow.”", "\n\n“And that’s why I love you, Rae.” ", "As soon as the words left my mouth, I coughed, realizing what could be implied. “", "I mean, in the platonic sense. ", "Hey, let’s see what’s on TV.” ", "I grabbed the remote from the side table drawer and turned on the old set, my heart longing for my flat screen at home. ", "I found an old Friends episode, and we lapsed into uncomfortable silence. ", "Shit, I thought. ", "You sure put your foot in it this time, Thompson. ", "But, I did love her. ", "Maybe this time around she’d finally let me in." ]

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[ "Dealing With Challenging Clients\n\nRenowned interior designers Robin Baron and Corey Damen Jenkins discuss their approach when having those tough talks with clients about budgets, conflicting design ideas, and respect.", "\n\nNew York City-based Robin Baron and Detroit-based Corey Damen Jenkins have been conducting their live talk show — Bringing It Home — at various markets such as High Point and Dallas over the past six months to help fellow interior designers find solutions to today’s challenges while building their brands.", "\n\nAt the High Point Market event, the topic of dealing with difficult clients took center stage in front of a standing-room-only crowd.", "\n\nAlmost like a blind date, the initial client consultation is comprised of both sides sizing one another up. “", "When I meet with a client I realize that not only are they interviewing me, but I’m interviewing them as well,” Robin Baron noted. “", "I look for rapport; I like to make people laugh. ", "I look to see whether they’re the type who is going to overthink everything, and whether they are going to be able to keep the momentum going.”", "\n\nWhen a “match” isn’t made in heaven, it’s okay to walk away. “", "Don’t be afraid to turn work down,” Baron stated. “", "I just turned down a job because I could tell the client was not going to be a good fit for me. ", "I like to conduct the interview in their home, so I can see how comfortable they are there. ", "I read between the lines and look at signals.”", "\n\n“I look at body language,” Jenkins added. ", "First impressions mean a lot. “", "If a client doesn’t offer me something to drink or eat, that tells me whether they’re going to treat me like the help or family,” he stated.", "\n\nSometimes it’s easy to forget where an interior designer stands in the grand scheme of a large construction project. “", "When a client is building a home, we [can be viewed as] just a cog in the machine. ", "There are so many different contractors involved,” said Jenkins, who believes there are four chief executives on every new home construction project: Client, Builder, Architect, and Designer. ", "The interior designer, however, is more influential than is often given credit. “", "The placement of the sconce comes from me, and even the idea of having a wall comes from me,” Jenkins stated. “", "The designer is the conductor of this orchestra.”", "\n\nThe B Word\n\nAt some point in the conversation, money is going to be addressed. “", "They have to tell you what the budget is going to be, and you have to hit that target for them financially,” Jenkins commented.", "\n\nWhile Baron finds the topic to be a prickly one, Jenkins has no problem hitting it head on. “", "I just point-blank ask, ‘What’s your budget?’ ", "I tell them I have no problem mixing Henredon with Home Goods if that’s what the budget is, but if you’re going to tell me that you love Baker and you don’t give me a dollar amount, then I’m going to design with those names in mind and the next thing you know, we’re at seven figures.”", "\n\nBaron has had some clients ask, “How much do you think the budget should be?” ", "or “What should it take?” ", "The answer: “I never, ever give a number, because they will remember and stick to it no matter what,” she explained. “", "As an interior designer, I have to understand where they’re at now. ", "What are their current home furnishings like? ", "Are they downsizing or upsizing?”", "\n\nThere are some clients who hire an interior designer, thinking it will make their renovation process less expensive. ", "That may be true, as in the case of preventing a costly mistake from happening, but the reality may be a little different.", "\n\n“My job is not to save you money. ", "I’m not a banker,” Jenkins explained. “", "I’m saving you heart-ache, for example, when the sofa you bought can’t fit through the door. ", "I’m here to help you spend your money wisely. ", "I’m here to give you professional guidance.”", "\n\nSticker shock doesn’t just happen when buying a new car; it can happen in home furnishings, too. “", "I always tell clients to pull out a bottle of vodka or whatever their favorite drink is because they’re going to need it when we go over the [materials] list line by line,” Baron remarked. “", "They need to trust you.”", "\n\nHow does one build trust? ", "Jenkins forewarns his clients about the three steps they will undoubtedly experience during the project. “", "I tell them, ‘First you will love me’ [at the consultation], then you will hate me [in the middle of the project when things go wrong], and then you will love me again [when the project is complete]. ", "I won’t take it personally. ", "They’re only going to hate me for a minute, but by saying it at the outset, they know what to expect,” he stated.", "\n\nBaron’s clients appreciate her candor, but she also knows when to be diplomatic. “", "I’m very out there and have opinions on everything. ", "My clients like that about me, but I know they also need to feel heard,” she says. “", "For example, I had a client couple who were emphatic that they wanted to keep the [awful] dining table. ", "Now if I told them right off the bat that the table wouldn’t work, they would be fighting me every day about it. ", "Instead, I let them come to that conclusion themselves as we went along with the project.”", "\n\nFiring a Client\n\nDespite one’s best efforts to pay attention to signals, “sometimes the best of us can get married to the wrong client,” Jenkins cautioned. ", "How do you make the best of a bad situation? “", "For that less-than-positive experience client, I try to shower them with love and attention,” Baron commented. “", "I try to get to the bottom of [the problem]. ", "Is it that they’re in over their head, even though they told me they knew they were over their budget?”", "\n\nUnfortunately, there are times when an interior designer has to “fire” a client. “", "Before that happens, I give warnings,” Jenkins noted. “", "For many people who have never hired a designer before, it’s a new experience to them. ", "We – the designer – already know how the project is going to turn out, so we don’t have that anxiety. ", "You have to provide boundaries and tell them nicely, ‘When you do that – for example, micro-manage – it makes me feel this way.’”", "\n\nThat said, it’s important to check your ego at the door. “", "You have to be extremely humble to do this job. ", "You can’t be a diva. ", "They can be a diva, since they write the check. ", "However if they start disrespecting my humanity, I will bow out of a project,” he noted.", "\n\nWhat’s the best way to “break up” with a client? ", "It’s not that different from a romantic relationship. “", "I tell them that we have different ideas of how the project will go, and ‘I’ll leave the color boards and floor plans that you paid for with you and will let you explore doing your vision on your own,’” Jenkins said.", "\n\nBaron, too, prefers a gracious exit — “except if someone disrespects my staff, then that’s it. ", "I’ve had to fire three clients in my life; two were disrespectful to my staff and one was unable to make a single decision in two years.”", "\n\nRefereeing Spouses\n\nEvery interior designer has been in the awkward position of trying to please two bosses: specifically the husband and wife in the client relationship.", "\n\n“Part of my job is identifying who the ‘power player’ is in the relationship. ", "Sometimes it’s him, sometimes it’s her, and sometimes it’s both of them,” Baron stated. “", "I always ask right up front, ‘Who makes the decisions?’ ", "If they say they both do, then I need both of them to sign off on everything and they both have to be at each client meeting.”", "\n\nThe trouble starts when the spouses don’t agree. “", "We all play marriage therapist on almost all of our jobs,” Baron quipped. “", "Just don’t pit one against the other.” ", "A contentious relationship between the clients requires delicate handling. ", "" ]

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[ "597 F.2d 681\n101 L.R.R.M. (BNA) 2734, 86 Lab.", "Cas. ", " P 11,362\nNATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD, Petitioner,v.ALBERT VAN LUIT & COMPANY, Respondent.", "\nNo. ", "78-2114.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Ninth Circuit.", "\nMay 24, 1979.", "\n\nElliott Moore, Deputy Assoc. ", " Gen. Counsel, Washington, D. C., for petitioner.", "\nStephen F. Harbison, Los Angeles, Cal., ", "for respondent.", "\nPetition for Enforcement of an Order of the National Labor Relations Board.", "\nBefore BROWNING and CHOY, Circuit Judges, and EAST,* District judge.", "\nPER CURIAM:\n\n\n1\nThe Petitioner (Board) seeks, pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 160(e), enforcement of its Supplemental Decision and Order of February 28, 1978, reported at 234 NLRB No. ", "30, 97 LRRM 1464. ", " The Supplemental Decision and Order affirmed, with insignificant modification, the Administrative Law Judge's (ALJ) Decision of May 19, 1977, 229 NLRB 811.", "\n\n\n2\nWe note jurisdiction and enforce.", "\n\nFACTS:\n\n3\nOn January 23, 1975, Southern California Printing Specialties & Paper Products Union, District Council # 2, AFL-CIO (the Union) was certified to represent the employees of Albert Van Luit & Company (the Company). ", " On June 29, 1975, the Company and the Union entered into a bargaining agreement, effective until June 28, 1977. ", " The agreement contains a standard union-security clause, requiring unit employees to become members of the Union within 30 days of commencement of employment and to maintain their membership in good standing. ", " The agreement also includes a dues checkoff provision directing the Company, upon receipt of a signed authorization from an employee, to deduct dues from the employee's wages and remit the dues to the Union. ", " The agreement provides that checkoff authorizations are to be irrevocable for one year and are to renew automatically unless the employee gives written notice to the Company and to the Union \"not more than twenty (20) days and not less than ten (10) days prior to the expiration of each period of one (1) year or of each applicable collective bargaining agreement . . . ", ".\"1\n\n\n4\nOn April 16, 1976, a petition was filed by employees requesting a union-security deauthorization election. ", " On May 28, the employees voted 76 for deauthorization and 58 against. ", " The Union filed objections, which were overruled, and the Regional Director certified the election results on August 31, 1976. ", " The Union's appeal was denied on October 5.", "\n\n\n5\nOn June 10 and 11, 1976, after the election but before certification, plant manager Robert Adams followed along as paychecks were distributed and gave each employee a blank checkoff revocation form, purporting to revoke authorization as of May 28, 1976, the date of the election. ", " In addition, Adams distributed an explanatory document which read:\n\n\n6\n\"To All Bargaining Unit Employees:\n\n\n7\n\"Many of you have asked what effect the Union Deauthorization vote on May 28, 1976, will have on the withholding of Union dues and fees from your paychecks. ", " As you know, you voted 76 to 58 to revoke the Union's authority to require that membership in the Union be required of all employees.", "\n\n\n8\n\"Our attorneys have advised us that we should withhold dues and fees for the Month of May, 1976 from your June 11, 1976, checks. ", " We will hold these fees and dues until it can be determined whether we must pay them to the Union or whether we can refund them to you.", "\n\n\n9\n\"The Union has delayed certification of the results of the Union Deauthorization election by filing Objections to the Conduct of the Election. ", " Once the election is certified, we will be in a better position to determine whether the dues and fees for May must be paid to the Union or whether we can refund them to you.", "\n\n\n10\n\"In the meantime, our attorneys have advised us that we should also withhold dues and fees for the month of June, unless individual employees express their desire to revoke the check-off 'authorization' earlier signed by them.", "\n\n\n11\n\"Accordingly, if you desire that the Company stop withholding Union dues and fees from your paychecks, you may sign and date the attached Revocation and give it to your Supervisor or to the payroll department. ", " You should then contact the Union to determine what else should be done if you want to resign from the Union or otherwise terminate your individual obligation to pay dues and fees.", "\n\n\n12\n\"If you want the Company to continue to withhold dues and fees, do nothing.", "\n\n\n13\n\"If you want to have the Company stop withholding dues and fees, sign the attached Revocation and give it to the Company, or otherwise clearly express your intention to do so to the Company, preferably in writing.\"", "\n\n\n14\nIn answer to employee questions, Adams testified that he uniformly responded: \"If you want us to continue withholding, do nothing; if you want us to stop, sign a revocation form.\"", "\n\n\n15\nApproximately 106 employees signed the forms and returned them to the Company. ", " The Company withheld as usual on the June 10-11 payday, because that was when May dues were paid. ", " Starting in July, covering June dues, the Company ceased deducting for those employees who had returned the revocation forms. ", " Although the Company customarily remitted the withholdings promptly, it did not remit the June 10-11 withholdings to the Union until October 1. ", " In addition, subsequent withholdings from the wages of employees who did not revoke their authorizations were not remitted until November 9. ", " The Company justified this delay in a letter to the Union explaining that it was keeping the funds in a separate bank account and waiting for the final determination of the election certification issues so that employees would be able to decide if they wanted to terminate their checkoff authorizations retroactive to the date of the election \"unfettered by the union's assertion that they cannot do so.\"", "\n\n\n16\nThe Union filed a charge on June 15, 1976 and the case was tried on November 9. ", " Based upon the findings summarized above, the ALJ concluded:\n\n\n17\n1. ", " By soliciting invalid checkoff revocations from its employees, the Company violated § 8(a)(1) of the National Labor Relations Act (the Act).", "\n\n\n18\n2. ", "By discriminatorily refusing to withhold checkoff moneys from employees who had submitted invalid revocations, while withholding from those who had not, the Company violated § 8(a)(3) and (1) of the Act.", "\n\n\n19\n3. ", "By unilaterally repudiating the checkoff provisions of its bargaining agreement with the Union, the Company violated § 8(a)(5) and (1) of the Act.", "\n\n\n20\n4. ", "These unfair labor practices affect commerce within § 2(6) and (7) of the Act.", "\n\n\n21\nThe Company was ordered to cease and desist from its unlawful conduct, to honor the contract checkoff provisions and the valid dues checkoff authorizations, and to remit to the Union the dues it should have checked off.", "\n\n\n22\n\"Because a close legal and policy question\" was raised, the Board decided to reconsider the decision. ", " On February 28, 1978, it decided to adhere to the ALJ's decision.", "\n\nISSUE:\n\n23\nWhether the Board properly determined that the Company violated § 8(a)(1), (3), and (5) of the Act (29 U.S.C. § 158) by soliciting and honoring revocations of employees' union dues checkoff authorizations after an affirmative vote to rescind the authority of the Union but before certification of the election results, and by failing to remit to the Union checkoff moneys it did collect.", "\n\nDISCUSSION:\n\n24\nSection 9(e)(1) of the Act, 29 U.S.C. § 159(e)(1) provides:\n\n\n25\n\"Upon the filing with the Board, by 30 per centum or more of the employees in a bargaining unit covered by an agreement between their employer and a labor organization made pursuant to section 158(a)(3) of this title, of a petition alleging they desire that such authority be rescinded, the Board shall take a secret ballot of the employees in such unit and certify the results thereof to such labor organization and to the employer.\"", "\n\nSection 8(a)(3) states:\n\n26\n\"(N)othing in this subchapter, or in any other statute of the United States, shall preclude an employer from making an agreement with a labor organization . . . ", " to require as a condition of employment membership therein on or after the thirtieth day following the beginning of such employment . . . ", " (ii) unless following an election held as provided in section 159(e) of this title within one year preceding the effective date of such agreement, the Board shall have certified that at least a majority of the employees eligible to vote in such election have voted to rescind the authority of such labor organization to make such an agreement . . . .\"", "\n\n\n27\nAlthough nothing in the Act specifically describes the effect of an affirmative deauthorization vote on an existing union-security agreement, several Board cases have dealt with the subject. ", " Since there is no factual dispute in the present case, the conflict between the Board and the Company involves their interpretations of the Board's policy as expressed in those cases. ", " None of the cases directly concerns the validity of revocations of checkoff authorizations which occurred between the date of the union deauthorization election and the date of a delayed certification of the election results.", "\n\n\n28\nIn Penn Cork & Closures, Inc., 156 NLRB 411 (1965), the Board held that it was a violation of § 8(a)(1) and (2) to continue to deduct dues after an affirmative union deauthorization vote, and after the employees had resigned from the union and revoked their checkoff authorizations. ", " The Board stated:\n\n\n29\n\"(W)hen there has been an affirmative deauthorization vote, outstanding checkoff authorizations originally executed while a union-security provision is in effect become vulnerable to revocation regardless of their terms.\" ", " Id. at 414.", "\n\n\n30\nCertification of the election results in Penn Cork, however, occurred a mere ten days after the election and before the revocations, so the Board did not have to reach the question of whether the election or the certification triggered the employee's right to revoke checkoff authorization despite the terms of the agreement. ", " Nevertheless, the Company relies on the statement in Penn Cork that \"deauthorization under Section 9(e)(1) is immediately effective,\" 156 NLRB at 415, to show that the election itself immediately relieves employees of their obligation under the union-security clause, thereby freeing them to revoke their checkoff authorizations.", "\n\n\n31\nUsing similar reasoning, the Company cites Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company, 100 NLRB 1494, 1497 (1952), in which the Board held that election results should be given immediate effect, rejecting the argument that the effect should be delayed until termination of the existing contract:\n\n\n32\n\"Only by holding that an affirmative deauthorization vote immediately relieves employees of the obligations imposed by an existing union-security agreement can this Board give effect to the basic congressional objective . . . ", " of not imposing a union-security agreement upon an unwilling majority.\"", "\n\n\n33\nMonsanto Chemical Co., 147 NLRB 49, 51 (1964), and Andor Co., 119 NLRB 925 (1957), affirmed the reasoning of Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. that a union-security clause does not survive until the contract runs out after an affirmative union deauthorization vote. ", " In none of these cases was the potential delay in implementing the will of the majority dependent upon certification of the election results.", "\n\n\n34\nIn Bedford Can Mfg. ", "Co., 162 NLRB 1428 (1967), the employer was held to have unlawfully deducted dues after valid revocations of checkoff authorizations were filed on the same day as certification of the deauthorization election results.", "\n\n\n35\nBecause certification proceeded the revocations in the above cases, the Board was not compelled by the facts of those cases to expressly state the rule adopted by the ALJ in the present case: \"The date the union-security provision becomes inoperative . . . ", " is not the literal date of the election, but rather that on which the certification of results issues.\" ", " Nevertheless, there is abundant language in those prior cases to support the ALJ's holding.", "\n\n\n36\nIn Penn Cork, the Board stated: \"The deauthorization election, however, had the effect, when certified by the Regional Director, of immediately suspending the union-shop provision of the contract.\" ", " 156 NLRB at 414. ", " In Andor, 119 NLRB at 929, the Board said \"the effectiveness of the union-security clause in the contract between the Union and the Employer shall be suspended immediately upon certification of the results of the election to the Union and to the Employer.\" ", " Likewise in Monsanto :\n\n\n37\n\"(I)f the employees in this proceeding cast an affirmative deauthorization vote, it shall be taken to mean that the effectiveness of the agency-shop provisions in the contract between the Union and the Employer shall be suspended immediately upon certification to the Union and the Employer of the results of the election.\" ", " 147 NLRB at 51.", "\n\n\n38\nAnd footnote 2 in Bedford, 162 NLRB at 1432, says: \"(A) contract union-security provision is not fully suspended until the affirmative result of the deauthorization election is certified by the Regional Director . . . .\"", "\n\n\n39\nMoreover, in a decision consistent with and subsequent to the Board's ruling in the present case, the Board allowed a union to enforce its union-security clause despite an election in which a second union won the right to replace it as representative of the employees. ", " Trico Products Corp., 238 NLRB 184, 99 LRRM 1473 (1978). ", " The Board stated unequivocally: \"The well-established rule concerning election results is that they are not effective until certification.\" ", " 99 LRRM at 1474.", "\n\n\n40\nThe strongest support for the Company comes from Lyons Apparel, Inc., 218 NLRB 1172 (1975). ", " Lyons was concerned with \"whether a labor organization can require a new employee, after employees have voted to rescind a union-security clause, to pay initiation fees and monthly membership dues pursuant thereto during the pendency of the union's objections to the deauthorization election.\" ", " Id. at 1173. ", " Because certification of the deauthorization election was delayed almost five months, the Board felt that:\n\n\n41\n\"It would be unconscionable to permit the Union to exact from new employees initiation fees and dues during a period when Prima facie the employees have withdrawn the Union's right to a union-security clause. ", " If the General Counsel's and Union's position were accepted, a union could, by filing objections to a deauthorization election, delay the issuance of a certification of results and thus enrich itself during the interval at the expense of employees.\" ", " 218 NLRB at 1173.", "\n\n\n42\nThe Company argues that its longer-term employees are entitled to the benefits of their election, like the new employees were in Lyons, and that the Union will be able to enrich itself in the same way in this case as in Lyons. ", " The ALJ, however, characterized Lyons as a narrow exception with a limited holding \"that a union may not require a new employee to join and pay initiation fees and dues during the period between the affirmative deauthorization vote and the certification of the results of the election.\" ", " 218 NLRB at 1173. ", " The Board, in its Supplemental Decision and Order, agreed with that characterization and discussed why the equities which compelled the result in Lyons were absent in this case. ", " This analysis conforms to that in Trico, in which the Board said that Lyons :\n\n\n43\n\"represents an isolated exception to the general rule . . . ", " and is not applicable here. ", " No new employees were forced to pay initiation fees or dues to the . . . ", " Union as a condition of employment. ", " Employees were only required to maintain the payment of dues in return for the continued representation by the . . . ", " Union on their behalf.\" ", " 99 LRRM at 1474 n.5.", "\n\n\n44\nThe Company argues that its solicitation of revocations was equivalent to the conduct of employers approved by the Board in Cyclops Corp., 216 NLRB 857 (1975); Perkins Machine Co., 141 NLRB 697 (1963); and Tennesco Corp., 206 NLRB 48 (1973). ", " In those cases, the employers informed employees of their rights under the bargaining agreement. ", " The Company claims that it \"acted neutrally in responding to questions posed by the employees\" and that the Board erred in concluding that the Company violated § 8(a)(3) and (1) or § 8(a)(5) and (1).", "\n\n\n45\nThe ALJ, however, determined that the revocations submitted before certification on August 31 were of no legal effect. ", " Solicitation of invalid revocations, therefore, \"intruded into the relationship between the unit employees and their bargaining representative in a manner . . . ", " violative of Section 8(a)(1).\" ", " 229 NLRB at 813.2 The Company's \"repudiation of the checkoff provisions of the agreement, by honoring those revocations and by failing to make prompt remittance of the checkoff moneys it did collect, constituted unilateral changes violating Section 8(a)(5) and (1).\" ", " Id. A deauthorization vote does not automatically eliminate an employer's contractual obligation under a checkoff provision. ", " An employer may not cease deducting dues unless the employees revoke their authorization. ", " W. P. Ihrie & Sons, 165 NLRB 167 (1967). ", " Therefore, by recognizing the invalid revocations, the Company, in effect, was unilaterally repudiating the checkoff provisions of the agreement.", "\n\n\n46\nFinally, the ALJ concluded that the Company discriminated against its employees, in violation of § 8(a)(3) and (1), \"by withholding checkoff moneys from some but not from others (those who had submitted the void revocations) based upon a legally invalid classification.\" ", " 229 NLRB at 813.", "\n\n\n47\nAll of the above conclusions logically follow from a determination that the revocations were ineffective between the dates of their execution following the election and the Board's certification of the results of the election. ", " That determination is supported by the language of prior NLRB cases3 and of §§ 9(e)(1) and 8(a)(3)(ii) of the Act.", "\n\n\n48\nWhile we might conclude otherwise on the factual issue of whether the Company solicited the employees' revocations belatedly considered by the ALJ and the Board to be legally ineffective, such is not our function because the scope of our review under § 10(e) is limited:\n\n\n49\n\"If the findings of the National Labor Relations Board are supported by substantial evidence on the record considered as a whole, they are conclusive; and so long as the Board did not misapply the law, the order is to be affirmed.\" ", " NLRB v. Heath Tec Division/San Francisco, 566 F.2d 1367, 1369 (9th Cir. ", "1978), Cert. ", "denied, --- U.S. ----, 99 S.Ct. ", "110, 58 L.Ed.2d 127 (1978).", "\n\n\n50\nOur search of the evidentiary record reveals that the findings of the ALJ and the Board on that factual issue is supported by substantial evidence.", "\n\n\n51\nThe Supreme Court has held that \"where the Board has acted properly within its designated sphere, the court is required to grant enforcement of the Board's order.\" ", " NLRB v. Warren Co., 350 U.S. 107, 112, 76 S.Ct. ", "185, 188, 100 L.Ed. ", "96 (1955). ", " \"Congress has invested the Board, not the courts, with broad discretion to order a violator 'to take such affirmative action . . . ", " as will effectuate the policies of (the Act)' 29 U.S.C. § 160(c) . . . .\" ", " NLRB v. Food Stores Employees, 417 U.S. 1, 8, 94 S.Ct. ", "2074, 2079, 40 L.Ed.2d 612 (1973).", "\n\n\n52\nNeither the ALJ nor the Board reached the glaring open issue of whether the employees signed revocations became automatically valid following the Board's certification of the deauthorization election. ", " Nor can we reach that issue in these proceedings. ", " Resolution of that open issue, unfortunately, must be postponed until first met by the Board in compliance proceedings against the Company.4 Great Chinese American Sewing Co. v. NLRB, 578 F.2d 251, 255-56 (9th Cir. ", "1978). ", " In determining whether the Board's certification of the election results automatically validates the checkoff revocations, great weight should be accorded the clear, albeit premature, expression of the employees' wishes. ", " If the equities in this repudiation of a union situation are held by any party, they certainly are in the hands of the employees.", "\n\n\n53\nThe Board's Supplemental Decision and Order of February 28, 1978 is enforced.", "\n\n\n54\nENFORCED.", "\n\n\n\n*\n Honorable William G. East, Senior United States District Judge for the District of Oregon, sitting by designation\n\n\n1\n The Company has not argued that the revocations were valid under the terms of the agreement\n\n\n2\n In Shen-Mar Food Products, Inc., 221 NLRB 1329 (1976), an employer was held in violation of § 8(a)(1) for relying on an untimely revocation and failing to deduct and remit dues, though there was no deauthorization election in that case\n\n\n3\n Of course, the Board is not strictly bound by its prior cases, though it does have a duty to explain departures from established agency policy. ", " Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. Wichita Board of Trade, 412 U.S. 800, 808, 93 S.Ct. ", "2367, 37 L.Ed.2d 350 (1973)\n\n\n4\n These proceedings have been lodged with the Board and this Court for more than three years. ", " The loss of administrative and judicial efforts without a final resolution is most regrettable\n\n\n" ]

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[ "Electrum, the popular wallet which is used to store Bitcoins was reported recently to be under an attack to its servers. ", "Hackers are trying to compromise the servers and steal the funds of users who run an old version of the Electrum wallet sending them a malicious update which gives them a compromised version of the Electrum wallet from the hacker’s website.", "\n\n\n\nFake Electrum update. ", "Source MalwareBytes\n\nIn a tweet a few days ago the Electrum team reported that their servers were under Dos attack, telling their users to be careful when they connect the wallet to the servers.", "\n\nElectrum servers are currently under a DoS attack. ", "We are working on a more robust version of the electrum server. ", "In the meantime, affected users should disable auto-connect, and select their server manually. — ", "Electrum (@ElectrumWallet) April 7, 2019\n\nThe news quickly spread across the web and here it is a Reddit thread with information about the problem.", "\n\nA Reddit user commented:\n\nPlease be patient trying to find a server that works for you (disable auto-connect doing so). ", "Do not download alternative Electrum versions from random sites stating they will fix this issue – those are by scammers trying to steal your coins! ", "Update: The botnet has a range of 150-300k unique IPs hammering all servers on the application level. ", "The attacker is resourceful and is running custom code on the zombies, which is fairly uncommon. ", "It leads me to believe the botnet is not rented but under direct control of the attacking entity. ", "I think the motivation of the attack on legitimate servers is so people running older versions of electrum keep using their old version. ", "This way they stay on a scammer server and are asked to upgrade from a malware site upon sending a transaction. ", "Please make sure to only use the official site stickied at the top by BashCo.", "\n\nA security analyst told Hard Fork that in case those malicious versions of Electrum gets installed all the funds on those old versions will be immediately lost.", "\n\n“The total amount stolen is in the millions of dollars so far, with a single person alone losing almost $140,000, based on our analysis,” they said. “", "The DoS attacks are a new level, which only began about a week ago. ", "People have seen 25 Gigabits per second worth of traffic being flooded at community run servers.”", "\n\nHack in cryptocurrency is a common thing since it is a new technology and most of the people neglect the security of their crypto wallets, and hackers have big incentives to hack on wallets because of the high-value cryptocurrencies have gained in the last years. ", "It is better to use cold wallet hardware that is not connected to the internet like Ledger Nano S or Trezor." ]

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[ "It's the darnedest thing, guys. ", "Remember that Tesla owned by Elon Musk that SpaceX cavalierly launched into space last week? ", "Well, it turns out that might not be the last we see of it.", "\n\nIn fact, according to a new analysis of the Roadster's orbital trajectory, that stylish hunk of red metal, rubber, 'Starman', and other cool stuff is on track to make a number of close encounters with Earth – and ultimately, one day, it could even hit us.", "\n\nThat's the assessment of Canadian astrophysicist Hanno Rein from the University of Toronto Scarborough, who, with fellow researchers, ran the numbers on what the Tesla's invisible highway through space might look like, given what we know about orbital dynamics.", "\n\n(SpaceX/Flickr)\n\n\"We have all the software ready, and when we saw the launch last week we thought, 'Let's see what happens.'\" ", "Rein told Science.", "\n\n\"So we ran the [Tesla's] orbit forward for several million years.\"", "\n\nOver that epic expanse of time (and space), it's fair to say that a lot of things could happen – and the further ahead we estimate, the fuzzier the picture becomes, given how many gravitational factors could affect the overall trajectory of the vehicle (and the second stage of the Falcon Heavy rocket, to which it remains attached).", "\n\nNonetheless, the team's simulations suggest the Tesla's elliptical orbit around the Sun – which sees it repeatedly cross the orbits of Mars, Earth, and Venus – will make for several close encounters with Earth in the future, the first of which is expected to take place in 2091.", "\n\nLooking further ahead, the good news is the researchers don't foresee any possible impacts with Earth for the next thousand years at least – but they're not offering any kind of firm guarantee on that.", "\n\n(SpaceX/Flickr)\n\n\"The bottom line is we can't predict with certainty what's going to happen after just a few hundred years, because it's a chaotic orbit and we can only draw conclusions in a statistical sense,\" Rein told CBS News.", "\n\nStill, across some 240 simulations tracing the long-term dynamical evolution of the car's possible orbital destinies, \"roughly 50 percent are going to hit a planet in the next few tens of millions of years,\" Rein figures.", "\n\nTo the extent their approach can quantify risk of a collision, the researchers say there's a 6 percent chance the Tesla will collide with Earth within the next million years, and a 2.5 percent chance Venus will get clipped over the same time frame.", "\n\nAs time goes on – looking 3 million years ahead – the probability of a collision with Earth increases to 11 percent.", "\n\nMars got off scot-free in all the test runs with no impacts, and only in one simulation did the Tesla collide with the Sun – sometime within the next 3 million years.", "\n\nIt's worth pointing out that these calculations haven't yet been peer-reviewed by other scientists, but as the researchers themselves freely acknowledge, there's a great deal of mathematical unknowns in these orbital scenarios.", "\n\nBut given the Roadster is estimated to have a virtually immortal half-life of some 20 million years (as it ever-so-slowly erodes into nothingness in space), the team ultimately \"expect collision probabilities with the Earth to be substantial\", they write in their paper.", "\n\nIn any case, if the worst happens, there's really no need to be worried. ", "Not now, nor much, much, much later.", "\n\n\"It will either burn up [in the atmosphere] or maybe one component will reach the surface,\" Rein told Science.", "\n\n\"There is no risk to health and safety whatsoever.\"", "\n\nPhew.", "\n\nThe findings are available on the pre-print website arXiv.org." ]

