Datasets:

hippocrates

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PubmedNext_train

like 0

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is a negative regulator of T cell activation, which competes with CD28 for B7.1/B7.2 binding with a greater affinity. Co-expression specific antigens and extracellular domain of CTLA4 represents a promising approach to increase the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. In this study, we evaluated this interesting approach for its enhancement on G250/MN/CA IX (G250)-specific immune responses and its anti-tumor effects in renal carcinoma mice model. Consequently, we constructed a DNA vaccine containing the G250 and the CTLA-4 gene. Vaccination with the co-expression DNA not only induced much higher level of anti-CTLA4 and anti-G250 antibody, but also increased G250-specific T cell response in mice. To evaluate the anti-tumor efficacy of the plasmids, murine models with G250-expressing tumors were generated. After injection into the tumor-bearing mouse model, the plasmid carrying the co-expression gene of CTLA4 and G250 showed stronger inhibition of tumor growth than the plasmid expressing CTLA4 or G250 alone.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "These observations emphasize the potential of the CTLA4 and G250 co-expression DNA vaccine, which could represent a promising approach for tumor immunotherapy." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Coexistence of an ocular surface disease can mask the typical features of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN). The purpose of this study was to evaluate high resolution optical coherence tomography (HR-OCT) as an adjunct in the detection and differentiation of OSSN within coexisting ocular surface pathologies. Retrospective study of 16 patients with ocular surface disease and lesions suspicious for OSSN that were evaluated with HR-OCT. HR-OCT images of the lesions were taken to look for evidence of OSSN. Biopsies were performed in all cases, and the HR-OCT findings were compared to the histological results. Of the 16 patients with OSSN and a coexisting ocular surface disease, 12 were found to have OSSN by HR-OCT and all were subsequently confirmed by biopsy. Two patients had OSSN with rosacea, one with pingueculum, two within pterygia, one with Salzmann' nodular degeneration, six with limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD)/scarring. In all 12 cases HR-OCT images revealed classical findings of hyper-reflective, thickened epithelium and an abrupt transition from normal to abnormal epithelium. OSSN was ruled out by HR-OCT in four cases (2 Salzmann's, 1 mucous membrane pemphigoid, and 1 LSCD). Negative findings were confirmed by biopsy. HR-OCT was used to follow resolution of the OSSN in positive cases, and it detected recurrence in 1 case.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "While histopathology is the gold standard in the diagnosis of OSSN, HR-OCT can be used to noninvasively detect the presence of OSSN in patients with coexisting ocular conditions." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Background Carotid endarterectomy is the established treatment for carotid artery stenosis, and remains the primary surgical option due to its superior outcomes compared to carotid arterial stenting. However, Japanese patients are known to have unfavorable anatomical conditions for carotid endarterectomy, with a relatively higher level of the carotid artery bifurcation than in the Western population. We investigated the outcomes of carotid endarterectomy in our institute and evaluated the procedural quality by comparing patients based on higher or lower lesion levels. Methods The clinical data of 65 patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy were collected retrospectively. The outcomes reviewed included stroke-free survival and stroke-free rate. The patients were divided into a higher group ( n = 25) and a lower group ( n = 40), based on lesion location in respect of the 2nd cervical vertebral level. Results There was no perioperative death and only one case of stroke in the higher group within 30 days after carotid endarterectomy. At 5 years after carotid endarterectomy, the stroke-free survival rates were 83.4% in the higher group and 87.8% in the lower group, while the stroke-free rates were 96.0% and 94.0%, respectively; there were no significant differences between groups.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Conclusions Stenotic lesion level did not affect the outcome or procedural quality of carotid endarterectomy." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Cannabis use has increased in the United States, particularly the use of vaporized cannabis oil, which is often mixed with thinning agents for use in vaporizing devices. E-cigarette research shows that heated thinning agents produce potentially harmful carbonyls; however, similar studies have not been conducted (1) with agents that are commonly used in the cannabis industry and (2) at temperatures that are appropriate for cannabis oil vaporization. The goal of this study was to determine whether thinning agents used in the cannabis industry produce potentially harmful carbonyls when heated to a temperature that is appropriate for cannabis oil vaporization. Four thinning agents (propylene glycol [PG], vegetable glycerin [VG], polyethylene glycol 400 [PEG 400], and medium chain triglycerides [MCT]) were heated to 230°C and the resulting vapors were tested for acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde. Each agent was tested three times. Testing was conducted in a smoking laboratory. Carbonyl levels were measured in micrograms per puff block. Analyses showed that PEG 400 produced significantly higher levels of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde than PG, MCT, and VG. Formaldehyde production was also significantly greater in PG compared with MCT and VG. Acrolein production did not differ significantly across the agents. PG and PEG 400 produced high levels of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde when heated to 230°C. Formaldehyde production from PEG 400 isolate was particularly high, with one inhalation accounting for 1.12% of the daily exposure limit, nearly the same exposure as smoking one cigarette. Because PG and PEG 400 are often mixed with cannabis oil, individuals who vaporize cannabis oil products may risk exposure to harmful formaldehyde levels.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Although more research is needed, consumers and policy makers should consider these potential health effects before use and when drafting cannabis-related legislation." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Inflammation modifies risk and/or severity of a variety of brain diseases through still elusive molecular mechanisms. Here we show that hyperactivation of the interleukin 1 pathway, through either ablation of the interleukin 1 receptor 8 (IL-1R8, also known as SIGIRR or Tir8) or activation of IL-1R, leads to up-regulation of the mTOR pathway and increased levels of the epigenetic regulator MeCP2, bringing to disruption of dendritic spine morphology, synaptic plasticity and plasticity-related gene expression. Genetic correction of MeCP2 levels in IL-1R8 KO neurons rescues the synaptic defects. Pharmacological inhibition of IL-1R activation by Anakinra corrects transcriptional changes, restores MeCP2 levels and spine plasticity and ameliorates cognitive defects in IL-1R8 KO mice.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "By linking for the first time neuronal MeCP2, a key player in brain development, to immune activation and demonstrating that synaptic defects can be pharmacologically reversed, these data open the possibility for novel treatments of neurological diseases through the immune system modulation." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Results in three areas of anaerobic microbiology in which methane formation and utilization plays central part are reviewed. a.) Bio-methane formation by reduction of carbon dioxide in the power-to-gas process and the various possibilities of improvement of the process is a very intensively studied topic recently. From the numerous potential methods of exploiting methane of biological origin two aspects are discussed in detail. b.) Methane can serve as a platform chemical in various chemical and biochemical synthetic processes. Particular emphasis is put on the biochemical conversion pathways involving methanotrophs and their methane monooxygenase-catalyzed reactions leading to various small molecules and polymeric materials such as extracellular polysaccharides, polyhydroxyalkanoates and proteins. c.) The third area covered concerns methane-consuming reactions and methane emission mitigation.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "These investigations comprise the anaerobic microbiology of ruminants and approaches to diminishing methane emissions from ruminant animals." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of excess dietary fluoride (F) on laying performance and antioxidant capacity of laying hens. A total of 576 laying hens, 51 wk old, was randomly divided into 6 groups, each of which included 6 replicates of 16 hens. Graded amounts of sodium fluoride (NaF) were added to the basal diet to achieve concentrations of 16 (control), 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 mg/kg F, respectively. Dietary F at 1,000 mg/kg significantly decreased ADFI, laying rate, and average egg weight, and increased feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) level or catalase (CAT) concentration among all the treatments, while hens fed F at 800 and 1,000 mg/kg had higher activity of serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) (P < 0.05) as compared to the control group. Compared with the control group, dietary F at 400 mg/kg increased liver MDA concentration (P < 0.001), and decreased CAT concentration of liver (P < 0.001); 600 mg/kg F decreased liver T-AOC levels (P < 0.001); and 800 mg/kg of F decreased liver total superoxide dismutases (T-SOD) activity (P < 0.001). Compared with the control group, feeding F at 600 mg/kg decreased kidney T-AOC levels and T-SOD activity (P < 0.001), and increased MDA concentration of kidney (P < 0.001), while dietary 1,000 mg/kg of F decreased kidney GSH-PX activity (P < 0.05) and CAT concentration (P < 0.001).\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "In conclusion, these results indicated that excessive F ingestion had an adverse effect on laying performance by inducing oxidative stress and impairing the antioxidant system of laying hens." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Cervical length measurement has been uggested as a useful tool for predicting intra-amniotic infection/inflammation in preterm labor, but little information is available in the setting of preterm premature rupture of membranes (pPROM). We aimed to determine whether a short cervical length is independently associated with an increased risk of intra-amniotic infection or inflammation and impending preterm delivery in women with pPROM. This was a retrospective cohort study involving 171 consecutive singleton pregnant women with pPROM (21+0-33+6 weeks' gestation), who underwent amniocentesis. Amniotic fluid (AF) was cultured, and assayed for interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8. Cervical length was measured at the time of amniocentesis by transvaginal ultrasonography with an aseptic technique. Short cervical length was defined as a cervical length of ≤15 mm. Intra-amniotic infection was defined as a positive AF culture for microorganisms and intra-amniotic inflammation was defined as elevated AF concentrations of IL-6 or IL-8 (IL-6 ≥1.5 ng/mL and/or IL-8 ≥1.3 ng/mL). Fifty (29.2%) women had a sonographic cervical length of ≤15mm. On univariate analysis, short cervical length was associated with an increased risk for intra-amniotic infection and/or inflammation; no other parameters studied showed a significant association. Multivariable analyses indicated that short cervical length was significantly associated with a higher risk of impending preterm delivery (within 2 days of measurement, within 7 days of measurement, and before 34 weeks), and remained significant after adjustment for potential confounders.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "In women with pPROM, short cervical length is associated with an increased risk for intra-amniotic infection/inflammation and associated with impending preterm delivery, independent of the presence of intra-amniotic infection/inflammation." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "evolution during human infection and underline the link between antibiotic resistance and clinical persistence." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Ninety-four unilateral CI patients with bimodal listening experience (CI plus HA in contralateral ear) completed a questionnaire that focused on attitudes toward hearing aid use postimplantation, patterns of usage, and perceived bimodal benefits in daily life. Eighty participants continued HA use and 14 discontinued HA use at the time of the questionnaire. Participant responses provided useful information for counseling patients both before and after implantation. The majority of continuing bimodal (CI plus HA) participants reported adapting to using both devices within 3 months and also reported that they heard better bimodally in quiet, noisy, and reverberant conditions. They also perceived benefits including improved sound quality, better music enjoyment, and sometimes a perceived sense of acoustic balance. Those who discontinued HA use found either that using the HA did not provide additional benefit over the CI alone or that using the HA degraded the signal from the CI.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Because there was considerable overlap in the audiograms and in speech recognition performance in the unimplanted ear between the two groups, we recommend that unilateral CI recipients are counseled to continue to use the HA in the contralateral ear postimplantation in order to determine whether or not they receive functional or perceived benefit from using both devices together." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors have been associated with the occurrence of drug-induced parkinsonism, dystonia, dyskinesia, and akathisia.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Here, we describe a young female patient with a diagnosis of the moderate depressive episode who developed mandibular dystonia and bruxism with sertraline in the absence of concurrent prescription of medications, which have potential action on the dopaminergic system." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:This study examined the prevalence of the use of different complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) strategies, families' attitudes and belief systems about the use of these strategies, and the economic burden of these strategies placed on family income in families of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). A questionnaire survey concerning the use of CAM in children with ASD was administered to parents in the five different geographic locations in Turkey. Of the 172 respondents, 56% had used at least one CAM therapy. The most frequently used CAM intervention was spiritual healing. Among the most reported reasons for seeking CAM were dissatisfaction with conventional interventions and a search for ways to enhance the effectiveness of conventional treatments. The most frequently reported source of recommendation for CAM was advice from family members. The mean economic burden of the CAM methods was a total of 4,005 Turkish lira ($2,670) in the sample using CAM. The CAM usage rate was lower in parents who suspected genetic/congenital factors for the development of ASD.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "This study observed the importance of socioeconomic and cultural factors as well as parents' beliefs about the etiology of ASD in treatment decisions about CAM." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:This study analyzed the toxicity of purified gamma-toxin from Staphylococcus aureus and the protectiveness of antisera to gamma-toxin in the rabbit cornea. Gamma-toxin was purified from cultures of alpha-toxin deficient S. aureus strain Newman Δhla. Antisera to native gamma-toxin (Hlg) were produced in rabbits. These antisera and a commercial polyclonal antibody to recombinant HlgB (rHlgB) were analyzed for specificity and toxin neutralization. Heat-inactivated gamma-toxin, active gamma-toxin either alone or with antisera or with commercial antibody to rHlgB, was injected into the rabbit cornea to observe the pathological effects using slit lamp examination scoring (SLE) and histological analyses. Eyes with intrastromal injection of gamma-toxin developed SLE scores that were significantly higher than eyes injected with heat-inactivated gamma-toxin (p ≤ 0.003). Slit lamp and histological examination of eyes revealed that gamma-toxin injected into the cornea mediated conjunctival injection and chemosis, iritis, fibrin accumulation in the anterior chamber, and polymorphonuclear neutrophil infiltration of the cornea and iris. Also, eyes injected with gamma-toxin plus antisera to native whole gamma-toxin or HlgB, but not with commercial antibody to rHlgB, yielded significantly lower SLE scores than eyes injected with gamma-toxin alone (p ≤ 0.003). This study illustrates that S. aureus gamma-toxin is capable of causing significant corneal pathology.