j-chim/pii-pile-chunk3-200000-250000-tagged

texts sequence	meta dict	scores sequence	avg_score float64 0 0.13	num_sents int64 5 5	tagged_pii_results list
[ "Relaxed Denim Capri\n\nPack your bags with bright, bold looks from our Resort Collection. ", "For ultimate comfort, this pull-on denim capri is a must-have. ", "The all-around elastic waistband stretches to your shape. ", "Includes rhinestone tabs at the hem. ", "Catherines pants are specifically designed with the plus size woman in mind.", "\n\nItem #156101\n\nCotton / polyester / spandex\n\nMachine wash\n\nImported\n\n17\" inseam\n\nSizes 0X-5X\n\nBy Liz&Me® for Catherines\n\nRelaxed Denim Capri\n5\n5\n4\n4\n\nPerfect length for me (5'4'). ", "The blue jean color goes with so many of my tees.", "\nJune 23, 2013\n\nThis whole order was great!", "\nThe denim pants fit perfect even for a short person.", "\nMay 29, 2013\n\nI have short legs and these fit perfict! ", "I just wish they had pockets. ", "Some other colors would be great also, like kacki and white\nFebruary 27, 2013\n\nFit and Comfort\nThis product is extremely comfortable and fits perfectly\nFebruary 23, 2013" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.022727272727272728, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0055248618784530384, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005917159763313609 ]	0.002847	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 25, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 0 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 134, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 123 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 565, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 552 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 663, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 648 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 782, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 777 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 810, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 793 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 902, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 885 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 335, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.01, "start": 329 } ]
[ "1. ", "Introduction {#sec1}\n===============\n\nScientific knowledge is gained by an interplay between quantitative real world measurements of physical, chemical, or biological phenomena and the development of mathematical models for understanding the dynamical processes behind. ", "In general, such phenomena are determined as spatiotemporal patterns of physical measures (state variables). ", "Modelling consists of distinguishing the surrounding world from the system that yields the phenomena and formulating a mathematical description of the system, a model, that can predict values of the state variables. ", "The calculations depend on model parameters and often on giving measured input variables. ", "By changing parameter values and analysing the resulting changes in the values of the state variables, the model may then be used as a predictive tool. ", "This way, the model\\'s validity can be verified. ", "If the mathematical model description is moreover derived from first principles, the model has the potential to explain the phenomena in a causal sense.", "\n\nCalculating the sensitivities of a model\\'s predicted output, that is, the system\\'s state variables, with respect to model parameters is a means of eliminating redundancy and indeterminacy from models and thus helps to identify valid models. ", "Sensitivity analyses can be helpful both in model-based experimental approaches and in purely theoretical work. ", "A modelling theoretician could be looking for parameters to which all state variables are nonsensitive. ", "Such parameters might be superfluous. ", "An experimenter may inspect the model that represents his working hypothesis and analyse which of the model\\'s state variables are specifically sensitive to a selected parameter. ", "Hence, the experimenter would have to measure exactly this state variable to identify the value of the selected parameter.", "\n\nIn a biomechanical study Scovil and Ronsky \\[[@B21]\\] applied sensitivity analysis to examine the dynamics of a mechanical multibody system: a runner\\'s skeleton coupled to muscle activation-contraction dynamics. ", "They calculated specific sensitivity coefficients in three slightly different ways. ", "A sensitivity coefficient is the difference quotient calculated from dividing the change in a state variable by the change in a model parameter value, evaluated in a selected system state \\[[@B16]\\]. ", "The corresponding partial derivative may be simply called \"sensitivity.\" ", "Therefore, a sensitivity function is the time evolution of a sensitivity \\[[@B16]\\]. ", "Accordingly, Lehman and Stark \\[[@B16]\\] had proposed a more general and unified approach than Scovil and Ronsky \\[[@B21]\\], which allows systematically calculating the sensitivities of any dynamical system described in terms of ordinary differential equations. ", "As an example for sensitivity functions, Lehman and Stark \\[[@B16]\\] had applied their proposed method to a muscle-driven model of saccadic eye movement. ", "By calculating a percentage change in a state variable value per percentage change in a parameter value, all sensitivities can be made comprehensively comparable, even across models.", "\n\nA sensitivity as defined so far is of first order. ", "Methodically, we aim at introducing a step beyond, namely, at calculating second order sensitivities. ", "These measures are suited to quantify how much the sensitivity of a state variable with respect to one model parameter depends on changing another parameter. ", "By analysing second order sensitivities, the strength of their interdependent influence on model dynamics can be determined. ", "In addition to this so-called local sensitivity analysis, we will take the whole parameter variability into account by calculating global sensitivities according to Chan et al. ", "\\[[@B2]\\] and Saltelli and Chan \\[[@B19]\\]. ", "This approach allows translating the impact of one parameter on a state variable into a parameter\\'s importance, by completely comprising its interdependent influence in combination with all other parameters\\' sensitivities.", "\n\nIn this study, we will apply the sensitivity analysis to models that predict how the activity of a muscle (its chemical state) changes when the muscle is stimulated by neural signals (electrical excitation). ", "Such models are used for simulations of muscles\\' contractions coupled to their activation dynamics. ", "Models for coupled muscular dynamics are often part of neuromusculoskeletal models of biological movement systems. ", "In particular, we want to try and rate two specific model variants of activation dynamics formulated by Zajac \\[[@B27]\\] and by Hatze \\[[@B8]\\]. ", "As a first result, we present an example of a simplified version of the Zajac \\[[@B27]\\] model, in which sensitivity functions can in fact be calculated in closed form. ", "Subsequently we calculate the sensitivities numerically with respect to all model parameters in both models, aiming at an increased understanding of the influence of changes in model parameters on the solutions of the underlying ordinary differential equations (ODEs). ", "Additionally, we discuss which of both models may be physiologically more accurate. ", "The arguments come from a mixture of three different aspects: sensitivity analysis, others\\' experimental findings, and an additional attempt to best fit different combinations of activation dynamics and force-length relations of the contractile element (CE) in a muscle to known data on shifts in optimal CE length with muscle activity \\[[@B11]\\].", "\n\n2. ", "Two Models for Muscle Activation Dynamics {#sec2}\n============================================\n\nMacroscopically, a muscle fibre or an assembly thereof, a muscle belly, is often mapped mathematically by a one-dimensional massless thread called \"contractile component\" or \"contractile element\" (CE) \\[[@B24]--[@B7]\\]. ", "Its absolute length is ℓ ~CE~ which may be normalised to the optimal fibre length ℓ ~CE,opt~ by ℓ ~CErel~ = ℓ ~CE~/ℓ ~CE,opt~. In macroscopic muscle models, the CE muscle force is usually modelled as a function of a force-(CE-)length relation, a force-(CE-)velocity relation, and (CE-)activity q. ", "Commonly the muscle activity q represents the number of attached cross-bridges within the muscle, normalised to the maximum number available (q ~0~ ≤ q ≤ 1). ", "It can also be considered as the concentration of bound Ca^2+^-ions in the muscle sarcoplasma relative to its physiological maximum. ", "The parameter q ~0~ represents the minimum activity that is assumed to occur without any stimulation \\[[@B8]\\].", "\n\nWe analyse two different formulations of muscle activation dynamics, that is, the time (its symbol: t) evolution of muscle activity q(t). ", "One formulation of muscle activation dynamics was suggested by Zajac \\[[@B27]\\], which we modified slightly to take q ~0~ into account:$$\\begin{matrix}\n{{\\overset{˙}{q}}_{Z} = \\frac{1}{\\tau \\cdot \\left( 1 - q_{0} \\right)} \\cdot \\left\\lbrack {\\sigma \\cdot \\left\\lbrack {1 - q_{0}} \\right. - ", "\\sigma \\cdot \\left\\lbrack {1 - \\beta} \\right. ", "\\cdot \\left\\lbrack {q_{Z} - q_{0}} \\right.} ", "\\right.} \\\\", "\n{\\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad\\left. {- ", "\\beta \\cdot \\left. {", "q_{Z} - q_{0}} \\right\\rbrack} \\right\\rbrack,} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$with the initial condition q ~Z~(0) = q ~Z,0~. In this context, σ is supposed to represent the (electrical) stimulation of the muscle, being a parameter for controlling muscle dynamics. ", "It represents the output of the nervous system\\'s dynamics applied to the muscle which in turn interacts with the skeleton, the body mass distribution, the external environment, and therefore the nervous system in a feedback loop. ", "Electromyographic (EMG) signals can be seen as a compound of such neural stimulations collected in a finite volume (being the input to a number of muscle fibres) over a frequency range and coming from a number of (moto-)neurons. ", "The parameter τ denotes the activation time constant, and β = τ/τ ~deact~ is the ratio of activation to deactivation time constants (deactivation boost).", "\n\nAn alternative formulation of muscle activation dynamics was introduced by Hatze \\[[@B8]\\]:$$\\begin{matrix}\n{\\overset{˙}{\\gamma} = m \\cdot \\left( \\sigma - \\gamma \\right).} \\\\", "\n\\end{matrix}$$We divided the original equation from Hatze \\[[@B8]\\] by the parameter c = 1.37 · 10^−4^ mol/L which represents the maximum concentration of free Ca^2+^-ions in the muscle sarcoplasma. ", "Thus, the values of the corresponding normalised concentration are 0 ≤ γ ≤ 1. ", "The activity is finally calculated by the function$$\\begin{matrix}\n{q_{H}\\left( \\gamma,\\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}} \\right) = \\frac{q_{0} + \\left\\lbrack {\\rho\\left\\lbrack \\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}} \\right\\rbrack \\cdot \\gamma} \\right\\rbrack^{\\nu}}{1 + \\left\\lbrack {\\rho\\left\\lbrack \\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}} \\right\\rbrack \\cdot \\gamma} \\right\\rbrack^{\\nu}},} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$and the parameter c is shifted to the accordingly renormalised function$$\\begin{matrix}\n{\\rho\\left( \\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}} \\right) = \\rho_{c} \\cdot \\frac{\\mathcal{l}_{\\rho} - 1}{{\\mathcal{l}_{\\rho}/\\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}}} - 1},} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$with ρ ~c~ = c · ρ ~0~ and ℓ ~ρ~ = 2.9. ", "Two cases have been suggested by Hatze \\[[@B10]\\]: ρ ~0~ = 6.62 · 10^4^ L/mol (i.e., ρ ~c~ = 9.10) for ν = 2 and ρ ~0~ = 5.27 · 10^4^ L/mol (i.e., ρ ~c~ = 7.24) for ν = 3, which have been applied in the literature \\[[@B11], [@B24], [@B12], [@B13]\\]. ", "By substituting ([2](#EEq2){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) and ([3](#EEq3){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) into ${\\overset{˙}{q}}_{H} = {{dq_{H}(\\gamma,\\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}})}/{d\\gamma}} \\cdot \\overset{˙}{\\gamma}$ and resubstituting the inverse of ([3](#EEq3){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) afterwards, Hatze\\'s formulation of an activation dynamics can be transformed into a nonlinear differential equation directly in terms of the activity: $$\\begin{matrix}\n{{\\overset{˙}{q}}_{H} = \\frac{\\nu \\cdot m}{1 - q_{0}} \\cdot \\left\\lbrack {\\sigma \\cdot \\rho\\left( \\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}} \\right) \\cdot \\left\\lbrack {1 - q_{H}} \\right.^{1 + 1/\\nu} \\cdot \\left\\lbrack {q_{H} - q_{0}} \\right.^{1 - 1/\\nu}} \\right.} \\\\", "\n{\\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad\\left. {", "\\phantom{\\left. {", "q_{H} - q_{0}} \\right\\rbrack^{1 - 1/\\nu}} - \\left( 1 - q_{H} \\right) \\cdot \\left( q_{H} - q_{0} \\right)} \\right\\rbrack,} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$with the initial condition q ~H~(0) = q ~H,0~.\n\nThe solutions q ~Z~(t) and q ~H~(t) of both formulations of activation dynamics ([1](#EEq1){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) and ([5](#EEq5){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) can now be directly compared by integrating them with the same initial condition q ~Z,0~ = q ~H,0~ using the same stimulation σ.", "\n\n3. ", "Local First and Second Order Sensitivity of ODE Systems regarding Their Parameters {#sec3}\n=====================================================================================\n\nLet Ω⊆ℝ × ℝ ^M^ × ℝ ^N^ and f : Ω → ℝ ^M^. We then consider a system of ordinary, first order initial value problems (IVP):$$\\begin{matrix}\n{\\overset{˙}{Y} = f\\left( t,Y\\left( t,\\Lambda \\right),\\Lambda \\right),\\quad\\quad Y\\left( 0 \\right) = Y_{0},} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$where Y(t) = (y ~1~(t), y ~2~(t),..., y ~M~(t)) denotes the vector of state variables, f = (f ~1~, f ~2~,..., f ~M~) the vector of right hand sides of the ODE, and Λ = {λ ~1~, λ ~2~,..., λ ~N~} the set of parameters which the ODE depends on. ", "The vector of initial conditions is abbreviated by$$\\begin{matrix}\n{Y\\left( 0 \\right) = \\left( {y_{1}\\left( 0 \\right),y_{2}\\left( 0 \\right),\\ldots,y_{M}\\left( 0 \\right)} \\right)} \\\\\n{= \\left( {y_{1,0},y_{2,0},\\ldots,y_{M,0}} \\right) = Y_{0}.} \\\\", "\n\\end{matrix}$$\n\nThe first order sensitivity of the solution Y(t, Λ) with respect to the parameter set Λ is defined as the matrix$$\\begin{matrix}\n{S\\left( t,\\Lambda \\right) = \\left( {S_{ik}\\left( {t,\\Lambda} \\right)} \\right)_{i = 1,\\ldots,N,k = 1,\\ldots,M},} \\\\\n{\\text{with}\\,\\, S_{ik}\\left( t,\\Lambda \\right) = \\frac{d}{d\\lambda_{i}}y_{k}\\left( t,\\Lambda \\right).} \\\\", "\n\\end{matrix}$$Simplifying, we denote Y = Y(t, Λ), f = f(t, Y, Λ), and S ~ik~ = S ~ik~(t, Λ) but keep the dependencies in mind. ", "Because the solution Y(t) might only be gained numerically rather than in a closed-form expression, we have to apply the well-known theory of sensitivity analysis as stated in Vukobratovic \\[[@B26]\\], Dickinson and Gelinas \\[[@B5]\\], Lehman and Stark \\[[@B16]\\], and ZivariPiran \\[[@B28]\\]. ", "Differentiating ([8](#EEq8){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) with respect to t and applying the chain rule yield$$\\begin{matrix}\n{\\frac{d}{dt}S_{ik} = \\frac{d^{2}}{dtd\\lambda_{i}}y_{k} = \\frac{d^{2}}{d\\lambda_{i}dt}y_{k} = \\frac{d}{d\\lambda_{i}}f_{k}} \\\\\n{= \\frac{d}{d\\lambda_{i}}Y \\cdot \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial Y}f_{k} + \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial\\lambda_{i}}f_{k},} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$with ∂/∂Y being the gradient of state variables. ", "Hence we obtain the following ODE for the first order solution sensitivity:$$\\begin{matrix}\n{{\\overset{˙}{S}}_{ik} = \\sum\\limits_{l = 1}^{M}S_{il} \\cdot \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial y_{l}}f_{k} + \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial\\lambda_{i}}f_{k},\\quad\\quad S_{ik}\\left( 0 \\right) = \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial\\lambda_{i}}y_{k,0} = 0,} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$or in short terms $$\\begin{matrix}\n{\\overset{˙}{S} = S \\cdot J + B,\\quad\\quad S\\left( 0 \\right) = 0_{N \\times M},} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$where S = S(t) is the N × M sensitivity matrix and J = J(t) is the M × M Jacobian matrix with J ~kl~ = (∂/∂y ~l~)f ~k~; furthermore, B = B(t) denotes the N × M-matrix containing the partial derivatives B ~ik~ = (∂/∂λ ~i~)f ~k~ and 0~N×M~ denotes the N × M-matrix consisting of zeros only.", "\n\nBy analogy, the second order sensitivity of Y(t) with respect to Λ is defined as the following N × N × M-tensor: $$\\begin{matrix}\n{R\\left( t,\\Lambda \\right) = \\left( {R_{ijk}\\left( {t,\\Lambda} \\right)} \\right)_{i,j = 1,\\ldots,N,k = 1,\\ldots,M},} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$with$$\\begin{matrix}\n{R_{ijk}\\left( t,\\Lambda \\right) = \\frac{d}{d\\lambda_{i}}S_{jk} = \\frac{d}{d\\lambda_{j}}S_{ik} = \\frac{d^{2}}{d\\lambda_{i}d\\lambda_{j}}y_{k} = R_{jik}\\left( t,\\Lambda \\right),} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$assuming R ~ijk~ = R ~jik~ for all k = 1,..., M, therefore assuming that the prerequisites of Schwarz theorem (symmetry of the second derivatives) are fulfilled throughout. ", "Differentiating with respect to t and applying the chain rule lead to the ODE$$\\begin{matrix}\n{{\\overset{˙}{R}}_{ijk} = \\sum\\limits_{l = 1}^{M}\\left( {R_{ijl}\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial y_{l}}f_{k} + S_{il}\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial\\lambda_{j}}f_{k} + S_{jl}\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial\\lambda_{i}}f_{k}} \\right)} \\\\\n{+ \\sum\\limits_{l_{1} = 1}^{M}\\sum\\limits_{l_{2} = 1}^{M}S_{il_{1}}S_{jl_{2}}\\frac{\\partial^{2}}{\\partial y_{l_{1}}\\partial y_{l_{2}}}f_{k} + \\frac{\\partial^{2}}{\\partial\\lambda_{i}\\partial\\lambda_{j}}f_{k},} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$with R ~ijk~(0) = 0. ", "For purposes beyond the aim of this paper, a condensed notation introducing the concept of tensor (or Kronecker) products as in ZivariPiran \\[[@B28]\\] may be helpful. ", "For a practical implementation in MATLAB see Bader and Kolda \\[[@B14]\\].", "\n\nFurthermore, if an initial condition y ~k,0~ (see ([7](#EEq7){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"})) is considered as another parameter, we can derive a separate sensitivity differential equation by rewriting ([6](#EEq6){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) in its integral form $$\\begin{matrix}\n{Y\\left( t \\right) = Y_{0} + \\int\\limits_{0}^{t}f\\left( s,Y\\left( s \\right) \\right)ds.} \\\\", "\n\\end{matrix}$$Differentiating this equation with respect to Y ~0~ yields $$\\begin{matrix}\n{S_{Y_{0}}\\left( t \\right) = \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial Y_{0}}Y\\left( t \\right) = 1 + \\int\\limits_{0}^{t}\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial Y}f \\cdot \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial Y_{0}}Y\\left( s \\right)ds} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$and differentiating again with respect to t results in a homogeneous ODE for each component S ~y~k,0~~(t); namely,$$\\begin{matrix}\n{{\\overset{˙}{S}}_{y_{k,0}}\\left( t \\right) = \\sum\\limits_{l = 1}^{M}\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial y_{l}}f_{k} \\cdot S_{y_{l,0}},\\quad\\text{with}{\\,\\,}S_{y_{k,0}}\\left( 0 \\right) = \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial y_{k,0}}y_{k,0} = 1.} \\\\", "\n\\end{matrix}$$\n\nThe parameters of our analysed models are supposed to represent physiological processes and bear physical dimensions therefore. ", "For example, m and 1/τ are frequencies measured in (Hz), whereas c is measured in (mol/L). ", "Accordingly, S ~τ~ = (d/dτ)q ~Z~ would be measured in (Hz) and S ~m~ in (s) (note that our model only consists of one ODE and therefore we do not need a second index). ", "Normalisation provides a comprehensive comparison between all sensitivities, even across models. ", "For any parameter, the value λ ~i~ fixed for a specific simulation is a natural choice. ", "For any state variable, we chose its current value y ~k~(t) at each point in time of the corresponding ODE solution. ", "Hence, we normalise each sensitivity S ~ik~ = dy ~k~/dλ ~i~ by multiplying it with the ratio λ ~i~/y ~k~(t) to get the relative sensitivity$$\\begin{matrix}\n{{\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{ik} = S_{ik} \\cdot \\frac{\\lambda_{i}}{y_{k}}.} \\\\", "\n\\end{matrix}$$A relative sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{ik}$ thus quantifies the percentage change in the kth state variable value per percentage change in the ith parameter value. ", "This applies accordingly to the second order sensitivity$$\\begin{matrix}\n{{\\overset{\\sim}{R}}_{ijk} = R_{ijk} \\cdot \\frac{\\lambda_{i} \\cdot \\lambda_{j}}{y_{k}}.} \\\\", "\n\\end{matrix}$$It can be shown that this method is valid and mathematically equivalent to another common method in which the whole model is nondimensionalised a priori \\[[@B20]\\]. ", "A nonnormalised model formulation has the additional advantage of usually allowing a more immediate appreciation of and transparent access for experimenters. ", "In the remainder of this paper, we are always going to present and discuss relative sensitivity values normalised that way.", "\n\nIn our model the specific case M = 1 applies, so ([10](#EEq9){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) and ([14](#EEq11){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) simplify to the case k = 1 (no summation).", "\n\n4. ", "Variance-Based Global Sensitivity Analysis {#sec4}\n=============================================\n\nThe differential sensitivity analysis above is called a local method because it does not take the physiological range of parameter values into account. ", "Additionally factoring in such ranges characterises the so-called global methods. ", "The main idea behind most global methods is to include a statistical component to scan the whole parameter space 𝒞 and combine the percentage change in a state variable value per percentage change in a parameter value with the variability of all of the parameters. ", "The parameter space 𝒞 can be seen as a N-dimensional cuboid 𝒞 = \\[λ ~1~ ^−^; λ ~1~ ^+^\\] × ⋯×\\[λ ~N~ ^−^; λ ~N~ ^+^\\], where λ ~i~ ^−^ and λ ~i~ ^+^ are the minimal and maximal parameter values and N is the number of parameters. ", "We can now fix a certain point $\\hat{\\Lambda} = ({\\hat{\\lambda}}_{1},\\ldots,{\\hat{\\lambda}}_{N}) \\in \\mathcal{C}$ and calculate the local gradient of the solution with respect to $\\hat{\\Lambda}$. The volume of the star-shaped area, investigated by changing only one parameter at once and lying within a ball around $\\hat{\\Lambda}$, vanishes in comparison to 𝒞 for an increasing number of parameters \\[[@B18]\\]. ", "For an overview of the numerous methods like ANOVA, FAST, Regression, or Sobol\\'s Indexing, the reader is referred to Saltelli and Chan \\[[@B19]\\] and Frey et al. ", "\\[[@B4]\\].", "\n\nIn this section we want to sketch just the main idea of the variance-based sensitivity analysis approach as presented in Chan et al. ", "\\[[@B2]\\], which is based on Sobol\\'s Indexing. ", "We chose this method because of its transparency and low computational cost. ", "This method aims at calculating two measurands of sensitivity of a state variable with respect to parameter λ ~i~: the variance-based sensitivity function denoted by VBS~i~(t) and the total sensitivity index function denoted by TSI~i~(t). ", "The VBS functions give a normalised first order sensitivity quite similar to $\\overset{\\sim}{S}$ from the previous section but include the parameter range. ", "The TSI functions, however, additionally include higher order sensitivities and give a measurand for interdependencies of parameter influences.", "\n\nA receipt for calculating VBS and TSI is as follows. ", "First of all, set boundaries for all model parameters, either by model assumptions or by literature reference, thus fixing 𝒞. ", "Secondly, generate two sets of n sample points ${\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{1,j},{\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{2,j} \\in \\mathcal{C}$, j = 1,..., n, suited to represent the underlying probability distribution of each parameter, in our case the uniform distribution. ", "Thirdly, with i indicating a parameter, generate 2nN sets of new sample points ${\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{1,j}^{i},{\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{1,j}^{\\sim i}$, j = 1,..., n, i = 1,..., N, where ${\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{1,j}^{i}$ consists of all sample points in ${\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{1,j}$ except for its ith component (parameter value) replaced by the ith component of ${\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{2,j}$. Consequently, ${\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{1,j}^{\\sim i}$ consists of the ith component of ${\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{1,j}$ and every other component taken from ${\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{2,j}$. Fourthly, evaluate the model from ([6](#EEq6){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) at all of the 2n(N + 1) sample points ${\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{1,j},{\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{2,j},{\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{1,j}^{i},{\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{1,j}^{\\sim i}$ resulting in a family of solutions.", "\n\nFor this family perform the following calculations.(1)Compute the variance of the family of all 2n(N + 1) solutions as a function of time, namely, V(t). ", "This variance function indicates the general model output variety throughout the whole parameter range.(2)Compute the variances V ~i~ of the family of n(N + 1) solutions resulting from an evaluation of the model at all ${\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{1,j}$ and ${\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{1,j}^{i}$, that is, for every j and i. ", "Each V ~i~(t) is a function of time and indicates the model output variety if solely the value λ ~i~ of parameter i is changed.(3)Compute the variances V ~\\~i~ of the family of n(N + 1) solutions resulting from an evaluation of the model at all ${\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{1,j}$ and ${\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{1,j}^{\\sim i}$, that is, for every j and i. ", "Each V ~\\~i~(t) is a function of time and indicates the model output variety if the value of λ ~i~ is fixed, whereas all other parameter values are changed.", "\n\nNote that the computations in Chan et al. ", "\\[[@B2]\\] are done using Monte-Carlo integrals as an approximation. ", "The VBS and TSI can be finally calculated as$$\\begin{matrix}\n{\\text{VBS}_{i}\\left( t \\right) = \\frac{V_{i}\\left( t \\right)}{V\\left( t \\right)},\\quad\\quad\\text{TSI}_{i}\\left( t \\right) = 1 - \\frac{V_{\\sim i}\\left( t \\right)}{V\\left( t \\right)}.} \\\\", "\n\\end{matrix}$$The normalisation entails additional properties of VBS and TSI (see \\[[@B2], Figure 1\\]):$$\\begin{matrix}\n{\\sum\\limits_{i = 1}^{N}\\text{VBS}_{i}\\left( t \\right) \\leq 1,\\quad\\quad\\sum\\limits_{i = 1}^{N}\\text{TSI}_{i}\\left( t \\right) \\geq 1.} \\\\", "\n\\end{matrix}$$In other words, VBS~i~(t) gives the normalised global first order sensitivity function of the solution with respect to λ ~i~ in relation to the model output range. ", "Accordingly, TSI~i~(t) quantifies a relative impact of the variability in parameter λ ~i~ on the model output, factoring in the interdependent influence in combination with all other parameters\\' sensitivities. ", "Chan et al. ", "\\[[@B2]\\] suggested to denote the TSI~i~(t) value as the \"importance\" of λ ~i~.\n\n5. ", "An Analytical Example for Local Sensitivity Analysis including a Link between Zajac\\'s and Hatze\\'s Formulations {#sec5}\n===================================================================================================================\n\nBy further simplifying Zajac\\'s formulation of an activation dynamics ([1](#EEq1){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) through assuming a deactivation boost β = 1 (activation and deactivation time constants are equal) and a basic activity q ~0~ = 0, we obtain a linear ODE for this specific case q ~Z~ ^sp^, which is equivalent to Hatze\\'s equation ([2](#EEq2){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) modelling the time evolution of the free Ca^2+^-ion concentration:$$\\begin{matrix}\n{{\\overset{˙}{q}}_{Z}^{\\text{sp}} = \\frac{1}{\\tau}\\left( {\\sigma - q_{Z}^{\\text{sp}}} \\right),\\quad\\quad q_{Z}^{\\text{sp}}\\left( 0 \\right) = q_{Z,0}.} \\\\", "\n\\end{matrix}$$By analysing this specific case, we aim at making the above described sensitivity analysis method more transparent for the reader. ", "Solving ([22](#EEq17){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) yields$$\\begin{matrix}\n{q_{Z}^{\\text{sp}}\\left( t \\right) = \\sigma \\cdot \\left( 1 - e^{- t/\\tau} \\right) + q_{Z,0} \\cdot e^{- t/\\tau}} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$depending on just two parameters σ (stimulation: control parameter) and τ (time constant of activation: internal parameter) in addition to the initial value y ~0~ = q ~Z,0~. The solution q ~Z~(t) equals the σ value after about τ.", "\n\nWe apply the more generally applicable, implicit methods ([10](#EEq9){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) and ([17](#EEq12){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) to determine the derivatives of the solution with respect to the parameters (the sensitivities), although we already know solution ([23](#EEq18){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) in a closed form. ", "Hence, for the transparency of our method, we calculate the gradient of the right hand side f(q ~Z~ ^sp^, σ, τ) of ODE ([22](#EEq17){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"})$$\\begin{matrix}\n{\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial q_{Z}^{\\text{sp}}}f = - \\frac{1}{\\tau},\\quad\\quad\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial\\sigma}f = \\frac{1}{\\tau},} \\\\\n{\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial\\tau}f = - \\frac{\\sigma - q_{Z}^{\\text{sp}}}{\\tau^{2}} = \\frac{q_{Z,0} - \\sigma}{\\tau^{2}}e^{- t/\\tau}} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$and insert these partial derivatives into ([10](#EEq9){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) and ([17](#EEq12){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}). ", "Solving the respective three ODEs for the three parameters (σ, τ, and q ~Z,0~) and normalising them according to ([18](#EEq13){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) give the relative sensitivities of q ~Z~ ^sp^ with respect to σ, τ, and q ~Z,0~ as functions of time (see [Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}):$$\\begin{matrix}\n{{\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\sigma}\\left( t \\right) = \\left( 1 - e^{- t/\\tau} \\right) \\cdot \\frac{\\sigma}{q_{Z}^{\\text{sp}}\\left( t \\right)} = \\frac{\\sigma \\cdot \\left( e^{t/\\tau} - 1 \\right)}{\\sigma \\cdot \\left( e^{t/\\tau} - 1 \\right) + q_{Z,0}},} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$ $$\\begin{matrix}\n{{\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\tau}\\left( t \\right) = \\left( {\\frac{\\left( q_{Z,0} - \\sigma \\right) \\cdot t}{\\tau^{2}}e^{- t/\\tau}} \\right) \\cdot \\frac{\\tau}{q_{Z}^{\\text{sp}}\\left( t \\right)}} \\\\\n{= \\frac{t \\cdot \\left( q_{Z,0} - \\sigma \\right)}{\\tau \\cdot \\left\\lbrack \\sigma \\cdot \\left( e^{t/\\tau} - 1 \\right) + q_{Z,0} \\right\\rbrack},} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$ $$\\begin{matrix}\n{{\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{q_{Z,0}}\\left( t \\right) = e^{- t/\\tau} \\cdot \\frac{q_{Z,0}}{q_{Z}^{\\text{sp}}\\left( t \\right)} = \\frac{q_{Z,0}}{\\sigma \\cdot \\left( e^{t/\\tau} - 1 \\right) + q_{Z,0}}.} \\\\", "\n\\end{matrix}$$\n\nA straightforward result is that the time constant τ has its maximum effect on the solution ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, see ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\tau}(t)$) at time t = τ. ", "In case of a step in stimulation, the sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\tau}(t)$ vanishes in the initial situation and exponentially approaches zero again after a few further multiples of the typical period τ. ", "Note that ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\tau}(t)$ is negative, which means that an increase in τ decelerates activation. ", "Thus, for a fixed initial value q ~Z,0~, the solution value q ~Z~(t) decreases at a given point in time if τ is increased. ", "After a step in stimulation σ, the time in which the solution q ~Z~(t) bears some memory of its initial value q ~Z,0~ is equal to the period of being nonsensitive to any further step in σ (compare ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{q_{Z,0}}(t)$ to ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\sigma}(t)$ and ([25](#EEq19){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) to ([27](#EEq21){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"})). ", "After about τ/2, the sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{q_{Z,0}}(t)$ has already fallen to about 0.1 and ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\sigma}(t)$ to about 0.9 accordingly.", "\n\n6. ", "The Numerical Approach and Results {#sec6}\n=====================================\n\nTypically, biological dynamics are represented by nonlinear ODEs. ", "Therefore, the linear ODE used for describing activation dynamics in the Zajac \\[[@B27]\\] case ([1](#EEq1){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) is more of an exception. ", "For example, a closed-form solution can be given. ", "Equation ([23](#EEq18){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) is an example as shown in the previous section for the reduced case of nonboosted deactivation ([22](#EEq17){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}).", "\n\nIn general, however, nonlinear ODEs used in biomechanical modelling, as the Hatze \\[[@B8]\\] case ([5](#EEq5){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) for describing activation dynamics, can only be solved numerically. ", "It is understood that any explicit formulation of a model in terms of ODEs allows providing the partial derivatives of their right hand sides f with respect to the model parameters in a closed form. ", "Fortunately, this is exactly what is required as part of the sensitivity analysis approach presented in [Section 3](#sec3){ref-type=\"sec\"}, in particular in ([10](#EEq9){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}).", "\n\nAs an application for applying this approach, we will now present a comparison of both formulations of activation dynamics. ", "The example indicates that the approach may be of general value because it is common practice in biomechanical modelling to (i) formulate the ODEs in closed form and (ii) integrate the ODEs numerically. ", "Adding further sensitivity ODEs for model parameters then becomes an inexpensive enhancement of the procedure used to solve the problem anyway.", "\n\nFor the two different activation dynamics \\[[@B27], [@B8]\\], the parameter sets Λ~Z~ and Λ~H~, respectively, consist of$$\\begin{matrix}\n{\\Lambda_{Z} = \\left\\{ {q_{Z,0},\\sigma,q_{0},\\tau,\\beta} \\right\\},} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$ $$\\begin{matrix}\n{\\Lambda_{H} = \\left\\{ {q_{H,0},\\sigma,q_{0},m,\\rho_{c},\\nu,\\mathcal{l}_{\\rho},\\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}}} \\right\\},} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$including the initial conditions. ", "The numerical solutions for these ODEs were computed within the MATLAB environment (The MathWorks, Natick, USA; version R2013b), using the preimplemented numerical solver ode45 which is a Runge-Kutta algorithm of order 5 (for details see \\[[@B1]\\]).", "\n\n6.1. ", "Results for Zajac\\'s Activation Dynamics: Sensitivity Functions {#sec6.1}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe simulated activation dynamics for the parameter set Λ~Z~ ([28](#EEq22){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) leaving two of the values constant (q ~0~ = 0.005, τ = 1/40 s) and varying the other three (initial condition q ~Z,0~, stimulation σ, and deactivation boost β). ", "The time courses of the relative sensitivities ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{i}(t)$ with respect to all parameters λ ~i~ ∈ Λ~Z~ are plotted in [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "In the left column of [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} we used β = 1, in the right column β = 1/3. ", "Pairs of the parameter values q ~0~ = 0.005 ≤ q ~Z,0~ ≤ 0.5 and 0.01 ≤ σ ≤ 1 are specified in the legend of [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, with increasing values of both parameters from top to bottom.", "\n\n### 6.1.1. ", "Relative Sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{q_{0}}$ {#sec6.1.1}\n\nSolutions are nonsensitive to the q ~0~ choice except if both initial activity and stimulation (also approximating the final activity if β = 1 and σ ≫ q ~0~) are very low near q ~0~ itself.", "\n\n### 6.1.2. ", "Relative Sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{q_{Z,0}}$ {#sec6.1.2}\n\nThe memory (influence on solution) of the initial value is lost after about 2τ, almost independently of all other parameters. ", "This loss in memory is obviously slower than in that case q ~Z,0~ = 0 (initial value) and σ = 1 (for β = 1 and q ~0~ = 0 exactly the final value; see [Section 5](#sec5){ref-type=\"sec\"} and [Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In that extreme case, the influence (relative sensitivity) of the lowest possible initial value (q ~Z,0~ = 0) on the most rapidly increasing solution (maximum possible final value: σ = 1) is lost earlier.", "\n\n### 6.1.3. ", "Relative Sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\tau}$ {#sec6.1.3}\n\nThe influence of the time constant τ on the solution is reduced with decreasing difference between initial and final activity values (compare maximum ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\tau}$ values in Figures [1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and, no matter the β value, with jointly raised levels of initial activity q ~Z,0~ and σ, the latter determining the final activity value if β = 1. ", "When deactivation is slower than activation (β \\< 1: right column in [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}), ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\tau}$ is higher than in the case β = 1, both in its maximum amplitude and for longer times after the step in stimulation, especially at low activity levels (upper rows in [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n### 6.1.4. ", "Relative Sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\sigma}$ {#sec6.1.4}\n\nAcross all parameters, the solution in general is most sensitive to σ. ", "However, the influence of the deactivation boost parameter β is usually comparable. ", "In some situations, this also applies to the activation time constant τ (see below). ", "For β = 1 ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, left), the solution becomes a little less sensitive to σ with decreasing activity level (${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\sigma} < 1$), which reflects that the final solution value is not determined by σ alone but by q ~0~ \\> 0 and β ≠ 1 as much. ", "If deactivation is much slower than activation (β = 1/3 \\< 1: [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, right), we find the opposite to the β = 1 case: the more the activity level rises, the lesser σ determines the solution. ", "Additionally, stimulation σ somehow competes with both deactivation boost β and time constant τ (see further below). ", "Using the term \"compete\" illustrates the idea that any single parameter should have an individual interest in influencing the dynamics as much as possible in order not to be considered superfluous.", "\n\n### 6.1.5. ", "Relative Sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\beta}$ {#sec6.1.5}\n\nSensitivity with respect to β generally decreases with increasing activity q ~Z,0~ and stimulation σ levels. ", "It vanishes at maximum stimulation σ = 1.", "\n\n### 6.1.6. ", "Relative Sensitivities ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\sigma}$, ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\beta}$, ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\tau}$ {#sec6.1.6}\n\nAt submaximal stimulation levels σ \\< 1, the final solution value is determined to almost the same degree by stimulation σ and deactivation boost β, yet with opposite tendencies (${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\sigma} > 0$, ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\beta} < 0$). ", "As explained, both parameters compete for their impact on the final solution value. ", "Only at maximum stimulation σ = 1 (lowest row in [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}), this parameter competition is resolved in favour of σ. ", "In this specific case, β does not influence the solution at all. ", "For β = 1 the competition about influencing the solution is intermittently but only slightly biased by τ: sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\tau}$ peaks at comparably low magnitude around t = τ. ", "This τ influence comes likewise intermittently at the cost of β influence: the absolute value of ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\beta}$ rises a little slower than ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\sigma}$. In the case β \\< 1, this competition becomes more differentiated and spread out in time. ", "Again at submaximal stimulation and activity levels, the absolute value of ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\tau}$ is lower than that of ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\sigma}$ but higher than that of ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\beta}$, making all three parameters σ, β, and τ compete to comparable degrees for an impact on the solution until about t = 4τ. ", "Also, ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\tau}$ does not vanish before about t = 10τ.", "\n\n6.2. ", "Results for Hatze\\'s Activation Dynamics: Sensitivity Functions {#sec6.2}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe also simulated activation dynamics for the parameter set Λ~H~ ([29](#EEq23){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}), leaving now four of the values constant (q ~0~ = 0.005, m = 10 1/s, ℓ ~ρ~ = 2.9, ℓ ~CErel~ = 1) and again varying three others (initial condition q ~Z,0~, stimulation σ, and nonlinearity ν), keeping in mind that the eighth parameter (ρ ~c~) is assumed to depend on ν. ", "Time courses of the relative sensitivities ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{i}(t)$ with respect to all parameters λ ~i~ ∈ Λ~H~ are plotted (see [Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In the left column of [Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, ν = 2, ρ ~c~ = 9.10 is used, in the right column ν = 3, ρ ~c~ = 7.24. ", "Here, the same pairs of the parameter values (q ~0~ = 0.005 ≤ q ~Z,0~ ≤ 0.5 and 0.01 ≤ σ ≤ 1, increasing from top to bottom; see legend of [Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}) are used as in [Section 6.1](#sec6.1){ref-type=\"sec\"} ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nHatze\\'s activation dynamics ([5](#EEq5){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) are nonlinear unlike Zajac\\'s activation dynamics ([1](#EEq1){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}). ", "This nonlinearity manifests particularly in a changeful influence of the parameter ν. ", "Additionally, the parameter m is just roughly comparable to the inverse of the exponential time constant τ in Zajac\\'s linear activation dynamics.", "\n\n### 6.2.1. ", "Relative Sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{m}$ {#sec6.2.1}\n\nIn Zajac\\'s linear differential equation ([1](#EEq1){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}), τ establishes a distinct time scale independent of all other parameters. ", "The parameter m in Hatze\\'s activation dynamics ([5](#EEq5){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) is just formally equivalent to the reciprocal of τ: the sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{m}$ does not peak stringently at t = 1/m = 0.1 s but rather diffusely between about 0.05 s and 0.1 s in both of the cases ν = 2 and ν = 3. ", "At first this is not surprising because the scaling factor in Hatze\\'s dynamics is ν · m rather than just m. ", "However, ν · m does not fix an invariant time scale for Hatze\\'s nonlinear differential equation. ", "This fact becomes particularly prominent at extremely low activity levels for ν = 2 ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, left, top row) and up to moderately submaximal activity levels for ν = 3 ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, right, top two rows). ", "Here, ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{m}$ is negative, which means that increasing the parameter m results in less steeply increasing activity. ", "This observation is counterintuitive to identifying m with a reciprocal of a time constant like τ. ", "Rather than being expected from the product ν · m, the exponent ν does not linearly scale the time behaviour because ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{m}$ peaks do not occur systematically earlier in the ν = 3 case as compared to ν = 2.", "\n\n### 6.2.2. ", "Relative Sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{q_{H,0}}$ {#sec6.2.2}\n\nLosing the memory of the initial condition confirms the analysis of time behaviour based on ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{m}$. At high activity levels ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, bottom row), Hatze\\'s activation dynamics loses memory at identical time horizons (no matter the ν value) seemingly slower for higher ν at intermediate levels ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, two middle rows) and clearly faster at very low levels ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, top row). ", "The parameter m still does roughly determine the time horizon in which the memory of the initial condition q ~H,0~ is lost and the influence of all other parameters is continuously switched on from zero influence at t = 0.", "\n\n### 6.2.3. ", "Relative Sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{q_{0}}$ {#sec6.2.3}\n\nAs in Zajac\\'s dynamics the solution is generally only sensitive to q ~0~ at very low stimulation levels σ ≈ q ~0~ ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, top row). ", "At such levels, the ν = 3 case shows the peculiarity that the solution becomes strikingly insensitive to any other parameter than q ~0~ itself (and q ~H,0~). ", "The time evolution of the solution is more or less determined by just this minimum (q ~0~) and initial (q ~H,0~) activities, and m determining the approximate switching time horizon between both. ", "The ℓ ~CE~ dependency, constituting a crucial property of Hatze\\'s activation dynamics, is practically suppressed for ν = 3 at very low activities and stimulations. ", "In contrast, ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}}}$ remains for ν = 2 on a low but still significant level of about a fourth of the three dominating quantities ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{q_{0}}$, ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{q_{H,0}}$, and ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\nu}$.\n\n### 6.2.4. ", "Relative Sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\nu}$ {#sec6.2.4}\n\nThe sensitivity with respect to ν is extraordinarily high at low activities and stimulations around 0.1, both for ν = 2 and for ν = 3 ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, second row from top), additionally at extremely low levels for ν = 2 ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, left, top row). ", "At moderately submaximal levels ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, third row from top), the solution is influenced with an already inverted tendency (${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\nu}$ changes sign to positive) after around a 1/m time horizon for ν = 2. ", "However, at these levels the solution is practically insensitive to ν for any ν. ", "At high levels ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, bottom row) we find that there is no change in the character of time evolution of the solution, despite the specific value of ν. ", "The degree of nonlinearity ν is unimportant because the time evolution and the ranking of all other sensitivities are hardly influenced by ν. ", "In both cases, the rise in activity is quickened by increasing ν (${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\nu} > 0$), as opposed to low activity and stimulation levels where rises in activity are slowed down (${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\nu} < 0$; see also above).", "\n\n### 6.2.5. ", "Relative Sensitivities ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\sigma}$, ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\rho_{c}}$, ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}}}$, and ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\mathcal{l}_{\\rho}}$ {#sec6.2.5}\n\nOf all the remaining parameters, stimulation σ, scaled maximum free Ca^2+^-ion concentration ρ ~c~, relative CE length ℓ ~CErel~, and the pole ℓ ~ρ~ of the length dependency in Hatze\\'s activation dynamics, the latter has the lowest influence on the solution. ", "The influence characters of all four parameters are yet completely identical. ", "Their sensitivities are always positive and coupled by fixed scaling ratios due to all of them occurring within just one product on the right side of ([5](#EEq5){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}). ", "${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\sigma}$ and ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\rho_{c}}$ are identical, while the sensitivity with respect to ℓ ~CErel~ is the highest, with ratios ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}}}/{\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\mathcal{l}_{\\rho}} \\approx 3$ and ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}}}/{\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\sigma} \\approx 1.2$. Except at very low activity (where q ~0~ plays a dominating role) and except for the generally changeful ν influence, these are the four parameters that dominate the solution after an initial phase in which the initial activity q ~H,0~ determines its evolution. ", "The parameter m does not have a strong direct influence on the solution. ", "As stated above, it defines the approximate time horizon in which the q ~H,0~ influence gets lost and all other parameters\\' influence is switched on from zero at t = 0.", "\n\n6.3. ", "Variance-Based Sensitivity (VBS) and Total Sensitivity Indices (TSI) for Zajac\\'s and Hatze\\'s Activation Dynamics {#sec6.3}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n[Table 1](#tab1){ref-type=\"table\"} pools the lower and upper boundaries for every parameter in Λ~Z~ and Λ~H~ used in our calculations. ", "We refer to Hatze \\[[@B9]\\], Zajac \\[[@B27]\\], or Günther et al. ", "\\[[@B6]\\] for traceability of our choices. ", "The left hand side of [Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the VBS functions of every parameter in Λ~Z~ of Zajac\\'s model. ", "The plotted functions can be compared to our previously computed relative first order sensitivity functions from [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}: at first sight, ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{q_{Z,0}}$ and VBS~q~Z,0~~ look equal, but the VBS function indicates a slightly increased duration of influence of q ~Z,0~. Regarding τ, the VBS function peaks at the same time as ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\tau}$, but with a smaller amplitude. ", "Likewise, the courses of VBS~σ~ and VBS~β~ are comparable to ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\sigma}$ and ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\beta}$ from the second and third row of [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The calculated VBS functions in the Zajac case show what would be expected intuitively: a VBS represents a parameter\\'s mean influence averaged over its range of values. ", "Additionally, we plotted the sum of all first order sensitivities. ", "This sum indicates which amount of the total variance is covered by first order sensitivities. ", "The closer the sum to 1 the smaller the impact of the second and higher order sensitivities.", "\n\nThe right hand side of [Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the TSI functions of every parameter in Λ~Z~ of Zajac\\'s model. ", "Generally, there are only minor deviations of the TSI~i~ functions from their counterparts VBS~i~. That is, the influence of none of the parameters is significantly enhanced by an interdependent effect in combination with other parameters. ", "According to both analyses, there are just four globally important parameters that govern the system\\'s state throughout the whole examined solution space: the initial condition q ~Z,0~ within a typical time horizon τ after a step in σ, the new stimulation level σ determining activity after about τ, the deactivation boost β with smaller impact than σ, and τ determining the time horizon itself.", "\n\nThe left hand side of [Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the VBS functions of every parameter in Λ~H~ of Hatze\\'s model. ", "Very similar to the Zajac case, the calculated VBS seemingly represent to a high degree a parameter\\'s mean influence averaged over its range of values (compare [Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "As in the Zajac case, there are four globally important parameters, according to both VBS and TSI analyses. ", "Compared to Zajac\\'s model, the interdependent effect in combination with other parameters (TSI: right hand side of [Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}) is more pronounced for two parameters: both the stimulation σ and the CE length ℓ ~CE~ importance are distinctly higher than their first order effects as expressed by VBS functions. ", "Furthermore, the time horizon within the initial condition q ~H,0~ has an aftereffect in response to a step in σ globally a little higher in VBS as compared to local sensitivity analysis ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In addition, the time horizon of q ~H,0~ is clearly enhanced by interdependencies with other parameters (TSI: right hand side of [Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nAltogether, VBS versus TSI analysis substantiate local first and second order sensitivity analyses: for one thing, Hatze\\'s model is more inert against steps in stimulation than Zajac\\'s model. ", "For another thing, the dynamics described by Hatze\\'s model incorporates stronger nonlinear coupling effects from combinations of parameters than Zajac\\'s model. ", "These latter effects are better seen in detail when looking at local sensitivities, that is, analysing just small and selected volumes of the parameter space 𝒞. ", "In turn, VBS and TSI provide a broad but coarse overview about first and higher order sensitivities of all parameters.", "\n\n7. ", "Consequences, Discussion, and Conclusions {#sec7}\n============================================\n\n7.1. ", "A Bottom Line for Comparing Zajac\\'s and Hatze\\'s Activation Dynamics: Second Order Sensitivities {#sec7.1}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAt first sight, Zajac\\'s activation dynamics \\[[@B27]\\] is more transparent because it is descriptive in a sense that it captures the physiological behaviour of activity rise and fall in an apparently simple way. ", "It thereto utilises a linear differential equation with well-known properties, allowing for a closed-form solution. ", "It needs only four parameters to describe the Ca^2+^-ion influx to the muscle as a response to electrical stimulation: the stimulation σ itself as a control parameter, the time constant τ for an exponential response to a step increase in stimulation, a third parameter β (deactivation boost) biasing both the rise and fall times, and the saturation value q ~Z~\\\|^∞^ of activity which in turn depends on σ and the basic activity q ~0~ being the fourth parameter. ", "The smaller the β \\< 1 is (deactivation slower than activation), the faster the very activity level q ~Z~\\\|~β=1~ ^∞^ = q ~0~ + σ · (1 − q ~0~) is reached, at which saturation would occur for β = 1. ", "Saturation for β \\< 1 occurs at a level q ~Z~\\\|~β~ ^∞^ = q ~0~ + (1 − q ~0~)/(1 − β + β/σ) that is higher than q ~Z~\\\|~β=1~ ^∞^. Altogether, in Zajac\\'s as compared to Hatze\\'s activation dynamics, the outcome of setting a control parameter value σ, with regard to how fast and at which level the activity saturates, seems easier to be handled by a controller.", "\n\nA worse controllability of Hatze\\'s activation dynamics \\[[@B8]\\] may be expected from its nonlinearity, a higher number of parameters, and their interdependent influence on model dynamics. ", "Additionally, Hatze\\'s formulation depends on the CE length ℓ ~CE~, which makes the mutual coupling of activation with contraction dynamics more interwoven. ", "So, at first sight, Hatze\\'s dynamics seems a less manageable construct for a controller to deal with a muscle as the biological actuator. ", "Regarding the nonlinearity exponent ν, solution sensitivity further depends nonmonotonously on activity level, partly even with the strongest influence, partly without any influence. ", "We also found that the solution is more sensitive to its parameters σ, ℓ ~CErel~, and ℓ ~ρ~ than is Zajac\\'s activation dynamics to any of its parameters.", "\n\nThis higher complexity of Hatze\\'s dynamics becomes even more evident by analysing the second order sensitivities (see ([13](#EEq10){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) or ([19](#EEq14){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) for their relative values). ", "They express how a first order sensitivity changes upon variation of any other model parameter. ", "In other words, they are a measure of model entanglement and complexity. ", "Here, we found that the highest values amongst all relative second order sensitivities in Zajac\\'s activation dynamics are about −0.8 (${\\overset{\\sim}{R}}_{\\beta\\sigma}$) and 1.6 (${\\overset{\\sim}{R}}_{\\beta\\beta}$). ", "In Hatze\\'s activation dynamics, the highest relative second order sensitivities are those with respect to ν or ℓ ~CErel~ (in particular for σ, ρ ~c~, and ν, ℓ ~CErel~ themselves) with maximum values between about −8.0 (${\\overset{\\sim}{R}}_{\\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}}\\nu}$, ${\\overset{\\sim}{R}}_{\\nu\\rho_{c}}$) and 13.4 (${\\overset{\\sim}{R}}_{\\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}}\\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}}}$, ${\\overset{\\sim}{R}}_{\\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}}\\rho_{c}}$, ${\\overset{\\sim}{R}}_{\\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}}\\sigma}$, ${\\overset{\\sim}{R}}_{\\nu\\nu}$ at submaximal activity). ", "That is, they are an order of magnitude higher than in Zajac\\'s activation dynamics.", "\n\nYet, we have to acknowledge that Hatze\\'s activation dynamics contains crucial physiological features that go beyond Zajac\\'s description.", "\n\n7.2. ", "A Plus for Hatze\\'s Approach: Length Dependency {#sec7.2}\n----------------------------------------------------\n\nIt has been established that the length dependency of activation dynamics is both physiological \\[[@B11]\\] and functionally vital \\[[@B13]\\] because it largely contributes to low-frequency muscle stiffness. ", "It has also been verified that Hatze\\'s model approach provides a good approximation for experimental data \\[[@B11]\\]. ", "In that study, ν = 3 was used without comparing to the ν = 2 case. ", "There seem to be arguments in favour of ν = 2 from a mathematical point of view. ", "In particular, the less changeful scaling of the activation dynamics\\' characteristics down to very low activity and stimulation levels, at which some CE length sensitivity remains, seem to be an advantage when compared to the ν = 3 case. ", "Up to this point, we have argued solely mathematically. ", "It is, however, physiological reality that is eventually aimed at. ", "We therefore repeated the model fit done by Kistemaker et al. ", "\\[[@B11]\\] while now allowing a variation in ν and in force-length relations.", "\n\n7.3. ", "An Optimal Parameter Set for Hatze\\'s Activation Dynamics Plus CE Force-Length Relation {#sec7.3}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSensitivity analysis allows rating Hatze\\'s approach as an entangled construct. ", "Additionally, Kistemaker et al. ", "\\[[@B11]\\] decided to choose ν = 3 without giving a reason for discarding ν = 2. ", "It further seemed that they did not perform an algorithmic optimisation across various submaximal stimulation levels to find a muscle parameter set, which best fits known shifts Δℓ ~CE,opt,submax~ = ℓ ~CE,opt~ − ℓ ~CE,opt,submax~ in optimal, submaximal CE length ℓ ~CE,opt,submax~ at which isometric force F ~isom~ = F ~isom~(q, ℓ ~CE~) peaks. ", "Accordingly, it seemed worth performing such an optimisation because F ~isom~ generally depends on length ℓ ~CE~ and activity q, and the latter may be additionally biased by an ℓ ~CE~-dependent capability for building up cross-bridges at a given level γ of free Ca^2+^-ions in the sarcoplasma, as formulated in Hatze\\'s approach: F ~isom~(q, ℓ ~CE~) = F ~max⁡~ · q(γ, ℓ ~CE~) · F ~ℓ~(ℓ ~CE~). ", "Thus, a shift in optimal CE length Δℓ ~CE,opt,submax~ with changing γ can occur depending on the specific choices of both the length dependency of activation q(γ, ℓ ~CE~) (see ([3](#EEq3){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) and ([4](#EEq4){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"})) and the CE\\'s force-length relation F ~ℓ~(ℓ ~CE~).", "\n\nConsequently, we searched for optimal parameter sets of Hatze\\'s activation dynamics in combination with two different force-length relations F ~ℓ~(ℓ ~CE~): either a parabola \\[[@B11]\\] or bell-shaped curves \\[[@B6], [@B17]\\]. ", "For a given optimal CE length ℓ ~CE,opt~ = 14.8 mm \\[[@B22]\\] representing a rat gastrocnemius muscle and three fixed exponent values ν = 2,3, 4 in Hatze\\'s activation dynamics (all other parameters as given in [Section 2](#sec2){ref-type=\"sec\"}), we thus determined Hatze\\'s constant ρ ~0~ and the width parameters of the two different force-length relations F ~ℓ~(ℓ ~CE~) (WIDTH in Kistemaker et al. ", "\\[[@B11]\\] and van Soest and Bobbert \\[[@B25]\\] and ΔW ~asc~ = ΔW ~des⁡~ = ΔW in Mörl et al. ", "\\[[@B17]\\], resp.) ", "by an optimisation approach. ", "The objective function to be minimised was the sum of squared differences between the Δℓ ~CE,opt,submax~ values as predicted by the model and as derived from experiments (see Table 2 in Kistemaker et al. ", "\\[[@B11]\\]) over five stimulation levels σ = 0.55,0.28,0.22,0.17,0.08. ", "Note that γ = σ applies in the isometric situation (see ([2](#EEq2){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) and compare ([3](#EEq3){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"})). ", "Further note that experimental data for muscle contractions at very low stimulation levels are missing in the literature so far: the lowest analysed level available for Kistemaker et al. ", "\\[[@B11]\\] was σ = 0.08, that is, comparable to the second rows from top in Figures [2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}.", "\n\nThe optimisation results are summarised in [Table 2](#tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "The higher the ν value, the smaller the optimisation error. ", "The predicted width values WIDTH or ΔW, respectively, decrease along with the error. ", "We would yet tend to exclude the case ν = 4 because the predicted width values seem unrealistically low when compared to published values from other sources (e.g., WIDTH = 0.56 \\[[@B25]\\], ΔW = 0.35 \\[[@B17]\\]). ", "Furthermore, ρ ~0~ decreases with ν using the parabola model for F ~ℓ~(ℓ ~CE~) whereas it saturates between ν = 3 and ν = 4 for the bell-shaped model. ", "The bell-shaped model shows the most realistic ΔW in the case ν = 3 (ΔW = 0.32). ", "Fitting the same model to other contraction modes of the muscle \\[[@B17]\\], a value of ΔW = 0.32 had been found. ", "In contrast, when using the parabola model, realistic WIDTH values between 0.5 and 0.6 are predicted by our optimisation for ν = 2.", "\n\nWhen comparing the optimised parameter values across all start values of the F ~ℓ~(ℓ ~CE~) widths, across all ν values, and across both F ~ℓ~(ℓ ~CE~) model functions, we find that the resulting optimal parameter sets are more consistent for bell-shaped F ~ℓ~(ℓ ~CE~) than for the parabola function. ", "The bell-shaped force-length relation gives generally a better fit. ", "For each single ν value, the corresponding optimisation error is smaller when comparing realistic, published WIDTH and ΔW values that may correspond to each other (WIDTH = 0.56 \\[[@B25]\\] and ΔW = 0.35 \\[[@B17]\\]). ", "Additionally, the error values from our optimisation are generally smaller than the corresponding value calculated from Table 2 in Kistemaker et al. ", "\\[[@B11]\\] (0.23 mm).", "\n\nIn a nutshell, we would say that the most realistic model for the isometric force F ~isom~ at submaximal activity levels is the combination of Hatze\\'s approach for activation dynamics with ν = 3 and a bell-shaped curve for the force-length relation F ~ℓ~(ℓ ~CE~) with ν ~asc~ = 3. ", "As a side effect, we predict that the parameter value ρ ~0~, being a weighting factor of the first addend in the compact formulation of Hatze\\'s activation dynamics ([5](#EEq5){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}), should be reduced by about 40% (ρ ~0~ = 3.25 · 10^4^ L/mol) as compared to the value originally published in Hatze \\[[@B10]\\] (ρ ~0~ = 5.27 · 10^4^ L/mol).", "\n\n7.4. ", "A Generalised Method for Calculating Parameter Sensitivities {#sec7.4}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe findings in the last section were initiated by thoroughly comparing two different biomechanical models of muscular activation using a systematic sensitivity analysis as introduced in Dickinson and Gelinas \\[[@B5]\\] and Lehman and Stark \\[[@B16]\\], respectively. ", "Starting with the latter formulation, Scovil and Ronsky \\[[@B21]\\] calculated specific parameter sensitivities for muscular contractions. ", "They applied three variants of this method.", "\n\nMethod 1 applies to state variables that are explicitly known to the modeller as in, for example, an eye model \\[[@B16]\\], a musculoskeletal model for running that includes a Hill-type muscle model \\[[@B21]\\], or the activation models analysed in our study. ", "Scovil and Ronsky \\[[@B21]\\] calculated the change in the value of a state variable averaged over time per a finite change in a parameter value, both normalised to each of their unperturbed values. ", "They thus calculated just one (mean) sensitivity value for a finite time interval (e.g., a running cycle) rather than time-continuous sensitivity functions.", "\n\nMethod 2: whereas Dickinson and Gelinas \\[[@B5]\\] and Lehman and Stark \\[[@B16]\\] had introduced the full approach for calculating such sensitivity functions, Scovil and Ronsky \\[[@B21]\\] distorted this approach by suggesting that the partial derivative of the right hand side of an ODE, that is, of therate of change of a state variable, with respect to a model parameter would be a \"model sensitivity.\" ", "The distortion becomes explicitly obvious from our formulation: this partial derivative is just one of the two addends that contribute to the rate of change of the sensitivity function ([10](#EEq9){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}), rather than defining the sensitivity of the state variable itself (i.e., the solution of the ODE) with respect to a model parameter ([8](#EEq8){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}).", "\n\nMethod 3: Scovil and Ronsky \\[[@B21]\\] had also asked for calculating the influence of, for example, a parameter of the activation dynamics (like the time constant) on an arbitrary joint angle, that is, a variable that quantifies the overall output of a coupled dynamical system. ", "Of course, the time constant does not explicitly appear in the mechanical differential equation for the acceleration of this very joint angle, which renders applicability of method 2 impossible. ", "The conclusion in Scovil and Ronsky \\[[@B21]\\] was to apply method 1. ", "Here, the potential of our formulation comes particularly to the fore. ", "It enables calculating the time-continuous sensitivity of all components of the coupled solution, that is, any state variable y ~k~(t). ", "This is because all effects of a parameter change are in principle reflected withinany single state variable, and the time evolution of a sensitivity according to ([10](#EEq9){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) takes this into account.", "\n\nIn this paper, we have further worked out the sensitivity function approach by Lehman and Stark \\[[@B16]\\], presenting the differential equations for sensitivity functions in more detail to those modellers who want to apply the method. ", "Furthermore, we enhanced the approach by Lehman and Stark \\[[@B16]\\] to also calculating the sensitivities of the state variables with respect to their initial conditions ([17](#EEq12){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}). ", "This should be helpful not only in biomechanics but also, for example, in meteorology when predicting the behaviour of storms \\[[@B15]\\]. ", "Since initial conditions are often just known approximately but start with the relative sensitivity values of 1, their influence should be traced to verify how their uncertainty propagates during a simulation. ", "In the case of muscle activation dynamics, the sensitivities ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{q_{Z,0}}$ and ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{q_{H,0}}$, respectively, decreased rapidly to zero: initial activity has no effect on the solution very early before steady state is reached.", "\n\nFurthermore, we included a second order sensitivity analysis which is not only helpful for an enhanced understanding of the parameter influence but also part of mathematical optimisation techniques \\[[@B23]\\]. ", "The values of ${\\overset{\\sim}{R}}_{ijk}$ could be interpreted either as the relative sensitivity of the sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{ik}$ with respect to another parameter λ ~j~ (and vice versa: ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{jk}$ with respect to λ ~i~) or as the curvature of the graph of the solution y ~k~(t) in the N + M-dimensional solution-parameter space. ", "The latter may help to connect the results to the field of mathematical optimisation in which the second derivative (Hessian) of a function is often included in objective functions to find optimal parameter sets.", "\n\n7.5. ", "Insights into Global Methods {#sec7.5}\n---------------------------------\n\nSome additional conclusions can be drawn from global sensitivity analysis, in particular from comparing results in [Section 6.3](#sec6.3){ref-type=\"sec\"} to those based on local sensitivity analysis (Sections [6.1](#sec6.1){ref-type=\"sec\"}, [6.2](#sec6.2){ref-type=\"sec\"}, and [7.1](#sec7.1){ref-type=\"sec\"}).", "\n\nFor Zajac\\'s activation dynamics, global analysis confirms local analysis in stating that there are no significant second or higher order sensitivities, with the slight exception of the phase of rapid change in activity after a step in stimulation. ", "An experimenter who wants to measure the activation time constant τ can exclude influence from potentially slower deactivation processes (β \\< 1) by starting from high activity levels ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, bottom). ", "It should yet be kept in mind that build-up of activity to the new level is not solely determined by τ but might be biased by other parameters than τ because TSI~τ~ peaks during the build-up phase ([Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, right).", "\n\nIn Hatze\\'s activation dynamics, the higher order sensitivities play a clearly more significant role, even in the near-steady-state case ([Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}: stronger deviation from 1 of both VBS and TSI). ", "When arguing in terms of controllability of the models in [Section 7.1](#sec7.1){ref-type=\"sec\"}, we speculated that Zajac\\'s dynamics might be easier to control than Hatze\\'s dynamics. ", "Notwithstanding, [Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows that the stimulation is the most important control factor with even a higher importance than in Zajac\\'s formulation.", "\n\nAt first sight unapparent, another result is the importance of ρ ~c~. From a strictly local point of view we concluded that this parameter should have the same sensitivity as σ since they both are formally equivalent multipliers in Hatze\\'s ODE (see relative sensitivities in [Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "However, the importance of ρ ~c~ is significantly smaller than that of σ, in fact almost negligible. ", "Their different global variabilities of values can give an explanation. ", "The parameter ρ ~c~ in the product ρ ~c~ · σ ∈ \\[4; 11\\]×\\[0; 1\\] has a clearly lower relative variability than σ, measured in maximum percentage deviation from the respective mean value. ", "The parameter ρ ~c~ thus acts as an amplifier for σ. ", "Similarly, the parameter ν has a relatively small variability throughout the literature. ", "So, although its differential sensitivity is quite large, ν is found to have a low importance for the model output. ", "For the latter fact there is yet another reason. ", "In [Section 6.2](#sec6.2){ref-type=\"sec\"}, we have emphasised that ν has a very changeful influence on solutions, depending on activity level. ", "Additionally, its influence is highly dependent on other parameters like length ℓ ~CE~ and ρ ~c~ (see end of [Section 7.1](#sec7.1){ref-type=\"sec\"}). ", "Its strong influence in some situations and configurations is thus hidden by global averaging.", "\n\nThis demonstrates that the findings of global sensitivity analysis must be treated with caution because the whole dynamics of a system is condensed to a single average function per whole parameter range. ", "Without local analyses of the solution space as exemplified in Sections [6.1](#sec6.1){ref-type=\"sec\"} and [6.2](#sec6.2){ref-type=\"sec\"} crucial features of its topology might be lost when solely relying on global analysis.", "\n\nMichael Günther was supported by \"Berufsgenossenschaft Nahrungsmittel und Gastgewerbe, Geschäftsbereich Prävention, Mannheim\" (BGN) and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG: SCHM2392/5-1), both granted to Syn Schmitt.", "\n\nℓ~CE~:\n\n: Contractile element (CE) length; value: time-depending\n\n${\\overset{˙}{\\mathcal{l}}}_{\\text{CE}}$:\n\n: Contraction velocity; value: first time derivative of ℓ ~CE~\n\nℓ~CE,opt~:\n\n: Optimal CE length; value: muscle-specific\n\nℓ~CErel~:\n\n: Relative CE length; value: ℓ ~CErel~ = ℓ ~CE~/ℓ ~CE,opt~ (dimensionless)\n\nF~max⁡~:\n\n: Maximum isometric force of the CE; value: muscle-specific\n\nσ:\n\n: Neural muscle stimulation; value: time-depending; here: a fixed parameter\n\nq:\n\n: Muscle activity (bound Ca^2+^-concentration); value: time-depending\n\nq~0~:\n\n: Basic activity according to Hatze \\[[@B10]\\]; value: 0.005\n\nq~H~:\n\n: Activity according to Hatze \\[[@B8]\\]; value: time-length-depending\n\nq~H,0~:\n\n: Initial condition for Hatze\\'s activation ODE; value: mutable\n\nq~Z~:\n\n: Activity according to Zajac \\[[@B27]\\]; value: time-depending\n\nq~Z,0~:\n\n: Initial condition for Zajac\\'s activation ODE; value: mutable\n\nτ:\n\n: Activation time constant in Zajac \\[[@B27]\\]; value: here: 1/40 s\n\nτ~deact~:\n\n: Deactivation time constant in Zajac \\[[@B27]\\]; value: here: 1/40 s or 3/40 s\n\nβ:\n\n: Corresponding deactivation boost \\[[@B27]\\]; value: β = τ/τ ~deact~\n\nν:\n\n: Exponent in Hatze\\'s formulation; value: 2 or 3\n\nm:\n\n: Activation frequency constant in Hatze \\[[@B8]\\]; value: range: 3.67,..., 11.25 (1/s); here: 10 (1/s)\n\nc:\n\n: Maximal Ca^2+^-concentration in Hatze \\[[@B9]\\]; value: 1.37 · 10^−4^ mol/L\n\nγ:\n\n: Representation of free Ca^2+^-concentration \\[[@B8], [@B10]\\]; value: time-depending\n\nρ:\n\n: Length dependency of Hatze \\[[@B9]\\] activation dynamics; value: ρ(ℓ ~CErel~) = ρ ~c~ · ((ℓ ~ρ~ − 1)/(ℓ ~ρ~/ℓ ~CErel~ − 1))\n\nℓ~ρ~:\n\n: Pole in Hatze\\'s length dependency function; value: 2.9\n\nρ~0~:\n\n: Factor in van Soest \\[[@B24]\\], Hatze \\[[@B8]\\]; value: 6.62 · 10^4^ L/mol (ν = 2) or 5.27 · 10^4^ L/mol (ν = 3)\n\nρ~c~:\n\n: Merging of ρ ~0~ and c; value: ρ ~c~ = ρ ~0~ · c; here: 9.10 (ν = 2) or 7.24 (ν = 3)\n\nΛ:\n\n: Model parameter set; value: Λ = {λ ~1~,..., λ ~n~}.", "\n\nConflict of Interests\n=====================\n\nThe authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.", "\n\n![", "Relative sensitivities ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{i}$ with respect to the three parameters in the simplified formulation ([22](#EEq17){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) of Zajac\\'s activation dynamics ([1](#EEq1){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}). ", "Parameters: stimulation σ (see ([25](#EEq19){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}): solid line), activation time constant τ (see ([26](#EEq20){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}): dashed line), and initial activation q ~Z,0~ (see ([27](#EEq21){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}): dash-dotted line). ", "Note that ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\tau}$ is negative, but for reasons of comparability we have plotted its absolute value. ", "Parameter values are σ = 1, τ = 1/40 s = 0.025 s, and q ~Z,0~ = 0.05. ", "Because ODE ([22](#EEq17){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) for q ~Z~ ^sp^ is equivalent to Hatze\\'s ODE ([2](#EEq2){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) for the free Ca^2+^-ion concentration, γ, we can identify the sensitivity of 1/τ with that of m.](CMMM2015-585409.001){#fig1}\n\n![", "Relative sensitivities ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{i}$ with respect to all parameters λ ~i~ (set Λ~Z~ ([28](#EEq22){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"})) in Zajac\\'s activation dynamics ([1](#EEq1){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}). ", "Parameter values varied from top (i) to bottom (iv) row: (i) q ~Z,0~ = q ~0~ = 0.005, σ = 0.01, (ii) q ~Z,0~ = 0.05, σ = 0.1, (iii) q ~Z,0~ = 0.2, σ = 0.4, and (iv) q ~Z,0~ = 0.5, σ = 1; left column: β = 1, right column: β = 1/3.](CMMM2015-585409.002){#fig2}\n\n![", "Relative sensitivities ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{i}$ with respect to all parameters λ ~i~ (set Λ~H~ ([29](#EEq23){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"})) in Hatze\\'s activation dynamics ([5](#EEq5){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}). ", "Parameter values varied from top (i) to bottom (iv) row: (i) q ~H,0~ = q ~0~ = 0.005, σ = 0.01, (ii) q ~H,0~ = 0.05, σ = 0.1, (iii) q ~H,0~ = 0.2, σ = 0.4, and (iv) q ~H,0~ = 0.5, σ = 1; left column: ν = 2, ρ ~c~ = 9.10, right column: ν = 3, ρ ~c~ = 7.24.](CMMM2015-585409.003){#fig3}\n\n![", "Variance-based sensitivity (a) and total sensitivity index (b) of every parameter of Zajac\\'s activation dynamics equation.](CMMM2015-585409.004){#fig4}\n\n![", "Variance-based sensitivity (a) and total sensitivity index (b) of every parameter of Hatze\\'s activation dynamics equation.](CMMM2015-585409.005){#fig5}\n\n###### \n\nLower and upper bounds for the parameter choices in both Zajac\\'s and Hatze\\'s models of activation dynamics.", "\n\n Parameter β ℓ ~CErel~ ℓ ~p~ m ν q ~0~ q ~Z,0~, q ~H,0~ ρ ~c~ σ τ\n ------------- ----- ------------- ----------- ----- ----- --------- -------------------------- ----------- ----- ------\n Lower bound 0.1 0.4 2.2 3 1.5 0.001 0.01 4 0 0.01\n Upper bound 1 1.6 3.6 11 4 0.05 1 11 1 0.05\n\n###### \n\nParameters minimising the sum over five submaximal stimulation levels γ = σ = 0.55,0.28,0.22,0.17,0.08 of squared differences between shifts in optimal CE length Δℓ ~CE,opt,submax~(γ) (Δl ~MA,opt~ by Roszek et al. (", "1994) \\[[@B29]\\] in the third column of [Table 2](#tab2){ref-type=\"table\"} in Kistemaker et al. ", "\\[[@B11]\\]) at these levels predicted by the model with the isometric force F ~isom~(q, ℓ ~CE~) = F ~max⁡~ · q(γ = σ, ℓ ~CE~) · F ~ℓ~(ℓ ~CE~) and by experiments; simulated data represent a rat gastrocnemius muscle with an optimal CE length ℓ ~CE,opt~ = 14.8 mm \\[[@B22]\\]; start value of ρ ~0~ was 6.0 · 10^4^ L/mol; the exponents of the bell-shaped force-length relations F ~ℓ~(ℓ ~CE~) were fixed according to Mörl et al. ", "\\[[@B17]\\] (ν ~asc~ = 3, ν ~des⁡~ = 1.5); the corresponding width values in the ascending and descending branch were assumed to be equal: ΔW ~asc~ = ΔW ~des⁡~ = ΔW; van Soest and Bobbert \\[[@B25]\\] and Kistemaker et al. ", "\\[[@B11]\\] used a parabola for F ~ℓ~(ℓ ~CE~); for all other model parameters see Sections [7.3](#sec7.3){ref-type=\"sec\"} and [2](#sec2){ref-type=\"sec\"}; optimisation was done by fminsearch (Nelder-Mead algorithm) in MATLAB with error tolerances of 10^−8^; error is the square root of the above-mentioned sum divided by five; corresponding error value given in [Table 2](#tab2){ref-type=\"table\"} in Kistemaker et al. ", "\\[[@B11]\\] was 0.23 mm.", "\n\n ν Bell-shaped \\[[@B6], [@B17]\\] Parabola \\[[@B11], [@B25]\\] \n ----- ------------------------------- ----------------------------- ---------------- ------------ ------------------------- ----------------\n ΔW ~start~ = 0.25 WIDTH~start~ = 0.46 \n ΔW \\[\\] ρ ~0~ \\[10^4^ L/mol\\] error \\[mm\\] WIDTH \\[\\] ρ ~0~ \\[10^4^ L/mol\\] error \\[mm\\]\n \n 2 0.46 3.80 0.08 0.63 8.78 0.10\n 3 0.32 3.25 0.05 0.41 5.45 0.07\n 4 0.26 3.20 0.02 0.34 4.60 0.05\n \n ΔW ~start~ = 0.35 WIDTH~start~ = 0.56 \n ΔW \\[\\] ρ ~0~ \\[10^4^ L/mol\\] error \\[mm\\] WIDTH \\[\\] ρ ~0~ \\[10^4^ L/mol\\] error \\[mm\\]\n \n 2 0.45 3.80 0.07 0.53 6.92 0.11\n 3 0.32 3.30 0.05 0.41 5.67 0.07\n 4 0.26 3.20 0.02 0.34 4.55 0.05\n \n ΔW ~start~ = 0.45 WIDTH~start~ = 0.66 \n ΔW \\[\\] ρ ~0~ \\[10^4^ L/mol\\] error \\[mm\\] WIDTH \\[\\] ρ ~0~ \\[10^4^ L/mol\\] error \\[mm\\]\n \n 2 0.45 3.78 0.07 0.55 7.35 0.11\n 3 0.32 3.25 0.05 0.41 5.35 0.07\n 4 0.26 3.20 0.02 0.34 4.56 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[ "Paul Burke\n\nPaul Burke may refer to:\n\nPaul Burke (actor) (1926–2009), American actor in TV series Naked City (1960–63) and 12 O'Clock High\nPaul Burke (boxer) (born 1966), English lightweight and light welterweight\nPaul Burke (rugby union) (born 1973), English born Ireland international" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.03146853146853147 ]	0.031469	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 22, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 0 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 48, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 38 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 78, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 70 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 117, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 110 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 168, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 164 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 224, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 214 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 249, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 245 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 272, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 265 } ]
[ "Oferta de muncă la Kaufland în Germania\n\nKaufland recrutează români dispuşi să lucreze ca operatori producţie carne în fabrici din Germania.", "\n\nCandidatul potrivit pentru acest post e dispus să lucreze în ture, în weekend și în zilele de sărbătoare legală, e amabil, flexibil, poate lucra în echipă, e dispus să înveţe limba germană pentru înțelegerea minimă a instrucțiunilor de utilizare a echipamentelor de lucru. ", "Sunt avantajaţi la angajare candidaţii care au experienţă de lucru în procesarea cărnii.", "\n\nÎn ce constă munca:\n\nPrintre atribuţiile postului se numără preluarea și ambalarea alimentelor, utilizarea mașinilor de marcare, tăiere și ambalarea produselor, respectarea normelor de igienă.", "\n\nAngajatorii oferă românilor selectaţi pe acest post salarii care încep de la 1865 euro brut, le asigură locuinţe cu taxe minime, dar şi asistenţă permanentă, la faţa locului, din partea unei persoane vorbitoare de limba română, pentru rezolvarea problemelor care pot apărea în Germania.", "\n\nDetalii despre aceste locuri de muncă găsiţi în anunţul de recrutare care poate fi accesat la acest link.", "\n\nloading..." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.007142857142857143, 0.014545454545454545, 0.011363636363636364, 0.005154639175257732, 0.003472222222222222, 0.028037383177570093, 0 ]	0.009959	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 15, "entity_type": "PERSON", 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[ "Smoke grenades are canister-type grenades used as ground-to-ground or ground-to-air signaling devices, target, or landing zone marking devices, or as screening devices for unit movements. ", "Smoke grenades generally have a sheet steel cylinder with at least one emission hole to allow smoke release when the grenade is ignited. ", "Smoke grenades can be either tossed by hand or launched from a firearm. ", "The body of hand tossed smoke grenades is often filled with hexachloroethane, which makes thick heavy black smoke.", "\nConventional launched grenades have the benefit of traveling farther than hand tossed smoke grenades, providing significant accuracy and range advantages. ", "However, the difficulty with using hexachloroethane in a launched smoke grenade is that hexachloroethane must be kept physically separated from a starter composition for the grenade to work properly. ", "The starter composition must both be easily ignited by the propellant charge and burn at a sufficiently high temperature to penetrate the barrier separating the starter composition from the hexachloroethane.", "\nTherefore, a need exists for a new and improved launched smoke grenade that uses hexachloroethane to produce smoke. ", "In this regard, the various embodiments of the present invention substantially fulfill at least some of these needs. ", "In this respect, the launched smoke grenade according to the present invention substantially departs from the conventional concepts and designs of the prior art, and in doing so provides an apparatus primarily developed for the purpose of providing a smoke grenade that is launched from a firearm and uses hexachloroethane to produce smoke." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0	5	[]
[ "The Vancouver Park Board is working on a plan to accommodate more people at the city's indoor pools — by getting rid of some smaller, older pools and replacing some of them with larger \"destination\" pools.", "\n\nKaty Amon with the Vancouver Park Board says decommissioning older facilities like Templeton Pool and Lord Byng Pool and making others larger will increase capacity at the city's indoor pools by 30 per cent\n\n\"We'll move away from small neighbourhood pools and start to increase our number of larger pools, like Hillcrest and Killarney, which can serve more people under one roof,\" Amon said.", "\n\nAccording to the park board, indoor pools nearing the end of their lifespan are the least used, require the most investment to operate, and would be the most expensive to renovate.", "\n\n'Like buying concert tickets'\n\nThe park board is now holding its second round of public consultations on the plan — which isn't popular with everyone.", "\n\nJeff McEwen, a father of three who showed up at an open house at Hillcrest Centre to discuss the issue, said finding spots for your kids to take swimming lessons in Vancouver is already hard enough.", "\n\n\"It's like buying concert tickets,\" he said. \"", "If you don't register in the first 10 minutes, you don't get in.\"", "\n\nVancouver has a relatively small number of pools per capita compared to other major cities across Canada.", "\n\n(CBC)\n\nThere are just nine indoor pools in Vancouver. ", "Toronto and Montreal have six times as many.", "\n\nWinnipeg also has more indoor pools, and double the number of outdoor pools currently operating in Vancouver.", "\n\n\"To decommission a neighbourhood pool like Byng when there are already more crowds at a place like Hillcrest, doesn't make sense to me,\" said Peter Genge, who also attended the open house.", "\n\nThe Park Board is proposing to replace Byng with with a larger destination pool at nearby Connaught Park, which is said is better suited to serve more residents.", "\n\nSusan Trower says she swims at Byng Pool three times a week.", "\n\n\"I'm here just to try to save Byng Pool. ", "If there's anything wrong with it, fix it, but don't take it away,\" she said.", "\n\nBut Amon said the park board's plan will increase the level of service for everyone in the city.", "\n\n\"It's not about the number of pools in total — it's about the number of people we can serve and the diversity of activities we can provide,\" she said.", "\n\nWith files from Tina Lovgreen" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.004878048780487805, 0.015267175572519083, 0, 0, 0.005, 0, 0, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0, 0, 0.005263157894736842, 0.006134969325153374, 0.03225806451612903, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0.01020408163265306, 0, 0.03225806451612903 ]	0.00802	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 215, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 206 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 303, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { 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[ "Existing Methods of Automated Measurement\nAutomated measurement of medium to large size objects requires a measuring machine accuracy of 0.05 mm (+/−2 Sigma) and typically 0.025 mm (+/−2 Sigma) or better. ‘", "Sigma’ means one standard deviation. ", "It is currently carried out in two main ways: (i) a bulky, expensive, conventional Computer Numerically Controlled Coordinate Measuring Machine (CNC CMM) with 3 or more axes; (ii) a rigid structure of static Optical probes that is typically located in a dedicated cell at the end of the automotive production line. ", "With a conventional CMM, the Optical probe moves in a highly controlled way around a static object to produce accurate data. ", "In the second case, both Optical probes and object are static and localised in a calibrated way that permits accurate data. ", "Most conventional CMMs are of either the moving bridge or horizontal arm structures; companies including Zeiss (Germany), Hexagon Brown&Sharpe (Sweden) and LK (UK) produce them. ", "Mechanical touch probes for mounting on conventional CMMs are supplied by companies including Renishaw (UK). ", "Optical probes for mounting on conventional CMMs are supplied by companies including Metris (Belgium). ", "Automatic probe mounts such as the Renishaw Autojoint are repeatable to a high degree of accuracy and are supplied with a rack of probes for automatic probe changing. ", "Rigid structures of static Optical probes are supplied by Perceptron (USA). ", "Both conventional CMMs and rigid structures of static Optical probes have the disadvantages that: they use up cell space on a production line that is typically only used for measurement and not a productive operation, they are usually situated at the end of the line, cannot feed forward data to downstream processes and are expensive and are difficult to justify on a payback basis. ", "In addition, rigid structures of Optical probes are inflexible for rapidly changing models on the production line. ", "Today, efficient production processes using robots that are quicker, better or cheaper than conventional processes but require high accuracy location cannot be deployed on the production line because of the disadvantages of existing high accuracy measurement systems.", "\nRobot Automated Measurement\nSince the 1960s, companies have developed heavy robot arms for applications requiring quick cycle times and repeatability. ", "However, due mainly to temperature, wear and vibration problems, they have low accuracy. ", "Robots have been used to carry probes for automated measurement. ", "The robot arms are not accurate enough to meet the demanding requirements of most automated measurement, particularly in the automotive industry. ", "The high repeatability of a robot arm has made ‘quasi-static’ measurement a solution that has received some uptake by the automotive industry. ", "In ‘quasi-static’ measurement, the probe is moved from one position to the next and only takes data when static or moving slowly. ", "Measurement can be by either contact or non-contact probes. ", "Measuring probes on robot arms taking three-dimensional data from the surface of an object whilst moving at typical speeds of 10 mm/sec-200 mm/sec (but can be more or less) are not accurate. ", "Companies producing robot arms include Fanuc (Japan) and Kuka (Germany). ", "Perceptron and LMI-Diffracto (USA) offer solutions using robot arms and Optical probes. ", "3D Scanners and Kuka showed a solution with real-time optical inspection at the Euromold 2001 exhibition in Frankfurt; its accuracy was of the order of 0.5-1 mm. ", "Standard industrial robots thermally grow by around 10 microns per degree Celsius temperature increase per meter of reach; errors in excess of 500 microns can be recorded in production line conditions. ", "LMI-Diffracto have an automotive production line installation comprising four standard industrial robots supplied by Kuka, each carrying an Optical probe, wherein the robots are compensated for thermal growth, potentially reducing the thermal error in production line conditions to below 100 microns. ", "In U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,078,846 Greer assigned to Perceptron, compensation for robot thermal growth is carried out by measuring a fixed artefact with the Optical Probe. ", "The Optical probes measure whilst the robot is static between movements. ", "Error mapping has improved robot accuracy. ", "There are several approaches including dancing the robot through a program of planned movements whilst measuring it with a photogrammetric system such as that from Krypton (Holland) or Northern Digital (Canada). ", "The measurements are then used to create an error map. ", "Error compensation for load has been carried out by measuring the power used by the servos to automatically calculate the loads on the arm. ", "Even with multiple types of error compensation, accuracies of only 0.2 mm (+/−2 Sigma) have been achieved for robots of the type and reach found in large quantities on automotive production lines. ", "The problem with robot arms carrying scanning probes in which there is relative movement between the probe and the object during scanning is that the systems are not accurate enough to be useful.", "\nTracking\nIn U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,166,811 Long et al, a photogrammetry system for increasing the accuracy of scanning an object is disclosed in which photogrammetry targets affixed to the probe are tracked by a photogrammetry system in real-time. ", "There are many disadvantages to this method. ", "Firstly, a plurality of clear lines of sight need to be maintained between the probe and the photogrammetric cameras. ", "In practice, lines of sight from the photogrammetry cameras to the photogrammetry targets on the probe are often blocked by the programmed robot movement and or the programmed changes in probe orientation necessary to scan the object. ", "This so constrains the applicability of the system as to render it useless for many applications. ", "Secondly, environmental lighting conditions must be maintained at a near ideal state or the accuracy of the photogrammetric system will reduce or the system will cease to function. ", "In practice this is difficult to set up and often conflicts with other lighting requirements for the location. ", "Thirdly, photogrammetric systems often do not have both the resolution and speed necessary for providing sufficient accuracy in this application. ", "Fourthly, the photogrammetric cameras and the Robot must be mounted rigidly relative to each other. ", "This often necessitates a stiff structure of large dimensions to achieve the desired accuracy. ", "The main problem with incorporating photogrammetric technology into a robot measuring system is that the resulting systems are not compact and robust enough to be useful.", "\nLeica Geosystems supply the 6 degrees of freedom Laser Tracker LTD800. ", "It can measure position and orientation over a 35 m range with a single line of sight at up to 1000 measurements per second. ", "Its accuracy is of the order of 50 microns for slow moving targets. ", "Its cost is in excess of US$130,000. ", "Many of its limitations for robot measuring are similar to those of photogrammetry. ", "The main problems with incorporating laser tracker technology into a robot measuring system is that it is expensive, there are limitations to the orientation of the probe being tracked and the resulting systems are not compact and robust enough to be useful.", "\nRobot Controllers and Programming\nControllers for robot arms are well understood by those skilled in the field; a standard reference work is ‘Robot Manipulators, Mathematics Programming and Control’ by Richard P Paul. ", "Adept Technologies (US) supply 6-axis robot controllers starting at US$8,500. ", "There are many products available for the programming of robots that allow motion sequences to be generated off-line and subsequently communicated to the Robot Controller for later execution; one example is EmWorkplace from Tecnomatix (US). ", "In Patent Application GB 2036376A Richter assigned to HA Schlatter AG (Switzerland), programming is achieved by manually guiding a robot by means of a device mounted on the robot that is held by the user and comprises strain gauges that detect the user's intended direction for robot.", "\nManual CMM Arms\nSince the 1970's, companies have been building manually operable CMM arms that have recently achieved a measuring accuracy using a contact probe of between 0.025 mm (+/−2 Sigma) and 0.005 mm (+/−2 Sigma) depending, mainly, on the reach of the Manual CMM Arm. ", "Manual CMM Arms are expected to become more accurate with further development. ", "These Manual CMM Arms are now accurate enough for many measurement requirements and are a growing sector in the measurement marketplace. ", "They have the flexibility of being able to get into areas with difficult access. ", "Manual CMM Arms are acceptably accurate for many applications, but are not automated; they are expensive to operate, particularly since a semi-skilled operator is required; human operators are also subject to human error. ", "Manual CMM Arms are produced by companies including: Cimcore (USA), Faro Technologies (USA), Romer (France), Zett Mess Technik (Germany) and OGP (UK). ", "As examples, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,994,798 Eaton, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,402,582 Raab assigned to Faro Technologies, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,829,148 Eaton and U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,366,831 Raab assigned to Faro Technologies disclose background information on Manual CMM Arms. ", "The provision of bearings at the joints of Manual CMM Arms is well known and US Patent Application 2002/0087233 Raab assigned to Faro Technologies discloses background information on bearings. ", "The design of Manual CMM arms is typically limited to around 2 metres in reach from the centre of joint 1 to the probe tip because any longer and it requires two operators to use the arm. ", "The longer the Manual CMM arm is, the less accurate it is. ", "In general, for a modular Manual CMM Arm design all other things being equal, the accuracy is at best inversely proportional to the length. ", "In U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,366,831 Raab, it is disclosed that in the field, Manual CMM Arms typically have an absolute positional accuracy ten or more times that of a robot arm. ", "Some of the factors in robots that cause inaccuracy including joint misalignments are referred to in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,366,831. ", "Manual CMM arms such as those manufactured by Faro Technologies and Romer are generally operated by a single person using both hands. ", "Each of the operator's hands provides a different 6 DOF action on the segment of the Manual CMM arm that is gripped by the hand. ", "Some skilled operator's may only need one hand in some applications. ", "A Manual CMM arm is a mechanism that is controlled in a closed-loop fashion wherein the operator closes the loop. ", "Such control is a skilled activity; the operator needs to control 6 or 7 axes of arm freedom in a variety of different spatial layouts, under the effect of gravity, with just two hands. ", "It is often the case that the operator mishandles the Manual CMM arm and part or all of the Manual CMM arm accelerates under gravity until there is a collision or the operator steadies it. ", "It is the case that during data capture, the operator applies variable and occasionally excessive forces and torques on the Manual CMM arm, which reduce the accuracy of the measurement data the Manual CMM arm outputs.", "\nCompensating and Holding Devices\nA Manual CMM Arm typically has a compensating device built into the second joint that provides a torque on the upper arm that tends to provide a lifting force on the upper arm to counterbalance it. ", "Compensating devices for manual CMM arms are disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "6,298,569 Raab et al, 6,253,458 Raab et al, and US Patent Application 2003/0167647 Raab et al, all assigned to Faro Technologies. ", "This means that the arm is lighter for the operator to lift and is consequently less tiring to use. ", "This also means that more torque is transmitted through the Manual CMM Arm and requires that the Manual CMM Arm must be designed to be heavier than without such a compensating device to achieve a required accuracy. ", "It is standard practice to compensate Robots in order to reduce robot power consumption and the power, size and weight of the motors. ", "In 2003/0167647, a machined spring compensating device can be removed, reversed and replaced to compensate the arm when used in a hanging down orientation; this procedure is inconvenient for the user since it must be carried out in the factory. ", "Some Manual CMM Arms have holding devices to lock one or more axes of the arm in any spatial orientation; such holding devices eliminate the need to lay the arm down between sets of measurements. ", "On the 3000 Series manual CMM arm from Cimcore (USA) there is a sliding peg fixing mounted on the compensating device on Axis 2 (the first orthogonal hinge axis); when the peg slides into a hole, the compensating device on which Axis 2 rests is locked. ", "A pneumatic brake on several axes is disclosed in PCT/EP01/01570 Nietz assigned to Zett Mess Technik GmbH and offered on Axes 1 to 4 of Zett Mess's AMPG-P manual CMM arm product; the pneumatic brakes can be released by radio remote control switch; the pneumatic brakes act on a disk. ", "The pneumatic brakes and disks are mounted directly on the manual CMM arm; they add weight to the manual CMM arm and pass moments through the bearings of the manual CMM arm, thereby reducing its accuracy and usability.", "\nOptical Probes on Manual CMM Arms\nOptical probes on Manual CMM Arms were disclosed by Crampton, the inventor of the present invention, in several patent applications including WO9705449. ", "Optical probes for Manual CMM Arms are provided or are being developed by 3D Scanners, Romer, Faro Technologies, Perceptron, Steinbichler (Germany), Pulstec (Japan) and Kreon (France) amongst others. ", "Optical probes are generally mounted offset on the side of the Manual CMM Arm or mounted on the probe end of it. ", "There are three broad types of Optical probe: point, line and area. ", "As yet, a measurement accuracy standard does not exist that defines the way accuracy should be measured for point, line and area Optical probes. ", "The marketplace is in the situation of not being able to perform standard tests to verify accuracy and enable comparison between Optical probe types in a practical way. ", "Optical probes have become accurate, largely because their measuring range is short. ", "In general, Optical probes gather measurement data over a measuring range of the order of 20-400 mm. ", "This is often at a standoff to the end of the Manual CMM Arm. ", "The accuracy of the best Manual CMM Arms combined with the best Optical probes is already better than 0.050 mm (+/−2 Sigma) and can be better than 0.010 mm (+/−2 Sigma) or even 0.002 mm (+/−2 Sigma) for short measuring ranges.", "\nSynchronisation and Interpolation of Optical Probes on Manual CMM Arms\nIn a system comprising a Manual CMM Arm and an Optical probe, measurements from each are combined to give the output measurement data. ", "As disclosed in WO9705449 by Crampton, the inventor of the present invention, the measurement accuracy of a system comprising a Manual CMM Arm and an Optical probe is increased by synchronising the timing of a measurement from the Manual CMM Arm and a measurement from the Optical probe. ", "As further disclosed in WO9705449, alternatively, the measurement accuracy of a system comprising a Manual CMM Arm and an Optical probe is increased by time-stamping each measurement from the Manual CMM Arm and time-stamping each measurement from the Optical probe and later using a process of interpolation of the two sets of measurements to provide a combined set of measurements. ", "However, occasionally there is a perturbation in the system and one or more measurements from one device or another are lost. ", "In this situation, the later process of interpolation can be complex.", "\nCalibration and Alignment of Robots and Manual CMM Arms\nAs disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,687,293 Snell, a robot can be calibrated using a reference sphere and a spherically tipped probe on the robot by bringing the spherically tipped probe into contact with the reference sphere a number of times with different robot spatial layouts; a 39-parameter kinematic model for a 6-axis robot embodiment is disclosed. ", "The alignment of Optical probes to Robots is disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,321,137B1 De Smet. ", "A method of manually calibrating a Manual CMM Arm is disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,402,582 Raab assigned to Faro Technologies. ", "Manual CMM Arms are calibrated by the manufacturer before shipping. ", "Some suppliers, including Faro Technologies, enable the user to perform a simple probe calibration each time the probe is changed, whilst the Manual CMM Arm calibration remains the same. ", "OGP UK supply the Polar Manual CMM Arm and permit the user to fully calibrate the Polar arm and probe together in a simple procedure by using a reference artefact with several cones into which the spherical probe of the Polar arm is placed whilst the arm is exercised through a variety of spatial layouts; a 39-parameter kinematic model is used for their 6-axis Polar arm. ", "Full and accurate manual calibration of Manual CMM Arms is a painstaking process in which typically 500 separate points are recorded with a process taking some hours. ", "Each point is subject to human error. ", "Different operators hold Manual CMM Arms in different locations, apply different torques through different grips, applying different patterns of loads and bending moments on the arm resulting in different deflections and end slopes. ", "A Manual CMM Arm that is manually calibrated will perform differently depending on how each operator holds and uses it. ", "A Manual CMM Arm is required that is under repeatable patterns of loads and bending moments however it is held for each spatial orientation. ", "A manual method of calibrating Manual CMM Arms is required that has the same pattern of loads and bending moments that will occur in its use by different operators. ", "An automated method of calibrating Manual CMM Arms is needed to increase the repeatability and accuracy of their calibration, in particular enabling more points to be recorded than is practical or cost effective in current manual processes. ", "The alignment (also known as calibration or qualification) of Optical probes to Manual CMM Arms is disclosed in WO9705449 by Crampton, the inventor of the present invention.", "\nAttachment of Robots and Measuring Devices\nAs disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,392,384 Tounai et al, the tip of a 6 axis articulated measuring device is attached to the tip of a robot for the purpose of calibrating the robot. ", "As disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,535,794 Raab assigned to Faro Technologies the tip of a 6 axis articulated measuring device is attached to the tip of a robot for the purpose of generating an error map. ", "As disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,519,860 Bieg et al, the tip of a 3 axis articulated measuring device is attached to the tip of a robot or machine for the purpose of measuring the spatial performance of the robot or machine. ", "Neither of these disclosures is used to measure an object. ", "As disclosed in WO 98/27887 Wahrburg, a surgical robot and a multiple joint sensor arm are attached at the base; the multiple joint sensor arm is used manually to make measurements on the patient, a robot program is generated based on those measurements and the robot carries out the surgical intervention. ", "In this disclosure the measurement is not automated. ", "Two items of prior art disclose devices for measuring the position and or orientation of the endpoint of a robot arm subject to deflections from bending and or thermal expansions. ", "As disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,119,212 Flemming, a simple knee joint with a planar goniometer rigidly attached at both ends is used to monitor the location of the end of the moving segment. ", "The device is limited to operation in a plane and no out of plane bending is measured. ", "It is therefore not able to measure position and orientation in a 3D space. ", "As disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,606,696 Slocum, a device for measuring the position and orientation of the end of a robot arm comprises a multitude of measuring links joined by rotary and linear bearings and measuring devices to measure rotational angles and linear movements. ", "As well as being pinned at both endpoints of the robot arm, measuring links are rigidly pinned to the robot arm in at least one intermediate hinge joint. ", "This approach requires 12 accurate rotary and linear measuring devices on a 6-axis robot. ", "The stack-up of errors from the 12 measuring devices call into question whether it could ever be developed into an accurate 3D measuring device for 6-axis robots. ", "A simpler and more robust system is needed that does not require additional rotary and linear measuring devices and their associated error stack-up. ", "Both 4,119,212 and 4,606,696 require rigid attachment of the measuring device at each end of the robot arm. ", "Rigid attachment at the probe end is essential for precisely measuring the position of the end of the robot arm. ", "Rigid attachment at the probe end is neither required nor desirable when the robot arm is used to position a CMM arm. ", "Neither 4,119,212 nor 4,606,696 provide means for using calibration information in the devices. ", "Neither do they propose the use of the devices as Coordinate Measuring Machines. ", "Without the use of calibration information, it is questionable whether the devices could be anywhere near as accurate as is required in current applications.", "\nOther Background\nAs disclosed in PCT/GB01/01590 Gooch, a robot is shown with both an optical probe and a tool mounted at the probe end of the robot; the robot can be used alternately for measuring with the optical probe and performing an operation with the tool; however, to achieve measuring accuracy, an optical tracking system is used that has all the disadvantages previously mentioned. ", "As further disclosed in PCT/GB01/01590 Gooch, a robot may be mobile, for example mounted on rails, to provide access around a large object being measured; this further disclosure also has the disadvantages of optical tracking. ", "A manual marking out system utilising the Faro arm and a robot marking out system utilising an industrial robot from Kuka are disclosed in PCT/GB01/03865 Gooch; these two systems are either accurate or automated but not both. ", "Manual scanning of an object on a rotary table with a non-contact sensor mounted on a Manual CMM Arm is disclosed by Crampton, the inventor of the present invention, in patent application WO9705449. ", "Milling of large objects has been carried out by standard 5 or 6 axis Industrial Robots; the resulting object is not accurate due to the limitations in accuracy of standard industrial robots and typically requires hand finishing where cuts form different orientations result in Milling of large objects is regularly carried out accurately on large 5-axis machining centres such as those manufactured by Mecof spa (Italy) and on large 5-axis horizontal arm CMMs such as those from Zeiss and LK Tool; the class of objects that may be machined is limited by the Cartesian machine type, for instance a horizontal arm cannot bend around corners. ", "Delcam (UK) provide a software called PowerShape that is capable of generating milling programs for 5 axis and 6 axis industrial robots.", "\nNeed for Accuracy\nUsers demand ever higher accuracy from their Manual CMM Arms. ", "A significant amount of error in Manual CMM Arms is derived from the operator over-stressing the Manual CMM Arm, variability of moments on the arm through different hand grip positions and built-in counterbalances providing moments across bearings. ", "There is a need for a more repeatable Manual CMM Arm in which the loads on the CMM Arm are independent of how it is held and which is significantly more accurate. ", "There is a further need for a more accurate calibration process that is automated to remove human error.", "\nNeed for Automation\nA Manual CMM Arm with an Optical probe is typically used for many hours at a time. ", "During much of this time, the operator holds the Manual CMM Arm at a distance from him, often in awkward locations. ", "The weight that is supported at a distance can be several kilograms for a long Manual CMM Arm. ", "This is hard work and is tiring for many operators, particularly smaller people; operator fatigue is a common problem and this can lead to illness, incapacitation or injury. ", "Much of the work done with Manual CMM Arms is for unique components that only need to be optically inspected once. ", "Often, the surface being inspected is not immediately accessible and requires temporary gantries to be erected for the operator to climb on so that the arm can be manipulated. ", "The problem with Manual CMM Arms carrying scanning probes in which there is relative movement between the probe and the object during scanning is that, although they are accurate enough, the system is fatiguing to use and can output inaccurate data through operator error or over-stressing of the Manual CMM Arm, because it cannot operate automatically.", "\nNeed for Accessibility\nThe shape of objects to be measured and their accessibility to a probe on a movable member vary from application to application. ", "A CMM that is flexible enough to access a larger range of object shapes has more utility. ", "In practice, it is generally established that articulated arm CMMs comprising a series of preferably 6 or 7 joints separated by rigid segments are more flexible than orthogonal axis configuration CMMs. ", "It is also generally established in the existing state of the art that automated orthogonal axis configuration CMMs are several orders more accurate than automated articulated Robot arms. ", "It is also generally established that automated orthogonal axis configuration CMMs are less suitable than automated articulated arm Robots for locating in a manufacturing environment such as on an assembly line. ", "The problem is that no automated CMM machine is available that is articulated and sufficiently accurate.", "\nNeed for Portability\nAs exhibited by the purchase of the order of around 5,000 portable Manual CMM Arms since they became accurate enough in the mid-1990's, there is a significant demand for portable Manual CMM Arms. ", "There is a corresponding need for a portable Automated CMM Arm, but none exist today.", "\nNeed for Robustness\nManual CMM Arms are becoming more accurate and less robust. ", "The existing designs of Manual CMM Arms have the precision measuring system exposed to shocks, moments and abuse in usage and transportation. ", "Existing designs of transportation case are unsophisticated and expose Manual CMM Arms to damage, particularly from shock. 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[ "12. ", "Временно споразумение за икономическо партньорство между ЕО и държавите от Тихоокеанския регион (гласуване) \n- Преди гласуването на изменение 8:\nGlyn Ford\n- (EN) Г-жо председател, за да се спести време, социалистите са готови да приемат изменения 8 и 10 като допълнения, но ние ще гласуваме против, ако те не се приемат като допълнения от групата PPE-DE.", "\nJean-Pierre Audy\n- (FR) Съгласен съм с тази процедура.", "\nJean-Pierre Audy\n- (FR) Г-жо председател, в параграф 39, компромисното изменение 19 би било приемливо за нашата група, ако във връзка с неправителствения сектор, можем да добавим \"участието\". ", "Това означава следното изменение: \"39a. ", "Подчертава по-специално ключовата роля на парламентите на държавите от АКТБ и участието на неправителствените сектори в наблюдението и управлението на СИП\"; останалото може да остане непроменено.", "\nСмятам, че докладчикът г-н, Mr Ford, е съгласен.", "\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "EuroParl" }	[ 0, 0.02824858757062147, 0.01818181818181818, 0.0051813471502590676, 0, 0.010256410256410256, 0.04081632653061224, 0 ]	0.012836	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 25, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 4 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 63, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 55 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 92, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 79 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 158, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 149 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 205, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 193 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 273, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 258 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 339, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 316 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 377, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 359 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 432, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 414 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 574, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 550 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 679, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 660 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 763, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 756 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 813, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 803 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 840, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 829 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 848, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 842 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 868, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 853 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 877, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 873 } ]
[ "Review\n======\n\nAntiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence is compromised under some situations in countries most heavily affected by HIV/AIDS. ", "A frequently cited meta-analysis affirmed that patients in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA) record adherence levels as good as those documented in the rich world \\[[@B1]\\]. ", "However, unfavourable contexts limit an individual\\'s control over their own treatment.", "\n\nMany early ART programmes which were the subject of adherence studies in sSA captured a set of circumstances that cannot consistently be maintained in the longer-term as treatment is scaled up. ", "In particular, inconsistent drug supplies have been shown to be an important factor influencing adherence \\[see for example \\[[@B2]-[@B5]\\]\\]. ", "Both direct and indirect costs, a function of the broader socioeconomic environment, also feature prominently in relevant research \\[see for example \\[[@B6]-[@B10]\\]\\].", "\n\nAny threats to ART adherence need to be taken seriously if we are to optimise treatment outcomes for individuals. ", "Robust evidence exists on the effect of adherence on viral load \\[[@B11]-[@B15]\\], the immune system \\[[@B16]-[@B18]\\], and clinical prognosis \\[[@B16],[@B19]-[@B23]\\]. ", "Most importantly perhaps, the increased risks of illness and death amongst those that are poorly adherent are undeniable. ", "A recent study in South Africa concluded those patients claiming less than 80% of their prescription refills were over three times more likely to die than those claiming more than 80% \\[[@B21]\\].", "\n\nThe development of drug resistance due to poor adherence goes beyond the individual level. ", "It becomes a public health issue when drug resistant viral strains are transmitted and this has been a major concern amongst governments and health agencies. ", "As treatment was introduced in sSA, we were warned of a situation of \\'antiretroviral anarchy\\' where the rapid emergence and transmission of resistant viral strains would ultimately limit treatment options \\[[@B24]\\]. ", "Fortunately, transmitted resistance in countries in sSA currently scaling up ART programmes is still less than 5%, but needs to be monitored closely \\[[@B25]\\]; increasing levels of resistance are inevitable as treatment coverage expands. ", "With non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-regimens in particular (used most commonly in sSA), drug resistance can develop after unplanned treatment interruptions of just a few days \\[[@B26],[@B27]\\].", "\n\nThis article looks at ART adherence concerns arising from three specific crises in the southern African region, based on a literature review of reports and papers in the public domain. ", "It considers the impact of these crises on adherence and explores strategies to try and keep patients on treatment, or to interrupt their treatment safely. ", "It uses this as a basis for making suggestions as to how ART interruptions arising from various scenarios might be avoided and managed in future.", "\n\nWhat types of situations compromise ART adherence and how does this happen?", "\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThere are a huge range of different crises that can potentially undermine ART treatment in southern Africa and the broader region. ", "These crises are of different natures, various durations (short term vs long term) and vary in geographical extent (localised vs widespread). ", "They also manifest in different ways. ", "This paper looks at problems with health system functioning and ART delivery during: 1) the 2008 floods in Mozambique, 2) the ongoing political and economic crisis in Zimbabwe, and 3) the 2007 public sector strike in South Africa (see Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "While each crisis is irrefutably unique in many ways, we have used some of the obviously classifiable features to frame the recommendations.", "\n\n###### \n\nThree crises in southern Africa that have impacted on ART adherence\n\n Nature of crisis Case study Major effect of crisis Duration of crisis Extent of crisis\n -------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------\n 1\\. Natural disasters 2008 floods in Mozambique Migration, damage to health system infrastructure Short to medium term Localised\n \n 2\\. Political and economic failure Ongoing situation in Zimbabwe Poverty, migration, health system collapse Long term Widespread\n \n 3\\. Health service or system failure 2007 public sector strike in South Africa Poor access to health services Short term (but similar nature crises can be longer term) Widespread (but similar nature crises can be localised)\n\nIn the case of natural disasters (and particularly floods), health concerns are often dominated by sanitary problems and overcrowding in temporary camps, which increase the risks of diarrhoeal diseases, cholera, measles, and malaria \\[[@B28]\\]. ", "In Mozambique reports suggested that 72 people died of cholera and an equal number of other waterborne diseases, a number far greater than the dozen or so that died as a result of rising flood waters \\[[@B29]\\]. ", "The immediate need to intervene with safe access to clean water meant that other health problems were eclipsed. ", "Some longer term risks were however identified, including: 1) poor access to food supplies, potentially resulting in malnutrition, and 2) poor access to health care, potentially resulting in worse maternal and child health outcomes and inadequate management of both acute and chronic diseases \\[[@B30]\\].", "\n\nSituations that results in the displacement of large numbers of people means those on ART may not be able to access the medication they require. ", "In Mozambique, fleeting mention was made in a few reports of the poor access to health facilities in resettlement areas, and the fact that health posts (providing very basic services) in these camps were slow to open due to a lack of drugs \\[[@B31],[@B32]\\]. ", "Medecins Sans Frontiers reported in late January 2008 that 60 patients in Mutarara (Tete province) on HIV and TB treatment were missing and had not come to the hospital to collect their monthly medication \\[[@B33]\\]. ", "In this instance teams were sent out to find them, but public health services do not generally have the capacity to respond in this way.", "\n\nPolitical and economic failure, which has widespread implications for the health system, is harder to manage and control for. ", "Health care provision can become more difficult due to the lack of drugs and medical supplies, as well as insufficient numbers of health workers. ", "In Zimbabwe this resulted in the closure of some of the largest hospitals in late 2008 \\[[@B34]\\]. ", "Even where drugs were free and health services available, patients struggled to access them due to obstacles such as high fuel and transport costs \\[[@B35]\\]. ", "Under such circumstances patients can\\'t afford all the basic necessities and are forced to migrate, with deleterious consequences for treatment.", "\n\nHow do health workers and ART patients respond to such a chaotic situation and are these responses appropriate? ", "In Zimbabwe there were reports of ART patients missing drug doses, sharing drugs, selling their drugs and changing regimens to try and cope with inadequate drug supplies and poor economic circumstances, so fuelling concerns of a drug-resistant HIV epidemic \\[[@B34],[@B36],[@B37]\\]. ", "On a more positive note, aid agencies and donors were aware of the need to keep patients on treatment and played an important role in ensuring the provision of drug supplies for the ART programme.", "\n\nThe category of health system or service failure is all encompassing as it can manifest in many ways, with common examples including health worker strikes or drug stock-outs. ", "Such problems are often symptomatic of broader political and/or economic collapse, although here we concern ourselves primarily with shorter term failures that are more confined to the health sector. ", "These generally result in patients not accessing necessary health services for a limited period of time, as was the case during the month-long South African public sector strike in 2007. ", "In this instance there were mixed reports over the extent of the disruption, but a significant number of patients with HIV/AIDS and TB could not obtain their treatment because of clinic closures \\[[@B38],[@B39]\\].", "\n\nAs the duration of the public sector strike was short term, patients with buffer drug stocks would have possibly been able to weather the crisis with little disruption to treatment. ", "However, in most cases patients only obtain their drugs on a month by month basis and so would have had little reserve. ", "The Southern African HIV Clinicians Society took the initiative of issuing a press statement on how treatment interruptions should be dealt with. ", "This essentially advised patients to seek help from other sources (either private pharmacies or another hospital/clinic) and to stop all drugs simultaneously if need be, without decreasing the dose to make treatment last longer \\[[@B40]\\]. ", "Unfortunately, due to its late release in media that few have access to and because it was written in English, it is unlikely that this information would have reached many of the ART patients who needed it.", "\n\nWhat strategies should be considered to keep ART patients adherent on treatment?", "\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe two key messages from this review are: 1) we need to plan for and manage various crises impacting on ART delivery; and 2) there are a number of strategies that have been employed and should be evaluated. ", "Unfortunately, most of what has been tried to date has been \\'too little, too late\\' and there has been almost no indication as to its effectiveness. ", "Nonetheless, there are conclusions and recommendations arising from the review that provide a starting point.", "\n\nManagement strategies will vary according to the duration of the crisis. ", "Many shorter term crises like those reviewed in this paper can be anticipated, indicating a need for sound planning and preparedness. ", "Patients could be given extra drug supplies to tide them over a potentially difficult time. ", "Anecdotal evidence suggests that this strategy is used to help patients cope with short periods of planned migration. ", "It does, however, come with the concern that relaxing controls on ART might result in drugs being shared or sold on the black market. ", "It therefore has to be managed carefully.", "\n\nLonger term crises, in contrast, cannot be planned for so easily because of the chronic erosion to the health system and the time taken to potentially restore services. ", "In these cases, close monitoring and proactive management is needed to alleviate the effects of the crisis on patient treatment, care and support. ", "Health information systems are central; needing to be sensitive enough to alert managers to change (such as when fewer patients start presenting for follow up or drug shortages are imminent) and detailed enough to give a fairly complete picture of what is happening. ", "Our observation that so little information exists on the impact of crises on ART programmes, is testament to how poor such systems currently are. ", "It is therefore no surprise that management of disruptions to ART delivery is largely ineffective. ", "Looking beyond the crisis itself, a carefully designed recovery plan will assist in restoring health system functioning as quickly as possible.", "\n\nJust as shorter term crises will be easier to weather than longer term crisis, so too will localised disruptions compared to widespread upheaval. ", "Careful management and some reorganisation of services may suffice with localised disruptions. ", "There was some evidence of this happening in Mozambique, where new health posts were set up and community workers used to search for patients \\[[@B31]\\]. ", "Such strategies do, however, have to be implemented quickly and efficiently if they are to ensure patient adherence to medication. ", "The use of mobile phones to keep contact with patients could be explored.", "\n\nWidespread upheaval on the other hand, requires an increased involvement and co-ordination of health sector partners, be they private, donor, NGO or faith based. ", "There were indications from Zimbabwe that such partners played an important role in ensuring the continuation of ART drug supplies, despite operating in a hostile environment where drug delivery and distribution were problematic \\[[@B34]\\]. ", "In South Africa private health care providers took care of many Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients during the strike \\[[@B41]\\]. ", "In a country like this, where the private health sector is large, there is scope for exploring partnerships that could benefit a wider range of patients in times of crisis.", "\n\nCrises that are both widespread and longer term, like that in Zimbabwe, often require a particularly holistic approach to support patients on ART. ", "This is because the socio-economic circumstances of households become compromised, meaning that simply ensuring ongoing service delivery is not sufficient to maintain ART adherence. ", "In such cases extra assistance may be required from a range of partners to manage the indirect costs of seeking care, such as transport costs, and to avoid a situation where people are having to trade-off basic necessities.", "\n\nFor all types of crisis, whether long or short term, widespread or localised, patient information systems which facilitate tracking and enable patients to collect their drugs from multiple locations would help tremendously. ", "This is because migration is often a common outcome of a crisis. ", "Even in South Africa, where patients did not migrate during the strike, they were advised to try and source their medication from other health facilities or private pharmacies \\[[@B40]\\]. ", "However, patients do not carry any record of their medication on them and so were told to take their pills along instead for the doctor or pharmacist to identify, which obviously is not ideal.", "\n\nLastly, the impact of deficient ART adherence during crisis situations could be lessened through attention to the basics - patient adherence counselling and health worker training. ", "If adherence counselling includes discussion on what to do in case of being unable to access drugs, then it should be possible to avoid some of the inappropriate coping strategies (such as sharing drugs or reducing drug doses) reported in Zimbabwe. ", "Clinicians properly trained in managing treatment interruptions could stagger the time at which different drug classes are stopped during drug stock-outs to avoid the development of NNRTI resistance in particular. ", "Issuing such guidance during a crisis, as was done in South Africa \\[[@B40]\\], might supplement such measures but is unlikely to be effective on its own.", "\n\nWho takes responsibility?", "\n-------------------------\n\nThere is no doubt that widespread, long term crises, particularly those involving state failure and political violence (such as in Zimbabwe), are the greatest threat to ART adherence. ", "In such situations there is an urgent need to consider the question of responsibility. ", "If government failure is making it difficult for people to obtain the treatment they need and NGOs within the country are struggling to operate in a hostile environment, should there not be some international responsibility for people living with HIV/AIDS?", "\n\nIn addressing the situation of people living with AIDS in Zimbabwe, there is scope to consider how the emerging \\'Responsibility to Protect\\' (RtoP) doctrine could be applied \\[[@B42]\\]. ", "The RtoP considers that \\'sovereign states bear the responsibility to protect their citizens from avoidable catastrophe, but that when they are unwilling or unable to do so, that responsibility must be borne by the broader community\\'\\[[@B43]\\]. ", "It therefore sets new norms for international security and human rights.", "\n\nIn the case of Zimbabwe, many patients on ART struggled to access their treatment not only within the country\\'s borders, but because they were forced to migrate to neighbouring countries, especially South Africa. ", "Undocumented migrants in South Africa have a constitutional right to access ART, but many remain unable to do so \\[[@B44]\\]. ", "Furthermore, one can argue that these \\'migrants\\' are in fact refugees, in which case the role of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in supporting access and adherence to ART comes into question. ", "The UNHCR has pledged to keep HIV/AIDS as priority \\[[@B45]\\], however it is unclear what is being done in this regard.", "\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nIn conclusion, ART programmes in sSA will continue to be challenged by a range of different crises. ", "What we have seen to date is that the need to prioritise often results in immediate concerns arising from such crises eclipsing those with longer-term consequences. ", "HIV/AIDS is by nature a long-term disease and failure to maintain treatment coverage and adherence will not immediately result in large numbers of deaths. ", "Unfortunately this does not mean that the consequences will be less severe - only that they will play out for years to come. ", "Responding strategically to the various threats posed by a crisis calls for careful consideration and co-ordination, rather than a knee-jerk response. ", "Ultimately, how we plan for and manage such crises could strongly influence treatment outcomes in the years and decades to come.", "\n\nCompeting interests\n===================\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.", "\n\nAuthors\\' contributions\n=======================\n\nNV contributed to the design of the study, undertook the literature review and was primarily responsible for drafting the manuscript. ", "AW conceptualised the design of the study and helped with revising the manuscript for publication. ", "DL conceptualised the design of the study and helped with revising the manuscript for publication. ", "AG helped with revising the manuscript for publication. 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"recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 7552 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 8082, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 8079 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 8089, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 8086 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 8096, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 8093 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 9062, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 9059 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 9069, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 9066 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 9757, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 9754 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 12555, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 12552 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 13163, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { 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[ "Have you considered a reverse mortgage, but don’t know exactly what it is and how it may benefit you? ", "There are many things to learn about reverse mortgage type of loans and you should be […]" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0, 0 ]	0	5	[]
[ "Q:\n\nCoset of null space by an element\n\nLet $Ax$ = $b$ where $b$ is non-zero is a system of linear equations. ", "Here $A$ is any matrix and $b$ is a vector.", "\nI have been trying to prove that if $Ax$ = $b$ is consistent then\n$T$$^{-1}$($b$) = $N$($T$)+$x$ where $N$($T$) is the null space of the corresponding linear transformation $T$.\nThis has been my attempt.", "\nLet $w$ $\\in$ $N$($T$)+$x$\nThen $w$ = $a$+$x$ for some $a$ $\\in$ $N$($T$)\nThen $T$($w$) = $T$($a$)+$T$($x$) = $b$\nHence $N$($T$)+$x$ $\\subseteq$ $T$$^{-1}$($b$)\nNow how to show the other side?", "\nIf I let $y$ $\\in$ $T$$^{-1}$($b$)\nThen how can I write $y$ = $a$ + $x$ for some $a$ $\\in$ $N$($T$) ?", "\n\nA:\n\nSo $T:V \\rightarrow W$ is $T(x)=Ax$. Suppose $x_0 \\in V$ is such that $T(x_0)=Ax_0=b$ for some given $b \\in W$. You want to prove that the set\n$$T^{-1}(\\{b\\})=x_0+N(T).$$\nLet $y \\in T^{-1}(\\{b\\})$, then $T(y)=b$. But we also know that $T(x_0)=b$. This means $T(x_0-y)=T(x_0)-T(y)=b-b=0$. So $y-x_0 \\in N(T)$. Consequently,\n$$y \\in x_0+N(T) \\implies T^{-1}(\\{b\\}) \\subseteq x_0+N(T).$$\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.002544529262086514 ]	0.000424	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 852, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 834 } ]
[ "Now that Apple’s HomePod smart speaker is available to everyone, it’s being put through a slew of tests. ", "Loup Ventures this weekend shared results from a detailed series of tests that it put the HomePod through, as well as how those results compare to other smart speakers …\n\nThe tech research firm says that it put the HomePod through 782 queries, as well as “comprehensive tests of sound quality and ease of use.” ", "In terms of the query tests, Loup Ventures says the HomePod was able to understand 99.4 percent of the commands, though it was only able to properly answer 52.3 percent.", "\n\nIn comparison, Google Home was able to answer 81 percent of commands, followed by Alexa at 64 percent and Microsoft’s Cortana at 57 percent.", "\n\nOne important thing to note here is that some of the queries tested by Loup Ventures are simply not supported by HomePod – such as navigation, email, and calling. ", "When these types of queries were removed, HomePod successfully answer 67 percent of commands – putting it above Alexa and Cortana.", "\n\nLoup Ventures estimates that Apple will sell 7 million HomePod units during the calendar year of 2018, with that number rising to 10.9 million in 2019. ", "Furthermore, the research firm says it expects Apple to nab 12 percent of the global smart speaker market this year.", "\n\nIn terms of consumer interest in HomePod, Loup Ventures says it surveyed 500 people in the United States and found that 3.3 percent were planning to purchase HomePod in the next year. ", "This is similar to early interest in the Apple Watch:\n\nLast week we surveyed 500 people in the U.S. and found 3.3% said they would purchase a HomePod in the next year. ", "Among those surveyed who already own an Apple product, 5.2% planned on buying a HomePod. ", "This is similar to 7% of Apple product owners planned to buy an Apple Watch ahead of its launch in Spring of 2015.", "\n\nUltimately, Apple is clearly marketing the HomePod as a great sounding speaker that happens to have Siri integration, as opposed to the other way around. ", "Whether or not this resonates remains to be seen, but this Loup Ventures study shows that Siri might not be as far behind its competitors as some like to think.", "\n\nSubscribe to 9to5Mac on YouTube for more Apple news:\n\nFTC: We use income earning auto affiliate links. ", "More.", "\n\nCheck out 9to5Mac on YouTube for more Apple news:" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.01904761904761905, 0.00964630225080386, 0.011834319526627219, 0.028169014084507043, 0.012121212121212121, 0.023076923076923078, 0.01948051948051948, 0.008620689655172414, 0.016129032258064516, 0.005952380952380952, 0.02247191011235955, 0.008771929824561403, 0.019230769230769232, 0.0125, 0.01904761904761905, 0, 0.0392156862745098 ]	0.016195	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 131, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 119 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1122, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1097 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1171, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1167 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1288, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1279 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1394, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1377 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1472, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1459 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1538, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1529 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1573, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1569 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1640, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1627 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1844, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1830 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1950, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1946 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2094, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2090 } ]
[ "An epigenetic signal encoded protection mechanism is activated by graphene oxide to inhibit its induced reproductive toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans.", "\nAlthough many studies have suggested the adverse effects of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), the self-protection mechanisms for organisms against ENMs toxicity are still largely unclear. ", "Using Caenorhabditis elegans as an in vivo assay system, our results suggest the toxicity of graphene oxide in reducing reproductive capacity by inducing damage on gonad development. ", "The observed reproductive toxicity of GO on gonad development was due to the combinational effect of germline apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and DNA damage activation might act as an inducer for this combinational effect. ", "For the underlying molecular mechanism of reproductive toxicity of GO, we raised a signaling cascade of HUS-1/CLK-2-CEP-1-EGL-1-CED-4-CED-3 to explain the roles of core apoptosis signaling pathway and DNA damage checkpoints. ", "Moreover, we identified a miRNA regulation mechanism activated by GO to suppress its induced reproductive toxicity. ", "A mir-360 regulation mechanism was activated by GO to suppress its induced DNA damage-apoptosis signaling cascade through affecting component of CEP-1. ", "Our identified epigenetic signal encoded protection mechanism activated by GO suggests a novel self-protection mechanism for organisms against the ENMs toxicity." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008888888888888889, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.001111	5	[]
[ "Q:\n\nDecrypt file encrypted using openssl with aes-cbc-256\n\nI have encrypted a file using below commands\nopenssl rand 32 > test.key\nopenssl enc -aes-256-cbc -iter 10000 -pbkdf2 -salt -in test.txt -out test.txt.enc -pass file:test.key\nNow i am trying to decrypt it using java. ", "tring since last few days but no success.", "\nCan anyone help ?", "\nmy code\npackage test;\n\nimport java.io.", "BufferedReader;\nimport java.io.", "File;\nimport java.io.", "FileInputStream;\nimport java.io.", "FileReader;\nimport java.io.", "IOException;\nimport java.io.", "InputStream;\nimport java.io.", "OutputStream;\nimport java.nio.charset.", "Charset;\nimport java.security.", "GeneralSecurityException;\nimport java.security.", "InvalidAlgorithmParameterException;\nimport java.security.", "InvalidKeyException;\nimport java.security.", "MessageDigest;\nimport java.security.", "NoSuchAlgorithmException;\nimport java.security.spec.", "InvalidKeySpecException;\nimport java.util.", "ArrayList;\nimport java.util.", "Arrays;\nimport java.util.", "List;\nimport java.util.stream.", "Collectors;\nimport javax.crypto.", "BadPaddingException;\nimport javax.crypto.", "Cipher;\nimport javax.crypto.", "IllegalBlockSizeException;\nimport javax.crypto.", "NoSuchPaddingException;\nimport javax.crypto.spec.", "IvParameterSpec;\nimport javax.crypto.spec.", "SecretKeySpec;\nimport org.apache.commons.io.", "IOUtils;\n\npublic class OpenSSlDecryptor {\n private static final Charset ASCII = Charset.forName(\"ASCII\");\n private static final int INDEX_KEY = 0;\n private static final int INDEX_IV = 1;\n private static final int ITERATIONS = 10000;\n\n private static final int ARG_INDEX_FILENAME = 0;\n private static final int ARG_INDEX_PASSWORD = 1;\n\n private static final int SALT_OFFSET = 8;\n private static final int SALT_SIZE = 8;\n private static final int CIPHERTEXT_OFFSET = SALT_OFFSET + SALT_SIZE;\n\n private static final int KEY_SIZE_BITS = 256;\n\n /*\n Thanks go to Ola Bini for releasing this source on his blog.", "\n * The source was obtained from <a href=\"http://olabini.com/blog/tag/evp_bytestokey/\">here</a> .", "\n /\n public static byte[][] EVP_BytesToKey(final int key_len, final int iv_len, final MessageDigest md,\n final byte[] salt, final byte[] data, final int count) {\n final byte[][] both = new byte[2][];\n final byte[] key = new byte[key_len];\n int key_ix = 0;\n final byte[] iv = new byte[iv_len];\n int iv_ix = 0;\n both[0] = key;\n both[1] = iv;\n byte[] md_buf = null;\n int nkey = key_len;\n int niv = iv_len;\n int i = 0;\n if (data == null) {\n return both;\n }\n int addmd = 0;\n for (;;) {\n md.reset();\n if (addmd++ > 0) {\n md.update(md_buf);\n }\n md.update(data);\n if (null !", "= salt) {\n md.update(salt, 0, 8);\n }\n md_buf = md.digest();\n for (i = 1; i < count; i++) {\n md.reset();\n md.update(md_buf);\n md_buf = md.digest();\n }\n i = 0;\n if (nkey > 0) {\n for (;;) {\n if (nkey == 0) {\n break;\n }\n if (i == md_buf.length) {\n break;\n }\n key[key_ix++] = md_buf[i];\n nkey--;\n i++;\n }\n }\n if (niv > 0 && i !", "= md_buf.length) {\n for (;;) {\n if (niv == 0) {\n break;\n }\n if (i == md_buf.length) {\n break;\n }\n iv[iv_ix++] = md_buf[i];\n niv--;\n i++;\n }\n }\n if (nkey == 0 && niv == 0) {\n break;\n }\n }\n for (i = 0; i < md_buf.length; i++) {\n md_buf[i] = 0;\n }\n return both;\n }\n\n public static void main(final String[] args) throws IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, InvalidKeySpecException, NoSuchPaddingException, InvalidKeyException, InvalidAlgorithmParameterException {\n final String fileName = \"test.txt.enc\";\n\n final File f = new File(fileName );\n try {\n // --- read base 64 encoded file ---\n\n List<String> lines = new ArrayList<>();\n\n try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(f))) {\n //br returns as stream and convert it into a List\n lines = br.lines().collect(Collectors.toList());\n\n } catch (final IOException e) {\n e.printStackTrace();\n }\n\n final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();\n for (final String line : lines) {\n sb.append(line.trim());\n }\n\n final String random_bin_key = \"test.key\";\n final byte[] passwordKey = IOUtils.toByteArray(new FileInputStream(random_bin_key));\n\n // --- extract salt & encrypted ---\n final byte[] headerSaltAndCipherText = sb.toString().getBytes();\n // header is \"Salted__\", ASCII encoded, if salt is being used (the default)\n final byte[] salt = Arrays.copyOfRange(\n headerSaltAndCipherText, SALT_OFFSET, SALT_OFFSET + SALT_SIZE);\n final byte[] encrypted = Arrays.copyOfRange(\n headerSaltAndCipherText, CIPHERTEXT_OFFSET, headerSaltAndCipherText.length);\n\n // --- specify cipher and digest for EVP_BytesToKey method ---\n\n final Cipher aesCBC = Cipher.getInstance(\"AES/CBC/PKCS5Padding\");\n final MessageDigest md5 = MessageDigest.getInstance(\"MD5\");\n\n // --- create key and IV ---\n\n // the IV is useless, OpenSSL might as well have use zero's\n final byte[][] keyAndIV = EVP_BytesToKey(\n KEY_SIZE_BITS / Byte.", "SIZE,\n aesCBC.getBlockSize(),\n md5,\n salt,\n passwordKey,\n ITERATIONS);\n final SecretKeySpec key = new SecretKeySpec(keyAndIV[INDEX_KEY], \"AES\");\n final IvParameterSpec iv = new IvParameterSpec(keyAndIV[INDEX_IV]);\n\n // --- initialize cipher instance and decrypt ---\n\n aesCBC.init(Cipher.", "DECRYPT_MODE, key, iv);\n final byte[] decrypted = aesCBC.doFinal(encrypted);\n final String answer = new String(decrypted);\n System.out.println(answer);\n } catch (final BadPaddingException e) {\n System.out.println(e.getMessage());\n } catch (final IllegalBlockSizeException e) {\n System.out.println(e.getMessage());\n } catch (final GeneralSecurityException e) {\n System.out.println(e.getMessage());\n } catch (final IOException e) {\n System.out.println(e.getMessage());\n }\n}\n\nError i am getting\nGiven final block not properly padded. ", "Such issues can arise if a bad key is used during decryption.", "\n\nI refereed following link \nhttps://raymii.org/s/tutorials/Encrypt_and_decrypt_files_to_public_keys_via_the_OpenSSL_Command_Line.html\nhttps://community.cloudera.com/t5/Support-Questions/How-do-I-decrypt-AES-256-CBC-data-in-HDF-if-it-was-encrypted/td-p/97961#\ntried with \n` final Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(\"AES/CBC/PKCS7Padding\");\n // strip off the salt and iv\n final ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(encryptedText);\n byte[] saltBytes = new byte[16];\n buffer.get(saltBytes, 0, saltBytes.length);\n saltBytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(saltBytes, 8, 16);\n final byte[] ivBytes1 = new byte[cipher.getBlockSize()];\n buffer.get(ivBytes1, 0, ivBytes1.length);\n final int length = buffer.capacity() - 16 - ivBytes1.length;\n // length = length+ 16 -(length%16);\n final byte[] encryptedTextBytes = new byte[length];\n\n buffer.get(encryptedTextBytes);\n // Deriving the key\n final SecretKeyFactory factory = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance(\"PBKDF2WithHmacSHA1\");\n final PBEKeySpec spec = new PBEKeySpec(new String(password).toCharArray(), saltBytes, 10000,\n 256);\n final SecretKey secretKey = factory.generateSecret(spec);\n final SecretKeySpec secret = new SecretKeySpec(secretKey.getEncoded(), \"AES\");\n cipher.init(Cipher.", "DECRYPT_MODE, secret, new IvParameterSpec(ivBytes1));\n byte[] decryptedTextBytes = null;\n try {\n decryptedTextBytes = cipher.doFinal(encryptedTextBytes);\n } catch (final IllegalBlockSizeException e) {\n e.printStackTrace();\n } catch (final BadPaddingException e) {\n e.printStackTrace();\n }\n\nGetting badpadding exception\ntried with PBKDF2WithHmacSHA256 still getting the error\n\nA:\n\nYou have several problems. ", "The most obvious is that you are trying to read the IV from the file, but openssl enc in its default password-based mode derives both key and IV from password and salt -- even when using PBKDF2. ", "However, both the standard (Sun/Oracle/OpenJDK) and BouncyCastle providers in Java implement PBKDF2 to derive only a key -- the way it is used in PBES2. ", "\nEven without that, your method of generating the 'password' as random bytes wouldn't work either. ", "The PKCS5 standard actually defines PBKDF2 to take the password as \n\nan octet\n string of arbitrary length whose interpretation as a text string is\n unspecified. ", " In the interest of interoperability, however, it is\n recommended that applications follow some common text encoding rules.", "\n ASCII and UTF-8 [RFC3629] are two possibilities. ", " (ASCII is a subset\n of UTF-8.)", "\n\nMany systems take interoperable encoding more seriously, and Java in particular (which was designed from its inception to be worldwide) defines PBEKeySpec to contain characters -- char[] in Java is UTF-16 -- which are encoded as UTF-8 when doing PBKDF2. ", "In contrast openssl is a C program dating from before the turn of the century when C started admitting the existence of countries other than the USA, so it only knows about bytes -- bytes which might be ASCII, or some other single-byte code like EBCDIC, but maybe not characters at all and certainly not any of those weird foreign characters that don't fit in a byte. ", "The probability of a sequence of 32 random bytes being valid UTF-8 is very low; it's too much work for me to figure analytically, but I ran a test of 100 million random values and got only one that would work with your scheme. (", "I was going to test a billion but got tired of waiting.) ", "\nPlus, since a password is supposed to be text, openssl reads -pass file: as a text file and treats it as a string. ", "That means if any of the random bytes is a null byte or a byte corresponding to the newline character, the remainder of the data in the file is discarded and ignored for the key-and-IV derivation. ", "This will occur on average about 1 in 4 times for random 32-byte values, and about 1 in 20 times it will occur early enough in the file to make the result cryptographically weak and breakable. ", "\nWhich raises the point: why are you using password-based encryption at all? ", "If your 'key' is 32 bytes from a decent secure RNG -- which openssl rand is -- you don't need to strengthen it, it's already valid as a key. ", "You can use openssl enc to do key-based encryption, not password-based, and it's more efficient, more secure, AND much easier in Java -- a massive win. ", "IF you use a new, random key for each encryption you don't even have to use a real IV, you can just use a zero IV as I did below. ", "But if you are going to reuse the/any key, you need to use a unique and unpredictable -- normally random -- IV for each encryption, and convey it with the data, perhaps by just putting it at the front.", "\nSo anyway, here's a fairly simple Java program which can handle either case: the openssl form of pdbkf2 with a 'password' that isn't actually a password and isn't UTF-8, or the more sensible key-based form (but for this demo with zero IV):\n//nopackage\nimport java.nio.charset.", "StandardCharsets;\nimport java.nio.file.;", "\nimport java.security.;", "\nimport java.util.;", "\nimport javax.crypto.;", "\nimport javax.crypto.spec.;", "\n\npublic class SO61613286 {\n static public void main (String[] args) throws Exception /* let JVM give error /{\n // arguments: P/K, filename output from openssl enc, filename of text pw or binary key\n byte[] file = Files.readAllBytes(Paths.get(args[1])); \n byte[] fil2 = Files.readAllBytes(Paths.get(args[2])); \n Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(\"AES/CBC/PKCS5Padding\");\n\n if( args[0].startsWith(\"P\") ){\n // possibly truncate 'password' in fil2\n int n = 0; for( ; n < fil2.length; n++ ) if( fil2[n]==0 \|\| fil2[n]=='\\n' ) break;\n if( n < fil2.length ) fil2 = Arrays.copyOf(fil2, n);\n // extract salt and derive ...\n byte[] salt = Arrays.copyOfRange(file, 8, 16);\n byte[] derive = PBKDF2 (\"HmacSHA256\", fil2, salt, 10000, 48);\n // ... key is first 32, IV is last 16\n cipher.init(Cipher.", "DECRYPT_MODE, new SecretKeySpec(derive,0,32,\"AES\"), new IvParameterSpec(derive,32,16));\n // remainder of file is ciphertext\n System.out.write( cipher.doFinal(file,16,file.length-16) );\n }else{\n // just use fil2 as key and zeros for IV ...\n cipher.init(Cipher.", "DECRYPT_MODE, new SecretKeySpec(fil2,\"AES\"), new IvParameterSpec(new byte[16]));\n // ... all of file is ciphertext\n System.out.write( cipher.doFinal(file,0,file.length) );\n // !!!", "if key will be reused, must use better IVs and transmit with the data!!!", "\n }\n }\n public static byte[] PBKDF2 (String prf, byte[] pass, byte[] salt, int iter, int len)\n throws NoSuchProviderException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, InvalidKeyException {\n byte[] result = new byte[len];\n Mac mac = Mac.getInstance(prf);\n mac.init (new SecretKeySpec (pass,prf));\n byte[] saltcnt = Arrays.copyOf (salt, salt.length+4);\n while( /remaining*/len>0 ){\n for( int o = saltcnt.length; --o>=saltcnt.length-4; ) if( ++saltcnt[o] !", "= 0 ) break; \n byte[] u = saltcnt, x = new byte[mac.getMacLength()];\n for( int i = 1; i <= iter; i++ ){\n u = mac.doFinal (u); \n for( int o = 0; o < x.length; o++ ) x[o] ^= u[o];\n }\n int len2 = Math.min (len, x.length);\n System.arraycopy (x,0, result,result.length-len, len2);\n len -= len2;\n }\n return result;\n }\n public static void testutf8 (){\n Random r = new Random();\n byte[] t = new byte[32];\n for( int i = 0; i < 1000000000; i++ ){\n r.nextBytes(t); \n if( Arrays.equals(new String (t, StandardCharsets.", "UTF_8).getBytes(StandardCharsets.", "UTF_8), t) ) \n System.out.println(i+\" \"+Arrays.toString(t));\n if( i % 1000000 == 999999 ) System.out.println (i);\n }\n }\n}\n\nand a demo:\n$ openssl rand 32 >SO61613286.rnd # repeated several times until I got this:\n$ xxd SO61613286.rnd # notice the null byte\n0000000: ab1a 1384 9238 0900 c947 6b9a c23d 5ee0 .....8...Gk..=^.\n0000010: 32f0 6b2f 91ec 2dd9 a69d eb7d e00e 37ff 2.k/..-....}..7.", "\n$\n$ echo the name of the cat >SO61613286.in\n$\n$ openssl aes-256-cbc -in SO61613286.in -out SO61613286.enc1 -pass file:SO61613286.rnd -pbkdf2 -iter 10000\n$ java8 -cp . ", "SO61613286 P SO61613286.enc1 SO61613286.rnd\nthe name of the cat\n$\n$ openssl aes-256-cbc -in SO61613286.in -out SO61613286.enc2 -K $(xxd -p -c32 SO61613286.rnd) -iv 00\nhex string is too short, padding with zero bytes to length\n$ # that's a warning and can be ignored, as long as we don't need real IVs (see above)\n$ java8 -cp . 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"recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 15328 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 15383, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 15370 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 15570, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 15557 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 14733, "entity_type": "US_BANK_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsBankRecognizer_140094861022736", "recognizer_name": "UsBankRecognizer" }, "score": 0.05, "start": 14723 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 14733, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", 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[ "Exemplary embodiments of the present invention relate to a technology for fabricating a semiconductor device and, more particularly, to a semiconductor device including air gaps and a method of fabricating the same.", "\nSemiconductor devices generally include insulating materials between adjacent conductive structures. ", "As the degree of integration of semiconductor devices is increased, the distance between adjacent conductive structures is reduced. ", "As the distance between adjacent conductive structures is reduced, parasitic capacitance increases, leading to poor performance.", "\nParasitic capacitance may be reduced when the dielectric constant of the insulating material formed between the conductive structures is lowered, but the reduction in parasitic capacitance is limited because insulating materials generally have high dielectric constants." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0	5	[]
[ "Q:\n\nXSL Grouping of elements based on attribute value matched with wildcard\n\nI would like to transform this xml fragment\n<Sets>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item1\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeB.item2\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeC.item3\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item2\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item3\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.service.typeA.item1\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.service.typeA.item2\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item4\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item5\"/>\n</Sets>\n\ninto the following xml fragment:\n<Category id=\"category.product\">\n <Group id=\"category.product.typeA\">\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item1\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item2\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item3\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item4\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item5\"/> \n </Group>\n <Group id=\"category.product.typeB\"> \n <Set id=\"category.product.typeB.item2\"/>\n </Group>\n <Group id=\"category.product.typeC\"> \n <Set id=\"category.product.typeC.item3\"/>\n </Group>\n</Category>\n<Category id=\"category.service\">\n <Group id=\"category.service.typeA\">\n <Set id=\"category.service.typeA.item1\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.service.typeA.item2\"/>\n </Group>\n</Category>\n\nBasically, I would like to put elements into separate groups based on an attribute value.", "\nSo, elements with attribute values that match:\ncategory.product.typeA.* should be put in one group \ncategory.product.typeB.* should be put in another group\nIf the value of the attribute matches category.product.* ", "the group should be put in one category, and if the value of the attribute matches category.service.* ", "it should be put in another category.", "\nI have made efforts with \"starts-with\" and \"for-each-group\", but I am not able to put together both the grouping of the elements and the wildcard matching of the attributes and would appreciate any help.", "\n\nA:\n\nHere is my suggestion:\n<xsl:stylesheet\n xmlns:xsl=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform\"\n xmlns:xs=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema\"\n xmlns:mf=\"http://example.com/mf\"\n exclude-result-prefixes=\"xs mf\"\n version=\"2.0\">\n\n<xsl:output indent=\"yes\"/>\n\n<xsl:template match=\"Sets\">\n <xsl:for-each-group select=\"Set\" group-by=\"string-join(tokenize(@id, '\\.')[position() lt 3], '.')\"", ">\n <Category id=\"{current-grouping-key()}\">\n <xsl:for-each-group select=\"current-group()\" group-by=\"string-join(tokenize(@id, '\\.')[position() lt 4], '.')\"", ">\n <Group id=\"{current-grouping-key()}\">\n <xsl:copy-of select=\"current-group()\"/>\n </Group>\n </xsl:for-each-group>\n </Category>\n </xsl:for-each-group>\n</xsl:template>\n\n</xsl:stylesheet>\n\nWhen I apply that stylesheet with Saxon 9.4 to your input I get the wanted result\n<Category id=\"category.product\">\n <Group id=\"category.product.typeA\">\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item1\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item2\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item3\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item4\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item5\"/>\n </Group>\n <Group id=\"category.product.typeB\">\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeB.item2\"/>\n </Group>\n <Group id=\"category.product.typeC\">\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeC.item3\"/>\n </Group>\n</Category>\n<Category id=\"category.service\">\n <Group id=\"category.service.typeA\">\n <Set id=\"category.service.typeA.item1\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.service.typeA.item2\"/>\n </Group>\n</Category>\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01038961038961039, 0.006134969325153374, 0 ]	0.002066	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1253, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1214 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2782, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2777 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3470, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 3431 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2069, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 2032 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2115, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 2082 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2150, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 2128 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 166, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 141 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 211, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 186 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 256, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 231 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 301, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 276 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 346, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 321 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 391, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 366 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 436, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 411 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 481, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 456 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 526, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, 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[ "Protesters at a pro-immigration rally where organizers called for a stop to the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) raids and deportations of illegal immigrants and to officially establish Los Angeles as a sanctuary city.", "\n\nSanctuary cities could throw a wrench into President Donald Trump's latest order to ramp up deportations of undocumented immigrants.", "\n\nThe president on Monday tweeted that his administration would be deporting millions of undocumented immigrants beginning next week, sparking fear in immigrant populations and their allies across the country. ", "The president's directive would represent a massive escalation of deportations.", "\n\nTweet\n\nThe plan may run into roadblocks in locales that have implemented so-called sanctuary policies for immigrants, experts say, although such policies will not stop deportation efforts entirely.", "\n\nMoreover, Immigration and Customs Enforcement's resources are stretched thin, making the agency tasked with arresting migrants more reliant on local authorities in some areas. ", "That too will hamper the administration's ability to significantly increase its efforts.", "\n\nThe raids, which will target as many as 2,000 migrant families with existing deportation orders, will begin Sunday in up to 10 major cities, including Houston, Chicago, Miami, and Los Angeles, the Washington Post reported, citing U.S. officials with knowledge of the plan.", "\n\nActing Director Mark Morgan said Wednesday that ICE will be sending agents into communities to detain and deport undocumented families as a deterrent to further migration, The New York Times reported. ", "The agency has been preparing in recent days to conduct mass arrests, including pulling in assistance from Homeland Security investigative agents, according to the Times.", "\n\nBut seven states and close to 200 counties and cities, including Los Angeles and Chicago, both of which are reportedly targets for the upcoming raids, have enacted sanctuary laws or policies, according to the Center for Immigration Studies, that could disrupt the administration's efforts.", "\n\nThe policies limit local law enforcement's cooperation with ICE agents and restrict ICE's access to local resources.", "\n\nSanctuary policies can vary widely among municipalities. ", "Measures include limiting cooperation with ICE detention requests, referred to as detainers, restricting information-sharing with the Department of Homeland Security, and preventing local law enforcement officers from being deputized as federal immigration officers.", "\n\nThey do not, however, prevent ICE from detaining and deporting immigrants, according to immigration law experts.", "\n\n\"It's about limiting the use of state and local resources in federal immigration enforcement, not actually stopping federal immigration enforcement from happening,\" said Ruthie Epstein, deputy director of immigration policy for the American Civil Liberties Union.", "\n\nOver time, though, the policies have contributed to a decline in migrant detentions, according to Lena Graber, an attorney for the Immigrant Legal Resource Center.", "\n\nDespite the Trump administration's efforts, deportation numbers have not reached the record-high levels they did in 2012 under President Barack Obama when more localities were enforcing ICE detention requests, Graber said.", "\n\n\"That has a real impact on overall numbers of deportations,\" she said.", "\n\nICE said detainers are important to the agency's work.", "\n\n\"When law enforcement agencies fail to honor immigration detainers and release serious criminal offenders, it undermines ICE's ability to protect public safety and carry out its mission,\" an ICE spokesman said. \"", "ICE is committed to maintaining and strengthening its relationships with local law enforcement.'", "\n\nThe agency pledged to continue its immigration enforcement operations.", "\n\n\"The border crisis doesn't start and stop at the border, which is why ICE will continue to conduct interior enforcement without exemption for those who are in violation of federal immigration law,\" the agency said in a statement. \"", "This includes routine targeted enforcement operations, criminals, individuals subject to removal orders, and worksite enforcement.\"", "\n\nTrump has frequently expressed hostility toward sanctuary cities.", "\n\nIn 2017, he signed an executive order to cut some federal funding to them, which was later blocked by a district court judge. ", "In April, he said he was considering releasing undocumented immigrants into sanctuary cities, although the Department of Homeland Security had rejected the plan twice in the past year.", "\n\nTweet\n\nPer Trump's tweet this week, ICE will \"begin the process of removing the millions of illegal aliens who have illicitly found their way into the United States ... as fast as they come in.\"", "\n\nICE likely lacks the resources to deport migrants on this scale, The Washington Post reported.", "\n\nThe agency averages 7,000 deportations per month. ", "It deported 256,085 undocumented immigrants last year, according to ICE statistics.", "\n\nICE arrests are also down 7% from 2017, according to the Post, in part because hundreds of ICE agents have been sent to the U.S. border with Mexico to beef up security.", "\n\nICE leans on local governments to fill shortages in its own resources, meaning that sanctuary policies could also hamper mass deportation efforts, Graber said.", "\n\n\"Over the last few decades, the way that DHS has carried out most of its deportations is by co-opting the resources of local and state agencies,\" she said. \"", "Without the assistance and active help and participation of localities, DHS can't deport as many people as they otherwise would.\"", "\n\nOnce immigrants are detained, deporting them is not always a quick process.", "\n\nThey can be deported immediately only if they have a pending removal order, have been previously ordered deported or agree to voluntary deportation, Epstein and Graber said. 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[ "Battler Ushiromiya had always loved big Rokkenjima with its mute, mutated mansion. ", "It was a place where he felt happy.", "\n\nHe was a modest, scheming, tea drinker with skinny legs and fit arms. ", "His friends saw him as a strange, spicy stupid. ", "Once, he had even saved a thoughtful old lady that was stuck in a drain. ", "That's the sort of man he was.", "\n\nBattler walked over to the window and reflected on his isolated surroundings. ", "The stormy teased like laughing cats.", "\n\nThen he saw something in the distance, or rather someone. ", "It was the figure of Beatrice the Golden Witch. ", "Beatrice was a hilarious evil with beautiful legs and fat arms.", "\n\nBattler gulped. ", "He was not prepared for Beatrice.", "\n\nAs Battler stepped outside and Beatrice came closer, he could see the delightful glint in her eye.", "\n\n\"I am here because I want for him to find out the truth,\" Beatrice bellowed, in an admirable tone. ", "She slammed her fist against Battler's chest, with the force of 7243 dogs. \"", "I frigging hate you, Battler Ushiromiya.\"", "\n\nBattler looked back, even more bored and still fingering the furniture stake. \"", "Beatrice, I'm in love with you,\" he replied.", "\n\nThey looked at each other with sad feelings, like two greasy, great goats shouting at a very wild dinner, which had classical music playing in the background and two courageous uncles killing to the beat.", "\n\nBattler studied Beatrice's beautiful legs and fat arms. ", "Eventually, he took a deep breath. \"", "I'm sorry, but I can't give you for him to find out the truth,\" he explained, in pitying tones.", "\n\nBeatrice looked angry, her body raw like a tan, thankful tea.", "\n\nBattler could actually hear Beatrice's body shatter into 9365 pieces. ", "Then the hilarious evil hurried away into the distance.", "\n\nNot even a cup of tea would calm Battler's nerves tonight.", "\n\nTHE END" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.012048192771084338, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0.02, 0.009900990099009901, 0.013157894736842105, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0.022727272727272728, 0, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0, 0, 0.013888888888888888, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0.1111111111111111 ]	0.011719	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 50, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 40 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 544, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 536 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 911, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 904 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1082, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1074 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1758, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1751 } ]
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[ "Notes on Productivity Home Page\n\nI had the opportunity to spend time with David Allen this weekend to talk about Getting Things Done, Lotus Notes, Cloud Computing, and extreme productivity. ", "David allowed me to interview him on some questions and record it so I could share it with you." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.02631578947368421, 0.010526315789473684 ]	0.018421	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 85, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 74 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 98, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 86 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 195, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 190 } ]
[ "Il Divo discography\n\nThe discography of multinational classical crossover vocal group Il Divo, contains eight studio albums, two live albums, one compilation album, a special Christmas album, singles and duets and collaborations.", "\n\nTheir debut album, Il Divo, was released in 2004 and went to number one in 13 countries worldwide. ", "Their second album, Ancora, was released in 2005; it went to number one in America selling more than 150,000 copies during its first week. ", "The Christmas Collection album, was released in October 2005 and was certified 2× Platinum in Canada and Platinum in America. ", "Their third album, Siempre, was released in 2006; it went to number one in ten countries. ", "Their fourth album, The Promise was released in 2008 and went to number one in seven countries, Their fifth album, Wicked Game in 2011, their sixth album, A Musical Affair in 2013 and their seventh album, Amor & Pasión in 2015.", "\n\nAlbums\n\nStudio albums\n\nLive albums\n\nCompilation albums\n\nSpecial Editions\n\nSingles\n\nExtras: Unaccredited\n«Volta Pra mim» Portuguese version of Regresa a mí (Unbreak My Heart).", "\n«With You I'm Born Again (Por ti vuelvo a nacer) »\n«I Believe I Can Fly (Se que puedo volar)»\n«Bridge over Troubled Water»\n«The Impossible Dream»\n«Hana wa Saku»\n«Furusato»\n«We Wish You a Merry Christmas»\n\nVideo albums\n\nMusic videos\n\nDuets and collaborations Il Divo\n\nIn soundtracks\n\nEvents\n FIFA World Cup: Il Divo & Toni Braxton «Time of Our Lives» \n\nTV soaps\n TV soaps Sortilegio'', song «Sortilegio de amor»\n\nDuets\n Anggun («Who Wants to Live Forever»)\n Barbra Streisand («Music Of The Night», «Somewhere», «Evergreen»)\n Celine Dion («I Believe in You (Je crois en toi)»)\nEngelbert Humperdick («Spanish Eyes»)\n Florent Pagny («Belle»)\n Heather Headley («Can You Feel the Love Tonight?»)", "\n Hélène Segara («Memory»)\n Juan Gabriel («Amor eterno»)\n Katherine Jenkins («Somewhere»)\n Kristin Chenoweth («Do You Hear What I Hear», «All I Ask of You»)\n Lea Salonga (« A Whole New World)», «Time to say goodbye (Con Te Partirò)», «Can You Feel the Love Tonight?»)", "\n Leona Lewis («Somewhere»)\n Lisa Angell («Can You Feel the Love Tonight?»)", "\n Mazz Murray («Memory», «Time to say goodbye (Con Te Partirò)», «Music Of The Night»)\n Michael Ball («Love Changes Everything»)\n Natasha St-Pier («Aimer»)\n Nicole Scherzinger («Memory»)\n Sonia Lacen («L'envie d'aimer»)\n Vincent Niclo («Le Temps Des Cathédrales»)\n\nCollaborations records of other artists\nOn Ne Change Pas de Celine Dion con la canción «I Believe in You (Je crois en toi)». (", "2005)\nVoices from the FIFA World Cup con la canción «Time of Our Lives». (", "2006)\n Libra - Toni Braxton song «The Time of Our Lives». (", "2006)\n Live in Concert - Barbra Streisand song «Evergreen». (", "2006)\n Engelbert Calling - Engelbert Humperdick, song «Spanish Eyes». (", "2014)\n Los Dúos - Juan Gabriel song «Amor eterno». (", "2015)\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Pop music group discographies\nCategory:Il Divo" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.008733624454148471, 0.009900990099009901, 0.007194244604316547, 0.007936507936507936, 0.011111111111111112, 0.004405286343612335, 0.017045454545454544, 0.008683068017366137, 0.011235955056179775, 0.013157894736842105, 0.01278772378516624, 0, 0.01694915254237288, 0.01639344262295082, 0.014084507042253521, 0.018518518518518517, 0.013513513513513514 ]	0.011274	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 184, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 175 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 278, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 274 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 377, 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[ "874526.5\n-155015.12\nWork out 2 -2.89449.", "\n-5.78898\nCalculate 4.88809-411.", "\n-2009.00499\n-4603 times 1390\n-6398170\nCalculate -1315882.492.", "\n-206472.396\nWhat is the product of -1.11313 and -60?", "\n66.7878\n132888 times 110\n14617680\nWhat is the product of -1205251 and -4?", "\n4821004\nWork out -106688425 * 0.", "\n0\n-256211 times -0.01\n2562.11\nWhat is 4529 times 0.6309?", "\n2857.3461\nWhat is 11 times -0.0975437?", "\n-1.0729807\nWork out -6754.095 * -4.", "\n27016.38\nCalculate -0.271770.02812.", "\n-0.0076421724\nWhat is the product of -5 and 14850341?", "\n-74251705\nWork out 0.06 6416459.", "\n384987.54\nWhat is the product of 883 and -0.208?", "\n-183.664\nWhat is the product of -0.558 and 7.4189?", "\n-4.1397462\n-0.2 * 1985651.89\n-397130.378\n-1049 * 2.33211\n-2446.38339\nWhat is -322 times 128.0142?", "\n-41220.5724\nCalculate -0.41-6920458.", "\n2837387.78\n4.119109 times -0.1\n-0.4119109\n0.313148.98\n976.1838\n-250.87568 * -0.21\n52.6838928\n0.4 times 858727\n343490.8\n0.11381853 * 0.019\n0.00216255207\nWhat is 0.0294 times -78.05?", "\n-2.29467\nMultiply -0.4 and 43393235.", "\n-17357294\nMultiply 50.6 and 155.47.", "\n7866.782\n728 times -15204\n-11068512\n1.677626 * 0.5\n0.838813\nMultiply -241685 and 1.62.", "\n-391529.7\n2243789 * 2.6\n5833851.4\nWhat is the product of -170807 and -1.788?", "\n305402.916\nWhat is the product of -0.04 and 19197.82?", "\n-767.9128\n-0.2 * 24848072\n-4969614.4\n0.217 times -122047\n-26484.199\n-1696320 times 34\n-57674880\n17.414-1.47\n-25.59858\nMultiply 40426 and -1416.", "\n-57243216\n-0.04 times -1176.7437\n47.069748\nWork out 28.59978 -0.2.", "\n-5.719956\n839 * -3855\n-3234345\nWhat is the product of -2017 and 49.414?", "\n-99668.038\nCalculate -12506-2.155.", "\n26950.43\nWork out 25223.04797 0.3.", "\n7566.914391\nProduct of -97.2541 and -1.", "\n97.2541\n-1613 times 0.03433\n-55.37429\nWork out 172025 * 0.5.", "\n86012.5\nWhat is -0.1 times 38070.83?", "\n-3807.083\n14.571299 * -0.4\n-5.8285196\nProduct of 71 and -8627.", "\n-612517\nMultiply 1993.4 and -464.", "\n-924937.6\nWork out 470 * -23.6.", "\n-11092\nMultiply 0.1 and -0.96446.", "\n-0.096446\n0.36 * -5845701\n-2104452.36\nMultiply -1.44 and 6.72632.", "\n-9.6859008\nWhat is -7671093 times -4.4?", "\n33752809.2\n3.4911 * 6231\n21753.0441\nWork out 1794062 * -2.", "\n-3588124\nWhat is -0.1 times -188717190?", "\n18871719\nCalculate 0.070.08139741.", "\n0.0056978187\nWhat is the product of -62 and 7.419573?", "\n-460.013526\nWork out 15105 618.", "\n9334890\n-2056271 * -0.6\n1233762.6\n13708.4 times 0.65\n8910.46\n-43413122\n-8682624\n-521457.34\n-2085829.2\n0.8939 times -122.75\n-109.726225\nProduct of 2.727 and 22862.", "\n62344.674\nCalculate 0.052613153.", "\n8.049789\n-33.31537120\n0\nWhat is the product of -393813 and 120?", "\n-47257560\nCalculate -14.10783855-0.1.", "\n1.410783855\n5 times 716728\n3583640\n-36.131466-14\n505.840524\nWhat is -626 times 0.6394?", "\n-400.2644\nProduct of -16 and 14343314.", "\n-229493024\nWhat is the product of 0.4 and 594110?", "\n237644\nWork out -0.27777 * 0.99.", "\n-0.2749923\n4842497 times -0.33\n-1598024.01\nCalculate -0.0584-67135.", "\n3920.684\n-2342079.1 -18\n42157423.8\nWhat is 1323669 times -18?", "\n-23826042\n2259816 * -16\n-36157056\nWhat is the product of 249084 and -4?", "\n-996336\nWork out -0.14 * 105.02034.", "\n-14.7028476\n-131420.77 * 0.24\n-31540.9848\nMultiply 0.2614 and 4.324.", "\n1.1302936\nProduct of -7641 and -1.9328.", "\n14768.5248\nWork out 0.129 * -116851.3.", "\n-15073.8177\n-0.3-1.8708948\n0.56126844\n-39637.79 0.3\n-11891.337\n2717372 * 0.9\n2445634.8\nProduct of -0.9 and -6379297.", "\n5741367.3\n1.0890078 times -6\n-6.5340468\nWork out 0.7 * -2.56301914.", "\n-1.794113398\n-7646 times 7920\n-60556320\nWhat is -2 times 32177206?", "\n-64354412\n70 * 348081\n24365670\nWhat is 192791 times 38?", "\n7326058\n1.143-0.073618\n-0.084145374\nWork out -114 -9647.", "\n1099758\nCalculate 14209-1553.", "\n-22066577\n5999615-4\n-23998460\nMultiply -4.73 and 6610.", "\n-31265.3\n-8708.7 times 74\n-644443.8\nWhat is the product of -401381252 and -0.3?", "\n120414375.6\nProduct of -0.5 and -1886185.77.", "\n943092.885\n79318252\n15863650\n3 28363215\n85089645\nProduct of -0.222 and -1763.", "\n391.386\nWhat is 30.5 times 562.1?", "\n17144.05\nMultiply -117 and -0.062722.", "\n7.338474\nCalculate -0.41058698.", "\n-423479.2\n41237 times -2.68\n-110515.16\nWhat is 0.5 times -167869.9?", "\n-83934.95\nCalculate 5-69128776.", "\n-345643880\nWhat is the product of -1536.7 and 3478?", "\n-5344642.6\n0.2 * 3321660\n664332\nCalculate 0.31173966.", "\n301.13118\n2122298088\n468259848\nWork out 39.732716 * -2.", "\n-79.465432\nProduct of -2046 and 581.", "\n-1188726\nWhat is 59110 times -4.6?", "\n-271906\nWork out 1337632 * -35.", "\n-46817120\nCalculate 0.988.694106.", "\n79.8246954\n-0.4-2260.4327\n904.17308\nProduct of -19.17 and 14.7145.", "\n-282.076965\nWhat is 0.029752 times 0.184?", "\n0.005474368\nProduct of 4107.9 and -1087.5.", "\n-4467341.25\n-0.2-1114672\n222934.4\nWhat is -1452 times 53117?", "\n-77125884\nWhat is 225519 times -399.9?", "\n-90185048.1\n-4567.823 0\n0\nCalculate -121.5785.6.", "\n-680.8368\nProduct of -0.3 and -22897704.", "\n6869311.2\nCalculate -640.125549.", "\n-8.035136\nWhat is 9902974 times 2?", "\n19805948\nWhat is the product of 0.03 and 0.7723835?", "\n0.023171505\n-2.91446-0.007\n0.02040122\n-6443913 17\n-109546521\n-82185314\n-17482512\nWork out 737.435 -25.", "\n-18435.875\nWork out -1853 * -1.151.", "\n2132.803\nProduct of 305000 and -2.5.", "\n-762500\n112364 * 0.009\n1011.276\n-7689804 * -18\n138416472\nMultiply -0.033 and 14.20592.", "\n-0.46879536\nProduct of -0.199 and -0.206898.", "\n0.041172702\nMultiply -0.3 and -23.6499.", "\n7.09497\nWork out -234.8337 * -0.015.", "\n3.5225055\n-4.7 * -417863\n1963956.1\nMultiply 202 and -60.483.", "\n-12217.566\nMultiply 0.24 and 99972.2.", "\n23993.328\nProduct of -0.6615611 and -2.", "\n1.3231222\nProduct of -2 and -1028518.8.", "\n2057037.6\nProduct of 18563 and -2.13.", "\n-39539.19\nCalculate 15.2402850.3.", "\n4.5720855\nWhat is the product of 3 and -3419900?", "\n-10259700\n-1.94414 0.065\n-0.1263691\nCalculate -0.044965441.", "\n-0.04496544\nWhat is -4332 times -1963?", "\n8503716\nMultiply 28 and -1646.82.", "\n-46110.96\nWhat is the product of 0.7659231 and 0.04?", "\n0.030636924\n-1054.257358\n-60466803.6\n514.180269 times 5\n2570.901345\nWhat is the product of -119587 and 14?", "\n-1674218\nWhat is -25370 times -0.7237?", "\n18360.269\nWhat is the product of -2776372 and 0.04?", "\n-111054.88\nWhat is -27 times -8898572?", "\n240261444\n0.561 * -5940.8\n-3332.7888\nProduct of 1590.07 and -1.52.", "\n-2416.9064\nWork out 1.1 * 10592212.", "\n11651433.2\n-0.03337 * -19.29\n0.6437073\nMultiply -0.031 and -7.227.", "\n0.224037\n-226527680.4\n-9061107.2\nWork out -13022 -969.", "\n12618318\nCalculate -26.20.251163.", "\n-6.5804706\nMultiply 705 and -19850.", "\n-13994250\n1202104312\n252517440\nWork out 980 * 42264.", "\n41418720\nProduct of -10 and -6100767.", "\n61007670\nMultiply -5670 and 94.97.", "\n-538479.9\nWhat is the product of 21.24315 and -3?", "\n-63.72945\n-1.15 * -29.6747\n34.125905\nWhat is 4 times -623824?", "\n-2495296\nWhat is the product of 0.19185 and 246?", "\n47.1951\nProduct of -43690901 and 1.", "\n-43690901\nProduct of -0.5 and 8034368.", "\n-4017184\nProduct of -15426 and 150.", "\n-2313900\nMultiply -14.264 and 2.453.", "\n-34.989592\nWhat is 0.02 times 23575292?", "\n471505.84\nWhat is the product of 55129 and 7?", "\n385903\n10279 * 734\n7544786\nWhat is 4.89 times -445?", "\n-2176.05\n-19551 times -2.82\n55133.82\n466140-90\n-41952600\nWhat is -8.8148 times 0.572?", "\n-5.0420656\n1.7 -12418\n-21110.6\n10.402186\n1934.772\nWhat is the product of -0.7 and 118819?", "\n-83173.3\nCalculate -710374572.", "\n-142074914\nMultiply -5.2112 and -53.", "\n276.1936\nCalculate 6074.0805.", "\n2476.8635\nWhat is the product of 0.05255 and -1599?", "\n-84.02745\n-0.5 times 178444.3\n-89222.15\n-15.68-825\n12936\n-0.01-13052132\n130521.32\nProduct of -0.2 and 0.19502338.", "\n-0.039004676\n1658.6 0.09425\n156.32305\nMultiply -0.007 and 10071761.", "\n-70502.327\nCalculate 3121290.07.", "\n21849.03\nMultiply 0.08169592 and 31.", "\n2.53257352\nCalculate -350.279153.", "\n-1050.83745\nWhat is the product of -0.1 and 74877089?", "\n-7487708.9\nWhat is 934534961 times -0.4?", "\n-373813984.4\n-0.06163 * -1406\n86.65178\nCalculate 0.214597724.", "\n2919544.8\nWork out 409.23 -2906.", "\n-1189222.38\nCalculate 0.1076596-0.34.", "\n-0.036604264\n21217070\n4558470\nWhat is -95211090 times -4?", "\n380844360\nWhat is 110 times -1855.3?", "\n-204083\nProduct of -0.6 and 696252.63.", "\n-417751.578\nWork out 0.13 * 514.6217.", "\n66.900821\nWhat is -2 times 10298727?", "\n-20597454\n-3526 times -27554\n97155404\n-1.429 * 2.9067\n-4.1536743\nWhat is -84 times 8.78528?", "\n-737.96352\nWhat is 33.71 times 0.635023?", "\n21.40662533\nProduct of 0.2 and 27010269.", "\n5402053.8\nProduct of -0.5 and 537590.1.", "\n-268795.05\nMultiply 3549442 and 3.", "\n10648326\n-2367-1999.53\n4732887.51\nWork out 43759895 -3.1.", "\n-135655674.5\nWork out 0.1 *" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0, 0, 0, 0.006896551724137931, 0, 0, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0.05, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.058823529411764705, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012121212121212121, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03125, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008333333333333333, 0, 0, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.04411764705882353, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03125, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0, 0, 0.011494252873563218, 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02564102564102564, 0, 0, 0, 0.02564102564102564, 0, 0.02564102564102564, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0.027777777777777776, 0, 0.02631578947368421, 0, 0.02, 0, 0.02040816326530612, 0.027777777777777776, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011494252873563218, 0, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0, 0, 0.008620689655172414, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.004301	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 482, "entity_type": "UK_NHS", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "NhsRecognizer_140094861024608", "recognizer_name": "NhsRecognizer" }, "score": 1, "start": 472 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2570, "entity_type": "AU_TFN", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "AuTfnRecognizer_140094861022688", "recognizer_name": "AuTfnRecognizer" }, "score": 1, "start": 2561 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 4452, "entity_type": "AU_ACN", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "AuAcnRecognizer_140094861021344", "recognizer_name": "AuAcnRecognizer" }, "score": 1, "start": 4443 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 258, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 250 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1540, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1535 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2734, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2728 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2965, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2959 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3008, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2999 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3306, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 3304 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3476, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 3465 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 5451, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 5442 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 6578, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 6571 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 8098, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 8091 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 564, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", "recognizer_name": "PhoneRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 558 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 911, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", "recognizer_name": "PhoneRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 905 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1108, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", "recognizer_name": "PhoneRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 1100 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1145, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", "recognizer_name": "PhoneRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 1130 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1303, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", "recognizer_name": "PhoneRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 1294 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1343, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", "recognizer_name": "PhoneRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 1336 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1454, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", "recognizer_name": "PhoneRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 1448 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1490, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", "recognizer_name": "PhoneRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 1476 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1618, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", "recognizer_name": "PhoneRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 1607 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1637, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", "recognizer_name": "PhoneRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 1621 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1734, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", "recognizer_name": "PhoneRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 1722 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1834, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", 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[ " United States Court of Appeals\n FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT\n ___________\n\n No. ", "04-2852\n ___________\n\nScott Scanlon, \n \n Appellant, \n Appeal from the United States\n v. * District Court for the\n * Eastern District of Arkansas.", "\nCorrectional Medical Services; \nRoland Anderson, Regional \nMedical Director, CMS; Max \nMobley, Deputy Director, Arkansas \nDepartment of Correction; Dr. Robin \nHickerson, Former ADC Psychiatrist; [UNPUBLISHED]\nDr. Solomon Mogbo, Former CMS \nDoctor, ADC; Lorne Ryan, Consult \nDoctor, \n \n Appellees. ", " *\n ___________\n\n Submitted: March 23, 2005\n Filed: March 24, 2005\n ___________\n\nBefore MELLOY, McMILLIAN, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.", "\n ___________\n\nPER CURIAM.", "\n\f In this interlocutory appeal, Arkansas prisoner Scott Scanlon contests the\ndistrict court’s1 denial of his motion for a preliminary injunction. ", "Scanlon claims that\ndefendants are violating the Eighth Amendment through their deliberate indifference\nto his serious medical needs, and requests transfer to “an appropriate medical\nfacility.”", "\n\n The district court did not abuse its discretion in determining that a preliminary\ninjunction was not warranted in this case because Scanlon showed neither a threat of\nirreparable harm nor a probability of success on the merits. ", "The record reflects that\nScanlon is receiving ongoing medical care, and that he merely disagrees with\ndefendant medical providers’ diagnoses and treatment. ", "See Bandag, Inc. v. Jack’s\nTire & Oil, Inc., 190 F.3d 924, 926 (8th Cir. ", "1999) (per curiam) (standard of review);\nSmith v. Marcantonio, 910 F.2d 500, 502 (8th Cir. ", "1990) (mere disagreement with\ncourse of treatment does not state constitutional claim for deliberate indifference);\nDataphase Sys., ", "Inc. v. C.L. Sys., ", "Inc., 640 F.2d 109, 113 (8th Cir. ", "1981) (en banc)\n(factors to consider in deciding whether to grant preliminary injunction).", "\n\n Accordingly, we affirm.", "\n ______________________________\n\n\n\n\n 1\n The Honorable William R. Wilson, Jr., United States District Judge for the\nEastern District of Arkansas, adopting the report and recommendations of the\nHonorable H. David Young, United States Magistrate Judge for the Eastern District\nof Arkansas.", "\n -2-\n\f" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }	[ 0.011428571428571429, 0.0053475935828877, 0.022935779816513763, 0.007575757575757576, 0, 0.006535947712418301, 0, 0.004219409282700422, 0, 0.0273972602739726, 0.02197802197802198, 0, 0.05263157894736842, 0, 0.011111111111111112, 0, 0.009433962264150943, 0.020833333333333332 ]	0.01119	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 222, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 209 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 398, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 381 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 518, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": 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[ "Q:\n\nShould I include being an interviewer on my resume?", "\n\nI am not the manager of the team I work on but was the first hire in it and have conducted dozens of interviews making a significant contribution to the assembly of a successful team of a handful of programmers. ", "I take a lot of pride in conducting interviews and consider it a skill of mine. ", "Should I mention this on my resume?", "\n\nA:\n\nIf you think interviewing skills are directly related to the position you're applying for, sure, put it on there. ", " if it's not directly related to the position, you can still include it, but maybe put it down towards the bottom of the list. ", " (Nice to know you can do it, but keep the focus on the skills that are actually relevant.)", "\nThat being said, if you're going to make a point about how good you are at conducting interviews on your resume, you better make damn sure you leave a good impression when you're being interviewed.", "\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0	5	[]