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[ "// Three-state boolean logic library\r\n\r\n// Copyright Douglas Gregor 2002-2004. ", "Use, modification and\r\n// distribution is subject to the Boost Software License, Version\r\n// 1.0. (", "See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at\r\n// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)\r\n\r\n\r\n// For more information, see http://www.boost.org\r\n#ifndef BOOST_LOGIC_TRIBOOL_FWD_HPP\r\n#define BOOST_LOGIC_TRIBOOL_FWD_HPP\r\n\r\nnamespace boost { namespace logic { class tribool; } }\r\n\r\n#endif // BOOST_LOGIC_TRIBOOL_FWD_HPP\r\n" ]

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[ "NCAA Division I Men's Tennis Championship\n\nThe NCAA Division I Men's Tennis Championship is an annual men's college tennis national collegiate championship sponsored by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) for teams in Division I. The tournament crowns a team, individual, and doubles champion . ", "The first intercollegiate championship was held in 1883, 23 years before the founding of the NCAA, with Harvard's Joseph Clark taking the singles title. ", "The same year Clark partnered to Howard Taylor to win the doubles title. ", "The first NCAA-sponsored tournament was held in 1946.", "\n\nIn 1963, the NCAA began to organize separate tournaments for Division I and Division II. ", "A tournament for Division III was also added in 1973. ", " However, after 1995, the NCAA no longer holds a Division II tournament. ", "The national championship rounds are contested annually in May. In recent years, the NCAA Division I Women's Tennis Championship has been held at the same location as the men's tournament.", "\n\nPre-NCAA Championships\n\nSingles and Doubles Championships (1883–1945)\n\nNCAA Championships\n\nSingles, Doubles, and Team–Points Championships (1946–1976)\n\nSingles, Doubles, and Team–Bracket Championships (1977–present)\n\nThe NCAA was founded in 1906, but the first NCAA-sponsored championship would not be held until 1946.", "\nBefore 1977, individual wins counted in the team’s total points. ", "In 1977, a dual-match, single-elimination team championship was initiated, eliminating the points system.", "\n\nChampionships\n\nTexas defeated Wake Forest 4–1 on May 19, 2019 to win the 2019 National Champion on The USTA National Campus in Orlando, Fla.\n\nTeam titles\n\nSee also\nNCAA Men's Tennis Championships (Division II, Division III)\nNCAA Women's Tennis Championships (Division I, Division II, Division III)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n List of NCAA champions\n\nTennis Men\nCategory:Tennis tournaments in the United States\nCategory:College tennis in the United States\nCategory:College men's tennis in the United States\nTennis" ]

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[ "One of the largest government-mandated paperwork and cost burdens imposed upon any segment of private industry are the reporting requirements relating to commercial motor vehicles (CMV). ", "Commercial Motor Vehicles (CMV) and their respective drivers and carriers are required by various federal regulations and international agreements to comply with rules governing the safe operation of the vehicles and the reporting of fuel taxes. ", "In 1937, the federal government imposed hours-of-service (HOS) regulations upon commercial motor vehicle drivers operating commercial vehicles in the domestic motor carrier industry to ensure highway safety. ", "Under direction of Congress, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) has scrutinized and periodically revised the hours-of-service regulations to aid in the reduction of driver fatigue and sleep disorder related incidents on the nation's highways.", "\nFederal regulations relating to the safe operation of Commercial Motor Vehicles (CMV) are defined in 49 CFR Part 395 and 49 CFR Part 390.5, the entirety of each of which are incorporated by reference. ", "One way in which safety is promoted in the hours-of-service regulations is to prohibit drivers from operating or being forced to operate their vehicles more than a specified amount of time between mandatory off-duty periods. ", "In 1987, the FMCSA permitted carriers the flexibility of using an automatic on-board recording devices (AOBRD) instead of the traditional reporting method involving manual data entry and filing of reports by the CMV drivers and/or their carriers.", "\nThe International Fuel Tax Agreement (IFTA) is an agreement among jurisdictions in the United States, Mexico and Canada that simplifies the reporting of fuel-use tax for diesel, gasoline, gasohol, propane, and natural gas consumption by commercial motor vehicles. ", "Fuel-use tax is included in the purchase price of the fuel and then later redistributed to those jurisdictions where the vehicle actually was driven while consuming fuel. ", "For example, a driver of a CMV may purchase diesel fuel in the state of Texas and travel outside of Texas to a neighboring state, e.g., Louisiana, using the same diesel fuel purchased in Texas. ", "IFTA requires carriers to report actual mileage driven in each jurisdiction so that the actual taxes collected may be later apportioned to Texas and Louisiana in accordance with actual vehicle operation. ", "Each day, some 6.4 million drivers complete HOS logs to track driver compliance with HOS regulations. ", "In addition, fuel tax logs are created daily for some 10 million trucks. ", "The cost of compliance with these reporting requirements is extraordinarily burdensome. ", "It is estimated that the annual cost of complying with reporting requirements using paper logs is approximately $2,000.00 per driver and $2,000.00 per commercial motor vehicle. ", "This results in a paper log compliance cost of $31 billion dollars per year imposed upon private industry." ]

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[ "The agent of Lazio star Sergej Milinkovic-Savic suggested the midfielder was offered an €8million-per-year contract by Paris Saint-Germain in the transfer window.", "\n\nSerbia international Milinkovic-Savic is one of Serie A's standout young players and has been linked with a number of Europe's top clubs, including Juventus, AC Milan and Manchester United.", "\n\nThe 23-year-old stayed with Lazio despite constant speculation over his future, having agreed to help spearhead their attempts to qualify for the Champions League this season.", "\n\nHis commitment to the club, and to president Claudio Lotito and sporting director Igli Tare, even saw him reject a massive offer from an unnamed club in Ligue 1, according to his representative Mateja Kezman.", "\n\n\"Many clubs were looking at Sergej, and a few interesting offers were made to Lazio,\" he told La Gazzetta dello Sport.", "\n\n12 - Sergej Milinkovic-Savic scored more goals than any other midfielder in Serie A last season (12). ", "Jewel. ", "8 August 2018\n\n\"In the end, we accepted the club's decision without any problems. ", "Lotito and Tare explained they want the Champions League and Milinkovic-Savic is a key player in terms of achieving that goal.", "\n\n\"It's his objective, too. ", "He could have earned a lot more elsewhere. ", "He was offered eight million [euros] in France. ", "He stayed because he wants to bring the Champions League to Lazio. ", "Plus, he's only 23. ", "With [coach Simone] Inzaghi, he's improving every day, and another year with Lazio will do him good.", "\n\n\"There were offers but we never pushed for a transfer because he's happy in Rome. ", "He loves the city and gets on with all his team-mates.\"", "\n\nKezman claims they are close to signing a new contract, which reports in Italy suggest will contain a release clause in the region of €150m.\n\n\"We've agreed a new deal with the club that will be signed very soon,\" said the former Chelsea striker. \"", "If you can pay 70 to 80million for a goalkeeper, then Sergej isn't worth any less than 100million.", "\n\n\"He's one of the strongest players in Europe in his position and he has huge scope for improvement.\"" ]

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[ "Thermaurantimonas aggregans gen. ", "nov., ", "sp. ", "nov., ", "a moderately thermophilic heterotrophic aggregating bacterium isolated from microbial mats at a terrestrial hot spring.", "\nA moderately thermophilic and heterotrophic bacterial strain, LAT, was isolated from microbial mats sampled at a hot spring in Nakabusa, Nagano, Japan. ", "The cells of strain LAT were aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-sporulating, non-motile and rod-shaped (2.0-4.1 µm long). ", "The formation of dense cell aggregates in liquid medium was a unique characteristic of the strain. ", "Strain LAT grew optimally at 50°C and at pH 7.5. ", "Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the nearest neighbour of strain LAT was Schleiferia thermophila JCM 30197T with 94.1 % sequence similarity. ", "The draft genome sequence of strain LAT (2 671 880 bp) showed 18.0 % digital DNA-DNA hybridization, 70.9 % average nucleotide identity and 72.1 % average amino acid identity (AAI) values in comparison with the genome sequence of S. thermophila JCM 30197T (2 606 763 bp); the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and AAI values are lower than the cutoffs used for assignment to a separate genus. ", "On the basis of phenotypic features, major cellular fatty acid composition, genome sequencing and phylogenetic position, a novel genus and species are proposed for strain LAT, to be named Thermaurantimonas aggregans (= JCM 31826T=DSM 106522T)." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nPython Tkinter - Save Entry input\n\nI am trying to make a simple login system with Tkinter as practice and I want to have E2 input saved and preferably be printed in the console when I press 'Register', but it only outputs '.!entry2' and not the actual input.", "\nimport sqlite3 as sql\nfrom tkinter import *\n\nconn = sql.connect(\"database.db\")\nc = conn.cursor()\nc.execute(\"\"\"CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS info(username TEXT, password TEXT)\"\"\")\nconn.commit()\n\nroot = Tk()\nroot.title(\"Login Screen\")\nroot.geometry(\"240x100\")\n\ndef getInput():\n print(E2)\n\n# --- Username/Password\nL1 = Label(root, text=\"Username:\").grid(row=0, sticky=E)\nE1 = Entry(root).grid(row=0, column=1)\n\nL2 = Label(root, text=\"Password:\").grid(row=1, sticky=E)\nE2 = Entry(root, show=\"*\")\nE2.grid(row=1, column=1)\n# ---\n\nC1 = Checkbutton(root, text=\"Remember me?\").grid(row=3, column=1)\n\n# --- Buttons\nB1 = Button(root, text=\"Login\").grid(row=4, column=0)\nB2 = Button(root, text=\"Register\", command=getInput).grid(row=4, column=1)\nB3 = Button(root, text=\"Exit\", command=root.destroy).grid(row=4, column=2)\n# ---\n\nroot.mainloop() \n\nA:\n\nYou need to call E2.get(), for examples see here.", "\nprint(E2) prints the object itself.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Effect of nano TiO(2) on self-cleaning property of cross-linking cotton fabric with succinic acid under UV irradiation.", "\nOptimization of curing cotton textiles through self-cleaning property constructs the main goal of the present study. ", "Cotton fabrics with 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 on weight of bath percent were cured by nano titanium dioxide (P25 Degussa) with cross-link and non cross-link methods. ", "In this study, succinic acid was used as a cross-link agent to attach TiO(2) to the cotton. ", "The amount of loaded titania particles to cotton fabrics and the thermal behavior of cured samples were studied by the burning method and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. ", "Self-cleaning degree of cured samples, stained with natural and synthesized dyes under irradiation of 20 and 400 W UV lamps was investigated by a reflectance spectrophotometer. ", "The structure and morphology of treated cotton fabrics were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and crystallinity of titania coatings by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. ", "The tearing strengths of titania-coated cotton fabrics before and after light irradiation were measured. ", "Results showed that the stability of nano TiO(2) coating and self-cleaning degree of treated samples with cross-link method were much higher than those of non cross-link method, and cotton cellulosic chains were not decomposed by the photocatalytic activity of titania." ]

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[ "describe(\"toBeLessThan\", function() {\n it(\"passes when actual < expected\", function() {\n var matcher = j$.matchers.toBeLessThan(),\n result;\n\n result = matcher.compare(1, 2);\n expect(result.pass).toBe(true);\n });\n\n it(\"fails when actual <= expected\", function() {\n var matcher = j$.matchers.toBeLessThan(),\n result;\n\n result = matcher.compare(1, 1);\n expect(result.pass).toBe(false);\n\n result = matcher.compare(2, 1);\n expect(result.pass).toBe(false);\n });\n});\n" ]

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[ "Tunable quantum dots in bilayer graphene.", "\nWe demonstrate theoretically that quantum dots in bilayers of graphene can be realized. ", "A position-dependent doping breaks the equivalence between the upper and lower layer and lifts the degeneracy of the positive and negative momentum states of the dot. ", "Numerical results show the simultaneous presence of electron and hole confined states for certain doping profiles and a remarkable angular momentum dependence of the quantum dot spectrum, which is in sharp contrast with that for conventional semiconductor quantum dots. ", "We predict that the optical spectrum will consist of a series of nonequidistant peaks." ]

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[ "The VMA's Are Over, But You Can Still Roar With Katy Perry\n\nYou chose \"Dark Horse\" as the next song Katy Perry should release!" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nPython 2/3 Asyncio in 2019\n\nI have to keep my application compatible with Python 2 and 3 at the same time.", "\nI have some code like the following that I want to be able to asynchronously call a function and then wait for all my futures to be resolved.", "\nCode:\nimport requests\n\n# This would return a future\ndef get_xhr(url):\n return requests.get('https://www.{}.com'.format(url))\n\n# This would return an array of futures\ndef get_search_engines():\n urls = ['google', 'yahoo', 'bing']\n return [get_xhr(url) for url in urls]\n\n# Here I want to wait for all the futures to be resolved\nget_search_engines()\n\nprint('All requests are done')\n\nAsyncio async/await seems only compatible with Python 3.", "\nWhat is the best way to be able to run functions async thats compatible for both python 2/3?", "\n\nA:\n\nFor Python 2 there is Twisted or Tornado.", "\nBut maybe in your use case threads (threading, concurrent.futures) would be the easiest solution.", "\nAlso keep in mind that Python 2 is going to be not maintained anymore at the end of 2019.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Obama: women 'indisputably' better leaders and 'old men' need to get 'out of the way'\n\nSavannah Behrmann | USA TODAY\n\nShow Caption Hide Caption Barack Obama says women tend to be better leaders Barack Obama Says Women Should Lead All Nations. ", "The former U.S. president made the comment at a leadership event in Singapore.", "\n\nWASHINGTON –Speaking at a leadership event in Singapore on Monday, former President Barack Obama said there would be \"significant improvement across the board\" if countries were led by women, and that \"old men\" needed to get \"out of the way.\"", "\n\n\"Now women, I just want you to know; you are not perfect, but what I can say pretty indisputably is that you're better than us [men],\" the 44th President said, according to the BBC. \"", "I'm absolutely confident that for two years, if every nation on Earth was run by women, you would see a significant improvement across the board on just about everything ... living standards and outcomes.\"", "\n\nMore: Rudy Giuliani associate Lev Parnas battles to stay out of jail, cites Ukraine 'threats'\n\nWhen questioned about whether he would potentially return to political leadership, the former president clarified that he had no plans to do so, stating that \"If you look at the world and look at the problems, it's usually old people, usually old men, not getting out of the way.\"", "\n\n\"It is important for political leaders to try and remind themselves that you are there to do a job, but you are not there for life, you are not there in order to prop up your own sense of self-importance or your own power,\" Obama continued, according to the BBC.", "\n\nMore: Carly Fiorina says 'it is vital' Trump be impeached, but doesn't rule out voting for him again\n\nObama was traveling with his wife, former first lady Michelle Obama, in the region for the Obama Foundation Leaders: Asia-Pacific program.", "\n\nIt was remarkable to be back in the Asia-Pacific region with my sister this week, joined by hundreds of talented and optimistic @ObamaFoundation leaders. ", "They’re making their mark on this region—and the whole world—and that's good for all of us. ", "pic.twitter.com/LsBwoZCliF — Barack Obama (@BarackObama) December 13, 2019\n\nObama has made similar comments about women in leadership previously.", "\n\nIn 2018, just a few months before the midterm elections when a historic number of women were elected to Congress, Obama stated that he wanted \"women... to get more involved,\" and explained that \"men have been getting on my nerves lately. ", "I mean, every day, I read the newspaper and I just think like, 'Brothers, what’s wrong with you guys? ", "What’s wrong with us?'\"", "\n\nMore: What's next for impeachment? ", "Full House vote this week on charges against Trump, Senate trial likely" ]

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[ "Analysis of the good, bad, and embarrassing movies from my personal collection.", "\n\nSunday, February 8, 2009\n\nAt long last: The Wrestler\n\n\"I'm an old broken down piece of meat and I deserve to be alone.\"", "\n\nThat line, prominent in the trailers for \"The Wrestler,\" says it all. ", "Mickey Rourke, as Randy \"The Ram\" Robinson, is perfect. ", "Find an old picture of Rourke and compare it to today; Rourke himself appears to be a broken down piece of meat. ", "So all of the comparisons to the character and the man are fair, but that's all I want to comment on as far as that goes because I think to say that Rourke was born to play the role and things like that actually belittle the performance. ", "If he was born to play it, then why is it so impressive? ", "It's impressive because the guy can act. ", "Rourke does so much just with his eyes and his voice in this. ", "The lines are good, but he makes them better. ", "You hear a little desperation in his voice. ", "You see the pain behind his eyes. ", "You feel sorry for this man. ", "You want him to succeed the moment you see him. ", "That is Rourke at work. ", "That is why he is winning awards and that is why he deserves that Oscar in a few weeks. ", "Now, onto the actual film, which is unfortunately taking the back burner this awards season.", "\n\nThe Wrestler begins with a montage of clippings from The Ram's career: sold out shows, pay-per-view specials, championship fights, etc. ", "Then it cuts to twenty years later and The Ram is sitting in a folding chair in what appears to be a kindergarten classroom which has been turned into a dressing room for the night. ", "He is handed some money, though it isn't as much he expected because the gate wasn't very big that night. ", "This is what he has become. ", "Darren Aronofsky (The Fountain, Requiem for a Dream) uses the camera to follow closely behind The Ram, just observing, not showing his face just yet. ", "We need to walk around with this guy for a bit before we see his face. ", "This creates the sympathy because if we see his face first, we start making assumptions about the guy. ", "If we walk around with him, see him locked out of his home and sleeping in his grungy van, then we feel something about him before we see that damaged face. ", "Aronofsky creates an interesting style this way. ", "I'm not sure how to exactly describe, but it just makes you feel like you're there with the characters. ", "He somehow found the right distance, shook the camera enough to create a walking sensation without making it distracting, and left a grainy look to the film to make it seem a bit more real. ", "It helped me get into the story instantly. ", "So we're following The Ram...\n\nWe follow him to a strip club where he tries to win over Pam (Marisa Tomei), who is also a performer that's getting a bit too old for the job. ", "We follow him to his estranged daughter (Evan Rachel Wood) who is sick of him, but willing to try to forgive him. ", "We follow him to his matches where he is an esteemed veteran, not a joke, which is what he appears to be when he's working his regular job at a grocery store. ", "Sound depressing? ", "It is, but it's an enjoyable film all the same. ", "The Ram has some funny moments; shopping for his daughter, playing retro videogames with local kids, talking about the greatness that is 80's hair metal, etc. ", "And if you're a wrestling fan, or ever have been, you'll enjoy every second of the matches (you'll probably enjoy them even if you don't care for wrestling). ", "The matches are not only put in there to add action, though. ", "The matches really say it all. ", "The Ram is a fan favorite and he looks like he's at home on the stage...sorry, in the ring. ", "He looks slightly lost everywhere else. ", "One of the best moments in the film is when The Ram starts working in the deli section of the grocery store. ", "He puts on his hairnet in the bathroom then the camera follows him through the back area while the noise of a crowd can be heard. ", "The crowd grows louder as he nears the plastic curtain to the deli, he pauses, walks through and...silence. ", "The Ram is nothing without the fans. ", "He has a real name without the fans. ", "It's funny, it's sad, it's a little shocking here and there, and it's heartbreaking. ", "That's life and that makes a good film.", "\n\nA quick sidenote concerning the Oscars. ", "I'm happy with the acting nominations (Rourke and Tomei), but it is a joke that this is not up for Best Picture, because, in my opinion, it's the best film of 2008 (even though us in the MidWest have to wait until 2009 to watch it). ", "This must be better than The Reader. ", "It just has to be. ", "And Aronofsky is not up for director and Ron Howard is? ", "I loved Frost/Nixon and Howard did a good job with it, but this film has the fingerprint of a great director on it. ", "Aronofsky deserves just as much praise as Rourke, if you ask me. ", "And finally, no nomination for Springsteen's song? ", "The Academy needs to rearrange their backwards technical rules for Best Song and Best Score* because this seems to happen every year.", "\n\n*Actually, the snub for Springsteen is not due to any actual rule, so it's only explained by the fact that the Academy completely dropped the ball on this one, especially since they only nominated 5 songs, so it's not like The Wrestler was beat out by anything. ", "I have read, though, that they don't like to give it to songs that play over the end credits only, though it is not against the rules to do so.", "\n\nAs for the Score, Eddie Vedder and Jonny Greenwood (There Will be Blood) were left out last year because Vedder's was too \"song-based\" and Greenwood used some music he had already performed for an album a few years earlier...both technicalities that should have been given nominations regardless, if you ask me.", "\n\nNext week: Not sure, maybe the new Friday the 13th, but I might just review \"Man on Wire\" on DVD." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nMatch pairs of nodes with reciprocal relationships\n\nI have a data model where nodes of the same label are connected by relationships of the same type:\n\nThere is no hierarchy or 'logic' which of the :Concept nodes is the start node of the reciprocal relationship.", "\nMy goal is to get all unique pairs of nodes. ", "Wen you match on the :Concept nodes, you get two pairs, one starting at 123 the other starting at 234:\nMATCH (c1:Concept)-[:REL]->(c2:Concept)\nRETURN [c1.concept_id, c2.concept_id]\n\nResult:\n[123, 234]\n[234, 123]\n\nIs there a way to get each pair only once? ", "The order of the pairs does not matter.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou could do this:\nMATCH (c1:Concept)-[:REL]-(c2:Concept)\nWHERE id(c1) > id(c2)\nRETURN [c1.concept_id, c2.concept_id]\n\n" ]

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[ "Jim Drain\n\nJim Drain (born 1975) is an American mixed media artist. ", "Drain often makes work collaboratively, first within the collective, Forcefield (1996–2002) and also with artists Elyse Allen, Ara Peterson, and Ben Russell, respectively.", "\n\nLife and work\nDrain graduated from Rhode Island School of Design (RISD) in 1998 with a B.F.A. in Sculpture.", "\n\nHe is a former member of Forcefield, who was included in the 2002 Whitney Biennial. ", "His solo exhibition I Wish I Had a Beak (2005) and I Would Gnaw On My Hand (2007) were presented at Greene Naftali Gallery in New York. ", "His work is held in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art.", "\n\nHe was the 2005 recipient of the Bâloise Prize.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nCategory:Artists from Providence, Rhode Island\nCategory:1975 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Rhode Island School of Design alumni\nCategory:Bâloise Prize winners" ]

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[ "ATLANTA — One woman says she got a stack of stamps when she tried to withdraw $280 from a Fifth Third Bank ATM. ", "The bank told her it could take up to 45 days to get her money." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.008928571428571428, 0 ]

