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In 1888, Scotsman William McGregor a director of Aston Villa, was the main force between meetings held in London and Manchester involving 12 football clubs, with an eye to a league competition.
In 1888, Aston Villa was the main force between London and Manchester, where 12 football clubs took part.
ื‘-1888, ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืžืงื’ืจื’ื•ืจ, ืžื ื”ืœ ืืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืœื”, ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ, ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื 12 ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ, ืžืชื•ืš ืขื™ืŸ ืœืชื—ืจื•ืช ืœื™ื’ื”.
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1888, ืืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืžื ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ, ืฉื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• 12 ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ.
These 12 clubs would later become the Football League's 12 founder members.
The 12 clubs will later become the 12 founders of the football league.
12 ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœ-12 ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ.
12 ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœ-12 ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ.
The meetings were held in London on 22 March 1888.
These meetings were held in London on 22 March 1888.
ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘-22 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1888.
ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืœื• ื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘-22 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1888.
The main concern was that an early exit in the knockout format of the FA Cup could leave clubs with no matches for almost a year; not only could they suffer heavy financial losses, but fans did not wait long without a game, when other teams were playing.
The main concern is that if the FA Cup phase-out pattern were to be withdrawn early,
ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื ื•ืงืืื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืœืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ื ืœืœื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ื”; ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืกืคื•ื’ ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืืœื ืฉื”ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื ืœื ื—ื™ื›ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืœื ืžืฉื—ืง, ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื—ืงื•.
ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ืกื’ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื,
Matters were finalised on 17 April in Manchester.
The matter was finalized in Manchester on 17 April.
ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ื‘-17 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ื‘ืžื ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ.
ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ ื‘-17 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ.
McGregor had voted against the name The Football League, as he was concerned that it would be associated with the Irish Land League.
McGregor voted against the Football League.
ืžืงื’ืจื’ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื•ื™ืš ืœืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ืื™ืจื™ืช.
ืžืงื’ืจื’ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื ื’ื“ ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ.
But this name still won by a majority vote and was selected.
But the name is still won by a majority vote.
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจ.
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืงื•ืœื•ืช.
The competition guaranteed fixtures for all of its member clubs.
(c) Competition security fixtures in all its member clubs.
ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื”.
(ื’) ืžืชืงื ื™ ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื”.
Geographically, these were split equally between the North and the Midlands.
Geographically, the land is divided equally between the north and Midrand.
ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช, ืืœื” ื—ื•ืœืงื• ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ืœื ื“ืก.
ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช, ื”ืงืจืงืข ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืžื™ื“ืจื ื“.
A rival English league called the Football Alliance operated from 1889 to 1892.
From 1889 to 1892,
ืœื™ื’ื” ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื™ืจื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื Football Alliance ืคืขืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1889 ืœ-1892.
ืž-1889 ืขื“ 1892,
In 1892 it was decided to formally merge the two leagues, and so the "Football League Second Division" was formed, consisting mostly of Football Alliance clubs.
In 1892, the decision was taken to formally merge the two unions, which led to the creation of the โ€œSoccer Second Divisionโ€, composed mainly of football clubs.
ื‘-1892 ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืžื–ื’ ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืœื™ื’ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ืงืžื” "ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ", ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ืžืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ Football Alliance.
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1892 ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืžื–ื’ ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืงืžืช "ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ", ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ.
The existing League clubs, plus three of the strongest Alliance clubs, comprised the Football League First Division.
The existing Alliance Clubs, together with the three most powerful Alliance Clubs, are made up of the first branch of the Football Alliance.
ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ ืืœื™ืื ืก ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื™ื•ื• ืืช ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ ืืœื™ืื ืก ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ ืืœื™ืื ืก ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืขื ืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ.
The Second Division was formed in 1892 with 12 clubs, most of which had previously played in the Football Alliance.
Division II was founded in 1892 and has 12 clubs, most of which used to play a role in football leagues.
ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘-1892 ืขื 12 ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ืฉื™ื—ืงื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ.
ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” II ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1892 ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” 12 ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ืฉื™ื—ืงื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืœื™ื’ื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ.
The original members were: Ardwick (now Manchester City), Bootle, Burton Swifts, Crewe Alexandra, Darwen, Grimsby Town, Lincoln City, Northwich Victoria, Port Vale, Sheffield United, Small Heath (now Birmingham City), and Walsall.