[ "Ancestors of Howard Hickman\n\nPerson Page - 868\n\nGeorge Estle was born on 22 May 1875 at Greene Co, PA.. He was the son of Joseph Estle and Catherine Elizabeth Ashby. ", "He was a farmer in 1930 at Battelle District, Monongalia Co, WV.. He died on 14 January 1940 at Monongalia Co, WV., ", "at age 64.", "\n\nCora Jane Hoy was born on 1 July 1885 at Greene Co, PA.. She married William Lindsey Estle, son of John Estle and Olive Morris, on 15 January 1921 at Waynesburg, PA.. She died in 1938.2 She was buried at Cleughton Chapel Cemetery, Whiteley Twp, Greene Co, PA..\n\nCharles Chamberlain was born in 1832. ", "He married Melinda Estle, daughter of William Estle and Susan Catherine Swan, on 16 January 1865 at Jasper Co, IA.. He was thrown from his wagon and killed. ", "His team had become frightened by a train. ", "He died in December 1876 at Jasper Co, IA..\n\nCitations\n\nWilliam Thomas Estle was born on 20 October 1873 at Greene Co, PA.. He was the son of Joseph Estle and Catherine Elizabeth Ashby. ", "He was a retail merchant in 1910 at Battelle District, Monongalia Co, WV.. He was a teacher in 1920 at Battelle District, Monongalia Co, WV.. He died on 10 July 1945 at Clear Creek Twp, Ashland Co, OH., ", "at age 71." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.030120481927710843, 0.02586206896551724, 0, 0.033112582781456956, 0.03184713375796178, 0, 0.03225806451612903, 0.024630541871921183, 0 ]	0.019759	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 27, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 13 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 60, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 48 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 84, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 73 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 101, "entity_type": 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[ "1. ", "Introduction {#sec1-ijerph-16-02923}\n===============\n\nSmall-sided games (SSGs) are very popular exercise drills designed by coaches to replicate official match dynamics and increase the intensity and individual participation of players during soccer training sessions \\[[@B1-ijerph-16-02923],[@B2-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "In SSGs, the format of play (number of players involved), pitch size, and some rules can be manipulated to adjust the exertion required by players to meet the coach's proposed objective \\[[@B3-ijerph-16-02923],[@B4-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "One of the advantages of SSGs is that, if properly designed, they may represent an effective strategy for multicomponent training \\[[@B5-ijerph-16-02923]\\], allowing for the development of both physical/physiological and technical/tactical skills at the same time \\[[@B6-ijerph-16-02923]\\].", "\n\nSSGs are often used to promote new affordances and to adjust the tactical complexity to the main goal of the coach, improving the decision making of players \\[[@B7-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "In fact, small variations in these games may promote a significant change in the player's behavior, thus resulting in consequences for the overall intensity of exercise \\[[@B8-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "Despite these games being promoted for improving the collective and individual behavior of players, there is also a relationship with the physical and physiological demands of players.", "\n\nAmong the common topics researched in SSGs and its physiological effects is the effects of training regimens on players' performance and acute responses \\[[@B9-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "The load imposed on players and the way in which this load occurs must be understood to ensure that training stimuli are adjusted to promote high-intensity exertion without compromising external load or technical/tactical performance \\[[@B10-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "The load is closely related to the following training prescription that should be taken in account \\[[@B2-ijerph-16-02923]\\]: (a) work intensity and duration; (b) recovery type (rest/active recovery) and duration; and (c) total work duration (work interval number × work duration).", "\n\nIn the specific case of SSGs, comparisons between continuous and intermittent training regimens are commonly conducted \\[[@B9-ijerph-16-02923],[@B11-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "Most results do not reveal meaningful or clear changes between these types of regimens in terms of heart rate responses and blood lactate concentrations \\[[@B9-ijerph-16-02923],[@B12-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "However, when comparing different intermittent regimens (short, moderate, and long) with continuous regimens, the evidence suggests that continuous regimens result in higher values of maximal heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and perceived exertion \\[[@B13-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "Moreover, continuous regimens seem to increase the distance covered at low running speeds and decrease moderate-to-intense running distances \\[[@B13-ijerph-16-02923]\\].", "\n\nAs high-intensity drills, SSGs seem to fit in the category of interval training. ", "Rather than compare the acute effects of continuous versus intermittent regimens, it is important to analyze the effects of different intermittent regimens. ", "In a study conducted using a 3 × 3 SSG format, it was found that long bouts (sets) (3 × 6 min/2 min rest) decreased heart rate responses in comparison to medium (3 × 4 min/2 min rest) and small (3 × 2 min/2 min rest) bouts \\[[@B14-ijerph-16-02923]\\] if the first minute of data is excluded. ", "However, no meaningful changes were observed in perceived exertion or technical actions \\[[@B14-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "In another study, it was found that, compared to long bouts, shorter bouts elicited lower maximal heart rate, shorter total distance covered at low running speed, and greater distances covered at medium and high running speeds \\[[@B13-ijerph-16-02923]\\].", "\n\nThe proper adjustment of SSGs to suit the purpose of training may help coaches optimize the amount of exertion imposed on players and may improve their performance. ", "However, while a couple of experiments have compared different intermittent soccer training regimens \\[[@B13-ijerph-16-02923],[@B14-ijerph-16-02923]\\], the information presented lacks a clear demonstration of the effects of different training regimens on internal (acute physiological responses) and external (physical demands) load variables. ", "A comparison between bout durations should help researchers understand the patterns of exertion and provide meaningful information to coaches to help them choose the most effective regimens for their players. ", "Moreover, coaches will also be able to analyze the effects of different intermittent regimens on time-motion performance during SSGs. ", "Based on this rationale, the aim of the present study was two-fold: (i) to analyze variations in rate of perceived exertion, heart rate responses, and time-motion demands between two intermittent training regimens (6 × 3' and 3 × 6') during an SSG (5 × 5 format); and (ii) to test the variations of the above-mentioned variables within training regimens (between sets).", "\n\n2. ", "Materials and Methods {#sec2-ijerph-16-02923}\n========================\n\n2.1. ", "Participants {#sec2dot1-ijerph-16-02923}\n-----------------\n\nTen male amateur soccer players (age: 23.7 ± 1.1 years; experience: 10.3 ± 3.1 years; height: 178.2 ± 5.3 cm; weight: 72.1 ± 4.9 kg) competing at the regional level participated in this study. ", "The participants usually trained three times a week and played one match every week. ", "Participants were informed about the study design and the potential implications, risks, and benefits of participating. ", "After that, participants freely signed an informed consent. ", "The experiment followed the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki for the study in humans. ", "The study was approved by the local ethical committee (School of Sport and Leisure) with the code number IPVC-ESDL180503.", "\n\n2.2. ", "Experimental Approach {#sec2dot2-ijerph-16-02923}\n--------------------------\n\nThis study used a counterbalanced repeated-measures design to compare the rate of perceived exertion (RPE), mean heart rate (HRmean), total distance (TD), running distance (RD), sprinting distance (SD), total accelerations (TAc), total decelerations (TDc) and player load (PL) of the participants in two different SSG regimens: 6 sets of 3 min with 2 min of rest (6 × 3' regimen) and 3 sets of 6 min with 2 min of rest (3 × 6' regimen). ", "The study was conducted for 2 weeks immediately after the last official match of the season. ", "The study occurred in the same pitch and the 10 players participated in all data collection sessions.", "\n\nThe 5 × 5 format was employed in both training regimens. ", "Each regimen was implemented twice, interspaced by a period of one week to ensure each session was performed under similar conditions. ", "In each session, only one SSG regimen was implemented. ", "In the first week, the 6 × 3' regimen was implemented first and the 3 × 6' regimen was implemented 48 h afterward, without any other training sessions in between. ", "In the second week, the inverse sequence was employed. ", "The mean of results obtained in each condition (mean of the two days of data collection with the same regimen) was used between regimens comparisons.", "\n\nThe players were distributed into two teams based on skill level and playing position to homogenize the competitive level. ", "The teams did not change during the study. ", "Players wore vests equipped with a GPS and HR sensors during the SSGs. ", "The SSGs were played on synthetic turf at 6:00 p.m. at an average temperature of 23 °C and a relative humidity of 57% no SSGs played under rainy weather conditions. ", "All SSGs were preceded by a standardized warm-up consisting of 5 min of jogging, 5 min of lower-limb dynamic stretching and mobility exercises, 5 min of agility and speed drills, and 5 min of a ball possession game.", "\n\n2.3. ", "Small-Sided Game {#sec2dot3-ijerph-16-02923}\n---------------------\n\nThe 5 × 5 format was implemented with small goals (2 × 1 m) without goalkeepers. ", "The size of the pitch was 42 × 22 m (924 m^2^). ", "The individual playing area (area divided by the total number of players) followed previous recommendations to promote SSGs based on the real game situations (area of play) in attacking processes \\[[@B15-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "Two training regimens were used: 6 × 3'/2' rest and 3 × 6'/2' rest. ", "The teams were composed of 2 defenders, 2 midfielders and 1 forward with similar skill levels as based on a preliminary observational test.", "\n\nNo specific verbal instructions were provided before, during, or after the SSGs. ", "However, verbal encouragement was provided to keep players committed and to help them to maintain a high exertion level. ", "Six balls were placed around the pitch to ensure a quick repositioning if the ball in play went out of bounds. ", "The SSGs followed official soccer rules with exception of offside.", "\n\n2.4. ", "Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) {#sec2dot4-ijerph-16-02923}\n---------------------------------------\n\nPlayers were instructed to rate their perceived effort immediately after each SSG. ", "The CR-10 point scale \\[[@B16-ijerph-16-02923]\\] was used to classify the effort; on this scale, 1 means \"very light activity\" and 10 means \"maximal exertion.\" ", "Players rated the effort individually as to not hear or be influenced by other teammates' responses. ", "All the players were previously instructed of the use of the scale to optimize the accuracy of their ratings during the experiments.", "\n\n2.5. ", "Heart Rate (HR) and Global Positioning System (GPS) {#sec2dot5-ijerph-16-02923}\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\nPlayers wore an HR sensor and a chest belt (Polar H7, Polar Electro, OY, Kempele, Finland) which recorded data every second during the SSGs. ", "Data were imported into the Polar Team application. ", "The HRmean (bpm) per each set was used to measure this variable.", "\n\nThe players also wore a vest with a geolocation tracker (JOHAN Sports, Noordwijk, The Netherlands) consisting of a GPS sensor (10 Hz, including EGNOS correction), accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer (100 Hz, 3 axes). ", "The validity and reliability values of the devices can be found in a previous study \\[[@B17-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "The tracker was placed in a bag of the vest located at the dorsal region. ", "The data was exported and treated immediately after each session.", "\n\nThe following variables were collected from the tracker devices: (a) total distance (meters per minute); (b) running distance at 14--19.9 km/h (meters per minute); (c) sprinting distance at \\>20.0 km/h (meters per minute); (d) total accelerations \\>2 m/s^2^ (number per minute); (e) total decelerations \\>2 m/s^2^ (number per minute); and (f) player's load (g per min), being calculated by estimating the total acceleration difference between two consecutive time steps being the length of the three-dimensional vector of accelerations in the anteroposterior, mediolateral, and craniocaudal axes between time step = 0 and time step = 1. ", "Players were familiarized with the use of the HR belts and trackers vests before the study began.", "\n\n2.6. ", "Statistical Procedures {#sec2dot6-ijerph-16-02923}\n---------------------------\n\nThe results are presented as either means and standard deviations (SD) or percentage differences and 90% confidence intervals (90% CI). ", "The confidence intervals were defined following the recommendations for this kind of sample \\[[@B18-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "Normality and homogeneity of the data were firstly tested and verified before the inference analyses. ", "Between-training regimens and within-training regimens differences were analyzed using the standardized differences of the effect size (ES) \\[[@B19-ijerph-16-02923]\\], with a 90% CI. ", "ES was classified as trivial (\\<0.2), small (0.2--0.6), moderate (0.6--1.2), or large (\\>1.2) \\[[@B18-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "Probabilities were calculated considering the smallest worthwhile changes (SWC, 0.2 × between-subjects SD) \\[[@B20-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "Qualitative probabilistic mechanistic inferences of the true effects were made using these probabilities \\[[@B20-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "The scale for qualitative probabilities was as follows: 25--75% = possible; 75--95% = likely; 95--99% = very likely; \\>99% = almost certain \\[[@B20-ijerph-16-02923]\\].", "\n\n3. ", "Results {#sec3-ijerph-16-02923}\n==========\n\nDescriptive statistics of internal and external load variables in both SSG training regimens can be found in [Table 1](#ijerph-16-02923-t001){ref-type=\"table\"} (values represent the average of the two sessions per type of intermittent protocol). ", "Descriptive analyses reveal that RPE were higher in the last set in both 6 × 3' (6.1 ± 1.9 arbitrary units (A.U.)) and 3 × 6' (6.7 ± 1.6 A.U.) training regimens. ", "The HRmean was higher in the second set of 6 × 3' regimen (171.6 ± 10.0 bpm) and in the third set of 3 × 6' regimen (171.1 ± 10.9). ", "TD was greater in the third set of 6 × 3' regimen (112.5 ± 11.1 m/min) and in the first set of 3 × 6' regimen (103.3 ± 7.6 m/min). ", "RD was greater in the second set of 6 × 3' regimen (10.0 ± 5.1 m/min) and in the second set of 3 × 6'regimen (9.4 ± 5.6 m/min). ", "SD was greater in the third set of 6 × 3' regimen (1.5 ± 1.9 m/min) and in the second set of 3 × 6' regimen (0.7 ± 1.3 m/min). ", "TAc and TDc were greater in the second set of 6 × 3' regimen (2.9 ± 0.8 and 2.7 ± 0.9 n/min, respectively) and in the first set of 3 × 6' regimen (2.1 ± 1.0 and 1.9 ± 1.0 n/min, respectively). ", "Finally, PL was greater in the second and third sets of 6 × 3' regimen (7.3 ± 1.3 g/min) and in the first set of 3 × 6' regimen (1.9 ± 1.0 g/min).", "\n\nBetween-training regimen variations can be found in [Table 2](#ijerph-16-02923-t002){ref-type=\"table\"} (values represent the average of the two sessions per type of intermittent protocol). ", "Almost certain large decreases of TD (−8.6%, \\[−12.3; −4.8\\], ES: −1.51, \\[−2.20; −0.82\\]) and RD (−34.0%, \\[47.0; −17.8\\], ES: −2.23, \\[−3.40; −1.05\\]) were observed when comparing 3 × 6' versus 6 × 3' regimens. ", "Very likely moderate and large decreases of TAc (−24.0%, \\[−35.1; −10.9\\]; ES: −1.11, \\[−1.75; −0.47\\]) and TDc (−26.7%, \\[−38.8; −12.1\\]; ES: −1.49, \\[−2.36; −0.62\\]), respectively, were found when comparing 3 × 6' versus 6 × 3' regimens.", "\n\nWithin-training regimen differences can be found in [Figure 1](#ijerph-16-02923-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Figure 2](#ijerph-16-02923-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "To simplify the analysis, the six sets within 6 × 3' SSG regimen were grouped in three sets consisting the first set in the average of sets 1 and 2, the second set in the average of sets 3 and 4 and the third set in the average of 5 and 6. ", "Very likely increases of RPE were found in the 3rd set in comparison to the 1st during the 3 × 6' SSG regimen (34.5%, \\[12.4; 61.0\\], ES: 1.35, \\[0.53; 2.16\\], large magnitude) and 6 × 3' SSG regimen (29.9%, \\[11.6; 51.2\\]; ES: 1.17, \\[0.49; 1.85\\], moderate magnitude). ", "Trivial-to-small changes of HR were found between sets in both training regimens. ", "Likely decreases of total distance were found from set 3 to set 1 (−11.6%, \\[−20.8; −1.3\\], ES: −1.78, \\[−3.38; −0.19\\], large magnitude) and from set 2 to set 3 (−9.2%, \\[−18.6; 1.3\\], ES: −1.33, \\[−2.85; 0.18\\], large magnitude) in 3 × 6' SSG regimen. ", "Very likely decreases of total distance were found from set 3 to set 1 (−6.2%, \\[−8.8; −3.5\\], ES: −0.96, \\[−1.39; −0.53\\], moderate magnitude) and almost certain decreases were found from set 3 to set 2 (−6.0%, \\[−8.0; −3.9\\], ES:−0.87, \\[−1.18; −0.56\\], moderate magnitude) in 6 × 3' SSG regimen. ", "Very likely decreases of player load were found from set 3 to set 1 (−13.1%, \\[−23.1; −2.9\\], ES: −1.37, \\[−2.46; −0.27\\], large magnitude\\] during 3 × 6' SSG regimen.", "\n\nWithin-training regimens differences in running distance were trivial-to-small in the majority of comparisons and the moderate magnitudes were unclear. ", "Considering the sprinting distances, the variations were also trivial-to-small. ", "Unclear large (−30.6%, \\[−58.3; 15.5\\], ES: −1.96, \\[−4.69; 0.77\\], large magnitude) and unclear moderate (−24.9%, \\[−52.3; 18.7\\], ES: −1.18, \\[−3.08; 0.71\\], moderate magnitude) decreases of total accelerations were found from set 3 to set 1 and set 3 to set 2 during 6 × 3' SSG regimen, respectively. ", "Trivial-to-small changes of total decelerations and unclear moderate differences were found in both training regimens.", "\n\n4. ", "Discussion {#sec4-ijerph-16-02923}\n=============\n\nBetween-SSG training regimens, changes were observed in the present study. ", "Almost certain large increases in total and running distances were observed in the shorter sets (6 × 3'), and very likely moderate and large increases in total accelerations and decelerations, respectively, during shorter sets were found. ", "RPE showed likely small increases during longer sets (6 × 3'). ", "Likely small increases in player load during shorter sets were also found. ", "Briefly, this evidence suggests that shorter sets contribute to an increase in terms of moderate-running speed distances and high-intensity actions associated with accelerations and decelerations higher than 2 m/s^2^ while resulting in a lower RPE than in longer sets. ", "Although no meaningful differences were found in a study that compared time-motion variables between 4 × 4' and 2 × 8' 5 × 5 SSG regimens \\[[@B11-ijerph-16-02923]\\], our results are partially in line with the findings of a study that compared short (6 × 2'), medium (3 × 4'), and long (2 × 6') regimens \\[[@B13-ijerph-16-02923]\\].", "\n\nHeart rate responses were trivially different between regimens, suggesting that this variable is not sensitive to variations in the intermittent regimens tested in our study. ", "These results are in line with previous studies that compared heart rate responses after different intermittent regimens \\[[@B11-ijerph-16-02923],[@B14-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "However, the alternative internal load marker used in our study (RPE) revealed a likely small increase during longer sets, suggesting that raising RPE may compromise the consistency of physical demands across sets.", "\n\nComparisons within SSG regimens were also performed to analyze the variations between sets. ", "Main variations were found in RPE, total and running distances, and player load. ", "Intriguingly, higher-intensity physical demands (sprinting distance and total accelerations and decelerations) were relatively constant across sets.", "\n\nModerate and progressive increases in RPE were found across sets, mainly during the 3 × 6' regimen. ", "The progressive increase in RPE scores was also found during shorter bouts. ", "Trivial-to-small differences were found between the third and second sets. ", "Eventually, longer sets may contribute to a perceptual increase of effort \\[[@B21-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "However, the fatigue effect may be the cause of such RPE increases, especially considering that decreases in total and running distances and player load occurred across the sets in both regimens.", "\n\nDespite these progressive decreases, it was observed that shorter sets are probably more beneficial to delaying the impact of fatigue on total distance because large decreases were found between sets 1 and 3 and between sets 2 and 3 during the 3 × 6' regimens, and only moderate effects were found during the 6 × 3' regimens. ", "Similar evidence was found regarding running distance. ", "Moderate decreases were found across the sets during longer sets, and only small differences were observed during shorter sets. ", "In both regimens and for both variables (total and running distance) trivial-to-small decreases were found from set 1 to set 2, suggesting that the main effects of fatigue emerge from the continuity of exertion \\[[@B22-ijerph-16-02923]\\].", "\n\nThe greater constancy of results in terms of sprinting distance and total of accelerations and decelerations across the sets may suggest that the resting period of 2 min was enough to maintain intensity levels and to maximize energy phosphates as the primary energy source \\[[@B23-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "However, in the specific case of sprinting distance, the values per minute did not reach 1 m on average; thus, the constancy can also be justified by the low frequency of these demands across the 5 × 5 format.", "\n\nInterestingly, knowledge about the period of time may also constrain the pace of players during the games. ", "In fact, a previous study that compared different intermittent regimens and their effects on pacing revealed that high-speed distances progressively and largely decreased across shorter sets (1 min) based on the 'all-out' pacing strategy used by rugby players \\[[@B22-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "Conversely, during longer sets, a more constant high-speed pace across the sets was observed \\[[@B22-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "The results of the present are in line with these previous findings. ", "However, this constancy in the most intense activities that occurs in longer sets also resulted in smaller values when compared with shorter sets.", "\n\nOur study had some limitations. ", "The number and the competitive level of the players may constrain the inferences of this study. ", "Theoretically, professional players present greater aerobic and anaerobic capacities, thus making it possible to reduce the magnitude of decreases throughout the bouts. ", "However, the main results are in line with those of previous studies conducted in elite youth players \\[[@B13-ijerph-16-02923]\\], amateurs \\[[@B11-ijerph-16-02923]\\], and professionals \\[[@B14-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "In addition, our study analyzed the effects in only one SSG format, and for that reason, the occurrences of sprinting distances are scarce. ", "Bigger formats should be considered for testing variations between regimens. ", "Different work-to-rest ratios should be considered in future study designs in order to analyze the effects of rest on physical demands and the internal effect of the exercise. ", "In fact, in our study the difference between training regimen also constrained the time of recovery and the work-to-rest ratios were different between regimens, thus this may interfere with some generalizations that can be made from our study. ", "The small number of participants should also be considered as a limitation for a possible generalization of the evidence. ", "Other conditions should also be understood as contextual and for that reason may affect comparisons with future studies, namely: (i) the synthetic grass was not wet; (ii) the same study conducted in another period of the season may conduct to different evidence; (iii) possibly more sessions would lead to a better copy with the decrements throughout the bouts; and (iv) different task conditions that affect the player's behavior and, consequently, the intensity of exercise \\[[@B24-ijerph-16-02923]\\].", "\n\nDespite these limitations, this study revealed that different training regimens led to different effects on internal and external load variables. ", "The main highlights of the present study are that shorter sets (3') seem to be more beneficial than longer sets (6') in keeping total and running distances and total accelerations and decelerations constant while decreasing the RPE. ", "Additionally, the greater decrements seem to mostly occur in the last sets. ", "Despite the somewhat predictable results, the small amount of previous research into such specific issues highlights the innovative character of the present study to reveal that shorter sets contribute to a greater external load stimulus despite that no meaningful changes were found between training regimens in the internal load. ", "This may suggest that the internal load measures cannot be the unique criteria to choose between bout periods. ", "In fact, in the present study it is possible to observe that despite the similarity of internal load between intermittent regimens, meaningful increases of some important external load measures were found (e.g., total distance, running distance, accelerations and decelerations).", "\n\nAs practical implications, we may hypothesize that smaller periods of exertion with a greater number of sets (bouts) can be recommended to ensure a more constant high level of physical demand and to contribute to an optimization of the high-energy systems that support highly demanding actions. ", "Possibly, longer bouts should be used in situations in which coaches want to develop aerobic capacity while players experience acute fatigue effects and consequent decrements in the external load. ", "Moreover, shorter sets enhance a meaningful greater stimulus in terms of distance covered, running distance and total number of accelerations and decelerations. ", "However, for a better adjustment of the training regimen with the reality of the match, it will possibly be interesting in the future to compare the regular periods of high-intensity effort in the match and adjust such periods in SSGs, thus making more real the period of high-exertion and the work-to-rest ratios.", "\n\n5. ", "Conclusions {#sec5-ijerph-16-02923}\n==============\n\nBetween-SSG training regimens revealed that shorter sets (6 × 3') almost certainly largely increased total and running distances and very likely moderately and largely increased total accelerations and decelerations, respectively, in comparison to longer sets (3 × 6') while likely small increases in RPE were found in longer sets. ", "The within-regimen analyses revealed that longer sets contributed to increases in RPE across sets and to large and progressive decreases in total distance and player load across sets. ", "Additionally, moderate decreases in running distance and total decelerations were found progressively across shorter sets, while these variables were more stable between longer sets. ", "The overall conclusions should be faced carefully, considering that the recovery periods were also longer after the longer periods of exertion.", "\n\nThe results may suggest that shorter sets can be beneficial to maintain external load demands without resulting in large increases in the perceived effort or heart rate responses, while ensuring a greater stimulus in total distance, running distance and number of accelerations and decelerations. ", "However, in terms of acceleration and deceleration profiles, it may also be appropriate to choose longer sets as these contribute to a smaller decrease across sets (decrements are not so meaningful between sets as in the shorter intervals).", "\n\nThe authors would like to thank to Diogo Peixoto, Mónica Gomes, Leandro Silva and Miguel Moreira for the help in data collection and to JOHAN Sports for providing the GPS units.", "\n\nF.M.C. conceived the study. ", "F.M.C., P.T.N., T.R. and B.K. designed the study. ", "F.M.C. collected data. ", "F.M.C. analyzed and interpreted the data and drafted the manuscript. ", "F.M.C., P.T.N., T.R. and B.K. revised the manuscript and approved the final version.", "\n\nThis research received no external funding.", "\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.", "\n\n![", "Standardized difference (Cohen) between sets in (a) RPE; (b) HRmean; (c) Total Distance; and (d) Player Load. ", "The six sets of the 6 × 3' regimen were grouped in three sets (S1: mean of set 1 and 2; S2: mean of set 3 and 4; S3: mean of set 5 and 6) to a better visualization and analysis. ", "Standardized value direction depends on the relationship A-B.](ijerph-16-02923-g001){#ijerph-16-02923-f001}\n\n###### \n\nStandardized difference (Cohen) between sets in (a) running distance; (b) sprinting distance; (c) total accelerations; and (d) total decelerations. ", "The six sets of the 6 × 3' regimen were grouped in three sets (S1: mean of set 1 and 2; S2: mean of set 3 and 4; S3: mean of set 5 and 6) to a better visualization and analysis. ", "Standardized value direction depends on the relationship A-B.\n\n![](", "ijerph-16-02923-g002a)\n\n![](", "ijerph-16-02923-g002b)\n\nijerph-16-02923-t001_Table 1\n\n###### \n\nDescriptive statistics (Mean (Standard Deviation)) of internal and external load during the SSGs.", "\n\n Variable 6 × 3' Regimen 3 × 6'Regimen \n -------------- ---------------- --------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- --------------\n RPE (A.U.) 4.2 (1.5) 4.9 (1.3) 5.6 (1.4) 6.0 (1.3) 5.9 (1.3) 6.1 (1.9) 5.0 (1.2) 6.3 (1.1) 6.7 (1.6)\n HRmean (bpm) 170.9 (11.1) 171.6 (10.0) 169.8 (10.9) 170.2 (12.5) 166.3 (10.8) 165.2 (12.4) 169.1 (11.7) 168.8 (10.5) 171.1 (10.9)\n TD (m/min) 107.7 (10.2) 111.7 (9.1) 112.5 (11.1) 106.8 (9.8) 104.1 (8.8) 101.6 (10.9) 103.3 (7.6) 99.8 (6.9) 90.9 (15.6)\n RD (m/min) 10.0 (5.1) 14.1 (5.7) 12.8(4.7) 10.6 (5.2) 11.1 (5.6) 9.1 (6.6) 8.7 (5.5) 9.4 (5.6) 6.0 (3.8)\n SD (m/min) 0.5 (1.1) 1.0 (1.6) 1.5 (1.9) 0.7 (1.2) 1.0 (1.6) 0.3 (0.7) 0.6 (0.9) 0.7 (1.3) 0.5 (0.8)\n TAc (n/min) 2.7 (0.9) 2.8 (0.6) 2.9 (0.8) 2.2 (1.0) 2.2 (1.0) 2.4 (1.2) 2.1 (1.0) 1.8 (0.9) 1.9 (1.1)\n TDc (n/min) 2.4 (1.1) 2.5 (0.6) 2.7 (0.9) 1.7 (0.9) 2.1 (1.0) 2.1 (1.2) 1.9 (1.0) 1.7 (0.9) 1.6 (0.9)\n PL (g/min) 7.2 (1.2) 7.3 (1.3) 7.3 (1.3) 6.8 (1.3) 6.4 (1.1) 6.5 (1.1) 6.9 (0.9) 6.3 (0.8) 5.9 (1.3)\n\nSSGs: small-sided games. ", "RPE: rated of perceived exertion (CR-10 scale); HRmean: mean heart rate; TD: total distance; RD: running distance; SD: sprinting distance; TAc: total accelerations; TDc: total decelerations; PL: player's load; S: set; A.U.: arbitrary units; bpm: beats per minute; m/min: meters per minute; n/min: number per minute: g/min: g per minute.", "\n\nijerph-16-02923-t002_Table 2\n\n###### \n\nComparison of internal and external load variables between training regimens in terms of percentage and standardized differences and the probabilities of each standardized difference.", "\n\n -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Variable M (SD)\\ M (SD)\\ \\% Difference\\ Standardized Difference\\ \\% Greater/Similar/Lower Values for 3 × 6' Reg. ", "vs. 6 × 3' Reg. ", " \n 3 × 6' Reg. ", " 6 × 3' Reg. ", " (3 × 6' Reg.--6 × 3' Reg.) ", " (3 × 6' Reg.--6 × 3' Reg.) ", " \n -------------- ---------------- --------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------ ------------------------\n RPE (A.U.) 5.97 (0.80) 5.43 (0.91) 10.7 \\[2.9; 19.2\\] 0.49 small \\[0.14; 0.84\\] 92/8/0 Likely\n\n HRmean (bpm) 169.67 (10.05) 169.52 (9.75) 0.1 \\[−1.8; 2.0\\] 0.01 trivial \\[−0.28; 0.31\\] 14/75/11 Unclear\n\n TD (m/min) 98.39 (7.49) 107.56 (5.99) −8.6 \\[−12.3; −4.8\\] −1.51 large \\[−2.20; −0.82\\] 0/0/100 Almost certain\n\n RD (m/min) 8.04 (3.31) 11.28 (1.87) −34.0 \\[−47.0; −17.8\\] −2.23 large \\[−3.40; −1.05\\] 0/0/100 Almost certain\n\n SD (m/min) 0.62 (0.42) 0.83 (0.49) −13.9 \\[−46.7; 39.3\\] −0.13 trivial \\[−0.54; 0.29\\] 9/53/38 Unclear\n\n TAc (n/min) 1.95 (0.55) 2.53 (0.54) −24.0 \\[−35.1; −10.9\\] −1.11 moderate \\[−1.75; −0.47\\] 0/1/99 Very likely\n\n TDc (n/min) 1.70 (0.53) 2.24 (0.39) −26.7 \\[−38.8; −12.1\\] −1.49 large \\[−2.36; −0.62\\] 0/1/99 Very likely\n\n PL (g/min) 6.37 (0.79) 6.92 (0.99) −7.8 \\[−12.6; −2.7\\] −0.58 small \\[−0.97; −0.20\\] 0/5/95 Likely\n -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nRPE: rated of perceived exertion (CR-10 scale); HRmean: mean heart rate; TD: total distance; RD: running distance; SD: sprinting distance; TAc: total accelerations (\\>2 m/s^2^); TDc: total decelerations (\\>2 m/s^2^); PL: g/min; S: set; Reg.: ", "training regimen; A.U.: arbitrary units; bpm: beats per minute; m/min: meters per minute; n/min: number per minute: g/min: g per minute.", "\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }	[ 0, 0.006309148264984227, 0.00851063829787234, 0.006896551724137931, 0.005376344086021506, 0.00510204081632653, 0, 0.005494505494505495, 0.003816793893129771, 0.0035587188612099642, 0.011695906432748537, 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[ "Social Vasanas: A New Phenomenon\n\nJamie Dimon\n\nIn the middle of An Hour with an Angel on July 9, 2012, Archangel Michael suddenly said: “And, yes, Jamie Dimon is one of the people that is being contained by the way.”", "\n\nI thought he had said “Jamie Diamond” and did not know whom he was referring to. ", "The remark came out of the blue, no pun intended. (", "1) I replied: “I don’t know who Jamie Diamond is, Lord.” ", "And he said: “Your reader will.” ", "I still did not wake up to what he was talking about and said: “My reader? ", "Really? … ", "So you’re addressing yourself to one of our readers,” thinking that he had just tuned into a reader, out there in the ethernet.", "\n\nI didn’t know that he was referring to Jamie Dimon, head of JPMorgan Chase, which related back to a question from a reader that I’d mentioned earlier that I was going to ask him.", "\n\nArchangel Michael had just identified a second person under containment, the first being Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts.", "\n\nPlease keep in mind that many months earlier I’d asked him if George Bush Sr. ", "had been born in Germany. ", "He paused and replied that this soul did not want him (AAM) to communicate that information. ", "So my sense is that the being in question has to permit the information to be conveyed.", "\n\nThus in the case of Dimon and Roberts, I believe that they’d also have to have given Archangel Michael permission at a soul level to refer to them or he would not have. ", "I think they’re allowing their cases to be known for the salutary benefit to people that their example provides.", "\n\nIf mass arrests had gone ahead, we’d be speaking about those under arrest. ", "It would seem also permissible to speak about those in containment – at least a few, presumably, who’d have given permission. ", "It might not be advisable to speak of large numbers because it might interfere with the process that containment initiates. ", "But perhaps a few just to solidify our certainty of and around the process itself.", "\n\nA second matter that comes into play here is the phenomenon of divine deadlines. ", "Prior to any specific divine deadline for a 2012 Ascension event, the Company of Heaven must respect the universal laws. ", "They can’t intervene in a matter that involves our karma or our free will.", "\n\nBut past a divine deadline, they can intervene because the exigencies of the Divine Plan then come into play and take priority over our free will and karma. ", "So, for instance, the whole policy of containment represents an intrusion on the free will of the cabal, which I believe is allowable because we’ve passed the divine deadline for the cabal to surrender.", "\n\nAfter that date, whenever that was, the cabal could be arrested, contained, removed from the planet, etc., ", "obviously against their free will.", "\n\nSo I began to research Jamie Dimon today, to write up an article that might trace any abrupt changes in character that might have been observed recently, similar to Roberts’ sudden reversal on Obamacare, where he voted against the position of the other conservative justices and saved the President’s health care plan. ", "But halfway through the exercise I stopped.", "\n\nWhat a Catch 22 is involved in the very task of discovering proof that people are under containment. ", "If I don’t find proof, people will say that there’s no evidence of containment. ", "If I do find proof, people will accuse me of praising and supporting the cabal.", "\n\nGranted some will realize that I’m simply trying to find support for the practice of containment, which itself promises to stop the incursions and devastation wreaked by the cabal by depriving cabalists of their ability to do more damage.", "\n\nBut there will be people who’ve been harmed by the cabal for whom the simple sound of someone seeming to say nice words about a former Illuminati will cause revulsion.", "\n\nWhat a difficult situation to address. ", "And behind it what difficult emotions will be coming to the fore in the next part of our journey to Ascension on the part of so many people – people who’ve been foreclosed on, who’ve lost jobs, who’ve been falsely imprisoned, who’ve been mistreated by authorities.", "\n\nOn this site I’ve addressed the subject of vasanas many times – the habitual reaction patterns we have that are rooted in the past but triggered by events in the present. ", "But these have always been examinations of personal upsets and reaction patterns. ", "Here we’re dealing with what I might call “social vasanas,” if such there be – the projections and transferences made onto social figures who are seen as having wounded people. ", "These vasanas are felt as social injustice rather than personal injury.", "\n\nCertainly we’ve never been in a situation where a global elite has been overthrown on the planet and its overthrow was accomplished by the beings who are doing the work at present. ", "So we’ve probably never seen social vasanas emerging on the scale they will be in the weeks and months ahead. ", "There’s no literature on how we’ll address the emotions and upsets that we’ll be seeing on this planet in the near future. ", "There’s no precedent for the work that faces us as lightworkers.", "\n\nHow in the world are we going to complete social vasanas? ", "I have no idea. ", "That perhaps is the next place to go and will bring up again the whole topic of collective compassion, the nascent but developing faculty of those who are experiencing the first tugs of unitive consciousness towards having compassion for the collective, rather than just for individuals.", "\n\nArchangel Michael said he wouldn’t discuss the total range of approaches being used by the Company of Heaven in neutralizing the cabal and removing it from power. ", "But I had asked him if it included the use of walk-ins for departing cabalists and he did confirm that particular strategy. ", "He describes the walk-in phenomenon here:\n\n“We will not explain the entire plan [of approaches to neutralizing the cabal] because it will boggle your mind. …”", "\n\n“Let us just say that these beings that have been in a position of authority who did not have the welfare of the collective or the restoration of love in their heart are being dealt with…. ", "Yes, you would be shocked to fully comprehend the number of walk-ins upon your planet…\n\n“So are there walk-ins that are taking the roles of people who have been in positions of authority? ", "Yes. ", "Because rather than shift, when these souls are confronted by such bright light, there are situations when they are simply so exhausted and so tired and so overwhelmed by what this life has been that they have simply asked to return home, to come home and rest and regenerate so that they will have the restoration of love, so that they would bask in the glory of one.", "\n\n“And that request is being heard very frequently and not just by those of people you think of as people in positions of leadership. ", "But that is what we are addressing right now. “", "And there are masses on this side saying let me go and be part of this shift. ", "I had no idea. ", "So it is like refreshing the troops as it were.” (", "2)\n\nSo while he hasn’t given us additional information on those Illuminati who are being taken off-planet to intergalactic courts and has not commented on the numerous other approaches being used, he has at least added the use of walk-ins to the use of containment.", "\n\nHe added the reassurance that the Illuminati “will not be left to continue to rule, as you put it, or continue to reign in power because that is simply not part of what is acceptable or even possible in the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth Dimensions. ", "It simply is not possible.” ", "He discussed the advantages of leaving the contained former Illuminati in positions of power with a change of heart and change of perspective.", "\n\nBut that may not comfort people who are experiencing the triggering of social vasanas. ", "We have our work cut out for us as lightworkers.", "\n\nI think AAM is releasing one piece of information a week. ", "I think he knows that it would be inadvisable to just dump the whole body of information on us at once and so he discussed containment last week, naming one individual (John Roberts) and now discusses walk-ins this week, naming a second individual (Jamie Dimon). ", "This may be how he proceeds: week by week.", "\n\nAnd do notice that we now have two columns from Suzan Carroll’s Arcturians (3) in which they acknowledge the plan of containment. ", "The Arcturians are the first of the galactics to confirm what AAM has been saying. ", "Although I know of Suzan, I’ve never met with or talked to her so there cannot be collusion here.", "\n\nSeveral articles have also now come from Siera Neblina that also confirm the reality of containment and describe her participation in several containments. (", "4)\n\nPlease Note:\n\nNeither am I qualified to be, nor do I wish to be considered, a spiritual teacher. ", "I'm a researcher and writer, here simply to share my views and listen to yours as spiritual adults and equals. 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[ "% This script demos how to use the similarity matrix \nclose all; clc; clear;\n\n% load the similarity data \nload('human_semantic_similarity.mat');\n\n% similarity(i, j) indicates how good is predicting class j given the groundtruth class i. \nfprintf('Groundtruth class: %s, Predicted class: %s, Score: %.4f\\n', object_names{129}, object_names{61}, similarity(129,61));\n\n% predicting the correct class gives a score of 1.", "\nfprintf('Groundtruth class: %s, Predicted class: %s, Score: %.4f\\n', object_names{2}, object_names{2}, similarity(2,2));\n\n% when the two classes are unrelated the score is 0.", "\nfprintf('Groundtruth class: %s, Predicted class: %s, Score: %.4f\\n', object_names{7}, object_names{9}, similarity(7,9));\n\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0.004807692307692308, 0, 0 ]	0.001603	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 227, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 216 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 238, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 234 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 258, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 238 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 342, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 326 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 437, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 417 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 612, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 592 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 140, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 127 } ]
[ "Q:\n\nHow return null value to empty string field\n\nI have such struct in Golang application:\ntype Employee struct {\n ID int `json:\"employee_id\"`\n Email string `json:\"employee_email\"`\n LastName string `json:\"employee_last_name\"`\n FirstName string `json:\"employee_first_name\"`\n Sex string `json:\"employee_sex\"`\n}\n\nSome string fields of this struct can be empty. ", "If I use string application return me \"\". ", "If use sql.", "NullString it return me for example such result:\n\"employee_last_name\": {\n String: \"\",\n Valid: true\n}\n\nI want to show null is string field is empty.", "\nIn documentation I found such code:\ntype NullString struct {\n String string\n Valid bool\n}\n\nfunc (ns NullString) Scan(value interface{}) error {\n if value == nil {\n ns.", "String, ns.", "Valid = \"\", false\n return nil\n }\n ns.", "Valid = true\n return convertAssign(&ns.", "String, value)\n}\n\nfunc (ns NullString) Value() (driver.", "Value, error) {\n if !", "ns.", "Valid {\n return nil, nil\n }\n return ns.", "String, nil\n}\n\nAs I understand this code could help me to solve my problem, right?! ", "What I need to import in my application to use convertAssign function?", "\n\nA:\n\nEdit:\nWhat you want to do is not possible according to the oracle go driver docs:\n\nsql.", "NullString\nsql.", "NullString is not supported: Oracle DB does not\ndifferentiate between an empty string (\"\") and a NULL\n\nOriginal Answer:\nNeed more details on the SQL database type you are connecting to. ", "I know the go SQLite3 pkg - github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 - supports setting nil for values of type *string.", "\nCheck the details of the driver you are using to connect to the database. ", "For instance with MySQL, getting SQL date fields into go's native time.", "Time struct type is not set by default - it must be turned on at the driver level.", "\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0.002652519893899204, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01818181818181818, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010752688172043012, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.001436	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 77, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 71 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1520, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1493 } ]
[ "1. ", "Introduction {#sec1-materials-13-00409}\n===============\n\nThe main challenges of titanium surfaces facing soft tissues are formation of a well anchored and oriented soft tissue, as well as the reduction of bacterial contamination \\[[@B1-materials-13-00409]\\].", "\n\nIt is widely known that surface micro/nano patterns can affect cellular and bacterial adhesion \\[[@B2-materials-13-00409]\\] and that different types of cells have different responses to surface topographies. ", "In particular, fibroblasts are rugo-phobic (their adhesion is reduced on rough surfaces, e.g., 300 nm height holes/pillars \\[[@B3-materials-13-00409]\\]), but they can be oriented by aligned grooves, following the contact guidance phenomenon \\[[@B4-materials-13-00409]\\]. ", "On the other hand, bacteria are rugo-philic, and an increase in bacterial adhesion with surface roughness has been widely reported \\[[@B2-materials-13-00409],[@B5-materials-13-00409]\\]; an average surface roughness of 0.2 µm has been indicated as the threshold below which bacterial adhesion does not increase \\[[@B4-materials-13-00409],[@B6-materials-13-00409],[@B7-materials-13-00409]\\], and 150 µm has been indicated as the upper limit above which no more variation in bacterial attachment can be observed \\[[@B8-materials-13-00409]\\]. ", "Fibroblast cells and bacteria are also different with respect to their dimensions (the former being 15--20 µm and the latter being 1--2 µm) and their ability to follow surface patterns (bacteria are rigid, while cells are able to deform in order to develop focal contacts in surface adhesion phenomena), so they can be differently stimulated by material surface features \\[[@B2-materials-13-00409]\\]. ", "Following this rationale, the authors defined the optimal ranges of dimensions for grooves (W = width W \\> 100 nm and W \\< 70 µm; D = depth, D \\> 35 nm, average roughness (Ra) \\< 0.2 µm) able to stimulate fibroblast orientation without increasing bacterial adhesion \\[[@B9-materials-13-00409]\\]. ", "Surfaces with topographies accordingly designed were produced on commercially pure titanium with grooves obtained by mechanical polishing \\[[@B10-materials-13-00409]\\] or electron beam (EB) structuring \\[[@B11-materials-13-00409]\\]. ", "An effective fibroblast alignment was observed on these surfaces \\[[@B6-materials-13-00409]\\]. ", "Unexpectedly, initial evidence of reduced bacterial adhesion on the EB structured surfaces was also observed \\[[@B11-materials-13-00409]\\]. ", "Since EB-structuring induces, in addition to topographical modifications, alterations in surface crystallography and microstructure, a possible correlation of these features with the bacterial adhesion was hypothesized. ", "This phenomenon is poorly explored in the literature; a possible influence of the grain dimension and grain boundaries has been reported for stainless steel \\[[@B12-materials-13-00409]\\], and an effect of martensite crystallographic structure and associated peculiar nanotopography have been mentioned for titanium \\[[@B13-materials-13-00409]\\], but few research works have focused on this topic.", "\n\nThe aim of this research is the in-depth investigation of the effect of topography, crystallography and microstructure on bacterial adhesion for EB structured Ti6Al4V surfaces presenting micro-grooves aimed at fibroblast alignment. ", "For the first time, a correlation between surface microstructure and bacterial adhesion has been demonstrated for Ti6Al4V.\n\n2. ", "Materials and Methods {#sec2-materials-13-00409}\n========================\n\nThe Ti6Al4V samples were mirror polished (MP) with SiC abrasive papers and colloidal silica suspension and finally washed (acetone and distilled water in ultrasonic bath).", "\n\nSurface structuring was performed by an Electron Beam machine (Probeam EBG 45-150 K14, GmbH & Co. KGaA, Gilching, Germany) as described in \\[[@B11-materials-13-00409]\\], obtaining 10 and 30 µm wide grooves (EB10 and EB30, [Table 1](#materials-13-00409-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nSome EB10 samples underwent a thermal treatment at 1030 °C (5 min, 10^−4^ mbar, 100 K/min cooling rate) in a dilatometer (Bähr-Thermoanalyse DIL805 A/D, Bähr Thermoanalyse GmbH, Hüllhorst, Germany) in high vacuum (\\< 10^−5^ mbar) with the aim of removing the residual stresses and to form a fine α lamellae microstructure (EB10HT). ", "Additionally, samples with the heat treatment previously described were immersed during 4 min in HF 1% solution to reveal the microstructural features (EB10HT etch---[Table 1](#materials-13-00409-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nSome EB structured samples were polished with a specific protocol; a surface layer thick enough to remove the grooves was abraded, but the microstructure induced by EB was kept because it is developed in a thicker layer (P10 and P30---[Table 1](#materials-13-00409-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nSurface appearance and microstructure were investigated by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM---TESCAN Mira 3-15kV-beam size 5 nm, Tescan, Brno, Czech Republic). ", "Surface morphology was analyzed qualitatively with secondary electron (SE) detector, using a tilt angle of 60° for a better observation of the grooves and the microstructural features at the surface of the material. ", "The microstructure of the structured area and the base material were observed in backscattered-electron mode (BSE) detector to reveal the presence of α, β and α'martensite phases.", "\n\nMoreover, surface topography was analyzed with a confocal microscope (LSM 900, Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany; 50x/0.95 objective) and surface roughness (Ra) measured with a contact profiler (Intra Touch, Taylor Hobson, Leicester, United Kingdom). ", "The average and maximum grooves' depth was measured on the topography profiles of three 250x250 micron areas.", "\n\nCrystalline structure was investigated by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD, PANalytical X'Pert Pro PW 3040160 Philips, Malvern Panalytical, Egham, United Kingdom) and the spectra were analyzed by XPERT High Score software (2.2b).", "\n\nSurface wettability was investigated by means of contact angle measurements (sessile drop method, DSA-100, KRÜSS GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) using ultrapure water as wetting fluid.", "\n\nFor biological assays, specimens were realized as 1 cm-side squares, heat sterilized (180 °C, 1 h) and stored at room temperature until use and gently located into the wells of a 12-multiwell plate. ", "Cell groove-driven orientation was assayed using primary human gingival fibroblasts (HGF, ATCC PCS-201-018, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA). ", "Cells were cultivated with Minimal Essential Medium alpha-modification (α-MEM, from Sigma, Milan, Italy) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% antibiotics at 37 °C, in a 5% CO~2~ atmosphere. ", "Once they reached 70--80% confluence, cells were detached by trypsin-EDTA solution (from Sigma, Milan, Italy), counted by Bürker chamber and seeded directly onto specimen's surface at a final density of 5 × 10^3^ cells/specimen. ", "The plate was incubated at 37 °C, 5% CO~2~ for 48 h to allow complete cell adhesion and spread; then, cell orientation was investigated by means of f-actins cytoskeleton filaments visualization by phalloidin. ", "Briefly, cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde (in PBS) for 5 min at room temperature, permeabilized 10 min with 0.1% Triton (in PBS), and finally stained 45 min with phalloidin (1:500 in PBS, from AbCam, UK). ", "Then, cells were washed with PBS and co-stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, from Sigma, Milan, Italy) to visualize nuclei. ", "Images were collected by fluorescent microscope (Leica DM 6500, Leica Systems, Basel, Switzerland).", "\n\nBacterial adhesion was evaluated with a strong biofilm former multi-drug resistant certified Staphylococcus aureus strain (SA, ATCC 43300, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA). ", "Bacteria were cultivated in Luria Bertani broth (LB, Sigma, Milan, Italy) at 37 °C overnight; then, bacteria were diluted 1:10 by mixing 1 mL of the broth culture with 9 mL of fresh LB medium and incubated again at 37 °C for 3 h to achieve the logarithmic growth phase. ", "Lastly, bacteria were diluted in fresh medium until the solution optical density (o.d.) ", "was 0.001 at 600 nm corresponding to a final concentration of 1 × 10^5^ cells per mL. The o.d. ", "was evaluated by spectrophotometer (Spark, Tecan, Basel, Switzerland) using fresh medium as blank.", "\n\nTo study specimens' antibacterial properties, 1 mL of the 1 × 10^5^ bacteria suspension was used to submerge the samples that were previously located into the wells of a 12-multiwell plate. ", "The plate was incubated for 90 min at 37 °C under agitation (120 rpm) to force the separation between adherent biofilm bacteria and floating planktonic ones (separation phase). ", "Afterwards, the supernatants containing planktonic bacteria were removed and replaced with fresh LB medium to cultivate adhered biofilm (separation phase) for 24--48--72 h \\[[@B14-materials-13-00409],[@B15-materials-13-00409]\\]. ", "At each time point, adhered biofilm bacteria metabolism was evaluated by the colorimetric alamar blue assay (alamarBlue^®^, Life Technologies, Milan, Italy) \\[[@B12-materials-13-00409],[@B13-materials-13-00409]\\]; briefly, the supernatants were removed from the well and replaced by the ready-to-use alamar solution. ", "The plate was incubated for 3 h at 37 °C in the dark and then 100 mL were collected from each sample and moved to a new black-bottom 96-multiwell plate. ", "The fluorescence signal was evaluated by spectrophotometer (Spark, Tecan, Basel, Switzerland) using a 590 nm wavelength. ", "Results were expressed as relative fluorescence units (RFU) and alamar solution was used as blank.", "\n\nAfter 72 h, the number of adhered biofilm bacteria was further evaluated by the colony forming units (CFU) count. ", "Briefly, specimens were washed 3 timed with PBS to remove non-adherent bacteria and then vortexed and sonicated 3 times (30 s each) in 1 mL of PBS to detach biofilm. ", "Then, aliquots of 100 μL were collected and used to perform six 10-fold serial dilutions; finally, the number of CFU was calculated using Equation (1) \\[[@B15-materials-13-00409]\\]: where:number of colonies = countable single round colonies;dilution factor = dilution made from the initial 1mL suspension;serial dilution = 1--6 10-fold dilution areas where colonies were counted.", "\n\nAll experiments were performed in triplicate. ", "Data were analyzed using SPSS software (v25, IBM, NY, USA) by one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey's test as post hoc analysis. ", "The significance level was set at p \\< 0.05.", "\n\n3. ", "Results {#sec3-materials-13-00409}\n==========\n\nFirstly, the sample surface appearance and microstructure were observed by FESEM observation on a case by case basis. ", "The crystallographic structure of the grains was as first deduced from FESEM observation according to well-known metallography of Ti6Al4V and then confirmed by XRD.", "\n\nAt FESEM observation, MP samples show smooth appearance ([Figure 1](#materials-13-00409-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}a) and the bimodal microstructure of wrought Ti6Al4V alloy (equiaxed primary α-grains, secondary α lamellae and β-phase along grain boundaries, visible by backscattered-electron mode (BSE) detector).", "\n\n10 and 30 µm wide grooves are visible on EB10 and EB30 according to the EB surface structuring process (as an example, the groove valleys are highlighted by red dotted lines in [Figure 1](#materials-13-00409-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}c--e); these samples have a typical martensitic microstructure. ", "The cross section of the EB structured samples evidence a martensitic zone provoked by fast cooling of the molten pool during EB structuring and a wide heat affected zone with a mixture of α', primary α and β-phase. ", "The molten zone is about 40 µm thick, and the heat-affected zone is estimated to be 100 µm. ", "It can be concluded that the thermal modified surface layer is quite thicker than the grooves depth (see below).", "\n\nThe thermal treatment (EB10HT) does not alter the grooves morphology (as an example the grooves edges are highlighted by red dotted lines), but it induces the formation of α lamellae colonies. ", "After etching (EB10HT-etch), the surface becomes more complex and slightly more rough due to selective etching of the phases; ruts can be observed where α lamellae were present before etching, due to the complexity of the surface texture, the grooves are hardly observable on these surfaces (even if they are still present).", "\n\nEB structured and polished samples (P10) have a smooth appearance, and grooves are no longer visible, as expected; the depth of the abraded material during polishing was checked to be lower than the heat affected zone due to EB structuring.", "\n\nGroove presence on the EB-structured samples is confirmed by confocal microscopy observations (an example for EB10 sample is reported in [Figure 2](#materials-13-00409-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}a, where an example of groove is evidenced by dotted lines). ", "The same picture highlights also the presence of martensite inducing high density of grain boundaries and lamellae very close each other, protruding on a nanometric scale. ", "The average and maximum groove depths are 270 and 310 nm, respectively, as measured from the topography profiles acquired on the surface.", "\n\nRoughness measurements evidence, as expected, a nanometric scale roughness on the mirror polished samples (MP) and on the samples polished after EB structuring (P30 reported as example), confirming their smooth appearance observed at FESEM and confirming also the ability of the developed polishing protocol to completely remove the grooves. ", "On the other hand, a roughness (Ra) close to 0.2 µm was measured on the EB structured samples (slightly higher after etching, in accordance with the FESEM observations) confirming the grooves presence and surface topography changes connected to the EB treatment.", "\n\nXRD spectra of the samples are reported in [Figure 3](#materials-13-00409-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "All the samples show a prevalence of hexagonal Ti (α phase) and a small signal of cubic Ti (β phase), which is more evident on MP and EB10HT. ", "A shift of the main α peak (101) toward slightly higher values can be evidenced for the EB structured samples (from 40.554° to 40.607°) and attributed to the presence of α' martensite, as suggested by \\[[@B16-materials-13-00409]\\] and previously observed on EB structured Ti-cp \\[[@B11-materials-13-00409]\\]. ", "The presence of martensite on EB10 and EB30 is in agreement with the FESEM observations discussed above. ", "The shift persists after polishing (P10), confirming that the process removed the grooves, but not all the thermal modified layer induced by EB-structuring. ", "On the other hand, the shift is completely recovered on EB10HT according to the expected removal of martensite by the thermal treatment.", "\n\nThe topographical, crystallographic structural and microstructural characteristics of the samples are reported and summarized in [Table 2](#materials-13-00409-t002){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\nThe results of the contact angle measurements are reported in [Table 3](#materials-13-00409-t003){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\nAll values are comprised in the 70--80° range, which is in line with the contact angle values for the titanium surfaces reported in the literature \\[[@B17-materials-13-00409]\\]. ", "EB treatment slightly increases the contact angle values in accordance with an increase in surface roughness; however, variations are so limited that no effect on bacterial adhesion can be reasonably attributed to surface wettability.", "\n\nFibroblasts alignment on the different surfaces is shown in [Figure 4](#materials-13-00409-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "As previously shown by the authors onto commercially pure titanium (Ti-cp) \\[[@B11-materials-13-00409]\\], primary fibroblasts successfully spread along the EB grooves' topography, thus showing an oriented alignment, which is better defined onto 10 µm sized grooves ([Figure 4](#materials-13-00409-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}b). ", "30-µm-sized grooves ([Figure 4](#materials-13-00409-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}c) resulted in the alignment of fibroblast cells which having a characteristic dimension of 15--25 µm, according to previous works on Ti-cp \\[[@B11-materials-13-00409]\\]. ", "Alignment is maintained after thermal treatment (EB10HT, [Figure 4](#materials-13-00409-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}d) and etching (EB10HTetch, [Figure 4](#materials-13-00409-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}e), consistently with groove maintenance. ", "On the other hand, no alignment is observed on MP ([Figure 4](#materials-13-00409-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}a) and P10 ([Figure 4](#materials-13-00409-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}f) samples according to groove absence and grooves removal by polishing, respectively.", "\n\nThe bacterial adhesion ([Figure 5](#materials-13-00409-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}) did not increase after EB structuring with respect to a control polished sample (MP), as expected considering that roughness of EB structured samples is not far from 0.2 µm (the threshold reported in the literature as the limit to not increase bacterial adhesion) \\[[@B11-materials-13-00409]\\].", "\n\nBeyond the expectations, a significant reduction of the bacteria metabolism was noticed for all the EB structured samples (EB10, EB30, EB10HT, EB10HT-etch, P10, P30) in comparison with the control (MP) after 24 h ([Figure 5](#materials-13-00409-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}a, p \\< 0.05, indicated by \\). ", "Conversely, after 48 ([Figure 5](#materials-13-00409-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}b) and 72 h ([Figure 5](#materials-13-00409-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}c) only the specimens EB10HT-etch, P10 and P30 resulted as significant in comparison with smooth MP control (p \\< 0.05, indicated by \\).", "\n\nWidening the comparison among the EB structured samples, further significant differences were noticed as soon as the microstructure was clearly exposed by etching and polishing steps: in fact, EB10HT-etch and P10 and P30 had a significantly lower bacteria metabolism in comparison with EB10 and EB30 at each time points. ", "Specifically, after 24 h ([Figure 5](#materials-13-00409-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}a), EB10HT-etch was significant towards EB10, EB30 and EB10HT (p \\< 0.05, indicated by \\#), P10 was significant towards EB10, EB30 and EB10HT (p \\< 0.05, indicated by §) and P30 was significant towards EB10, EB30 and EB10HT (p \\< 0.05, indicated by \\^\\^). ", "After 48 h ([Figure 5](#materials-13-00409-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}b), the same significant differences as 24 h were detected while after 72 h ([Figure 5](#materials-13-00409-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}c), EB10HT-etch was significant towards EB10, EB30 and EB10HT (p \\< 0.05, indicated by \\#), P10 was significant towards EB10, EB30 and EB10HT (p \\< 0.05, indicated by §) and P30 was significant towards EB10 and EB30 (p \\< 0.05, indicated by \\^\\^).", "\n\nIn agreement with the previous results related to bacteria metabolism, the CFU count ([Figure 5](#materials-13-00409-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}d) after 72 h showed that a lower number of viable colonies adhered to the EB structured surfaces in comparison to the MP control ones (p \\< 0.05, indicated by the \\*). ", "Moreover, when the comparison was extended to the EB structured samples, a similar trend with the above described alamar blue assay was noticed; in fact, EB10HT-etch was significant towards EB10, EB30 and EB10HT (p \\< 0.05, indicated by \\#), P10 was significant towards EB10, EB30 and EB10HT (p \\< 0.05, indicated by §) and P30 was significant towards EB10, EB30 and EB10HT (p \\< 0.05, indicated by \\^\\^).", "\n\n4. ", "Discussion {#sec4-materials-13-00409}\n=============\n\nConsidering the promising contact guidance effect of EB grooves on fibroblast alignment and the relevant issue of infection risk in dental and orthopedic implants, the present work aims at investigating the eventual relationship between bacteria adhesion and surface features of EB structured Ti6Al4V alloy with a particular focus on the possible effect related to the metallic microstructure/crystalline structure. ", "In particular, the stated hypothesis deals with the evidence that when compared to the eukaryotic cells, the bacteria hold a less elastic membrane and a higher stability of the shape maintenance: as a consequence, they result much more sensitive to surface topography because of strong limitation for adhesion as restricting availability of berth points \\[[@B18-materials-13-00409]\\] as it was previously demonstrated by the authors for different implantable metallic devices \\[[@B19-materials-13-00409]\\]. ", "Therefore, to further study the effect towards cells and bacteria of the microstructure/crystalline structure, here different EB-treated surfaces were assayed with or without etching and polishing to understand whether the exposure of the metallic microstructure/crystalline structure can be a factor influencing the biological response. ", "In fact, the results demonstrated that the test specimens belong the same surface chemistry (all the surfaces show a layer of native titanium oxide) as well as surface wettability thus ascribing all the observed differences to the microtopography, microstructure and/or crystalline structure.", "\n\nSummarizing the results of the topographical, structural and microstructural analyses of the explored samples, EB10 and EB30 show grooves, martensite and microstructure with high density of grain boundaries (due to martensite); EB10HT shows grooves and a high density of grain boundaries (due to α-lamellae), but no martensite; P10 and P30 show martensite and a high density of grain boundaries (due to martensite and α-lamellae), but no grooves; EB10HT-etch show high density of grain boundaries (due to α-lamellae), no grooves and no martensite.", "\n\nThe influence towards cells orientation showed by the EB samples grooves is an expected result as it is well known that fibroblasts are sensitive to surface topography by adapting cytoskeleton spread \\[[@B20-materials-13-00409]\\]. ", "Here, we basically confirmed this evidenced in relation to grooved alloy surfaces obtained by new techniques, such as EB.", "\n\nThe results obtained by antibacterial evaluation are worthy of more attention. ", "In fact, despite an increase of their roughness, the surfaces with grooves created through the EB treatment showed a reduction of bacterial adhesion compared to the mirror polished ones (MP). ", "Moreover, the MP and P10/P30 samples have a similar surface texture (smooth appearance) and average roughness (Ra around tens of nanometers), but bacterial adhesion is significantly reduced on the P10/30 surfaces compared to the MP ones: this shows that the EB treatment is able to reduce the bacterial adhesion even if the grooves are removed by polishing and roughness (in terms of Ra) is almost the same. ", "The P10/30 samples are characterized by the microstructure/crystalline structure due to EB treatment with high density of grain boundaries. ", "Accordingly, here we evidenced that a common characteristic for the surfaces which showed reduced bacterial adhesion is the high density of grain boundaries, that can be supposed to be the determinant feature affecting bacteria adhesion and metabolism on the explored samples. ", "As confirmation, if the microstructure with high density of grain boundaries of Ti6Al4V alloy is evidenced by etching, as on EB10HT-etch, the effect is much more visible. ", "According to the here presented results, the evidence of the effect of surface microstructure of titanium alloys on bacterial adhesion was here presented for the first time.", "\n\n5. ", "Conclusions {#sec5-materials-13-00409}\n==============\n\nOriented grooves were obtained on Ti6Al4V by EB-structuring, which also induces alteration of surface crystallographic structure and microstructure. ", "Grooves with ten µm width showed the ability to align fibroblast cells; moreover, a statistically significant reduction of bacterial adhesion was observed on the EB structured samples, in absence of antibacterial agents and even after removal of the grooves by polishing: it can be ascribed to the presence of a microstructure with high density of grain boundaries after EB surface treatment. ", "The relationship between the microstructure of titanium alloys and anti-adhesive activity against bacteria is here presented for the first time and it opens a new strategy for the development of innovative antiadhesive/antibacterial metallic materials.", "\n\nConceptualization: A.C., S.S.; investigation: S.F., F.I., A.C.; writing: S.F., F.W., F.I., L.R., A.C., S.S.; supervision: S.S., L.R., F.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.", "\n\nThis research received no external funding\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.", "\n\n![", "FESEM images of the samples: (a) MP sample (Secondary Electron (SE) image); (b) MP sample (BSE image); (c) EB 10 sample (SE image); (d) EB 30 sample (SE image); (e) EB10HT sample (SE image); (f) EB10HT-etch sample (SE image); (g) cross section of the EB10 sample (SE image); (h) P10 sample (SE image).](materials-13-00409-g001){#materials-13-00409-f001}\n\n![(", "a) Confocal microscopy 3D image of EB10 sample, (b) roughness measurements (contact profiler).](materials-13-00409-g002){#materials-13-00409-f002}\n\n![", "XRD spectra (normalized to the highest peak) (a) whole spectra, (b) detail of the highest peak.](materials-13-00409-g003){#materials-13-00409-f003}\n\n![", "Fibroblast alignment on the different samples after 48 h culture: (a) MP sample; (b) EB10 sample; (c) EB30 sample; (d) EB10HT sample; (e) EB10HT etch sample; (f) P10 sample.](materials-13-00409-g004){#materials-13-00409-f004}\n\n![", "Bacterial metabolic activity evaluation (a = 24 h, b = 48 h, c = 72 h) and (d**) number count of the viable colonies after 72 h. The bars represent means and standard deviations.](materials-13-00409-g005){#materials-13-00409-f005}\n\nmaterials-13-00409-t001_Table 1\n\n###### \n\nTi6Al4V sample names and processing.", "\n\n Sample Name Processing\n ------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------\n MP Mirror polishing\n EB10 Mirror polishing + EB-structuring (EB10)\n EB30 Mirror polishing + EB-structuring (EB30)\n EB10HT Mirror polishing + EB-structuring (EB10) + heat treatment\n EB10HT-etch Mirror polishing + EB-structuring (EB10) + heat treatment + etching\n P10 Mirror polishing + EB-structuring (EB10) + mirror polishing\n P30 Mirror polishing + EB-structuring (EB30) + mirror polishing\n\nmaterials-13-00409-t002_Table 2\n\n###### \n\nTi6Al4V sample topography, structure and microstructure.", "\n\n Sample Name Surface Appearance Ra \\[µm\\] Crystallographic Structure Microstructure\n ------------- -------------------- ----------- -------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------\n MP Smooth 0.06 Prevalence of hexagonal Ti (α) Bimodal (equiaxed primary α grains, secondary α lamellae and β phase)\n EB10 10 µm grooves 0.26 Prevalence of hexagonal Ti martensite (α') Martensitic microstructure\n EB30 30 µm grooves 0.25 Prevalence of hexagonal Ti martensite (α') Martensitic microstructure\n EB10HT 10 µm grooves 0.32 Prevalence of hexagonal Ti (α) α lamellae colonies\n EB10HT-etch Etched 0.35 Prevalence of hexagonal Ti (α) α lamellae colonies\n P10 Smooth Prevalence of hexagonal Ti martensite (α') Martensitic microstructure\n P30 Smooth 0.03 Prevalence of hexagonal Ti martensite (α') Martensitic microstructure\n\nmaterials-13-00409-t003_Table 3\n\n###### \n\nContact angle measurements.", "\n\n Sample Cotact Angle \\[°\\]\n ------------ --------------------\n MP 74 ± 4\n EB10 81 ± 4\n EB30 81 ± 4\n EB10HT 68 ± 3\n EB10HTetch 80 ± 3\n P10 75 ± 2\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }	[ 0, 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[ "Q:\n\nPython: retrieving the length of a list of lists\n\nWhen trying to retrieve the length of a list of lists I get the following error: \"TypeError: 'float' object is not callable\"\nMy code looks something like this:\nlist = [] \nfor line in text:\n regex = re.search(\"(.) (.) (.*)\")", "\n a = float(regex.group(1))\n b = float(regex.group(2))\n c = float(regex.group(3))\n list.append([a, b, c])\n\nnewlist = []\nfor entry in list:\n if entry[0] < 10:\n newlist.append(entry)\n\nif len(newlist) >1:\n do something\n\nThe list of lists ('newlist') is produced with no issues, e.g. [[1.0, 2.0, 3.0], [4.0, 5.0, 6.0], [7.0, 8.0, 9.0]]\nAnd it's definitely a list, i.e. type 'list'\nBut when I try to use:\nlen(list)\n\nI just get the TypeError. ", "I could've missed something really obvious but I just cannot see what I'm doing wrong, can anyone help?", "\nThank you :)\n\nA:\n\nThe problem is not with the list, but the len. ", "You probably used the name len as one of your variable. ", "That's why you can't call the function len, it's being shadowed.", "\nlen, list, str, and others are built in-functions. ", "You should avoid naming variables with a same name.", "\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0.0021598272138228943, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.00024	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 263, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 258 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 304, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 296 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 334, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 326 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 364, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 356 } ]
[ "Nulji of Silla\n\nNulji (reigned 417–458) was the nineteenth ruler (maripgan) of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. ", " He was the son of King Naemul and Lady Boban, who was the daughter of King Michu.", "\n\nNulji married the daughter of King Silseong of Silla, who nonetheless exiled Nulji's younger brothers as hostages to Goguryeo of northern Korea and Wa of Japan. ", " Silseong also plotted to have Nulji killed, but with Goguryeo aid, Nulji was able to kill Silseong in 417, after which he ascended to the throne.", "\n\nAccording to one story, in 418 Nulji sent a loyal retainer named Bak Je-Sang to rescue his brothers from Goguryeo and Wa. ", " He was successful in retrieving the brother who was held in Goguryeo, but he was captured while trying to rescue the one held by Wa. ", " Refusing to serve the Wa king, he died under torture. ", " The story of Bak's loyalty has endured as a popular Korean morality tale.", "\n\nAfter these difficult events, Nulji worked to free Silla from Goguryeo domination. ", " He set up diplomatic relations with Goguryeo on an equal footing in 424, and established a military alliance with Baekje in 433 to help counter the Goguryeo threat. (", "Hangul: 나제동맹; Hanja: 羅濟同盟)\n\nNulji's reign saw the continuation of a long process of centralization in Silla, marked his father's change of his title to \"maripgan\" (마립간, 麻立干), which is believed to represent a higher level of authority than the previous title \"isageum\" (이사금, 尼師今). ", " Under Nulji's rule, patrilineal succession was officially established (Yang, 1999, p. 16). ", " After his death in 458, he was succeeded by his son Jabi, rather than by his brother.", "\n\nSee also\n List of Korean monarchs\n Korean history\n Silla\n\nReferences\n \n\nCategory:Silla rulers\nCategory:458 deaths\nCategory:5th-century monarchs in Asia\nCategory:Year of birth unknown" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.01639344262295082, 0.036585365853658534, 0.012269938650306749, 0.02054794520547945, 0.016129032258064516, 0.007462686567164179, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0.03529411764705882, 0.017964071856287425, 0.010714285714285714, 0.021739130434782608, 0.011627906976744186, 0 ]	0.015732	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 84, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 79 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 151, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", 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[ "So we watched the new episodes of Steven universe and @gravityfying had to draw this hahhaha\n\nWHEEZEEEEE\n\nu thought i was just pink diamond?? ", "THINK AGAIN FOO!!" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.013888888888888888, 0 ]	0.006944	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 40, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 34 } ]
[ "Eltrombopag for treatment of thrombocytopenia-associated disorders.", "\nEltrombopag is an orally bioavailable, non-peptide thrombopoietin receptor agonist capable of stimulating platelet production through the differentiation of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells into committed CD41+ megakaryocyte precursors and proliferation of megakaryocyte progenitor cells. ", "This drug has been tested in several clinical trials in adult patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), demonstrating the ability of the drug to reduce the burden of thrombocytopenia and its associated side effects. ", "Two multicenter trials on eltrombopag in chronic ITP of childhood have been recently completed, showing that the drug is effective also in pediatric patients. ", "Recent studies have suggested a potential role of eltrombopag in the treatment of thrombocytopenia associated with hepatitis-C virus infection. ", "These studies have documented that adjunct treatment with eltrombopag can help avoid either dose reductions or withdrawal of pegylated interferon due to development of thrombocytopenia. ", "Eltrombopag has shown efficacy also in patients with acquired severe aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. ", "Eltrombopag plays an important therapeutic role in many different conditions characterized by persistent thrombocytopenia. ", "A more comprehensive definition of both long-term safety and benefits deriving from the use of eltrombopag will be obtained through prolonged observation of patients already enrolled in the different studies conducted so far and from future prospective controlled trials." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0.003401360544217687, 0.004405286343612335, 0.006289308176100629, 0, 0, 0.008620689655172414, 0.008130081300813009, 0 ]	0.003427	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 11, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 0 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 79, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 68 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1088, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1077 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1204, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1193 } ]
[ "Further readings for the Canon EF 100mm f/2.8 Macro USM\n\nTo provide photographers with a broader perspective about mobiles, lenses and cameras, here are links to articles, reviews, and analyses of photographic equipment produced by DxOMark, renown websites, magazines or blogs.", "\n\nWith it true 1:1 macro reproduction and its floating auto-focus system for high optical quality on its very broad range of focus, this Sigma macro lens looks like ideal for a wide variety of photographers, from nature to sport and portraits.", "\n\nFurther readings for the Canon EF 100mm f/2.8L Macro IS USM\n\nTo provide photographers with a broader perspective about mobiles, lenses and cameras, here are links to articles, reviews, and analyses of photographic equipment produced by DxOMark, renown websites, magazines or blogs.", "\n\nLaunched in September 2012, the Tamron SP90mm f/2.8 Di Macro II VC USD lens aims to continue in the same vein as previous Tamron macro lenses by offering very high image quality in a well-priced package that rivals the offerings from the major camera manufacturers. ", "A true macro lens, this model offers full 1:1 lifesize reproduction and includes Tamron’s Vibration Compensation (VC) mechanism to help achieve images free of camera shake even at longer shutter speeds. ", "Also present is their USD, or Ultrasonic Silent Drive, AF motor for fast, quiet AF operation.", "\n\nCanon’s EF 135mm f/2.8 Softfocus lens blurs images and reality – on purpose. ", "With just a flick of the wrist and lens, the 135mm f/2.8 Softfocus allows photographers to have a “softfocus” in their images. ", "The effect produces a blur and halo throughout the photograph. ", "But how clear are the lens’ images when you take away the blur?", "\n\nWith it true 1:1 macro reproduction and its floating auto-focus system for high optical quality on its very broad range of focus, this Sigma macro lens looks like ideal for a wide variety of photographers, from nature to sport and portraits." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.007220216606498195, 0, 0.01060070671378092, 0.011194029850746268, 0.0049261083743842365, 0.021505376344086023, 0.012658227848101266, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.006191	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 33, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 21 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 51, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 40 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 553, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 541 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 828, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 814 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1397, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1388 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1508, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1493 } ]
[ "Zorotypus silvestrii\n\nZorotypus silvestrii is a species of angel insect in the family Zorotypidae. ", "It is found in Southern Asia.", "\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\n \n \n\nCategory:Zoraptera\nCategory:Articles created by Qbugbot\nCategory:Insects described in 1927" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0, 0, 0.015873015873015872 ]	0.005291	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 31, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 0 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 127, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 114 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 253, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 249 } ]
[ "We have sent you and email with instructions on how to reset your password.", "\n\nTrails Near Hacienda Heights, CA\n\nAliso and Wood Canyon Wilderness Park is a 8.5 mile loop trail located near Laguna Niguel, California that features a river and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round. ", "Horses are also able to use this trail.", "\n\nAliso Creek Trail is a 5.1 mile loop trail located near Lake Forest, California and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nanaheim coves trail is a 1.5 mile point-to-point trail located near Anaheim, California. ", "The trail is good for all skill levels and primarily used for road biking, trail running & walking. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nArroyo Pescadero Trail is a 2 mile loop trail located near Whittier, California that offers the chance to see wildlife. ", "The trail is rated as moderate and primarily used for hiking, trail running & walking. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash. ", "Parking has a port-a-potty.", "\n\nAscot Hills Park is a 3.5 mile trail located near Los Angeles, California that offers scenic views and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for trail running & walking and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nAzusa River Wilderness Trail is a 1.5 mile out and back trail located near Azusa, California that features a river and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nBlack Star Canyon - Black Star Canyon Road is a 6 mile out and back trail located near Silverado, California that features a river. ", "The trail is rated as moderate and primarily used for hiking, mountain biking & trail running. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nBommer Canyon is a 3.5 mile trail located near Irvine, California. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, mountain biking and trail running. ", "Bommer Canyon also connects to Bommer Ridge Trail if you use the West Fork.", "\n\nbonnie cove is a 2 mile trail located near Glendora, California that offers scenic views. ", "The trail is rated as moderate and primarily used for hiking, mountain biking, trail running & walking. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nBox Springs Mountain Park is a 9 mile loop trail located near Moreno Valley, California that offers the chance to see wildlife. ", "The trail is rated as moderate and primarily used for hiking, mountain biking, trail running & walking. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nBrown Mountain/El Prieto Trail is a 7.4 mile out and back trail located near Altadena, California. ", "The trail is rated as moderate offers a number of activity options. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail.", "\n\nBrowns Canyon is a 5.2 mile out and back trail located near Chatsworth, California that offers scenic views. ", "The trail is rated as moderate offers a number of activity options. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nBuck Gully Trail is a point-to-point trail located near Newport Beach, California that features a river and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nCastle Peak Hike is a 1.5 mile out and back trail located near Los Angeles, California that features beautiful wild flowers and is rated as difficult. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nChallenger Park is a 4.1 mile out and back trail located near Simi Valley, California that offers the chance to see wildlife and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, mountain biking & trail running and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nGreat hike! ", "I love the quietness of the outdoors. ", "I hiked in from the street. ", "Its a workout so i didn't mind hiking in. ", "I took sidewinder trail. ", "it's the trail to your right. ", "awesome views and wildlife from rabbits, birds, lizards, and oh yes rattlesnakes! ", "make sure to take your hiking poles!", "\n\nCoal Canyon - Santa Ana River, Coal Canyon Trails is a 5 mile out and back trail located near Corona, California that features a waterfall and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs and horses are also able to use this trail.", "\n\nColdwater Canyon Park Trail is a 3.1 mile loop trail located near Studio City, California that offers scenic views. ", "The trail is rated as moderate and primarily used for hiking, mountain biking, trail running & walking. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nConejo open space trail is a 4.9 mile trail located near Simi Valley, California. ", "The trail is good for all skill levels and primarily used for hiking, mountain biking, trail running & walking. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nDeep Creek Trail is an out and back trail located near Apple Valley, California that features hot springs. ", "The trail is rated as moderate offers a number of activity options. ", "Trail Head Coordinate: 34.318186,-117.195859\n\nDeer Canyon Loop Trail is a 7.1 mile loop trail located near Newport Beach, California that offers the chance to see wildlife. ", "The trail is rated as moderate and primarily used for hiking, mountain biking & trail running.", "\n\nDel Cerro Park is a moderate trailhead located near Rancho Palos Verdes, California. ", "The trail will take you from the top of the park all the way down to the ocean. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, trail running and mountain biking. ", "It is accessible year-round.", "\n\nDevil's Chair via Devil's Punchbowl Nature Center is a 7 mile out and back trail located near Pearblossom, California that features a river and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nEnter the Upper Las Virgenes Canyon Open Space Preserve at the western end of Victory Blvd., ", "at the Victory Trailhead. ", "Go 3.9 miles at the East Las Virgines Canyon Trail or 2.3 miles around the Mary Wiesbrock Trail. ", "Do a 16.6-mile Big Outing into upper Las Virgenes Canyon.", "\n\nElysian Heights: Looking Down on LA's Oldest Public Park is a 0.8 mile loop trail located near Los Angeles, California and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, trail running & walking and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nSimple walk on a secluded road/trail that takes you through horse country. ", "Stroll along the rolling hills of Chino and pass by villas, farms, and of course... Horses! ", "Very dry and not a lot of shade, mostly just a trail to walk the dog or get a quick run in!", "\n\nExploration Trail is a 4.4 mile point-to-point trail located near Running Springs, California that features beautiful wild flowers and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible from March until October. ", "Dogs and horses are also able to use this trail.", "\n\nFalcon Trail is located near Trabuco Canyon, California and offers the chance to see wildlife. ", "The trail is good for all skill levels offers a number of activity options. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nFour Corners Loop is a 4 mile loop trail located near Chino Hills, California that features a river and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nFranklin Canyon Site Trail is a 2 mile trail located near Beverly Hills, California that features a lake and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking & trail running and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nFullerton Loop Trail is a 4.2 mile loop trail located in Fulleron, CA that features a lake. ", "The trail is good for all skill levels and primarily used for hiking, mountain biking, trail running & walking. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nGarcia Trail to Azusa Peak is a 1.3 mile out and back trail located near Azusa, California that offers scenic views and is rated as difficult. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, mountain biking & walking and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nThis trail begins at the Griffith Park Visitor Center and heads up a gravel fire road and follows a wide single track that climb and drop down a number of steep ridges. ", "The trail intersects and follows an asphalt road that leads to the very top of Griffith Park, right above the Hollywood sign.", "\n\nHacienda Hills Trail is a 3.6 mile multi trail located near Hacienda Heights, California that features beautiful wild flowers and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for fishing, hiking, trail running & walking and is accessible year-round. ", "Poison ivy warning.", "\n\nheartwell park is a 6 mile loop trail located near Long Beach, California. ", "The trail is good for all skill levels and primarily used for trail running. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nHellman Park Trail is a 5.5 mile loop trail located near Whittier, California that features beautiful wild flowers and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible from January until January.", "\n\nHellman Wilderness Park: Hellman, Tank And Side Trails is a 5.5 mile trail located near Whittier, California that features beautiful wild flowers. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail.", "\n\nHoly Jim Falls Trail is a 2.8 mile round trip located near Trabuco Canyon, California that features a waterfall and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, mountain biking & walking and is accessible year-round. (", "Drive out Trabuco Creek Road to get to trailhead.)", "\n\nIndustry Trail is a 4.8 mile trail located near La Puente, California. ", "The trail is primarily used for trail running. ", "Please bring doggy bags to pick up your dogs poo please. ", "No one wants to step in poop. ", "Thanks.", "\n\nInsanity Hill Trail is a 5.3 mile loop trail located near Pacific Palisades, California that features beautiful wild flowers. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nJohnson's Pasture Trail is a 6.3 mile trail located near Claremont, California that features beautiful wild flowers. ", "The trail is rated as moderate offers a number of activity options. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nKeller Peak / National Children's Forest is a 12.5 mile out and back trail located near Running Springs, California that features beautiful wild flowers and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for mountain biking & trail running and is accessible from March until November. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nLaguna Coast Wilderness Park is a 4.8 mile loop trail located near Irvine, California that offers the chance to see wildlife and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nLake Gregory is a 2.5 mile multiple route trail located near Crestline, California that offers the chance to see wildlife and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nLatigo Canyon to Tapia Park is a 11.5 mile point-to-point trail located near Malibu, California and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for mountain biking & trail running and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nLaurel Canyon - Bommer Ridge Loop is a 3.5 mile loop trail located near Laguna Beach, California that features beautiful wild flowers and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail is primarily used for biking, hiking & trail running and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nlower monroe truck trail is a 11.7 mile out and back trail located near Glendora, California that features beautiful wild flowers. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, mountain biking, trail running & walking.", "\n\nMartin Tudor-Jurupa Hills Regional Park is a 2.6 mile out and back trail located near Fontana, California that offers scenic views. ", "The trail is rated as difficult and primarily used for hiking, trail running & walking.", "\n\nEnter the Upper Las Virgenes Canyon Open Space Preserve at the western end of Victory Blvd., ", "at the Victory Trailhead. ", "Go 3.9 miles at the East Las Virgines Canyon Trail or 2.3 miles around the Mary Wiesbrock Trail. ", "Do a 16.6-mile Big Outing into upper Las Virgenes Canyon.", "\n\nThe loop Starts by getting to the end of the main trail then continuing up a steep incline trail named meadows then continuing through a community and along a beautiful ridge overlooking the ocean on one side and overlooking the canyon and many homes then continue down a rocky trail called rock-it.", "\n\nMichael D Antonovich Trail is a 5.9 mile out and back trail located near San Dimas, California that features a river and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, mountain biking, trail running & walking and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nWonderful strenuous hike up Lytle Creek canyon to icehouse saddle. ", "If you are tired of the crowds on the icehouse canyon trail, then this one is for you. ", "The price is an extra 1200 ft elevaton gain and few extra miles. ", "The trailhead too is down a rough road. ", "High clearance vehicles recommended.", "\n\nModelo Spur is a part of the Cheeseboro/Palo Comado Canyons. ", "This trail meanders from the parking lot through grasslands to a lone coast live oak on the ridge. ", "The trail drops east and joins the Cheeseboro Canyon Trail.", "\n\nModelo Trail is a part of the Cheeseboro/Palo Comado Canyons. ", "Starting at the ridge line of the Modelo Spur and continuing north along the ridge, this pathway offers views of both canyons. ", "It ends at the Palo Comado Canyon Trail where you can turn right, and travel east to Cheeseboro Canyon.", "\n\nMormon Rocks Interpertive Trail is a 1 mile loop trail located near San Bernardino, California that offers scenic views and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible from January until January.", "\n\nMt. Hollywood: The trail can be fit depend on the hiker and the starting point since there are lots of trails around here the main thing is that the view is excellent and dogs are allowed but pick up after themselves there is a $250 fine.", "\n\nMt. Rubidoux Trail is a 3 mile loop trail that offers scenic views. ", "The trail is good for all skill levels and primarily used for hiking & walking. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nNorth Etiwanda Preserve Falls Trail is a 5.7 mile trail located near Rancho Cucamonga, California that features a waterfall and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking & trail running and is accessible from December until May.\n\nThis trail was made in the 1880's by Dr. Fairchild and Dell, who envisioned an observatory on the summit. ", "The idea never materialized, but over the years the trail became popular and was used as the main route to travel to the summit from Mount Baldy Village.", "\n\nPalisades Highlands to Garapito Loop is a 11.5 mile loop trail located near Pacific Palisades, California and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for trail running and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nParadise Falls Trail is a 3 mile loop trail located near Thousand Oaks, California that features a waterfall and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for trail running & walking and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nPeters Canyon Lake View Trail is a 2.6 mile loop trail located near Orange, California that features a lake and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, mountain biking & walking and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nPoint Vicente Fishing Access Trail to Point Vicente and Long Point is a 1.5 mile out and back trail located near Rancho Palos Verdes, California that features beautiful wild flowers. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking & trail running and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nPotato Mtn - Wilderness Trail is a 5.5 mile loop trail located near Claremont, California that offers scenic views. ", "The trail is rated as moderate and primarily used for hiking, road biking & trail running. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nRiverside County Campgrounds is a 9.8 mile out and back trail located near Riverside, California and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail is primarily used for camping & trail running and is accessible from April until October. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nRunyon Canyon Trail is a 3.5 mile loop trail located near Los Angeles, California that offers scenic views and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking & trail running and is accessible from September until May. Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nSan Clemente State Beach is a 3 mile loop trail located near San Clemente, California that offers scenic views and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, trail running & walking and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nMost popular flat paved trail in Orange County for road cycling, running, walking, and hiking. ", "35 miles End to End. ", "Huntington Beach to Corona. ", "Great all year long with access to Parks along the way. ", "Leads to Anaheim Angels stadium and the Honda Center.", "\n\nSanta Rosa Plateau Trail is a 7.1 mile loop trail located near Murrieta, California that features a river and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nSanta Rosa Trail in Wildwood Park is a 4.6 mile loop trail located near Murrieta, California that offers scenic views and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking & trail running and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nSanta Rosa Trail Loop is a 7.5 mile loop trail located near Murrieta, California that features a river and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round. ", "Horses are also able to use this trail.", "\n\nSantiago Trail is a 15 mile out and back trail located near Silverado, California and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, mountain biking & trail running. ", "Turn around at Old Camp (stream) for the full distance and elevation. ", "Actual elevation gain is over 4,000' .", "\n\nNext to the Mt. Boney summit trail, this is the best and most unused trail in the Conejo Valley. ", "Most of the trail consists of steep, north-facing slopes with dense chaparral and occasional sandstone outcrops. ", "Some rock scrambling is required as well as hard to determine trails.", "\n\nSerrano Creek and Heritage Hill - Serrano Creek Trail is a 6.5 mile point-to-point trail located near Lake Forest, California that features a river. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, mountain biking, trail running & walking. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nShortcut Canyon is a 8.8 mile out and back trail located near Sierra Madre, California and is only recommended for very experienced outdoorsmen. ", "The trail is primarily used for trail running and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nSilverado Truck Trail is a 3.1 mile out and back trail located near Silverado, California that offers scenic views. ", "The trail is rated as moderate and primarily used for birding, hiking, mountain biking & trail running.", "\n\nSkyline Drive is a 9.8 mile out and back trail located near Corona, California that features a cave and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for birding, hiking, mountain biking & trail running and is accessible from August until November. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nSostomo/Deer valley loop trail is a 6 mile out and back trail located in Malibu, CA that features streams and is rated as moderate to difficult. ", "The trail is accessible year-round but beware of ticks, poison oak & rattle snakes. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on a leash.", "\n\nSteep Canyon Trail is a 1.6 mile loop trail located near Diamond Bar, California that offers scenic views and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking & trail running and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nSullivan Canyon is a 8 mile out and back trail located near Pacific Palisades, California that features beautiful wild flowers and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, mountain biking & trail running and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nSycamore Canyon Park is a 4 mile loop trail located near March Air Reserve Base, California that offers the chance to see wildlife and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, mountain biking, trail running & walking and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nTelegraph Canyon to Ridge is a 4 mile loop trail located near Chino Hills, California that features beautiful wild flowers and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, mountain biking, trail running & walking and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nTemecula Meadowview Loop is a 2.5 mile loop trail located near Temecula, California that offers scenic views and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail is primarily used for mountain biking, trail running & walking and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs and horses are also able to use this trail.", "\n\nTurnbull Canyon Trail is a 4 mile loop trail located near Whittier, California that offers scenic views and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nVia Princessa to Golden Valley is a 6.3 mile trail located near Santa Clarita, California that features beautiful wild flowers. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, trail running & walking and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nVICTORY TRAILHEAD is a loop trail located in the state of California that features beautiful wild flowers. ", "The trail is good for all skill levels and primarily used for hiking, mountain biking, trail running & walking. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nThe Verdugo Fireroad (topo says Chandler Motorway) begins here, and goes east to near Glendale Community College. ", "Difficulty is easy, but can be made more difficult by increasing speed and/or distance. ", "This can be linked with close to a dozen other trails along the way.", "\n\nWestridge-Canyonback Trail is a 7.2 mile out and back trail located near Los Angeles, California that features beautiful wild flowers. ", "The trail is rated as moderate and primarily used for hiking, mountain biking & trail running. 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"recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 22215 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 22240, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 22230 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 22505, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 22495 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 22769, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 22752 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 23075, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 23064 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 23087, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 23077 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 5218, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.01, "start": 5212 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 5230, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.01, "start": 5224 } ]
[ ".class final Lc/a/h/c$a;\n.super Ljava/lang/Object;\n.source \"\"\n\n# interfaces\n.implements Ljava/lang/Runnable;\n\n\n# annotations\n.annotation system Ldalvik/annotation/EnclosingClass;\n value = Lc/a/h/c;\n.end annotation\n\n.annotation system Ldalvik/annotation/InnerClass;\n accessFlags = 0x10\n name = \"a\"\n.end annotation\n\n\n# instance fields\n.field final synthetic a:Lc/a/h/c;\n\n\n# direct methods\n.method constructor <init>(Lc/a/h/c;)V\n .locals 0\n\n iput-object p1, p0, Lc/a/h/c$a;->a:Lc/a/h/c;\n\n invoke-direct {p0}, Ljava/lang/Object;-><init>()V\n\n return-void\n.end method\n\n\n# virtual methods\n.method public run()V\n .locals 1\n\n iget-object v0, p0, Lc/a/h/c$a;->a:Lc/a/h/c;\n\n invoke-virtual {v0}, Lc/a/h/c;->cancel()V\n\n return-void\n.end method\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0.011764705882352941 ]	0.011765	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 107, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 99 } ]
[ "Melatonin controls superoxide anion level: modulation of superoxide dismutase activity in ring dove heterophils.", "\nThe pineal gland and the immune system in mammals and birds are functionally connected, with some recent findings showing that melatonin, the major secretory product of the pineal gland in vertebrates, is a free-radical scavenger and general antioxidant. ", "In birds, heterophils, with their ability to ingest and kill different antigens, play a central role in the host defense mechanism. ", "This in vitro study investigated the possible antioxidant action of melatonin in heterophils isolated from adult male and female ring dove (Streptopelia risoria). ", "The superoxide anion levels (O2-.) ", "and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were evaluated as indicators of the metabolic burst of heterophils after ingestion of inert particles (latex beads) at the basal time (0 min) and 15, 30, 45, and 60 min of incubation with 100 microM melatonin. ", "The heterophil O2-. ", "levels, measured by the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test, were lower after incubation in the presence of melatonin at all the times studied, a time-dependent effect. ", "Latex beads produced a significant increase in SOD activity, whereas there was a significant decrease in the presence of melatonin. ", "In addition, when heterophils were incubated in the presence of both latex beads and melatonin, the indole appeared to annul the enhancement of SOD activity (U-525nm) produced by latex beads. ", "In conclusion, our findings show that the neurohormone melatonin could be a useful antioxidant." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0.008928571428571428, 0.00390625, 0, 0.006134969325153374, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015151515151515152, 0.010416666666666666, 0 ]	0.004049	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 652, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 640 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 882, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 877 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 891, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 888 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 894, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 892 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 898, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 896 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 910, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 904 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1437, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1432 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 694, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 692 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 969, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 967 } ]
[ "Q:\n\nWhen do we use parallel algorithms for enumerating combinations?", "\n\nI know that combination is used in many areas. ", "But do we really need parallel version of algorithms for that? ", "If so, where do they used?", "\nHere is a famous example of parallel algorithms, Adaptive and Optimal Parallel Algorithms for Enumerating Permutations and Combinations by S. G. AKL.", "\n\nA:\n\nI have found one.", "\nA parallel algorithm for finding small sets of genes that are enough to distinguish two biological states\nBut if you found others, I would like to know.", "\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.001667	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 354, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 345 } ]
[ "In the new NTSA guidelines, drives involved in accidents could have their licences suspended for a period of not longer than six months. ", "Drivers will further be required to renew their licenses every year as opposed to the current rules where one renews after three years. ", "Drivers will also undergo medical examination and their driving skills tested again after 10 years of driving.", "\n\nThis is an online platform provided by the Kenyan Government. ", "Thanks to e-citizen, you can now renew NTSA driver licence in Kenya from the comfort of your home, office, or cyber cafe and pay for the services via MPESA without much hassle.", "\n\nHow much does it cost to renew driving Licence in Kenya?", "\n\nPayment for license renewal will be made using available mobile money services; a three-year licence will cost Sh1400 plus a Sh50 convinience fee. ", "A one-year licence on the other hand will cost Sh600 and Sh50 convinience fee. ", "After successful application, one will be able to print their renewal slip\n\nProvisional driving licence. ", "This will be issued to you when you want to undergo training in driving.", "\n\nDriving test endorsement. ", "This enables you to drive other classes of vehicles other than the one you are driving.", "\n\nDuplicate driving licence. ", "When your driving licence is stolen, lost, damaged or defaced, you are required to apply for a replacement.", "\n\nThe main functions of the National Transport Safety Authority as outlined in Section 4 of NTSA Act are;\n\nGives advice and make recommendations on matters relating to road transport and safety.", "\n\nImplements policies relating to road transport and safety.", "\n\nResponsible for planning, managing and regulating the road transport sector with the provisions of the Act.", "\n\nLastly, it provides safe, reliable and efficient road transport service\n\nThe following are the conditions for granting of driving licence in Kenya.", "The licensing officer shall not grant you a driving licence unless;\n\nYou have passed the driving test and you are competent to drive that class of motor vehicle and that you hold a certificate of competence.", "\n\nYou are holder of a valid driving licence for that class of motor vehicle granted by competent authority in a country of the commonwealth.", "\n\nYou have acquired an international driving licence.", "\n\nWhen you make a declaration as to whether or not that you are suffering from any such disease or physical disability which would result to cause road accident while you are driving.", "\n\nYou are able to read with glasses if worn, a motor vehicle identification plate at a distance of 25 meters. ", "Note that, a blind person or a person whose one eye is blind, is not allowed to possess a driving licence.", "\n\nWhere you are suffering from any such disease or physical disability which may result to you causing a road accident while driving, the licensing officer won’t issue you with a driving licence unless;\n\nYou produce a medical certificate from a medical practitioner, stating that you are physically fit to drive that class or classes of motor vehicles in question.", "\n\nYou undergo a driving test and you pass.", "\n\nHow To Renew Driving License In Kenya via eCitizen and M-PESA?", "\n\nFollow these Steps For NTSA Driving Licence Renewal In Kenya.", "\n\nLog in to the eCitizen website. ", "You will be required to provide your email address or your National ID Number and password in order to access the online portal. ", "If you are logging in for the first time, you will have to create or sign up for an account.", "\n\nOnce you have logged in, select the National Transport and Safety Authority tab for driving licence renewal application.", "\n\nThen click on submit application option and select driving licences.", "\n\nYou can either choose one year driving licence renewal or three years driving licence renewal.", "\n\nIt is important to confirm the application details. ", "For one year driving licence renewal it will cost you KES 600 while for three years driving licence renewal, it will cost you KES 1,400 with an additional convenience fee of KES 50.", "\n\nAfter confirming the application details depending on your choice of driving licence renewal period, you need to double check the information you have provided for accuracy and to check if you have entered in all information on the required fields.", "\n\nAfter reviewing the details and you are satisfied that the information you have given is accurate, then, click submit.", "\n\nYou need to choose the mode of payment for your driving licence renewal.", "It is important to note that, you can use mobile money services such as M-Pesa to renew your driver’s licence.", "\n\nAfter you have paid and submitted a successful application, you will able to print the NTSA renewal driving licence slip." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.0072992700729927005, 0, 0, 0.015625, 0.005681818181818182, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005154639175257732, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007142857142857143, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015625, 0, 0.029411764705882353, 0, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.002296	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 135, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 125 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 204, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 194 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 271, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 260 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 371, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 363 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 513, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 508 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 678, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 673 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 772, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 762 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 837, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 829 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1839, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1834 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3078, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 3073 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3164, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 3159 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3640, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 3632 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3679, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 3668 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3769, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 3761 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3840, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 3829 } ]
[ "This is an archived article and the information in the article may be outdated. ", "Please look at the time stamp on the story to see when it was last updated.", "\n\nA Camarillo High School sophomore was arrested after allegedly threatening to kill another student, carry out a shooting at the campus then kill himself, police stated Friday.", "\n\nAs the high school’s graduation ceremony took place Thursday, patrol deputies responded to a call about 15-year-old making threats, according to a City of Camarillo Police Department media release.", "\n\nInvestigators located the student and a parent at his home and took the juvenile in without incident.", "\n\nWeapons were removed from the student’s home and booked into the local sheriff’s office, the release stated.", "\n\nThe juvenile said he did threaten another student but indicated he did not intend to carry out the threat.", "\n\nHe was cited for making criminal threats.", "\n\nSeveral thousand people attended the high school graduation, and deputies at the ceremony were aware of the threats, the release stated.", "\n\nThe 15-year-old was evaluated by the Children’s Intensive Response Team and taken for additional mental health treatment.", "\n\nAnyone with information was asked to contact the Ventura County Crime Stoppers at 800-222-8477." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0, 0, 0.005649717514124294, 0.005025125628140704, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0.010309278350515464 ]	0.002647	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 330, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 324 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 392, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 384 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 447, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 436 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 514, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 477 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1042, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1031 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1243, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", "recognizer_name": "PhoneRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 1231 } ]
[ "/* ===================================================\n * bootstrap-transition.js v2.2.1\n * http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/javascript.html#transitions\n * ===================================================\n * Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc.\n \n Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n \n http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n \n Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n * ========================================================== /\n\n\n!", "function ($) {\n\n \"use strict\"; // jshint ;_;\n\n\n / CSS TRANSITION SUPPORT (http://www.modernizr.com/)\n * ======================================================= /\n\n $(function () {\n\n $.support.transition = (function () {\n\n var transitionEnd = (function () {\n\n var el = document.createElement('bootstrap')\n , transEndEventNames = {\n 'WebkitTransition' : 'webkitTransitionEnd'\n , 'MozTransition' : 'transitionend'\n , 'OTransition' : 'oTransitionEnd otransitionend'\n , 'transition' : 'transitionend'\n }\n , name\n\n for (name in transEndEventNames){\n if (el.style[name] !", "== undefined) {\n return transEndEventNames[name]\n }\n }\n\n }())\n\n return transitionEnd && {\n end: transitionEnd\n }\n\n })()\n\n })\n\n}(window.jQuery);\n/ =========================================================\n * bootstrap-modal.js v2.2.1\n * http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/javascript.html#modals\n * =========================================================\n * Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc.\n \n Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n \n http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n \n Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n * ========================================================= /\n\n\n!", "function ($) {\n\n \"use strict\"; // jshint ;_;\n\n\n / MODAL CLASS DEFINITION\n * ====================== /\n\n var Modal = function (element, options) {\n this.options = options\n this.$element = $(element)\n .delegate('[data-dismiss=\"modal\"]', 'click.dismiss.modal', $.proxy(this.hide, this))\n this.options.remote && this.$element.find('.modal-body').load(this.options.remote)\n }\n\n Modal.prototype = {\n\n constructor: Modal\n\n , toggle: function () {\n return this[!this.isShown ? '", "show' : 'hide']()\n }\n\n , show: function () {\n var that = this\n , e = $.Event('show')\n\n this.$element.trigger(e)\n\n if (this.isShown \|\| e.isDefaultPrevented()) return\n\n this.isShown = true\n\n this.escape()\n\n this.backdrop(function () {\n var transition = $.support.transition && that.$element.hasClass('fade')\n\n if (!", "that.$element.parent().length) {\n that.$element.appendTo(document.body) //don't move modals dom position\n }\n\n that.$element\n .show()\n\n if (transition) {\n that.$element[0].offsetWidth // force reflow\n }\n\n that.$element\n .addClass('in')\n .attr('aria-hidden', false)\n\n that.enforceFocus()\n\n transition ?", "\n that.$element.one($.support.transition.end, function () { that.$element.focus().trigger('shown') }) :\n that.$element.focus().trigger('shown')\n\n })\n }\n\n , hide: function (e) {\n e && e.preventDefault()\n\n var that = this\n\n e = $.Event('hide')\n\n this.$element.trigger(e)\n\n if (!", "this.isShown \|\| e.isDefaultPrevented()) return\n\n this.isShown = false\n\n this.escape()\n\n $(document).off('focusin.modal')\n\n this.$element\n .removeClass('in')\n .attr('aria-hidden', true)\n\n $.support.transition && this.$element.hasClass('fade') ?", "\n this.hideWithTransition() :\n this.hideModal()\n }\n\n , enforceFocus: function () {\n var that = this\n $(document).on('focusin.modal', function (e) {\n if (that.$element[0] !", "== e.target && !", "that.$element.has(e.target).length) {\n that.$element.focus()\n }\n })\n }\n\n , escape: function () {\n var that = this\n if (this.isShown && this.options.keyboard) {\n this.$element.on('keyup.dismiss.modal', function ( e ) {\n e.which == 27 && that.hide()\n })\n } else if (!", "this.isShown) {\n this.$element.off('keyup.dismiss.modal')\n }\n }\n\n , hideWithTransition: function () {\n var that = this\n , timeout = setTimeout(function () {\n that.$element.off($.support.transition.end)\n that.hideModal()\n }, 500)\n\n this.$element.one($.support.transition.end, function () {\n clearTimeout(timeout)\n that.hideModal()\n })\n }\n\n , hideModal: function (that) {\n this.$element\n .hide()\n .trigger('hidden')\n\n this.backdrop()\n }\n\n , removeBackdrop: function () {\n this.$backdrop.remove()\n this.$backdrop = null\n }\n\n , backdrop: function (callback) {\n var that = this\n , animate = this.$element.hasClass('fade') ? '", "fade' : ''\n\n if (this.isShown && this.options.backdrop) {\n var doAnimate = $.support.transition && animate\n\n this.$backdrop = $('<div class=\"modal-backdrop ' + animate + '\" />')\n .appendTo(document.body)\n\n this.$backdrop.click(\n this.options.backdrop == 'static' ?", "\n $.proxy(this.$element[0].focus, this.$element[0])\n : $.proxy(this.hide, this)\n )\n\n if (doAnimate) this.$backdrop[0].offsetWidth // force reflow\n\n this.$backdrop.addClass('in')\n\n doAnimate ?", "\n this.$backdrop.one($.support.transition.end, callback) :\n callback()\n\n } else if (!", "this.isShown && this.$backdrop) {\n this.$backdrop.removeClass('in')\n\n $.support.transition && this.$element.hasClass('fade')?", "\n this.$backdrop.one($.support.transition.end, $.proxy(this.removeBackdrop, this)) :\n this.removeBackdrop()\n\n } else if (callback) {\n callback()\n }\n }\n }\n\n\n / MODAL PLUGIN DEFINITION\n * ======================= /\n\n $.fn.modal = function (option) {\n return this.each(function () {\n var $this = $(this)\n , data = $this.data('modal')\n , options = $.extend({}, $.fn.modal.defaults, $this.data(), typeof option == 'object' && option)\n if (!", "data) $this.data('modal', (data = new Modal(this, options)))\n if (typeof option == 'string') data[option]()\n else if (options.show) data.show()\n })\n }\n\n $.fn.modal.defaults = {\n backdrop: true\n , keyboard: true\n , show: true\n }\n\n $.fn.modal.", "Constructor = Modal\n\n\n / MODAL DATA-API\n * ============== /\n\n $(document).on('click.modal.data-api', '[data-toggle=\"modal\"]', function (e) {\n var $this = $(this)\n , href = $this.attr('href')\n , $target = $($this.attr('data-target') \|\| (href && href.replace(/.(?=#[^\\s]+$)/, ''))) //strip for ie7\n , option = $target.data('modal') ? '", "toggle' : $.extend({ remote:!/#/.test(href) && href }, $target.data(), $this.data())\n\n e.preventDefault()\n\n $target\n .modal(option)\n .one('hide', function () {\n $this.focus()\n })\n })\n\n}(window.jQuery);\n\n/* ============================================================\n * bootstrap-dropdown.js v2.2.1\n * http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/javascript.html#dropdowns\n * ============================================================\n * Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc.\n \n Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n \n http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n \n Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n * ============================================================ /\n\n\n!", "function ($) {\n\n \"use strict\"; // jshint ;_;\n\n\n / DROPDOWN CLASS DEFINITION\n * ========================= /\n\n var toggle = '[data-toggle=dropdown]'\n , Dropdown = function (element) {\n var $el = $(element).on('click.dropdown.data-api', this.toggle)\n $('html').on('click.dropdown.data-api', function () {\n $el.parent().removeClass('open')\n })\n }\n\n Dropdown.prototype = {\n\n constructor: Dropdown\n\n , toggle: function (e) {\n var $this = $(this)\n , $parent\n , isActive\n\n if ($this.is('.disabled, :disabled')) return\n\n $parent = getParent($this)\n\n isActive = $parent.hasClass('open')\n\n clearMenus()\n\n if (!", "isActive) {\n $parent.toggleClass('open')\n $this.focus()\n }\n\n return false\n }\n\n , keydown: function (e) {\n var $this\n , $items\n , $active\n , $parent\n , isActive\n , index\n\n if (!", "/(38\|40\|27)/.test(e.keyCode)) return\n\n $this = $(this)\n\n e.preventDefault()\n e.stopPropagation()\n\n if ($this.is('.disabled, :disabled')) return\n\n $parent = getParent($this)\n\n isActive = $parent.hasClass('open')\n\n if (!", "isActive \|\| (isActive && e.keyCode == 27)) return $this.click()\n\n $items = $('[role=menu] li:not(.divider) a', $parent)\n\n if (!", "$items.length) return\n\n index = $items.index($items.filter(':focus'))\n\n if (e.keyCode == 38 && index > 0) index-- // up\n if (e.keyCode == 40 && index < $items.length - 1) index++ // down\n if (!", "~index) index = 0\n\n $items\n .eq(index)\n .focus()\n }\n\n }\n\n function clearMenus() {\n $(toggle).each(function () {\n getParent($(this)).removeClass('open')\n })\n }\n\n function getParent($this) {\n var selector = $this.attr('data-target')\n , $parent\n\n if (!", "selector) {\n selector = $this.attr('href')\n selector = selector && /#/.test(selector) && selector.replace(/.(?=#[^\\s]$)/, '') //strip for ie7\n }\n\n $parent = $(selector)\n $parent.length \|\| ($parent = $this.parent())\n\n return $parent\n }\n\n\n / DROPDOWN PLUGIN DEFINITION\n * ========================== /\n\n $.fn.dropdown = function (option) {\n return this.each(function () {\n var $this = $(this)\n , data = $this.data('dropdown')\n if (!", "data) $this.data('dropdown', (data = new Dropdown(this)))\n if (typeof option == 'string') data[option].call($this)\n })\n }\n\n $.fn.dropdown.", "Constructor = Dropdown\n\n\n / APPLY TO STANDARD DROPDOWN ELEMENTS\n * =================================== /\n\n $(document)\n .on('click.dropdown.data-api touchstart.dropdown.data-api', clearMenus)\n .on('click.dropdown touchstart.dropdown.data-api', '.dropdown form', function (e) { e.stopPropagation() })\n .on('click.dropdown.data-api touchstart.dropdown.data-api' , toggle, Dropdown.prototype.toggle)\n .on('keydown.dropdown.data-api touchstart.dropdown.data-api', toggle + ', [role=menu]' , Dropdown.prototype.keydown)\n\n}(window.jQuery);\n/ =============================================================\n * bootstrap-scrollspy.js v2.2.1\n * http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/javascript.html#scrollspy\n * =============================================================\n * Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc.\n \n Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n \n http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n \n Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n * ============================================================== /\n\n\n!", "function ($) {\n\n \"use strict\"; // jshint ;_;\n\n\n / SCROLLSPY CLASS DEFINITION\n * ========================== /\n\n function ScrollSpy(element, options) {\n var process = $.proxy(this.process, this)\n , $element = $(element).is('body') ? ", "$(window) : $(element)\n , href\n this.options = $.extend({}, $.fn.scrollspy.defaults, options)\n this.$scrollElement = $element.on('scroll.scroll-spy.data-api', process)\n this.selector = (this.options.target\n \|\| ((href = $(element).attr('href')) && href.replace(/.(?=#[^\\s]+$)/, '')) //strip for ie7\n \|\| '') + ' .nav li > a'\n this.$body = $('body')\n this.refresh()\n this.process()\n }\n\n ScrollSpy.prototype = {\n\n constructor: ScrollSpy\n\n , refresh: function () {\n var self = this\n , $targets\n\n this.offsets = $([])\n this.targets = $([])\n\n $targets = this.$body\n .find(this.selector)\n .map(function () {\n var $el = $(this)\n , href = $el.data('target') \|\| $el.attr('href')\n , $href = /^#\\w/.test(href) && $(href)\n return ( $href\n && $href.length\n && [[ $href.position().top, href ]] ) \|\| null\n })\n .sort(function (a, b) { return a[0] - b[0] })\n .each(function () {\n self.offsets.push(this[0])\n self.targets.push(this[1])\n })\n }\n\n , process: function () {\n var scrollTop = this.$scrollElement.scrollTop() + this.options.offset\n , scrollHeight = this.$scrollElement[0].scrollHeight \|\| this.$body[0].scrollHeight\n , maxScroll = scrollHeight - this.$scrollElement.height()\n , offsets = this.offsets\n , targets = this.targets\n , activeTarget = this.activeTarget\n , i\n\n if (scrollTop >= maxScroll) {\n return activeTarget !", "= (i = targets.last()[0])\n && this.activate ( i )\n }\n\n for (i = offsets.length; i--;) {\n activeTarget !", "= targets[i]\n && scrollTop >= offsets[i]\n && (!", "offsets[i + 1] \|\| scrollTop <= offsets[i + 1])\n && this.activate( targets[i] )\n }\n }\n\n , activate: function (target) {\n var active\n , selector\n\n this.activeTarget = target\n\n $(this.selector)\n .parent('.active')\n .removeClass('active')\n\n selector = this.selector\n + '[data-target=\"' + target + '\"],'\n + this.selector + '[href=\"' + target + '\"]'\n\n active = $(selector)\n .parent('li')\n .addClass('active')\n\n if (active.parent('.dropdown-menu').length) {\n active = active.closest('li.dropdown').addClass('active')\n }\n\n active.trigger('activate')\n }\n\n }\n\n\n /* SCROLLSPY PLUGIN DEFINITION\n * =========================== /\n\n $.fn.scrollspy = function (option) {\n return this.each(function () {\n var $this = $(this)\n , data = $this.data('scrollspy')\n , options = typeof option == 'object' && option\n if (!", "data) $this.data('scrollspy', (data = new ScrollSpy(this, options)))\n if (typeof option == 'string') data[option]()\n })\n }\n\n $.fn.scrollspy.", "Constructor = ScrollSpy\n\n $.fn.scrollspy.defaults = {\n offset: 10\n }\n\n\n / SCROLLSPY DATA-API\n * ================== /\n\n $(window).on('load', function () {\n $('[data-spy=\"scroll\"]').each(function () {\n var $spy = $(this)\n $spy.scrollspy($spy.data())\n })\n })\n\n}(window.jQuery);\n/ ========================================================\n * bootstrap-tab.js v2.2.1\n * http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/javascript.html#tabs\n * ========================================================\n * Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc.\n \n Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n \n http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n \n Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n * ======================================================== /\n\n\n!", "function ($) {\n\n \"use strict\"; // jshint ;_;\n\n\n / TAB CLASS DEFINITION\n * ==================== /\n\n var Tab = function (element) {\n this.element = $(element)\n }\n\n Tab.prototype = {\n\n constructor: Tab\n\n , show: function () {\n var $this = this.element\n , $ul = $this.closest('ul:not(.dropdown-menu)')\n , selector = $this.attr('data-target')\n , previous\n , $target\n , e\n\n if (!", "selector) {\n selector = $this.attr('href')\n selector = selector && selector.replace(/.(?=#[^\\s]$)/, '') //strip for ie7\n }\n\n if ( $this.parent('li').hasClass('active') ) return\n\n previous = $ul.find('.active:last a')[0]\n\n e = $.Event('show', {\n relatedTarget: previous\n })\n\n $this.trigger(e)\n\n if (e.isDefaultPrevented()) return\n\n $target = $(selector)\n\n this.activate($this.parent('li'), $ul)\n this.activate($target, $target.parent(), function () {\n $this.trigger({\n type: 'shown'\n , relatedTarget: previous\n })\n })\n }\n\n , activate: function ( element, container, callback) {\n var $active = container.find('> .active')\n , transition = callback\n && $.support.transition\n && $active.hasClass('fade')\n\n function next() {\n $active\n .removeClass('active')\n .find('> .dropdown-menu > .active')\n .removeClass('active')\n\n element.addClass('active')\n\n if (transition) {\n element[0].offsetWidth // reflow for transition\n element.addClass('in')\n } else {\n element.removeClass('fade')\n }\n\n if ( element.parent('.dropdown-menu') ) {\n element.closest('li.dropdown').addClass('active')\n }\n\n callback && callback()\n }\n\n transition ?", "\n $active.one($.support.transition.end, next) :\n next()\n\n $active.removeClass('in')\n }\n }\n\n\n / TAB PLUGIN DEFINITION\n * ===================== /\n\n $.fn.tab = function ( option ) {\n return this.each(function () {\n var $this = $(this)\n , data = $this.data('tab')\n if (!", "data) $this.data('tab', (data = new Tab(this)))\n if (typeof option == 'string') data[option]()\n })\n }\n\n $.fn.tab.", "Constructor = Tab\n\n\n / TAB DATA-API\n * ============ /\n\n $(document).on('click.tab.data-api', '[data-toggle=\"tab\"], [data-toggle=\"pill\"]', function (e) {\n e.preventDefault()\n $(this).tab('show')\n })\n\n}(window.jQuery);\n/ ===========================================================\n * bootstrap-tooltip.js v2.2.1\n * http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/javascript.html#tooltips\n * Inspired by the original jQuery.tipsy by Jason Frame\n * ===========================================================\n * Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc.\n \n Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n \n http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n \n Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n * ========================================================== /\n\n\n!", "function ($) {\n\n \"use strict\"; // jshint ;_;\n\n\n / TOOLTIP PUBLIC CLASS DEFINITION\n * =============================== /\n\n var Tooltip = function (element, options) {\n this.init('tooltip', element, options)\n }\n\n Tooltip.prototype = {\n\n constructor: Tooltip\n\n , init: function (type, element, options) {\n var eventIn\n , eventOut\n\n this.type = type\n this.$element = $(element)\n this.options = this.getOptions(options)\n this.enabled = true\n\n if (this.options.trigger == 'click') {\n this.$element.on('click.' ", "+ this.type, this.options.selector, $.proxy(this.toggle, this))\n } else if (this.options.trigger !", "= 'manual') {\n eventIn = this.options.trigger == 'hover' ? '", "mouseenter' : 'focus'\n eventOut = this.options.trigger == 'hover' ? '", "mouseleave' : 'blur'\n this.$element.on(eventIn + '.' ", "+ this.type, this.options.selector, $.proxy(this.enter, this))\n this.$element.on(eventOut + '.' ", "+ this.type, this.options.selector, $.proxy(this.leave, this))\n }\n\n this.options.selector ?", "\n (this._options = $.extend({}, this.options, { trigger: 'manual', selector: '' })) :\n this.fixTitle()\n }\n\n , getOptions: function (options) {\n options = $.extend({}, $.fn[this.type].defaults, options, this.$element.data())\n\n if (options.delay && typeof options.delay == 'number') {\n options.delay = {\n show: options.delay\n , hide: options.delay\n }\n }\n\n return options\n }\n\n , enter: function (e) {\n var self = $(e.currentTarget)[this.type](this._options).data(this.type)\n\n if (!", "self.options.delay \|\| !", "self.options.delay.show) return self.show()\n\n clearTimeout(this.timeout)\n self.hoverState = 'in'\n this.timeout = setTimeout(function() {\n if (self.hoverState == 'in') self.show()\n }, self.options.delay.show)\n }\n\n , leave: function (e) {\n var self = $(e.currentTarget)[this.type](this._options).data(this.type)\n\n if (this.timeout) clearTimeout(this.timeout)\n if (!", "self.options.delay \|\| !", "self.options.delay.hide) return self.hide()\n\n self.hoverState = 'out'\n this.timeout = setTimeout(function() {\n if (self.hoverState == 'out') self.hide()\n }, self.options.delay.hide)\n }\n\n , show: function () {\n var $tip\n , inside\n , pos\n , actualWidth\n , actualHeight\n , placement\n , tp\n\n if (this.hasContent() && this.enabled) {\n $tip = this.tip()\n this.setContent()\n\n if (this.options.animation) {\n $tip.addClass('fade')\n }\n\n placement = typeof this.options.placement == 'function' ?", "\n this.options.placement.call(this, $tip[0], this.$element[0]) :\n this.options.placement\n\n inside = /in/.test(placement)\n\n $tip\n .detach()\n .css({ top: 0, left: 0, display: 'block' })\n .insertAfter(this.$element)\n\n pos = this.getPosition(inside)\n\n actualWidth = $tip[0].offsetWidth\n actualHeight = $tip[0].offsetHeight\n\n switch (inside ? ", "placement.split(' ')[1] : placement) {\n case 'bottom':\n tp = {top: pos.top + pos.height, left: pos.left + pos.width / 2 - actualWidth / 2}\n break\n case 'top':\n tp = {top: pos.top - actualHeight, left: pos.left + pos.width / 2 - actualWidth / 2}\n break\n case 'left':\n tp = {top: pos.top + pos.height / 2 - actualHeight / 2, left: pos.left - actualWidth}\n break\n case 'right':\n tp = {top: pos.top + pos.height / 2 - actualHeight / 2, left: pos.left + pos.width}\n break\n }\n\n $tip\n .offset(tp)\n .addClass(placement)\n .addClass('in')\n }\n }\n\n , setContent: function () {\n var $tip = this.tip()\n , title = this.getTitle()\n\n $tip.find('.tooltip-inner')[this.options.html ? '", "html' : 'text'](title)\n $tip.removeClass('fade in top bottom left right')\n }\n\n , hide: function () {\n var that = this\n , $tip = this.tip()\n\n $tip.removeClass('in')\n\n function removeWithAnimation() {\n var timeout = setTimeout(function () {\n $tip.off($.support.transition.end).detach()\n }, 500)\n\n $tip.one($.support.transition.end, function () {\n clearTimeout(timeout)\n $tip.detach()\n })\n }\n\n $.support.transition && this.$tip.hasClass('fade') ?", "\n removeWithAnimation() :\n $tip.detach()\n\n return this\n }\n\n , fixTitle: function () {\n var $e = this.$element\n if ($e.attr('title') \|\| typeof($e.attr('data-original-title')) !", "= 'string') {\n $e.attr('data-original-title', $e.attr('title') \|\| '').removeAttr('title')\n }\n }\n\n , hasContent: function () {\n return this.getTitle()\n }\n\n , getPosition: function (inside) {\n return $.extend({}, (inside ? {", "top: 0, left: 0} : this.$element.offset()), {\n width: this.$element[0].offsetWidth\n , height: this.$element[0].offsetHeight\n })\n }\n\n , getTitle: function () {\n var title\n , $e = this.$element\n , o = this.options\n\n title = $e.attr('data-original-title')\n \|\| (typeof o.title == 'function' ? ", "o.title.call($e[0]) : o.title)\n\n return title\n }\n\n , tip: function () {\n return this.$tip = this.$tip \|\| $(this.options.template)\n }\n\n , validate: function () {\n if (!", "this.$element[0].parentNode) {\n this.hide()\n this.$element = null\n this.options = null\n }\n }\n\n , enable: function () {\n this.enabled = true\n }\n\n , disable: function () {\n this.enabled = false\n }\n\n , toggleEnabled: function () {\n this.enabled = !", "this.enabled\n }\n\n , toggle: function (e) {\n var self = $(e.currentTarget)[this.type](this._options).data(this.type)\n self[self.tip().hasClass('in') ? '", "hide' : 'show']()\n }\n\n , destroy: function () {\n this.hide().$element.off('.' ", "+ this.type).removeData(this.type)\n }\n\n }\n\n\n / TOOLTIP PLUGIN DEFINITION\n * ========================= /\n\n $.fn.tooltip = function ( option ) {\n return this.each(function () {\n var $this = $(this)\n , data = $this.data('tooltip')\n , options = typeof option == 'object' && option\n if (!", "data) $this.data('tooltip', (data = new Tooltip(this, options)))\n if (typeof option == 'string') data[option]()\n })\n }\n\n $.fn.tooltip.", "Constructor = Tooltip\n\n $.fn.tooltip.defaults = {\n animation: true\n , placement: 'top'\n , selector: false\n , template: '<div class=\"tooltip\"><div class=\"tooltip-arrow\"></div><div class=\"tooltip-inner\"></div></div>'\n , trigger: 'hover'\n , title: ''\n , delay: 0\n , html: false\n }\n\n}(window.jQuery);\n/ ===========================================================\n * bootstrap-popover.js v2.2.1\n * http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/javascript.html#popovers\n * ===========================================================\n * Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc.\n \n Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n \n http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n \n Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n * =========================================================== /\n\n\n!", "function ($) {\n\n \"use strict\"; // jshint ;_;\n\n\n / POPOVER PUBLIC CLASS DEFINITION\n * =============================== /\n\n var Popover = function (element, options) {\n this.init('popover', element, options)\n }\n\n\n / NOTE: POPOVER EXTENDS BOOTSTRAP-TOOLTIP.js\n ========================================== /\n\n Popover.prototype = $.extend({}, $.fn.tooltip.", "Constructor.prototype, {\n\n constructor: Popover\n\n , setContent: function () {\n var $tip = this.tip()\n , title = this.getTitle()\n , content = this.getContent()\n\n $tip.find('.popover-title')[this.options.html ? '", "html' : 'text'](title)\n $tip.find('.popover-content > ')[this.options.html ? '", "html' : 'text'](content)\n\n $tip.removeClass('fade top bottom left right in')\n }\n\n , hasContent: function () {\n return this.getTitle() \|\| this.getContent()\n }\n\n , getContent: function () {\n var content\n , $e = this.$element\n , o = this.options\n\n content = $e.attr('data-content')\n \|\| (typeof o.content == 'function' ? ", "o.content.call($e[0]) : o.content)\n\n return content\n }\n\n , tip: function () {\n if (!", "this.$tip) {\n this.$tip = $(this.options.template)\n }\n return this.$tip\n }\n\n , destroy: function () {\n this.hide().$element.off('.' ", "+ this.type).removeData(this.type)\n }\n\n })\n\n\n /* POPOVER PLUGIN DEFINITION\n * ======================= /\n\n $.fn.popover = function (option) {\n return this.each(function () {\n var $this = $(this)\n , data = $this.data('popover')\n , options = typeof option == 'object' && option\n if (!", "data) $this.data('popover', (data = new Popover(this, options)))\n if (typeof option == 'string') data[option]()\n })\n }\n\n $.fn.popover.", "Constructor = Popover\n\n $.fn.popover.defaults = $.extend({} , $.fn.tooltip.defaults, {\n placement: 'right'\n , trigger: 'click'\n , content: ''\n , template: '<div class=\"popover\"><div class=\"arrow\"></div><div class=\"popover-inner\"><h3 class=\"popover-title\"></h3><div class=\"popover-content\"><p></p></div></div></div>'\n })\n\n}(window.jQuery);\n/ ==========================================================\n * bootstrap-affix.js v2.2.1\n * http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/javascript.html#affix\n * ==========================================================\n * Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc.\n \n Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n \n http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n \n Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n * ========================================================== /\n\n\n!", "function ($) {\n\n \"use strict\"; // jshint ;_;\n\n\n / AFFIX CLASS DEFINITION\n * ====================== /\n\n var Affix = function (element, options) {\n this.options = $.extend({}, $.fn.affix.defaults, options)\n this.$window = $(window)\n .on('scroll.affix.data-api', $.proxy(this.checkPosition, this))\n .on('click.affix.data-api', $.proxy(function () { setTimeout($.proxy(this.checkPosition, this), 1) }, this))\n this.$element = $(element)\n this.checkPosition()\n }\n\n Affix.prototype.checkPosition = function () {\n if (!", "this.$element.is(':visible')) return\n\n var scrollHeight = $(document).height()\n , scrollTop = this.$window.scrollTop()\n , position = this.$element.offset()\n , offset = this.options.offset\n , offsetBottom = offset.bottom\n , offsetTop = offset.top\n , reset = 'affix affix-top affix-bottom'\n , affix\n\n if (typeof offset !", "= 'object') offsetBottom = offsetTop = offset\n if (typeof offsetTop == 'function') offsetTop = offset.top()\n if (typeof offsetBottom == 'function') offsetBottom = offset.bottom()\n\n affix = this.unpin !", "= null && (scrollTop + this.unpin <= position.top) ?", "\n false : offsetBottom !", "= null && (position.top + this.$element.height() >= scrollHeight - offsetBottom) ?", "\n 'bottom' : offsetTop !", "= null && scrollTop <= offsetTop ?", "\n 'top' : false\n\n if (this.affixed === affix) return\n\n this.affixed = affix\n this.unpin = affix == 'bottom' ? ", "position.top - scrollTop : null\n\n this.$element.removeClass(reset).addClass('affix' + (affix ? '-' ", "+ affix : ''))\n }\n\n\n / AFFIX PLUGIN DEFINITION\n * ======================= /\n\n $.fn.affix = function (option) {\n return this.each(function () {\n var $this = $(this)\n , data = $this.data('affix')\n , options = typeof option == 'object' && option\n if (!", "data) $this.data('affix', (data = new Affix(this, options)))\n if (typeof option == 'string') data[option]()\n })\n }\n\n $.fn.affix.", "Constructor = Affix\n\n $.fn.affix.defaults = {\n offset: 0\n }\n\n\n / AFFIX DATA-API\n * ============== /\n\n $(window).on('load', function () {\n $('[data-spy=\"affix\"]').each(function () {\n var $spy = $(this)\n , data = $spy.data()\n\n data.offset = data.offset \|\| {}\n\n data.offsetBottom && (data.offset.bottom = data.offsetBottom)\n data.offsetTop && (data.offset.top = data.offsetTop)\n\n $spy.affix(data)\n })\n })\n\n\n}(window.jQuery);\n/ ==========================================================\n * bootstrap-alert.js v2.2.1\n * http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/javascript.html#alerts\n * ==========================================================\n * Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc.\n \n Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n \n http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n \n Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n * ========================================================== /\n\n\n!", "function ($) {\n\n \"use strict\"; // jshint ;_;\n\n\n / ALERT CLASS DEFINITION\n * ====================== /\n\n var dismiss = '[data-dismiss=\"alert\"]'\n , Alert = function (el) {\n $(el).on('click', dismiss, this.close)\n }\n\n Alert.prototype.close = function (e) {\n var $this = $(this)\n , selector = $this.attr('data-target')\n , $parent\n\n if (!", "selector) {\n selector = $this.attr('href')\n selector = selector && selector.replace(/.(?=#[^\\s]$)/, '') //strip for ie7\n }\n\n $parent = $(selector)\n\n e && e.preventDefault()\n\n $parent.length \|\| ($parent = $this.hasClass('alert') ? ", "$this : $this.parent())\n\n $parent.trigger(e = $.Event('close'))\n\n if (e.isDefaultPrevented()) return\n\n $parent.removeClass('in')\n\n function removeElement() {\n $parent\n .trigger('closed')\n .remove()\n }\n\n $.support.transition && $parent.hasClass('fade') ?", "\n $parent.on($.support.transition.end, removeElement) :\n removeElement()\n }\n\n\n / ALERT PLUGIN DEFINITION\n * ======================= /\n\n $.fn.alert = function (option) {\n return this.each(function () {\n var $this = $(this)\n , data = $this.data('alert')\n if (!", "data) $this.data('alert', (data = new Alert(this)))\n if (typeof option == 'string') data[option].call($this)\n })\n }\n\n $.fn.alert.", "Constructor = Alert\n\n\n / ALERT DATA-API\n * ============== /\n\n $(document).on('click.alert.data-api', dismiss, Alert.prototype.close)\n\n}(window.jQuery);\n/ ============================================================\n * bootstrap-button.js v2.2.1\n * http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/javascript.html#buttons\n * ============================================================\n * Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc.\n \n Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n \n http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n \n Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n * ============================================================ /\n\n\n!", "function ($) {\n\n \"use strict\"; // jshint ;_;\n\n\n / BUTTON PUBLIC CLASS DEFINITION\n * ============================== /\n\n var Button = function (element, options) {\n this.$element = $(element)\n this.options = $.extend({}, $.fn.button.defaults, options)\n }\n\n Button.prototype.setState = function (state) {\n var d = 'disabled'\n , $el = this.$element\n , data = $el.data()\n , val = $el.is('input') ? '", "val' : 'html'\n\n state = state + 'Text'\n data.resetText \|\| $el.data('resetText', $el[val]())\n\n $el[val](data[state] \|\| this.options[state])\n\n // push to event loop to allow forms to submit\n setTimeout(function () {\n state == 'loadingText' ?", "\n $el.addClass(d).attr(d, d) :\n $el.removeClass(d).removeAttr(d)\n }, 0)\n }\n\n Button.prototype.toggle = function () {\n var $parent = this.$element.closest('[data-toggle=\"buttons-radio\"]')\n\n $parent && $parent\n .find('.active')\n .removeClass('active')\n\n this.$element.toggleClass('active')\n }\n\n\n / BUTTON PLUGIN DEFINITION\n * ======================== /\n\n $.fn.button = function (option) {\n return this.each(function () {\n var $this = $(this)\n , data = $this.data('button')\n , options = typeof option == 'object' && option\n if (!", "data) $this.data('button', (data = new Button(this, options)))\n if (option == 'toggle') data.toggle()\n else if (option) data.setState(option)\n })\n }\n\n $.fn.button.defaults = {\n loadingText: 'loading...'\n }\n\n $.fn.button.", "Constructor = Button\n\n\n / BUTTON DATA-API\n * =============== /\n\n $(document).on('click.button.data-api', '[data-toggle^=button]', function (e) {\n var $btn = $(e.target)\n if (!", "$btn.hasClass('btn')) $btn = $btn.closest('.btn')\n $btn.button('toggle')\n })\n\n}(window.jQuery);\n/ =============================================================\n * bootstrap-collapse.js v2.2.1\n * http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/javascript.html#collapse\n * =============================================================\n * Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc.\n \n Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n \n http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n \n Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n * ============================================================ /\n\n\n!", "function ($) {\n\n \"use strict\"; // jshint ;_;\n\n\n / COLLAPSE PUBLIC CLASS DEFINITION\n * ================================ /\n\n var Collapse = function (element, options) {\n this.$element = $(element)\n this.options = $.extend({}, $.fn.collapse.defaults, options)\n\n if (this.options.parent) {\n this.$parent = $(this.options.parent)\n }\n\n this.options.toggle && this.toggle()\n }\n\n Collapse.prototype = {\n\n constructor: Collapse\n\n , dimension: function () {\n var hasWidth = this.$element.hasClass('width')\n return hasWidth ? '", "width' : 'height'\n }\n\n , show: function () {\n var dimension\n , scroll\n , actives\n , hasData\n\n if (this.transitioning) return\n\n dimension = this.dimension()\n scroll = $.camelCase(['scroll', dimension].join('-'))\n actives = this.$parent && this.$parent.find('> .accordion-group > .in')\n\n if (actives && actives.length) {\n hasData = actives.data('collapse')\n if (hasData && hasData.transitioning) return\n actives.collapse('hide')\n hasData \|\| actives.data('collapse', null)\n }\n\n this.$element[dimension](0)\n this.transition('addClass', $.Event('show'), 'shown')\n $.support.transition && this.$element[dimension](this.$element[0][scroll])\n }\n\n , hide: function () {\n var dimension\n if (this.transitioning) return\n dimension = this.dimension()\n this.reset(this.$element[dimension]())\n this.transition('removeClass', $.Event('hide'), 'hidden')\n this.$element[dimension](0)\n }\n\n , reset: function (size) {\n var dimension = this.dimension()\n\n this.$element\n .removeClass('collapse')\n [dimension](size \|\| 'auto')\n [0].offsetWidth\n\n this.$element[size !", "== null ? '", "addClass' : 'removeClass']('collapse')\n\n return this\n }\n\n , transition: function (method, startEvent, completeEvent) {\n var that = this\n , complete = function () {\n if (startEvent.type == 'show') that.reset()\n that.transitioning = 0\n that.$element.trigger(completeEvent)\n }\n\n this.$element.trigger(startEvent)\n\n if (startEvent.isDefaultPrevented()) return\n\n this.transitioning = 1\n\n this.$element[method]('in')\n\n $.support.transition && this.$element.hasClass('collapse') ?", "\n this.$element.one($.support.transition.end, complete) :\n complete()\n }\n\n , toggle: function () {\n this[this.$element.hasClass('in') ? '", "hide' : 'show']()\n }\n\n }\n\n\n / COLLAPSIBLE PLUGIN DEFINITION\n * ============================== /\n\n $.fn.collapse = function (option) {\n return this.each(function () {\n var $this = $(this)\n , data = $this.data('collapse')\n , options = typeof option == 'object' && option\n if (!", "data) $this.data('collapse', (data = new Collapse(this, options)))\n if (typeof option == 'string') data[option]()\n })\n }\n\n $.fn.collapse.defaults = {\n toggle: true\n }\n\n $.fn.collapse.", "Constructor = Collapse\n\n\n / COLLAPSIBLE DATA-API\n * ==================== /\n\n $(document).on('click.collapse.data-api', '[data-toggle=collapse]', function (e) {\n var $this = $(this), href\n , target = $this.attr('data-target')\n \|\| e.preventDefault()\n \|\| (href = $this.attr('href')) && href.replace(/.(?=#[^\\s]+$)/, '') //strip for ie7\n , option = $(target).data('collapse') ? '", "toggle' : $this.data()\n $this[$(target).hasClass('in') ? '", "addClass' : 'removeClass']('collapsed')\n $(target).collapse(option)\n })\n\n}(window.jQuery);\n/* ==========================================================\n * bootstrap-carousel.js v2.2.1\n * http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/javascript.html#carousel\n * ==========================================================\n * Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc.\n \n Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n \n http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n \n Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n * ========================================================== /\n\n\n!", "function ($) {\n\n \"use strict\"; // jshint ;_;\n\n\n / CAROUSEL CLASS DEFINITION\n * ========================= /\n\n var Carousel = function (element, options) {\n this.$element = $(element)\n this.options = options\n this.options.slide && this.slide(this.options.slide)\n this.options.pause == 'hover' && this.$element\n .on('mouseenter', $.proxy(this.pause, this))\n .on('mouseleave', $.proxy(this.cycle, this))\n }\n\n Carousel.prototype = {\n\n cycle: function (e) {\n if (!", "e) this.paused = false\n this.options.interval\n && !", "this.paused\n && (this.interval = setInterval($.proxy(this.next, this), this.options.interval))\n return this\n }\n\n , to: function (pos) {\n var $active = this.$element.find('.item.active')\n , children = $active.parent().children()\n , activePos = children.index($active)\n , that = this\n\n if (pos > (children.length - 1) \|\| pos < 0) return\n\n if (this.sliding) {\n return this.$element.one('slid', function () {\n that.to(pos)\n })\n }\n\n if (activePos == pos) {\n return this.pause().cycle()\n }\n\n return this.slide(pos > activePos ? '", "next' : 'prev', $(children[pos]))\n }\n\n , pause: function (e) {\n if (!", "e) this.paused = true\n if (this.$element.find('.next, .prev').length && $.support.transition.end) {\n this.$element.trigger($.support.transition.end)\n this.cycle()\n }\n clearInterval(this.interval)\n this.interval = null\n return this\n }\n\n , next: function () {\n if (this.sliding) return\n return this.slide('next')\n }\n\n , prev: function () {\n if (this.sliding) return\n return this.slide('prev')\n }\n\n , slide: function (type, next) {\n var $active = this.$element.find('.item.active')\n , $next = next \|\| $active[type]()\n , isCycling = this.interval\n , direction = type == 'next' ? '", "left' : 'right'\n , fallback = type == 'next' ? '", "first' : 'last'\n , that = this\n , e\n\n this.sliding = true\n\n isCycling && this.pause()\n\n $next = $next.length ? ", "$next : this.$element.find('.item')[fallback]()\n\n e = $.Event('slide', {\n relatedTarget: $next[0]\n })\n\n if ($next.hasClass('active')) return\n\n if ($.support.transition && this.$element.hasClass('slide')) {\n this.$element.trigger(e)\n if (e.isDefaultPrevented()) return\n $next.addClass(type)\n $next[0].offsetWidth // force reflow\n $active.addClass(direction)\n $next.addClass(direction)\n this.$element.one($.support.transition.end, function () {\n $next.removeClass([type, direction].join(' ')).addClass('active')\n $active.removeClass(['active', direction].join(' '))\n that.sliding = false\n setTimeout(function () { that.$element.trigger('slid') }, 0)\n })\n } else {\n this.$element.trigger(e)\n if (e.isDefaultPrevented()) return\n $active.removeClass('active')\n $next.addClass('active')\n this.sliding = false\n this.$element.trigger('slid')\n }\n\n isCycling && this.cycle()\n\n return this\n }\n\n }\n\n\n / CAROUSEL PLUGIN DEFINITION\n * ========================== /\n\n $.fn.carousel = function (option) {\n return this.each(function () {\n var $this = $(this)\n , data = $this.data('carousel')\n , options = $.extend({}, $.fn.carousel.defaults, typeof option == 'object' && option)\n , action = typeof option == 'string' ? ", "option : options.slide\n if (!", "data) $this.data('carousel', (data = new Carousel(this, options)))\n if (typeof option == 'number') data.to(option)\n else if (action) data[action]()\n else if (options.interval) data.cycle()\n })\n }\n\n $.fn.carousel.defaults = {\n interval: 5000\n , pause: 'hover'\n }\n\n $.fn.carousel.", "Constructor = Carousel\n\n\n / CAROUSEL DATA-API\n * ================= /\n\n $(document).on('click.carousel.data-api', '[data-slide]', function (e) {\n var $this = $(this), href\n , $target = $($this.attr('data-target') \|\| (href = $this.attr('href')) && href.replace(/.(?=#[^\\s]+$)/, '')) //strip for ie7\n , options = $.extend({}, $target.data(), $this.data())\n $target.carousel(options)\n e.preventDefault()\n })\n\n}(window.jQuery);\n/* =============================================================\n * bootstrap-typeahead.js v2.2.1\n * http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/javascript.html#typeahead\n * =============================================================\n * Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc.\n \n Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n \n http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n \n Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n * ============================================================ /\n\n\n!", "function($){\n\n \"use strict\"; // jshint ;_;\n\n\n / TYPEAHEAD PUBLIC CLASS DEFINITION\n * ================================= /\n\n var Typeahead = function (element, options) {\n this.$element = $(element)\n this.options = $.extend({}, $.fn.typeahead.defaults, options)\n this.matcher = this.options.matcher \|\| this.matcher\n this.sorter = this.options.sorter \|\| this.sorter\n this.highlighter = this.options.highlighter \|\| this.highlighter\n this.updater = this.options.updater \|\| this.updater\n this.$menu = $(this.options.menu).appendTo('body')\n this.source = this.options.source\n this.shown = false\n this.listen()\n }\n\n Typeahead.prototype = {\n\n constructor: Typeahead\n\n , select: function () {\n var val = this.$menu.find('.active').attr('data-value')\n this.$element\n .val(this.updater(val))\n .change()\n return this.hide()\n }\n\n , updater: function (item) {\n return item\n }\n\n , show: function () {\n var pos = $.extend({}, this.$element.offset(), {\n height: this.$element[0].offsetHeight\n })\n\n this.$menu.css({\n top: pos.top + pos.height\n , left: pos.left\n })\n\n this.$menu.show()\n this.shown = true\n return this\n }\n\n , hide: function () {\n this.$menu.hide()\n this.shown = false\n return this\n }\n\n , lookup: function (event) {\n var items\n\n this.query = this.$element.val()\n\n if (!", "this.query \|\| this.query.length < this.options.minLength) {\n return this.shown ? ", "this.hide() : this\n }\n\n items = $.isFunction(this.source) ? ", "this.source(this.query, $.proxy(this.process, this)) : this.source\n\n return items ? ", "this.process(items) : this\n }\n\n , process: function (items) {\n var that = this\n\n items = $.grep(items, function (item) {\n return that.matcher(item)\n })\n\n items = this.sorter(items)\n\n if (!", "items.length) {\n return this.shown ? ", "this.hide() : this\n }\n\n return this.render(items.slice(0, this.options.items)).show()\n }\n\n , matcher: function (item) {\n return ~item.toLowerCase().indexOf(this.query.toLowerCase())\n }\n\n , sorter: function (items) {\n var beginswith = []\n , caseSensitive = []\n , caseInsensitive = []\n , item\n\n while (item = items.shift()) {\n if (!", "item.toLowerCase().indexOf(this.query.toLowerCase())) beginswith.push(item)\n else if (~item.indexOf(this.query)) caseSensitive.push(item)\n else caseInsensitive.push(item)\n }\n\n return beginswith.concat(caseSensitive, caseInsensitive)\n }\n\n , highlighter: function (item) {\n var query = this.query.replace(/[\\-\\[\\]{}()+?.,\\\\\\^$\|#\\s]/g, '\\\\$&')\n return item.replace(new RegExp('(' + query + ')', 'ig'), function ($1, match) {\n return '<strong>' + match + '</strong>'\n })\n }\n\n , render: function (items) {\n var that = this\n\n items = $(items).map(function (i, item) {\n i = $(that.options.item).attr('data-value', item)\n i.find('a').html(that.highlighter(item))\n return i[0]\n })\n\n items.first().addClass('active')\n this.$menu.html(items)\n return this\n }\n\n , next: function (event) {\n var active = this.$menu.find('.active').removeClass('active')\n , next = active.next()\n\n if (!", "next.length) {\n next = $(this.$menu.find('li')[0])\n }\n\n next.addClass('active')\n }\n\n , prev: function (event) {\n var active = this.$menu.find('.active').removeClass('active')\n , prev = active.prev()\n\n if (!", "prev.length) {\n prev = this.$menu.find('li').last()\n }\n\n prev.addClass('active')\n }\n\n , listen: function () {\n this.$element\n .on('blur', $.proxy(this.blur, this))\n .on('keypress', $.proxy(this.keypress, this))\n .on('keyup', $.proxy(this.keyup, this))\n\n if (this.eventSupported('keydown')) {\n this.$element.on('keydown', $.proxy(this.keydown, this))\n }\n\n this.$menu\n .on('click', $.proxy(this.click, this))\n .on('mouseenter', 'li', $.proxy(this.mouseenter, this))\n }\n\n , eventSupported: function(eventName) {\n var isSupported = eventName in this.$element\n if (!", "isSupported) {\n this.$element.setAttribute(eventName, 'return;')\n isSupported = typeof this.$element[eventName] === 'function'\n }\n return isSupported\n }\n\n , move: function (e) {\n if (!", "this.shown) return\n\n switch(e.keyCode) {\n case 9: // tab\n case 13: // enter\n case 27: // escape\n e.preventDefault()\n break\n\n case 38: // up arrow\n e.preventDefault()\n this.prev()\n break\n\n case 40: // down arrow\n e.preventDefault()\n this.next()\n break\n }\n\n e.stopPropagation()\n }\n\n , keydown: function (e) {\n this.suppressKeyPressRepeat = !", "~$.inArray(e.keyCode, [40,38,9,13,27])\n this.move(e)\n }\n\n , keypress: function (e) {\n if (this.suppressKeyPressRepeat) return\n this.move(e)\n }\n\n , keyup: function (e) {\n switch(e.keyCode) {\n case 40: // down arrow\n case 38: // up arrow\n case 16: // shift\n case 17: // ctrl\n case 18: // alt\n break\n\n case 9: // tab\n case 13: // enter\n if (!", "this.shown) return\n this.select()\n break\n\n case 27: // escape\n if (!", "this.shown) return\n this.hide()\n break\n\n default:\n this.lookup()\n }\n\n e.stopPropagation()\n e.preventDefault()\n }\n\n , blur: function (e) {\n var that = this\n setTimeout(function () { that.hide() }, 150)\n }\n\n , click: function (e) {\n e.stopPropagation()\n e.preventDefault()\n this.select()\n }\n\n , mouseenter: function (e) {\n this.$menu.find('.active').removeClass('active')\n $(e.currentTarget).addClass('active')\n }\n\n }\n\n\n /* TYPEAHEAD PLUGIN DEFINITION\n * =========================== /\n\n $.fn.typeahead = function (option) {\n return this.each(function () {\n var $this = $(this)\n , data = $this.data('typeahead')\n , options = typeof option == 'object' && option\n if (!", "data) $this.data('typeahead', (data = new Typeahead(this, options)))\n if (typeof option == 'string') data[option]()\n })\n }\n\n $.fn.typeahead.defaults = {\n source: []\n , items: 8\n , 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[ "Q:\n\nmeteor sends a false generated link (#) by using \"forgot your password\" function\n\nI activate the function \"forgot your password?\" ", "in meteor. ", "I got an email from meteor in my Inbox to reset the password, everything is woking fine, but the problem is in the generated link, because i got # in the Link. (", "see the link among)\nhttp://localhost:3000/#/reset-password/8DhEtotkn0A0EU-\nkShhmB6llHlfXpXCXAIqNYvrsZzi\n\nWhen i remove the # from the link above and copypaste the link in my browser, then it's working fine.", "\nwhere comes # in the link? ", "and how can i remove it in my meteor project to get a correctly link to rest password?", "\nhelp is needed, thanks\n\nA:\n\nYou can change this using the Accounts.urls.resetPassword function\nIn your server/main.js file insert the following code:\nMeteor.startup(function() {\n Accounts.urls.resetPassword = function(token) {\n return Meteor.absoluteUrl('reset-password/' + token);\n };\n});\n\nYou can set whatever URL you want above.", "\nAlso you can add more info to customise the email if you want:\nMeteor.startup(function() {\n Accounts.urls.resetPassword = function(token) {\n return Meteor.absoluteUrl('reset-password/' + token);\n };\n Accounts.emailTemplates.siteName = \"Your Application Name\";\n Accounts.emailTemplates.from = \"Application Name <no-reply@yourdomain.com>\";\n});\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0, 0.006211180124223602, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0027548209366391185 ]	0.001121	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1326, "entity_type": "EMAIL_ADDRESS", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "EmailRecognizer_140094861343664", "recognizer_name": "EmailRecognizer" }, "score": 1, "start": 1303 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 702, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 686 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 826, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 810 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1084, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1068 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 787, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 778 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1045, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1036 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1215, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1189 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1279, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1253 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1326, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1312 } ]
[ "// Mantid Repository : https://github.com/mantidproject/mantid\n//\n// Copyright © 2010 ISIS Rutherford Appleton Laboratory UKRI,\n// NScD Oak Ridge National Laboratory, European Spallation Source,\n// Institut Laue - Langevin & CSNS, Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS\n// SPDX - License - Identifier: GPL - 3.0 +\n#pragma once\n\n#include \"MantidAPI/Workspace.h\"\n#include \"MantidQtWidgets/Common/IProjectSaveView.h\"\n#include \"MantidQtWidgets/Common/IProjectSerialisable.h\"\n#include \"MantidQtWidgets/Common/ProjectSaveModel.h\"\n\n#include \"DllOption.h\"\n#include <vector>\n\n//------------------------------------------------\n\nnamespace MantidQt {\nnamespace MantidWidgets {\n\n/*\nImplements a presenter for the project saving dialog.", "\n/\nclass EXPORT_OPT_MANTIDQT_COMMON ProjectSavePresenter {\npublic:\n enum class Notification {\n UncheckWorkspace,\n CheckWorkspace,\n PrepareProjectFolder\n };\n\n /// Construct a new presenter with a view\n ProjectSavePresenter(IProjectSaveView view);\n /// Notify the presenter to do something\n void notify(Notification notification);\n /// Find out if a project needs a save warning.", "\n bool needsSizeWarning(const std::vector<std::string> &wsNames);\n\nprivate:\n /// Update the view to add included windows for a workspace\n void includeWindowsForCheckedWorkspace();\n /// Update the view to add excluded windows for a workspace\n void excludeWindowsForUncheckedWorkspace();\n /// Prepare a project folder given the path\n void prepareProjectFolder();\n\n // Instance Variables\n\n /// Handle to the view for this presenter\n IProjectSaveView m_view;\n /// Hold an instance of the model\n ProjectSaveModel m_model;\n};\n\n} // namespace MantidWidgets\n} // namespace MantidQt\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0.01366120218579235, 0.005063291139240506, 0.005110732538330494 ]	0.007945	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 90, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 86 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1132, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1128 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 62, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 23 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1161, "entity_type": "IP_ADDRESS", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "IpRecognizer_140094861343856", "recognizer_name": "IpRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 1159 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1173, "entity_type": "IP_ADDRESS", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "IpRecognizer_140094861343856", "recognizer_name": "IpRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 1171 } ]
[ "Advent Birth Services, LLC\n\nAdvent Birth Services, LLC is a full service doula agency in Atlanta offering support options from conceptions to the months following the birth of your baby. ", "We provide Virtual Doula Services, Traditional Doula Support, Afterbirth Services, Placenta Encapsulation, Lactation Support, and more! ", "Our goal is to lovingly support you to empower you and your family during this monumental transition in your life." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.016042780748663103, 0.022058823529411766, 0 ]	0.012701	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 96, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 89 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 152, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 142 } ]
[ "Q:\n\nNgx-translate: How to access JSON array value directly in Angular with key reference\n\nI am doing POC on translating my app using ngx-translate. ", "I will get JSON response from my API url. ", "In that response, can some one help me how to access the JSON array value with out referring array numbers? ", "My JSON response is given below.", "\n{\n \"Data\": {\n \"FirstData\": [{\n \"key\": \"FirstKey\",\n \"value\": \"FirstValue\"\n },\n {\n \"key\": \"SecondKey\",\n \"value\": \"SecondValue\"\n }\n ]\n },\n \"IsSuccessful\": true,\n \"HttpStatusCode\": 200,\n \"Exception\": null\n}\n\nSo, in my view to refer \"FirstValue\", I have to do something like ( which I dont want to) \n<h1> {{'Data.FirstData.0.value' \| translate }} </h1> <!", "--First Value -->\n\nHere \"0\" is tightly coupled. ", "Is there any other way by accessing via key?", "\nIs that possible?", "\n\nA:\n\nChange the response of your API to contain only the key/value pairs.", "\nThis is the desired JSON:\n{\n \"FirstKey\": \"FirstValue\",\n \"SecondKey\": \"SecondValue\"\n}\n\nThen use it like that:\n<h1> {{'FirstKey' \| translate }} </h1>\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0.023809523809523808, 0, 0, 0.004228329809725159, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.019230769230769232 ]	0.004727	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 775, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 756 } ]
[ "135 F.3d 143\nFloridov.", "Automatic Sprinkler\nNO. ", "96-3352\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Eleventh Circuit.", "\nJan 13, 1998\nAppeal From: M.D.Fla. ,", "No.9400946CIVT25E\n\n1\nAffirmed.", "\n\n\n\n\n Fed.", "R.App.", "P. 34(a); 11th Cir.", "R. 34-3\n\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }	[ 0, 0, 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0, 0, 0.16666666666666666, 0, 0 ]	0.022487	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 117, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 105 } ]
[ "The vast majority of proteins in a neuron are synthesized in the cell bodies and transported along axons and up-to synapses by a process called axonal transport. ", "Defects in slow axonal transport of proteins such as tau and -synuclein have long been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, however mechanisms of slow axonal transport of these (and other) cytosolic proteins is very poorly understood. ", "We developed a model-system in cultured neurons to directly visualize the transport of cytosolic proteins (including -synuclein) and found that these cargoes move coherently with a slow, motor-dependent anterograde bias. ", "This type of movement has not been reported before and likely represents a new form of trafficking/transport within cells. ", "Based on these and other in-vivo data from brains, we propose a new model where individual cytosolic protein monomers cluster and assemble into multi-protein complexes that are carried in neurons by molecular motors, a process we call 'dynamic clustering'. ", "Here we propose a series of experiments to test predictions and hypotheses generated by this model. ", "Upon completion, these studies would answer long-standing questions about the transport of these proteins and also open the door for investigation of their transport in pathologic states." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0	5	[]
[ "Q:\n\nHyperledger Composer add a new peer\n\nI am modifying existing docker-compose.yml, crypto-config.yaml and configtx.yaml to add a extra peer to the existing hyperledger composer sample, located under hlfv11 folder of the fabric-tools/fabric-scripts.", "\nI regenerated required certificates and genesis block and it generates the peer container without any issue.", "\nHowever I am having difficulty adding this peer to a channel. ", "I modified startFabric.sh to join this peer to a channel, however I am getting an error with following message:\n\nError getting endorser client channel: endorser client failed to connect to peer1.org1.example.com:8051: failed to create a new connection: context deadline exceeded.", "\n\nCan someone please help or advise?", "\n\nA:\n\nI was trying to join me additional peer to channel directly through PEER CHANELL JOIN command. ", "It actually requires to fetch the channel through orderer on new peer and then it can join it.", "\nCode update follows:\n# Create the channel\ndocker exec peer0.org1.example.com peer channel create -o \norderer.example.com:7050 -c composerchannel -f \n/etc/hyperledger/configtx/composer-channel.tx\n\n# Join peer0.org1.example.com to the channel.", "\ndocker exec -e \"CORE_PEER_MSPCONFIGPATH= \n/etc/hyperledger/msp/users/Admin@org1.example.com/msp \npeer0.org1.example.com peer channel join -b composerchannel.block\n\n# Create the channel\ndocker exec -e \"CORE_PEER_MSPCONFIGPATH= \n/etc/hyperledger/msp/users/Admin@org1.example.com/msp\" \npeer1.org1.example.com peer channel fetch config -o orderer.example.com:7050 \n-c composerchannel\n\n# Join peer1.org1.example.com to the channel.", "\ndocker exec -e \"CORE_PEER_MSPCONFIGPATH= \n/etc/hyperledger/msp/users/Admin@org1.example.com/msp \npeer1.org1.example.com peer channel join -b composerchannel_config.block\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0.004, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00702576112412178, 0.011627906976744186 ]	0.002265	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 207, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 201 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 447, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 433 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 633, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 611 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1007, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 985 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1051, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1032 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1156, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1134 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1268, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1248 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1292, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1270 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1454, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1433 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1478, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1456 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1527, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1508 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1583, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1561 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1695, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1675 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1719, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1697 } ]
[ "Pre-steady-state kinetic analysis of cAMP-dependent protein kinase using rapid quench flow techniques.", "\nThe phosphorylation of a peptide substrate by the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase was monitored over short time periods (2-1000 ms) using a rapid quench flow mixing device and a radioactive assay. ", "The production of phosphokemptide [LRRAS(P)LG] as a function of time is characterized by a rapid \"burst\" phase (250 s-1) followed by a slower, linear phase (L/[E]t = 21 s-1) at 100 microM Kemptide. ", "The amplitude of this \"burst\" phase varies linearly with the enzyme concentration and represents approximately 100% of the total enzyme concentration, indicating that the \"burst\" phase is not due to product inhibition. ", "The observed rate constants for the \"burst\" and linear phases and the \"burst\" amplitude vary hyperbolically with the substrate concentration. ", "From these dependencies, a maximum \"burst\" rate constant of 500 +/- 60 s-1 and a Km and Kd for Kemptide of 4.9 +/- 1.4 and 200 +/- 60 microM were determined. ", "The kcat and Km data extracted from the linear portion of the rapid quench flow transients are indistinguishable from those obtained by standard steady-state kinetic analyses using low catalytic subunit concentrations and a spectrophotometric, coupled enzyme assay. ", "Both rate constants for the \"burst\" and linear phases decreased in the presence of Mn2+. ", "The data imply that the phosphorylation of Kemptide by the catalytic subunit occurs by a mechanism in which the substrate is loosely bound, is rapidly phosphorylated at the active site, and is released at a steady-state rate that is likely controlled by the dissociation rate constant for ADP. ", "The combined pre-steady-state kinetic data establish a comprehensive, kinetic mechanism that predicts all the steady-state kinetic and viscosometric data. ", "This study represents the first chemical observation and characterization of phosphoryl transfer at the active site of a protein kinase and will be useful for further structure-function studies on this and other protein kinases." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0, 0.005050505050505051, 0, 0, 0.006329113924050633, 0.0037593984962406013, 0, 0.003401360544217687, 0, 0 ]	0.001685	5	[]
[ "We’ve been feeding our morel patch once a week with compostable materials to put nutrients in the soil and encourage the spawn to begin, well, spawning. ", "The directions that came with our morel kit note that it’s important to add fresh stuff that’s not already composted.", "\n\n*A collection of over 1000 fresh recipes that reflect the way we cook today, to be published fall of 2010. ", "Stay tuned!", "\n\nOf course the test kitchen also collects compost for the chickens, and we don’t want to deprive them of their greens. ", "So Team Mushroomis collecting foods the girls might not eat. ", "Charred wood, for example, is right out if you’re a hen. ", "But it might be perfect for mushrooms.", "\n\nWe’re hoping that the addition of the burned cedar planks will mimic the forest fire conditions that trigger morel fruitings in nature.", "\n\nChopping up the cedar planks took some muscle, but Brianne and I kept at it until everything was in small pieces.", "\n\nWe’ll keep feeding the patch for a couple more months, then wait for the warming spring soil to work its magic.", "\n\nCOMMENTS\n\nErika\n\nHow brilliant to mimic forest fires by adding those charred cedar planks! ", "I can’t wait to see what happens in the spring … which is coming to Sunset soon–our naturalized daffodils started blooming last week.", "\n\nCATEGORIES\n\nAbout Westphoria\n\nWestphoria explores the innovations and lifestyle trends of the 13 Western states, covering food, drink, design, arts and culture, and the dreamers who live here. ", "To contact the editor, westphoria@sunset.com" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0072992700729927005, 0.008695652173913044, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.022727272727272728 ]	0.002581	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1489, "entity_type": "EMAIL_ADDRESS", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "EmailRecognizer_140094861343664", "recognizer_name": "EmailRecognizer" }, "score": 1, "start": 1468 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 346, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 341 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 376, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 372 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 859, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 852 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 968, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 948 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1166, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1154 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1192, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1186 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1250, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1241 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1292, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1270 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1489, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1479 } ]
[ "Maliheh-ye Do\n\nMaliheh-ye Do (, also Romanized as Māliḥeh-ye Do) is a village in Hoveyzeh Rural District, in the Central District of Hoveyzeh County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. ", "At the 2006 census, its population was 57, in 9 families.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Hoveyzeh County" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0, 0, 0 ]	0	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 57, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 50 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 104, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 81 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 129, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 109 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 148, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 133 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 168, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 150 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 174, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 170 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 187, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 183 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 217, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 215 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 291, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 276 } ]
[ "Pages\n\nMonday, 20 January 2014\n\nLibrary Bag...\n\nHere in Australia, it's back to school time next week. ", "Our main holidays are in Summer, beginning a few days before Christmas and ending just after Australia day (26th January). ", "Most schools require the younger students (roughly ages 5 - 12) to have a library bag, so they can borrow books each week from the school library.", "\n\nHere's the library bag I made, ready for the new school year. ", "I think the fairy tale fabric chosen is simply perfect for a bag that's going to be used to carry books. ", "It's one I've used before, but had run out of... Mary Engelbreit for VP by Cranston and picked up at Lincraft. ", "The contrasting polka dots, Swirly Girls by Michael Miller came from my stash, as did the solid red for the handles.", "\n\nObviously, I've sewn my bag using the first variation with contrasting fabrics. ", "I made two small changes to the original. ", "Firstly I added velcro to the top of the bag, to prevent the books from falling out. ", "Secondly, I made the handles longer, so the bag can be worn as a shoulder bag. ", "Each handle is 16 inches (40cm) in length.", "\n\nAlthough it's simple to make, this little bag is sturdy enough to stand up to the wear and tear it will receive, while at the same time, protecting all the books it will carry throughout the year.", "\n\n18 comments:\n\nThat's the perfect fabric for a book bag - here the schools send books home regularly too, but IIRC, they mostly come home in plastic ziplock bags in the kids' backpacks :D Definitely not as cute as a nice handmade book bag!", "\n\nThe fabric you have chosen to make this bag is perfect, I love the contrasting fabrics you used, the polka dots and the solid red for the handles is a winning combination for me. ", "I'm sure that anyone who has to use this bag to go to school, is going to do it very happy :)Marisa" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.009708737864077669, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0.008620689655172414, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004166666666666667, 0, 0.010101010101010102 ]	0.003727	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 13, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 7 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 30, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 15 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 65, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 56 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 101, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 92 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 134, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 128 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 156, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 146 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 173, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 164 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 205, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 196 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 223, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 216 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 347, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 338 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 433, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 414 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 604, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 589 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 623, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 615 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 709, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 695 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1292, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1284 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1811, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1805 } ]
