逆双曲線関数

逆双曲線関数（ぎゃくそうきょくせんかんすう、英語: inverse hyperbolic functions）は、数学において与えられた双曲線関数の値に対応して双曲角（英語版）を与える関数。双曲角の大きさは双曲線 x y = 1に対応する双曲的扇形（英語版）の面積に等しく、単位円の扇形の面積は対応する中心角の2分の1 である。一部の研究者は逆双曲線関数のことを、双曲角を明確に理解するため「面積関数」（英語: area function）と呼ぶ。 逆双曲線関数を表す略記法 arsinh やarcosh とは異なる略記法として、arcsinh やarccosh などが本来誤表記であるにもかかわらず良く使用されるのだが、接頭辞arc はarcus （弓）の省略形であり、接頭辞ar はarea の省略形である。argsinh, argcosh, argtanhなどの表記を好んで用いる研究者もいる。計算機科学の分野では、しばしばasinh という省略形を用いる。累乗を表す上付き文字−1と誤解しないように注意を払う必要があるという事実にもかかわらず、sinh−1(x), cosh−1(x), などの略記も用いられる。また、cosh−1(x)とcosh(x)−1は似て非なるものである。 演算子は複素数平面で次のように定義される。 arsinh z = ln ⁡ ( z + z 2 + 1 ) arcosh z = ln ⁡ ( z + z + 1 z − 1 ) artanh z = 1 2 ln ⁡ ( 1 + z 1 − z ) arcoth z = 1 2 ln ⁡ ( z + 1 z − 1 ) arcsch z = ln ⁡ ( 1 z + 1 z 2 + 1 ) arsech z = ln ⁡ ( 1 z + 1 z + 1 1 z − 1 ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {arsinh} \,z&=\ln(z+{\sqrt {z^{2}+1}}\,)\\[2.5ex]\operatorname {arcosh} \,z&=\ln(z+{\sqrt {z+1}}{\sqrt {z-1}}\,)\\[1.5ex]\operatorname {artanh} \,z&={\tfrac {1}{2}}\ln \left({\frac {1+z}{1-z}}\right)\\\operatorname {arcoth} \,z&={\tfrac {1}{2}}\ln \left({\frac {z+1}{z-1}}\right)\\\operatorname {arcsch} \,z&=\ln \left({\frac {1}{z}}+{\sqrt {{\frac {1}{z^{2}}}+1}}\,\right)\\\operatorname {arsech} \,z&=\ln \left({\frac {1}{z}}+{\sqrt {{\frac {1}{z}}+1}}\,{\sqrt {{\frac {1}{z}}-1}}\,\right)\end{aligned}}} 上記の平方根は正の平方根であり、対数関数は複素対数である。実数の引数、例えばz = xは実数値を返すが、一定の簡素化を行うことが可能であり、例えば x + 1 x − 1 = x 2 − 1 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {x+1}}{\sqrt {x-1}}={\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}} は正の平方根を使うとき、一般に真ではない。 上記の関数は次のように級数展開できる。 arsinh x = x − ( 1 2 ) x 3 3 + ( 1 ⋅ 3 2 ⋅ 4 ) x 5 5 − ( 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 ) x 7 7 + ⋯ = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( ( − 1 ) n ( 2 n ) ! 2 2 n ( n ! ) 2 ) x 2 n + 1 ( 2 n + 1 ) , | x | < 1 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {arsinh} \,x&=x-\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right){\frac {x^{3}}{3}}+\left({\frac {1\cdot 3}{2\cdot 4}}\right){\frac {x^{5}}{5}}-\left({\frac {1\cdot 3\cdot 5}{2\cdot 4\cdot 6}}\right){\frac {x^{7}}{7}}+\cdots \\&=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left({\frac {(-1)^{n}(2n)!}{2^{2n}(n!)^{2}}}\right){\frac {x^{2n+1}}{(2n+1)}},\qquad \left|x\right|<1\end{aligned}}} arcosh x = ln ⁡ 2 x − ( ( 1 2 ) x − 2 2 + ( 1 ⋅ 3 2 ⋅ 4 ) x − 4 4 + ( 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 ) x − 6 6 + ⋯ ) = ln ⁡ 2 x − ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( ( 2 n ) ! 