The original members were Ardwick (now Manchester), Bootle, Burton Swifts, Crewe Alexandra, Darwen, Grimsby Town, Lincoln City, Northwich Victoria, Port Vale, Sheffield United, Small Head (now Birmingham City) and Walsall.
ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•: ืืจื“ื•ื•ื™ืง (ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ ืกื™ื˜ื™), ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ, ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืกื•ื•ื™ืคื˜ืก, ืงืจื• ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื”, ื“ืืจื•ืŸ, ื’ืจื™ืžืกื‘ื™ ื˜ืื•ืŸ, ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ืกื™ื˜ื™, ื ื•ืจืช'ื•ื•ื™ืฅ' ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืคื•ืจื˜ ื•ื™ื™ืœ, ืฉืคื™ืœื“ ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื˜ื“, ืกืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ืช' (ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจืžื™ื ื’ื”ืื ืกื™ื˜ื™) ื•-ื•ื•ืœืกืืœ.
ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืืจื“ื•ื•ื™ืง (ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ), ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ, ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืกื•ื•ื™ืคื˜ืก, ืงืจื• ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื”, ื“ืืจื•ืŸ, ื’ืจื™ืžืกื‘ื™ ื˜ืื•ืŸ, ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ืกื™ื˜ื™, ื ื•ืจืช'ื•ื•ื™ืฅ' ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืคื•ืจื˜ ื•ื™ื™ืœ, ืฉืคื™ืœื“ ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื˜ื“, ืกืžื•ืœ ื”ื“ (ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจืžื™ื ื’ื”ืื ืกื™ื˜ื™) ื•-ื•ื•ืœืกืœ.
Manchester City and Leicester City jointly hold the record for most second tier championships (7).
The city of Manchester and the city of Lester jointly have the records of most of the second-tier championships (seven).
ืžื ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ ืกื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืœืกื˜ืจ ืกื™ื˜ื™ ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ืฉื ื™ (7).
ืœืขื™ืจ ืžื ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœืกื˜ืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืœื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ืฉื ื™ (ืฉื‘ืข).
It expanded over the years to its final total of 24 clubs, as follows:
Over the years, it has expanded to include the following final total of 24 clubs:
ื–ื” ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœืกืš ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ 24 ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ:
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ 24 ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ื:
For the first few years, there was no automatic promotion to the First Division.
In the early years, there was no automatic promotion to Division I.
ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืœืœื™ื’ื” ื'.
ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืœืœื™ื’ื” ื'.
Instead, the top few teams in Division Two, including the winners, contested a series of test matches against the bottom teams in Division One.
The fewest teams in the 2nd division, including the winners, competed for a series of games with the bottom team in the 1st.
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžื ืฆื—ื•ืช, ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื’ื” ื'.
ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื’ื” ื‘', ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžื ืฆื—ื•ืช, ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืขืœ ืกื“ืจืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื‘-1.
Small Heath, Second Division champions in 1892โ€“93, were denied promotion after losing in test matches to Newton Heath.
The winner of the second division in 1892-93, Little Heath, was denied promotion for losing the game with Newton Heath.
ืกืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ืช', ืืœื•ืคืช ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1892โ€“93, ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืช'.
ื”ืžื ืฆื—ืช ื‘ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1892-93, ืœื™ื˜ืœ ื”ื™ืช', ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืคืกื“ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืขื ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืช'.
However, runners-up Sheffield United beat Accrington to become the first team to win promotion to the First Division.
However, the runner Sheffield United defeated Accrington and became the first team to win the first division promotion.
ืขื ื–ืืช, ืกื’ื ื™ืช ื”ืืœื•ืคื” ืฉืคื™ืœื“ ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื˜ื“ ื ื™ืฆื—ื” ืืช ืืงืจื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืขืœื™ื” ืœืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืืฆื ื™ืช ืฉืคื™ืœื“ ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื˜ื“ ื ื™ืฆื—ื” ืืช ืืงืจื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
Test matches were abolished in 1898 after Burnley and Stoke conspired to deliberately draw their test match 0โ€“0, which resulted in Burnley being promoted and Stoke being saved from relegation.
In 1898, Bernley and Stoker conspired to draw zero to zero, which led to Bernley being promoted and Stoker being exempted from authorization.
ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื• ื‘-1898 ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืจื ืœื™ ื•ืกื˜ื•ืง ืงืฉืจื• ืงืฉืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืืช ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืœ-0โ€“0, ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ืœื™ ื•ืกื˜ื•ืง ื ื™ืฆืœ ืžื™ืจื™ื“ื”.
