| {"pred_label": "__label__wiki", "pred_label_prob": 0.73360675573349, "wiki_prob": 0.73360675573349, "text": "July Was Earth's Hottest Month on Record, European Scientists Conclude\nBy Bob Henson\nJuly 2019 was the planet's warmest month on record, according to an initial analysis.\nThe hottest regions on Earth relative to normal included western Europe and Alaska.\nThe warmth occurred despite the absence of a strong El Ni\u00f1o event.\nIn the wake of a massive heat wave across western and northern Europe, researchers at the Copernicus Climate Change Service have estimated that July 2019 was the planet\u2019s warmest month on record, narrowly topping July 2016.\nThe Copernicus group found the global temperature in July was about 0.04 degrees Celsius (0.07 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than July 2016. July is typically the warmest month of the year globally, running about 3 to 4 degrees Celsius (5 to 7 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than January.\nThis is because most of the planet\u2019s land area \u2013 which warms faster than oceans \u2013 is located in the Northern Hemisphere, so the northern summer coincides with the warmest global average.\nThe Copernicus analyses extend back to 1979. Because of long-term global warming, this July\u2019s record is effectively a record for at least the past century of global observation.\nOther groups that monitor monthly temperature, including NASA and NOAA, will be releasing their findings later in August.\nJuly 2019 was the planet's warmest month on record, according to the Copernicus Climate Change Service. Among the hottest spots relative to the 1981-2010 average were western Europe, central Asia, Alaska and most of Africa and Australia.\n(Copernicus/WMO)\nMost global heat records are set during or just after El Ni\u00f1o events, which bring warm undersea water to the surface across much of the tropical Pacific, thus warming the atmosphere above.\nThis July\u2019s record is especially striking because it occurred during a weak to marginal El Ni\u00f1o event. In contrast, the July 2016 record occurred at the tail end of one of the strongest El Ni\u00f1o events on record.\nWhile El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a tend to warm and cool the atmosphere for a year or two each, these events are happening on top of longer-term warming related to human-produced greenhouse gases, so the global warm spikes are getting warmer and the cool spikes less cool.\n\u201cWe have always lived through hot summers. But this is not the summer of our youth. This is not your grandfather\u2019s summer,\u201d said UN Secretary-General Ant\u00f3nio Guterres, commenting last Thursday in New York on the likelihood of a new temperature record from Copernicus.\n\u201cPreventing irreversible climate disruption is the race of our lives, and for our lives. It is a race that we can and must win,\u201d he added.\nThe Copernicus analyses are carried out by the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), which operates weather forecast models and climate prediction models used around the world.\nDifferent analyses of monthly global temperature (such as those from NASA, NOAA and the Japan Meteorological Agency) can result in slightly different rankings, based on how groups account for data-sparse areas.\nThe Copernicus analyses combine global temperature data from surface weather stations with background information from a forecast model that incorporates satellite and other data. The model analysis plays a larger role in regions with few weather stations.\nGlobal Hot Spots in July\nDozens of European cities set new all-time high-temperature records in July, including Paris, France (108.7 degrees); Amsterdam, Netherlands (97.3 degrees); and Helsinki, Finland (91.8 degrees). Five nations saw their hottest temperatures ever recorded:\nBelgium: 107.2 degrees at Begijnendijk, July 25\nGermany: 108.7 degrees at Lingen, July 25\nLuxembourg: 105.4 degrees at Steinsel, July 25\nNetherlands: 105.3 degrees at Gilze Rijen, July 25\nUnited Kingdom: 101.7 degrees at Cambridge, July 25\nAnother part of the world with extreme warmth relative to July norms was Alaska. At least 13 Alaska locations chalked up their hottest month on record, and the state very likely hit such a mark as well, according to climatologist Dr. Brian Brettschneider. The Anchorage airport hit 90 degrees on July 4, breaking its all-time record by 5 degrees, and the city had its warmest month on record by far.\nThe Alaskan heat has coincided with record-low sea-ice extent in the Chukchi Sea to the north, as well as across the entire Arctic.\nJuly was considerably cooler than average over parts of eastern Europe and western Russia. Much of eastern Canada and parts of the south-central U.S. were also cooler than average for July, with a dramatic cool spell in late July setting daily record lows across the South.\nHowever, several cities in New England \u2013 including Boston \u2013 had their hottest month on record.\nAll-time high-temperature records have been broken this year in 13 of the world\u2019s nations and territories, and tied in another. In contrast, no all-time national cold records have been broken thus far in 2019.\nThe largest number of all-time national/territorial heat records set or tied in a single year was the 22 heat records that occurred in 2016, according to international records researcher Maximiliano Herrera.\nThe runners-up are 2019 and 2017, each with 14 heat records.", "source": "cc/2023-06/en_head_0000.json.gz/line401859"} | |
| {"pred_label": "__label__cc", "pred_label_prob": 0.5491981506347656, "wiki_prob": 0.4508018493652344, "text": "Bahrain comprises of more than 30 islands situated in the Persian Gulf. It\u2019s a country that is steeped in history and Bahrain was once the centre of trade in ancient times. With rich heritage, including archaeological sites, royal tombs and temples, Bahrain is a country of mystery. But be warned, a large proportion of these islands consist of sandy desert and naturally the temperature during the day is hot and rather arid. For western visitors, Bahrain represents a gentle introduction to the Arabian Gulf and many Formula 1 enthusiasts flock here for the annual Bahrain Grand Prix.\nOnly rich Middle Eastern countries can afford to build conventional grass golf courses, which naturally require significant quantities of water to survive in the desert heat. Bahrain is a small country with declining oil reserves but it does have one golf course that is not only sown with grass, but it\u2019s also floodlit. Karl Litten knows a thing or two about desert golf and he was the original architect behind Bahrain\u2019s only grass course \u2013 then known as Riffa Golf Club \u2013 but in 2007 the course closed and was redeveloped by European Golf Design with Colin Montgomerie, emerging in 2009 as the Royal Golf Club.\nOur Middle East rankings were last updated in March 2021. Click the link to read the story.\nRoyal Golf Club (Montgomerie)\nAl Mazrowiah, Al-Mu\u1e25\u0101fa\u1e93at al-Jan\u016bb\u012byah\nBahrain Top 100 Leaderboard", "source": "cc/2023-06/en_head_0000.json.gz/line1335850"} | |