[ "David,\n\nFYI\n\nVince\n---------------------- Forwarded by Vince J Kaminski/HOU/ECT on 03/19/2001 \n11:31 AM ---------------------------\n\n\nvkamins@enron.com@ms1.lga2.nytimes.com on 03/19/2001 09:35:38 AM\nPlease respond to vkamins@enron.com\nSent by: articles-email@ms1.lga2.nytimes.com\nTo: vkamins@enron.com\ncc: \nSubject: NYTimes.com Article: Companies Turn to Grades, and Employees Go to \nCourt\n\n\nThis article from NYTimes.com\nhas been sent to you by vkamins@enron.com.", "\n\nJeff,\n\nFYI,\n\nVince\n\n/-------------------- advertisement -----------------------\\\n\n\nLet NYTimes.com Come to You\n\nSign up for one of our weekly e-mails\nand the news will come directly to you.", "\nYOUR MONEY brings you a wealth of analysis\nand information about personal investing.", "\nCIRCUITS plugs you into the latest on\npersonal technology. ", "TRAVEL DISPATCH offers\nyou a jump on special travel deals and news.", "\n\nhttp://email.nytimes.com/email/email.jsp?eta5\n\n\\----------------------------------------------------------/\n\nCompanies Turn to Grades, and Employees Go to Court\n\n\nBy REED ABELSON\n\nAn increasingly popular technique for evaluating employees is\nprompting lawsuits charging discrimination at three big companies.", "\n\n At issue is the ranking of managers, professionals and sometimes\nlower-level employees from best to worst, or grading them on a bell\ncurve, and then using that ranking to help determine pay and\nsometimes whether to fire someone.", "\n\n In their suits, all filed over the last year or so, employees at\nMicrosoft, Ford Motor and Conoco say the rating systems are unfair\nbecause they favor some groups of employees over others: white\nmales over blacks and women, younger managers over older ones and\nforeign citizens over Americans.", "\n\n A growing number of companies are turning to grading systems, also\nknown as forced rankings or distributions, as a way of making sure\nmanagers evaluate employees honestly and make clearer distinctions\namong them. ", "At companies that do not compare employees with one\nanother this way, nearly every employee can come away feeling above\naverage, like the children of Lake Wobegon. ", "But under the grading\nsystem, managers are forced to identify some people as low\nperformers.", "\n\n At General Electric, for example, supervisors identify the top 20\npercent and bottom 10 percent of their managerial and professional\nemployees every year. ", "The bottom 10 percent are not likely to stay.", "\n\n As John F. Welch Jr., General Electric's chief executive, wrote\nlast month to shareholders, \"A company that bets its future on its\npeople must remove that lower 10 percent, and keep removing it\nevery year \u0001* always raising the bar of performance and increasing\nthe quality of its leadership.\"", "\n\n Ranking or grading employees is also common at technology\ncompanies like Cisco Systems and Hewlett- Packard. ", "But recently the\nconcept has been catching on more broadly, according to management\nconsultants. ", "One reason is that as the economy slows, companies\noften lay off employees. ", "Cisco, for example, announced earlier this\nmonth that it would let go as many as 5,000 workers \u0001* and would use\ngrading as one way to identify people to lay off.", "\n\n \"Companies are playing their version of `Survivor,' \" said David\nThomas, a professor at the Harvard Business School.", "\n\n Another reason is that some companies are eager to copy Mr. Welch,\nlong viewed as one of the most successful managers in America.", "\n\n Defenders of these systems say anyone who gets a low grade is\nlikely to view the process as unfair. \" ", "`A' students love grades;\n`F' students hate grades,\" said John Sullivan, a human resources\nprofessor at San Francisco State University.", "\n\n But the techniques, which some employees label with terms like\n\"rank and yank,\" have come under sharp criticism. ", "While they appear\nto offer an objective way to judge employees, they can be\nvulnerable to bias, Mr. Thomas said. ", "Managers may stereotype\nemployees when evaluating them on vague criteria like career\npotential \u0001* deciding that older workers, for example, may have a\nharder time keeping up with new technology.", "\n\n In some cases managers can view these systems \"as a tool to be\nused to weed out the ones you don't want,\" said Thomas S. McLeod, a\nlawyer in Canton, Mich., who represents employees suing Ford in\nanother case.", "\n\n Critics of the system also argue that companies should not apply a\nbell curve, in which a small number of employees get the highest\nand lowest rankings and a much larger number are grouped in the\nmiddle. ", "The bell curve model assumes a normal distribution among a\nvery large group of random individuals, not small groups.", "\n\n What is more, across a company, people who belong to a\nparticularly talented unit will suffer if a certain number of them\nmust be given poorer grades than they would get in another unit.", "\n\n \"You end up with dysfunctional results,\" said Edward E. Lawler\nIII, a business professor at the University of Southern California.", "\n\n Some lawsuits contend that Microsoft's grading systems are\ndiscriminatory. ", "One, filed last October, seeks class-action status\non behalf of blacks and women. ", "The suit states that the rating\nsystem \"permits managers, who are predominantly white males, to\nrate employees based upon their own biases rather than based upon\nmerit.\"", "\n\n According to the lawsuit, employees are rated on a five-point\nscale, with only a certain percentage permitted to receive each\nscore. ", "Employees doing the same job in the same unit are also given\na \"stack ranking,\" from most to least valuable. ", "Managers decide\nthose rankings largely using what are called \"lifeboat\ndiscussions,\" where they choose which employees they would want\nwith them if stuck in a lifeboat. ", "Managers had no other clear\ncriteria, according to Christine Webber, a lawyer at Cohen,\nMilstein, Hausfeld & Toll who is representing the employees.", "\n\n Grading is highly subjective at Microsoft, according to Peter M.\nBrowne, a former executive who is also suing the company, charging\ndiscrimination. ", "Mr. Browne, who is black, said managers were forced\nto use a curve in evaluating even small groups. ", "He said he had to\nrate a group of five on a curve, for example, in deciding which\nones would not receive stock options.", "\n\n \"You weren't told anything \u0001* just meet the curve,\" Mr. Browne\nsaid.", "\n\n He says managers ended up favoring people with whom they\nsocialized. \"", "People gravitate to people who are like them, and the\nsystem just forces that,\" he said.", "\n\n Microsoft defends its system as fair and helpful. \"", "We want to give\nthe highest compensation to the very top performers,\" said Deborah\nWillingham, senior vice president for human resources, adding that\nthe system included checks and balances to ensure fair treatment.", "\nEmployees can appeal their ratings, for example, and are largely\nresponsible for developing the criteria by which they are\nevaluated.", "\n\n Ms. Willingham also said the company did not ask its managers to\ngive a fixed percentage of their employees any given score. \"", "We\ndon't force that curve to look any certain way,\" she said.", "\n\n Microsoft has no formal \"stack rank\" policy, she said. ", "And when\nmanagers do have lifeboat discussions, they are a tool to consider\nwhich employees they would want to keep if they were starting\nagain.", "\n\n While the company would not comment on the lawsuits, Microsoft\n\"expressly prohibits discrimination,\" Ms. Willingham said.", "\n\n Similar criticisms emerged in a lawsuit brought last month against\nFord. ", "It argues that the company's new grading system discriminates\nagainst older workers. ", "The company, which adopted what it calls its\nperformance management process a year ago, gives its 18,000\nmanagers A, B or C grades. ", "Last year, the company awarded 10\npercent an A, 80 percent a B and 10 percent a C.\n\n Ford also faces a second lawsuit asserting that it unfairly\ndiscriminated against older white males in its grading.", "It would not\ncomment on the litigation but defended its use of grades. \"", "We\nbelieve the system is fair and nondiscriminatory,\" a company\nspokeswoman said. \"", "We are in a very competitive industry, and we\nneed all of our employees to be the best they can be.\"", "\n\n At Conoco, employees contend that the company discriminated\nagainst United States citizens and older workers when it laid off a\ndozen geophysicists and other scientists in 1999 based on a ranking\nfrom one to four, according to a lawsuit filed last year. ", "The\nmajority of those let go were Americans, according to the suit, as\nopposed to British, Norwegian and Canadian professionals.", "\n\n \"The rating system was selectively enforced, and there were\ninstances of manipulation,\" said John Zavitsanos, the lawyer\nrepresenting the workers. ", "Even though some were given higher\nratings on earlier rankings, they were eventually given the lowest\npossible rating of four.", "\n\n Conoco, based in Houston, has extensive operations in the North\nSea, and many of the senior managers at the division in question\nare British, according to Mr. Zavitsanos.", "\n\n While Conoco said it could not comment on the litigation, it said\nits evaluations were based on several factors, including\nperformance, skills and expertise. ", "The company said ratings often\nchanged as more information was collected and people were evaluated\nin larger groups. ", "Conoco company also denied that decisions were\nbased on anything other than individual capabilities.", "\n\n Companies \"do need something in making pay decisions, downsizing\ndecisions,\" said Jim Kochanski, a consultant with Nextera\nEnterprises. ", "The problem is that companies may not take enough care\nin deciding how people should be ranked. \"", "They can get it very\nwrong,\" he said.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/19/business/19GRAD.html?ex=986016138&ei=1&en=e2\n02a0228246c717\n\n/-----------------------------------------------------------------\\\n\n\nVisit NYTimes.com for complete access to the\nmost authoritative news coverage on the Web,\nupdated throughout the day.", "\n\nBecome a member today! ", "It's free!", "\n\nhttp://www.nytimes.com?eta\n\n\n\\-----------------------------------------------------------------/\n\nHOW TO ADVERTISE\n---------------------------------\nFor information on advertising in e-mail newsletters\nor other creative advertising opportunities with The\nNew York Times on the Web, please contact Alyson\nRacer at alyson@nytimes.com or visit our online media\nkit at http://www.nytimes.com/adinfo\n\nFor general information about NYTimes.com, write to\nhelp@nytimes.com.", "\n\nCopyright 2001 The New York Times Company" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Enron Emails" }	[ 0.012903225806451613, 0.010471204188481676, 0, 0, 0, 0.00967741935483871, 0, 0.010135135135135136, 0, 0, 0, 0.006329113924050633, 0, 0.006779661016949152, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0, 0, 0.01680672268907563, 0.007575757575757576, 0, 0.014814814814814815, 0, 0.008849557522123894, 0.005154639175257732, 0.009478672985781991, 0, 0, 0, 0.015037593984962405, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 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[ "[Effect of mitogens on suppression of antibody formation and proliferation in dense cultures].", "\nA study was made of the effect of mitogens on general proliferation and primary immune response to sheep red blood cells in density-inhibited cultures of mouse spleen cells. ", "The mitogens applied included fetal calf serum and both B cell- and T cell-specific mitogens (dextran sulfate, LPS and ConA). ", "Experiments with 3H-thymidine incorporation demonstrated that the proliferation was equally enhanced by any mitogen in both optimal and density-inhibited cultures. ", "The mitogens did not remove the density inhibition of antibody formation." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0, 0.007936507936507936, 0, 0 ]	0.001587	5	[]
[ "/// @ref gtx_extended_min_max\n/// @file glm/gtx/extended_min_max.hpp\n///\n/// @see core (dependence)\n///\n/// @defgroup gtx_extended_min_max GLM_GTX_extented_min_max\n/// @ingroup gtx\n///\n/// Include <glm/gtx/extented_min_max.hpp> to use the features of this extension.", "\n///\n/// Min and max functions for 3 to 4 parameters.", "\n\n#pragma once\n\n// Dependency:\n#include \"../glm.hpp\"\n\n#if GLM_MESSAGES == GLM_ENABLE && !", "defined(GLM_EXT_INCLUDED)\n#\tifndef GLM_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL\n#\t\tpragma message(\"GLM: GLM_GTX_extented_min_max is an experimental extension and may change in the future. ", "Use #define GLM_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL before including it, if you really want to use it.\")", "\n#\telse\n#\t\tpragma message(\"GLM: GLM_GTX_extented_min_max extension included\")\n#\tendif\n#endif\n\nnamespace glm\n{\n\t/// @addtogroup gtx_extended_min_max\n\t/// @{\n\n\t/// Return the minimum component-wise values of 3 inputs\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<typename T>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL T min(\n\t\tT const& x,\n\t\tT const& y,\n\t\tT const& z);\n\n\t/// Return the minimum component-wise values of 3 inputs\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<typename T, template<typename> class C>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL C<T> min(\n\t\tC<T> const& x,\n\t\ttypename C<T>::T const& y,\n\t\ttypename C<T>::T const& z);\n\n\t/// Return the minimum component-wise values of 3 inputs\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<typename T, template<typename> class C>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL C<T> min(\n\t\tC<T> const& x,\n\t\tC<T> const& y,\n\t\tC<T> const& z);\n\n\t/// Return the minimum component-wise values of 4 inputs\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<typename T>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL T min(\n\t\tT const& x,\n\t\tT const& y,\n\t\tT const& z,\n\t\tT const& w);\n\n\t/// Return the minimum component-wise values of 4 inputs\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<typename T, template<typename> class C>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL C<T> min(\n\t\tC<T> const& x,\n\t\ttypename C<T>::T const& y,\n\t\ttypename C<T>::T const& z,\n\t\ttypename C<T>::T const& w);\n\n\t/// Return the minimum component-wise values of 4 inputs\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<typename T, template<typename> class C>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL C<T> min(\n\t\tC<T> const& x,\n\t\tC<T> const& y,\n\t\tC<T> const& z,\n\t\tC<T> const& w);\n\n\t/// Return the maximum component-wise values of 3 inputs\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<typename T>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL T max(\n\t\tT const& x,\n\t\tT const& y,\n\t\tT const& z);\n\n\t/// Return the maximum component-wise values of 3 inputs\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<typename T, template<typename> class C>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL C<T> max(\n\t\tC<T> const& x,\n\t\ttypename C<T>::T const& y,\n\t\ttypename C<T>::T const& z);\n\n\t/// Return the maximum component-wise values of 3 inputs\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<typename T, template<typename> class C>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL C<T> max(\n\t\tC<T> const& x,\n\t\tC<T> const& y,\n\t\tC<T> const& z);\n\n\t/// Return the maximum component-wise values of 4 inputs\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<typename T>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL T max(\n\t\tT const& x,\n\t\tT const& y,\n\t\tT const& z,\n\t\tT const& w);\n\n\t/// Return the maximum component-wise values of 4 inputs\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<typename T, template<typename> class C>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL C<T> max(\n\t\tC<T> const& x,\n\t\ttypename C<T>::T const& y,\n\t\ttypename C<T>::T const& z,\n\t\ttypename C<T>::T const& w);\n\n\t/// Return the maximum component-wise values of 4 inputs\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<typename T, template<typename> class C>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL C<T> max(\n\t\tC<T> const& x,\n\t\tC<T> const& y,\n\t\tC<T> const& z,\n\t\tC<T> const& w);\n\n\t/// Returns y if y < x; otherwise, it returns x. If one of the two arguments is NaN, the value of the other argument is returned.", "\n\t///\n\t/// @tparam genType Floating-point or integer; scalar or vector types.", "\n\t///\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<typename genType>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL genType fmin(genType x, genType y);\n\n\t/// Returns y if x < y; otherwise, it returns x. If one of the two arguments is NaN, the value of the other argument is returned.", "\n\t///\n\t/// @tparam genType Floating-point; scalar or vector types.", "\n\t///\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\t/// @see <a href=\"http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/fmax\">std::fmax documentation</a>\n\ttemplate<typename genType>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL genType fmax(genType x, genType y);\n\n\t/// Returns min(max(x, minVal), maxVal) for each component in x. If one of the two arguments is NaN, the value of the other argument is returned.", "\n\t///\n\t/// @tparam genType Floating-point scalar or vector types.", "\n\t///\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<typename genType>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL genType fclamp(genType x, genType minVal, genType maxVal);\n\n\t/// Returns min(max(x, minVal), maxVal) for each component in x. If one of the two arguments is NaN, the value of the other argument is returned.", "\n\t///\n\t/// @tparam L Integer between 1 and 4 included that qualify the dimension of the vector\n\t/// @tparam T Floating-point scalar types\n\t/// @tparam Q Value from qualifier enum\n\t///\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<length_t L, typename T, qualifier Q>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL vec<L, T, Q> fclamp(vec<L, T, Q> const& x, T minVal, T maxVal);\n\n\t/// Returns min(max(x, minVal), maxVal) for each component in x. If one of the two arguments is NaN, the value of the other argument is returned.", "\n\t///\n\t/// @tparam L Integer between 1 and 4 included that qualify the dimension of the vector\n\t/// @tparam T Floating-point scalar types\n\t/// @tparam Q Value from qualifier enum\n\t///\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<length_t L, typename T, qualifier Q>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL vec<L, T, Q> fclamp(vec<L, T, Q> const& x, vec<L, T, Q> const& minVal, vec<L, T, Q> const& maxVal);\n\n\n\t/// @}\n}//namespace glm\n\n#include \"extended_min_max.inl\"\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0.018796992481203006, 0.018867924528301886, 0.02247191011235955, 0.011976047904191617, 0, 0.007125890736342043, 0.012987012987012988, 0.012145748987854251, 0.015151515151515152, 0.013812154696132596, 0.015384615384615385, 0.01048951048951049, 0.014344262295081968, 0.013729977116704805 ]	0.013377	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 278, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { 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[ "“The airplane really cuts down on the amount of time it takes to get back and forth,” said Riemer, 63, a Saxonburg native and retiree who is the unpaid manager of the small pilot-owned airport. “", "It’s easy and relaxing, especially compared to what it is like on the highways these days.”", "\n\nRiemer is among the dwindling ranks of private pilots flying around the country these days, and Finleyville Airport is one of fewer than two dozen small airports still operating across the Pittsburgh region. ", "The airport has no paid employees.", "\n\nAn interest in general aviation, at first fueled by military pilots returning home from World War II, peaked in 1980, when the number of pilots with private certificates reached 357,000.", "\n\nThat number has plummeted to 182,500, according to the Federal Aviation Administration. ", "Projections say the number of private pilots will fall to 180,400 in 2024.", "\n\nReasons for the decline include the $7,000 to $10,000 cost of obtaining a private pilot license, increased fuel costs and government regulations.", "\n\nThe nose-diving pilot population has hurt many smaller airports and airfields, public and private.", "\n\n“They are closing airports left and right across the country,” said Riemer, wearing a T-shirt emblazoned with the message: “You live, you die, and in between you fly.”", "\n\nAbout 160 public airports — owned by county or municipal governments, or privately owned but publicly accessible — operated in Pennsylvania 30 years ago, according to PennDOT, which oversees them along with the Federal Aviation Administration. ", "Today, there are 124.", "\n\nThe decline hasn’t raised alarms in Harrisburg.", "\n\n“We don’t see any decline in what their intended roles are. ", "We don’t consider them in plight,” said Anthony McCluskey, acting director of PennDOT’s aviation bureau. “", "The number of airports have been steady.”", "\n\nMcCluskey said external pressures might be impacting the financial health of some small airports.", "\n\n“I believe we are going to be taking a closer look at just how financially sound are these general-aviation airports,” he said.", "\n\nGone are Culmerville Airport in West Deer and Kiski Airport near Vandergrift, as are Campbell Airport in South Fayette, Bettis Field in West Mifflin, Mayer Field in Collier and Rodgers Field in O’Hara — Allegheny County’s first municipal airport and one where aviation pioneer Amelia Earhart crash-landed in 1928.", "\n\nPittsburgh-Monroeville Airport could be next to go, owner Emil Bohinski said.", "\n\n“Operations are too expensive,” said Bohinski, 84, of Monroeville. “", "There’s no profit in airports today.”", "\n\nBohinski’s parents in the 1940s opened Pitt-Wilkins Airport when Monroeville was known as Patton Township. ", "That airfield along Tilbrook Road closed in the 1970s.", "\n\nHis family in 1947 opened what became Pittsburgh-Monroeville Airport, which Bohinski took over from his sister and brother-in-law.", "\n\nState records show the airport was home to 11 single-engine aircraft at last count.", "\n\n“There was over 100 planes here at one time,” said Bohinski, who is trying to sell the property off Logan’s Ferry Road. “", "Times have changed.”", "\n\nNot all small airports in the region are suffering.", "\n\nTom Kijowski last year reopened McVille Airport in South Buffalo, Armstrong County; it closed in 2007 to permit strip mining. ", "More than $1.2 million in PennDOT grants funded by state jet-fuel taxes helped convert the grass runway at the privately owned airport into a 3,000-foot, paved asphalt strip that can handle multi-engine aircraft.", "\n\nDeer Lakes Pilots Club relocated to the property, which is home to a dozen airplanes.", "\n\nKijowski said he hopes to soon build hangars at the airport his father opened in 1949.", "\n\n“General aviation is still alive,” said Kijowski, 71, of Lower Burrell, a pilot since 1961. “", "It will be here for a long time, I think.”", "\n\nThe 33 pilot-owners of Finleyville Airport are building a pilot lounge and hope to sell two hangars and other tie-down spaces to new members. ", "Fuel sales and maintenance fees help cover the airport’s roughly $100,000 annual operating budget.", "\n\nThe aiport hopes to land a flight school.", "\n\n“This is the best-kept secret in Pittsburgh,” said Riemer, a retired commercial airline mechanic and pilot. “", "This is where we’ve chosen to spend our money, instead of down at the marina or at the country club." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.005128205128205128, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011111111111111112, 0, 0, 0, 0.005917159763313609, 0.0040650406504065045, 0, 0, 0, 0.009433962264150943, 0, 0.010101010101010102, 0, 0.009523809523809525, 0.012658227848101266, 0.014285714285714285, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0, 0.015151515151515152, 0, 0.016260162601626018, 0, 0, 0.0078125, 0, 0, 0.011363636363636364, 0.010526315789473684, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009009009009009009, 0 ]	0.004038	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 101, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", 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"entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2970 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3126, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 3114 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3136, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 3127 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3178, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 3165 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3196, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": 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"score": 0.85, "start": 3666 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3678, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 3676 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3696, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 3683 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3716, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 3712 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3985, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 3979 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 4089, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 4079 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 4232, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 4226 } ]
[ "Setting criterion thresholds for estimating prevalence: what is being validated?", "\nMuch of the debate over how best to estimate the prevalence of problem gambling in the general population is driven by a number of misconceptions, misinterpretations, and questionable, sometimes erroneous assumptions. ", "Among the latter is the failure to understand that what is being validated is not the test but the interpretation of test scores for a specific purpose. ", "In addition there has been a lack of attention to defining the clinical and/or epidemiologic relevance of case definitions in terms of severity and other clinical attributes, a misunderstanding of how test values are interpreted when criterion thresholds or cut-off points are selected, and a failure to replicate the validation of criterion thresholds for defining cases of problem gambling. ", "It is argued further that the distinction between dichotomy and continuum is a false choice, and any emphasis on overestimation is misdirected. ", "Alternative methods for evaluating tests and estimating prevalence are described and a pragmatic empirical approach to the interpretation of prevalence estimates is recommended." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0	5	[]
[ "Top-rated United States television programs of 1962–63\n\nThis table displays the top-rated primetime television series of the 1962-63 season as measured by Nielsen Media Research.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Lists of American television series" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.0056179775280898875, 0 ]	0.002809	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 23, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 10 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 132, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 125 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 217, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 209 } ]
[ "De la Bédoyère\n\nDe la Bédoyère is a surname of French origin. ", "People with that name include:\n\n Charles de la Bédoyère (1786–1815), French General during the reign of Emperor Napoleon I\n Guy de la Bédoyère (born 1957), British historian\n Michael de la Bédoyère (1900–1973), English author, editor and journalist\n\nCategory:Surnames of French origin" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.016129032258064516, 0.014084507042253521 ]	0.015107	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 53, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 47 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 117, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 95 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 137, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 131 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 215, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 211 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 225, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 218 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 259, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 237 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 339, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 333 } ]
[ "Quickly maturing startup seeking like minded Sr. ", "Backend-leaning Fullstack Engineer! ", "PacketFabric redefines how companies procure, consume, and manage their network connectivity. ", "The technical team is a small, talented, and close knit group and we need a team member to help us accomplish our goal of making the best darn carrier network on the planet.", "\n\nDescription\n\n\n\nAs a well rounded software engineer, you should definitely be the type that appreciates diversity in your day, and challenges outside of your comfort level! ", "A typical day in the life of a PacketFabric senior software engineer might include these types of activities:\n\n\n\nDesigning a deterministic lifecycle workflow for our next product offering.", "\n\n\n\nWriting core platform code for a new feature, and unit tests for functionality.", "\n\n\n\nRefactoring and improving existing code for performance and simplicity. ", "For example, breaking a large method into smaller, more maintainable and easily tested methods.", "\n\n\n\nBuilding command line tools to help network engineers better manage network state.", "\n\n\n\nResearching additional ideas, you may have to improve the product/platform overall and sharing with the team.", "\n\n\n\nInteracting with customers and/or sales on a bug in the software, quickly resolving it, and coordinating across the team to push a fix.", "\n\n\n\nWorking with backend engineers and discussing quirks in network protocols and network interconnection which translate rapid API and UI changes.", "\n\n\n\nRequirements\n\n\n\nThe right candidate will have an abundance of hard core programming skills, have solid instincts for API usability and design patterns. ", "You are probably a full stack developer who naturally gravitates towards work on a product core. ", "You know how to sacrifice algorithmic elegance for getting it done on deadline. ", "More specifics include:\n\n\n\nExtensive experience with Python and PHP in large applications developed in a team environment.", "\n\n\n\nExpert unit tester.", "\n\n\n\nExperience in large scale distributed systems.", "\n\n\n\nExtensive experience with the HTTP protocol and developing and using RESTful APIs.", "\n\n\n\nA solid understanding of OO programming paradigms.", "\n\n\n\nExperience with a message queue system like RabbitMQ or Kafka.", "\n\n\n\nExperience using NoSQL data stores like Redis.", "\n\n\n\nBe completely at home on any *nix command line and building your own tools.", "\n\n\n\nVery comfortable using Git in a team environment (i.e. pull-requests, branch management, rebasing).", "\n\n\n\nExperience working in an environment leveraging remote communication collaboration tools like Slack, Zoom etc.", "\n\n\n\nNever being afraid to venture boldly where none have gone before and develop code where there are no previous libraries to draw from.", "\n\n\n\nPreferred Experience" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0, 0.005319148936170213, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013605442176870748, 0.00641025641025641, 0, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0.043478260869565216, 0, 0, 0, 0.015151515151515152, 0.04, 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0 ]	0.006752	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 477, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 469 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 538, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 525 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1823, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1817 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2140, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2132 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2149, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2144 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2300, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2297 } ]
[ "Q:\n\nCXF 2.2.12: How to turn off schema validation on the client side\n\nI would like to turn off schema validation for JAXB-bound messages. ", " I am dealing with the client-side CXF code (WSDL first generation). ", " I have tried using \n<jaxws:client name=\"{http://apache.org/hello_world_soap_http}SoapPort\"\n createdFromAPI=\"true\">\n <jaxws:properties>\n <entry key=\"schema-validation-enabled\" value=\"true\" />\n </jaxws:properties>\n</jaxws:client>\n\nWithout success (see reference CXF FAQ ). ", " I've had difficulty finding a programmatic way of settings this property. ", " I've also explored short-circuiting CXF and accessing the parser, unmarshaller, etc.", "\nThanks for your help. ", "\n\nA:\n\nTo turn off the schema validation you should set the schema-validation-enabled property to false.", "\nAccording to documentation referred by you (CXF FAQ).", "\nTo enable schema validation (all requests and responses will be validated against schema) set\n<entry key=\"schema-validation-enabled\" value=\"true\" />\n\nTo disable schema validation (none of the requests nor responses will be validated against schema) do nothing cause it is the default behavior or set\n<entry key=\"schema-validation-enabled\" value=\"false\" />\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0.014492753623188406, 0.003472222222222222, 0, 0.011764705882352941, 0, 0, 0.018518518518518517, 0 ]	0.005361	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 14, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "DateRecognizer_140094861343904", "recognizer_name": "DateRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 8 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 296, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 247 } ]
[ "Insulin receptor activation through its accumulation in lipid rafts by mild electrical stress.", "\nInsulin resistance is due to the reduced cellular response to insulin in peripheral tissues. ", "The interaction of insulin with its receptor is the first step in insulin action and thus the identified target of insulin resistance. ", "It has been well established that defects or mutations in the insulin receptor (IR) cause insulin resistance. ", "Therefore, an IR activator might be a novel therapeutic approach for insulin resistance. ", "Our previous report showed that mild electrical stress (MES) enhanced the insulin-induced signaling pathway. ", "However, the molecular mechanism of the effect of MES remains unclear. ", "We assessed the effect of MES, which is characterized by low-intensity direct current, on insulin signaling in vitro and in vivo. ", "Here, we showed that MES activated the insulin signaling in an insulin-independent manner and improved insulin resistance in peripheral tissues of high fat-fed mice. ", "Moreover, we found that MES increased the localization of IR in lipid rafts and enhanced the level of phosphorylated Akt in insulin-resistant hepatic cells. ", "Ablation of lipid rafts disrupted the effect of MES on Akt activation. ", "Our findings indicate that MES has potential as an activator of IR in an insulin-independent manner, and might be beneficial for insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0.00909090909090909, 0.011235955056179775, 0.009174311926605505, 0.014084507042253521, 0.007692307692307693, 0.006024096385542169, 0.006369426751592357, 0.028169014084507043, 0.011976047904191617 ]	0.009538	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1118, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1115 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1213, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1210 } ]
[ "Q:\n\nRaspberry Pi Camera Module not working (v1.3)\n\nMy Raspberry Pi Camera Module v1.3 is not working. ", "I have tried taking a photo, and here is the error:\npi@raspberrypi:~ $ raspistill -o image.jpg\nmmal: No data received from sensor. ", "Check all connections, including the Sunny one on the camera board\n\nSo I used this command:\n$ vcgencmd get_camera\n\noutput: supported=1 detected=1\n\nSo the red light comes on on the camera but doesn't take a picture. ", "Tried rebooting to no success. ", "Definitely not static discharge as the RPi still detects it. ", "What could be the problem?", "\n\nA:\n\nI had the same problem lately. ", "In my case the FFC ribbon cable was damaged. ", "But as I tried to acquire an image, the red LED went on and stayed on forever. ", "A new cable resolved the issue for me.", "\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0.00980392156862745, 0, 0.004651162790697674, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.003334	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 195, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 187 } ]
[ "Cytochrome P4502A-mediated coumarin 7-hydroxylation and testosterone hydroxylation in mouse and rat lung.", "\nPulmonary coumarin 7-hydroxylase, testosterone hydroxylase and other P450-mediated activities were compared in the mouse and rat. ", "Coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity was 20 pmol/mg/min. ", "in mouse and 4 pmol/mg/min. ", "in rat lung microsomes. ", "Liver values were 180 (mouse) and 1 (rat) pmol/mg/min. ", "Km values of rat and mouse lung coumarin 7-hydroxylase were about 1 microM whereas the rat liver Km value was > 100 microM. Phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene did not affect rat lung (or liver) coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity. ", "Anti-Cyp2a-5 antibody effectively inhibited mouse and rat lung coumarin 7-hydroxylase and testosterone 15 alpha-hydroxylations but failed to block these activities in the rat liver. ", "In immunoblot analysis anti-Cyp2a-5 antibody recognized the 50-kDa Cyp2a-4/5 protein in mouse lung microsomes. ", "A P450 protein co-migrating with Cyp2a-5 was also detected in rat lung microsomes. ", "Cyp2a-5 cDNA probe hybridized with a 1.8-kb mRNA species in rat lung RNA fraction. ", "The hybridization signal was not increased by 3-methylcholanthrene or phenobarbital. ", "These data suggest that the mouse lung expresses Cyp2a-5 which differs from the liver enzyme only in its regulation and that the rat lung contains a P450 isoform(s) belonging to the 2A subfamily which may be orthologous with the mouse Cyp2a-4/5 catalyzing coumarin 7-hydroxylase and testosterone 15 alpha-hydroxylase activities. ", "The recently reported rat lung CYP2A3 (Kimura et al.) ", "gene product is a candidate for the observed coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity in the rat lung." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0.007633587786259542, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004329004329004329, 0, 0, 0.012048192771084338, 0.024096385542168676, 0, 0.0060790273556231, 0.018518518518518517, 0 ]	0.004847	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1550, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1538 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 179, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 175 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 925, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 921 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1323, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 1319 } ]
[ "Effect of electromagnetic field on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in a human mu-opioid receptor cell model.", "\nDuring the cell communication process, endogenous and exogenous signaling affect normal as well as pathological developmental conditions. ", "Exogenous influences such as extra-low-frequency electromagnetic field (EMF) have been shown to effect pain and inflammation by modulating G-protein receptors, down-regulating cyclooxygenase-2 activity, and affecting the calcium/calmodulin/nitric oxide pathway. ", "Investigators have reported changes in opioid receptors and second messengers, such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), in opiate tolerance and dependence by showing how repeated exposure to morphine decreases adenylate cyclase activity causing cAMP to return to control levels in the tolerant state, and increase above control levels during withdrawal. ", "Resonance responses to biological systems using exogenous EMF signals suggest that frequency response characteristics of the target can determine the EMF biological response. ", "In our past research we found significant down regulation of inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) using 5 Hz EMF frequency. ", "In this study cAMP was stimulated in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells transfected with human mu-opioid receptors, then exposed to 5 Hz EMF, and outcomes were compared with morphine treatment. ", "Results showed a 23% greater inhibition of cAMP-treating cells with EMF than with morphine. ", "In order to test our results for frequency specific effects, we ran identical experiments using 13 Hz EMF, which produced results similar to controls. ", "This study suggests the use of EMF as a complementary or alternative treatment to morphine that could both reduce pain and enhance patient quality of life without the side-effects of opiates." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0, 0.003816793893129771, 0, 0.011428571428571429, 0.0056179775280898875, 0.010362694300518135, 0.010869565217391304, 0.006622516556291391, 0.005235602094240838 ]	0.005395	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1272, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1265 } ]
[ "Call at (855) 880-6667\n\nStudy Finds Fracking Workers Exposed to Dangerous Benzene Levels: Should You Be Concerned?", "\n\nA recent study by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has found that workers at hydraulic fracturing or fracking sites may be routinely exposed to dangerous levels of the cancer-causing chemical benzene.", "\n\nBenzene is a clear or light yellow liquid that is a component in fracking fluid. ", "NIOSH and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have set the safe level for workplace benzene exposure at 0.1 of a part per million. ", "However, NIOSH’s measurements of benzene levels above open tanks at fracking sites found levels that were well over this amount.", "\n\nNIOSH researchers visited six oil and gas sites in Colorado and Wyoming in the spring and summer of 2013. ", "The study specifically surveyed exposure risks for oil and gas workers during the phase of extraction called flowback. ", "This phase occurs after the well is drilled and hydraulically fractured to start the flow of oil and gas. ", "Flowback fluid which contains wastewater, sand, oil, gas, fracking fluid chemicals and water is recovered through the well bore and separated into component parts. ", "Oil and gas are removed and stored in production tanks. ", "Fracking chemicals that can be reused are also removed the fluid. ", "Waste fluids are stored in flowback tanks until they can be disposed of.", "\n\nFracking-site workers must inspect and measure the volume of liquids in flowback and production tanks. ", "To do this, they must open the hatches and insert a gauging stick. ", "If the well is very deep, a worker may use a hand-cranked gauging tape to make the measurements. ", "It is during this phase that workers are at highest risk of exposure to dangerous levels of benzene.", "\n\nSixteen fracking workers were provided with small, wearable devices that sampled the air during their workday. ", "The study participants typically worked 12 hour days. ", "During this time, they opened up the hatches one to four times an hour. ", "The hatch was open for two to five minutes at a time.", "\n\nAir samples showed this was enough to add up to dangerous levels of exposure to oil, gas, and the volatile organic compounds used in fracking. ", "However, the researchers were primarily concerned about Benzene because benzene interferes with the normal functioning of cells. ", "High concentrations of the chemical are toxic to the nervous system, liver, and kidneys. ", "Benzene can also cause bone marrow to reduce the production of red blood cells and white blood cells, which can lead to anemia and damage to the immune system. ", "Benzene is also a carcinogen that is linked to leukemia.", "\n\nAll except two of the samples recorded average daily benzene exposure above the NIOSH limit. ", "The average benzene exposure also exceeded the higher limit of 1 part per million set by the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). ", "OSHA limits are legal workplace limits and tend to be higher than the limits set by NIOSH and the CDC. ", "Little is known about the long-term effects of benzene exposure.", "\n\nThe study was published in the September 2014 issue of the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. ", "NIOSH’s research on benzene is part of an ongoing study to assess chemical exposure risks for oil and gas workers involved in fracking and flowback operations.", "\n\nThe study recommended that workers wear respirators when measuring flowback volume in order to decrease chemical exposure. 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[ "Owners of Internet sweepstakes businesses fight to stay alive after state court ruling\n\nPublished: Saturday, December 22, 2012 at 04:13 PM.", "\n\nPhoto Galleries\n\n“I thought, ‘Hey, I could do this,’” he said of owning such a business.", "\n\nBullis said he realized the move was a gamble in itself. ", "The state put the clamps on Internet gaming in 2010 — legislators passing a law against such businesses. ", "Backers of the games countered with the legal case the N.C. Supreme Court settled last week.", "\n\n“I knew there was a risk,” Bullis said. “", "I never dreamed it’d materialize.”", "\n\nHe doesn’t like to read articles that refer to the sweepstakes business as “gambling.” ", "Bullis said his customers merely purchase Internet time, then do with it what they wish. ", "Most, he admitted, play games where they can win cash — as much as hundreds or (on extremely rare occasions) thousands of dollars.", "\n\nWinnings, say proponents of Internet cafes, are predetermined.", "\n\nBullis said he’s mystified by the backlash against businesses such as his.", "\nHaw River\nhas among the lowest taxes of any local municipality on the games, but Bullis said he still pays a fee of $250 on each of his 99 machines.", "\n\nBullis said he’s always been well-received by officials with the town of\nHaw River\n, but others say that’s not true of how gaming businesses have been welcomed in some local municipalities.", "\n\nHAW RIVER — Ernest Moore said if he could tell state legislators one thing, it’d be simple.", "\n\n“I’d tell them they’ve got better things to do than stop people from having a good time,” he said.", "\n\nMoore frequents Village Marketplace Sweepstakes on West Main Street in Haw River. ", "It’s in the VillageMarketplaceShopping Center off North Church Street. ", "Moore goes to the sweepstakes cafe an average of twice a week, he said.", "\n\nHis investment in gaming isn’t big, Moore said — no more than $40 a week. ", "He said he’s never won much in the sweepstakes, either — his top prize never topping $100.", "\n\nStill, Moore likes it, as much for the camaraderie of the establishment as anything.", "\n\n“It’s very, very entertaining and fun, too,” he said. “", "It’s like fishing — it gives me the chance to get out of the house and socialize.”", "\n\nIf the state has its way, Moore’s fun and the fun of thousands like him across the state may soon be coming to an end. ", "Recently, the N.C. Supreme Court overturned lower court rulings that favored the Internet sweepstakes industry. ", "The move reinstates North Carolina’s laws against the businesses and upholds a previous ruling that sweepstakes halls are gambling operations.", "\n\nThis past week, the likelihood of the sweepstakes parlors being closed increased dramatically after the state’s highest court refused a request from industry officials to delay closings while they appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court. ", "The refusal could close within weeks hundreds of businesses across North Carolina, including numerous establishments in Alamance and Guilford counties.", "\n\nIndustry officials said they don’t expect the ruling to be enforced for at least two weeks, until it becomes final.", "\n\nSTATE OFFICIALS and others claim sweepstakes gambling is a problem that inordinately affects those who can afford it the least — families on the lower end of the socio-economic scale. ", "They say it leads to domestic problems and serves no productive societal purpose.", "\n\nBackers of Internet gaming counter that it’s no worse or more addictive than the state-run N.C. Education Lottery.", "\n\nFor the moment, what becomes of Internet sweepstakes parlors is unclear. ", "Will it be police raids similar to those once staged at illicit video-poker sites?", "\n\nWho knows? ", "Law enforcement officers contacted seemed as perplexed as anyone as to the fate of Internet gaming cafes. ", "Alamance County District Attorney Pat Nadolski predicted further legal wranglings.", "\n\nDon Bullis, the owner of Village Marketplace Sweepstakes, said he doesn’t know how it will play out.", "\n\n“If we’re stopped, there’s going to be a lot of people out of work,” he said.", "\n\nBullis bought Village Marketplace Sweepstakes in June. ", "The business had been home to an Internet café prior to his purchase and Bullis admitted the property “left a lot to be desired.” ", "He straightened the place up considerably.", "\n\nBullis paid to have the building gutted and rebuilt — repainting everything and installing new carpet, ceiling fans and expensive light fixtures. ", "Bullis said he’s got almost $350,000 invested in the property that he’s expanded from 2,200 square feet to about 4,200 square feet.", "\n\n“I cleaned it up and business started to increase,” Bullis said. “", "It grew so quickly, it swept me off my feet.”", "\n\nCustomers at Village Marketplace Sweepstakes are fiercely loyal — both to the business and one another. ", "They come across more as family members than clientele that merely frequent a shared business. ", "When they walk in the door, they’re greeted — both by fellow customers and employees.", "\n\nThe sweepstakes shop looks nice — nothing about it coming across as a shady establishment. ", "Anyone who steps inside is welcome to free soft drinks and coffee. ", "The sale of alcohol is banned from Internet cafes and Bullis said he wouldn’t offer it even if legal.", "\n\nThe majority of Village Marketplace Sweepstakes is open to smokers, but there’s a game room where smoking is prohibited. ", "Walls are decorated with portraits of Hollywood legends as well as a photo of President Kennedy and his wife. ", "One room is “The Carousel Room” — its walls adorned with paintings of merry-go-rounds.", "\n\n“I’ve never had to call the police, never had a fight,” Bullis said. “", "I’ve never had shouting, never had a confrontation between a male and a female. ", "I challenge the government to compare my business to establishments that serve alcohol.”", "\n\nOf his customers, Bullis said: “They come for relaxation … whatever.”", "\n\nBULLIS, 69, who has a background in the service industry, said he got involved in Internet sweepstakes after suffering a serious fall and injury in December 2010. ", "He had trouble walking and said during recuperation his doctor advised him it’d do him good to get out of his house more often. ", "Bullis began visiting a sweepstakes café in Burlington.", "\n\n“I thought, ‘Hey, I could do this,’” he said of owning such a business.", "\n\nBullis said he realized the move was a gamble in itself. ", "The state put the clamps on Internet gaming in 2010 — legislators passing a law against such businesses. ", "Backers of the games countered with the legal case the N.C. Supreme Court settled last week.", "\n\n“I knew there was a risk,” Bullis said. “", "I never dreamed it’d materialize.”", "\n\nHe doesn’t like to read articles that refer to the sweepstakes business as “gambling.” ", "Bullis said his customers merely purchase Internet time, then do with it what they wish. ", "Most, he admitted, play games where they can win cash — as much as hundreds or (on extremely rare occasions) thousands of dollars.", "\n\nWinnings, say proponents of Internet cafes, are predetermined.", "\n\nBullis said he’s mystified by the backlash against businesses such as his. ", "Haw River has among the lowest taxes of any local municipality on the games, but Bullis said he still pays a fee of $250 on each of his 99 machines.", "\n\nBullis said he’s always been well-received by officials with the town of Haw River, but others say that’s not true of how gaming businesses have been welcomed in some local municipalities.", "\n\nIN AUGUST, members of the Graham City Council imposed much stricter guidelines on new Internet sweepstakes businesses looking to move to town — including restrictions on how closely they can open to everything from schools to parks.", "\n\nIn May, Burlington City Council members upped the fee they charge for gaming machines to $2,500 for the first terminal at a café and $1,000 for each additional one. ", "Previously, business owners were charged $25 for every four terminals.", "\n\n“I think singling out an industry like this is just not right,” Jerry Stewart, the owner of Interstate Sweepstakes on Ramada Road, said at the time.", "\n\nBullis said he feels the same. ", "He noted his business has done much for the community. ", "A donation box at the register with proceeds earmarked for Christmas Cheer of Alamance County is filled with dollar bills. ", "Bullis tossed in a check for $1,000 from the business.", "\n\nHe looks out for his 10 employees. ", "When Bullis decided to have a Christmas meal for them, he did two — one at lunch and another at dinner to make sure everyone involved in keeping the business open 24 hours a day could attend.", "\n\nOn the other side of Burlington, Brad Hall, the owner of GlenRavenBusinessCenter at the intersection of West Webb Avenue and West Davis Street, said Internet cafes give more back to the community than people realize. ", "He said he and his customers provided Christmas presents for a needy family that would have otherwise done without.", "\n\n“We’re trying to put a positive spin on it,” Hall said of the gaming industry. “", "We do a lot of good.”", "\n\nHe said police have been called to his establishment only once since he opened in June 2011. ", "That occurrence, Hall said, was for help when there was a bump-up of cars in the parking lot.", "\n\n“There are bigger fish to fry,” Hall said of the courts looking to close down gaming industries like his.", "\n\nHe said his customers come to the business as much for the chance to talk to others as try and win Internet games.", "\n\n“These are people who’d be sitting at home watching a movie if they weren’t here,” Hall said. “", "It’s a form of socialization.”", "\n\nBACK AT Village Marketplace Sweepstakes, Trent Chrisp, one of the employees, said he’s got something to tell the courts and legislators if they close his place of employment.", "\n\n“I won’t be able to pay my bills,” he said.", "\n\nMeanwhile, Bullis wondered aloud if the money he’s paid in taxes will be refunded if he’s closed. ", "He said he paid $13,500 in taxes for new machines just last week.", "\n\nBullis said he worried his speaking out about the merits of the gaming industry and questioning those seeking to shut him down might make him a target if those closures come to fruition. ", "He said if he’s ordered to close, he’ll close, and said the last thing he wants are police officers showing up at his door to force the issue.", "\n\n“I hope owners like me will get the courtesy of a call,” Bullis said. “", "If I get a call telling me to close, I’m going to the circuit breaker and shutting off the power. 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[ "\n\nOil well in Saline, Michigan. ", "CC image credit: Dwight Burdette \| Wikimedia Commons\n\nA standing room-only crowd of more than 300 Scio Township residents packed a recent hearing at the Washtenaw Intermediate School District headquarters last Thursday to speak out about a proposal to drill for oil near the border with Ann Arbor. ", "The hearing was hosted and moderated by State House Rep. Gretchen Driskell, former mayor of Saline.", "\n\nWest Bay Exploration out of Traverse City has already had several landowners signed contracts turning over drilling rights to the company. ", "Attendees were nearly unanimous in their opposition to the drilling which many fear will lead to increased industrial traffic, noise, pollution, and contamination of wells and the nearby Huron River.", "\n\nThere are two things to note about this. ", "First, it may be very difficult for local municipalities to stop the drilling. ", "For the same reason that Lyndon Township officials are having difficulty fighting off a sand & gravel mine north of Chelsea (my coverage of that is HERE), Scio Township’s hands are largely tied thanks to a Republican-backed law passed in 2011:\n\nThe relationship of extraction and associated activities with existing land uses.", "\n\nThe impact on existing land uses in the vicinity of the property.", "\n\nThe impact on property values in the vicinity of the property and along the proposed hauling route serving the property, based on credible evidence.", "\n\nThe impact on pedestrian and traffic safety in the vicinity of the property and along the proposed hauling route serving the property.", "\n\nThe impact on other identifiable health, safety, and welfare interests in the local unit of government.", "\n\nThe overall public interest in the extraction of the specific natural resources on the property. ", "Lyndon Township officials are fighting an unfair fight due to actions taken by Michigan Republicans soon after they took control of the state legislature in 2011. ", "The original law that governs permitting of gravel mines such as this is the Michigan Zoning Enabling Act of 2006. ", "This law shifted the burden of proving there will be no adverse impacts from a new operation away from the applicant for a zoning variance which allows activities to be conducted in a zoned area other than those specifically allowed by the local municipalities zoning regulations. ", "Instead, the local municipality must prove that it WILL have an adverse impact. ", "The law sets forth very specific and limited criteria for what can be used to deny a permit, criteria called “very serious consequences”. ", "The municipality must prove that there will be a very serious consequence on one or more of the following: In 2010, a court case in Kasson Township in the Leelanau peninsula, Michigan’s “pinkie”, overturned this aspect of the law, putting the onus back on the permit applicant. ", "In 2011, Republicans passed House Bill 4746, once again putting the burden back on municipalities.", "\n\nThe Lyndon mine could result in as many as 80 gravel trucks a day, 6 days a week rumbling through the middle of downtown Chelsea and back again.", "\n\nThe other point is that landowners that do NOT sign contracts may still end up having their mineral rights assigned to the drilling company anyway. ", "From MLive’s reporting:\n\nIf a company is able to procure leases from a number of property owners in an area but does not have the required acreage to drill a well, the state supervisor of wells can issue a compulsory pooling order on the remaining mineral rights.", "\n\nAccording to local residents who are fighting the plan, the drilling would take place less than 10 minutes from downtown Ann Arbor and right next to the Huron River, which provides Ann Arbor’s water supply. ", "West Bay Exploration has leased the mineral rights for substantial property on Miller Road and Ann Arbor-Dexter Road, from West Delhi to Zeeb (owned by a popular pumpkin farm).", "\n\nHere are some suggestions from opposition group on what steps you can take:\n\nShare this information. ", "Tell everyone, because, in our experience, most people in town don’t know this yet because the oil companies did this quietly and quickly. ", "Here are links to two stories in the A2 News: http://www.mlive.com/news/ann-arbor/index.ssf/2014/04/oil_drilling_forum_aims_to_hel.html http://www.mlive.com/news/ann-arbor/index.ssf/2014/04/michigan-based_oil_company_exp.html We are involved with a group of concerned citizens, under the name Scio Mineral Rights, who are trying to learn more about this and to educate others. ", "We understand why some farming families may wish to sign away their rights, but we aren’t certain that they are being told the full truth, and we know from some of them directly that they most certainly have been pressured and persuaded. ", "Please check these groups out online or on Facebook:\n\nwww.sciomineralrights.net\n\nwww.facebook.com/sciomineralrights\n\nNo-Drill.com Call Gov. Snyder’s office and tell him how you feel about this. ", "Many people understandably feel this is ineffective. ", "However, if done in large-enough numbers, it establishes that the citizenry took the appropriate step of contacting their state government (which, again, is in charge of regulating oil leasing and drilling) and establishes that the citizens of the town Snyder calls home don’t want this to happen, so it’s an important piece of fighting back. ", "Contact your city councilmember (a list is HERE.) ", "Contact Yousef Rabhi, the Chair of the Washtenaw County Board of Commissioners ([email protected] or 734-548-5159).", "\n\nOn a positive note, the drilling company will NOT be fracking on this site and has agreed to stipulate that in its contracts.", "\n\nUPDATE: The folks behind No-Drill.com will send you a free 4-inch sticker like the one on the right. ", "Stickers will be sent to any Eclectablog reader who visits NO-Drill.com and requests a sticker via their email address. ", "They will send 1 sticker per request and will cover postage. ", "If you would like more you may purchase via PayPal. 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[ "This invention relates to bioabsorbable materials such as a terpolymer of poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide), methods of making and using such materials, and to medical devices made from such materials.", "\nCommercially available bone fixation devices are often made of metal alloys which must be surgically removed after bone healing. ", "The removal of such devices causes additional trauma to the patient as well as increased medical costs. ", "Metallic devices also have moduli of elasticity which are 10-20 times higher than that of cortical bone, thus preventing the loading of the bone and possibly causing osteopenia due to stress shielding.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "4,539,981 and 4,550,449 to Tunc (the inventor of the present invention) relate to absorbable bone fixation devices made from high molecular weight polymer of L-lactide. ", "However, such fixation devices have a relatively low rate of absorption and retain relatively high tensile strength after the bone fully heals.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,569,250 to Sarver et al. ", "relates to a biocompatible osteosynthesis plate for securing a plurality of adjacent bone portions. ", "It purportedly discloses, inter alia, non-reinforced lactide and glycolide copolymer (see, e.g., col. ", "6, lines 63 et seq.). ", "However, such materials exhibit relatively low tensile strengths.", "\nAll documents cited herein, including the foregoing, are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes.", "\nIt is an object of this invention to obtain an implantable medical device having relatively high strength retention during the early periods of bone healing, but with a sufficiently high absorption rate so that the material is at least substantially absorbed at the time that the bone is fully healed. ", "Preferably the device will be contourable before use (e.g., its shape can be modified to more closely complement the shape of the bone to which it will be attached) and preferably it will provide a closer match of mechanical properties of bone as compared to known devices.", "\nTo that end, a novel material has been invented which contains poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide) also referred to hereinafter as p-(LLA/DLA/GA). ", "This material provides mechanical properties which are desirable for certain implantable medical devices such as bone fixation devices.", "\nIn sum, the present invention relates to material comprising poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide), preferably comprising at least about 2 molar percent D-lactide and more preferably comprising at least about 4 molar percent D-lactide. ", "The material may have about 2 to about 10 molar percent D-lactide and/or about 80-90 molar percent L-lactide and/or about 5-15 molar percent glycolide. ", "Especially preferred is a material comprising about 83-87 molar percent L-lactide, about 3-7 molar percent D-lactide, and about 8-12 molar percent glycolide. ", "The material may further comprise about 0.1-5 molar percent of a polymer formed from alpha-hydroxy-alpha-ethylbutyric acid; alpha-hydroxy-beta-methylvaleric acid; alpha-hydroxyacetic acid; alpha-hydroxybutyric acid; alpha-hydroxycaproic acid; alpha-hydroxydecanoic acid; alpha-hydroxyheptanoic acid; alpha-hydroxyisobutyric acid; alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acid; alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid; alpha-hydroxymyristic acid; alpha-hydroxyoctanoic acid; alpha-hydroxystearic acid; alpha-hydroxyvaleric acid; beta-butyrolactone; beta-propiolactide; gamma-butyrolactone; pivalolactone; or tetramethylglycolide; or combinations thereof.", "\nThe invention also relates to a process of making a material, and the material so made, the process comprising: a) combining L-lactic acid monomer, glycolic acid monomer and at least about 2 molar percent D-lactic acid monomer to form a mixture; and b) polymerizing substantially all of the mixture. ", "The polymerization may be preformed in the presence of a catalyst and for between 24 and 72 hours.", "\nThe invention also relates to an implantable medical device comprising poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide). ", "The medical device may be a bone plate, bone screw, mesh, suture anchor, tack, pin or intramedullary rod. ", "The medical device can consist essentially of unreinforced poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide) or reinforced poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide).", "\nThe invention also relates to a method of using a bioabsorbable bone fixation device, the method comprising: a) providing a bioabsorbable bone fixation device comprising poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide), the device disposed in a first shape in a free state; then b) heating the bone fixation device; and then c) applying force to the device so that the device obtains a second shape in a free state which is different than the first shape and which approaches the shape of a bone surface to which it will be attached. ", "The heating may be preformed at between about 55xc2x0 C. to about 130xc2x0 C. for between about 2 to about 10 seconds.", "\nThe invention also relates to polymeric resin having a heat of fusion of about 0.4-10, preferably 0.5-5 J/G, and/or a molded polymeric material having a heat of fusion of about 15 to about 25 J/G, and tensile strength retention at 26 weeks of incubation of at least about 50%, and tensile strength retention at 52 weeks of incubation of at most about 25%. ", "The polymeric material may comprise poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide) preferably comprising at least about 2 molar percent D-lactide.", "\nThe present invention also relates to a polymeric material having tensile strength at 0 weeks of incubation of about 65-101 MPa, tensile strength at 26 weeks of incubation of about 50-75 MPa, tensile strength at 44 weeks of incubation of about 0-37 MPa, and tensile strength at 60 weeks of incubation of 0 MPa. ", "The polymeric material may comprise poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide) and may had a heat of fusion of about 15-25 J/G preferably about 18-21 J/G. The polymeric material may have a tensile strength at 0 weeks of incubation of about 74-92 MPa, tensile strength at 26 weeks of incubation of about 56-69 MPa, and tensile strength at 44 weeks of incubation of about 9-27 MPa." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.09090909090909091, 0, 0, 0, 0.09090909090909091, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006711409395973154, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.005387	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 644, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 640 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 648, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 645 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 686, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 682 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 972, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 968 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1007, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 995 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3855, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 3832 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 4859, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 4843 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 5100, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 5092 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 5136, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 5118 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 5180, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 5172 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 5447, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 5440 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 5511, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 5503 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 5574, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 5566 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 5640, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 5632 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 5875, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 5868 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 5938, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 5930 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 6005, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 5997 } ]
[ "/* global Ext, expect, spyOn, jasmine, xit, MockAjaxManager */\n\ndescribe(\"grid-general-window\", function() {\n var grid, store,\n synchronousLoad = true,\n proxyStoreLoad = Ext.data.ProxyStore.prototype.load,\n loadStore = function() {\n proxyStoreLoad.apply(this, arguments);\n if (synchronousLoad) {\n this.flushLoad.apply(this, arguments);\n }\n return this;\n };\n\n beforeEach(function() {\n // Override so that we can control asynchronous loading\n Ext.data.ProxyStore.prototype.load = loadStore;\n });\n\n afterEach(function() {\n // Undo the overrides.", "\n Ext.data.ProxyStore.prototype.load = proxyStoreLoad;\n\n grid = store = Ext.destroy(grid, store);\n });\n\n var scrollbarWidth = Ext.getScrollbarSize().width,\n transformStyleName = 'webkitTransform' in document.documentElement.style ? '", "webkitTransform' : 'transform',\n scrollbarsTakeSpace = !!", "scrollbarWidth,\n // Some tests should only be run if the UI shows space-taking scrollbars.", "\n // Specifically, those tests which test that the presence or not of a scrollbar in one dimension\n // affects the presence of a scrollbar in the other dimension.", "\n visibleScrollbarsIt = scrollbarsTakeSpace ? ", "it : xit;\n\n function getViewTop(el) {\n var dom = Ext.getDom(el),\n transform;\n\n if (Ext.supports.", "CssTransforms && !", "Ext.isIE9m) {\n transform = dom.style[transformStyleName];\n return transform ? ", "parseInt(transform.split(',')[1], 10) : 0;\n } else {\n return parseInt(dom.style.top \|\| '0', 10);\n }\n }\n\n describe(\"In a Window\", function() {\n var win, grid, cell00;\n \n afterEach(function() {\n Ext.destroy(win);\n });\n it(\"should hide the window on ESC in navigable mode\", function() {\n win = new Ext.window.", "Window({\n title: 'Test',\n height: 300,\n width: 400,\n layout: 'fit',\n items: {\n xtype: 'grid',\n store: new Ext.data.", "ArrayStore({\n data: [\n [ 1, 'Lorem'],\n [ 2, 'Ipsum'],\n [ 3, 'Dolor']\n ],\n fields: ['row', 'lorem']\n }),\n columns: [{\n text: 'Row',\n dataIndex: 'row',\n locked: true,\n width: 50\n }, {\n text: 'Lorem',\n dataIndex: 'lorem'\n }]\n }\n });\n win.show();\n grid = win.child('grid');\n cell00 = new Ext.grid.", "CellContext(grid.view).setPosition(0, 0);\n\n // Focus cell 0,0\n cell00.getCell(true).focus();\n\n // Wait for focus\n waitsFor(function() {\n return Ext.", "Element.getActiveElement() === cell00.getCell(true);\n }, 'cell 0,0 to be focused');\n\n runs(function() {\n jasmine.fireKeyEvent(cell00.getCell(true), 'keydown', Ext.event.", "Event.", "ESC);\n\n // ESC should have bubbled to the window and destroyed it\n expect(win.destroyed).toBe(true);\n });\n });\n });\n\n});\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0.006042296072507553, 0, 0.015625, 0.010309278350515464, 0, 0, 0.007142857142857143, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0.007317073170731708, 0.0043859649122807015, 0.006983240223463687, 0.004830917874396135, 0.0048543689320388345, 0, 0 ]	0.00769	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 910, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 880 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2282, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2277 }, { 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[ "Follow Us\n\nNATO concerned about consequences of Turkey’s S-400 acquisition - CNN\n\nNATO is concerned about the potential ramifications of Turkey’s decision to acquire Russian S-400 surface-to-air missiles, a NATO official told CNN on Friday.", "\n\nThe comments came after Turkey’ Defence Ministry announced that the first batch of S-400 components arrived at an airbase near Ankara.", "\n\n\"It is up to allies to decide what military equipment they buy. ", "However, we are concerned about the potential consequences of Turkey's decision to acquire the S-400 system,” the official said, citing concerns about the potential effect of the Russian missiles on NATO’s interoperability.", "\n\nTurkey risks expulsion from the programme to help build F-35 advanced fighter jets and U.S. sanctions by going ahead with the delivery of the S-400s.", "\n\nTurkey will receive two more shipments of S-400 components in the coming days and 80 members of the Turkish military will receive training in Russia in the next two months in addition to 20 servicemen who underwent training in May and June, according to Turkish state-run Anadolu news agency." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0, 0.008968609865470852, 0, 0.003401360544217687 ]	0.005534	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 54, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 48 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 143, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 137 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 173, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 166 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 239, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 233 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 271, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 265 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 374, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 368 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 508, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 502 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 626, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 619 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 670, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 664 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 755, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 751 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 820, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 814 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 891, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 876 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 921, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 914 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 962, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 956 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 985, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 966 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1053, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1041 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1075, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1068 } ]
[ "Q:\n\nArranging triangles in grid order\n\nMy program generated triangles automatically, however the arrangement of the triangles are random on JPanel. ", "How can I plot the triangle in a grid order? ", "Thanks.", "\nEDITED:\nfor(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) \n{ \n\n xCoord[0] = generator.nextInt(MAX_WIDTH);\n yCoord[0] = generator.nextInt(MAX_HEIGHT);\n\n xCoord[1] = (int) (xCoord[0] - xWidth);\n xCoord[2] = (int) (xCoord[1] + (xWidth/2)); \n\n yCoord[1] = yCoord[0];\n yCoord[2] = (int) (yCoord[1] - yHeight); \n\n triangles.add( new Polygon(xCoord,yCoord, 3)); \n}\n\nEDITED: OUTPUT DESIRED\nHow can I make the program generate many pattern but it MUST be in symmetrical form? ", "e.g. left and right is symmetrical. ", "I've tried to make Loop but so far it only generate 1 pattern. ", "Help please :-(\n* * OR OR * * etc (as long as it is symmetrical)\n* * * \n \n\nA:\n\nTake a look at my solution to your previous question.", "\nEDIT:\nModifying the example in the link above, you can replace the randomized Polygon points with some that are more fixed. ", " In the paintComponent method, you can replace:\nfor (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {\n xCoord[j] = generator.nextInt(maxCellWidth)\n + (maxCellWidth xMultiple);\n yCoord[j] = generator.nextInt(maxCellHeight)\n + (maxCellHeight * yMultiple);\n}\n\nwith this:\nxCoord[0] = (maxCellWidth/2) + (maxCellWidth * xMultiple);\n// use the following if you need the points to be fixed as well.", "\n//xCoord[0] = generator.nextInt(maxCellWidth) + (maxCellWidth * xMultiple);\nyCoord[0] = 5 + (maxCellHeight * yMultiple);\nxCoord[1] = 5 + (maxCellWidth * xMultiple);\nyCoord[1] = maxCellHeight - 5 + (maxCellHeight * yMultiple);\nxCoord[2] = maxCellWidth - 5 + (maxCellWidth * xMultiple);\nyCoord[2] = maxCellHeight - 5 + (maxCellHeight * yMultiple);\n\nFor fun, uncommenting the second setting of xCoord[0] will make the top point in a random spot along to x-axis, but the bottom two points of the triangles will be fixed and have a constant distance between them.", "\nalt text http://img127.imageshack.us/img127/5809/picture5v.png\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0.006756756756756757, 0, 0, 0.004301075268817204, 0, 0, 0, 0.008, 0.002421307506053269, 0, 0.015384615384615385 ]	0.003351	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2137, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 2084 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 271, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 259 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 315, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 303 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 518, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 506 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1208, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1196 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1306, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1294 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1542, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1530 } ]
[ "They really should've taken this as visual update. ", "Her new look somehow gives me the creeps. ", "She looks like an anime-rat now.your style is more what I imagened her to be plus it fits to poppy." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0, 0, 0 ]	0	5	[]
[ "TEL AVIV – Ahead of what is expected to be an eventful but tense May, the IDF on Tuesday deployed the Iron Dome missile defense system throughout the country after a rocket was launched from Gaza the previous night.", "\n\nThe military blamed the Iran-backed Palestinian Islamic Jihad for the rocket, which landed in the sea.", "\n\nThe next few weeks are shaping up to be a tense time for Israel, and will include the highly anticipated Eurovision song contest in Tel Aviv, Memorial Day for Fallen Soldiers followed by Independence Day celebrations, the Palestinians’ “Naqba” day and the first anniversary of the hotly contested opening of the U.S. embassy in Jerusalem. ", "May 5 also marks the start of the Muslim month of Ramadan, which has in the past brought with it heightened tensions and more terror attacks.", "\n\nIsrael responded to the rocket attack by reducing the fishing zone around the Gaza Strip to six nautical miles — walking back a move that was made under an unofficial ceasefire agreement last month that saw the zone extended to 15 nautical miles.", "\n\nPalestinians in Gaza retaliated by launching more than 200 airborne incendiary devices over the border on Tuesday and Wednesday, sparking fires in southern Israel.", "\n\nMonday night’s rocket was “intentionally fired” by the PIJ, IDF Spokesperson Brig.-Gen. ", "Ronen Manelis said.", "\n\nHe added that Baha Abu al-Ata, an Islamic Jihad commander of northern Gaza, gave the order to fire the rocket. ", "Al-Ata received the order directly from the group’s leader Ziyad al-Nakhalah in Damascus, Manelis added.", "\n\nPIJ is hoping to thwart the ceasefire efforts by carrying out low-level attacks, the army stated.", "\n\n“There are dozens of countries around the world which are trying to improve the humanitarian situation in the Strip but and at the same time there is one man inside Gaza and one man outside the Strip which is trying to torpedo that,” said Manelis.", "\n\nThe PIJ are the second largest terror group in the Gaza Strip." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.009302325581395349, 0.009615384615384616, 0, 0.0070921985815602835, 0, 0, 0.022222222222222223, 0.05263157894736842, 0.017699115044247787, 0.019230769230769232, 0.010101010101010102, 0.004016064257028112, 0.015625 ]	0.012887	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 8, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": 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[ "Q:\n\nWeb API: Basic Authentication or HMAC over SSL?", "\n\nI would like to secure a .NET Web API service. ", "I will be using SSL, but I also need to restrict the Web API calls that each user can call depending on the user's permissions.", "\nFrom what I've read, REST/HTTP is supposed to be stateless, so technically you shouldn't be able to maintain any session state, but there are some ways around that.", "\nOne is to use basic authentication. ", "The credentials are sent with every request. ", "While this may be okay security-wise because they're being transmitted over SSL anyway, it really isn't practical given that it would require a lot of overhead to re-authenticate against the database every time. (", "A possibility might be to cache them in memory, but I doubt that's the best way.)", "\nAnother could be to use an HMAC (example implementation) to control access to API calls. ", "There is a comment in this article that says:\n\nJust to be clear to people that are implementing this on their HTTPS services: YOU DON'T NEED TO IMPLEMENT HMAC ON SSL!!! ", "It's a waste of time and waste of complexity for absolutely no reason. ", "DON'T DO IT. ", "Use Basic Auth and be done with it.", "\n\nI don't agree with this for the reasons mentioned above (it is more practical to authenticate once and control using HMAC than authenticate every time).", "\nIs it a good and effective practice to use an HMAC to provide security to Web API calls when working over SSL, or are there any points that I am missing?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe answer depends on how much you care about security.", "\nWhat is this API being used for? ", "If security is a big concern, Basic Authentication is NOT a sufficiently good choice -- even if you're using SSL.", "\nEven if you're using SSL, an attacker who can control or get access to your initial request can pretend to be the desired HTTPS web service, and intercept your traffic easily (then get a hold of your API credentials).", "\nA much better solution is to do several things:\n\nUse an API key and secret.", "\nGenerate a unique ID with each request.", "\nGenerate a timestamp with each request.", "\nEncrypt the body of your request against your API key secret.", "\nPut the encrypted output into the HTTP_AUTHORIZATION header in the form: API_KEY_ID:\nOn the server side, decrypt the payload.", "\nCompare the timestamp -- if the request was sent more than a second before -- drop it (this prevents timing attacks).", "\nCompare the unique id -- if this request was already executed -- drop it (this prevents replay attacks).", "\n\nThe above strategies make it impossible for attackers to gain access to your API credentials, even if they are able to successfully man-in-the-middle your API calls.", "\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0.0392156862745098, 0.02040816326530612, 0.007874015748031496, 0.006060606060606061, 0, 0, 0.004694835680751174, 0, 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0.006493506493506494, 0.01948051948051948, 0, 0.029411764705882353, 0.008849557522123894, 0.009174311926605505, 0, 0, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0, 0, 0.005988023952095809, 0 ]	0.00802	5	[]
[ "\"We conducted two location sites for the first time this year, one at LAMC and the second in White Rock at the public library. ", "The total weight of collected drugs was 332 pounds,” Cmdr. ", "Randy Foster said.", "\n“This is the most we have collected thus far and this continues to be a successful program with community support.”", "\n“I was approached by many seniors in White Rock that stated they were grateful for the second location site because it can sometimes be difficult for them to make arrangements to drive up to Los Alamos” Detective Sergeant Oliver Morris said." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.007874015748031496, 0.01694915254237288, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0.004132231404958678 ]	0.016902	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 61, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 52 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 103, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 93 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 198, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 186 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 368, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 358 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 522, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 512 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 556, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 543 } ]
[ "The purposes of this study are to investigate bacterial factors of importance in the pathogenesis of infections caused by Gram-negative bacilli and means of enhancing immunity to such infections in man. ", "Prior studies have demonstrated that both active and passive immunization of experimental animals, using an antigen shared by almost all enterobacteria (Re determinant of R strains of S. minnesota), affords significant protection against challenge with heterologous Gram-negative bacilli. ", "Similarly, patients with high titers of antibody to Re experienced shock and a fatal outcome during the course of Gram-negative bacteremia only one-third as often as patients with low titers of antibody to Re. ", "It has also been demonstrated that high titers of IgG, but no IgM, antibody against the patient's infecting organism are also associated with a significant reduction in the frequency of shock and death in bacteremia. ", "The apparent protective effect of antibody to Re is independent of O-specific IgG antibody. ", "Studies of the immunogenicity and toxicity of killed Re bacilli, Re LPS, and deoxycholate treated Re bacilli in animals and a limited number of volunteers have suggested that they are effective immunogens without excessive adverse reactions. ", "Confirmation of the safety and immunogenicity of these preparations in volunteers is proposed as a necessary prelude for the development of a vaccine for Gram-negative bacteremia. ", "Other studies will attempt to evaluate any protective activity of antibody to capsular or K antigens and to evaluate changes in coagulation components, kinins, and fibrinolytic components to the pathogenesis of manifestations of bacteremia. ", "BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES: McCabe, W. R., Johns, M. A., Zinner, S. H. and Greely, A. \"Lipopolysaccharides and Protection against Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections\" in The Role of Immunological Factors in Infectious, Allergic, and Autoimmune Processes\" (Beers, R. F., Jr. and Basset, E. G., Eds.), ", "Raven Press, New York, 1976. ", "Zinner, S. H. and McCabe, W. R. \"Effects of IgM and IgG in Patients with Bacteremia Due to Gram-Negative Bacilli\" J. Inf. ", "Dis. ", "133:37-45, 1976." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }	[ 0, 0.0034602076124567475, 0, 0.004608294930875576, 0.010869565217391304, 0.004132231404958678, 0, 0, 0.026936026936026935, 0, 0.040983606557377046, 0, 0 ]	0.006999	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 399, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 387 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1119, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1109 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1591, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1585 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1713, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1708 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1720, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1715 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1727, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1722 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1735, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1729 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1742, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1737 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1944, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1934 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1955, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1949 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1962, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1957 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1992, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1984 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1998, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1994 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2006, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2000 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2013, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2008 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2047, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2026 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2142, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2127 } ]
[ "AMC-15\n\nAMC-15 may refer to:\n\nAMC-15 (satellite), a communications satellite that belonged to SES Americom\nUSS Waxbill (AMc-15), a coastal minesweeper that belonged to the United States Navy" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.015789473684210527 ]	0.015789	5	[]
[ "VIA Certified U.S. Mail, Return Receipt Requested and e-mail (richard.kayser@nist.gov) Dr. Richard F. Kayser Deputy Director National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 1000 Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1000 RE: Information Quality Request #07-06 Dear Dr. Kayser, The enclosed Request for Correction (the “Request”) was submitted to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”) on April 12, 2007 by Bob McIlvaine, Dr. Steven Jones, Kevin Ryan, Richard Gage, AIA Architect, and Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice (referred to herein collectively as the “Requesters”) under Section 515 of Public Law 106-554, the Data Quality Act, the Office of Management and Budget’s government-wide Guidelines for Ensuring and Maximizing the Quality, Objectivity, Utility, and Integrity of Information Disseminated by Federal Agencies, and NIST’s “Guidelines, Information Quality Standards, and Administrative Mechanism.” ", "NIST responded to the Request by way of a letter dated September 27, 2007 from Ms. Catherine S. Fletcher (the “Response”), a copy of which is enclosed herewith. ", "While the Requesters appreciate the time and effort NIST personnel put into the Response, some troubling issues remain outstanding. ", "This letter constitutes an appeal of the decisions handed down in the Response, and asks NIST, through its Deputy Director, to reconsider its position on the issues raised in the Request. ", "The particular issues raised in the Request, and addressed in the Response, will be considered in detail below in the order they were addressed in the Request and the Response. ", "However, the Deputy Director is cordially invited to read through the entire original Request (enclosed herewith for your convenience) in detail, because it raises serious issues with the WTC Report that have not been adequately addressed by the NIST personnel in charge of responding to it. ", "The entire original Request is incorporated herein by reference, as if fully set out herein. ", "A.Rejection of the Less Severe Damage Estimates In the Response, NIST indicated that it has issued an erratum to the WTC Report. ", "This erratum removed one of the false justifications relied upon by NIST for rejecting the less severe damage case, namely the justification that “the towers would not have collapsed had the less severe damage results been used.” ", "However, the other false justification still remains in the WTC Report. ", "In order to continue rejecting the less severe damage estimate, NIST inexplicably continues to rely on the “key observable” that “no aircraft debris was calculated to exit the side opposite to impact … in contradiction to what was observed in photographs and videos of the impact event.” ", "This “key observable” should not be relied upon to make - 1 -\n\nany conclusions regarding the simulations for the simple reason that NIST admits in the Response that “uncertainties in the configuration of the building interior on the floors of impact … [influenced] the modeling results.” ", "As a result “none of the damage scenarios resulted in landing gear debris exiting the opposite face of the WTC 1 model.” ", "In sum, NIST relies on a “key observable” in rejecting the less severe damage case, while at the same time admitting that its own computer models are unable to accurately represent this “key observable.” ", "In the Response, NIST has done absolutely nothing to overcome the argument that either all of the computer models should be accepted or all should be rejected based on this “key observable,” because none of the damage simulations resulted in this “key observable” occurring. ", "The Requesters, therefore, again respectfully request that NIST revise the WTC Report so that only legitimate justifications are relied upon when accepting or rejecting a particular computer simulation. ", "Furthermore, the erratum makes no mention of the other justification NIST relies on in the Response for rejecting the less severe damage case, namely the “shifting of building contents due to the aircraft impact.” ", "NIST’s reliance on this justification is puzzling, to be sure, in light of NIST’s statement elsewhere in the WTC Report that “no visible information could be obtained for the extent of damage to the interior of the towers, including the structural system (floors and core columns), partition walls, and interior building contents.” (", "See NCSTAR 1-2 (pp iv, xxxix)) NIST must explain how its reliance on “shifting of building contents due to the aircraft impact” as a “key observable” can be reconciled with its statement that NIST had “no visible information” regarding damage to the “interior building contents.” ", "The Requesters, therefore, again respectfully request that NIST address their concerns about the rejection of the less severe damage estimate without relying on false justifications (especially justifications that are contradicted by NIST’s own statements elsewhere in the WTC Report) and provide the American people with the truth about why the less severe case was rejected. ", "It is clear to Requesters that the only justification NIST can rely upon for rejecting the less severe damage case is that the Towers would not have collapsed. ", "Such reasoning is clearly circular and unscientific in that it assumes what has to be proved, and is in violation of the DQA, the NIST IQS and the OMB Guidelines governing scientific information and influential scientific information. ", "Requesters also ask NIST and its Deputy Director to reconsider the analysis and requests contained in Section V.A. of their original Request because the Response does little to even attempt to refute what is contained therein. ", "B.NIST Computer Simulations In the original Request, the Requesters questioned NIST’s “pruning” of the analysis tree in Figure 9-2 to produce the “pruned” Figure 9-3. ", "In its Response, NIST claims that the “pruned” analysis tree in Figure 9-3 “resulted from an orthogonal factorial design of experiments [OFD or DOE] analysis to identify the most influential parameters.” ", "However, this new statement is contrary to the description of the OFD in the WTC Report. - ", "2 -\n\nThe orthogonal factorial DOE (OFD) used by NIST was intended to reduce the number of factors (or parameters), not the number of levels. ", "As stated in NCSTAR 1-6, p. 290, “The OFD approach allowed for the identification of influential parameters (i.e. factors) that reduced the number of analysis runs in the global” experiments. ", "With specific regard to the damage estimates, NCSTAR 1-6, Chapter 5 (cited in the Response), states that an “experimental design approach, using the method of orthogonal factorial design was used to determine the parameters that had the greatest effect on the estimated damage.” (", "See NCSTAR 1-6, p. 121) However, the less severe (-), base (0), and more severe cases (+) are descriptions of the levels used in NIST’s experiments, not parameters, and NIST makes no mention that OFD was used to exclude specific damage levels (cases). ", "Instead, NIST states that it relied solely on “key observations” in deciding whether to exclude a particular damage case.1 (See Id.) The stark contrast between an OFD, which determines “influential parameters,” and exclusion of damage cases (levels) based on “key observables,” could not be more apparent. ", "NIST has not explained why the less severe or base levels (cases) were fully excluded once the desired factors (or parameters) had been established by NIST’s OFD screening experiments. ", "In a valid DOE, all levels should have been included in the final global analysis, including those represented by the less severe and base cases for any given set of factors. ", "NIST’s statement that it relied on its OFD analysis for excluding the less severe and base case damage estimates flies directly in the face of the description of the OFD process contained in the WTC Report. ", "The OFD approach used by NIST in the WTC Report has other serious problems. ", "First, NIST’s use of a Plackett-Burman design was not appropriate for the purpose of the WTC Report. ", "NCSTAR 1-2B describes the reporting of the DOE analysis of sub- components. ", "NIST used a Plackett-Burman design to screen out non-influential factors (or parameters) prior to conducting their global analyses. ", "This was not appropriate for NIST’s purposes, because a Plackett-Burman DOE assumes that interactions between factors are negligible. ", "Not only was the validation of that assumption not reported but, for the factors analyzed, it is not likely to be valid. ", "In order for these analyses to be useful under the DQA and related information quality guidelines, NIST must show the American public how this assumption is valid for all factors involved. ", "Second, the main and interaction effects for each factor were not reported. ", "Although NIST reported graphically the main effects of some experiments used in the sub-component DOE analyses, the actual values for main effects were not reported. ", "And as stated above, interaction effects were not calculated and were inappropriately assumed to be zero or negligible. ", "Without these values, and a determination of resolution, independent qualified members of the public cannot establish the validity of the experiments. ", "Third, the magnitude used for each factor (or parameter) was not consistent in the sub-component analyses. ", "When varying the magnitude of most factors, the minimum 1 The Requesters have shown in the original Request, and in Section A above, how NIST’s reliance on what it calls “key observables” in rejecting these damage cases is also scientifically untenable and in violation of the DQA. - ", "3 -\n\nvalues and maximum values were set equidistant from the baseline values. ", "However, for the engine-core column impact analysis, the maximum “strain rate” was set ten times higher than the baseline value, at 1000% instead of 190% as would be expected in relation to the varying of other factors (See NCSTAR 1-2B, pp 178-180). ", "For this and other reasons, NIST’s treatment of “strain rate” in these virtual experiments is dubious, and the logic behind the selection of different magnitudes for the factors in NIST’s screening DOE is questionable. ", "Fourth, the public cannot understand NIST’s selection of factors in the DOE. ", "It appears that the responses for each experiment were judged simply by whether or not they resulted in maximal damage to the building and components. ", "On the other hand, NIST suggests in the Response that the results were judged by comparison to photographic evidence. ", "These criteria are not in agreement. ", "The public cannot verify NIST’s comparison of experimental responses to photographic evidence without access to all the photographic evidence and the logic used. ", "Specifically, the WTC Report should be revised to specifically include the photograph, photographs, and/or video still frames NIST used to verify its DOE analysis. ", "The DQA and related guidelines require this revision because it will allow a qualified member of the public to perform an independent reanalysis and verify NIST’s conclusions. ", "Furthermore there is a need for NIST to release all photographic and video evidence in its possession in order that the public may have the opportunity to ensure that there are not other photos and videos which are capable of a different interpretation. ", "Without such full release there is no way that the public can assure itself that NIST has not been selective in choosing its data.2 The Requesters, therefore, respectfully request reconsideration of all analysis and requests made in Section V.B. of the original Request, and consideration of the points made herein. ", "Hand waving reliance on its OFD approach as a justification for excluding damage levels is a clear violation of the DQA and related guidelines. ", "As it stands, the “pruning” of the less severe and base cases from the NIST computer simulation analysis and from the WTC Report itself clearly violates OMB’s Guidelines and the NIST IQS standards of objectivity. ", "An unbiased, accurate, reliable report would include the results of all of the computer simulations run, especially when the WTC Report already states that the less severe and base impact damage cases fit reasonably well with the observed damage. ", "This is true because the objectivity standards for scientific information under the NIST IQS require analytic results to be developed using sound statistical and research methods. ", "This is especially true in light of NIST’s dubious design of its DOE analysis and its neglect of any interaction between factors considered. ", "Furthermore, the “pruning” of the less severe and bases cases from the WTC Report analysis violates the OMB Guidelines and NIST IQS as they govern “influential scientific information” and analytic results related thereto. ", "The OMB Guidelines require such transparency about data and methods “that an independent reanalysis could be undertaken by a qualified member of the public.” ", "See 67 F.R. 8460. ", "By “pruning” the less severe and base cases from its detailed analysis, no member of the public can look at 2This appeal letter is not a Freedom of Information Act request, and should not be treated as such. ", "-4 -\n\nthe data and determine whether airplane impact damage plus the resulting fires alone resulted in the building collapse. ", "The Requesters are not the only members of the public that question NIST’s computer simulations. ", "An article in the journal New Civil Engineering (NCE) lends support to the Requesters’ concerns about the NIST analysis of the WTC collapses. ", "This article states, in relevant part: World Trade Center disaster investigators [at NIST] are refusing to show computer visualizations of the collapse of the Twin Towers despite calls from leading structural and fire engineers, NCE has learned. ", "Visualisations of collapse mechanisms are routinely used to validate the type of finite element analysis model used by the [NIST] investigators. ", "The collapse mechanism and the role played by the hat truss at the top of the tower has been the focus of debate since the US National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) published its findings…. ", "University of Manchester [U.K.] professor of structural engineering Colin Bailey said there was a lot to be gained from visualising the structural response. ‘", "NIST should really show the visualisations; otherwise the opportunity to correlate them back to the video evidence and identify any errors in the modeling will be lost,’ he said…. ", "A leading US structural engineer said NIST had obviously devoted enormous resources to the development of the impact and fire models. ‘", "By comparison the global structural model is not as sophisticated,’ he said. ‘", "The software used [by NIST] has been pushed to new limits, and there have been a lot of simplifications, extrapolations and judgment calls.’ ", "Parker, Dave (2005). \"", "WTC investigators resist call for collapse visualisation,\" New Civil Engineer, October 6, 2005. (", "emphasis added) Moreover, the “pruning” actually confuses the public into believing that all of the “pruned” levels lead to building collapse. ", "The WTC Report should be revised to cure this clear bias. ", "In sum, it is impossible for a qualified member of the public to read the WTC Report, undertake “an independent reanalysis,” and come to the same conclusion as NIST, which is a clear violation of applicable information quality standards as detailed in the original Request. ", "The appropriate action for NIST to take is to display the full set of pathways unpruned and to clearly mark those which do not result in collapse. ", "This would allow the public to have a means to observe, at that point in the study, that collapse solely due to impact damage and fire is a matter of probability rather than a foregone conclusion to be merely explained. ", "C. Information in Figure 9-3 Violates the OMB and NIST IQS Objectivity Standards - 5 -\n\nIn its Response, NIST blithely states that the “isolated core model was used by NIST to inform its global analysis by analyzing this particular building subsystem” and the fact that the severe damage cases would not converge on a solution did not present any problem for NIST’s analysis. ", "Requesters again submit that NIST’s use of the base case damage scenario for the isolated core models, which in turn “informed” its global models, is a clear violation of the DQA, NIST IQS and OMB Guidelines. ", "First, the fact that the more severe damage cases would not converge is clear evidence that NIST was biased towards finding that the most possible damage to the core columns occurred because the damage estimates were set too high. ", "Second, Figure 9-3 indicates that the base damage case was “pruned” from the analysis, yet the Response readily admits that the base damage cases were used to “inform” the global analysis. ", "Requesters respectfully request that these two positions be reconciled with an appropriate revision to the WTC Report, and a clear explanation for NIST’s justification for “pruning” a damage estimate which still “informed” its global analysis. ", "In the Response, NIST treats Requesters’ second request for correction with even less analysis or explanation. ", "The specific point made by Requesters, namely that “[n]o columns buckled in either Case C or Case D” for WTC2, was not even addressed by NIST in the Response. (", "See NCSTAR 1-6 p.192) Instead, NIST provides nothing but conclusory statements that merely repeat the incorrect statements contained in the WTC Report. ", "Requesters hereby request and demand that NIST explain how “significant core weakening” was “necessary to initiate building collapse” in light of the WTC Report’s finding that “[n]o columns buckled in either Case C or Case D” for WTC2. (", "See NCSTAR 1-6 p.322) A reconciliation of these statements is necessary to bring the WTC Report in line with the strictures of the DQA, NIST IQS and OMB Guidelines as they relate to objectivity and utility. ", "Because none of the points raised by Requesters in Section V.C. of the original Request have been adequately addressed by NIST, Requesters hereby request reconsideration of and a more detailed response to the same. ", "D.Floor Sagging In the original Request, the Requesters demonstrated that the results of NIST’s physical tests of floor assemblies were vastly different than the computer models ultimately relied upon by NIST in its analysis. ", "In the Response, NIST states “it is not possible to compare the floor sagging observed during the ASTM E119 tests with the floor sagging calculated by the analysis models. ", "The ASTM E119 furnace profile is not representative of real fire condition. ", "In addition the specimens had been fireproofed which prevented the steel from heating as quickly as it would in an unprotected condition as was modeled based on the estimated damage to the fireproofing due to debris impact. ", "Finally, deflection of the floor assemblies undergoing the ASTM E119 testing was limited to prevent damage to the instrumentation. ", "Visual data of the WTC Towers confirmed significant floor sagging at several locations in the towers.” - ", "6 -\n\nThe biggest problem with NIST’s response to this point can be summarized as follows: Why did NIST perform the floor tests if the results were, by design, not going to be used in the subsequent analyses? ", "Why did NIST officials pay Underwriters Laboratories (UL) approximately $250,000 of the American public’s tax dollars to perform these tests? ", "Will UL or NIST be refunding this money to the taxpayers since the factors NIST claims make these results unusable were knowable beforehand? ", "NIST must justify its performance of these physical tests in some meaningful way in order to satisfy the DQA, NIST IQS and OMB Guidelines. ", "In the alternative, NIST may admit that the real reason it did not want to use these results is that they did not support NIST’s predetermined conclusions. ", "Moreover, NIST’s May 2003 progress report on the WTC Report paints a somewhat different picture around these physical tests: “NIST intends to carry out testing to assess the fire rating and behavior of a typical fireproofed floor assembly under the fire conditions prescribed in ASTM E 119. ", "In addition, information contained in this report (e.g., on fireproofing material and thickness, and fire rating) will be used in conducting the ASTM E 119 tests and to analyze thermal-structural response of the WTC towers.” ", "Apparently sometime between May 2003 and the time the final WTC Report was issued, NIST decided it would not use the ASTM E119 “to analyze the thermal-structural response of the WTC Towers.” ", "Why was this decision made? ", "Why was the American public made to wait for these physical test results from UL if they would never actually be used “to analyze thermal structural response of the WTC towers”? ", "On the other hand, if NIST did use the results of these physical tests in some meaningful way, this fact should be detailed in the report. ", "Even more important, though, is the fact that there are several reasons why the results of these physical tests actually are informative and should have been used by NIST to determine whether the Towers would have collapsed by fire alone. ", "First, the floor assembly test specimens were not representative of the actual WTC floor conditions not because they had too much fireproofing, but because they had too little. ", "The test performed by UL included four test specimens with “as built” fireproofing thickness of 0.75 inches on two specimens and further limited “as specified” fireproofing thickness of 0.5 inches on the others. ", "No test specimen had fireproofing to represent the “as impacted” condition of 3.25 inches, reported in NCSTAR 1-6A, figure A-60, p 241. ", "Second, one specimen used in the physical tests had virtually no fireproofing applied. ", "Specimen number 4 had no fireproofing applied to either the underside of the metal deck, or the bridging trusses. (", "See NCSTAR 1-6, p. 41, NCSTAR 1-6B p. 4) Therefore NIST cannot argue that the ASTM E119 tests were meant to show how important the fire proofing was in preventing building collapse. ", "The fact that fireproofed floor specimens survived the ASTM E119 tests does not imply that unfireproofed floor specimens would not have survived similar tests. ", "Physical tests should have been run that approximated the conditions NIST thought applied to the floors during the actual fire. - ", "7 -\n\nThird, NIST was not able to demonstrate or explain an intelligible mechanism for “estimated damage to the fireproofing due to debris impact.” ", "Ultimately, NIST made a general assumption about fireproofing loss that either was not based on scientific results, or for which the logic was not explained. ", "Fourth, the ASTM E119 furnace profile is not representative of the real WTC fire condition because it involves longer and more severe fire times, not because it is less severe. ", "In NCSTAR 1-6 (pp. ", "322, 338) it is indicated that the fires took 55 to 60 minutes to reach the south wall of WTC 1, leaving only about 45 minutes of fire time in the failure zone. ", "This fire time is much shorter than the fire times utilized in the ASTM E119 tests, and even test specimen 4, with nearly no fireproofing applied, met all test requirements for 58 minutes. ", "Fifth, the visual data, which NIST used to confirm their assumption of floor sagging, is not valid for that purpose. ", "NCSTAR 1-6, p 312, shows an example of the visual data NIST claims in support of floor sagging. ", "If these photographs do, in fact, show floor sagging, they simultaneously repudiate the idea of floor sagging as a mechanism for pulling exterior columns inward, which is the main aspect of NIST’s collapse initiation scenario. ", "To pull these columns inward, the sagging must curve inward, along the length of the floor panels, and the floor panels must remain connected to the exterior walls. ", "However, the photos indicated show what would be sagging along the face of the building, requiring coordinated disconnection of the floors from the exterior wall panels, resulting in a highly unlikely continuous curve of sagging across many independent floor panels and connections. ", "Such along-the-face sagging would not provide an inward pull force to the exterior columns. ", "For these reasons, the Requesters request reconsideration of all of the analysis and requests made in Section V.D. of the original Request, and consideration of the points made above. ", "The Requesters further request that NIST not respond with more cursory argument and analysis, and that NIST actually address in detail the points raised by Requesters. ", "The DQA and related guidelines require NIST to disseminate accurate, reliable, useful information, and in light of the foregoing, it has done no such thing with regards to the WTC Report. ", "E.The WTC Steel Temperature In the original Request, the Requesters challenged NIST’s computer model steel temperatures of 700°C and higher in light of the WTC Report’s statement that NIST’s physical tests on the recovered steel samples “show no evidence of exposure to temperatures above 600°C for any significant time,” and “limited exposure if any above 250°C” (See NCSTAR 1-3, p. xli) (emphasis added). ", "In the Response, NIST suggests that the steel samples saved were intended only for “determining the quality of the steel and, in combination with published literature, for determining mechanical properties as input to models of building performance.” - ", "8 -\n\nHowever, in NIST’s Progress Report of May, 2003 (p. 30), the analysis of recovered steel was explained as a much more involved process, and the goals of the intended analyses were much broader: NIST has catalogued 235 pieces of World Trade Center steel as of March 28, 2003. ", "This includes a database with photographic records and member markings. ", "These pieces represent a small fraction of the enormous amount of steel examined at the various salvage yards where the steel was sent as the WTC site was cleared. ", "In addition, NIST has examined additional steel stored by the Port Authority at JFK airport and has transported 12 specimens to NIST. ", "NIST believes that this collection of steel from the WTC towers is adequate for purposes of the investigation. ", "The NIST analysis of recovered WTC steel includes: •collection and cataloging of the structural steel; •documenting failure mechanisms and damage based on visual observations; •determining the metallurgical and mechanical properties of steel, weldments, and connections for use in analyzing baseline structural performance, aircraft impact damage, and thermal- structural response to the fires until collapse initiation; •estimating the maximum temperature reached by available steel; and •comparing measured steel properties with applicable material specifications. ", "The steel in NIST’s possession includes 28 perimeter column panels for which locations have been identified in the towers, several from the impact zones; and 11 core columns for which locations have been identified in the towers, including two from the impact zones.” ", "NIST also has samples of core columns (wide flange and built-up box columns) of two grades of steel. ", "Ninety-nine percent of the core columns were fabricated from these two grades of steel. ", "These statements from the May 2003 progress report were reaffirmed in the December 2003 progress report. (", "See NIST Special Publication 1000-4, available at http://wtc.nist.gov/media/PublicUpdateFinal.pdf). ", "Therein, NIST states that it “has in its possession about 236 pieces of WTC Steel”. (", "See id at p.8) Additionally, “[r]egions of impact and fire damage were emphasized in the selection of steel for the Investigation.” (", "Id.) “NIST has samples of all 14 grades of steel used in the exterior column-spandrel panels. ", "It also has samples of two grades of steel used for the core columns (wide flange and built-up box columns) that represent steel used to fabricate 99 percent of the core columns. ", "Most importantly, “NIST believes that this collection of steel from the WTC - 9 -\n\nTowers is adequate for purposes of the Investigation,” which included estimating the maximum temperature reached by the steel. (", "See id.) (emphasis in original). ", "From these progress reports by NIST, as well as other facts, the Requesters can understand the following: 1.Although the steel samples saved for testing were of limited quantity, an “enormous amount” of the WTC steel was examined either for or by NIST, and the samples selected were chosen for their identified importance in the investigation. ", "2.Contrary to NIST’s current statement, “estimating the maximum temperature reached by available steel” was stated to be a primary objective of the investigation of the recovered steel samples. ", "This stated objective was repeated in NIST’s December 2003 progress report. ", "3.Contrary to NIST’s current statement, “documenting failure mechanisms and damage based on visual observations” was a primary objective of the investigation. ", "This stated objective was repeated in NIST’s December 2003 progress report. ", "4.When this sifting and sorting of steel originally occurred, NIST believed “that this collection of steel from the WTC towers [was] adequate for purposes of the investigation.” ", "5.In NIST’s December 2003 progress report (p. 8), it was stated that “Regions of impact and fire damage were emphasized in the selection of steel for the Investigation.” ", "This means that in December 2003 it appears that NIST believed it had adequate samples of steel available to perform physical tests and “estimat[e] the maximum temperature reached by available steel.” ", "Furthermore, the Response also states that “While NIST did not find evidence that any of the recovered core columns experienced temperatures in excess of 250 °C, it is not possible to extrapolate from such a small sample size to state that none of the core columns on the fire affected floors reached temperatures in excess of 250 °C.” ", "NIST’s response here is not satisfactory for the following reasons: 1.It is clear, from NIST’s earlier progress reports, that the steel samples used in the steel temperature analyses were taken from a much larger sample, and represented those areas of the buildings which had experienced significant fire and damage. ", "2.NIST has not shown any evidence that the steel available to the investigation team was of a “small sample size”. ", "In fact, the 11 core column samples saved could be reasonably seen as representing as much as 23% of the total (47) core columns. ", "Without a detailed explanation from NIST as to how the samples were saved from -10 -\n\nthe larger amount examined, and how the calculation of 1% was performed, the public cannot validate NIST’s new claim that the samples were insufficient to accomplish the original stated objectives, including the maximum steel temperature determination. ", "3.As with NIST’s new statements about the floor tests, noted above, the Requesters must now ask – Why did NIST perform the steel temperature tests, including the paint deformation test and the tests of steel microstructure, if the results would not be used in the final analyses? ", "Will the American public be refunded the money spent on these tests? ", "4.The paint deformation test that NIST performed, and that resulted in the 250 °C value discussed, appears to be a measure of the surface temperature of the steel samples tested. ", "NIST provides no explanation for how such a surface temperature result could have been extrapolated to provide meaningful data about the temperature of large masses of core columns, floor assemblies and exterior columns in the WTC towers. ", "In order to validate NIST’s new claim that the test results cannot be extrapolated to provide meaningful information, the details of the intended extrapolation protocol must be provided for public use. ", "Indeed, it is difficult to imagine how a surface temperature of 250°C could be extrapolated in such a way that the inner temperature of the steel could ever have been greater than 250°C. ", "5.In November of 2004, one of the Requesters sent a letter to Dr. Frank Gayle of NIST, asking for information on the steel temperature tests performed, and the conclusions drawn from the results of those tests. ", "This letter was never answered, but the October 2004 NIST WTC presentation, on which the letter was based, repeatedly stated that large quantities of the steel in the towers had “softened”. ", "After receiving this letter, NIST delayed their report and removed the word “softened” from throughout their descriptions of the collapse initiation sequences. ", "These facts indicate that NIST did not have any plan for extrapolating the results of steel temperature tests, and have never had a scientific basis for the claims made in the NIST WTC report about steel temperatures. ", "Finally, at the time of “collapse initiation” in the WTC Report, even NIST’s own computer models challenge its collapse theory. ", "In the Response is the statement “... the analytical models of the fire growth and spread are consistent with the observable data for the WTC towers.” ", "Similarly in the WTC Report, after fire tests had been conducted and after comparing the results with modeling we read: “The quality of the simulations was deemed satisfactory.” (", "page xlii) Inspection of the temperature charts in NIST NCSTAR 1-5 (p. 112-127) reveals that, for WTC 1, the core areas of stories 92 to 99 (which spans the plane impact area and within which is the presumed collapse initiation region) had cooled down substantially prior to collapse. ", "The core area was hottest at the 30- and 45- minute readings, yet collapse did not occur until 102 minutes had elapsed, by which time the environment of the core had dropped to be mainly in the range 100°C to 600°C. ", "Roughly half the area is shown in shades of blue, indicating temperatures no higher than - 11 -\n\n150°C. ", "If the temperature of the columns was still rising at the time of collapse, the column temperature would have been no higher than the environment temperature and the steel would obviously be far too strong to collapse. ", "If the temperature of the columns was falling at the time of collapse, the columns had already survived the period when the steel was hottest. ", "In this case, given that steel regains strength as it cools, it is clear that core collapse due to heat had become impossible. ", "The charts depicting the temperature of the columns (p. 144-157) confirm that the steel had become too cold to collapse. ", "The highest core column temperatures are shown for stories 95, 96 and 97. ", "On these floors the highest column temperatures were achieved at about 50 minutes and cooling occurred thereafter. ", "We also see the perimeter columns were cool at collapse: most of the perimeter and core columns are depicted in blue and green, indicating temperatures ranging from 150°C to 350°C. ", "At these temperatures the column steel would have from about 80% to 90% of its normal yield strength, according to the NIST chart (NIST NCSTAR 1-3, P. 111). ", "At this strength, given the built in safety factor, approximately every second column could be removed and the tower would still stand. ", "The hat truss and most of the perimeter, including four corners, were intact, forming a rigid structure, which would prevent the core from leaning, thus all core columns would have to give way simultaneously for collapse to occur. ", "Clearly some additional factor was necessary to bring about collapse. ", "For all of the foregoing reasons, the Requesters hereby request reconsideration of the analysis and requests made in Section V.E. of the original Request. ", "NIST has not adequately explained why it believes its physical steel temperature tests are essentially irrelevant. ", "Again, why go to the trouble of physically testing the steel temperature if the results would not ultimately be used in the WTC Report’s analysis? ", "It is abundantly clear that NIST must reconcile the results of its physical tests with its computer models if it hopes to comply with the DQA and related guidelines with regards to objectivity and especially utility. ", "F.The Goal of the WTC Report and Its Overall Analysis In the original Request, the Requesters questioned NIST’s decision to halt its analysis at the point it calls “collapse initiation.” ", "NIST’s response to this valid point is the clearest demonstration yet of the utter bankruptcy of the WTC Report. ", "Specifically, in the Response NIST claimed that it was not required to analyze the entire collapse of the Twin Towers because “Once the collapse initiated, it is clear from the available evidence that the building was unable to resist the falling mass of the upper stories of the towers.” ", "However, following this logic to its ultimate conclusion, NIST’s detailed analysis of collapse initiation was completely unnecessary because it is also clear from the available evidence that collapse initiated. ", "The relevant question in both cases is: Why? ", "NIST is required under the NCST Act, and under general moral principles as the official investigatory body, to provide a coherent, scientific explanation of why collapse initiated, and why the lower structure provided so little resistance to the collapse. ", "Instead, NIST provided the American public a 10,000-page report analyzing collapse initiation, and then stops there because the available visual evidence allegedly shows us - 12 -\n\neverything we need to know about what happened after collapse initiation. ", "That position is completely untenable and NIST should abandon it immediately if it hopes to salvage any shred of credibility. ", "As noted in the original Request, NIST was under a mandate by the NCST Act to “establish the likely technical cause or causes of the building failure.” ", "See 15 U.S.C. § 7301(b)(2)(A). ", "Accordingly, one of the specific goals stated in the WTC Report was to “Determine why and how WTC 1 and WTC 2 collapsed following the initial impacts of the aircraft.” (", "NCSTAR 1, p. xxxv) Confusingly, in the Response, NIST states that “it did not analyze the collapse of the towers,” and that it is “unable to provide a full explanation of the total collapse.” ", "There could not be any clearer evidence that NIST has failed to live up to its duties under the NCST Act, and failed to satisfy its stated goal of determining “why and how” the buildings collapsed. ", "NIST admits that it didn’t even try to analyze the collapse of the towers, and that it is “unable” to explain the total collapses to the American people. ", "NIST also claims that its report is useful because “codes and standards organizations have already begun taking action to adopt changes to building and fire codes and standards that respond directly to the NIST recommendations.” ", "However, a review of the information available at http://wtc.nist.gov/recommendations/recommendations.htm reveals that most of the proposed building codes have in fact been rejected by the standards community. ", "The fact that NIST has been able to ram through a handful of code changes reflects more on the influence its name carries than on the utility of its report. ", "More importantly, NIST’s building code recommendations are actually harmful to the building community because they are based on extremely flawed science, as amply demonstrated in the original Request and this appeal letter. ", "Unnecessarily onerous building codes inhibit growth because they make projects needlessly more expensive. ", "NIST should withdraw all of its recommended building codes until it can produce a report that is not fundamentally flawed in so many respects. ", "The Requesters also cited numerous testimonies from firefighters and other first responders that indicate the presence of explosions during the building collapses. ", "NIST writes off this testimony with the conclusory allegation that “taken as a whole” the firefighter interviews did not indicate that explosives played a role in the collapses. ", "The Requesters wonder how many firefighters reporting explosions it would have taken for NIST to seriously consider the explosive demolition hypothesis for the collapses. ", "NIST has also refused to test for the presence of explosive residue because “such tests would not necessarily have been conclusive.” ", "However, as discussed in detail in the Request and in this document, NIST conducted many tests that were “not necessarily conclusive.” ", "Examples of such allegedly inconclusive tests are the physical steel temperature tests and the physical fire resistance tests. ", "Clearly NIST thought these physical temperature and fire resistance tests, at the very least, might have been instructive on some aspect of the collapses. ", "Why then would NIST not conduct a very simple lab test for the presence of explosive residue, even assuming the test would not - 13 -\n\nnecessarily have been conclusive? ", "More importantly, though, it is difficult to imagine a scenario in which a test for explosive residues would not be conclusive. ", "If explosive residues are found in WTC debris, there is an extremely high likelihood that explosives were in fact used. ", "Consider that Materials Engineering, Inc. has this to say about its thermite residue tests: When thermite reaction compounds are used to ignite a fire, they produce a characteristic burn pattern, and leave behind evidence. ", "These compounds are rather unique in their chemical composition, containing common elements such as copper, iron, calcium, silicon and aluminum, but also contain more unusual elements, such as vanadium, titanium, tin, fluorine and manganese. ", "While some of these elements are consumed in the fire, many are also left behind in the residue. ... ", "MEi has conducted Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) on minute traces of residue, identifying the presence of these chemical elements. ", "The results, coupled with visual evidence at the scene, provide absolute certainty that thermite reaction compounds were present, indicating the fire was deliberately set, and not of natural causes. (", "See http://www.materials-engr.com/ns96.html) (emphasis added) Unless NIST can explain a plausible scenario that would produce inconclusive explosive residue test results, its stated reason for not conducting such tests is wholly unpersuasive. ", "Moreover, NIST must reconcile its statement that it found “no corroborating evidence to suggest that explosives were used” with its statement that it did not test for explosive residue which, if found, would suggest explosives were used. ", "This point was clearly made in the original Request, but was ignored in NIST’s Response. ", "The fact therefore remains that it is extremely easy to “find no evidence” when one is not looking for evidence. ", "Additionally, NIST must detail the initial evidence that would suggest that explosives were used which it believes needs “corroborating” before an explosive demolition hypothesis will be considered. ", "If NIST meant to say it found “no evidence to suggest that explosives were used” then it must revise its report accordingly. ", "Stating that NIST found “no corroborating evidence” suggests or implies that there exists a body of initial evidence that needs further “corroboration.” ", "NIST must detail this existing body of evidence that needs further corroboration in order to comply with the DQA and related guidelines. ", "Therefore, the Requesters request and demand that NIST provide the Requesters and the American public with an adequate explanation, as they deserve, of the total and complete destruction of the WTC Towers. ", "This is the only way NIST can ever hope to comply with the DQA, NIST IQS and OMB Guidelines. ", "By stopping short, at the point - 14 -\n\nof collapse initiation, NIST has shirked its duty under the NCST Act of establishing the likely technical cause or causes of collapse. ", "The explanation would necessarily involve a detailed examination of why and how the lower structure “was unable to resist the falling mass of the upper stories of the towers.” ", "Such an explanation is required under the DQA and related guidelines. ", "G.Conclusion Please contact the undersigned should you have any questions or concerns. ", "We look forward to receiving a substantive response to our appeal, wherein NIST straightforwardly and completely addresses the serious scientific concerns raised in our Request and this Appeal. ", "Very truly yours, /s/James R. Gourley_____ 10/25/2007_____________ James R. Gourley, Esq. 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[ "We plan a three-day symposium to bring together leading researchers in the fields of developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, decision-making science, math education, statistics education, and science education to address basic and applied issues regarding how children and adults think with data. ", "Thinking with data involves a variety of inter-related processes - generating appropriate data representations, interpreting and reasoning about those representations, making decisions or inferences from the data, and evaluating the validity of conclusions - that, until now, have largely been studied in isolation. ", "The specific aims of the symposium are as follows: [unreadable] [unreadable] To communicate relevant, state-of-the-art research from these different disciplines to a diverse audience so that converging results and emergent principles can be explored and discussed. [", "unreadable] [unreadable] To discover the research needs or gaps based on current work so that future progress in both basic and applied research into how children and adults think with data can be effectively guided. [", "unreadable] [unreadable] To explore connections between cognitive, developmental, and instructional issues involved in how children learn to reason with data in formal and informal learning environments. [", "unreadable] [unreadable] To summarize the instructional implications that can be drawn from integrating the research on how children and adults think with data. [", "unreadable] [unreadable] To establish a newfound, multidisciplinary community of researchers that continues to communicate about and work toward these shared research goals. [", "unreadable] [unreadable] To encourage the development of new students and beginning scientists in joining and participating in this community of researchers. [", "unreadable] [unreadable] The work presented at the symposium will be published as the 33rd volume in the series of \"Carnegie Symposium on Cognition\" series. [", "unreadable] [unreadable]" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 19, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 10 } ]
[ "Q:\n\nExecute \"MEMBER OF\" query against 'ElementCollection' Map fields in JP-QL (JPA 2.0)\n\nIs it possible to run a \"MEMBER OF\" query against associative arrays? ", " If so, what does the syntax look like? ", " The obvious workaround is a native query but that gets pretty messy what with all the joins and such. ", " I'd like to test for existence of an object within the map's key set, value collection or entry set. ", " Maybe something like the following:\nSELECT p FROM Person p WHERE 'home' MEMBER OF p.phoneNumbers.keySet\nSELECT p FROM Person p WHERE '867-5309' MEMBER OF p.phoneNumbers.values\nSELECT p FROM Person p WHERE {'home' -> '867-5309'} MEMBER OF p.phoneNumbers\n\nProvider-agnostic code might be too much to ask for; does Eclipselink support this?", "\n\nA:\n\nJPQL has a function named index() which is useful for getting the index in an @OrderColumn list. ", "And as you said yourself, maps are also called associative arrays and map keys correspond to array indices. ", "So nothing prevents index() from returning the key of a map entry.", "\nThis query works perfectly on hibernate:\nSELECT p FROM Person p, in (p.phoneNumbers) number \nWHERE number = '867-5309' AND index(number) = 'home'\n\nA:\n\nIt should work:\nSELECT p FROM Person p \nWHERE (select count() from p.phoneNumbers where name='home' and value='867-5309') > 0\n\nThe next query works for me:\nselect model from AnsOutboxMsg model \nleft join fetch model.updateEntity upde \nleft join fetch upde.update upd \nleft join fetch model.ansMessage msg \nleft join fetch msg.template msgt \nleft join fetch msg.ansAction act \nleft join fetch act.ansRule rl \nleft join fetch rl.app app \nwhere (select count() from model.contextMap where name = 'fltClient' and value = 'XXX') > 0 and model.status = 'sent' and app.id = 'SPN_TICKETS' and msgt.name = 'Client' order by model.modifDate DESC, model.id ASC\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0.012578616352201259, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0, 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[ "Relationships between hormones, physiological performance and immunocompetence in a color-polymorphic lizard species, Podarcis melisellensis.", "\nSpecies with alternative phenotypes offer unique opportunities to investigate hormone-behavior relationships. ", "We investigated the relationships between testosterone, corticosterone, morphology, performance, and immunity in a population of lizards (Podarcis melisellensis) which exhibits a color polymorphism. ", "Males occur in three different color morphs (white, yellow, orange), providing an opportunity to test the idea of morphs being alternative solutions to the evolutionary challenges posed on the link between hormones, morphology, performance, and immunity. ", "Morphs differed in bite force capacity, with orange males biting harder, and in corticosterone levels, with yellow males having lower levels than orange. ", "However, morphs did not differ in testosterone levels or in the immunological parameters tested. ", "At the individual level, across morphs, testosterone levels predicted size-corrected bite force capacity, but no relation was found between hormone levels and immunity. ", "Our results do not support the testosterone-based polymorphism hypothesis and reject the hypothesis of a trade-off between testosterone and immunity in this species, but provide a mechanistic link between testosterone and a sexually selected performance trait." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0, 0.005025125628140704, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.000628	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 126, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 118 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 398, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 390 } ]
[ "The present invention relates to a cooling module having two heat exchangers, through which air flows, which are connected directly behind one another in the flow direction of the air. ", "The heat exchangers are connected with one another at outer ends of at least one pair of their feed cases for the medium to be cooled by air, particularly the coolant radiator and the charge air cooler.", "\nAn arrangement is known from German Patent Document DE 44 25 350 A1 for connecting two or more heat exchangers to form a cooling module of the initially mentioned type. ", "In this arrangement, plug-type pins are assigned to one of the feed cases of the heat exchangers, which normally consist of fin/tube blocks with feed cases arranged at the open ends of the tubes. ", "The plug-type pins project transversely from the feed case and engage in corresponding brackets at the feed case of the adjacent heat exchanger. ", "In this manner, a hinge-type folding of one of the heat exchangers onto the other is to be achieved, with the attached position being maintained by detent elements provided at the ends of the feed cases of the heat exchangers facing away from the pins.", "\nBecause of the required swivelling operation of the heat exchangers with respect to one another, such a cooling module can be mounted or demounted only if sufficient space is available. ", "As a rule, this space is not available after the installation into a motor vehicle. ", "In addition, if one of the two heat exchangers is provided with an additional part fitted onto the feed case, such as an expansion tank, during operation of the motor vehicle, asymmetrical acceleration and deceleration forces are exercised on the feed case. ", "Because of the resulting bending forces, these asymmetrical acceleration and deceleration forces may cause the connection between the feed case and the tube bottom and/or the fin/tube block to be impaired or become untight. ", "Also, in a charge air cooler, the hot and pressurized air is asymmetrically introduced into the feed case. ", "Because of the resulting forces which act upon the feed case, deformations can also be caused. ", "In the long run, these deformations may lead to damage to the heal, exchanger or may make it necessary to correspondingly reinforce the feed cases and, as a result, make them undesirably heavy.", "\nIt is an object of the present invention to further develop a cooling module of the initially mentioned type such that it is less susceptible to asymmetrically introduced forces.", "\nFor achieving this object, a cooling module of the initially mentioned type is provided with at least one additional fastening point between the outer ends of the feed cases. ", "Thus, the two feed cases are connected with one another in a stable manner so that they form a unit for the absorption of forces which otherwise act only upon one of the feed cases. ", "As a result, without taking any significant additional measures to reinforce the individual feed cases, a decisive stiffening of the then formed block of two feed cases will occur. ", "The block is made much more stable, and the connections to the fin/tube blocks are relieved by a uniform distribution of forces to both connections.", "\nAs a further development of the invention, for a cooling module with an additional part fitted onto one of the feed cases, particularly with an expansion tank fitted onto the feed case of the coolant radiator, the feed case of the coolant radiator may be equipped with a connection piece projecting to the adjacent feed case of a charge air cooler. ", "The connection piece, for forming another fastening point, engages form-lockingly into an opening in the feed case of the charge air cooler. ", "As a result of this further development, the acceleration and deceleration forces occurring, during operation, on a fitted-on expansion tank can be absorbed in a simple manner by both feed cases and thus by both heat exchangers.", "\nAs yet a further development of the invention, in such an embodiment, the expansion tank and the connection piece may be shaped in one piece to the feed case of the coolant radiator, and the connection piece can be provided with a relatively large cross-section and with threaded openings on the face side. ", "Fastening screws, which are held on the feed case of the charge air cooler, are engaged in these threaded openings. ", "As a result of this further development, mounting or demounting of the two heat exchangers is permitted by a parallel mutual displacement for which no more space than a space which corresponds approximately to the length of the fastening connection piece is necessary. ", "Therefore, as a rule, a cooling module of this type can also be demounted in the installed condition in the motor vehicle, if this should be required.", "\nAs yet a further development of the invention, the opening in the feed case of the charge air cooler can be arranged in a bracket-type reinforcement and may be provided with a stop edge for a disk through which the fastening screws are guided. ", "This embodiment results in a stable but relatively easily producible fastening of the feed cases on one another.", "\nIn a still further development of the invention, mutual fastening of the feed cases on their ends can take place by a stud which form-lockingly penetrates the two feed cases at a first end of the feed cases, by a connection piece which is provided in the center area and form-lockingly engages in the opening of the adjacent feed case, and, at the other end of the feed cases, by way of a bracket projecting from a side part. ", "This bracket is expediently mounted on the side part of the coolant radiator and is fastened to the feed case of the charge air cooler by way of a screw extending with its axis perpendicular to the axes of the connection piece and the stud. ", "As a result of this further development, fastening of the feed cases of the coolant radiator and of the charge air cooler takes place by two fixed bearings and one movable bearing formed by the bracket, which maybe arranged on the side of the feed case for the charge air cooler assigned to the air inlet connection piece of the charge air cooler. ", "As a result of this further development, a certain linear expansion of the feed case of the charge air cooler is not hindered on the side acted upon by the hot charge air, so that damage from linear expansions is prevented.", "\nThe invention is illustrated in the drawing figures and will be described in the following." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }	[ 0, 0, 0.0058823529411764705, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.000184	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 455, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 453 } ]
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[ "Washington Redskins’ owner allegedly has no plans to change team name by Bryan Rose\n\nUSA women’s national soccer team star Alex Morgan prepares to face Mexico inan international friendly. ", "Photo Credit: USA Today Sports\n\nEveryone’s favorite women’s soccer player, Alex Morgan, caught our attention on Tuesday morning thanks to a brilliant Halloween costume. ", "We have seen many athletes sharing photos of their Halloween costumes on social media, but the United States women’s national team star definitely takes the cake.", "\n\nLast year, Morgan had a great costume idea when she dressed up as USA gymnast McKayla Maroney, but this year she went even further.", "\n\nMorgan decided to take Halloween this year to dress up as the one and only Miley Cyrus. ", "We all remember Miley’s performance at the MTV Music Video Awards with Robin Thicke, but we prefer seeing Morgan in the get-up.", "\n\nCheck out Morgan’s Halloween costume below:\n\nMorgan is joined by her teammate Sidney Leroux, who is dressed up as Robin Thicke in his Beetle Juice outfit from the MTV VMA performance.", "\n\nJob well done, ladies.", "\n\nSEE ALSO:" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.015957446808510637, 0.011834319526627219, 0, 0.015037593984962405, 0, 0.031496062992125984, 0.032432432432432434, 0, 0 ]	0.011862	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 88, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 73 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 134, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 123 }, { 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[ "//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n// Copyright (C) Microsoft. ", "All rights reserved.", "\r\n// Licensed under the MIT license. ", "See LICENSE.txt file in the project root for full license information.", "\r\n//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n\r\n/\r\n****************************UNIT TEST FOR SWITCH CASE OPTIMIZATION****************************\r\n Test for 3 switch cases bailing out during different times of the execution.", "\r\n*/\r\nfunction f(x,y,z)\r\n{\r\n switch(x)\r\n {\r\n case 1:\r\n WScript.", "Echo(1);\r\n break;\r\n case 2:\r\n WScript.", "Echo(2);\r\n break;\r\n case 3:\r\n WScript.", "Echo(3);\r\n break;\r\n case 4:\r\n WScript.", "Echo(4);\r\n break;\r\n default:\r\n WScript.", "Echo('default-x');\r\n break;\r\n }\r\n\r\n switch(y)\r\n {\r\n case 1:\r\n WScript.", "Echo(1);\r\n break;\r\n case 2:\r\n WScript.", "Echo(2);\r\n break;\r\n case 3:\r\n WScript.", "Echo(3);\r\n break;\r\n case 4:\r\n WScript.", "Echo(4);\r\n break;\r\n default:\r\n WScript.", "Echo('default-y');\r\n break;\r\n }\r\n\r\n switch(z)\r\n {\r\n case 1:\r\n WScript.", "Echo(1);\r\n break;\r\n default:\r\n WScript.", "Echo('default-z');\r\n break;\r\n }\r\n}\r\n\r\n//making the first switch to get profiled as object during first run in the interpreter\r\nf(1,2,new Object);\r\nf(1,2,3);\r\nf(1,2,3);\r\nf(1,2,3);\r\nf(1,2,3);\r\n\r\n//making the second and third to bail out.", "\r\nfor(i=0;i<30;i++)\r\n{\r\n f(1,new Object,3);\r\n f(new Object,new Object,3);\r\n}\r\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0.014814814814814815, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0, 0.003367003367003367, 0, 0, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0, 0.009259259259259259, 0, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0, 0.009259259259259259, 0, 0.008032128514056224, 0.047619047619047616 ]	0.007903	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 444, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 432 } ]
[ "The present invention relates generally to voltage regulators and in particular to a temperature compensated voltage regulator for photovoltaic solar cell charging systems.", "\nThe voltage of a fully charged battery varies with its temperature, being a higher value at lower temperatures. ", "The normal full-charge voltage of 14.4 volts (12 volt lead-acid battery) is only \"correct\" at a battery temperature of 25.degree. ", "C. Temperature compensation is generally employed in sophisticated battery charging systems. ", "The need for such a feature increases when temperature extremes are anticipated or where battery charging requirements become particularly dependent upon narrow changes in the battery temperature. ", "In a conventional lead-acid cell, the charging characteristics are not significantly altered by small temperature changes, however, the important characteristics such as the maximum charging voltage, referred to in the art as finish voltage is temperature related. ", "As the battery temperature is increased, the battery electrolyte expands resulting in a lower specific gravity. ", "This change is equal to about 1 point (0.001) in specific gravity for every 3.degree. ", "F. change in temperature. ", "The battery temperature also affects the diffusion rate of the electrolyte and the internal resistance of the cell. ", "These factors combine to influence the cell's electrical capacity and correspondingly affect the charging characteristics and correspondingly affect the charging characteristics of the battery. ", "Exceeding the finished voltage, that is exceeding the full charge voltage, results in electrolyte gassing and its depletion. ", "This, in turn, will result in battery deterioration. ", "Gassing will occur at relatively small levels of over charging potential. ", "These problems are typically avoided by providing a charging regulator circuit which compensates the maximum or finish voltage in response to the battery or ambient temperature. ", "This feature is particularly emphasized in remote area applications where the storage batteries are not readily subject to inspection or, as mentioned heretofore, in applications where extreme temperature fluctuations are anticipated. ", "A prime example of these conditions occur in space applications. ", "In U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,740,636, for example, a temperature responsive portion of the charging regulator shunts the photovoltaic charging power from the storage batteries when a preselected maximum temperature is achieved.", "\nFurther applications which stress the importance of the temperature compensated charging regulation are charging systems for storage batteries which have peculiar temperature dependencies. ", "One such storage battery is the nickel cadmium system. ", "An exemplary charging system of a nickel cadmium battery may be found in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,940,679. ", "The primary concern of these systems is thermal runaway, a characteristic of nickel cadmium batteries. ", "When the temperature of a nickel cadmium battery exceeds about 160.degree. ", "F., the battery voltage decreases, permitting increased charging current to be drawn, in turn heating the battery further. ", "A temperature responsive cut-off switch is conventionally employed in these systems. ", "The present inventions would be operative to avoid the charging problems encountered in such thermal runaway systems not by temperature over-ride means, however, but by automatically adjusting the regulator's reference potential in response to a monitored temperature change. ", "A voltage regulation of photovoltaic solar cell charging of storage batteries differs from constant current or constant voltage charging of same inasmuch as a photovoltaic solar cell array is subject to wide variances in power output, dependent upon solar insolance. 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[ "And 29-year-old Van Persie, a £24million signing from Arsenal last summer, is keen for the success to be the start of trophy-laden era after a long wait for his first league title.", "\n\nThe striker said: \"From now on this is our new standard and we want to be champions every year.", "\n\n\"We want to win more. ", "You could tell from day one that everyone wanted this and we did well.\"", "\n\nHe added: \"It makes me even more hungry. ", "I want to win it again and win more stuff - the FA Cup, Champions League, League Cup - I want to win it all. ", "It is a great first step but I want more. ", "It tastes lovely.\"", "\n\nIn contrast to Van Persie, Ryan Giggs is celebrating his 13th league title and the 39-year-old Welshman's team-mate has paid a glowing tribute.", "\n\nVan Persie said: \"It's an honour for me to play with Ryan Giggs. ", "I told him that.", "\n\n\"Every training session, the way he loves the game, he sets an example for every one of us, young and old. ", "Every day he is unbelievable. ", "He is 39 now but you cannot tell.", "\n\n\"He is fit, works his socks off and is a true example for young and old.\"", "\n\nMost Commented\n\nReaders' Comments\n\nH\n\naha, as a German supporting United I can only agree with your great insight in German football! ", "No idea why, but I HATE Eintracht Braunschweig and please don't ever place a bet on Leverkusen, they mess up my ticket every time!", "\n\nichael Owen's BT Sport commentary. ", "Michael Owen's Match of the Day punditry. ", "Michael Owen's annual moustache. 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[ "Palliser's Cottage Home No. ", "35\n\nThe Palliser's Cottage Home No. ", "35 is a Stick Style house at 2314 West 111th Place in the Morgan Park neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, United States. ", " Plans for the house appeared in the pattern book of Palliser, Palliser & Co. in 1878 and this house was built in 1882 for Rev. Johan Edgren. ", "It was designated a Chicago Landmark on February 16, 2000.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Houses completed in 1882\nCategory:Houses in Chicago\nCategory:Landmarks in Chicago" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0.006993006993006993, 0, 0 ]	0.001166	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 133, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 122 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 157, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 150 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 167, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 159 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 182, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 169 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 268, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 264 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 302, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 298 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 324, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 312 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 383, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 366 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 430, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 426 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 457, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 450 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 487, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 480 } ]
[ "Juicing is an amazing way to get loads of hard-to-come-by micronutrients and natural enzymes into your system, all while lessening the workload for your digestive system. ", "Producing this juice means chopping, slicing, and squeezing your fruits and veggies into tiny little pieces to release to the most juice possible. ", "When you are dealing with such small food particles, you will quickly find they have a strong tendency to get stuck in cracks and crevasses.", "\nIf a significant portion of your calories are going to come from juice each day, mix up your produce. ", "Go with veggie-heavy juices, using just a bit of fruit for sweetness. ", "Alternate types of produce, and try something entirely new periodically. ", "Farmers markets and ethnic grocery stores are great spots to find fruits and vegetables you’ve never tasted before.", "\nAuger-style juicers, sometimes referred to as masticating or cold-press juicers, crush and mash the produce. ", "They're typically more expensive, and can also take some getting used to as the augers can jam when grinding tough fruits and veggies. ", "For this reason, every one we tested has a reverse button. ", "The upside with this style is they tend to leave more healthful and fiber-rich pulp in the juice.", "\n\nHamilton Beach specifications applicable to all slow cookers and their components (including the earthenware crocks) prohibits the product from containing any measurable amounts of lead. ", "Furthermore, the factories that manufacture the earthenware crocks for Hamilton Beach are certified ceramic production facilities whose ceramic ware is deemed to satisfy FDA heavy metal requirements. ", "Hamilton Beach takes all reasonable steps to ensure that the earthenware crocks accompanying our slow cookers provide safe and satisfactory service to our consumers.", "\n\nFeatures: Low Speed Juice Extractor Product Description Adding more fruits and vegetables to your diet is a great idea, and the Hamilton Beach Low Speed Juice Extractor can help keep you going strong, whether you're adding juicing to your lifestyle or just love a fresh glass of juice to start your day. ", "Having a juice extractor at home makes it easy to prepare delicious, wholesome juices using your favorite fruits and vegetables with no added ingredients or preservatives. ", "And the low-speed, quiet motor is perfect for extracting all the goodness from vegetables, fruits, leafy greens, and wheatgrass. ", "This juicer assembles very quickly with a few twists. ", "When you are ready to juice, simply plug it in, set up the juice and pulp cups, turn it on, and begin adding fruit or vegetables to the chute. ", "The slow juicer's masticating action crushes and s...\n\nLike all slow juicers, the Tribest doesn’t overheat the final product. ", "Starting with room-temperature produce (around 72 degrees Fahrenheit), we never produced juice warmer than 85 ºF—similar to the results we achieved with the other single-auger juicers we tested. ", "The juice had a small, but pleasant, amount of pulp. ", "If you don’t like pulp, Tribest includes a stainless steel hand strainer to catch solid bits. ", "The Tribest isn’t dishwasher safe, but is fairly easy to clean with practice—there are five parts to rinse and no sponge-shredding teeth anywhere. ", "John Kohler of DiscountJuicers.com also cites the Tribest as one of his favorites.", "\n\nIf juicing leafy greens is an emphasis for you or you want a machine that handles other kitchen prep the Omega J8006 is your best choice. ", "This classic cold press masticating juicer has been a best seller for years and produced the highest volume of kale juice of all the juicers we tested. ", "It works quietly at slow speeds (only 80 RPM) to extract juice from all kinds of produce. ", "Its dual-stage juicing system mimics how humans chew–the crush and press process produces drier pulp and high juice yield. ", "We did have to spend more time cutting fruits and vegetables up to fit them into the small feed tube and occasionally had to stop juicing and use the “reverse” feature to handle clogs. ", "It also produced slightly less juice from hard fruits and vegetables and as a horizontal model has a bigger countertop footprint. ", "However, it offers additional functions such as pureeing nuts into nut butters, grinding spices and coffee, making pasta, and baby food with an extremely generous 15 year warranty.", "\nLike all slow juicers, the Tribest doesn’t overheat the final product. ", "Starting with room-temperature produce (around 72 degrees Fahrenheit), we never produced juice warmer than 85 ºF—similar to the results we achieved with the other single-auger juicers we tested. ", "The juice had a small, but pleasant, amount of pulp. ", "If you don’t like pulp, Tribest includes a stainless steel hand strainer to catch solid bits. ", "The Tribest isn’t dishwasher safe, but is fairly easy to clean with practice—there are five parts to rinse and no sponge-shredding teeth anywhere. ", "John Kohler of DiscountJuicers.com also cites the Tribest as one of his favorites.", "\nThe Omega VRT400HDS is a masticating juicer—preferred by many for releasing more enzyme rich juices—but makes use of a vertical design to allow a more streamlined juicing experience. ", "This vertical design allows for more efficient pressure to be applied, as well as being a more compact design. ", "This juicer is great if you’re serious about juicing, and have a diet that requires high-volumes of fresh-squeezed juice.", "\nFor those just trying out the juicing trend, on a budget, or who will only be juicing every now and then; the Hamilton Beach Big Mouth Pro is an incredible value. ", "Retailing at only $50 it has features that rival much more expensive models. ", "A 3” chute means much less time prepping fruits and vegetables for juicing–it even handled whole carrots and whole apples with no problem. ", "Easy to assemble, clean, and use; this centrifugal model has a 1.1 horsepower motor (equivalent to about 820 watts). ", "It’s small enough to fit under the counter but note that it’s largely made of plastic so it may not have the aesthetic you’re looking for. ", "It comes with a small 20 oz pitcher but the height of the juice spout means it’s simple to use your own pitchers for larger batch juicing (and it has a large external pulp container too). ", "This model did a fantastic job on all our tests and produced high quality, high volume juices–it even handled notoriously tricky to juice kale extremely well. ", "We highly recommend this juicer as a starter model or for those who may not juice often but want the option to. ", "It comes with a 3-year warranty and receives gret reviews online.", "\n\n\"... I have been juicing just about every morning for the past 3.5 weeks, and I have noticed a difference when using this juicer. ", "While this juicer takes longer than the centrifugal force competitor, the pulp comes out very, very dry, and there are no chunks left un-juiced! ", "It is also very easy to install, put together, and clean, takes less than a few minutes. ", "I really like the suction cup feet on the bottom of this machine, it keeps it still while I am juicing, so I do not lose any juice. ", "Also, I love the handle at the top of the machine, it is lightweight and easy to pick up and maneuver.", "\n\nJuicers that are simple to setup, use, take apart, and clean will get used more often versus relegating them to the bottom of a closet. ", "However, if you want a multifunction juicer that also makes nut butter, sorbets, or baby food it may be worth some extra assembly. ", "Juicers with large feed tubes significantly reduce produce prep time and also the time it takes to feed it into the machine. ", "Juicers with external pulp containers allow you to continue juicing in bulk without pausing to remove pulp. ", "Juicer cleaning can be daunting so seek models with specialized brushes that make cleaning easier, and dishwasher friendly is always a bonus.", "\nIf juicing leafy greens is an emphasis for you or you want a machine that handles other kitchen prep the Omega J8006 is your best choice. ", "This classic cold press masticating juicer has been a best seller for years and produced the highest volume of kale juice of all the juicers we tested. ", "It works quietly at slow speeds (only 80 RPM) to extract juice from all kinds of produce. ", "Its dual-stage juicing system mimics how humans chew–the crush and press process produces drier pulp and high juice yield. ", "We did have to spend more time cutting fruits and vegetables up to fit them into the small feed tube and occasionally had to stop juicing and use the “reverse” feature to handle clogs. ", "It also produced slightly less juice from hard fruits and vegetables and as a horizontal model has a bigger countertop footprint. ", "However, it offers additional functions such as pureeing nuts into nut butters, grinding spices and coffee, making pasta, and baby food with an extremely generous 15 year warranty.", "\nAfter looking and thinking a while I triggered to get this juicer. ", "This juicer is really useful for my mom and dad who drink mostly fruits and veggies juice. ", "I'm really happy I decided to try out this juicer. ", "Everyone in house using it for their own use. ", "It is easy to use and wash. ", "If you want less cleaning then just put a small plastic bag in the trash bin of the juicer for easier cleaning. ", "I have washed the parts of the juicer quickly after using it so the stuff doesn't dry. ", "It is pretty quiet. ", "Overall this juicer has given me wonderful results and hopefully will for a long time!", "\n\nTo see if ShippingPass is right for you, try a 30-day free trial. ", "Also, with ShippingPass, there is no need to worry about commitment. ", "If you decide you want to discontinue the service, you can cancel your subscription at any time. ", "No matter what your shipping needs, Walmart's got you covered. 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[ "(CNN) Simone Biles made history more than once this weekend during the US Gymnastics Championships in Kansas City, Missouri.", "\n\nThe five-time Olympic medalist and 14-time world champion became the first woman to ever land a triple-double in competition during her floor routine Sunday night.", "\n\nShe also snagged her sixth national all-around title with a score of 118.500 , nearly five points ahead of second place finisher Sunisa Lee.", "\n\nBiles' stunning floor routine Sunday included several astounding flips and jumps but it was her insane triple-double -- two backflips and three twists while in the air -- that wowed judges and fans alike.", "\n\nForget the gold medals, GIVE THIS WOMAN A CROWN 👑@Simone_Biles makes history (again) as the first woman to land a triple double in competition on floor! ", "🔥 pic.twitter.com/TazpPJx41W — NBC Sports (@NBCSports) August 12, 2019\n\nAnd that wasn't the reigning Olympic and world all-around champion's only history-making moment of the competition.", "\n\nRead More" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.024193548387096774, 0, 0.007042253521126761, 0, 0.012903225806451613, 0.0106951871657754, 0 ]	0.007833	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 18, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 6 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 113, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 102 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 123, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 115 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 287, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 275 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 428, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 418 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 466, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 460 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 858, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 843 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 816, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 790 } ]
[ "GTA V Launches: What The Latest Game in the Grand Theft Auto Series Does Differently\n\nGTA V Launches: What The Latest Game in the Grand Theft Auto Series Does Differently (ABC News)\n\nGrand Theft Auto V, one of the year's most eagerly awaited video games, released today for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. ", "A GameStop spokesperson told ABC News that more than 4,000 of its stores had midnight releases, with 1,500 of them going so far as to have a midnight launch party with prizes and food trucks.", "\n\nBut other than being the latest entry in a successful video game series, what does GTAV bring to the table that's new? ", "Players will see the improvements in the gameplay, like how a gun shoots or how a car handles. ", "But perhaps the biggest change is that players are given not one but three characters to wreak havoc in the fictional city of Los Santos.", "\n\nJim Sterling, the reviews editor for video game news outlet Destructoid.com, said that developer Rockstar Games also put more emphasis on the playable characters themselves, rather than have them passively or stoically react to the world around them. \"", "It's more like the supporting characters react to the heroes than the other way around,\" he said.", "\n\nOne of those characters, Trevor, will certainly elicit reactions from both the denizens of Los Santos and activists in the real world critical of video game violence. ", "According to Sterling, he epitomizes every negative thing that anti-video game activists see in the Grand Theft Auto franchise. \"", "He's a depraved, psychotic, omnisexual sociopath,\" he said. \"", "I'll be surprised if he doesn't ruffle a few feathers.\"", "\n\nSterling sees it as reflective of pop culture today. \"", "There is a real flavor of 'The Sopranos' or 'Mad Men' in this game,\" he said. \"", "In American television, there are a lot of shady characters with questionable motivations.\" ", "However, plenty of pop culture references are explicitly made within Los Santos itself. \"", "There is also a meth cook named Chef that looks like Walter White from 'Breaking Bad,'\" said Sterling.", "\n\nVideo games and other forms of media have come under criticism for being too violent and possibly contributing to shooting incidents across the country. ", "Psychologists who specialize in the research of aggression said that it is a much more nuanced topic than a simple question of asking if video games cause violent behaviors.", "\n\nThe Media Violence Commission, a branch of the International Society for Research on Aggression, released a report in June 2012 that characterized the findings of more than 800 different studies on the link between violent media and violent behavior. ", "According to the report, any commentator who says that there is no good evidence for the harmful effects of violent media or, conversely, that violent media is the primary cause of school shootings, does not have the science to back it up.", "\n\n\"Neither extreme is supported by the vast body of research in this domain,\" the report said in its concluding comments. \"", "What is clear is that exposure to media violence is one risk factor for increased aggression in both the short run and the long run.\"", "\n\nRockstar Games did not immediately respond to ABC News' request for comment.", "\n\nSterling acknowledged that video games can be violent, but he put the onus on the people buying the games. \"", "The emphasis is on the responsibility of the parents to determine what's appropriate for their child,\" he said. \"", "I would say, just be conscious of who you are buying the game for.\"", "\n\nRecommended for You\n\nCeline Dion is celebrating the holidays for the first time without her late husband, René Angélil.", "Angélil, who had also been Dion's manager for decades and her husband since 1994, passed away Jan. 14 after a long battle with throat cancer. ", "He died two days before his 74th birthday.", "Dion told the New\n\nAs locals near Washington, D.C.’s Comet Ping Pong restaurant know too well, fake news headlines can have real-world implications. ", "Edgar Welch allegedly fired three shots at the local hotspot after driving 350 miles from North Carolina in order to investigate a fake news story that the pizzeria was home\n\nSwift, 26, released a video snippet of \"I Don’t Wanna Live Forever\" just before midnight Thursday on her social media accounts, set to scenes from the film. ", "Malik teased a different part on the song on social media, showing off his part of the duet.", "\n\nThe first trailer for \"Spider-Man: Homecoming\" is here and there's a lot to take in, including a new villain, a new suit, new friend and ... new lady loves? ", "The clip, which premiered last night on \"Jimmy Kimmel Live,\" opens with Spidey doing what he does best. \"", "Wait a minute\n\nAfrican-American model Deddeh Howard is on a mission to change the fashion industry, one revolutionary image at a time. ", "Howard posted photos of herself recreating ad campaigns, such as Kendall Jenner for Calvin Klein, Gigi Hadid for Guess and Kate Moss for David Yurman, in a project she called “Black\n\nDonald Trump senior adviser Kellyanne Conway has blasted the president-elect's critics -- namely Hillary Clinton supporters -- for fueling a barrage of death threats against her. \"", "Anytime I respond, anytime I defend myself against these ... allegations that are now leading to death threats\n\nActor Ryan Gosling discussed his upcoming musical \"La La Land,\" and his own personal experience of moving to Los Angeles to follow his dreams in an interview with \"Good Morning America\" that aired today. \"", "You know, it's not easy to leave your hometown and your family and\n\nSouth Korea's national assembly voted Friday to impeach President Park Geun-hye over her alleged links to a corruption scandal. ", "Backed by overwhelming public support -- evident from the millions of South Koreans who have filled the streets in recent weeks demanding her impeachment -- the opposition-controlled\n\nDonald Trump is reprising the slogan of his historic presidential campaign as the official theme of a five-day inaugural celebration in the nation's capital next month, ABC News has learned. ", "The Trump inaugural committee is set to announce “Make America Great Again!” -- ", "a rallying cry for his supporters\n\nBuzz Aldrin, prepare for lift off.", "After spending more than a week at a New Zealand hospital, Aldrin’s assistant tweeted a photo Friday morning showing the legendary NASA astronaut on an airplane with the caption, “Bye bye New Zealand! ", "Hope to see you again! (", "But next time for vacation and not evacuation\n\nThe death of legendary astronaut John Glenn sparked an outpouring of tributes, including from President Obama, who said the space pioneer \"lifted the hopes of a nation.", "\"\"With John's passing, our nation has lost an icon and Michelle and I have lost a friend,\" Obama said. \"", "\n\nPresident-elect Donald Trump unloaded on China during the third stop on his \"thank you\" victory tour, telling a crowd in Des Moines, Iowa that the country is \"going to start\" playing by the rules. ", "Trump has taken a tough stance on China throughout his campaign, but he raised eyebrows\n\nPresident-elect Donald Trump is set to remain an executive producer of “Celebrity Apprentice,” a representative for MGM tells ABC News. ", "The news comes as Trump is facing questions about what business ties, if any, he will keep as he assumes the presidency and criticism that he could face conflicts of\n\nPrincess Kate stepped out tonight wearing the famous pearl-and-diamond-clad Cambridge Lover’s Knot Tiara, which was a favorite of Princess Diana, for the annual white tie diplomatic reception at Buckingham Palace. ", "The Duchess of Cambridge looked regal in red, recycling the same dress by designer Jenny\n\nOne son was so proud of his parents finally graduating from college that he couldn't help boast about their achievement on Twitter. ", "It's been a long road for Cole III's father, Charles L. Cole Jr. and his wife Renaté, to graduate. ", "The younger Cole, 33, obtained his bachelor's degree\n\nPresident-elect Donald Trump has tapped Oklahoma Attorney General Scott Pruitt to run the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), pending Senate approval. ", "What He Does Now: Pruitt is the attorney general of Oklahoma and was elected to the position on Nov. 2, 2010, becoming only the second Republican\n\nThe mother of twin girls born conjoined at the abdomen and chest it said it was \"surreal\" to see her daughters separated. ", "Speaking to reporters alongside doctors today, Aida Sandoval, and her husband, Arturo Sandoval, were brought to tears as they recounted their daughters' operation earlier\n\nA recently widowed man from New Jersey has found much-needed comfort in his wife's absence after his wedding ring -- which had been lost for more than 15 years -- was found and returned to him earlier this week. ", "David Penner, 68, told ABC station WABC today that the ring's return came just a" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.0033112582781456954, 0.005235602094240838, 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0, 0.007874015748031496, 0, 0.005917159763313609, 0.007751937984496124, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0196078431372549, 0, 0, 0.007905138339920948, 0, 0, 0, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0, 0, 0.008264462809917356, 0.007042253521126761, 0.023809523809523808, 0.006711409395973154, 0.0030120481927710845, 0.010869565217391304, 0, 0.009523809523809525, 0.007407407407407408, 0.02203856749311295, 0.006309148264984227, 0.00510204081632653, 0.005333333333333333, 0.0125, 0.014492753623188406, 0.009950248756218905, 0, 0.009302325581395349, 0.028846153846153848, 0.005025125628140704, 0.022222222222222223, 0.010498687664041995, 0.0045045045045045045, 0.020202020202020204, 0.02403846153846154, 0.0037174721189591076, 0.005208333333333333, 0.0375 ]	0.007447	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 218, "entity_type": 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[ "More pieces in the promoter jigsaw: recognition of -10 regions by alternative sigma factors.", "\nTwo papers in this issue of Molecular Microbiology from Carol Gross and colleagues describe experiments that investigate how two alternative Escherichia coli sigma proteins recognize target promoter -10 regions. ", "A combination of genetics, biochemistry and bioinformatics is used to show that determinants in two adjacent domains of the sigma proteins contact discrete sequence elements in the -10 regions." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0.014084507042253521, 0 ]	0.004695	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 160, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 149 } ]
[ "Burn-associated peripheral polyneuropathy. ", "A search for causative factors.", "\nThis study sought to evaluate the timing of burn-associated polyneuropathy (BAPN) and its relationship to burn severity or size. ", "Seventeen burned subjects were studied 1 wk after thermal burns. ", "Eleven subjects remained in the study to complete 6-wk follow-up studies. ", "Nerve conduction studies were done on at least three nerves in two unburned limbs; results were numerically summarized by calculating Z scores for each parameter. ", "A composite Z score, termed Ztotal, measured global nerve function. ", "One week postburn, motor and sensory distal latencies were prolonged (mean Z, -0.72 and -0.85, respectively), motor conduction velocities slowed (mean Z, -1.31) and sensory nerve action potentials reduced in amplitude (mean Z, -0.66). ", "Associations of Ztotal scores with total burn surface area and depth were not statistically significant. ", "Those with severe neuropathy had higher levels of c-reactive protein (Spearman correlation, -0.624; P = 0.0129). ", "There were no significant changes in Z scores at 6 wk. ", "We conclude that BAPN is common after thermal injury, and the electrophysiologic manifestations of BAPN are present within the first week. ", "Thermal injuries may induce an inflammatory cascade that results in alterations of nerve function." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00425531914893617, 0, 0, 0, 0.014388489208633094, 0 ]	0.002026	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 323, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 319 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 540, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 534 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 582, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 574 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 657, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 652 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 831, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 825 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1077, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1076 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1219, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1205 } ]
[ "Grilled Balsamic Portabello Mushrooms\n\nEntrees, Leslie's Featured Recipes, Side Dishes. ", "Portabello mushrooms have a meaty texture and rich flavour, making them a tasty vegetarian alternative to a steak or a beef burger. ", "I also like to add sliced grilled portabellos to a platter of mixed grilled vegetables. ", "So easy and so delicious.", "\n\nIngredients\n\nQuantity\n\nIngredients\n\n4\n\nPortabello mushrooms, washed and trimmed\n\n1 tbsp / 15 ml\n\nolive oil\n\n1 tbsp / 15 ml\n\nbalsamic vinegar\n\n1/4 tsp / 1 ml\n\ncoarse sea salt\n\nFinealy cracked black pepper, to taste\n\nDirections\n\nPreheat grill over medium heat.", "\n\nIn a bowl, toss mushrooms with olive oil, vinegar, salt and pepper.", "\n\nPlace mushrooms on grill; cook for 4 to 5 minutes, turning once or twice, or mushrooms begin to brown.", "\n\nAll research on this web site is the property of Leslie Beck Nutrition Consulting Inc. and is protected by copyright. ", "Keep in mind that research on these matters continues daily and is subject to change. ", "The information presented is not intended as a substitute for medical treatment. ", "It is intended to provide ongoing support of your healthy lifestyle practices." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.03409090909090909, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008333333333333333, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.003857	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 54, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 48 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 710, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 696 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 941, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 936 } ]
[ "\n667 S.E.2d 132 (2008)\nPARTAIN\nv.\nOCONEE COUNTY, et al.", "\nNo. ", "A08A1234.", "\nCourt of Appeals of Georgia.", "\nAugust 15, 2008.", "\n133 David S. Cason, Charles D. Joyner, for appellees.", "\nTerry E. Williams, Lawrenceville, for appellees.", "\nMILLER, Judge.", "\nBrian Partain appeals from the trial court's order granting summary judgment to Defendants Oconee County, Oconee County Sheriff's Department, Sheriff Scott Berry, and Sheriff's Deputy Jason Higgins (collectively, \"Defendants\") in a negligence case arising from the tragic death of Partain's wife and daughter in an automobile accident. ", "Partain argues that the trial court erred in (1) holding that the public duty doctrine insulated the Defendants from liability; (2) finding that the Defendants were protected by sovereign immunity; and (3) finding that the actions of Sheriff Berry and Deputy Higgins were discretionary and therefore protected by official immunity. ", "Because we find that the public duty doctrine applies to insulate the Defendants from liability, we affirm.", "\n\"Upon motion for summary judgment, it is the movant's burden to show that no jury question remains as to any material fact and that he or she is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.\" ", "Atkins v. News Publishing Co., 290 Ga.App. ", "78, 658 S.E.2d 848 (2008) (citing OCGA § 9-11-56(c)). \"", "On appeal, this Court conducts a de novo review of the evidence to determine whether there is a genuine issue of material fact and whether the undisputed facts, viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, warrant judgment as a matter of law.\" (", "Citation and punctuation omitted.) ", "Id. at 79, 658 S.E.2d 848.", "\nSo viewed, the evidence shows that on September 13, 2003, a vehicle operated by 134 Christian Quijada crossed over the median on Georgia Highway 316 in Barrow County and struck head-on a vehicle traveling in the opposite direction, driven by Partain's wife, Kimberly. ", "Quijada and Kimberly Partain died as a result of injuries sustained in the collision, as did the Partains' four-month-old daughter, Madison, a passenger in Kimberly's vehicle. ", "Toxicology tests showed that Quijada had a blood alcohol content of 0.166, more than twice the legal limit, when the accident occurred.", "\nSubsequent investigation revealed that only forty-five minutes prior to the fatal accident, Quijada had been involved in another two-car collision on Georgia Highway 316 in Oconee County. ", "Sheriff's Deputy Jason Higgins responded to the accident, observed that it was minor with no injuries, and collected driver's license and insurance information from the drivers, Quijada and Shawn McGee. ", "Deputy Higgins testified that Quijada did not appear intoxicated. ", "In his accident report, Deputy Higgins wrote that Quijada had a \"Class CP\" license, an instructional permit under OCGA § 40-5-24 that allows the holder to drive only when a licensed driver at least 21 years of age occupies a seat beside the driver. ", "Deputy Higgins testified that Quijada did not have a licensed driver with him, but further testified that he allowed Quijada to get in his car and leave because he \"didn't make a connection on the Class CP license.\"", "\nPartain brought this action, alleging that Kimberly and Madison's deaths were proximately caused by the Defendants' \"intentional, wanton, and willful acts and omissions,\" and seeking compensatory and punitive damages. ", "Following summary judgment for Defendants, Partain appeals.", "\n1. ", "Partain first argues that the trial court incorrectly held that the public duty doctrine insulated the Defendants from liability. ", "Under that doctrine:\nwhere failure to provide police protection is alleged, there can be no liability based on a municipality's duty to protect the general public. ", "However ... where there is a special relationship between the individual and the municipality which sets the individual apart from the general public and engenders a special duty owed to that individual, the municipality may be subject to liability for the nonfeasance of its police department.", "\n(Footnote omitted; emphasis in original.) ", "City of Rome v. Jordan, 263 Ga. 26, 28-29(1), 426 S.E.2d 861 (1993). ", "For a special relationship to exist, there must be (1) an explicit assurance by the governmental unit, through promises or actions, that it would act on behalf of the injured party; (2) knowledge on the part of the governmental unit that inaction could lead to harm; and (3) justifiable and detrimental reliance by the injured party on the governmental unit's affirmative undertaking. ", "Id. at 29(2), 426 S.E.2d 861. ", "The trial court below concluded that because no such special relationship existed in this case, the public duty doctrine operated to bar Partain's claims.", "\nOn appeal, Partain does not dispute the finding that no special relationship existed between his family and the Defendants. ", "Instead, he argues that Georgia law should be interpreted as allowing his action against the Defendants even in the absence of such a relationship. ", "We disagree.", "\nIn support of his argument, Partain cites to footnote 4 in Jordan, in which the Supreme Court of Georgia stated:\nSince the situation is not presented by the facts of this case, we do not determine whether a special duty may exist even in the absence of a special relationship where a police officer is present at the scene of a crime, has the knowledge and the resources to act to the benefit of the injured party, yet does not act.", "\nId. at 29(1), n. 4, 426 S.E.2d 861. ", "Despite this language, no Georgia court has ever dispensed with the requirement that one seeking to assert a claim based upon a failure to provide police protection prove a special relationship with the police. ", "Moreover, this Court has explicitly refused to rely on the above-cited language from Jordan to dispense with the special relationship requirement. ", "See Holcomb v. Walden, 270 Ga.App. ", "730, 732, 607 S.E.2d 893 (2004).", "\nIn Holcomb, a deputy sheriff had an encounter with a driver with a suspended license, *135 but allowed him to drive away. ", "Id. at 731, 607 S.E.2d 893. ", "Thereafter, the driver caused an accident that seriously injured the plaintiff and killed her husband. ", "Id. at 730, 607 S.E.2d 893. ", "This Court affirmed the trial court's order granting summary judgment for the defendants, holding that the deputy owed no special duty to the plaintiff or her decedent. ", "Id. at 732-733, 607 S.E.2d 893. ", "Like Partain, the plaintiff in Holcomb asserted that his case fell under the situation contemplated by the Supreme Court in Jordan, as above. ", "Id. at 732, 607 S.E.2d 893. ", "We rejected that argument, holding that the footnote merely contemplated a situation \"where a police officer is present at the scene of a crime about to be perpetrated against the citizen (who at that point is an identifiable victim) and the officer fails to act to protect the citizen despite his ability to do so. [", "Cit.]\" (", "Emphasis in original.) ", "Id. at 732, 607 S.E.2d 893.", "\nTherefore, because Deputy Higgins' duty was to the public and not to the individual decedents in this case, no special relationship existed and the public duty doctrine applies to relieve the Defendants of any liability. ", "See Holcomb, supra, 270 Ga.App. ", "at 733, 607 S.E.2d 893. ", "Accordingly, the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment against Partain and in favor of the Defendants.", "\n2. ", "In light of our holding in Division 1, we need not reach the question of whether the doctrines of sovereign and official immunity also relieve the Defendants of liability. ", "See Holcomb, supra, 270 Ga.App. ", "at 733, 607 S.E.2d 893.", "\nJudgment affirmed.", "\nBLACKBURN, P.J., and ELLINGTON, J., concur.", "\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03636363636363636, 0.04081632653061224, 0, 0.01483679525222552, 0.012048192771084338, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0.01818181818181818, 0.003861003861003861, 0, 0, 0.007407407407407408, 0.022727272727272728, 0, 0, 0.014778325123152709, 0.015151515151515152, 0.012048192771084338, 0.004651162790697674, 0.0136986301369863, 0.01694915254237288, 0, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0.0025974025974025974, 0, 0.006493506493506494, 0.008, 0.006756756756756757, 0, 0.0023094688221709007, 0, 0, 0.006802721088435374, 0.02857142857142857, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.014084507042253521, 0, 0, 0.125, 0, 0, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0, 0.008547008547008548, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.06818181818181818, 0 ]	0.008699	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 20, 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[ "Eric Striker\n\nDaily Stormer\n\nMarch 13, 2017\n\n\n\nThe Anti-Defamation League, a Jewish organization dedicated to advocating for the Israeli government and protecting the Talmudic command that Jews can murder and rape gentile children with impunity is now investing big money into yet another project meant to silence opinions Jews don’t agree with on social media.", "\n\nThe traditional Jewish means of controlling information (cable TV and newspapers) is now obsolete, and the democratic nature of social media has made it harder for Jews to keep the public ignorant. ", "Even though Jews already control close to half of the major Silicon Shetl multi-nationals, and certainly control the two most powerful in the social media realm (Facebook and Google), for the neurosis inflicted ADL, this simply isn’t enough.", "\n\nIt’s not a coincidence that the ADL’s announcement cohencides with a newly-invigorated witch hunt for Alt-Right supporters that work in tech. ", "The rapid fall of traditional Judenpresse has had Jews scrambling to root out the creative white male free thinkers who built their companies. ", "With Trump cutting the Indians’ H1-b visas, this may be more difficult than they originally had planned.", "\n\nUSA Today:\n\nThe Anti-Defamation League is opening a Silicon Valley center to combat the rapid growth in online hate speech. ", "ADL CEO Jonathan Greenblatt planned to make the announcement during a panel on “The State of Hate” at the SXSW tech confab tonight.", "\n\n\n\nThe center on cyberhate, technology and society will leverage technology and experts to “monitor, analyze and mitigate hate speech and harassment” across the Internet. ", "The facility, which should open somewhere south of San Francisco in the next three to six months, received seed funding through eBay founder Pierre Omidyar’s philanthropic investment firm, Omidyar Network. ", "The ADL would not disclose the amount, but Greenblatt said it was in “six figures.”", "\n\nThis isn’t the first espionage and influence campaign the ADL has launched in the area. ", "In 1993, the ADL’s San Francisco office hired ex-CIA agents to monitor and influence everything from nationalist groups to even anti-Apartheid Leftists (South Africa was a strategic realpolitik ally of Israel, but Jews later threw them under the bus when they outlived their usefulness).", "\n\nWhere does a private organization operating at the behest of a foreign government get off influencing major American sectors like Silicon Valley? ", "And better yet, with some of these companies operating in a gray area of public utility, how is it possible for a group of Jews nobody elected to appoint themselves arbiters of what constitutionally protected speech can and can’t be said over the internet?", "\n\nMany conservatives overlook this kind of behavior, mostly out of fear, but also apathy, because they believe they will not be impacted. ", "But the threats to liberty posed by American Jewry aren’t limited to people who ask questions about Jewish deaths in WW2 or overt National Socialists. ", "The ADL’s open ended definition of “anti-Semitism” includes everything from the Gospel of John to notorious philo-Semite William F. Buckley.", "\n\nThe New-New-New anti-Semitism even includes making moral judgements when Israel slaughters a bunch of children in Gaza for no reason.", "\n\nThat means everyone across the political spectrum is going to be intellectually smothered by the earthworm Jonathan Greenblatt and the rest of his cabal. ", "The children and grandchildren of Cheka and NKVD commissars may have traded in their uniforms for business suits, but their genetically determined instinct to spy and suppress remains fully in tact.", "\n\nThe Jewish problem is universal. ", "With Jews as overseers, nobody is safe.", "\n\nThe time to protest and to lobby the government to prosecute the ADL is now." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.002770083102493075, 0, 0.004149377593360996, 0.006944444444444444, 0, 0, 0, 0.015267175572519083, 0, 0.014563106796116505, 0.024096385542168676, 0.011111111111111112, 0.006968641114982578, 0, 0, 0, 0.013245033112582781, 0.014285714285714285, 0, 0.00641025641025641, 0.005050505050505051, 0, 0, 0.01282051282051282 ]	0.005737	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 27, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 0 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 43, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 29 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 83, 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[ "Effectiveness of Prolonged Exposure and Cognitive Processing Therapy for U.S. Veterans With a History of Traumatic Brain Injury.", "\nThis retrospective analysis of previously existing nonrandomized clinical data examined the effectiveness of completing prolonged exposure (PE) or cognitive processing therapy (CPT) in a sample of 41 U.S. veterans at a Veterans Affairs medical center. ", "The sample included 19 veterans with diagnoses of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 22 veterans with PTSD only. ", "Diagnostic groups did not significantly differ on PTSD and depression symptom reduction, F(2, 36) = 0.05, p = .951; Pillai's trace = 0.00, partial η2 = .00. ", "Veterans who completed PE showed greater symptom reduction than those who completed CPT, F(2, 36) = 12.10, p < .001; Pillai's trace = 0.40, partial η2 = .40, regardless of TBI status. ", "Overall, our results suggested that TBI status should not preclude individuals from being offered trauma-focused PTSD treatment." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0.003952569169960474, 0.006578947368421052, 0.012738853503184714, 0.021739130434782608, 0.0078125 ]	0.008804	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 77, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 73 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 333, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 329 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 813, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 807 } ]