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Furthermore, the use of polyclonal antisera specific for native gamma-toxin was found to inhibit the damaging effects of the toxin in the rabbit cornea." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:A great variety of different surgical techniques has been described for proximal hypospadias repair and an ideal tissue has not been determined yet. We present our 10 years of surgical experience using a bladder mucosal graft for urethroplasty. Bladder mucosal graft urethroplasty was performed between 2005 and 2015 in 50 patients with severe proximal hypospadias. The mean age of patients was 45.1 months (range 24-164 months). Hypospadias were perineal in 18 patients, scrotal in 22, and penoscrotal in 10. In all cases a chordee correction was performed and median time between the first and the second stages was 12 months (mean 17 months, range 4-68 months). Both foley catheter and a suprapubic cystostomy were positioned and maintained for 2-4 weeks. Follow-up was performed at 1-3 and 6-12 months after surgery, and afterwards annually with clinical examination and flowmetry test. Mean follow-up was 5.3 years (median 5, range 1-10 years). Mean graft length was 57.4 mm (median 55 mm, range 35-85 mm). Among all the only early complication registered was a postoperative infection in one patient (2%) at the site of anastomosis. The long-term complications observed were urethrocutaneous fistula in nine patients (18%), urethral stricture in 15 patients (30%), meatal stricture in four patients (8%), and prolapse of meatus in seven patients (14%). The mean time of complication occurrence was 15 months (median 15.5 months, range 1-96 months). The functional and cosmetic appearance after surgery was satisfactory in 42/50 patients (84%) during the follow-up period. There is still an open debate regarding the optimal surgical approach for management of severe proximal hypospadias. Compared with other approaches, our technique showed acceptable results even though encumbered by slightly higher complication rates.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Our results show that bladder mucosal graft for primary severe proximal hypospadias in selected patients is a possible alternative to other commonly used techniques, with the aim of restoring recovery of the normal continuity of the distal urinary tract see figure below." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Ageing population implies an increasing demand for health care services and resources, unsustainable according to current previsions. The European Commission is tackling this challenge throughout initiatives such as the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (EIP-AHA), where all the efforts are aligned to the common goal of adding two active and healthy years to the life of European Union (EU) citizens. We presented the collaborative efforts of Italian Reference Site Collaborative Network 2012-2015. Italian regions joined forces through the \"Progetto Mattone Internazionale\" of the Ministry of Health developing several national and international collaborations. Activities from all five Italian reference sites are presented with different good practices and scale-up approaches for improving health in ageing population.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "The simultaneous development of these activities allowed the strengthening of the coordination of Italian stakeholders in the European arena fostering collaboration and supporting the streamlining of the Italian regions still outside these projects." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Nitrones commonly act as 1,3-dipoles and electrophiles to furnish valuable isoxazolidine and N-hydroxyl products, respectively. They also can be converted to nitrone ylide species and undergo [3+2] formal cycloadditions to access N-hydroxyl pyrrolidines. Here, asymmetric direct aza-vinylogous-type additions of nitrones from isatins to nitroalkenes are presented, catalyzed by a bifunctional thiourea-tertiary amine, affording highly functionalized nitrones with extended carbon skeletons in excellent stereoselectivity. Notably, the nitrone moiety can be easily removed, thus furnishing the formal asymmetric α-functionalization of alkylamine-type substances.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Moreover, the remaining electrophilic nitrone motif enables the subsequent annulations to construct spirocyclic products in high molecular complexity and diversity, which might have potential applications for drug discovery." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Localized magnetic hyperthermia using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) under the application of small magnetic fields is a promising tool for treating small or deep-seated tumors. For this method to be applicable, the amount of MNPs used should be minimized. Hence, it is essential to enhance the power dissipation or heating efficiency of MNPs. Several factors influence the heating efficiency of MNPs, such as the amplitude and frequency of the applied magnetic field and the structural and magnetic properties of MNPs. We discuss some of the physics principles for effective heating of MNPs focusing on the role of surface anisotropy, interface exchange anisotropy and dipolar interactions. Basic magnetic properties of MNPs such as their superparamagnetic behavior, are briefly reviewed. The influence of temperature on anisotropy and magnetization of MNPs is discussed. Recent development in self-regulated hyperthermia is briefly discussed.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Some physical and practical limitations of using MNPs in magnetic hyperthermia are also briefly discussed." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:The biological control of ticks represents an alternative method to the chemical control, given its ecological-friendly approach. Amongst the alternatives, the use of parasitoids of the genus Ixodiphagus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) has been largely investigated. The aim of this study was to document and molecularly characterize Ixodiphagus wasps in ticks from a tropical region of Brazil. From October 2015 to March 2016, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ticks (n=1814) were collected from naturally infested dogs and Ixodiphagus larvae were detected by microscopic examination. In addition, adult wasps were obtained in the laboratory. Larvae and adults were molecularly identified as Ixodiphagus hookeri.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "These findings suggest that this type of parasitism deserves to be studied in local tick populations, in order to elucidate the role of these wasps as a potential alternative to chemical tick control." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:This retrospective study evaluated the diagnostic characteristics of a combination of echocardiographic parameters for pulmonary hypertension (PH). Right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) estimation by echocardiography (echo) is used to screen for PH. However, the sensitivity of this method is suboptimal. We hypothesized that RVSP estimation in conjunction with other echo parameters would improve the value of echo for PH. The Duke Echo database was queried for adult patients with known or suspected PH who had undergone both echo and right heart catheterization (RHC) within a 24 h period between 1/1/2008 and 12/31/2013. Patients with complex congenital heart disease, heart transplantation, ventricular assist device, or on mechanical ventilation at time of study were excluded. Diagnostic characteristics of several echo parameters (right atrial enlargement, pulmonary artery (PA) enlargement, RV enlargement, RV dysfunction, and RVSP) for PH (mean PA pressure 25 mmHg on RHC) were evaluated among 1007 patients. RVSP ≥40 had a sensitivity of 77% (accuracy 77), while RVSP ≥35 had the highest sensitivity at 88% (81% accuracy). PA enlargement had the lowest sensitivity at 17%. The area under the curve (AUC) for RVSP was 0.844. A model including RVSP, RA, PA, RV enlargement and RV dysfunction had a higher AUC (AUC = 0.87) than RVSP alone. The value of echo as a screening test for PH is improved by a model incorporating a lower RVSP in addition to other right heart parameters.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "These findings need to be validated in prospective cohorts." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Schizophrenia is a serious mental disease with a high mortality rate and severe social consequences. Due to insufficient knowledge about its etiopathogenesis, curative treatments are not available. One of the most promising new research concepts is the mild encephalitis hypothesis of schizophrenia, developed mainly by Karl Bechter and Norbert Müller. According to this hypothesis, a significant subgroup of schizophrenia patients suffer from a mild, but chronic, form of encephalitis with markedly different etiologies ranging from viral infections, traumas to autoimmune diseases. This inflammatory process is thought to occur in the beginning or during the course of the disease. In this article, we investigate the consequences of the mild encephalitis hypothesis of schizophrenia for the scientific community, and evaluate these consequences ethically. The mild encephalitis hypothesis implies that schizophrenia would no longer be considered an incurable psychiatric disorder. Instead, it would be considered a chronic, but treatable, neurological disease. This paradigm shift would doubtlessly have significant consequences: (1) major reforms would be necessary in the theoretical conceptualization of schizophrenia, which would challenge the psychiatric diagnostic systems, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders version 5 and ICD-10. (2) Psychotic patients should be treated in interdisciplinary teams, optimally in neuropsychiatric units; additionally, specialists for endocrinology, diabetology, and cardiology should be consulted for the frequently occuring somatic comorbidities. (3) Current diagnostic procedures and (4) therapies would have to be modified significantly. (5) There might be repercussions for the pharmaceutical industry as well: first, because old drugs with expired patent protection could partly replace expensive drugs and, second, because there would be a demand for the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs. (6) Legal evaluation of compulsory treatment orders might have to be reconsidered in light of causal therapies; leading to increased legal approval and reduced need for compulsory treatment orders due to better patient compliance. (7) The social inclusion of patients might improve, if treatment became more effective regarding cognitive and social functioning.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "(8) The stigmatization of patients and their relatives might decrease." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:The liver is the largest internal organ and filters around 3 pints of blood per minute. This continuous flux of blood should not be confused with rapid egress of lymphocytes through the liver; this organ has intricate corridors of specialized sinusoidal spaces, ensuring that immune cells decelerate to shear flow rates, and providing ample opportunities to interact with parenchymal cells. Migration has been intricately linked to T cell function; it is therefore important to study liver T cell biology into context within the liver microenvironment.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Here we discuss the highly organized architecture of liver-resident cells (sinusoidal endothelia, Kupffer cells, stellate cells/myofibroblasts, and biliary and hepatic epithelia) and showcase basic, multicellular, and complex systems to model T cell migration through the human liver microenvironment in vitro and ex vivo." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Most previous research on the correlates of physical activity has examined the aerobic or strength exercise guidelines separately. Such an approach does not allow an examination of the correlates of meeting the combined guidelines versus a single guideline, or one guideline versus the other. Here, we report the prevalence and correlates of meeting the combined and independent exercise guidelines in hematologic cancer survivors (HCS). In a population-based, cross-sectional survey of 606 HCS from Alberta, Canada using a mailed questionnaire, we obtained separate assessments of aerobic and strength exercise behaviors, as well as separate assessments for motivations, regulations, and reflective processes using the multi-process action control framework (M-PAC). Overall, 22% of HCS met the combined exercise guideline, 22% met aerobic-only, 10% met strength-only, and 46% met neither exercise guideline. HCS were more likely to meet the combined guideline over the aerobic-only guideline if they had no children living at home, and over both the aerobic and strength-only guidelines if they had completed university. As hypothesized, those meeting the combined guideline also had a more favorable strength-specific M-PAC profile (i.e., motivations, regulations, and reflective processes) than those meeting the aerobic-only guideline, and a more favorable aerobic-specific M-PAC profile than those meeting the strength-only guideline. Interestingly and unexpectedly, HCS meeting the combined guidelines also reported significantly greater aerobic-specific perceived control, planning, and obligation/regret than those meeting the aerobic-only guideline, and greater strength-specific perceived control, planning, and obligation/regret than those meeting the strength-only guideline. Few HCS are meeting the combined exercise guidelines. M-PAC based variables are strong correlates of meeting the combined guidelines compared to aerobic or strength only guidelines.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Strategies to help HCS meet the combined guidelines may need to promote more favorable behavioral regulations and reflective processes for both types of exercise rather than just the type of exercise in which HCS are deficient." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:The aim of this study was to clarify whether perceived swallowing problems affect the life expectancy of very elderly individuals. In an ageing society, oral function affects health status. In particular, a decline in swallowing function may increase the risk of various diseases, morbidity and malnutrition. We evaluated 526 elderly individuals aged ≥85 years. All participants completed a questionnaire and underwent oral, physical and mental health examinations. The comprehensive oral health assessment comprised a face-to-face interview that included a questionnaire on swallowing function. We estimated hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals using the Cox proportional hazards model, adjusting for potential confounders between perceived swallowing problems and all-cause mortality over a 3-year period. Over a 3-year follow-up period, 88 of 526 participants died and 68 participants complained of perceived swallowing problems. Perceived swallowing problems had statistically significant associations with physical status and function and nutrition. In the univariate analysis, perceived swallowing problems had statistically significant associations with an approximately 1.9-fold higher risk of all-cause mortality during the 3-year period (HR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.14-3.14). In the multivariate analysis, the statistically significant association between perceived swallowing problems and all-cause mortality remained after adjusting for various confounding factors (HR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.03-2.92).\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Perceived swallowing disorders should be verified by a clinical examination, as they are associated with other health outcomes and increased all-cause mortality." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Absence of a drug that kills adult filarial parasites remains the major challenge in eliminating human lymphatic filariasis (LF); the second leading cause of long-term and permanent disability. Thus, the discovery of novel antifilarial natural products with potent adulticidal activity is an urgent need. In the present study, methanol extracts of leaves, bark and winged seeds of Dipterocarpus zeylanicus (Dipterocarpaceae) were investigated for macro and microfilaricidal activity. Two antifilarial triterpene saponins were isolated from winged seed extracts by bioactivity guided chromatographic separation and identified using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and mass spectroscopic analysis as oleanolic acid 3-O-β-D- glucopyranoside (1) (IC50 = 20.54 μM for adult worms, 19.71 μM for microfilariae ) and oleanolic acid 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside (2) (IC50 = 29.02 μM for adult worms, 25.99 μM for microfilariae). Acid hydrolysis of both compounds yielded oleanolic acid (3) which was non or least toxic to human peripheral blood mono nuclear cells (Selectivity index = >10) while retaining similar macrofilaricidal (IC50 = 38.4 μM) and microfilaricidal (IC50 = 35.6 μM) activities. In adult female worms treated with 50 and 100 μM doses of oleanolic acid, condensation of nuclear DNA, apoptotic body formation and tissue damage was observed by using Hoechst 33342 staining, TUNEL assay and Hematoxylin and Eosin staining respectively. A dose dependent increase in caspase 3/CED3 activity and decrease in total protein content were also observed in these parasites. A dose dependant DNA fragmentation was observed in adult parasites and microfilariae. Decreased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and elevated levels of glutathione S transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also observed in parasites treated with oleanolic acid indicating an oxidative stress mediated apoptotic event.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Compound 3/oleanolic acid was thus identified as a potent and safe antifilarial compound in vitro." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:The goal of super-resolution is to generate high-resolution images from low-resolution input images. In this paper, a combined method based on sparse signal representation and adaptive M-estimator is proposed for single-image super-resolution. With the sparse signal representation, the correlation between the sparse representation of high-resolution patches and that of low-resolution patches for the identical image is learned as a set of joint dictionaries and a set of high-resolution patches is obtained for high- and low-resolution patches. Then the dictionaries and high-resolution patches are used to produce the high-resolution image for a low-resolution single image. norms, is used to give further processing for the resultant high-resolution image, to reduce the artefact by learning and reconstitution, and improve the performance.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Three experimental results show the performance improvement of the proposed algorithm over other methods." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Cell lines are often used as in vitro tools to mimic certain types of in vivo system; several cell lines, including MCF-7 and T47D, have been widely used in breast cancer studies without investigating the cell lines' characteristics. In this study, we compared the genome-wide binding profiles of ERα, PR, and P300, and the gene expression changes between MCF-7 and T47D cell lines that represent the luminal A subtype of breast cancer. Surprisingly, several thousand genes were differentially expressed under estrogenic condition. In addition, ERα, PR, and P300 binding to regulatory elements showed distinct genomic landscapes between MCF-7 and T47D cell lines in the same hormonal states. In particular, the T47D cell line was markedly susceptible to progesterone, whereas the MCF-7 cell line did not respond to progesterone in the presence of estrogen. Consistently, changes in the expression level of the PR-target gene, STAT5A, were only observed in the T47D cell line, not the MCF-7 cell line, when treated with progesterone.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Overall, the results highlight the importance of selecting appropriate cell lines for breast cancer studies and suggest that T47D cell lines can be an ideal experimental model to elucidate the progesterone-specific effects of a luminal A subtype of breast cancer." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Our understanding of the evolution of plant sex chromosomes is increasing rapidly due to high-throughput sequencing data and phylogenetic and molecular-cytogenetic approaches that make it possible to infer the evolutionary direction and steps leading from homomorphic to heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Here, we focus on four species of Coccinia, a genus of 25 dioecious species, including Coccinia grandis, the species with the largest known plant Y chromosome. Based on a phylogeny for the genus, we selected three species close to C. grandis to test the distribution of eight repetitive elements including two satellites, and several plastid and mitochondrial probes, that we had previously found to have distinct accumulation patterns in the C. grandis genome. Additionally, we determined C-values and performed immunostaining experiments with (peri-)centromere-specific antibodies on two species (for comparison with C. grandis). In spite of no microscopic chromosomal heteromorphism, single pairs of chromosomes in male cells of all three species accumulate some of the very same repeats that are enriched on the C. grandis Y chromosome, pointing to either old (previous) sex chromosomes or incipient (newly arising) ones, that is, to sex chromosome turnover. A 144-bp centromeric satellite repeat (CgCent) that characterizes all C.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "grandis chromosomes except the Y is highly abundant in all centromeric regions of the other species, indicating that the centromeric sequence of the Y chromosome diverged very recently." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Few studies to date have investigated the effects of ocean acidification on non-reef forming marine invertebrates with non-feeding larvae. Here, we exposed adults of the bryozoan Bugula neritina and their larvae to lowered pH. We monitored spawning, larval swimming, settlement, and post-settlement individual sizes at two pHs (7.9 vs. 7.6) and settlement dynamics alone over a broader pH range (8.0 down to 6.5). Our results show that spawning was not affected by adult exposure (48h at pH7.6), larvae swam 32% faster and the newly-settled individuals grew significantly larger (5%) at pH7.6 than in the control. Although larvae required more time to settle when pH was lowered, reduced pH was not lethal, even down to pH6.5.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Overall, this fouling species appeared to be robust to acidification, and yet, indirect effects such as prolonging the pelagic larval duration could increase predation risk, and might negatively impact population dynamics." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is defined as the sudden, unexpected, witnessed or unwitnessed, non-traumatic, and non-drowning death of patients with epilepsy with or without evidence of a seizure, excluding documented status epilepticus, and in whom postmortem examinations do not reveal a toxicological or anatomic cause for death. In this study, data on patients who passed away under observation in the epilepsy clinic due to sudden, unexpected death have been compiled, and we also aim to emphasize the importance of SUDEP in Turkey. This study was performed with a total of nine cases. Data were obtained from hospital records, information given by the families of patients, the database of the General Directorate for Civil Services of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Turkey, and from the Ankara Metropolitan Municipality Cemetery Information System. As the basis of classification and definition, the proposals suggested by Nashef et al., which were made to the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) in 2011, were taken into consideration. Eight of the patients were classified as probable SUDEP and one of them as possible SUDEP; the mean age at SUDEP was 33 years, and the average follow-up period was 19.7 years. In these cases, except for known risk factors (generalized tonic-clonic seizures, nocturnal seizures, severe epilepsy, more frequent seizures, younger age at the onset of epilepsy, unwitnessed seizures, polytherapy, and mental handicap), a different risk factor was not identified. This study is the first case series on SUDEP in Turkey. Postmortem studies are the most important shortcoming of the study. However, the importance of the topic is highlighted by presenting the available data. SUDEP deserves more attention during the daily practice of neurologists, pediatric neurologists, forensic physicians, and family physicians.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "If death is sudden and unexpected in a patient with epilepsy, SUDEP should be considered, regardless of the clear causes of death." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:sp.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "V10 lipid profile indicates that low degree unsaturated long chain fatty acids such as C18:1 may account for approximately 50% of the lipids content, indicating its suitability to be used as raw material for biodiesel production." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Immune check-point inhibitors are now employed as single-agents in current practice for the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), while combinations of different inhibitors are being evaluated in clinical trials. Although the safety profile of these compounds, with particular reference to drugs targeting programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1), is generally considered manageable, peculiar, immune-related toxicities may onset. Areas covered: This review focuses on the immune-related adverse events (irAEs) observed during immune check-point blockade in NSCLC and their management. The authors report the incidence of irAEs based on the currently available data involving NSCLC and provide recommendations on the general approach to irAEs, as well as indications for the most relevant site-specific events. Expert opinion: Since irAEs may involve a wide range of organs and systems and are potentially reversible if promptly treated, early diagnosis should always be achieved; this might be particularly challenging when other potential causes of toxicity are suspected, such as infections or concurrent treatments.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Finally, drugs active on the PD-1/PD-L1 axis appear to be generally manageable even when they are administered to patients with relevant comorbidities, provided that adequate clinical monitoring is performed." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170629.]." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Cardinal points are used for ray tracing through Gaussian systems. Anti-principal and anti-nodal points (which we shall refer to as the anti-cardinal points), along with the six familiar cardinal points, belong to a much larger set of special points. The purpose of this paper is to obtain a set of relationships and resulting equalities among the cardinal and anti-cardinal points and to illustrate them using Pascal's ring. The methodology used relies on Gaussian optics and the transference T. We make use of two equations, obtained via the transference, which give the locations of the six cardinal and four anti-cardinal points with respect to the system. We obtain equalities among the cardinal and anti-cardinal points. We utilise Pascal's ring to illustrate which points depend on frequency and their displacement with change in frequency. Pascal described a memory schema in the shape of a hexagon for remembering equalities among the points and illustrating shifts in these points when an aspect of the system changes. We modify and extend Pascal's ring to include the anti-cardinal points. We make use of Pascal's ring extended to illustrate which points are dependent on the frequency of light and the direction of shift of the equalities with change in frequency. For the reduced eye the principal and nodal points are independent of frequency, but the focal points and the anti-cardinal points depend on frequency. For Le Grand's four-surface model eye all six cardinal and four anti-cardinal points depend on frequency. This has implications for definitions, particularly of chromatic aberrations of the eye, that make use of cardinal points and that themselves depend on frequency. Pascal's ring and Pascal's ring extended are novel memory schema for remembering the equalities among the cardinal and anti-cardinal points. The rings are useful for illustrating changes among the equalities and direction of shift of points when an aspect of a system changes.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Care should be taken when defining concepts that rely on cardinal points that depend on frequency." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:This work examines translational science in cancer based on theories of innovation that posit a relationship between the maturation of technologies and their capacity to generate successful products. We examined the growth of technologies associated with 138 anticancer drugs using an analytical model that identifies the point of initiation of exponential growth and the point at which growth slows as the technology becomes established. Approval of targeted and biological products corresponded with technological maturation, with first approval averaging 14 years after the established point and 44 years after initiation of associated technologies. The lag in cancer drug approvals after the increases in cancer funding and dramatic scientific advances of the 1970s thus reflects predictable timelines of technology maturation.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Analytical models of technological maturation may be used for technological forecasting to guide more efficient translation of scientific discoveries into cures." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, which affects more and more people. But there is still no effective treatment for preventing or reversing the progression of the disease. Soluble amyloid-beta (Aβ) oligomers, also known as Aβ-derived diffusible ligands (ADDLs) play an important role in AD. Synaptic activity and cognition critically depend on the function of glutamate receptors. Targeting N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors trafficking and its regulation is a new strategy for AD early treatment. EphB2 is a key regulator of synaptic localization of NMDA receptors. Aβ oligomers could bind to the fibronectin repeats domain of EphB2 and trigger EphB2 degradation in the proteasome. Here we identified that overexpression of EphB2 with lentiviral vectors in dorsal hippocampus improved impaired memory deficits and anxiety or depression-like behaviors in APPswe/PS1-dE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice. Phosphorylation and surface expression of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors were also improved. Overexpression of EphB2 also rescued the ADDLs-induced depletion of the expression of EphB2 and GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors trafficking in cultured hippocampal neurons.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "These results suggest that improving the decreased expression of EphB2 and subsequent GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors trafficking in hippocampus may be a promising strategy for AD treatment." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:The patient portal, increasingly available to patients, allows secure electronic communication with physicians. Although physician attitude toward the portal plays a crucial role in patient adoption, little information regarding physician opinion of the portal is available, with almost no information gathered in the pediatric environment. Using a mixed-methods approach, physicians in a large pediatric medical facility and integrated delivery network were surveyed using an online quantitative questionnaire and structured interviews. Physicians reported the portal's role in more communication efficiency for patients, parents, and providers.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "The portal's acceptance also introduces new challenges such as frequent questions from some parents and medical visit avoidance." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) of a long-term intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) programme designed to achieve and maintain weight loss. Beginning in 2001, a total of 5145 overweight or obese people with type 2 diabetes, aged 45-76 years, participating in the multicentre Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) study were randomised to ILI (n = 2570) or to a diabetes support and education (DSE) control group (n = 2575) using a web-based management system at the study coordinating centre at Wake Forest School of Medicine (Winston-Salem, NC, USA). Randomisation was stratified by clinical centre and was not revealed to the clinical staff responsible for obtaining data on study outcomes. Because of the nature of the study, patients and the local centre interventionists were not blinded to the study group assignments. In addition, the coordinating centre staff members responsible for data management and statistical analyses were not blinded to the study group assignments. The interventions were terminated in September 2012, 9-11 years after randomisation, but both groups continued to be followed for both primary and secondary outcomes. Neuropathy evaluations included the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) questionnaire completed at baseline in 5145 participants (ILI n = 2570, DSE n = 2575) and repeated annually thereafter and the MNSI physical examination and light touch sensation testing conducted in 3775 participants (ILI n = 1905, DSE n = 1870) 1-2.3 years after discontinuation of the intervention. and serum lipids. There were no significant between-group differences in the proportions of participants with MNSI physical examination scores ≥2.5, considered to be indicative of diabetic neuropathy. The light touch sensation measured separately in either the right or left big toes (halluces) did not differ between ILI and DSE, but when the data were combined for both toes, light touch was better preserved in the ILI group. and lipids. There were no significant effects of ILI on physical examination measures of DPN conducted 1-2.3 years after termination of the active intervention, except for light touch sensation, which was significantly better in the ILI group when measurements were combined for both toes. However, a potential limiting factor to the interpretation of the physical examination data is that no baseline studies are available for comparison. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00017953.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "This work was funded by the National Institutes of Health through cooperative agreements with the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:esu respectively. The high β value and non-zero value of μ indicate that the title compound might be a good candidate for NLO material. Thermodynamic properties of the title molecule were studied for different temperatures thereby revealing the correlations between heat capacity (C), entropy (S) and enthalpy changes (H) with temperatures. Docking studies of the title compound were scrutinized to predict the preferred binding orientation, affinity and activity of the given compound. The title compound was docked into the active site of the protein 5FCT which belongs to the class of proteins exhibiting the property as a Dihydrofolate synthase inhibitor.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "A minimum binding energy of -5.9kcal/mol and intermolecular energy of -6.5kcal/mol is seen in the interaction." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Injury to thoracic duct is a rare potential complication of time-honored conventional thyroidectomy. Nevertheless, it can be a cause of significant morbidity, and sometimes life-threatening. A 78-year-old female patient with a previous surgical history of thyroid lobectomy for nodular disease presented with primary hyperparathyroidism, and a nodule in the remaining thyroid lobe. The patient underwent completion thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy. Less than 24h post operatively, the patient developed progressive shortness of breath and neck swelling requiring immediate intubation and re-exploration. A large amount of chyle was drained and an injured thoracic duct was identified and ligated. In experienced hands thyroid surgery is safe. Nevertheless, factors such as the type of pathology and its extent, the level of surgery, and re-operative surgery increase the risk of postoperative complications. Immediate surgical exploration is necessary when patients present with neck swelling and respiratory distress. In our case, a high output chyle leak in a confined space was life threatening.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Timely re-exploration following thyroid surgery and thorough knowledge of the anatomy of neck structures is crucial in sparing patients potential morbidity and/or mortality." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:) is transmitted by soluble adenyl cyclase (sAC) through cAMP dependent manner. The process can initiate brain lesions (necrosis, apoptosis, hypervascularity) in OXPHOS deficient cells residing at the LS area of the brain. The major message of the article is that it is not the ATP depletion but intracellular alkalization (and/or hyperoxia?) which seem to be the cause of LS.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "The paper includes suggestions concerning the methodology for further research on the LS mechanism and for therapeutic strategy." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:NGS technology represents a powerful alternative to the standard Sanger sequencing in the context of clinical setting. The proprietary software that are generally used for variant calling often depend on preset parameters that may not fit in a satisfactory manner for different genes. GATK, which is widely used in the academic world, is rich in parameters for variant calling. However the self-adjusting parameter calibration of GATK requires data from a large number of exomes. When these are not available, which is the standard condition of a diagnostic laboratory, the parameters must be set by the operator (hard filtering). The aim of the present paper was to set up a procedure to assess the best parameters to be used in the hard filtering of GATK. This was pursued by using classification trees on true and false variants from simulated sequences of a real dataset data. We simulated two datasets, with different coverages, including all the sequence alterations identified in a real dataset according to their observed frequencies. Simulated sequences were aligned with standard protocols and then regression trees were built up to identify the most reliable parameters and cutoff values to discriminate true and false variant calls. Moreover, we analyzed flanking sequences of region presenting a high rate of false positive calls observing that such sequences present a low complexity make up.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Our results showed that GATK hard filtering parameter values can be tailored through a simulation study based-on the DNA region of interest to ameliorate the accuracy of the variant calling." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:endocarditis identified within one year at a large hospital in Washington, DC, USA. . Patients received treatment with doxycycline/rifampin or doxycycline/gentamicin.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": " endocarditis as a differential diagnosis in patients who fit elements of the Duke Criteria, as well as having a history of homelessness and alcoholism." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:The use of the electronic medical record (EMR) facilitates many aspects of patient care as well as clinical and outcomes research. However, our thought processes are directed differently when collecting data to be entered into a structured database compared with when collecting data to construct a narrative of the patient and his or her complaints.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "While recognizing that the EMR will improve overall patient care, it is worthwhile examining aspects of patient-doctor interaction that may be sacrificed." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Emodin is the representative form of rhubarb, which is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of purgative, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and antiviral, etc. Previous reports demonstrated that emodin glucuronide was the major metabolite in plasma. Owing to the extensive conjugation reactions of polyphenols, the aim of this study was to identify the metabolites of emodin in rat bile and urine. Neutral loss and precursor ion scan methods of triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer revealed 13 conjugated metabolites in rat bile and 22 metabolites in rat urine, which included four phase I and 18 phase II metabolites. The major metabolites in rat biosamples were emodin glucuronoconjugates. Moreover, rhein monoglucuronide, chrysophanol monoglucuronide and rhein sulfate were proposed for the first time after oral administration of emodin.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Overall, liquid chromatography hybrid triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry analysis leads to the discovery of several novel emodin metabolites in rat bile and urine and underscores that conjugated with glucuronic acid is the main metabolic pathway." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Mesenteric lipoma is an extremely rare disease in children. Fewer than 50 cases have been reported in the literature. Diagnosis is based on clinical examination, ultrasound, and computed tomography (CT). However, only the histological study of the specimen during laparotomy or laparoscopy can confirm the diagnosis. Thus, surgery, be it by laparotomy or laparoscopic, is both a means of exploration and treatment in mesenteric lipoma.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "We report on a case of giant lipoma of the mesentery in a 7-year-old girl presenting paroxysmal abdominal pain with a subocclusive syndrome lasting 1 week." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Vitamin D deficiency affects a large part of the population of elderly people, especially women, who live in moderate climate countries due to a reduced amount of vitamin D in the diet (small sea fish consumption) and reduced content of 7-dehydrocholesterol, which causes decreased skin synthesis. The lowest seasonal concentration of 25(OH)D3 is usually observed during winter and spring. Sun exposure influences 25(OH)D3 concentration more strongly in men than in women. Sociodemographic factors that increase the risk of vitamin D deficiency in the elderly include poor environmental conditions, low economic status, lower educational level, drug exposure (smoking), reduced physical activity, overall poor health and obesity, which causes reduced skin exposure to sunlight. The use of medications or supplements that contain vitamin D and staying in a nursing home that employ such supplementation are factors that prevent deficiency. Significant prevalence of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract may contribute to cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol malabsorption or impair their liver transformation. In addition, the high incidence of chronic kidney disease in old age reduces processing hydroxylation of vitamin D and the formation of active metabolites. Vitamin D deficiency can not only cause bone mineralization disorders, but also increase incidence of cardiovascular diseases, cancers, type 2 diabetes and depression.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "The aim of this study was to summarize current knowledge about the risk factors of vitamin D deficiency development in the elderly population." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:is present in a single copy, but in cephalochordates, the most basal of the chordates, the gene is present in two copies, suggesting allotment of the two domains to each of the duplicates. genes of cephalochordates indicates that the tandem duplication occurred in the cephalochordate lineage, but not in the chordate ancestor.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Acute gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is a common cause of both emergency department visits and hospitalizations in the USA and can have a high morbidity and mortality if not treated rapidly. Imaging is playing an increasing role in both the diagnosis and management of GI bleeding. In particular, CT angiography (CTA) is a promising initial test for acute GI bleeding as it is universally available, can be performed rapidly and may provide diagnostic information to guide management.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of the uses of imaging in the diagnosis and management of acute GI bleeding, with a focus on CTA." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of digestive hemorrhages in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF), scheduled for oral anticoagulant therapy. We conducted, over 24 months, a prospective, randomized, population-based observational study on consecutive patients with recurrent paroxysmal, persistent, or permanent NVAF, scheduled for oral anticoagulant therapy. The study initially included 268 patients with NVAF (162 males and 106 females) with a mean age of 74 years (range 42-86 years). Patients were split into two groups: those undergoing preventive Esophago-Gastro-Duodenoscopy (EGD) (Group A) and those who did not (Group B). All patients positive by EGD underwent medical treatment and subsequent 30-day endoscopic controls showed complete healing. The primary outcome of the study was to determine if previous EGD in patients with NVAF resulted in a low risk of bleeding during oral anticoagulant therapy. The two groups were comparable for most variables. <0.001). The incidences of early hemorrhages were significantly different between the two groups with 12 in group B (12%) and 2 in group A (1.7%).\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Preventive EGD can identify hidden digestive diseases, which may increase the incidence of early hemorrhages." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Hyperglycemia during chemotherapy occurs in approximately 10% to 30% of patients. Glucocorticoids and L-asparaginase are well known to cause acute hyperglycemia during chemotherapy. Long-term hyperglycemia is also frequently observed, especially in patients with hematologic malignancies treated with L-asparaginase-based regimens and total body irradiation. Glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia often develops because of increased insulin resistance, diminished insulin secretion, and exaggerated hepatic glucose output. Screening strategies for this condition include random glucose testing, hemoglobin A1c testing, oral glucose loading, and fasting plasma glucose screens. The management of hyperglycemia starts with insulin or sulfonylurea, depending on the type, dose, and delivery of the glucocorticoid formulation. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors are associated with a high incidence of hyperglycemia, ranging from 13% to 50%. Immunotherapy, such as anti-programmed death 1 (PD-1) antibody treatment, induces hyperglycemia with a prevalence of 0.1%. The proposed mechanism of immunotherapy-induced hyperglycemia is an autoimmune process (insulitis). Withdrawal of the PD-1 inhibitor is the primary treatment for severe hyperglycemia. The efficacy of glucocorticoid therapy is not fully established and the decision to resume PD-1 inhibitor therapy depends on the severity of the hyperglycemia. Diabetic patients should achieve optimized glycemic control before initiating treatment, and glucose levels should be monitored periodically in patients initiating mTOR inhibitor or PD-1 inhibitor therapy.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "With regard to hyperglycemia caused by anti-cancer therapy, frequent monitoring and proper management are important for promoting the efficacy of anti-cancer therapy and improving patients' quality of life." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Gelatin gels are increasingly involved in many industrial applications due to several advantages including cost efficiency and biocompatibility. Generally, their production requires the use of aqueous solvents, which cause significant swelling, due to the ability of solvent molecules to penetrate through the gel microstructure and increase its volume. Since swelling mechanisms and their effect on the gel structure are not fully understood, further investigations are required. In this work, we combine macroscopic measurements of the swelling ratio (SR) with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) to investigate changes in the gelatin structure as a function of both polymer concentration and swelling time. SR values increase as a function of time until a maximum is reached and then show a slight drop for all the gelatin concentrations after 24 h swelling time, probably due to a network relaxation process. NMR allows determination of mass transport and molecular dynamics of water inside the gelatin pores, while CLSM is used to visualize the penetration of tracers (polystyrene microbeads) with a diameter much larger than the gel pores. Structural parameters, such as average pore size and tortuosity, are estimated. In particular, the pore size decreases for higher polymer concentration and increases during swelling, until reaching a maximum, and then dropping at longer times.