| {"pred_label": "__label__wiki", "pred_label_prob": 0.6806969046592712, "wiki_prob": 0.6806969046592712, "text": "HomeViral Video\nHelene Boudreau\u2019s photos and videos were leaked on Twitter, Reddit, and social media.\nHelene Boudreau\u2019s photos and videos were leaked on Twitter, Reddit, and social media. H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Boudreau went back to her old place of employment in order to finish the requirements for her Bachelor of Fine Arts and Media degree. When Boudreaux\u2019s famed UQAM graduation photo was blown up in 2021, it catapulted him to the forefront of the public eye. Follow For More Updates at Rapiddnews.com\nIt appears that in spite of all the attention and recognition she has received, she did not actually graduate from high school.\nThe OnlyFans tycoon broke the news on her Instagram account, where she also provided an explanation for why, despite having taken her graduation photo, she did not receive the required number of credits to earn her degree. However, that is going to change.\nHelene Boudreau\u2019s photos and videos\nH\u00e9l\u00e8ne recently announced her plans to return to school in an Instagram post, writing, \u201cToday I found out I\u2019m restarting my courses at UQAM to finally complete my bachelor\u2019s degree.\u201d \u201cI began taking photographs in the year 2021, but the year 2022 was the one in which I finally received my diploma. After everything that has happened with UQAM, I am prepared to\u2026 oh yes.\u201d\nBoudreau did not disclose whether or not she intended to attend classes in person or via the internet, but it is safe to say that people are looking forward to her coming back.\nOne of your followers said that they were \u201clooking forward to seeing you.\u201d Another person remarked, \u201cYou are one of the few people who can declare that your studies have been worthwhile.\u201d\nBoudreau also revealed her decision to return to school via Instagram Stories, adding that she had reached the point in her life when she wanted to finish what she had started.\nLeaked Video Ruby Salvo Viral on Twitter and TikTok, Link Full Video\nCCTV Film of Z-Ro and Trae Tha Truth Fighting Goes Viral On Twitter And YouTube\nA Toronto Couple Caught Engaging in S**ual Activity During a Blue Jays Game Goes Viral On Twitter, YouTube, and Reddit!\nWho is Kiera Hogan? Full Link to the Leaked and Viral Video on Twitter and Reddit!", "source": "cc/2023-06/en_head_0000.json.gz/line666320"} | |
| {"pred_label": "__label__wiki", "pred_label_prob": 0.9775970578193665, "wiki_prob": 0.9775970578193665, "text": "Lee Brice at NYCB Theatre at Westbury\nLee Brice Tickets\nNYCB Theatre at Westbury | Westbury, NY\nTime will stop as you indulge in the gorgeous voice of the rising star of country music, Lee Brice on July 11, 2013, 08:00 PM at the Westbury Music Fair in New York. You\u2019ll be showered by his emotion-filled songs, stunning stage presence and ornately resonant, incredibly masculine vocals, could there be anything better than that?\nThe man with a golden knack in song writing and singing, Lee Brice was a four-time nominee of the Academy of Country Music Award, nominated as the New Artist of the Year in 2012 CMA Awards and Top New Male Artist in 2013 ACM Awards. This American country music singer began writing songs for Jason Aldean, Cowboy Crush and Keith Gattis in 2007. He co-wrote Garth Brook\u2019s single \u201cMore Than a Memory\u201d which became the first single to debut at no. 1 in the history of Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. Lee emerged in the music scene as his major-label first studio album \u201cLove Like Crazy\u201d released on June 2010 and debuted at no. 9 on the US Billboard Top Country Albums chart. It charted three singles, \u201cShe Ain\u2019t Right\u201d, \u201cHappy Endings\u201d and \u201cUpper Middle Class White Trash\u201d. In October 2011, his sixth single \u201cA Woman Like You\u201d from the second album \u201cHard 2 Love\u201d was released. The song stayed at no. 3 on the Hot Country Songs chart for 56 weeks making it the song with the longest run in chart\u2019s history. The album spawned another two no. 1 singles, \u201cHard to Love\u201d and \u201cI Drive Your Truck\u201d. His cohesive musical style has gained him a lot of praises from critics.\nThis is something you should never miss. Ticket sales are going crazy, so you must secure yours ASAP!", "source": "cc/2023-06/en_head_0000.json.gz/line163104"} | |
| {"pred_label": "__label__wiki", "pred_label_prob": 0.8942691683769226, "wiki_prob": 0.8942691683769226, "text": "Chelsea look set to be one of the busiest Premier League clubs in the January transfer window. The Blues spent over \u00a3250million in the summer with the likes of Raheem Sterling, Wesley Fofana, Marc Cucurella and Kalidou Koulibaly all moving to Stamford Bridge.\nSterling has struggled to have the same impact as he did at Manchester City since signing for Chelsea, whilst there is still a need for a capable back-up option for Reece James. James did not make the England World Cup squad after picking up a knee injury in the Blues\u2019 match against AC Milan in October, forcing Cesar Azpilicueta and Ruben Loftus-Cheek having to fill in at right wing- back.\nPotter will be hoping to add players that fit into his style of play in January after inheriting Thomas Tuchel\u2019s squad in September. Denzel Dumfries and Memphis Depay are two players that have been linked with a move to west London and both players have impressed at the World Cup.\nChelsea opted to sign Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang ahead from Barcelona on Deadline Day in the summer instead of Depay, but continue to be linked with the Dutch forward. The 28-year-old wanted to fight for his place at Camp Nou despite their new signings, but with his contract set to expire next summer, he could be available for as little as \u00a35million as per various reports . Dumfries was linked with a move to Stamford Bridge in the summer when Romelu Lukaku sealed a return to Inter Milan on loan, but a deal never materialised for the Dutch defender.\nChelsea may look to go back in for the Netherlands international who is valued at \u20ac50million (\u00a342million) by CIES Football Observatory . The 26-year-old plays at right wing-back for both club and country and has registered five goal contributions in 24 appearances so far this season.\nJames\u2019 injury came as a huge blow for the Blues with Potter not having a suitable option to replace him with, meaning a move for Dumfries could strengthen his squad\u2019s depth and quality moving forward and not result in him changing formations when a key player is absent.\nDumfries grabbed the assist for Depay\u2019s goal which saw the Netherlands take the lead against the USA in their World Cup round of 16 tie. The Dutch defender burst down the right wing before cutting it back to Depay in the penalty box, with the Barca striker firing the ball past Matt Turner into the back of the net.\nNetherlands stars Denzel Dumfries and Matthijs de Ligt speak out on Chelsea interest", "source": "cc/2023-06/en_head_0000.json.gz/line304938"} | |