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[ "1. ", "Introduction {#sec1}\n===============\n\nScientific knowledge is gained by an interplay between quantitative real world measurements of physical, chemical, or biological phenomena and the development of mathematical models for understanding the dynamical processes behind. ", "In general, such phenomena are determined as spatiotemporal patterns of physical measures (state variables). ", "Modelling consists of distinguishing the surrounding world from the system that yields the phenomena and formulating a mathematical description of the system, a model, that can predict values of the state variables. ", "The calculations depend on model parameters and often on giving measured input variables. ", "By changing parameter values and analysing the resulting changes in the values of the state variables, the model may then be used as a predictive tool. ", "This way, the model\\'s validity can be verified. ", "If the mathematical model description is moreover derived from first principles, the model has the potential to explain the phenomena in a causal sense.", "\n\nCalculating the sensitivities of a model\\'s predicted output, that is, the system\\'s state variables, with respect to model parameters is a means of eliminating redundancy and indeterminacy from models and thus helps to identify valid models. ", "Sensitivity analyses can be helpful both in model-based experimental approaches and in purely theoretical work. ", "A modelling theoretician could be looking for parameters to which all state variables are nonsensitive. ", "Such parameters might be superfluous. ", "An experimenter may inspect the model that represents his working hypothesis and analyse which of the model\\'s state variables are specifically sensitive to a selected parameter. ", "Hence, the experimenter would have to measure exactly this state variable to identify the value of the selected parameter.", "\n\nIn a biomechanical study Scovil and Ronsky \\[[@B21]\\] applied sensitivity analysis to examine the dynamics of a mechanical multibody system: a runner\\'s skeleton coupled to muscle activation-contraction dynamics. ", "They calculated specific sensitivity coefficients in three slightly different ways. ", "A sensitivity coefficient is the difference quotient calculated from dividing the change in a state variable by the change in a model parameter value, evaluated in a selected system state \\[[@B16]\\]. ", "The corresponding partial derivative may be simply called \"sensitivity.\" ", "Therefore, a sensitivity function is the time evolution of a sensitivity \\[[@B16]\\]. ", "Accordingly, Lehman and Stark \\[[@B16]\\] had proposed a more general and unified approach than Scovil and Ronsky \\[[@B21]\\], which allows systematically calculating the sensitivities of any dynamical system described in terms of ordinary differential equations. ", "As an example for sensitivity functions, Lehman and Stark \\[[@B16]\\] had applied their proposed method to a muscle-driven model of saccadic eye movement. ", "By calculating a percentage change in a state variable value per percentage change in a parameter value, all sensitivities can be made comprehensively comparable, even across models.", "\n\nA sensitivity as defined so far is of first order. ", "Methodically, we aim at introducing a step beyond, namely, at calculating second order sensitivities. ", "These measures are suited to quantify how much the sensitivity of a state variable with respect to one model parameter depends on changing another parameter. ", "By analysing second order sensitivities, the strength of their interdependent influence on model dynamics can be determined. ", "In addition to this so-called local sensitivity analysis, we will take the whole parameter variability into account by calculating global sensitivities according to Chan et al. ", "\\[[@B2]\\] and Saltelli and Chan \\[[@B19]\\]. ", "This approach allows translating the impact of one parameter on a state variable into a parameter\\'s importance, by completely comprising its interdependent influence in combination with all other parameters\\' sensitivities.", "\n\nIn this study, we will apply the sensitivity analysis to models that predict how the activity of a muscle (its chemical state) changes when the muscle is stimulated by neural signals (electrical excitation). ", "Such models are used for simulations of muscles\\' contractions coupled to their activation dynamics. ", "Models for coupled muscular dynamics are often part of neuromusculoskeletal models of biological movement systems. ", "In particular, we want to try and rate two specific model variants of activation dynamics formulated by Zajac \\[[@B27]\\] and by Hatze \\[[@B8]\\]. ", "As a first result, we present an example of a simplified version of the Zajac \\[[@B27]\\] model, in which sensitivity functions can in fact be calculated in closed form. ", "Subsequently we calculate the sensitivities numerically with respect to all model parameters in both models, aiming at an increased understanding of the influence of changes in model parameters on the solutions of the underlying ordinary differential equations (ODEs). ", "Additionally, we discuss which of both models may be physiologically more accurate. ", "The arguments come from a mixture of three different aspects: sensitivity analysis, others\\' experimental findings, and an additional attempt to best fit different combinations of activation dynamics and force-length relations of the contractile element (CE) in a muscle to known data on shifts in optimal CE length with muscle activity \\[[@B11]\\].", "\n\n2. ", "Two Models for Muscle Activation Dynamics {#sec2}\n============================================\n\nMacroscopically, a muscle fibre or an assembly thereof, a muscle belly, is often mapped mathematically by a one-dimensional massless thread called \"contractile component\" or \"contractile element\" (CE) \\[[@B24]--[@B7]\\]. ", "Its absolute length is *ℓ* ~CE~ which may be normalised to the optimal fibre length *ℓ* ~CE,opt~ by *ℓ* ~CErel~ = *ℓ* ~CE~/*ℓ* ~CE,opt~. In macroscopic muscle models, the CE muscle force is usually modelled as a function of a force-(CE-)length relation, a force-(CE-)velocity relation, and (CE-)activity *q*. ", "Commonly the muscle activity *q* represents the number of attached cross-bridges within the muscle, normalised to the maximum number available (*q* ~0~ ≤ *q* ≤ 1). ", "It can also be considered as the concentration of bound Ca^2+^-ions in the muscle sarcoplasma relative to its physiological maximum. ", "The parameter *q* ~0~ represents the minimum activity that is assumed to occur without any stimulation \\[[@B8]\\].", "\n\nWe analyse two different formulations of muscle activation dynamics, that is, the time (its symbol: *t*) evolution of muscle activity *q*(*t*). ", "One formulation of muscle activation dynamics was suggested by Zajac \\[[@B27]\\], which we modified slightly to take *q* ~0~ into account:$$\\begin{matrix}\n{{\\overset{˙}{q}}_{Z} = \\frac{1}{\\tau \\cdot \\left( 1 - q_{0} \\right)} \\cdot \\left\\lbrack {\\sigma \\cdot \\left\\lbrack {1 - q_{0}} \\right. - ", "\\sigma \\cdot \\left\\lbrack {1 - \\beta} \\right. ", "\\cdot \\left\\lbrack {q_{Z} - q_{0}} \\right.} ", "\\right.} \\\\", "\n{\\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad\\left. {- ", "\\beta \\cdot \\left. {", "q_{Z} - q_{0}} \\right\\rbrack} \\right\\rbrack,} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$with the initial condition *q* ~*Z*~(0) = *q* ~*Z*,0~. In this context, *σ* is supposed to represent the (electrical) stimulation of the muscle, being a parameter for controlling muscle dynamics. ", "It represents the output of the nervous system\\'s dynamics applied to the muscle which in turn interacts with the skeleton, the body mass distribution, the external environment, and therefore the nervous system in a feedback loop. ", "Electromyographic (EMG) signals can be seen as a compound of such neural stimulations collected in a finite volume (being the input to a number of muscle fibres) over a frequency range and coming from a number of (moto-)neurons. ", "The parameter *τ* denotes the activation time constant, and *β* = *τ*/*τ* ~deact~ is the ratio of activation to deactivation time constants (deactivation boost).", "\n\nAn alternative formulation of muscle activation dynamics was introduced by Hatze \\[[@B8]\\]:$$\\begin{matrix}\n{\\overset{˙}{\\gamma} = m \\cdot \\left( \\sigma - \\gamma \\right).} \\\\", "\n\\end{matrix}$$We divided the original equation from Hatze \\[[@B8]\\] by the parameter *c* = 1.37 · 10^−4^ mol/L which represents the maximum concentration of free Ca^2+^-ions in the muscle sarcoplasma. ", "Thus, the values of the corresponding normalised concentration are 0 ≤ *γ* ≤ 1. ", "The activity is finally calculated by the function$$\\begin{matrix}\n{q_{H}\\left( \\gamma,\\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}} \\right) = \\frac{q_{0} + \\left\\lbrack {\\rho\\left\\lbrack \\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}} \\right\\rbrack \\cdot \\gamma} \\right\\rbrack^{\\nu}}{1 + \\left\\lbrack {\\rho\\left\\lbrack \\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}} \\right\\rbrack \\cdot \\gamma} \\right\\rbrack^{\\nu}},} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$and the parameter *c* is shifted to the accordingly renormalised function$$\\begin{matrix}\n{\\rho\\left( \\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}} \\right) = \\rho_{c} \\cdot \\frac{\\mathcal{l}_{\\rho} - 1}{{\\mathcal{l}_{\\rho}/\\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}}} - 1},} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$with *ρ* ~*c*~ = *c* · *ρ* ~0~ and *ℓ* ~*ρ*~ = 2.9. ", "Two cases have been suggested by Hatze \\[[@B10]\\]: *ρ* ~0~ = 6.62 · 10^4^ L/mol (i.e., *ρ* ~*c*~ = 9.10) for *ν* = 2 and *ρ* ~0~ = 5.27 · 10^4^ L/mol (i.e., *ρ* ~*c*~ = 7.24) for *ν* = 3, which have been applied in the literature \\[[@B11], [@B24], [@B12], [@B13]\\]. ", "By substituting ([2](#EEq2){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) and ([3](#EEq3){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) into ${\\overset{˙}{q}}_{H} = {{dq_{H}(\\gamma,\\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}})}/{d\\gamma}} \\cdot \\overset{˙}{\\gamma}$ and resubstituting the inverse of ([3](#EEq3){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) afterwards, Hatze\\'s formulation of an activation dynamics can be transformed into a nonlinear differential equation directly in terms of the activity: $$\\begin{matrix}\n{{\\overset{˙}{q}}_{H} = \\frac{\\nu \\cdot m}{1 - q_{0}} \\cdot \\left\\lbrack {\\sigma \\cdot \\rho\\left( \\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}} \\right) \\cdot \\left\\lbrack {1 - q_{H}} \\right.^{1 + 1/\\nu} \\cdot \\left\\lbrack {q_{H} - q_{0}} \\right.^{1 - 1/\\nu}} \\right.} \\\\", "\n{\\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad\\left. {", "\\phantom{\\left. {", "q_{H} - q_{0}} \\right\\rbrack^{1 - 1/\\nu}} - \\left( 1 - q_{H} \\right) \\cdot \\left( q_{H} - q_{0} \\right)} \\right\\rbrack,} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$with the initial condition *q* ~*H*~(0) = *q* ~*H*,0~.\n\nThe solutions *q* ~*Z*~(*t*) and *q* ~*H*~(*t*) of both formulations of activation dynamics ([1](#EEq1){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) and ([5](#EEq5){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) can now be directly compared by integrating them with the same initial condition *q* ~*Z*,0~ = *q* ~*H*,0~ using the same stimulation *σ*.", "\n\n3. ", "Local First and Second Order Sensitivity of ODE Systems regarding Their Parameters {#sec3}\n=====================================================================================\n\nLet *Ω*⊆*ℝ* × *ℝ* ^*M*^ × *ℝ* ^*N*^ and *f* : *Ω* → *ℝ* ^*M*^. We then consider a system of ordinary, first order initial value problems (IVP):$$\\begin{matrix}\n{\\overset{˙}{Y} = f\\left( t,Y\\left( t,\\Lambda \\right),\\Lambda \\right),\\quad\\quad Y\\left( 0 \\right) = Y_{0},} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$where *Y*(*t*) = (*y* ~1~(*t*), *y* ~2~(*t*),..., *y* ~*M*~(*t*)) denotes the vector of state variables, *f* = (*f* ~1~, *f* ~2~,..., *f* ~*M*~) the vector of right hand sides of the ODE, and Λ = {*λ* ~1~, *λ* ~2~,..., *λ* ~*N*~} the set of parameters which the ODE depends on. ", "The vector of initial conditions is abbreviated by$$\\begin{matrix}\n{Y\\left( 0 \\right) = \\left( {y_{1}\\left( 0 \\right),y_{2}\\left( 0 \\right),\\ldots,y_{M}\\left( 0 \\right)} \\right)} \\\\\n{= \\left( {y_{1,0},y_{2,0},\\ldots,y_{M,0}} \\right) = Y_{0}.} \\\\", "\n\\end{matrix}$$\n\nThe first order sensitivity of the solution *Y*(*t*, Λ) with respect to the parameter set Λ is defined as the matrix$$\\begin{matrix}\n{S\\left( t,\\Lambda \\right) = \\left( {S_{ik}\\left( {t,\\Lambda} \\right)} \\right)_{i = 1,\\ldots,N,k = 1,\\ldots,M},} \\\\\n{\\text{with}\\,\\, S_{ik}\\left( t,\\Lambda \\right) = \\frac{d}{d\\lambda_{i}}y_{k}\\left( t,\\Lambda \\right).} \\\\", "\n\\end{matrix}$$Simplifying, we denote *Y* = *Y*(*t*, Λ), *f* = *f*(*t*, *Y*, Λ), and *S* ~*ik*~ = *S* ~*ik*~(*t*, Λ) but keep the dependencies in mind. ", "Because the solution *Y*(*t*) might only be gained numerically rather than in a closed-form expression, we have to apply the well-known theory of sensitivity analysis as stated in Vukobratovic \\[[@B26]\\], Dickinson and Gelinas \\[[@B5]\\], Lehman and Stark \\[[@B16]\\], and ZivariPiran \\[[@B28]\\]. ", "Differentiating ([8](#EEq8){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) with respect to *t* and applying the chain rule yield$$\\begin{matrix}\n{\\frac{d}{dt}S_{ik} = \\frac{d^{2}}{dtd\\lambda_{i}}y_{k} = \\frac{d^{2}}{d\\lambda_{i}dt}y_{k} = \\frac{d}{d\\lambda_{i}}f_{k}} \\\\\n{= \\frac{d}{d\\lambda_{i}}Y \\cdot \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial Y}f_{k} + \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial\\lambda_{i}}f_{k},} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$with ∂/∂*Y* being the gradient of state variables. ", "Hence we obtain the following ODE for the first order solution sensitivity:$$\\begin{matrix}\n{{\\overset{˙}{S}}_{ik} = \\sum\\limits_{l = 1}^{M}S_{il} \\cdot \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial y_{l}}f_{k} + \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial\\lambda_{i}}f_{k},\\quad\\quad S_{ik}\\left( 0 \\right) = \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial\\lambda_{i}}y_{k,0} = 0,} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$or in short terms $$\\begin{matrix}\n{\\overset{˙}{S} = S \\cdot J + B,\\quad\\quad S\\left( 0 \\right) = 0_{N \\times M},} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$where *S* = *S*(*t*) is the *N* × *M* sensitivity matrix and *J* = *J*(*t*) is the *M* × *M* Jacobian matrix with *J* ~*kl*~ = (∂/∂*y* ~*l*~)*f* ~*k*~; furthermore, *B* = *B*(*t*) denotes the *N* × *M*-matrix containing the partial derivatives *B* ~*ik*~ = (∂/∂*λ* ~*i*~)*f* ~*k*~ and 0~*N*×*M*~ denotes the *N* × *M*-matrix consisting of zeros only.", "\n\nBy analogy, the second order sensitivity of *Y*(*t*) with respect to Λ is defined as the following *N* × *N* × *M*-tensor: $$\\begin{matrix}\n{R\\left( t,\\Lambda \\right) = \\left( {R_{ijk}\\left( {t,\\Lambda} \\right)} \\right)_{i,j = 1,\\ldots,N,k = 1,\\ldots,M},} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$with$$\\begin{matrix}\n{R_{ijk}\\left( t,\\Lambda \\right) = \\frac{d}{d\\lambda_{i}}S_{jk} = \\frac{d}{d\\lambda_{j}}S_{ik} = \\frac{d^{2}}{d\\lambda_{i}d\\lambda_{j}}y_{k} = R_{jik}\\left( t,\\Lambda \\right),} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$assuming *R* ~*ijk*~ = *R* ~*jik*~ for all *k* = 1,..., *M*, therefore assuming that the prerequisites of Schwarz theorem (symmetry of the second derivatives) are fulfilled throughout. ", "Differentiating with respect to *t* and applying the chain rule lead to the ODE$$\\begin{matrix}\n{{\\overset{˙}{R}}_{ijk} = \\sum\\limits_{l = 1}^{M}\\left( {R_{ijl}\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial y_{l}}f_{k} + S_{il}\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial\\lambda_{j}}f_{k} + S_{jl}\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial\\lambda_{i}}f_{k}} \\right)} \\\\\n{+ \\sum\\limits_{l_{1} = 1}^{M}\\sum\\limits_{l_{2} = 1}^{M}S_{il_{1}}S_{jl_{2}}\\frac{\\partial^{2}}{\\partial y_{l_{1}}\\partial y_{l_{2}}}f_{k} + \\frac{\\partial^{2}}{\\partial\\lambda_{i}\\partial\\lambda_{j}}f_{k},} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$with *R* ~*ijk*~(0) = 0. ", "For purposes beyond the aim of this paper, a condensed notation introducing the concept of tensor (or Kronecker) products as in ZivariPiran \\[[@B28]\\] may be helpful. ", "For a practical implementation in MATLAB see Bader and Kolda \\[[@B14]\\].", "\n\nFurthermore, if an initial condition *y* ~*k*,0~ (see ([7](#EEq7){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"})) is considered as another parameter, we can derive a separate sensitivity differential equation by rewriting ([6](#EEq6){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) in its integral form $$\\begin{matrix}\n{Y\\left( t \\right) = Y_{0} + \\int\\limits_{0}^{t}f\\left( s,Y\\left( s \\right) \\right)ds.} \\\\", "\n\\end{matrix}$$Differentiating this equation with respect to *Y* ~0~ yields $$\\begin{matrix}\n{S_{Y_{0}}\\left( t \\right) = \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial Y_{0}}Y\\left( t \\right) = 1 + \\int\\limits_{0}^{t}\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial Y}f \\cdot \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial Y_{0}}Y\\left( s \\right)ds} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$and differentiating again with respect to *t* results in a homogeneous ODE for each component *S* ~*y*~*k*,0~~(*t*); namely,$$\\begin{matrix}\n{{\\overset{˙}{S}}_{y_{k,0}}\\left( t \\right) = \\sum\\limits_{l = 1}^{M}\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial y_{l}}f_{k} \\cdot S_{y_{l,0}},\\quad\\text{with}{\\,\\,}S_{y_{k,0}}\\left( 0 \\right) = \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial y_{k,0}}y_{k,0} = 1.} \\\\", "\n\\end{matrix}$$\n\nThe parameters of our analysed models are supposed to represent physiological processes and bear physical dimensions therefore. ", "For example, *m* and 1/*τ* are frequencies measured in (Hz), whereas *c* is measured in (mol/L). ", "Accordingly, *S* ~*τ*~ = (*d*/*dτ*)*q* ~*Z*~ would be measured in (Hz) and *S* ~*m*~ in (s) (note that our model only consists of *one* ODE and therefore we do not need a second index). ", "Normalisation provides a comprehensive comparison between all sensitivities, even across models. ", "For any parameter, the value *λ* ~*i*~ fixed for a specific simulation is a natural choice. ", "For any state variable, we chose its current value *y* ~*k*~(*t*) at each point in time of the corresponding ODE solution. ", "Hence, we normalise each sensitivity *S* ~*ik*~ = *dy* ~*k*~/*dλ* ~*i*~ by multiplying it with the ratio *λ* ~*i*~/*y* ~*k*~(*t*) to get the relative sensitivity$$\\begin{matrix}\n{{\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{ik} = S_{ik} \\cdot \\frac{\\lambda_{i}}{y_{k}}.} \\\\", "\n\\end{matrix}$$A relative sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{ik}$ thus quantifies the percentage change in the *k*th state variable value per percentage change in the *i*th parameter value. ", "This applies accordingly to the second order sensitivity$$\\begin{matrix}\n{{\\overset{\\sim}{R}}_{ijk} = R_{ijk} \\cdot \\frac{\\lambda_{i} \\cdot \\lambda_{j}}{y_{k}}.} \\\\", "\n\\end{matrix}$$It can be shown that this method is valid and mathematically equivalent to another common method in which the whole model is nondimensionalised a priori \\[[@B20]\\]. ", "A nonnormalised model formulation has the additional advantage of usually allowing a more immediate appreciation of and transparent access for experimenters. ", "In the remainder of this paper, we are always going to present and discuss relative sensitivity values normalised that way.", "\n\nIn our model the specific case *M* = 1 applies, so ([10](#EEq9){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) and ([14](#EEq11){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) simplify to the case *k* = 1 (no summation).", "\n\n4. ", "Variance-Based Global Sensitivity Analysis {#sec4}\n=============================================\n\nThe differential sensitivity analysis above is called a local method because it does not take the physiological range of parameter values into account. ", "Additionally factoring in such ranges characterises the so-called global methods. ", "The main idea behind most global methods is to include a statistical component to scan the whole parameter space *𝒞* and combine the percentage change in a state variable value per percentage change in a parameter value with the variability of all of the parameters. ", "The parameter space *𝒞* can be seen as a *N*-dimensional cuboid *𝒞* = \\[*λ* ~1~ ^−^; *λ* ~1~ ^+^\\] × ⋯×\\[*λ* ~*N*~ ^−^; *λ* ~*N*~ ^+^\\], where *λ* ~*i*~ ^−^ and *λ* ~*i*~ ^+^ are the minimal and maximal parameter values and *N* is the number of parameters. ", "We can now fix a certain point $\\hat{\\Lambda} = ({\\hat{\\lambda}}_{1},\\ldots,{\\hat{\\lambda}}_{N}) \\in \\mathcal{C}$ and calculate the local gradient of the solution with respect to $\\hat{\\Lambda}$. The volume of the star-shaped area, investigated by changing only one parameter at once and lying within a ball around $\\hat{\\Lambda}$, vanishes in comparison to *𝒞* for an increasing number of parameters \\[[@B18]\\]. ", "For an overview of the numerous methods like ANOVA, FAST, Regression, or Sobol\\'s Indexing, the reader is referred to Saltelli and Chan \\[[@B19]\\] and Frey et al. ", "\\[[@B4]\\].", "\n\nIn this section we want to sketch just the main idea of the variance-based sensitivity analysis approach as presented in Chan et al. ", "\\[[@B2]\\], which is based on Sobol\\'s Indexing. ", "We chose this method because of its transparency and low computational cost. ", "This method aims at calculating two measurands of sensitivity of a state variable with respect to parameter *λ* ~*i*~: the variance-based sensitivity function denoted by VBS~*i*~(*t*) and the total sensitivity index function denoted by TSI~*i*~(*t*). ", "The VBS functions give a normalised first order sensitivity quite similar to $\\overset{\\sim}{S}$ from the previous section but include the parameter range. ", "The TSI functions, however, additionally include higher order sensitivities and give a measurand for interdependencies of parameter influences.", "\n\nA receipt for calculating VBS and TSI is as follows. ", "First of all, set boundaries for all model parameters, either by model assumptions or by literature reference, thus fixing *𝒞*. ", "Secondly, generate two sets of *n* sample points ${\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{1,j},{\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{2,j} \\in \\mathcal{C}$, *j* = 1,..., *n*, suited to represent the underlying probability distribution of each parameter, in our case the uniform distribution. ", "Thirdly, with *i* indicating a parameter, generate 2*nN* sets of new sample points ${\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{1,j}^{i},{\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{1,j}^{\\sim i}$, *j* = 1,..., *n*, *i* = 1,..., *N*, where ${\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{1,j}^{i}$ consists of all sample points in ${\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{1,j}$ except for its *i*th component (parameter value) replaced by the *i*th component of ${\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{2,j}$. Consequently, ${\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{1,j}^{\\sim i}$ consists of the *i*th component of ${\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{1,j}$ and every other component taken from ${\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{2,j}$. Fourthly, evaluate the model from ([6](#EEq6){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) at all of the 2*n*(*N* + 1) sample points ${\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{1,j},{\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{2,j},{\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{1,j}^{i},{\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{1,j}^{\\sim i}$ resulting in a family of solutions.", "\n\nFor this family perform the following calculations.(1)Compute the variance of the family of all 2*n*(*N* + 1) solutions as a function of time, namely, *V*(*t*). ", "This variance function indicates the general model output variety throughout the whole parameter range.(2)Compute the variances *V* ~*i*~ of the family of *n*(*N* + 1) solutions resulting from an evaluation of the model at all ${\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{1,j}$ and ${\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{1,j}^{i}$, that is, for every *j* and *i*. ", "Each *V* ~*i*~(*t*) is a function of time and indicates the model output variety if solely the value *λ* ~*i*~ of parameter *i* is changed.(3)Compute the variances *V* ~\\~*i*~ of the family of *n*(*N* + 1) solutions resulting from an evaluation of the model at all ${\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{1,j}$ and ${\\hat{\\Lambda}}_{1,j}^{\\sim i}$, that is, for every *j* and *i*. ", "Each *V* ~\\~*i*~(*t*) is a function of time and indicates the model output variety if the value of *λ* ~*i*~ is fixed, whereas all other parameter values are changed.", "\n\nNote that the computations in Chan et al. ", "\\[[@B2]\\] are done using Monte-Carlo integrals as an approximation. ", "The VBS and TSI can be finally calculated as$$\\begin{matrix}\n{\\text{VBS}_{i}\\left( t \\right) = \\frac{V_{i}\\left( t \\right)}{V\\left( t \\right)},\\quad\\quad\\text{TSI}_{i}\\left( t \\right) = 1 - \\frac{V_{\\sim i}\\left( t \\right)}{V\\left( t \\right)}.} \\\\", "\n\\end{matrix}$$The normalisation entails additional properties of VBS and TSI (see \\[[@B2], Figure 1\\]):$$\\begin{matrix}\n{\\sum\\limits_{i = 1}^{N}\\text{VBS}_{i}\\left( t \\right) \\leq 1,\\quad\\quad\\sum\\limits_{i = 1}^{N}\\text{TSI}_{i}\\left( t \\right) \\geq 1.} \\\\", "\n\\end{matrix}$$In other words, VBS~*i*~(*t*) gives the normalised global first order sensitivity function of the solution with respect to *λ* ~*i*~ in relation to the model output range. ", "Accordingly, TSI~*i*~(*t*) quantifies a relative impact of the variability in parameter *λ* ~*i*~ on the model output, factoring in the interdependent influence in combination with all other parameters\\' sensitivities. ", "Chan et al. ", "\\[[@B2]\\] suggested to denote the TSI~*i*~(*t*) value as the \"importance\" of *λ* ~*i*~.\n\n5. ", "An Analytical Example for Local Sensitivity Analysis including a Link between Zajac\\'s and Hatze\\'s Formulations {#sec5}\n===================================================================================================================\n\nBy further simplifying Zajac\\'s formulation of an activation dynamics ([1](#EEq1){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) through assuming a deactivation boost *β* = 1 (activation and deactivation time constants are equal) and a basic activity *q* ~0~ = 0, we obtain a linear ODE for this specific case *q* ~*Z*~ ^sp^, which is equivalent to Hatze\\'s equation ([2](#EEq2){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) modelling the time evolution of the free Ca^2+^-ion concentration:$$\\begin{matrix}\n{{\\overset{˙}{q}}_{Z}^{\\text{sp}} = \\frac{1}{\\tau}\\left( {\\sigma - q_{Z}^{\\text{sp}}} \\right),\\quad\\quad q_{Z}^{\\text{sp}}\\left( 0 \\right) = q_{Z,0}.} \\\\", "\n\\end{matrix}$$By analysing this specific case, we aim at making the above described sensitivity analysis method more transparent for the reader. ", "Solving ([22](#EEq17){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) yields$$\\begin{matrix}\n{q_{Z}^{\\text{sp}}\\left( t \\right) = \\sigma \\cdot \\left( 1 - e^{- t/\\tau} \\right) + q_{Z,0} \\cdot e^{- t/\\tau}} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$depending on just two parameters *σ* (stimulation: control parameter) and *τ* (time constant of activation: internal parameter) in addition to the initial value *y* ~0~ = *q* ~*Z*,0~. The solution *q* ~*Z*~(*t*) equals the *σ* value after about *τ*.", "\n\nWe apply the more generally applicable, implicit methods ([10](#EEq9){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) and ([17](#EEq12){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) to determine the derivatives of the solution with respect to the parameters (the sensitivities), although we already know solution ([23](#EEq18){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) in a closed form. ", "Hence, for the transparency of our method, we calculate the gradient of the right hand side *f*(*q* ~*Z*~ ^sp^, *σ*, *τ*) of ODE ([22](#EEq17){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"})$$\\begin{matrix}\n{\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial q_{Z}^{\\text{sp}}}f = - \\frac{1}{\\tau},\\quad\\quad\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial\\sigma}f = \\frac{1}{\\tau},} \\\\\n{\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial\\tau}f = - \\frac{\\sigma - q_{Z}^{\\text{sp}}}{\\tau^{2}} = \\frac{q_{Z,0} - \\sigma}{\\tau^{2}}e^{- t/\\tau}} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$and insert these partial derivatives into ([10](#EEq9){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) and ([17](#EEq12){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}). ", "Solving the respective three ODEs for the three parameters (*σ*, *τ*, and *q* ~*Z*,0~) and normalising them according to ([18](#EEq13){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) give the relative sensitivities of *q* ~*Z*~ ^sp^ with respect to *σ*, *τ*, and *q* ~*Z*,0~ as functions of time (see [Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}):$$\\begin{matrix}\n{{\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\sigma}\\left( t \\right) = \\left( 1 - e^{- t/\\tau} \\right) \\cdot \\frac{\\sigma}{q_{Z}^{\\text{sp}}\\left( t \\right)} = \\frac{\\sigma \\cdot \\left( e^{t/\\tau} - 1 \\right)}{\\sigma \\cdot \\left( e^{t/\\tau} - 1 \\right) + q_{Z,0}},} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$ $$\\begin{matrix}\n{{\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\tau}\\left( t \\right) = \\left( {\\frac{\\left( q_{Z,0} - \\sigma \\right) \\cdot t}{\\tau^{2}}e^{- t/\\tau}} \\right) \\cdot \\frac{\\tau}{q_{Z}^{\\text{sp}}\\left( t \\right)}} \\\\\n{= \\frac{t \\cdot \\left( q_{Z,0} - \\sigma \\right)}{\\tau \\cdot \\left\\lbrack \\sigma \\cdot \\left( e^{t/\\tau} - 1 \\right) + q_{Z,0} \\right\\rbrack},} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$ $$\\begin{matrix}\n{{\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{q_{Z,0}}\\left( t \\right) = e^{- t/\\tau} \\cdot \\frac{q_{Z,0}}{q_{Z}^{\\text{sp}}\\left( t \\right)} = \\frac{q_{Z,0}}{\\sigma \\cdot \\left( e^{t/\\tau} - 1 \\right) + q_{Z,0}}.} \\\\", "\n\\end{matrix}$$\n\nA straightforward result is that the time constant *τ* has its maximum effect on the solution ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, see ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\tau}(t)$) at time *t* = *τ*. ", "In case of a step in stimulation, the sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\tau}(t)$ vanishes in the initial situation and exponentially approaches zero again after a few further multiples of the typical period *τ*. ", "Note that ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\tau}(t)$ is negative, which means that an increase in *τ* decelerates activation. ", "Thus, for a fixed initial value *q* ~*Z*,0~, the solution value *q* ~*Z*~(*t*) decreases at a given point in time if *τ* is increased. ", "After a step in stimulation *σ*, the time in which the solution *q* ~*Z*~(*t*) bears some memory of its initial value *q* ~*Z*,0~ is equal to the period of being nonsensitive to any further step in *σ* (compare ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{q_{Z,0}}(t)$ to ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\sigma}(t)$ and ([25](#EEq19){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) to ([27](#EEq21){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"})). ", "After about *τ*/2, the sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{q_{Z,0}}(t)$ has already fallen to about 0.1 and ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\sigma}(t)$ to about 0.9 accordingly.", "\n\n6. ", "The Numerical Approach and Results {#sec6}\n=====================================\n\nTypically, biological dynamics are represented by nonlinear ODEs. ", "Therefore, the linear ODE used for describing activation dynamics in the Zajac \\[[@B27]\\] case ([1](#EEq1){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) is more of an exception. ", "For example, a closed-form solution can be given. ", "Equation ([23](#EEq18){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) is an example as shown in the previous section for the reduced case of nonboosted deactivation ([22](#EEq17){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}).", "\n\nIn general, however, nonlinear ODEs used in biomechanical modelling, as the Hatze \\[[@B8]\\] case ([5](#EEq5){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) for describing activation dynamics, can only be solved numerically. ", "It is understood that any explicit formulation of a model in terms of ODEs allows providing the partial derivatives of their right hand sides *f* with respect to the model parameters in a closed form. ", "Fortunately, this is exactly what is required as part of the sensitivity analysis approach presented in [Section 3](#sec3){ref-type=\"sec\"}, in particular in ([10](#EEq9){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}).", "\n\nAs an application for applying this approach, we will now present a comparison of both formulations of activation dynamics. ", "The example indicates that the approach may be of general value because it is common practice in biomechanical modelling to (i) formulate the ODEs in closed form and (ii) integrate the ODEs numerically. ", "Adding further sensitivity ODEs for model parameters then becomes an inexpensive enhancement of the procedure used to solve the problem anyway.", "\n\nFor the two different activation dynamics \\[[@B27], [@B8]\\], the parameter sets Λ~*Z*~ and Λ~*H*~, respectively, consist of$$\\begin{matrix}\n{\\Lambda_{Z} = \\left\\{ {q_{Z,0},\\sigma,q_{0},\\tau,\\beta} \\right\\},} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$ $$\\begin{matrix}\n{\\Lambda_{H} = \\left\\{ {q_{H,0},\\sigma,q_{0},m,\\rho_{c},\\nu,\\mathcal{l}_{\\rho},\\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}}} \\right\\},} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$including the initial conditions. ", "The numerical solutions for these ODEs were computed within the MATLAB environment (The MathWorks, Natick, USA; version R2013b), using the preimplemented numerical solver *ode*45 which is a Runge-Kutta algorithm of order 5 (for details see \\[[@B1]\\]).", "\n\n6.1. ", "Results for Zajac\\'s Activation Dynamics: Sensitivity Functions {#sec6.1}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe simulated activation dynamics for the parameter set Λ~*Z*~ ([28](#EEq22){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) leaving two of the values constant (*q* ~0~ = 0.005, *τ* = 1/40 s) and varying the other three (initial condition *q* ~*Z*,0~, stimulation *σ*, and deactivation boost *β*). ", "The time courses of the relative sensitivities ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{i}(t)$ with respect to all parameters *λ* ~*i*~ ∈ Λ~*Z*~ are plotted in [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "In the left column of [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} we used *β* = 1, in the right column *β* = 1/3. ", "Pairs of the parameter values *q* ~0~ = 0.005 ≤ *q* ~*Z*,0~ ≤ 0.5 and 0.01 ≤ *σ* ≤ 1 are specified in the legend of [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, with increasing values of both parameters from top to bottom.", "\n\n### 6.1.1. ", "Relative Sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{q_{0}}$ {#sec6.1.1}\n\nSolutions are nonsensitive to the *q* ~0~ choice except if both initial activity and stimulation (also approximating the final activity if *β* = 1 and *σ* ≫ *q* ~0~) are very low near *q* ~0~ itself.", "\n\n### 6.1.2. ", "Relative Sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{q_{Z,0}}$ {#sec6.1.2}\n\nThe memory (influence on solution) of the initial value is lost after about 2*τ*, almost independently of all other parameters. ", "This loss in memory is obviously slower than in that case *q* ~*Z*,0~ = 0 (initial value) and *σ* = 1 (for *β* = 1 and *q* ~0~ = 0 exactly the final value; see [Section 5](#sec5){ref-type=\"sec\"} and [Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In that extreme case, the influence (relative sensitivity) of the lowest possible initial value (*q* ~*Z*,0~ = 0) on the most rapidly increasing solution (maximum possible final value: *σ* = 1) is lost earlier.", "\n\n### 6.1.3. ", "Relative Sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\tau}$ {#sec6.1.3}\n\nThe influence of the time constant *τ* on the solution is reduced with decreasing difference between initial and final activity values (compare maximum ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\tau}$ values in Figures [1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and, no matter the *β* value, with jointly raised levels of initial activity *q* ~*Z*,0~ and *σ*, the latter determining the final activity value if *β* = 1. ", "When deactivation is slower than activation (*β* \\< 1: right column in [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}), ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\tau}$ is higher than in the case *β* = 1, both in its maximum amplitude and for longer times after the step in stimulation, especially at low activity levels (upper rows in [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n### 6.1.4. ", "Relative Sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\sigma}$ {#sec6.1.4}\n\nAcross all parameters, the solution in general is most sensitive to *σ*. ", "However, the influence of the deactivation boost parameter *β* is usually comparable. ", "In some situations, this also applies to the activation time constant *τ* (see below). ", "For *β* = 1 ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, left), the solution becomes a little less sensitive to *σ* with decreasing activity level (${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\sigma} < 1$), which reflects that the final solution value is not determined by *σ* alone but by *q* ~0~ \\> 0 and *β* ≠ 1 as much. ", "If deactivation is much slower than activation (*β* = 1/3 \\< 1: [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, right), we find the opposite to the *β* = 1 case: the more the activity level rises, the lesser *σ* determines the solution. ", "Additionally, stimulation *σ* somehow competes with both deactivation boost *β* and time constant *τ* (see further below). ", "Using the term \"compete\" illustrates the idea that any single parameter should have an individual interest in influencing the dynamics as much as possible in order not to be considered superfluous.", "\n\n### 6.1.5. ", "Relative Sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\beta}$ {#sec6.1.5}\n\nSensitivity with respect to *β* generally decreases with increasing activity *q* ~*Z*,0~ and stimulation *σ* levels. ", "It vanishes at maximum stimulation *σ* = 1.", "\n\n### 6.1.6. ", "Relative Sensitivities ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\sigma}$, ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\beta}$, ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\tau}$ {#sec6.1.6}\n\nAt submaximal stimulation levels *σ* \\< 1, the final solution value is determined to almost the same degree by stimulation *σ* and deactivation boost *β*, yet with opposite tendencies (${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\sigma} > 0$, ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\beta} < 0$). ", "As explained, both parameters compete for their impact on the final solution value. ", "Only at maximum stimulation *σ* = 1 (lowest row in [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}), this parameter competition is resolved in favour of *σ*. ", "In this specific case, *β* does not influence the solution at all. ", "For *β* = 1 the competition about influencing the solution is intermittently but only slightly biased by *τ*: sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\tau}$ peaks at comparably low magnitude around *t* = *τ*. ", "This *τ* influence comes likewise intermittently at the cost of *β* influence: the absolute value of ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\beta}$ rises a little slower than ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\sigma}$. In the case *β* \\< 1, this competition becomes more differentiated and spread out in time. ", "Again at submaximal stimulation and activity levels, the absolute value of ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\tau}$ is lower than that of ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\sigma}$ but higher than that of ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\beta}$, making all three parameters *σ*, *β*, and *τ* compete to comparable degrees for an impact on the solution until about *t* = 4*τ*. ", "Also, ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\tau}$ does not vanish before about *t* = 10*τ*.", "\n\n6.2. ", "Results for Hatze\\'s Activation Dynamics: Sensitivity Functions {#sec6.2}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe also simulated activation dynamics for the parameter set Λ~*H*~ ([29](#EEq23){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}), leaving now four of the values constant (*q* ~0~ = 0.005, *m* = 10 1/s, *ℓ* ~*ρ*~ = 2.9, *ℓ* ~CErel~ = 1) and again varying three others (initial condition *q* ~*Z*,0~, stimulation *σ*, and nonlinearity *ν*), keeping in mind that the eighth parameter (*ρ* ~*c*~) is assumed to depend on *ν*. ", "Time courses of the relative sensitivities ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{i}(t)$ with respect to all parameters *λ* ~*i*~ ∈ Λ~*H*~ are plotted (see [Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In the left column of [Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, *ν* = 2, *ρ* ~*c*~ = 9.10 is used, in the right column *ν* = 3, *ρ* ~*c*~ = 7.24. ", "Here, the same pairs of the parameter values (*q* ~0~ = 0.005 ≤ *q* ~*Z*,0~ ≤ 0.5 and 0.01 ≤ *σ* ≤ 1, increasing from top to bottom; see legend of [Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}) are used as in [Section 6.1](#sec6.1){ref-type=\"sec\"} ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nHatze\\'s activation dynamics ([5](#EEq5){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) are nonlinear unlike Zajac\\'s activation dynamics ([1](#EEq1){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}). ", "This nonlinearity manifests particularly in a changeful influence of the parameter *ν*. ", "Additionally, the parameter *m* is just roughly comparable to the inverse of the exponential time constant *τ* in Zajac\\'s linear activation dynamics.", "\n\n### 6.2.1. ", "Relative Sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{m}$ {#sec6.2.1}\n\nIn Zajac\\'s linear differential equation ([1](#EEq1){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}), *τ* establishes a distinct time scale independent of all other parameters. ", "The parameter *m* in Hatze\\'s activation dynamics ([5](#EEq5){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) is just formally equivalent to the reciprocal of *τ*: the sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{m}$ does not peak stringently at *t* = 1/*m* = 0.1 s but rather diffusely between about 0.05 s and 0.1 s in both of the cases *ν* = 2 and *ν* = 3. ", "At first this is not surprising because the scaling factor in Hatze\\'s dynamics is *ν* · *m* rather than just *m*. ", "However, *ν* · *m* does not fix an invariant time scale for Hatze\\'s nonlinear differential equation. ", "This fact becomes particularly prominent at extremely low activity levels for *ν* = 2 ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, left, top row) and up to moderately submaximal activity levels for *ν* = 3 ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, right, top two rows). ", "Here, ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{m}$ is negative, which means that increasing the parameter *m* results in less steeply increasing activity. ", "This observation is counterintuitive to identifying *m* with a reciprocal of a time constant like *τ*. ", "Rather than being expected from the product *ν* · *m*, the exponent *ν* does not linearly scale the time behaviour because ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{m}$ peaks do not occur systematically earlier in the *ν* = 3 case as compared to *ν* = 2.", "\n\n### 6.2.2. ", "Relative Sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{q_{H,0}}$ {#sec6.2.2}\n\nLosing the memory of the initial condition confirms the analysis of time behaviour based on ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{m}$. At high activity levels ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, bottom row), Hatze\\'s activation dynamics loses memory at identical time horizons (no matter the *ν* value) seemingly slower for higher *ν* at intermediate levels ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, two middle rows) and clearly faster at very low levels ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, top row). ", "The parameter *m* still does roughly determine the time horizon in which the memory of the initial condition *q* ~*H*,0~ is lost and the influence of all other parameters is continuously switched on from zero influence at *t* = 0.", "\n\n### 6.2.3. ", "Relative Sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{q_{0}}$ {#sec6.2.3}\n\nAs in Zajac\\'s dynamics the solution is generally only sensitive to *q* ~0~ at very low stimulation levels *σ* ≈ *q* ~0~ ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, top row). ", "At such levels, the *ν* = 3 case shows the peculiarity that the solution becomes strikingly insensitive to any other parameter than *q* ~0~ itself (and *q* ~*H*,0~). ", "The time evolution of the solution is more or less determined by just this minimum (*q* ~0~) and initial (*q* ~*H*,0~) activities, and *m* determining the approximate switching time horizon between both. ", "The *ℓ* ~CE~ dependency, constituting a crucial property of Hatze\\'s activation dynamics, is practically suppressed for *ν* = 3 at very low activities and stimulations. ", "In contrast, ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}}}$ remains for *ν* = 2 on a low but still significant level of about a fourth of the three dominating quantities ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{q_{0}}$, ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{q_{H,0}}$, and ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\nu}$.\n\n### 6.2.4. ", "Relative Sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\nu}$ {#sec6.2.4}\n\nThe sensitivity with respect to *ν* is extraordinarily high at low activities and stimulations around 0.1, both for *ν* = 2 and for *ν* = 3 ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, second row from top), additionally at extremely low levels for *ν* = 2 ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, left, top row). ", "At moderately submaximal levels ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, third row from top), the solution is influenced with an already inverted tendency (${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\nu}$ changes sign to positive) after around a 1/*m* time horizon for *ν* = 2. ", "However, at these levels the solution is practically insensitive to *ν* for any *ν*. ", "At high levels ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, bottom row) we find that there is no change in the character of time evolution of the solution, despite the specific value of *ν*. ", "The degree of nonlinearity *ν* is unimportant because the time evolution and the ranking of all other sensitivities are hardly influenced by *ν*. ", "In both cases, the rise in activity is quickened by increasing *ν* (${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\nu} > 0$), as opposed to low activity and stimulation levels where rises in activity are slowed down (${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\nu} < 0$; see also above).", "\n\n### 6.2.5. ", "Relative Sensitivities ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\sigma}$, ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\rho_{c}}$, ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}}}$, and ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\mathcal{l}_{\\rho}}$ {#sec6.2.5}\n\nOf all the remaining parameters, stimulation *σ*, scaled maximum free Ca^2+^-ion concentration *ρ* ~*c*~, relative CE length *ℓ* ~CErel~, and the pole *ℓ* ~*ρ*~ of the length dependency in Hatze\\'s activation dynamics, the latter has the lowest influence on the solution. ", "The influence characters of all four parameters are yet completely identical. ", "Their sensitivities are always positive and coupled by fixed scaling ratios due to all of them occurring within just one product on the right side of ([5](#EEq5){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}). ", "${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\sigma}$ and ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\rho_{c}}$ are identical, while the sensitivity with respect to *ℓ* ~CErel~ is the highest, with ratios ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}}}/{\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\mathcal{l}_{\\rho}} \\approx 3$ and ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}}}/{\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\sigma} \\approx 1.2$. Except at very low activity (where *q* ~0~ plays a dominating role) and except for the generally changeful *ν* influence, these are the four parameters that dominate the solution after an initial phase in which the initial activity *q* ~*H*,0~ determines its evolution. ", "The parameter *m* does not have a strong direct influence on the solution. ", "As stated above, it defines the approximate time horizon in which the *q* ~*H*,0~ influence gets lost and all other parameters\\' influence is switched on from zero at *t* = 0.", "\n\n6.3. ", "Variance-Based Sensitivity (VBS) and Total Sensitivity Indices (TSI) for Zajac\\'s and Hatze\\'s Activation Dynamics {#sec6.3}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n[Table 1](#tab1){ref-type=\"table\"} pools the lower and upper boundaries for every parameter in Λ~*Z*~ and Λ~*H*~ used in our calculations. ", "We refer to Hatze \\[[@B9]\\], Zajac \\[[@B27]\\], or Günther et al. ", "\\[[@B6]\\] for traceability of our choices. ", "The left hand side of [Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the VBS functions of every parameter in Λ~*Z*~ of Zajac\\'s model. ", "The plotted functions can be compared to our previously computed relative first order sensitivity functions from [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}: at first sight, ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{q_{Z,0}}$ and VBS~*q*~*Z*,0~~ look equal, but the VBS function indicates a slightly increased duration of influence of *q* ~*Z*,0~. Regarding *τ*, the VBS function peaks at the same time as ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\tau}$, but with a smaller amplitude. ", "Likewise, the courses of VBS~*σ*~ and VBS~*β*~ are comparable to ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\sigma}$ and ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\beta}$ from the second and third row of [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The calculated VBS functions in the Zajac case show what would be expected intuitively: a VBS represents a parameter\\'s mean influence averaged over its range of values. ", "Additionally, we plotted the sum of all first order sensitivities. ", "This sum indicates which amount of the total variance is covered by first order sensitivities. ", "The closer the sum to 1 the smaller the impact of the second and higher order sensitivities.", "\n\nThe right hand side of [Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the TSI functions of every parameter in Λ~*Z*~ of Zajac\\'s model. ", "Generally, there are only minor deviations of the TSI~*i*~ functions from their counterparts VBS~*i*~. That is, the influence of none of the parameters is significantly enhanced by an interdependent effect in combination with other parameters. ", "According to both analyses, there are just four globally important parameters that govern the system\\'s state throughout the whole examined solution space: the initial condition *q* ~*Z*,0~ within a typical time horizon *τ* after a step in *σ*, the new stimulation level *σ* determining activity after about *τ*, the deactivation boost *β* with smaller impact than *σ*, and *τ* determining the time horizon itself.", "\n\nThe left hand side of [Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the VBS functions of every parameter in Λ~*H*~ of Hatze\\'s model. ", "Very similar to the Zajac case, the calculated VBS seemingly represent to a high degree a parameter\\'s mean influence averaged over its range of values (compare [Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "As in the Zajac case, there are four globally important parameters, according to both VBS and TSI analyses. ", "Compared to Zajac\\'s model, the interdependent effect in combination with other parameters (TSI: right hand side of [Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}) is more pronounced for two parameters: both the stimulation *σ* and the CE length *ℓ* ~CE~ importance are distinctly higher than their first order effects as expressed by VBS functions. ", "Furthermore, the time horizon within the initial condition *q* ~*H*,0~ has an aftereffect in response to a step in *σ* globally a little higher in VBS as compared to local sensitivity analysis ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In addition, the time horizon of *q* ~*H*,0~ is clearly enhanced by interdependencies with other parameters (TSI: right hand side of [Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nAltogether, VBS versus TSI analysis substantiate local first and second order sensitivity analyses: for one thing, Hatze\\'s model is more inert against steps in stimulation than Zajac\\'s model. ", "For another thing, the dynamics described by Hatze\\'s model incorporates stronger nonlinear coupling effects from combinations of parameters than Zajac\\'s model. ", "These latter effects are better seen in detail when looking at local sensitivities, that is, analysing just small and selected volumes of the parameter space *𝒞*. ", "In turn, VBS and TSI provide a broad but coarse overview about first and higher order sensitivities of all parameters.", "\n\n7. ", "Consequences, Discussion, and Conclusions {#sec7}\n============================================\n\n7.1. ", "A Bottom Line for Comparing Zajac\\'s and Hatze\\'s Activation Dynamics: Second Order Sensitivities {#sec7.1}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAt first sight, Zajac\\'s activation dynamics \\[[@B27]\\] is more transparent because it is descriptive in a sense that it captures the physiological behaviour of activity rise and fall in an apparently simple way. ", "It thereto utilises a linear differential equation with well-known properties, allowing for a closed-form solution. ", "It needs only four parameters to describe the Ca^2+^-ion influx to the muscle as a response to electrical stimulation: the stimulation *σ* itself as a control parameter, the time constant *τ* for an exponential response to a step increase in stimulation, a third parameter *β* (deactivation boost) biasing both the rise and fall times, and the saturation value *q* ~*Z*~\\|^*∞*^ of activity which in turn depends on *σ* and the basic activity *q* ~0~ being the fourth parameter. ", "The smaller the *β* \\< 1 is (deactivation slower than activation), the faster the very activity level *q* ~*Z*~\\|~*β*=1~ ^*∞*^ = *q* ~0~ + *σ* · (1 − *q* ~0~) is reached, at which saturation would occur for *β* = 1. ", "Saturation for *β* \\< 1 occurs at a level *q* ~*Z*~\\|~*β*~ ^*∞*^ = *q* ~0~ + (1 − *q* ~0~)/(1 − *β* + *β*/*σ*) that is higher than *q* ~*Z*~\\|~*β*=1~ ^*∞*^. Altogether, in Zajac\\'s as compared to Hatze\\'s activation dynamics, the outcome of setting a control parameter value *σ*, with regard to how fast and at which level the activity saturates, seems easier to be handled by a controller.", "\n\nA worse controllability of Hatze\\'s activation dynamics \\[[@B8]\\] may be expected from its nonlinearity, a higher number of parameters, and their interdependent influence on model dynamics. ", "Additionally, Hatze\\'s formulation depends on the CE length *ℓ* ~CE~, which makes the mutual coupling of activation with contraction dynamics more interwoven. ", "So, at first sight, Hatze\\'s dynamics seems a less manageable construct for a controller to deal with a muscle as the biological actuator. ", "Regarding the nonlinearity exponent *ν*, solution sensitivity further depends nonmonotonously on activity level, partly even with the strongest influence, partly without any influence. ", "We also found that the solution is more sensitive to its parameters *σ*, *ℓ* ~CErel~, and *ℓ* ~*ρ*~ than is Zajac\\'s activation dynamics to any of its parameters.", "\n\nThis higher complexity of Hatze\\'s dynamics becomes even more evident by analysing the second order sensitivities (see ([13](#EEq10){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) or ([19](#EEq14){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) for their relative values). ", "They express how a first order sensitivity changes upon variation of any other model parameter. ", "In other words, they are a measure of model entanglement and complexity. ", "Here, we found that the highest values amongst all relative second order sensitivities in Zajac\\'s activation dynamics are about −0.8 (${\\overset{\\sim}{R}}_{\\beta\\sigma}$) and 1.6 (${\\overset{\\sim}{R}}_{\\beta\\beta}$). ", "In Hatze\\'s activation dynamics, the highest relative second order sensitivities are those with respect to *ν* or *ℓ* ~CErel~ (in particular for *σ*, *ρ* ~*c*~, and *ν*, *ℓ* ~CErel~ themselves) with maximum values between about −8.0 (${\\overset{\\sim}{R}}_{\\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}}\\nu}$, ${\\overset{\\sim}{R}}_{\\nu\\rho_{c}}$) and 13.4 (${\\overset{\\sim}{R}}_{\\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}}\\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}}}$, ${\\overset{\\sim}{R}}_{\\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}}\\rho_{c}}$, ${\\overset{\\sim}{R}}_{\\mathcal{l}_{\\text{CErel}}\\sigma}$, ${\\overset{\\sim}{R}}_{\\nu\\nu}$ at submaximal activity). ", "That is, they are an order of magnitude higher than in Zajac\\'s activation dynamics.", "\n\nYet, we have to acknowledge that Hatze\\'s activation dynamics contains crucial physiological features that go beyond Zajac\\'s description.", "\n\n7.2. ", "A Plus for Hatze\\'s Approach: Length Dependency {#sec7.2}\n----------------------------------------------------\n\nIt has been established that the length dependency of activation dynamics is both physiological \\[[@B11]\\] and functionally vital \\[[@B13]\\] because it largely contributes to low-frequency muscle stiffness. ", "It has also been verified that Hatze\\'s model approach provides a good approximation for experimental data \\[[@B11]\\]. ", "In that study, *ν* = 3 was used without comparing to the *ν* = 2 case. ", "There seem to be arguments in favour of *ν* = 2 from a mathematical point of view. ", "In particular, the less changeful scaling of the activation dynamics\\' characteristics down to very low activity and stimulation levels, at which some CE length sensitivity remains, seem to be an advantage when compared to the *ν* = 3 case. ", "Up to this point, we have argued solely mathematically. ", "It is, however, physiological reality that is eventually aimed at. ", "We therefore repeated the model fit done by Kistemaker et al. ", "\\[[@B11]\\] while now allowing a variation in *ν* and in force-length relations.", "\n\n7.3. ", "An Optimal Parameter Set for Hatze\\'s Activation Dynamics Plus CE Force-Length Relation {#sec7.3}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSensitivity analysis allows rating Hatze\\'s approach as an entangled construct. ", "Additionally, Kistemaker et al. ", "\\[[@B11]\\] decided to choose *ν* = 3 without giving a reason for discarding *ν* = 2. ", "It further seemed that they did not perform an algorithmic optimisation across various submaximal stimulation levels to find a muscle parameter set, which best fits known shifts Δ*ℓ* ~CE,opt,submax~ = *ℓ* ~CE,opt~ − *ℓ* ~CE,opt,submax~ in optimal, submaximal CE length *ℓ* ~CE,opt,submax~ at which isometric force *F* ~isom~ = *F* ~isom~(*q*, *ℓ* ~CE~) peaks. ", "Accordingly, it seemed worth performing such an optimisation because *F* ~isom~ generally depends on length *ℓ* ~CE~ and activity *q*, and the latter may be additionally biased by an *ℓ* ~CE~-dependent capability for building up cross-bridges at a given level *γ* of free Ca^2+^-ions in the sarcoplasma, as formulated in Hatze\\'s approach: *F* ~isom~(*q*, *ℓ* ~CE~) = *F* ~max⁡~ · *q*(*γ*, *ℓ* ~CE~) · *F* ~*ℓ*~(*ℓ* ~CE~). ", "Thus, a shift in optimal CE length Δ*ℓ* ~CE,opt,submax~ with changing *γ* can occur depending on the specific choices of both the length dependency of activation *q*(*γ*, *ℓ* ~CE~) (see ([3](#EEq3){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) and ([4](#EEq4){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"})) and the CE\\'s force-length relation *F* ~*ℓ*~(*ℓ* ~CE~).", "\n\nConsequently, we searched for optimal parameter sets of Hatze\\'s activation dynamics in combination with two different force-length relations *F* ~*ℓ*~(*ℓ* ~CE~): either a parabola \\[[@B11]\\] or bell-shaped curves \\[[@B6], [@B17]\\]. ", "For a given optimal CE length *ℓ* ~CE,opt~ = 14.8 mm \\[[@B22]\\] representing a rat gastrocnemius muscle and three fixed exponent values *ν* = 2,3, 4 in Hatze\\'s activation dynamics (all other parameters as given in [Section 2](#sec2){ref-type=\"sec\"}), we thus determined Hatze\\'s constant *ρ* ~0~ and the width parameters of the two different force-length relations *F* ~*ℓ*~(*ℓ* ~CE~) (WIDTH in Kistemaker et al. ", "\\[[@B11]\\] and van Soest and Bobbert \\[[@B25]\\] and Δ*W* ~asc~ = Δ*W* ~*des*⁡~ = Δ*W* in Mörl et al. ", "\\[[@B17]\\], resp.) ", "by an optimisation approach. ", "The objective function to be minimised was the sum of squared differences between the Δ*ℓ* ~CE,opt,submax~ values as predicted by the model and as derived from experiments (see Table 2 in Kistemaker et al. ", "\\[[@B11]\\]) over five stimulation levels *σ* = 0.55,0.28,0.22,0.17,0.08. ", "Note that *γ* = *σ* applies in the isometric situation (see ([2](#EEq2){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) and compare ([3](#EEq3){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"})). ", "Further note that experimental data for muscle contractions at very low stimulation levels are missing in the literature so far: the lowest analysed level available for Kistemaker et al. ", "\\[[@B11]\\] was *σ* = 0.08, that is, comparable to the second rows from top in Figures [2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}.", "\n\nThe optimisation results are summarised in [Table 2](#tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "The higher the *ν* value, the smaller the optimisation error. ", "The predicted width values WIDTH or Δ*W*, respectively, decrease along with the error. ", "We would yet tend to exclude the case *ν* = 4 because the predicted width values seem unrealistically low when compared to published values from other sources (e.g., WIDTH = 0.56 \\[[@B25]\\], Δ*W* = 0.35 \\[[@B17]\\]). ", "Furthermore, *ρ* ~0~ decreases with *ν* using the parabola model for *F* ~*ℓ*~(*ℓ* ~CE~) whereas it saturates between *ν* = 3 and *ν* = 4 for the bell-shaped model. ", "The bell-shaped model shows the most realistic Δ*W* in the case *ν* = 3 (Δ*W* = 0.32). ", "Fitting the same model to other contraction modes of the muscle \\[[@B17]\\], a value of Δ*W* = 0.32 had been found. ", "In contrast, when using the parabola model, realistic WIDTH values between 0.5 and 0.6 are predicted by our optimisation for *ν* = 2.", "\n\nWhen comparing the optimised parameter values across all start values of the *F* ~*ℓ*~(*ℓ* ~CE~) widths, across all *ν* values, and across both *F* ~*ℓ*~(*ℓ* ~CE~) model functions, we find that the resulting optimal parameter sets are more consistent for bell-shaped *F* ~*ℓ*~(*ℓ* ~CE~) than for the parabola function. ", "The bell-shaped force-length relation gives generally a better fit. ", "For each single *ν* value, the corresponding optimisation error is smaller when comparing realistic, published WIDTH and Δ*W* values that may correspond to each other (WIDTH = 0.56 \\[[@B25]\\] and Δ*W* = 0.35 \\[[@B17]\\]). ", "Additionally, the error values from our optimisation are generally smaller than the corresponding value calculated from Table 2 in Kistemaker et al. ", "\\[[@B11]\\] (0.23 mm).", "\n\nIn a nutshell, we would say that the most realistic model for the isometric force *F* ~isom~ at submaximal activity levels is the combination of Hatze\\'s approach for activation dynamics with *ν* = 3 and a bell-shaped curve for the force-length relation *F* ~*ℓ*~(*ℓ* ~CE~) with *ν* ~asc~ = 3. ", "As a side effect, we predict that the parameter value *ρ* ~0~, being a weighting factor of the first addend in the compact formulation of Hatze\\'s activation dynamics ([5](#EEq5){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}), should be reduced by about 40% (*ρ* ~0~ = 3.25 · 10^4^ L/mol) as compared to the value originally published in Hatze \\[[@B10]\\] (*ρ* ~0~ = 5.27 · 10^4^ L/mol).", "\n\n7.4. ", "A Generalised Method for Calculating Parameter Sensitivities {#sec7.4}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe findings in the last section were initiated by thoroughly comparing two different biomechanical models of muscular activation using a systematic sensitivity analysis as introduced in Dickinson and Gelinas \\[[@B5]\\] and Lehman and Stark \\[[@B16]\\], respectively. ", "Starting with the latter formulation, Scovil and Ronsky \\[[@B21]\\] calculated specific parameter sensitivities for muscular contractions. ", "They applied three variants of this method.", "\n\nMethod 1 applies to state variables that are explicitly known to the modeller as in, for example, an eye model \\[[@B16]\\], a musculoskeletal model for running that includes a Hill-type muscle model \\[[@B21]\\], or the activation models analysed in our study. ", "Scovil and Ronsky \\[[@B21]\\] calculated the change in the value of a state variable averaged over time per a finite change in a parameter value, both normalised to each of their unperturbed values. ", "They thus calculated just one (mean) sensitivity value for a finite time interval (e.g., a running cycle) rather than time-continuous sensitivity functions.", "\n\nMethod 2: whereas Dickinson and Gelinas \\[[@B5]\\] and Lehman and Stark \\[[@B16]\\] had introduced the full approach for calculating such sensitivity functions, Scovil and Ronsky \\[[@B21]\\] distorted this approach by suggesting that the partial derivative of the right hand side of an ODE, that is, of the*rate of change* of a state variable, with respect to a model parameter would be a \"model sensitivity.\" ", "The distortion becomes explicitly obvious from our formulation: this partial derivative is just one of the two addends that contribute to the rate of change of the sensitivity function ([10](#EEq9){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}), rather than defining the sensitivity of the state variable itself (i.e., the solution of the ODE) with respect to a model parameter ([8](#EEq8){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}).", "\n\nMethod 3: Scovil and Ronsky \\[[@B21]\\] had also asked for calculating the influence of, for example, a parameter of the activation dynamics (like the time constant) on an arbitrary joint angle, that is, a variable that quantifies the overall output of a coupled dynamical system. ", "Of course, the time constant does not explicitly appear in the mechanical differential equation for the acceleration of this very joint angle, which renders applicability of method 2 impossible. ", "The conclusion in Scovil and Ronsky \\[[@B21]\\] was to apply method 1. ", "Here, the potential of our formulation comes particularly to the fore. ", "It enables calculating the time-continuous sensitivity of all components of the coupled solution, that is, any state variable *y* ~*k*~(*t*). ", "This is because all effects of a parameter change are in principle reflected within*any* single state variable, and the time evolution of a sensitivity according to ([10](#EEq9){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) takes this into account.", "\n\nIn this paper, we have further worked out the sensitivity function approach by Lehman and Stark \\[[@B16]\\], presenting the differential equations for sensitivity functions in more detail to those modellers who want to apply the method. ", "Furthermore, we enhanced the approach by Lehman and Stark \\[[@B16]\\] to also calculating the sensitivities of the state variables with respect to their initial conditions ([17](#EEq12){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}). ", "This should be helpful not only in biomechanics but also, for example, in meteorology when predicting the behaviour of storms \\[[@B15]\\]. ", "Since initial conditions are often just known approximately but start with the relative sensitivity values of 1, their influence should be traced to verify how their uncertainty propagates during a simulation. ", "In the case of muscle activation dynamics, the sensitivities ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{q_{Z,0}}$ and ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{q_{H,0}}$, respectively, decreased rapidly to zero: initial activity has no effect on the solution very early before steady state is reached.", "\n\nFurthermore, we included a second order sensitivity analysis which is not only helpful for an enhanced understanding of the parameter influence but also part of mathematical optimisation techniques \\[[@B23]\\]. ", "The values of ${\\overset{\\sim}{R}}_{ijk}$ could be interpreted either as the relative sensitivity of the sensitivity ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{ik}$ with respect to another parameter *λ* ~*j*~ (and vice versa: ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{jk}$ with respect to *λ* ~*i*~) or as the curvature of the graph of the solution *y* ~*k*~(*t*) in the *N* + *M*-dimensional solution-parameter space. ", "The latter may help to connect the results to the field of mathematical optimisation in which the second derivative (Hessian) of a function is often included in objective functions to find optimal parameter sets.", "\n\n7.5. ", "Insights into Global Methods {#sec7.5}\n---------------------------------\n\nSome additional conclusions can be drawn from global sensitivity analysis, in particular from comparing results in [Section 6.3](#sec6.3){ref-type=\"sec\"} to those based on local sensitivity analysis (Sections [6.1](#sec6.1){ref-type=\"sec\"}, [6.2](#sec6.2){ref-type=\"sec\"}, and [7.1](#sec7.1){ref-type=\"sec\"}).", "\n\nFor Zajac\\'s activation dynamics, global analysis confirms local analysis in stating that there are no significant second or higher order sensitivities, with the slight exception of the phase of rapid change in activity after a step in stimulation. ", "An experimenter who wants to measure the activation time constant *τ* can exclude influence from potentially slower deactivation processes (*β* \\< 1) by starting from high activity levels ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, bottom). ", "It should yet be kept in mind that build-up of activity to the new level is not solely determined by *τ* but might be biased by other parameters than *τ* because TSI~*τ*~ peaks during the build-up phase ([Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, right).", "\n\nIn Hatze\\'s activation dynamics, the higher order sensitivities play a clearly more significant role, even in the near-steady-state case ([Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}: stronger deviation from 1 of both VBS and TSI). ", "When arguing in terms of controllability of the models in [Section 7.1](#sec7.1){ref-type=\"sec\"}, we speculated that Zajac\\'s dynamics might be easier to control than Hatze\\'s dynamics. ", "Notwithstanding, [Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows that the stimulation is the most important control factor with even a higher importance than in Zajac\\'s formulation.", "\n\nAt first sight unapparent, another result is the importance of *ρ* ~*c*~. From a strictly local point of view we concluded that this parameter should have the same sensitivity as *σ* since they both are formally equivalent multipliers in Hatze\\'s ODE (see relative sensitivities in [Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "However, the importance of *ρ* ~*c*~ is significantly smaller than that of *σ*, in fact almost negligible. ", "Their different global variabilities of values can give an explanation. ", "The parameter *ρ* ~*c*~ in the product *ρ* ~*c*~ · *σ* ∈ \\[4; 11\\]×\\[0; 1\\] has a clearly lower relative variability than *σ*, measured in maximum percentage deviation from the respective mean value. ", "The parameter *ρ* ~*c*~ thus acts as an amplifier for *σ*. ", "Similarly, the parameter *ν* has a relatively small variability throughout the literature. ", "So, although its differential sensitivity is quite large, *ν* is found to have a low importance for the model output. ", "For the latter fact there is yet another reason. ", "In [Section 6.2](#sec6.2){ref-type=\"sec\"}, we have emphasised that *ν* has a very changeful influence on solutions, depending on activity level. ", "Additionally, its influence is highly dependent on other parameters like length *ℓ* ~CE~ and *ρ* ~*c*~ (see end of [Section 7.1](#sec7.1){ref-type=\"sec\"}). ", "Its strong influence in some situations and configurations is thus hidden by global averaging.", "\n\nThis demonstrates that the findings of global sensitivity analysis must be treated with caution because the whole dynamics of a system is condensed to a single average function per whole parameter range. ", "Without local analyses of the solution space as exemplified in Sections [6.1](#sec6.1){ref-type=\"sec\"} and [6.2](#sec6.2){ref-type=\"sec\"} crucial features of its topology might be lost when solely relying on global analysis.", "\n\nMichael Günther was supported by \"Berufsgenossenschaft Nahrungsmittel und Gastgewerbe, Geschäftsbereich Prävention, Mannheim\" (BGN) and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG: SCHM2392/5-1), both granted to Syn Schmitt.", "\n\n*ℓ*~CE~:\n\n: Contractile element (CE) length; value: time-depending\n\n${\\overset{˙}{\\mathcal{l}}}_{\\text{CE}}$:\n\n: Contraction velocity; value: first time derivative of *ℓ* ~CE~\n\n*ℓ*~CE,opt~:\n\n: Optimal CE length; value: muscle-specific\n\n*ℓ*~CErel~:\n\n: Relative CE length; value: *ℓ* ~CErel~ = *ℓ* ~CE~/*ℓ* ~CE,opt~ (dimensionless)\n\n*F*~max⁡~:\n\n: Maximum isometric force of the CE; value: muscle-specific\n\n*σ*:\n\n: Neural muscle stimulation; value: time-depending; here: a fixed parameter\n\n*q*:\n\n: Muscle activity (bound Ca^2+^-concentration); value: time-depending\n\n*q*~0~:\n\n: Basic activity according to Hatze \\[[@B10]\\]; value: 0.005\n\n*q*~*H*~:\n\n: Activity according to Hatze \\[[@B8]\\]; value: time-length-depending\n\n*q*~*H*,0~:\n\n: Initial condition for Hatze\\'s activation ODE; value: mutable\n\n*q*~*Z*~:\n\n: Activity according to Zajac \\[[@B27]\\]; value: time-depending\n\n*q*~*Z*,0~:\n\n: Initial condition for Zajac\\'s activation ODE; value: mutable\n\n*τ*:\n\n: Activation time constant in Zajac \\[[@B27]\\]; value: here: 1/40 s\n\n*τ*~deact~:\n\n: Deactivation time constant in Zajac \\[[@B27]\\]; value: here: 1/40 s or 3/40 s\n\n*β*:\n\n: Corresponding deactivation boost \\[[@B27]\\]; value: *β* = *τ*/*τ* ~deact~\n\n*ν*:\n\n: Exponent in Hatze\\'s formulation; value: 2 or 3\n\n*m*:\n\n: Activation frequency constant in Hatze \\[[@B8]\\]; value: range: 3.67,..., 11.25 (1/s); here: 10 (1/s)\n\n*c*:\n\n: Maximal Ca^2+^-concentration in Hatze \\[[@B9]\\]; value: 1.37 · 10^−4^ mol/L\n\n*γ*:\n\n: Representation of free Ca^2+^-concentration \\[[@B8], [@B10]\\]; value: time-depending\n\n*ρ*:\n\n: Length dependency of Hatze \\[[@B9]\\] activation dynamics; value: *ρ*(*ℓ* ~CErel~) = *ρ* ~*c*~ · ((*ℓ* ~*ρ*~ − 1)/(*ℓ* ~*ρ*~/*ℓ* ~CErel~ − 1))\n\n*ℓ*~*ρ*~:\n\n: Pole in Hatze\\'s length dependency function; value: 2.9\n\n*ρ*~0~:\n\n: Factor in van Soest \\[[@B24]\\], Hatze \\[[@B8]\\]; value: 6.62 · 10^4^ L/mol (*ν* = 2) or 5.27 · 10^4^ L/mol (*ν* = 3)\n\n*ρ*~*c*~:\n\n: Merging of *ρ* ~0~ and *c*; value: *ρ* ~*c*~ = *ρ* ~0~ · *c*; here: 9.10 (*ν* = 2) or 7.24 (*ν* = 3)\n\nΛ:\n\n: Model parameter set; value: Λ = {*λ* ~1~,..., *λ* ~*n*~}.", "\n\nConflict of Interests\n=====================\n\nThe authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.", "\n\n![", "Relative sensitivities ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{i}$ with respect to the three parameters in the simplified formulation ([22](#EEq17){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) of Zajac\\'s activation dynamics ([1](#EEq1){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}). ", "Parameters: stimulation *σ* (see ([25](#EEq19){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}): solid line), activation time constant *τ* (see ([26](#EEq20){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}): dashed line), and initial activation *q* ~*Z*,0~ (see ([27](#EEq21){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}): dash-dotted line). ", "Note that ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{\\tau}$ is negative, but for reasons of comparability we have plotted its absolute value. ", "Parameter values are *σ* = 1, *τ* = 1/40 s = 0.025 s, and *q* ~*Z*,0~ = 0.05. ", "Because ODE ([22](#EEq17){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) for *q* ~*Z*~ ^sp^ is equivalent to Hatze\\'s ODE ([2](#EEq2){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) for the free Ca^2+^-ion concentration, *γ*, we can identify the sensitivity of 1/*τ* with that of *m*.](CMMM2015-585409.001){#fig1}\n\n![", "Relative sensitivities ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{i}$ with respect to all parameters *λ* ~*i*~ (set Λ~*Z*~ ([28](#EEq22){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"})) in Zajac\\'s activation dynamics ([1](#EEq1){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}). ", "Parameter values varied from top (i) to bottom (iv) row: (i) *q* ~*Z*,0~ = *q* ~0~ = 0.005, *σ* = 0.01, (ii) *q* ~*Z*,0~ = 0.05, *σ* = 0.1, (iii) *q* ~*Z*,0~ = 0.2, *σ* = 0.4, and (iv) *q* ~*Z*,0~ = 0.5, *σ* = 1; left column: *β* = 1, right column: *β* = 1/3.](CMMM2015-585409.002){#fig2}\n\n![", "Relative sensitivities ${\\overset{\\sim}{S}}_{i}$ with respect to all parameters *λ* ~*i*~ (set Λ~*H*~ ([29](#EEq23){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"})) in Hatze\\'s activation dynamics ([5](#EEq5){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}). ", "Parameter values varied from top (i) to bottom (iv) row: (i) *q* ~*H*,0~ = *q* ~0~ = 0.005, *σ* = 0.01, (ii) *q* ~*H*,0~ = 0.05, *σ* = 0.1, (iii) *q* ~*H*,0~ = 0.2, *σ* = 0.4, and (iv) *q* ~*H*,0~ = 0.5, *σ* = 1; left column: *ν* = 2, *ρ* ~*c*~ = 9.10, right column: *ν* = 3, *ρ* ~*c*~ = 7.24.](CMMM2015-585409.003){#fig3}\n\n![", "Variance-based sensitivity (a) and total sensitivity index (b) of every parameter of Zajac\\'s activation dynamics equation.](CMMM2015-585409.004){#fig4}\n\n![", "Variance-based sensitivity (a) and total sensitivity index (b) of every parameter of Hatze\\'s activation dynamics equation.](CMMM2015-585409.005){#fig5}\n\n###### \n\nLower and upper bounds for the parameter choices in both Zajac\\'s and Hatze\\'s models of activation dynamics.", "\n\n Parameter *β* *ℓ* ~CErel~ *ℓ* ~*p*~ *m* *ν* *q* ~0~ *q* ~*Z*,0~, *q* ~*H*,0~ *ρ* ~*c*~ *σ* *τ*\n ------------- ----- ------------- ----------- ----- ----- --------- -------------------------- ----------- ----- ------\n Lower bound 0.1 0.4 2.2 3 1.5 0.001 0.01 4 0 0.01\n Upper bound 1 1.6 3.6 11 4 0.05 1 11 1 0.05\n\n###### \n\nParameters minimising the sum over five submaximal stimulation levels *γ* = *σ* = 0.55,0.28,0.22,0.17,0.08 of squared differences between shifts in optimal CE length Δ*ℓ* ~CE,opt,submax~(*γ*) (Δ*l* ~MA,opt~ by Roszek et al. (", "1994) \\[[@B29]\\] in the third column of [Table 2](#tab2){ref-type=\"table\"} in Kistemaker et al. ", "\\[[@B11]\\]) at these levels predicted by the model with the isometric force *F* ~isom~(*q*, *ℓ* ~CE~) = *F* ~max⁡~ · *q*(*γ* = *σ*, *ℓ* ~CE~) · *F* ~*ℓ*~(*ℓ* ~CE~) and by experiments; simulated data represent a rat gastrocnemius muscle with an optimal CE length *ℓ* ~CE,opt~ = 14.8 mm \\[[@B22]\\]; start value of *ρ* ~0~ was 6.0 · 10^4^ L/mol; the exponents of the bell-shaped force-length relations *F* ~*ℓ*~(*ℓ* ~CE~) were fixed according to Mörl et al. ", "\\[[@B17]\\] (*ν* ~asc~ = 3, *ν* ~*des*⁡~ = 1.5); the corresponding width values in the ascending and descending branch were assumed to be equal: Δ*W* ~asc~ = Δ*W* ~*des*⁡~ = Δ*W*; van Soest and Bobbert \\[[@B25]\\] and Kistemaker et al. ", "\\[[@B11]\\] used a parabola for *F* ~*ℓ*~(*ℓ* ~CE~); for all other model parameters see Sections [7.3](#sec7.3){ref-type=\"sec\"} and [2](#sec2){ref-type=\"sec\"}; optimisation was done by *f*minsearch (Nelder-Mead algorithm) in MATLAB with error tolerances of 10^−8^; *error* is the square root of the above-mentioned sum divided by five; corresponding error value given in [Table 2](#tab2){ref-type=\"table\"} in Kistemaker et al. ", "\\[[@B11]\\] was 0.23 mm.", "\n\n *ν* Bell-shaped \\[[@B6], [@B17]\\] Parabola \\[[@B11], [@B25]\\] \n ----- ------------------------------- ----------------------------- ---------------- ------------ ------------------------- ----------------\n Δ*W* ~start~ = 0.25 WIDTH~start~ = 0.46 \n Δ*W* \\[\\] *ρ* ~0~ \\[10^4^ L/mol\\] *error* \\[mm\\] WIDTH \\[\\] *ρ* ~0~ \\[10^4^ L/mol\\] *error* \\[mm\\]\n \n 2 0.46 3.80 0.08 0.63 8.78 0.10\n 3 0.32 3.25 0.05 0.41 5.45 0.07\n 4 0.26 3.20 0.02 0.34 4.60 0.05\n \n Δ*W* ~start~ = 0.35 WIDTH~start~ = 0.56 \n Δ*W* \\[\\] *ρ* ~0~ \\[10^4^ L/mol\\] *error* \\[mm\\] WIDTH \\[\\] *ρ* ~0~ \\[10^4^ L/mol\\] *error* \\[mm\\]\n \n 2 0.45 3.80 0.07 0.53 6.92 0.11\n 3 0.32 3.30 0.05 0.41 5.67 0.07\n 4 0.26 3.20 0.02 0.34 4.55 0.05\n \n Δ*W* ~start~ = 0.45 WIDTH~start~ = 0.66 \n Δ*W* \\[\\] *ρ* ~0~ \\[10^4^ L/mol\\] *error* \\[mm\\] WIDTH \\[\\] *ρ* ~0~ \\[10^4^ L/mol\\] *error* \\[mm\\]\n \n 2 0.45 3.78 0.07 0.55 7.35 0.11\n 3 0.32 3.25 0.05 0.41 5.35 0.07\n 4 0.26 3.20 0.02 0.34 4.56 0.05\n\n[^1]: Academic Editor: Eduardo Soudah\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Paul Burke\n\nPaul Burke may refer to:\n\nPaul Burke (actor) (1926–2009), American actor in TV series Naked City (1960–63) and 12 O'Clock High\nPaul Burke (boxer) (born 1966), English lightweight and light welterweight\nPaul Burke (rugby union) (born 1973), English born Ireland international" ]