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[ "/*\n * Copyright 2018 Analytics Zoo Authors.", "\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n */\npackage com.intel.analytics.zoo.pipeline.api.keras.optimizers\n\nimport com.intel.analytics.bigdl.optim.", "SGD\nimport com.intel.analytics.bigdl.optim.", "SGD.{Default, LearningRateSchedule}\nimport com.intel.analytics.bigdl.tensor.", "Tensor\nimport com.intel.analytics.bigdl.tensor.", "TensorNumericMath.", "TensorNumeric\nimport com.intel.analytics.bigdl.utils.", "Table\nimport com.intel.analytics.zoo.pipeline.api.keras.layers.utils.", "SGDRef\n\nimport scala.math._", "\nimport scala.reflect.", "ClassTag\n\n\n/**\n * An implementation of Adam http://arxiv.org/pdf/1412.6980.pdf with learning rate schedule.", "\n * @param lr learning rate\n * @param decay learning rate decay\n * @param schedule learning rate schedule\n * @param beta_1 first moment coefficient\n * @param beta_2 second moment coefficient\n * @param epsilon for numerical stability\n */\nclass Adam[@specialized(Float, Double) T: ClassTag](\n var lr: Double = 1e-3,\n var beta_1: Double = 0.9,\n var beta_2: Double = 0.999,\n var epsilon: Double = 1e-8,\n var decay: Double = 0.0,\n var wDecay: Double = 0.0,\n val schedule: LearningRateSchedule = Default()\n )(implicit ev: TensorNumeric[T]) extends SGD[T](learningRate = lr,\n learningRateDecay = decay, weightDecay = wDecay, learningRateSchedule = schedule) {\n\n @transient\n private var buffer: Tensor[T] = null\n\n /**\n * An implementation of Adam http://arxiv.org/pdf/1412.6980.pdf\n *\n * @param feval a function that takes a single input (X), the point of a evaluation, and\n * returns f(X) and df/dX\n * @param parameter the initial point\n * @return the new x vector and the function list {fx}, evaluated before the update\n */\n override def optimize(feval: (Tensor[T]) => (T, Tensor[T]),\n parameter: Tensor[T]): (Tensor[T], Array[T]) = {\n this.updateHyperParameter()\n if (buffer == null) buffer = Tensor[T]()\n val lr = this.lr\n val lrd = this.decay\n val beta1 = this.beta_1\n val beta2 = this.beta_2\n val eps = this.epsilon\n val wd = this.wDecay\n\n val (fx, dfdx) = feval(parameter)\n val state = SGDRef.getstate(this)\n var timestep = state.getOrElse[Int](\"neval\", 0)\n val (_s, _r, _denom) =\n if (state.get[Tensor[T]](\"s\").isDefined) {\n (state.get[Tensor[T]](\"s\").get, state.get[Tensor[T]](\"r\").get,\n state.get[Tensor[T]](\"denom\").get.resizeAs(dfdx))\n } else {\n (Tensor[T]().resizeAs(dfdx).zero(), Tensor[T]().resizeAs(dfdx).zero(),\n Tensor[T]().resizeAs(dfdx).zero())\n }\n\n val clr = - this.schedule.currentRate\n\n if(wd > 0) {\n dfdx.add(parameter * (ev.fromType(wd)))\n }\n\n /**\n * m_t = beta_1 * m_t-1 + (1 - beta_1) * g_t\n * v_t = beta_2 * v_t-1 + (1 - beta_2) * g_t * g_t\n */\n _s.mul(ev.fromType[Double](beta1)).add(ev.fromType[Double](1-beta1), dfdx)\n // buffer = dfdx * dfdx\n buffer.resizeAs(dfdx).cmul(dfdx, dfdx)\n _r.mul(ev.fromType[Double](beta2)).add(ev.fromType[Double](1-beta2), buffer)\n _denom.sqrt(_r)\n\n // used as MKL.axpy: 1 * a + y = y, and fill buffer with one\n buffer.fill(ev.one)\n _denom.add(ev.fromType(eps), buffer)\n\n // efficiency improved upon by changing the order of computation, at expense of clarity\n val biasCorrection1 = 1 - pow(beta1, timestep)\n val biasCorrection2 = 1 - pow(beta2, timestep)\n val stepSize = clr * sqrt(biasCorrection2) / biasCorrection1\n parameter.addcdiv(ev.fromType[Double](-stepSize), _s, _denom)\n\n state(\"s\") = _s // 1st moment variables\n state(\"r\") = _r // 2nd moment variables\n state(\"denom\") = _denom // 3nd moment variables\n\n (parameter, Array(fx))\n }\n\n override def loadFromTable(config: Table): this.type = {\n super.loadFromTable(config)\n this.beta_1 = config.get[Double](\"beta1\").getOrElse(this.beta_1)\n this.beta_2 = config.get[Double](\"beta2\").getOrElse(this.beta_2)\n this.epsilon = config.get[Double](\"Epsilon\").getOrElse(this.epsilon)\n this\n }\n\n override def clearHistory(): Unit = {\n super.clearHistory()\n val state = SGDRef.getstate(this)\n state.delete(\"s\")\n state.delete(\"r\")\n }\n}\n\n\n/**\n * A learning rate decay policy, where the effective learning rate\n * follows a polynomial decay, to be zero by the max_epochs.", "\n * Calculation: init_lr * (1 - epoch/max_iteration) ^ (power)\n *\n * @param power The coefficient of decay.", "\n * @param maxEpochs The maximum number of epochs when lr becomes zero.", "\n */\ncase class PolyEpochDecay(power: Double, maxEpochs: Int) extends LearningRateSchedule {\n override def updateHyperParameter[T](optimMethod: SGD[T]): Unit = {\n val state = SGDRef.getstate(optimMethod)\n val epoch = state[Int](\"epoch\")\n val lr = optimMethod.learningRate\n val clr = if (epoch >= maxEpochs) {\n 0.0\n } else {\n -lr * math.pow(1.0 - epoch.toDouble / maxEpochs, power)\n }\n currentRate = clr\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0.014492753623188406, 0.009523809523809525, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0.013157894736842105, 0, 0, 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0, 0, 0.018691588785046728, 0.006320417697169552, 0.009345794392523364, 0.014084507042253521, 0.006802721088435374 ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to ignore Facebook android application installed on the device, when using android-facebook api?", "\n\nI have a facebook login option in my android application.", "\nWhen there is no Facebook application installed on my device, this login works fine. ", "But when the facebook application is installed, it creates problems in a few cases.", "\nSo, how can I tell my application's facebook login to ignore if Facebook app is installed and proceed in the previous way (assuming facebook application is not installed)?", "\nThis is the activity called when i click the fbLoginButton:\npublic class Example extends Activity {\n\n public static final String APP_ID = myAppIdHere;\n\n private LoginButton mLoginButton;\n private TextView mText;\n private Button mRequestButton;\n private Button mPostButton;\n private Button mDeleteButton;\n private Button mUploadButton;\n public static Activity ExampleActivity;\n\n private Facebook mFacebook;\n private AsyncFacebookRunner mAsyncRunner;\n\n /** Called when the activity is first created. */", "\n @Override\n public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {\n super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);\n\n ExampleActivity = this;\n if (APP_ID == null) {\n Util.showAlert(this, \"Warning\", \"Facebook Applicaton ID must be \" +\n \"specified before running this example: see Example.java\");\n }\n\n setContentView(R.layout.facebook);\n mLoginButton = (LoginButton) findViewById(R.id.login);\n mFacebook = new Facebook(APP_ID);\n mAsyncRunner = new AsyncFacebookRunner(mFacebook);\n\n SessionStore.restore(mFacebook, this);\n SessionEvents.addAuthListener(new SampleAuthListener());\n SessionEvents.addLogoutListener(new SampleLogoutListener());\n mLoginButton.init(this, mFacebook);\n\n }\n @Override\n protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode,\n Intent data) {\n\n mFacebook.authorizeCallback(requestCode, resultCode, data);\n }\n\n public class SampleAuthListener implements AuthListener {\n\n public void onAuthSucceed() {\n\n }\n\n public void onAuthFail(String error) {\n\n }\n }\n\n public class SampleLogoutListener implements LogoutListener {\n public void onLogoutBegin() {\n\n }\n\n public void onLogoutFinish() {\n\n }\n}\n\nThis is LoginButton Class:\npublic class LoginButton extends ImageButton {\n\n public static Facebook mFb;\n public static String facebookID;\n public static String firstName;\n public static String lastName;\n public static String email = \"\";\n public static String sex;\n private Handler mHandler;\n private SessionListener mSessionListener = new SessionListener();\n private String[] mPermissions = new String[] { \"read_stream\", \"email\" };\n private Activity mActivity;\n\n public LoginButton(Context context) {\n super(context);\n }\n\n public LoginButton(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) {\n super(context, attrs);\n }\n\n public LoginButton(Context context, AttributeSet attrs, int defStyle) {\n super(context, attrs, defStyle);\n }\n\n public void init(final Activity activity, final Facebook fb) {\n init(activity, fb, new String[] {});\n }\n\n public void init(final Activity activity, final Facebook fb,\n final String[] permissions) {\n mActivity = activity;\n mFb = fb;\n mPermissions = new String[] { \"read_stream\", \"email\" };\n ;\n mHandler = new Handler();\n\n setBackgroundColor(Color.", "TRANSPARENT);\n setAdjustViewBounds(true);\n\n if(mFb.isSessionValid()){\n getUser();\n SessionEvents.onLogoutBegin();\n AsyncFacebookRunner asyncRunner = new AsyncFacebookRunner(mFb);\n asyncRunner.logout(getContext(), new LogoutRequestListener());\n }else{\n\n setImageResource(R.drawable.login_button);\n drawableStateChanged();\n }\n\n SessionEvents.addAuthListener(mSessionListener);\n SessionEvents.addLogoutListener(mSessionListener);\n setOnClickListener(new ButtonOnClickListener());\n }\n\n private final class ButtonOnClickListener implements OnClickListener {\n\n public void onClick(View arg0) {\n if (mFb.isSessionValid()) {\n getUser();\n SessionEvents.onLogoutBegin();\n AsyncFacebookRunner asyncRunner = new AsyncFacebookRunner(mFb);\n asyncRunner.logout(getContext(), new LogoutRequestListener());\n } else {\n mFb.authorize(mActivity, mPermissions,\n new LoginDialogListener());\n }\n }\n }\n\n private final class LoginDialogListener implements DialogListener {\n public void onComplete(Bundle values) {\n\n SessionEvents.onLoginSuccess();\n }\n\n public void onFacebookError(FacebookError error) {\n\n SessionEvents.onLoginError(error.getMessage());\n }\n\n public void onError(DialogError error) {\n\n SessionEvents.onLoginError(error.getMessage());\n }\n\n public void onCancel() {\n\n SessionEvents.onLoginError(\"Action Canceled\");\n }\n\n }\n\n private class LogoutRequestListener extends BaseRequestListener {\n public void onComplete(String response, final Object state) {\n\n mHandler.post(new Runnable() {\n public void run() {\n\n SessionEvents.onLogoutFinish();\n }\n });\n }\n }\n\n private class SessionListener implements AuthListener, LogoutListener {\n\n public void onAuthSucceed() {\n\n setImageResource(R.drawable.logout_button);\n SessionStore.save(mFb, getContext());\n }\n\n public void onAuthFail(String error) {\n }\n\n public void onLogoutBegin() {\n }\n\n public void onLogoutFinish() {\n\n SessionStore.clear(getContext());\n setImageResource(R.drawable.login_button);\n }\n }\n\n public static void getUser() {\n\n try {\n JSONObject json = Util.parseJson(mFb.request(\"me\"));\n facebookID = json.getString(\"id\");\n firstName = json.getString(\"first_name\");\n lastName = json.getString(\"last_name\");\n email = json.getString(\"email\");\n sex = json.getString(\"gender\");\n String mFirstName = firstName;\n String mLastName = lastName;\n String mEmail = email;\n String mSex = sex;\n Log.d(\"User Details\", \"You are logged in : \" + facebookID\n + mFirstName + \".\" ", "+ mLastName + \" Email is: \" + mEmail\n + \"-\" + mSex);\n\n SharedPreferences.", "Editor editor = SignUpActivity.settings.edit();\n\n // Set \"hasLoggedIn\" to true\n editor.putBoolean(\"hasLoggedIn\", true);\n editor.putString(\"fbEmail\", email);\n editor.putString(\"fbId\", facebookID);\n editor.putString(\"fbSex\", sex);\n editor.putString(\"fbFirstname\", firstName);\n editor.putString(\"fbLastname\", lastName);\n\n // Commit the edits!", "\n editor.commit();\n } catch (Exception e) {\n // TODO: handle exception\n Log.d(\"Exception in getUser\", \"+++++\" + e.toString());\n }\n }\n}\n\nThis is SessionEvents Class:\npublic class SessionEvents {\n\n private static LinkedList<AuthListener> mAuthListeners = new LinkedList<AuthListener>();\n private static LinkedList<LogoutListener> mLogoutListeners = new LinkedList<LogoutListener>();\n\n public static void addAuthListener(AuthListener listener) {\n\n mAuthListeners.add(listener);\n }\n\n public static void removeAuthListener(AuthListener listener) {\n\n mAuthListeners.remove(listener);\n }\n\n public static void addLogoutListener(LogoutListener listener) {\n\n mLogoutListeners.add(listener);\n }\n\n public static void removeLogoutListener(LogoutListener listener) {\n\n mLogoutListeners.remove(listener);\n }\n\n public static void onLoginSuccess() {\n\n LoginButton.getUser();\n for (AuthListener listener : mAuthListeners) {\n listener.onAuthSucceed();\n }\n }\n\n public static void onLoginError(String error) {\n\n for (AuthListener listener : mAuthListeners) {\n listener.onAuthFail(error);\n }\n }\n\n public static void onLogoutBegin() {\n\n for (LogoutListener l : mLogoutListeners) {\n l.onLogoutBegin();\n }\n }\n\n public static void onLogoutFinish() {\n\n for (LogoutListener l : mLogoutListeners) {\n l.onLogoutFinish();\n }\n }\n\n public static interface AuthListener {\n\n public void onAuthSucceed();\n\n public void onAuthFail(String error);\n }\n\n public static interface LogoutListener {\n\n public void onLogoutBegin();\n\n public void onLogoutFinish();\n }\n\n}\n\nThis is SessionStore class:\npublic class SessionStore extends Activity{\n\n private static final String TOKEN = \"access_token\";\n private static final String EXPIRES = \"expires_in\";\n private static final String KEY = \"facebook-session\";\n\n public static boolean save(Facebook session, Context context) {\n\n Context contextObj = Example.", "ExampleActivity;\n Intent i=new Intent(contextObj , SignUpActivity.class);\n contextObj.startActivity(i);\n\n Editor editor =\n context.getSharedPreferences(KEY, Context.", "MODE_PRIVATE).edit();\n editor.putString(TOKEN, session.getAccessToken());\n editor.putLong(EXPIRES, session.getAccessExpires());\n return editor.commit();\n }\n\n public static boolean restore(Facebook session, Context context) {\n\n SharedPreferences savedSession =\n context.getSharedPreferences(KEY, Context.", "MODE_PRIVATE);\n session.setAccessToken(savedSession.getString(TOKEN, null));\n session.setAccessExpires(savedSession.getLong(EXPIRES, 0));\n return session.isSessionValid();\n }\n\n public static void clear(Context context) {\n\n Editor editor = \n context.getSharedPreferences(KEY, Context.", "MODE_PRIVATE).edit();\n editor.clear();\n editor.commit();\n }\n\n}\n\nThis is BaseRequestListener class:\npublic abstract class BaseRequestListener implements RequestListener {\n\n public void onFacebookError(FacebookError e, final Object state) {\n Log.e(\"Facebook\", e.getMessage());\n e.printStackTrace();\n }\n\n public void onFileNotFoundException(FileNotFoundException e,\n final Object state) {\n Log.e(\"Facebook\", e.getMessage());\n e.printStackTrace();\n }\n\n public void onIOException(IOException e, final Object state) {\n Log.e(\"Facebook\", e.getMessage());\n e.printStackTrace();\n }\n\n public void onMalformedURLException(MalformedURLException e,\n final Object state) {\n Log.e(\"Facebook\", e.getMessage());\n e.printStackTrace();\n }\n}\n\nA:\n\nPlease update below code of your Login Button Click listener.", "\nmFb.authorize(mActivity, mPermissions, Facebook.", "FORCE_DIALOG_AUTH,\n new LoginDialogListener());\n\ninstead of \nmFb.authorize(mActivity, mPermissions, new LoginDialogListener());\n\nAnd see below link for more information\nFacebook Login Issue\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Despite dramatic improvements in medical management of hip fracture, we have been unsuccessful in reducing the significant residual disability that remains in older persons post-fracture. ", "The burgeoning economic cost of this seemingly simple condition and the burden of care borne by caregivers and society are predicted to escalate. ", "Systematic investigations of promising interventions are needed. ", "The interventions should be specific to the deficits that impede recovery, i.e., muscle mass and strength, should be of the correct intensity and be introduced at the most appropriate time to achieve the most beneficial outcome. ", "This planning grant will be used to refine a future trial, a home-based exercise program. ", "The investigators propose to evaluate the intensity and timing of an exercise program to reduce the level of disability post-hip fracture. ", "This planning effort will be used to design a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to compare two different intensities of lower extremity exercise delivered at different times post-fracture to a sham, attention control group. ", "In this future trial the investigators plan to include a broader range of patients with hip fracture than has been included in previous studies instead of focusing only on individuals with the best chance for recovery. ", "They also will document aspects of current rehabilitation care, and identify the factors that predict success of this intervention. ", "The planning project brings together a dynamic group of investigators expert in studying hip fracture outcomes and clinical methodologies. ", "The investigative team consists of experts in hip fracture outcomes, clinical methodologies, and physical intervention required to design and lead a randomized controlled trial of an exercise program following hip fracture. ", "Specific aims of the present application for a planning and development grant are to (1) refine the study design of the future trial; (2) prepare detailed protocols for successful enrollment of subjects in the future trial; (3) establish reliable procedures to ensure treatment adherence; (4) prepare detailed protocols to enable meaningful outcome assessment in the future trial; and (5) develop the future trial budget." ]

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[ "THE KANSAS\nSTATEHOUSE\nTHIS AFTERNOON TO\nPROTEST ON THE\nANNIVERSARY OF\nROE\nVERSUS WADE -\nTHE\nCONTROVERSIAL\nSUPREME COURT\nDECISION\nTHAT MADE\nABORTIONS\nLEGAL ACROSS THE\nCOUNTRY.", "\nNEW AT SIX...\nKSNT NEWS\nREPORTER\nJAMES RYAN...\nIS LIVE FROM THE\nSTATEHOUSE WITH\nMORE\nON WHAT ACTIVISTS\nFEEL\nIS THE FUTURE FOR\nTHE\nLAW HERE IN\nKANSAS.", "\nJAMES?###", "\nBROOKE, IT'S BEEN\n44 YEARS SINCE THE\nROE\nV. WADE DECISION\nBUT WITH NEW\nLEADERSHIP IN\nWASHINGTON - THE\nHUNDREDS THAT\nGATHERED\nHERE TODAY ARE\nHOPEFUL\nTHAT DECISION\nCOULD BE\nOVERTURNED.###", "\n\"Everybody deserves a\nchance at life.\"", "\nPRO LIFE ACTIVISTS\nMARCHED FROM THE\nTOPEKA\nPERFORMING ARTS\nCENTER TO THE\nCAPITAL\nMONDAY\nAFTERNOON TO\nPROTEST THE\nLANDMARK\nABORTION CASE -\nROE V.\nWADE.", "\nNATS FROM\nPRAYER\nHUNDREDS TOOK\nPART IN\nTHE MARCH - MANY\nCARRYING SIGNS\nLIKE\nTHESE - READING\n\"CHOOSE LIFE\" OR\n\"PRAY\nTO END ABORTION\"\nAT THE CAPITAL\nGOVERNOR SAM\nBROWNBACK\nSPOKE ABOUT THE\nSANCTITY OF LIFE.", "\nMen and women of\nthis\nstate, who know the\nsacredness of human\nlife. ", "All human life\nat all stages from\nconception until\nnatural death.\"", "\nTOPEKA MOTHER\nJANINE\nHEINCKER BROUGHT\nHER\nFIVE CHILDREN TO\nTHE\nCAPITAL FOR THE\nMARCH.", "\n\"I cannot be at a\nbirth and not see the\nmiracle that is there\nin that family. ", "No\nmatter what kind of\nstruggles or\ndifficulties.\"", "\nTHIS COMES ONLY\nTWO\nDAYS AFTER\nHUNDREDS\nGATHERED HERE IN\nSUPPORT OF\nHEALTHCARE\nLAWS AND A\nWOMAN'S\nRIGHT TO CHOOSE.", "\nDESPITE THE\nDIFFERENCE\n- HEINCKER SAYS\nIT'S\nIMPORTANT TO\nLISTEN\n\"Opening the dialogue.", "\nNot just saying no to\nabortion because no\none can do that\"\nAND TO HAVE\nCOMPASSION\n\"We don't know\neverybodys story, but\nwe know everybody\nneeds love and that's\nwhat it comes down\nto.\"", "\nNATS FROM\nAMAZING\nGRACE\nWITH THE SUPPORT\nOF\nLAWMAKERS HERE -\nAND\nNEW LEADERSHIP IN\nWASHINGTON -\nHEINCKER\nSAYS SHE TRUSTS\nTHAT\nTHE COUNTRY IS ON\nTHE\nRIGHT TRACK.", "\n\"I do feel hope that\nwe have people on our\nside. ", "We have people\nthat are asking the\nright questions and\nlistening to us.\"", "\nDURING HIS SPEECH\n- THE GOVERNOR\nCLAIMED\nTHAT KANSAS IS THE\nMOST PRO-LIFE\nSTATE IN\nTHE COUNTRY.", "\nHE SAYS HE'S\nSIGNED 17 PRO-LIFE\nBILLS INTO LAW\nDURING\nHIS TWO TERMS AND\nHE\nPROMISED TO\nCONTINUE\nTHAT FIGHT MOVING\nFORWARD.", "\nLIVE FROM THE\nSTATEHOUSE -\nJAMES\nRYAN, KSNT\nNEWS.###", "\nTHANKS JAMES.", "\nTHE KANSAS\nSUPREME COURT IS\nSET\nTO HEAR\nARGUMENTS OVER\nONE OF\nBROWNBACK'S\nPRO-LIFE LAWS.", "\nTHE 20-15 BILL\nBANNED AN\nABORTION\nPROCEDURE USED\nIN THE\nSECOND TRIMESTER.", "\nTHAT CASE IS SET\nTO BEGIN ON MARCH\n16TH.###", "\nPRESIDENT TRUMP\n" ]

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[ "It is nice to see that Pat Oxford came through again. ", "The real question is \n:did Pat not support Bruce or does he have plenty of access but no influence \nw/ the future president. ", "Maybe this says alot for Bush. ", "He thinks Pat is as \nmuch of a cartoon character as we do and has no reason to take him \nseriously. ", "Wouldn't that be refreshing. ", "You need to get the real scoop before \nlunch on Tuesday w/ Ileana." ]

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[ "Thoracoscopic surgery: indications and outcome.", "\nVideo-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) has become an established technique in both diagnostic and therapeutic thoracic surgery procedures. ", "In an attempt to evaluate the current indications and outcome of this technique, 143 VATS procedures, which were performed over a three-year period, were retrospectively evaluated. ", "Indications included lung biopsy in 46, recurrent or persistent pneumothorax in 42, and pleural disease in 16 patients. ", "Other indications included sympathectomy in eight, mediastinal mass in three, pericardial window in three, metastasectomy in three, and staging of lung cancer in two patients. ", "There was one postoperative death (0.7%), a patient with massive pleural effusion and end-stage renal and hepatic failure. ", "Conversion to formal thoracotomy was necessary in six patients (4.2%), and was the result of adhesions in four, bleeding in one, and failure to identify the lesion in one patient. ", "Diagnostic procedures were considered successful in 44 out of 46 lung biopsies (95.7%), 15 out of 16 pleural disease cases (93.8%), and two lung cancer staging cases. ", "The other 79 therapeutic VATS procedures were all effective, both in the long and short term, apart from two cases of prolonged air leak after VATS for pneumothorax, one of which was considered a failure (2.4%). ", "VATS should be available in each thoracic surgery unit. ", "It is both safe and effective in a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures." ]

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[ "The ruling allows the nomination for the general elections of the end of 2019 and sub-national elections in the middle of 2020.", "\n\nThe Full Chamber of the Plurinational Constitutional Court (TCP) ruled on Tuesday in the city of Sucre (southeast) in favor of the renomination of national and subnational authorities.", "\n\nThis enables President Evo Morales to present his candidacy for the 2019 general elections. ", "Unanimously, the members of the TCP enabled the nomination for the general elections at the end of 2019 and the mid-2020 elections of the president, vice president, 154 legislators; 9 governors, 339 mayors and 3,500 councilors and advisors, according to ABI.", "\n\n\"All citizens and all the people who were limiting the law and the Political Constitution of the State are, precisely, enabling these people to run, because definitely, the one who chooses is the Bolivian people,\" said the president of the TCP, Macario Lahor Cortez, to the Press from the headquarters of the Bolivian Judicial Branch." ]

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[ "We noticed that you're using an unsupported browser. ", "The TripAdvisor website may not display properly. ", "We support the following browsers:\nWindows:Internet Explorer,\nMozilla Firefox,\nGoogle Chrome.", "\nMac:Safari.", "\n\nNew!Find and book your ideal hotel on TripAdvisor — and get the lowest prices\n\nYarrambat Park Golf Course is located in Melbourne's North. ", "The Golf Course...\n\nYarrambat Park Golf Course is located in Melbourne's North. ", "The Golf Course boasts an 18 Hole Championship Length Golf Course, Health Club, 14 Bay Driving Range and fully licensed Restaurant called \"Bunkers Cafe Bar & Bistro\". ", "The golf course is open 364 days a year (excluding Christmas day) and the Restaurant is open for Dinner Wednesday - Friday from 6:00pm and also on selected Saturdays Nights from 6:00pm. ", "The Bistro is open for Breakfast and Lunch 7 days a week from 7:00am - 3:00pm.", "\n\nWent there with an internet coupon. ", "Although a cheap outing, the course left a lot to be desired.", "\nWhile undulations make a course interesting to look at, they have gone too far here. ", "With the greens too hard to hold the golf ball and serious undulations immediately in front of a lot of greens, it made approach shots almost impossible....\nMore\n\nPersonally I think the best course in the area. ", "Well maintained fairways, greens and always a pleasure to play.", "\nThe large amount of Kangaroos also add an interesting aspect to the game, great for overseas tourist to get up close and personal with the local wildlife.", "\nThe pro shop is brimming with everything you could possible need and the restaurant...\nMore\n\nNot a Golfer but here for a fly casting lesson in the casting pool which was great. ", "The environment was fantastic. ", "Just had lunch here with the instructor. ", "There is a park where you can fish for trouts and there is Archery too. ", "Great place for a weekend in the park.", "\n\nWent to Bunkers, the restuarant attached to the golf course, for a weekend family get together lunch, some of the food was OK but most was poor quality. ", "My sons pizza was far from pizza, it was a bread roll cut in half with ham and cheese tossed on top with a couple of pieces of cold tinned pineapple. ", "Needless...\nMore\n\nRecently played the front nine at Yarrambat and was particularly disappointed with the state of some of the greens. ", "Ducks are in plague proportions on the 7th and 8th holes, making putting almost impossible. ", "There are plenty of other public courses around the northern suburbs that are cheaper and in far better shape.", "\n\n* TripAdvisor LLC is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site... (more)\n\nWe noticed that you're using an unsupported browser. ", "The TripAdvisor website may not display properly. ", "We support the following browsers:\nWindows:Internet Explorer,\nMozilla Firefox,\nGoogle Chrome.", "\nMac:Safari.", "\n\nTripAdvisor LLC is not responsible for content on external web sites. ", "Taxes, fees not included for deals content.", "\n\nTripAdvisor uses cookies to improve your site experience. ", "Learn more or change your settings. ", "By continuing, you consent to our cookies." ]

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[ "Detached Leaf Assays for Resistance to Crown Rust Reveal Diversity Within Populations of Avena sterilis.", "\nCrown rust is the most widespread and damaging disease of oat (Avena species). ", "Genetic resistance to the pathogen is the preferred method for crop protection but widespread deployment of limited numbers of major effect genes has promoted the rapid emergence and spread of pathogen races that are able to overcome these genes. ", "Combining genes with even partial resistance may help develop durable cultivars that are less vulnerable to changes in pathogen virulence. ", "Partial resistance is expected to be relatively common in populations of wild species where constant pathogen pressure encourages diversity in host resistance mechanisms, but it may be discarded in conventional screens for major gene resistance. ", "Here, we used a detached leaf assay to detect resistance to the crown rust pathogen, Puccinia coronata Cda. ", "f. sp. ", "avenae, in previously uncharacterized collections of the hexaploid wild oat relative A. sterilis made by the Polish National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources. ", "Many of the accessions were collected in Morocco, the center of diversity for the Avena genus. ", "The detached leaf assessment allowed individual plants to be challenged with multiple pathotypes and their responses compared with 34 known differentials. ", "Broad-spectrum resistance was identified within accession PL 51855, which behaved as a single major locus on crossing to three cultivars. ", "The locus provided resistance to over 50 rust pathotypes, a greater range than seen for any of the known host resistance (Pc) genes. ", "Strong resistance was identified in other accessions, and heterogeneity in response within accessions was common. ", "Several accessions show multiple partial resistance responses that may be of value for developing durable resistance in cultivars. ", "Because the sources of resistance in all but two differential lines were collected outside of Morocco, resistance in all accessions tested here are potentially novel. ", "This study demonstrates that diversity within A. sterilis accessions collected in Morocco could be a very valuable source of resistance to crown rust, and it provides new germplasm for use in resistance breeding programs. ", "Detached leaf assessment provides a valuable first step in the identification of promising candidates in complex gene bank accessions." ]

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[ "We turned up our noses at the first digital pictures because they didn’t look as good as film. ", "The camera added to the Nintendo Game Boy in 1998 certainly didn’t make the case for a digital future.", "\n\nThe bulbous attachment recorded a fuzzy, postage-stamp-size, black-and-white image. ", "That’s black and white with no gray shades in between.", "\n\nIf you wanted to share your photo, you could purchase a separate printing device that plugged into the Game Boy and spit out a tiny print. ", "The printer took a little roll of paper and looked like one of those small credit-card-processing machines that spit out a receipt.", "\n\nToday, several megapixels later, the look of the Game Boy camera is refreshingly vintage.", "\n\nWhile apps and filters can make your pictures look like they were made with a plastic Diana, shot on Kodachrome or even make them appear like an old tintype — complete with faux scratches and emulsion drips — you will have to hunt down an old Game Boy, the camera attachment and printer for that unique look.", "\n\nStart with eBay. ", "You can find the whole package for around $120 or, with a little shopping, you can buy the individual components a little cheaper. ", "For less than $20, there are dozens of models for what was called a “pocket camera” (I’ve got my eye on the atomic purple one). ", "Printers can be found for as low as $4 and as high as $99, with many prices in between. ", "An extra box of paper, containing three rolls, approaches $30.", "\n\nThere’s a Flickr group devoted to the Game Boy camera; some of its members push the technical limitations of the camera to produce artful images.", "\n\nYouTube tutorials abound, including one below. ", "My favorite source of inspiration is a website from 1999, whose author seemed to embrace the Game Boy Camera and could keenly identify lights and scenes to get the most out of the camera.", "\n\nWith the camera plugged in, a menu screen gives the user three options: Shoot, View or Play.", "\n\nShoot mode has a few functions, like a self-timer, time-lapse and magic. ", "Yes, magic. ", "Click on this, and you can choose tricks like mirror imaging, a montage, panorama or “Game Face,” a collection of four shots that allows the user to put his face in the camera’s game.", "\n\nThe camera stores up to 30 pictures, though another company produced a Mega Memory Card for the Game Boy Camera that created more storage. ", "There are options to doodle on pictures or place stamps, like fangs or goofy ears.", "\n\nThe Game Boy and camera can be plugged into a computer and images can be transferred over into a bitmap image format." ]

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[ "Think Positive\n\nCats who are punished for bad behaviors are far more likely to engage in the bad behavior you’re trying to stop. ", "Why? ", "Cats often scratch surfaces as a way to reduce stress. ", "Sure, the mini manicure and stretching are secondary bonuses, but they’re all ways your cat self-soothes.", "\n\nPunishing your cat just adds more stress to your cat’s life and can lead to more misbehavior and even health problems.", "\n\nInstead of resorting to punishments - like locking your cat in a room, spraying her with water, or pushing her away - focus on encouraging and rewarding her for doing good behaviors.", "\n\nIntroduce An Alternative\n\nAs a cat parent, you need to come to terms with the fact that your cat has to scratch something. ", "Your cat isn’t super picky about what she needs to scratch, so she’s just looking for the best option in her environment. ", "If that best option happens to be your curtains, couch, or new dress, you need to give her a better one.", "\n\nWhile jumbo cat habitats may scream “I love my cat and I’m willing to give up half my house for her!,” ", "they’re not necessary. ", "All your cat really needs is a sturdy surface that can hold up to her lovely claws. ", "It doesn’t have to take up a ton of space.", "\n\nIdeally, give your cat two options: one vertical and one horizontal. ", "Cats will often choose one vertical surface (like your curtains or the back of your couch) and one horizontal surface (like your bedspread or rug) to scratch\n\nIf you want to put an end to your cat scratching the sofa, place a vertical cat scratcher (we like this one for it’s neutral colors, durable base, and appeal to all felines) right next to where she usually scratches. ", "Cats are creatures of habit, so the easiest way to save your furniture is to make the transition easy on your cat.", "\n\nYou can do the same for horizontal surfaces, as well. ", "While it may not look good to have a cat scratcher in the middle of your living room floor if that’s where your cat prefers to pull at your rug, don’t worry - it’s a temporary spot. ", "Horizontal cat scratchers come in everything from super economical options (like this one), to fun play places, to chic pieces of household furniture.", "\n\nMake the Right Choice Irresistible\n\nThe best way to make your cat choose the cat scratcher over your furniture or home decor is to make the scratcher irresistible. ", "Cat scratchers made from sisal or cardboard are ideal for sneaking bits of catnip into the folds.", "\n\nSimply sprinkle a bit of dried catnip onto the surface (if you have a vertical scratcher, you may need to lay it on its side for this step), and gently rub the herb into the scratcher. ", "As soon as your cat walks past the scratcher, she’ll be enticed to dig into her new toy to find all the catnipy goodness you’ve hidden inside.", "\n\nOther cats may not be as enticed by catnip. ", "If yours is one of those rare creatures, find out what she loves and make it a part of her scratcher. ", "If she likes jingle balls, tie a few to some yarn or twine and use a staple gun to affix them to the top of your scratching post. ", "If your cat prefers to bat around feathers (or - ahem - cotton swabs), you can get creative with your scratcher decor.", "\n\nYou don’t have to go overboard customizing your cat’s scratcher. ", "Oftentimes just adding some catnip or silvervine to the scratcher is plenty to get your cat to choose the prefered surface over your beloved possessions.", "\n\nYou’re The Boss\n\nDespite what your cat thinks, you are the boss in your household. ", "If you don’t want a cat scratcher visible in your living room, you don’t have to. ", "The key is to gradually transition your cat’s scratcher to wherever you approve.", "\n\nNow that your cat is hooked on the delicious scents and satisfying scratching experience of your scratcher, it’s time to gradually move the scratcher to its permanent location. ", "Slowly inch your cat’s scratcher through your house day by day.", "\n\nMoving your cat’s scratcher about 4 to 6-inches in the right direction each day should hold your cat’s attention without sending her running back to her old, taboo scratching spot on your furniture.", "\n\nIf you notice your cat has lost the trail, move her scratcher back to the last successful position until she catches on. ", "Then you can resume the migration process.", "\n\nAnd there you have it - you’ve mastered the method of herding cats and stopping unwanted scratching!", "\n\nDoes your cat have a particularly whimsical cat scratcher? ", "We’d love to see photos! ", "Share with us by tagging @PrettyLitterCats on Instagram!", "\n\nRai Cornell\n\nAuthor\n\n11 Responses\n\nParveen Angel\n\nAugust 06, 2018\n\nI wish I could have thought of this many years ago. ", "Such a good idea.", "\n\nRai Cornell\n\nMay 03, 2018\n\n@Georgie – Have you tried rubbing catnip in your scratchers? ", "Unfortunately, your cats will probably continue scratching the couch unless you make the scratchers more irresistible and rewarding than the couch. ", "Catnip works wonders :)\n\nGeorgie\n\nMay 03, 2018\n\nI have 7 different types of scratchers. ", "Cats get weekly manicures and pedicures. ", "They still scratch the couch.", "\n\nHeather\n\nMarch 21, 2018\n\nI have a huge cat tree with TONS of stuff to scratch, but she STILL scratches the sofa. ", "I have tried sprays, tape, foil, and have even put the plastic sleeves over her claws. ", "NOTHING works…she does as she pleases.", "\n\nRai Cornell\n\nMarch 21, 2018\n\n@ Martha Osborne – Hey Martha! ", "It sounds like your cat has a very particular preference. ", "I’d recommend getting something cat-friendly that’s similar to a computer cable – like a piece of yarn or a toy on a wire – and hanging it near your computer cable. ", "Whenever your cat starts pulling on the computer cable, wiggle the cat-safe option so she’ll be attracted to that option instead. :-)", "\n\n@Nancy – Have you tried giving your cat a pedicure? ", "If he’s still scratching, he may be having trouble sloughing off the outer sheath of his nails. ", "Give him a trim and he may be less likely to destroy your molding :-) Give this article a read and let us know how it goes: https://prettylittercats.com/blogs/prettylitter-blog/how-to-trim-your-cats-nails-without-pain\n\nCourtney\n\nMarch 20, 2018\n\nMy cats have a giant cat jungle gym type thing they love and use the posts on that, but also scratch absolutely every surface they can get their paws on. ", "I have tried the sprays, tin foil, double sided tape, my cats don’t care lol.", "\n\nRobert Tanner\n\nMarch 18, 2018\n\nWe introduced a few scratching cat surfaces around the house for our two cats a few years ago and our cats have left our furniture alone every sense. ", "It does work well.", "\n\nLaura Bailey\n\nMarch 16, 2018\n\nI wish I could have thought of this many years ago. ", "Such a good idea.", "\n\nSharon\n\nMarch 16, 2018\n\nI have 8 scratching posts in the den, both vertical & horizontal, she scratches my recliner I do not yell at her I move one of the “scratchers” to that spot. ", "We play this game every once in a while, she then scratches the back of the recliner. ", "She’s scratching in a vertical, and she is right next to a vertical sisal post. ", "Any other advice? ", "Sharon\n\nMartha Osborne\n\nMarch 15, 2018\n\nMy cat is declared, so scratching isn’t a problem. ", "She DOES like to pull on th computer cable that is behind the desk. ", "It doesn’t damage anything, but the whining that goes with it, is going to send me over the edge. ", "Help!", "\n\nNancy\n\nMarch 15, 2018\n\nI did everything… offered 3 different alternatives, disciplined bad behavior, tried the cat tape, spray..nothing worked… he would continually scratch the wood molding on my doorframes." ]