| {"pred_label": "__label__wiki", "pred_label_prob": 0.6106107234954834, "wiki_prob": 0.6106107234954834, "text": "In a world where blockbusters are about more than just movies, we proudly bring you our First Annual Summer Movie Blockbuster Trademark Extravaganza! Come for the fun trademark facts, stay for the trailers.\nIn 2014, the Summer box office grossed over $4 billion. The top five grossing movies were:\nX-Men: Days of Future Past\nWhat do all of those movies have in common? Other than digital (and other \u2013 ahem) enhancements?\nTrademarks! And lots of them. You see, today\u2019s tentpole movies are as much about brand-building as they are about entertaining. Sure, $100 million at the domestic box office is great, but it is nothing compared to the multipliers big Summer movie\u2019s can experience via merchandising. That is where trademarks play an important role \u2013 a fact that is not lost on movie studios. As you will see, attorneys for the major studios have been hard at work pursuing trademark protection for this Summer\u2019s potential blockbusters.\nHere are our top five to keep an eye on:\n1. Avengers: Age of Ultron\nStudio: Marvel (a subsidiary of the Walt Disney Company)\nMarvel had two of its movies make it into the top five for the Summer movie box office in 2014. With Avengers: Age of Ultron, it is likely to continue the winning streak. To date, The Avengers is the third highest grossing move of all-time (not adjusting for inflation) with over $1.5 billion on box office receipts. Reports indicate that Marvel (and Disney) stacked up another $1 billion plus in receipts from selling merch related to The Avengers.\nMarvel and Disney, knowing where their bread is buttered, have 11 pending federal trademark applications for AVENGERS AGE OF ULTRON. Check out this Variety article if you want a longer read about Marvel\u2019s plans for merchandising Avengers: Age of Ultron.\nMost Viewed Trailer: 70.7 Million views\n2. Tomorrowland\nStudio: Walt Disney Pictures\nThis movie is not about a future where George Clooney is no longer a bachelor. At least, we think.\nEven so, with Clooney involved, you know Disney has high expectations for this film. Disney has had federal protection for the mark TOMORROWLAND since 1970. Who doesn\u2019t remember their first ride on Space Mountain? I didn\u2019t scream once. I swear (Kevin wrote, as he trembled at his computer).\nIn any event, with seven pending applications for the mark MILES FROM TOMORROWLAND, Disney appears prepared in the event Mr. Alamuddin\u2019s movie captures the hearts and minds public.\nMost Viewed Trailer: 9.2 Million views\n3. Jurassic World\nStudio: Ambling Entertainment and Legendary Pictures (in association with) Universal Pictures\nI loved Jurassic Park. It was the highest grossing film of 1993. I say, \u201cClever girl,\u201d at least once a week. I love Chris Pratt. Last Summer, he led Guardians of the Galaxy to the top of the box office. This movie has the makings of a box office and merchandise juggernaut (Kevin said, pretending certain sequels do not exist). With eight pending federal trademark applications, everyone involved seems to believe that dinosaur-sized dollars are in the future.\nMost Viewed Trailer: 55 Million views\n4. Inside Out\nStudio: Pixar Animation and Walt Disney Studios\nLast Summer, for the first time since 2005, we were deprived of a Pixar release. The last Pixar movie to top the Summer box office was 2010\u2019s Toy Story 3. I am a sucker for Pixar movies and hope that Inside Out is a return to form. Even if it is not, Disney and Pixar certainly have reason to believe that their five pending federal trademark applications are certainly worth their weight in gold. Reports indicate that Disney has made over $10 billion from merchandise based on the Pixar franchise Cars despite the lukewarm reviews both Cars films received.\n5. Minions\nStudio: Illumination Entertainment (Universal)\nThis headline from USA Today, \u201cAt Universal, Minions \u2018have become our Mickey Mouse,'\u201d says it all. The popular characters from the highly successful Despicable Me franchise are taking center stage this summer, and they have big plans. Despicable Me was the fifth biggest movie of Summer 2010. Despicable Me 2 jumped up two spots to be the third biggest movie of Summer 2013. Minions looks to repeat that feat and become the biggest movie this Summer. If you have learned anything from this post, you already know how valuable the Minions are as a brand. Therefore, it should come as no surprise that there are six pending trademark applications for MINIONS.\nEvery good movie has a moral. The moral of this blog post: Be like a studio executive and protect your trademarks. You never know when one could be worth billions of dollars!\nWritten by Kevin Hartley", "source": "cc/2023-06/en_head_0000.json.gz/line1856816"} | |
| {"pred_label": "__label__wiki", "pred_label_prob": 0.5731999278068542, "wiki_prob": 0.5731999278068542, "text": "Video: CNN Clown Sparks OUTRAGE For \"Bully\" Tweet On Trump...\nby Kurt\nBREAKING: The NFL's Monday Night Football Ratings Are Officially TANKING...\nBOMBSHELL: FBI Now Believes Bill And Hillary Clinton Accepted Multi-Million $ Bribe From Russia Crime Syndicate!\nBreaking News, Clinton Cash, Featured, Hillary Clinton, Media, News, Politics, Popular, Scandal, Trending\nby Kurt 5 years ago 5 months ago\nThe documentary \u201cClinton Cash\u201d was panned as \u201cFake News\u201d by the mainstream media, and ignored by most Americans.\nNow, it appears that the film has been vindicated\u2026in the most chilling possible way.\nREAD MORE: Colin Kaepernick Files Grievance Against NFL, Claims It\u2019s Trump\u2019s Fault He\u2019s Not Playing!\nThe FBI has found shocking eye-witness evidence that Russian nuclear officials routed millions of dollars to the U.S. in 2010, obtained through a racketeering scheme designed to benefit the Clinton Foundation and sway the Clintons into cooperating with the Russian atomic-energy program.\nPayment occurred around the time Secretary of State Hillary Clinton provided a favorable decision to Moscow regarding Vladimir Putin\u2019s nuclear privileges, sources say.