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[ "Oferta de muncă la Kaufland în Germania\n\nKaufland recrutează români dispuşi să lucreze ca operatori producţie carne în fabrici din Germania.", "\n\nCandidatul potrivit pentru acest post e dispus să lucreze în ture, în weekend și în zilele de sărbătoare legală, e amabil, flexibil, poate lucra în echipă, e dispus să înveţe limba germană pentru înțelegerea minimă a instrucțiunilor de utilizare a echipamentelor de lucru. ", "Sunt avantajaţi la angajare candidaţii care au experienţă de lucru în procesarea cărnii.", "\n\nÎn ce constă munca:\n\nPrintre atribuţiile postului se numără preluarea și ambalarea alimentelor, utilizarea mașinilor de marcare, tăiere și ambalarea produselor, respectarea normelor de igienă.", "\n\nAngajatorii oferă românilor selectaţi pe acest post salarii care încep de la 1865 euro brut, le asigură locuinţe cu taxe minime, dar şi asistenţă permanentă, la faţa locului, din partea unei persoane vorbitoare de limba română, pentru rezolvarea problemelor care pot apărea în Germania.", "\n\nDetalii despre aceste locuri de muncă găsiţi în anunţul de recrutare care poate fi accesat la acest link.", "\n\nloading..." ]

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[ "Smoke grenades are canister-type grenades used as ground-to-ground or ground-to-air signaling devices, target, or landing zone marking devices, or as screening devices for unit movements. ", "Smoke grenades generally have a sheet steel cylinder with at least one emission hole to allow smoke release when the grenade is ignited. ", "Smoke grenades can be either tossed by hand or launched from a firearm. ", "The body of hand tossed smoke grenades is often filled with hexachloroethane, which makes thick heavy black smoke.", "\nConventional launched grenades have the benefit of traveling farther than hand tossed smoke grenades, providing significant accuracy and range advantages. ", "However, the difficulty with using hexachloroethane in a launched smoke grenade is that hexachloroethane must be kept physically separated from a starter composition for the grenade to work properly. ", "The starter composition must both be easily ignited by the propellant charge and burn at a sufficiently high temperature to penetrate the barrier separating the starter composition from the hexachloroethane.", "\nTherefore, a need exists for a new and improved launched smoke grenade that uses hexachloroethane to produce smoke. ", "In this regard, the various embodiments of the present invention substantially fulfill at least some of these needs. ", "In this respect, the launched smoke grenade according to the present invention substantially departs from the conventional concepts and designs of the prior art, and in doing so provides an apparatus primarily developed for the purpose of providing a smoke grenade that is launched from a firearm and uses hexachloroethane to produce smoke." ]

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[ "The Vancouver Park Board is working on a plan to accommodate more people at the city's indoor pools — by getting rid of some smaller, older pools and replacing some of them with larger \"destination\" pools.", "\n\nKaty Amon with the Vancouver Park Board says decommissioning older facilities like Templeton Pool and Lord Byng Pool and making others larger will increase capacity at the city's indoor pools by 30 per cent\n\n\"We'll move away from small neighbourhood pools and start to increase our number of larger pools, like Hillcrest and Killarney, which can serve more people under one roof,\" Amon said.", "\n\nAccording to the park board, indoor pools nearing the end of their lifespan are the least used, require the most investment to operate, and would be the most expensive to renovate.", "\n\n'Like buying concert tickets'\n\nThe park board is now holding its second round of public consultations on the plan — which isn't popular with everyone.", "\n\nJeff McEwen, a father of three who showed up at an open house at Hillcrest Centre to discuss the issue, said finding spots for your kids to take swimming lessons in Vancouver is already hard enough.", "\n\n\"It's like buying concert tickets,\" he said. \"", "If you don't register in the first 10 minutes, you don't get in.\"", "\n\nVancouver has a relatively small number of pools per capita compared to other major cities across Canada.", "\n\n(CBC)\n\nThere are just nine indoor pools in Vancouver. ", "Toronto and Montreal have six times as many.", "\n\nWinnipeg also has more indoor pools, and double the number of outdoor pools currently operating in Vancouver.", "\n\n\"To decommission a neighbourhood pool like Byng when there are already more crowds at a place like Hillcrest, doesn't make sense to me,\" said Peter Genge, who also attended the open house.", "\n\nThe Park Board is proposing to replace Byng with with a larger destination pool at nearby Connaught Park, which is said is better suited to serve more residents.", "\n\nSusan Trower says she swims at Byng Pool three times a week.", "\n\n\"I'm here just to try to save Byng Pool. ", "If there's anything wrong with it, fix it, but don't take it away,\" she said.", "\n\nBut Amon said the park board's plan will increase the level of service for everyone in the city.", "\n\n\"It's not about the number of pools in total — it's about the number of people we can serve and the diversity of activities we can provide,\" she said.", "\n\nWith files from Tina Lovgreen" ]

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[ "Existing Methods of Automated Measurement\nAutomated measurement of medium to large size objects requires a measuring machine accuracy of 0.05 mm (+/−2 Sigma) and typically 0.025 mm (+/−2 Sigma) or better. ‘", "Sigma’ means one standard deviation. ", "It is currently carried out in two main ways: (i) a bulky, expensive, conventional Computer Numerically Controlled Coordinate Measuring Machine (CNC CMM) with 3 or more axes; (ii) a rigid structure of static Optical probes that is typically located in a dedicated cell at the end of the automotive production line. ", "With a conventional CMM, the Optical probe moves in a highly controlled way around a static object to produce accurate data. ", "In the second case, both Optical probes and object are static and localised in a calibrated way that permits accurate data. ", "Most conventional CMMs are of either the moving bridge or horizontal arm structures; companies including Zeiss (Germany), Hexagon Brown&Sharpe (Sweden) and LK (UK) produce them. ", "Mechanical touch probes for mounting on conventional CMMs are supplied by companies including Renishaw (UK). ", "Optical probes for mounting on conventional CMMs are supplied by companies including Metris (Belgium). ", "Automatic probe mounts such as the Renishaw Autojoint are repeatable to a high degree of accuracy and are supplied with a rack of probes for automatic probe changing. ", "Rigid structures of static Optical probes are supplied by Perceptron (USA). ", "Both conventional CMMs and rigid structures of static Optical probes have the disadvantages that: they use up cell space on a production line that is typically only used for measurement and not a productive operation, they are usually situated at the end of the line, cannot feed forward data to downstream processes and are expensive and are difficult to justify on a payback basis. ", "In addition, rigid structures of Optical probes are inflexible for rapidly changing models on the production line. ", "Today, efficient production processes using robots that are quicker, better or cheaper than conventional processes but require high accuracy location cannot be deployed on the production line because of the disadvantages of existing high accuracy measurement systems.", "\nRobot Automated Measurement\nSince the 1960s, companies have developed heavy robot arms for applications requiring quick cycle times and repeatability. ", "However, due mainly to temperature, wear and vibration problems, they have low accuracy. ", "Robots have been used to carry probes for automated measurement. ", "The robot arms are not accurate enough to meet the demanding requirements of most automated measurement, particularly in the automotive industry. ", "The high repeatability of a robot arm has made ‘quasi-static’ measurement a solution that has received some uptake by the automotive industry. ", "In ‘quasi-static’ measurement, the probe is moved from one position to the next and only takes data when static or moving slowly. ", "Measurement can be by either contact or non-contact probes. ", "Measuring probes on robot arms taking three-dimensional data from the surface of an object whilst moving at typical speeds of 10 mm/sec-200 mm/sec (but can be more or less) are not accurate. ", "Companies producing robot arms include Fanuc (Japan) and Kuka (Germany). ", "Perceptron and LMI-Diffracto (USA) offer solutions using robot arms and Optical probes. ", "3D Scanners and Kuka showed a solution with real-time optical inspection at the Euromold 2001 exhibition in Frankfurt; its accuracy was of the order of 0.5-1 mm. ", "Standard industrial robots thermally grow by around 10 microns per degree Celsius temperature increase per meter of reach; errors in excess of 500 microns can be recorded in production line conditions. ", "LMI-Diffracto have an automotive production line installation comprising four standard industrial robots supplied by Kuka, each carrying an Optical probe, wherein the robots are compensated for thermal growth, potentially reducing the thermal error in production line conditions to below 100 microns. ", "In U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,078,846 Greer assigned to Perceptron, compensation for robot thermal growth is carried out by measuring a fixed artefact with the Optical Probe. ", "The Optical probes measure whilst the robot is static between movements. ", "Error mapping has improved robot accuracy. ", "There are several approaches including dancing the robot through a program of planned movements whilst measuring it with a photogrammetric system such as that from Krypton (Holland) or Northern Digital (Canada). ", "The measurements are then used to create an error map. ", "Error compensation for load has been carried out by measuring the power used by the servos to automatically calculate the loads on the arm. ", "Even with multiple types of error compensation, accuracies of only 0.2 mm (+/−2 Sigma) have been achieved for robots of the type and reach found in large quantities on automotive production lines. ", "The problem with robot arms carrying scanning probes in which there is relative movement between the probe and the object during scanning is that the systems are not accurate enough to be useful.", "\nTracking\nIn U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,166,811 Long et al, a photogrammetry system for increasing the accuracy of scanning an object is disclosed in which photogrammetry targets affixed to the probe are tracked by a photogrammetry system in real-time. ", "There are many disadvantages to this method. ", "Firstly, a plurality of clear lines of sight need to be maintained between the probe and the photogrammetric cameras. ", "In practice, lines of sight from the photogrammetry cameras to the photogrammetry targets on the probe are often blocked by the programmed robot movement and or the programmed changes in probe orientation necessary to scan the object. ", "This so constrains the applicability of the system as to render it useless for many applications. ", "Secondly, environmental lighting conditions must be maintained at a near ideal state or the accuracy of the photogrammetric system will reduce or the system will cease to function. ", "In practice this is difficult to set up and often conflicts with other lighting requirements for the location. ", "Thirdly, photogrammetric systems often do not have both the resolution and speed necessary for providing sufficient accuracy in this application. ", "Fourthly, the photogrammetric cameras and the Robot must be mounted rigidly relative to each other. ", "This often necessitates a stiff structure of large dimensions to achieve the desired accuracy. ", "The main problem with incorporating photogrammetric technology into a robot measuring system is that the resulting systems are not compact and robust enough to be useful.", "\nLeica Geosystems supply the 6 degrees of freedom Laser Tracker LTD800. ", "It can measure position and orientation over a 35 m range with a single line of sight at up to 1000 measurements per second. ", "Its accuracy is of the order of 50 microns for slow moving targets. ", "Its cost is in excess of US$130,000. ", "Many of its limitations for robot measuring are similar to those of photogrammetry. ", "The main problems with incorporating laser tracker technology into a robot measuring system is that it is expensive, there are limitations to the orientation of the probe being tracked and the resulting systems are not compact and robust enough to be useful.", "\nRobot Controllers and Programming\nControllers for robot arms are well understood by those skilled in the field; a standard reference work is ‘Robot Manipulators, Mathematics Programming and Control’ by Richard P Paul. ", "Adept Technologies (US) supply 6-axis robot controllers starting at US$8,500. ", "There are many products available for the programming of robots that allow motion sequences to be generated off-line and subsequently communicated to the Robot Controller for later execution; one example is EmWorkplace from Tecnomatix (US). ", "In Patent Application GB 2036376A Richter assigned to HA Schlatter AG (Switzerland), programming is achieved by manually guiding a robot by means of a device mounted on the robot that is held by the user and comprises strain gauges that detect the user's intended direction for robot.", "\nManual CMM Arms\nSince the 1970's, companies have been building manually operable CMM arms that have recently achieved a measuring accuracy using a contact probe of between 0.025 mm (+/−2 Sigma) and 0.005 mm (+/−2 Sigma) depending, mainly, on the reach of the Manual CMM Arm. ", "Manual CMM Arms are expected to become more accurate with further development. ", "These Manual CMM Arms are now accurate enough for many measurement requirements and are a growing sector in the measurement marketplace. ", "They have the flexibility of being able to get into areas with difficult access. ", "Manual CMM Arms are acceptably accurate for many applications, but are not automated; they are expensive to operate, particularly since a semi-skilled operator is required; human operators are also subject to human error. ", "Manual CMM Arms are produced by companies including: Cimcore (USA), Faro Technologies (USA), Romer (France), Zett Mess Technik (Germany) and OGP (UK). ", "As examples, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,994,798 Eaton, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,402,582 Raab assigned to Faro Technologies, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,829,148 Eaton and U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,366,831 Raab assigned to Faro Technologies disclose background information on Manual CMM Arms. ", "The provision of bearings at the joints of Manual CMM Arms is well known and US Patent Application 2002/0087233 Raab assigned to Faro Technologies discloses background information on bearings. ", "The design of Manual CMM arms is typically limited to around 2 metres in reach from the centre of joint 1 to the probe tip because any longer and it requires two operators to use the arm. ", "The longer the Manual CMM arm is, the less accurate it is. ", "In general, for a modular Manual CMM Arm design all other things being equal, the accuracy is at best inversely proportional to the length. ", "In U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,366,831 Raab, it is disclosed that in the field, Manual CMM Arms typically have an absolute positional accuracy ten or more times that of a robot arm. ", "Some of the factors in robots that cause inaccuracy including joint misalignments are referred to in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,366,831. ", "Manual CMM arms such as those manufactured by Faro Technologies and Romer are generally operated by a single person using both hands. ", "Each of the operator's hands provides a different 6 DOF action on the segment of the Manual CMM arm that is gripped by the hand. ", "Some skilled operator's may only need one hand in some applications. ", "A Manual CMM arm is a mechanism that is controlled in a closed-loop fashion wherein the operator closes the loop. ", "Such control is a skilled activity; the operator needs to control 6 or 7 axes of arm freedom in a variety of different spatial layouts, under the effect of gravity, with just two hands. ", "It is often the case that the operator mishandles the Manual CMM arm and part or all of the Manual CMM arm accelerates under gravity until there is a collision or the operator steadies it. ", "It is the case that during data capture, the operator applies variable and occasionally excessive forces and torques on the Manual CMM arm, which reduce the accuracy of the measurement data the Manual CMM arm outputs.", "\nCompensating and Holding Devices\nA Manual CMM Arm typically has a compensating device built into the second joint that provides a torque on the upper arm that tends to provide a lifting force on the upper arm to counterbalance it. ", "Compensating devices for manual CMM arms are disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "6,298,569 Raab et al, 6,253,458 Raab et al, and US Patent Application 2003/0167647 Raab et al, all assigned to Faro Technologies. ", "This means that the arm is lighter for the operator to lift and is consequently less tiring to use. ", "This also means that more torque is transmitted through the Manual CMM Arm and requires that the Manual CMM Arm must be designed to be heavier than without such a compensating device to achieve a required accuracy. ", "It is standard practice to compensate Robots in order to reduce robot power consumption and the power, size and weight of the motors. ", "In 2003/0167647, a machined spring compensating device can be removed, reversed and replaced to compensate the arm when used in a hanging down orientation; this procedure is inconvenient for the user since it must be carried out in the factory. ", "Some Manual CMM Arms have holding devices to lock one or more axes of the arm in any spatial orientation; such holding devices eliminate the need to lay the arm down between sets of measurements. ", "On the 3000 Series manual CMM arm from Cimcore (USA) there is a sliding peg fixing mounted on the compensating device on Axis 2 (the first orthogonal hinge axis); when the peg slides into a hole, the compensating device on which Axis 2 rests is locked. ", "A pneumatic brake on several axes is disclosed in PCT/EP01/01570 Nietz assigned to Zett Mess Technik GmbH and offered on Axes 1 to 4 of Zett Mess's AMPG-P manual CMM arm product; the pneumatic brakes can be released by radio remote control switch; the pneumatic brakes act on a disk. ", "The pneumatic brakes and disks are mounted directly on the manual CMM arm; they add weight to the manual CMM arm and pass moments through the bearings of the manual CMM arm, thereby reducing its accuracy and usability.", "\nOptical Probes on Manual CMM Arms\nOptical probes on Manual CMM Arms were disclosed by Crampton, the inventor of the present invention, in several patent applications including WO9705449. ", "Optical probes for Manual CMM Arms are provided or are being developed by 3D Scanners, Romer, Faro Technologies, Perceptron, Steinbichler (Germany), Pulstec (Japan) and Kreon (France) amongst others. ", "Optical probes are generally mounted offset on the side of the Manual CMM Arm or mounted on the probe end of it. ", "There are three broad types of Optical probe: point, line and area. ", "As yet, a measurement accuracy standard does not exist that defines the way accuracy should be measured for point, line and area Optical probes. ", "The marketplace is in the situation of not being able to perform standard tests to verify accuracy and enable comparison between Optical probe types in a practical way. ", "Optical probes have become accurate, largely because their measuring range is short. ", "In general, Optical probes gather measurement data over a measuring range of the order of 20-400 mm. ", "This is often at a standoff to the end of the Manual CMM Arm. ", "The accuracy of the best Manual CMM Arms combined with the best Optical probes is already better than 0.050 mm (+/−2 Sigma) and can be better than 0.010 mm (+/−2 Sigma) or even 0.002 mm (+/−2 Sigma) for short measuring ranges.", "\nSynchronisation and Interpolation of Optical Probes on Manual CMM Arms\nIn a system comprising a Manual CMM Arm and an Optical probe, measurements from each are combined to give the output measurement data. ", "As disclosed in WO9705449 by Crampton, the inventor of the present invention, the measurement accuracy of a system comprising a Manual CMM Arm and an Optical probe is increased by synchronising the timing of a measurement from the Manual CMM Arm and a measurement from the Optical probe. ", "As further disclosed in WO9705449, alternatively, the measurement accuracy of a system comprising a Manual CMM Arm and an Optical probe is increased by time-stamping each measurement from the Manual CMM Arm and time-stamping each measurement from the Optical probe and later using a process of interpolation of the two sets of measurements to provide a combined set of measurements. ", "However, occasionally there is a perturbation in the system and one or more measurements from one device or another are lost. ", "In this situation, the later process of interpolation can be complex.", "\nCalibration and Alignment of Robots and Manual CMM Arms\nAs disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,687,293 Snell, a robot can be calibrated using a reference sphere and a spherically tipped probe on the robot by bringing the spherically tipped probe into contact with the reference sphere a number of times with different robot spatial layouts; a 39-parameter kinematic model for a 6-axis robot embodiment is disclosed. ", "The alignment of Optical probes to Robots is disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,321,137B1 De Smet. ", "A method of manually calibrating a Manual CMM Arm is disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,402,582 Raab assigned to Faro Technologies. ", "Manual CMM Arms are calibrated by the manufacturer before shipping. ", "Some suppliers, including Faro Technologies, enable the user to perform a simple probe calibration each time the probe is changed, whilst the Manual CMM Arm calibration remains the same. ", "OGP UK supply the Polar Manual CMM Arm and permit the user to fully calibrate the Polar arm and probe together in a simple procedure by using a reference artefact with several cones into which the spherical probe of the Polar arm is placed whilst the arm is exercised through a variety of spatial layouts; a 39-parameter kinematic model is used for their 6-axis Polar arm. ", "Full and accurate manual calibration of Manual CMM Arms is a painstaking process in which typically 500 separate points are recorded with a process taking some hours. ", "Each point is subject to human error. ", "Different operators hold Manual CMM Arms in different locations, apply different torques through different grips, applying different patterns of loads and bending moments on the arm resulting in different deflections and end slopes. ", "A Manual CMM Arm that is manually calibrated will perform differently depending on how each operator holds and uses it. ", "A Manual CMM Arm is required that is under repeatable patterns of loads and bending moments however it is held for each spatial orientation. ", "A manual method of calibrating Manual CMM Arms is required that has the same pattern of loads and bending moments that will occur in its use by different operators. ", "An automated method of calibrating Manual CMM Arms is needed to increase the repeatability and accuracy of their calibration, in particular enabling more points to be recorded than is practical or cost effective in current manual processes. ", "The alignment (also known as calibration or qualification) of Optical probes to Manual CMM Arms is disclosed in WO9705449 by Crampton, the inventor of the present invention.", "\nAttachment of Robots and Measuring Devices\nAs disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,392,384 Tounai et al, the tip of a 6 axis articulated measuring device is attached to the tip of a robot for the purpose of calibrating the robot. ", "As disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,535,794 Raab assigned to Faro Technologies the tip of a 6 axis articulated measuring device is attached to the tip of a robot for the purpose of generating an error map. ", "As disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,519,860 Bieg et al, the tip of a 3 axis articulated measuring device is attached to the tip of a robot or machine for the purpose of measuring the spatial performance of the robot or machine. ", "Neither of these disclosures is used to measure an object. ", "As disclosed in WO 98/27887 Wahrburg, a surgical robot and a multiple joint sensor arm are attached at the base; the multiple joint sensor arm is used manually to make measurements on the patient, a robot program is generated based on those measurements and the robot carries out the surgical intervention. ", "In this disclosure the measurement is not automated. ", "Two items of prior art disclose devices for measuring the position and or orientation of the endpoint of a robot arm subject to deflections from bending and or thermal expansions. ", "As disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,119,212 Flemming, a simple knee joint with a planar goniometer rigidly attached at both ends is used to monitor the location of the end of the moving segment. ", "The device is limited to operation in a plane and no out of plane bending is measured. ", "It is therefore not able to measure position and orientation in a 3D space. ", "As disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,606,696 Slocum, a device for measuring the position and orientation of the end of a robot arm comprises a multitude of measuring links joined by rotary and linear bearings and measuring devices to measure rotational angles and linear movements. ", "As well as being pinned at both endpoints of the robot arm, measuring links are rigidly pinned to the robot arm in at least one intermediate hinge joint. ", "This approach requires 12 accurate rotary and linear measuring devices on a 6-axis robot. ", "The stack-up of errors from the 12 measuring devices call into question whether it could ever be developed into an accurate 3D measuring device for 6-axis robots. ", "A simpler and more robust system is needed that does not require additional rotary and linear measuring devices and their associated error stack-up. ", "Both 4,119,212 and 4,606,696 require rigid attachment of the measuring device at each end of the robot arm. ", "Rigid attachment at the probe end is essential for precisely measuring the position of the end of the robot arm. ", "Rigid attachment at the probe end is neither required nor desirable when the robot arm is used to position a CMM arm. ", "Neither 4,119,212 nor 4,606,696 provide means for using calibration information in the devices. ", "Neither do they propose the use of the devices as Coordinate Measuring Machines. ", "Without the use of calibration information, it is questionable whether the devices could be anywhere near as accurate as is required in current applications.", "\nOther Background\nAs disclosed in PCT/GB01/01590 Gooch, a robot is shown with both an optical probe and a tool mounted at the probe end of the robot; the robot can be used alternately for measuring with the optical probe and performing an operation with the tool; however, to achieve measuring accuracy, an optical tracking system is used that has all the disadvantages previously mentioned. ", "As further disclosed in PCT/GB01/01590 Gooch, a robot may be mobile, for example mounted on rails, to provide access around a large object being measured; this further disclosure also has the disadvantages of optical tracking. ", "A manual marking out system utilising the Faro arm and a robot marking out system utilising an industrial robot from Kuka are disclosed in PCT/GB01/03865 Gooch; these two systems are either accurate or automated but not both. ", "Manual scanning of an object on a rotary table with a non-contact sensor mounted on a Manual CMM Arm is disclosed by Crampton, the inventor of the present invention, in patent application WO9705449. ", "Milling of large objects has been carried out by standard 5 or 6 axis Industrial Robots; the resulting object is not accurate due to the limitations in accuracy of standard industrial robots and typically requires hand finishing where cuts form different orientations result in Milling of large objects is regularly carried out accurately on large 5-axis machining centres such as those manufactured by Mecof spa (Italy) and on large 5-axis horizontal arm CMMs such as those from Zeiss and LK Tool; the class of objects that may be machined is limited by the Cartesian machine type, for instance a horizontal arm cannot bend around corners. ", "Delcam (UK) provide a software called PowerShape that is capable of generating milling programs for 5 axis and 6 axis industrial robots.", "\nNeed for Accuracy\nUsers demand ever higher accuracy from their Manual CMM Arms. ", "A significant amount of error in Manual CMM Arms is derived from the operator over-stressing the Manual CMM Arm, variability of moments on the arm through different hand grip positions and built-in counterbalances providing moments across bearings. ", "There is a need for a more repeatable Manual CMM Arm in which the loads on the CMM Arm are independent of how it is held and which is significantly more accurate. ", "There is a further need for a more accurate calibration process that is automated to remove human error.", "\nNeed for Automation\nA Manual CMM Arm with an Optical probe is typically used for many hours at a time. ", "During much of this time, the operator holds the Manual CMM Arm at a distance from him, often in awkward locations. ", "The weight that is supported at a distance can be several kilograms for a long Manual CMM Arm. ", "This is hard work and is tiring for many operators, particularly smaller people; operator fatigue is a common problem and this can lead to illness, incapacitation or injury. ", "Much of the work done with Manual CMM Arms is for unique components that only need to be optically inspected once. ", "Often, the surface being inspected is not immediately accessible and requires temporary gantries to be erected for the operator to climb on so that the arm can be manipulated. ", "The problem with Manual CMM Arms carrying scanning probes in which there is relative movement between the probe and the object during scanning is that, although they are accurate enough, the system is fatiguing to use and can output inaccurate data through operator error or over-stressing of the Manual CMM Arm, because it cannot operate automatically.", "\nNeed for Accessibility\nThe shape of objects to be measured and their accessibility to a probe on a movable member vary from application to application. ", "A CMM that is flexible enough to access a larger range of object shapes has more utility. ", "In practice, it is generally established that articulated arm CMMs comprising a series of preferably 6 or 7 joints separated by rigid segments are more flexible than orthogonal axis configuration CMMs. ", "It is also generally established in the existing state of the art that automated orthogonal axis configuration CMMs are several orders more accurate than automated articulated Robot arms. ", "It is also generally established that automated orthogonal axis configuration CMMs are less suitable than automated articulated arm Robots for locating in a manufacturing environment such as on an assembly line. ", "The problem is that no automated CMM machine is available that is articulated and sufficiently accurate.", "\nNeed for Portability\nAs exhibited by the purchase of the order of around 5,000 portable Manual CMM Arms since they became accurate enough in the mid-1990's, there is a significant demand for portable Manual CMM Arms. ", "There is a corresponding need for a portable Automated CMM Arm, but none exist today.", "\nNeed for Robustness\nManual CMM Arms are becoming more accurate and less robust. ", "The existing designs of Manual CMM Arms have the precision measuring system exposed to shocks, moments and abuse in usage and transportation. ", "Existing designs of transportation case are unsophisticated and expose Manual CMM Arms to damage, particularly from shock. ", "There is a need for a robust portable Manual CMM Arm and a transportation case that minimises forces and moments on the Manual CMM Arm from shocks in transportation." ]

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[ "12. ", "Временно споразумение за икономическо партньорство между ЕО и държавите от Тихоокеанския регион (гласуване) \n- Преди гласуването на изменение 8:\nGlyn Ford\n- (EN) Г-жо председател, за да се спести време, социалистите са готови да приемат изменения 8 и 10 като допълнения, но ние ще гласуваме против, ако те не се приемат като допълнения от групата PPE-DE.", "\nJean-Pierre Audy\n- (FR) Съгласен съм с тази процедура.", "\nJean-Pierre Audy\n- (FR) Г-жо председател, в параграф 39, компромисното изменение 19 би било приемливо за нашата група, ако във връзка с неправителствения сектор, можем да добавим \"участието\". ", "Това означава следното изменение: \"39a. ", "Подчертава по-специално ключовата роля на парламентите на държавите от АКТБ и участието на неправителствените сектори в наблюдението и управлението на СИП\"; останалото може да остане непроменено.", "\nСмятам, че докладчикът г-н, Mr Ford, е съгласен.", "\n" ]

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[ "Review\n======\n\nAntiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence is compromised under some situations in countries most heavily affected by HIV/AIDS. ", "A frequently cited meta-analysis affirmed that patients in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA) record adherence levels as good as those documented in the rich world \\[[@B1]\\]. ", "However, unfavourable contexts limit an individual\\'s control over their own treatment.", "\n\nMany early ART programmes which were the subject of adherence studies in sSA captured a set of circumstances that cannot consistently be maintained in the longer-term as treatment is scaled up. ", "In particular, inconsistent drug supplies have been shown to be an important factor influencing adherence \\[see for example \\[[@B2]-[@B5]\\]\\]. ", "Both direct and indirect costs, a function of the broader socioeconomic environment, also feature prominently in relevant research \\[see for example \\[[@B6]-[@B10]\\]\\].", "\n\nAny threats to ART adherence need to be taken seriously if we are to optimise treatment outcomes for individuals. ", "Robust evidence exists on the effect of adherence on viral load \\[[@B11]-[@B15]\\], the immune system \\[[@B16]-[@B18]\\], and clinical prognosis \\[[@B16],[@B19]-[@B23]\\]. ", "Most importantly perhaps, the increased risks of illness and death amongst those that are poorly adherent are undeniable. ", "A recent study in South Africa concluded those patients claiming less than 80% of their prescription refills were over three times more likely to die than those claiming more than 80% \\[[@B21]\\].", "\n\nThe development of drug resistance due to poor adherence goes beyond the individual level. ", "It becomes a public health issue when drug resistant viral strains are transmitted and this has been a major concern amongst governments and health agencies. ", "As treatment was introduced in sSA, we were warned of a situation of \\'antiretroviral anarchy\\' where the rapid emergence and transmission of resistant viral strains would ultimately limit treatment options \\[[@B24]\\]. ", "Fortunately, transmitted resistance in countries in sSA currently scaling up ART programmes is still less than 5%, but needs to be monitored closely \\[[@B25]\\]; increasing levels of resistance are inevitable as treatment coverage expands. ", "With non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-regimens in particular (used most commonly in sSA), drug resistance can develop after unplanned treatment interruptions of just a few days \\[[@B26],[@B27]\\].", "\n\nThis article looks at ART adherence concerns arising from three specific crises in the southern African region, based on a literature review of reports and papers in the public domain. ", "It considers the impact of these crises on adherence and explores strategies to try and keep patients on treatment, or to interrupt their treatment safely. ", "It uses this as a basis for making suggestions as to how ART interruptions arising from various scenarios might be avoided and managed in future.", "\n\nWhat types of situations compromise ART adherence and how does this happen?", "\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThere are a huge range of different crises that can potentially undermine ART treatment in southern Africa and the broader region. ", "These crises are of different natures, various durations (short term vs long term) and vary in geographical extent (localised vs widespread). ", "They also manifest in different ways. ", "This paper looks at problems with health system functioning and ART delivery during: 1) the 2008 floods in Mozambique, 2) the ongoing political and economic crisis in Zimbabwe, and 3) the 2007 public sector strike in South Africa (see Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "While each crisis is irrefutably unique in many ways, we have used some of the obviously classifiable features to frame the recommendations.", "\n\n###### \n\nThree crises in southern Africa that have impacted on ART adherence\n\n Nature of crisis Case study Major effect of crisis Duration of crisis Extent of crisis\n -------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------\n 1\\. Natural disasters 2008 floods in Mozambique Migration, damage to health system infrastructure Short to medium term Localised\n \n 2\\. Political and economic failure Ongoing situation in Zimbabwe Poverty, migration, health system collapse Long term Widespread\n \n 3\\. Health service or system failure 2007 public sector strike in South Africa Poor access to health services Short term (but similar nature crises can be longer term) Widespread (but similar nature crises can be localised)\n\nIn the case of natural disasters (and particularly floods), health concerns are often dominated by sanitary problems and overcrowding in temporary camps, which increase the risks of diarrhoeal diseases, cholera, measles, and malaria \\[[@B28]\\]. ", "In Mozambique reports suggested that 72 people died of cholera and an equal number of other waterborne diseases, a number far greater than the dozen or so that died as a result of rising flood waters \\[[@B29]\\]. ", "The immediate need to intervene with safe access to clean water meant that other health problems were eclipsed. ", "Some longer term risks were however identified, including: 1) poor access to food supplies, potentially resulting in malnutrition, and 2) poor access to health care, potentially resulting in worse maternal and child health outcomes and inadequate management of both acute and chronic diseases \\[[@B30]\\].", "\n\nSituations that results in the displacement of large numbers of people means those on ART may not be able to access the medication they require. ", "In Mozambique, fleeting mention was made in a few reports of the poor access to health facilities in resettlement areas, and the fact that health posts (providing very basic services) in these camps were slow to open due to a lack of drugs \\[[@B31],[@B32]\\]. ", "Medecins Sans Frontiers reported in late January 2008 that 60 patients in Mutarara (Tete province) on HIV and TB treatment were missing and had not come to the hospital to collect their monthly medication \\[[@B33]\\]. ", "In this instance teams were sent out to find them, but public health services do not generally have the capacity to respond in this way.", "\n\nPolitical and economic failure, which has widespread implications for the health system, is harder to manage and control for. ", "Health care provision can become more difficult due to the lack of drugs and medical supplies, as well as insufficient numbers of health workers. ", "In Zimbabwe this resulted in the closure of some of the largest hospitals in late 2008 \\[[@B34]\\]. ", "Even where drugs were free and health services available, patients struggled to access them due to obstacles such as high fuel and transport costs \\[[@B35]\\]. ", "Under such circumstances patients can\\'t afford all the basic necessities and are forced to migrate, with deleterious consequences for treatment.", "\n\nHow do health workers and ART patients respond to such a chaotic situation and are these responses appropriate? ", "In Zimbabwe there were reports of ART patients missing drug doses, sharing drugs, selling their drugs and changing regimens to try and cope with inadequate drug supplies and poor economic circumstances, so fuelling concerns of a drug-resistant HIV epidemic \\[[@B34],[@B36],[@B37]\\]. ", "On a more positive note, aid agencies and donors were aware of the need to keep patients on treatment and played an important role in ensuring the provision of drug supplies for the ART programme.", "\n\nThe category of health system or service failure is all encompassing as it can manifest in many ways, with common examples including health worker strikes or drug stock-outs. ", "Such problems are often symptomatic of broader political and/or economic collapse, although here we concern ourselves primarily with shorter term failures that are more confined to the health sector. ", "These generally result in patients not accessing necessary health services for a limited period of time, as was the case during the month-long South African public sector strike in 2007. ", "In this instance there were mixed reports over the extent of the disruption, but a significant number of patients with HIV/AIDS and TB could not obtain their treatment because of clinic closures \\[[@B38],[@B39]\\].", "\n\nAs the duration of the public sector strike was short term, patients with buffer drug stocks would have possibly been able to weather the crisis with little disruption to treatment. ", "However, in most cases patients only obtain their drugs on a month by month basis and so would have had little reserve. ", "The Southern African HIV Clinicians Society took the initiative of issuing a press statement on how treatment interruptions should be dealt with. ", "This essentially advised patients to seek help from other sources (either private pharmacies or another hospital/clinic) and to stop all drugs simultaneously if need be, without decreasing the dose to make treatment last longer \\[[@B40]\\]. ", "Unfortunately, due to its late release in media that few have access to and because it was written in English, it is unlikely that this information would have reached many of the ART patients who needed it.", "\n\nWhat strategies should be considered to keep ART patients adherent on treatment?", "\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe two key messages from this review are: 1) we need to plan for and manage various crises impacting on ART delivery; and 2) there are a number of strategies that have been employed and should be evaluated. ", "Unfortunately, most of what has been tried to date has been \\'too little, too late\\' and there has been almost no indication as to its effectiveness. ", "Nonetheless, there are conclusions and recommendations arising from the review that provide a starting point.", "\n\nManagement strategies will vary according to the duration of the crisis. ", "Many shorter term crises like those reviewed in this paper can be anticipated, indicating a need for sound planning and preparedness. ", "Patients could be given extra drug supplies to tide them over a potentially difficult time. ", "Anecdotal evidence suggests that this strategy is used to help patients cope with short periods of planned migration. ", "It does, however, come with the concern that relaxing controls on ART might result in drugs being shared or sold on the black market. ", "It therefore has to be managed carefully.", "\n\nLonger term crises, in contrast, cannot be planned for so easily because of the chronic erosion to the health system and the time taken to potentially restore services. ", "In these cases, close monitoring and proactive management is needed to alleviate the effects of the crisis on patient treatment, care and support. ", "Health information systems are central; needing to be sensitive enough to alert managers to change (such as when fewer patients start presenting for follow up or drug shortages are imminent) and detailed enough to give a fairly complete picture of what is happening. ", "Our observation that so little information exists on the impact of crises on ART programmes, is testament to how poor such systems currently are. ", "It is therefore no surprise that management of disruptions to ART delivery is largely ineffective. ", "Looking beyond the crisis itself, a carefully designed recovery plan will assist in restoring health system functioning as quickly as possible.", "\n\nJust as shorter term crises will be easier to weather than longer term crisis, so too will localised disruptions compared to widespread upheaval. ", "Careful management and some reorganisation of services may suffice with localised disruptions. ", "There was some evidence of this happening in Mozambique, where new health posts were set up and community workers used to search for patients \\[[@B31]\\]. ", "Such strategies do, however, have to be implemented quickly and efficiently if they are to ensure patient adherence to medication. ", "The use of mobile phones to keep contact with patients could be explored.", "\n\nWidespread upheaval on the other hand, requires an increased involvement and co-ordination of health sector partners, be they private, donor, NGO or faith based. ", "There were indications from Zimbabwe that such partners played an important role in ensuring the continuation of ART drug supplies, despite operating in a hostile environment where drug delivery and distribution were problematic \\[[@B34]\\]. ", "In South Africa private health care providers took care of many Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients during the strike \\[[@B41]\\]. ", "In a country like this, where the private health sector is large, there is scope for exploring partnerships that could benefit a wider range of patients in times of crisis.", "\n\nCrises that are both widespread and longer term, like that in Zimbabwe, often require a particularly holistic approach to support patients on ART. ", "This is because the socio-economic circumstances of households become compromised, meaning that simply ensuring ongoing service delivery is not sufficient to maintain ART adherence. ", "In such cases extra assistance may be required from a range of partners to manage the indirect costs of seeking care, such as transport costs, and to avoid a situation where people are having to trade-off basic necessities.", "\n\nFor all types of crisis, whether long or short term, widespread or localised, patient information systems which facilitate tracking and enable patients to collect their drugs from multiple locations would help tremendously. ", "This is because migration is often a common outcome of a crisis. ", "Even in South Africa, where patients did not migrate during the strike, they were advised to try and source their medication from other health facilities or private pharmacies \\[[@B40]\\]. ", "However, patients do not carry any record of their medication on them and so were told to take their pills along instead for the doctor or pharmacist to identify, which obviously is not ideal.", "\n\nLastly, the impact of deficient ART adherence during crisis situations could be lessened through attention to the basics - patient adherence counselling and health worker training. ", "If adherence counselling includes discussion on what to do in case of being unable to access drugs, then it should be possible to avoid some of the inappropriate coping strategies (such as sharing drugs or reducing drug doses) reported in Zimbabwe. ", "Clinicians properly trained in managing treatment interruptions could stagger the time at which different drug classes are stopped during drug stock-outs to avoid the development of NNRTI resistance in particular. ", "Issuing such guidance during a crisis, as was done in South Africa \\[[@B40]\\], might supplement such measures but is unlikely to be effective on its own.", "\n\nWho takes responsibility?", "\n-------------------------\n\nThere is no doubt that widespread, long term crises, particularly those involving state failure and political violence (such as in Zimbabwe), are the greatest threat to ART adherence. ", "In such situations there is an urgent need to consider the question of responsibility. ", "If government failure is making it difficult for people to obtain the treatment they need and NGOs within the country are struggling to operate in a hostile environment, should there not be some international responsibility for people living with HIV/AIDS?", "\n\nIn addressing the situation of people living with AIDS in Zimbabwe, there is scope to consider how the emerging \\'Responsibility to Protect\\' (RtoP) doctrine could be applied \\[[@B42]\\]. ", "The RtoP considers that \\'sovereign states bear the responsibility to protect their citizens from avoidable catastrophe, but that when they are unwilling or unable to do so, that responsibility must be borne by the broader community\\'\\[[@B43]\\]. ", "It therefore sets new norms for international security and human rights.", "\n\nIn the case of Zimbabwe, many patients on ART struggled to access their treatment not only within the country\\'s borders, but because they were forced to migrate to neighbouring countries, especially South Africa. ", "Undocumented migrants in South Africa have a constitutional right to access ART, but many remain unable to do so \\[[@B44]\\]. ", "Furthermore, one can argue that these \\'migrants\\' are in fact refugees, in which case the role of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in supporting access and adherence to ART comes into question. ", "The UNHCR has pledged to keep HIV/AIDS as priority \\[[@B45]\\], however it is unclear what is being done in this regard.", "\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nIn conclusion, ART programmes in sSA will continue to be challenged by a range of different crises. ", "What we have seen to date is that the need to prioritise often results in immediate concerns arising from such crises eclipsing those with longer-term consequences. ", "HIV/AIDS is by nature a long-term disease and failure to maintain treatment coverage and adherence will not immediately result in large numbers of deaths. ", "Unfortunately this does not mean that the consequences will be less severe - only that they will play out for years to come. ", "Responding strategically to the various threats posed by a crisis calls for careful consideration and co-ordination, rather than a knee-jerk response. ", "Ultimately, how we plan for and manage such crises could strongly influence treatment outcomes in the years and decades to come.", "\n\nCompeting interests\n===================\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.", "\n\nAuthors\\' contributions\n=======================\n\nNV contributed to the design of the study, undertook the literature review and was primarily responsible for drafting the manuscript. ", "AW conceptualised the design of the study and helped with revising the manuscript for publication. ", "DL conceptualised the design of the study and helped with revising the manuscript for publication. ", "AG helped with revising the manuscript for publication. ", "All authors read and approved the final manuscript.", "\n" ]