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[ "In a digital system having a CPU and a storage device for example, pulses or digital signals are affected by the reflected waves of the signals at terminal ends of a transmission line (referred to as bus) when the frequencies of the signals are high and the bus is fairly long. ", "The reflected waves distort the waveforms of the pulses.", "\nFor instance, a digital signal having a pulse repetition frequency of 100 MHz or above can be deformed into a stepping pulse when the transmission time of a bus exceeds one fifth of the rise time of the pulse. ", "Such deformation of pulse will greatly affect the threshold time of the digital signal. ", "In particular, this tendency becomes significant when the pulse repetition frequency is 200 MHz or above and the length of the bus exceeds 200 mm.", "\nIn order to suppress the influence of the reflective waves, a terminal resistor is inserted at the starting point or the terminal point, or both, of the bus so that the resistance of the terminal resistor matches the characteristic impedance of the bus, thereby suppressing the reflective energy of waves.", "\nIn recent years, CPUs, input/output (I/O) devices, and storage devices have become increasingly faster. ", "Some of them have operating frequencies on the order of 1 GHz. ", "Such speed up of CPUs will continue still.", "\nThus, in view of these high speed CPUs and devices, what is needed is a bus which can ensure transmission of a high frequency digital signal to and from these CPUs and devices.", "\nUse of terminal resistors has been known over the last 20 years in the art of emitter coupled logic (ECL) circuit of a main frame for example, to suppress the reflection of waves. ", "This approach has been frequently used also in CMOS circuits to deal with high speed storage devices.", "\nA pulse signal includes a fundamental frequency which is a given repetition frequency of the pulse, and additional higher harmonics superposed on the fundamental mode. ", "Thus, in the design of a bus, it is necessary to take account of waves having frequencies greater than the fundamental mode by one order.", "\nIt is also important to know that in actuality a pulse has a finite rise time Tr to rise from the base voltage to the peak voltage, and a finite fall time Tf to fall from the peak voltage to the base voltage. ", "Thus, the pulse has an apparent transition time Tr plus Tf, and hence an apparent frequency ft associated with the apparent transition time. ", "The apparent frequency ft is theoretically given byft=½πRC where RC is a time constant of n integration.", "The frequency ft is modified by an empirical conversion formula;ft=0.35/Tr where Tr is given byTr=2.2RC.Normally, the value of Tr is set to the period for the pulse to achieve 10 to 90% of the peak value. ", "Thus, Tr is multiplied by 0.8 when it is evaluated.", "\nA terminal resistor supposedly has a resistance that matches the characteristic impedance of the bus to minimize the reflection of the waves in the bus. ", "In actuality, however, in addition to the pure resistance, the terminal resistor has a reactance due to a parasitic inductance and a parasitic capacitance that are structurally created in the terminal resistor.", "\nHence, in order to suppress the reflection of waves by a terminal resistor, it is necessary to take account of the reactance of the terminal resistor itself along with the higher harmonics and the apparent frequency associated with the transition time of the pulse.", "\nFIGS. ", "1A-3B show simulated circuits of a terminal-resistor under different conditions. ", "The figures also show the results of the simulations.", "\nFIG. ", "1A illustrates a simulatory terminal resistor having a resistance of 50Ω, coupled with parasitic inductance L1 of 1 nH, and parasitic capacitance C1 of 10 pF. The resistor is connected to the terminal end of a bus T1 having a characteristic impedance Zo=50Ω. The transmission delay time Tpd is 1.5 ns (which amounts to a length of 100 mm on a printed wiring substrate), as shown in FIG. ", "1A. In the example shown herein, it is assumed that the terminal resistor is an ordinary chip resistor having average characteristics.", "\nIn operation, the bus T1 is supplied with a pulse “i” having a base voltage V1=0 Volt, peak voltage V2=3.3 Volts, rise time Tr=5 ns, fall time Tf=5 ns, pulse width Pw=20 ns, and a pulse period Per=50 ns. ", "The repetition frequency f is assumed to be 20 MHz. ", "The apparent frequency ft is determined from the transition time byft=0.35/(5ns×0.8)≈100MHz.", "The output waveform “ii” is measured at the terminal end of the bus T1, as shown.", "\nFIG. ", "1B compares the input and output waveforms “i” and “ii”, respectively. ", "Although the output waveform “ii” overshoots a little, it has a good waveform. ", "Thus, it is seen that the bus can satisfactorily transmit pulses having an apparent frequency of 100 MHz and repetition frequency f of 20 MHz.", "\nFIG. ", "2A shows a simulation in which the same bus T1 is terminated with the same terminal resistor as in FIG. ", "1A. In operation, the bus T1 is supplied with a pulse “i” having a base voltage V1=0 Volt, peak voltage V2=3.3 Volts, rise time Tr=0.5 ns, fall time Tf=0.5 ns, pulse width Pw=2 ns, and pulse period Per=5 ns. ", "The repetition frequency f of the pulse is 200 MHz. ", "The apparent frequency ft is determined from the transition time byft=0.35/(0.5ns×0.8)≈1GHz.", "The output waveform “ii” is measured at the terminal end of the bus T1.", "\nFIG. ", "2B compares the input waveform “i” with the resultant output waveform “ii”. ", "It is seen in FIG. ", "2 that the output waveforms “ii” is delayed from the input waveform “i” by the transmission delay time Tpd (1.5 ns) and that the output waveform “ii” is significantly distorted by the resonance of the parasitic inductance L1 and the parasitic capacitance C1 of the terminal resistor. ", "This output waveform “ii” is problematic in that it can greatly influence the threshold level of the pulse signals. ", "In this example, pulses having apparent frequency ft of about 1 GHz cannot be transmitted in good shape under repetition frequency f of 200 MHz.", "\nReferring now to FIG. ", "3A, the same terminal resistor as in FIGS. ", "1A and 2A is connected to the starting end of the same bus T1. ", "In operation, the bus is supplied with a pulse “i” having base voltage V1=0 Volt, peak voltage V2=3.3 Volts, rise time Tr=100 ps, fall time Tf=100 ps, pulse width Pw=400 ps, and pulse period Per=1 ns. ", "Its output waveform “ii” is observed at the terminal end of the bus T1. ", "The repetition frequency f of the pulse is 1 GHz. ", "The apparent frequency ft is determined from the transition time as follows;ft=0.35/(100ps×0.8)≈5 GHz.", "\nFIG. ", "3B shows the input and the output waveforms “i” and “ii”, respectively. ", "It is seen in the figure that the output waveform “ii” is delayed from the input waveform “i” by the transmission delay time Tpd (1.5 ns) of the bus T1, and is even more distorted by the parasitic inductance L1 and capacitance C1 of the terminal resistor as compared with the waveform of FIG. ", "2B. Obviously, this waveform “ii” cannot be used as a signal, since the waveform is disastrously distorted, badly affects the threshold level. ", "Thus, under this condition where the repetition frequency f=1 GHz and apparent frequency ft≈5 GHz associated with the transition time, the bus completely fails to transmit the signal.", "\nIt is seen from the results of simulations shown in FIGS. ", "1A-3B, that the distortion of the output waveform “ii” of a pulse increases with the repetition frequency f and the apparent frequency ft associated with the transition time of the pulse. ", "These simulations manifest that the output waveform “ii” is influenced by the parasitic inductance L1 and the parasitic capacitance C1 of the terminal resistor itself, even if the resistance of the terminal resistor is impedance matched with the characteristic impedance of the bus.", "\nA similar simulation can be performed for the bus using a terminal chip resistor which, however, has only one tenth of ordinary parasitic inductance and capacitance (L1=1 nH and C1=10 pF, FIG. ", "1A).", "\nFIG. ", "4A illustrates such a simulation circuit, which has now a reduced parasitic inductance L1=100 pH and a reduced parasitic capacitance C1=1 pF. The rest of the parameters of the circuit are the same as the one shown in FIG. ", "3A.\nFIG. ", "4B compares the input and output waveforms “i” and “ii”, respectively, observed in the simulation. ", "It is seen in FIG. ", "4B that the output waveform “ii” is delayed from the input waveform “i” by the transmission delay time Tpd (1.5 ns) of the bus T1, but has substantially the same waveform as the input waveform with little distortion.", "\nThus, it can be said that pulses can be successfully transmitted through a bus even when the repetition frequency f is 1 GHz and apparent frequency ft is about 5 GHz, provided that the parasitic inductance L1 and the parasitic capacitance C1 of a chip resistor are sufficiently reduced, for example, to one tenth of their conventional values.", "\nIt is noted, however, that the terminal resistor is a chip resistor, which is a discrete part mounted on the wiring substrate to terminate the bus. ", "Consequently, the reactance of the chip resistor, that is, parasitic inductance L1 and parasitic capacitance C1, depends on the length and the width of the chip resistor. ", "A typical chip resistor has already small dimensions on the order of 1.0 mm×0.5 mm. ", "It is therefore very difficult, and seemingly almost impossible, to further reduce the dimensions so that the reactance is reduced by one order as suggested by the simulation shown in FIG. ", "4A.\nIf the reactive component of a resistor, that is, L1 and C1, were sufficiently reduced by the size reduction as desired, another technical problem arises from the soldering of the resistor, because soldering induces additional reactance (e.g. 200 pH and 3 pF)." ]

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[ "GBP/USD tries to overleap 1.3300\n\nOn Tuesday, the British pound kept the upbeat tone. ", "The currency pair GBP/USD fluctuated within the 1.3325/20 band, reporting marginal revenues for the day.", "\n\nCable’s soar happens to have stumbled on a tough resistance in Monday’s tops approximately 1.3380, losing some ground along with some revival in the US dollar as well as renewed Brexit concerns.", "\n\nYesterday, the US currency has demonstrated some signs of life, reacting to the previous week’s abrupt pullback, simultaneously underpinned by a rebound in yields of the major American 10-year treasuries.", "\n\nBack to Brexit, new worries as for the so-called Irish ‘hard border’ rekindled some jitters over the everlasting talks, capping the upside momentum.", "\n\nBoE’s M.Carney told that financial institutions need to be capable of lending through disorderly Brexit.", "\n\nIn the UK docket there’s nothing scheduled for today. ", "However, the speech by next Fed Governor J.Powell is expected to attract much attention later in the NA session.", "\n\nOn Thursday, the major US currency rebounded from its unexpected dive following dismal economic data that sparked fears about the strength of the American economy and also backed the Fed’s intention to leave rates on hold in the nearer future…\n\nOn Tuesday, the euro tacked on because market participants waited for reports on inflation and growth in the euro zone, while the Japanese yen went down after Japan’s major bank told it would be more flexible in its huge stimulus program…\n\nOn Tuesday, the evergreen buck dived because the common currency bounced off and the UK pound managed to ascend to the day’s maximums reacting to reports that British Prime Minister Theresa May is going to take control of Brexit talks…" ]

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[ "Photoreceptor layer of salmonid fishes: transformation and loss of single cones in juvenile fish.", "\nThe retinas of many vertebrates have cone photoreceptors that express multiple visual pigments. ", "In many of these animals, including humans, the original cones to appear in the retina (which express UV or blue opsin) may change opsin types, giving rise to new spectral phenotypes. ", "Here we used microspectrophotometry and in situ hybridization with cDNA probes to study the distribution of UV and blue cones in the retinas of four species of Pacific salmon (coho, chum, chinook, and pink salmon), in the Atlantic salmon, and in the rainbow/steelhead trout. ", "In Pacific salmon and in the trout, all single cones express a UV opsin at hatching (lambda(max) of the visual pigment approximately 365 nm), and these cones later transform into blue cones by opsin changeover (lambda(max) of the blue visual pigment approximately 434 nm). ", "Cones undergoing UV opsin downregulation exhibit either of two spectral absorbance profiles. ", "The first is characterized by UV and blue absorbance peaks, with blue absorbance dominating the base of the outer segment. ", "The second shows UV absorbance diminishing from the outer segment tip to the base, with no sign of blue absorbance. ", "The first absorbance profile indicates a transformation from UV to blue phenotype by opsin changeover, while the second type suggests that the cone is undergoing apoptosis. ", "These two events (transformation and loss of corner cones) are closely associated in time and progress from ventral to dorsal retina. ", "Each double cone member contains green (lambda(max) approximately 510 nm) or red (lambda(max) approximately 565 nm) visual pigment (double cones are green/red pairs), and, like the rods (lambda(max) approximately 508 nm), do not exhibit opsin changeover. ", "Unlike Pacific salmonids, the Atlantic salmon shows a mixture of UV and blue cones and a partial loss of corner cones at hatching. ", "This study establishes the UV-to-blue cone transformation as a general feature of retinal growth in Pacific salmonids (genus Oncorhynchus)." ]

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[ "Véleménycikket közölt a Magyar Idők könyvtáros szerzője a magyarok finnugor származásával kapcsolatban, és ebben többek közt azt kifogásolta, hogy a tudomány nem szolgálja ki a közhangulatot, és hogy tudományos módszerekkel bizonyított tények esetleg sértik a magyar néplélek sajátosságait.", "\n\nAz ELTE finnugor tanszékének egyetemi oktatói ezt nem hagyták szó nélkül, és mondatról mondatra tényekkel reagáltak a cikkre a Facebook-oldalukon.", "\n\nEbből gyűjtöttük ki a legjobb válaszokat.", "\n\nMagyar Idők:\n\n„Elméletük egyik legfőbb problémája, hogy az őket megelőző öt-hat évre visszamenő magyar krónikák és a későbbi tudományos igényű történeti munkák semmit sem tudnak finnugor rokonságról, és következetesen a szkíta-hun egyenes ági leszármazást hirdetik.”", "\n\nELTE:\n\nA „tudományos igényű” krónikák szerint a cseremiszek (marik) emberevő óriások. ", "Szerintünk nem.", "\n\n„Ma ott tartunk, hogy történelmünk fontos alapkérdéseiben éles vita és szembenállás van a tudományos csúcsszervezet, az MTA és a magyar társadalom témára érzékeny széles tömege között.”", "\n\nÖrülünk, ha sokakat érdekel a magyar nyelv, de a széles tömegek nem szakemberek. ", "A tudományban nem az az igaz, ami a legtöbb embernek tetszik.", "\n\n„A finnugor rokonság tantétele annyira kidolgozott és ,,kicsiszolt”, hogy azt ,,belülről”, az ellene indított frontális támadásokkal megbontani nem lehet, ezért érthető a finnugristák makacs védekezése.”", "\n\nEzeket a makacs dolgokat tényeknek hívjuk.", "\n\n„A finnugor nyelvrokonság törvényszerűsége a marxizmushoz hasonlítható...”\n\nA marxizmussal való párhuzam hibás. ", "A nyelvrokonságot mindig azonos módszertan alapján állapítjuk meg. ", "A módszertan bármely tetszőleges nyelvre alkalmazható, a vizsgálat bármikor újra lefolytatható, az eredmények ellenőrizhetők. ", "A marxizmust már megpróbálták lefolytatni, remélhetőleg nem lesz kontrollteszt.", "\n\n„...amely egy rendkívül logikus, észszerűen felépített elmélet, amelyből viszont hiányzik valami: az életszerűség”\n\nAz igei személyragok névmási eredete tök életszerű, de tényleg. ", "Ráadásul minden finnugor nyelvben ugyanolyan.", "\n\n„A tudóstársadalomnak óriási a felelőssége, mert vagy orrvérzésig ragaszkodik a maga számára igazolható nézetrendszerhez, vagy tudomásul veszi, hogy a magyar néplélek sajátosságai és a történeti hagyományok miatt ezt mégsem teheti, mert ezzel több kárt okoz, mint hasznot.”", "\n\nErre Dr. Kiss Jenő nyelvész szavaival válaszoltak:" ]

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[ "Cross-talk between protein kinase A and mitogen-activated protein kinases signalling in the adaptive changes observed during morphine withdrawal in the heart.", "\nOur previous studies have shown that morphine withdrawal induced an increase in the expression of protein kinase (PK) A and mitogen-activated extracellular kinase (MAPK) pathways in the heart during morphine withdrawal. ", "The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the interaction between PKA and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways mediating the cardiac adaptive changes observed after naloxone administration to morphine-dependent rats. ", "Dependence on morphine was induced by a 7-day subcutaneous implantation of morphine pellets. ", "Morphine withdrawal was precipitated on day 8 by an injection of naloxone (2 mg/kg). ", "ERK1/2 and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) phosphorylation was determined by quantitative blot immunolabeling using phosphorylation state-specific antibodies. ", "Naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal activates ERK1/2 and phosphorylates TH at Ser31 in the right and left ventricle, with an increase in the mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate. ", "When N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide (HA-1004), a PKA inhibitor, was infused, concomitantly with morphine, it diminished the expression of ERK1/2. ", "In contrast, the infusion of calphostin C (a PKC inhibitor) did not modify the morphine withdrawal-induced activation of ERK1/2. ", "The ability of morphine withdrawal to activate ERK that phosphorylates TH at Ser31 was reduced by HA-1004. ", "The present findings demonstrate that the enhancement of ERK1/2 expression and the phosphorylation state of TH at Ser31 during morphine withdrawal are dependent on PKA and suggest cross-talk between PKA and ERK1/2 transduction pathway mediating morphine withdrawal-induced activation (phosphorylation) of TH." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSymfony2 Get just 1 row of oneToMany Entity\n\nI have a user entity and a log entity. ", "I have a OneToMany connection from User to Log.", "\nIn my Log Table are stored log entries according to users. ", "\nI output a User list:\nController:\n$user = $this->getDoctrine()\n ->getRepository('SeotoolMainBundle:User')\n ->findBy(array('isActive' => 1, 'isAdmin' => 0));\n\nTWIG\n{% for user in list_user %}\n {{ user.username }}\n{% endfor %}\n\nNow I want to recieve ONE row of the log table, sorted by a field called \"date\" and return it in the for user loop like this:\n{% for user in list_user %}\n {{ user.username }}\n {{ user.log.lastEntry\n{% endfor %}\n\nHow do I do this?", "\nEntity User.php:\n/**\n * @ORM\\OneToMany(targetEntity=\"Log\", mappedBy=\"user\")\n * @ORM\\OneToMany(targetEntity=\"Log\", mappedBy=\"editor\")\n */\nprotected $log;\n\nEntity Log.php\n/**\n * @ORM\\ManyToOne(targetEntity=\"User\", inversedBy=\"log\")\n * @ORM\\JoinColumn(name=\"user\", referencedColumnName=\"id\")\n */\nprotected $User;\n\nA:\n\nI solved it now in TWIG. ", "But this isn't nice at all... I would prefere a solution inside of the controller and not in the VIEW.", "\n{% for log in last_userlog|reverse if(log.user.", "Id == user.", "Id) %}\n {% if loop.index == 1 %}\n {{ log.logTitle }}\n {% endif %}\n{% endfor %}\n\n" ]

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[ "1. ", "Technical Field\nThe present invention relates to a design support system of a semiconductor integrated circuit, a method of designing a semiconductor integrated circuit, a design support program of a semiconductor integrated circuit, and a method of manufacturing a semiconductor integrated circuit.", "\n2. ", "Description of Related Art\nIn a design of a semiconductor integrated circuit, a cell or a block which has a logic function and a storing function is disposed in a chip, their input/output terminals are wired respectively and a pattern layout on a chip area is thus determined in order to obtain a desirable circuit operation. ", "A semiconductor integrated circuit using a general gate array method is constituted by a region in which a cell is to be disposed, a region in which a wiring between the cells is provided and a region in which an input/output circuit provided on a periphery is disposed. ", "A plurality of wiring layers can be utilized for the wiring on the chip and other layers can be assigned to wirings in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. ", "In a layout design of the semiconductor integrated circuit, an arrangement of a cell and a wiring between terminals are automatically optimized by using a calculator to determine a layout pattern over a whole surface of a chip area (for example, see JP-A-11-265940).", "\nIn recent years, a microfabrication of dimensions of a transistor and a wiring which are to be manufactured on a wafer has been advanced and it has been hard to execute a manufacturing process in accordance with a design pattern intended in the beginning. ", "A technique for forming a fine hole on an interlayer insulating film over a semiconductor substrate and processing a via for connecting wirings of upper and lower layers has also become increasingly hard. ", "For this reason, a circuit pattern on a wafer which is actually manufactured is greatly influenced by a factor for a fluctuation in a manufacture, resulting in a poor reliability of an electrical connection so that a deterioration in a yield is caused. ", "In a technology after the generation of a gate length of 130 nm, particularly, a rate of defects caused by a connecting failure of a via hole has been increased. ", "By using a multi-cut via having a plurality of holes for a connection between wiring layers, therefore, it has been devised to decrease a probability of a failure as greatly as possible.", "\nIn a related-art automatic layout method, however, it is first supposed that a single via (a single cut via) is provided over a whole chip and a detailed wiring is provided, and a replacement with a multi-cut via is then carried out only in the case in which a permission can be made in consideration of a peripheral layout situation. ", "More specifically, in the conventional automatic layout method, there is not considered a consumption of an adjacent wiring region which is caused by the provision of the multi-cut via in a wiring path search stage. ", "For this reason, it is impossible to carry out a global optimization of a wiring processing on the assumption of the provision of the multi-cut via. ", "Even if a wiring interval is increased by using a wire spreading function, it is hard to carry out a replacement of the multi-cut via in a place in which the bend of a wiring segment at a minimum interval between adjacent wirings defined in a predetermined process and a crank of a parallel wiring locally concentrate. ", "Thus, there is a limit to optimize a layout pattern having a bad influence on the manufacture of a semiconductor integrated circuit after the wiring processing." ]

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[ " FILED\n NOT FOR PUBLICATION NOV 23 2015\n\n MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK\n UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U.S. COURT OF APPEALS\n\n\n\n FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT\n\n\nJHON SON TJEN; SANTY CHEN, No. ", "13-71556\n\n Petitioners, Agency Nos. ", " A099-970-726\n A099-727-663\n v.\n\nLORETTA E. LYNCH, Attorney General, MEMORANDUM*\n\n Respondent.", "\n\n\n On Petition for Review of an Order of the\n Board of Immigration Appeals\n\n Submitted November 18, 2015**\n\nBefore: TASHIMA, OWENS, and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges.", "\n\n Jhon Son Tjen and Santy Chen, natives and citizens of Indonesia, petition\n\nfor review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) dismissal of their appeal\n\nfrom an immigration judge’s decision denying their applications for asylum,\n\nwithholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”).", "\n\n\n *\n This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent\nexcept as provided by 9th Cir. ", "R. 36-3.", "\n **\n The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision\nwithout oral argument. ", "See Fed. ", "R. App. ", "P. 34(a)(2).", "\n\fWe have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252. ", "We review for substantial evidence\n\nthe agency’s factual findings, Wakkary v. Holder, 558 F.3d 1049, 1056 (9th Cir.", "\n\n2007), and we deny the petition for review.", "\n\n Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s finding that petitioners failed to\n\nestablish the harms they suffered, considered cumulatively, rose to the level of\n\npersecution. ", "See id. at 1059-60; see also Halim v. Holder, 590 F.3d 971, 975-76\n\n(9th Cir. ", "2009) (no past persecution where petitioner was stripped naked, spat\n\nupon, and threatened as a student; refused medical care by a clinic; and beaten by a\n\nmob of rioters). ", "Substantial evidence further supports the BIA’s finding that\n\npetitioners failed to show sufficient individualized risk, even under a disfavored\n\ngroup analysis, to establish a well-founded fear of persecution. ", "See Halim, 590\n\nF.3d at 979. ", "We reject petitioners’ contention that the BIA’s analysis was\n\ninsufficient. ", "Thus, petitioners’ asylum claim fails.", "\n\n Because petitioners have not established eligibility for asylum, they cannot\n\nmeet the more stringent standard for withholding of removal. ", "See Zehatye v.\n\nGonzales, 453 F.3d 1182, 1190 (9th Cir. ", "2006).", "\n\n Finally, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s denial of CAT because\n\n\n\n\n 2 13-71556\n\fpetitioners failed to establish it is more likely than not they will be tortured if\n\nreturned to Indonesia. ", "See Silaya v. Mukasey, 524 F.3d 1066, 1073 (9th Cir. ", "2008).", "\n\n PETITION FOR REVIEW DENIED.", "\n\n\n\n\n 3 13-71556\n\f" ]