\nLaw-enforcement officials believe that Russian nuclear kingpins were engaged in bribery, kickbacks, extortion and money laundering with which they gathered the funds to send to the Clintons.\nMore from The Hill:\nBefore the Obama administration approved a controversial deal in 2010 giving Moscow control of a large swath of American uranium, the FBI had gathered substantial evidence that Russian nuclear industry officials were engaged in bribery, kickbacks, extortion and money laundering designed to grow Vladimir Putin\u2019s atomic energy business inside the United States, according to government documents and interviews.\nFederal agents used a confidential U.S. witness working inside the Russian nuclear industry to gather extensive financial records, make secret recordings and intercept emails as early as 2009 that showed Moscow had compromised an American uranium trucking firm with bribes and kickbacks in violation of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, FBI and court documents show.\nThey also obtained an eyewitness account \u2014 backed by documents \u2014 indicating Russian nuclear officials had routed millions of dollars to the U.S. designed to benefit former President Bill Clinton\u2019s charitable foundation during the time Secretary of State Hillary Clinton served on a government body that provided a favorable decision to Moscow, sources told The Hill.\nThe racketeering scheme was conducted \u201cwith the consent of higher level officials\u201d in Russia who \u201cshared the proceeds\u201d from the kickbacks, one agent declared in an affidavit years later.\nRather than bring immediate charges in 2010, however, the Department of Justice (DOJ) continued investigating the matter for nearly four more years, essentially leaving the American public and Congress in the dark about Russian nuclear corruption on U.S. soil during a period when the Obama administration made two major decisions benefiting Putin\u2019s commercial nuclear ambitions.\nThe first decision occurred in October 2010, when the State Department and government agencies on the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States unanimously approved the partial sale of Canadian mining company Uranium One to the Russian nuclear giant Rosatom, giving Moscow control of more than 20 percent of America\u2019s uranium supply.\nWhen this sale was used by Trump on the campaign trail last year, Hillary Clinton\u2019s spokesman said she was not involved in the committee review and noted the State Department official who handled it said she \u201cnever intervened \u2026 on any [Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States] matter.\u201d\nWow. Just\u2026wow.\nStay connected with Trump News Email \u2026 FREE!\nSuccess! Great things coming your way soon...", "source": "cc/2023-06/en_head_0000.json.gz/line1818638"} | |
| {"pred_label": "__label__cc", "pred_label_prob": 0.6800937652587891, "wiki_prob": 0.31990623474121094, "text": "Geography of Paris squares or plazas\nIn a complex urban environment, each square will tend to be specialized toward a function rather another one: Square are not in competition but compliment each other. Hereafter is an essay on the geography of the Parisian squares:\nIdentifying\nLe Louvre (Cour Napoleon)\nThis place is not a people place, it doesn\u2019t mean to be. This square is the heart of the French DNA. a 1000 years mille-feuille of History in the making. The headquarter of the old regime, transformed into a monument to the culture, is supposed to represent what French are or at least think they are, and it does quite well:\nCour napoleon, where the Louvre\u2019 s Pyramid sits \u2013 credit (11)\nPlace de l\u2019\u00c9toile\nLike for the Louvre, this place is designed to have you overwhelmed by the \u201cgrandeur\u201d of the State. The Arc de triomphe built by Napoleon is a monument crowning 500 year of planning of the Royal axis, originating from the Louvre. The hill where it sit on has been leveled, giving it a concave slope, enhancing the overwhelming presence of the Arc, sitting in the middle of a 240 meter diameter round place:\nPlace de l\u2019\u00c9toile is a very large traffic circle. Going to the middle is usually done thru underpass \u2013 credit (2)\n\u00c9toile-Concorde: Champs-Elys\u00e9es\nEn route from The Louvre (old regime) to the Arc (new regime), it happens to be the Concorde, where the last french king, Louis the XVI has been guillotined. Where French celebrates is on The Champs-Elys\u00e9es, between the Concorde and \u00c9toile, a vast public space able to contain one million people, with huge plazas, Etoile and the Concorde providing very comfortable overflow, and entry/exit point.\nThe Champs-Elys\u00e9es on New year Eve (here 2006) looking toward The Concorde \u2013 credit (5)\nThe size and topography of the Champs-Elys\u00e9es help people to appreciate the size of the crowd. The celebration like above suppose to close the 10 lanes of traffic the avenue is normally supporting: A celebration on the Champs-Elys\u00e9es means not \u201cbusiness as usual\u201d.\nDemonstrating\nR\u00e9publique-Bastille-Nation\nDemonstrating is also part of the french DNA, and demonstrating supposes to walk, from one point to another:\nThose points are usually R\u00e9publique-Bastille-Nation, in that order!\nDemonstration at Republique \u2013 credit (3)\nPlace de la R\u00e9publique one of the largest Parisian square is 283x119m is well suited to accommodate large crowds. Beside it, it is not a necessarily inviting place. It is currently under renovation: respecting its history, its current use as a place to vent social message, while making it a more inviting space, especially outside demonstration time, was one of the challenge the contestant had to address. A water mirror, is part of the answer:\nA water Mirror, as seen in Bordeaux, can \u201cactivate\u201d large esplanade, while still leave it clear of encumbrance when needed \u2013 credit (1)\nPlace de l\u2019H\u00f4tel-de-Ville\nIt is a \u201cpeople place\u201d per design, and the PPS editors like it [7], but this 155x82meter square is not a self-sufficient one, where people will intuitively go. they will go there only knowing the square is hosting some events, usually sponsored by the City:\nParis- H\u00f4tel-de-Ville is a place for programing; ice rink in winter, beach volley in summer, all sort of fair in between \u2013 credit (4)\nA plaza in word, a park in theory, this almost perfect square, is a hit with many urbanistas for good reasons.. like Rome\u2019s Piazza Navona, reaching Place des Vosges requires journeying along minor, often hidden streets. Then away of the crowd and noise of the surrounding city, you find an intimate, secluded, and still comfortable place. The square dimension, 127\u00d7140 meters,as well as the building lining help it, contribute to it. It is surrounded by a street allowing a light amount of traffic contributing to a safety feeling at any time any season.