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "The penetration of tracers provides evidence of the heterogeneity of the gel structure and shows that single microcarriers can be loaded in gelatin gels upon swelling." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:In this article, a qualitative study of homeless women and their experiences attending a Maintenance Support Programme (MSP) is discussed. The overarching theme that emerged from the study of women in the MSP was 'A life-changing event: I have the power to change'. The article focuses on the first of the sub-themes: personal factors including: (a) health status, (b) beliefs and attitudes, (c) knowledge, and (d) life and interpersonal skills. Findings demonstrate the influence that these factors have on the capacity of homeless women to change their lives. The MSP was instrumental in supporting these women to manage personal issues, by assisting with accessing health and social services, and developing life skills and achieving life goals.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Understanding the homeless women's experiences may inform the development of future programmes and services in order to support and empower them to break the cycle of homelessness and help them to lead meaningful lives within society." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Classification is one of the most important tasks in machine learning. Due to feature redundancy or outliers in samples, using all available data for training a classifier may be suboptimal. For example, the Alzheimer's disease (AD) is correlated with certain brain regions or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and identification of relevant features is critical for computer-aided diagnosis. Many existing methods first select features from structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or SNPs and then use those features to build the classifier. However, with the presence of many redundant features, the most discriminative features are difficult to be identified in a single step. Thus, we formulate a hierarchical feature and sample selection framework to gradually select informative features and discard ambiguous samples in multiple steps for improved classifier learning. To positively guide the data manifold preservation process, we utilize both labeled and unlabeled data during training, making our method semi-supervised. For validation, we conduct experiments on AD diagnosis by selecting mutually informative features from both MRI and SNP, and using the most discriminative samples for training.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "The superior classification results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, as compared with the rivals." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Pneumocephalus is a complication of trauma to the chest and many iatrogenic interventions. It may arise due to systemic air embolism or retrograde cerebral venous air embolism which is an extremely rare complication. We report a 26-years-old female patient who presented to the Emergency Department suffering of multiple stab wounds. She was in a state of shock and after first aid and evaluation she was operated successfully. In the early postoperative period generalized tonic clonic convulsions were observed following cardiopulmonary resuscitation due to sudden cardiovascular collapse. Brain computerized tomography demonstrated free air in intracranial and extracranial venous structures. Pneumocephalus was diagnosed which may be due to a wide spectrum of etiologies including thorax or spinal stab wounds, tube thoracostomy, cardiopulmonary resuscitation or even central venous catheterization. Unfortunately, the patient ended up with brain death despite all effort.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "In conclusion, we recommend physicians to be aware of this catastrophic complication while taking care of patients with stab wounds." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Nocardiosis should be a diagnostic consideration for patients treated with long-term immunosuppression who have worsening pulmonary symptoms and relapsing pustular skin lesions." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Medulloblastoma is one of the most common malignant tumours of the central nervous system in children. It affects two persons per million per year worldwide and is increasing. More than 70% of patients diagnosed with medulloblastoma are predominantly below age 10 years. Histological variants of medulloblastoma are recognized as classic, nodular-desmoplastic, large cell/anaplastic and medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity. Symptoms include headache, general malaise, failure to feed, vomiting, clumsiness and other presentations that mimic common and benign childhood pathologies seen in primary care. Study data suggested an inverse correlation between high-stage disease and duration of symptoms. Currently, medulloblastoma is classified clinically into high risk and standard (average) risk depending upon factors solely clinical - age, metastases and resection. The treatment strategies for medulloblastoma are maximal safe resection (plus/minus cerebrospinal fluid diversion), neuraxis radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Medulloblastoma is the first brain tumour to show efficacy of chemotherapy in large prospective trials. Effective chemotherapy regimens remain elusive for almost all patients with high-grade cortical or brainstem gliomas and for most young patients with residual or metastatic disease of any histology. Conventional chemotherapeutic agents continue to be developed to reduce toxicity and/or improve efficacy. Recent advances in tumour biology have changed the emphasis to novel agents that target molecular changes crucial for tumour proliferation or survival.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "The toxicity and efficacy of several of these novel agents are currently being assessed in children with brain tumours." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Fabricating Ti alloy based dental implants with defined porous scaffold structure is a promising strategy for improving the osteoinduction of implants. In this study, we use Laser Beam Melting (LBM) 3D printing technique to fabricate porous Ti6Al4V dental implant prototypes with three controlled pore sizes (200, 350 and 500 μm). The mechanical stress distribution in the surrounding bone tissue is characterized by photoelastography and associated finite element simulation. For in-vitro studies, experiments on implants' biocompatibility and osteogenic capability are conducted to evaluate the cellular response correlated to the porous structure. As the preliminary results, porous structured implants show a lower stress-shielding to the surrounding bone at the implant neck and a more densed distribution at the bottom site compared to the reference implant. From the cell proliferation tests and the immunofluorescence images, 350 and 500 μm pore sized implants demonstrate a better biocompatibility in terms of cell growth, migration and adhesion. Osteogenic genes expression of the 350 μm group is significantly increased alone with the ALP activity test.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "All these suggest that a pore size of 350 μm provides an optimal provides an optimal potential for improving the mechanical shielding to the surrounding bones and osteoinduction of the implant itself." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:The current study characterizes brain fMRI activation in response to two modes of vestibular stimulation: Skull tap and auditory tone burst. The auditory tone burst has been used in previous studies to elicit either a vestibulo-spinal reflex [saccular-mediated colic Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (cVEMP)], or an ocular muscle response [utricle-mediated ocular VEMP (oVEMP)]. Research suggests that the skull tap elicits both saccular and utricle-mediated VEMPs, while being faster and less irritating for subjects than the high decibel tones required to elicit VEMPs. However, it is not clear whether the skull tap and auditory tone burst elicit the same pattern of brain activity. Previous imaging studies have documented activity in the anterior and posterior insula, superior temporal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, inferior frontal gyrus, and the anterior cingulate cortex in response to different modes of vestibular stimulation. Here we hypothesized that pneumatically powered skull taps would elicit a similar pattern of brain activity as shown in previous studies. Our results provide the first evidence of using pneumatically powered skull taps to elicit vestibular activity inside the MRI scanner. A conjunction analysis revealed that skull taps elicit overlapping activation with auditory tone bursts in the canonical vestibular cortical regions. Further, our postural control assessments revealed that greater amplitude of brain activation in response to vestibular stimulation was associated with better balance control for both techniques.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Additionally, we found that skull taps elicit more robust vestibular activity compared to auditory tone bursts, with less reported aversive effects, highlighting the utility of this approach for future clinical and basic science research." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Preharvest sprouting reduces the maize quality and causes a significant yield loss in maize production. vp-wl2 is a Mutator (Mu)-induced viviparous mutant in maize, causing white or pale yellow kernels, dramatically reduced carotenoid and ABA content, and a high level of zeta-carotene accumulation. Here, we reported the cloning of the vp-wl2 gene using a modified digestion-ligation-amplification method (DLA). The results showed that an insertion of Mu9 in the first intron of the zeta-carotene desaturase (ZDS) gene results in the vp-wl2 mutation. Previous studies have suggested that ZDS is likely the structural gene of the viviparous9 (vp9) locus. Therefore, we performed an allelic test using vp-wl2 and three vp9 mutants. The results showed that vp-wl2 is a novel allele of the vp9 locus. In addition, the sequences of ZDS gene were identified in these three vp9 alleles.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "The vp-wl2 mutant gene was subsequently introgressed into four maize inbred lines, and a viviparous phenotype was observed with yield losses from 7.69% to 13.33%." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:BACE2 (β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 2) is a protease expressed in the brain, but also in the pancreas, where it seems to play a physiological role. Amyloidogenic diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes (T2D), share the accumulation of abnormally folded and insoluble proteins that interfere with cell function. In T2D, islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) deposits have been shown to be a pathogenic key feature of the disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of BACE2 modulation on β-cell alterations in a mouse model of T2D induced by IAPP overexpression. Heterozygous mice carrying the human transcript of IAPP (hIAPP-Tg) were used as a model to study the deleterious effects of IAPP upon β-cell function. These animals showed glucose intolerance and impaired insulin secretion. When crossed with BACE2-deficient mice, the animals presented a significant improvement in glucose tolerance accompanied with an enhanced insulin secretion, as compared to hIAPP-Tg mice. BACE2 deficiency also partially reverted gene expression changes observed in islets from hIAPP-Tg mice, including a set of genes related to inflammation. Moreover, homozygous hIAPP mice presented a severe hyperglycemia and a high lethality rate from 8 weeks onwards due to a massive destruction of β-cell mass. This process was significantly reduced when crossed with the BACE2-KO model, improving the survival rate of the animals. Altogether, the absence of BACE2 ameliorates glucose tolerance defects induced by IAPP overexpression in the β-cell and promotes β-cell survival.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Thus, targeting BACE2 may represent a promising therapeutic strategy to improve β-cell function in T2D." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:The aim of this manuscript was to investigate the effectiveness of conservative therapy for phantom limb pain (PLP). In this systematic review, CINAHL, AMED, the Cochrane database of systematic reviews, PEDro, psychology and behavioral sciences collection, and MEDLINE were systematically searched for appropriate randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Selected papers were assessed for risk of bias, and evidence was graded using the GRADE approach. Twelve RCTs met initial inclusion/exclusion criteria, of which five were of sufficient quality for final inclusion. There is conflicting evidence from two RCTs for the effectiveness of electromagnetic shielding limb liners on pain in the short term. There is limited evidence supporting the effectiveness of both hypnosis in the short term and graded motor imagery (GMI) in the short-to-medium term. Additionally, there is limited evidence that a single session of mirror therapy has no immediate effect on PLP. Limb liner discomfort was the only adverse effect identified. This review identifies a range of conservative therapies, many of which demonstrate preliminary evidence of potential with respect to clinically worthwhile effects above control interventions and few, if any, adverse effects.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "However, there is a paucity of high-quality evidence upon which to make any firm clinical conclusions." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Engineered hypertrophic cartilage (HC) represents an attractive bone substitute material, capable to induce bone formation by endochondral ossification. Since bone formation by HC depends on factors released from the extracellular matrix, in this study, we hypothesized that HC seeding with monocytes committed to osteoclastogenesis could enhance its remodeling, improve chemotaxis of skeletal and vascular cells, and consequently enhance bone formation. This would be particularly relevant for devitalized HC, which currently exhibits only limited osteoinductivity. Living or devitalized HC engineered from human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) was seeded or not with human monocytes in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor and RANK-ligand, cultured for up to 15 days, or implanted ectopically in nude mice. Monocytes seeded on devitalized, but not living, HC induced its in vitro resorption, resulting in 30-fold higher release and 2.7-fold lower content of glycosaminoglycans compared with unseeded samples. In vitro, supernatants from monocyte-seeded devitalized HC attracted more monocytes compared with unseeded samples, but did not enhance chemotaxis of MSCs or human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In vivo, however, neither remodeling nor invasion by osteoclasts, endothelial cells, and mouse MSCs were significantly affected by the seeding with monocytes. Finally, in vitro priming of living or devitalized HC by monocytes did not enhance their bone-forming capacity.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Further investigations should test the proposed approach on HC engineered to prevent rapid degradation and support osteoclastogenesis, or identify alternative strategies to enhance engineered HC remodeling and bone-forming capacity." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Background: The sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is a highly accurate predictor of overall axillary nodal statusin early breast cancer patients. There is however, still a debate on which patients with a positive SLN can benefit fromaxillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Numerous studies have been designed to identify variables that are predictiveof non-SLN metastasis to avoid a complete ALND. The aim of this study was to determine whether the pre-treatmentneutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) can be a predictive factor of non-SLN metastasis in early breast cancer patients.Materials and Methods: The records of 214 consecutive patients with cT1-3N0 invasive breast cancer who hadundergone intraoperative SLN evaluation at Songklanagarind Hospital between the 1stof March 2011 and the 30thofMay 2016 were examined. Data on patient demographics, tumor variables and NLR were collected and factors fornon-SLN metastasis were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. The power of the NLR was quantified withreceiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves as measured by the areas under curves (AUC). Results: Multivariateanalysis established presence of lymphovascular invasion (OR 8.4, 95%CI 2.3-31.3, p=0.002), macrometastasis(OR 6.6, 95%CI 1.8-24.7, p=0.005), and NLR (OR 2.3, 95%CI 1.1-4.8, p=0.033) as predictive factors of non-SLNmetastasis with statistical significance. The AUC for NLR was 0.7 (95%CI 0.6-0.8) with an optimal cut-off of 2.6giving a sensitivity of 62%, a specificity of 83.8%, a positive predictive value of 77.3% and a negative predictive valueof 70.5%.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Conclusion: Pre-treatment NLR is a useful diagnostic aid for predicting additional non-SLN metastasis." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Ants are considered one of the most successful groups in the planet's evolutionary history. Among them highlights the fungus-farming ants of the genera Atta and Acromyrmex that occur throughout most of the Americas. Within the Acromyrmex genus, the species A. striatus distinguishes from other Acromyrmex species as its morphology and karyotype differ from its congeners. This species is found in open environments of dry climate in the southern States of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay; however, little is known about the current distribution of the species. This article aimed to investigate the current distribution of the species by compiling its known distribution and discussing its distributional range. To achieve this, published and unpublished data obtained through a literature search and active collections in various locations were compiled. Published and unpublished data revealed that 386 colonies were recorded, distributed across four countries where its occurrence is known. Environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, soil type and vegetation, as well as historical geological and climate events that have modified Earth's surface may have influenced species distribution patterns. In the Neotropics, the environmental factors that most impacted the distribution of species were the glaciation periods that occurred in the Quaternary, leading to a great migratory process. These factors may have contributed to the current geographical distribution of A.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "striatus." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:To create a searchable web-based national audiology facility directory using a standardized survey, so parents and providers could identify which facilities had capacity to provide appropriate services based on child's age. An Early Hearing Detection and Intervention-Pediatric Audiology Links to Services expert panel was convened to create a survey to collect audiology facility information. Professional practice documents were reviewed, a survey was designed to collect pertinent test protocols of each audiology facility, and a standard of care template was created to cross-check survey answers. Audiology facility information across the United States was collected and compiled into a directory structured and displayed in an interactive website, ehdipals.org. Since November 7, 2012, to May 21, 2016, over 1000 facilities have completed the survey and become listed in the Early Hearing Detection and Intervention-Pediatric Audiology Links to Services directory. The site has registered 10,759 unique visitors, 151,981 page views, and 9134 unique searches from consumers. User feedback has been positive overall. A searchable, web-based facility directory has proven useful to consumers as a tool to help them differentiate whether a facility was set up to test newborns versus young children.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Use of a preprogrammed standard of practice template to cross-check survey answers was also shown to be a practical aid." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:background or immune suppressed by chronic tacrolimus therapy both demonstrated accelerated development of mammary carcinomas. By generating a bank of cell lines from these animals, we further show that a subset of PyMT cell lines had delayed growth after transplantation into wild-type (WT) syngeneic, but not immune-deficient hosts. This reduced growth rate in immunocompetent animals was characterized by an increase in immune cell infiltration and tissue differentiation. Furthermore, loss of the immune cell infiltration that characterized immunoediting of slow growing cell lines, changed them into fast growing variants capable of progressing in the immunocompetent model.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "In conclusion, our study provides evidence that immunosurveillance and immunoediting of PyMT-derived cell lines modulate tumor progression in this oncogene-induced model of cancer." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:O-GlcNAc hydrolase (OGA) catalyzes removal of βα-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine from serine and threonine residues. We report crystal structures of Homo sapiens OGA catalytic domain in apo and inhibited states, revealing a flexible dimer that displays three unique conformations and is characterized by subdomain α-helix swapping.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "These results identify new structural features of the substrate-binding groove adjacent to the catalytic site and open new opportunities for structural, mechanistic and drug discovery activities." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:To determine the efficacy of combination povidone-iodine (PVP-I) 1.0% eyedrops and dexamethasone 0.1% eyedrops in the treatment of adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis. In a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blinded clinical trial patients with recent adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis (diagnosed clinically and confirmed by PCR), we randomly divided into three treatment groups: study group - received PVP-I 1.0% and dexamethasone 0.1%, control 1 group - received dexamethasone 0.1% and control 2 group - received lubricating eyedrops (hypromellose 0.3%). The treatment was administered four times a day in each group. All patients were examined and filled a questionnaire before treatment and on the 3rd, 5th and 7th days of treatment. We included in the study 78 eyes (26 in each group). Adenovirus type 8 was the most common pathogen (83% of cases). The fastest improvement in patients red eyes, discharge, superficial punctate keratitis and pseudomembranes was observed in the study group (p < 0.001). Those patients reached a near complete recovery in 5-7 days, which was also confirmed by reduction in Adenovirus titres by PCR. The slowest improvement was in the control 2 group. Subepithelial infiltrates (SEI) were observed in 44% of the control 1 group, 20% of the control 2 group and in 0% of the study group. The rate of reduction in Adenovirus titres was the slowest in the control 1 group.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "The combination of PVP-I 1.0% and dexamethasone 0.1% four times a day can reduce symptoms and expedite recovery in epidemic keratoconjunctivitis patients." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:A reliable, rapid analytical method was established for characterization of constituents in the ethanol extract of Polygonum multiflorum by combining an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS). 131 constituents which including phenolic acids, stilbenes, flavones, anthraquinones, naphthalenes and their derivatives were identified or tentatively identified by using characteristic diagnostic fragment ions and references. The established method was further applied to analyze blood samples, and successfully identified 41 compounds which were absorbed through the gastrointestine in rats after administration the extract of P. multiflorum. Moreover, the pharmacokinetic studies of some major compounds in blood were investigated by using ultra performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method. This study showed a comprehensive research of P.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "multiflorum, which could provide a meaningful basis for further quality control, pharmacological as well as toxicological researches." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Over the past two decades, the field of cardiovascular medicine has seen the rapid development of multiple different modalities for the treatment of ischemic myocardial disease. Most research efforts have focused on strategies aimed at coronary revascularization, with significant technological advances made in percutaneous coronary interventions as well as coronary artery bypass graft surgery. However, recent research efforts have shifted towards ways to address the downstream effects of myocardial infarction on both cellular and molecular levels. To this end, the broad application of injectable hydrogel therapy after myocardial infarction has stimulated tremendous interest.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "In this article, we will review what hydrogels are, how they can be bioengineered in unique ways to optimize therapeutic potential, and how they can be used as part of a treatment strategy after myocardial infarction." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Doravirine is a novel, next-generation, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor in development for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection in combination with other antiretrovirals. Doravirine is a substrate for cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and P-glycoprotein. Rifampin (rifampicin) is used for treating tuberculosis in patients who are co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Rifampin demonstrates organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 and P-glycoprotein inhibition after single-dose administration and CYP3A and P-glycoprotein induction after multiple-dose administration. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of co-administration of single and multiple doses of rifampin on doravirine pharmacokinetics. In period 1 of this open-label, two-period, fixed-sequence study in healthy adults, subjects received single-dose doravirine 100 mg; blood samples for measuring plasma concentration were collected pre-dose and up to 72 h post-dose. In period 2, following a 7-day washout, subjects received doravirine 100 mg and rifampin 600 mg on day 1, rifampin 600 mg daily on days 4-18, with doravirine 100 mg co-administered on day 17; blood samples were collected pre-dose and up to 72 h post-dose on day 1 and up to 48 h post-dose on day 17. Safety assessments included adverse events, physical examinations, vital signs, and clinical laboratory measurements. Ten subjects completed the study. Doravirine area under the concentration-time curve from time zero extrapolated to infinity and plasma concentration at 24 h post-dose were comparable in the presence and absence of single-dose rifampin [geometric mean ratios (90% confidence intervals)] of 0.91 (0.78-1.06) and 0.90 (0.80-1.01), respectively. Doravirine maximum plasma concentration increased when co-administered with single-dose rifampin vs. doravirine alone, geometric mean ratio (90% confidence interval): 1.40 (1.21-1.63). Reductions in doravirine geometric mean ratios (90% confidence interval), area under the concentration-time curve from time zero extrapolated to infinity: 0.12 (0.10-0.15), plasma concentration at 24 h post-dose: 0.03 (0.02-0.04), maximum plasma concentration: 0.43 (0.35-0.52), and apparent terminal half-life were observed when co-administered with multiple-dose rifampin vs. doravirine administered alone. Doravirine was well tolerated. Adverse events were mild and resolved by study completion. Doravirine co-administration with single-dose rifampin indicated that inhibition of organic anion-transporting polypeptide uptake transporters and P-glycoprotein has little impact on doravirine pharmacokinetics.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Long-term co-administration of rifampin or other strong CYP3A inducers with doravirine will likely reduce its efficacy." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:with the latter reaching a spiking output frequency of 26 kHz.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "This performance level could address various contexts, such as highly integrated neuro-processors for robotics, neuroscience or medical applications." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Recent fertility declines in non-Western countries may have the potential to transform gender systems. One pathway for such transformations is the creation of substantial proportions of families with children of only one gender. Such families, particularly those with only daughters, may facilitate greater symmetry between sons and daughters. This article explores whether such shifts may influence gendered expectations of old age support. In keeping with patriarchal family systems, old age support is customarily provided by sons, but not daughters, in India. Using data from the 2005 Indian Human Development Survey, I find that women with sons overwhelmingly expect old age support from a son. By contrast, women with only daughters largely expect support from a daughter or a source besides a child.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "These findings suggest that fertility decline may place demographic pressure on gendered patterns of old age support and the gender system more broadly." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:In cases of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) threatened by potential hardware exposure, flap-based reconstruction is indicated to provide durable coverage. Historically, muscle flaps were favored as they provide vascular tissue to an infected wound bed. However, data comparing the performance of muscle versus fasciocutaneous flaps are limited and reflect a lack of consensus regarding the optimal management of these wounds. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of muscle versus fasciocutaneous flaps following the salvage of compromised TKA. A systematic search and meta-analysis were performed to identify patients with TKA who underwent either pedicled muscle or fasciocutaneous flap coverage of periprosthetic knee defects. Studies evaluating implant/limb salvage rates, ambulatory function, complications, and donor-site morbidity were included in the comparative analysis. A total of 18 articles, corresponding to 172 flaps (119 muscle flaps and 53 fasciocutaneous flaps) were reviewed. Rates of implant salvage (88.8% vs. 90.1%, P=0.05) and limb salvage (89.8% vs. 100%, P=0.14) were comparable in each cohort. While overall complication rates were similar (47.3% vs. 44%, P=0.78), the rates of persistent infection (16.4% vs. 0%, P=0.14) and recurrent infection (9.1% vs. 4%, P=0.94) tended to be higher in the muscle flap cohort. Notably, functional outcomes and ambulation rates were sparingly reported. Rates of limb and prosthetic salvage were comparable following muscle or fasciocutaneous flap coverage of compromised TKA.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "The functional morbidity associated with muscle flap harvest, however, may support the use of fasciocutaneous flaps for coverage of these defects, particularly in young patients and/or high-performance athletes." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:No interventions have yet been implemented to improve antibiotic use on Aruba. In the Netherlands, the introduction of an antibiotic checklist resulted in more appropriate antibiotic use in nine hospitals. The aim of this study was to introduce the antibiotic checklist on Aruba, test its effectiveness, and evaluate the possibility of implementing this checklist outside the Netherlands. The antibiotic checklist includes seven quality indicators (QIs) that define appropriate antibiotic use. It applies to adult patients with a suspected bacterial infection, treated with intravenous antibiotics. The primary endpoint was the QI sum score, calculated by the patient's sum of performed checklist-items divided by the total number of QIs that applied to that specific patient. Outcomes before and after the introduction of the checklist were compared. The percentage of patients with a QI sum score ≥50% increased significantly during the intervention (n=173) compared to baseline (n=150) (odds ratio 3.67, p<0.001). However, performance did not improve on each individual QI. The checklist was used in 63.3% of the eligible patients. The introduction of the antibiotic checklist increased appropriate antibiotic use on Aruba. Additional initiatives are necessary for further improvement per QI.