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[ "T[he]{.smallcaps} ER of metazoan cells is a continuous system of intracellular membranes segregated into subdomains with specialized functions ([Vertel et al. ", "1992](#Verteletal1992){ref-type=\"bib\"}). ", "One ER compartment with particular relevance for cell signaling is devoted to Ca^2+^ homeostasis, and is a major determinant of intracellular Ca^2+^ levels ([Meldolesi and Pozzan 1998](#MeldolesiandPozzan1998){ref-type=\"bib\"}). ", "An ER Ca^2+^ homeostasis compartment is present in many cell types, but is morphologically best defined in striated muscle and the nervous system ([Henkart et al. ", "1976](#Henkartetal1976){ref-type=\"bib\"}; [Franzini-Armstrong and Protasi 1997](#Franzini-ArmstrongandProtasi1997){ref-type=\"bib\"}; [Berridge 1998](#Berridge1998){ref-type=\"bib\"}). ", "The ER Ca^2+^ compartment of striated muscle, termed the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)^1^, is intimately integrated with sarcomeres. ", "In heart muscle, this configuration allows generation of Ca^2+^ waves that generate periodic cycles of contraction and relaxation by the contractile apparatus. ", "Ryanodine receptors mediate Ca^2+^ release from SR stores, and are localized adjacent to voltage-sensitive Ca^2+^ channels in T-tubules, which are extensions of the plasma membrane ([Franzini-Armstrong and Protasi 1997](#Franzini-ArmstrongandProtasi1997){ref-type=\"bib\"}). ", "The SR/ER CaATPase (SERCA) is responsible for subsequent Ca^2+^ uptake into the SR lumen, and is localized over actomyosin in the A-band at sites distinct from ryanodine receptors ([Jorgensen et al. ", "1993](#Jorgensenetal1993){ref-type=\"bib\"}).", "\n\nLittle is known about how Ca^2+^ homeostasis proteins are targeted to specialized sites within the ER. ", "Presumably, accessory proteins are required for segregation of functionally related but structurally distinct Ca^2+^ compartment proteins within the ER, for delivery of some of these proteins to the Golgi, and for subsequent sorting of proteins to specialized regions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. ", "Ankyrins are a family of membrane-associated adapter proteins ([Bennett et al. ", "1997](#Bennettetal1997){ref-type=\"bib\"}) that bind via their membrane-binding domains to diverse proteins, including ryanodine receptors ([Bourguignon et al. ", "1995](#Bourguignonetal1995){ref-type=\"bib\"}) and IP3 receptors ([Bourguignon et al. ", "1993](#Bourguignonetal1993){ref-type=\"bib\"}). ", "Ankyrins have been localized in striated muscle adjacent to voltage-sensitive Ca^2+^ channels in T-tubules ([Flucher et al. ", "1990](#Flucheretal1990){ref-type=\"bib\"}), and with SERCA in the SR ([Zhou et al. ", "1997](#Zhouetal1997){ref-type=\"bib\"}; [Kordeli et al. ", "1998](#Kordelietal1998){ref-type=\"bib\"}). ", "Ankyrins are present in specialized plasma membrane domains, but also are associated with Golgi and other intracellular membranes ([Devarajan et al. ", "1996](#Devarajanetal1996){ref-type=\"bib\"}; [Beck et al. ", "1997](#Becketal1997){ref-type=\"bib\"}; [Hoock et al. ", "1997](#Hoocketal1997){ref-type=\"bib\"}; [Beck and Nelson 1998](#BeckandNelson1998){ref-type=\"bib\"}; [De Matteis and Morrow 1998](#DeMatteisandMorrow1998){ref-type=\"bib\"}). ", "119-kD ankyrin-G colocalizes with the Golgi apparatus and participates in polarized delivery of Na/K ATPase to basolateral domains of epithelial cells ([Devarajan et al. ", "1996](#Devarajanetal1996){ref-type=\"bib\"}, [Devarajan et al. ", "1997](#Devarajanetal1997){ref-type=\"bib\"}). ", "These considerations provide circumstantial support for a role of ankyrins in organization of proteins in several intracellular membrane systems including the SR of striated muscle.", "\n\nGene knockouts in mice have provided insight into physiological functions of the ankyrin family. ", "Disruption of ankyrin-G expression in the cerebellum prevents restriction of voltage-gated sodium channels and L1CAM cell adhesion molecules to axon initial segments ([Zhou et al. ", "1998](#Zhouetal1998){ref-type=\"bib\"}). ", "Knockout of the ankyrin-B gene was initially characterized in the nervous system, where the 440-kD ankyrin-B isoform is required for postnatal survival of premyelinated axons ([Scotland et al. ", "1998](#Scotlandetal1998){ref-type=\"bib\"}).", "\n\nThis study reports that ankyrin-B is expressed in striated muscle and the thymus in addition to the nervous system of normal mice. ", "Ankyrin-B (−/−) mice exhibit musculoskeletal defects, a major reduction in thymic lymphocytes, and the majority die on the first day after birth. ", "Moreover, ryanodine receptors and SERCA are not distributed normally in ankyrin-B (−/−) striated muscle, and IP3 receptors are abnormally localized in ankyrin-B (−/−) thymic lymphocytes. ", "These findings considered together with the requirement for ankyrin-G in targeting voltage-gated sodium channels to axon initial segments ([Zhou et al. ", "1998](#Zhouetal1998){ref-type=\"bib\"}), suggest that ankyrins function in related pathways required for targeting of functionally defined proteins to specialized domains in the plasma membrane and within the ER.", "\n\nMaterials and Methods\n=====================\n\nMaterials\n---------\n\nThe following primary antibodies were used: affinity-purified rabbit anti-ankyrin-B (COOH terminus specific) polyclonal antibody ([Scotland et al. ", "1998](#Scotlandetal1998){ref-type=\"bib\"}); monoclonal antibody against the dihydropyridine receptor, α2 subunit, (Affinity Bioreagents); SERCA, type 1 and 2 (Affinity Bioreagents); ryanodine receptor type 1 and 2 (Affinity Bioreagents); triadin (Affinity Bioreagents); IP3R (type 1, 2, and 3; Accurate Biochemicals); and sarcomere α-actinin (Sigma). ", "Secondary antibodies used were: rhodamine- or fluorescein-conjugated goat anti--mouse IgG (Pierce and Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories) at 5 μg/ml and Cy-5- or rhodamine-conjugated goat anti--rabbit IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories) at 5 μg/ml. ", "F-actin was visualized using biotin-phalloidin (5 U/ml; Molecular Probes) and Cy5-labeled streptavidin (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories).", "\n\nProcedures\n----------\n\nMouse genotypes were established by Southern blot analysis ([Scotland et al. ", "1998](#Scotlandetal1998){ref-type=\"bib\"}), or by PCR. ", "Tissue samples and cells were processed for SDS-PAGE/immunoblots and immunofluorescence and by laser scanning confocal microscopy as described in previous publications ([Scotland et al. ", "1998](#Scotlandetal1998){ref-type=\"bib\"}; [Zhou et al. ", "1998](#Zhouetal1998){ref-type=\"bib\"}).", "\n\nNeonatal Cardiomyocyte Culture and Transfection\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nHearts were dissected from neonatal (1--3-d-old) mice under sterile conditions by bathing the animal in 70% alcohol. ", "Each heart was then placed in a 12-well flat-bottom tissue culture plate containing 2 ml of Ham\\'s F10 nutrient media. ", "The atrium and major blood vessels were removed and the ventricle was rinsed by squeezing with forceps to wash away the blood. ", "The ventricle was minced finely in 1.5 ml of 0.05% trypsin, 0.2 mM NaEDTA, and placed in a humidified incubator (37°C, 95% air-5% CO2) for 15 min. ", "Ventricles were then resuspended several times in a 1-ml Eppendorf pipette and incubated for another 15 min. ", "After incubation, 0.2 ml of 2-mg/ml soybean trypsin inhibitor was added, followed by the addition of 0.2 ml of 0.2-mg/ml collagenase (type VII; Sigma). ", "The homogenate was resuspended several times and incubated further for 30--50 min until dissociation of cells was complete. ", "Then 2 ml of complete media (DME/Ham\\'s F10, 10% FBS, and 10% HS) was added, and cells were pelleted by centrifugation at 500 *g* for 5--10 min. ", "Cells were resuspended in 2 ml complete media and transferred to a 35-mm petri dish to remove fibroblasts by differential adherence (2 h at 37°C). ", "Cardiomyocytes in the supernatant were collected by centrifugation at 500 *g* for 5--10 min, and resuspended in 1 ml complete media. ", "0.25 ml of cell suspension were plated on a fibronectin-coated plate at a density of 1 × 10^6^/ml and washed 24 h later with complete media to remove dead cells and debris. ", "To minimize growth of nonmuscle cells, complete media was replaced with defined growth medium (DMEM/F10) with additions of insulin (1 μg/ml), transferrin (5 μg/ml), LiCl (1 nM), NaSeO~4~ (1 nM), ascorbic acid (25 μg/ml), thyroxine (1 nm), or with serum-free medium (DMEM/F10). ", "Cardiomyocytes were transfected using Effectene (Qiagen) with 0.1 μg of cDNA encoding 220-kD ankyrin-B or 190-kD ankyrin-G ([Zhang and Bennett 1998](#ZhangandBennett1998){ref-type=\"bib\"}), both with EGFP positioned at the COOH termini of ankyrins in a pEGFP vector (Clontech).", "\n\nElectron Microscopy\n-------------------\n\nQuadriceps muscles from 7-d-old littermates were placed directly in Karnovsky glutaraldehyde/formaldehyde/cacodylate fixative plus tannic acid (pH 7.4) and sliced into smaller pieces ([Nassar et al. ", "1987](#Nassaretal1987){ref-type=\"bib\"}). ", "After fixing for 3 h (room temperature) or overnight (4°C), pieces were thoroughly rinsed in MOPS buffered mammalian Ringer and further fixed in 0.2% tannic acid, 3% glutaraldehyde in MOPS buffered Ringer (pH 7.0) for 30 min. ", "After rinsing in MOPS buffered Ringer, followed by 100 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6.1, tissue was post-fixed for 1 h in ice-cold 1% OsO4 in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.1, rinsed in water, block stained in 2% aqueous uranyl acetate for 1 h, rinsed in water, dehydrated in a graded ethanol series, and embedded in Araldite 506 ([Reedy and Reedy 1985](#ReedyandReedy1985){ref-type=\"bib\"}). ", "Ultrathin sections were photographed at magnifications ranging from 3,800 to 18,500 on a Philips EM420 microscope.", "\n\nCa^2+^ Dynamics\n---------------\n\nCytosolic Ca^2+^ levels were viewed in spontaneously contracting neonatal cardiomyocytes loaded with 10 μM fluo-3/AM (Molecular Probes) by ratioing fluo-3 images (excitation 488 nm, emission 510 nm) against a reference image acquired at rest (I/I~0~) as described ([Cheng et al. ", "1996](#Chengetal1996){ref-type=\"bib\"}). ", "A 40× 1.2 NA water immersion objective was used and images were recorded at 6--12 frames/s. Data were analyzed using the LSM 410 data analysis software.", "\n\nCreatine Kinase Activity\n------------------------\n\nCreatine kinase activity in mouse serum was measured using a Sigma Diagnostics Creatine Kinase kit.", "\n\nFractionation of Skeletal Muscle\n--------------------------------\n\nFresh rat skeletal muscle samples were homogenized in a buffer (1 g/15 ml) containing 0.25 M sucrose, 100 mM Tris, pH 7.4, 5 mM sodium EDTA, 5 mM sodium EGTA, PMSF (200 μg/ml), leupeptin (10 μg/ml), AEBSF (0.5 mM), and pepstatin (10 μg/ml), centrifuged at 1,300 *g* for 10 min, rehomogenized and spun again. ", "The supernatant was spun at 9,000 *g* for 10 min. ", "The second supernatant was spun at 190,000 *g* for 1 h. Pellets were resuspended in 3 ml buffer and loaded on a 20--50% sucrose gradient, and then centrifuged at 150,000 *g* for 16 h. Samples were treated as described above.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nMusculoskeletal Defects and Neonatal Myopathy in Ankyrin-B (−/−) Mice\n---------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAnkyrin-B (−/−) mice display abnormal posture with kyphosis and winged scapulae ([Fig. ", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"} A). ", "Creatine kinase activity also is elevated about fourfold in sera from ankyrin-B (−/−) mice compared with normal littermates, based on determinations of seven litters at ages ranging from postnatal day 1 to 13 ([Fig. ", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"} B). ", "Measurements of neonatal heterozygotes revealed some mice (8 out of 26) with a two- to threefold increase and other mice with normal levels of serum creatine kinase activity. ", "For comparison, patients with congenital myopathies or mild muscular dystrophy frequently have normal levels or small elevation in levels of creatine kinase activity.", "\n\nTransmission electron micrographs of ankyrin-B (−/−) heart (not shown) and skeletal muscle ([Fig. ", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"} C) demonstrate overall normal sarcomere organization. ", "However, occasional localized sites of severely disorganized sarcomeres and loss of striations encompassing 3--6 sarcomeres were observed in ankyrin-B (−/−) skeletal muscle ([Fig. ", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"} C, yellow asterisk). ", "Disorganized sarcomeres were not observed in skeletal muscle from normal littermates, and also were not evident in heart sections of either wild-type or ankyrin-B (−/−) mice (not shown).", "\n\nSites of disorganized sarcomeres, combined with elevation of serum creatine kinase activity and reduced myofibril size (not shown), support the conclusion that ankyrin-B (−/−) mice suffer from a neonatal myopathy and suggest a physiological role of ankyrin-B in muscle. ", "Ankyrin-B polypeptides of 220 and 150 kD are expressed in skeletal muscle and heart of normal mice, and are not detectable in ankyrin-B (−/−) mice ([Scotland et al. ", "1998](#Scotlandetal1998){ref-type=\"bib\"}; [Fig. ", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"} D). ", "Ankyrin-B (−/−) mice are born in Mendelian ratios, but suffer 70--80% mortality on postnatal day 1, and 100% by postnatal day 21. ", "Causes of neonatal death are likely to include compromised function of striated muscle and the immune system (see below), in addition to previously described defects in the nervous system ([Scotland et al. ", "1998](#Scotlandetal1998){ref-type=\"bib\"}).", "\n\nAbnormal Ca^2+^ Waves and Mis-Sorting of Ca^2+^ Homeostasis Proteins in Ankyrin-B (−/−) Cardiomyocytes\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nPrevious reports that ankyrin associates with IP3 receptors and ryanodine receptors ([Bourguignon et al. ", "1993](#Bourguignonetal1993){ref-type=\"bib\"}; [Bourguignon et al. ", "1995](#Bourguignonetal1995){ref-type=\"bib\"}) suggested the possibility that Ca^2+^ homeostasis might be abnormal in ankyrin-B (−/−) mice. ", "Dynamic patterns of intracellular Ca^2+^ release and uptake were measured in cardiomyocytes cultured from 1-d-old ankyrin-B (+/+) and (−/−) mice and maintained for 96 h, using Fluo-3 as an indicator ([Fig. ", "2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Ankyrin-B (+/+) and (−/−) cardiomyocytes in these cultures spontaneously contract, and have assembled sarcomeres and T-tubules, based on patterns of fluorescent labeling of α-actinin ([Fig. ", "3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"} A1), F-actin ([Fig. ", "4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, A--H, left panels), and voltage-gated calcium channels ([Fig. ", "3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"} C). ", "Normal cardiomyocytes exhibit a regular sinusoidal oscillation of cytosolic Ca^2+^ levels with a frequency of about 1 Hz and an increase in Ca^2+^ elevation over the basal level of ∼2.5-fold ([Fig. ", "2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"} A). ", "Ankyrin-B (−/−) cardiomyocytes exhibit an irregular pattern of Ca^2+^ release with periods of prolonged elevation (average 2.5 times longer than normal) combined with a threefold reduction in frequency ([Fig. ", "2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"} B). ", "The spatial pattern of Ca^2+^ release also was abnormal in ankyrin-B (−/−) cells ([Fig. ", "2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Wild-type cardiomyocytes exhibited one or two well resolved sites of elevated Ca^2+^ which then propagated along the cell ([Fig. ", "2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"} A, top), while mutant cells exhibited multiple simultaneous foci of elevated calcium ([Fig. ", "2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"} B, top).", "\n\nThe distribution of SR proteins involved in Ca^2+^ release and uptake was examined in ankyrin--4-B (+/+) and (−/−) cardiomyocytes maintained in culture for 4--6 d ([Fig. ", "3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Fig. ", "4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and in sections of skeletal muscle ([Fig. ", "5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "SERCA 2 ([Fig. ", "3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"} A2, left) is distributed in normal cardiomyocytes in a longitudinal and cross-striated pattern coinciding with the network SR and sarcomeres, which are identified by labeling of α-actinin, a component of the Z-line ([Fig. ", "3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"} A1, left). ", "In striking contrast, SERCA 2 of ankyrin-B (−/−) cardiomyocytes is restricted to a perinuclear distribution ([Fig. ", "3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"} A2, right) and is completely absent from striations associated with sarcomeres ([Fig. ", "3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"} A1, right panel). ", "The absence of SERCA 2 from contractile units of ankyrin-B (−/−) cardiomyocytes could contribute to the prolonged time of decay of Ca^2+^ transients observed in these cells ([Fig. ", "2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "SERCA 1 also is missing from sarcomeres in sections of skeletal muscle of 7-d-old ankyrin-B (−/−) mice ([Fig. ", "5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"} B). ", "Labeling for SERCA does occur along muscle fibers, but this may represent nonspecific interactions of antibodies with components of connective tissue ([Fig. ", "5B](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nRyanodine receptors are abnormally localized in ankyrin-B (−/−) cardiomyocytes ([Fig. ", "3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Fig. ", "4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}), and skeletal muscle ([Fig. ", "5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Ryanodine receptor type 2 of normal cardiomyocytes is present in a single periodic pattern ([Fig. ", "3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"} B, left) that overlays the Z-line (not shown) and corresponds to the site of T-tubules in heart cells. ", "Ryanodine receptor type 1 in normal skeletal muscle is distributed in a periodic pattern as a double row ([Fig. ", "5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"} A, left), as expected from a distribution flanking T-tubules in these cells. ", "Ryanodine receptor type 2 in ankyrin-B (−/−) cardiomyocytes is localized in 0.5--1-μm structures dispersed throughout the cell and in a pattern distinct from striations observed in normal cells ([Fig. ", "3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"} B, right). ", "Ryanodine receptor type 1 in ankyrin-B (−/−) skeletal muscle exhibits only occasional sites of label within muscle fibers ([Fig. ", "5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"} A, right). ", "Fluorescent label for the ryanodine receptor type 1 is localized adjacent to the plasma membrane in ankyrin-B (−/−) fibers ([Fig. ", "5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"} A, right), but this may represent nonspecific interactions of antibodies as noted above with SERCA.", "\n\nRescue of Abnormal Localization of SERCA and Ryanodine Receptors in Ankyrin-B (−/−) Cardiomyocytes by Transfection with cDNA Encoding 220-kD Ankyrin-B--GFP\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTransfection of ankyrin-B (−/−) cardiomyocytes with cDNA encoding 220-kD ankyrin-B with a COOH-terminal green fluorescent protein (GFP) tag restored normal striated patterns of distribution of SERCA 2 ([Fig. ", "4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"} C, middle) as well as ryanodine receptor type 2 ([Fig. ", "4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"} G, middle). ", "220-kD ankyrin-B--GFP in rescued cardiomyocytes was visualized with antibody against GFP, and exhibited a striated distribution similar to that of native ankyrin-B ([Fig. ", "4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}; normal in A and E; rescued in C and G). ", "The presence of sarcomeres in these cardiomyocytes was established by labeling F-actin with biotin-phalloidin/Cy5-streptavidin ([Fig. ", "4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, A--H, left panels). ", "Ability to restore normal organization of both SERCA 2 and ryanodine receptor type 2 with 220-kD ankyrin-B demonstrates that other ankyrin-B spliceoforms, such as the 150-kD polypeptide, are not required for this activity. ", "Transfection with cDNA encoding 190-kD ankyrin-G--GFP did not restore SERCA 2 or ryanodine receptor type 2 patterns ([Fig. ", "4D](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Fig. ", "H](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Moreover, 190-kD ankyrin-G--GFP was not localized in a striated pattern but instead was distributed more or less evenly throughout the cytoplasm of transfected cardiomyocytes ([Fig. ", "4D](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Fig. ", "H](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, right panels). ", "190-kD ankyrin-G--GFP polypeptide contains the same domains as 220-kD ankyrin-B, but has a shorter COOH-terminal domain ([Zhang and Bennett 1998](#ZhangandBennett1998){ref-type=\"bib\"}). ", "Ankyrin-G and ankyrin-B thus have distinct and nonoverlapping localizations and functions in striated muscle.", "\n\nSR--T Tubule Junctions Are Preserved in Ankyrin-B (−/−) Skeletal Muscle\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe abnormal localization of ryanodine receptors and SERCA in cardiomyocytes ([Fig. ", "3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Fig. ", "4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and skeletal muscle ([Fig. ", "5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}) could be due either to defects in targeting of these protein to otherwise normal SR and junctional SR sites, or to abnormal localization of the entire SR and junctional SR. ", "Immunofluorescence using antibodies against established components of SR/T-tubule junctions and electron microscopy were used to distinguish between these possibilities.", "\n\nThe pattern of labeling for triadin, a SR protein associated with ryanodine receptors at SR/T-tubule junctions ([Guo et al. ", "1994](#Guoetal1994){ref-type=\"bib\"}), is normal in ankyrin-B (−/−) skeletal muscle ([Fig. ", "5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"} C). ", "Moreover, labeling for the dihydropyridine receptor also is normal in skeletal muscle ([Fig. ", "5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"} D) as well as cardiomyocytes ([Fig. ", "3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These results suggest that T-tubules and the SR are present in the correct location and are linked by junctions.", "\n\nDirect evidence for apparently normal SR/T-tubule junctions and SR in ankyrin-B (−/−) skeletal muscle is provided by electron micrographs ([Fig. ", "6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Fig. ", "7](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Wild-type and ankyrin-B null skeletal muscles both have small T-tubules (small arrows) positioned about midway between the Z-bands (Z) and the M-lines of well-ordered sarcomeres ([Fig. ", "6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Where the section plane is favorably oriented, the network of membranes of the longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) can be visualized as well-organized around the myofibrils and sarcomeres in both normal and ankyrin (−/−) fibers ([Fig. ", "6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Junction (triads) between the T-tubule (lumen marked by t) and the SR membranes (arrows) also appear similarly well-organized overall, with the density between the SR and T-tubule membranes of the triads (arrows) equally evident in normal and ankyrin-B (−/−) fibers.", "\n\nA gallery of skeletal muscle triads from normal (A--D) and ankyrin-B (−/−) (E--H) animals visualized at higher magnification are presented in [Fig. ", "7](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "In both wild-type and ankyrin-B (−/−) skeletal muscle, the junctional SR (JSR) membrane forms a sac (arrowhead) abutting the T-tubule, where the JSR is seen en face. ", "The JSR membrane is usually marked by a row of particles parallel to the junction and is frequently associated with filamentous densities extending away from the junction at right angles. ", "The particles evident in ankyrin-B (−/−) muscle presumably are comprised of the voltage-gated calcium channel, triadin, and perhaps other SR and/or T-tubule proteins, but not ryanodine receptor 1, which is absent based on immunofluorescence ([Fig. ", "5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"} A). ", "Measurements across 9 examples of well-oriented T-tubule--JSR membrane junctions in normal and 9 in ankyrin-B (−/−) skeletal fibers visualized at the same magnification indicated a ten percent reduction in thickness of the ankyrin-B (−/−) junctions. (", "The range in normal fibers was 0.9--1.1 mm \\[average 1.01 mm\\]; the range in mutant was 0.8--1.0 mm \\[average 0.92 mm\\].)", "\n\nComplete absence of ryanodine receptor type 1 in the RYR1 (−/−) mouse results in loss of particles in SR--T-tubule junctions and a reduction in thickness of ∼40% ([Takekura et al. ", "1995](#Takekuraetal1995){ref-type=\"bib\"}). ", "Retention of structures in SR--T-tubule junctions in our sections of ankyrin-B (−/−) skeletal muscle suggests that ryanodine receptors are not completely absent. ", "One possible explanation is that ryanodine receptors are reduced in amount such that they are not evident by immunofluorescence, especially at high contrast, but are present in sufficient quantities to detect by electron microscopy.", "\n\nThe combined observations of normal immunofluorescent patterns of labeling of triadin and DHPR ([Fig. ", "5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and electron microscopy ([Fig. ", "6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Fig. ", "7](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}) strongly support the interpretation that the SR and SR--T-tubule junctions are normal overall in localization in ankyrin-B (−/−) skeletal muscle.", "\n\nThe reduced amount of ryanodine receptors and absence of SERCA from a normal striated pattern in ankyrin-B (−/−) skeletal muscle therefore reflects a defect in targeting of these proteins to their cellular sites. ", "A similar conclusion also is true for heart based on electron microscopy (not shown), and the normal appearance of DHPR in cardiomyocytes ([Fig. ", "3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nAnkyrin-B Is Not Associated in Permanent Stoichiometric Complexes with the Majority of Ryanodine Receptors or SERCA\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAnkyrin-B in skeletal muscle is located in two sites that can be resolved in longitudinal ([Fig. ", "8](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"} A) and in transverse ([Fig. ", "8B](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Fig. ", "C](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"}) sections of muscle fibers. ", "One site, visualized in an optical section along the surface of the plasma membrane, is in a costamere pattern ([Craig and Pardo 1983](#CraigandPardo1983){ref-type=\"bib\"}) at the sarcolemma, and is aligned with the Z-lines that are labeled by α-actinin ([Fig. ", "8](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"} A, a4--a6, green). ", "The other location, visualized with an optical section through the interior of the fiber, is in intracellular punctate structures aligned with the A-band ([Fig. ", "8](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"} A, a1--a3). ", "Transverse sections also reveal ankyrin-B staining at the sarcolemma, and in a punctate intracellular pattern ([Fig. ", "8](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"} B, b2 and C, c2). ", "The pattern of ankyrin-B labeling in costameres and in intracellular sites over the A-band is distinct from the localization of ankyrin noted at T-tubules ([Flucher et al. ", "1990](#Flucheretal1990){ref-type=\"bib\"}). ", "However, ankyrin-B localization does closely resemble the labeling obtained by [Nelson and Lazarides 1984](#NelsonandLazarides1984){ref-type=\"bib\"} with antibody raised against chicken erythrocyte ankyrin.", "\n\nDouble immunofluorescence labeling of transverse sections of skeletal muscle reveals that ankyrin-B is localized at sites distinct from both SERCA 1 ([Fig. ", "8](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"} B) and from ryanodine receptor type 1 ([Fig. ", "8](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"} C). ", "The majority of SERCA1 and ryanodine receptor type 1 are clearly not in close contact with ankyrin-B ([Fig. ", "8](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Therefore, ankyrin-B cannot participate as a common structural component of the SR--T-tubule junction. ", "Possible mechanisms involving a catalytic role of ankyrin-B in localization of ryanodine receptors and SERCA are discussed below.", "\n\nSubcellular fractionation of skeletal muscle supports the idea that the punctate intracellular staining of ankyrin-B represents vesicles ([Fig. ", "9](#F9){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The majority of 220-kD ankyrin-B pelleted after centrifugation for 10 min at 2,000 *g*, and presumably is associated with myofibrils (data not shown). ", "However, some 220-kD ankyrin-B sedimented only at high speeds (at least 30 min at 100,000 *g*). ", "Particulate 220-kD ankyrin-B sediments with a similar density to SERCA and ryanodine receptors after sedimentation to equilibrium in sucrose density gradients, and therefore most likely is associated with membranes ([Fig. ", "9](#F9){ref-type=\"fig\"} B). ", "Visualization of membrane-associated ankyrin-B by immunofluorescence microscopy revealed small structures \\<1 μm in diameter that presumably represent small vesicles and are distinct from vesicles labeled for SERCA (not shown).", "\n\nMislocalization of IP3 Receptors in Cardiomyocytes and Thymus of Ankyrin-B (−/−) Mice\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIP3 receptors are widely expressed channels responsible for intracellular Ca^2+^ release regulated by IP3 and Ca^2+^, and are coexpressed with ryanodine receptors in striated muscle as well as other tissues. ", "IP3 receptors visualized by immunofluorescence are mis-sorted in ankyrin-B neonatal cardiomyocytes ([Fig. ", "10](#F10){ref-type=\"fig\"} A). ", "IP3 receptors in normal cardiomyocytes are distributed in a striated pattern, while in mutant cells IP3 receptors are in an irregular punctate distribution ([Fig. ", "10](#F10){ref-type=\"fig\"} A). ", "IP3 receptors in normal skeletal muscle are distributed in a SR pattern distinct from the pattern of ryanodine receptors, while IP3 receptors in ankyrin-B (−/−) skeletal muscle are distributed throughout the cytoplasm (not shown). ", "Levels of accumulation of IP3 receptors are reduced by at least 50% in ankyrin-B (−/−) heart tissue ([Fig. ", "10](#F10){ref-type=\"fig\"} C).", "\n\nThe neonatal thymus is an active site of T cell differentiation, a process that is regulated by intracellular calcium transients mediated in part by IP3 receptors and ryanodine receptors ([Crabtree and Clipstone 1994](#CrabtreeandClipstone1994){ref-type=\"bib\"}; [Guse et al. ", "1999](#Guseetal1999){ref-type=\"bib\"}). ", "220- and 150-kD ankyrin-B polypeptides are expressed in normal thymus ([Fig. ", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"} D). ", "The 220-kD polypeptide is not detectable and the 150-kD polypeptide is reduced \\>90% in ankyrin-B (*−*/*−*) mice ([Fig. ", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"} D). ", "IP3 receptors are abundantly expressed in normal thymus and are localized in a punctate perinuclear pattern in thymic lymphocytes ([Fig. ", "10](#F10){ref-type=\"fig\"} B, left). ", "IP3 receptors in ankyrin-B (*−*/*−*) thymus are reduced in immunoblots by ∼50% ([Fig. ", "8](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"} C). ", "IP3 receptors in ankyrin-B (*−*/*−*) lymphocytes also exhibit an altered pattern of localization ([Fig. ", "10](#F10){ref-type=\"fig\"} B, right). ", "IP3 receptors in these lymphocytes are confined adjacent to the plasma membrane, and are generally not present in the perinuclear pattern observed in normal cells ([Fig. ", "10](#F10){ref-type=\"fig\"} B).", "\n\nReduced accumulation and abnormal localization of IP3 receptors in ankyrin-B (−/−) thymus would be anticipated to interrupt normal calcium signaling and differentiation of T cells. ", "Consistent with such a loss of signaling, Toluidine blue--stained sections of ankyrin-B (−/−) neonatal thymus reveal cell death of a major fraction of T cells ([Fig. ", "11](#F11){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Epithelial cells are present in equivalent numbers and organization, while the majority of T cells are missing or exhibit pyknotic nuclei. ", "In contrast, sections of normal thymus are densely populated with T cells containing normal nuclei.