\nParis Place des Vosges, the oldest suqare of the city is requiring some effort to be found\nPlace Dauphine dating of the same era work a bit differently- may be too small and carry an oppressive feeling. Place Vend\u00f4me, has been designed along the Place des Vosges model (same size), but again it is a colder place. In Paris, Palais Royal, offers almost a similar setting\nPlace George Pompidou\nBetter known as Place Beaubourg, or simply the Piazza, it has been created ex-nihilo by architect Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers and opened in 1977. In despite of its relatively novelty and use of modern architecture in a city full of heritage building, this square works very well at the difference of many other one created in the same period. Due to this, it makes it a very interesting case study:\nIt is facing a Modern art museum known as Beaubourg built at the same time by the same architects. Like Sienna\u2019s Piazza del Campo, the 170x65m square has a slight declivity along its narrow edge, which allow people to appropriate the space like it was a beach: it is not uncommon to see people sitting on the pavement, facing the museum, which happen to have corridors and stairs on its outside facades, offering continuous movement of people to watch from the square.\nLike Place des Vosges, this square is not obvious to find, and offers some respite, step away, of the capharnaum, the Halles can be:\nParis Place George Pompidou, is a successful square created ex nihilo\nAt the difference of Place Des Vosges, this square is fully pedestrian, and is surrounded by cafes and other shops.\nFontaine des Innocents\nPlace Joachim du Bellay is a name very few locals know, but no Parisian ignores its fountain:\nWhen they need to meet, Fontaine(fountain) des Innocents is the natural rendezvous.\nIt is easy to understand why: It is strategically located [10]\nIt is at the cross road of the main Parisian arteries.\nToday, it sits midway between the Parisian subway hub (Ch\u00e2telet ) and the Regional Express Rail network hub (Les Halles)\nHowever, it is not directly on the way, rather on a \u201ccorner\u201d of the intersection, so that the traffic doesn\u2019t pass here. but, more important:\nthe square\u2019s size, 53x80m, is big enough to accommodate a substantiate activity making a good hangout, but small enough to be able to recognize a person in it (see the notion of social field of vision in [9])\nand the square design is perfectly appropriate:\nFontaine des Innocents IS the meeting point in Paris \u2013 credit (6)\nThis square is also surrounded by Cafes.\nConcluding\nParis\u2019s Place Stravinsky, a \u201csecondary\u201d but still lovely place \u2013 credit (11)\nThis geography is far to be exhaustive, Paris has many other squares, of various size, various features, some more interesting than other\u2026 what we have presented are what we see as the \u201cstaple\u201d squares of Paris, and we can see some features emerging, noticeably regarding the size of the square:\nDifferent square size are needed in a big city, to accomodate the different function\nAnd still, the square where people feel comfortable to stay, will tend to be in the 120x120meter\nThis size could be not purely arbitrary, and could have to do with our field of vision- we tend to not recognize people beyond this distance and from smaller distance, we tend to be able to describe people facial characteristic \u2013 the ~100 meter range lie in between [9].\n[1] flickr user hisgett\n[2] flickr user ar56\n[3] flickr user tofz4u\n[4] flickr user babicka2\n[5] Franck prevel via Le Monde\n[6] Projet Les Halles\n[7] PPS page: Paris\u2019Hotel de Ville (City Hall)\n[8] See for example: Squaring public space with human needs, Lisa Rochon, Globe and mail, Nov 25, 2011. Curiously enough Vancouver bloggers like Lewis n Villegas and Stephen Rees, will use this square to illustrate Vancouver specific problematic. For the record, architect Ricardo Boffil had a project to built a place inspired by Place des Vosges at Paris The Halles: Parisian didn\u2019t like the idea, and their mayor, then Jacques Chirac, basically \u201cchased\u201d the architect\u2026\n[9] Cities for people, Jan Gehl, 2010\n[10] Paris, les Halles :introduction to its anatomy\nFiled in Paris, urbanism\nTags: beaubourg, Fontaine des innocents, Place Charles-de-Gaulle, Place de l'H\u00f4tel-de-Ville, Place de la R\u00e9publique, place de l\u2019\u00c9toile, place des vosges, place Joachim du Bellay, Place Starvinsky\nParis \u2013 Les halles \u2013 Introduction to its anatomy\nIt is the center of Paris and was the site of the largest known wholesale market of its time. Since the market has moved away in 1969, the site, having received an underground shopping mall and a subway station seeing close to 1 million passengers a day, has become arguably the biggest urban conundrum of Paris. We gonna study it a bit- This first post layout some general context (at a level allowing me to classified my notes on the topic, so a bit heavier than necessary on the level of historic detail)\nThe geographic context\nThe very center of Paris\nParis with its successive city walls. Les Halles are where the Montmartre road (blue line) meets the Paris \"great cross\" (red lines, the fine lines are the historic route, the thick ones have been layout circa 1850)\nThe centre of Paris is at the center of the \u201cgreat cross\u201d:\nHistorically, it was defined by rue St Honor\u00e9 for the west branch, and rue St Denis (doubled by rus St Martin) for the North Branch.\nMostly to resolve traffic issue, This cross will be doubled by the rue de Rivoli (West branch), and Boulevard de S\u00e9bastopol (north branch) [8].\nIn 1900 the cross will be doubled by the subway: line 1 for the East West axis, while the line 4 will roughly follow the North-South axis \u2013 they are respectively the first and second most used subway lines of the network.