ื‘-1898, ื‘ืจื ืœื™ ื•ืกื˜ื•ืงืจ ืงืฉืจื• ืงืฉืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืคืก ืœืืคืก, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื‘ืจื ืœื™ ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ืงืจ ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžื”ืจืฉืื”.
Relegation to the Football League Third Division was in place in the season before the latter even started, as Grimsby Town (last place in 1919โ€“20) made way for Cardiff City and formed the new Third Division with southern clubs.
During the season prior to the establishment of the third branch of the Football Union, the town of Grimsby (the last in 1919-20) opened the way for the city of Kadif and established a new third branch, with a club from the South.
ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืœืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ืจื™ืžืกื‘ื™ ื˜ืื•ืŸ (ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘-1919โ€“20) ืคื™ื ื” ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ืœืงืจื“ื™ืฃ ืกื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืงื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขื ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื.
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื•ื ื” ืฉืงื“ืžื” ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืกื ื™ืฃ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ, ืคืชื—ื” ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจื™ืžืกื‘ื™ (ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1919-20) ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืขื™ืจ ืงื“ื™ืฃ ื•ื”ืงื™ืžื” ืกื ื™ืฃ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืขื ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื“ืจื•ื.
For subsequent seasons, two clubs were relegated into either the Third Division North or Third Division South depending on their geographical location.
During the subsequent season, depending on geographical location, two clubs were classified as North or South Divisions.
ื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ื ื™ืจื“ื• ืœืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื• ืœืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื“ืจื•ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื™ืงื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™.
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื•ื ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™, ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ื•ื’ื• ื›ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื• ื“ืจื•ื.
When the Third Division was reunified in 1958โ€“59, the relegation arrangement was kept; a third club began being relegated in 1974.
โ€ข When Division III was reunited in 1958-59, the authorization arrangement was retained; the third club was downgraded in 1974.
ื›ืฉื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืื•ื—ื“ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1958โ€“59, ื ืฉืžืจ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื”ื“ื—ื”; ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืจื“ืช ืœื™ื’ื” ื‘-1974.
โ€ข ื›ืฉืื•ื—ื“ื” ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” III ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1958-59, ื ืฉืžืจ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื”ืจืฉืื”; ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ืจื“ ื‘-1974.
See List of teams promoted from the English Football League Championship and predecessors for winners from 1893 to 1992 and List of winners of English Football League One and predecessors for winners from 1993 to 2004.
See the list of winners and winners of the British Football League championships from 1893 to 1992, and the list of winners of the British Football League I and the winners from 1993 to 2004.
ืจืื” ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืงื•ื“ืžื• ืžืืœื™ืคื•ืช ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืœืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1893 ืœ-1992 ื•ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช 1 ื•ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืœืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ืž-1993 ืขื“ 2004.
ืจืื” ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ื‘ืืœื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืž-1893 ืขื“ 1992, ื•ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช I ื•ื”ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ืž-1993 ืขื“ 2004.
Michael Scammell
Michael Scammel.
ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืงืžืœ
ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืงืžืœ.
Michael Scammell (born 1935) is an English author, biographer and translator of Slavic literature.
Michael Scammel (born in 1935) is an English author, biographer and translator of Slavic literature.
ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืงืžืœ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1935) ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืคืจ, ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืฃ ื•ืžืชืจื’ื ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืกืœื‘ื™ืช ืื ื’ืœื™.
ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืงืžืœ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1935) ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืคืจ, ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืฃ ื•ืžืชืจื’ื ืกืคืจื•ืช ืกืœืื‘ื™ืช ืื ื’ืœื™.
Michael Scammell was born in Lyndhurst, Hampshire, England, attended Brockenhurst Grammar School, and after two years working as a copy boy for the "Southern Daily Echo" in Southampton, was drafted into the British army, spending most of his time at the Joint Services School for Linguists in Cambridge and Bodmin, where he was trained as a Russian interpreter.
Michael Scammell was born in Lyndhurst, Hampshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, two years after he worked at Southampton 'South Day Response'.
ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืงืžืœ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ื”ืจืกื˜, ื”ืžืคืฉื™ื™ืจ, ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืงื ื”ื•ืจืกื˜, ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ ื›ื ืขืจ ืขื•ืชืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ "ื”ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™" ื‘ืกืื•ืช'ื”ืžืคื˜ื•ืŸ, ื’ื•ื™ืก ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื–ืžื ื• ื‘ื’'ื•ื™ื ื˜. ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืœื‘ืœืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’' ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ื“ืžื™ืŸ, ืฉื ื”ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื›ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ ืจื•ืกื™.
ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืงืžืœ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ื”ืจืกื˜, ื”ืžืคืฉื™ื™ืจ, ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืœื ื“, ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืกืื•ืช'ื”ืžืคื˜ื•ืŸ "South Day Response".
In 1958 he earned a B.A.
He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1958.
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1958 ืกื™ื™ื ืชื•ืืจ B.A.
ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘-1958.
degree with first class honors in Slavic Studies from the University of Nottingham, and edited the prize-winning student newspaper, "The Gongster".
Received a First Honorary Degree in Slav Studies from the University of Nottingham and edited the award-winning student newspaper Goust.
ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืชืจื” ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืกืœืื‘ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื’ื”ืื, ื•ืขืจืš ืืช ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืขื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจืกื™ื, "The Gongster".
ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืกืœืื‘ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื’ื”ืื ื•ืขืจืš ืืช ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืขื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจืกื™ื Goust.
Having spent a year teaching English at the University of Ljubljana in the former Yugoslavia, he attended graduate school at Columbia University and later obtained his doctorate in Slavic Studies.
He taught English for one year at the University of Ljubljana in the former Yugoslavia, attended a postgraduate school at Columbia University and later obtained a doctorate in Slavic studies.
ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉื ื” ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืชืืจื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืกืœืื‘ื™ื™ื.
ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืžื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืชืืจื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื’ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืกืœืื‘ื™ื™ื.
While in graduate school, Scammell taught Russian Literature at Hunter College and began translating books from Russian.
Scammell, teaching Russian literature at Hunter College, started translating Russian books.
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืกืงืžืœ ืœื™ืžื“ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื‘ื”ืื ื˜ืจ ืงื•ืœื’' ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืชืจื’ื ืกืคืจื™ื ืžืจื•ืกื™ืช.
ืกืงืžืœ, ืœื™ืžื“ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื‘ื”ืื ื˜ืจ ืงื•ืœื’', ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืชืจื’ื ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ืช.
His first translation was a novel, "Cities and Years", by the Soviet author, Konstantin Fedin.
His first translation was the novel by Russian author Konstantin Fedin, "Cities and Ages," which was written by the Russians.
ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืžืŸ, "ืขืจื™ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื", ืžืืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™, ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืŸ ืคื“ื™ืŸ.
ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืŸ ืคื“ื™ืŸ, "ืขืจื™ื ื•ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช", ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื.
Having been introduced to Vladimir Nabokov, he translated two of Nabokov's Russian novels into English, "The Gift" and "The Defense," followed by a translation of "Crime and Punishment" by Fyodor Dostoyevsky.
He translated Nabokov's two Russian novels into English, "The Gifet" and "The Defense".
ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ื ื‘ื•ืงื•ื‘, ื”ื•ื ืชืจื’ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื•ืงื•ื‘ ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช, "ื”ืžืชื ื”" ื•"ื”ื”ื’ื ื”", ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœ "ืคืฉืข ื•ืขื•ื ืฉ" ืžืืช ืคื™ื•ื“ื•ืจ ื“ื•ืกื˜ื•ื™ื™ื‘ืกืงื™.
ื”ื•ื ืชืจื’ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื•ืงื•ื‘, "ื”ืžืชื ื”" ื•"ื”ื”ื’ื ื”".
After moving back to England in 1965, Scammell translated "Childhood, Boyhood and Youth" by Lev Tolstoy and a detective novel, "Petrovka 38", by the Soviet author, Yulian Semyonov.
Scammell translates "Childhood, Childhood and Youth", written by Levetolstoy.
ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื‘-1965, ืชืจื’ื ืกืงืžืœ ืืช "ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืขืจ" ืžืืช ืœื‘ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื•ืจื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืœืฉื™, "ืคื˜ืจื•ื‘ืงื” 38", ืžืืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™, ื™ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ืกืžื™ื•ื ื•ื‘.
ืกืงืžืœ ืžืชืจื’ื ืืช "ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืขืจ", ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ Levetolstoy.