2 2 n ( n ! ) 2 ) x − 2 n ( 2 n ) , x > 1 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {arcosh} \,x&=\ln 2x-\left(\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right){\frac {x^{-2}}{2}}+\left({\frac {1\cdot 3}{2\cdot 4}}\right){\frac {x^{-4}}{4}}+\left({\frac {1\cdot 3\cdot 5}{2\cdot 4\cdot 6}}\right){\frac {x^{-6}}{6}}+\cdots \right)\\&=\ln 2x-\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left({\frac {(2n)!}{2^{2n}(n!)^{2}}}\right){\frac {x^{-2n}}{(2n)}},\qquad x>1\end{aligned}}} artanh x = x + x 3 3 + x 5 5 + x 7 7 + ⋯ = ∑ n = 0 ∞ x 2 n + 1 ( 2 n + 1 ) , | x | < 1 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {artanh} \,x&=x+{\frac {x^{3}}{3}}+{\frac {x^{5}}{5}}+{\frac {x^{7}}{7}}+\cdots \\&=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {x^{2n+1}}{(2n+1)}},\qquad \left|x\right|<1\end{aligned}}} arcsch x = arsinh ⁡ 1 x = x − 1 − ( 1 2 ) x − 3 3 + ( 1 ⋅ 3 2 ⋅ 4 ) x − 5 5 − ( 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 ) x − 7 7 + ⋯ = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( ( − 1 ) n ( 2 n ) ! 2 2 n ( n ! ) 2 ) x − ( 2 n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) , | x | > 1 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {arcsch} \,x=\operatorname {arsinh} {\frac {1}{x}}&=x^{-1}-\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right){\frac {x^{-3}}{3}}+\left({\frac {1\cdot 3}{2\cdot 4}}\right){\frac {x^{-5}}{5}}-\left({\frac {1\cdot 3\cdot 5}{2\cdot 4\cdot 6}}\right){\frac {x^{-7}}{7}}+\cdots \\&=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left({\frac {(-1)^{n}(2n)!}{2^{2n}(n!)^{2}}}\right){\frac {x^{-(2n+1)}}{(2n+1)}},\qquad \left|x\right|>1\end{aligned}}} arsech x = arcosh ⁡ 1 x = ln ⁡ 2 x − ( ( 1 2 ) x 2 2 + ( 1 ⋅ 3 2 ⋅ 4 ) x 4 4 + ( 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 ) x 6 6 + ⋯ ) = ln ⁡ 2 x − ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( ( 2 n ) ! 2 2 n ( n ! ) 2 ) x 2 n 2 n , 0 < x ≤ 1 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {arsech} \,x=\operatorname {arcosh} {\frac {1}{x}}&=\ln {\frac {2}{x}}-\left(\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right){\frac {x^{2}}{2}}+\left({\frac {1\cdot 3}{2\cdot 4}}\right){\frac {x^{4}}{4}}+\left({\frac {1\cdot 3\cdot 5}{2\cdot 4\cdot 6}}\right){\frac {x^{6}}{6}}+\cdots \right)\\&=\ln {\frac {2}{x}}-\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left({\frac {(2n)!}{2^{2n}(n!)^{2}}}\right){\frac {x^{2n}}{2n}},\qquad 0<x\leq 1\end{aligned}}} arcoth x = artanh ⁡ 1 x = x − 1 + x − 3 3 + x − 5 5 + x − 7 7 + ⋯ = ∑ n = 0 ∞ x − ( 2 n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) , | x | > 1 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {arcoth} \,x=\operatorname {artanh} {\frac {1}{x}}&=x^{-1}+{\frac {x^{-3}}{3}}+{\frac {x^{-5}}{5}}+{\frac {x^{-7}}{7}}+\cdots \\&=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {x^{-(2n+1)}}{(2n+1)}},\qquad \left|x\right|>1\end{aligned}}} またオイラーによるarctanの展開の類似も成り立つ。 