\nIn 1977, the opening of the first lines, A and B, of the regional express subway (RER) will also follow this cross\u2026\nThe Montmartre road is coming from of the Montmartre hill following the terrain topography. A historically important road, but not necessarily for commercial reason, at the difference of the great cross roads: the meeting of Montmartre road with the great cross defines Les Halles \u2013 historically a triangular shape (between W and NW roads), as most of the medevial square sitting at the crossing of roads, used to be. It is important to note that the Halles has developed exclusively in the NW quadrant of the \u201cactive\u201d great cross, basically almost never impeding the traffic on it. It was not the case of Montmartre street, since outside the market activities blocking the street, it was also the site of various celebration, and the pillory was here too:\nLeft: Execution of Aymerigot Marcel, from Froissart's Chronical, Vol.IV, part 1, 1470 - Right: A \"celebration\" at the Halles by Philibert Louis Debucourt - It was to celebrate the birth of the French heir on January 21, 1782. The tower seen in the middle is the pillory\nDetail of the Halles district and market across the age, 1300, 1600, 1790 and 1830 - red line refer to the W and N branches of the historic great cross (rue St Honore and St Denis), and the blue line to the Montmartre road- credit (16)\nThought a market was officially existing since Louis VI the fat, circa 1117 \u2013 which in fact was instituating a function already occurring on a necropolis site [5]\u2013 Les Halles history starts in 1183, when the King Philippe II Augustus decided to move a trade-fair on the site called the Champeaux. A history version suggests it was a Jew ghetto \u2013 Philippe II Augustus will have expelled them and seized their goods and houses in 1182 [2]-then build two covered market in 1183. They are thought to have been massive enough-100metres long and 10 height, with a vaulted ceiling, all in stones [5]\u2013 to have impressed their contemporaries: they will be called \u201cHala\u201d (halles in french, the English term \u201chall\u201d is poor translation, and we will keep the french term) and it is the beginning of the story.\nLeft: Halles Champeaux (circa 1183) - right: Halla interior\nAt first the market food trading is marginal. The market will start to flourish then will decline in the 14th and 15th centuries and the halles will fall in ruins. A Francis I reformation ordinance in 1543 will try to correct that. New halles will be erected to extend and replace the old ones circa 1551, that along market organization changes. The emergence of new trading usage (shop\u2026) will make the market focusing increasingly on food trading. Soon enough it will be known as the largest market in Occident.\nHalle a la saline \u2013 circa 1784\nLot of things will change around, except 2 landmarks which today are still structuring the site- St Eustache Church and the Innocents Fountain-marked with a \u201cred target\u201d on all the maps to help the reader to contextualize the site:\nLes halles neighborhood, The halles today site and original site. St Eustache church and the Innocents Fountain landmarks highligted\nSt Eustache Church\nIt is a relatively unassuming Gothic style church, with an unfinished and at odd neoclassic frontage [9] \u2013 the kind of you can expect in many french cities. Its recognized best profile-highlighting its gothics features slighlty enhanced by some renaissance style details- is seen from its South East side, basically from the Innocents fountain.\nIt is the obvious landmark of the neighborhood. Most of the photographs and paintings of the district include it whenever possible: When you see St Eustache, you know where you are.\nSt Eustache church (in front the \"Prouvaires\" market): 24 barracks built between 1813-1818- circa 1850 (Photo Marville)\nThe Innocents fountain\nEasy to find. On the way, more exactly on the historic Montmartre road axis- between the Halles and the \u201cgreat cross\u201d intersection- and dominating the middle of an unencumbered and well defined ~80mx60m square: a size big enough to accommodate a substantiate activity making a good hangout, but small enough to be able to recognize a person in it (see the notion of social field of vision in [7]): this unassuming structure is a landmark: it is \u201cTHE\u201d meeting spot of the Halles.\nNotice the today square\u2019s name, place Joachim du Bellay, is virtually unknown, overwhelmed it is by the \u201cInnocents\u201d fountain name everyone know.\nSt Innocent fountain, and market. Notice the umbrellas in the forefront, they will play an important role in the Halles history- Photo Marville circa 1855\nA bit of historic background for the Innocents fountain\nInnocents cemetery during the Middle ages\nThe fountain- thought have been existing since 1274 [5][10]\u2013 has been a bit peripatetic. Originally this site was a cemetery, the St Innocents cemetery, and the fountain was sitting at the NE corner of it. A cenotaph was sitting in the middle of the cemetery.\nOdours\nThe cemetery- an \u201coverflowing\u201d mass grave-the level was 2meters above natural level [5]\u2013 surrounded by an ossuary, has been closed circa 1785 under hygienist concern of the time and pressure of the neighborhood complaining about its \u201cmephitic\u201d odours [6] (the cemetery has been transferred into the catacombs) . The fountain has then replaced the cenotaph. Though merchants was conducting business in the cemetery before its closure, it became the regular market we see in the photo above in 1789-as planned by a 1750s plan.\nProject of conversion of the \"Innocents\" cemetery in a new market dated 1747 or 1767 (notice North is downward)\nbefore be surrounded by shelter for merchant, circa 1811-1813 [2], the Innocent market will receive 400 red parasols in 1800 [5], an anecdote which will eventually have a huge influence on the future of the site. The Innocents market will last up to 1858 when it will be relocated in the Halles Baltard, and give room partially to a park, an opportunity to relocate the fountain for the last time so far.\n\"Innocents\" market by Thomas Naudet circa 1800: 400 parasol had been installed to shelter the merchants (credit wikigallery)\nSome other building of interests\nThe Halle au Bl\u00e9\nThe Halle au bl\u00e9 with the M\u00e9dicis Column as it looks today from the Halles (credit wikipedia)\nIn its today form, this building could have eventually been a landmark in a provincial city, but in the Parisian landscape, it looks like another official Parisian building\u2026 Its circular and repetitive from makes it a poor orientation helper. The lately added main entrance on its west side, make the building turning its back to the Halles site.\nIt was a building to trade grain and flour. It has been built by Nicolas Le Camus de M\u00e9zi\u00e8res between 1763 and 1767, and was part of a larger neighborhood development following a circus layout. This building has been considerably altered in its history to the point it bears little relationship with its original design:\nJacques-Guillaume Legrand and Jacques Molinos added a wooden framed dome in 1782, it will be destroyed by a fire in 1802\nFran\u00e7ois-Joseph_B\u00e9langer will rebuilt the dome with an iron frame and copper surfacing in 1806-1811\nAfter another fire in 1854, the building will be closed in 1873, and radically transformed by Henri Blondel in 1885, to give its today appearance, and to host a commodity trade market.