Two years later he joined the External Services division of the BBC as a Language Supervisor for East European Languages, and after becoming interested in the plight of Russian dissidents, translated a memoir about the post-Stalin gulag, "My Testimony", by a former prisoner, Anatoly Marchenko.
Two years later, he joined the BBC Department of External Services, became a language supervisor for the Eastern European language, and became interested in the plight of Russian dissidents.
ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”-BBC ื›ืžืคืงื— ืฉืคื” ืœืฉืคื•ืช ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื, ืชืจื’ื ืกืคืจ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœืื’ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ, "ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื™", ืžืืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืืกื™ืจ, ืื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ืžืจืฆ'ื ืงื•.
ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”-BBC, ื”ืคืš ืœืžืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—-ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช, ื•ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื.
Together with the Slovenian poet, Veno Taufer, whom he met at the BBC, he also translated a selection of modern Slovenian poetry for a special issue of "Modern Poetry in Translation".
He was with the Slovene poet Veno Taufer, who met at BBC.
ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืกืœื•ื‘ื ื™, Veno Taufer, ืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘-BBC, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืชืจื’ื ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื” ืกืœื•ื‘ื ื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืœื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ "ืฉื™ืจื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื".
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืกืœื•ื‘ื ื™ ื•ื•ื ื• ื˜ืื•ืคืจ, ืฉื ืคื’ืฉ ื‘-BBC.
Many years later, he and Taufer translated a selection of poems by Slovenia's premier modern poet, Edvard Kocbek, under the title, โ€œNothing Is Lost.โ€
Many years later, he and Taufer translated a number of poems written by the first modern poet in Slovenia, Edvard Kocbek.
ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื•ื˜ืื•ืคืจ ืชืจื’ืžื• ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ื ื™ื”, ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืงื•ืฆืง, ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช "ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืื‘ื•ื“".
ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื•ื˜ืื•ืคืจ ืชืจื’ืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ื ื™ื”, ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืงื•ืฆืง.
In 1971, Scammell became the first director of the nonprofit Writers and Scholars International (later the Writers and Scholars Educational Trust) in London, and started the quarterly magazine, "Index on Censorship", devoted to documenting censorship worldwide and promoting freedom of expression.
In 1971, Scammel became the first Director of the London Non-Profit Writers and Scholars International (later the Writers and Scholars Education Trust) and created the quarterly Review System, which specializes in documenting censorship worldwide and promoting freedom of expression.
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1971, ื”ืคืš ืกืงืžืœ ืœืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ Writers and Scholars International ืœืœื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื— (ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”-Writers and Scholars Educational Trust) ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ืขื•ื ื™, "Index on Censorship", ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™.
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1971, ื”ืคืš ืกืงืžืœ ืœืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”-London Non-Profit Writers and Scholars International (ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”-Writers and Scholars Education Trust) ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืจื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™.
In 1976 he was asked to revive the International PEN Club's moribund Writers in Prison Committee and remained Chair for the next ten years.
In 1976, he was asked to revitalize incompetent writers in the Prison Committee of the International PEN and to chair the Committee for the next 10 years.
ื‘-1976 ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืกืกื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”-PEN ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื ืฉืืจ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
ื‘-1976 ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ืœื ืฉืœ ื”-PEN ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš 10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
For the next few years, he edited and partly translated an anthology of censored writing, "Russia's Other Writers"; edited an illustrated catalog, "Unofficial Art from the Soviet Union" to accompany an exhibition of paintings and sculpture he helped to organize under the same name; translated "To Build a Castle" by Vladimir Bukovsky; edited and supervised the translation of a set of cultural and political essays selected by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, "From Under the Rubble"; vetted the American translation of the first two volumes of "The Gulag Archipelago" by Solzhenitsyn; and arranged for the translation and publication of Solzhenitsyn's pamphlet, "Letter to the Soviet Leaders", written shortly before the latter's expulsion from the Soviet Union.
He edited and partially translated a digest of works under review, called "Other Russian Writers" ; and he edited an illustrated collection, "Unficio Art of the United Nations United Nations Art."
ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืขืจืš ื•ืชื™ืจื’ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžืฆื•ื ื–ืจืช, "ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื”"; ืขืจืš ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ืžืื•ื™ืจ, "ืืžื ื•ืช ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืžื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช", ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืคื™ืกื•ืœ ืฉืขื–ืจ ืœืืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉื; ืชืจื’ื ืืช "ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืจื”" ืžืืช ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™; ืขืจืš ื•ืคื™ืงื— ืขืœ ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžืขืจืš ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืกื•ืœื–'ื ื™ืฆื™ืŸ, "ืžืชื—ืช ืœื”ืจื™ืกื•ืช"; ื‘ื“ืง ืืช ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ "ืืจื›ื™ืคืœื’ ื”ื’ื•ืœืื’" ืžืืช ืกื•ืœื–'ื ื™ืฆื™ืŸ; ื•ื“ืื’ื” ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœื–'ื ื™ืฆื™ืŸ, "ืžื›ืชื‘ ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช", ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช.
ื”ื•ื ืขืจืš ื•ืชื™ืจื’ื ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื“ืงื•, ืฉื ืงืจื "ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื"; ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืจืš ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืื•ื™ืจ, "Unficio Art of the United Nations Nations Art".
After meeting Solzhenitsyn in Zurich and Frankfurt, Scammell undertook to write Solzhenitsyn's biography (with the author's consent and cooperation, but without his authorization) and resigned from "Index on Censorship" to work on it full-time.
After Scammell met with Solzhenitsyn in Zurich and Frankfurt, he wrote:
ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืคื’ืฉ ืืช ืกื•ืœื–'ื ื™ืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ืจื™ืš ื•ื‘ืคืจื ืงืคื•ืจื˜, ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืกืงืžืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœื–'ื ื™ืฆื™ืŸ (ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืชื• ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ, ืืš ืœืœื ืื™ืฉื•ืจื•) ื•ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืž"ืื™ื ื“ืงืก ืขืœ ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื”" ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ืžืœืื”.
ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกืงืžืœ ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืกื•ืœื–'ื ื™ืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ืจื™ืš ื•ื‘ืคืจื ืงืคื•ืจื˜, ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘:
Between 1981 and 1983 he lived in New York, chaired a seminar on censorship at New York University, ran an exchange program with Eastern Europe funded by George Soros, and attended weekly meetings of the New York Institute for the Humanities.
From 1981 to 1983, he lived in New York, hosted a seminar on the review system at New York University, implemented an exchange programme with Eastern Europe, funded by George Soros, and attended weekly meetings of the New York Humanities Institute.
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1981-1983 ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืกืžื™ื ืจ ืขืœ ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื ื™ื”ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ื ืขื ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืกื•ืจื•ืก, ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง.
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1981-1983 ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืื™ืจื— ืกืžื™ื ืจ ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื™ื™ืฉื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ื ืขื ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืกื•ืจื•ืก, ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง.
Returning to England, he completed and published "Solzhenitsyn, A Biography" (1984).
Upon his return to England, he completed and published Solzhenitsyn, a biography (1984).
ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืคืจืกื ืืช "ืกื•ืœื–'ื ื™ืฆื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”" (1984).
ืขื ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืคืจืกื ืืช ืกื•ืœื–'ื ื™ืฆื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” (1984).
Scammell was commissioned to write the authorized biography of Arthur Koestler, which after fifteen years of research and writing was published in the United States in 2009 as "Koestler: The Literary and Political Odyssey of a Twentieth Century Skeptic," and in the UK in 2010 as "Koestler, The Indispensable Intellectual."
After 15 years of research and writing, Scammell, commissioned to write a biography authorized by Arthur Koestler, was known in the United States in 2009 as โ€œKoestler: skepticism in the 20th century, literature and politics in Odyssey.โ€
ืกืงืžืœ ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืžื›ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืชื•ืจ ืงืกื˜ืœืจ, ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘-2009 ื‘ืฉื "Koestler: The Literary and Political Odyssey of a Twentieth Century Skeptic", ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘-2010. ื‘ืชื•ืจ "ืงืกื˜ืœืจ, ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœ ื”ื”ื›ืจื—ื™".
ืœืื—ืจ 15 ืฉื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”, ืกืงืžืœ, ืฉื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืื•ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจืชื•ืจ ืงืกื˜ืœืจ, ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘-2009 ื›"ืงืกื˜ืœืจ: ืกืคืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20, ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ืื”".
The book won the PEN/Jacqueline Bograd Weld Award for the best biography of 2009 in the United States and the Spears Magazine Award for best biography of 2010 in the UK.
โ€ข The book was awarded the PEN/Jacqueline Bograd Weld Award for Best Biography in the United States in 2009 and the United Kingdom Best Biographical Award in Spears magazine in 2010.