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[ "Have you considered a reverse mortgage, but don’t know exactly what it is and how it may benefit you? ", "There are many things to learn about reverse mortgage type of loans and you should be […]" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCoset of null space by an element\n\nLet $Ax$ = $b$ where $b$ is non-zero is a system of linear equations. ", "Here $A$ is any matrix and $b$ is a vector.", "\nI have been trying to prove that if $Ax$ = $b$ is consistent then\n$T$$^{-1}$($b$) = $N$($T$)+$x$ where $N$($T$) is the null space of the corresponding linear transformation $T$.\nThis has been my attempt.", "\nLet $w$ $\\in$ $N$($T$)+$x$\nThen $w$ = $a$+$x$ for some $a$ $\\in$ $N$($T$)\nThen $T$($w$) = $T$($a$)+$T$($x$) = $b$\nHence $N$($T$)+$x$ $\\subseteq$ $T$$^{-1}$($b$)\nNow how to show the other side?", "\nIf I let $y$ $\\in$ $T$$^{-1}$($b$)\nThen how can I write $y$ = $a$ + $x$ for some $a$ $\\in$ $N$($T$) ?", "\n\nA:\n\nSo $T:V \\rightarrow W$ is $T(x)=Ax$. Suppose $x_0 \\in V$ is such that $T(x_0)=Ax_0=b$ for some given $b \\in W$. You want to prove that the set\n$$T^{-1}(\\{b\\})=x_0+N(T).$$\nLet $y \\in T^{-1}(\\{b\\})$, then $T(y)=b$. But we also know that $T(x_0)=b$. This means $T(x_0-y)=T(x_0)-T(y)=b-b=0$. So $y-x_0 \\in N(T)$. Consequently,\n$$y \\in x_0+N(T) \\implies T^{-1}(\\{b\\}) \\subseteq x_0+N(T).$$\n\n" ]

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[ "Now that Apple’s HomePod smart speaker is available to everyone, it’s being put through a slew of tests. ", "Loup Ventures this weekend shared results from a detailed series of tests that it put the HomePod through, as well as how those results compare to other smart speakers …\n\nThe tech research firm says that it put the HomePod through 782 queries, as well as “comprehensive tests of sound quality and ease of use.” ", "In terms of the query tests, Loup Ventures says the HomePod was able to understand 99.4 percent of the commands, though it was only able to properly answer 52.3 percent.", "\n\nIn comparison, Google Home was able to answer 81 percent of commands, followed by Alexa at 64 percent and Microsoft’s Cortana at 57 percent.", "\n\nOne important thing to note here is that some of the queries tested by Loup Ventures are simply not supported by HomePod – such as navigation, email, and calling. ", "When these types of queries were removed, HomePod successfully answer 67 percent of commands – putting it above Alexa and Cortana.", "\n\nLoup Ventures estimates that Apple will sell 7 million HomePod units during the calendar year of 2018, with that number rising to 10.9 million in 2019. ", "Furthermore, the research firm says it expects Apple to nab 12 percent of the global smart speaker market this year.", "\n\nIn terms of consumer interest in HomePod, Loup Ventures says it surveyed 500 people in the United States and found that 3.3 percent were planning to purchase HomePod in the next year. ", "This is similar to early interest in the Apple Watch:\n\nLast week we surveyed 500 people in the U.S. and found 3.3% said they would purchase a HomePod in the next year. ", "Among those surveyed who already own an Apple product, 5.2% planned on buying a HomePod. ", "This is similar to 7% of Apple product owners planned to buy an Apple Watch ahead of its launch in Spring of 2015.", "\n\nUltimately, Apple is clearly marketing the HomePod as a great sounding speaker that happens to have Siri integration, as opposed to the other way around. ", "Whether or not this resonates remains to be seen, but this Loup Ventures study shows that Siri might not be as far behind its competitors as some like to think.", "\n\nSubscribe to 9to5Mac on YouTube for more Apple news:\n\nFTC: We use income earning auto affiliate links. ", "More.", "\n\nCheck out 9to5Mac on YouTube for more Apple news:" ]

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[ "An epigenetic signal encoded protection mechanism is activated by graphene oxide to inhibit its induced reproductive toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans.", "\nAlthough many studies have suggested the adverse effects of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), the self-protection mechanisms for organisms against ENMs toxicity are still largely unclear. ", "Using Caenorhabditis elegans as an in vivo assay system, our results suggest the toxicity of graphene oxide in reducing reproductive capacity by inducing damage on gonad development. ", "The observed reproductive toxicity of GO on gonad development was due to the combinational effect of germline apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and DNA damage activation might act as an inducer for this combinational effect. ", "For the underlying molecular mechanism of reproductive toxicity of GO, we raised a signaling cascade of HUS-1/CLK-2-CEP-1-EGL-1-CED-4-CED-3 to explain the roles of core apoptosis signaling pathway and DNA damage checkpoints. ", "Moreover, we identified a miRNA regulation mechanism activated by GO to suppress its induced reproductive toxicity. ", "A mir-360 regulation mechanism was activated by GO to suppress its induced DNA damage-apoptosis signaling cascade through affecting component of CEP-1. ", "Our identified epigenetic signal encoded protection mechanism activated by GO suggests a novel self-protection mechanism for organisms against the ENMs toxicity." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDecrypt file encrypted using openssl with aes-cbc-256\n\nI have encrypted a file using below commands\nopenssl rand 32 > test.key\nopenssl enc -aes-256-cbc -iter 10000 -pbkdf2 -salt -in test.txt -out test.txt.enc -pass file:test.key\nNow i am trying to decrypt it using java. ", "tring since last few days but no success.", "\nCan anyone help ?", "\nmy code\npackage test;\n\nimport java.io.", "BufferedReader;\nimport java.io.", "File;\nimport java.io.", "FileInputStream;\nimport java.io.", "FileReader;\nimport java.io.", "IOException;\nimport java.io.", "InputStream;\nimport java.io.", "OutputStream;\nimport java.nio.charset.", "Charset;\nimport java.security.", "GeneralSecurityException;\nimport java.security.", "InvalidAlgorithmParameterException;\nimport java.security.", "InvalidKeyException;\nimport java.security.", "MessageDigest;\nimport java.security.", "NoSuchAlgorithmException;\nimport java.security.spec.", "InvalidKeySpecException;\nimport java.util.", "ArrayList;\nimport java.util.", "Arrays;\nimport java.util.", "List;\nimport java.util.stream.", "Collectors;\nimport javax.crypto.", "BadPaddingException;\nimport javax.crypto.", "Cipher;\nimport javax.crypto.", "IllegalBlockSizeException;\nimport javax.crypto.", "NoSuchPaddingException;\nimport javax.crypto.spec.", "IvParameterSpec;\nimport javax.crypto.spec.", "SecretKeySpec;\nimport org.apache.commons.io.", "IOUtils;\n\npublic class OpenSSlDecryptor {\n private static final Charset ASCII = Charset.forName(\"ASCII\");\n private static final int INDEX_KEY = 0;\n private static final int INDEX_IV = 1;\n private static final int ITERATIONS = 10000;\n\n private static final int ARG_INDEX_FILENAME = 0;\n private static final int ARG_INDEX_PASSWORD = 1;\n\n private static final int SALT_OFFSET = 8;\n private static final int SALT_SIZE = 8;\n private static final int CIPHERTEXT_OFFSET = SALT_OFFSET + SALT_SIZE;\n\n private static final int KEY_SIZE_BITS = 256;\n\n /**\n * Thanks go to Ola Bini for releasing this source on his blog.", "\n * The source was obtained from <a href=\"http://olabini.com/blog/tag/evp_bytestokey/\">here</a> .", "\n */\n public static byte[][] EVP_BytesToKey(final int key_len, final int iv_len, final MessageDigest md,\n final byte[] salt, final byte[] data, final int count) {\n final byte[][] both = new byte[2][];\n final byte[] key = new byte[key_len];\n int key_ix = 0;\n final byte[] iv = new byte[iv_len];\n int iv_ix = 0;\n both[0] = key;\n both[1] = iv;\n byte[] md_buf = null;\n int nkey = key_len;\n int niv = iv_len;\n int i = 0;\n if (data == null) {\n return both;\n }\n int addmd = 0;\n for (;;) {\n md.reset();\n if (addmd++ > 0) {\n md.update(md_buf);\n }\n md.update(data);\n if (null !", "= salt) {\n md.update(salt, 0, 8);\n }\n md_buf = md.digest();\n for (i = 1; i < count; i++) {\n md.reset();\n md.update(md_buf);\n md_buf = md.digest();\n }\n i = 0;\n if (nkey > 0) {\n for (;;) {\n if (nkey == 0) {\n break;\n }\n if (i == md_buf.length) {\n break;\n }\n key[key_ix++] = md_buf[i];\n nkey--;\n i++;\n }\n }\n if (niv > 0 && i !", "= md_buf.length) {\n for (;;) {\n if (niv == 0) {\n break;\n }\n if (i == md_buf.length) {\n break;\n }\n iv[iv_ix++] = md_buf[i];\n niv--;\n i++;\n }\n }\n if (nkey == 0 && niv == 0) {\n break;\n }\n }\n for (i = 0; i < md_buf.length; i++) {\n md_buf[i] = 0;\n }\n return both;\n }\n\n public static void main(final String[] args) throws IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, InvalidKeySpecException, NoSuchPaddingException, InvalidKeyException, InvalidAlgorithmParameterException {\n final String fileName = \"test.txt.enc\";\n\n final File f = new File(fileName );\n try {\n // --- read base 64 encoded file ---\n\n List<String> lines = new ArrayList<>();\n\n try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(f))) {\n //br returns as stream and convert it into a List\n lines = br.lines().collect(Collectors.toList());\n\n } catch (final IOException e) {\n e.printStackTrace();\n }\n\n final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();\n for (final String line : lines) {\n sb.append(line.trim());\n }\n\n final String random_bin_key = \"test.key\";\n final byte[] passwordKey = IOUtils.toByteArray(new FileInputStream(random_bin_key));\n\n // --- extract salt & encrypted ---\n final byte[] headerSaltAndCipherText = sb.toString().getBytes();\n // header is \"Salted__\", ASCII encoded, if salt is being used (the default)\n final byte[] salt = Arrays.copyOfRange(\n headerSaltAndCipherText, SALT_OFFSET, SALT_OFFSET + SALT_SIZE);\n final byte[] encrypted = Arrays.copyOfRange(\n headerSaltAndCipherText, CIPHERTEXT_OFFSET, headerSaltAndCipherText.length);\n\n // --- specify cipher and digest for EVP_BytesToKey method ---\n\n final Cipher aesCBC = Cipher.getInstance(\"AES/CBC/PKCS5Padding\");\n final MessageDigest md5 = MessageDigest.getInstance(\"MD5\");\n\n // --- create key and IV ---\n\n // the IV is useless, OpenSSL might as well have use zero's\n final byte[][] keyAndIV = EVP_BytesToKey(\n KEY_SIZE_BITS / Byte.", "SIZE,\n aesCBC.getBlockSize(),\n md5,\n salt,\n passwordKey,\n ITERATIONS);\n final SecretKeySpec key = new SecretKeySpec(keyAndIV[INDEX_KEY], \"AES\");\n final IvParameterSpec iv = new IvParameterSpec(keyAndIV[INDEX_IV]);\n\n // --- initialize cipher instance and decrypt ---\n\n aesCBC.init(Cipher.", "DECRYPT_MODE, key, iv);\n final byte[] decrypted = aesCBC.doFinal(encrypted);\n final String answer = new String(decrypted);\n System.out.println(answer);\n } catch (final BadPaddingException e) {\n System.out.println(e.getMessage());\n } catch (final IllegalBlockSizeException e) {\n System.out.println(e.getMessage());\n } catch (final GeneralSecurityException e) {\n System.out.println(e.getMessage());\n } catch (final IOException e) {\n System.out.println(e.getMessage());\n }\n}\n\nError i am getting\nGiven final block not properly padded. ", "Such issues can arise if a bad key is used during decryption.", "\n\nI refereed following link \nhttps://raymii.org/s/tutorials/Encrypt_and_decrypt_files_to_public_keys_via_the_OpenSSL_Command_Line.html\nhttps://community.cloudera.com/t5/Support-Questions/How-do-I-decrypt-AES-256-CBC-data-in-HDF-if-it-was-encrypted/td-p/97961#\ntried with \n` final Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(\"AES/CBC/PKCS7Padding\");\n // strip off the salt and iv\n final ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(encryptedText);\n byte[] saltBytes = new byte[16];\n buffer.get(saltBytes, 0, saltBytes.length);\n saltBytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(saltBytes, 8, 16);\n final byte[] ivBytes1 = new byte[cipher.getBlockSize()];\n buffer.get(ivBytes1, 0, ivBytes1.length);\n final int length = buffer.capacity() - 16 - ivBytes1.length;\n // length = length+ 16 -(length%16);\n final byte[] encryptedTextBytes = new byte[length];\n\n buffer.get(encryptedTextBytes);\n // Deriving the key\n final SecretKeyFactory factory = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance(\"PBKDF2WithHmacSHA1\");\n final PBEKeySpec spec = new PBEKeySpec(new String(password).toCharArray(), saltBytes, 10000,\n 256);\n final SecretKey secretKey = factory.generateSecret(spec);\n final SecretKeySpec secret = new SecretKeySpec(secretKey.getEncoded(), \"AES\");\n cipher.init(Cipher.", "DECRYPT_MODE, secret, new IvParameterSpec(ivBytes1));\n byte[] decryptedTextBytes = null;\n try {\n decryptedTextBytes = cipher.doFinal(encryptedTextBytes);\n } catch (final IllegalBlockSizeException e) {\n e.printStackTrace();\n } catch (final BadPaddingException e) {\n e.printStackTrace();\n }\n\nGetting badpadding exception\ntried with PBKDF2WithHmacSHA256 still getting the error\n\nA:\n\nYou have several problems. ", "The most obvious is that you are trying to read the IV from the file, but openssl enc in its default password-based mode derives both key and IV from password and salt -- even when using PBKDF2. ", "However, both the standard (Sun/Oracle/OpenJDK) and BouncyCastle providers in Java implement PBKDF2 to derive only a key -- the way it is used in PBES2. ", "\nEven without that, your method of generating the 'password' as random bytes wouldn't work either. ", "The PKCS5 standard actually defines PBKDF2 to take the password as \n\nan octet\n string of arbitrary length whose interpretation as a text string is\n unspecified. ", " In the interest of interoperability, however, it is\n recommended that applications follow some common text encoding rules.", "\n ASCII and UTF-8 [RFC3629] are two possibilities. ", " (ASCII is a subset\n of UTF-8.)", "\n\nMany systems take interoperable encoding more seriously, and Java in particular (which was designed from its inception to be worldwide) defines PBEKeySpec to contain characters -- char[] in Java is UTF-16 -- which are encoded as UTF-8 when doing PBKDF2. ", "In contrast openssl is a C program dating from before the turn of the century when C started admitting the existence of countries other than the USA, so it only knows about bytes -- bytes which might be ASCII, or some other single-byte code like EBCDIC, but maybe not characters at all and certainly not any of those weird foreign characters that don't fit in a byte. ", "The probability of a sequence of 32 random bytes being valid UTF-8 is very low; it's too much work for me to figure analytically, but I ran a test of 100 million random values and got only one that would work with your scheme. (", "I was going to test a billion but got tired of waiting.) ", "\nPlus, since a password is supposed to be text, openssl reads -pass file: as a text file and treats it as a string. ", "That means if any of the random bytes is a null byte or a byte corresponding to the newline character, the remainder of the data in the file is discarded and ignored for the key-and-IV derivation. ", "This will occur on average about 1 in 4 times for random 32-byte values, and about 1 in 20 times it will occur early enough in the file to make the result cryptographically weak and breakable. ", "\nWhich raises the point: why are you using password-based encryption at all? ", "If your 'key' is 32 bytes from a decent secure RNG -- which openssl rand is -- you don't need to strengthen it, it's already valid as a key. ", "You can use openssl enc to do key-based encryption, not password-based, and it's more efficient, more secure, AND much easier in Java -- a massive win. ", "IF you use a new, random key for each encryption you don't even have to use a real IV, you can just use a zero IV as I did below. ", "But if you are going to reuse the/any key, you need to use a unique and unpredictable -- normally random -- IV for each encryption, and convey it with the data, perhaps by just putting it at the front.", "\nSo anyway, here's a fairly simple Java program which can handle either case: the openssl form of pdbkf2 with a 'password' that isn't actually a password and isn't UTF-8, or the more sensible key-based form (but for this demo with zero IV):\n//nopackage\nimport java.nio.charset.", "StandardCharsets;\nimport java.nio.file.*;", "\nimport java.security.*;", "\nimport java.util.*;", "\nimport javax.crypto.*;", "\nimport javax.crypto.spec.*;", "\n\npublic class SO61613286 {\n static public void main (String[] args) throws Exception /* let JVM give error */{\n // arguments: P/K, filename output from openssl enc, filename of text pw or binary key\n byte[] file = Files.readAllBytes(Paths.get(args[1])); \n byte[] fil2 = Files.readAllBytes(Paths.get(args[2])); \n Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(\"AES/CBC/PKCS5Padding\");\n\n if( args[0].startsWith(\"P\") ){\n // possibly truncate 'password' in fil2\n int n = 0; for( ; n < fil2.length; n++ ) if( fil2[n]==0 || fil2[n]=='\\n' ) break;\n if( n < fil2.length ) fil2 = Arrays.copyOf(fil2, n);\n // extract salt and derive ...\n byte[] salt = Arrays.copyOfRange(file, 8, 16);\n byte[] derive = PBKDF2 (\"HmacSHA256\", fil2, salt, 10000, 48);\n // ... key is first 32, IV is last 16\n cipher.init(Cipher.", "DECRYPT_MODE, new SecretKeySpec(derive,0,32,\"AES\"), new IvParameterSpec(derive,32,16));\n // remainder of file is ciphertext\n System.out.write( cipher.doFinal(file,16,file.length-16) );\n }else{\n // just use fil2 as key and zeros for IV ...\n cipher.init(Cipher.", "DECRYPT_MODE, new SecretKeySpec(fil2,\"AES\"), new IvParameterSpec(new byte[16]));\n // ... all of file is ciphertext\n System.out.write( cipher.doFinal(file,0,file.length) );\n // !!!", "if key will be reused, must use better IVs and transmit with the data!!!", "\n }\n }\n public static byte[] PBKDF2 (String prf, byte[] pass, byte[] salt, int iter, int len)\n throws NoSuchProviderException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, InvalidKeyException {\n byte[] result = new byte[len];\n Mac mac = Mac.getInstance(prf);\n mac.init (new SecretKeySpec (pass,prf));\n byte[] saltcnt = Arrays.copyOf (salt, salt.length+4);\n while( /*remaining*/len>0 ){\n for( int o = saltcnt.length; --o>=saltcnt.length-4; ) if( ++saltcnt[o] !", "= 0 ) break; \n byte[] u = saltcnt, x = new byte[mac.getMacLength()];\n for( int i = 1; i <= iter; i++ ){\n u = mac.doFinal (u); \n for( int o = 0; o < x.length; o++ ) x[o] ^= u[o];\n }\n int len2 = Math.min (len, x.length);\n System.arraycopy (x,0, result,result.length-len, len2);\n len -= len2;\n }\n return result;\n }\n public static void testutf8 (){\n Random r = new Random();\n byte[] t = new byte[32];\n for( int i = 0; i < 1000000000; i++ ){\n r.nextBytes(t); \n if( Arrays.equals(new String (t, StandardCharsets.", "UTF_8).getBytes(StandardCharsets.", "UTF_8), t) ) \n System.out.println(i+\" \"+Arrays.toString(t));\n if( i % 1000000 == 999999 ) System.out.println (i);\n }\n }\n}\n\nand a demo:\n$ openssl rand 32 >SO61613286.rnd # repeated several times until I got this:\n$ xxd SO61613286.rnd # notice the null byte\n0000000: ab1a 1384 9238 0900 c947 6b9a c23d 5ee0 .....8...Gk..=^.\n0000010: 32f0 6b2f 91ec 2dd9 a69d eb7d e00e 37ff 2.k/..-....}..7.", "\n$\n$ echo the name of the cat >SO61613286.in\n$\n$ openssl aes-256-cbc -in SO61613286.in -out SO61613286.enc1 -pass file:SO61613286.rnd -pbkdf2 -iter 10000\n$ java8 -cp . ", "SO61613286 P SO61613286.enc1 SO61613286.rnd\nthe name of the cat\n$\n$ openssl aes-256-cbc -in SO61613286.in -out SO61613286.enc2 -K $(xxd -p -c32 SO61613286.rnd) -iv 00\nhex string is too short, padding with zero bytes to length\n$ # that's a warning and can be ignored, as long as we don't need real IVs (see above)\n$ java8 -cp . ", "SO61613286 K SO61613286.enc2 SO61613286.rnd \nthe name of the cat\n$\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Exemplary embodiments of the present invention relate to a technology for fabricating a semiconductor device and, more particularly, to a semiconductor device including air gaps and a method of fabricating the same.", "\nSemiconductor devices generally include insulating materials between adjacent conductive structures. ", "As the degree of integration of semiconductor devices is increased, the distance between adjacent conductive structures is reduced. ", "As the distance between adjacent conductive structures is reduced, parasitic capacitance increases, leading to poor performance.", "\nParasitic capacitance may be reduced when the dielectric constant of the insulating material formed between the conductive structures is lowered, but the reduction in parasitic capacitance is limited because insulating materials generally have high dielectric constants." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nXSL Grouping of elements based on attribute value matched with wildcard\n\nI would like to transform this xml fragment\n<Sets>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item1\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeB.item2\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeC.item3\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item2\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item3\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.service.typeA.item1\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.service.typeA.item2\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item4\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item5\"/>\n</Sets>\n\ninto the following xml fragment:\n<Category id=\"category.product\">\n <Group id=\"category.product.typeA\">\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item1\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item2\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item3\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item4\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item5\"/> \n </Group>\n <Group id=\"category.product.typeB\"> \n <Set id=\"category.product.typeB.item2\"/>\n </Group>\n <Group id=\"category.product.typeC\"> \n <Set id=\"category.product.typeC.item3\"/>\n </Group>\n</Category>\n<Category id=\"category.service\">\n <Group id=\"category.service.typeA\">\n <Set id=\"category.service.typeA.item1\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.service.typeA.item2\"/>\n </Group>\n</Category>\n\nBasically, I would like to put elements into separate groups based on an attribute value.", "\nSo, elements with attribute values that match:\ncategory.product.typeA.* should be put in one group \ncategory.product.typeB.* should be put in another group\nIf the value of the attribute matches category.product.* ", "the group should be put in one category, and if the value of the attribute matches category.service.* ", "it should be put in another category.", "\nI have made efforts with \"starts-with\" and \"for-each-group\", but I am not able to put together both the grouping of the elements and the wildcard matching of the attributes and would appreciate any help.", "\n\nA:\n\nHere is my suggestion:\n<xsl:stylesheet\n xmlns:xsl=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform\"\n xmlns:xs=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema\"\n xmlns:mf=\"http://example.com/mf\"\n exclude-result-prefixes=\"xs mf\"\n version=\"2.0\">\n\n<xsl:output indent=\"yes\"/>\n\n<xsl:template match=\"Sets\">\n <xsl:for-each-group select=\"Set\" group-by=\"string-join(tokenize(@id, '\\.')[position() lt 3], '.')\"", ">\n <Category id=\"{current-grouping-key()}\">\n <xsl:for-each-group select=\"current-group()\" group-by=\"string-join(tokenize(@id, '\\.')[position() lt 4], '.')\"", ">\n <Group id=\"{current-grouping-key()}\">\n <xsl:copy-of select=\"current-group()\"/>\n </Group>\n </xsl:for-each-group>\n </Category>\n </xsl:for-each-group>\n</xsl:template>\n\n</xsl:stylesheet>\n\nWhen I apply that stylesheet with Saxon 9.4 to your input I get the wanted result\n<Category id=\"category.product\">\n <Group id=\"category.product.typeA\">\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item1\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item2\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item3\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item4\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeA.item5\"/>\n </Group>\n <Group id=\"category.product.typeB\">\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeB.item2\"/>\n </Group>\n <Group id=\"category.product.typeC\">\n <Set id=\"category.product.typeC.item3\"/>\n </Group>\n</Category>\n<Category id=\"category.service\">\n <Group id=\"category.service.typeA\">\n <Set id=\"category.service.typeA.item1\"/>\n <Set id=\"category.service.typeA.item2\"/>\n </Group>\n</Category>\n\n" ]

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[ "Protesters at a pro-immigration rally where organizers called for a stop to the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) raids and deportations of illegal immigrants and to officially establish Los Angeles as a sanctuary city.", "\n\nSanctuary cities could throw a wrench into President Donald Trump's latest order to ramp up deportations of undocumented immigrants.", "\n\nThe president on Monday tweeted that his administration would be deporting millions of undocumented immigrants beginning next week, sparking fear in immigrant populations and their allies across the country. ", "The president's directive would represent a massive escalation of deportations.", "\n\nTweet\n\nThe plan may run into roadblocks in locales that have implemented so-called sanctuary policies for immigrants, experts say, although such policies will not stop deportation efforts entirely.", "\n\nMoreover, Immigration and Customs Enforcement's resources are stretched thin, making the agency tasked with arresting migrants more reliant on local authorities in some areas. ", "That too will hamper the administration's ability to significantly increase its efforts.", "\n\nThe raids, which will target as many as 2,000 migrant families with existing deportation orders, will begin Sunday in up to 10 major cities, including Houston, Chicago, Miami, and Los Angeles, the Washington Post reported, citing U.S. officials with knowledge of the plan.", "\n\nActing Director Mark Morgan said Wednesday that ICE will be sending agents into communities to detain and deport undocumented families as a deterrent to further migration, The New York Times reported. ", "The agency has been preparing in recent days to conduct mass arrests, including pulling in assistance from Homeland Security investigative agents, according to the Times.", "\n\nBut seven states and close to 200 counties and cities, including Los Angeles and Chicago, both of which are reportedly targets for the upcoming raids, have enacted sanctuary laws or policies, according to the Center for Immigration Studies, that could disrupt the administration's efforts.", "\n\nThe policies limit local law enforcement's cooperation with ICE agents and restrict ICE's access to local resources.", "\n\nSanctuary policies can vary widely among municipalities. ", "Measures include limiting cooperation with ICE detention requests, referred to as detainers, restricting information-sharing with the Department of Homeland Security, and preventing local law enforcement officers from being deputized as federal immigration officers.", "\n\nThey do not, however, prevent ICE from detaining and deporting immigrants, according to immigration law experts.", "\n\n\"It's about limiting the use of state and local resources in federal immigration enforcement, not actually stopping federal immigration enforcement from happening,\" said Ruthie Epstein, deputy director of immigration policy for the American Civil Liberties Union.", "\n\nOver time, though, the policies have contributed to a decline in migrant detentions, according to Lena Graber, an attorney for the Immigrant Legal Resource Center.", "\n\nDespite the Trump administration's efforts, deportation numbers have not reached the record-high levels they did in 2012 under President Barack Obama when more localities were enforcing ICE detention requests, Graber said.", "\n\n\"That has a real impact on overall numbers of deportations,\" she said.", "\n\nICE said detainers are important to the agency's work.", "\n\n\"When law enforcement agencies fail to honor immigration detainers and release serious criminal offenders, it undermines ICE's ability to protect public safety and carry out its mission,\" an ICE spokesman said. \"", "ICE is committed to maintaining and strengthening its relationships with local law enforcement.'", "\n\nThe agency pledged to continue its immigration enforcement operations.", "\n\n\"The border crisis doesn't start and stop at the border, which is why ICE will continue to conduct interior enforcement without exemption for those who are in violation of federal immigration law,\" the agency said in a statement. \"", "This includes routine targeted enforcement operations, criminals, individuals subject to removal orders, and worksite enforcement.\"", "\n\nTrump has frequently expressed hostility toward sanctuary cities.", "\n\nIn 2017, he signed an executive order to cut some federal funding to them, which was later blocked by a district court judge. ", "In April, he said he was considering releasing undocumented immigrants into sanctuary cities, although the Department of Homeland Security had rejected the plan twice in the past year.", "\n\nTweet\n\nPer Trump's tweet this week, ICE will \"begin the process of removing the millions of illegal aliens who have illicitly found their way into the United States ... as fast as they come in.\"", "\n\nICE likely lacks the resources to deport migrants on this scale, The Washington Post reported.", "\n\nThe agency averages 7,000 deportations per month. ", "It deported 256,085 undocumented immigrants last year, according to ICE statistics.", "\n\nICE arrests are also down 7% from 2017, according to the Post, in part because hundreds of ICE agents have been sent to the U.S. border with Mexico to beef up security.", "\n\nICE leans on local governments to fill shortages in its own resources, meaning that sanctuary policies could also hamper mass deportation efforts, Graber said.", "\n\n\"Over the last few decades, the way that DHS has carried out most of its deportations is by co-opting the resources of local and state agencies,\" she said. \"", "Without the assistance and active help and participation of localities, DHS can't deport as many people as they otherwise would.\"", "\n\nOnce immigrants are detained, deporting them is not always a quick process.", "\n\nThey can be deported immediately only if they have a pending removal order, have been previously ordered deported or agree to voluntary deportation, Epstein and Graber said. ", "The upcoming ICE raids will reportedly target these individuals.", "\n\nIf not, they first have the opportunity to face an immigration judge to argue for the right to remain in the country, Epstein said.", "\n\nImmigration courts are facing significant backlogs due to shortages of judges, according to Ashley Tabaddor, president of the National Association of Immigration Judges, further delaying the deportation process." ]

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[ "Battler Ushiromiya had always loved big Rokkenjima with its mute, mutated mansion. ", "It was a place where he felt happy.", "\n\nHe was a modest, scheming, tea drinker with skinny legs and fit arms. ", "His friends saw him as a strange, spicy stupid. ", "Once, he had even saved a thoughtful old lady that was stuck in a drain. ", "That's the sort of man he was.", "\n\nBattler walked over to the window and reflected on his isolated surroundings. ", "The stormy teased like laughing cats.", "\n\nThen he saw something in the distance, or rather someone. ", "It was the figure of Beatrice the Golden Witch. ", "Beatrice was a hilarious evil with beautiful legs and fat arms.", "\n\nBattler gulped. ", "He was not prepared for Beatrice.", "\n\nAs Battler stepped outside and Beatrice came closer, he could see the delightful glint in her eye.", "\n\n\"I am here because I want for him to find out the truth,\" Beatrice bellowed, in an admirable tone. ", "She slammed her fist against Battler's chest, with the force of 7243 dogs. \"", "I frigging hate you, Battler Ushiromiya.\"", "\n\nBattler looked back, even more bored and still fingering the furniture stake. \"", "Beatrice, I'm in love with you,\" he replied.", "\n\nThey looked at each other with sad feelings, like two greasy, great goats shouting at a very wild dinner, which had classical music playing in the background and two courageous uncles killing to the beat.", "\n\nBattler studied Beatrice's beautiful legs and fat arms. ", "Eventually, he took a deep breath. \"", "I'm sorry, but I can't give you for him to find out the truth,\" he explained, in pitying tones.", "\n\nBeatrice looked angry, her body raw like a tan, thankful tea.", "\n\nBattler could actually hear Beatrice's body shatter into 9365 pieces. ", "Then the hilarious evil hurried away into the distance.", "\n\nNot even a cup of tea would calm Battler's nerves tonight.", "\n\nTHE END" ]

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[ "{% extends 'LadbCoreBundle:Core/User:_show-list.html.twig' %}\n\n{% block bodyContainerContent %}\n {% if items|length == 0 %}\n <div class=\"alert alert-info ladb-margin-top\">\n {% if is_granted(\"ROLE_USER\") and user.id == app.user.id %}\n <p>Vous n'avez pas encore publié d'<strong>avis/critique</strong> !", "</p>\n {% else %}\n <strong>{{ user.username }}</strong> n'a pas encore publié d'avis/critique.", "\n {% endif %}\n </div>\n {% else %}\n {% embed 'LadbCoreBundle:Common:_list-filterbar.part.html.twig' with { 'classes':'ladb-margin-bottom' } %}\n {% set filterDefs = {} %}\n {% block filterbarRightContent%}\n <span class=\"ladb-heading\">{{ user.meta.reviewCount|number_format(0, ',', ' ') }} {{ 'review.default.choice.entities'|transchoice(user.meta.reviewCount) }}</span>\n {% endblock %}\n {% endembed %}\n {% endif %}\n {{ parent() }}\n{% endblock %}\n\n{% block autopagerContainerInner %}\n {% include 'LadbCoreBundle:Core/Review:_list-byuser-n.part.html.twig' %}\n{% endblock %}\n" ]

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[ "Notes on Productivity Home Page\n\nI had the opportunity to spend time with David Allen this weekend to talk about Getting Things Done, Lotus Notes, Cloud Computing, and extreme productivity. ", "David allowed me to interview him on some questions and record it so I could share it with you." ]

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[ "Il Divo discography\n\nThe discography of multinational classical crossover vocal group Il Divo, contains eight studio albums, two live albums, one compilation album, a special Christmas album, singles and duets and collaborations.", "\n\nTheir debut album, Il Divo, was released in 2004 and went to number one in 13 countries worldwide. ", "Their second album, Ancora, was released in 2005; it went to number one in America selling more than 150,000 copies during its first week. ", "The Christmas Collection album, was released in October 2005 and was certified 2× Platinum in Canada and Platinum in America. ", "Their third album, Siempre, was released in 2006; it went to number one in ten countries. ", "Their fourth album, The Promise was released in 2008 and went to number one in seven countries, Their fifth album, Wicked Game in 2011, their sixth album, A Musical Affair in 2013 and their seventh album, Amor & Pasión in 2015.", "\n\nAlbums\n\nStudio albums\n\nLive albums\n\nCompilation albums\n\nSpecial Editions\n\nSingles\n\nExtras: Unaccredited\n«Volta Pra mim» Portuguese version of Regresa a mí (Unbreak My Heart).", "\n«With You I'm Born Again (Por ti vuelvo a nacer) »\n«I Believe I Can Fly (Se que puedo volar)»\n«Bridge over Troubled Water»\n«The Impossible Dream»\n«Hana wa Saku»\n«Furusato»\n«We Wish You a Merry Christmas»\n\nVideo albums\n\nMusic videos\n\nDuets and collaborations Il Divo\n\nIn soundtracks\n\nEvents\n FIFA World Cup: Il Divo & Toni Braxton «Time of Our Lives» \n\nTV soaps\n TV soaps Sortilegio'', song «Sortilegio de amor»\n\nDuets\n Anggun («Who Wants to Live Forever»)\n Barbra Streisand («Music Of The Night», «Somewhere», «Evergreen»)\n Celine Dion («I Believe in You (Je crois en toi)»)\nEngelbert Humperdick («Spanish Eyes»)\n Florent Pagny («Belle»)\n Heather Headley («Can You Feel the Love Tonight?»)", "\n Hélène Segara («Memory»)\n Juan Gabriel («Amor eterno»)\n Katherine Jenkins («Somewhere»)\n Kristin Chenoweth («Do You Hear What I Hear», «All I Ask of You»)\n Lea Salonga (« A Whole New World)», «Time to say goodbye (Con Te Partirò)», «Can You Feel the Love Tonight?»)", "\n Leona Lewis («Somewhere»)\n Lisa Angell («Can You Feel the Love Tonight?»)", "\n Mazz Murray («Memory», «Time to say goodbye (Con Te Partirò)», «Music Of The Night»)\n Michael Ball («Love Changes Everything»)\n Natasha St-Pier («Aimer»)\n Nicole Scherzinger («Memory»)\n Sonia Lacen («L'envie d'aimer»)\n Vincent Niclo («Le Temps Des Cathédrales»)\n\nCollaborations records of other artists\nOn Ne Change Pas de Celine Dion con la canción «I Believe in You (Je crois en toi)». (", "2005)\nVoices from the FIFA World Cup con la canción «Time of Our Lives». (", "2006)\n Libra - Toni Braxton song «The Time of Our Lives». (", "2006)\n Live in Concert - Barbra Streisand song «Evergreen». (", "2006)\n Engelbert Calling - Engelbert Humperdick, song «Spanish Eyes». (", "2014)\n Los Dúos - Juan Gabriel song «Amor eterno». (", "2015)\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Pop music group discographies\nCategory:Il Divo" ]

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"SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2119 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2217, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2205 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2262, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2247 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2292, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2274 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2316, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2305 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2351, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2338 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2378, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2363 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2453, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2442 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2468, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2458 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2513, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2509 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2588, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2584 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2648, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2644 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2710, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2706 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2753, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2713 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2782, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2778 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2809, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2786 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2837, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2833 } ]

[ "8*74526.5\n-155015.12\nWork out 2 * -2.89449.", "\n-5.78898\nCalculate 4.88809*-411.", "\n-2009.00499\n-4603 times 1390\n-6398170\nCalculate -13*15882.492.", "\n-206472.396\nWhat is the product of -1.11313 and -60?", "\n66.7878\n132888 times 110\n14617680\nWhat is the product of -1205251 and -4?", "\n4821004\nWork out -106688425 * 0.", "\n0\n-256211 times -0.01\n2562.11\nWhat is 4529 times 0.6309?", "\n2857.3461\nWhat is 11 times -0.0975437?", "\n-1.0729807\nWork out -6754.095 * -4.", "\n27016.38\nCalculate -0.27177*0.02812.", "\n-0.0076421724\nWhat is the product of -5 and 14850341?", "\n-74251705\nWork out 0.06 * 6416459.", "\n384987.54\nWhat is the product of 883 and -0.208?", "\n-183.664\nWhat is the product of -0.558 and 7.4189?", "\n-4.1397462\n-0.2 * 1985651.89\n-397130.378\n-1049 * 2.33211\n-2446.38339\nWhat is -322 times 128.0142?", "\n-41220.5724\nCalculate -0.41*-6920458.", "\n2837387.78\n4.119109 times -0.1\n-0.4119109\n0.31*3148.98\n976.1838\n-250.87568 * -0.21\n52.6838928\n0.4 times 858727\n343490.8\n0.11381853 * 0.019\n0.00216255207\nWhat is 0.0294 times -78.05?", "\n-2.29467\nMultiply -0.4 and 43393235.", "\n-17357294\nMultiply 50.6 and 155.47.", "\n7866.782\n728 times -15204\n-11068512\n1.677626 * 0.5\n0.838813\nMultiply -241685 and 1.62.", "\n-391529.7\n2243789 * 2.6\n5833851.4\nWhat is the product of -170807 and -1.788?", "\n305402.916\nWhat is the product of -0.04 and 19197.82?", "\n-767.9128\n-0.2 * 24848072\n-4969614.4\n0.217 times -122047\n-26484.199\n-1696320 times 34\n-57674880\n17.414*-1.47\n-25.59858\nMultiply 40426 and -1416.", "\n-57243216\n-0.04 times -1176.7437\n47.069748\nWork out 28.59978 * -0.2.", "\n-5.719956\n839 * -3855\n-3234345\nWhat is the product of -2017 and 49.414?", "\n-99668.038\nCalculate -12506*-2.155.", "\n26950.43\nWork out 25223.04797 * 0.3.", "\n7566.914391\nProduct of -97.2541 and -1.", "\n97.2541\n-1613 times 0.03433\n-55.37429\nWork out 172025 * 0.5.", "\n86012.5\nWhat is -0.1 times 38070.83?", "\n-3807.083\n14.571299 * -0.4\n-5.8285196\nProduct of 71 and -8627.", "\n-612517\nMultiply 1993.4 and -464.", "\n-924937.6\nWork out 470 * -23.6.", "\n-11092\nMultiply 0.1 and -0.96446.", "\n-0.096446\n0.36 * -5845701\n-2104452.36\nMultiply -1.44 and 6.72632.", "\n-9.6859008\nWhat is -7671093 times -4.4?", "\n33752809.2\n3.4911 * 6231\n21753.0441\nWork out 1794062 * -2.", "\n-3588124\nWhat is -0.1 times -188717190?", "\n18871719\nCalculate 0.07*0.08139741.", "\n0.0056978187\nWhat is the product of -62 and 7.419573?", "\n-460.013526\nWork out 15105 * 618.", "\n9334890\n-2056271 * -0.6\n1233762.6\n13708.4 times 0.65\n8910.46\n-4341312*2\n-8682624\n-521457.3*4\n-2085829.2\n0.8939 times -122.75\n-109.726225\nProduct of 2.727 and 22862.", "\n62344.674\nCalculate 0.052613*153.", "\n8.049789\n-33.3153712*0\n0\nWhat is the product of -393813 and 120?", "\n-47257560\nCalculate -14.10783855*-0.1.", "\n1.410783855\n5 times 716728\n3583640\n-36.131466*-14\n505.840524\nWhat is -626 times 0.6394?", "\n-400.2644\nProduct of -16 and 14343314.", "\n-229493024\nWhat is the product of 0.4 and 594110?", "\n237644\nWork out -0.27777 * 0.99.", "\n-0.2749923\n4842497 times -0.33\n-1598024.01\nCalculate -0.0584*-67135.", "\n3920.684\n-2342079.1 * -18\n42157423.8\nWhat is 1323669 times -18?", "\n-23826042\n2259816 * -16\n-36157056\nWhat is the product of 249084 and -4?", "\n-996336\nWork out -0.14 * 105.02034.", "\n-14.7028476\n-131420.77 * 0.24\n-31540.9848\nMultiply 0.2614 and 4.324.", "\n1.1302936\nProduct of -7641 and -1.9328.", "\n14768.5248\nWork out 0.129 * -116851.3.", "\n-15073.8177\n-0.3*-1.8708948\n0.56126844\n-39637.79 * 0.3\n-11891.337\n2717372 * 0.9\n2445634.8\nProduct of -0.9 and -6379297.", "\n5741367.3\n1.0890078 times -6\n-6.5340468\nWork out 0.7 * -2.56301914.", "\n-1.794113398\n-7646 times 7920\n-60556320\nWhat is -2 times 32177206?", "\n-64354412\n70 * 348081\n24365670\nWhat is 192791 times 38?", "\n7326058\n1.143*-0.073618\n-0.084145374\nWork out -114 * -9647.", "\n1099758\nCalculate 14209*-1553.", "\n-22066577\n5999615*-4\n-23998460\nMultiply -4.73 and 6610.", "\n-31265.3\n-8708.7 times 74\n-644443.8\nWhat is the product of -401381252 and -0.3?", "\n120414375.6\nProduct of -0.5 and -1886185.77.", "\n943092.885\n7931825*2\n15863650\n3 * 28363215\n85089645\nProduct of -0.222 and -1763.", "\n391.386\nWhat is 30.5 times 562.1?", "\n17144.05\nMultiply -117 and -0.062722.", "\n7.338474\nCalculate -0.4*1058698.", "\n-423479.2\n41237 times -2.68\n-110515.16\nWhat is 0.5 times -167869.9?", "\n-83934.95\nCalculate 5*-69128776.", "\n-345643880\nWhat is the product of -1536.7 and 3478?", "\n-5344642.6\n0.2 * 3321660\n664332\nCalculate 0.31173*966.", "\n301.13118\n21*22298088\n468259848\nWork out 39.732716 * -2.", "\n-79.465432\nProduct of -2046 and 581.", "\n-1188726\nWhat is 59110 times -4.6?", "\n-271906\nWork out 1337632 * -35.", "\n-46817120\nCalculate 0.9*88.694106.", "\n79.8246954\n-0.4*-2260.4327\n904.17308\nProduct of -19.17 and 14.7145.", "\n-282.076965\nWhat is 0.029752 times 0.184?", "\n0.005474368\nProduct of 4107.9 and -1087.5.", "\n-4467341.25\n-0.2*-1114672\n222934.4\nWhat is -1452 times 53117?", "\n-77125884\nWhat is 225519 times -399.9?", "\n-90185048.1\n-4567.823 * 0\n0\nCalculate -121.578*5.6.", "\n-680.8368\nProduct of -0.3 and -22897704.", "\n6869311.2\nCalculate -64*0.125549.", "\n-8.035136\nWhat is 9902974 times 2?", "\n19805948\nWhat is the product of 0.03 and 0.7723835?", "\n0.023171505\n-2.91446*-0.007\n0.02040122\n-6443913 * 17\n-109546521\n-8*2185314\n-17482512\nWork out 737.435 * -25.", "\n-18435.875\nWork out -1853 * -1.151.", "\n2132.803\nProduct of 305000 and -2.5.", "\n-762500\n112364 * 0.009\n1011.276\n-7689804 * -18\n138416472\nMultiply -0.033 and 14.20592.", "\n-0.46879536\nProduct of -0.199 and -0.206898.", "\n0.041172702\nMultiply -0.3 and -23.6499.", "\n7.09497\nWork out -234.8337 * -0.015.", "\n3.5225055\n-4.7 * -417863\n1963956.1\nMultiply 202 and -60.483.", "\n-12217.566\nMultiply 0.24 and 99972.2.", "\n23993.328\nProduct of -0.6615611 and -2.", "\n1.3231222\nProduct of -2 and -1028518.8.", "\n2057037.6\nProduct of 18563 and -2.13.", "\n-39539.19\nCalculate 15.240285*0.3.", "\n4.5720855\nWhat is the product of 3 and -3419900?", "\n-10259700\n-1.94414 * 0.065\n-0.1263691\nCalculate -0.04496544*1.", "\n-0.04496544\nWhat is -4332 times -1963?", "\n8503716\nMultiply 28 and -1646.82.", "\n-46110.96\nWhat is the product of 0.7659231 and 0.04?", "\n0.030636924\n-1054.2*57358\n-60466803.6\n514.180269 times 5\n2570.901345\nWhat is the product of -119587 and 14?", "\n-1674218\nWhat is -25370 times -0.7237?", "\n18360.269\nWhat is the product of -2776372 and 0.04?", "\n-111054.88\nWhat is -27 times -8898572?", "\n240261444\n0.561 * -5940.8\n-3332.7888\nProduct of 1590.07 and -1.52.", "\n-2416.9064\nWork out 1.1 * 10592212.", "\n11651433.2\n-0.03337 * -19.29\n0.6437073\nMultiply -0.031 and -7.227.", "\n0.224037\n-22652768*0.4\n-9061107.2\nWork out -13022 * -969.", "\n12618318\nCalculate -26.2*0.251163.", "\n-6.5804706\nMultiply 705 and -19850.", "\n-13994250\n120*2104312\n252517440\nWork out 980 * 42264.", "\n41418720\nProduct of -10 and -6100767.", "\n61007670\nMultiply -5670 and 94.97.", "\n-538479.9\nWhat is the product of 21.24315 and -3?", "\n-63.72945\n-1.15 * -29.6747\n34.125905\nWhat is 4 times -623824?", "\n-2495296\nWhat is the product of 0.19185 and 246?", "\n47.1951\nProduct of -43690901 and 1.", "\n-43690901\nProduct of -0.5 and 8034368.", "\n-4017184\nProduct of -15426 and 150.", "\n-2313900\nMultiply -14.264 and 2.453.", "\n-34.989592\nWhat is 0.02 times 23575292?", "\n471505.84\nWhat is the product of 55129 and 7?", "\n385903\n10279 * 734\n7544786\nWhat is 4.89 times -445?", "\n-2176.05\n-19551 times -2.82\n55133.82\n466140*-90\n-41952600\nWhat is -8.8148 times 0.572?", "\n-5.0420656\n1.7 * -12418\n-21110.6\n10.402*186\n1934.772\nWhat is the product of -0.7 and 118819?", "\n-83173.3\nCalculate -71037457*2.", "\n-142074914\nMultiply -5.2112 and -53.", "\n276.1936\nCalculate 607*4.0805.", "\n2476.8635\nWhat is the product of 0.05255 and -1599?", "\n-84.02745\n-0.5 times 178444.3\n-89222.15\n-15.68*-825\n12936\n-0.01*-13052132\n130521.32\nProduct of -0.2 and 0.19502338.", "\n-0.039004676\n1658.6 * 0.09425\n156.32305\nMultiply -0.007 and 10071761.", "\n-70502.327\nCalculate 312129*0.07.", "\n21849.03\nMultiply 0.08169592 and 31.", "\n2.53257352\nCalculate -350.27915*3.", "\n-1050.83745\nWhat is the product of -0.1 and 74877089?", "\n-7487708.9\nWhat is 934534961 times -0.4?", "\n-373813984.4\n-0.06163 * -1406\n86.65178\nCalculate 0.2*14597724.", "\n2919544.8\nWork out 409.23 * -2906.", "\n-1189222.38\nCalculate 0.1076596*-0.34.", "\n-0.036604264\n21*217070\n4558470\nWhat is -95211090 times -4?", "\n380844360\nWhat is 110 times -1855.3?", "\n-204083\nProduct of -0.6 and 696252.63.", "\n-417751.578\nWork out 0.13 * 514.6217.", "\n66.900821\nWhat is -2 times 10298727?", "\n-20597454\n-3526 times -27554\n97155404\n-1.429 * 2.9067\n-4.1536743\nWhat is -84 times 8.78528?", "\n-737.96352\nWhat is 33.71 times 0.635023?", "\n21.40662533\nProduct of 0.2 and 27010269.", "\n5402053.8\nProduct of -0.5 and 537590.1.", "\n-268795.05\nMultiply 3549442 and 3.", "\n10648326\n-2367*-1999.53\n4732887.51\nWork out 43759895 * -3.1.", "\n-135655674.5\nWork out 0.1 *" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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0.004301

5

[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 482, "entity_type": "UK_NHS", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "NhsRecognizer_140094861024608", "recognizer_name": "NhsRecognizer" }, "score": 1, "start": 472 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2570, "entity_type": "AU_TFN", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "AuTfnRecognizer_140094861022688", "recognizer_name": "AuTfnRecognizer" }, "score": 1, "start": 2561 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 4452, "entity_type": "AU_ACN", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "AuAcnRecognizer_140094861021344", "recognizer_name": "AuAcnRecognizer" }, "score": 1, "start": 4443 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 258, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 250 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1540, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { 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[ " United States Court of Appeals\n FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT\n ___________\n\n No. ", "04-2852\n ___________\n\nScott Scanlon, *\n *\n Appellant, *\n * Appeal from the United States\n v. * District Court for the\n * Eastern District of Arkansas.", "\nCorrectional Medical Services; *\nRoland Anderson, Regional *\nMedical Director, CMS; Max *\nMobley, Deputy Director, Arkansas *\nDepartment of Correction; Dr. Robin *\nHickerson, Former ADC Psychiatrist; * [UNPUBLISHED]\nDr. Solomon Mogbo, Former CMS *\nDoctor, ADC; Lorne Ryan, Consult *\nDoctor, *\n *\n Appellees. ", " *\n ___________\n\n Submitted: March 23, 2005\n Filed: March 24, 2005\n ___________\n\nBefore MELLOY, McMILLIAN, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.", "\n ___________\n\nPER CURIAM.", "\n\f In this interlocutory appeal, Arkansas prisoner Scott Scanlon contests the\ndistrict court’s1 denial of his motion for a preliminary injunction. ", "Scanlon claims that\ndefendants are violating the Eighth Amendment through their deliberate indifference\nto his serious medical needs, and requests transfer to “an appropriate medical\nfacility.”", "\n\n The district court did not abuse its discretion in determining that a preliminary\ninjunction was not warranted in this case because Scanlon showed neither a threat of\nirreparable harm nor a probability of success on the merits. ", "The record reflects that\nScanlon is receiving ongoing medical care, and that he merely disagrees with\ndefendant medical providers’ diagnoses and treatment. ", "See Bandag, Inc. v. Jack’s\nTire & Oil, Inc., 190 F.3d 924, 926 (8th Cir. ", "1999) (per curiam) (standard of review);\nSmith v. Marcantonio, 910 F.2d 500, 502 (8th Cir. ", "1990) (mere disagreement with\ncourse of treatment does not state constitutional claim for deliberate indifference);\nDataphase Sys., ", "Inc. v. C.L. Sys., ", "Inc., 640 F.2d 109, 113 (8th Cir. ", "1981) (en banc)\n(factors to consider in deciding whether to grant preliminary injunction).", "\n\n Accordingly, we affirm.", "\n ______________________________\n\n\n\n\n 1\n The Honorable William R. Wilson, Jr., United States District Judge for the\nEastern District of Arkansas, adopting the report and recommendations of the\nHonorable H. David Young, United States Magistrate Judge for the Eastern District\nof Arkansas.", "\n -2-\n\f" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nShould I include being an interviewer on my resume?", "\n\nI am not the manager of the team I work on but was the first hire in it and have conducted dozens of interviews making a significant contribution to the assembly of a successful team of a handful of programmers. ", "I take a lot of pride in conducting interviews and consider it a skill of mine. ", "Should I mention this on my resume?", "\n\nA:\n\nIf you think interviewing skills are directly related to the position you're applying for, sure, put it on there. ", " if it's not directly related to the position, you can still include it, but maybe put it down towards the bottom of the list. ", " (Nice to know you can do it, but keep the focus on the skills that are actually relevant.)", "\nThat being said, if you're going to make a point about how good you are at conducting interviews on your resume, you better make damn sure you leave a good impression when you're being interviewed.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Ancestors of Howard Hickman\n\nPerson Page - 868\n\nGeorge Estle was born on 22 May 1875 at Greene Co, PA.. He was the son of Joseph Estle and Catherine Elizabeth Ashby. ", "He was a farmer in 1930 at Battelle District, Monongalia Co, WV.. He died on 14 January 1940 at Monongalia Co, WV., ", "at age 64.", "\n\nCora Jane Hoy was born on 1 July 1885 at Greene Co, PA.. She married William Lindsey Estle, son of John Estle and Olive Morris, on 15 January 1921 at Waynesburg, PA.. She died in 1938.2 She was buried at Cleughton Chapel Cemetery, Whiteley Twp, Greene Co, PA..\n\nCharles Chamberlain was born in 1832. ", "He married Melinda Estle, daughter of William Estle and Susan Catherine Swan, on 16 January 1865 at Jasper Co, IA.. He was thrown from his wagon and killed. ", "His team had become frightened by a train. ", "He died in December 1876 at Jasper Co, IA..\n\nCitations\n\nWilliam Thomas Estle was born on 20 October 1873 at Greene Co, PA.. He was the son of Joseph Estle and Catherine Elizabeth Ashby. ", "He was a retail merchant in 1910 at Battelle District, Monongalia Co, WV.. He was a teacher in 1920 at Battelle District, Monongalia Co, WV.. He died on 10 July 1945 at Clear Creek Twp, Ashland Co, OH., ", "at age 71." ]

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[ "1. ", "Introduction {#sec1-ijerph-16-02923}\n===============\n\nSmall-sided games (SSGs) are very popular exercise drills designed by coaches to replicate official match dynamics and increase the intensity and individual participation of players during soccer training sessions \\[[@B1-ijerph-16-02923],[@B2-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "In SSGs, the format of play (number of players involved), pitch size, and some rules can be manipulated to adjust the exertion required by players to meet the coach's proposed objective \\[[@B3-ijerph-16-02923],[@B4-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "One of the advantages of SSGs is that, if properly designed, they may represent an effective strategy for multicomponent training \\[[@B5-ijerph-16-02923]\\], allowing for the development of both physical/physiological and technical/tactical skills at the same time \\[[@B6-ijerph-16-02923]\\].", "\n\nSSGs are often used to promote new affordances and to adjust the tactical complexity to the main goal of the coach, improving the decision making of players \\[[@B7-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "In fact, small variations in these games may promote a significant change in the player's behavior, thus resulting in consequences for the overall intensity of exercise \\[[@B8-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "Despite these games being promoted for improving the collective and individual behavior of players, there is also a relationship with the physical and physiological demands of players.", "\n\nAmong the common topics researched in SSGs and its physiological effects is the effects of training regimens on players' performance and acute responses \\[[@B9-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "The load imposed on players and the way in which this load occurs must be understood to ensure that training stimuli are adjusted to promote high-intensity exertion without compromising external load or technical/tactical performance \\[[@B10-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "The load is closely related to the following training prescription that should be taken in account \\[[@B2-ijerph-16-02923]\\]: (a) work intensity and duration; (b) recovery type (rest/active recovery) and duration; and (c) total work duration (work interval number × work duration).", "\n\nIn the specific case of SSGs, comparisons between continuous and intermittent training regimens are commonly conducted \\[[@B9-ijerph-16-02923],[@B11-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "Most results do not reveal meaningful or clear changes between these types of regimens in terms of heart rate responses and blood lactate concentrations \\[[@B9-ijerph-16-02923],[@B12-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "However, when comparing different intermittent regimens (short, moderate, and long) with continuous regimens, the evidence suggests that continuous regimens result in higher values of maximal heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and perceived exertion \\[[@B13-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "Moreover, continuous regimens seem to increase the distance covered at low running speeds and decrease moderate-to-intense running distances \\[[@B13-ijerph-16-02923]\\].", "\n\nAs high-intensity drills, SSGs seem to fit in the category of interval training. ", "Rather than compare the acute effects of continuous versus intermittent regimens, it is important to analyze the effects of different intermittent regimens. ", "In a study conducted using a 3 × 3 SSG format, it was found that long bouts (sets) (3 × 6 min/2 min rest) decreased heart rate responses in comparison to medium (3 × 4 min/2 min rest) and small (3 × 2 min/2 min rest) bouts \\[[@B14-ijerph-16-02923]\\] if the first minute of data is excluded. ", "However, no meaningful changes were observed in perceived exertion or technical actions \\[[@B14-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "In another study, it was found that, compared to long bouts, shorter bouts elicited lower maximal heart rate, shorter total distance covered at low running speed, and greater distances covered at medium and high running speeds \\[[@B13-ijerph-16-02923]\\].", "\n\nThe proper adjustment of SSGs to suit the purpose of training may help coaches optimize the amount of exertion imposed on players and may improve their performance. ", "However, while a couple of experiments have compared different intermittent soccer training regimens \\[[@B13-ijerph-16-02923],[@B14-ijerph-16-02923]\\], the information presented lacks a clear demonstration of the effects of different training regimens on internal (acute physiological responses) and external (physical demands) load variables. ", "A comparison between bout durations should help researchers understand the patterns of exertion and provide meaningful information to coaches to help them choose the most effective regimens for their players. ", "Moreover, coaches will also be able to analyze the effects of different intermittent regimens on time-motion performance during SSGs. ", "Based on this rationale, the aim of the present study was two-fold: (i) to analyze variations in rate of perceived exertion, heart rate responses, and time-motion demands between two intermittent training regimens (6 × 3' and 3 × 6') during an SSG (5 × 5 format); and (ii) to test the variations of the above-mentioned variables within training regimens (between sets).", "\n\n2. ", "Materials and Methods {#sec2-ijerph-16-02923}\n========================\n\n2.1. ", "Participants {#sec2dot1-ijerph-16-02923}\n-----------------\n\nTen male amateur soccer players (age: 23.7 ± 1.1 years; experience: 10.3 ± 3.1 years; height: 178.2 ± 5.3 cm; weight: 72.1 ± 4.9 kg) competing at the regional level participated in this study. ", "The participants usually trained three times a week and played one match every week. ", "Participants were informed about the study design and the potential implications, risks, and benefits of participating. ", "After that, participants freely signed an informed consent. ", "The experiment followed the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki for the study in humans. ", "The study was approved by the local ethical committee (School of Sport and Leisure) with the code number IPVC-ESDL180503.", "\n\n2.2. ", "Experimental Approach {#sec2dot2-ijerph-16-02923}\n--------------------------\n\nThis study used a counterbalanced repeated-measures design to compare the rate of perceived exertion (RPE), mean heart rate (HRmean), total distance (TD), running distance (RD), sprinting distance (SD), total accelerations (TAc), total decelerations (TDc) and player load (PL) of the participants in two different SSG regimens: 6 sets of 3 min with 2 min of rest (6 × 3' regimen) and 3 sets of 6 min with 2 min of rest (3 × 6' regimen). ", "The study was conducted for 2 weeks immediately after the last official match of the season. ", "The study occurred in the same pitch and the 10 players participated in all data collection sessions.", "\n\nThe 5 × 5 format was employed in both training regimens. ", "Each regimen was implemented twice, interspaced by a period of one week to ensure each session was performed under similar conditions. ", "In each session, only one SSG regimen was implemented. ", "In the first week, the 6 × 3' regimen was implemented first and the 3 × 6' regimen was implemented 48 h afterward, without any other training sessions in between. ", "In the second week, the inverse sequence was employed. ", "The mean of results obtained in each condition (mean of the two days of data collection with the same regimen) was used between regimens comparisons.", "\n\nThe players were distributed into two teams based on skill level and playing position to homogenize the competitive level. ", "The teams did not change during the study. ", "Players wore vests equipped with a GPS and HR sensors during the SSGs. ", "The SSGs were played on synthetic turf at 6:00 p.m. at an average temperature of 23 °C and a relative humidity of 57% no SSGs played under rainy weather conditions. ", "All SSGs were preceded by a standardized warm-up consisting of 5 min of jogging, 5 min of lower-limb dynamic stretching and mobility exercises, 5 min of agility and speed drills, and 5 min of a ball possession game.", "\n\n2.3. ", "Small-Sided Game {#sec2dot3-ijerph-16-02923}\n---------------------\n\nThe 5 × 5 format was implemented with small goals (2 × 1 m) without goalkeepers. ", "The size of the pitch was 42 × 22 m (924 m^2^). ", "The individual playing area (area divided by the total number of players) followed previous recommendations to promote SSGs based on the real game situations (area of play) in attacking processes \\[[@B15-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "Two training regimens were used: 6 × 3'/2' rest and 3 × 6'/2' rest. ", "The teams were composed of 2 defenders, 2 midfielders and 1 forward with similar skill levels as based on a preliminary observational test.", "\n\nNo specific verbal instructions were provided before, during, or after the SSGs. ", "However, verbal encouragement was provided to keep players committed and to help them to maintain a high exertion level. ", "Six balls were placed around the pitch to ensure a quick repositioning if the ball in play went out of bounds. ", "The SSGs followed official soccer rules with exception of offside.", "\n\n2.4. ", "Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) {#sec2dot4-ijerph-16-02923}\n---------------------------------------\n\nPlayers were instructed to rate their perceived effort immediately after each SSG. ", "The CR-10 point scale \\[[@B16-ijerph-16-02923]\\] was used to classify the effort; on this scale, 1 means \"very light activity\" and 10 means \"maximal exertion.\" ", "Players rated the effort individually as to not hear or be influenced by other teammates' responses. ", "All the players were previously instructed of the use of the scale to optimize the accuracy of their ratings during the experiments.", "\n\n2.5. ", "Heart Rate (HR) and Global Positioning System (GPS) {#sec2dot5-ijerph-16-02923}\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\nPlayers wore an HR sensor and a chest belt (Polar H7, Polar Electro, OY, Kempele, Finland) which recorded data every second during the SSGs. ", "Data were imported into the Polar Team application. ", "The HRmean (bpm) per each set was used to measure this variable.", "\n\nThe players also wore a vest with a geolocation tracker (JOHAN Sports, Noordwijk, The Netherlands) consisting of a GPS sensor (10 Hz, including EGNOS correction), accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer (100 Hz, 3 axes). ", "The validity and reliability values of the devices can be found in a previous study \\[[@B17-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "The tracker was placed in a bag of the vest located at the dorsal region. ", "The data was exported and treated immediately after each session.", "\n\nThe following variables were collected from the tracker devices: (a) total distance (meters per minute); (b) running distance at 14--19.9 km/h (meters per minute); (c) sprinting distance at \\>20.0 km/h (meters per minute); (d) total accelerations \\>2 m/s^2^ (number per minute); (e) total decelerations \\>2 m/s^2^ (number per minute); and (f) player's load (g per min), being calculated by estimating the total acceleration difference between two consecutive time steps being the length of the three-dimensional vector of accelerations in the anteroposterior, mediolateral, and craniocaudal axes between time step = 0 and time step = 1. ", "Players were familiarized with the use of the HR belts and trackers vests before the study began.", "\n\n2.6. ", "Statistical Procedures {#sec2dot6-ijerph-16-02923}\n---------------------------\n\nThe results are presented as either means and standard deviations (SD) or percentage differences and 90% confidence intervals (90% CI). ", "The confidence intervals were defined following the recommendations for this kind of sample \\[[@B18-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "Normality and homogeneity of the data were firstly tested and verified before the inference analyses. ", "Between-training regimens and within-training regimens differences were analyzed using the standardized differences of the effect size (ES) \\[[@B19-ijerph-16-02923]\\], with a 90% CI. ", "ES was classified as trivial (\\<0.2), small (0.2--0.6), moderate (0.6--1.2), or large (\\>1.2) \\[[@B18-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "Probabilities were calculated considering the smallest worthwhile changes (SWC, 0.2 × between-subjects SD) \\[[@B20-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "Qualitative probabilistic mechanistic inferences of the true effects were made using these probabilities \\[[@B20-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "The scale for qualitative probabilities was as follows: 25--75% = possible; 75--95% = likely; 95--99% = very likely; \\>99% = almost certain \\[[@B20-ijerph-16-02923]\\].", "\n\n3. ", "Results {#sec3-ijerph-16-02923}\n==========\n\nDescriptive statistics of internal and external load variables in both SSG training regimens can be found in [Table 1](#ijerph-16-02923-t001){ref-type=\"table\"} (values represent the average of the two sessions per type of intermittent protocol). ", "Descriptive analyses reveal that RPE were higher in the last set in both 6 × 3' (6.1 ± 1.9 arbitrary units (A.U.)) and 3 × 6' (6.7 ± 1.6 A.U.) training regimens. ", "The HRmean was higher in the second set of 6 × 3' regimen (171.6 ± 10.0 bpm) and in the third set of 3 × 6' regimen (171.1 ± 10.9). ", "TD was greater in the third set of 6 × 3' regimen (112.5 ± 11.1 m/min) and in the first set of 3 × 6' regimen (103.3 ± 7.6 m/min). ", "RD was greater in the second set of 6 × 3' regimen (10.0 ± 5.1 m/min) and in the second set of 3 × 6'regimen (9.4 ± 5.6 m/min). ", "SD was greater in the third set of 6 × 3' regimen (1.5 ± 1.9 m/min) and in the second set of 3 × 6' regimen (0.7 ± 1.3 m/min). ", "TAc and TDc were greater in the second set of 6 × 3' regimen (2.9 ± 0.8 and 2.7 ± 0.9 n/min, respectively) and in the first set of 3 × 6' regimen (2.1 ± 1.0 and 1.9 ± 1.0 n/min, respectively). ", "Finally, PL was greater in the second and third sets of 6 × 3' regimen (7.3 ± 1.3 g/min) and in the first set of 3 × 6' regimen (1.9 ± 1.0 g/min).", "\n\nBetween-training regimen variations can be found in [Table 2](#ijerph-16-02923-t002){ref-type=\"table\"} (values represent the average of the two sessions per type of intermittent protocol). ", "Almost certain large decreases of TD (−8.6%, \\[−12.3; −4.8\\], ES: −1.51, \\[−2.20; −0.82\\]) and RD (−34.0%, \\[47.0; −17.8\\], ES: −2.23, \\[−3.40; −1.05\\]) were observed when comparing 3 × 6' versus 6 × 3' regimens. ", "Very likely moderate and large decreases of TAc (−24.0%, \\[−35.1; −10.9\\]; ES: −1.11, \\[−1.75; −0.47\\]) and TDc (−26.7%, \\[−38.8; −12.1\\]; ES: −1.49, \\[−2.36; −0.62\\]), respectively, were found when comparing 3 × 6' versus 6 × 3' regimens.", "\n\nWithin-training regimen differences can be found in [Figure 1](#ijerph-16-02923-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Figure 2](#ijerph-16-02923-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "To simplify the analysis, the six sets within 6 × 3' SSG regimen were grouped in three sets consisting the first set in the average of sets 1 and 2, the second set in the average of sets 3 and 4 and the third set in the average of 5 and 6. ", "Very likely increases of RPE were found in the 3rd set in comparison to the 1st during the 3 × 6' SSG regimen (34.5%, \\[12.4; 61.0\\], ES: 1.35, \\[0.53; 2.16\\], large magnitude) and 6 × 3' SSG regimen (29.9%, \\[11.6; 51.2\\]; ES: 1.17, \\[0.49; 1.85\\], moderate magnitude). ", "Trivial-to-small changes of HR were found between sets in both training regimens. ", "Likely decreases of total distance were found from set 3 to set 1 (−11.6%, \\[−20.8; −1.3\\], ES: −1.78, \\[−3.38; −0.19\\], large magnitude) and from set 2 to set 3 (−9.2%, \\[−18.6; 1.3\\], ES: −1.33, \\[−2.85; 0.18\\], large magnitude) in 3 × 6' SSG regimen. ", "Very likely decreases of total distance were found from set 3 to set 1 (−6.2%, \\[−8.8; −3.5\\], ES: −0.96, \\[−1.39; −0.53\\], moderate magnitude) and almost certain decreases were found from set 3 to set 2 (−6.0%, \\[−8.0; −3.9\\], ES:−0.87, \\[−1.18; −0.56\\], moderate magnitude) in 6 × 3' SSG regimen. ", "Very likely decreases of player load were found from set 3 to set 1 (−13.1%, \\[−23.1; −2.9\\], ES: −1.37, \\[−2.46; −0.27\\], large magnitude\\] during 3 × 6' SSG regimen.", "\n\nWithin-training regimens differences in running distance were trivial-to-small in the majority of comparisons and the moderate magnitudes were unclear. ", "Considering the sprinting distances, the variations were also trivial-to-small. ", "Unclear large (−30.6%, \\[−58.3; 15.5\\], ES: −1.96, \\[−4.69; 0.77\\], *large magnitude*) and unclear moderate (−24.9%, \\[−52.3; 18.7\\], ES: −1.18, \\[−3.08; 0.71\\], *moderate magnitude*) decreases of total accelerations were found from set 3 to set 1 and set 3 to set 2 during 6 × 3' SSG regimen, respectively. ", "Trivial-to-small changes of total decelerations and unclear moderate differences were found in both training regimens.", "\n\n4. ", "Discussion {#sec4-ijerph-16-02923}\n=============\n\nBetween-SSG training regimens, changes were observed in the present study. ", "Almost certain large increases in total and running distances were observed in the shorter sets (6 × 3'), and very likely moderate and large increases in total accelerations and decelerations, respectively, during shorter sets were found. ", "RPE showed likely small increases during longer sets (6 × 3'). ", "Likely small increases in player load during shorter sets were also found. ", "Briefly, this evidence suggests that shorter sets contribute to an increase in terms of moderate-running speed distances and high-intensity actions associated with accelerations and decelerations higher than 2 m/s^2^ while resulting in a lower RPE than in longer sets. ", "Although no meaningful differences were found in a study that compared time-motion variables between 4 × 4' and 2 × 8' 5 × 5 SSG regimens \\[[@B11-ijerph-16-02923]\\], our results are partially in line with the findings of a study that compared short (6 × 2'), medium (3 × 4'), and long (2 × 6') regimens \\[[@B13-ijerph-16-02923]\\].", "\n\nHeart rate responses were trivially different between regimens, suggesting that this variable is not sensitive to variations in the intermittent regimens tested in our study. ", "These results are in line with previous studies that compared heart rate responses after different intermittent regimens \\[[@B11-ijerph-16-02923],[@B14-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "However, the alternative internal load marker used in our study (RPE) revealed a likely small increase during longer sets, suggesting that raising RPE may compromise the consistency of physical demands across sets.", "\n\nComparisons within SSG regimens were also performed to analyze the variations between sets. ", "Main variations were found in RPE, total and running distances, and player load. ", "Intriguingly, higher-intensity physical demands (sprinting distance and total accelerations and decelerations) were relatively constant across sets.", "\n\nModerate and progressive increases in RPE were found across sets, mainly during the 3 × 6' regimen. ", "The progressive increase in RPE scores was also found during shorter bouts. ", "Trivial-to-small differences were found between the third and second sets. ", "Eventually, longer sets may contribute to a perceptual increase of effort \\[[@B21-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "However, the fatigue effect may be the cause of such RPE increases, especially considering that decreases in total and running distances and player load occurred across the sets in both regimens.", "\n\nDespite these progressive decreases, it was observed that shorter sets are probably more beneficial to delaying the impact of fatigue on total distance because large decreases were found between sets 1 and 3 and between sets 2 and 3 during the 3 × 6' regimens, and only moderate effects were found during the 6 × 3' regimens. ", "Similar evidence was found regarding running distance. ", "Moderate decreases were found across the sets during longer sets, and only small differences were observed during shorter sets. ", "In both regimens and for both variables (total and running distance) trivial-to-small decreases were found from set 1 to set 2, suggesting that the main effects of fatigue emerge from the continuity of exertion \\[[@B22-ijerph-16-02923]\\].", "\n\nThe greater constancy of results in terms of sprinting distance and total of accelerations and decelerations across the sets may suggest that the resting period of 2 min was enough to maintain intensity levels and to maximize energy phosphates as the primary energy source \\[[@B23-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "However, in the specific case of sprinting distance, the values per minute did not reach 1 m on average; thus, the constancy can also be justified by the low frequency of these demands across the 5 × 5 format.", "\n\nInterestingly, knowledge about the period of time may also constrain the pace of players during the games. ", "In fact, a previous study that compared different intermittent regimens and their effects on pacing revealed that high-speed distances progressively and largely decreased across shorter sets (1 min) based on the 'all-out' pacing strategy used by rugby players \\[[@B22-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "Conversely, during longer sets, a more constant high-speed pace across the sets was observed \\[[@B22-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "The results of the present are in line with these previous findings. ", "However, this constancy in the most intense activities that occurs in longer sets also resulted in smaller values when compared with shorter sets.", "\n\nOur study had some limitations. ", "The number and the competitive level of the players may constrain the inferences of this study. ", "Theoretically, professional players present greater aerobic and anaerobic capacities, thus making it possible to reduce the magnitude of decreases throughout the bouts. ", "However, the main results are in line with those of previous studies conducted in elite youth players \\[[@B13-ijerph-16-02923]\\], amateurs \\[[@B11-ijerph-16-02923]\\], and professionals \\[[@B14-ijerph-16-02923]\\]. ", "In addition, our study analyzed the effects in only one SSG format, and for that reason, the occurrences of sprinting distances are scarce. ", "Bigger formats should be considered for testing variations between regimens. ", "Different work-to-rest ratios should be considered in future study designs in order to analyze the effects of rest on physical demands and the internal effect of the exercise. ", "In fact, in our study the difference between training regimen also constrained the time of recovery and the work-to-rest ratios were different between regimens, thus this may interfere with some generalizations that can be made from our study. ", "The small number of participants should also be considered as a limitation for a possible generalization of the evidence. ", "Other conditions should also be understood as contextual and for that reason may affect comparisons with future studies, namely: (i) the synthetic grass was not wet; (ii) the same study conducted in another period of the season may conduct to different evidence; (iii) possibly more sessions would lead to a better copy with the decrements throughout the bouts; and (iv) different task conditions that affect the player's behavior and, consequently, the intensity of exercise \\[[@B24-ijerph-16-02923]\\].", "\n\nDespite these limitations, this study revealed that different training regimens led to different effects on internal and external load variables. ", "The main highlights of the present study are that shorter sets (3') seem to be more beneficial than longer sets (6') in keeping total and running distances and total accelerations and decelerations constant while decreasing the RPE. ", "Additionally, the greater decrements seem to mostly occur in the last sets. ", "Despite the somewhat predictable results, the small amount of previous research into such specific issues highlights the innovative character of the present study to reveal that shorter sets contribute to a greater external load stimulus despite that no meaningful changes were found between training regimens in the internal load. ", "This may suggest that the internal load measures cannot be the unique criteria to choose between bout periods. ", "In fact, in the present study it is possible to observe that despite the similarity of internal load between intermittent regimens, meaningful increases of some important external load measures were found (e.g., total distance, running distance, accelerations and decelerations).", "\n\nAs practical implications, we may hypothesize that smaller periods of exertion with a greater number of sets (bouts) can be recommended to ensure a more constant high level of physical demand and to contribute to an optimization of the high-energy systems that support highly demanding actions. ", "Possibly, longer bouts should be used in situations in which coaches want to develop aerobic capacity while players experience acute fatigue effects and consequent decrements in the external load. ", "Moreover, shorter sets enhance a meaningful greater stimulus in terms of distance covered, running distance and total number of accelerations and decelerations. ", "However, for a better adjustment of the training regimen with the reality of the match, it will possibly be interesting in the future to compare the regular periods of high-intensity effort in the match and adjust such periods in SSGs, thus making more real the period of high-exertion and the work-to-rest ratios.", "\n\n5. ", "Conclusions {#sec5-ijerph-16-02923}\n==============\n\nBetween-SSG training regimens revealed that shorter sets (6 × 3') almost certainly largely increased total and running distances and very likely moderately and largely increased total accelerations and decelerations, respectively, in comparison to longer sets (3 × 6') while likely small increases in RPE were found in longer sets. ", "The within-regimen analyses revealed that longer sets contributed to increases in RPE across sets and to large and progressive decreases in total distance and player load across sets. ", "Additionally, moderate decreases in running distance and total decelerations were found progressively across shorter sets, while these variables were more stable between longer sets. ", "The overall conclusions should be faced carefully, considering that the recovery periods were also longer after the longer periods of exertion.", "\n\nThe results may suggest that shorter sets can be beneficial to maintain external load demands without resulting in large increases in the perceived effort or heart rate responses, while ensuring a greater stimulus in total distance, running distance and number of accelerations and decelerations. ", "However, in terms of acceleration and deceleration profiles, it may also be appropriate to choose longer sets as these contribute to a smaller decrease across sets (decrements are not so meaningful between sets as in the shorter intervals).", "\n\nThe authors would like to thank to Diogo Peixoto, Mónica Gomes, Leandro Silva and Miguel Moreira for the help in data collection and to JOHAN Sports for providing the GPS units.", "\n\nF.M.C. conceived the study. ", "F.M.C., P.T.N., T.R. and B.K. designed the study. ", "F.M.C. collected data. ", "F.M.C. analyzed and interpreted the data and drafted the manuscript. ", "F.M.C., P.T.N., T.R. and B.K. revised the manuscript and approved the final version.", "\n\nThis research received no external funding.", "\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.", "\n\n![", "Standardized difference (Cohen) between sets in (**a**) RPE; (**b**) HRmean; (**c**) Total Distance; and (**d**) Player Load. ", "The six sets of the 6 × 3' regimen were grouped in three sets (S1: mean of set 1 and 2; S2: mean of set 3 and 4; S3: mean of set 5 and 6) to a better visualization and analysis. ", "Standardized value direction depends on the relationship A-B.](ijerph-16-02923-g001){#ijerph-16-02923-f001}\n\n###### \n\nStandardized difference (Cohen) between sets in (**a**) running distance; (**b**) sprinting distance; (**c**) total accelerations; and (**d**) total decelerations. ", "The six sets of the 6 × 3' regimen were grouped in three sets (S1: mean of set 1 and 2; S2: mean of set 3 and 4; S3: mean of set 5 and 6) to a better visualization and analysis. ", "Standardized value direction depends on the relationship A-B.\n\n![](", "ijerph-16-02923-g002a)\n\n![](", "ijerph-16-02923-g002b)\n\nijerph-16-02923-t001_Table 1\n\n###### \n\nDescriptive statistics (Mean (Standard Deviation)) of internal and external load during the SSGs.", "\n\n Variable 6 × 3' Regimen 3 × 6'Regimen \n -------------- ---------------- --------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- --------------\n RPE (A.U.) 4.2 (1.5) 4.9 (1.3) 5.6 (1.4) 6.0 (1.3) 5.9 (1.3) 6.1 (1.9) 5.0 (1.2) 6.3 (1.1) 6.7 (1.6)\n HRmean (bpm) 170.9 (11.1) 171.6 (10.0) 169.8 (10.9) 170.2 (12.5) 166.3 (10.8) 165.2 (12.4) 169.1 (11.7) 168.8 (10.5) 171.1 (10.9)\n TD (m/min) 107.7 (10.2) 111.7 (9.1) 112.5 (11.1) 106.8 (9.8) 104.1 (8.8) 101.6 (10.9) 103.3 (7.6) 99.8 (6.9) 90.9 (15.6)\n RD (m/min) 10.0 (5.1) 14.1 (5.7) 12.8(4.7) 10.6 (5.2) 11.1 (5.6) 9.1 (6.6) 8.7 (5.5) 9.4 (5.6) 6.0 (3.8)\n SD (m/min) 0.5 (1.1) 1.0 (1.6) 1.5 (1.9) 0.7 (1.2) 1.0 (1.6) 0.3 (0.7) 0.6 (0.9) 0.7 (1.3) 0.5 (0.8)\n TAc (n/min) 2.7 (0.9) 2.8 (0.6) 2.9 (0.8) 2.2 (1.0) 2.2 (1.0) 2.4 (1.2) 2.1 (1.0) 1.8 (0.9) 1.9 (1.1)\n TDc (n/min) 2.4 (1.1) 2.5 (0.6) 2.7 (0.9) 1.7 (0.9) 2.1 (1.0) 2.1 (1.2) 1.9 (1.0) 1.7 (0.9) 1.6 (0.9)\n PL (g/min) 7.2 (1.2) 7.3 (1.3) 7.3 (1.3) 6.8 (1.3) 6.4 (1.1) 6.5 (1.1) 6.9 (0.9) 6.3 (0.8) 5.9 (1.3)\n\nSSGs: small-sided games. ", "RPE: rated of perceived exertion (CR-10 scale); HRmean: mean heart rate; TD: total distance; RD: running distance; SD: sprinting distance; TAc: total accelerations; TDc: total decelerations; PL: player's load; S: set; A.U.: arbitrary units; bpm: beats per minute; m/min: meters per minute; n/min: number per minute: g/min: g per minute.", "\n\nijerph-16-02923-t002_Table 2\n\n###### \n\nComparison of internal and external load variables between training regimens in terms of percentage and standardized differences and the probabilities of each standardized difference.", "\n\n -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Variable M (SD)\\ M (SD)\\ \\% Difference\\ Standardized Difference\\ \\% Greater/Similar/Lower Values for 3 × 6' Reg. ", "vs. 6 × 3' Reg. ", " \n 3 × 6' Reg. ", " 6 × 3' Reg. ", " (3 × 6' Reg.--6 × 3' Reg.) ", " (3 × 6' Reg.--6 × 3' Reg.) ", " \n -------------- ---------------- --------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------ ------------------------\n RPE (A.U.) 5.97 (0.80) 5.43 (0.91) 10.7 \\[2.9; 19.2\\] 0.49 small \\[0.14; 0.84\\] 92/8/0 Likely\n\n HRmean (bpm) 169.67 (10.05) 169.52 (9.75) 0.1 \\[−1.8; 2.0\\] 0.01 trivial \\[−0.28; 0.31\\] 14/75/11 Unclear\n\n TD (m/min) 98.39 (7.49) 107.56 (5.99) −8.6 \\[−12.3; −4.8\\] −1.51 large \\[−2.20; −0.82\\] 0/0/100 Almost certain\n\n RD (m/min) 8.04 (3.31) 11.28 (1.87) −34.0 \\[−47.0; −17.8\\] −2.23 large \\[−3.40; −1.05\\] 0/0/100 Almost certain\n\n SD (m/min) 0.62 (0.42) 0.83 (0.49) −13.9 \\[−46.7; 39.3\\] −0.13 trivial \\[−0.54; 0.29\\] 9/53/38 Unclear\n\n TAc (n/min) 1.95 (0.55) 2.53 (0.54) −24.0 \\[−35.1; −10.9\\] −1.11 moderate \\[−1.75; −0.47\\] 0/1/99 Very likely\n\n TDc (n/min) 1.70 (0.53) 2.24 (0.39) −26.7 \\[−38.8; −12.1\\] −1.49 large \\[−2.36; −0.62\\] 0/1/99 Very likely\n\n PL (g/min) 6.37 (0.79) 6.92 (0.99) −7.8 \\[−12.6; −2.7\\] −0.58 small \\[−0.97; −0.20\\] 0/5/95 Likely\n -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nRPE: rated of perceived exertion (CR-10 scale); HRmean: mean heart rate; TD: total distance; RD: running distance; SD: sprinting distance; TAc: total accelerations (\\>2 m/s^2^); TDc: total decelerations (\\>2 m/s^2^); PL: g/min; S: set; Reg.: ", "training regimen; A.U.: arbitrary units; bpm: beats per minute; m/min: meters per minute; n/min: number per minute: g/min: g per minute.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Social Vasanas: A New Phenomenon\n\nJamie Dimon\n\nIn the middle of An Hour with an Angel on July 9, 2012, Archangel Michael suddenly said: “And, yes, Jamie Dimon is one of the people that is being contained by the way.”", "\n\nI thought he had said “Jamie Diamond” and did not know whom he was referring to. ", "The remark came out of the blue, no pun intended. (", "1) I replied: “I don’t know who Jamie Diamond is, Lord.” ", "And he said: “Your reader will.” ", "I still did not wake up to what he was talking about and said: “My reader? ", "Really? … ", "So you’re addressing yourself to one of our readers,” thinking that he had just tuned into a reader, out there in the ethernet.", "\n\nI didn’t know that he was referring to Jamie Dimon, head of JPMorgan Chase, which related back to a question from a reader that I’d mentioned earlier that I was going to ask him.", "\n\nArchangel Michael had just identified a second person under containment, the first being Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts.", "\n\nPlease keep in mind that many months earlier I’d asked him if George Bush Sr. ", "had been born in Germany. ", "He paused and replied that this soul did not want him (AAM) to communicate that information. ", "So my sense is that the being in question has to permit the information to be conveyed.", "\n\nThus in the case of Dimon and Roberts, I believe that they’d also have to have given Archangel Michael permission at a soul level to refer to them or he would not have. ", "I think they’re allowing their cases to be known for the salutary benefit to people that their example provides.", "\n\nIf mass arrests had gone ahead, we’d be speaking about those under arrest. ", "It would seem also permissible to speak about those in containment – at least a few, presumably, who’d have given permission. ", "It might not be advisable to speak of large numbers because it might interfere with the process that containment initiates. ", "But perhaps a few just to solidify our certainty of and around the process itself.", "\n\nA second matter that comes into play here is the phenomenon of divine deadlines. ", "Prior to any specific divine deadline for a 2012 Ascension event, the Company of Heaven must respect the universal laws. ", "They can’t intervene in a matter that involves our karma or our free will.", "\n\nBut past a divine deadline, they can intervene because the exigencies of the Divine Plan then come into play and take priority over our free will and karma. ", "So, for instance, the whole policy of containment represents an intrusion on the free will of the cabal, which I believe is allowable because we’ve passed the divine deadline for the cabal to surrender.", "\n\nAfter that date, whenever that was, the cabal could be arrested, contained, removed from the planet, etc., ", "obviously against their free will.", "\n\nSo I began to research Jamie Dimon today, to write up an article that might trace any abrupt changes in character that might have been observed recently, similar to Roberts’ sudden reversal on Obamacare, where he voted against the position of the other conservative justices and saved the President’s health care plan. ", "But halfway through the exercise I stopped.", "\n\nWhat a Catch 22 is involved in the very task of discovering proof that people are under containment. ", "If I don’t find proof, people will say that there’s no evidence of containment. ", "If I do find proof, people will accuse me of praising and supporting the cabal.", "\n\nGranted some will realize that I’m simply trying to find support for the practice of containment, which itself promises to stop the incursions and devastation wreaked by the cabal by depriving cabalists of their ability to do more damage.", "\n\nBut there will be people who’ve been harmed by the cabal for whom the simple sound of someone seeming to say nice words about a former Illuminati will cause revulsion.", "\n\nWhat a difficult situation to address. ", "And behind it what difficult emotions will be coming to the fore in the next part of our journey to Ascension on the part of so many people – people who’ve been foreclosed on, who’ve lost jobs, who’ve been falsely imprisoned, who’ve been mistreated by authorities.", "\n\nOn this site I’ve addressed the subject of vasanas many times – the habitual reaction patterns we have that are rooted in the past but triggered by events in the present. ", "But these have always been examinations of personal upsets and reaction patterns. ", "Here we’re dealing with what I might call “social vasanas,” if such there be – the projections and transferences made onto social figures who are seen as having wounded people. ", "These vasanas are felt as social injustice rather than personal injury.", "\n\nCertainly we’ve never been in a situation where a global elite has been overthrown on the planet and its overthrow was accomplished by the beings who are doing the work at present. ", "So we’ve probably never seen social vasanas emerging on the scale they will be in the weeks and months ahead. ", "There’s no literature on how we’ll address the emotions and upsets that we’ll be seeing on this planet in the near future. ", "There’s no precedent for the work that faces us as lightworkers.", "\n\nHow in the world are we going to complete social vasanas? ", "I have no idea. ", "That perhaps is the next place to go and will bring up again the whole topic of collective compassion, the nascent but developing faculty of those who are experiencing the first tugs of unitive consciousness towards having compassion for the collective, rather than just for individuals.", "\n\nArchangel Michael said he wouldn’t discuss the total range of approaches being used by the Company of Heaven in neutralizing the cabal and removing it from power. ", "But I had asked him if it included the use of walk-ins for departing cabalists and he did confirm that particular strategy. ", "He describes the walk-in phenomenon here:\n\n“We will not explain the entire plan [of approaches to neutralizing the cabal] because it will boggle your mind. …”", "\n\n“Let us just say that these beings that have been in a position of authority who did not have the welfare of the collective or the restoration of love in their heart are being dealt with…. ", "Yes, you would be shocked to fully comprehend the number of walk-ins upon your planet…\n\n“So are there walk-ins that are taking the roles of people who have been in positions of authority? ", "Yes. ", "Because rather than shift, when these souls are confronted by such bright light, there are situations when they are simply so exhausted and so tired and so overwhelmed by what this life has been that they have simply asked to return home, to come home and rest and regenerate so that they will have the restoration of love, so that they would bask in the glory of one.", "\n\n“And that request is being heard very frequently and not just by those of people you think of as people in positions of leadership. ", "But that is what we are addressing right now. “", "And there are masses on this side saying let me go and be part of this shift. ", "I had no idea. ", "So it is like refreshing the troops as it were.” (", "2)\n\nSo while he hasn’t given us additional information on those Illuminati who are being taken off-planet to intergalactic courts and has not commented on the numerous other approaches being used, he has at least added the use of walk-ins to the use of containment.", "\n\nHe added the reassurance that the Illuminati “will not be left to continue to rule, as you put it, or continue to reign in power because that is simply not part of what is acceptable or even possible in the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth Dimensions. ", "It simply is not possible.” ", "He discussed the advantages of leaving the contained former Illuminati in positions of power with a change of heart and change of perspective.", "\n\nBut that may not comfort people who are experiencing the triggering of social vasanas. ", "We have our work cut out for us as lightworkers.", "\n\nI think AAM is releasing one piece of information a week. ", "I think he knows that it would be inadvisable to just dump the whole body of information on us at once and so he discussed containment last week, naming one individual (John Roberts) and now discusses walk-ins this week, naming a second individual (Jamie Dimon). ", "This may be how he proceeds: week by week.", "\n\nAnd do notice that we now have two columns from Suzan Carroll’s Arcturians (3) in which they acknowledge the plan of containment. ", "The Arcturians are the first of the galactics to confirm what AAM has been saying. ", "Although I know of Suzan, I’ve never met with or talked to her so there cannot be collusion here.", "\n\nSeveral articles have also now come from Siera Neblina that also confirm the reality of containment and describe her participation in several containments. (", "4)\n\nPlease Note:\n\nNeither am I qualified to be, nor do I wish to be considered, a spiritual teacher. ", "I'm a researcher and writer, here simply to share my views and listen to yours as spiritual adults and equals. ", "Steve Beckow" ]

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[ "% This script demos how to use the similarity matrix \nclose all; clc; clear;\n\n% load the similarity data \nload('human_semantic_similarity.mat');\n\n% similarity(i, j) indicates how good is predicting class j given the groundtruth class i. \nfprintf('Groundtruth class: %s, Predicted class: %s, Score: %.4f\\n', object_names{129}, object_names{61}, similarity(129,61));\n\n% predicting the correct class gives a score of 1.", "\nfprintf('Groundtruth class: %s, Predicted class: %s, Score: %.4f\\n', object_names{2}, object_names{2}, similarity(2,2));\n\n% when the two classes are unrelated the score is 0.", "\nfprintf('Groundtruth class: %s, Predicted class: %s, Score: %.4f\\n', object_names{7}, object_names{9}, similarity(7,9));\n\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow return null value to empty string field\n\nI have such struct in Golang application:\ntype Employee struct {\n ID int `json:\"employee_id\"`\n Email *string `json:\"employee_email\"`\n LastName *string `json:\"employee_last_name\"`\n FirstName *string `json:\"employee_first_name\"`\n Sex *string `json:\"employee_sex\"`\n}\n\nSome string fields of this struct can be empty. ", "If I use *string application return me \"\". ", "If use sql.", "NullString it return me for example such result:\n\"employee_last_name\": {\n String: \"\",\n Valid: true\n}\n\nI want to show null is string field is empty.", "\nIn documentation I found such code:\ntype NullString struct {\n String string\n Valid bool\n}\n\nfunc (ns *NullString) Scan(value interface{}) error {\n if value == nil {\n ns.", "String, ns.", "Valid = \"\", false\n return nil\n }\n ns.", "Valid = true\n return convertAssign(&ns.", "String, value)\n}\n\nfunc (ns NullString) Value() (driver.", "Value, error) {\n if !", "ns.", "Valid {\n return nil, nil\n }\n return ns.", "String, nil\n}\n\nAs I understand this code could help me to solve my problem, right?! ", "What I need to import in my application to use convertAssign function?", "\n\nA:\n\nEdit:\nWhat you want to do is not possible according to the oracle go driver docs:\n\nsql.", "NullString\nsql.", "NullString is not supported: Oracle DB does not\ndifferentiate between an empty string (\"\") and a NULL\n\nOriginal Answer:\nNeed more details on the SQL database type you are connecting to. ", "I know the go SQLite3 pkg - github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 - supports setting nil for values of type *string.", "\nCheck the details of the driver you are using to connect to the database. ", "For instance with MySQL, getting SQL date fields into go's native time.", "Time struct type is not set by default - it must be turned on at the driver level.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "1. ", "Introduction {#sec1-materials-13-00409}\n===============\n\nThe main challenges of titanium surfaces facing soft tissues are formation of a well anchored and oriented soft tissue, as well as the reduction of bacterial contamination \\[[@B1-materials-13-00409]\\].", "\n\nIt is widely known that surface micro/nano patterns can affect cellular and bacterial adhesion \\[[@B2-materials-13-00409]\\] and that different types of cells have different responses to surface topographies. ", "In particular, fibroblasts are rugo-phobic (their adhesion is reduced on rough surfaces, e.g., 300 nm height holes/pillars \\[[@B3-materials-13-00409]\\]), but they can be oriented by aligned grooves, following the contact guidance phenomenon \\[[@B4-materials-13-00409]\\]. ", "On the other hand, bacteria are rugo-philic, and an increase in bacterial adhesion with surface roughness has been widely reported \\[[@B2-materials-13-00409],[@B5-materials-13-00409]\\]; an average surface roughness of 0.2 µm has been indicated as the threshold below which bacterial adhesion does not increase \\[[@B4-materials-13-00409],[@B6-materials-13-00409],[@B7-materials-13-00409]\\], and 150 µm has been indicated as the upper limit above which no more variation in bacterial attachment can be observed \\[[@B8-materials-13-00409]\\]. ", "Fibroblast cells and bacteria are also different with respect to their dimensions (the former being 15--20 µm and the latter being 1--2 µm) and their ability to follow surface patterns (bacteria are rigid, while cells are able to deform in order to develop focal contacts in surface adhesion phenomena), so they can be differently stimulated by material surface features \\[[@B2-materials-13-00409]\\]. ", "Following this rationale, the authors defined the optimal ranges of dimensions for grooves (W = width W \\> 100 nm and W \\< 70 µm; D = depth, D \\> 35 nm, average roughness (Ra) \\< 0.2 µm) able to stimulate fibroblast orientation without increasing bacterial adhesion \\[[@B9-materials-13-00409]\\]. ", "Surfaces with topographies accordingly designed were produced on commercially pure titanium with grooves obtained by mechanical polishing \\[[@B10-materials-13-00409]\\] or electron beam (EB) structuring \\[[@B11-materials-13-00409]\\]. ", "An effective fibroblast alignment was observed on these surfaces \\[[@B6-materials-13-00409]\\]. ", "Unexpectedly, initial evidence of reduced bacterial adhesion on the EB structured surfaces was also observed \\[[@B11-materials-13-00409]\\]. ", "Since EB-structuring induces, in addition to topographical modifications, alterations in surface crystallography and microstructure, a possible correlation of these features with the bacterial adhesion was hypothesized. ", "This phenomenon is poorly explored in the literature; a possible influence of the grain dimension and grain boundaries has been reported for stainless steel \\[[@B12-materials-13-00409]\\], and an effect of martensite crystallographic structure and associated peculiar nanotopography have been mentioned for titanium \\[[@B13-materials-13-00409]\\], but few research works have focused on this topic.", "\n\nThe aim of this research is the in-depth investigation of the effect of topography, crystallography and microstructure on bacterial adhesion for EB structured Ti6Al4V surfaces presenting micro-grooves aimed at fibroblast alignment. ", "For the first time, a correlation between surface microstructure and bacterial adhesion has been demonstrated for Ti6Al4V.\n\n2. ", "Materials and Methods {#sec2-materials-13-00409}\n========================\n\nThe Ti6Al4V samples were mirror polished (MP) with SiC abrasive papers and colloidal silica suspension and finally washed (acetone and distilled water in ultrasonic bath).", "\n\nSurface structuring was performed by an Electron Beam machine (Probeam EBG 45-150 K14, GmbH & Co. KGaA, Gilching, Germany) as described in \\[[@B11-materials-13-00409]\\], obtaining 10 and 30 µm wide grooves (EB10 and EB30, [Table 1](#materials-13-00409-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nSome EB10 samples underwent a thermal treatment at 1030 °C (5 min, 10^−4^ mbar, 100 K/min cooling rate) in a dilatometer (Bähr-Thermoanalyse DIL805 A/D, Bähr Thermoanalyse GmbH, Hüllhorst, Germany) in high vacuum (\\< 10^−5^ mbar) with the aim of removing the residual stresses and to form a fine α lamellae microstructure (EB10HT). ", "Additionally, samples with the heat treatment previously described were immersed during 4 min in HF 1% solution to reveal the microstructural features (EB10HT etch---[Table 1](#materials-13-00409-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nSome EB structured samples were polished with a specific protocol; a surface layer thick enough to remove the grooves was abraded, but the microstructure induced by EB was kept because it is developed in a thicker layer (P10 and P30---[Table 1](#materials-13-00409-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nSurface appearance and microstructure were investigated by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM---TESCAN Mira 3-15kV-beam size 5 nm, Tescan, Brno, Czech Republic). ", "Surface morphology was analyzed qualitatively with secondary electron (SE) detector, using a tilt angle of 60° for a better observation of the grooves and the microstructural features at the surface of the material. ", "The microstructure of the structured area and the base material were observed in backscattered-electron mode (BSE) detector to reveal the presence of α, β and α'martensite phases.", "\n\nMoreover, surface topography was analyzed with a confocal microscope (LSM 900, Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany; 50x/0.95 objective) and surface roughness (Ra) measured with a contact profiler (Intra Touch, Taylor Hobson, Leicester, United Kingdom). ", "The average and maximum grooves' depth was measured on the topography profiles of three 250x250 micron areas.", "\n\nCrystalline structure was investigated by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD, PANalytical X'Pert Pro PW 3040160 Philips, Malvern Panalytical, Egham, United Kingdom) and the spectra were analyzed by XPERT High Score software (2.2b).", "\n\nSurface wettability was investigated by means of contact angle measurements (sessile drop method, DSA-100, KRÜSS GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) using ultrapure water as wetting fluid.", "\n\nFor biological assays, specimens were realized as 1 cm-side squares, heat sterilized (180 °C, 1 h) and stored at room temperature until use and gently located into the wells of a 12-multiwell plate. ", "Cell groove-driven orientation was assayed using primary human gingival fibroblasts (HGF, ATCC PCS-201-018, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA). ", "Cells were cultivated with Minimal Essential Medium alpha-modification (α-MEM, from Sigma, Milan, Italy) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% antibiotics at 37 °C, in a 5% CO~2~ atmosphere. ", "Once they reached 70--80% confluence, cells were detached by trypsin-EDTA solution (from Sigma, Milan, Italy), counted by Bürker chamber and seeded directly onto specimen's surface at a final density of 5 × 10^3^ cells/specimen. ", "The plate was incubated at 37 °C, 5% CO~2~ for 48 h to allow complete cell adhesion and spread; then, cell orientation was investigated by means of f-actins cytoskeleton filaments visualization by phalloidin. ", "Briefly, cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde (in PBS) for 5 min at room temperature, permeabilized 10 min with 0.1% Triton (in PBS), and finally stained 45 min with phalloidin (1:500 in PBS, from AbCam, UK). ", "Then, cells were washed with PBS and co-stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, from Sigma, Milan, Italy) to visualize nuclei. ", "Images were collected by fluorescent microscope (Leica DM 6500, Leica Systems, Basel, Switzerland).", "\n\nBacterial adhesion was evaluated with a strong biofilm former multi-drug resistant certified *Staphylococcus aureus* strain (SA, ATCC 43300, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA). ", "Bacteria were cultivated in Luria Bertani broth (LB, Sigma, Milan, Italy) at 37 °C overnight; then, bacteria were diluted 1:10 by mixing 1 mL of the broth culture with 9 mL of fresh LB medium and incubated again at 37 °C for 3 h to achieve the logarithmic growth phase. ", "Lastly, bacteria were diluted in fresh medium until the solution optical density (o.d.) ", "was 0.001 at 600 nm corresponding to a final concentration of 1 × 10^5^ cells per mL. The o.d. ", "was evaluated by spectrophotometer (Spark, Tecan, Basel, Switzerland) using fresh medium as blank.", "\n\nTo study specimens' antibacterial properties, 1 mL of the 1 × 10^5^ bacteria suspension was used to submerge the samples that were previously located into the wells of a 12-multiwell plate. ", "The plate was incubated for 90 min at 37 °C under agitation (120 rpm) to force the separation between adherent biofilm bacteria and floating planktonic ones (separation phase). ", "Afterwards, the supernatants containing planktonic bacteria were removed and replaced with fresh LB medium to cultivate adhered biofilm (separation phase) for 24--48--72 h \\[[@B14-materials-13-00409],[@B15-materials-13-00409]\\]. ", "At each time point, adhered biofilm bacteria metabolism was evaluated by the colorimetric alamar blue assay (alamarBlue^®^, Life Technologies, Milan, Italy) \\[[@B12-materials-13-00409],[@B13-materials-13-00409]\\]; briefly, the supernatants were removed from the well and replaced by the ready-to-use alamar solution. ", "The plate was incubated for 3 h at 37 °C in the dark and then 100 mL were collected from each sample and moved to a new black-bottom 96-multiwell plate. ", "The fluorescence signal was evaluated by spectrophotometer (Spark, Tecan, Basel, Switzerland) using a 590 nm wavelength. ", "Results were expressed as relative fluorescence units (RFU) and alamar solution was used as blank.", "\n\nAfter 72 h, the number of adhered biofilm bacteria was further evaluated by the colony forming units (CFU) count. ", "Briefly, specimens were washed 3 timed with PBS to remove non-adherent bacteria and then vortexed and sonicated 3 times (30 s each) in 1 mL of PBS to detach biofilm. ", "Then, aliquots of 100 μL were collected and used to perform six 10-fold serial dilutions; finally, the number of CFU was calculated using Equation (1) \\[[@B15-materials-13-00409]\\]: where:*number of colonies* = countable single round colonies;*dilution factor* = dilution made from the initial 1mL suspension;*serial dilution* = 1--6 10-fold dilution areas where colonies were counted.", "\n\nAll experiments were performed in triplicate. ", "Data were analyzed using SPSS software (v25, IBM, NY, USA) by one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey's test as post hoc analysis. ", "The significance level was set at p \\< 0.05.", "\n\n3. ", "Results {#sec3-materials-13-00409}\n==========\n\nFirstly, the sample surface appearance and microstructure were observed by FESEM observation on a case by case basis. ", "The crystallographic structure of the grains was as first deduced from FESEM observation according to well-known metallography of Ti6Al4V and then confirmed by XRD.", "\n\nAt FESEM observation, MP samples show smooth appearance ([Figure 1](#materials-13-00409-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}a) and the bimodal microstructure of wrought Ti6Al4V alloy (equiaxed primary α-grains, secondary α lamellae and β-phase along grain boundaries, visible by backscattered-electron mode (BSE) detector).", "\n\n10 and 30 µm wide grooves are visible on EB10 and EB30 according to the EB surface structuring process (as an example, the groove valleys are highlighted by red dotted lines in [Figure 1](#materials-13-00409-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}c--e); these samples have a typical martensitic microstructure. ", "The cross section of the EB structured samples evidence a martensitic zone provoked by fast cooling of the molten pool during EB structuring and a wide heat affected zone with a mixture of α', primary α and β-phase. ", "The molten zone is about 40 µm thick, and the heat-affected zone is estimated to be 100 µm. ", "It can be concluded that the thermal modified surface layer is quite thicker than the grooves depth (see below).", "\n\nThe thermal treatment (EB10HT) does not alter the grooves morphology (as an example the grooves edges are highlighted by red dotted lines), but it induces the formation of α lamellae colonies. ", "After etching (EB10HT-etch), the surface becomes more complex and slightly more rough due to selective etching of the phases; ruts can be observed where α lamellae were present before etching, due to the complexity of the surface texture, the grooves are hardly observable on these surfaces (even if they are still present).", "\n\nEB structured and polished samples (P10) have a smooth appearance, and grooves are no longer visible, as expected; the depth of the abraded material during polishing was checked to be lower than the heat affected zone due to EB structuring.", "\n\nGroove presence on the EB-structured samples is confirmed by confocal microscopy observations (an example for EB10 sample is reported in [Figure 2](#materials-13-00409-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}a, where an example of groove is evidenced by dotted lines). ", "The same picture highlights also the presence of martensite inducing high density of grain boundaries and lamellae very close each other, protruding on a nanometric scale. ", "The average and maximum groove depths are 270 and 310 nm, respectively, as measured from the topography profiles acquired on the surface.", "\n\nRoughness measurements evidence, as expected, a nanometric scale roughness on the mirror polished samples (MP) and on the samples polished after EB structuring (P30 reported as example), confirming their smooth appearance observed at FESEM and confirming also the ability of the developed polishing protocol to completely remove the grooves. ", "On the other hand, a roughness (Ra) close to 0.2 µm was measured on the EB structured samples (slightly higher after etching, in accordance with the FESEM observations) confirming the grooves presence and surface topography changes connected to the EB treatment.", "\n\nXRD spectra of the samples are reported in [Figure 3](#materials-13-00409-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "All the samples show a prevalence of hexagonal Ti (α phase) and a small signal of cubic Ti (β phase), which is more evident on MP and EB10HT. ", "A shift of the main α peak (101) toward slightly higher values can be evidenced for the EB structured samples (from 40.554° to 40.607°) and attributed to the presence of α' martensite, as suggested by \\[[@B16-materials-13-00409]\\] and previously observed on EB structured Ti-cp \\[[@B11-materials-13-00409]\\]. ", "The presence of martensite on EB10 and EB30 is in agreement with the FESEM observations discussed above. ", "The shift persists after polishing (P10), confirming that the process removed the grooves, but not all the thermal modified layer induced by EB-structuring. ", "On the other hand, the shift is completely recovered on EB10HT according to the expected removal of martensite by the thermal treatment.", "\n\nThe topographical, crystallographic structural and microstructural characteristics of the samples are reported and summarized in [Table 2](#materials-13-00409-t002){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\nThe results of the contact angle measurements are reported in [Table 3](#materials-13-00409-t003){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\nAll values are comprised in the 70--80° range, which is in line with the contact angle values for the titanium surfaces reported in the literature \\[[@B17-materials-13-00409]\\]. ", "EB treatment slightly increases the contact angle values in accordance with an increase in surface roughness; however, variations are so limited that no effect on bacterial adhesion can be reasonably attributed to surface wettability.", "\n\nFibroblasts alignment on the different surfaces is shown in [Figure 4](#materials-13-00409-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "As previously shown by the authors onto commercially pure titanium (Ti-cp) \\[[@B11-materials-13-00409]\\], primary fibroblasts successfully spread along the EB grooves' topography, thus showing an oriented alignment, which is better defined onto 10 µm sized grooves ([Figure 4](#materials-13-00409-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}b). ", "30-µm-sized grooves ([Figure 4](#materials-13-00409-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}c) resulted in the alignment of fibroblast cells which having a characteristic dimension of 15--25 µm, according to previous works on Ti-cp \\[[@B11-materials-13-00409]\\]. ", "Alignment is maintained after thermal treatment (EB10HT, [Figure 4](#materials-13-00409-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}d) and etching (EB10HTetch, [Figure 4](#materials-13-00409-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}e), consistently with groove maintenance. ", "On the other hand, no alignment is observed on MP ([Figure 4](#materials-13-00409-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}a) and P10 ([Figure 4](#materials-13-00409-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}f) samples according to groove absence and grooves removal by polishing, respectively.", "\n\nThe bacterial adhesion ([Figure 5](#materials-13-00409-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}) did not increase after EB structuring with respect to a control polished sample (MP), as expected considering that roughness of EB structured samples is not far from 0.2 µm (the threshold reported in the literature as the limit to not increase bacterial adhesion) \\[[@B11-materials-13-00409]\\].", "\n\nBeyond the expectations, a significant reduction of the bacteria metabolism was noticed for all the EB structured samples (EB10, EB30, EB10HT, EB10HT-etch, P10, P30) in comparison with the control (MP) after 24 h ([Figure 5](#materials-13-00409-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}a, p \\< 0.05, indicated by **\\***). ", "Conversely, after 48 ([Figure 5](#materials-13-00409-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}b) and 72 h ([Figure 5](#materials-13-00409-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}c) only the specimens EB10HT-etch, P10 and P30 resulted as significant in comparison with smooth MP control (p \\< 0.05, indicated by **\\***).", "\n\nWidening the comparison among the EB structured samples, further significant differences were noticed as soon as the microstructure was clearly exposed by etching and polishing steps: in fact, EB10HT-etch and P10 and P30 had a significantly lower bacteria metabolism in comparison with EB10 and EB30 at each time points. ", "Specifically, after 24 h ([Figure 5](#materials-13-00409-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}a), EB10HT-etch was significant towards EB10, EB30 and EB10HT (p \\< 0.05, indicated by \\#), P10 was significant towards EB10, EB30 and EB10HT (p \\< 0.05, indicated by §) and P30 was significant towards EB10, EB30 and EB10HT (p \\< 0.05, indicated by \\^\\^). ", "After 48 h ([Figure 5](#materials-13-00409-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}b), the same significant differences as 24 h were detected while after 72 h ([Figure 5](#materials-13-00409-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}c), EB10HT-etch was significant towards EB10, EB30 and EB10HT (p \\< 0.05, indicated by \\#), P10 was significant towards EB10, EB30 and EB10HT (p \\< 0.05, indicated by §) and P30 was significant towards EB10 and EB30 (p \\< 0.05, indicated by \\^\\^).", "\n\nIn agreement with the previous results related to bacteria metabolism, the CFU count ([Figure 5](#materials-13-00409-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}d) after 72 h showed that a lower number of viable colonies adhered to the EB structured surfaces in comparison to the MP control ones (p \\< 0.05, indicated by the **\\***). ", "Moreover, when the comparison was extended to the EB structured samples, a similar trend with the above described alamar blue assay was noticed; in fact, EB10HT-etch was significant towards EB10, EB30 and EB10HT (p \\< 0.05, indicated by \\#), P10 was significant towards EB10, EB30 and EB10HT (p \\< 0.05, indicated by §) and P30 was significant towards EB10, EB30 and EB10HT (p \\< 0.05, indicated by \\^\\^).", "\n\n4. ", "Discussion {#sec4-materials-13-00409}\n=============\n\nConsidering the promising contact guidance effect of EB grooves on fibroblast alignment and the relevant issue of infection risk in dental and orthopedic implants, the present work aims at investigating the eventual relationship between bacteria adhesion and surface features of EB structured Ti6Al4V alloy with a particular focus on the possible effect related to the metallic microstructure/crystalline structure. ", "In particular, the stated hypothesis deals with the evidence that when compared to the eukaryotic cells, the bacteria hold a less elastic membrane and a higher stability of the shape maintenance: as a consequence, they result much more sensitive to surface topography because of strong limitation for adhesion as restricting availability of berth points \\[[@B18-materials-13-00409]\\] as it was previously demonstrated by the authors for different implantable metallic devices \\[[@B19-materials-13-00409]\\]. ", "Therefore, to further study the effect towards cells and bacteria of the microstructure/crystalline structure, here different EB-treated surfaces were assayed with or without etching and polishing to understand whether the exposure of the metallic microstructure/crystalline structure can be a factor influencing the biological response. ", "In fact, the results demonstrated that the test specimens belong the same surface chemistry (all the surfaces show a layer of native titanium oxide) as well as surface wettability thus ascribing all the observed differences to the microtopography, microstructure and/or crystalline structure.", "\n\nSummarizing the results of the topographical, structural and microstructural analyses of the explored samples, EB10 and EB30 show grooves, martensite and microstructure with high density of grain boundaries (due to martensite); EB10HT shows grooves and a high density of grain boundaries (due to α-lamellae), but no martensite; P10 and P30 show martensite and a high density of grain boundaries (due to martensite and α-lamellae), but no grooves; EB10HT-etch show high density of grain boundaries (due to α-lamellae), no grooves and no martensite.", "\n\nThe influence towards cells orientation showed by the EB samples grooves is an expected result as it is well known that fibroblasts are sensitive to surface topography by adapting cytoskeleton spread \\[[@B20-materials-13-00409]\\]. ", "Here, we basically confirmed this evidenced in relation to grooved alloy surfaces obtained by new techniques, such as EB.", "\n\nThe results obtained by antibacterial evaluation are worthy of more attention. ", "In fact, despite an increase of their roughness, the surfaces with grooves created through the EB treatment showed a reduction of bacterial adhesion compared to the mirror polished ones (MP). ", "Moreover, the MP and P10/P30 samples have a similar surface texture (smooth appearance) and average roughness (Ra around tens of nanometers), but bacterial adhesion is significantly reduced on the P10/30 surfaces compared to the MP ones: this shows that the EB treatment is able to reduce the bacterial adhesion even if the grooves are removed by polishing and roughness (in terms of Ra) is almost the same. ", "The P10/30 samples are characterized by the microstructure/crystalline structure due to EB treatment with high density of grain boundaries. ", "Accordingly, here we evidenced that a common characteristic for the surfaces which showed reduced bacterial adhesion is the high density of grain boundaries, that can be supposed to be the determinant feature affecting bacteria adhesion and metabolism on the explored samples. ", "As confirmation, if the microstructure with high density of grain boundaries of Ti6Al4V alloy is evidenced by etching, as on EB10HT-etch, the effect is much more visible. ", "According to the here presented results, the evidence of the effect of surface microstructure of titanium alloys on bacterial adhesion was here presented for the first time.", "\n\n5. ", "Conclusions {#sec5-materials-13-00409}\n==============\n\nOriented grooves were obtained on Ti6Al4V by EB-structuring, which also induces alteration of surface crystallographic structure and microstructure. ", "Grooves with ten µm width showed the ability to align fibroblast cells; moreover, a statistically significant reduction of bacterial adhesion was observed on the EB structured samples, in absence of antibacterial agents and even after removal of the grooves by polishing: it can be ascribed to the presence of a microstructure with high density of grain boundaries after EB surface treatment. ", "The relationship between the microstructure of titanium alloys and anti-adhesive activity against bacteria is here presented for the first time and it opens a new strategy for the development of innovative antiadhesive/antibacterial metallic materials.", "\n\nConceptualization: A.C., S.S.; investigation: S.F., F.I., A.C.; writing: S.F., F.W., F.I., L.R., A.C., S.S.; supervision: S.S., L.R., F.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.", "\n\nThis research received no external funding\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.", "\n\n![", "FESEM images of the samples: (**a**) MP sample (Secondary Electron (SE) image); (**b**) MP sample (BSE image); (**c**) EB 10 sample (SE image); (**d**) EB 30 sample (SE image); (**e**) EB10HT sample (SE image); (**f**) EB10HT-etch sample (SE image); (**g**) cross section of the EB10 sample (SE image); (**h**) P10 sample (SE image).](materials-13-00409-g001){#materials-13-00409-f001}\n\n![(**", "a**) Confocal microscopy 3D image of EB10 sample, (**b**) roughness measurements (contact profiler).](materials-13-00409-g002){#materials-13-00409-f002}\n\n![", "XRD spectra (normalized to the highest peak) (**a**) whole spectra, (**b**) detail of the highest peak.](materials-13-00409-g003){#materials-13-00409-f003}\n\n![", "Fibroblast alignment on the different samples after 48 h culture: (**a**) MP sample; (**b**) EB10 sample; (**c**) EB30 sample; (**d**) EB10HT sample; (**e**) EB10HT etch sample; (**f**) P10 sample.](materials-13-00409-g004){#materials-13-00409-f004}\n\n![", "Bacterial metabolic activity evaluation (**a** = 24 h, **b** = 48 h, **c** = 72 h) and (**d**) number count of the viable colonies after 72 h. The bars represent means and standard deviations.](materials-13-00409-g005){#materials-13-00409-f005}\n\nmaterials-13-00409-t001_Table 1\n\n###### \n\nTi6Al4V sample names and processing.", "\n\n Sample Name Processing\n ------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------\n MP Mirror polishing\n EB10 Mirror polishing + EB-structuring (EB10)\n EB30 Mirror polishing + EB-structuring (EB30)\n EB10HT Mirror polishing + EB-structuring (EB10) + heat treatment\n EB10HT-etch Mirror polishing + EB-structuring (EB10) + heat treatment + etching\n P10 Mirror polishing + EB-structuring (EB10) + mirror polishing\n P30 Mirror polishing + EB-structuring (EB30) + mirror polishing\n\nmaterials-13-00409-t002_Table 2\n\n###### \n\nTi6Al4V sample topography, structure and microstructure.", "\n\n Sample Name Surface Appearance Ra \\[µm\\] Crystallographic Structure Microstructure\n ------------- -------------------- ----------- -------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------\n MP Smooth 0.06 Prevalence of hexagonal Ti (α) Bimodal (equiaxed primary α grains, secondary α lamellae and β phase)\n EB10 10 µm grooves 0.26 Prevalence of hexagonal Ti martensite (α') Martensitic microstructure\n EB30 30 µm grooves 0.25 Prevalence of hexagonal Ti martensite (α') Martensitic microstructure\n EB10HT 10 µm grooves 0.32 Prevalence of hexagonal Ti (α) α lamellae colonies\n EB10HT-etch Etched 0.35 Prevalence of hexagonal Ti (α) α lamellae colonies\n P10 Smooth Prevalence of hexagonal Ti martensite (α') Martensitic microstructure\n P30 Smooth 0.03 Prevalence of hexagonal Ti martensite (α') Martensitic microstructure\n\nmaterials-13-00409-t003_Table 3\n\n###### \n\nContact angle measurements.", "\n\n Sample Cotact Angle \\[°\\]\n ------------ --------------------\n MP 74 ± 4\n EB10 81 ± 4\n EB30 81 ± 4\n EB10HT 68 ± 3\n EB10HTetch 80 ± 3\n P10 75 ± 2\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Q:\n\nPython: retrieving the length of a list of lists\n\nWhen trying to retrieve the length of a list of lists I get the following error: \"TypeError: 'float' object is not callable\"\nMy code looks something like this:\nlist = [] \nfor line in text:\n regex = re.search(\"(.*) (.*) (.*)\")", "\n a = float(regex.group(1))\n b = float(regex.group(2))\n c = float(regex.group(3))\n list.append([a, b, c])\n\nnewlist = []\nfor entry in list:\n if entry[0] < 10:\n newlist.append(entry)\n\nif len(newlist) >1:\n do something\n\nThe list of lists ('newlist') is produced with no issues, e.g. [[1.0, 2.0, 3.0], [4.0, 5.0, 6.0], [7.0, 8.0, 9.0]]\nAnd it's definitely a list, i.e. type 'list'\nBut when I try to use:\nlen(list)\n\nI just get the TypeError. ", "I could've missed something really obvious but I just cannot see what I'm doing wrong, can anyone help?", "\nThank you :)\n\nA:\n\nThe problem is not with the list, but the len. ", "You probably used the name len as one of your variable. ", "That's why you can't call the function len, it's being shadowed.", "\nlen, list, str, and others are built in-functions. ", "You should avoid naming variables with a same name.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Nulji of Silla\n\nNulji (reigned 417–458) was the nineteenth ruler (maripgan) of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. ", " He was the son of King Naemul and Lady Boban, who was the daughter of King Michu.", "\n\nNulji married the daughter of King Silseong of Silla, who nonetheless exiled Nulji's younger brothers as hostages to Goguryeo of northern Korea and Wa of Japan. ", " Silseong also plotted to have Nulji killed, but with Goguryeo aid, Nulji was able to kill Silseong in 417, after which he ascended to the throne.", "\n\nAccording to one story, in 418 Nulji sent a loyal retainer named Bak Je-Sang to rescue his brothers from Goguryeo and Wa. ", " He was successful in retrieving the brother who was held in Goguryeo, but he was captured while trying to rescue the one held by Wa. ", " Refusing to serve the Wa king, he died under torture. ", " The story of Bak's loyalty has endured as a popular Korean morality tale.", "\n\nAfter these difficult events, Nulji worked to free Silla from Goguryeo domination. ", " He set up diplomatic relations with Goguryeo on an equal footing in 424, and established a military alliance with Baekje in 433 to help counter the Goguryeo threat. (", "Hangul: 나제동맹; Hanja: 羅濟同盟)\n\nNulji's reign saw the continuation of a long process of centralization in Silla, marked his father's change of his title to \"maripgan\" (마립간, 麻立干), which is believed to represent a higher level of authority than the previous title \"isageum\" (이사금, 尼師今). ", " Under Nulji's rule, patrilineal succession was officially established (Yang, 1999, p. 16). ", " After his death in 458, he was succeeded by his son Jabi, rather than by his brother.", "\n\nSee also\n List of Korean monarchs\n Korean history\n Silla\n\nReferences\n \n\nCategory:Silla rulers\nCategory:458 deaths\nCategory:5th-century monarchs in Asia\nCategory:Year of birth unknown" ]