\nNowadays, it is used by the Paris Chamber of commerce\nOriginal Halle au bl\u00e9, as designed by Le Camus de M\u00e9zi\u00e8res (top). it will receive a wooden roof by Jacques Molinos and Legrand (middle) and will get a dramatic transformation by Blondel giving its today appearance(bottom)\nThe surrounding buildings have followed a similar track.\nrue de Viarmes, circa 1885, left (photo Godefroy)- and now, right (credit wikipedia)\nThe M\u00e9dicis column\nIt is the column seen next to the Halle au bl\u00e9 building. Commissioned by Catherine de\u2019 Medici in 1574, it predates the building itself, but has always stand still there a bit at odd. Blondel was planning to demolish it in the context of its renovation work: Jean Charles Alphand, to whose Paris owns most of its most celebrated parks, will have intervened against such a fate.\nThe Halle au Draps\nWe mention this building because it was probably the traditional shape of the non food related Halles, and it relates to what have once been one of the most important and flagship trade activities of the medieval halles of Paris: drapery.\nThe illustrated Halles, a 50x400foot building, has been built by Legrand and Molinos in 1786, it will lost its vaulted, wooden framed roof in a fire in 1855. following that, the then almost moribund drapery market, will be transferred to the Halle au ble. The building will be demolished in 1868. The advent of the department stores surrounding the halles, like Le Bon March\u00e9, Samaritaine, the BHV or the Grands magasins du Louvre, will make them the place of choice to buy drapery\nThe \"halle aux draps\" by Nicolle Victor Jean (circa 1830)- Probably a very traditional shape for the non-food \"mortar\" built Halle, it has been demolished in 1868\nThe market in 1850\u2019s\nThe Halles, for the food related market, are largely very medieval in their typology, and the last addition like the Prouvaires market built by Jean-Jacques-Marie Huv\u00e9 between 1813-1818 (see photo above) or the halles for the fish and butter market, built in 1822 by Hubert Rohault de Fleury, don\u2019t revisit this style, thought they are almost contemporary of the Covent garden market in London.\nIn former time and in addition to Les Halles, Parisian houses in commercial districts had an open ground floor, where market activities was held. this form used to be called \u201cPiliers\u201d (from the building foundation pillars)-they form a 4meters wide gallery on the east side, and a 2meters wide one elsewhere [5], but in fact the market was sprawling in all the surrounding area. The Giuseppe Canella\u2019s canvas below illustrates it:\n\"les halles\" circa 1830 and the Tonnellerie's \"Piliers\" - notice the roof shape of the covered market\nthe market is the largest known central market of its time and live mostly at night: people, including 7162 counted sellers, start to come around 11pm, to serve an estimated 40,000+ customers, and are supposed by bylaw to have freed the street by 9am or 10am (in winter).\nThe market roughly occupies 3.6 hectares -2.2hectares for flower, fruit and vegetable only- partitioned as following:\n1 hectares of Halles (covered market)\n0.6 hectares on open space\n2 hectares on public street\nTraffic is a huge issue- there are counted 4,000 carts occupying an additional 2 hectares. handcart, basket storage, and livestock occupy an additional 0.5 hectares (number above from [11], [12] provides similar numbers, 5.5 hectares for the whole market).\nThe area is a fertile ground for endemic prostitution and other activities associated with more or less shady nightlife [15]. The retail market is functioning all the day, making the area active 24hr a day.\nAdding to the picture the smell of the rotten food (odours have always been a strong marker of the site [15]), it doesn\u2019t necessarily make a desirable place to live, and in fact the neighborhood, \u201cunhealthy, badly built and crowded, is of a repulsive appearance\u201d [14]: It is the \u201cworst\u201d slump of Paris where the living population density level has been reported at up to 100,000 people/km2 [1][15]. Diseases are widespread and the neighborood will be a nest of the 1832 cholera pandemic [13]\nThought there were many men, for packing work- called fort des halles\u2013 many of the merchants were women, and the market was associated with a high level of gossiping and obscene language by the moral bourgeoisie of the time [13]. Eventually due to the market sprawl and ensuing disorganization, the government had little control on its activities, market stall allocation, tax collection..etc\u2026. The government will try to get better control on it\u2026 It will be the object of another post:\nIn this Marville photo (circa 1855), all the structuring edifices mentioned in this post are appearing. but what is the focus of the photo is the Halles Baltard: it will deserves a post of its own\n[1]The autumn of Central Paris, Anthony Sutcliffe, mc Gill Quueens Univeristy Press, 1970\n[2] M\u00e9moires de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de l\u2019histoire de Paris et de l\u2019\u00cele-de-France, Volume 3, Paris, 1876\n[3]it was kind of an European tradition when the government was in need of money. We refers to the June 24, 1182 expelling ordinance. It was called la \u201cJuiverie des Champeaux\u201d. This version doesn\u2019t appear- neither is dismissed- in the recent literature (like [5]), but up to recently the literature was frequently referring to [2] to support this version.\n[4] Paris, ses organes, ses fonctions et sa vie dans la seconde moitie du XIXe siecle, Paris, 1874 (as translated in [13])\n[5] Les halles de Paris et leur quartier (1137-1969), Anne Lombard Jourdan, 2010\n[6] Histoire physique, civile et morale de Paris, Vol.6, Jacques Antoine Dulaure, 1837\n[8] The Rue de Rivoli (street) has been opened in different stage between 1806 and 1835, for the Western part, and the last section completed in 1855 [1].\n[9] It used to be chapel, St Agn\u00e8s, built in the 13th century. The construction of the current church began in 1532, the work not being finally completed until 1637. Jean Hardouin-Mansart de Jouy has started to had a new neoclassic style frontage in 1754. The work will be continued but not finished by Pierre-Louis Moreau-Desproux up to 1772.\n[10] The original fountain with only 3 exposed faces- has been redone in its current style by Jean Goujon (sculptor) and Pierre Lescot (design)- 1546-1549. The fourth face has been added by Auguste pajou in 1788, when the fountain has been relocated in the middle of the place.\n[11] La politique Nouvelle, Juin, Juillet Aout 1851, Paris\n[12] Revue g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l\u2019architecture et des travaux publics: Volume 8, edited by C\u00e9sar Daly, 1849, Paris\n[13] Urban Renovation, Moral Regeneration: Domesticating the Halles in Second-Empire Paris, Victoria E. Thompson, French Historical Studies, Vol. 20, No. 1, 1997.