ื”ืกืคืจ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก PEN/Jacqueline Bograd Weld ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ 2009 ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืคืจืก ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ Spears ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ 2010 ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
โ€ข ื”ืกืคืจ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก PEN/Jacqueline Bograd Weld ืœื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009 ื•ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ Spears ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010.
It was also shortlisted for the 2010 Los Angeles Times Book Prize for biography.
Also included in the short list of the 2010 L.A. Times Biographical Book Awards.
ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืคืจืก ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก ืœื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืœืฉื ืช 2010.
ื ื›ืœืœ ื’ื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืงืฆืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืกื™ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ L.A. Times ืœืฉื ืช 2010.
The New York Times Book Review listed it as one of the โ€œ100 Best Books of 2010.โ€
New York Times Book Review lists it as one of the "100 2010 Best Books".
ื”-New York Times Book Review ืจืฉื•ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ืื—ื“ ืž"100 ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ 2010".
New York Times Book Review ืžืคืจื˜ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืื—ื“ ืž-100 ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื ืช 2010.
In 2016, Scammell reported the discovery by German doctoral candidate Matthias WeรŸel of the original German version of Koestler's "Darkness at Noon".
In 2016, Scammel reported that the German Dr. Matthias Weel had discovered the original German version of Nordaknis of Koestler.
ื‘ืฉื ืช 2016 ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืกืงืžืœ ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืœื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืžืชื™ืืก ื•ืกืœ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ "ื—ืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื" ืฉืœ ืงืกื˜ืœืจ.
ื‘ืฉื ืช 2016 ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืกืงืžืœ ื›ื™ ื“"ืจ ืžืชื™ืืก ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจื“ืืงื ื™ืก ืžืงื•ืกื˜ืœืจ.
A Swiss university had archived it under the title "Koestler, Arthur.
"Koestler, Arthur.
ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™ืช ื’ื ื–ื ื” ืื•ืชื• ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช "Koestler, Arthur.
"ืงื•ืกืœืจ, ืืจืชื•ืจ.
Rubaschow: Roman.
Rubaschow: Roman.
ืจื•ื‘ืฉื•ื‘: ืจื•ืžืŸ.
ืจื•ื‘ืฉื•ื‘: ืจื•ืžืŸ.
Typoskript, Mรคrz 1940, 326 pages."
Typoskript, Mรคrz 1940, 326 pages.
ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกืงืจื™ืคื˜, ืžืจืฅ 1940, 326 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื."
ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกืงืจื™ืคื˜, ืžืจืฅ 1940, 326 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื.
He deemed the discovery important because ""Darkness at Noon" is that rare specimen, a book known to the world only in translation."
He thinks the discovery is important because "Darkness of Noon" is a rare sample, but it's a very important one.
ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื‘ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื™ ""ื—ื•ืฉืš ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื" ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ื”ื ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ื”ื™ื, ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื".
ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื—ื•ืฉืš ืฉืœ ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื" ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื ื ื“ื™ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“.
In 2018, he reported that Elsinor Verlag (publisher of the 1946 German translation) had published the German original, as "Sonnenfinsternis" ("Solar Eclipse") in May 2018, with an introduction by Scammell and an afterword by WeรŸel.
Elsinor Verlag, a 1946 German translator, published the original German text in May 2018 under the title "Sonnnfinsternis" (Solar Eclipse).
ื‘-2018 ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื›ื™ ืืœืกื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืจืœืื’ (ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืžืฉื ืช 1946) ืคืจืกืžื” ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื‘ืฉื "Sonnenfinsternis" ("ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื—ืžื”") ื‘ืžืื™ 2018, ืขื ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืžืืช ืกืงืžืœ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืืช ื•ืกืœ.
Elsinor Verlag, ืžืชืจื’ืžืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืžืฉื ืช 1946, ืคืจืกืžื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื‘ืžืื™ 2018 ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช "Sonnnfinsternis" (ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื—ืžื”).
He also reported a new English translation to appear in 2019, with a different introduction and appendices.
He also reported that a new English translation, with different introductions and appendices, would appear in 2019.
ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ืชืจื’ื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉื™ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘-2019, ืขื ื”ืงื“ืžื” ื•ื ืกืคื—ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื›ื™ ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉ, ืขื ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื•ื ืกืคื—ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘-2019.