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[ "So we watched the new episodes of Steven universe and @gravityfying had to draw this hahhaha\n\nWHEEZEEEEE\n\n*u thought i was just pink diamond?? ", "THINK AGAIN FOO!!*" ]

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[ "Eltrombopag for treatment of thrombocytopenia-associated disorders.", "\nEltrombopag is an orally bioavailable, non-peptide thrombopoietin receptor agonist capable of stimulating platelet production through the differentiation of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells into committed CD41+ megakaryocyte precursors and proliferation of megakaryocyte progenitor cells. ", "This drug has been tested in several clinical trials in adult patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), demonstrating the ability of the drug to reduce the burden of thrombocytopenia and its associated side effects. ", "Two multicenter trials on eltrombopag in chronic ITP of childhood have been recently completed, showing that the drug is effective also in pediatric patients. ", "Recent studies have suggested a potential role of eltrombopag in the treatment of thrombocytopenia associated with hepatitis-C virus infection. ", "These studies have documented that adjunct treatment with eltrombopag can help avoid either dose reductions or withdrawal of pegylated interferon due to development of thrombocytopenia. ", "Eltrombopag has shown efficacy also in patients with acquired severe aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. ", "Eltrombopag plays an important therapeutic role in many different conditions characterized by persistent thrombocytopenia. ", "A more comprehensive definition of both long-term safety and benefits deriving from the use of eltrombopag will be obtained through prolonged observation of patients already enrolled in the different studies conducted so far and from future prospective controlled trials." ]

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[ "Further readings for the Canon EF 100mm f/2.8 Macro USM\n\nTo provide photographers with a broader perspective about mobiles, lenses and cameras, here are links to articles, reviews, and analyses of photographic equipment produced by DxOMark, renown websites, magazines or blogs.", "\n\nWith it true 1:1 macro reproduction and its floating auto-focus system for high optical quality on its very broad range of focus, this Sigma macro lens looks like ideal for a wide variety of photographers, from nature to sport and portraits.", "\n\nFurther readings for the Canon EF 100mm f/2.8L Macro IS USM\n\nTo provide photographers with a broader perspective about mobiles, lenses and cameras, here are links to articles, reviews, and analyses of photographic equipment produced by DxOMark, renown websites, magazines or blogs.", "\n\nLaunched in September 2012, the Tamron SP90mm f/2.8 Di Macro II VC USD lens aims to continue in the same vein as previous Tamron macro lenses by offering very high image quality in a well-priced package that rivals the offerings from the major camera manufacturers. ", "A true macro lens, this model offers full 1:1 lifesize reproduction and includes Tamron’s Vibration Compensation (VC) mechanism to help achieve images free of camera shake even at longer shutter speeds. ", "Also present is their USD, or Ultrasonic Silent Drive, AF motor for fast, quiet AF operation.", "\n\nCanon’s EF 135mm f/2.8 Softfocus lens blurs images and reality – on purpose. ", "With just a flick of the wrist and lens, the 135mm f/2.8 Softfocus allows photographers to have a “softfocus” in their images. ", "The effect produces a blur and halo throughout the photograph. ", "But how clear are the lens’ images when you take away the blur?", "\n\nWith it true 1:1 macro reproduction and its floating auto-focus system for high optical quality on its very broad range of focus, this Sigma macro lens looks like ideal for a wide variety of photographers, from nature to sport and portraits." ]

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[ "Zorotypus silvestrii\n\nZorotypus silvestrii is a species of angel insect in the family Zorotypidae. ", "It is found in Southern Asia.", "\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\n \n \n\nCategory:Zoraptera\nCategory:Articles created by Qbugbot\nCategory:Insects described in 1927" ]

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[ "We have sent you and email with instructions on how to reset your password.", "\n\nTrails Near Hacienda Heights, CA\n\nAliso and Wood Canyon Wilderness Park is a 8.5 mile loop trail located near Laguna Niguel, California that features a river and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round. ", "Horses are also able to use this trail.", "\n\nAliso Creek Trail is a 5.1 mile loop trail located near Lake Forest, California and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nanaheim coves trail is a 1.5 mile point-to-point trail located near Anaheim, California. ", "The trail is good for all skill levels and primarily used for road biking, trail running & walking. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nArroyo Pescadero Trail is a 2 mile loop trail located near Whittier, California that offers the chance to see wildlife. ", "The trail is rated as moderate and primarily used for hiking, trail running & walking. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash. ", "Parking has a port-a-potty.", "\n\nAscot Hills Park is a 3.5 mile trail located near Los Angeles, California that offers scenic views and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for trail running & walking and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nAzusa River Wilderness Trail is a 1.5 mile out and back trail located near Azusa, California that features a river and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nBlack Star Canyon - Black Star Canyon Road is a 6 mile out and back trail located near Silverado, California that features a river. ", "The trail is rated as moderate and primarily used for hiking, mountain biking & trail running. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nBommer Canyon is a 3.5 mile trail located near Irvine, California. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, mountain biking and trail running. ", "Bommer Canyon also connects to Bommer Ridge Trail if you use the West Fork.", "\n\nbonnie cove is a 2 mile trail located near Glendora, California that offers scenic views. ", "The trail is rated as moderate and primarily used for hiking, mountain biking, trail running & walking. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nBox Springs Mountain Park is a 9 mile loop trail located near Moreno Valley, California that offers the chance to see wildlife. ", "The trail is rated as moderate and primarily used for hiking, mountain biking, trail running & walking. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nBrown Mountain/El Prieto Trail is a 7.4 mile out and back trail located near Altadena, California. ", "The trail is rated as moderate offers a number of activity options. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail.", "\n\nBrowns Canyon is a 5.2 mile out and back trail located near Chatsworth, California that offers scenic views. ", "The trail is rated as moderate offers a number of activity options. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nBuck Gully Trail is a point-to-point trail located near Newport Beach, California that features a river and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nCastle Peak Hike is a 1.5 mile out and back trail located near Los Angeles, California that features beautiful wild flowers and is rated as difficult. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nChallenger Park is a 4.1 mile out and back trail located near Simi Valley, California that offers the chance to see wildlife and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, mountain biking & trail running and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nGreat hike! ", "I love the quietness of the outdoors. ", "I hiked in from the street. ", "Its a workout so i didn't mind hiking in. ", "I took sidewinder trail. ", "it's the trail to your right. ", "awesome views and wildlife from rabbits, birds, lizards, and oh yes rattlesnakes! ", "make sure to take your hiking poles!", "\n\nCoal Canyon - Santa Ana River, Coal Canyon Trails is a 5 mile out and back trail located near Corona, California that features a waterfall and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs and horses are also able to use this trail.", "\n\nColdwater Canyon Park Trail is a 3.1 mile loop trail located near Studio City, California that offers scenic views. ", "The trail is rated as moderate and primarily used for hiking, mountain biking, trail running & walking. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nConejo open space trail is a 4.9 mile trail located near Simi Valley, California. ", "The trail is good for all skill levels and primarily used for hiking, mountain biking, trail running & walking. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nDeep Creek Trail is an out and back trail located near Apple Valley, California that features hot springs. ", "The trail is rated as moderate offers a number of activity options. ", "Trail Head Coordinate: 34.318186,-117.195859\n\nDeer Canyon Loop Trail is a 7.1 mile loop trail located near Newport Beach, California that offers the chance to see wildlife. ", "The trail is rated as moderate and primarily used for hiking, mountain biking & trail running.", "\n\nDel Cerro Park is a moderate trailhead located near Rancho Palos Verdes, California. ", "The trail will take you from the top of the park all the way down to the ocean. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, trail running and mountain biking. ", "It is accessible year-round.", "\n\nDevil's Chair via Devil's Punchbowl Nature Center is a 7 mile out and back trail located near Pearblossom, California that features a river and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nEnter the Upper Las Virgenes Canyon Open Space Preserve at the western end of Victory Blvd., ", "at the Victory Trailhead. ", "Go 3.9 miles at the East Las Virgines Canyon Trail or 2.3 miles around the Mary Wiesbrock Trail. ", "Do a 16.6-mile Big Outing into upper Las Virgenes Canyon.", "\n\nElysian Heights: Looking Down on LA's Oldest Public Park is a 0.8 mile loop trail located near Los Angeles, California and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, trail running & walking and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nSimple walk on a secluded road/trail that takes you through horse country. ", "Stroll along the rolling hills of Chino and pass by villas, farms, and of course... Horses! ", "Very dry and not a lot of shade, mostly just a trail to walk the dog or get a quick run in!", "\n\nExploration Trail is a 4.4 mile point-to-point trail located near Running Springs, California that features beautiful wild flowers and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible from March until October. ", "Dogs and horses are also able to use this trail.", "\n\nFalcon Trail is located near Trabuco Canyon, California and offers the chance to see wildlife. ", "The trail is good for all skill levels offers a number of activity options. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nFour Corners Loop is a 4 mile loop trail located near Chino Hills, California that features a river and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nFranklin Canyon Site Trail is a 2 mile trail located near Beverly Hills, California that features a lake and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking & trail running and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nFullerton Loop Trail is a 4.2 mile loop trail located in Fulleron, CA that features a lake. ", "The trail is good for all skill levels and primarily used for hiking, mountain biking, trail running & walking. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nGarcia Trail to Azusa Peak is a 1.3 mile out and back trail located near Azusa, California that offers scenic views and is rated as difficult. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, mountain biking & walking and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nThis trail begins at the Griffith Park Visitor Center and heads up a gravel fire road and follows a wide single track that climb and drop down a number of steep ridges. ", "The trail intersects and follows an asphalt road that leads to the very top of Griffith Park, right above the Hollywood sign.", "\n\nHacienda Hills Trail is a 3.6 mile multi trail located near Hacienda Heights, California that features beautiful wild flowers and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for fishing, hiking, trail running & walking and is accessible year-round. ", "Poison ivy warning.", "\n\nheartwell park is a 6 mile loop trail located near Long Beach, California. ", "The trail is good for all skill levels and primarily used for trail running. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nHellman Park Trail is a 5.5 mile loop trail located near Whittier, California that features beautiful wild flowers and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible from January until January.", "\n\nHellman Wilderness Park: Hellman, Tank And Side Trails is a 5.5 mile trail located near Whittier, California that features beautiful wild flowers. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail.", "\n\nHoly Jim Falls Trail is a 2.8 mile round trip located near Trabuco Canyon, California that features a waterfall and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, mountain biking & walking and is accessible year-round. (", "Drive out Trabuco Creek Road to get to trailhead.)", "\n\nIndustry Trail is a 4.8 mile trail located near La Puente, California. ", "The trail is primarily used for trail running. ", "Please bring doggy bags to pick up your dogs poo please. ", "No one wants to step in poop. ", "Thanks.", "\n\nInsanity Hill Trail is a 5.3 mile loop trail located near Pacific Palisades, California that features beautiful wild flowers. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nJohnson's Pasture Trail is a 6.3 mile trail located near Claremont, California that features beautiful wild flowers. ", "The trail is rated as moderate offers a number of activity options. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nKeller Peak / National Children's Forest is a 12.5 mile out and back trail located near Running Springs, California that features beautiful wild flowers and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for mountain biking & trail running and is accessible from March until November. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nLaguna Coast Wilderness Park is a 4.8 mile loop trail located near Irvine, California that offers the chance to see wildlife and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nLake Gregory is a 2.5 mile multiple route trail located near Crestline, California that offers the chance to see wildlife and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nLatigo Canyon to Tapia Park is a 11.5 mile point-to-point trail located near Malibu, California and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for mountain biking & trail running and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nLaurel Canyon - Bommer Ridge Loop is a 3.5 mile loop trail located near Laguna Beach, California that features beautiful wild flowers and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail is primarily used for biking, hiking & trail running and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nlower monroe truck trail is a 11.7 mile out and back trail located near Glendora, California that features beautiful wild flowers. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, mountain biking, trail running & walking.", "\n\nMartin Tudor-Jurupa Hills Regional Park is a 2.6 mile out and back trail located near Fontana, California that offers scenic views. ", "The trail is rated as difficult and primarily used for hiking, trail running & walking.", "\n\nEnter the Upper Las Virgenes Canyon Open Space Preserve at the western end of Victory Blvd., ", "at the Victory Trailhead. ", "Go 3.9 miles at the East Las Virgines Canyon Trail or 2.3 miles around the Mary Wiesbrock Trail. ", "Do a 16.6-mile Big Outing into upper Las Virgenes Canyon.", "\n\nThe loop Starts by getting to the end of the main trail then continuing up a steep incline trail named meadows then continuing through a community and along a beautiful ridge overlooking the ocean on one side and overlooking the canyon and many homes then continue down a rocky trail called rock-it.", "\n\nMichael D Antonovich Trail is a 5.9 mile out and back trail located near San Dimas, California that features a river and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, mountain biking, trail running & walking and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nWonderful strenuous hike up Lytle Creek canyon to icehouse saddle. ", "If you are tired of the crowds on the icehouse canyon trail, then this one is for you. ", "The price is an extra 1200 ft elevaton gain and few extra miles. ", "The trailhead too is down a rough road. ", "High clearance vehicles recommended.", "\n\nModelo Spur is a part of the Cheeseboro/Palo Comado Canyons. ", "This trail meanders from the parking lot through grasslands to a lone coast live oak on the ridge. ", "The trail drops east and joins the Cheeseboro Canyon Trail.", "\n\nModelo Trail is a part of the Cheeseboro/Palo Comado Canyons. ", "Starting at the ridge line of the Modelo Spur and continuing north along the ridge, this pathway offers views of both canyons. ", "It ends at the Palo Comado Canyon Trail where you can turn right, and travel east to Cheeseboro Canyon.", "\n\nMormon Rocks Interpertive Trail is a 1 mile loop trail located near San Bernardino, California that offers scenic views and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible from January until January.", "\n\nMt. Hollywood: The trail can be fit depend on the hiker and the starting point since there are lots of trails around here the main thing is that the view is excellent and dogs are allowed but pick up after themselves there is a $250 fine.", "\n\nMt. Rubidoux Trail is a 3 mile loop trail that offers scenic views. ", "The trail is good for all skill levels and primarily used for hiking & walking. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nNorth Etiwanda Preserve Falls Trail is a 5.7 mile trail located near Rancho Cucamonga, California that features a waterfall and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking & trail running and is accessible from December until May.\n\nThis trail was made in the 1880's by Dr. Fairchild and Dell, who envisioned an observatory on the summit. ", "The idea never materialized, but over the years the trail became popular and was used as the main route to travel to the summit from Mount Baldy Village.", "\n\nPalisades Highlands to Garapito Loop is a 11.5 mile loop trail located near Pacific Palisades, California and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for trail running and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nParadise Falls Trail is a 3 mile loop trail located near Thousand Oaks, California that features a waterfall and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for trail running & walking and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nPeters Canyon Lake View Trail is a 2.6 mile loop trail located near Orange, California that features a lake and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, mountain biking & walking and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nPoint Vicente Fishing Access Trail to Point Vicente and Long Point is a 1.5 mile out and back trail located near Rancho Palos Verdes, California that features beautiful wild flowers. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking & trail running and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nPotato Mtn - Wilderness Trail is a 5.5 mile loop trail located near Claremont, California that offers scenic views. ", "The trail is rated as moderate and primarily used for hiking, road biking & trail running. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nRiverside County Campgrounds is a 9.8 mile out and back trail located near Riverside, California and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail is primarily used for camping & trail running and is accessible from April until October. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nRunyon Canyon Trail is a 3.5 mile loop trail located near Los Angeles, California that offers scenic views and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking & trail running and is accessible from September until May. Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nSan Clemente State Beach is a 3 mile loop trail located near San Clemente, California that offers scenic views and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, trail running & walking and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nMost popular flat paved trail in Orange County for road cycling, running, walking, and hiking. ", "35 miles End to End. ", "Huntington Beach to Corona. ", "Great all year long with access to Parks along the way. ", "Leads to Anaheim Angels stadium and the Honda Center.", "\n\nSanta Rosa Plateau Trail is a 7.1 mile loop trail located near Murrieta, California that features a river and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nSanta Rosa Trail in Wildwood Park is a 4.6 mile loop trail located near Murrieta, California that offers scenic views and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking & trail running and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nSanta Rosa Trail Loop is a 7.5 mile loop trail located near Murrieta, California that features a river and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round. ", "Horses are also able to use this trail.", "\n\nSantiago Trail is a 15 mile out and back trail located near Silverado, California and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, mountain biking & trail running. ", "Turn around at Old Camp (stream) for the full distance and elevation. ", "Actual elevation gain is over 4,000' .", "\n\nNext to the Mt. Boney summit trail, this is the best and most unused trail in the Conejo Valley. ", "Most of the trail consists of steep, north-facing slopes with dense chaparral and occasional sandstone outcrops. ", "Some rock scrambling is required as well as hard to determine trails.", "\n\nSerrano Creek and Heritage Hill - Serrano Creek Trail is a 6.5 mile point-to-point trail located near Lake Forest, California that features a river. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, mountain biking, trail running & walking. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nShortcut Canyon is a 8.8 mile out and back trail located near Sierra Madre, California and is only recommended for very experienced outdoorsmen. ", "The trail is primarily used for trail running and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nSilverado Truck Trail is a 3.1 mile out and back trail located near Silverado, California that offers scenic views. ", "The trail is rated as moderate and primarily used for birding, hiking, mountain biking & trail running.", "\n\nSkyline Drive is a 9.8 mile out and back trail located near Corona, California that features a cave and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for birding, hiking, mountain biking & trail running and is accessible from August until November. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nSostomo/Deer valley loop trail is a 6 mile out and back trail located in Malibu, CA that features streams and is rated as moderate to difficult. ", "The trail is accessible year-round but beware of ticks, poison oak & rattle snakes. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on a leash.", "\n\nSteep Canyon Trail is a 1.6 mile loop trail located near Diamond Bar, California that offers scenic views and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking & trail running and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nSullivan Canyon is a 8 mile out and back trail located near Pacific Palisades, California that features beautiful wild flowers and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, mountain biking & trail running and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nSycamore Canyon Park is a 4 mile loop trail located near March Air Reserve Base, California that offers the chance to see wildlife and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, mountain biking, trail running & walking and is accessible year-round.", "\n\nTelegraph Canyon to Ridge is a 4 mile loop trail located near Chino Hills, California that features beautiful wild flowers and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, mountain biking, trail running & walking and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nTemecula Meadowview Loop is a 2.5 mile loop trail located near Temecula, California that offers scenic views and is good for all skill levels. ", "The trail is primarily used for mountain biking, trail running & walking and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs and horses are also able to use this trail.", "\n\nTurnbull Canyon Trail is a 4 mile loop trail located near Whittier, California that offers scenic views and is rated as moderate. ", "The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nVia Princessa to Golden Valley is a 6.3 mile trail located near Santa Clarita, California that features beautiful wild flowers. ", "The trail is primarily used for hiking, trail running & walking and is accessible year-round. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nVICTORY TRAILHEAD is a loop trail located in the state of California that features beautiful wild flowers. ", "The trail is good for all skill levels and primarily used for hiking, mountain biking, trail running & walking. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.", "\n\nThe Verdugo Fireroad (topo says Chandler Motorway) begins here, and goes east to near Glendale Community College. ", "Difficulty is easy, but can be made more difficult by increasing speed and/or distance. ", "This can be linked with close to a dozen other trails along the way.", "\n\nWestridge-Canyonback Trail is a 7.2 mile out and back trail located near Los Angeles, California that features beautiful wild flowers. ", "The trail is rated as moderate and primarily used for hiking, mountain biking & trail running. ", "Dogs are also able to use this trail." ]

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[ ".class final Lc/a/h/c$a;\n.super Ljava/lang/Object;\n.source \"\"\n\n# interfaces\n.implements Ljava/lang/Runnable;\n\n\n# annotations\n.annotation system Ldalvik/annotation/EnclosingClass;\n value = Lc/a/h/c;\n.end annotation\n\n.annotation system Ldalvik/annotation/InnerClass;\n accessFlags = 0x10\n name = \"a\"\n.end annotation\n\n\n# instance fields\n.field final synthetic a:Lc/a/h/c;\n\n\n# direct methods\n.method constructor <init>(Lc/a/h/c;)V\n .locals 0\n\n iput-object p1, p0, Lc/a/h/c$a;->a:Lc/a/h/c;\n\n invoke-direct {p0}, Ljava/lang/Object;-><init>()V\n\n return-void\n.end method\n\n\n# virtual methods\n.method public run()V\n .locals 1\n\n iget-object v0, p0, Lc/a/h/c$a;->a:Lc/a/h/c;\n\n invoke-virtual {v0}, Lc/a/h/c;->cancel()V\n\n return-void\n.end method\n" ]

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[ "Melatonin controls superoxide anion level: modulation of superoxide dismutase activity in ring dove heterophils.", "\nThe pineal gland and the immune system in mammals and birds are functionally connected, with some recent findings showing that melatonin, the major secretory product of the pineal gland in vertebrates, is a free-radical scavenger and general antioxidant. ", "In birds, heterophils, with their ability to ingest and kill different antigens, play a central role in the host defense mechanism. ", "This in vitro study investigated the possible antioxidant action of melatonin in heterophils isolated from adult male and female ring dove (Streptopelia risoria). ", "The superoxide anion levels (O2-.) ", "and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were evaluated as indicators of the metabolic burst of heterophils after ingestion of inert particles (latex beads) at the basal time (0 min) and 15, 30, 45, and 60 min of incubation with 100 microM melatonin. ", "The heterophil O2-. ", "levels, measured by the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test, were lower after incubation in the presence of melatonin at all the times studied, a time-dependent effect. ", "Latex beads produced a significant increase in SOD activity, whereas there was a significant decrease in the presence of melatonin. ", "In addition, when heterophils were incubated in the presence of both latex beads and melatonin, the indole appeared to annul the enhancement of SOD activity (U-525nm) produced by latex beads. ", "In conclusion, our findings show that the neurohormone melatonin could be a useful antioxidant." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhen do we use parallel algorithms for enumerating combinations?", "\n\nI know that combination is used in many areas. ", "But do we really need parallel version of algorithms for that? ", "If so, where do they used?", "\nHere is a famous example of parallel algorithms, Adaptive and Optimal Parallel Algorithms for Enumerating Permutations and Combinations by S. G. AKL.", "\n\nA:\n\nI have found one.", "\nA parallel algorithm for finding small sets of genes that are enough to distinguish two biological states\nBut if you found others, I would like to know.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "In the new NTSA guidelines, drives involved in accidents could have their licences suspended for a period of not longer than six months. ", "Drivers will further be required to renew their licenses every year as opposed to the current rules where one renews after three years. ", "Drivers will also undergo medical examination and their driving skills tested again after 10 years of driving.", "\n\nThis is an online platform provided by the Kenyan Government. ", "Thanks to e-citizen, you can now renew NTSA driver licence in Kenya from the comfort of your home, office, or cyber cafe and pay for the services via MPESA without much hassle.", "\n\nHow much does it cost to renew driving Licence in Kenya?", "\n\nPayment for license renewal will be made using available mobile money services; a three-year licence will cost Sh1400 plus a Sh50 convinience fee. ", "A one-year licence on the other hand will cost Sh600 and Sh50 convinience fee. ", "After successful application, one will be able to print their renewal slip\n\nProvisional driving licence. ", "This will be issued to you when you want to undergo training in driving.", "\n\nDriving test endorsement. ", "This enables you to drive other classes of vehicles other than the one you are driving.", "\n\nDuplicate driving licence. ", "When your driving licence is stolen, lost, damaged or defaced, you are required to apply for a replacement.", "\n\nThe main functions of the National Transport Safety Authority as outlined in Section 4 of NTSA Act are;\n\nGives advice and make recommendations on matters relating to road transport and safety.", "\n\nImplements policies relating to road transport and safety.", "\n\nResponsible for planning, managing and regulating the road transport sector with the provisions of the Act.", "\n\nLastly, it provides safe, reliable and efficient road transport service\n\nThe following are the conditions for granting of driving licence in Kenya.", "The licensing officer shall not grant you a driving licence unless;\n\nYou have passed the driving test and you are competent to drive that class of motor vehicle and that you hold a certificate of competence.", "\n\nYou are holder of a valid driving licence for that class of motor vehicle granted by competent authority in a country of the commonwealth.", "\n\nYou have acquired an international driving licence.", "\n\nWhen you make a declaration as to whether or not that you are suffering from any such disease or physical disability which would result to cause road accident while you are driving.", "\n\nYou are able to read with glasses if worn, a motor vehicle identification plate at a distance of 25 meters. ", "Note that, a blind person or a person whose one eye is blind, is not allowed to possess a driving licence.", "\n\nWhere you are suffering from any such disease or physical disability which may result to you causing a road accident while driving, the licensing officer won’t issue you with a driving licence unless;\n\nYou produce a medical certificate from a medical practitioner, stating that you are physically fit to drive that class or classes of motor vehicles in question.", "\n\nYou undergo a driving test and you pass.", "\n\nHow To Renew Driving License In Kenya via eCitizen and M-PESA?", "\n\nFollow these Steps For NTSA Driving Licence Renewal In Kenya.", "\n\nLog in to the eCitizen website. ", "You will be required to provide your email address or your National ID Number and password in order to access the online portal. ", "If you are logging in for the first time, you will have to create or sign up for an account.", "\n\nOnce you have logged in, select the National Transport and Safety Authority tab for driving licence renewal application.", "\n\nThen click on submit application option and select driving licences.", "\n\nYou can either choose one year driving licence renewal or three years driving licence renewal.", "\n\nIt is important to confirm the application details. ", "For one year driving licence renewal it will cost you KES 600 while for three years driving licence renewal, it will cost you KES 1,400 with an additional convenience fee of KES 50.", "\n\nAfter confirming the application details depending on your choice of driving licence renewal period, you need to double check the information you have provided for accuracy and to check if you have entered in all information on the required fields.", "\n\nAfter reviewing the details and you are satisfied that the information you have given is accurate, then, click submit.", "\n\nYou need to choose the mode of payment for your driving licence renewal.", "It is important to note that, you can use mobile money services such as M-Pesa to renew your driver’s licence.", "\n\nAfter you have paid and submitted a successful application, you will able to print the NTSA renewal driving licence slip." ]

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[ "This is an archived article and the information in the article may be outdated. ", "Please look at the time stamp on the story to see when it was last updated.", "\n\nA Camarillo High School sophomore was arrested after allegedly threatening to kill another student, carry out a shooting at the campus then kill himself, police stated Friday.", "\n\nAs the high school’s graduation ceremony took place Thursday, patrol deputies responded to a call about 15-year-old making threats, according to a City of Camarillo Police Department media release.", "\n\nInvestigators located the student and a parent at his home and took the juvenile in without incident.", "\n\nWeapons were removed from the student’s home and booked into the local sheriff’s office, the release stated.", "\n\nThe juvenile said he did threaten another student but indicated he did not intend to carry out the threat.", "\n\nHe was cited for making criminal threats.", "\n\nSeveral thousand people attended the high school graduation, and deputies at the ceremony were aware of the threats, the release stated.", "\n\nThe 15-year-old was evaluated by the Children’s Intensive Response Team and taken for additional mental health treatment.", "\n\nAnyone with information was asked to contact the Ventura County Crime Stoppers at 800-222-8477." ]

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[ "/* ===================================================\n * bootstrap-transition.js v2.2.1\n * http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/javascript.html#transitions\n * ===================================================\n * Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc.\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n * ========================================================== */\n\n\n!", "function ($) {\n\n \"use strict\"; // jshint ;_;\n\n\n /* CSS TRANSITION SUPPORT (http://www.modernizr.com/)\n * ======================================================= */\n\n $(function () {\n\n $.support.transition = (function () {\n\n var transitionEnd = (function () {\n\n var el = document.createElement('bootstrap')\n , transEndEventNames = {\n 'WebkitTransition' : 'webkitTransitionEnd'\n , 'MozTransition' : 'transitionend'\n , 'OTransition' : 'oTransitionEnd otransitionend'\n , 'transition' : 'transitionend'\n }\n , name\n\n for (name in transEndEventNames){\n if (el.style[name] !", "== undefined) {\n return transEndEventNames[name]\n }\n }\n\n }())\n\n return transitionEnd && {\n end: transitionEnd\n }\n\n })()\n\n })\n\n}(window.jQuery);\n/* =========================================================\n * bootstrap-modal.js v2.2.1\n * http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/javascript.html#modals\n * =========================================================\n * Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc.\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n * ========================================================= */\n\n\n!", "function ($) {\n\n \"use strict\"; // jshint ;_;\n\n\n /* MODAL CLASS DEFINITION\n * ====================== */\n\n var Modal = function (element, options) {\n this.options = options\n this.$element = $(element)\n .delegate('[data-dismiss=\"modal\"]', 'click.dismiss.modal', $.proxy(this.hide, this))\n this.options.remote && this.$element.find('.modal-body').load(this.options.remote)\n }\n\n Modal.prototype = {\n\n constructor: Modal\n\n , toggle: function () {\n return this[!this.isShown ? '", "show' : 'hide']()\n }\n\n , show: function () {\n var that = this\n , e = $.Event('show')\n\n this.$element.trigger(e)\n\n if (this.isShown || e.isDefaultPrevented()) return\n\n this.isShown = true\n\n this.escape()\n\n this.backdrop(function () {\n var transition = $.support.transition && that.$element.hasClass('fade')\n\n if (!", "that.$element.parent().length) {\n that.$element.appendTo(document.body) //don't move modals dom position\n }\n\n that.$element\n .show()\n\n if (transition) {\n that.$element[0].offsetWidth // force reflow\n }\n\n that.$element\n .addClass('in')\n .attr('aria-hidden', false)\n\n that.enforceFocus()\n\n transition ?", "\n that.$element.one($.support.transition.end, function () { that.$element.focus().trigger('shown') }) :\n that.$element.focus().trigger('shown')\n\n })\n }\n\n , hide: function (e) {\n e && e.preventDefault()\n\n var that = this\n\n e = $.Event('hide')\n\n this.$element.trigger(e)\n\n if (!", "this.isShown || e.isDefaultPrevented()) return\n\n this.isShown = false\n\n this.escape()\n\n $(document).off('focusin.modal')\n\n this.$element\n .removeClass('in')\n .attr('aria-hidden', true)\n\n $.support.transition && this.$element.hasClass('fade') ?", "\n this.hideWithTransition() :\n this.hideModal()\n }\n\n , enforceFocus: function () {\n var that = this\n $(document).on('focusin.modal', function (e) {\n if (that.$element[0] !", "== e.target && !", "that.$element.has(e.target).length) {\n that.$element.focus()\n }\n })\n }\n\n , escape: function () {\n var that = this\n if (this.isShown && this.options.keyboard) {\n this.$element.on('keyup.dismiss.modal', function ( e ) {\n e.which == 27 && that.hide()\n })\n } else if (!", "this.isShown) {\n this.$element.off('keyup.dismiss.modal')\n }\n }\n\n , hideWithTransition: function () {\n var that = this\n , timeout = setTimeout(function () {\n that.$element.off($.support.transition.end)\n that.hideModal()\n }, 500)\n\n this.$element.one($.support.transition.end, function () {\n clearTimeout(timeout)\n that.hideModal()\n })\n }\n\n , hideModal: function (that) {\n this.$element\n .hide()\n .trigger('hidden')\n\n this.backdrop()\n }\n\n , removeBackdrop: function () {\n this.$backdrop.remove()\n this.$backdrop = null\n }\n\n , backdrop: function (callback) {\n var that = this\n , animate = this.$element.hasClass('fade') ? '", "fade' : ''\n\n if (this.isShown && this.options.backdrop) {\n var doAnimate = $.support.transition && animate\n\n this.$backdrop = $('<div class=\"modal-backdrop ' + animate + '\" />')\n .appendTo(document.body)\n\n this.$backdrop.click(\n this.options.backdrop == 'static' ?", "\n $.proxy(this.$element[0].focus, this.$element[0])\n : $.proxy(this.hide, this)\n )\n\n if (doAnimate) this.$backdrop[0].offsetWidth // force reflow\n\n this.$backdrop.addClass('in')\n\n doAnimate ?", "\n this.$backdrop.one($.support.transition.end, callback) :\n callback()\n\n } else if (!", "this.isShown && this.$backdrop) {\n this.$backdrop.removeClass('in')\n\n $.support.transition && this.$element.hasClass('fade')?", "\n this.$backdrop.one($.support.transition.end, $.proxy(this.removeBackdrop, this)) :\n this.removeBackdrop()\n\n } else if (callback) {\n callback()\n }\n }\n }\n\n\n /* MODAL PLUGIN DEFINITION\n * ======================= */\n\n $.fn.modal = function (option) {\n return this.each(function () {\n var $this = $(this)\n , data = $this.data('modal')\n , options = $.extend({}, $.fn.modal.defaults, $this.data(), typeof option == 'object' && option)\n if (!", "data) $this.data('modal', (data = new Modal(this, options)))\n if (typeof option == 'string') data[option]()\n else if (options.show) data.show()\n })\n }\n\n $.fn.modal.defaults = {\n backdrop: true\n , keyboard: true\n , show: true\n }\n\n $.fn.modal.", "Constructor = Modal\n\n\n /* MODAL DATA-API\n * ============== */\n\n $(document).on('click.modal.data-api', '[data-toggle=\"modal\"]', function (e) {\n var $this = $(this)\n , href = $this.attr('href')\n , $target = $($this.attr('data-target') || (href && href.replace(/.*(?=#[^\\s]+$)/, ''))) //strip for ie7\n , option = $target.data('modal') ? '", "toggle' : $.extend({ remote:!/#/.test(href) && href }, $target.data(), $this.data())\n\n e.preventDefault()\n\n $target\n .modal(option)\n .one('hide', function () {\n $this.focus()\n })\n })\n\n}(window.jQuery);\n\n/* ============================================================\n * bootstrap-dropdown.js v2.2.1\n * http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/javascript.html#dropdowns\n * ============================================================\n * Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc.\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n * ============================================================ */\n\n\n!", "function ($) {\n\n \"use strict\"; // jshint ;_;\n\n\n /* DROPDOWN CLASS DEFINITION\n * ========================= */\n\n var toggle = '[data-toggle=dropdown]'\n , Dropdown = function (element) {\n var $el = $(element).on('click.dropdown.data-api', this.toggle)\n $('html').on('click.dropdown.data-api', function () {\n $el.parent().removeClass('open')\n })\n }\n\n Dropdown.prototype = {\n\n constructor: Dropdown\n\n , toggle: function (e) {\n var $this = $(this)\n , $parent\n , isActive\n\n if ($this.is('.disabled, :disabled')) return\n\n $parent = getParent($this)\n\n isActive = $parent.hasClass('open')\n\n clearMenus()\n\n if (!", "isActive) {\n $parent.toggleClass('open')\n $this.focus()\n }\n\n return false\n }\n\n , keydown: function (e) {\n var $this\n , $items\n , $active\n , $parent\n , isActive\n , index\n\n if (!", "/(38|40|27)/.test(e.keyCode)) return\n\n $this = $(this)\n\n e.preventDefault()\n e.stopPropagation()\n\n if ($this.is('.disabled, :disabled')) return\n\n $parent = getParent($this)\n\n isActive = $parent.hasClass('open')\n\n if (!", "isActive || (isActive && e.keyCode == 27)) return $this.click()\n\n $items = $('[role=menu] li:not(.divider) a', $parent)\n\n if (!", "$items.length) return\n\n index = $items.index($items.filter(':focus'))\n\n if (e.keyCode == 38 && index > 0) index-- // up\n if (e.keyCode == 40 && index < $items.length - 1) index++ // down\n if (!", "~index) index = 0\n\n $items\n .eq(index)\n .focus()\n }\n\n }\n\n function clearMenus() {\n $(toggle).each(function () {\n getParent($(this)).removeClass('open')\n })\n }\n\n function getParent($this) {\n var selector = $this.attr('data-target')\n , $parent\n\n if (!", "selector) {\n selector = $this.attr('href')\n selector = selector && /#/.test(selector) && selector.replace(/.*(?=#[^\\s]*$)/, '') //strip for ie7\n }\n\n $parent = $(selector)\n $parent.length || ($parent = $this.parent())\n\n return $parent\n }\n\n\n /* DROPDOWN PLUGIN DEFINITION\n * ========================== */\n\n $.fn.dropdown = function (option) {\n return this.each(function () {\n var $this = $(this)\n , data = $this.data('dropdown')\n if (!", "data) $this.data('dropdown', (data = new Dropdown(this)))\n if (typeof option == 'string') data[option].call($this)\n })\n }\n\n $.fn.dropdown.", "Constructor = Dropdown\n\n\n /* APPLY TO STANDARD DROPDOWN ELEMENTS\n * =================================== */\n\n $(document)\n .on('click.dropdown.data-api touchstart.dropdown.data-api', clearMenus)\n .on('click.dropdown touchstart.dropdown.data-api', '.dropdown form', function (e) { e.stopPropagation() })\n .on('click.dropdown.data-api touchstart.dropdown.data-api' , toggle, Dropdown.prototype.toggle)\n .on('keydown.dropdown.data-api touchstart.dropdown.data-api', toggle + ', [role=menu]' , Dropdown.prototype.keydown)\n\n}(window.jQuery);\n/* =============================================================\n * bootstrap-scrollspy.js v2.2.1\n * http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/javascript.html#scrollspy\n * =============================================================\n * Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc.\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n * ============================================================== */\n\n\n!", "function ($) {\n\n \"use strict\"; // jshint ;_;\n\n\n /* SCROLLSPY CLASS DEFINITION\n * ========================== */\n\n function ScrollSpy(element, options) {\n var process = $.proxy(this.process, this)\n , $element = $(element).is('body') ? ", "$(window) : $(element)\n , href\n this.options = $.extend({}, $.fn.scrollspy.defaults, options)\n this.$scrollElement = $element.on('scroll.scroll-spy.data-api', process)\n this.selector = (this.options.target\n || ((href = $(element).attr('href')) && href.replace(/.*(?=#[^\\s]+$)/, '')) //strip for ie7\n || '') + ' .nav li > a'\n this.$body = $('body')\n this.refresh()\n this.process()\n }\n\n ScrollSpy.prototype = {\n\n constructor: ScrollSpy\n\n , refresh: function () {\n var self = this\n , $targets\n\n this.offsets = $([])\n this.targets = $([])\n\n $targets = this.$body\n .find(this.selector)\n .map(function () {\n var $el = $(this)\n , href = $el.data('target') || $el.attr('href')\n , $href = /^#\\w/.test(href) && $(href)\n return ( $href\n && $href.length\n && [[ $href.position().top, href ]] ) || null\n })\n .sort(function (a, b) { return a[0] - b[0] })\n .each(function () {\n self.offsets.push(this[0])\n self.targets.push(this[1])\n })\n }\n\n , process: function () {\n var scrollTop = this.$scrollElement.scrollTop() + this.options.offset\n , scrollHeight = this.$scrollElement[0].scrollHeight || this.$body[0].scrollHeight\n , maxScroll = scrollHeight - this.$scrollElement.height()\n , offsets = this.offsets\n , targets = this.targets\n , activeTarget = this.activeTarget\n , i\n\n if (scrollTop >= maxScroll) {\n return activeTarget !", "= (i = targets.last()[0])\n && this.activate ( i )\n }\n\n for (i = offsets.length; i--;) {\n activeTarget !", "= targets[i]\n && scrollTop >= offsets[i]\n && (!", "offsets[i + 1] || scrollTop <= offsets[i + 1])\n && this.activate( targets[i] )\n }\n }\n\n , activate: function (target) {\n var active\n , selector\n\n this.activeTarget = target\n\n $(this.selector)\n .parent('.active')\n .removeClass('active')\n\n selector = this.selector\n + '[data-target=\"' + target + '\"],'\n + this.selector + '[href=\"' + target + '\"]'\n\n active = $(selector)\n .parent('li')\n .addClass('active')\n\n if (active.parent('.dropdown-menu').length) {\n active = active.closest('li.dropdown').addClass('active')\n }\n\n active.trigger('activate')\n }\n\n }\n\n\n /* SCROLLSPY PLUGIN DEFINITION\n * =========================== */\n\n $.fn.scrollspy = function (option) {\n return this.each(function () {\n var $this = $(this)\n , data = $this.data('scrollspy')\n , options = typeof option == 'object' && option\n if (!", "data) $this.data('scrollspy', (data = new ScrollSpy(this, options)))\n if (typeof option == 'string') data[option]()\n })\n }\n\n $.fn.scrollspy.", "Constructor = ScrollSpy\n\n $.fn.scrollspy.defaults = {\n offset: 10\n }\n\n\n /* SCROLLSPY DATA-API\n * ================== */\n\n $(window).on('load', function () {\n $('[data-spy=\"scroll\"]').each(function () {\n var $spy = $(this)\n $spy.scrollspy($spy.data())\n })\n })\n\n}(window.jQuery);\n/* ========================================================\n * bootstrap-tab.js v2.2.1\n * http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/javascript.html#tabs\n * ========================================================\n * Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc.\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n * ======================================================== */\n\n\n!", "function ($) {\n\n \"use strict\"; // jshint ;_;\n\n\n /* TAB CLASS DEFINITION\n * ==================== */\n\n var Tab = function (element) {\n this.element = $(element)\n }\n\n Tab.prototype = {\n\n constructor: Tab\n\n , show: function () {\n var $this = this.element\n , $ul = $this.closest('ul:not(.dropdown-menu)')\n , selector = $this.attr('data-target')\n , previous\n , $target\n , e\n\n if (!", "selector) {\n selector = $this.attr('href')\n selector = selector && selector.replace(/.*(?=#[^\\s]*$)/, '') //strip for ie7\n }\n\n if ( $this.parent('li').hasClass('active') ) return\n\n previous = $ul.find('.active:last a')[0]\n\n e = $.Event('show', {\n relatedTarget: previous\n })\n\n $this.trigger(e)\n\n if (e.isDefaultPrevented()) return\n\n $target = $(selector)\n\n this.activate($this.parent('li'), $ul)\n this.activate($target, $target.parent(), function () {\n $this.trigger({\n type: 'shown'\n , relatedTarget: previous\n })\n })\n }\n\n , activate: function ( element, container, callback) {\n var $active = container.find('> .active')\n , transition = callback\n && $.support.transition\n && $active.hasClass('fade')\n\n function next() {\n $active\n .removeClass('active')\n .find('> .dropdown-menu > .active')\n .removeClass('active')\n\n element.addClass('active')\n\n if (transition) {\n element[0].offsetWidth // reflow for transition\n element.addClass('in')\n } else {\n element.removeClass('fade')\n }\n\n if ( element.parent('.dropdown-menu') ) {\n element.closest('li.dropdown').addClass('active')\n }\n\n callback && callback()\n }\n\n transition ?", "\n $active.one($.support.transition.end, next) :\n next()\n\n $active.removeClass('in')\n }\n }\n\n\n /* TAB PLUGIN DEFINITION\n * ===================== */\n\n $.fn.tab = function ( option ) {\n return this.each(function () {\n var $this = $(this)\n , data = $this.data('tab')\n if (!", "data) $this.data('tab', (data = new Tab(this)))\n if (typeof option == 'string') data[option]()\n })\n }\n\n $.fn.tab.", "Constructor = Tab\n\n\n /* TAB DATA-API\n * ============ */\n\n $(document).on('click.tab.data-api', '[data-toggle=\"tab\"], [data-toggle=\"pill\"]', function (e) {\n e.preventDefault()\n $(this).tab('show')\n })\n\n}(window.jQuery);\n/* ===========================================================\n * bootstrap-tooltip.js v2.2.1\n * http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/javascript.html#tooltips\n * Inspired by the original jQuery.tipsy by Jason Frame\n * ===========================================================\n * Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc.\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n * ========================================================== */\n\n\n!", "function ($) {\n\n \"use strict\"; // jshint ;_;\n\n\n /* TOOLTIP PUBLIC CLASS DEFINITION\n * =============================== */\n\n var Tooltip = function (element, options) {\n this.init('tooltip', element, options)\n }\n\n Tooltip.prototype = {\n\n constructor: Tooltip\n\n , init: function (type, element, options) {\n var eventIn\n , eventOut\n\n this.type = type\n this.$element = $(element)\n this.options = this.getOptions(options)\n this.enabled = true\n\n if (this.options.trigger == 'click') {\n this.$element.on('click.' ", "+ this.type, this.options.selector, $.proxy(this.toggle, this))\n } else if (this.options.trigger !", "= 'manual') {\n eventIn = this.options.trigger == 'hover' ? '", "mouseenter' : 'focus'\n eventOut = this.options.trigger == 'hover' ? '", "mouseleave' : 'blur'\n this.$element.on(eventIn + '.' ", "+ this.type, this.options.selector, $.proxy(this.enter, this))\n this.$element.on(eventOut + '.' ", "+ this.type, this.options.selector, $.proxy(this.leave, this))\n }\n\n this.options.selector ?", "\n (this._options = $.extend({}, this.options, { trigger: 'manual', selector: '' })) :\n this.fixTitle()\n }\n\n , getOptions: function (options) {\n options = $.extend({}, $.fn[this.type].defaults, options, this.$element.data())\n\n if (options.delay && typeof options.delay == 'number') {\n options.delay = {\n show: options.delay\n , hide: options.delay\n }\n }\n\n return options\n }\n\n , enter: function (e) {\n var self = $(e.currentTarget)[this.type](this._options).data(this.type)\n\n if (!", "self.options.delay || !", "self.options.delay.show) return self.show()\n\n clearTimeout(this.timeout)\n self.hoverState = 'in'\n this.timeout = setTimeout(function() {\n if (self.hoverState == 'in') self.show()\n }, self.options.delay.show)\n }\n\n , leave: function (e) {\n var self = $(e.currentTarget)[this.type](this._options).data(this.type)\n\n if (this.timeout) clearTimeout(this.timeout)\n if (!", "self.options.delay || !", "self.options.delay.hide) return self.hide()\n\n self.hoverState = 'out'\n this.timeout = setTimeout(function() {\n if (self.hoverState == 'out') self.hide()\n }, self.options.delay.hide)\n }\n\n , show: function () {\n var $tip\n , inside\n , pos\n , actualWidth\n , actualHeight\n , placement\n , tp\n\n if (this.hasContent() && this.enabled) {\n $tip = this.tip()\n this.setContent()\n\n if (this.options.animation) {\n $tip.addClass('fade')\n }\n\n placement = typeof this.options.placement == 'function' ?", "\n this.options.placement.call(this, $tip[0], this.$element[0]) :\n this.options.placement\n\n inside = /in/.test(placement)\n\n $tip\n .detach()\n .css({ top: 0, left: 0, display: 'block' })\n .insertAfter(this.$element)\n\n pos = this.getPosition(inside)\n\n actualWidth = $tip[0].offsetWidth\n actualHeight = $tip[0].offsetHeight\n\n switch (inside ? ", "placement.split(' ')[1] : placement) {\n case 'bottom':\n tp = {top: pos.top + pos.height, left: pos.left + pos.width / 2 - actualWidth / 2}\n break\n case 'top':\n tp = {top: pos.top - actualHeight, left: pos.left + pos.width / 2 - actualWidth / 2}\n break\n case 'left':\n tp = {top: pos.top + pos.height / 2 - actualHeight / 2, left: pos.left - actualWidth}\n break\n case 'right':\n tp = {top: pos.top + pos.height / 2 - actualHeight / 2, left: pos.left + pos.width}\n break\n }\n\n $tip\n .offset(tp)\n .addClass(placement)\n .addClass('in')\n }\n }\n\n , setContent: function () {\n var $tip = this.tip()\n , title = this.getTitle()\n\n $tip.find('.tooltip-inner')[this.options.html ? '", "html' : 'text'](title)\n $tip.removeClass('fade in top bottom left right')\n }\n\n , hide: function () {\n var that = this\n , $tip = this.tip()\n\n $tip.removeClass('in')\n\n function removeWithAnimation() {\n var timeout = setTimeout(function () {\n $tip.off($.support.transition.end).detach()\n }, 500)\n\n $tip.one($.support.transition.end, function () {\n clearTimeout(timeout)\n $tip.detach()\n })\n }\n\n $.support.transition && this.$tip.hasClass('fade') ?", "\n removeWithAnimation() :\n $tip.detach()\n\n return this\n }\n\n , fixTitle: function () {\n var $e = this.$element\n if ($e.attr('title') || typeof($e.attr('data-original-title')) !", "= 'string') {\n $e.attr('data-original-title', $e.attr('title') || '').removeAttr('title')\n }\n }\n\n , hasContent: function () {\n return this.getTitle()\n }\n\n , getPosition: function (inside) {\n return $.extend({}, (inside ? {", "top: 0, left: 0} : this.$element.offset()), {\n width: this.$element[0].offsetWidth\n , height: this.$element[0].offsetHeight\n })\n }\n\n , getTitle: function () {\n var title\n , $e = this.$element\n , o = this.options\n\n title = $e.attr('data-original-title')\n || (typeof o.title == 'function' ? ", "o.title.call($e[0]) : o.title)\n\n return title\n }\n\n , tip: function () {\n return this.$tip = this.$tip || $(this.options.template)\n }\n\n , validate: function () {\n if (!", "this.$element[0].parentNode) {\n this.hide()\n this.$element = null\n this.options = null\n }\n }\n\n , enable: function () {\n this.enabled = true\n }\n\n , disable: function () {\n this.enabled = false\n }\n\n , toggleEnabled: function () {\n this.enabled = !", "this.enabled\n }\n\n , toggle: function (e) {\n var self = $(e.currentTarget)[this.type](this._options).data(this.type)\n self[self.tip().hasClass('in') ? '", "hide' : 'show']()\n }\n\n , destroy: function () {\n this.hide().$element.off('.' ", "+ this.type).removeData(this.type)\n }\n\n }\n\n\n /* TOOLTIP PLUGIN DEFINITION\n * ========================= */\n\n $.fn.tooltip = function ( option ) {\n return this.each(function () {\n var $this = $(this)\n , data = $this.data('tooltip')\n , options = typeof option == 'object' && option\n if (!", "data) $this.data('tooltip', (data = new Tooltip(this, options)))\n if (typeof option == 'string') data[option]()\n })\n }\n\n $.fn.tooltip.", "Constructor = Tooltip\n\n $.fn.tooltip.defaults = {\n animation: true\n , placement: 'top'\n , selector: false\n , template: '<div class=\"tooltip\"><div class=\"tooltip-arrow\"></div><div class=\"tooltip-inner\"></div></div>'\n , trigger: 'hover'\n , title: ''\n , delay: 0\n , html: false\n }\n\n}(window.jQuery);\n/* ===========================================================\n * bootstrap-popover.js v2.2.1\n * http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/javascript.html#popovers\n * ===========================================================\n * Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc.\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n * =========================================================== */\n\n\n!", "function ($) {\n\n \"use strict\"; // jshint ;_;\n\n\n /* POPOVER PUBLIC CLASS DEFINITION\n * =============================== */\n\n var Popover = function (element, options) {\n this.init('popover', element, options)\n }\n\n\n /* NOTE: POPOVER EXTENDS BOOTSTRAP-TOOLTIP.js\n ========================================== */\n\n Popover.prototype = $.extend({}, $.fn.tooltip.", "Constructor.prototype, {\n\n constructor: Popover\n\n , setContent: function () {\n var $tip = this.tip()\n , title = this.getTitle()\n , content = this.getContent()\n\n $tip.find('.popover-title')[this.options.html ? '", "html' : 'text'](title)\n $tip.find('.popover-content > *')[this.options.html ? '", "html' : 'text'](content)\n\n $tip.removeClass('fade top bottom left right in')\n }\n\n , hasContent: function () {\n return this.getTitle() || this.getContent()\n }\n\n , getContent: function () {\n var content\n , $e = this.$element\n , o = this.options\n\n content = $e.attr('data-content')\n || (typeof o.content == 'function' ? ", "o.content.call($e[0]) : o.content)\n\n return content\n }\n\n , tip: function () {\n if (!", "this.$tip) {\n this.$tip = $(this.options.template)\n }\n return this.$tip\n }\n\n , destroy: function () {\n this.hide().$element.off('.' ", "+ this.type).removeData(this.type)\n }\n\n })\n\n\n /* POPOVER PLUGIN DEFINITION\n * ======================= */\n\n $.fn.popover = function (option) {\n return this.each(function () {\n var $this = $(this)\n , data = $this.data('popover')\n , options = typeof option == 'object' && option\n if (!", "data) $this.data('popover', (data = new Popover(this, options)))\n if (typeof option == 'string') data[option]()\n })\n }\n\n $.fn.popover.", "Constructor = Popover\n\n $.fn.popover.defaults = $.extend({} , $.fn.tooltip.defaults, {\n placement: 'right'\n , trigger: 'click'\n , content: ''\n , template: '<div class=\"popover\"><div class=\"arrow\"></div><div class=\"popover-inner\"><h3 class=\"popover-title\"></h3><div class=\"popover-content\"><p></p></div></div></div>'\n })\n\n}(window.jQuery);\n/* ==========================================================\n * bootstrap-affix.js v2.2.1\n * http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/javascript.html#affix\n * ==========================================================\n * Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc.\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n * ========================================================== */\n\n\n!", "function ($) {\n\n \"use strict\"; // jshint ;_;\n\n\n /* AFFIX CLASS DEFINITION\n * ====================== */\n\n var Affix = function (element, options) {\n this.options = $.extend({}, $.fn.affix.defaults, options)\n this.$window = $(window)\n .on('scroll.affix.data-api', $.proxy(this.checkPosition, this))\n .on('click.affix.data-api', $.proxy(function () { setTimeout($.proxy(this.checkPosition, this), 1) }, this))\n this.$element = $(element)\n this.checkPosition()\n }\n\n Affix.prototype.checkPosition = function () {\n if (!", "this.$element.is(':visible')) return\n\n var scrollHeight = $(document).height()\n , scrollTop = this.$window.scrollTop()\n , position = this.$element.offset()\n , offset = this.options.offset\n , offsetBottom = offset.bottom\n , offsetTop = offset.top\n , reset = 'affix affix-top affix-bottom'\n , affix\n\n if (typeof offset !", "= 'object') offsetBottom = offsetTop = offset\n if (typeof offsetTop == 'function') offsetTop = offset.top()\n if (typeof offsetBottom == 'function') offsetBottom = offset.bottom()\n\n affix = this.unpin !", "= null && (scrollTop + this.unpin <= position.top) ?", "\n false : offsetBottom !", "= null && (position.top + this.$element.height() >= scrollHeight - offsetBottom) ?", "\n 'bottom' : offsetTop !", "= null && scrollTop <= offsetTop ?", "\n 'top' : false\n\n if (this.affixed === affix) return\n\n this.affixed = affix\n this.unpin = affix == 'bottom' ? ", "position.top - scrollTop : null\n\n this.$element.removeClass(reset).addClass('affix' + (affix ? '-' ", "+ affix : ''))\n }\n\n\n /* AFFIX PLUGIN DEFINITION\n * ======================= */\n\n $.fn.affix = function (option) {\n return this.each(function () {\n var $this = $(this)\n , data = $this.data('affix')\n , options = typeof option == 'object' && option\n if (!", "data) $this.data('affix', (data = new Affix(this, options)))\n if (typeof option == 'string') data[option]()\n })\n }\n\n $.fn.affix.", "Constructor = Affix\n\n $.fn.affix.defaults = {\n offset: 0\n }\n\n\n /* AFFIX DATA-API\n * ============== */\n\n $(window).on('load', function () {\n $('[data-spy=\"affix\"]').each(function () {\n var $spy = $(this)\n , data = $spy.data()\n\n data.offset = data.offset || {}\n\n data.offsetBottom && (data.offset.bottom = data.offsetBottom)\n data.offsetTop && (data.offset.top = data.offsetTop)\n\n $spy.affix(data)\n })\n })\n\n\n}(window.jQuery);\n/* ==========================================================\n * bootstrap-alert.js v2.2.1\n * http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/javascript.html#alerts\n * ==========================================================\n * Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc.\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n * ========================================================== */\n\n\n!", "function ($) {\n\n \"use strict\"; // jshint ;_;\n\n\n /* ALERT CLASS DEFINITION\n * ====================== */\n\n var dismiss = '[data-dismiss=\"alert\"]'\n , Alert = function (el) {\n $(el).on('click', dismiss, this.close)\n }\n\n Alert.prototype.close = function (e) {\n var $this = $(this)\n , selector = $this.attr('data-target')\n , $parent\n\n if (!", "selector) {\n selector = $this.attr('href')\n selector = selector && selector.replace(/.*(?=#[^\\s]*$)/, '') //strip for ie7\n }\n\n $parent = $(selector)\n\n e && e.preventDefault()\n\n $parent.length || ($parent = $this.hasClass('alert') ? ", "$this : $this.parent())\n\n $parent.trigger(e = $.Event('close'))\n\n if (e.isDefaultPrevented()) return\n\n $parent.removeClass('in')\n\n function removeElement() {\n $parent\n .trigger('closed')\n .remove()\n }\n\n $.support.transition && $parent.hasClass('fade') ?", "\n $parent.on($.support.transition.end, removeElement) :\n removeElement()\n }\n\n\n /* ALERT PLUGIN DEFINITION\n * ======================= */\n\n $.fn.alert = function (option) {\n return this.each(function () {\n var $this = $(this)\n , data = $this.data('alert')\n if (!", "data) $this.data('alert', (data = new Alert(this)))\n if (typeof option == 'string') data[option].call($this)\n })\n }\n\n $.fn.alert.", "Constructor = Alert\n\n\n /* ALERT DATA-API\n * ============== */\n\n $(document).on('click.alert.data-api', dismiss, Alert.prototype.close)\n\n}(window.jQuery);\n/* ============================================================\n * bootstrap-button.js v2.2.1\n * http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/javascript.html#buttons\n * ============================================================\n * Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc.\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n * ============================================================ */\n\n\n!", "function ($) {\n\n \"use strict\"; // jshint ;_;\n\n\n /* BUTTON PUBLIC CLASS DEFINITION\n * ============================== */\n\n var Button = function (element, options) {\n this.$element = $(element)\n this.options = $.extend({}, $.fn.button.defaults, options)\n }\n\n Button.prototype.setState = function (state) {\n var d = 'disabled'\n , $el = this.$element\n , data = $el.data()\n , val = $el.is('input') ? '", "val' : 'html'\n\n state = state + 'Text'\n data.resetText || $el.data('resetText', $el[val]())\n\n $el[val](data[state] || this.options[state])\n\n // push to event loop to allow forms to submit\n setTimeout(function () {\n state == 'loadingText' ?", "\n $el.addClass(d).attr(d, d) :\n $el.removeClass(d).removeAttr(d)\n }, 0)\n }\n\n Button.prototype.toggle = function () {\n var $parent = this.$element.closest('[data-toggle=\"buttons-radio\"]')\n\n $parent && $parent\n .find('.active')\n .removeClass('active')\n\n this.$element.toggleClass('active')\n }\n\n\n /* BUTTON PLUGIN DEFINITION\n * ======================== */\n\n $.fn.button = function (option) {\n return this.each(function () {\n var $this = $(this)\n , data = $this.data('button')\n , options = typeof option == 'object' && option\n if (!", "data) $this.data('button', (data = new Button(this, options)))\n if (option == 'toggle') data.toggle()\n else if (option) data.setState(option)\n })\n }\n\n $.fn.button.defaults = {\n loadingText: 'loading...'\n }\n\n $.fn.button.", "Constructor = Button\n\n\n /* BUTTON DATA-API\n * =============== */\n\n $(document).on('click.button.data-api', '[data-toggle^=button]', function (e) {\n var $btn = $(e.target)\n if (!", "$btn.hasClass('btn')) $btn = $btn.closest('.btn')\n $btn.button('toggle')\n })\n\n}(window.jQuery);\n/* =============================================================\n * bootstrap-collapse.js v2.2.1\n * http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/javascript.html#collapse\n * =============================================================\n * Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc.\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n * ============================================================ */\n\n\n!", "function ($) {\n\n \"use strict\"; // jshint ;_;\n\n\n /* COLLAPSE PUBLIC CLASS DEFINITION\n * ================================ */\n\n var Collapse = function (element, options) {\n this.$element = $(element)\n this.options = $.extend({}, $.fn.collapse.defaults, options)\n\n if (this.options.parent) {\n this.$parent = $(this.options.parent)\n }\n\n this.options.toggle && this.toggle()\n }\n\n Collapse.prototype = {\n\n constructor: Collapse\n\n , dimension: function () {\n var hasWidth = this.$element.hasClass('width')\n return hasWidth ? '", "width' : 'height'\n }\n\n , show: function () {\n var dimension\n , scroll\n , actives\n , hasData\n\n if (this.transitioning) return\n\n dimension = this.dimension()\n scroll = $.camelCase(['scroll', dimension].join('-'))\n actives = this.$parent && this.$parent.find('> .accordion-group > .in')\n\n if (actives && actives.length) {\n hasData = actives.data('collapse')\n if (hasData && hasData.transitioning) return\n actives.collapse('hide')\n hasData || actives.data('collapse', null)\n }\n\n this.$element[dimension](0)\n this.transition('addClass', $.Event('show'), 'shown')\n $.support.transition && this.$element[dimension](this.$element[0][scroll])\n }\n\n , hide: function () {\n var dimension\n if (this.transitioning) return\n dimension = this.dimension()\n this.reset(this.$element[dimension]())\n this.transition('removeClass', $.Event('hide'), 'hidden')\n this.$element[dimension](0)\n }\n\n , reset: function (size) {\n var dimension = this.dimension()\n\n this.$element\n .removeClass('collapse')\n [dimension](size || 'auto')\n [0].offsetWidth\n\n this.$element[size !", "== null ? '", "addClass' : 'removeClass']('collapse')\n\n return this\n }\n\n , transition: function (method, startEvent, completeEvent) {\n var that = this\n , complete = function () {\n if (startEvent.type == 'show') that.reset()\n that.transitioning = 0\n that.$element.trigger(completeEvent)\n }\n\n this.$element.trigger(startEvent)\n\n if (startEvent.isDefaultPrevented()) return\n\n this.transitioning = 1\n\n this.$element[method]('in')\n\n $.support.transition && this.$element.hasClass('collapse') ?", "\n this.$element.one($.support.transition.end, complete) :\n complete()\n }\n\n , toggle: function () {\n this[this.$element.hasClass('in') ? '", "hide' : 'show']()\n }\n\n }\n\n\n /* COLLAPSIBLE PLUGIN DEFINITION\n * ============================== */\n\n $.fn.collapse = function (option) {\n return this.each(function () {\n var $this = $(this)\n , data = $this.data('collapse')\n , options = typeof option == 'object' && option\n if (!", "data) $this.data('collapse', (data = new Collapse(this, options)))\n if (typeof option == 'string') data[option]()\n })\n }\n\n $.fn.collapse.defaults = {\n toggle: true\n }\n\n $.fn.collapse.", "Constructor = Collapse\n\n\n /* COLLAPSIBLE DATA-API\n * ==================== */\n\n $(document).on('click.collapse.data-api', '[data-toggle=collapse]', function (e) {\n var $this = $(this), href\n , target = $this.attr('data-target')\n || e.preventDefault()\n || (href = $this.attr('href')) && href.replace(/.*(?=#[^\\s]+$)/, '') //strip for ie7\n , option = $(target).data('collapse') ? '", "toggle' : $this.data()\n $this[$(target).hasClass('in') ? '", "addClass' : 'removeClass']('collapsed')\n $(target).collapse(option)\n })\n\n}(window.jQuery);\n/* ==========================================================\n * bootstrap-carousel.js v2.2.1\n * http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/javascript.html#carousel\n * ==========================================================\n * Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc.\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n * ========================================================== */\n\n\n!", "function ($) {\n\n \"use strict\"; // jshint ;_;\n\n\n /* CAROUSEL CLASS DEFINITION\n * ========================= */\n\n var Carousel = function (element, options) {\n this.$element = $(element)\n this.options = options\n this.options.slide && this.slide(this.options.slide)\n this.options.pause == 'hover' && this.$element\n .on('mouseenter', $.proxy(this.pause, this))\n .on('mouseleave', $.proxy(this.cycle, this))\n }\n\n Carousel.prototype = {\n\n cycle: function (e) {\n if (!", "e) this.paused = false\n this.options.interval\n && !", "this.paused\n && (this.interval = setInterval($.proxy(this.next, this), this.options.interval))\n return this\n }\n\n , to: function (pos) {\n var $active = this.$element.find('.item.active')\n , children = $active.parent().children()\n , activePos = children.index($active)\n , that = this\n\n if (pos > (children.length - 1) || pos < 0) return\n\n if (this.sliding) {\n return this.$element.one('slid', function () {\n that.to(pos)\n })\n }\n\n if (activePos == pos) {\n return this.pause().cycle()\n }\n\n return this.slide(pos > activePos ? '", "next' : 'prev', $(children[pos]))\n }\n\n , pause: function (e) {\n if (!", "e) this.paused = true\n if (this.$element.find('.next, .prev').length && $.support.transition.end) {\n this.$element.trigger($.support.transition.end)\n this.cycle()\n }\n clearInterval(this.interval)\n this.interval = null\n return this\n }\n\n , next: function () {\n if (this.sliding) return\n return this.slide('next')\n }\n\n , prev: function () {\n if (this.sliding) return\n return this.slide('prev')\n }\n\n , slide: function (type, next) {\n var $active = this.$element.find('.item.active')\n , $next = next || $active[type]()\n , isCycling = this.interval\n , direction = type == 'next' ? '", "left' : 'right'\n , fallback = type == 'next' ? '", "first' : 'last'\n , that = this\n , e\n\n this.sliding = true\n\n isCycling && this.pause()\n\n $next = $next.length ? ", "$next : this.$element.find('.item')[fallback]()\n\n e = $.Event('slide', {\n relatedTarget: $next[0]\n })\n\n if ($next.hasClass('active')) return\n\n if ($.support.transition && this.$element.hasClass('slide')) {\n this.$element.trigger(e)\n if (e.isDefaultPrevented()) return\n $next.addClass(type)\n $next[0].offsetWidth // force reflow\n $active.addClass(direction)\n $next.addClass(direction)\n this.$element.one($.support.transition.end, function () {\n $next.removeClass([type, direction].join(' ')).addClass('active')\n $active.removeClass(['active', direction].join(' '))\n that.sliding = false\n setTimeout(function () { that.$element.trigger('slid') }, 0)\n })\n } else {\n this.$element.trigger(e)\n if (e.isDefaultPrevented()) return\n $active.removeClass('active')\n $next.addClass('active')\n this.sliding = false\n this.$element.trigger('slid')\n }\n\n isCycling && this.cycle()\n\n return this\n }\n\n }\n\n\n /* CAROUSEL PLUGIN DEFINITION\n * ========================== */\n\n $.fn.carousel = function (option) {\n return this.each(function () {\n var $this = $(this)\n , data = $this.data('carousel')\n , options = $.extend({}, $.fn.carousel.defaults, typeof option == 'object' && option)\n , action = typeof option == 'string' ? ", "option : options.slide\n if (!", "data) $this.data('carousel', (data = new Carousel(this, options)))\n if (typeof option == 'number') data.to(option)\n else if (action) data[action]()\n else if (options.interval) data.cycle()\n })\n }\n\n $.fn.carousel.defaults = {\n interval: 5000\n , pause: 'hover'\n }\n\n $.fn.carousel.", "Constructor = Carousel\n\n\n /* CAROUSEL DATA-API\n * ================= */\n\n $(document).on('click.carousel.data-api', '[data-slide]', function (e) {\n var $this = $(this), href\n , $target = $($this.attr('data-target') || (href = $this.attr('href')) && href.replace(/.*(?=#[^\\s]+$)/, '')) //strip for ie7\n , options = $.extend({}, $target.data(), $this.data())\n $target.carousel(options)\n e.preventDefault()\n })\n\n}(window.jQuery);\n/* =============================================================\n * bootstrap-typeahead.js v2.2.1\n * http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/javascript.html#typeahead\n * =============================================================\n * Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc.\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n * ============================================================ */\n\n\n!", "function($){\n\n \"use strict\"; // jshint ;_;\n\n\n /* TYPEAHEAD PUBLIC CLASS DEFINITION\n * ================================= */\n\n var Typeahead = function (element, options) {\n this.$element = $(element)\n this.options = $.extend({}, $.fn.typeahead.defaults, options)\n this.matcher = this.options.matcher || this.matcher\n this.sorter = this.options.sorter || this.sorter\n this.highlighter = this.options.highlighter || this.highlighter\n this.updater = this.options.updater || this.updater\n this.$menu = $(this.options.menu).appendTo('body')\n this.source = this.options.source\n this.shown = false\n this.listen()\n }\n\n Typeahead.prototype = {\n\n constructor: Typeahead\n\n , select: function () {\n var val = this.$menu.find('.active').attr('data-value')\n this.$element\n .val(this.updater(val))\n .change()\n return this.hide()\n }\n\n , updater: function (item) {\n return item\n }\n\n , show: function () {\n var pos = $.extend({}, this.$element.offset(), {\n height: this.$element[0].offsetHeight\n })\n\n this.$menu.css({\n top: pos.top + pos.height\n , left: pos.left\n })\n\n this.$menu.show()\n this.shown = true\n return this\n }\n\n , hide: function () {\n this.$menu.hide()\n this.shown = false\n return this\n }\n\n , lookup: function (event) {\n var items\n\n this.query = this.$element.val()\n\n if (!", "this.query || this.query.length < this.options.minLength) {\n return this.shown ? ", "this.hide() : this\n }\n\n items = $.isFunction(this.source) ? ", "this.source(this.query, $.proxy(this.process, this)) : this.source\n\n return items ? ", "this.process(items) : this\n }\n\n , process: function (items) {\n var that = this\n\n items = $.grep(items, function (item) {\n return that.matcher(item)\n })\n\n items = this.sorter(items)\n\n if (!", "items.length) {\n return this.shown ? ", "this.hide() : this\n }\n\n return this.render(items.slice(0, this.options.items)).show()\n }\n\n , matcher: function (item) {\n return ~item.toLowerCase().indexOf(this.query.toLowerCase())\n }\n\n , sorter: function (items) {\n var beginswith = []\n , caseSensitive = []\n , caseInsensitive = []\n , item\n\n while (item = items.shift()) {\n if (!", "item.toLowerCase().indexOf(this.query.toLowerCase())) beginswith.push(item)\n else if (~item.indexOf(this.query)) caseSensitive.push(item)\n else caseInsensitive.push(item)\n }\n\n return beginswith.concat(caseSensitive, caseInsensitive)\n }\n\n , highlighter: function (item) {\n var query = this.query.replace(/[\\-\\[\\]{}()*+?.,\\\\\\^$|#\\s]/g, '\\\\$&')\n return item.replace(new RegExp('(' + query + ')', 'ig'), function ($1, match) {\n return '<strong>' + match + '</strong>'\n })\n }\n\n , render: function (items) {\n var that = this\n\n items = $(items).map(function (i, item) {\n i = $(that.options.item).attr('data-value', item)\n i.find('a').html(that.highlighter(item))\n return i[0]\n })\n\n items.first().addClass('active')\n this.$menu.html(items)\n return this\n }\n\n , next: function (event) {\n var active = this.$menu.find('.active').removeClass('active')\n , next = active.next()\n\n if (!", "next.length) {\n next = $(this.$menu.find('li')[0])\n }\n\n next.addClass('active')\n }\n\n , prev: function (event) {\n var active = this.$menu.find('.active').removeClass('active')\n , prev = active.prev()\n\n if (!", "prev.length) {\n prev = this.$menu.find('li').last()\n }\n\n prev.addClass('active')\n }\n\n , listen: function () {\n this.$element\n .on('blur', $.proxy(this.blur, this))\n .on('keypress', $.proxy(this.keypress, this))\n .on('keyup', $.proxy(this.keyup, this))\n\n if (this.eventSupported('keydown')) {\n this.$element.on('keydown', $.proxy(this.keydown, this))\n }\n\n this.$menu\n .on('click', $.proxy(this.click, this))\n .on('mouseenter', 'li', $.proxy(this.mouseenter, this))\n }\n\n , eventSupported: function(eventName) {\n var isSupported = eventName in this.$element\n if (!", "isSupported) {\n this.$element.setAttribute(eventName, 'return;')\n isSupported = typeof this.$element[eventName] === 'function'\n }\n return isSupported\n }\n\n , move: function (e) {\n if (!", "this.shown) return\n\n switch(e.keyCode) {\n case 9: // tab\n case 13: // enter\n case 27: // escape\n e.preventDefault()\n break\n\n case 38: // up arrow\n e.preventDefault()\n this.prev()\n break\n\n case 40: // down arrow\n e.preventDefault()\n this.next()\n break\n }\n\n e.stopPropagation()\n }\n\n , keydown: function (e) {\n this.suppressKeyPressRepeat = !", "~$.inArray(e.keyCode, [40,38,9,13,27])\n this.move(e)\n }\n\n , keypress: function (e) {\n if (this.suppressKeyPressRepeat) return\n this.move(e)\n }\n\n , keyup: function (e) {\n switch(e.keyCode) {\n case 40: // down arrow\n case 38: // up arrow\n case 16: // shift\n case 17: // ctrl\n case 18: // alt\n break\n\n case 9: // tab\n case 13: // enter\n if (!", "this.shown) return\n this.select()\n break\n\n case 27: // escape\n if (!", "this.shown) return\n this.hide()\n break\n\n default:\n this.lookup()\n }\n\n e.stopPropagation()\n e.preventDefault()\n }\n\n , blur: function (e) {\n var that = this\n setTimeout(function () { that.hide() }, 150)\n }\n\n , click: function (e) {\n e.stopPropagation()\n e.preventDefault()\n this.select()\n }\n\n , mouseenter: function (e) {\n this.$menu.find('.active').removeClass('active')\n $(e.currentTarget).addClass('active')\n }\n\n }\n\n\n /* TYPEAHEAD PLUGIN DEFINITION\n * =========================== */\n\n $.fn.typeahead = function (option) {\n return this.each(function () {\n var $this = $(this)\n , data = $this.data('typeahead')\n , options = typeof option == 'object' && option\n if (!", "data) $this.data('typeahead', (data = new Typeahead(this, options)))\n if (typeof option == 'string') data[option]()\n })\n }\n\n $.fn.typeahead.defaults = {\n source: []\n , items: 8\n , menu: '<ul class=\"typeahead dropdown-menu\"></ul>'\n , item: '<li><a href=\"#\"></a></li>'\n , minLength: 1\n }\n\n $.fn.typeahead.", "Constructor = Typeahead\n\n\n /* TYPEAHEAD DATA-API\n * ================== */\n\n $(document).on('focus.typeahead.data-api', '[data-provide=\"typeahead\"]', function (e) {\n var $this = $(this)\n if ($this.data('typeahead')) return\n e.preventDefault()\n $this.typeahead($this.data())\n })\n\n}(window.jQuery);\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nmeteor sends a false generated link (#) by using \"forgot your password\" function\n\nI activate the function \"forgot your password?\" ", "in meteor. ", "I got an email from meteor in my Inbox to reset the password, everything is woking fine, but the problem is in the generated link, because i got # in the Link. (", "see the link among)\nhttp://localhost:3000/#/reset-password/8DhEtotkn0A0EU-\nkShhmB6llHlfXpXCXAIqNYvrsZzi\n\nWhen i remove the # from the link above and copypaste the link in my browser, then it's working fine.", "\nwhere comes # in the link? ", "and how can i remove it in my meteor project to get a correctly link to rest password?", "\nhelp is needed, thanks\n\nA:\n\nYou can change this using the Accounts.urls.resetPassword function\nIn your server/main.js file insert the following code:\nMeteor.startup(function() {\n Accounts.urls.resetPassword = function(token) {\n return Meteor.absoluteUrl('reset-password/' + token);\n };\n});\n\nYou can set whatever URL you want above.", "\nAlso you can add more info to customise the email if you want:\nMeteor.startup(function() {\n Accounts.urls.resetPassword = function(token) {\n return Meteor.absoluteUrl('reset-password/' + token);\n };\n Accounts.emailTemplates.siteName = \"Your Application Name\";\n Accounts.emailTemplates.from = \"Application Name <no-reply@yourdomain.com>\";\n});\n\n" ]

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[ "// Mantid Repository : https://github.com/mantidproject/mantid\n//\n// Copyright © 2010 ISIS Rutherford Appleton Laboratory UKRI,\n// NScD Oak Ridge National Laboratory, European Spallation Source,\n// Institut Laue - Langevin & CSNS, Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS\n// SPDX - License - Identifier: GPL - 3.0 +\n#pragma once\n\n#include \"MantidAPI/Workspace.h\"\n#include \"MantidQtWidgets/Common/IProjectSaveView.h\"\n#include \"MantidQtWidgets/Common/IProjectSerialisable.h\"\n#include \"MantidQtWidgets/Common/ProjectSaveModel.h\"\n\n#include \"DllOption.h\"\n#include <vector>\n\n//------------------------------------------------\n\nnamespace MantidQt {\nnamespace MantidWidgets {\n\n/**\nImplements a presenter for the project saving dialog.", "\n*/\nclass EXPORT_OPT_MANTIDQT_COMMON ProjectSavePresenter {\npublic:\n enum class Notification {\n UncheckWorkspace,\n CheckWorkspace,\n PrepareProjectFolder\n };\n\n /// Construct a new presenter with a view\n ProjectSavePresenter(IProjectSaveView *view);\n /// Notify the presenter to do something\n void notify(Notification notification);\n /// Find out if a project needs a save warning.", "\n bool needsSizeWarning(const std::vector<std::string> &wsNames);\n\nprivate:\n /// Update the view to add included windows for a workspace\n void includeWindowsForCheckedWorkspace();\n /// Update the view to add excluded windows for a workspace\n void excludeWindowsForUncheckedWorkspace();\n /// Prepare a project folder given the path\n void prepareProjectFolder();\n\n // Instance Variables\n\n /// Handle to the view for this presenter\n IProjectSaveView *m_view;\n /// Hold an instance of the model\n ProjectSaveModel m_model;\n};\n\n} // namespace MantidWidgets\n} // namespace MantidQt\n" ]

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[ "Advent Birth Services, LLC\n\nAdvent Birth Services, LLC is a full service doula agency in Atlanta offering support options from conceptions to the months following the birth of your baby. ", "We provide Virtual Doula Services, Traditional Doula Support, Afterbirth Services, Placenta Encapsulation, Lactation Support, and more! ", "Our goal is to lovingly support you to empower you and your family during this monumental transition in your life." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nNgx-translate: How to access JSON array value directly in Angular with key reference\n\nI am doing POC on translating my app using ngx-translate. ", "I will get JSON response from my API url. ", "In that response, can some one help me how to access the JSON array value with out referring array numbers? ", "My JSON response is given below.", "\n{\n \"Data\": {\n \"FirstData\": [{\n \"key\": \"FirstKey\",\n \"value\": \"FirstValue\"\n },\n {\n \"key\": \"SecondKey\",\n \"value\": \"SecondValue\"\n }\n ]\n },\n \"IsSuccessful\": true,\n \"HttpStatusCode\": 200,\n \"Exception\": null\n}\n\nSo, in my view to refer \"FirstValue\", I have to do something like ( which I dont want to) \n<h1> {{'Data.FirstData.0.value' | translate }} </h1> <!", "--First Value -->\n\nHere \"0\" is tightly coupled. ", "Is there any other way by accessing via key?", "\nIs that possible?", "\n\nA:\n\nChange the response of your API to contain only the key/value pairs.", "\nThis is the desired JSON:\n{\n \"FirstKey\": \"FirstValue\",\n \"SecondKey\": \"SecondValue\"\n}\n\nThen use it like that:\n<h1> {{'FirstKey' | translate }} </h1>\n\n" ]

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[ "135 F.3d 143\nFloridov.", "Automatic Sprinkler*\nNO. ", "96-3352\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Eleventh Circuit.", "\nJan 13, 1998\nAppeal From: M.D.Fla. ,", "No.9400946CIVT25E\n\n1\nAffirmed.", "\n\n\n\n*\n Fed.", "R.App.", "P. 34(a); 11th Cir.", "R. 34-3\n\n\n" ]

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[ "The vast majority of proteins in a neuron are synthesized in the cell bodies and transported along axons and up-to synapses by a process called axonal transport. ", "Defects in slow axonal transport of proteins such as tau and -synuclein have long been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, however mechanisms of slow axonal transport of these (and other) cytosolic proteins is very poorly understood. ", "We developed a model-system in cultured neurons to directly visualize the transport of cytosolic proteins (including -synuclein) and found that these cargoes move coherently with a slow, motor-dependent anterograde bias. ", "This type of movement has not been reported before and likely represents a new form of trafficking/transport within cells. ", "Based on these and other in-vivo data from brains, we propose a new model where individual cytosolic protein monomers cluster and assemble into multi-protein complexes that are carried in neurons by molecular motors, a process we call 'dynamic clustering'. ", "Here we propose a series of experiments to test predictions and hypotheses generated by this model. ", "Upon completion, these studies would answer long-standing questions about the transport of these proteins and also open the door for investigation of their transport in pathologic states." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHyperledger Composer add a new peer\n\nI am modifying existing docker-compose.yml, crypto-config.yaml and configtx.yaml to add a extra peer to the existing hyperledger composer sample, located under hlfv11 folder of the fabric-tools/fabric-scripts.", "\nI regenerated required certificates and genesis block and it generates the peer container without any issue.", "\nHowever I am having difficulty adding this peer to a channel. ", "I modified startFabric.sh to join this peer to a channel, however I am getting an error with following message:\n\nError getting endorser client channel: endorser client failed to connect to peer1.org1.example.com:8051: failed to create a new connection: context deadline exceeded.", "\n\nCan someone please help or advise?", "\n\nA:\n\nI was trying to join me additional peer to channel directly through PEER CHANELL JOIN command. ", "It actually requires to fetch the channel through orderer on new peer and then it can join it.", "\nCode update follows:\n# Create the channel\ndocker exec peer0.org1.example.com peer channel create -o \norderer.example.com:7050 -c composerchannel -f \n/etc/hyperledger/configtx/composer-channel.tx\n\n# Join peer0.org1.example.com to the channel.", "\ndocker exec -e \"CORE_PEER_MSPCONFIGPATH= \n/etc/hyperledger/msp/users/Admin@org1.example.com/msp \npeer0.org1.example.com peer channel join -b composerchannel.block\n\n# Create the channel\ndocker exec -e \"CORE_PEER_MSPCONFIGPATH= \n/etc/hyperledger/msp/users/Admin@org1.example.com/msp\" \npeer1.org1.example.com peer channel fetch config -o orderer.example.com:7050 \n-c composerchannel\n\n# Join peer1.org1.example.com to the channel.", "\ndocker exec -e \"CORE_PEER_MSPCONFIGPATH= \n/etc/hyperledger/msp/users/Admin@org1.example.com/msp \npeer1.org1.example.com peer channel join -b composerchannel_config.block\n\n" ]

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[ "Pre-steady-state kinetic analysis of cAMP-dependent protein kinase using rapid quench flow techniques.", "\nThe phosphorylation of a peptide substrate by the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase was monitored over short time periods (2-1000 ms) using a rapid quench flow mixing device and a radioactive assay. ", "The production of phosphokemptide [LRRAS(P)LG] as a function of time is characterized by a rapid \"burst\" phase (250 s-1) followed by a slower, linear phase (L/[E]t = 21 s-1) at 100 microM Kemptide. ", "The amplitude of this \"burst\" phase varies linearly with the enzyme concentration and represents approximately 100% of the total enzyme concentration, indicating that the \"burst\" phase is not due to product inhibition. ", "The observed rate constants for the \"burst\" and linear phases and the \"burst\" amplitude vary hyperbolically with the substrate concentration. ", "From these dependencies, a maximum \"burst\" rate constant of 500 +/- 60 s-1 and a Km and Kd for Kemptide of 4.9 +/- 1.4 and 200 +/- 60 microM were determined. ", "The kcat and Km data extracted from the linear portion of the rapid quench flow transients are indistinguishable from those obtained by standard steady-state kinetic analyses using low catalytic subunit concentrations and a spectrophotometric, coupled enzyme assay. ", "Both rate constants for the \"burst\" and linear phases decreased in the presence of Mn2+. ", "The data imply that the phosphorylation of Kemptide by the catalytic subunit occurs by a mechanism in which the substrate is loosely bound, is rapidly phosphorylated at the active site, and is released at a steady-state rate that is likely controlled by the dissociation rate constant for ADP. ", "The combined pre-steady-state kinetic data establish a comprehensive, kinetic mechanism that predicts all the steady-state kinetic and viscosometric data. ", "This study represents the first chemical observation and characterization of phosphoryl transfer at the active site of a protein kinase and will be useful for further structure-function studies on this and other protein kinases." ]

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[ "We’ve been feeding our morel patch once a week with compostable materials to put nutrients in the soil and encourage the spawn to begin, well, spawning. ", "The directions that came with our morel kit note that it’s important to add fresh stuff that’s not already composted.", "\n\n*A collection of over 1000 fresh recipes that reflect the way we cook today, to be published fall of 2010. ", "Stay tuned!", "\n\nOf course the test kitchen also collects compost for the chickens, and we don’t want to deprive them of their greens. ", "So Team Mushroomis collecting foods the girls might not eat. ", "Charred wood, for example, is right out if you’re a hen. ", "But it might be perfect for mushrooms.", "\n\nWe’re hoping that the addition of the burned cedar planks will mimic the forest fire conditions that trigger morel fruitings in nature.", "\n\nChopping up the cedar planks took some muscle, but Brianne and I kept at it until everything was in small pieces.", "\n\nWe’ll keep feeding the patch for a couple more months, then wait for the warming spring soil to work its magic.", "\n\nCOMMENTS\n\nErika\n\nHow brilliant to mimic forest fires by adding those charred cedar planks! ", "I can’t wait to see what happens in the spring … which is coming to Sunset soon–our naturalized daffodils started blooming last week.", "\n\nCATEGORIES\n\nAbout Westphoria\n\nWestphoria explores the innovations and lifestyle trends of the 13 Western states, covering food, drink, design, arts and culture, and the dreamers who live here. ", "To contact the editor, westphoria@sunset.com" ]

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[ "Maliheh-ye Do\n\nMaliheh-ye Do (, also Romanized as Māliḥeh-ye Do) is a village in Hoveyzeh Rural District, in the Central District of Hoveyzeh County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. ", "At the 2006 census, its population was 57, in 9 families.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Hoveyzeh County" ]

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[ "Pages\n\nMonday, 20 January 2014\n\nLibrary Bag...\n\nHere in Australia, it's back to school time next week. ", "Our main holidays are in Summer, beginning a few days before Christmas and ending just after Australia day (26th January). ", "Most schools require the younger students (roughly ages 5 - 12) to have a library bag, so they can borrow books each week from the school library.", "\n\nHere's the library bag I made, ready for the new school year. ", "I think the fairy tale fabric chosen is simply perfect for a bag that's going to be used to carry books. ", "It's one I've used before, but had run out of... Mary Engelbreit for VP by Cranston and picked up at Lincraft. ", "The contrasting polka dots, Swirly Girls by Michael Miller came from my stash, as did the solid red for the handles.", "\n\nObviously, I've sewn my bag using the first variation with contrasting fabrics. ", "I made two small changes to the original. ", "Firstly I added velcro to the top of the bag, to prevent the books from falling out. ", "Secondly, I made the handles longer, so the bag can be worn as a shoulder bag. ", "Each handle is 16 inches (40cm) in length.", "\n\nAlthough it's simple to make, this little bag is sturdy enough to stand up to the wear and tear it will receive, while at the same time, protecting all the books it will carry throughout the year.", "\n\n18 comments:\n\nThat's the perfect fabric for a book bag - here the schools send books home regularly too, but IIRC, they mostly come home in plastic ziplock bags in the kids' backpacks :D Definitely not as cute as a nice handmade book bag!", "\n\nThe fabric you have chosen to make this bag is perfect, I love the contrasting fabrics you used, the polka dots and the solid red for the handles is a winning combination for me. ", "I'm sure that anyone who has to use this bag to go to school, is going to do it very happy :)Marisa" ]

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[ "David,\n\nFYI\n\nVince\n---------------------- Forwarded by Vince J Kaminski/HOU/ECT on 03/19/2001 \n11:31 AM ---------------------------\n\n\nvkamins@enron.com@ms1.lga2.nytimes.com on 03/19/2001 09:35:38 AM\nPlease respond to vkamins@enron.com\nSent by: articles-email@ms1.lga2.nytimes.com\nTo: vkamins@enron.com\ncc: \nSubject: NYTimes.com Article: Companies Turn to Grades, and Employees Go to \nCourt\n\n\nThis article from NYTimes.com\nhas been sent to you by vkamins@enron.com.", "\n\nJeff,\n\nFYI,\n\nVince\n\n/-------------------- advertisement -----------------------\\\n\n\nLet NYTimes.com Come to You\n\nSign up for one of our weekly e-mails\nand the news will come directly to you.", "\nYOUR MONEY brings you a wealth of analysis\nand information about personal investing.", "\nCIRCUITS plugs you into the latest on\npersonal technology. ", "TRAVEL DISPATCH offers\nyou a jump on special travel deals and news.", "\n\nhttp://email.nytimes.com/email/email.jsp?eta5\n\n\\----------------------------------------------------------/\n\nCompanies Turn to Grades, and Employees Go to Court\n\n\nBy REED ABELSON\n\nAn increasingly popular technique for evaluating employees is\nprompting lawsuits charging discrimination at three big companies.", "\n\n At issue is the ranking of managers, professionals and sometimes\nlower-level employees from best to worst, or grading them on a bell\ncurve, and then using that ranking to help determine pay and\nsometimes whether to fire someone.", "\n\n In their suits, all filed over the last year or so, employees at\nMicrosoft, Ford Motor and Conoco say the rating systems are unfair\nbecause they favor some groups of employees over others: white\nmales over blacks and women, younger managers over older ones and\nforeign citizens over Americans.", "\n\n A growing number of companies are turning to grading systems, also\nknown as forced rankings or distributions, as a way of making sure\nmanagers evaluate employees honestly and make clearer distinctions\namong them. ", "At companies that do not compare employees with one\nanother this way, nearly every employee can come away feeling above\naverage, like the children of Lake Wobegon. ", "But under the grading\nsystem, managers are forced to identify some people as low\nperformers.", "\n\n At General Electric, for example, supervisors identify the top 20\npercent and bottom 10 percent of their managerial and professional\nemployees every year. ", "The bottom 10 percent are not likely to stay.", "\n\n As John F. Welch Jr., General Electric's chief executive, wrote\nlast month to shareholders, \"A company that bets its future on its\npeople must remove that lower 10 percent, and keep removing it\nevery year \u0001* always raising the bar of performance and increasing\nthe quality of its leadership.\"", "\n\n Ranking or grading employees is also common at technology\ncompanies like Cisco Systems and Hewlett- Packard. ", "But recently the\nconcept has been catching on more broadly, according to management\nconsultants. ", "One reason is that as the economy slows, companies\noften lay off employees. ", "Cisco, for example, announced earlier this\nmonth that it would let go as many as 5,000 workers \u0001* and would use\ngrading as one way to identify people to lay off.", "\n\n \"Companies are playing their version of `Survivor,' \" said David\nThomas, a professor at the Harvard Business School.", "\n\n Another reason is that some companies are eager to copy Mr. Welch,\nlong viewed as one of the most successful managers in America.", "\n\n Defenders of these systems say anyone who gets a low grade is\nlikely to view the process as unfair. \" ", "`A' students love grades;\n`F' students hate grades,\" said John Sullivan, a human resources\nprofessor at San Francisco State University.", "\n\n But the techniques, which some employees label with terms like\n\"rank and yank,\" have come under sharp criticism. ", "While they appear\nto offer an objective way to judge employees, they can be\nvulnerable to bias, Mr. Thomas said. ", "Managers may stereotype\nemployees when evaluating them on vague criteria like career\npotential \u0001* deciding that older workers, for example, may have a\nharder time keeping up with new technology.", "\n\n In some cases managers can view these systems \"as a tool to be\nused to weed out the ones you don't want,\" said Thomas S. McLeod, a\nlawyer in Canton, Mich., who represents employees suing Ford in\nanother case.", "\n\n Critics of the system also argue that companies should not apply a\nbell curve, in which a small number of employees get the highest\nand lowest rankings and a much larger number are grouped in the\nmiddle. ", "The bell curve model assumes a normal distribution among a\nvery large group of random individuals, not small groups.", "\n\n What is more, across a company, people who belong to a\nparticularly talented unit will suffer if a certain number of them\nmust be given poorer grades than they would get in another unit.", "\n\n \"You end up with dysfunctional results,\" said Edward E. Lawler\nIII, a business professor at the University of Southern California.", "\n\n Some lawsuits contend that Microsoft's grading systems are\ndiscriminatory. ", "One, filed last October, seeks class-action status\non behalf of blacks and women. ", "The suit states that the rating\nsystem \"permits managers, who are predominantly white males, to\nrate employees based upon their own biases rather than based upon\nmerit.\"", "\n\n According to the lawsuit, employees are rated on a five-point\nscale, with only a certain percentage permitted to receive each\nscore. ", "Employees doing the same job in the same unit are also given\na \"stack ranking,\" from most to least valuable. ", "Managers decide\nthose rankings largely using what are called \"lifeboat\ndiscussions,\" where they choose which employees they would want\nwith them if stuck in a lifeboat. ", "Managers had no other clear\ncriteria, according to Christine Webber, a lawyer at Cohen,\nMilstein, Hausfeld & Toll who is representing the employees.", "\n\n Grading is highly subjective at Microsoft, according to Peter M.\nBrowne, a former executive who is also suing the company, charging\ndiscrimination. ", "Mr. Browne, who is black, said managers were forced\nto use a curve in evaluating even small groups. ", "He said he had to\nrate a group of five on a curve, for example, in deciding which\nones would not receive stock options.", "\n\n \"You weren't told anything \u0001* just meet the curve,\" Mr. Browne\nsaid.", "\n\n He says managers ended up favoring people with whom they\nsocialized. \"", "People gravitate to people who are like them, and the\nsystem just forces that,\" he said.", "\n\n Microsoft defends its system as fair and helpful. \"", "We want to give\nthe highest compensation to the very top performers,\" said Deborah\nWillingham, senior vice president for human resources, adding that\nthe system included checks and balances to ensure fair treatment.", "\nEmployees can appeal their ratings, for example, and are largely\nresponsible for developing the criteria by which they are\nevaluated.", "\n\n Ms. Willingham also said the company did not ask its managers to\ngive a fixed percentage of their employees any given score. \"", "We\ndon't force that curve to look any certain way,\" she said.", "\n\n Microsoft has no formal \"stack rank\" policy, she said. ", "And when\nmanagers do have lifeboat discussions, they are a tool to consider\nwhich employees they would want to keep if they were starting\nagain.", "\n\n While the company would not comment on the lawsuits, Microsoft\n\"expressly prohibits discrimination,\" Ms. Willingham said.", "\n\n Similar criticisms emerged in a lawsuit brought last month against\nFord. ", "It argues that the company's new grading system discriminates\nagainst older workers. ", "The company, which adopted what it calls its\nperformance management process a year ago, gives its 18,000\nmanagers A, B or C grades. ", "Last year, the company awarded 10\npercent an A, 80 percent a B and 10 percent a C.\n\n Ford also faces a second lawsuit asserting that it unfairly\ndiscriminated against older white males in its grading.", "It would not\ncomment on the litigation but defended its use of grades. \"", "We\nbelieve the system is fair and nondiscriminatory,\" a company\nspokeswoman said. \"", "We are in a very competitive industry, and we\nneed all of our employees to be the best they can be.\"", "\n\n At Conoco, employees contend that the company discriminated\nagainst United States citizens and older workers when it laid off a\ndozen geophysicists and other scientists in 1999 based on a ranking\nfrom one to four, according to a lawsuit filed last year. ", "The\nmajority of those let go were Americans, according to the suit, as\nopposed to British, Norwegian and Canadian professionals.", "\n\n \"The rating system was selectively enforced, and there were\ninstances of manipulation,\" said John Zavitsanos, the lawyer\nrepresenting the workers. ", "Even though some were given higher\nratings on earlier rankings, they were eventually given the lowest\npossible rating of four.", "\n\n Conoco, based in Houston, has extensive operations in the North\nSea, and many of the senior managers at the division in question\nare British, according to Mr. Zavitsanos.", "\n\n While Conoco said it could not comment on the litigation, it said\nits evaluations were based on several factors, including\nperformance, skills and expertise. ", "The company said ratings often\nchanged as more information was collected and people were evaluated\nin larger groups. ", "Conoco company also denied that decisions were\nbased on anything other than individual capabilities.", "\n\n Companies \"do need something in making pay decisions, downsizing\ndecisions,\" said Jim Kochanski, a consultant with Nextera\nEnterprises. ", "The problem is that companies may not take enough care\nin deciding how people should be ranked. \"", "They can get it very\nwrong,\" he said.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/19/business/19GRAD.html?ex=986016138&ei=1&en=e2\n02a0228246c717\n\n/-----------------------------------------------------------------\\\n\n\nVisit NYTimes.com for complete access to the\nmost authoritative news coverage on the Web,\nupdated throughout the day.", "\n\nBecome a member today! ", "It's free!", "\n\nhttp://www.nytimes.com?eta\n\n\n\\-----------------------------------------------------------------/\n\nHOW TO ADVERTISE\n---------------------------------\nFor information on advertising in e-mail newsletters\nor other creative advertising opportunities with The\nNew York Times on the Web, please contact Alyson\nRacer at alyson@nytimes.com or visit our online media\nkit at http://www.nytimes.com/adinfo\n\nFor general information about NYTimes.com, write to\nhelp@nytimes.com.", "\n\nCopyright 2001 The New York Times Company" ]

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[ "[Effect of mitogens on suppression of antibody formation and proliferation in dense cultures].", "\nA study was made of the effect of mitogens on general proliferation and primary immune response to sheep red blood cells in density-inhibited cultures of mouse spleen cells. ", "The mitogens applied included fetal calf serum and both B cell- and T cell-specific mitogens (dextran sulfate, LPS and ConA). ", "Experiments with 3H-thymidine incorporation demonstrated that the proliferation was equally enhanced by any mitogen in both optimal and density-inhibited cultures. ", "The mitogens did not remove the density inhibition of antibody formation." ]

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[ "/// @ref gtx_extended_min_max\n/// @file glm/gtx/extended_min_max.hpp\n///\n/// @see core (dependence)\n///\n/// @defgroup gtx_extended_min_max GLM_GTX_extented_min_max\n/// @ingroup gtx\n///\n/// Include <glm/gtx/extented_min_max.hpp> to use the features of this extension.", "\n///\n/// Min and max functions for 3 to 4 parameters.", "\n\n#pragma once\n\n// Dependency:\n#include \"../glm.hpp\"\n\n#if GLM_MESSAGES == GLM_ENABLE && !", "defined(GLM_EXT_INCLUDED)\n#\tifndef GLM_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL\n#\t\tpragma message(\"GLM: GLM_GTX_extented_min_max is an experimental extension and may change in the future. ", "Use #define GLM_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL before including it, if you really want to use it.\")", "\n#\telse\n#\t\tpragma message(\"GLM: GLM_GTX_extented_min_max extension included\")\n#\tendif\n#endif\n\nnamespace glm\n{\n\t/// @addtogroup gtx_extended_min_max\n\t/// @{\n\n\t/// Return the minimum component-wise values of 3 inputs\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<typename T>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL T min(\n\t\tT const& x,\n\t\tT const& y,\n\t\tT const& z);\n\n\t/// Return the minimum component-wise values of 3 inputs\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<typename T, template<typename> class C>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL C<T> min(\n\t\tC<T> const& x,\n\t\ttypename C<T>::T const& y,\n\t\ttypename C<T>::T const& z);\n\n\t/// Return the minimum component-wise values of 3 inputs\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<typename T, template<typename> class C>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL C<T> min(\n\t\tC<T> const& x,\n\t\tC<T> const& y,\n\t\tC<T> const& z);\n\n\t/// Return the minimum component-wise values of 4 inputs\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<typename T>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL T min(\n\t\tT const& x,\n\t\tT const& y,\n\t\tT const& z,\n\t\tT const& w);\n\n\t/// Return the minimum component-wise values of 4 inputs\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<typename T, template<typename> class C>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL C<T> min(\n\t\tC<T> const& x,\n\t\ttypename C<T>::T const& y,\n\t\ttypename C<T>::T const& z,\n\t\ttypename C<T>::T const& w);\n\n\t/// Return the minimum component-wise values of 4 inputs\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<typename T, template<typename> class C>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL C<T> min(\n\t\tC<T> const& x,\n\t\tC<T> const& y,\n\t\tC<T> const& z,\n\t\tC<T> const& w);\n\n\t/// Return the maximum component-wise values of 3 inputs\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<typename T>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL T max(\n\t\tT const& x,\n\t\tT const& y,\n\t\tT const& z);\n\n\t/// Return the maximum component-wise values of 3 inputs\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<typename T, template<typename> class C>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL C<T> max(\n\t\tC<T> const& x,\n\t\ttypename C<T>::T const& y,\n\t\ttypename C<T>::T const& z);\n\n\t/// Return the maximum component-wise values of 3 inputs\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<typename T, template<typename> class C>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL C<T> max(\n\t\tC<T> const& x,\n\t\tC<T> const& y,\n\t\tC<T> const& z);\n\n\t/// Return the maximum component-wise values of 4 inputs\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<typename T>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL T max(\n\t\tT const& x,\n\t\tT const& y,\n\t\tT const& z,\n\t\tT const& w);\n\n\t/// Return the maximum component-wise values of 4 inputs\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<typename T, template<typename> class C>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL C<T> max(\n\t\tC<T> const& x,\n\t\ttypename C<T>::T const& y,\n\t\ttypename C<T>::T const& z,\n\t\ttypename C<T>::T const& w);\n\n\t/// Return the maximum component-wise values of 4 inputs\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<typename T, template<typename> class C>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL C<T> max(\n\t\tC<T> const& x,\n\t\tC<T> const& y,\n\t\tC<T> const& z,\n\t\tC<T> const& w);\n\n\t/// Returns y if y < x; otherwise, it returns x. If one of the two arguments is NaN, the value of the other argument is returned.", "\n\t///\n\t/// @tparam genType Floating-point or integer; scalar or vector types.", "\n\t///\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<typename genType>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL genType fmin(genType x, genType y);\n\n\t/// Returns y if x < y; otherwise, it returns x. If one of the two arguments is NaN, the value of the other argument is returned.", "\n\t///\n\t/// @tparam genType Floating-point; scalar or vector types.", "\n\t///\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\t/// @see <a href=\"http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/fmax\">std::fmax documentation</a>\n\ttemplate<typename genType>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL genType fmax(genType x, genType y);\n\n\t/// Returns min(max(x, minVal), maxVal) for each component in x. If one of the two arguments is NaN, the value of the other argument is returned.", "\n\t///\n\t/// @tparam genType Floating-point scalar or vector types.", "\n\t///\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<typename genType>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL genType fclamp(genType x, genType minVal, genType maxVal);\n\n\t/// Returns min(max(x, minVal), maxVal) for each component in x. If one of the two arguments is NaN, the value of the other argument is returned.", "\n\t///\n\t/// @tparam L Integer between 1 and 4 included that qualify the dimension of the vector\n\t/// @tparam T Floating-point scalar types\n\t/// @tparam Q Value from qualifier enum\n\t///\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<length_t L, typename T, qualifier Q>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL vec<L, T, Q> fclamp(vec<L, T, Q> const& x, T minVal, T maxVal);\n\n\t/// Returns min(max(x, minVal), maxVal) for each component in x. If one of the two arguments is NaN, the value of the other argument is returned.", "\n\t///\n\t/// @tparam L Integer between 1 and 4 included that qualify the dimension of the vector\n\t/// @tparam T Floating-point scalar types\n\t/// @tparam Q Value from qualifier enum\n\t///\n\t/// @see gtx_extented_min_max\n\ttemplate<length_t L, typename T, qualifier Q>\n\tGLM_FUNC_DECL vec<L, T, Q> fclamp(vec<L, T, Q> const& x, vec<L, T, Q> const& minVal, vec<L, T, Q> const& maxVal);\n\n\n\t/// @}\n}//namespace glm\n\n#include \"extended_min_max.inl\"\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "“The airplane really cuts down on the amount of time it takes to get back and forth,” said Riemer, 63, a Saxonburg native and retiree who is the unpaid manager of the small pilot-owned airport. “", "It’s easy and relaxing, especially compared to what it is like on the highways these days.”", "\n\nRiemer is among the dwindling ranks of private pilots flying around the country these days, and Finleyville Airport is one of fewer than two dozen small airports still operating across the Pittsburgh region. ", "The airport has no paid employees.", "\n\nAn interest in general aviation, at first fueled by military pilots returning home from World War II, peaked in 1980, when the number of pilots with private certificates reached 357,000.", "\n\nThat number has plummeted to 182,500, according to the Federal Aviation Administration. ", "Projections say the number of private pilots will fall to 180,400 in 2024.", "\n\nReasons for the decline include the $7,000 to $10,000 cost of obtaining a private pilot license, increased fuel costs and government regulations.", "\n\nThe nose-diving pilot population has hurt many smaller airports and airfields, public and private.", "\n\n“They are closing airports left and right across the country,” said Riemer, wearing a T-shirt emblazoned with the message: “You live, you die, and in between you fly.”", "\n\nAbout 160 public airports — owned by county or municipal governments, or privately owned but publicly accessible — operated in Pennsylvania 30 years ago, according to PennDOT, which oversees them along with the Federal Aviation Administration. ", "Today, there are 124.", "\n\nThe decline hasn’t raised alarms in Harrisburg.", "\n\n“We don’t see any decline in what their intended roles are. ", "We don’t consider them in plight,” said Anthony McCluskey, acting director of PennDOT’s aviation bureau. “", "The number of airports have been steady.”", "\n\nMcCluskey said external pressures might be impacting the financial health of some small airports.", "\n\n“I believe we are going to be taking a closer look at just how financially sound are these general-aviation airports,” he said.", "\n\nGone are Culmerville Airport in West Deer and Kiski Airport near Vandergrift, as are Campbell Airport in South Fayette, Bettis Field in West Mifflin, Mayer Field in Collier and Rodgers Field in O’Hara — Allegheny County’s first municipal airport and one where aviation pioneer Amelia Earhart crash-landed in 1928.", "\n\nPittsburgh-Monroeville Airport could be next to go, owner Emil Bohinski said.", "\n\n“Operations are too expensive,” said Bohinski, 84, of Monroeville. “", "There’s no profit in airports today.”", "\n\nBohinski’s parents in the 1940s opened Pitt-Wilkins Airport when Monroeville was known as Patton Township. ", "That airfield along Tilbrook Road closed in the 1970s.", "\n\nHis family in 1947 opened what became Pittsburgh-Monroeville Airport, which Bohinski took over from his sister and brother-in-law.", "\n\nState records show the airport was home to 11 single-engine aircraft at last count.", "\n\n“There was over 100 planes here at one time,” said Bohinski, who is trying to sell the property off Logan’s Ferry Road. “", "Times have changed.”", "\n\nNot all small airports in the region are suffering.", "\n\nTom Kijowski last year reopened McVille Airport in South Buffalo, Armstrong County; it closed in 2007 to permit strip mining. ", "More than $1.2 million in PennDOT grants funded by state jet-fuel taxes helped convert the grass runway at the privately owned airport into a 3,000-foot, paved asphalt strip that can handle multi-engine aircraft.", "\n\nDeer Lakes Pilots Club relocated to the property, which is home to a dozen airplanes.", "\n\nKijowski said he hopes to soon build hangars at the airport his father opened in 1949.", "\n\n“General aviation is still alive,” said Kijowski, 71, of Lower Burrell, a pilot since 1961. “", "It will be here for a long time, I think.”", "\n\nThe 33 pilot-owners of Finleyville Airport are building a pilot lounge and hope to sell two hangars and other tie-down spaces to new members. ", "Fuel sales and maintenance fees help cover the airport’s roughly $100,000 annual operating budget.", "\n\nThe aiport hopes to land a flight school.", "\n\n“This is the best-kept secret in Pittsburgh,” said Riemer, a retired commercial airline mechanic and pilot. “", "This is where we’ve chosen to spend our money, instead of down at the marina or at the country club." ]

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[ "Setting criterion thresholds for estimating prevalence: what is being validated?", "\nMuch of the debate over how best to estimate the prevalence of problem gambling in the general population is driven by a number of misconceptions, misinterpretations, and questionable, sometimes erroneous assumptions. ", "Among the latter is the failure to understand that what is being validated is not the test but the interpretation of test scores for a specific purpose. ", "In addition there has been a lack of attention to defining the clinical and/or epidemiologic relevance of case definitions in terms of severity and other clinical attributes, a misunderstanding of how test values are interpreted when criterion thresholds or cut-off points are selected, and a failure to replicate the validation of criterion thresholds for defining cases of problem gambling. ", "It is argued further that the distinction between dichotomy and continuum is a false choice, and any emphasis on overestimation is misdirected. ", "Alternative methods for evaluating tests and estimating prevalence are described and a pragmatic empirical approach to the interpretation of prevalence estimates is recommended." ]

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[ "Top-rated United States television programs of 1962–63\n\nThis table displays the top-rated primetime television series of the 1962-63 season as measured by Nielsen Media Research.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Lists of American television series" ]

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[ "De la Bédoyère\n\nDe la Bédoyère is a surname of French origin. ", "People with that name include:\n\n Charles de la Bédoyère (1786–1815), French General during the reign of Emperor Napoleon I\n Guy de la Bédoyère (born 1957), British historian\n Michael de la Bédoyère (1900–1973), English author, editor and journalist\n\nCategory:Surnames of French origin" ]

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[ "Quickly maturing startup seeking like minded Sr. ", "Backend-leaning Fullstack Engineer! ", "PacketFabric redefines how companies procure, consume, and manage their network connectivity. ", "The technical team is a small, talented, and close knit group and we need a team member to help us accomplish our goal of making the best darn carrier network on the planet.", "\n\nDescription\n\n\n\nAs a well rounded software engineer, you should definitely be the type that appreciates diversity in your day, and challenges outside of your comfort level! ", "A typical day in the life of a PacketFabric senior software engineer might include these types of activities:\n\n\n\nDesigning a deterministic lifecycle workflow for our next product offering.", "\n\n\n\nWriting core platform code for a new feature, and unit tests for functionality.", "\n\n\n\nRefactoring and improving existing code for performance and simplicity. ", "For example, breaking a large method into smaller, more maintainable and easily tested methods.", "\n\n\n\nBuilding command line tools to help network engineers better manage network state.", "\n\n\n\nResearching additional ideas, you may have to improve the product/platform overall and sharing with the team.", "\n\n\n\nInteracting with customers and/or sales on a bug in the software, quickly resolving it, and coordinating across the team to push a fix.", "\n\n\n\nWorking with backend engineers and discussing quirks in network protocols and network interconnection which translate rapid API and UI changes.", "\n\n\n\nRequirements\n\n\n\nThe right candidate will have an abundance of hard core programming skills, have solid instincts for API usability and design patterns. ", "You are probably a full stack developer who naturally gravitates towards work on a product core. ", "You know how to sacrifice algorithmic elegance for getting it done on deadline. ", "More specifics include:\n\n\n\nExtensive experience with Python and PHP in large applications developed in a team environment.", "\n\n\n\nExpert unit tester.", "\n\n\n\nExperience in large scale distributed systems.", "\n\n\n\nExtensive experience with the HTTP protocol and developing and using RESTful APIs.", "\n\n\n\nA solid understanding of OO programming paradigms.", "\n\n\n\nExperience with a message queue system like RabbitMQ or Kafka.", "\n\n\n\nExperience using NoSQL data stores like Redis.", "\n\n\n\nBe completely at home on any *nix command line and building your own tools.", "\n\n\n\nVery comfortable using Git in a team environment (i.e. pull-requests, branch management, rebasing).", "\n\n\n\nExperience working in an environment leveraging remote communication collaboration tools like Slack, Zoom etc.", "\n\n\n\nNever being afraid to venture boldly where none have gone before and develop code where there are no previous libraries to draw from.", "\n\n\n\nPreferred Experience" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "Q:\n\nCXF 2.2.12: How to turn off schema validation on the client side\n\nI would like to turn off schema validation for JAXB-bound messages. ", " I am dealing with the client-side CXF code (WSDL first generation). ", " I have tried using \n<jaxws:client name=\"{http://apache.org/hello_world_soap_http}SoapPort\"\n createdFromAPI=\"true\">\n <jaxws:properties>\n <entry key=\"schema-validation-enabled\" value=\"true\" />\n </jaxws:properties>\n</jaxws:client>\n\nWithout success (see reference CXF FAQ ). ", " I've had difficulty finding a programmatic way of settings this property. ", " I've also explored short-circuiting CXF and accessing the parser, unmarshaller, etc.", "\nThanks for your help. ", "\n\nA:\n\nTo turn off the schema validation you should set the schema-validation-enabled property to false.", "\nAccording to documentation referred by you (CXF FAQ).", "\nTo enable schema validation (all requests and responses will be validated against schema) set\n<entry key=\"schema-validation-enabled\" value=\"true\" />\n\nTo disable schema validation (none of the requests nor responses will be validated against schema) do nothing cause it is the default behavior or set\n<entry key=\"schema-validation-enabled\" value=\"false\" />\n\n" ]