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "These results suggest that the antibiotic checklist could be used internationally." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:In May 2016, the UK Government enacted the Psychoactive Substances Act which made it an offense to produce or supply many drugs including new psychoactive substances (NPS). We aimed to assess the impact of the Act on the availability of the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist methyl 2-[[1-(cyclohexylmethyl)indole-3-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (MDMB-CHMICA) from internet-based suppliers. Internet snapshot availability study. We conducted two snapshot availability surveys looking at the number of websites offering to sell MDMB-CHMICA: the first in March prior to implementation of the Act and the second in June, 1 month post-implementation. In March and June 2016, we identified 47 and 38 websites, respectively, which offered to sell MDMB-CHMICA. There were no significant differences in the price of the drug nor the forms available for purchase. In the June survey there was a significant decrease in the number of websites which openly stated they were based in the UK (from 14 down to 2), three websites stated that they did not supply customers based in the UK and two websites stated they had ceased sales of MDMB-CHMICA due to the Act.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "This study showed a small but limited reduction in the availability of MDMB-CHMICA from internet-based suppliers following implementation of the Act." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:The present study tested the hypothesis of no delayed sublethal effects of mild angling and release on the feeding, growth, somatic condition and gonadal development of golden perch Macquaria ambigua during gametogenesis. Subsamples of adult M. ambigua (n = 17-21 of 207), originally captured from the wild and stocked into ten 0·1 ha earthen ponds, were angled and released during early and late gametogenesis. Wild samples that were concurrently collected throughout the experiment underwent rapid and synchronous gonadal development and many spawned. While no spawning occurred in the ponds, most M. ambigua underwent normal gonadal development to maturity, including the angled fish. Angled fish also fed, maintained condition and actually grew faster than non-angled captive controls. Although females that were angled during late gametogenesis more readily ingested and retained baited hooks, neither their subsequent condition nor gonadal development was significantly affected. The predominance of null results was attributed to the combined effects of the flexible reproductive strategy of M. ambigua, the benignness of mouth hooking and immediate release, and possible methodological issues arising from differential hooking success of more aggressive and resilient individuals. The findings support earlier catch-and-release research, but contrast with reports of acute reproductive effects following capture and handling for aquaculture broodstock.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "This discrepancy highlights the need for research to specifically address welfare questions relevant to recreational fisheries across various species and angling scenarios." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:mutation, calorie restriction and rapamycin. In wild-type mice fed an unsupplemented ad libitum diet, age-associated hypomethylation was enriched at super-enhancers in highly expressed genes critical for liver function. Genes harbouring hypomethylated enhancers were enriched for genes that change expression with age. Hypermethylation was enriched at CpG islands marked with bivalent activating and repressing histone modifications and resembled hypermethylation in liver cancer. Age-associated methylation changes are suppressed in Ames dwarf and calorie restricted mice and more selectively and less specifically in rapamycin treated mice. Age-associated hypo- and hypermethylation events occur at distinct regulatory features of the genome. Distinct longevity-promoting interventions, specifically genetic, dietary and drug interventions, suppress some age-associated methylation changes, consistent with the idea that these interventions exert their beneficial effects, in part, by modulation of the epigenome.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "This study is a foundation to understand the epigenetic contribution to healthy aging and longevity and the molecular basis of the DNA methylation clock." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Installation of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in schools has been associated with increased survival after sudden cardiac arrest. An authoritative academic research database was interrogated to identify all current state statutes pertaining to AEDs in schools. As of February 2016, 17 of 50 U.S. states (34%) require AED installation in at least some of their schools; the remaining states have no legislation. However, requirements are far from comprehensive in these 17 states. Only 5 states offer unequivocal funding to schools for purchasing AEDs. A minority of U.S. states have legislation requiring AED placement in schools, and even fewer provide funding. State legislatures that have not yet enacted legislation requiring AEDs in schools may look to neighboring states for examples of child and adult lifesaving law.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Placement of an AED in schools should be implemented with an emergency response plan that trains staff in the recognition and response to cardiac arrest." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Successful reproduction and larval dispersal are important for the persistence of marine invertebrate populations, and these early life history processes can be sensitive to marine pollution. Coal is emerging as a contaminant of interest due to the proximity of ports and shipping lanes to coral reefs. To assess the potential hazard of this contaminant, gametes, newly developed embryos, larvae and juveniles of the coral Acropora tenuis were exposed to a range of coal leachate, suspended coal, and coal smothering treatments. Fertilisation was the most sensitive reproductive process tested. Embryo survivorship decreased with increasing suspended coal concentrations and exposure duration, effects on larval settlement varied between treatments, while effects on juvenile survivorship were minimal. Leachate exposures had negligible effects on fertilisation and larval settlement.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "These results indicate that coral recruitment could be affected by spills that produce plumes of suspended coal particles which interact with gametes and embryos soon after spawning." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:With the Act on the Reform of the Market for Medicinal Products (AMNOG) in Germany, pharmaceutical manufacturers are obliged to submit a dossier demonstrating added benefit of a new drug compared to an appropriate comparator. Underlying evidence was planned for registration purposes and therefore often does not meet the appropriate comparator as defined by the Federal Joint Committee (G-BA). For this reason AMNOG allows indirect comparisons to assess the extent of added benefit. The aim of this study is to evaluate the characteristics and applicability of adjusted indirect comparison described by Bucher and Matching-Adjusted Indirect Comparison (MAIC) in various situations within the early benefit assessment according to §35a Social Code Book 5. In particular, we consider time-to-event endpoints. We conduct a simulation study where we consider three different scenarios: I) similar study populations, II) dissimilar study populations without interactions and III) dissimilar study populations with interactions between treatment effect and effect modifiers. We simulate data from a Cox model with Weibull distributed survival times. Desired are unbiased effect estimates. We compare the power and the proportion of type 1 errors of the methods. I) Bucher and MAIC perform equivalently well and yield unbiased effect estimates as well as proportions of type 1 errors below the significance level of 5 %. II) Both Bucher and MAIC yield unbiased effect estimates, but Bucher shows a higher power for detection of true added benefit than MAIC. III) Only MAIC, but not Bucher yields unbiased effect estimates. When using robust variance estimation MAIC yields a proportion of type 1 error close to 5 %. In general, power of all methods for indirect comparisons is low. An increasing loss of power for the indirect comparisons can be observed as the true treatment effects decrease. Due to the great loss of power and the potential bias for indirect comparisons, head-to-head trials using the appropriate comparator as defined by the Federal Joint Committee should be conducted whenever possible. However, indirect comparisons are needed if no such direct evidence is available. To conduct indirect comparisons in case of a present common comparator and similar study populations in the trials to be compared, both Bucher and MAIC can be recommended. In case of using adjusted effect measures (such as Hazard Ratio), the violation of the similarity assumption has no relevant effect on the Bucher approach as long as interactions between treatment effect and effect modifiers are absent. Therefore Bucher can still be considered appropriate in this specific situation. In the authors' opinion, MAIC can be considered as an option (at least as sensitivity analysis to Bucher) if such interactions are present or cannot be ruled out.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Nevertheless, in practice MAIC is potentially biased and should always be considered with utmost care." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Where previously described, patterns of sex chromosome dosage compensation in the Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) have several unusual characteristics. Other female-heterogametic (ZW/ZZ) species exhibit female Z-linked expression that is reduced compared with autosomal expression and male Z expression. In the Lepidoptera, however, Z expression typically appears balanced between sexes but overall reduced relative to autosomal expression, that is Z ≈ ZZ < AA. This pattern is not easily reconciled with theoretical expectations for the evolution of sex chromosome dosage compensation. Moreover, conflicting results linger due to discrepancies in data analyses and tissues sampled among lepidopterans. To address these issues, we performed RNA-seq to analyze sex chromosome dosage compensation in the codling moth, Cydia pomonella, which is a species from the earliest diverging lepidopteran lineage yet examined for dosage compensation and has a neo-Z chromosome resulting from an ancient Z:autosome fusion. While supported by intraspecific analyses, the Z ≈ ZZ < AA pattern was further evidenced by comparative study using autosomal orthologs of C. pomonella neo-Z genes in outgroup species. In contrast, dosage compensation appears to be absent in reproductive tissues. We thus argue that inclusion of reproductive tissues may explain the incongruence from a prior study on another moth species and that patterns of dosage compensation are likely conserved in the Lepidoptera. Notably, this pattern appears convergent with patterns in eutherian mammals (X ≈ XX < AA).\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Overall, our results contribute to the notion that the Lepidoptera present challenges both to classical theories regarding the evolution of sex chromosome dosage compensation and the emerging view of the association of dosage compensation with sexual heterogamety." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Down syndrome (DS), trisomy 21, is caused by increased dose of genes present on human chromosome 21 (HSA21). The gene-dose hypothesis argues that a change in the dose of individual genes or regulatory sequences on HSA21 is necessary for creating DS-related phenotypes, including cognitive impairment. We focused on a possible role for Kcnj6, the gene encoding Kir3.2 (Girk2) subunits of a G-protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channel. This gene resides on a segment of mouse Chromosome 16 that is present in one extra copy in the genome of the Ts65Dn mouse, a well-studied genetic model of DS. Kir3.2 subunit-containing potassium channels serve as effectors for a number of postsynaptic metabotropic receptors including GABAB receptors. Several studies raise the possibility that increased Kcnj6 dose contributes to synaptic and cognitive abnormalities in DS. To assess directly a role for Kcnj6 gene dose in cognitive deficits in DS, we produced Ts65Dn mice that harbor only 2 copies of Kcnj6 (Ts65Dn:Kcnj6++- mice). The reduction in Kcnj6 gene dose restored to normal the hippocampal level of Kir3.2. Long-term memory, examined in the novel object recognition test with the retention period of 24h, was improved to the level observed in the normosomic littermate control mice (2N:Kcnj6++). Significantly, both short-term and long-term potentiation (STP and LTP) was improved to control levels in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the Ts65Dn:Kcnj6++- mouse. In view of the ability of fluoxetine to suppress Kir3.2 channels, we asked if fluoxetine-treated DG slices of Ts65Dn:Kcnj6+++ mice would rescue synaptic plasticity. Fluoxetine increased STP and LTP to control levels. These results are evidence that increased Kcnj6 gene dose is necessary for synaptic and cognitive dysfunction in the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Strategies aimed at pharmacologically reducing channel function should be explored for enhancing cognition in DS." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Early blight, caused by the fungus Alternaria solani, is a devastating foliar disease of tomatoes, causes massive yield loss each year worldwide. Molecular basis of the compatible host-pathogen interaction was elusive. We adopted next generation sequencing approach to decipher miRNAs and mRNAs that are differentially expressed during Alternaria-stress in tomato. Some of the interesting findings were also validated by alternative techniques. Our analysis revealed 181 known-miRNAs, belonging to 121 miRNA families, of which 67 miRNAs showed at least 2-fold change in expression level with the majority being downregulated. Concomitantly, 5,450 mRNAs were significantly regulated in the same diseased tissues. Differentially expressed genes were most significantly associated with response to stimulus process, photosynthesis, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, plant-pathogen interaction and plant hormone signal transduction pathways. GO term enrichment-based categorization of gene-functions further supported this observation, as terms related to pathogen perception, disease signal transduction, cellular metabolic processes including oxidoreductase and kinase activity were over represented. In addition, we have discovered 102 miRNA-mRNA pairs which were regulated antagonistically, and careful study of the targeted mRNAs depicted that multiple transcription factors, nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeats, receptor-like proteins and enzymes related to cellular ROS management were profoundly affected.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "These studies have identified key regulators of Alternaria-stress response in tomato and the subset of genes that are likely to be post-transcriptionally silenced during the infection." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:and spectroscopic evidence revealing that AOM linked to the microbial reduction of redox functional groups in natural organic matter (NOM) prevails in a tropical wetland. We suggest that microbial reduction of NOM may largely contribute to the suppression of methane emissions from tropical wetlands.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "This is a novel avenue within the carbon cycle in which slowly decaying NOM (e.g., humic fraction) in organotrophic environments fuels AOM by serving as a terminal electron acceptor." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:The seedling stage is particularly vulnerable to resource limitation, with potential consequences for community composition. We investigated how light and soil variation affected early growth, biomass partitioning, morphology, and physiology of 22 tree species common in tropical dry forest, including eight legumes. Our hypothesis was that legume seedlings are better at taking advantage of increased resource availability, which contributes to their successful regeneration in tropical dry forests. N. Legumes initially grew taller and maintained that height advantage over time under all experimental conditions. Legumes also had the highest final total biomass and water-use efficiency in the high-light and high-resource soil. For nitrogen-fixing legumes, the amount of nitrogen derived from fixation was highest in the richer soil. Although seed mass tended to be larger in legumes, seed size alone did not account for all the differences between legumes and nonlegumes. Both belowground and aboveground resources were limiting to early seedling growth and function.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Legumes may have a different regeneration niche, in that they germinate rapidly and grow taller than other species immediately after germination, maximizing their performance when light and belowground resources are readily available, and potentially permitting them to take advantage of high light, nutrient, and water availability at the beginning of the wet season." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:To synthesize a novel chemotype based on the naphthoquinone scaffold with retained cytotoxicity and provisionally low intracellular oxidation potential. Derivatives of naphthoquinone, although potent anticancer agents, can exert heart toxicity due to generation of free oxygen species. In this study, we modified the scaffold by replacing one carbonyl group with the oxime moiety. Interestingly, only one carbonyl group in 1-R-1H-naphtho[2,3-d][1,2,3]triazole-4,9-dione 2-oxides reacted with hydroxylamine. The spatial structure was determined by X-ray analysis. New compounds were tested for the ability to form stable complexes with double stranded DNA by spectroscopy and molecular docking and to induce death of tumor cell lines and non-malignant counterparts. The resulting 1-R-1H-naphtho[2,3-d][1,2,3]triazole-4,9-dione 4-oxime 2-oxides were further acylated to produce a series of 1-R-1H-naphtho[2,3-d][1,2,3]triazole-4,9-dione 4-(O-acyloxime) 2-oxides. Newly synthesized compounds demonstrated a higher (in submicromolar or low micromolar range) cytotoxic potency against human colon and breast adenocarcinoma cell lines than to non-malignant skin fibroblasts. Spectroscopic measurements revealed that, unlike other classes of quinone derivatives, new naphthotriazoledione oxides did not form stable complexes with double stranded DNA regardless of their fitting to the DNA minor groove (as determined by molecular modeling).\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Thus, our chemical modifications yielded a new chemotype with good cytotoxic properties and yet-to-be-identified intracellular target(s)." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "values is performed by GUSAR software for the parent compound and each of the generated metabolites using quantitative structure-activity relationahip (QSAR) models created for acute rat toxicity with the intravenous type of administration." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Conventional transbronchial needle aspiration (C-TBNA) is a minimally invasive technique used primarily in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer. Currently lung cancer is mostly considered a disease of the elderly and the management of this disease in older patients is a growing concern. In this study we aimed to assess the diagnostic yield and safety of C-TBNA in elderly patients. A retrospective review of 88 consecutive C-TBNA procedures for nodal staging in suspected or confirmed primary lung cancer or pathological confirmation in suspected advanced lung cancer was performed. Patients were divided into less than 70 (<70yrs) or 70 and older (≥70yrs) age groups for analysis. There were no significant differences either in the diagnostic yield (69% in patients aged < 70 yrs and 74% patients aged ≥ 70 yrs (p=0.5) nor in the complication rate (respectively 8.8% in patients aged < 70 yrs and 6.9% in patients aged ≥ 70 yrs (p=0.7) between the two age groups. Reported complications were minor bleeding and poor tolerance; no major complications were observed.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Based on our experience, C-TBNA represents a useful and safe alternative procedure for the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer in elderly patients." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:A biofilm is a complex assemblage of microbial communities adhered to a biotic or an abiotic surface which is embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances. Many transcriptional regulators play a role in triggering a motile-sessile switch and in consequently producing the biofilm matrix. This review is aimed at highlighting the role of two nucleotide signaling molecules (c-di-GMP and c-di-AMP), toxin antitoxin modules and a novel transcriptional regulator BolA in biofilm formation in various bacteria.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "In addition, it highlights the common themes that have appeared in recent research regarding the key regulatory components and signal transduction pathways that help Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to acquire the biofilm mode of life." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:The aim of this study has been to examine the association between climate conditions (CC) and hospital admissions for the subcategories of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), according to patients' age. From January 2010 through December 2011, the daily number of hospital admissions for angina pectoris (AP), essential hypertension (EH), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and ischemic heart diseases (IHD) for adults (19-64 years old) and the elderly (≥ 65 years old), as well as for the CC (N = 728 days) was collected for multivariate Poisson regression analysis, confounding with season and weekends. The results were expressed by using the relative risk with the corresponding 95% confidence interval. The risk for the AMI among the adults and the elderly is significantly higher for 41.8% and 38.9%, respectively on the days with lower ambient temperature and lesser for 32.7% and 29.8%, respectively on the days with lower air pressure values. The risk for the IHD among the elderly is significantly higher on the days with lower ambient temperature and lower relative humidity for 50.6% and 37.4%, respectively. Our findings explain how the CC and subcategories of CVD are associated, which could be used for adequate public awareness of the risk for hospitalization due to climate conditions.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Med Pr 2017;68(2):189-197." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:This systematic review provides an overview of publications concerning pharmacogenetic research in pediatric patients with medulloblastoma and low-grade glioma. Three electronic databases searches including a manual search were performed to identify studies investigating potential interactions between germline variants and chemotherapy efficacy and toxicity. Out of 3570 citations, 21 studies were included. Outcomes include overall survival, progression-free survival and treatment-related adverse events (n = 5), cisplatin-induced ototoxicity (n = 13) and vincristine-induced neurotoxicity (n = 3). This review shows that the number of pharmacogenetic studies in well-defined pediatric brain tumor cohorts is poor and studies often report conflicting results.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Large-scale international collaborations allowing analysis of sufficiently sized cohorts are therefore very important for the future of personalized medicine in brain tumors." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:To investigate the longitudinal relationship between pain interference and incident general medical conditions in a nationally representative sample. Secondary data analysis comprising chi-square tests and binomial logistic regression analyses were performed on data obtained from the US National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions from 34,465 adult respondents who completed wave 1 (2000-2001) and wave 2 (2004-2005) data collection. Models were adjusted for multiple potentially confounding factors. Respondents were categorized at wave 1 according to past-month pain interference (i.e., no or low pain interference, moderate pain interference, severe pain interference). In multivariate analyses, moderate or severe pain interference (as compared to no or low pain interference) was associated with the incidence of any medical condition; any heart condition, including angina, tachycardia and other heart disease; any stomach condition, including stomach ulcer and gastritis; arthritis; and hypertension (all P  < 0.05). Severe (but not moderate) pain interference as compared with no or low pain interference was additionally associated with new occurrences of myocardial infarction, any liver disease, other liver disease, and arteriosclerosis (all P  < 0.05). These findings suggest that the relationship between pain interference and general medical conditions is complex.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "A more complete understanding of this relationship is likely to involve further exploration of possible mechanisms, including whether it is the pain itself, the ascertainment of pain etiology, or pain treatment that is associated with incident general medical conditions." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:), spermine NONOate (SperNO), and diethyl amino NONOate (DeaNO) at different molar ratios. Fluorescence excitation spectra of the probes were recorded in the excitation wavelength range between 350 and 500 nm and for a total of 60 min.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Analysis and interpretation of the data is presented in an associated article [1]." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Fracture of the calcaneal tuberosity with a concomitant Achilles tendon rupture presents a difficult challenge for the treating surgeon. The ultimate goal of treatment is to restore function of both the gastrocnemius-soleus complex and the Achilles tendon. This particular subset of fractures occurs often in diabetics and elderly patients with osteoporosis making fixation of the displaced fragment rather complex. If the Achilles tendon disruption is only discovered later once the fracture is healed, subsequent management is difficult with surgical treatment being more morbid. While this is a rare injury, the consequences of a missed chronic Achilles tendon disruption are severe with significant dysfunction. It is therefore important to have a high index of suspicion for concomitant injury and to be prepared for dual fixation.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "We present a novel hybrid surgical fixation technique, which may be used in this instance." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Elongation factor P (EF-P) is an ancient bacterial translational factor that aids the ribosome in polymerizing oligo-prolines. EF-P structurally resembles tRNA and binds in-between the exit and peptidyl sites of the ribosome to accelerate the intrinsically slow reaction of peptidyl-prolyl bond formation. Recent studies have identified in separate organisms, two evolutionarily convergent EF-P post-translational modification systems (EPMS), split predominantly between gammaproteobacteria, and betaproteobacteria. In both cases EF-P receives a post-translational modification, critical for its function, on a highly conserved residue that protrudes into the peptidyl-transfer center of the ribosome. EPMSs are comprised of a gene(s) that synthesizes the precursor molecule used in modifying EF-P, and a gene(s) encoding an enzyme that reacts with the precursor molecule to catalyze covalent attachment to EF-P. However, not all organisms genetically encode a complete EPMS. For instance, some symbiotic bacteria harbor efp and the corresponding gene that enzymatically attaches the modification, but lack the ability to synthesize the substrate used in the modification reaction.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Here we highlight the recent discoveries made regarding EPMSs, with a focus on how these incomplete modification pathways shape or have been shaped by the endosymbiont-host relationship." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:The aim of this paper is to present a clinical case of laparoscopic repair of a uterine scar defect, to assess the effectiveness of treatment reviewing the latest literature sources, and to provide recommendations of uterine scar defect management. We report the case of a 33-year-old woman with an insufficient uterine scar and one-year history of secondary infertility. Following this, she underwent corrective laparoscopic repair, successfully got pregnant two months later and carried pregnancy to full term. We discuss the prevalence of caesarean scar defects, their clinical symptoms, diagnostic methods, various treatment techniques, and their outcomes. Caesarean scar defects, insufficient uterine scars, isthmocele or scar dehiscence following a caesarean section involve myometrial discontinuity at the site of a scar previous caesarean section. These anatomical defects associated with prolonged menstrual bleeding, chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia and secondary infertility. Laparoscopic repair of the uterine scar defect is an effective method of treatment of secondary infertility.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Patients with a previous history of caesarean section who present complaints of secondary infertility, need a detailed evaluation of the uterine scar before planning future pregnancies." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:wet weight mycelium) by using mixed cell wall-lysing enzymes. The transformation frequency with ptrA can reach 30-50 transformants per μg of DNA. In addition, the efficiency of co-transformation with the EGFP reporter gene (egfp) was high (approx. 82%). Furthermore, an activity-improved variant of β-fructofuranosidase, FopA(A178P), was successfully overexpressed in A. niger ATCC 20611 by using the transformation system. The transformant, CM6, exhibited a 58% increase in specific β-fructofuranosidase activity (up to 507U/g), compared to the parental strain (320U/g), and effectively reduced the time needed for completion of FOS synthesis.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "These results illustrate the feasibility of strain improvement through genetic engineering for further enhancement of FOS production level." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Current knowledge about the interplay between emotions and professional identity formation is limited and largely based on research in Western settings. This study aimed to broaden understandings of professional identity formation cross-culturally. In fall 2014, the authors purposively sampled 22 clinical students from Taiwan and the Netherlands and asked them to keep audio diaries, narrating emotional experiences during clerkships using three prompts: What happened? What did you feel/think/do? How does this interplay with your development as a doctor? Dutch audio diaries were supplemented with follow-up interviews. The authors analyzed participants' narratives using a critical discourse analysis informed by Figured Worlds theory and Bakhtin's concept of dialogism, according to which people's spoken words create identities in imagined future worlds. Participants talked vividly, but differently, about their experiences. Dutch participants' emotions related to individual achievement and competence. Taiwanese participants' rich, emotional language reflected on becoming both a good person and a good doctor. These discourses constructed doctors' and patients' autonomy in culturally specific ways. The Dutch construct centered on \"hands-on\" participation, which developed the identity of a technically skilled doctor, but did not address patients' self-determination. The Taiwanese construct located physicians' autonomy within moral values more than practical proficiency, and gave patients agency to influence doctor-patient relationships. Participants' cultural constructs of physician and patient autonomy led them to construct different professional identities within different imagined worlds.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "The contrasting discourses show how medical students learn about different meanings of becoming doctors in culturally specific contexts." } ]