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nThis report describes a congenital myopathy and major loss of thymic lymphocytes in ankyrin-B (−/−) mice, as well as dramatic alterations in intracellular localization of key components of the Ca^2+^ homeostasis machinery in ankyrin-B (−/−) striated muscle and thymus. ", "The SR and SR--T-tubule junctions are apparently preserved in a normal distribution in ankyrin-B (−/−) skeletal muscle based on electron microscopy and the presence of a normal pattern of triadin and DHPR. ", "The abnormal localization of SERCA and ryanodine receptors therefore represents a defect in intracellular sorting of these proteins in skeletal muscle. ", "Extrapolation of these observations suggests defective targeting as the basis for abnormal localization of ryanodine receptors, IP3 receptors and SERCA in heart, and of IP3 receptors in the thymus of ankyrin-B (−/−) mice. ", "Mis-sorting of SERCA 2 and ryanodine receptor 2 in ankyrin-B (−/−) cardiomyocytes is rescued by expression of the 220-kD ankyrin-B, demonstrating that lack of the 220-kD ankyrin-B polypeptide is the primary defect in these cells. ", "Ankyrin-B is associated with intracellular vesicles, but is not colocalized with the bulk of SERCA 1 or ryanodine receptor type 1 in skeletal muscle. ", "These data provide the first evidence for a physiological requirement for ankyrin-B in intracellular targeting of the calcium homeostasis machinery of striated muscle and immune system, and moreover support a catalytic role that does not involve permanent stoichiometric complexes between ankyrin-B and targeted proteins.", "\n\nEvidence in support of some form of direct interactions of ankyrin-B with ryanodine receptors and IP3 receptors is provided by in vitro binding assays ([Bourguignon et al. ", "1993](#Bourguignonetal1993){ref-type=\"bib\"}, [Bourguignon et al. ", "1995](#Bourguignonetal1995){ref-type=\"bib\"}). ", "In addition, our laboratory has isolated IP3 receptors from cerebellum with an ankyrin-B membrane-binding domain affinity column, and determined a relatively modest *K* ~D~ of 0.2 μM for ankyrin-B--IP3 receptor binding (data not shown). ", "Such an affinity would be consistent with weak or short-lived interactions. ", "SERCA has not been examined for ankyrin-B binding activity. ", "However, SERCA shares overall sequence similarity with the Na/K ATPase, which does associate with ankyrin ([Nelson and Veshnock 1987](#NelsonandVeshnock1987){ref-type=\"bib\"}).", "\n\nDirect but transient interaction of Ca^2+^ homeostasis proteins with ankyrin-B could occur during transit of these proteins between the ER and the SR. ", "Exchange of proteins between ER and Golgi is well known to involve a machinery for recruitment of specific cargo proteins into vesicles, and transfer of these vesicles between organelle compartments. ", "A comparable system may also mediate transfer of functionally defined proteins from the ER to specialized sites within the SR. ", "In this case, the basic defect in ankyrin-B (−/−) cells underlying mis-sorting of multiple Ca^2+^ homeostasis proteins could be a failure in some step required for segregation of these proteins and/or their transport between the ER and SR. ", "According to this hypothesis, ankyrin-B would function as a SR-specific guide or escort using the touring metaphor for protein sorting ([Herrmann et al. ", "1999](#Herrmannetal1999){ref-type=\"bib\"}).", "\n\nAnkyrin-B is a multifunctional protein that could participate in ER protein sorting at several levels. ", "The multivalent ankyrin membrane-binding domain could bind to and laterally segregate selected proteins within the plane of the ER membrane ([Michaely and Bennett 1995a](#MichaelyandBennett1995a){ref-type=\"bib\"},[Michaely and Bennett 1995b](#MichaelyandBennett1995b){ref-type=\"bib\"}). ", "Ankyrin-B also could participate in coupling vesicles to transport systems through interactions of the spectrin-binding domain or the microtubule-association site ([Davis and Bennett 1984](#DavisandBennett1984){ref-type=\"bib\"}; DeMatteis and Morrow 1998; [Holleran and Holzbaur 1998](#HolleranandHolzbaur1998){ref-type=\"bib\"}).", "\n\nCoordinated assembly and spatial organization of Ca^2+^ release channels and SERCA within the ER is essential in cells of the immune system as well as in striated muscle. ", "Lymphocytes encode information in the amplitude and frequency of intracellular waves of Ca^2+^ ([Dolmetsch et al. ", "1997](#Dolmetschetal1997){ref-type=\"bib\"}). ", "Unlike the highly organized SR of striated muscle, lymphocytes are likely to have variable states of organization of ryanodine receptors, IP3 receptors, and SERCA that depend on their differentiation state. ", "As a consequence of such plasticity, signals that elevate calcium can have opposite effects in naive and differentiated cells ([Dolmetsch et al. ", "1997](#Dolmetschetal1997){ref-type=\"bib\"}). ", "Our findings ([Fig. ", "10](#F10){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Fig. ", "11](#F11){ref-type=\"fig\"}) suggest that ankyrin-B is a candidate to participate in targeting IP3 receptors and possibly other Ca^2+^ homeostasis proteins to their physiological sites in T-lymphocytes. ", "The fact that IP3 receptor accumulation is reduced in the absence of ankyrin-B also implies regulation by ankyrin-B at some level of IP3 receptor biosynthesis in addition to spatial targeting. ", "Ankyrin-B deficiency apparently has profound consequences for survival of neonatal thymic lymphocytes ([Fig. ", "9](#F9){ref-type=\"fig\"}), as expected if signals promoting differentiation are interrupted.", "\n\nThe specialized neuronal ER involved in calcium homeostasis is located in dendritic spines and growth cones of axons and resembles the SR found in muscle as visualized by electron microscopy ([Henkart et al. ", "1976](#Henkartetal1976){ref-type=\"bib\"}). ", "220-kD ankyrin-B is expressed in neuron cell bodies and dendrites in the postnatal brain in a time frame that approximates development of the dendritic spine apparatus of hippocampal and Purkinje neurons ([Kunimoto et al. ", "1991](#Kunimotoetal1991){ref-type=\"bib\"}), while 440-kD ankyrin-B is targeted to axons early in development ([Chan et al. ", "1993](#Chanetal1993){ref-type=\"bib\"}; [Kunimoto 1995](#Kunimoto1995){ref-type=\"bib\"}). ", "Although ankyrin-B (−/−) mice did not survive long enough to obtain sufficient numbers for a complete study, in two examples accumulation of IP3 receptors was significantly reduced in dendrites and cell bodies of Purkinje neurons (data not shown). ", "These preliminary results suggest that 220-kD ankyrin-B is a good candidate to participate in targeting ER proteins dedicated to calcium homeostasis to their physiological sites in dendrites of neurons, while 440-kD ankyrin-B may have a similar function in axons.", "\n\nComplete ankyrin-B deficiency in humans would be anticipated to involve defective development of the nervous system, as well as severe dysfunction of striated muscle and immune system that would not be compatible with prolonged postnatal life. ", "However, individuals with weak alleles or partial deficiency of ankyrin-B may be viable. ", "Ankyrin-B (+/−) mice have reduced expression of ankyrin-B and survive to adulthood, although with musculoskeletal defects that remain to be characterized (not shown). ", "These animals may provide models for certain autosomal dominant human channelopathies involving Ca^2+^ release channels and SERCA, with loss of function due to mis-sorting rather than direct mutations in these proteins. ", "For example, malignant hyperthermia, a leading cause of anesthesia-associated mortality, can be caused by mutations in the ryanodine receptor ([Loke and MacLennan 1998](#LokeandMacLennan1998){ref-type=\"bib\"}). ", "However, the genetic basis for this disorder is heterogeneous, suggesting that proteins in addition to the ryanodine receptor also are involved ([Robinson et al. ", "1998](#Robinsonetal1998){ref-type=\"bib\"}). ", "Another candidate disease involving ankyrin-B is long QT interval type 4, an autosomal dominant cardiac arrhythmia associated with sudden death, that maps to the same chromosomal region of 4q25-27 as the ANK2 gene encoding ankyrin-B ([Schott et al. ", "1995](#Schottetal1995){ref-type=\"bib\"}).", "\n\nAnkyrin-G and ankyrin-R polypeptides are still expressed in the ankyrin-B (−/−) cardiomyocytes (not shown), and 190-kD ankyrin-G cannot rescue ankyrin-B (−/−) cardiomyocytes ([Fig. ", "4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These data indicate that ankyrins, unlike many other multigene families, do not compensate for each other, and presumably have gene-specific functions. ", "The lack of complementation between ankyrins suggests the presence of binding partners specific for each ankyrin, which have not yet been identified. ", "Therefore, the activities proposed above for ankyrin-B in ER protein sorting are likely to involve protein interactions unique for ankyrin-B and not accessible to ankyrin-G. It will be of interest in future experiments to use chimeric ankyrins to define key domains involved in rescue of SERCA and ryanodine receptor sorting as well as cellular targeting of ankyrin-B.\n\nAnkyrin-G and ankyrin-B both have been implicated in segregating diverse proteins within functionally defined membrane domains. ", "However, ankyrin-G--dependent proteins are associated with specialized regions of the plasma membrane (DeMatteis and Morrow 1998; [Zhou et al. ", "1998](#Zhouetal1998){ref-type=\"bib\"}), and ankyrin-B--dependent proteins are shown here to be localized in the Ca^2+^ homeostasis compartment of the ER. ", "These parallels suggest the possibility that related mechanisms involving ankyrins but with distinct interacting proteins are responsible for restriction of proteins within certain specialized regions of plasma membrane and within the ER. ", "A common feature of both pathways may be recognition of target proteins by ankyrin membrane-binding domains and their constituent ANK repeats. ", "Since proteins lacking any obvious sequence homology interact with multiple distinct sites on the ankyrin membrane-binding domain ([Michaely and Bennett 1995a](#MichaelyandBennett1995a){ref-type=\"bib\"},[Michaely and Bennett 1995b](#MichaelyandBennett1995b){ref-type=\"bib\"}), these protein interactions are likely to result from an evolved fit mechanism rather than from targeting through a conserved sequence motif. ", "A consequence is that evolution of ankyrin-based recognition could be driven by functional considerations of increased physiological efficiency. ", "Other aspects of the pathways for segregation of ankyrin-dependent plasma membrane and ER proteins are also likely to be conserved, but are currently undefined. ", "A working hypothesis for future work is that both plasma membrane and ER segregation pathways will involve formation and transport of vesicle/tubule intermediates similar to currently established communication between the ER and Golgi.", "\n\nThis work was funded in part by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (RO1 DK29808). ", "Harold Erickson is thanked for his useful comments. ", "Susan Hester is gratefully acknowledged for preparation of plastic-embedded sections of the thymus.", "\n\nGFP, green fluorescent proteinSERCA, SR/ER Ca ATPaseSR, sarcoplasmic reticulum\n\nS. Tuvia and M. Buhusi contributed equally to this paper.", "\n\n{#F1}\n\n{#F2}\n\n{#F3}\n\n{#F4}\n\n{#F5}\n\n{#F6}\n\n{#F7}\n\n{#F8}\n\n{#F9}\n\n{#F10}\n\n{#F11}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "---\nabstract: |\n This paper proposes ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$, a deep reinforcement learning algorithm for continuous policies with compatible function approximation. ", "The algorithm is based on two innovations. ", "Firstly, we present a temporal-difference based method for learning the *gradient* of the value-function. ", "Secondly, we present the deviator-actor-critic (DAC) model, which comprises three neural networks that estimate the value function, its gradient, and determine the actor’s policy respectively.", "\n\n We evaluate ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ on two challenging tasks: a contextual bandit problem constructed from nonparametric regression datasets that is designed to probe the ability of reinforcement learning algorithms to accurately estimate gradients; and the octopus arm, a challenging reinforcement learning benchmark. ", "${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ is competitive with *fully supervised methods* on the bandit task and achieves the best performance to date on the octopus arm.", "\nauthor:\n- |\n David Balduzzi david.balduzzi@vuw.ac.nz\\\n School of Mathematics and Statistics\\\n Victoria University of Wellington\\\n Wellington, New Zealand Muhammad Ghifary muhammad.ghifary@ecs.vuw.ac.nz\\\n School of Engineering and Computer Science\\\n Victoria University of Wellington\\\n Wellington, New Zealand\ntitle: |\n Compatible Value Gradients for Reinforcement Learning\\\n of Continuous Deep Policies\n---\n\npolicy gradient, reinforcement learning, deep learning, gradient estimation, temporal difference learning\n\nIntroduction {#sec:intro}\n============\n\nIn reinforcement learning, an agent learns to maximize its discounted future rewards [@sutton:98]. ", "The structure of the environment is initially unknown, so the agent must both learn the rewards associated with various action-sequence pairs and optimize its policy. ", "A natural approach is to tackle the subproblems separately via a critic and an actor [@barto:83; @konda:00], where the critic estimates the value of different actions and the actor maximizes rewards by following the policy gradient [@sutton:99; @peters:06; @silver:14]. ", "Policy gradient methods have proven useful in settings with high-dimensional continuous action spaces, especially when task-relevant *policy representations* are at hand [@deisenroth:11; @levine:15; @wahlstrom:15].", "\n\nWe tackle the problem of learning actor (policy) and critic representations. ", "In the supervised setting, representation or deep learning algorithms have recently demonstrated remarkable performance on a range of benchmark problems. ", "However, the problem of learning features for reinforcement learning remains comparatively underdeveloped. ", "The most dramatic recent success uses $Q$-learning over finite action spaces, and essentially build a neural network critic [@Mnih:2015wq]. ", "Here, we consider *continuous* action spaces, and develop an algorithm that simultaneously learns the value function and its gradient, which it then uses to find the optimal policy.", "\n\nOutline\n-------\n\nThis paper presents Value-Gradient Backpropagation (${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$), a deep actor-critic algorithm for continuous action spaces with compatible function approximation. ", "Our starting point is the deterministic policy gradient and associated compatibility conditions derived in [@silver:14]. ", "Roughly speaking, the compatibility conditions are that\n\n1. ", " the critic approximate the gradient of the value-function and\n\n2. ", " the approximation is closely related to the gradient of the policy.", "\n\nSee Theorem \\[t:compat\\] for details. ", "We identify and solve two problems with prior work on policy gradients – relating to the two compatibility conditions:\n\n1. ", " *Temporal difference methods do not directly estimate the gradient of the value function.*\\\n Instead, temporal difference methods are applied to learn an approximation of the form $Q^{\\mathbf{v}}({\\mathbf{s}}) + Q^{\\mathbf{w}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}})$, where $Q^{\\mathbf{v}}({\\mathbf{s}})$ estimates the value of a state, given the current policy, and $Q^{\\mathbf{w}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}})$ estimates the *advantage* from deviating from the current policy [@sutton:99; @peters:06; @deisenroth:11; @silver:14]. ", "Although the advantage is related to the gradient of the value function, it is not the same thing.", "\n\n2. ", " *The representations used for compatible approximation scale badly on neural networks.*\\\n The second problem is that prior work has restricted to advantage functions constructed from a particular state-action representation, ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\phi}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}}) = \\operatorname*{\\nabla}_\\theta{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}})({\\mathbf{a}}-{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}}))$, that depends on the gradient of the policy. ", "The representation is easy to handle for linear policies. ", "However, if the policy is a neural network, then the standard state-action representation ties the critic too closely to the actor and depends on the internal structure of the actor, Example \\[eg:deep\\_advantage\\]. ", "As a result, weight updates cannot be performed by backpropagation, see section \\[sec:problem\\].", "\n\nThe paper makes three novel contributions. ", "The first two contributions relate directly to problems P1 and P2. ", "The third is a new task designed to test the accuracy of gradient estimates.", "\n\n#### Method to directly learn the gradient of the value function.", "\n\nThe first contribution is to modify temporal difference learning so that it directly estimates the gradient of the value-function. ", "The *gradient perturbation trick*, Lemma \\[lem:gradient\\], provides a way to simultaneously estimate both the value of a function at a point and its gradient, by perturbing the function’s input with uncorrelated Gaussian noise.", "\n\nPlugging in a neural network instead of a linear estimator extends the trick to the problem of learning a function and its gradient over the entire state-action space. ", "Moreover, the trick combines naturally with temporal difference methods, Theorem \\[thm:extension\\], and is therefore well-suited to applications in reinforcement learning.", "\n\n#### Deviator-Actor-Critic (DAC) model with compatible function approximation.", "\n\nThe second contribution is to propose the Deviator-Actor-Critic (DAC) model, Definition \\[def:beh\\_crit\\], consisting in three coupled neural networks and Value-Gradient Backpropagation (${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$), Algorithm \\[alg:qprop\\], which backpropagates three different signals to train the three networks. ", "The main result, Theorem \\[thm:main\\], is that ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ has compatible function approximation when implemented on the DAC model when the neural network consists in linear and rectilinear units.[^1]\n\nThe proof relies on decomposing the Actor-network into individual units that are considered as actors in their own right, based on ideas in [@srivastava:14; @doco:15]. ", "It also suggests interesting connections to work on structural credit assignment in multiagent reinforcement learning [@agogino:04; @agogino:08; @holmesparker:14].", "\n\n#### Contextual bandit task to probe the accuracy of gradient estimates.", "\n\nA third contribution, that may be of independent interest, is a new contextual bandit setting designed to probe the ability of reinforcement learning algorithms to estimate gradients. ", "A supervised-to-contextual bandit transform was proposed in [@dudik:14] as a method for turning classification datasets into $K$-armed contextual bandit datasets.", "\n\nWe are interested in the *continuous* setting in this paper. ", "We therefore adapt their transform with a twist. ", "The SARCOS and Barrett datasets from robotics have features corresponding to the positions, velocities and accelerations of seven joints and labels corresponding to their torques. ", "There are 7 joints in both cases, so the feature and label spaces are 21 and 7 dimensional respectively. ", "The datasets are traditionally used as regression benchmarks labeled SARCOS1 through SARCOS7 where the task is to predict the torque of a single joint – and similarly for Barrett.", "\n\nWe convert the two datasets into two continuous contextual bandit tasks where the reward signal is the negative distance to the correct label 7-dimensional. ", "The algorithm is thus “told” that the label lies on a sphere in a 7-dimensional space. ", "The missing information required to pin down the label’s position is precisely the gradient. ", "For an algorithm to make predictions that are competitive with fully supervised methods, it is necessary to find extremely accurate gradient estimates.", "\n\n#### Experiments.", "\n\nSection \\[sec:experiments\\] evaluates the performance of ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ on the contextual bandit problems described above and on the challenging octopus arm task [@engel:05]. ", "We show that ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ is able to simultaneously solve seven nonparametric regression problems without observing any labels – instead using the distance between its actions and the correct labels. ", "It turns out that ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ is competitive with recent *fully supervised* learning algorithms on the task. ", "Finally, we evaluate ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ on the octopus arm benchmark, where it achieves the best performance reported to date.", "\n\nRelated work\n------------\n\nAn early reinforcement learning algorithm for neural networks is ${{\\texttt{REINFORCE}}}$ [@williams:92]. ", "A disadvantage of ${{\\texttt{REINFORCE}}}$ is that the entire network is trained with a single scalar signal.", "\n\nOur proposal builds on ideas introduced with deep $Q$-learning [@Mnih:2015wq], such as replay. ", "However, deep $Q$-learning is restricted to finite action spaces, whereas we are concerned with *continuous* action spaces.", "\n\nPolicy gradients were introduced in [@sutton:99] and have been used extensively [@kakade:01; @peters:06; @deisenroth:11]. ", "The deterministic policy gradient was introduced in [@silver:14], which also proposed the algorithm ${{\\texttt{COPDAC-}\\mathtt{Q}}}$. The relationship between ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ and ${{\\texttt{COPDAC-}\\mathtt{Q}}}$ is discussed in detail in section \\[sec:problem\\].", "\n\nAn alternate approach, based on the idea of backpropagating the gradient of the value function, is developed in [@jordan:90; @prokhorov:97; @wang:01; @hafner:11; @fairbank:12; @fairbank:13]. ", "Unfortunately, these algorithms do not have compatible function approximation in general, so there are no guarantees on actor-critic interactions. ", "See section \\[sec:problem\\] for further discussion.", "\n\nThe analysis used to prove compatible function approximation relies on decomposing the Actor neural network into a collection of agents corresponding to the units in the network. ", "The relation between ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ and the difference-based objective proposed for multiagent learning [@agogino:08; @holmesparker:14] is discussed in section \\[sec:local\\_actors\\].", "\n\nNotation\n--------\n\nWe use boldface to denote vectors, subscripts for time, and superscripts for individual units in a network. ", "Sets of parameters are capitalized ($\\Theta$, ${\\mathbf{W}}$, ${\\mathbf{V}}$) when they refer to matrices or to the parameters of neural networks.", "\n\nDeterministic Policy Gradients {#sec:ac}\n==============================\n\nThis section recalls previous work on policy gradients. ", "The basic idea is to simultaneously train an actor and a critic. ", "The critic learns an estimate of the value of different policies; the actor then follows the gradient of the value-function to find an optimal (or locally optimal) policy in terms of expected rewards.", "\n\nThe Policy Gradient Theorem\n---------------------------\n\nThe environment is modeled as a Markov Decision Process consisting of state space ${{\\mathcal S}}\\subset{{\\mathbb R}}^m$, action space ${{\\mathcal A}}\\subset{{\\mathbb R}}^d$, initial distribution $p_1({\\mathbf{s}})$ on states, stationary transition distribution $p({\\mathbf{s}}_{t+1}|{\\mathbf{s}}_t,{\\mathbf{a}}_t)$ and reward function $r:{{\\mathcal S}}\\times {{\\mathcal A}}\\rightarrow {{\\mathbb R}}$. A *policy* is a function ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta:{{\\mathcal S}}\\rightarrow {{\\mathcal A}}$ from states to actions. ", "We will often add noise to policies, causing them to be stochastic. ", "In this case, the policy is a function ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta:{{\\mathcal S}}\\rightarrow \\triangle_{{\\mathcal A}}$, where $\\triangle_{{\\mathcal A}}$ is the set of probability distributions on actions.", "\n\nLet $p_t({\\mathbf{s}}\\rightarrow {\\mathbf{s}}',{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}})$ denote the distribution on states ${\\mathbf{s}}'$ at time $t$ given policy ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}$ and initial state ${\\mathbf{s}}$ at $t=0$ and let $\\rho^{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}}({\\mathbf{s}}') = \\int_{{\\mathcal S}}\\sum_{t=0}^\\infty\\gamma^tp_1({\\mathbf{s}})p_t({\\mathbf{s}}\\rightarrow {\\mathbf{s}}',{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}})d{\\mathbf{s}}$. Let $r_t^\\gamma = \\sum_{\\tau=t}^\\infty\\gamma^{\\tau-t} r({\\mathbf{s}}_\\tau,{\\mathbf{a}}_\\tau)$ be the discounted future reward. ", "Define the $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\text{value of a state-action pair: } \\qquad\n & Q^{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}}) = \\operatorname*{\\mathbb E}[r_1^\\gamma | {\\mathbf S}_1={\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf A}_1={\\mathbf{a}};{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta]\\quad\\text{and}\n \\label{e:Q}\n \\\\\n \\text{value of a policy: } \\qquad\n & J({{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta}) = \\operatorname*{\\mathbb E}_{{\\mathbf{s}}\\sim \\rho^{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}}, {\\mathbf{a}}\\sim {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta}[Q^{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}})].", "\n \\label{eq:J}\\end{aligned}$$ The aim is to find the policy $\\theta^* := \\operatorname*{argmax}_\\theta J({{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta})$ with maximal value. ", "A natural approach is to follow the gradient [@sutton:99], which in the deterministic case can be computed explicitly as\n\n\\[t:dpg\\][[${}$\\\n]{}]{} Under reasonable assumptions on the regularity of the Markov Decision Process the policy gradient can be computed as $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\operatorname*{\\nabla}_\\theta J({\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta)\n & = \\operatorname*{\\mathbb E}_{{\\mathbf{s}}\\sim \\rho^{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}}} \\left[\\operatorname*{\\nabla}_\\theta{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}}) \\operatorname*{\\nabla}_{{\\mathbf{a}}} Q^{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}})_{|{\\mathbf{a}}={\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}})}\\right].", "\n \\end{aligned}$$\n\nSee [@silver:14].", "\n\nLinear Compatible Function Approximation\n----------------------------------------\n\nSince the agent does not have direct access to the value function $Q^{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}}$, it must instead learn an estimate $Q^{\\mathbf{w}}\\approx Q^{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}}$. A sufficient condition for when plugging an estimate $Q^{\\mathbf{w}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}})$ into the policy gradient $\\operatorname*{\\nabla}_\\theta J(\\theta) = \\operatorname*{\\mathbb E}[\\operatorname*{\\nabla}_\\theta {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}})\\operatorname*{\\nabla}_{{\\mathbf{a}}} Q^{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}})_{|{\\mathbf{a}}={\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}})}]$ yields an unbiased estimator was first proposed in [@sutton:99].", "\n\nA sufficient condition in the deterministic setting is:\n\n\\[t:compat\\][[${}$\\\n]{}]{} The value-estimate $Q^{{\\mathbf{w}}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}})$ satisfies is compatible with the policy gradient, that is $$\\operatorname*{\\nabla}_\\theta J(\\theta) = \\operatorname*{\\mathbb E}\\left[\\operatorname*{\\nabla}_\\theta {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}})\\cdot \\operatorname*{\\nabla}_{{\\mathbf{a}}} Q^{{\\mathbf{w}}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}})_{|{\\mathbf{a}}={\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}})}\\right]$$ if the following conditions hold:\n\n1. ", " **$Q^{\\mathbf{w}}$ approximates the value gradient:**\\\n The weights learned by the approximate value function must satisfy ${\\mathbf{w}}= \\operatorname*{argmin}_{{\\mathbf{w}}'}{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\ell}}_{GE}(\\theta,{\\mathbf{w}}')$, where $${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\ell}}_{GE}(\\theta,{\\mathbf{w}})\n := \\operatorname*{\\mathbb E}\\left[\\left\\|\\operatorname*{\\nabla}_{{\\mathbf{a}}} Q^{{\\mathbf{w}}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}})_{|{\\mathbf{a}}={\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}})} - \\operatorname*{\\nabla}_{{\\mathbf{a}}} Q^{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}})_{|{\\mathbf{a}}={\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}})}\\right\\|^2\\right]\n \\label{eq:val_estimate}$$ is the mean-square difference between the gradient of the true value function $Q^{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}}$ and the approximation $Q^{{\\mathbf{w}}}$.\n\n2. ", " **$Q^{\\mathbf{w}}$ is policy-compatible:**\\\n The gradients of the value-function and the policy must satisfy $$\\label{eq:grad_compat}\n \\operatorname*{\\nabla}_{{\\mathbf{a}}} Q^{{\\mathbf{w}}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}})_{|{\\mathbf{a}}={\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}})} = \\big\\langle \\operatorname*{\\nabla}_\\theta{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}}), {\\mathbf{w}}\\big\\rangle.$$\n\nSee [@silver:14].", "\n\nHaving stated the compatibility condition, it is worth revisiting the problems that we propose to tackle in the paper. ", "The first problem is to directly estimate the gradient of the value function, as required by Eq.", "  in condition *C1*. ", "The standard approach used in the literature is to estimate the value function, or the closely related advantage function, using temporal difference learning, and then compute the derivative of the estimate. ", "The next section shows how the gradient can be estimated directly.", "\n\nThe second problem relates to the compatibility condition on policy and value gradients required by Eq.", "  in condition *C2*. ", "The only function approximation satisfying *C2* that has been proposed is\n\n\\[eg:advantage\\][[${}$\\\n]{}]{} Let ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\phi}}({\\mathbf{s}})$ be an $m$-dimensional feature representation on states and set ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\phi}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}}) := \\operatorname*{\\nabla}_\\theta{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}})\\cdot\\big({\\mathbf{a}}-{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}})\\big)$. Then the value function approximation $$Q^{{\\mathbf{v}},{\\mathbf{w}}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}}) \n = \\underbrace{\\left\\langle {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\phi}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}}),{\\mathbf{w}}\\right\\rangle}_{\\text{advantage function}} + \\big\\langle {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\phi}}({\\mathbf{s}}),{\\mathbf{v}}\\big\\rangle\n = ({\\mathbf{a}}-{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}}))^\\intercal \\cdot\\operatorname*{\\nabla}_\\theta{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}})^\\intercal\\cdot {\\mathbf{w}}+{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\phi}}({\\mathbf{s}})^\\intercal\\cdot{\\mathbf{v}}.$$ satisfies condition *C2* of Theorem \\[t:compat\\].", "\n\nThe approximation in Example \\[eg:advantage\\] encounters serious problems when applied to *deep* policies, see discussion in section \\[sec:problem\\].", "\n\nLearning Value Gradients {#sec:pbp}\n========================\n\nIn this section, we tackle the first problem by modifying temporal-difference (TD) learning so that it directly estimates the gradient of the value function. ", "First, we developed a new approach to estimating the gradient of a black-box function at a point, based on perturbing the function with gaussian noise. ", "It turns out that the approach extends easily to learning the gradient of a black-box function across its entire domain. ", "Moreover, it is easy to combine with neural networks and temporal difference learning.", "\n\nEstimating the gradient of an unknown function at a point\n---------------------------------------------------------\n\nGradient estimates have been intensively studied in bandit problems, where rewards (or losses) are observed but labels are not. ", "Thus, in contrast to supervised learning where it is possible to compute the gradient of the loss, in bandit problems the gradient must be estimated. ", "More formally, consider the following setup.", "\n\n\\[def:bb\\][[${}$\\\n]{}]{} A function $f:{{\\mathbb R}}^d\\rightarrow {{\\mathbb R}}$ is a **zeroth-order black-box** if it can only be queried for *zeroth-order* information. ", "That is, User can request the value $f(x)$ of $f$ at any point $x\\in{{\\mathbb R}}^d$, but cannot request the gradient of the function.", "\n\nWe use the shorthand *black-box* in what follows.", "\n\nThe black-box model for optimization was introduced in [@nemirovski:83], see [@raginsky:11] for a recent exposition. ", "In those papers, a black-box consists in a *first-order oracle* that can provide both zeroth-order information (the value of the function) and first-order information (the gradient or subgradient of the function).", "\n\n[[${}$\\\n]{}]{} The reward function $r({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}})$ is a black box since Nature does not provide gradient information. ", "The value function $Q^{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}}) = \\operatorname*{\\mathbb E}[r_1^\\gamma | {\\mathbf S}_1={\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf A}_1={\\mathbf{a}};{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta]$ is *not even* a black-box: it cannot be queried directly since it is defined as the expected discounted *future* reward. ", "It is for this reason the gradient perturbation trick must be combined with temporal difference learning, see section \\[sec:tdgl\\].", "\n\nAn important insight is that the gradient of an unknown function at a specific point can be estimated by perturbing its input [@flaxman:05]. ", "For example, for small $\\delta>0$ the gradient of $f:{{\\mathbb R}}^d\\rightarrow {{\\mathbb R}}$ is approximately $\\operatorname*{\\nabla}f({{\\mathbf x}})_{|{{\\mathbf x}}={\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}}\\approx d\\cdot\\operatorname*{\\mathbb E}_{\\mathbf{u}}[\\frac{f({\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}+\\delta {\\mathbf{u}})}{\\delta} {\\mathbf{u}}]$ where the expectation is over vectors sampled uniformly from the unit sphere.", "\n\nThe following lemma provides a simple method for estimating the gradient of a function *at a point* based on Gaussian perturbations:\n\n\\[lem:gradient\\][[${}$\\\n]{}]{} The gradient of differentiable $f:{{\\mathbb R}}^d\\rightarrow {{\\mathbb R}}$ at ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}\\in{{\\mathbb R}}^d$ is $$\\label{e:grad}\n \\operatorname*{\\nabla}_{{\\mathbf x}}f({{\\mathbf x}})_{|{{\\mathbf x}}={\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}} = \\lim_{\\sigma^2\\rightarrow0}\\operatorname*{argmin}_{{\\mathbf{w}}\\in{{\\mathbb R}}^d} \\left\\{\\min_{b\\in {{\\mathbb R}}}\\operatorname*{\\mathbb E}_{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}\\sim N({\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol 0}},\\sigma^2\\cdot {\\mathbf{I}}_d)}\\left[\\Big( f({\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}+{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}})-\\langle{\\mathbf{w}},{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}\\rangle - b\\Big)^2\\right]\\right\\}.