\n[14] \u201cQuestion du d\u00e9placement de Paris,\u201d Lanquetin, Prefecture de la Seine, Commission de Halles, April 1840 (as cited by [13].\n[15] Les Halles: images d\u2019un quartier, Jean-Louis Robert,Martine Tabeaud, 2004\n[16] http://www.paris-atlas-historique.fr/\nFiled in History, Les Halles, Paris, urbanism\nTags: Aymerigot Marcel, Champeaux., Charles Marville, Fontaine des innocents, Fort des halles, Fran\u00e7ois-Joseph_B\u00e9langer, Giuseppe Canella, halle au bl\u00e9, halle aux draps, Halles, Haussmann, Henri Blondel, Hubert Rohault de Fleury, Innocents, Jacques Molinos, Jacques-Guillaume Legrand, Jean-Jacques-Marie Huv\u00e9, Les halles, Louis VI, march\u00e9 au beurre, march\u00e9 des Prouvaires, Montmartre, Nicolas Le Camus de M\u00e9zi\u00e8res, Philibert Louis Debucourt, Philippe II Augustus, Piliers des halles, place Joachim du Bellay, rue de Rivoli, Saints Innocents Cemetery, St Eustache, Thomas Naudet", "source": "cc/2023-06/en_head_0000.json.gz/line826218"} | |
| {"pred_label": "__label__wiki", "pred_label_prob": 0.7993101477622986, "wiki_prob": 0.7993101477622986, "text": "France\u2019s far-right leader Le Pen still hopes to unsettle Macron in legislative elections\nby athleticinsider May 8, 2022 0\nFrench far-right politician Marine Le Pen returned to the electoral fray on Sunday, announcing herself as a candidate in the parliamentary elections in June after weeks of silence since she lost the presidential vote to Emmanuel Macron last month.\n\u201cI hope that we will have a strong presence in parliament to lead, once again, the fight against the social policies that Emmanuel Macron wants to put in place,\u201d she said, adding she would run for re-election in her northern constituency of Pas-de-Calais.\nLe Pen was speaking on a visit to the town of Henin-Beaumont marking Victory Day \u2014 the anniversary of the Allies\u2019 victory in 1945 over Nazi Germany in World War II.\nLe Pen, defeated by Macron in the April 24 runoff election, pitched herself as the centrist president\u2019s main opponent and took aim at hard-left politician Jean-Luc Melenchon.\nMelenchon, who came third in the first round of the presidential election, is leading a coalition of left-wing parties that hope to deprive Macron of a majority in parliament. That alliance launched its campaign on Saturday.\n\u201cThe reality is that Jean-Luc Melenchon helped get Emmanuel Macron elected, so that completely discredits his ability to position himself as an opponent,\u201d Le Pen said, highlighting her disagreement with the left-wing politician on immigration and law and order issues.\nLe Pen\u2019s party, the National Rally (RN), currently holds only seven seats in the National Assembly, or lower house of parliament. The party, which has sought in recent years to soften its image, will not form an alliance with far-right pundit-turned-presidential candidate Eric Zemmour and his party Reconquete.\nMacron, sworn in for a second term on Saturday, will preside over Sunday\u2019s main Victory Day event at the Place de L\u2019Etoile in Paris.\nI'm glad Britney Spears publicly broke this pregnancy taboo\nIn new audio, McCarthy worried comments by certain GOP lawmakers could incite violence after Jan. 6\nTwitter bans promotion of other social media sites including Facebook, Instagram and Truth Social\nathleticinsider December 19, 2022", "source": "cc/2023-06/en_head_0000.json.gz/line1447070"} | |
| {"pred_label": "__label__wiki", "pred_label_prob": 0.6298087239265442, "wiki_prob": 0.6298087239265442, "text": "Main Section While the \u201cMagyar Telekom\u201d case finishes in the US, it still remains...\nWhile the \u201cMagyar Telekom\u201d case finishes in the US, it still remains stuck in the judiciary system in Macedonia\nAt the moment, two cases have been opened against \u201cMagyar Telekom\u201d, even though they started a long time ago, and whether intentionally or not, have not moved since they hit a dead end.\nYesterday, former directors of \u201cMagyar Telekom\u201d Elek Straub and Andras Balogh, who were accused of having secret agreements with the Prime Minister at the time and other people from Macedonia to prevent competition in the market, agreed to pay fines up to 250.000 dollars and 150.000 dollars, stated the US Investigation Commission on Securities and Exchange.\nThe outcome of the \u201cMagyar Telekom\u201d case in the US comes at a time during a severe political crisis in Macedonia and institutional blockade. At the same time, the SPO is attempting to inspect the computer systems of \u201cMacedonian Telekom\u201d in connection with the investigation in the \u201cTarget\u201d case, which should determine who was part of the illegal wiretapping affair in the country.\nAlso yesterday, prosecutors from the SPO held \u201ca meeting of a higher level\u201d with representatives from \u201cMacedonian Telecom\u201d in connection with the investigation regarding the mass wiretapping.\nIn late September, 2015, Bogoevski was called for questioning and gave four hours of testimony to the prosecutors.\nSpecial Public Prosecutor, Katica Janeva, in February last year asked Public Prosecutor Marko Zvlevski if her office could takeover the case, however he refused and passed on the case to the Council of Public Prosecutors. He decides what cases are passed on to the SPO and which cases are not.\nIn Macedonia, charges have been filed against former directors of \u201cMacedonian Telekom\u201d, Attila Szendrei, Rolf Plath and Zoltan Kisjuh\u00e1sz. They are being charged for organizing fictitious consultancy contracts with the Cypriot Consulting Company \u201cChavtex holdings Limited\u201d, and ended up costing \u201cMacedonian Telekom\u201d 4 million euros, and damaging the state budget for approximately 2 million euros, because the at the time, the Government owned 47% in shares of the company.\nThe investigation of this case began in 2008, and 3 years later, in 2011 charges were eventually filed. However, the actual trial has still not begun, even after 6 years, as the court hearings are constantly being postponed. The defendants have never appeared in front of a Macedonian court, even with international arrest warrants and a court ruling for their detainment.\nMagyar Telekom\nSlobodan Bogoevski\nTruthmeter.mk: Public Prosecutor\u2019s Office operates with only a third of the planned staff\nPublic Prosecution: Short circuit in defibrillator cord started the deadly blaze in COVID hospital in Tetovo\nNorth Macedonia: The Operative Technical Agency last year interposed in 853 cases of communications wiretapping", "source": "cc/2023-06/en_head_0000.json.gz/line682942"} | |