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[ "Insulin receptor activation through its accumulation in lipid rafts by mild electrical stress.", "\nInsulin resistance is due to the reduced cellular response to insulin in peripheral tissues. ", "The interaction of insulin with its receptor is the first step in insulin action and thus the identified target of insulin resistance. ", "It has been well established that defects or mutations in the insulin receptor (IR) cause insulin resistance. ", "Therefore, an IR activator might be a novel therapeutic approach for insulin resistance. ", "Our previous report showed that mild electrical stress (MES) enhanced the insulin-induced signaling pathway. ", "However, the molecular mechanism of the effect of MES remains unclear. ", "We assessed the effect of MES, which is characterized by low-intensity direct current, on insulin signaling in vitro and in vivo. ", "Here, we showed that MES activated the insulin signaling in an insulin-independent manner and improved insulin resistance in peripheral tissues of high fat-fed mice. ", "Moreover, we found that MES increased the localization of IR in lipid rafts and enhanced the level of phosphorylated Akt in insulin-resistant hepatic cells. ", "Ablation of lipid rafts disrupted the effect of MES on Akt activation. ", "Our findings indicate that MES has potential as an activator of IR in an insulin-independent manner, and might be beneficial for insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nRaspberry Pi Camera Module not working (v1.3)\n\nMy Raspberry Pi Camera Module v1.3 is not working. ", "I have tried taking a photo, and here is the error:\npi@raspberrypi:~ $ raspistill -o image.jpg\nmmal: No data received from sensor. ", "Check all connections, including the Sunny one on the camera board\n\nSo I used this command:\n$ vcgencmd get_camera\n\noutput: supported=1 detected=1\n\nSo the red light comes on on the camera but doesn't take a picture. ", "Tried rebooting to no success. ", "Definitely not static discharge as the RPi still detects it. ", "What could be the problem?", "\n\nA:\n\nI had the same problem lately. ", "In my case the FFC ribbon cable was damaged. ", "But as I tried to acquire an image, the red LED went on and stayed on forever. ", "A new cable resolved the issue for me.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Cytochrome P4502A-mediated coumarin 7-hydroxylation and testosterone hydroxylation in mouse and rat lung.", "\nPulmonary coumarin 7-hydroxylase, testosterone hydroxylase and other P450-mediated activities were compared in the mouse and rat. ", "Coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity was 20 pmol/mg/min. ", "in mouse and 4 pmol/mg/min. ", "in rat lung microsomes. ", "Liver values were 180 (mouse) and 1 (rat) pmol/mg/min. ", "Km values of rat and mouse lung coumarin 7-hydroxylase were about 1 microM whereas the rat liver Km value was > 100 microM. Phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene did not affect rat lung (or liver) coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity. ", "Anti-Cyp2a-5 antibody effectively inhibited mouse and rat lung coumarin 7-hydroxylase and testosterone 15 alpha-hydroxylations but failed to block these activities in the rat liver. ", "In immunoblot analysis anti-Cyp2a-5 antibody recognized the 50-kDa Cyp2a-4/5 protein in mouse lung microsomes. ", "A P450 protein co-migrating with Cyp2a-5 was also detected in rat lung microsomes. ", "Cyp2a-5 cDNA probe hybridized with a 1.8-kb mRNA species in rat lung RNA fraction. ", "The hybridization signal was not increased by 3-methylcholanthrene or phenobarbital. ", "These data suggest that the mouse lung expresses Cyp2a-5 which differs from the liver enzyme only in its regulation and that the rat lung contains a P450 isoform(s) belonging to the 2A subfamily which may be orthologous with the mouse Cyp2a-4/5 catalyzing coumarin 7-hydroxylase and testosterone 15 alpha-hydroxylase activities. ", "The recently reported rat lung CYP2A3 (Kimura et al.) ", "gene product is a candidate for the observed coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity in the rat lung." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Effect of electromagnetic field on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in a human mu-opioid receptor cell model.", "\nDuring the cell communication process, endogenous and exogenous signaling affect normal as well as pathological developmental conditions. ", "Exogenous influences such as extra-low-frequency electromagnetic field (EMF) have been shown to effect pain and inflammation by modulating G-protein receptors, down-regulating cyclooxygenase-2 activity, and affecting the calcium/calmodulin/nitric oxide pathway. ", "Investigators have reported changes in opioid receptors and second messengers, such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), in opiate tolerance and dependence by showing how repeated exposure to morphine decreases adenylate cyclase activity causing cAMP to return to control levels in the tolerant state, and increase above control levels during withdrawal. ", "Resonance responses to biological systems using exogenous EMF signals suggest that frequency response characteristics of the target can determine the EMF biological response. ", "In our past research we found significant down regulation of inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) using 5 Hz EMF frequency. ", "In this study cAMP was stimulated in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells transfected with human mu-opioid receptors, then exposed to 5 Hz EMF, and outcomes were compared with morphine treatment. ", "Results showed a 23% greater inhibition of cAMP-treating cells with EMF than with morphine. ", "In order to test our results for frequency specific effects, we ran identical experiments using 13 Hz EMF, which produced results similar to controls. ", "This study suggests the use of EMF as a complementary or alternative treatment to morphine that could both reduce pain and enhance patient quality of life without the side-effects of opiates." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Call at (855) 880-6667\n\nStudy Finds Fracking Workers Exposed to Dangerous Benzene Levels: Should You Be Concerned?", "\n\nA recent study by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has found that workers at hydraulic fracturing or fracking sites may be routinely exposed to dangerous levels of the cancer-causing chemical benzene.", "\n\nBenzene is a clear or light yellow liquid that is a component in fracking fluid. ", "NIOSH and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have set the safe level for workplace benzene exposure at 0.1 of a part per million. ", "However, NIOSH’s measurements of benzene levels above open tanks at fracking sites found levels that were well over this amount.", "\n\nNIOSH researchers visited six oil and gas sites in Colorado and Wyoming in the spring and summer of 2013. ", "The study specifically surveyed exposure risks for oil and gas workers during the phase of extraction called flowback. ", "This phase occurs after the well is drilled and hydraulically fractured to start the flow of oil and gas. ", "Flowback fluid which contains wastewater, sand, oil, gas, fracking fluid chemicals and water is recovered through the well bore and separated into component parts. ", "Oil and gas are removed and stored in production tanks. ", "Fracking chemicals that can be reused are also removed the fluid. ", "Waste fluids are stored in flowback tanks until they can be disposed of.", "\n\nFracking-site workers must inspect and measure the volume of liquids in flowback and production tanks. ", "To do this, they must open the hatches and insert a gauging stick. ", "If the well is very deep, a worker may use a hand-cranked gauging tape to make the measurements. ", "It is during this phase that workers are at highest risk of exposure to dangerous levels of benzene.", "\n\nSixteen fracking workers were provided with small, wearable devices that sampled the air during their workday. ", "The study participants typically worked 12 hour days. ", "During this time, they opened up the hatches one to four times an hour. ", "The hatch was open for two to five minutes at a time.", "\n\nAir samples showed this was enough to add up to dangerous levels of exposure to oil, gas, and the volatile organic compounds used in fracking. ", "However, the researchers were primarily concerned about Benzene because benzene interferes with the normal functioning of cells. ", "High concentrations of the chemical are toxic to the nervous system, liver, and kidneys. ", "Benzene can also cause bone marrow to reduce the production of red blood cells and white blood cells, which can lead to anemia and damage to the immune system. ", "Benzene is also a carcinogen that is linked to leukemia.", "\n\nAll except two of the samples recorded average daily benzene exposure above the NIOSH limit. ", "The average benzene exposure also exceeded the higher limit of 1 part per million set by the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). ", "OSHA limits are legal workplace limits and tend to be higher than the limits set by NIOSH and the CDC. ", "Little is known about the long-term effects of benzene exposure.", "\n\nThe study was published in the September 2014 issue of the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. ", "NIOSH’s research on benzene is part of an ongoing study to assess chemical exposure risks for oil and gas workers involved in fracking and flowback operations.", "\n\nThe study recommended that workers wear respirators when measuring flowback volume in order to decrease chemical exposure. ", "oil and gas companies use other techniques to measure flowback volume so they can limit workers’ exposure to chemicals in the air around the flowback tanks" ]

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[ "Owners of Internet sweepstakes businesses fight to stay alive after state court ruling\n\nPublished: Saturday, December 22, 2012 at 04:13 PM.", "\n\nPhoto Galleries\n\n“I thought, ‘Hey, I could do this,’” he said of owning such a business.", "\n\nBullis said he realized the move was a gamble in itself. ", "The state put the clamps on Internet gaming in 2010 — legislators passing a law against such businesses. ", "Backers of the games countered with the legal case the N.C. Supreme Court settled last week.", "\n\n“I knew there was a risk,” Bullis said. “", "I never dreamed it’d materialize.”", "\n\nHe doesn’t like to read articles that refer to the sweepstakes business as “gambling.” ", "Bullis said his customers merely purchase Internet time, then do with it what they wish. ", "Most, he admitted, play games where they can win cash — as much as hundreds or (on extremely rare occasions) thousands of dollars.", "\n\nWinnings, say proponents of Internet cafes, are predetermined.", "\n\nBullis said he’s mystified by the backlash against businesses such as his.", "\nHaw River\nhas among the lowest taxes of any local municipality on the games, but Bullis said he still pays a fee of $250 on each of his 99 machines.", "\n\nBullis said he’s always been well-received by officials with the town of\nHaw River\n, but others say that’s not true of how gaming businesses have been welcomed in some local municipalities.", "\n\nHAW RIVER — Ernest Moore said if he could tell state legislators one thing, it’d be simple.", "\n\n“I’d tell them they’ve got better things to do than stop people from having a good time,” he said.", "\n\nMoore frequents Village Marketplace Sweepstakes on West Main Street in Haw River. ", "It’s in the VillageMarketplaceShopping Center off North Church Street. ", "Moore goes to the sweepstakes cafe an average of twice a week, he said.", "\n\nHis investment in gaming isn’t big, Moore said — no more than $40 a week. ", "He said he’s never won much in the sweepstakes, either — his top prize never topping $100.", "\n\nStill, Moore likes it, as much for the camaraderie of the establishment as anything.", "\n\n“It’s very, very entertaining and fun, too,” he said. “", "It’s like fishing — it gives me the chance to get out of the house and socialize.”", "\n\nIf the state has its way, Moore’s fun and the fun of thousands like him across the state may soon be coming to an end. ", "Recently, the N.C. Supreme Court overturned lower court rulings that favored the Internet sweepstakes industry. ", "The move reinstates North Carolina’s laws against the businesses and upholds a previous ruling that sweepstakes halls are gambling operations.", "\n\nThis past week, the likelihood of the sweepstakes parlors being closed increased dramatically after the state’s highest court refused a request from industry officials to delay closings while they appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court. ", "The refusal could close within weeks hundreds of businesses across North Carolina, including numerous establishments in Alamance and Guilford counties.", "\n\nIndustry officials said they don’t expect the ruling to be enforced for at least two weeks, until it becomes final.", "\n\nSTATE OFFICIALS and others claim sweepstakes gambling is a problem that inordinately affects those who can afford it the least — families on the lower end of the socio-economic scale. ", "They say it leads to domestic problems and serves no productive societal purpose.", "\n\nBackers of Internet gaming counter that it’s no worse or more addictive than the state-run N.C. Education Lottery.", "\n\nFor the moment, what becomes of Internet sweepstakes parlors is unclear. ", "Will it be police raids similar to those once staged at illicit video-poker sites?", "\n\nWho knows? ", "Law enforcement officers contacted seemed as perplexed as anyone as to the fate of Internet gaming cafes. ", "Alamance County District Attorney Pat Nadolski predicted further legal wranglings.", "\n\nDon Bullis, the owner of Village Marketplace Sweepstakes, said he doesn’t know how it will play out.", "\n\n“If we’re stopped, there’s going to be a lot of people out of work,” he said.", "\n\nBullis bought Village Marketplace Sweepstakes in June. ", "The business had been home to an Internet café prior to his purchase and Bullis admitted the property “left a lot to be desired.” ", "He straightened the place up considerably.", "\n\nBullis paid to have the building gutted and rebuilt — repainting everything and installing new carpet, ceiling fans and expensive light fixtures. ", "Bullis said he’s got almost $350,000 invested in the property that he’s expanded from 2,200 square feet to about 4,200 square feet.", "\n\n“I cleaned it up and business started to increase,” Bullis said. “", "It grew so quickly, it swept me off my feet.”", "\n\nCustomers at Village Marketplace Sweepstakes are fiercely loyal — both to the business and one another. ", "They come across more as family members than clientele that merely frequent a shared business. ", "When they walk in the door, they’re greeted — both by fellow customers and employees.", "\n\nThe sweepstakes shop looks nice — nothing about it coming across as a shady establishment. ", "Anyone who steps inside is welcome to free soft drinks and coffee. ", "The sale of alcohol is banned from Internet cafes and Bullis said he wouldn’t offer it even if legal.", "\n\nThe majority of Village Marketplace Sweepstakes is open to smokers, but there’s a game room where smoking is prohibited. ", "Walls are decorated with portraits of Hollywood legends as well as a photo of President Kennedy and his wife. ", "One room is “The Carousel Room” — its walls adorned with paintings of merry-go-rounds.", "\n\n“I’ve never had to call the police, never had a fight,” Bullis said. “", "I’ve never had shouting, never had a confrontation between a male and a female. ", "I challenge the government to compare my business to establishments that serve alcohol.”", "\n\nOf his customers, Bullis said: “They come for relaxation … whatever.”", "\n\nBULLIS, 69, who has a background in the service industry, said he got involved in Internet sweepstakes after suffering a serious fall and injury in December 2010. ", "He had trouble walking and said during recuperation his doctor advised him it’d do him good to get out of his house more often. ", "Bullis began visiting a sweepstakes café in Burlington.", "\n\n“I thought, ‘Hey, I could do this,’” he said of owning such a business.", "\n\nBullis said he realized the move was a gamble in itself. ", "The state put the clamps on Internet gaming in 2010 — legislators passing a law against such businesses. ", "Backers of the games countered with the legal case the N.C. Supreme Court settled last week.", "\n\n“I knew there was a risk,” Bullis said. “", "I never dreamed it’d materialize.”", "\n\nHe doesn’t like to read articles that refer to the sweepstakes business as “gambling.” ", "Bullis said his customers merely purchase Internet time, then do with it what they wish. ", "Most, he admitted, play games where they can win cash — as much as hundreds or (on extremely rare occasions) thousands of dollars.", "\n\nWinnings, say proponents of Internet cafes, are predetermined.", "\n\nBullis said he’s mystified by the backlash against businesses such as his. ", "Haw River has among the lowest taxes of any local municipality on the games, but Bullis said he still pays a fee of $250 on each of his 99 machines.", "\n\nBullis said he’s always been well-received by officials with the town of Haw River, but others say that’s not true of how gaming businesses have been welcomed in some local municipalities.", "\n\nIN AUGUST, members of the Graham City Council imposed much stricter guidelines on new Internet sweepstakes businesses looking to move to town — including restrictions on how closely they can open to everything from schools to parks.", "\n\nIn May, Burlington City Council members upped the fee they charge for gaming machines to $2,500 for the first terminal at a café and $1,000 for each additional one. ", "Previously, business owners were charged $25 for every four terminals.", "\n\n“I think singling out an industry like this is just not right,” Jerry Stewart, the owner of Interstate Sweepstakes on Ramada Road, said at the time.", "\n\nBullis said he feels the same. ", "He noted his business has done much for the community. ", "A donation box at the register with proceeds earmarked for Christmas Cheer of Alamance County is filled with dollar bills. ", "Bullis tossed in a check for $1,000 from the business.", "\n\nHe looks out for his 10 employees. ", "When Bullis decided to have a Christmas meal for them, he did two — one at lunch and another at dinner to make sure everyone involved in keeping the business open 24 hours a day could attend.", "\n\nOn the other side of Burlington, Brad Hall, the owner of GlenRavenBusinessCenter at the intersection of West Webb Avenue and West Davis Street, said Internet cafes give more back to the community than people realize. ", "He said he and his customers provided Christmas presents for a needy family that would have otherwise done without.", "\n\n“We’re trying to put a positive spin on it,” Hall said of the gaming industry. “", "We do a lot of good.”", "\n\nHe said police have been called to his establishment only once since he opened in June 2011. ", "That occurrence, Hall said, was for help when there was a bump-up of cars in the parking lot.", "\n\n“There are bigger fish to fry,” Hall said of the courts looking to close down gaming industries like his.", "\n\nHe said his customers come to the business as much for the chance to talk to others as try and win Internet games.", "\n\n“These are people who’d be sitting at home watching a movie if they weren’t here,” Hall said. “", "It’s a form of socialization.”", "\n\nBACK AT Village Marketplace Sweepstakes, Trent Chrisp, one of the employees, said he’s got something to tell the courts and legislators if they close his place of employment.", "\n\n“I won’t be able to pay my bills,” he said.", "\n\nMeanwhile, Bullis wondered aloud if the money he’s paid in taxes will be refunded if he’s closed. ", "He said he paid $13,500 in taxes for new machines just last week.", "\n\nBullis said he worried his speaking out about the merits of the gaming industry and questioning those seeking to shut him down might make him a target if those closures come to fruition. ", "He said if he’s ordered to close, he’ll close, and said the last thing he wants are police officers showing up at his door to force the issue.", "\n\n“I hope owners like me will get the courtesy of a call,” Bullis said. “", "If I get a call telling me to close, I’m going to the circuit breaker and shutting off the power. ", "It is what it is.”" ]

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[ "\n\nOil well in Saline, Michigan. ", "CC image credit: Dwight Burdette | Wikimedia Commons\n\nA standing room-only crowd of more than 300 Scio Township residents packed a recent hearing at the Washtenaw Intermediate School District headquarters last Thursday to speak out about a proposal to drill for oil near the border with Ann Arbor. ", "The hearing was hosted and moderated by State House Rep. Gretchen Driskell, former mayor of Saline.", "\n\nWest Bay Exploration out of Traverse City has already had several landowners signed contracts turning over drilling rights to the company. ", "Attendees were nearly unanimous in their opposition to the drilling which many fear will lead to increased industrial traffic, noise, pollution, and contamination of wells and the nearby Huron River.", "\n\nThere are two things to note about this. ", "First, it may be very difficult for local municipalities to stop the drilling. ", "For the same reason that Lyndon Township officials are having difficulty fighting off a sand & gravel mine north of Chelsea (my coverage of that is HERE), Scio Township’s hands are largely tied thanks to a Republican-backed law passed in 2011:\n\nThe relationship of extraction and associated activities with existing land uses.", "\n\nThe impact on existing land uses in the vicinity of the property.", "\n\nThe impact on property values in the vicinity of the property and along the proposed hauling route serving the property, based on credible evidence.", "\n\nThe impact on pedestrian and traffic safety in the vicinity of the property and along the proposed hauling route serving the property.", "\n\nThe impact on other identifiable health, safety, and welfare interests in the local unit of government.", "\n\nThe overall public interest in the extraction of the specific natural resources on the property. ", "Lyndon Township officials are fighting an unfair fight due to actions taken by Michigan Republicans soon after they took control of the state legislature in 2011. ", "The original law that governs permitting of gravel mines such as this is the Michigan Zoning Enabling Act of 2006. ", "This law shifted the burden of proving there will be no adverse impacts from a new operation away from the applicant for a zoning variance which allows activities to be conducted in a zoned area other than those specifically allowed by the local municipalities zoning regulations. ", "Instead, the local municipality must prove that it WILL have an adverse impact. ", "The law sets forth very specific and limited criteria for what can be used to deny a permit, criteria called “very serious consequences”. ", "The municipality must prove that there will be a very serious consequence on one or more of the following: In 2010, a court case in Kasson Township in the Leelanau peninsula, Michigan’s “pinkie”, overturned this aspect of the law, putting the onus back on the permit applicant. ", "In 2011, Republicans passed House Bill 4746, once again putting the burden back on municipalities.", "\n\nThe Lyndon mine could result in as many as 80 gravel trucks a day, 6 days a week rumbling through the middle of downtown Chelsea and back again.", "\n\nThe other point is that landowners that do NOT sign contracts may still end up having their mineral rights assigned to the drilling company anyway. ", "From MLive’s reporting:\n\nIf a company is able to procure leases from a number of property owners in an area but does not have the required acreage to drill a well, the state supervisor of wells can issue a compulsory pooling order on the remaining mineral rights.", "\n\nAccording to local residents who are fighting the plan, the drilling would take place less than 10 minutes from downtown Ann Arbor and right next to the Huron River, which provides Ann Arbor’s water supply. ", "West Bay Exploration has leased the mineral rights for substantial property on Miller Road and Ann Arbor-Dexter Road, from West Delhi to Zeeb (owned by a popular pumpkin farm).", "\n\nHere are some suggestions from opposition group on what steps you can take:\n\nShare this information. ", "Tell everyone, because, in our experience, most people in town don’t know this yet because the oil companies did this quietly and quickly. ", "Here are links to two stories in the A2 News: http://www.mlive.com/news/ann-arbor/index.ssf/2014/04/oil_drilling_forum_aims_to_hel.html http://www.mlive.com/news/ann-arbor/index.ssf/2014/04/michigan-based_oil_company_exp.html We are involved with a group of concerned citizens, under the name Scio Mineral Rights, who are trying to learn more about this and to educate others. ", "We understand why some farming families may wish to sign away their rights, but we aren’t certain that they are being told the full truth, and we know from some of them directly that they most certainly have been pressured and persuaded. ", "Please check these groups out online or on Facebook:\n\nwww.sciomineralrights.net\n\nwww.facebook.com/sciomineralrights\n\nNo-Drill.com Call Gov. Snyder’s office and tell him how you feel about this. ", "Many people understandably feel this is ineffective. ", "However, if done in large-enough numbers, it establishes that the citizenry took the appropriate step of contacting their state government (which, again, is in charge of regulating oil leasing and drilling) and establishes that the citizens of the town Snyder calls home don’t want this to happen, so it’s an important piece of fighting back. ", "Contact your city councilmember (a list is HERE.) ", "Contact Yousef Rabhi, the Chair of the Washtenaw County Board of Commissioners ([email protected] or 734-548-5159).", "\n\nOn a positive note, the drilling company will NOT be fracking on this site and has agreed to stipulate that in its contracts.", "\n\nUPDATE: The folks behind No-Drill.com will send you a free 4-inch sticker like the one on the right. ", "Stickers will be sent to any Eclectablog reader who visits NO-Drill.com and requests a sticker via their email address. ", "They will send 1 sticker per request and will cover postage. ", "If you would like more you may purchase via PayPal. ", "Bulk discounts are available via email as well." ]

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[ "This invention relates to bioabsorbable materials such as a terpolymer of poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide), methods of making and using such materials, and to medical devices made from such materials.", "\nCommercially available bone fixation devices are often made of metal alloys which must be surgically removed after bone healing. ", "The removal of such devices causes additional trauma to the patient as well as increased medical costs. ", "Metallic devices also have moduli of elasticity which are 10-20 times higher than that of cortical bone, thus preventing the loading of the bone and possibly causing osteopenia due to stress shielding.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "4,539,981 and 4,550,449 to Tunc (the inventor of the present invention) relate to absorbable bone fixation devices made from high molecular weight polymer of L-lactide. ", "However, such fixation devices have a relatively low rate of absorption and retain relatively high tensile strength after the bone fully heals.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,569,250 to Sarver et al. ", "relates to a biocompatible osteosynthesis plate for securing a plurality of adjacent bone portions. ", "It purportedly discloses, inter alia, non-reinforced lactide and glycolide copolymer (see, e.g., col. ", "6, lines 63 et seq.). ", "However, such materials exhibit relatively low tensile strengths.", "\nAll documents cited herein, including the foregoing, are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes.", "\nIt is an object of this invention to obtain an implantable medical device having relatively high strength retention during the early periods of bone healing, but with a sufficiently high absorption rate so that the material is at least substantially absorbed at the time that the bone is fully healed. ", "Preferably the device will be contourable before use (e.g., its shape can be modified to more closely complement the shape of the bone to which it will be attached) and preferably it will provide a closer match of mechanical properties of bone as compared to known devices.", "\nTo that end, a novel material has been invented which contains poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide) also referred to hereinafter as p-(LLA/DLA/GA). ", "This material provides mechanical properties which are desirable for certain implantable medical devices such as bone fixation devices.", "\nIn sum, the present invention relates to material comprising poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide), preferably comprising at least about 2 molar percent D-lactide and more preferably comprising at least about 4 molar percent D-lactide. ", "The material may have about 2 to about 10 molar percent D-lactide and/or about 80-90 molar percent L-lactide and/or about 5-15 molar percent glycolide. ", "Especially preferred is a material comprising about 83-87 molar percent L-lactide, about 3-7 molar percent D-lactide, and about 8-12 molar percent glycolide. ", "The material may further comprise about 0.1-5 molar percent of a polymer formed from alpha-hydroxy-alpha-ethylbutyric acid; alpha-hydroxy-beta-methylvaleric acid; alpha-hydroxyacetic acid; alpha-hydroxybutyric acid; alpha-hydroxycaproic acid; alpha-hydroxydecanoic acid; alpha-hydroxyheptanoic acid; alpha-hydroxyisobutyric acid; alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acid; alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid; alpha-hydroxymyristic acid; alpha-hydroxyoctanoic acid; alpha-hydroxystearic acid; alpha-hydroxyvaleric acid; beta-butyrolactone; beta-propiolactide; gamma-butyrolactone; pivalolactone; or tetramethylglycolide; or combinations thereof.", "\nThe invention also relates to a process of making a material, and the material so made, the process comprising: a) combining L-lactic acid monomer, glycolic acid monomer and at least about 2 molar percent D-lactic acid monomer to form a mixture; and b) polymerizing substantially all of the mixture. ", "The polymerization may be preformed in the presence of a catalyst and for between 24 and 72 hours.", "\nThe invention also relates to an implantable medical device comprising poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide). ", "The medical device may be a bone plate, bone screw, mesh, suture anchor, tack, pin or intramedullary rod. ", "The medical device can consist essentially of unreinforced poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide) or reinforced poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide).", "\nThe invention also relates to a method of using a bioabsorbable bone fixation device, the method comprising: a) providing a bioabsorbable bone fixation device comprising poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide), the device disposed in a first shape in a free state; then b) heating the bone fixation device; and then c) applying force to the device so that the device obtains a second shape in a free state which is different than the first shape and which approaches the shape of a bone surface to which it will be attached. ", "The heating may be preformed at between about 55xc2x0 C. to about 130xc2x0 C. for between about 2 to about 10 seconds.", "\nThe invention also relates to polymeric resin having a heat of fusion of about 0.4-10, preferably 0.5-5 J/G, and/or a molded polymeric material having a heat of fusion of about 15 to about 25 J/G, and tensile strength retention at 26 weeks of incubation of at least about 50%, and tensile strength retention at 52 weeks of incubation of at most about 25%. ", "The polymeric material may comprise poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide) preferably comprising at least about 2 molar percent D-lactide.", "\nThe present invention also relates to a polymeric material having tensile strength at 0 weeks of incubation of about 65-101 MPa, tensile strength at 26 weeks of incubation of about 50-75 MPa, tensile strength at 44 weeks of incubation of about 0-37 MPa, and tensile strength at 60 weeks of incubation of 0 MPa. ", "The polymeric material may comprise poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide) and may had a heat of fusion of about 15-25 J/G preferably about 18-21 J/G. The polymeric material may have a tensile strength at 0 weeks of incubation of about 74-92 MPa, tensile strength at 26 weeks of incubation of about 56-69 MPa, and tensile strength at 44 weeks of incubation of about 9-27 MPa." ]

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[ "/* global Ext, expect, spyOn, jasmine, xit, MockAjaxManager */\n\ndescribe(\"grid-general-window\", function() {\n var grid, store,\n synchronousLoad = true,\n proxyStoreLoad = Ext.data.ProxyStore.prototype.load,\n loadStore = function() {\n proxyStoreLoad.apply(this, arguments);\n if (synchronousLoad) {\n this.flushLoad.apply(this, arguments);\n }\n return this;\n };\n\n beforeEach(function() {\n // Override so that we can control asynchronous loading\n Ext.data.ProxyStore.prototype.load = loadStore;\n });\n\n afterEach(function() {\n // Undo the overrides.", "\n Ext.data.ProxyStore.prototype.load = proxyStoreLoad;\n\n grid = store = Ext.destroy(grid, store);\n });\n\n var scrollbarWidth = Ext.getScrollbarSize().width,\n transformStyleName = 'webkitTransform' in document.documentElement.style ? '", "webkitTransform' : 'transform',\n scrollbarsTakeSpace = !!", "scrollbarWidth,\n // Some tests should only be run if the UI shows space-taking scrollbars.", "\n // Specifically, those tests which test that the presence or not of a scrollbar in one dimension\n // affects the presence of a scrollbar in the other dimension.", "\n visibleScrollbarsIt = scrollbarsTakeSpace ? ", "it : xit;\n\n function getViewTop(el) {\n var dom = Ext.getDom(el),\n transform;\n\n if (Ext.supports.", "CssTransforms && !", "Ext.isIE9m) {\n transform = dom.style[transformStyleName];\n return transform ? ", "parseInt(transform.split(',')[1], 10) : 0;\n } else {\n return parseInt(dom.style.top || '0', 10);\n }\n }\n\n describe(\"In a Window\", function() {\n var win, grid, cell00;\n \n afterEach(function() {\n Ext.destroy(win);\n });\n it(\"should hide the window on ESC in navigable mode\", function() {\n win = new Ext.window.", "Window({\n title: 'Test',\n height: 300,\n width: 400,\n layout: 'fit',\n items: {\n xtype: 'grid',\n store: new Ext.data.", "ArrayStore({\n data: [\n [ 1, 'Lorem'],\n [ 2, 'Ipsum'],\n [ 3, 'Dolor']\n ],\n fields: ['row', 'lorem']\n }),\n columns: [{\n text: 'Row',\n dataIndex: 'row',\n locked: true,\n width: 50\n }, {\n text: 'Lorem',\n dataIndex: 'lorem'\n }]\n }\n });\n win.show();\n grid = win.child('grid');\n cell00 = new Ext.grid.", "CellContext(grid.view).setPosition(0, 0);\n\n // Focus cell 0,0\n cell00.getCell(true).focus();\n\n // Wait for focus\n waitsFor(function() {\n return Ext.", "Element.getActiveElement() === cell00.getCell(true);\n }, 'cell 0,0 to be focused');\n\n runs(function() {\n jasmine.fireKeyEvent(cell00.getCell(true), 'keydown', Ext.event.", "Event.", "ESC);\n\n // ESC should have bubbled to the window and destroyed it\n expect(win.destroyed).toBe(true);\n });\n });\n });\n\n});\n" ]

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[ "Follow Us\n\nNATO concerned about consequences of Turkey’s S-400 acquisition - CNN\n\nNATO is concerned about the potential ramifications of Turkey’s decision to acquire Russian S-400 surface-to-air missiles, a NATO official told CNN on Friday.", "\n\nThe comments came after Turkey’ Defence Ministry announced that the first batch of S-400 components arrived at an airbase near Ankara.", "\n\n\"It is up to allies to decide what military equipment they buy. ", "However, we are concerned about the potential consequences of Turkey's decision to acquire the S-400 system,” the official said, citing concerns about the potential effect of the Russian missiles on NATO’s interoperability.", "\n\nTurkey risks expulsion from the programme to help build F-35 advanced fighter jets and U.S. sanctions by going ahead with the delivery of the S-400s.", "\n\nTurkey will receive two more shipments of S-400 components in the coming days and 80 members of the Turkish military will receive training in Russia in the next two months in addition to 20 servicemen who underwent training in May and June, according to Turkish state-run Anadolu news agency." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nArranging triangles in grid order\n\nMy program generated triangles automatically, however the arrangement of the triangles are random on JPanel. ", "How can I plot the triangle in a grid order? ", "Thanks.", "\nEDITED:\nfor(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) \n{ \n\n xCoord[0] = generator.nextInt(MAX_WIDTH);\n yCoord[0] = generator.nextInt(MAX_HEIGHT);\n\n xCoord[1] = (int) (xCoord[0] - xWidth);\n xCoord[2] = (int) (xCoord[1] + (xWidth/2)); \n\n yCoord[1] = yCoord[0];\n yCoord[2] = (int) (yCoord[1] - yHeight); \n\n triangles.add( new Polygon(xCoord,yCoord, 3)); \n}\n\nEDITED: OUTPUT DESIRED\nHow can I make the program generate many pattern but it MUST be in symmetrical form? ", "e.g. left and right is symmetrical. ", "I've tried to make Loop but so far it only generate 1 pattern. ", "Help please :-(\n*** *** OR ** ** OR *** *** etc (as long as it is symmetrical)\n*** *** ** ** * *\n * *\n\nA:\n\nTake a look at my solution to your previous question.", "\nEDIT:\nModifying the example in the link above, you can replace the randomized Polygon points with some that are more fixed. ", " In the paintComponent method, you can replace:\nfor (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {\n xCoord[j] = generator.nextInt(maxCellWidth)\n + (maxCellWidth * xMultiple);\n yCoord[j] = generator.nextInt(maxCellHeight)\n + (maxCellHeight * yMultiple);\n}\n\nwith this:\nxCoord[0] = (maxCellWidth/2) + (maxCellWidth * xMultiple);\n// use the following if you need the points to be fixed as well.", "\n//xCoord[0] = generator.nextInt(maxCellWidth) + (maxCellWidth * xMultiple);\nyCoord[0] = 5 + (maxCellHeight * yMultiple);\nxCoord[1] = 5 + (maxCellWidth * xMultiple);\nyCoord[1] = maxCellHeight - 5 + (maxCellHeight * yMultiple);\nxCoord[2] = maxCellWidth - 5 + (maxCellWidth * xMultiple);\nyCoord[2] = maxCellHeight - 5 + (maxCellHeight * yMultiple);\n\nFor fun, uncommenting the second setting of xCoord[0] will make the top point in a random spot along to x-axis, but the bottom two points of the triangles will be fixed and have a constant distance between them.", "\nalt text http://img127.imageshack.us/img127/5809/picture5v.png\n\n" ]

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[ "TEL AVIV – Ahead of what is expected to be an eventful but tense May, the IDF on Tuesday deployed the Iron Dome missile defense system throughout the country after a rocket was launched from Gaza the previous night.", "\n\nThe military blamed the Iran-backed Palestinian Islamic Jihad for the rocket, which landed in the sea.", "\n\nThe next few weeks are shaping up to be a tense time for Israel, and will include the highly anticipated Eurovision song contest in Tel Aviv, Memorial Day for Fallen Soldiers followed by Independence Day celebrations, the Palestinians’ “Naqba” day and the first anniversary of the hotly contested opening of the U.S. embassy in Jerusalem. ", "May 5 also marks the start of the Muslim month of Ramadan, which has in the past brought with it heightened tensions and more terror attacks.", "\n\nIsrael responded to the rocket attack by reducing the fishing zone around the Gaza Strip to six nautical miles — walking back a move that was made under an unofficial ceasefire agreement last month that saw the zone extended to 15 nautical miles.", "\n\nPalestinians in Gaza retaliated by launching more than 200 airborne incendiary devices over the border on Tuesday and Wednesday, sparking fires in southern Israel.", "\n\nMonday night’s rocket was “intentionally fired” by the PIJ, IDF Spokesperson Brig.-Gen. ", "Ronen Manelis said.", "\n\nHe added that Baha Abu al-Ata, an Islamic Jihad commander of northern Gaza, gave the order to fire the rocket. ", "Al-Ata received the order directly from the group’s leader Ziyad al-Nakhalah in Damascus, Manelis added.", "\n\nPIJ is hoping to thwart the ceasefire efforts by carrying out low-level attacks, the army stated.", "\n\n“There are dozens of countries around the world which are trying to improve the humanitarian situation in the Strip but and at the same time there is one man inside Gaza and one man outside the Strip which is trying to torpedo that,” said Manelis.", "\n\nThe PIJ are the second largest terror group in the Gaza Strip." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWeb API: Basic Authentication or HMAC over SSL?", "\n\nI would like to secure a .NET Web API service. ", "I will be using SSL, but I also need to restrict the Web API calls that each user can call depending on the user's permissions.", "\nFrom what I've read, REST/HTTP is supposed to be stateless, so technically you shouldn't be able to maintain any session state, but there are some ways around that.", "\nOne is to use basic authentication. ", "The credentials are sent with every request. ", "While this may be okay security-wise because they're being transmitted over SSL anyway, it really isn't practical given that it would require a lot of overhead to re-authenticate against the database every time. (", "A possibility might be to cache them in memory, but I doubt that's the best way.)", "\nAnother could be to use an HMAC (example implementation) to control access to API calls. ", "There is a comment in this article that says:\n\nJust to be clear to people that are implementing this on their HTTPS services: YOU DON'T NEED TO IMPLEMENT HMAC ON SSL!!! ", "It's a waste of time and waste of complexity for absolutely no reason. ", "DON'T DO IT. ", "Use Basic Auth and be done with it.", "\n\nI don't agree with this for the reasons mentioned above (it is more practical to authenticate once and control using HMAC than authenticate every time).", "\nIs it a good and effective practice to use an HMAC to provide security to Web API calls when working over SSL, or are there any points that I am missing?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe answer depends on how much you care about security.", "\nWhat is this API being used for? ", "If security is a big concern, Basic Authentication is NOT a sufficiently good choice -- even if you're using SSL.", "\nEven if you're using SSL, an attacker who can control or get access to your initial request can pretend to be the desired HTTPS web service, and intercept your traffic easily (then get a hold of your API credentials).", "\nA much better solution is to do several things:\n\nUse an API key and secret.", "\nGenerate a unique ID with each request.", "\nGenerate a timestamp with each request.", "\nEncrypt the body of your request against your API key secret.", "\nPut the encrypted output into the HTTP_AUTHORIZATION header in the form: API_KEY_ID:\nOn the server side, decrypt the payload.", "\nCompare the timestamp -- if the request was sent more than a second before -- drop it (this prevents timing attacks).", "\nCompare the unique id -- if this request was already executed -- drop it (this prevents replay attacks).", "\n\nThe above strategies make it impossible for attackers to gain access to your API credentials, even if they are able to successfully man-in-the-middle your API calls.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "\"We conducted two location sites for the first time this year, one at LAMC and the second in White Rock at the public library. ", "The total weight of collected drugs was 332 pounds,” Cmdr. ", "Randy Foster said.", "\n“This is the most we have collected thus far and this continues to be a successful program with community support.”", "\n“I was approached by many seniors in White Rock that stated they were grateful for the second location site because it can sometimes be difficult for them to make arrangements to drive up to Los Alamos” Detective Sergeant Oliver Morris said." ]

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[ "The purposes of this study are to investigate bacterial factors of importance in the pathogenesis of infections caused by Gram-negative bacilli and means of enhancing immunity to such infections in man. ", "Prior studies have demonstrated that both active and passive immunization of experimental animals, using an antigen shared by almost all enterobacteria (Re determinant of R strains of S. minnesota), affords significant protection against challenge with heterologous Gram-negative bacilli. ", "Similarly, patients with high titers of antibody to Re experienced shock and a fatal outcome during the course of Gram-negative bacteremia only one-third as often as patients with low titers of antibody to Re. ", "It has also been demonstrated that high titers of IgG, but no IgM, antibody against the patient's infecting organism are also associated with a significant reduction in the frequency of shock and death in bacteremia. ", "The apparent protective effect of antibody to Re is independent of O-specific IgG antibody. ", "Studies of the immunogenicity and toxicity of killed Re bacilli, Re LPS, and deoxycholate treated Re bacilli in animals and a limited number of volunteers have suggested that they are effective immunogens without excessive adverse reactions. ", "Confirmation of the safety and immunogenicity of these preparations in volunteers is proposed as a necessary prelude for the development of a vaccine for Gram-negative bacteremia. ", "Other studies will attempt to evaluate any protective activity of antibody to capsular or K antigens and to evaluate changes in coagulation components, kinins, and fibrinolytic components to the pathogenesis of manifestations of bacteremia. ", "BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES: McCabe, W. R., Johns, M. A., Zinner, S. H. and Greely, A. \"Lipopolysaccharides and Protection against Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections\" in The Role of Immunological Factors in Infectious, Allergic, and Autoimmune Processes\" (Beers, R. F., Jr. and Basset, E. G., Eds.), ", "Raven Press, New York, 1976. ", "Zinner, S. H. and McCabe, W. R. \"Effects of IgM and IgG in Patients with Bacteremia Due to Gram-Negative Bacilli\" J. Inf. ", "Dis. ", "133:37-45, 1976." ]

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[ "AMC-15\n\nAMC-15 may refer to:\n\nAMC-15 (satellite), a communications satellite that belonged to SES Americom\nUSS Waxbill (AMc-15), a coastal minesweeper that belonged to the United States Navy" ]

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[ "VIA Certified U.S. Mail, Return Receipt Requested and e-mail (richard.kayser@nist.gov) Dr. Richard F. Kayser Deputy Director National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 1000 Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1000 RE: Information Quality Request #07-06 Dear Dr. Kayser, The enclosed Request for Correction (the “Request”) was submitted to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”) on April 12, 2007 by Bob McIlvaine, Dr. Steven Jones, Kevin Ryan, Richard Gage, AIA Architect, and Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice (referred to herein collectively as the “Requesters”) under Section 515 of Public Law 106-554, the Data Quality Act, the Office of Management and Budget’s government-wide Guidelines for Ensuring and Maximizing the Quality, Objectivity, Utility, and Integrity of Information Disseminated by Federal Agencies, and NIST’s “Guidelines, Information Quality Standards, and Administrative Mechanism.” ", "NIST responded to the Request by way of a letter dated September 27, 2007 from Ms. Catherine S. Fletcher (the “Response”), a copy of which is enclosed herewith. ", "While the Requesters appreciate the time and effort NIST personnel put into the Response, some troubling issues remain outstanding. ", "This letter constitutes an appeal of the decisions handed down in the Response, and asks NIST, through its Deputy Director, to reconsider its position on the issues raised in the Request. ", "The particular issues raised in the Request, and addressed in the Response, will be considered in detail below in the order they were addressed in the Request and the Response. ", "However, the Deputy Director is cordially invited to read through the entire original Request (enclosed herewith for your convenience) in detail, because it raises serious issues with the WTC Report that have not been adequately addressed by the NIST personnel in charge of responding to it. ", "The entire original Request is incorporated herein by reference, as if fully set out herein. ", "A.Rejection of the Less Severe Damage Estimates In the Response, NIST indicated that it has issued an erratum to the WTC Report. ", "This erratum removed one of the false justifications relied upon by NIST for rejecting the less severe damage case, namely the justification that “the towers would not have collapsed had the less severe damage results been used.” ", "However, the other false justification still remains in the WTC Report. ", "In order to continue rejecting the less severe damage estimate, NIST inexplicably continues to rely on the “key observable” that “no aircraft debris was calculated to exit the side opposite to impact … in contradiction to what was observed in photographs and videos of the impact event.” ", "This “key observable” should not be relied upon to make - 1 -\n\nany conclusions regarding the simulations for the simple reason that NIST admits in the Response that “uncertainties in the configuration of the building interior on the floors of impact … [influenced] the modeling results.” ", "As a result “none of the damage scenarios resulted in landing gear debris exiting the opposite face of the WTC 1 model.” ", "In sum, NIST relies on a “key observable” in rejecting the less severe damage case, while at the same time admitting that its own computer models are unable to accurately represent this “key observable.” ", "In the Response, NIST has done absolutely nothing to overcome the argument that either all of the computer models should be accepted or all should be rejected based on this “key observable,” because none of the damage simulations resulted in this “key observable” occurring. ", "The Requesters, therefore, again respectfully request that NIST revise the WTC Report so that only legitimate justifications are relied upon when accepting or rejecting a particular computer simulation. ", "Furthermore, the erratum makes no mention of the other justification NIST relies on in the Response for rejecting the less severe damage case, namely the “shifting of building contents due to the aircraft impact.” ", "NIST’s reliance on this justification is puzzling, to be sure, in light of NIST’s statement elsewhere in the WTC Report that “no visible information could be obtained for the extent of damage to the interior of the towers, including the structural system (floors and core columns), partition walls, and interior building contents.” (", "See NCSTAR 1-2 (pp iv, xxxix)) NIST must explain how its reliance on “shifting of building contents due to the aircraft impact” as a “key observable” can be reconciled with its statement that NIST had “no visible information” regarding damage to the “interior building contents.” ", "The Requesters, therefore, again respectfully request that NIST address their concerns about the rejection of the less severe damage estimate without relying on false justifications (especially justifications that are contradicted by NIST’s own statements elsewhere in the WTC Report) and provide the American people with the truth about why the less severe case was rejected. ", "It is clear to Requesters that the only justification NIST can rely upon for rejecting the less severe damage case is that the Towers would not have collapsed. ", "Such reasoning is clearly circular and unscientific in that it assumes what has to be proved, and is in violation of the DQA, the NIST IQS and the OMB Guidelines governing scientific information and influential scientific information. ", "Requesters also ask NIST and its Deputy Director to reconsider the analysis and requests contained in Section V.A. of their original Request because the Response does little to even attempt to refute what is contained therein. ", "B.NIST Computer Simulations In the original Request, the Requesters questioned NIST’s “pruning” of the analysis tree in Figure 9-2 to produce the “pruned” Figure 9-3. ", "In its Response, NIST claims that the “pruned” analysis tree in Figure 9-3 “resulted from an orthogonal factorial design of experiments [OFD or DOE] analysis to identify the most influential parameters.” ", "However, this new statement is contrary to the description of the OFD in the WTC Report. - ", "2 -\n\nThe orthogonal factorial DOE (OFD) used by NIST was intended to reduce the number of factors (or parameters), not the number of levels. ", "As stated in NCSTAR 1-6, p. 290, “The OFD approach allowed for the identification of influential parameters (i.e. factors) that reduced the number of analysis runs in the global” experiments. ", "With specific regard to the damage estimates, NCSTAR 1-6, Chapter 5 (cited in the Response), states that an “experimental design approach, using the method of orthogonal factorial design was used to determine the parameters that had the greatest effect on the estimated damage.” (", "See NCSTAR 1-6, p. 121) However, the less severe (-), base (0), and more severe cases (+) are descriptions of the levels used in NIST’s experiments, not parameters, and NIST makes no mention that OFD was used to exclude specific damage levels (cases). ", "Instead, NIST states that it relied solely on “key observations” in deciding whether to exclude a particular damage case.1 (See Id.) The stark contrast between an OFD, which determines “influential parameters,” and exclusion of damage cases (levels) based on “key observables,” could not be more apparent. ", "NIST has not explained why the less severe or base levels (cases) were fully excluded once the desired factors (or parameters) had been established by NIST’s OFD screening experiments. ", "In a valid DOE, all levels should have been included in the final global analysis, including those represented by the less severe and base cases for any given set of factors. ", "NIST’s statement that it relied on its OFD analysis for excluding the less severe and base case damage estimates flies directly in the face of the description of the OFD process contained in the WTC Report. ", "The OFD approach used by NIST in the WTC Report has other serious problems. ", "First, NIST’s use of a Plackett-Burman design was not appropriate for the purpose of the WTC Report. ", "NCSTAR 1-2B describes the reporting of the DOE analysis of sub- components. ", "NIST used a Plackett-Burman design to screen out non-influential factors (or parameters) prior to conducting their global analyses. ", "This was not appropriate for NIST’s purposes, because a Plackett-Burman DOE assumes that interactions between factors are negligible. ", "Not only was the validation of that assumption not reported but, for the factors analyzed, it is not likely to be valid. ", "In order for these analyses to be useful under the DQA and related information quality guidelines, NIST must show the American public how this assumption is valid for all factors involved. ", "Second, the main and interaction effects for each factor were not reported. ", "Although NIST reported graphically the main effects of some experiments used in the sub-component DOE analyses, the actual values for main effects were not reported. ", "And as stated above, interaction effects were not calculated and were inappropriately assumed to be zero or negligible. ", "Without these values, and a determination of resolution, independent qualified members of the public cannot establish the validity of the experiments. ", "Third, the magnitude used for each factor (or parameter) was not consistent in the sub-component analyses. ", "When varying the magnitude of most factors, the minimum 1 The Requesters have shown in the original Request, and in Section A above, how NIST’s reliance on what it calls “key observables” in rejecting these damage cases is also scientifically untenable and in violation of the DQA. - ", "3 -\n\nvalues and maximum values were set equidistant from the baseline values. ", "However, for the engine-core column impact analysis, the maximum “strain rate” was set ten times higher than the baseline value, at 1000% instead of 190% as would be expected in relation to the varying of other factors (See NCSTAR 1-2B, pp 178-180). ", "For this and other reasons, NIST’s treatment of “strain rate” in these virtual experiments is dubious, and the logic behind the selection of different magnitudes for the factors in NIST’s screening DOE is questionable. ", "Fourth, the public cannot understand NIST’s selection of factors in the DOE. ", "It appears that the responses for each experiment were judged simply by whether or not they resulted in maximal damage to the building and components. ", "On the other hand, NIST suggests in the Response that the results were judged by comparison to photographic evidence. ", "These criteria are not in agreement. ", "The public cannot verify NIST’s comparison of experimental responses to photographic evidence without access to all the photographic evidence and the logic used. ", "Specifically, the WTC Report should be revised to specifically include the photograph, photographs, and/or video still frames NIST used to verify its DOE analysis. ", "The DQA and related guidelines require this revision because it will allow a qualified member of the public to perform an independent reanalysis and verify NIST’s conclusions. ", "Furthermore there is a need for NIST to release all photographic and video evidence in its possession in order that the public may have the opportunity to ensure that there are not other photos and videos which are capable of a different interpretation. ", "Without such full release there is no way that the public can assure itself that NIST has not been selective in choosing its data.2 The Requesters, therefore, respectfully request reconsideration of all analysis and requests made in Section V.B. of the original Request, and consideration of the points made herein. ", "Hand waving reliance on its OFD approach as a justification for excluding damage levels is a clear violation of the DQA and related guidelines. ", "As it stands, the “pruning” of the less severe and base cases from the NIST computer simulation analysis and from the WTC Report itself clearly violates OMB’s Guidelines and the NIST IQS standards of objectivity. ", "An unbiased, accurate, reliable report would include the results of all of the computer simulations run, especially when the WTC Report already states that the less severe and base impact damage cases fit reasonably well with the observed damage. ", "This is true because the objectivity standards for scientific information under the NIST IQS require analytic results to be developed using sound statistical and research methods. ", "This is especially true in light of NIST’s dubious design of its DOE analysis and its neglect of any interaction between factors considered. ", "Furthermore, the “pruning” of the less severe and bases cases from the WTC Report analysis violates the OMB Guidelines and NIST IQS as they govern “influential scientific information” and analytic results related thereto. ", "The OMB Guidelines require such transparency about data and methods “that an independent reanalysis could be undertaken by a qualified member of the public.” ", "See 67 F.R. 8460. ", "By “pruning” the less severe and base cases from its detailed analysis, no member of the public can look at 2This appeal letter is not a Freedom of Information Act request, and should not be treated as such. ", "-4 -\n\nthe data and determine whether airplane impact damage plus the resulting fires alone resulted in the building collapse. ", "The Requesters are not the only members of the public that question NIST’s computer simulations. ", "An article in the journal New Civil Engineering (NCE) lends support to the Requesters’ concerns about the NIST analysis of the WTC collapses. ", "This article states, in relevant part: World Trade Center disaster investigators [at NIST] are refusing to show computer visualizations of the collapse of the Twin Towers despite calls from leading structural and fire engineers, NCE has learned. ", "Visualisations of collapse mechanisms are routinely used to validate the type of finite element analysis model used by the [NIST] investigators. ", "The collapse mechanism and the role played by the hat truss at the top of the tower has been the focus of debate since the US National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) published its findings…. ", "University of Manchester [U.K.] professor of structural engineering Colin Bailey said there was a lot to be gained from visualising the structural response. ‘", "NIST should really show the visualisations; otherwise the opportunity to correlate them back to the video evidence and identify any errors in the modeling will be lost,’ he said…. ", "A leading US structural engineer said NIST had obviously devoted enormous resources to the development of the impact and fire models. ‘", "By comparison the global structural model is not as sophisticated,’ he said. ‘", "The software used [by NIST] has been pushed to new limits, and there have been a lot of simplifications, extrapolations and judgment calls.’ ", "Parker, Dave (2005). \"", "WTC investigators resist call for collapse visualisation,\" New Civil Engineer, October 6, 2005. (", "emphasis added) Moreover, the “pruning” actually confuses the public into believing that all of the “pruned” levels lead to building collapse. ", "The WTC Report should be revised to cure this clear bias. ", "In sum, it is impossible for a qualified member of the public to read the WTC Report, undertake “an independent reanalysis,” and come to the same conclusion as NIST, which is a clear violation of applicable information quality standards as detailed in the original Request. ", "The appropriate action for NIST to take is to display the full set of pathways unpruned and to clearly mark those which do not result in collapse. ", "This would allow the public to have a means to observe, at that point in the study, that collapse solely due to impact damage and fire is a matter of probability rather than a foregone conclusion to be merely explained. ", "C. Information in Figure 9-3 Violates the OMB and NIST IQS Objectivity Standards - 5 -\n\nIn its Response, NIST blithely states that the “isolated core model was used by NIST to inform its global analysis by analyzing this particular building subsystem” and the fact that the severe damage cases would not converge on a solution did not present any problem for NIST’s analysis. ", "Requesters again submit that NIST’s use of the base case damage scenario for the isolated core models, which in turn “informed” its global models, is a clear violation of the DQA, NIST IQS and OMB Guidelines. ", "First, the fact that the more severe damage cases would not converge is clear evidence that NIST was biased towards finding that the most possible damage to the core columns occurred because the damage estimates were set too high. ", "Second, Figure 9-3 indicates that the base damage case was “pruned” from the analysis, yet the Response readily admits that the base damage cases were used to “inform” the global analysis. ", "Requesters respectfully request that these two positions be reconciled with an appropriate revision to the WTC Report, and a clear explanation for NIST’s justification for “pruning” a damage estimate which still “informed” its global analysis. ", "In the Response, NIST treats Requesters’ second request for correction with even less analysis or explanation. ", "The specific point made by Requesters, namely that “[n]o columns buckled in either Case C or Case D” for WTC2, was not even addressed by NIST in the Response. (", "See NCSTAR 1-6 p.192) Instead, NIST provides nothing but conclusory statements that merely repeat the incorrect statements contained in the WTC Report. ", "Requesters hereby request and demand that NIST explain how “significant core weakening” was “necessary to initiate building collapse” in light of the WTC Report’s finding that “[n]o columns buckled in either Case C or Case D” for WTC2. (", "See NCSTAR 1-6 p.322) A reconciliation of these statements is necessary to bring the WTC Report in line with the strictures of the DQA, NIST IQS and OMB Guidelines as they relate to objectivity and utility. ", "Because none of the points raised by Requesters in Section V.C. of the original Request have been adequately addressed by NIST, Requesters hereby request reconsideration of and a more detailed response to the same. ", "D.Floor Sagging In the original Request, the Requesters demonstrated that the results of NIST’s physical tests of floor assemblies were vastly different than the computer models ultimately relied upon by NIST in its analysis. ", "In the Response, NIST states “it is not possible to compare the floor sagging observed during the ASTM E119 tests with the floor sagging calculated by the analysis models. ", "The ASTM E119 furnace profile is not representative of real fire condition. ", "In addition the specimens had been fireproofed which prevented the steel from heating as quickly as it would in an unprotected condition as was modeled based on the estimated damage to the fireproofing due to debris impact. ", "Finally, deflection of the floor assemblies undergoing the ASTM E119 testing was limited to prevent damage to the instrumentation. ", "Visual data of the WTC Towers confirmed significant floor sagging at several locations in the towers.” - ", "6 -\n\nThe biggest problem with NIST’s response to this point can be summarized as follows: Why did NIST perform the floor tests if the results were, by design, not going to be used in the subsequent analyses? ", "Why did NIST officials pay Underwriters Laboratories (UL) approximately $250,000 of the American public’s tax dollars to perform these tests? ", "Will UL or NIST be refunding this money to the taxpayers since the factors NIST claims make these results unusable were knowable beforehand? ", "NIST must justify its performance of these physical tests in some meaningful way in order to satisfy the DQA, NIST IQS and OMB Guidelines. ", "In the alternative, NIST may admit that the real reason it did not want to use these results is that they did not support NIST’s predetermined conclusions. ", "Moreover, NIST’s May 2003 progress report on the WTC Report paints a somewhat different picture around these physical tests: “NIST intends to carry out testing to assess the fire rating and behavior of a typical fireproofed floor assembly under the fire conditions prescribed in ASTM E 119. ", "In addition, information contained in this report (e.g., on fireproofing material and thickness, and fire rating) will be used in conducting the ASTM E 119 tests and to analyze thermal-structural response of the WTC towers.” ", "Apparently sometime between May 2003 and the time the final WTC Report was issued, NIST decided it would not use the ASTM E119 “to analyze the thermal-structural response of the WTC Towers.” ", "Why was this decision made? ", "Why was the American public made to wait for these physical test results from UL if they would never actually be used “to analyze thermal structural response of the WTC towers”? ", "On the other hand, if NIST did use the results of these physical tests in some meaningful way, this fact should be detailed in the report. ", "Even more important, though, is the fact that there are several reasons why the results of these physical tests actually are informative and should have been used by NIST to determine whether the Towers would have collapsed by fire alone. ", "First, the floor assembly test specimens were not representative of the actual WTC floor conditions not because they had too much fireproofing, but because they had too little. ", "The test performed by UL included four test specimens with “as built” fireproofing thickness of 0.75 inches on two specimens and further limited “as specified” fireproofing thickness of 0.5 inches on the others. ", "No test specimen had fireproofing to represent the “as impacted” condition of 3.25 inches, reported in NCSTAR 1-6A, figure A-60, p 241. ", "Second, one specimen used in the physical tests had virtually no fireproofing applied. ", "Specimen number 4 had no fireproofing applied to either the underside of the metal deck, or the bridging trusses. (", "See NCSTAR 1-6, p. 41, NCSTAR 1-6B p. 4) Therefore NIST cannot argue that the ASTM E119 tests were meant to show how important the fire proofing was in preventing building collapse. ", "The fact that fireproofed floor specimens survived the ASTM E119 tests does not imply that unfireproofed floor specimens would not have survived similar tests. ", "Physical tests should have been run that approximated the conditions NIST thought applied to the floors during the actual fire. - ", "7 -\n\nThird, NIST was not able to demonstrate or explain an intelligible mechanism for “estimated damage to the fireproofing due to debris impact.” ", "Ultimately, NIST made a general assumption about fireproofing loss that either was not based on scientific results, or for which the logic was not explained. ", "Fourth, the ASTM E119 furnace profile is not representative of the real WTC fire condition because it involves longer and more severe fire times, not because it is less severe. ", "In NCSTAR 1-6 (pp. ", "322, 338) it is indicated that the fires took 55 to 60 minutes to reach the south wall of WTC 1, leaving only about 45 minutes of fire time in the failure zone. ", "This fire time is much shorter than the fire times utilized in the ASTM E119 tests, and even test specimen 4, with nearly no fireproofing applied, met all test requirements for 58 minutes. ", "Fifth, the visual data, which NIST used to confirm their assumption of floor sagging, is not valid for that purpose. ", "NCSTAR 1-6, p 312, shows an example of the visual data NIST claims in support of floor sagging. ", "If these photographs do, in fact, show floor sagging, they simultaneously repudiate the idea of floor sagging as a mechanism for pulling exterior columns inward, which is the main aspect of NIST’s collapse initiation scenario. ", "To pull these columns inward, the sagging must curve inward, along the length of the floor panels, and the floor panels must remain connected to the exterior walls. ", "However, the photos indicated show what would be sagging along the face of the building, requiring coordinated disconnection of the floors from the exterior wall panels, resulting in a highly unlikely continuous curve of sagging across many independent floor panels and connections. ", "Such along-the-face sagging would not provide an inward pull force to the exterior columns. ", "For these reasons, the Requesters request reconsideration of all of the analysis and requests made in Section V.D. of the original Request, and consideration of the points made above. ", "The Requesters further request that NIST not respond with more cursory argument and analysis, and that NIST actually address in detail the points raised by Requesters. ", "The DQA and related guidelines require NIST to disseminate accurate, reliable, useful information, and in light of the foregoing, it has done no such thing with regards to the WTC Report. ", "E.The WTC Steel Temperature In the original Request, the Requesters challenged NIST’s computer model steel temperatures of 700°C and higher in light of the WTC Report’s statement that NIST’s physical tests on the recovered steel samples “show no evidence of exposure to temperatures above 600°C for any significant time,” and “limited exposure if any above 250°C” (See NCSTAR 1-3, p. xli) (emphasis added). ", "In the Response, NIST suggests that the steel samples saved were intended only for “determining the quality of the steel and, in combination with published literature, for determining mechanical properties as input to models of building performance.” - ", "8 -\n\nHowever, in NIST’s Progress Report of May, 2003 (p. 30), the analysis of recovered steel was explained as a much more involved process, and the goals of the intended analyses were much broader: NIST has catalogued 235 pieces of World Trade Center steel as of March 28, 2003. ", "This includes a database with photographic records and member markings. ", "These pieces represent a small fraction of the enormous amount of steel examined at the various salvage yards where the steel was sent as the WTC site was cleared. ", "In addition, NIST has examined additional steel stored by the Port Authority at JFK airport and has transported 12 specimens to NIST. ", "NIST believes that this collection of steel from the WTC towers is adequate for purposes of the investigation. ", "The NIST analysis of recovered WTC steel includes: •collection and cataloging of the structural steel; •documenting failure mechanisms and damage based on visual observations; •determining the metallurgical and mechanical properties of steel, weldments, and connections for use in analyzing baseline structural performance, aircraft impact damage, and thermal- structural response to the fires until collapse initiation; •estimating the maximum temperature reached by available steel; and •comparing measured steel properties with applicable material specifications. ", "The steel in NIST’s possession includes 28 perimeter column panels for which locations have been identified in the towers, several from the impact zones; and 11 core columns for which locations have been identified in the towers, including two from the impact zones.” ", "NIST also has samples of core columns (wide flange and built-up box columns) of two grades of steel. ", "Ninety-nine percent of the core columns were fabricated from these two grades of steel. ", "These statements from the May 2003 progress report were reaffirmed in the December 2003 progress report. (", "See NIST Special Publication 1000-4, available at http://wtc.nist.gov/media/PublicUpdateFinal.pdf). ", "Therein, NIST states that it “has in its possession about 236 pieces of WTC Steel”. (", "See id at p.8) Additionally, “[r]egions of impact and fire damage were emphasized in the selection of steel for the Investigation.” (", "Id.) “NIST has samples of all 14 grades of steel used in the exterior column-spandrel panels. ", "It also has samples of two grades of steel used for the core columns (wide flange and built-up box columns) that represent steel used to fabricate 99 percent of the core columns. ", "Most importantly, “NIST believes that this collection of steel from the WTC - 9 -\n\nTowers is adequate for purposes of the Investigation,” which included estimating the maximum temperature reached by the steel. (", "See id.) (emphasis in original). ", "From these progress reports by NIST, as well as other facts, the Requesters can understand the following: 1.Although the steel samples saved for testing were of limited quantity, an “enormous amount” of the WTC steel was examined either for or by NIST, and the samples selected were chosen for their identified importance in the investigation. ", "2.Contrary to NIST’s current statement, “estimating the maximum temperature reached by available steel” was stated to be a primary objective of the investigation of the recovered steel samples. ", "This stated objective was repeated in NIST’s December 2003 progress report. ", "3.Contrary to NIST’s current statement, “documenting failure mechanisms and damage based on visual observations” was a primary objective of the investigation. ", "This stated objective was repeated in NIST’s December 2003 progress report. ", "4.When this sifting and sorting of steel originally occurred, NIST believed “that this collection of steel from the WTC towers [was] adequate for purposes of the investigation.” ", "5.In NIST’s December 2003 progress report (p. 8), it was stated that “Regions of impact and fire damage were emphasized in the selection of steel for the Investigation.” ", "This means that in December 2003 it appears that NIST believed it had adequate samples of steel available to perform physical tests and “estimat[e] the maximum temperature reached by available steel.” ", "Furthermore, the Response also states that “While NIST did not find evidence that any of the recovered core columns experienced temperatures in excess of 250 °C, it is not possible to extrapolate from such a small sample size to state that none of the core columns on the fire affected floors reached temperatures in excess of 250 °C.” ", "NIST’s response here is not satisfactory for the following reasons: 1.It is clear, from NIST’s earlier progress reports, that the steel samples used in the steel temperature analyses were taken from a much larger sample, and represented those areas of the buildings which had experienced significant fire and damage. ", "2.NIST has not shown any evidence that the steel available to the investigation team was of a “small sample size”. ", "In fact, the 11 core column samples saved could be reasonably seen as representing as much as 23% of the total (47) core columns. ", "Without a detailed explanation from NIST as to how the samples were saved from -10 -\n\nthe larger amount examined, and how the calculation of 1% was performed, the public cannot validate NIST’s new claim that the samples were insufficient to accomplish the original stated objectives, including the maximum steel temperature determination. ", "3.As with NIST’s new statements about the floor tests, noted above, the Requesters must now ask – Why did NIST perform the steel temperature tests, including the paint deformation test and the tests of steel microstructure, if the results would not be used in the final analyses? ", "Will the American public be refunded the money spent on these tests? ", "4.The paint deformation test that NIST performed, and that resulted in the 250 °C value discussed, appears to be a measure of the surface temperature of the steel samples tested. ", "NIST provides no explanation for how such a surface temperature result could have been extrapolated to provide meaningful data about the temperature of large masses of core columns, floor assemblies and exterior columns in the WTC towers. ", "In order to validate NIST’s new claim that the test results cannot be extrapolated to provide meaningful information, the details of the intended extrapolation protocol must be provided for public use. ", "Indeed, it is difficult to imagine how a surface temperature of 250°C could be extrapolated in such a way that the inner temperature of the steel could ever have been greater than 250°C. ", "5.In November of 2004, one of the Requesters sent a letter to Dr. Frank Gayle of NIST, asking for information on the steel temperature tests performed, and the conclusions drawn from the results of those tests. ", "This letter was never answered, but the October 2004 NIST WTC presentation, on which the letter was based, repeatedly stated that large quantities of the steel in the towers had “softened”. ", "After receiving this letter, NIST delayed their report and removed the word “softened” from throughout their descriptions of the collapse initiation sequences. ", "These facts indicate that NIST did not have any plan for extrapolating the results of steel temperature tests, and have never had a scientific basis for the claims made in the NIST WTC report about steel temperatures. ", "Finally, at the time of “collapse initiation” in the WTC Report, even NIST’s own computer models challenge its collapse theory. ", "In the Response is the statement “... the analytical models of the fire growth and spread are consistent with the observable data for the WTC towers.” ", "Similarly in the WTC Report, after fire tests had been conducted and after comparing the results with modeling we read: “The quality of the simulations was deemed satisfactory.” (", "page xlii) Inspection of the temperature charts in NIST NCSTAR 1-5 (p. 112-127) reveals that, for WTC 1, the core areas of stories 92 to 99 (which spans the plane impact area and within which is the presumed collapse initiation region) had cooled down substantially prior to collapse. ", "The core area was hottest at the 30- and 45- minute readings, yet collapse did not occur until 102 minutes had elapsed, by which time the environment of the core had dropped to be mainly in the range 100°C to 600°C. ", "Roughly half the area is shown in shades of blue, indicating temperatures no higher than - 11 -\n\n150°C. ", "If the temperature of the columns was still rising at the time of collapse, the column temperature would have been no higher than the environment temperature and the steel would obviously be far too strong to collapse. ", "If the temperature of the columns was falling at the time of collapse, the columns had already survived the period when the steel was hottest. ", "In this case, given that steel regains strength as it cools, it is clear that core collapse due to heat had become impossible. ", "The charts depicting the temperature of the columns (p. 144-157) confirm that the steel had become too cold to collapse. ", "The highest core column temperatures are shown for stories 95, 96 and 97. ", "On these floors the highest column temperatures were achieved at about 50 minutes and cooling occurred thereafter. ", "We also see the perimeter columns were cool at collapse: most of the perimeter and core columns are depicted in blue and green, indicating temperatures ranging from 150°C to 350°C. ", "At these temperatures the column steel would have from about 80% to 90% of its normal yield strength, according to the NIST chart (NIST NCSTAR 1-3, P. 111). ", "At this strength, given the built in safety factor, approximately every second column could be removed and the tower would still stand. ", "The hat truss and most of the perimeter, including four corners, were intact, forming a rigid structure, which would prevent the core from leaning, thus all core columns would have to give way simultaneously for collapse to occur. ", "Clearly some additional factor was necessary to bring about collapse. ", "For all of the foregoing reasons, the Requesters hereby request reconsideration of the analysis and requests made in Section V.E. of the original Request. ", "NIST has not adequately explained why it believes its physical steel temperature tests are essentially irrelevant. ", "Again, why go to the trouble of physically testing the steel temperature if the results would not ultimately be used in the WTC Report’s analysis? ", "It is abundantly clear that NIST must reconcile the results of its physical tests with its computer models if it hopes to comply with the DQA and related guidelines with regards to objectivity and especially utility. ", "F.The Goal of the WTC Report and Its Overall Analysis In the original Request, the Requesters questioned NIST’s decision to halt its analysis at the point it calls “collapse initiation.” ", "NIST’s response to this valid point is the clearest demonstration yet of the utter bankruptcy of the WTC Report. ", "Specifically, in the Response NIST claimed that it was not required to analyze the entire collapse of the Twin Towers because “Once the collapse initiated, it is clear from the available evidence that the building was unable to resist the falling mass of the upper stories of the towers.” ", "However, following this logic to its ultimate conclusion, NIST’s detailed analysis of collapse initiation was completely unnecessary because it is also clear from the available evidence that collapse initiated. ", "The relevant question in both cases is: Why? ", "NIST is required under the NCST Act, and under general moral principles as the official investigatory body, to provide a coherent, scientific explanation of why collapse initiated, and why the lower structure provided so little resistance to the collapse. ", "Instead, NIST provided the American public a 10,000-page report analyzing collapse initiation, and then stops there because the available visual evidence allegedly shows us - 12 -\n\neverything we need to know about what happened after collapse initiation. ", "That position is completely untenable and NIST should abandon it immediately if it hopes to salvage any shred of credibility. ", "As noted in the original Request, NIST was under a mandate by the NCST Act to “establish the likely technical cause or causes of the building failure.” ", "See 15 U.S.C. § 7301(b)(2)(A). ", "Accordingly, one of the specific goals stated in the WTC Report was to “Determine why and how WTC 1 and WTC 2 collapsed following the initial impacts of the aircraft.” (", "NCSTAR 1, p. xxxv) Confusingly, in the Response, NIST states that “it did not analyze the collapse of the towers,” and that it is “unable to provide a full explanation of the total collapse.” ", "There could not be any clearer evidence that NIST has failed to live up to its duties under the NCST Act, and failed to satisfy its stated goal of determining “why and how” the buildings collapsed. ", "NIST admits that it didn’t even try to analyze the collapse of the towers, and that it is “unable” to explain the total collapses to the American people. ", "NIST also claims that its report is useful because “codes and standards organizations have already begun taking action to adopt changes to building and fire codes and standards that respond directly to the NIST recommendations.” ", "However, a review of the information available at http://wtc.nist.gov/recommendations/recommendations.htm reveals that most of the proposed building codes have in fact been rejected by the standards community. ", "The fact that NIST has been able to ram through a handful of code changes reflects more on the influence its name carries than on the utility of its report. ", "More importantly, NIST’s building code recommendations are actually harmful to the building community because they are based on extremely flawed science, as amply demonstrated in the original Request and this appeal letter. ", "Unnecessarily onerous building codes inhibit growth because they make projects needlessly more expensive. ", "NIST should withdraw all of its recommended building codes until it can produce a report that is not fundamentally flawed in so many respects. ", "The Requesters also cited numerous testimonies from firefighters and other first responders that indicate the presence of explosions during the building collapses. ", "NIST writes off this testimony with the conclusory allegation that “taken as a whole” the firefighter interviews did not indicate that explosives played a role in the collapses. ", "The Requesters wonder how many firefighters reporting explosions it would have taken for NIST to seriously consider the explosive demolition hypothesis for the collapses. ", "NIST has also refused to test for the presence of explosive residue because “such tests would not necessarily have been conclusive.” ", "However, as discussed in detail in the Request and in this document, NIST conducted many tests that were “not necessarily conclusive.” ", "Examples of such allegedly inconclusive tests are the physical steel temperature tests and the physical fire resistance tests. ", "Clearly NIST thought these physical temperature and fire resistance tests, at the very least, might have been instructive on some aspect of the collapses. ", "Why then would NIST not conduct a very simple lab test for the presence of explosive residue, even assuming the test would not - 13 -\n\nnecessarily have been conclusive? ", "More importantly, though, it is difficult to imagine a scenario in which a test for explosive residues would not be conclusive. ", "If explosive residues are found in WTC debris, there is an extremely high likelihood that explosives were in fact used. ", "Consider that Materials Engineering, Inc. has this to say about its thermite residue tests: When thermite reaction compounds are used to ignite a fire, they produce a characteristic burn pattern, and leave behind evidence. ", "These compounds are rather unique in their chemical composition, containing common elements such as copper, iron, calcium, silicon and aluminum, but also contain more unusual elements, such as vanadium, titanium, tin, fluorine and manganese. ", "While some of these elements are consumed in the fire, many are also left behind in the residue. ... ", "MEi has conducted Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) on minute traces of residue, identifying the presence of these chemical elements. ", "The results, coupled with visual evidence at the scene, provide absolute certainty that thermite reaction compounds were present, indicating the fire was deliberately set, and not of natural causes. (", "See http://www.materials-engr.com/ns96.html) (emphasis added) Unless NIST can explain a plausible scenario that would produce inconclusive explosive residue test results, its stated reason for not conducting such tests is wholly unpersuasive. ", "Moreover, NIST must reconcile its statement that it found “no corroborating evidence to suggest that explosives were used” with its statement that it did not test for explosive residue which, if found, would suggest explosives were used. ", "This point was clearly made in the original Request, but was ignored in NIST’s Response. ", "The fact therefore remains that it is extremely easy to “find no evidence” when one is not looking for evidence. ", "Additionally, NIST must detail the initial evidence that would suggest that explosives were used which it believes needs “corroborating” before an explosive demolition hypothesis will be considered. ", "If NIST meant to say it found “no evidence to suggest that explosives were used” then it must revise its report accordingly. ", "Stating that NIST found “no corroborating evidence” suggests or implies that there exists a body of initial evidence that needs further “corroboration.” ", "NIST must detail this existing body of evidence that needs further corroboration in order to comply with the DQA and related guidelines. ", "Therefore, the Requesters request and demand that NIST provide the Requesters and the American public with an adequate explanation, as they deserve, of the total and complete destruction of the WTC Towers. ", "This is the only way NIST can ever hope to comply with the DQA, NIST IQS and OMB Guidelines. ", "By stopping short, at the point - 14 -\n\nof collapse initiation, NIST has shirked its duty under the NCST Act of establishing the likely technical cause or causes of collapse. ", "The explanation would necessarily involve a detailed examination of why and how the lower structure “was unable to resist the falling mass of the upper stories of the towers.” ", "Such an explanation is required under the DQA and related guidelines. ", "G.Conclusion Please contact the undersigned should you have any questions or concerns. ", "We look forward to receiving a substantive response to our appeal, wherein NIST straightforwardly and completely addresses the serious scientific concerns raised in our Request and this Appeal. ", "Very truly yours, /s/James R. Gourley_____ 10/25/2007_____________ James R. Gourley, Esq. ", "Date Attorney jrpatent@gmail.com Bob McIlvaine [CONTACT INFORMATION REDACTED] [CONTACT INFORMATION REDACTED] [CONTACT INFORMATION REDACTED] /s/Bob McIlvaine______________ 10/25/2007_____________ Bob McIlvaine Date Dr. Steven Jones [CONTACT INFORMATION REDACTED] [CONTACT INFORMATION REDACTED] [CONTACT INFORMATION REDACTED] /s/Steven Jones________________ 10/25/2007_____________ Dr. Steven Jones Date - 15 -" ]

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[ "We plan a three-day symposium to bring together leading researchers in the fields of developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, decision-making science, math education, statistics education, and science education to address basic and applied issues regarding how children and adults think with data. ", "Thinking with data involves a variety of inter-related processes - generating appropriate data representations, interpreting and reasoning about those representations, making decisions or inferences from the data, and evaluating the validity of conclusions - that, until now, have largely been studied in isolation. ", "The specific aims of the symposium are as follows: [unreadable] [unreadable] To communicate relevant, state-of-the-art research from these different disciplines to a diverse audience so that converging results and emergent principles can be explored and discussed. [", "unreadable] [unreadable] To discover the research needs or gaps based on current work so that future progress in both basic and applied research into how children and adults think with data can be effectively guided. [", "unreadable] [unreadable] To explore connections between cognitive, developmental, and instructional issues involved in how children learn to reason with data in formal and informal learning environments. [", "unreadable] [unreadable] To summarize the instructional implications that can be drawn from integrating the research on how children and adults think with data. [", "unreadable] [unreadable] To establish a newfound, multidisciplinary community of researchers that continues to communicate about and work toward these shared research goals. [", "unreadable] [unreadable] To encourage the development of new students and beginning scientists in joining and participating in this community of researchers. [", "unreadable] [unreadable] The work presented at the symposium will be published as the 33rd volume in the series of \"Carnegie Symposium on Cognition\" series. [", "unreadable] [unreadable]" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nExecute \"MEMBER OF\" query against 'ElementCollection' Map fields in JP-QL (JPA 2.0)\n\nIs it possible to run a \"MEMBER OF\" query against associative arrays? ", " If so, what does the syntax look like? ", " The obvious workaround is a native query but that gets pretty messy what with all the joins and such. ", " I'd like to test for existence of an object within the map's key set, value collection or entry set. ", " Maybe something like the following:\nSELECT p FROM Person p WHERE 'home' MEMBER OF p.phoneNumbers.keySet\nSELECT p FROM Person p WHERE '867-5309' MEMBER OF p.phoneNumbers.values\nSELECT p FROM Person p WHERE {'home' -> '867-5309'} MEMBER OF p.phoneNumbers\n\nProvider-agnostic code might be too much to ask for; does Eclipselink support this?", "\n\nA:\n\nJPQL has a function named index() which is useful for getting the index in an @OrderColumn list. ", "And as you said yourself, maps are also called associative arrays and map keys correspond to array indices. ", "So nothing prevents index() from returning the key of a map entry.", "\nThis query works perfectly on hibernate:\nSELECT p FROM Person p, in (p.phoneNumbers) number \nWHERE number = '867-5309' AND index(number) = 'home'\n\nA:\n\nIt should work:\nSELECT p FROM Person p \nWHERE (select count(*) from p.phoneNumbers where name='home' and value='867-5309') > 0\n\nThe next query works for me:\nselect model from AnsOutboxMsg model \nleft join fetch model.updateEntity upde \nleft join fetch upde.update upd \nleft join fetch model.ansMessage msg \nleft join fetch msg.template msgt \nleft join fetch msg.ansAction act \nleft join fetch act.ansRule rl \nleft join fetch rl.app app \nwhere (select count(*) from model.contextMap where name = 'fltClient' and value = 'XXX') > 0 and model.status = 'sent' and app.id = 'SPN_TICKETS' and msgt.name = 'Client' order by model.modifDate DESC, model.id ASC\n\n" ]

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[ "Relationships between hormones, physiological performance and immunocompetence in a color-polymorphic lizard species, Podarcis melisellensis.", "\nSpecies with alternative phenotypes offer unique opportunities to investigate hormone-behavior relationships. ", "We investigated the relationships between testosterone, corticosterone, morphology, performance, and immunity in a population of lizards (Podarcis melisellensis) which exhibits a color polymorphism. ", "Males occur in three different color morphs (white, yellow, orange), providing an opportunity to test the idea of morphs being alternative solutions to the evolutionary challenges posed on the link between hormones, morphology, performance, and immunity. ", "Morphs differed in bite force capacity, with orange males biting harder, and in corticosterone levels, with yellow males having lower levels than orange. ", "However, morphs did not differ in testosterone levels or in the immunological parameters tested. ", "At the individual level, across morphs, testosterone levels predicted size-corrected bite force capacity, but no relation was found between hormone levels and immunity. ", "Our results do not support the testosterone-based polymorphism hypothesis and reject the hypothesis of a trade-off between testosterone and immunity in this species, but provide a mechanistic link between testosterone and a sexually selected performance trait." ]

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[ "The present invention relates to a cooling module having two heat exchangers, through which air flows, which are connected directly behind one another in the flow direction of the air. ", "The heat exchangers are connected with one another at outer ends of at least one pair of their feed cases for the medium to be cooled by air, particularly the coolant radiator and the charge air cooler.", "\nAn arrangement is known from German Patent Document DE 44 25 350 A1 for connecting two or more heat exchangers to form a cooling module of the initially mentioned type. ", "In this arrangement, plug-type pins are assigned to one of the feed cases of the heat exchangers, which normally consist of fin/tube blocks with feed cases arranged at the open ends of the tubes. ", "The plug-type pins project transversely from the feed case and engage in corresponding brackets at the feed case of the adjacent heat exchanger. ", "In this manner, a hinge-type folding of one of the heat exchangers onto the other is to be achieved, with the attached position being maintained by detent elements provided at the ends of the feed cases of the heat exchangers facing away from the pins.", "\nBecause of the required swivelling operation of the heat exchangers with respect to one another, such a cooling module can be mounted or demounted only if sufficient space is available. ", "As a rule, this space is not available after the installation into a motor vehicle. ", "In addition, if one of the two heat exchangers is provided with an additional part fitted onto the feed case, such as an expansion tank, during operation of the motor vehicle, asymmetrical acceleration and deceleration forces are exercised on the feed case. ", "Because of the resulting bending forces, these asymmetrical acceleration and deceleration forces may cause the connection between the feed case and the tube bottom and/or the fin/tube block to be impaired or become untight. ", "Also, in a charge air cooler, the hot and pressurized air is asymmetrically introduced into the feed case. ", "Because of the resulting forces which act upon the feed case, deformations can also be caused. ", "In the long run, these deformations may lead to damage to the heal, exchanger or may make it necessary to correspondingly reinforce the feed cases and, as a result, make them undesirably heavy.", "\nIt is an object of the present invention to further develop a cooling module of the initially mentioned type such that it is less susceptible to asymmetrically introduced forces.", "\nFor achieving this object, a cooling module of the initially mentioned type is provided with at least one additional fastening point between the outer ends of the feed cases. ", "Thus, the two feed cases are connected with one another in a stable manner so that they form a unit for the absorption of forces which otherwise act only upon one of the feed cases. ", "As a result, without taking any significant additional measures to reinforce the individual feed cases, a decisive stiffening of the then formed block of two feed cases will occur. ", "The block is made much more stable, and the connections to the fin/tube blocks are relieved by a uniform distribution of forces to both connections.", "\nAs a further development of the invention, for a cooling module with an additional part fitted onto one of the feed cases, particularly with an expansion tank fitted onto the feed case of the coolant radiator, the feed case of the coolant radiator may be equipped with a connection piece projecting to the adjacent feed case of a charge air cooler. ", "The connection piece, for forming another fastening point, engages form-lockingly into an opening in the feed case of the charge air cooler. ", "As a result of this further development, the acceleration and deceleration forces occurring, during operation, on a fitted-on expansion tank can be absorbed in a simple manner by both feed cases and thus by both heat exchangers.", "\nAs yet a further development of the invention, in such an embodiment, the expansion tank and the connection piece may be shaped in one piece to the feed case of the coolant radiator, and the connection piece can be provided with a relatively large cross-section and with threaded openings on the face side. ", "Fastening screws, which are held on the feed case of the charge air cooler, are engaged in these threaded openings. ", "As a result of this further development, mounting or demounting of the two heat exchangers is permitted by a parallel mutual displacement for which no more space than a space which corresponds approximately to the length of the fastening connection piece is necessary. ", "Therefore, as a rule, a cooling module of this type can also be demounted in the installed condition in the motor vehicle, if this should be required.", "\nAs yet a further development of the invention, the opening in the feed case of the charge air cooler can be arranged in a bracket-type reinforcement and may be provided with a stop edge for a disk through which the fastening screws are guided. ", "This embodiment results in a stable but relatively easily producible fastening of the feed cases on one another.", "\nIn a still further development of the invention, mutual fastening of the feed cases on their ends can take place by a stud which form-lockingly penetrates the two feed cases at a first end of the feed cases, by a connection piece which is provided in the center area and form-lockingly engages in the opening of the adjacent feed case, and, at the other end of the feed cases, by way of a bracket projecting from a side part. ", "This bracket is expediently mounted on the side part of the coolant radiator and is fastened to the feed case of the charge air cooler by way of a screw extending with its axis perpendicular to the axes of the connection piece and the stud. ", "As a result of this further development, fastening of the feed cases of the coolant radiator and of the charge air cooler takes place by two fixed bearings and one movable bearing formed by the bracket, which maybe arranged on the side of the feed case for the charge air cooler assigned to the air inlet connection piece of the charge air cooler. ", "As a result of this further development, a certain linear expansion of the feed case of the charge air cooler is not hindered on the side acted upon by the hot charge air, so that damage from linear expansions is prevented.", "\nThe invention is illustrated in the drawing figures and will be described in the following." ]

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[ "Washington Redskins’ owner allegedly has no plans to change team name by Bryan Rose\n\nUSA women’s national soccer team star Alex Morgan prepares to face Mexico inan international friendly. ", "Photo Credit: USA Today Sports\n\nEveryone’s favorite women’s soccer player, Alex Morgan, caught our attention on Tuesday morning thanks to a brilliant Halloween costume. ", "We have seen many athletes sharing photos of their Halloween costumes on social media, but the United States women’s national team star definitely takes the cake.", "\n\nLast year, Morgan had a great costume idea when she dressed up as USA gymnast McKayla Maroney, but this year she went even further.", "\n\nMorgan decided to take Halloween this year to dress up as the one and only Miley Cyrus. ", "We all remember Miley’s performance at the MTV Music Video Awards with Robin Thicke, but we prefer seeing Morgan in the get-up.", "\n\nCheck out Morgan’s Halloween costume below:\n\nMorgan is joined by her teammate Sidney Leroux, who is dressed up as Robin Thicke in his Beetle Juice outfit from the MTV VMA performance.", "\n\nJob well done, ladies.", "\n\nSEE ALSO:" ]

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[ "//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n// Copyright (C) Microsoft. ", "All rights reserved.", "\r\n// Licensed under the MIT license. ", "See LICENSE.txt file in the project root for full license information.", "\r\n//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n\r\n/*\r\n*******************************UNIT TEST FOR SWITCH CASE OPTIMIZATION*******************************\r\n* Test for 3 switch cases bailing out during different times of the execution.", "\r\n*/\r\nfunction f(x,y,z)\r\n{\r\n switch(x)\r\n {\r\n case 1:\r\n WScript.", "Echo(1);\r\n break;\r\n case 2:\r\n WScript.", "Echo(2);\r\n break;\r\n case 3:\r\n WScript.", "Echo(3);\r\n break;\r\n case 4:\r\n WScript.", "Echo(4);\r\n break;\r\n default:\r\n WScript.", "Echo('default-x');\r\n break;\r\n }\r\n\r\n switch(y)\r\n {\r\n case 1:\r\n WScript.", "Echo(1);\r\n break;\r\n case 2:\r\n WScript.", "Echo(2);\r\n break;\r\n case 3:\r\n WScript.", "Echo(3);\r\n break;\r\n case 4:\r\n WScript.", "Echo(4);\r\n break;\r\n default:\r\n WScript.", "Echo('default-y');\r\n break;\r\n }\r\n\r\n switch(z)\r\n {\r\n case 1:\r\n WScript.", "Echo(1);\r\n break;\r\n default:\r\n WScript.", "Echo('default-z');\r\n break;\r\n }\r\n}\r\n\r\n//making the first switch to get profiled as object during first run in the interpreter\r\nf(1,2,new Object);\r\nf(1,2,3);\r\nf(1,2,3);\r\nf(1,2,3);\r\nf(1,2,3);\r\n\r\n//making the second and third to bail out.", "\r\nfor(i=0;i<30;i++)\r\n{\r\n f(1,new Object,3);\r\n f(new Object,new Object,3);\r\n}\r\n" ]

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[ "The present invention relates generally to voltage regulators and in particular to a temperature compensated voltage regulator for photovoltaic solar cell charging systems.", "\nThe voltage of a fully charged battery varies with its temperature, being a higher value at lower temperatures. ", "The normal full-charge voltage of 14.4 volts (12 volt lead-acid battery) is only \"correct\" at a battery temperature of 25.degree. ", "C. Temperature compensation is generally employed in sophisticated battery charging systems. ", "The need for such a feature increases when temperature extremes are anticipated or where battery charging requirements become particularly dependent upon narrow changes in the battery temperature. ", "In a conventional lead-acid cell, the charging characteristics are not significantly altered by small temperature changes, however, the important characteristics such as the maximum charging voltage, referred to in the art as finish voltage is temperature related. ", "As the battery temperature is increased, the battery electrolyte expands resulting in a lower specific gravity. ", "This change is equal to about 1 point (0.001) in specific gravity for every 3.degree. ", "F. change in temperature. ", "The battery temperature also affects the diffusion rate of the electrolyte and the internal resistance of the cell. ", "These factors combine to influence the cell's electrical capacity and correspondingly affect the charging characteristics and correspondingly affect the charging characteristics of the battery. ", "Exceeding the finished voltage, that is exceeding the full charge voltage, results in electrolyte gassing and its depletion. ", "This, in turn, will result in battery deterioration. ", "Gassing will occur at relatively small levels of over charging potential. ", "These problems are typically avoided by providing a charging regulator circuit which compensates the maximum or finish voltage in response to the battery or ambient temperature. ", "This feature is particularly emphasized in remote area applications where the storage batteries are not readily subject to inspection or, as mentioned heretofore, in applications where extreme temperature fluctuations are anticipated. ", "A prime example of these conditions occur in space applications. ", "In U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,740,636, for example, a temperature responsive portion of the charging regulator shunts the photovoltaic charging power from the storage batteries when a preselected maximum temperature is achieved.", "\nFurther applications which stress the importance of the temperature compensated charging regulation are charging systems for storage batteries which have peculiar temperature dependencies. ", "One such storage battery is the nickel cadmium system. ", "An exemplary charging system of a nickel cadmium battery may be found in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,940,679. ", "The primary concern of these systems is thermal runaway, a characteristic of nickel cadmium batteries. ", "When the temperature of a nickel cadmium battery exceeds about 160.degree. ", "F., the battery voltage decreases, permitting increased charging current to be drawn, in turn heating the battery further. ", "A temperature responsive cut-off switch is conventionally employed in these systems. ", "The present inventions would be operative to avoid the charging problems encountered in such thermal runaway systems not by temperature over-ride means, however, but by automatically adjusting the regulator's reference potential in response to a monitored temperature change. ", "A voltage regulation of photovoltaic solar cell charging of storage batteries differs from constant current or constant voltage charging of same inasmuch as a photovoltaic solar cell array is subject to wide variances in power output, dependent upon solar insolance. ", "The photovoltaic array/battery system is designed based upon average insulation values. ", "The charging system is accordingly subject to wide variances in both current and voltage. ", "A conventional regulator for a photovoltaic system would be primarily directed to prevention of over voltage charging of the storage batteries. ", "In contrast to such systems, the present invention provides for temperature compensation of the maximum charging voltage providing increased protection of the storage battery systems." ]

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[ "And 29-year-old Van Persie, a £24million signing from Arsenal last summer, is keen for the success to be the start of trophy-laden era after a long wait for his first league title.", "\n\nThe striker said: \"From now on this is our new standard and we want to be champions every year.", "\n\n\"We want to win more. ", "You could tell from day one that everyone wanted this and we did well.\"", "\n\nHe added: \"It makes me even more hungry. ", "I want to win it again and win more stuff - the FA Cup, Champions League, League Cup - I want to win it all. ", "It is a great first step but I want more. ", "It tastes lovely.\"", "\n\nIn contrast to Van Persie, Ryan Giggs is celebrating his 13th league title and the 39-year-old Welshman's team-mate has paid a glowing tribute.", "\n\nVan Persie said: \"It's an honour for me to play with Ryan Giggs. ", "I told him that.", "\n\n\"Every training session, the way he loves the game, he sets an example for every one of us, young and old. ", "Every day he is unbelievable. ", "He is 39 now but you cannot tell.", "\n\n\"He is fit, works his socks off and is a true example for young and old.\"", "\n\nMost Commented\n\nReaders' Comments\n\nH\n\naha, as a German supporting United I can only agree with your great insight in German football! ", "No idea why, but I HATE Eintracht Braunschweig and please don't ever place a bet on Leverkusen, they mess up my ticket every time!", "\n\nichael Owen's BT Sport commentary. ", "Michael Owen's Match of the Day punditry. ", "Michael Owen's annual moustache. ", "Michael Owen's unwavering belief that Michael Owen could still do a job for England if called upon in the next major tournament" ]

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[ "Palliser's Cottage Home No. ", "35\n\nThe Palliser's Cottage Home No. ", "35 is a Stick Style house at 2314 West 111th Place in the Morgan Park neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, United States. ", " Plans for the house appeared in the pattern book of Palliser, Palliser & Co. in 1878 and this house was built in 1882 for Rev. Johan Edgren. ", "It was designated a Chicago Landmark on February 16, 2000.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Houses completed in 1882\nCategory:Houses in Chicago\nCategory:Landmarks in Chicago" ]

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[ "Juicing is an amazing way to get loads of hard-to-come-by micronutrients and natural enzymes into your system, all while lessening the workload for your digestive system. ", "Producing this juice means chopping, slicing, and squeezing your fruits and veggies into tiny little pieces to release to the most juice possible. ", "When you are dealing with such small food particles, you will quickly find they have a strong tendency to get stuck in cracks and crevasses.", "\nIf a significant portion of your calories are going to come from juice each day, mix up your produce. ", "Go with veggie-heavy juices, using just a bit of fruit for sweetness. ", "Alternate types of produce, and try something entirely new periodically. ", "Farmers markets and ethnic grocery stores are great spots to find fruits and vegetables you’ve never tasted before.", "\nAuger-style juicers, sometimes referred to as masticating or cold-press juicers, crush and mash the produce. ", "They're typically more expensive, and can also take some getting used to as the augers can jam when grinding tough fruits and veggies. ", "For this reason, every one we tested has a reverse button. ", "The upside with this style is they tend to leave more healthful and fiber-rich pulp in the juice.", "\n\nHamilton Beach specifications applicable to all slow cookers and their components (including the earthenware crocks) prohibits the product from containing any measurable amounts of lead. ", "Furthermore, the factories that manufacture the earthenware crocks for Hamilton Beach are certified ceramic production facilities whose ceramic ware is deemed to satisfy FDA heavy metal requirements. ", "Hamilton Beach takes all reasonable steps to ensure that the earthenware crocks accompanying our slow cookers provide safe and satisfactory service to our consumers.", "\n\nFeatures: Low Speed Juice Extractor Product Description Adding more fruits and vegetables to your diet is a great idea, and the Hamilton Beach Low Speed Juice Extractor can help keep you going strong, whether you're adding juicing to your lifestyle or just love a fresh glass of juice to start your day. ", "Having a juice extractor at home makes it easy to prepare delicious, wholesome juices using your favorite fruits and vegetables with no added ingredients or preservatives. ", "And the low-speed, quiet motor is perfect for extracting all the goodness from vegetables, fruits, leafy greens, and wheatgrass. ", "This juicer assembles very quickly with a few twists. ", "When you are ready to juice, simply plug it in, set up the juice and pulp cups, turn it on, and begin adding fruit or vegetables to the chute. ", "The slow juicer's masticating action crushes and s...\n\nLike all slow juicers, the Tribest doesn’t overheat the final product. ", "Starting with room-temperature produce (around 72 degrees Fahrenheit), we never produced juice warmer than 85 ºF—similar to the results we achieved with the other single-auger juicers we tested. ", "The juice had a small, but pleasant, amount of pulp. ", "If you don’t like pulp, Tribest includes a stainless steel hand strainer to catch solid bits. ", "The Tribest isn’t dishwasher safe, but is fairly easy to clean with practice—there are five parts to rinse and no sponge-shredding teeth anywhere. ", "John Kohler of DiscountJuicers.com also cites the Tribest as one of his favorites.", "\n\nIf juicing leafy greens is an emphasis for you or you want a machine that handles other kitchen prep the Omega J8006 is your best choice. ", "This classic cold press masticating juicer has been a best seller for years and produced the highest volume of kale juice of all the juicers we tested. ", "It works quietly at slow speeds (only 80 RPM) to extract juice from all kinds of produce. ", "Its dual-stage juicing system mimics how humans chew–the crush and press process produces drier pulp and high juice yield. ", "We did have to spend more time cutting fruits and vegetables up to fit them into the small feed tube and occasionally had to stop juicing and use the “reverse” feature to handle clogs. ", "It also produced slightly less juice from hard fruits and vegetables and as a horizontal model has a bigger countertop footprint. ", "However, it offers additional functions such as pureeing nuts into nut butters, grinding spices and coffee, making pasta, and baby food with an extremely generous 15 year warranty.", "\nLike all slow juicers, the Tribest doesn’t overheat the final product. ", "Starting with room-temperature produce (around 72 degrees Fahrenheit), we never produced juice warmer than 85 ºF—similar to the results we achieved with the other single-auger juicers we tested. ", "The juice had a small, but pleasant, amount of pulp. ", "If you don’t like pulp, Tribest includes a stainless steel hand strainer to catch solid bits. ", "The Tribest isn’t dishwasher safe, but is fairly easy to clean with practice—there are five parts to rinse and no sponge-shredding teeth anywhere. ", "John Kohler of DiscountJuicers.com also cites the Tribest as one of his favorites.", "\nThe Omega VRT400HDS is a masticating juicer—preferred by many for releasing more enzyme rich juices—but makes use of a vertical design to allow a more streamlined juicing experience. ", "This vertical design allows for more efficient pressure to be applied, as well as being a more compact design. ", "This juicer is great if you’re serious about juicing, and have a diet that requires high-volumes of fresh-squeezed juice.", "\nFor those just trying out the juicing trend, on a budget, or who will only be juicing every now and then; the Hamilton Beach Big Mouth Pro is an incredible value. ", "Retailing at only $50 it has features that rival much more expensive models. ", "A 3” chute means much less time prepping fruits and vegetables for juicing–it even handled whole carrots and whole apples with no problem. ", "Easy to assemble, clean, and use; this centrifugal model has a 1.1 horsepower motor (equivalent to about 820 watts). ", "It’s small enough to fit under the counter but note that it’s largely made of plastic so it may not have the aesthetic you’re looking for. ", "It comes with a small 20 oz pitcher but the height of the juice spout means it’s simple to use your own pitchers for larger batch juicing (and it has a large external pulp container too). ", "This model did a fantastic job on all our tests and produced high quality, high volume juices–it even handled notoriously tricky to juice kale extremely well. ", "We highly recommend this juicer as a starter model or for those who may not juice often but want the option to. ", "It comes with a 3-year warranty and receives gret reviews online.", "\n\n\"... I have been juicing just about every morning for the past 3.5 weeks, and I have noticed a difference when using this juicer. ", "While this juicer takes longer than the centrifugal force competitor, the pulp comes out very, very dry, and there are no chunks left un-juiced! ", "It is also very easy to install, put together, and clean, takes less than a few minutes. ", "I really like the suction cup feet on the bottom of this machine, it keeps it still while I am juicing, so I do not lose any juice. ", "Also, I love the handle at the top of the machine, it is lightweight and easy to pick up and maneuver.", "\n\nJuicers that are simple to setup, use, take apart, and clean will get used more often versus relegating them to the bottom of a closet. ", "However, if you want a multifunction juicer that also makes nut butter, sorbets, or baby food it may be worth some extra assembly. ", "Juicers with large feed tubes significantly reduce produce prep time and also the time it takes to feed it into the machine. ", "Juicers with external pulp containers allow you to continue juicing in bulk without pausing to remove pulp. ", "Juicer cleaning can be daunting so seek models with specialized brushes that make cleaning easier, and dishwasher friendly is always a bonus.", "\nIf juicing leafy greens is an emphasis for you or you want a machine that handles other kitchen prep the Omega J8006 is your best choice. ", "This classic cold press masticating juicer has been a best seller for years and produced the highest volume of kale juice of all the juicers we tested. ", "It works quietly at slow speeds (only 80 RPM) to extract juice from all kinds of produce. ", "Its dual-stage juicing system mimics how humans chew–the crush and press process produces drier pulp and high juice yield. ", "We did have to spend more time cutting fruits and vegetables up to fit them into the small feed tube and occasionally had to stop juicing and use the “reverse” feature to handle clogs. ", "It also produced slightly less juice from hard fruits and vegetables and as a horizontal model has a bigger countertop footprint. ", "However, it offers additional functions such as pureeing nuts into nut butters, grinding spices and coffee, making pasta, and baby food with an extremely generous 15 year warranty.", "\nAfter looking and thinking a while I triggered to get this juicer. ", "This juicer is really useful for my mom and dad who drink mostly fruits and veggies juice. ", "I'm really happy I decided to try out this juicer. ", "Everyone in house using it for their own use. ", "It is easy to use and wash. ", "If you want less cleaning then just put a small plastic bag in the trash bin of the juicer for easier cleaning. ", "I have washed the parts of the juicer quickly after using it so the stuff doesn't dry. ", "It is pretty quiet. ", "Overall this juicer has given me wonderful results and hopefully will for a long time!", "\n\nTo see if ShippingPass is right for you, try a 30-day free trial. ", "Also, with ShippingPass, there is no need to worry about commitment. ", "If you decide you want to discontinue the service, you can cancel your subscription at any time. ", "No matter what your shipping needs, Walmart's got you covered. ", "Sign up for ShippingPass so you can shop more, save money and live better." ]

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[ "(CNN) Simone Biles made history more than once this weekend during the US Gymnastics Championships in Kansas City, Missouri.", "\n\nThe five-time Olympic medalist and 14-time world champion became the first woman to ever land a triple-double in competition during her floor routine Sunday night.", "\n\nShe also snagged her sixth national all-around title with a score of 118.500 , nearly five points ahead of second place finisher Sunisa Lee.", "\n\nBiles' stunning floor routine Sunday included several astounding flips and jumps but it was her insane triple-double -- two backflips and three twists while in the air -- that wowed judges and fans alike.", "\n\nForget the gold medals, GIVE THIS WOMAN A CROWN 👑@Simone_Biles makes history (again) as the first woman to land a triple double in competition on floor! ", "🔥 pic.twitter.com/TazpPJx41W — NBC Sports (@NBCSports) August 12, 2019\n\nAnd that wasn't the reigning Olympic and world all-around champion's only history-making moment of the competition.", "\n\nRead More" ]

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[ "GTA V Launches: What The Latest Game in the Grand Theft Auto Series Does Differently\n\nGTA V Launches: What The Latest Game in the Grand Theft Auto Series Does Differently (ABC News)\n\nGrand Theft Auto V, one of the year's most eagerly awaited video games, released today for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. ", "A GameStop spokesperson told ABC News that more than 4,000 of its stores had midnight releases, with 1,500 of them going so far as to have a midnight launch party with prizes and food trucks.", "\n\nBut other than being the latest entry in a successful video game series, what does GTAV bring to the table that's new? ", "Players will see the improvements in the gameplay, like how a gun shoots or how a car handles. ", "But perhaps the biggest change is that players are given not one but three characters to wreak havoc in the fictional city of Los Santos.", "\n\nJim Sterling, the reviews editor for video game news outlet Destructoid.com, said that developer Rockstar Games also put more emphasis on the playable characters themselves, rather than have them passively or stoically react to the world around them. \"", "It's more like the supporting characters react to the heroes than the other way around,\" he said.", "\n\nOne of those characters, Trevor, will certainly elicit reactions from both the denizens of Los Santos and activists in the real world critical of video game violence. ", "According to Sterling, he epitomizes every negative thing that anti-video game activists see in the Grand Theft Auto franchise. \"", "He's a depraved, psychotic, omnisexual sociopath,\" he said. \"", "I'll be surprised if he doesn't ruffle a few feathers.\"", "\n\nSterling sees it as reflective of pop culture today. \"", "There is a real flavor of 'The Sopranos' or 'Mad Men' in this game,\" he said. \"", "In American television, there are a lot of shady characters with questionable motivations.\" ", "However, plenty of pop culture references are explicitly made within Los Santos itself. \"", "There is also a meth cook named Chef that looks like Walter White from 'Breaking Bad,'\" said Sterling.", "\n\nVideo games and other forms of media have come under criticism for being too violent and possibly contributing to shooting incidents across the country. ", "Psychologists who specialize in the research of aggression said that it is a much more nuanced topic than a simple question of asking if video games cause violent behaviors.", "\n\nThe Media Violence Commission, a branch of the International Society for Research on Aggression, released a report in June 2012 that characterized the findings of more than 800 different studies on the link between violent media and violent behavior. ", "According to the report, any commentator who says that there is no good evidence for the harmful effects of violent media or, conversely, that violent media is the primary cause of school shootings, does not have the science to back it up.", "\n\n\"Neither extreme is supported by the vast body of research in this domain,\" the report said in its concluding comments. \"", "What is clear is that exposure to media violence is one risk factor for increased aggression in both the short run and the long run.\"", "\n\nRockstar Games did not immediately respond to ABC News' request for comment.", "\n\nSterling acknowledged that video games can be violent, but he put the onus on the people buying the games. \"", "The emphasis is on the responsibility of the parents to determine what's appropriate for their child,\" he said. \"", "I would say, just be conscious of who you are buying the game for.\"", "\n\nRecommended for You\n\nCeline Dion is celebrating the holidays for the first time without her late husband, René Angélil.", "Angélil, who had also been Dion's manager for decades and her husband since 1994, passed away Jan. 14 after a long battle with throat cancer. ", "He died two days before his 74th birthday.", "Dion told the New\n\nAs locals near Washington, D.C.’s Comet Ping Pong restaurant know too well, fake news headlines can have real-world implications. ", "Edgar Welch allegedly fired three shots at the local hotspot after driving 350 miles from North Carolina in order to investigate a fake news story that the pizzeria was home\n\nSwift, 26, released a video snippet of \"I Don’t Wanna Live Forever\" just before midnight Thursday on her social media accounts, set to scenes from the film. ", "Malik teased a different part on the song on social media, showing off his part of the duet.", "\n\nThe first trailer for \"Spider-Man: Homecoming\" is here and there's a lot to take in, including a new villain, a new suit, new friend and ... new lady loves? ", "The clip, which premiered last night on \"Jimmy Kimmel Live,\" opens with Spidey doing what he does best. \"", "Wait a minute\n\nAfrican-American model Deddeh Howard is on a mission to change the fashion industry, one revolutionary image at a time. ", "Howard posted photos of herself recreating ad campaigns, such as Kendall Jenner for Calvin Klein, Gigi Hadid for Guess and Kate Moss for David Yurman, in a project she called “Black\n\nDonald Trump senior adviser Kellyanne Conway has blasted the president-elect's critics -- namely Hillary Clinton supporters -- for fueling a barrage of death threats against her. \"", "Anytime I respond, anytime I defend myself against these ... allegations that are now leading to death threats\n\nActor Ryan Gosling discussed his upcoming musical \"La La Land,\" and his own personal experience of moving to Los Angeles to follow his dreams in an interview with \"Good Morning America\" that aired today. \"", "You know, it's not easy to leave your hometown and your family and\n\nSouth Korea's national assembly voted Friday to impeach President Park Geun-hye over her alleged links to a corruption scandal. ", "Backed by overwhelming public support -- evident from the millions of South Koreans who have filled the streets in recent weeks demanding her impeachment -- the opposition-controlled\n\nDonald Trump is reprising the slogan of his historic presidential campaign as the official theme of a five-day inaugural celebration in the nation's capital next month, ABC News has learned. ", "The Trump inaugural committee is set to announce “Make America Great Again!” -- ", "a rallying cry for his supporters\n\nBuzz Aldrin, prepare for lift off.", "After spending more than a week at a New Zealand hospital, Aldrin’s assistant tweeted a photo Friday morning showing the legendary NASA astronaut on an airplane with the caption, “Bye bye New Zealand! ", "Hope to see you again! (", "But next time for vacation and not evacuation\n\nThe death of legendary astronaut John Glenn sparked an outpouring of tributes, including from President Obama, who said the space pioneer \"lifted the hopes of a nation.", "\"\"With John's passing, our nation has lost an icon and Michelle and I have lost a friend,\" Obama said. \"", "\n\nPresident-elect Donald Trump unloaded on China during the third stop on his \"thank you\" victory tour, telling a crowd in Des Moines, Iowa that the country is \"going to start\" playing by the rules. ", "Trump has taken a tough stance on China throughout his campaign, but he raised eyebrows\n\nPresident-elect Donald Trump is set to remain an executive producer of “Celebrity Apprentice,” a representative for MGM tells ABC News. ", "The news comes as Trump is facing questions about what business ties, if any, he will keep as he assumes the presidency and criticism that he could face conflicts of\n\nPrincess Kate stepped out tonight wearing the famous pearl-and-diamond-clad Cambridge Lover’s Knot Tiara, which was a favorite of Princess Diana, for the annual white tie diplomatic reception at Buckingham Palace. ", "The Duchess of Cambridge looked regal in red, recycling the same dress by designer Jenny\n\nOne son was so proud of his parents finally graduating from college that he couldn't help boast about their achievement on Twitter. ", "It's been a long road for Cole III's father, Charles L. Cole Jr. and his wife Renaté, to graduate. ", "The younger Cole, 33, obtained his bachelor's degree\n\nPresident-elect Donald Trump has tapped Oklahoma Attorney General Scott Pruitt to run the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), pending Senate approval. ", "What He Does Now: Pruitt is the attorney general of Oklahoma and was elected to the position on Nov. 2, 2010, becoming only the second Republican\n\nThe mother of twin girls born conjoined at the abdomen and chest it said it was \"surreal\" to see her daughters separated. ", "Speaking to reporters alongside doctors today, Aida Sandoval, and her husband, Arturo Sandoval, were brought to tears as they recounted their daughters' operation earlier\n\nA recently widowed man from New Jersey has found much-needed comfort in his wife's absence after his wedding ring -- which had been lost for more than 15 years -- was found and returned to him earlier this week. ", "David Penner, 68, told ABC station WABC today that the ring's return came just a" ]

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[ "More pieces in the promoter jigsaw: recognition of -10 regions by alternative sigma factors.", "\nTwo papers in this issue of Molecular Microbiology from Carol Gross and colleagues describe experiments that investigate how two alternative Escherichia coli sigma proteins recognize target promoter -10 regions. ", "A combination of genetics, biochemistry and bioinformatics is used to show that determinants in two adjacent domains of the sigma proteins contact discrete sequence elements in the -10 regions." ]

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[ "Burn-associated peripheral polyneuropathy. ", "A search for causative factors.", "\nThis study sought to evaluate the timing of burn-associated polyneuropathy (BAPN) and its relationship to burn severity or size. ", "Seventeen burned subjects were studied 1 wk after thermal burns. ", "Eleven subjects remained in the study to complete 6-wk follow-up studies. ", "Nerve conduction studies were done on at least three nerves in two unburned limbs; results were numerically summarized by calculating Z scores for each parameter. ", "A composite Z score, termed Ztotal, measured global nerve function. ", "One week postburn, motor and sensory distal latencies were prolonged (mean Z, -0.72 and -0.85, respectively), motor conduction velocities slowed (mean Z, -1.31) and sensory nerve action potentials reduced in amplitude (mean Z, -0.66). ", "Associations of Ztotal scores with total burn surface area and depth were not statistically significant. ", "Those with severe neuropathy had higher levels of c-reactive protein (Spearman correlation, -0.624; P = 0.0129). ", "There were no significant changes in Z scores at 6 wk. ", "We conclude that BAPN is common after thermal injury, and the electrophysiologic manifestations of BAPN are present within the first week. ", "Thermal injuries may induce an inflammatory cascade that results in alterations of nerve function." ]

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[ "Grilled Balsamic Portabello Mushrooms\n\nEntrees, Leslie's Featured Recipes, Side Dishes. ", "Portabello mushrooms have a meaty texture and rich flavour, making them a tasty vegetarian alternative to a steak or a beef burger. ", "I also like to add sliced grilled portabellos to a platter of mixed grilled vegetables. ", "So easy and so delicious.", "\n\nIngredients\n\nQuantity\n\nIngredients\n\n4\n\nPortabello mushrooms, washed and trimmed\n\n1 tbsp / 15 ml\n\nolive oil\n\n1 tbsp / 15 ml\n\nbalsamic vinegar\n\n1/4 tsp / 1 ml\n\ncoarse sea salt\n\nFinealy cracked black pepper, to taste\n\nDirections\n\nPreheat grill over medium heat.", "\n\nIn a bowl, toss mushrooms with olive oil, vinegar, salt and pepper.", "\n\nPlace mushrooms on grill; cook for 4 to 5 minutes, turning once or twice, or mushrooms begin to brown.", "\n\nAll research on this web site is the property of Leslie Beck Nutrition Consulting Inc. and is protected by copyright. ", "Keep in mind that research on these matters continues daily and is subject to change. ", "The information presented is not intended as a substitute for medical treatment. ", "It is intended to provide ongoing support of your healthy lifestyle practices." ]

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[ "\n667 S.E.2d 132 (2008)\nPARTAIN\nv.\nOCONEE COUNTY, et al.", "\nNo. ", "A08A1234.", "\nCourt of Appeals of Georgia.", "\nAugust 15, 2008.", "\n*133 David S. Cason, Charles D. Joyner, for appellees.", "\nTerry E. Williams, Lawrenceville, for appellees.", "\nMILLER, Judge.", "\nBrian Partain appeals from the trial court's order granting summary judgment to Defendants Oconee County, Oconee County Sheriff's Department, Sheriff Scott Berry, and Sheriff's Deputy Jason Higgins (collectively, \"Defendants\") in a negligence case arising from the tragic death of Partain's wife and daughter in an automobile accident. ", "Partain argues that the trial court erred in (1) holding that the public duty doctrine insulated the Defendants from liability; (2) finding that the Defendants were protected by sovereign immunity; and (3) finding that the actions of Sheriff Berry and Deputy Higgins were discretionary and therefore protected by official immunity. ", "Because we find that the public duty doctrine applies to insulate the Defendants from liability, we affirm.", "\n\"Upon motion for summary judgment, it is the movant's burden to show that no jury question remains as to any material fact and that he or she is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.\" ", "Atkins v. News Publishing Co., 290 Ga.App. ", "78, 658 S.E.2d 848 (2008) (citing OCGA § 9-11-56(c)). \"", "On appeal, this Court conducts a de novo review of the evidence to determine whether there is a genuine issue of material fact and whether the undisputed facts, viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, warrant judgment as a matter of law.\" (", "Citation and punctuation omitted.) ", "Id. at 79, 658 S.E.2d 848.", "\nSo viewed, the evidence shows that on September 13, 2003, a vehicle operated by *134 Christian Quijada crossed over the median on Georgia Highway 316 in Barrow County and struck head-on a vehicle traveling in the opposite direction, driven by Partain's wife, Kimberly. ", "Quijada and Kimberly Partain died as a result of injuries sustained in the collision, as did the Partains' four-month-old daughter, Madison, a passenger in Kimberly's vehicle. ", "Toxicology tests showed that Quijada had a blood alcohol content of 0.166, more than twice the legal limit, when the accident occurred.", "\nSubsequent investigation revealed that only forty-five minutes prior to the fatal accident, Quijada had been involved in another two-car collision on Georgia Highway 316 in Oconee County. ", "Sheriff's Deputy Jason Higgins responded to the accident, observed that it was minor with no injuries, and collected driver's license and insurance information from the drivers, Quijada and Shawn McGee. ", "Deputy Higgins testified that Quijada did not appear intoxicated. ", "In his accident report, Deputy Higgins wrote that Quijada had a \"Class CP\" license, an instructional permit under OCGA § 40-5-24 that allows the holder to drive only when a licensed driver at least 21 years of age occupies a seat beside the driver. ", "Deputy Higgins testified that Quijada did not have a licensed driver with him, but further testified that he allowed Quijada to get in his car and leave because he \"didn't make a connection on the Class CP license.\"", "\nPartain brought this action, alleging that Kimberly and Madison's deaths were proximately caused by the Defendants' \"intentional, wanton, and willful acts and omissions,\" and seeking compensatory and punitive damages. ", "Following summary judgment for Defendants, Partain appeals.", "\n1. ", "Partain first argues that the trial court incorrectly held that the public duty doctrine insulated the Defendants from liability. ", "Under that doctrine:\nwhere failure to provide police protection is alleged, there can be no liability based on a municipality's duty to protect the general public. ", "However ... where there is a special relationship between the individual and the municipality which sets the individual apart from the general public and engenders a special duty owed to that individual, the municipality may be subject to liability for the nonfeasance of its police department.", "\n(Footnote omitted; emphasis in original.) ", "City of Rome v. Jordan, 263 Ga. 26, 28-29(1), 426 S.E.2d 861 (1993). ", "For a special relationship to exist, there must be (1) an explicit assurance by the governmental unit, through promises or actions, that it would act on behalf of the injured party; (2) knowledge on the part of the governmental unit that inaction could lead to harm; and (3) justifiable and detrimental reliance by the injured party on the governmental unit's affirmative undertaking. ", "Id. at 29(2), 426 S.E.2d 861. ", "The trial court below concluded that because no such special relationship existed in this case, the public duty doctrine operated to bar Partain's claims.", "\nOn appeal, Partain does not dispute the finding that no special relationship existed between his family and the Defendants. ", "Instead, he argues that Georgia law should be interpreted as allowing his action against the Defendants even in the absence of such a relationship. ", "We disagree.", "\nIn support of his argument, Partain cites to footnote 4 in Jordan, in which the Supreme Court of Georgia stated:\nSince the situation is not presented by the facts of this case, we do not determine whether a special duty may exist even in the absence of a special relationship where a police officer is present at the scene of a crime, has the knowledge and the resources to act to the benefit of the injured party, yet does not act.", "\nId. at 29(1), n. 4, 426 S.E.2d 861. ", "Despite this language, no Georgia court has ever dispensed with the requirement that one seeking to assert a claim based upon a failure to provide police protection prove a special relationship with the police. ", "Moreover, this Court has explicitly refused to rely on the above-cited language from Jordan to dispense with the special relationship requirement. ", "See Holcomb v. Walden, 270 Ga.App. ", "730, 732, 607 S.E.2d 893 (2004).", "\nIn Holcomb, a deputy sheriff had an encounter with a driver with a suspended license, *135 but allowed him to drive away. ", "Id. at 731, 607 S.E.2d 893. ", "Thereafter, the driver caused an accident that seriously injured the plaintiff and killed her husband. ", "Id. at 730, 607 S.E.2d 893. ", "This Court affirmed the trial court's order granting summary judgment for the defendants, holding that the deputy owed no special duty to the plaintiff or her decedent. ", "Id. at 732-733, 607 S.E.2d 893. ", "Like Partain, the plaintiff in Holcomb asserted that his case fell under the situation contemplated by the Supreme Court in Jordan, as above. ", "Id. at 732, 607 S.E.2d 893. ", "We rejected that argument, holding that the footnote merely contemplated a situation \"where a police officer is present at the scene of a crime about to be perpetrated against the citizen (who at that point is an identifiable victim) and the officer fails to act to protect the citizen despite his ability to do so. [", "Cit.]\" (", "Emphasis in original.) ", "Id. at 732, 607 S.E.2d 893.", "\nTherefore, because Deputy Higgins' duty was to the public and not to the individual decedents in this case, no special relationship existed and the public duty doctrine applies to relieve the Defendants of any liability. ", "See Holcomb, supra, 270 Ga.App. ", "at 733, 607 S.E.2d 893. ", "Accordingly, the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment against Partain and in favor of the Defendants.", "\n2. ", "In light of our holding in Division 1, we need not reach the question of whether the doctrines of sovereign and official immunity also relieve the Defendants of liability. ", "See Holcomb, supra, 270 Ga.App. ", "at 733, 607 S.E.2d 893.", "\nJudgment affirmed.", "\nBLACKBURN, P.J., and ELLINGTON, J., concur.", "\n" ]

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[ "Eric Striker\n\nDaily Stormer\n\nMarch 13, 2017\n\n\n\nThe Anti-Defamation League, a Jewish organization dedicated to advocating for the Israeli government and protecting the Talmudic command that Jews can murder and rape gentile children with impunity is now investing big money into yet another project meant to silence opinions Jews don’t agree with on social media.", "\n\nThe traditional Jewish means of controlling information (cable TV and newspapers) is now obsolete, and the democratic nature of social media has made it harder for Jews to keep the public ignorant. ", "Even though Jews already control close to half of the major Silicon Shetl multi-nationals, and certainly control the two most powerful in the social media realm (Facebook and Google), for the neurosis inflicted ADL, this simply isn’t enough.", "\n\nIt’s not a coincidence that the ADL’s announcement cohencides with a newly-invigorated witch hunt for Alt-Right supporters that work in tech. ", "The rapid fall of traditional Judenpresse has had Jews scrambling to root out the creative white male free thinkers who built their companies. ", "With Trump cutting the Indians’ H1-b visas, this may be more difficult than they originally had planned.", "\n\nUSA Today:\n\nThe Anti-Defamation League is opening a Silicon Valley center to combat the rapid growth in online hate speech. ", "ADL CEO Jonathan Greenblatt planned to make the announcement during a panel on “The State of Hate” at the SXSW tech confab tonight.", "\n\n\n\nThe center on cyberhate, technology and society will leverage technology and experts to “monitor, analyze and mitigate hate speech and harassment” across the Internet. ", "The facility, which should open somewhere south of San Francisco in the next three to six months, received seed funding through eBay founder Pierre Omidyar’s philanthropic investment firm, Omidyar Network. ", "The ADL would not disclose the amount, but Greenblatt said it was in “six figures.”", "\n\nThis isn’t the first espionage and influence campaign the ADL has launched in the area. ", "In 1993, the ADL’s San Francisco office hired ex-CIA agents to monitor and influence everything from nationalist groups to even anti-Apartheid Leftists (South Africa was a strategic realpolitik ally of Israel, but Jews later threw them under the bus when they outlived their usefulness).", "\n\nWhere does a private organization operating at the behest of a foreign government get off influencing major American sectors like Silicon Valley? ", "And better yet, with some of these companies operating in a gray area of public utility, how is it possible for a group of Jews nobody elected to appoint themselves arbiters of what constitutionally protected speech can and can’t be said over the internet?", "\n\nMany conservatives overlook this kind of behavior, mostly out of fear, but also apathy, because they believe they will not be impacted. ", "But the threats to liberty posed by American Jewry aren’t limited to people who ask questions about Jewish deaths in WW2 or overt National Socialists. ", "The ADL’s open ended definition of “anti-Semitism” includes everything from the Gospel of John to notorious philo-Semite William F. Buckley.", "\n\nThe New-New-New anti-Semitism even includes making moral judgements when Israel slaughters a bunch of children in Gaza for no reason.", "\n\nThat means everyone across the political spectrum is going to be intellectually smothered by the earthworm Jonathan Greenblatt and the rest of his cabal. ", "The children and grandchildren of Cheka and NKVD commissars may have traded in their uniforms for business suits, but their genetically determined instinct to spy and suppress remains fully in tact.", "\n\nThe Jewish problem is universal. ", "With Jews as overseers, nobody is safe.", "\n\nThe time to protest and to lobby the government to prosecute the ADL is now." ]

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[ "Effectiveness of Prolonged Exposure and Cognitive Processing Therapy for U.S. Veterans With a History of Traumatic Brain Injury.", "\nThis retrospective analysis of previously existing nonrandomized clinical data examined the effectiveness of completing prolonged exposure (PE) or cognitive processing therapy (CPT) in a sample of 41 U.S. veterans at a Veterans Affairs medical center. ", "The sample included 19 veterans with diagnoses of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 22 veterans with PTSD only. ", "Diagnostic groups did not significantly differ on PTSD and depression symptom reduction, F(2, 36) = 0.05, p = .951; Pillai's trace = 0.00, partial η2 = .00. ", "Veterans who completed PE showed greater symptom reduction than those who completed CPT, F(2, 36) = 12.10, p < .001; Pillai's trace = 0.40, partial η2 = .40, regardless of TBI status. ", "Overall, our results suggested that TBI status should not preclude individuals from being offered trauma-focused PTSD treatment." ]

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