artanh x = ∑ n = 0 ∞ 2 2 n ( n ! ) 2 ( 2 n + 1 ) ! ( − 1 ) n x 2 n + 1 ( 1 − x 2 ) n + 1 , | x | < 1 2 {\displaystyle \operatorname {artanh} \,x=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {2^{2n}(n!)^{2}}{(2n+1)!}}{\frac {(-1)^{n}x^{2n+1}}{(1-x^{2})^{n+1}}},\qquad \left|x\right|<{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}} ( arsinh x ) 2 = ∑ n = 0 ∞ 2 2 n + 1 ( n ! ) 2 ( 2 n + 2 ) ! ( − 1 ) n x 2 n + 2 , | x | < 1 {\displaystyle (\operatorname {arsinh} \,x)^{2}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {2^{2n+1}(n!)^{2}}{(2n+2)!}}(-1)^{n}x^{2n+2},\qquad \left|x\right|<1} arsinh x に対する漸近展開は次の式で与えられる。 arsinh x = ln ⁡ 2 x + ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n − 1 ( 2 n − 1 ) ! ! 2 n ( 2 n ) ! ! 1 x 2 n {\displaystyle \operatorname {arsinh} \,x=\ln 2x+\sum \limits _{n=1}^{\infty }{\left({-1}\right)^{n-1}{\frac {\left({2n-1}\right)!!}{2n\left({2n}\right)!!}}}{\frac {1}{x^{2n}}}} d d x arsinh x = 1 1 + x 2 d d x arcosh x = 1 x 2 − 1 d d x artanh x = 1 1 − x 2 d d x arcoth x = 1 1 − x 2 d d x arsech x = − 1 x ( x + 1 ) 1 − x 1 + x d d x arcsch x = − 1 x 2 1 + 1 x 2 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {d}{dx}}\operatorname {arsinh} \,x&{}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}}\\{\frac {d}{dx}}\operatorname {arcosh} \,x&{}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}}\\{\frac {d}{dx}}\operatorname {artanh} \,x&{}={\frac {1}{1-x^{2}}}\\{\frac {d}{dx}}\operatorname {arcoth} \,x&{}={\frac {1}{1-x^{2}}}\\{\frac {d}{dx}}\operatorname {arsech} \,x&{}={\frac {-1}{x(x+1)\,{\sqrt {\frac {1-x}{1+x}}}}}\\{\frac {d}{dx}}\operatorname {arcsch} \,x&{}={\frac {-1}{x^{2}\,{\sqrt {1+{\frac {1}{x^{2}}}}}}}\\\end{aligned}}} 実数xに対して、 d d x arsech x = ∓ 1 x 1 − x 2 ; ℜ { x } ≷ 0 d d x arcsch x = ∓ 1 x 1 + x 2 ; ℜ { x } ≷ 0 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {d}{dx}}\operatorname {arsech} \,x&{}={\frac {\mp 1}{x\,{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}};\qquad \Re \{x\}\gtrless 0\\{\frac {d}{dx}}\operatorname {arcsch} \,x&{}={\frac {\mp 1}{x\,{\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}}};\qquad \Re \{x\}\gtrless 0\end{aligned}}} 微分法の例：θ = arsinh xとおくと、 d arsinh x d x = d θ d sinh ⁡ θ = 1 cosh ⁡ θ = 1 1 + sinh 2 ⁡ θ = 1 1 + x 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {d\,\operatorname {arsinh} \,x}{dx}}={\frac {d\theta }{d\sinh \theta }}={\frac {1}{\cosh \theta }}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1+\sinh ^{2}\theta }}}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}}} sinh ⁡ ( arcosh ⁡ x ) = x 2 − 1 for  | x | > 1 sinh ⁡ ( artanh ⁡ x ) = x 1 − x 2 for  | x | < 1 cosh ⁡ ( arsinh ⁡ x ) = 1 + x 2 cosh ⁡ ( artanh ⁡ x ) = 1 1 − x 2 for  | x | < 1 tanh ⁡ ( arsinh ⁡ x ) = x 1 + x 2 tanh ⁡ ( arcosh ⁡ x ) = x 2 − 1 x for  | x | > 1 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sinh(\operatorname {arcosh} x)&={\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}&{\text{for }}|x|>1\\\sinh(\operatorname {artanh} x)&={\frac {x}{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}&{\text{for }}|x|<1\\\cosh(\operatorname {arsinh} x)&={\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}\\\cosh(\operatorname {artanh} x)&={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}&{\text{for }}|x|<1\\\tanh(\operatorname {arsinh} x)&={\frac {x}{\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}}\\\tanh(\operatorname {arcosh} x)&={\frac {\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}{x}}&{\text{for }}|x|>1\end{aligned}}} arsinh ⁡ u ± arsinh ⁡ v = arsinh ⁡ ( u 1 + v 2 ± v 1 + u 2 ) arcosh ⁡ u ± arcosh ⁡ v = arcosh ⁡ ( u v ± ( u 2 − 1 ) ( v 2 − 1 ) ) artanh ⁡ u ± artanh ⁡ v = artanh ⁡ ( u ± v 1 ± u v ) arsinh ⁡ u + arcosh ⁡ v = arsinh ⁡ ( u v + ( 1 + u 2 ) ( v 2 − 1 ) ) = arcosh ⁡ ( v 1 + u 2 + u v 2 − 1 ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {arsinh} u\pm \operatorname {arsinh} v&=\operatorname {arsinh} \left(u{\sqrt {1+v^{2}}}\pm v{\sqrt {1+u^{2}}}\right)\\\operatorname {arcosh} u\pm \operatorname {arcosh} v&=\operatorname {arcosh} \left(uv\pm {\sqrt {\left(u^{2}-1\right)\left(v^{2}-1\right)}}\right)\\\operatorname {artanh} u\pm \operatorname {artanh} v&=\operatorname {artanh} \left({\frac {u\pm v}{1\pm uv}}\right)\\\operatorname {arsinh} u+\operatorname {arcosh} v&=\operatorname {arsinh} \left(uv+{\sqrt {\left(1+u^{2}\right)\left(v^{2}-1\right)}}\right)\\&=\operatorname {arcosh} \left(v{\sqrt {1+u^{2}}}+u{\sqrt {v^{2}-1}}\right)\end{aligned}}} arcosh ⁡ ( 2 x 2 − 1 ) = 2 arcosh ⁡ ( x )  for  x ≥ 1 arcosh ⁡ ( 8 x 4 − 8 x 2 + 1 ) = 4 arcosh ⁡ ( x )  for  x ≥ 1 arcosh ⁡ ( 2 x 2 + 1 ) = 2 arsinh ⁡ ( x )  for  x ≥ 0 arcosh ⁡ ( 8 x 4 + 8 x 2 + 1 ) = 4 arsinh ⁡ ( x )  for  x ≥ 0 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {arcosh} (2x^{2}-1)&=2\operatorname {arcosh} (x)&{\text{ for }}x\geq 1\\\operatorname {arcosh} (8x^{4}-8x^{2}+1)&=4\operatorname {arcosh} (x)&{\text{ for }}x\geq 1\\\operatorname {arcosh} (2x^{2}+1)&=2\operatorname {arsinh} (x)&{\text{ for }}x\geq 0\\\operatorname {arcosh} (8x^{4}+8x^{2}+1)&=4\operatorname {arsinh} (x)&{\text{ for }}x\geq 0\end{aligned}}} グーデルマン関数 逆双曲線関数の原始関数の一覧 関数一覧