$$\n\nBy taking sufficiently small variance, we can assume that $f$ is locally linear. ", "Setting $b=f({\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}})$ yields a line through the origin. ", "It therefore suffices to consider the special case $f({{\\mathbf x}})=\\langle {\\mathbf{v}},{{\\mathbf x}}\\rangle$.\n\nSetting $${\\mathbf{w}}^* =\\operatorname*{argmin}_{{\\mathbf{w}}\\in{{\\mathbb R}}^d}\\operatorname*{\\mathbb E}_{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}\\sim N({\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol 0}},\\sigma^2\\cdot{\\mathbf{I}}_d)} \\left[\\frac{1}{2}\\Big(\\langle{\\mathbf{w}},{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}\\rangle-\\langle{\\mathbf{v}},{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}\\rangle\\Big)^2\\right],$$ we are required to show that ${\\mathbf{w}}^*={\\mathbf{v}}$. The problem is convex, so setting the gradient to zero requires to solve $0 = \\operatorname*{\\mathbb E}\\big[\\langle{\\mathbf{w}}-{\\mathbf{v}},{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}\\rangle\\cdot {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}\\big]$, which reduces to solving the set of linear equations $$\\sum_{i=1}^d (w^i-v^i)\\operatorname*{\\mathbb E}[\\epsilon^i\\epsilon^j] = (w^j-v^j)\\operatorname*{\\mathbb E}[(\\epsilon^j)^2]=(w^j-v^j)\\cdot \\sigma^2=0\\qquad \\text{ for all $j$}.$$ The first equality holds since $\\operatorname*{\\mathbb E}[\\epsilon^i\\epsilon^j]=0$. It follows immediately that ${\\mathbf{w}}^*={\\mathbf{v}}$.\n\nLearning gradients across a range {#sec:learning_gradients}\n---------------------------------\n\nThe solution to the optimization problem in Eq.", "  is the gradient $\\operatorname*{\\nabla}f({{\\mathbf x}})$ of $f$ at a particular ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}\\in{{\\mathbb R}}^d$. The next step is to learn a function ${\\mathbf{G}}^{\\mathbf{W}}:{{\\mathbb R}}^d\\rightarrow {{\\mathbb R}}^d$ that approximates the gradient across a range of values.", "\n\nMore precisely, given a sample $\\{{{\\mathbf x}}_i\\}_{i=1}^n\\sim {{\\mathbb P}}_X$ of points, we aim to find $${\\mathbf{W}}^* := \\operatorname*{argmin}_{\\mathbf{W}}\\sum_{i=1}^n\\left[\\left\\|\\operatorname*{\\nabla}f({{\\mathbf x}}_i)- {\\mathbf{G}}^{\\mathbf{W}}({{\\mathbf x}}_i)\\right\\|^2\\right].", "\n \\label{eq:grad_optimal}$$ The next lemma considers the case where $Q^{\\mathbf{v}}$ and ${\\mathbf{G}}^{\\mathbf{W}}$ are linear estimates, of the form $Q^{\\mathbf{v}}({{\\mathbf x}}) := \\langle{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\phi}}({{\\mathbf x}}),{\\mathbf{v}}\\rangle,$ and ${\\mathbf{G}}^{{\\mathbf{W}}}({{\\mathbf x}})={\\mathbf{W}}\\cdot {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\psi}}({{\\mathbf x}})$ for fixed representations ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\phi}}:X\\rightarrow{{\\mathbb R}}^m$ and ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\psi}}:X\\rightarrow{{\\mathbb R}}^n$.\n\n\\[lem:gradl\\][[${}$\\\n]{}]{} Let $f:{{\\mathbb R}}^d\\rightarrow {{\\mathbb R}}$ be a differentiable function. ", "Suppose that ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\phi}}:X\\rightarrow {{\\mathbb R}}^m$ and ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\psi}}:X\\rightarrow{{\\mathbb R}}^n$ are representations such that there exists an $m$-vector ${\\mathbf{v}}^*$ and a $(d\\times n)$-matrix ${\\mathbf{W}}^*$ satisfying $f({{\\mathbf x}}) = \\langle{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\phi}}({{\\mathbf x}}),{\\mathbf{v}}^*\\rangle$ and $\\operatorname*{\\nabla}f={\\mathbf{W}}^*\\cdot \\psi({{\\mathbf x}})$ for all ${{\\mathbf x}}$ in the sample.", "\n\nIf we define loss function $$\\ell({\\mathbf{W}},{\\mathbf{V}},{{\\mathbf x}},\\sigma) = \\operatorname*{\\mathbb E}_{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}} \\left[\\Big(f({{\\mathbf x}}+{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}) - \\langle {\\mathbf{G}}^{{\\mathbf{W}}}({{\\mathbf x}}),{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}\\rangle - Q^{\\mathbf{V}}({{\\mathbf x}})\\Big)^2\\right].$$ then $$\\label{e:neural_grad}\n {\\mathbf{W}}^* = \\lim_{\\sigma^2\\rightarrow 0}\\operatorname*{argmin}_{{\\mathbf{W}}} \\min_{\\mathbf{V}}\\operatorname*{\\mathbb E}_{{{\\mathbf x}}\\sim \\hat{{{\\mathbb P}}}} \\big[\\ell({\\mathbf{W}},{\\mathbf{V}},{{\\mathbf x}},\\sigma)\\big].$$\n\nFollows from Lemma \\[lem:gradient\\].", "\n\nIn short, the lemma reduces gradient estimation to a simple optimization problem *given a good enough representation*. ", "Jumping ahead slightly to section \\[sec:dpg\\], we ensure that our model has good enough representations by constructing two neural networks to learn them. ", "The first neural network, $Q^{\\mathbf{V}}:{{\\mathbb R}}^d\\rightarrow{{\\mathbb R}}$, learns an approximation to $f({{\\mathbf x}})$ that plays the role of the baseline $b$. The second neural network, ${\\mathbf{G}}^{\\mathbf{W}}:{{\\mathbb R}}^d\\rightarrow{{\\mathbb R}}^d$ learns an approximation to the gradient.", "\n\nTemporal difference learning\n----------------------------\n\nRecall that $Q^{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}})$ is the expected value of a state-action pair given policy ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}$. It is never observed directly, since it is computed by discounting over future rewards. ", "TD-learning is a popular approach to estimating $Q^{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}}$ through dynamic programming [@sutton:98].", "\n\nWe quickly review TD-learning. ", "Let ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\phi}}:{{\\mathcal S}}\\times{{\\mathcal A}}\\rightarrow{{\\mathbb R}}^m$ be a fixed representation. ", "The goal is to find a value-estimate $$Q^{\\mathbf{v}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}}) := \\langle{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\phi}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}}),{\\mathbf{v}}\\rangle,$$ where ${\\mathbf{v}}$ is an $m$-dimensional vector, that is as close as possible to the true value function. ", "If the value-function were known, we could simply minimize the mean-square error with respect to ${\\mathbf{v}}$: $$\\label{e:MSE}\n {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\ell}}_{MSE}({\\mathbf{v}}) = \n \\operatorname*{\\mathbb E}_{({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}})\\sim (\\rho^{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}}, {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}})}\\left[\\Big(\n Q^{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}}) - Q^{\\mathbf{v}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}}) \n \\Big)^2\\right].$$ Unfortunately, it is impossible to minimize the mean-square error directly, since the value-function is the expected discounted future reward, rather than the reward. ", "That is, the value function is not provided explicitly by the environment – not even as a black-box. ", "The Bellman error is therefore used a substitute for the mean-square error: $$\\label{e:MSBE}\n {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\ell}}_{BE}({\\mathbf{v}}) = \n \\operatorname*{\\mathbb E}_{({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}})\\sim (\\rho^{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}}, {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}})}\\Big[\\Big(\n \\overbrace{\\underbrace{r({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}}) + \\gamma Q^{{\\mathbf{v}}}({\\mathbf{s}}',{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}({\\mathbf{s}}'))}_{\\approx Q^{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}})} - Q^{\\mathbf{v}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}})}^{\\text{TD-error, }\\delta}\n \\Big)^2\\Big]$$ where ${\\mathbf{s}}'$ is the state subsequent to ${\\mathbf{s}}$.\n\nLet $\\delta_t = r_t - Q^{{\\mathbf{v}}}({\\mathbf{s}}_t,{\\mathbf{a}}_t) + \\gamma Q^{{\\mathbf{v}}}({\\mathbf{s}}_{t+1},{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}}_{t+1}))$ be the TD-error. ", "TD-learning updates ${\\mathbf{v}}$ according to $$\\label{e:TD}\n {\\mathbf{v}}_{t+1}\\leftarrow \n {\\mathbf{v}}_t + \\eta_t\\cdot\\delta_t \\cdot \\operatorname*{\\nabla}_{\\mathbf{v}}Q^{\\mathbf{v}}({\\mathbf{s}}_t,{\\mathbf{a}}_t) \n = {\\mathbf{v}}_t + \\eta_t\\cdot\\delta_t \\cdot {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\phi}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}}),$$ where $\\eta_t$ is a sequence of learning rates. ", "The convergence properties of TD-learning and related algorithms have been studied extensively, see [@tsitsiklis:97; @dann:14].", "\n\nTemporal difference gradient (TDG) learning {#sec:tdgl}\n-------------------------------------------\n\nFinally, we apply temporal difference methods to estimate the *gradient*[^2] of the value function, as required by condition *C1* of Theorem \\[t:compat\\]. ", "We are interested in gradient approximations of the form $$Q^{\\mathbf{W}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}},{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}) := \\langle {\\mathbf{G}}^{{\\mathbf{W}}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}}),{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}\\rangle= \\langle{\\mathbf{W}}\\cdot {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\psi}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}}),{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}\\rangle,$$ where ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\psi}}:{{\\mathcal S}}\\times{{\\mathcal A}}\\rightarrow{{\\mathbb R}}^n$ and ${\\mathbf{W}}$ is a $(d\\times n)$-dimensional matrix. ", "The goal is to find ${\\mathbf{W}}^*$ such that ${\\mathbf{G}}^{{\\mathbf{W}}^*}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}})\\approx \\operatorname*{\\nabla}_{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}} Q^{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}},{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}})_{|{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}={\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol 0}}} = \\operatorname*{\\nabla}_{{\\mathbf{a}}} Q^{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}})_{|{\\mathbf{a}}={\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}})}$ for all sampled state-action pairs.", "\n\nIt is convenient to introduce notation $Q^{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}},{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}):=Q^{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}}+{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}})$ and shorthand $\\tilde{{\\mathbf{s}}}:=({\\mathbf{s}},{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\Theta({\\mathbf{s}}))$. Then, analogously to the mean-square, define the perturbed gradient error: $${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\ell}}_{PGE}({\\mathbf{v}}, {\\mathbf{W}};\\sigma^2) \n = \\operatorname*{\\mathbb E}_{{\\mathbf{s}}\\sim\\rho^{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}}}\\operatorname*{\\mathbb E}_{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}}\\left[\\Big(\n Q^{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}}(\\tilde{{\\mathbf{s}}},{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}) - \\big\\langle {\\mathbf{G}}^{\\mathbf{W}}(\\tilde{{\\mathbf{s}}}),{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}\\big\\rangle - Q^{\\mathbf{v}}(\\tilde{{\\mathbf{s}}})\n \\Big)^2\\right],$$ Given a good enough representation, Lemma \\[lem:gradl\\] guarantees that minimizing the perturbed gradient error yields the gradient of the value function. ", "Unfortunately, as discussed above, the value function cannot be queried directly. ", "We therefore introduce the Bellman gradient error as a proxy $${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\ell}}_{BGE}({\\mathbf{v}},{\\mathbf{W}};\\sigma^2) \n = \n \\operatorname*{\\mathbb E}_{{\\mathbf{s}}\\sim\\rho^{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}}}\\operatorname*{\\mathbb E}_{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}}\\Big[\\Big(\n \\overbrace{\n \\underbrace{r(\\tilde{{\\mathbf{s}}},{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}) + \\gamma Q^{\\mathbf{v}}\\big(\\tilde{{\\mathbf{s}}}')}_{\\approx Q^{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}}(\\tilde{{\\mathbf{s}}},{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}})}\n - \\left\\langle {\\mathbf{G}}^{\\mathbf{W}}(\\tilde{{\\mathbf{s}}}),{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}\\right\\rangle - Q^{\\mathbf{v}}(\\tilde{{\\mathbf{s}}})\n }^{\\text{TDG-error, }{\\xi}}\n \\Big)^2\\Big].$$ Set the TDG-error as $${\\xi}_t = r(\\tilde{{\\mathbf{s}}}_t{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}})+\\gamma Q^{\\mathbf{v}}(\\tilde{{\\mathbf{s}}}_{t+1}) - \\langle {\\mathbf{G}}^{\\mathbf{W}}(\\tilde{{\\mathbf{s}}}_t),{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}\\rangle - Q^{\\mathbf{v}}(\\tilde{{\\mathbf{s}}}_t)$$ and, analogously to Eq.", " , define the TDG-updates $$\\begin{aligned}\n {\\mathbf{v}}_{t+1} & \n \\leftarrow {\\mathbf{v}}_t + \\eta_t\\cdot\\xi_t \\cdot \\operatorname*{\\nabla}_{\\mathbf{v}}Q^{\\mathbf{v}}(\\tilde{{\\mathbf{s}}}_t) \n = {\\mathbf{v}}_t + \\eta_t\\cdot\\xi_t \\cdot {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\phi}}(\\tilde{{\\mathbf{s}}}_t)\\\\\n {\\mathbf{W}}_{t+1} & \\leftarrow \n {\\mathbf{W}}_t + \\eta_t\\cdot\\xi_t \\cdot \\operatorname*{\\nabla}_{\\mathbf{W}}Q^{{\\mathbf{W}}}(\\tilde{{\\mathbf{s}}}_t)\n = {\\mathbf{W}}_t + \\eta_t\\cdot\\xi_t \\cdot {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}\\otimes {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\psi}}(\\tilde{{\\mathbf{s}}}_t),\\end{aligned}$$ where ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}\\otimes {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\psi}}(\\tilde{{\\mathbf{s}}}_t)$ is the $(d\\times n)$ matrix given by the outer product. ", "We refer to $\\xi\\cdot {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}$ as the **perturbed TDG-error**.", "\n\nThe following *extension theorem* allows us to import guarantees from temporal-difference learning to temporal-difference gradient learning.", "\n\n\\[thm:extension\\][[${}$\\\n]{}]{} Guarantees on TD-learning extend to TDG-learning.", "\n\nThe idea is to reformulate TDG-learning as TD-learning, with a slightly different reward function and function approximation. ", "Since the function approximation is still linear, any guarantees on convergence for TD-learning transfered automatically to TDG-learning.", "\n\nFirst, we incorporate ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}$ into the state-action pair. ", "Define $\\tilde{r}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}},{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}):= r({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}}+{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}})$ and $$\\tilde{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\psi}}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}},{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}) = {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}\\otimes{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\psi}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}}).$$ Second, we define a dot product on matrices of equal size by flattening them down to vectors. ", "More precisely, given two matrices ${\\mathbf A}$ and ${\\mathbf B}$ of the same dimension $(m\\times n)$, define the dot-product $\\langle{\\mathbf A},{\\mathbf B}\\rangle = \\sum_{i,j=1}^{m,n}A_{ij}B_{ij}$. It is easy to see that $${\\mathbf{G}}^{\\mathbf{W}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}}) := \\langle{\\mathbf{W}}\\cdot{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\psi}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}}),{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}\\rangle\n = \\langle\\tilde{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\psi}}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}},{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}),{\\mathbf{W}}\\rangle.$$ The TDG-error can then be rewritten as $$\\xi_t = \\tilde{r}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}},{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}) + \\gamma Q^{{\\mathbf{v}},{\\mathbf{W}}}({\\mathbf{s}}',{\\mathbf{a}}',{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}') - Q^{{\\mathbf{v}},{\\mathbf{W}}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}},{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}})$$ where $Q^{{\\mathbf{v}},{\\mathbf{W}}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}},{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}) = \\langle\\phi({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}}),{\\mathbf{v}}\\rangle + \\langle\\tilde{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\psi}}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}},{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}),{\\mathbf{W}}\\rangle$ is a linear function approximation.", "\n\nIf we are in a setting where TD-learning is guaranteed to converge to the value-function, it follows that TDG-learning is also guaranteed to converge – since it is simply a different linear approximation. ", "Thus, $Q^\\mu(\\tilde{{\\mathbf{s}}},{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}})\\approx Q^{\\mathbf{v}}(\\tilde{{\\mathbf{s}}})+{\\mathbf{G}}^{\\mathbf{W}}(\\tilde{{\\mathbf{s}}},{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}})$ and the result follows by Lemma \\[lem:gradl\\].", "\n\nAlgorithm: Value-Gradient Backpropagation {#sec:dpg}\n=========================================\n\nThis section presents our model, which consists of three coupled neural networks that learn to estimate the value function, its gradient, and the optimal policy respectively.", "\n\n\\[def:beh\\_crit\\][[${}$\\\n]{}]{} The **deviator-actor-critic (DAC)** model consists in three neural networks:\n\n- **actor-network** with policy ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\Theta:{{\\mathcal S}}\\rightarrow {{\\mathcal A}}\\subset{{\\mathbb R}}^d$;\n\n- **critic-network**, $Q^{\\mathbf{V}}:{{\\mathcal S}}\\times{{\\mathcal A}}\\rightarrow {{\\mathbb R}}$, that estimates the value function; and\n\n- **deviator-network**, ${\\mathbf{G}}^{\\mathbf{W}}:{{\\mathcal S}}\\times{{\\mathcal A}}\\rightarrow{{\\mathbb R}}^d$, that estimates the gradient of the value function.", "\n\nGaussian noise is added to the policy during training resulting in actions ${\\mathbf{a}}={\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\Theta({\\mathbf{s}})+ {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}$ where ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}\\sim N({\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol 0}},\\sigma^2\\cdot{\\mathbf{I}}_d)$. The outputs of the critic and deviator are combined as $$Q^{{\\mathbf{W}},{\\mathbf{V}}}\\Big({\\mathbf{s}},{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\Theta({\\mathbf{s}}),{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}\\Big) \n = Q^{\\mathbf{V}}\\big({\\mathbf{s}},{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\Theta({\\mathbf{s}})\\big) \n + \\Big\\langle {\\mathbf{G}}^{\\mathbf{W}}\\big({\\mathbf{s}},{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\Theta({\\mathbf{s}})\\big),{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}\\Big\\rangle.$$\n\nThe Gaussian noise plays two roles. ", "Firstly, it controls the explore/exploit tradeoff by controlling the extent to which Actor deviates from its current optimal policy. ", "Secondly, it controls the “resolution” at which Deviator estimates the gradient.", "\n\nThe three networks are trained by backpropagating three different signals. ", "Critic, Deviator and Actor backpropagate the TDG-error, the perturbed TDG-error, and Deviator’s gradient estimate respectively; see Algorithm \\[alg:qprop\\]. ", "An explicit description of the weight updates of individual units is provided in Appendix \\[sec:explicit\\].", "\n\nDeviator estimates the gradient of the value-function with respect to *deviations ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}$ from the current policy*. ", "Backpropagating the gradient through Actor allows to estimate the influence of Actor-parameters on the value function as a function of their effect on the policy.", "\n\nCritic and Deviator learn representations suited to estimating the value function and its gradient respectively. ", "Note that even though the gradient is a linear function *at a point*, it can be a highly nonlinear function in general. ", "Similarly, Actor learns a *policy* representation.", "\n\nWe set the learning rates of Critic and Deviator to be equal $(\\eta^C_t=\\eta^D_t)$ in the experiments in section \\[sec:experiments\\]. ", "However, the perturbation ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}$ has the effect of slowing down and stabilizing Deviator updates:\n\n\\[rem:stability\\][[${}$\\\n]{}]{} The magnitude of Deviator’s weight updates depend on ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}\\sim N({\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol 0}},\\sigma^2\\cdot{\\mathbf{I}}_d)$ since they are computed by backpropagating the perturbed TDG-error $\\xi\\cdot{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\epsilon}}$. Thus as $\\sigma^2\\rightarrow0$, Deviator’s learning rate essentially tends to zero. ", "In general, Deviator learns more slowly than Critic. ", "This has a stabilizing effect on the policy since Actor is insulated from Critic – its weight updates only depend (directly) on the output of Deviator.", "\n\nAnalysis: Deep Compatible Function Approximation {#sec:thm_main}\n================================================\n\nOur main result is that the deviator’s value gradient is compatible with the policy gradient of each unit in the actor-network – considered as an actor in its own right:\n\n\\[thm:main\\][[${}$\\\n]{}]{} Suppose that all units are rectilinear or linear. ", "Then for each Actor-unit in the Actor-network there exists a reparametrization of the value-gradient approximator, ${\\mathbf{G}}^{\\mathbf{W}}$, that satisfies the compatibility conditions in Theorem \\[t:compat\\].", "\n\nThe actor-network is thus a collection of interdependent agents that individually follow the correct policy gradients. ", "The experiments below show that they also collectively converge on useful behaviors.", "\n\n#### Overview of the proof.", "\n\nThe next few subsections prove Theorem \\[thm:main\\]. ", "We provide a brief overview before diving into the details.", "\n\nGuarantees for temporal difference learning and policy gradients are typically based on the assumption that the value-function approximation is a *linear* function of the learned parameters. ", "However, we are interested in the case where Actor, Critic and Deviator are all neural networks, and are therefore highly nonlinear functions of their parameters. ", "The goal is thus to relate the representations learned by neural networks to the prior work on linear function approximations.", "\n\nTo do so, we build on the following observation, implicit in [@srivastava:14]:\n\n\\[rem:active\\][[${}$\\\n]{}]{} A neural network of $n$ linear and rectilinear units can be considered as a set of $2^n$ submodels, corresponding to different subsets of units. ", "The active submodel at time $t$ consists in the active units (that is, the linear units and the rectifiers that do not output 0).", "\n\nThe active submodel has two important properties:\n\n- it is a *linear* function from inputs to outputs, since rectifiers are linear when active, and\n\n- at each time step, learning only occurs over the active submodels, since only active units update their weights.", "\n\nThe feedforward sweep of a rectifier network can thus be disentangled into two steps [@doco:15]. ", "The first step, which is highly nonlinear, applies a gating operation that selects the active submodel – by rendering various units inactive. ", "The second step computes the output of the neural network via matrix multiplication. ", "It is important to emphasize that although the active submodel is a linear function from inputs to outputs, it is not a linear function of the weights.", "\n\nThe strategy of the proof is to decompose the Actor-network in an interacting collection of agents, referred to as Actor-units. ", "That is, we model each unit in the Actor-network as an Actor in its own right that. ", "On each time step that an Actor-unit is active, it interacts with the Deviator-submodel corresponding to the current active submodel of the Deviator-network. ", "The proof shows that each Actor-unit has compatible function approximation.", "\n\nError backpropagation on rectilinear neural networks\n----------------------------------------------------\n\nFirst, we recall some basic facts about backpropagation in the case of *rectilinear* units. ", "Recent work has shown that replacing sigmoid functions with rectifiers $S(x)=\\max(0,x)$ improves the performance of neural networks [@nair:10; @glorot:11; @zeiler:13; @dahl:13].", "\n\nLet us establish some notation. ", "The output of a rectifier with weight vector ${\\mathbf{w}}$ is $$S_{{\\mathbf{w}}}({{\\mathbf x}}) := S(\\langle{\\mathbf{w}},{{\\mathbf x}}\\rangle):=\\max(0,\\langle{\\mathbf{w}},{{\\mathbf x}}\\rangle).$$ The rectifier is **active** if $\\langle{\\mathbf{w}},{{\\mathbf x}}\\rangle>0$. We use rectifiers because they perform well in practice and have the nice property that units are *linear* when they are active. ", "The rectifier subgradient is the indicator function $${{\\mathds 1}}(x):= \\operatorname*{\\nabla}S(x) = \\begin{cases}\n 1 & x > 0\\\\\n 0 & \\text{else}.", "\n \\end{cases}$$\n\nConsider a neural network of $n$ units, each equipped with a weight vector ${\\mathbf{w}}^j\\in{{\\mathcal H}}_j\\subset{{\\mathbb R}}^{d_j}$. Hidden units are rectifiers; output units are linear. ", "There are $n$ units in total. ", "It is convenient to combine all the weight vectors into a single object; let ${\\mathbf{W}}\\subset{{\\mathcal H}}=\\prod_{j=1}^n{{\\mathcal H}}_j \\subset{{\\mathbb R}}^N$ where $N=\\sum_{j=1}^nd_j$. The network is a function $F^{\\mathbf{W}}:{{\\mathbb R}}^m\\rightarrow {{\\mathbb R}}^d:{{\\mathbf x}}_{\\text{in}}\\mapsto F^{\\mathbf{W}}({{\\mathbf x}}_{\\text{in}})=:{{\\mathbf x}}_{\\text{out}}$.\n\nThe network has error function ${{\\mathcal{E}}}({{\\mathbf x}}_\\text{out},{{\\mathbf y}})$ with gradient ${{\\mathbf g}}= \\operatorname*{\\nabla}_{{{\\mathbf x}}_\\text{out}}{{\\mathcal{E}}}$. Let $x^j$ denote the output of unit $j$ and ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\phi}}^j({{\\mathbf x}}_{\\text{in}})=(x^i)_{\\{i:i\\rightarrow j\\}}$ denote its input, so that $x^j = S(\\langle{\\mathbf{w}}^j,{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\phi}}^j({{\\mathbf x}}_{\\text{in}})\\rangle$. Note that ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\phi}}^j$ depends on ${\\mathbf{W}}$ (specifically, the weights of lower units) but this is supressed from the notation.", "\n\n[[${}$\\\n]{}]{} The ***influence*** of unit $j$ on unit $k$ at time $t$ is $\\pi^{j,k}_t := \\frac{{{\\partial}}x^k_t}{{{\\partial}}x^j_t}$ [@bvb:15]. ", "The influence of unit $j$ on the output layer is the vector ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\pi}}^{j}_t = \\big(\\pi^{j,k}_t\\big)_{k\\in \\text{out}}$.\n\nThe following lemma summarizes an analysis of the feedforward and feedback sweep of neural nets.", "\n\n\\[lem:structure\\][[${}$\\\n]{}]{} The following properties hold\n\na. **Influence.**\\\n A path is ***active*** at time $t$ if all units on the path are firing. ", "The influence of $j$ on $k$ is the sum of products of weights over all active paths from $j$ to $k$: $$\\pi^{j,k}_t = \n \\sum_{\\{\\alpha|j\\rightarrow \\alpha\\}} w^{j,\\alpha}{{\\mathds 1}}^\\alpha_t\n \\left(\\sum_{\\{\\beta|\\alpha\\rightarrow \\beta\\}}w^{\\alpha,\\beta}{{\\mathds 1}}^\\beta_t\\left( \\cdots \\sum_{\\{\\omega|\\omega\\rightarrow k\\}}w^{\\omega,k}{{\\mathds 1}}^k_t\\right)\\right).$$ where $\\alpha,\\beta,\\ldots,\\omega$ refer to units along the path from $j$ to $k$.\n\nb. **Output decomposition.**\\\n The output of a neural network decomposes, relative to the output of unit $j$, as $$F^{\\mathbf{W}}({{\\mathbf x}}_{\\text{in}}) = {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\pi}}^{j}\\cdot x^j + {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\pi}}^{-j} \\cdot {{\\mathbf x}}_{\\text{in}},$$ where ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\pi}}^{-j}$ is the $(m\\times d)$-matrix whose $(ik)^\\text{th}$ entry is the sum over all active paths from input unit $i$ to output unit $k$ that do not intersect unit $j$.\n\nc. **Output gradient.**\\\n Fix an input ${{\\mathbf x}}_{\\text{in}}\\in{{\\mathbb R}}^m$ and consider the network as a function from parameters to outputs $F^\\bullet({{\\mathbf x}}_{\\text{in}}):{{\\mathcal H}}\\rightarrow {{\\mathbb R}}^d:{\\mathbf{W}}\\mapsto F^{\\mathbf{W}}({{\\mathbf x}}_{\\text{in}})$ whose gradient is an $(N\\times d)$-matrix. ", "The $(ij)^\\text{th}$-entry of the gradient is the input to the unit times its influence: $$\\Big(\\nabla_{\\mathbf{W}}F^{\\mathbf{W}}({{\\mathbf x}}_{\\text{in}})\\Big)_{ij} = \\begin{cases}\n \\phi^{ij}({{\\mathbf x}}_{\\text{in}})\\cdot {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\pi}}^{j} & \\text{if unit $j$ is active} \\\\\n 0 & \\text{else.}", "\n \\end{cases}$$\n\nd. **Backpropagated error.**\\\n Fix ${{\\mathbf x}}_{\\text{in}}\\in{{\\mathbb R}}^m$ and consider the function ${{\\mathcal{E}}}({\\mathbf{W}})= {{\\mathcal{E}}}(F^\\bullet({{\\mathbf x}}_{\\text{in}}),{{\\mathbf y}}):{{\\mathcal H}}\\rightarrow {{\\mathbb R}}:{\\mathbf{W}}\\mapsto {{\\mathcal{E}}}(F^{\\mathbf{W}}({{\\mathbf x}}_{\\text{in}}),{{\\mathbf y}})$. Let ${{\\mathbf g}}= \\operatorname*{\\nabla}_{{{\\mathbf x}}_{out}}{{\\mathcal{E}}}({{\\mathbf x}}_{out},y)$.\n\n The gradient of the error function is $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:backprop}\n \\left(\\nabla_{\\mathbf{W}}{{\\mathcal{E}}}\\right)_{ij} \n & = \\left\\langle{{\\mathbf g}}, \\left(\\nabla_{\\mathbf{W}}F^{\\mathbf{W}}({{\\mathbf x}}_{\\text{in}})\\right)_{ij}\\right\\rangle\\\\\n & = {{\\mathbf g}}^\\intercal\\cdot \\left(\\nabla_{\\mathbf{W}}F^{\\mathbf{W}}({{\\mathbf x}}_{\\text{in}})\\right)_{ij}\n = \\delta^j \\cdot {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\phi}}^j({{\\mathbf x}}_{\\text{in}})\n \\end{aligned}$$ where the backpropagated error signal $\\delta^j$ received by unit $j$ decomposes as $\\delta^j = \\left\\langle {{\\mathbf g}},{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\pi}}^{j} \\right\\rangle$.\n\nDirect computation.", "\n\nThe lemma holds generically for networks of rectifier and linear units. ", "We apply it to actor, critic and deviator networks below.", "\n\nA minimal DAC model\n-------------------\n\nThis subsection proves condition *C1* of compatible function approximation for a minimal, linear Deviator-Actor-Critic model. ", "The next subsection shows how the minimal model arises at the level of Actor-units.", "\n\n[[${}$\\\n]{}]{} The **minimal model** of a Deviator-Actor-Critic consists in an Actor with linear policy $\\mu_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}}) = \\langle\\theta, {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\phi}}({\\mathbf{s}})\\rangle + \\epsilon$, where $\\theta$ is an $m$-vector and $\\epsilon$ is a noisy scalar. ", "The Critic and Deviator together output: $$Q^{w,{\\mathbf{v}}}({\\mathbf{s}},\\mu_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}}),\\epsilon) \n = Q^{{\\mathbf{v}}}({\\mathbf{s}}) + G^w(\\mu_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}}),\\epsilon)\n = \\underbrace{\\langle{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\phi}}({\\mathbf{s}}),{\\mathbf{v}}\\rangle}_{\\text{Critic}}\n + \\underbrace{\\mu_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}})\\cdot\\langle \\epsilon,w \\rangle}_{\\text{Deviator}},$$ where ${\\mathbf{v}}$ is an $m$-vector, $w$ is a scalar, and $\\langle \\epsilon,w\\rangle$ is simply scalar multiplication.", "\n\nThe Critic in the minimal model is standard. ", "However, the Deviator has been reduced to almost nothing: it learns a single scalar parameter, $w$, that is used to train the actor. ", "The minimal model is thus too simple to be much use as a standalone algorithm.", "\n\n\\[lem:loc\\_compat\\][[${}$\\\n]{}]{} There exists a reparametrization of the gradient estimate of the minimal model $G^{\\tilde{{\\mathbf{w}}}}({\\mathbf{s}},\\epsilon) = G^w(\\mu_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}}),\\epsilon)$ such that compatibility condition *C1* in Theorem \\[t:compat\\] is satisifed: $$\\operatorname*{\\nabla}_\\epsilon G^{\\tilde{{\\mathbf{w}}}}({\\mathbf{s}},\\epsilon) \n = \\langle\\operatorname*{\\nabla}_\\theta \\mu_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}}),\\tilde{{\\mathbf{w}}}\\rangle.$$\n\nLet $\\tilde{{\\mathbf{w}}} := w\\cdot \\theta^\\intercal$ and construct $G^{\\tilde{{\\mathbf{w}}}}({\\mathbf{s}},\\epsilon):= \\langle\\tilde{{\\mathbf{w}}}\\cdot {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\phi}}({\\mathbf{s}}),\\epsilon\\rangle$. Clearly, $$G^{\\tilde{{\\mathbf{w}}}}({\\mathbf{s}},\\epsilon)\n = \\langle w\\cdot \\theta^\\intercal\\cdot {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\phi}}({\\mathbf{s}}), \\epsilon\\rangle \n =\\mu_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}})\\cdot\\langle w,\\epsilon \\rangle\n = G^{w}(\\mu_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}}),\\epsilon).$$ Observe that $\\operatorname*{\\nabla}_\\epsilon G^{\\tilde{{\\mathbf{w}}}}({\\mathbf{s}},\\epsilon) = w\\cdot \\mu_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}})$ and that, similarly, $$\\big\\langle \\operatorname*{\\nabla}_\\theta \\mu_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}}), \\tilde{{\\mathbf{w}}}\\big\\rangle \n = w\\cdot\\mu_\\theta({\\mathbf{s}})$$ as required.", "\n\nProof of Theorem \\[thm:main\\]\n-----------------------------\n\nThe proof proceeds by showing that the compatibility conditions in Theorem \\[t:compat\\] hold for each Actor-unit. ", "The key step is to relate the Actor-units to the minimal model introduced above.", "\n\n\\[lem:reduction\\][[${}$\\\n]{}]{} Actor-units in a DAC neural network are equivalent to minimal model Actors.", "\n\nLet ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\pi}}^j_t$ denote the influence of unit $j$ on the output layer of the Actor-network at time $t$. When unit $j$ is active, Lemma \\[lem:structure\\]ab implies we can write ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_{\\Theta_t}({\\mathbf{s}}_t)={\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\pi}}^j_t\\cdot \\langle\\theta^j_t,{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\phi}}^j_t({\\mathbf{s}}_t)\\rangle + {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_{\\Theta^{-j}_t}({\\mathbf{s}}_t)$, where ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_{\\Theta^{-j}_t}({\\mathbf{s}}_t)$ is the sum over all active paths from the input to the output of the Actor-network that do not intersect unit $j$.\n\nFollowing Remark \\[rem:active\\], the active subnetwork of the Deviator-network at time $t$ is a linear transform which, by abuse of notation, we denote by ${\\mathbf{W}}'_t$.\n\nCombine the last two points to obtain $$\\begin{aligned}\n {\\mathbf{G}}^{{\\mathbf{W}}_t}(\\tilde{{\\mathbf{s}}}_t) & = {\\mathbf{W}}'_t\\cdot \\left({\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\pi}}^j_t\\cdot \\langle\\theta^j,{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\phi}}^j_t({\\mathbf{s}}_t)\\rangle + {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_{\\Theta^{-j}_t}({\\mathbf{s}}_t)\\right) \\\\\n & = ({\\mathbf{W}}'_t\\cdot {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\pi}}^j_t)\\cdot \\langle\\theta^j,{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\phi}}^j_t({\\mathbf{s}}_t)\\rangle + \\text{terms that can be omitted}.", "\n \\end{aligned}$$ Observe that $({\\mathbf{W}}'_t\\cdot {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\pi}}^j_t)$ is a $d$-vector. ", "We have therefore reduced Actor-unit $j$’s interaction with the Deviator-network to $d$ copies of the minimal model.", "\n\nTheorem \\[thm:main\\] follows from combining the above Lemmas.", "\n\nCompatibility condition *C1* follows from Lemmas \\[lem:loc\\_compat\\] and \\[lem:reduction\\]. ", "Compatibility condition *C2* holds since the Critic and Deviator minimize the Bellman gradient error with respect to ${\\mathbf{W}}$ and ${\\mathbf{V}}$ which also, implicitly, minimizes the Bellman gradient error with respect to the corresponding reparametrized $\\tilde{{\\mathbf{w}}}$’s for each Actor-unit.", "\n\nTheorem \\[thm:main\\] shows that each Actor-unit satisfies the conditions for compatible function approximation and so follows the correct gradient when performing weight updates.", "\n\nStructural credit assignment for multiagent learning {#sec:local_actors}\n----------------------------------------------------\n\nIt is interesting to relate our approach to the literature on multiagent reinforcement learning [@guestrin:02; @agogino:04; @agogino:08]. ", "In particular, [@holmesparker:14] consider the *structural credit assignment problem* within populations of interacting agents: How to reward individual agents in a population for rewards based on their collective behavior? ", "They propose to train agents within populations with a *difference-based objective* of the form $$\\label{eq:tumer_diff}\n D_j = Q({{\\mathbf z}}) - Q({{\\mathbf z}}_{-j}, {\\mathbf c}_j)$$ where $Q$ is the objective function to be maximized; ${{\\mathbf z}}_j$ and ${{\\mathbf z}}_{-j}$ are the system variables that are and are not under the control of agent $j$ respective, and ${\\mathbf c}_j$ is a fixed counterfactual action.", "\n\nIn our setting, the gradient used by Actor-unit $j$ to update its weights can be described explicitly:\n\n[[${}$\\\n]{}]{} Actor-unit $j$ follows policy gradient $$\\operatorname*{\\nabla}J[{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_{\\theta^j}] = \\operatorname*{\\mathbb E}\\left[\\operatorname*{\\nabla}_{\\theta^j} {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_{\\theta^j}(s)\\cdot \\big\\langle {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\pi}}^j,{\\mathbf{G}}^{\\mathbf{W}}(\\tilde{{\\mathbf{s}}})\\big\\rangle\\right],$$ where $\\langle {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\pi}}^j,{\\mathbf{G}}^{\\mathbf{W}}(\\tilde{{\\mathbf{s}}})\\big\\rangle\\approx D_{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\pi}}^j}Q^{{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}}(\\tilde{{\\mathbf{s}}})$ is Deviator’s estimate of the directional derivative of the value function in the direction of Actor-unit $j$’s influence.", "\n\nFollows from Lemma \\[lem:structure\\]b.", "\n\nNotice that $\\operatorname*{\\nabla}_{{{\\mathbf z}}_j} Q= \\operatorname*{\\nabla}_{{{\\mathbf z}}_j} D_j$ in Eq.", " . ", "It follows that training the Actor-network via ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ causes the Actor-units to optimize the difference-based objective – without requiring to compute the difference explicitly. ", "Although the topic is beyond the scope of the current paper, it is worth exploring how suitably adapted variants of backpropagation can be applied to the reinforcement learning problems in the multiagent setting.", "\n\nComparison with related work {#sec:problem}\n----------------------------\n\n#### Comparison with ${{\\texttt{COPDAC-}\\mathtt{Q}}}$.\n\nExtending the standard value function approximation in Example \\[eg:advantage\\] to the setting where Actor is a neural network yields the following representation, which is used in [@silver:14] when applying ${{\\texttt{COPDAC-}\\mathtt{Q}}}$ to the octopus arm task:\n\n\\[eg:deep\\_advantage\\][[${}$\\\n]{}]{} Let ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\Theta:{{\\mathcal S}}\\rightarrow {{\\mathcal A}}$ and $Q^{\\mathbf{V}}:{{\\mathcal S}}\\rightarrow{{\\mathbb R}}$ be an Actor and Critic neural network respectively. ", "Suppose the Actor-network has $N$ parameters (i.e. the total number of entries in $\\Theta$). ", "It follows that the Jacobian $\\operatorname*{\\nabla}_\\Theta{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\Theta({\\mathbf{s}})$ is an $(N\\times d)$-matrix.", "\n\nThe value function approximation is then $$Q^{{\\mathbf{V}},{\\mathbf{W}}}({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}}) \n = \\underbrace{({\\mathbf{a}}-{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\Theta({\\mathbf{s}}))^\\intercal \\cdot\\nabla_\\Theta{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\Theta({\\mathbf{s}})^\\intercal\\cdot {\\mathbf{w}}}_{\\text{advantage function}} + \\underbrace{Q^{{\\mathbf{V}}}({\\mathbf{s}})}_{\\text{Critic}}.$$ where ${\\mathbf{w}}$ is an $N$-vector.", "\n\nWeight updates under ${{\\texttt{COPDAC-}\\mathtt{Q}}}$, with the function approximation above, are therefore as described in Algorithm \\[alg:copdac\\].", "\n\nLet us compare ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ with ${{\\texttt{COPDAC-}\\mathtt{Q}}}$, considering the three updates in turn:\n\n- *Actor updates.*\\\n Under ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$, the Actor backpropagates the value-gradient estimate. ", "In contrast under ${{\\texttt{COPDAC-}\\mathtt{Q}}}$ the Actor performs a complicated update that combines the policy gradient $\\nabla_\\Theta{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}({\\mathbf{s}})$ with the advantage function’s weights – and differs substantively from backprop.", "\n\n- *Deviator / advantage-function updates.*\\\n Under ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$, the Deviator backpropagates the perturbed TDG-error. ", "In contrast, ${{\\texttt{COPDAC-}\\mathtt{Q}}}$ uses the gradient of the *Actor* to update the weight vector ${\\mathbf{w}}$ of the advantage function.", "\n\n By Lemma \\[lem:structure\\]d, backprop takes the form ${{\\mathbf g}}^\\intercal \\cdot \\operatorname*{\\nabla}_\\Theta{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\Theta({\\mathbf{s}})$ where ${{\\mathbf g}}$ is a $d$-vector. ", "In contrast, the advantage function requires computing $\\operatorname*{\\nabla}_\\Theta{\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\Theta({\\mathbf{s}})^\\intercal\\cdot{\\mathbf{w}}$, where ${\\mathbf{w}}$ is an $N$-vector. ", "Although the two formulae appear similarly superficially, they carry very different computational costs.", "\n\n The first consequence is that the parameters of ${\\mathbf{w}}$ must exactly line up with those of the policy. ", "The second consequence is that, by Lemma \\[lem:structure\\]c, the advantage function requires access to $$\\left(\\nabla_\\Theta {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\mu}}_\\Theta({\\mathbf{s}})\\right)_{ij} = \\begin{cases}\n {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\phi}}^{ij}({\\mathbf{s}})\\cdot {\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\pi}}^j & \\text{if unit $j$ is active}\\\\\n 0 & \\text{else},\n \\end{cases}$$ where ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\phi}}^{ij}({\\mathbf{s}})$ is the input from unit $i$ to unit $j$. Thus, the advantage function requires access to the input ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\phi}}^j({\\mathbf{s}})$ and the influence ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\pi}}^{j}$ of every unit in the Actor-network.", "\n\n- *Critic updates.*\\\n The critic updates for the two algorithms are essentially identical, with the TD-error replaced with the TDG-error.", "\n\nIn short, the approximation in Example \\[eg:deep\\_advantage\\] that is used by ${{\\texttt{COPDAC-}\\mathtt{Q}}}$ is thus not well-adapted to deep learning. ", "The main reason is that learning the advantage function requires coupling the vector ${\\mathbf{w}}$ with the parameters $\\Theta$ of the actor.", "\n\n#### Comparison with computing the gradient of the value-function approximation.", "\n\nPerhaps the most natural approach to estimating the gradient is to simply estimate the value function, and then use its gradient as an estimate of the derivative [@jordan:90; @prokhorov:97; @wang:01; @hafner:11; @fairbank:12; @fairbank:13]. ", "The main problem with this approach is that, to date, it has not been show that the resulting updates of the Critic and the Actor are compatible.", "\n\nThere are also no guarantees that the gradient of the Critic will be a good approximation to the gradient of the value function – although it is intuitively plausible. ", "The problem becomes particularly severe when the value-function is estimated via a neural network that uses activation functions that are *not smooth* such as rectifers. ", "Rectifiers are becoming increasingly popular due to their superior empirical performance [@nair:10; @glorot:11; @zeiler:13; @dahl:13].", "\n\nExperiments {#sec:experiments}\n===========\n\nWe evaluate ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ on three tasks: two highly nonlinear contextual bandit tasks constructed from benchmark datasets for nonparametric regression, and the octopus arm.", "\n\nWe do not evaluate ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ on other standard reinforcement learning benchmarks such as Mountain Car, Pendulum or Puddle World, since these can already be handled by *linear* actor-critic algorithms. ", "The contribution of ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ is the ability to learn representations suited to nonlinear problems.", "\n\n#### Cloning and replay.", "\n\nTemporal difference learning can be unstable when run over a neural network. ", "A recent innovation introduced in [@Mnih:2015wq] that *stabilizes* TD-learning is to clone a separate network $Q^{\\tilde{{\\mathbf{V}}}}$ to compute the targets $r_t + \\gamma Q^{\\tilde{{\\mathbf{V}}}}(\\tilde{{\\mathbf{s}}}_{t+1})$. The parameters of the cloned network are updated periodically.", "\n\nWe implement a similar modification of the TDG-error in Algorithm \\[alg:qprop\\]. ", "We also use experience replay [@Mnih:2015wq]. ", "${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ is well-suited to replay, since the critic and deviator can learn values and gradients over the full range of previously observed state-action pairs offline.", "\n\nCloning and replay were also applied to ${{\\texttt{COPDAC-}\\mathtt{Q}}}$. Both algorithms were implemented in Theano [@bergstra:10; @bastien:12].", "\n\nContextual Bandit Tasks {#sec:cb}\n-----------------------\n\nThe goal of the contextual bandit tasks is to probe the ability of reinforcement learning algorithms to accurately estimate gradients. ", "The experimental setting may thus be of independent interest.", "\n\n#### Description.", "\n\nWe converted two robotics datasets, SARCOS[^3] and Barrett WAM[^4], into contextual bandit problems via the supervised-to-contextual-bandit transform in [@dudik:14]. ", "The datasets have 44,484 and 12,000 training points respectively, both with 21 features corresponding to the positions, velocities and accelerations of seven joints. ", "Labels are 7-dimensional vectors corresponding to the torques of the 7 joints.", "\n\nIn the contextual bandit task, the agent samples 21-dimensional state vectors i.i.d. ", "from either the SARCOS or Barrett training data and executes 7-dimensional actions. ", "The reward $r({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}})= -\\|{{\\mathbf y}}({\\mathbf{s}})-{\\mathbf{a}}\\|_2^2$ is the negative mean-square distance from the action to the label. ", "Note that the reward is a scalar, whereas the correct label is a 7-dimensional vector. ", "The gradient of the reward $$\\frac{1}{2}\\operatorname*{\\nabla}_{\\mathbf{a}}r({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}}) = {{\\mathbf y}}({\\mathbf{s}})-{\\mathbf{a}}$$ is the direction from the action to the correct label. ", "In the supervised setting, the gradient can be computed. ", "In the bandit setting, the reward is a zeroth-order black box.", "\n\nThe agent thus receives far less information in the bandit setting than in the fully supervised setting. ", "Intuitively, the negative distance $r({\\mathbf{s}},{\\mathbf{a}})$ “tells” the algorithm that the correct label lies on the surface of a sphere in the 7-dimensional action space that is centred on the most recent action. ", "By contrast, in the supervised setting, the algorithm is given the position of the label in the action space. ", "In the bandit setting, the algorithm must estimate the position of the label on the surface of the sphere. ", "Equivalently, the algorithm must estimate the label’s direction relative to the center of the sphere – which is given by the *gradient* of the value function.", "\n\nThe goal of the contextual bandit task is thus to *simultaneously solve seven nonparametric regression problems when observing distances-to-labels instead of directly observing labels*. ", "The value function is relatively easy to learn in contextual bandit setting since the task is not sequential. ", "However, both the value function and its gradient are highly nonlinear, and it is precisely the gradient that specifies where labels lie on the spheres.", "\n\n#### Network architectures.", "\n\n${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ and ${{\\texttt{COPDAC-}\\mathtt{Q}}}$ were implemented on an actor and deviator network of two layers (300 and 100 rectifiers) each and a critic with a hidden layers of 100 and 10 rectifiers. ", "Updates were computed via RMSProp with momentum. ", "The variance of the Gaussian noise $\\sigma$ was set to decrease linearly from $\\sigma^2=1.0$ until reaching $\\sigma^2=0.1$ at which point it remained fixed.", "\n\n#### Performance.", "\n\nFigure \\[f:robo\\] compares the test-set performance of policies learned by ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ against ${{\\texttt{COPDAC-}\\mathtt{Q}}}$. The final policies trained by ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ achieved average mean-square test error of 0.013 and 0.014 on the seven SARCOS and Barrett benchmarks respectively.", "\n\nRemarkably, ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ is competitive with fully-supervised nonparametric regression algorithms on the SARCOS and Barrett datasets, see Figure 2bc in [@nguyen:08] and the results in [@kpotufe:13; @trivedi:14]. ", "It is important to note that the results reported in those papers are for algorithms that are given the labels and that solve *one regression problem at a time*. ", "To the best of our knowledge, there are no prior examples of a bandit or reinforcement learning algorithm that is competitive with fully supervised methods on regression datasets.", "\n\nFor comparison, we implemented Backprop on the Actor-network under full-supervision. ", "Backprop converged to .006 and .005 on SARCOS and BARRETT, compared to 0.013 and 0.014 for ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$. Note that BackProp is trained on 7-dim labels whereas ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ receives 1-dim rewards.", "\n\n#### Accuracy of gradient-estimates.", "\n\nThe true value-gradients can be computed and compared with the algorithm’s estimates on the contextual bandit task. ", "Fig.", " \\[f:robo\\_grad\\] shows the performance of the two algorithms. ", "${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$’s gradient-error converges to $<0.005$ on both tasks. ", "${{\\texttt{COPDAC-}\\mathtt{Q}}}$’s gradient estimate, implicit in the advantage function, converges to 0.03 (SARCOS) and 0.07 (BARRETT). ", "This confirms that ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ yields significantly better gradient estimates.", "\n\n${{\\texttt{COPDAC-}\\mathtt{Q}}}$’s estimates are significantly worse for Barrett compared to SARCOS, in line with the worse performance of ${{\\texttt{COPDAC-}\\mathtt{Q}}}$ on Barrett in Fig.", " \\[f:robo\\]. ", "It is unclear why ${{\\texttt{COPDAC-}\\mathtt{Q}}}$’s gradient estimate gets worse on Barrett for some period of time. ", "On the other hand, since there are no guarantees on ${{\\texttt{COPDAC-}\\mathtt{Q}}}$’s estimates, it follows that its erratic behavior is perhaps not surprising.", "\n\n#### Comparison with bandit task in [@silver:14].", "\n\nNote that although the contextual bandit problems investigated here are lower-dimensional (with 21-dimensional state spaces and 7-dimensional action spaces) than the bandit problem in [@silver:14] (with no state space and 10, 25 and 50-dimensional action spaces), they are nevertheless much harder. ", "The optimal action in the bandit problem, in all cases, is the constant vector $[4,\\ldots,4]$ consisting of only 4s. ", "In contrast, SARCOS and BARRETT are nontrivial benchmarks even when fully supervised.", "\n\nOctopus Arm\n-----------\n\nThe octopus arm task is a challenging environment that is high-dimensional, sequential and highly nonlinear.", "\n\n#### Desciption.", "\n\nThe objective is to learn to hit a target with a simulated octopus arm [@engel:05].[^5] Settings are taken from [@silver:14]. ", "Importantly, the action-space is *not* simplified using “macro-actions”. ", "The arm has $C=6$ compartments attached to a rotating base. ", "There are $50=8C+2$ state variables ($x$, $y$ position/velocity of nodes along the upper/lower side of the arm; angular position/velocity of the base) and $20=3C+2$ action variables controlling the clockwise and counter-clockwise rotation of the base and three muscles per compartment.", "\n\nAfter each step, the agent receives a reward of $10\\cdot \\Delta_{dist}$, where $\\Delta_{dist}$ is the change in distance between the arm and the target. ", "The final reward is $+50$ if the agent hits the target. ", "An episode ends when the target is hit or after 300 steps.", "\n\nThe arm initializes at eight positions relative to the target: $\\pm 45^\\circ, \\pm 75^\\circ, \\pm 105^\\circ, \\pm 135^\\circ$. See Appendix \\[sec:octopus\\_details\\] for more details.", "\n\n#### Network architectures.", "\n\nWe applied ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ to an actor-network with $100$ hidden rectifiers and linear output units clipped to lie in $[0,1]$; and critic and deviator networks both with two hidden layers of $100$ and $40$ rectifiers, and linear output units. ", "Updates were computed via RMSProp with step rate of $10^{-4}$, moving average decay, with Nesterov momentum [@hinton:12a] penalty of $0.9$ and $0.9$ respectively, and discount rate $\\gamma$ of $0.95$.\n\nThe variance of the Gaussian noise was initialized to $\\sigma^2=1.0$. An explore/exploit tradeoff was implemented as follows. ", "When the arm hit the target in more than 300 steps, we set $\\sigma^2\\leftarrow \\sigma^2\\cdot 1.3$; otherwise $\\sigma^2\\leftarrow \\sigma^2/1.3$. A hard lower bound was fixed at $\\sigma^2=0.3$.\n\nWe implemented COPDAC-Q on a variety of architectures; the best results are shown (also please see Figure 3 in [@silver:14]). ", "They were obtained using a similar architecture to ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$, with sigmoidal hidden units and sigmoidal output units for the actor. ", "Linear, rectilinear and clipped-linear output units were also tried. ", "As for ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$, cloning and experience replay were used to increase stability.", "\n\n#### Performance.", "\n\nFigure \\[f:oct\\] shows the steps-to-target and average-reward-per-step on ten training runs. ", "${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ converges rapidly and reliably (within $\\pm170,000$ steps) to a stable policy that uses less than 50 steps to hit the target on average (see supplementary video for examples of the final policy in action). ", "${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ converges quicker, and to a better solution, than ${{\\texttt{COPDAC-}\\mathtt{Q}}}$. The reader is strongly encouraged to compare our results with those reported in [@silver:14]. ", "To the best of our knowledge, ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ achieves the best performance to date on the octopus arm task.", "\n\n#### Stability.", "\n\nIt is clear from the variability displayed in the figures that both the policy and the gradients learned by ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ are more stable than ${{\\texttt{COPDAC-}\\mathtt{Q}}}$. Note that the higher variability exhibited by ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ in the right-hand panel of Fig.", " \\[f:oct\\] (rewards-per-step) is misleading. ", "It arises because dividing by the number of steps – which is lower for ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ since it hits the target more quickly after training – inflates ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$’s apparent variability.", "\n\nConclusion {#sec:conc}\n==========\n\nValue-Gradient Backpropagation (${{\\texttt{GProp}}})$ is the first deep reinforcement learning algorithm with compatible function approximation for continuous policies. ", "It builds on the deterministic actor-critic, ${{\\texttt{COPDAC-}\\mathtt{Q}}}$, developed in [@silver:14] with two decisive modifications. ", "First, we incorporate an explicit estimate of the value gradient into the algorithm. ", "Second, we construct a model that decouples the internal structure of the actor, critic, and deviator – so that all three can be trained via backpropagation.", "\n\n${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ achieves state-of-the-art performance on two contextual bandit problems where it simultaneously solves seven regression problems without observing labels. ", "Note that ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ is competitive with recent *fully supervised* methods that solve a *single* regression problem at a time. ", "Further, ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ outperforms the prior state-of-the-art on the octopus arm task, quickly converging onto policies that rapidly and fluidly hit the target.", "\n\n#### Acknowledgements.", "\n\nWe thank Nicolas Heess for sharing the settings of the octopus arm experiments in [@silver:14].", "\n\n[45]{} \\[1\\][\\#1]{} \\[1\\][`#1`]{} urlstyle \\[1\\][doi: \\#1]{}\n\nAdrian K Agogino and Kagan Tumer. ", "Unifying [T]{}emporal and [S]{}tructural [C]{}redit [A]{}ssignment [P]{}roblems. 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", "Simple [S]{}tatistical [G]{}radient-[F]{}ollowing [A]{}lgorithms for [C]{}onnectionist [R]{}einforcement [L]{}earning. *", "Machine Learning*, 8:0 229–256, 1992.", "\n\nM D Zeiler, M Ranzato, R Monga, M Mao, K Yang, Q V Le, P Nguyen, A Senior, V Vanhoucke, J Dean, and G Hinton. ", "On [R]{}ectified [L]{}inear [U]{}nits for [S]{}peech [P]{}rocessing. ", "In *ICASSP*, 2013.", "\n\n[**Appendices**]{}\n\nExplicit weight updates under ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ {#sec:explicit}\n==================================================\n\nIt is instructive to describe the weight updates under ${{\\texttt{GProp}}}$ more explicitly.", "\n\nLet $\\theta^j$, ${\\mathbf{w}}^j$ and ${\\mathbf{v}}^j$ denote the weight vector of unit $j$, according to whether it belongs to the actor, deviator or critic network. ", "Similarly, in each case ${\\ensuremath{\\boldsymbol\\pi}}^j$ or $\\pi^j$ denotes the influence of unit $j$ on the network’s output layer, where the influence is vector-valued for actor and deviator networks and scalar-valued for the critic network.", "\n\nWeight updates in the deviator-actor-critic model, where all three networks consist of rectifier units performing stochastic gradient descent, are then per Algorithm \\[alg:pb\\]. ", "Units that are not active on a round do not update their weights that round.", "\n\nDetails for octopus arm experiments {#sec:octopus_details}\n===================================\n\nListing 1 summarizes technical information with respect to the physical description and task setting used in the octopus arm simulator in XML format.", "\n\n&lt;constants&gt; &lt;frictionTangential&gt;0.4&lt;/frictionTangential&gt; &lt;frictionPerpendicular&gt;1&lt;/frictionPerpendicular&gt; &lt;pressure&gt;10&lt;/pressure&gt; &lt;gravity&gt;0.01&lt;/gravity&gt; &lt;surfaceLevel&gt;5&lt;/surfaceLevel&gt; &lt;buoyancy&gt;0.08&lt;/buoyancy&gt; &lt;muscleActive&gt;0.1&lt;/muscleActive&gt; &lt;musclePassive&gt;0.04&lt;/musclePassive&gt; &lt;muscleNormalizedMinLength&gt;0.1&lt;/muscleNormalizedMinLength&gt; &lt;muscleDamping&gt;-1&lt;/muscleDamping&gt; &lt;repulsionConstant&gt;.01&lt;/repulsionConstant&gt; &lt;repulsionPower&gt;1&lt;/repulsionPower&gt; &lt;repulsionThreshold&gt;0.7&lt;/repulsionThreshold&gt; &lt;torqueCoefficient&gt;0.025&lt;/torqueCoefficient&gt; &lt;/constants&gt;\n\n&lt;targetTask timeLimit=“300” stepReward=“1”&gt; &lt;target position=“-3.25 -3.25” reward=“50” /&gt; &lt;/targetTask&gt;\n\n[^1]: The proof also holds for maxpooling, weight-tying and other features of convnets. ", "A description of how closely related results extend to convnets is provided in [@doco:15].", "\n\n[^2]: Residual gradient (RG) and gradient temporal difference (GTD) methods were introduced in [@baird:95; @sutton:09; @sutton:09a]. ", "The similar names may be confusing. ", "RG and GTD methods are TD methods derived from gradient descent. ", "In contrast, we develop a TD-based approach to *learning gradients*. ", "The two approaches are thus complementary and straightforward to combine. ", "However, in this paper we restrict to extending vanilla TD to learning gradients.", "\n\n[^3]: Taken from `www.gaussianprocess.org/gpml/data/`.", "\n\n[^4]: Taken from `http://www.ausy.tu-darmstadt.de/Miscellaneous/Miscellaneous`.", "\n\n[^5]: Simulator taken from\\\n <http://reinforcementlearningproject.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/FoundationsOfAI/octopus-arm-simulator/octopus/>\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "# Vertica UDFs\n\nThis directory contains [user-defined functions](https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/user-defined-functions)\nwhich mimic the behavior of proprietary functions in Vertica. ", "Each UDF within this\ndirectory will be automatically synchronized to the `bqutil` project within the\n`ve` dataset for reference in queries.", "\n\n## UDFs\n\nNothing here yet, check back soon..." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Chattanooga and Tennessee Electric Power Company\n\nThe Chattanooga and Tennessee Electric Power Company was formed in 1905 by Josephus C. Guild, Charles E. James and Anthony N. Brady to produce hydroelectric power and improving the navigation of the Tennessee River.", "\n\nJosephus Guild, a young engineer from Chattanooga, became interested in a plan drawn by Major Dan C. Kingman, the head of the local office of the Army Corps of Engineers. ", "The plan was originally developed to control the turbulent waters below Chattanooga in the Tennessee River Gorge known as the Suck, the Pot and the Skillet. ", "These river features, long feared by riverboat navigators, impeded trade along the waterway\n\nRep. John A. Moon, a Democrat first elected in 1896, introduced a bill in 1904 that enabled the project. ", "The bill said the construction cost would be borne by the recipient of the power franchise to be operated for 99 years and the government would hold title to the Dam.", "\n\nAfter the city of Chattanooga failed to exercise its option on the project, Josephus Guild sought financial help from Charles James, a prominent Chattanooga businessman who was always eager to help promote the city's interests. ", " James approached Anthony Brady, a New York financier with large interests in electrical utilities, who agreed to participate in the venture.", "\n\nThe Hales Bar Dam was built after Congressional action, on January 7, 1905, changed the site of the dam from Scott's Point. ", "The cost of the dam was over $10,000,000. ", " Josephus Guild died during the construction of the dam; his son, Jo Conn Guild, took an active role in the project. ", "The dam was completed in 1913.", "\n\nIn the 1920s, the company merged with the Chattanooga Railway and Light Company and Drexel and Company, which had a competing project on the Ocoee River, to form the Tennessee Electric Power Company (TEPCO). ", "In 1933, Congress established the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) to develop the economy by a series of flood control dams on the Tennessee River and to sell the electricity generated from the dams. ", "After the Supreme Court in 1939 dismissed a challenge to the authority of the TVA to sell electricity in the service territory of the company, TEPCO's electric system was purchased for $78,425,095 by the Tennessee Valley Authority and other participating municipal public utilities and electric cooperatives. ", "TEPCO continued to operate as a street car company in Chattanooga and was reorganized in 1941 as Southern Coach Lines. ", "The company operated street cars until 1946, when it focused on bus travel. ", "The company was purchased by the Chattanooga Area Regional Transportation Authority in 1973.", "\n\nSee also\n Electric Power Board of Chattanooga\n Memphis Light, Gas and Water\n Nashville Electric Service\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nGovan, Gilbert F. and Livingood, James W. (1952). ", "The Chattanooga County 1540-1951 From Tomahawks to TVA. ", "New York: E.P. Dutton & Co. \n\nCategory:Public utilities established in 1905\nCategory:Defunct companies based in Tennessee\nCategory:Electric power companies of the United States\nCategory:Companies disestablished in the 1920s\nCategory:Hydroelectric power companies of the United States\nCategory:1905 establishments in Tennessee\nCategory:1920s disestablishments in Tennessee" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Taleb, Iran\n\nTaleb (, also Romanized as Ţāleb) is a village in Charuymaq-e Jonubegharbi Rural District, in the Central District of Charuymaq County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. ", "At the 2006 census, its population was 84, in 19 families.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Charuymaq County" ]

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