Royal_assent

context: Royal assent is sometimes associated with elaborate ceremonies. In the United Kingdom, for instance, the sovereign may appear personally in the House of Lords or may appoint Lords Commissioners, who announce that royal assent has been granted at a ceremony held at the Palace of Westminster. However, royal assent is usually granted less ceremonially by letters patent. In other nations, such as Australia, the governor-general merely signs the bill. In Canada, the governor general may give assent either in person at a ceremony held in the Senate or by a written declaration notifying parliament of his or her agreement to the bill.
qas: answers: House of Lords
question: When royal assent takes place in the UK, where does the sovereign make an appearance?

answers: Palace of Westminster
question: Alternatively, when UK Lord Commissioners take the sovereign's place in the ceremony, where does the ceremony take place?

answers: written declaration
question: Canadian governor generals can give their assent in person or by which other method?

answers: elaborate ceremonies
question: With what is royal assent sometimes associated with?

answers: Palace of Westminster
question: Where is a royal assent ceremony held within the United Kingdom?

answers: letters patent
question: With what method is royal assent generally granted?

answers: the governor-general merely signs the bill
question: How is royal assent granted within Australia?

context: Royal assent is the method by which a country's constitutional monarch (possibly through a delegated official) formally approves an act of that nation's parliament, thus making it a law or letting it be promulgated as law. In the vast majority of contemporary monarchies, this act is considered to be little more than a formality; even in those nations which still permit their ruler to withhold the royal assent (such as the United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein), the monarch almost never does so, save in a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government. While the power to withhold royal assent was once exercised often in European monarchies, it is exceedingly rare in the modern, democratic political atmosphere that has developed there since the 18th century.
qas: answers: constitutional monarch
question: Royal assent is a process of approving a nation's legislative acts by whom?

answers: United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein
question: Which three modern monarchies allow their ruler to withhold royal assent?

answers: 18th
question: Since which century have modern political processes forgone royal assent?

answers: United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein
question: What nations allow the withold of the royal assent?

answers: a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government
question: Under what circumstances does a monarch typically use the royal assent?

answers: exceedingly rare
question: Is usage of the royal assent frequent or rare in today's societies?

context: Under modern constitutional conventions, the sovereign acts on the advice of his or her ministers. Since these ministers most often maintain the support of parliament and are the ones who obtain the passage of bills, it is highly improbable that they would advise the sovereign to withhold assent. An exception is sometimes stated to be if bills are not passed in good faith, though it is difficult to make an interpretation on what this circumstance might constitute. Hence, in modern practice, royal assent is always granted; a refusal to do so would be appropriate only in an emergency requiring the use of the monarch's reserve powers.
qas: answers: ministers
question: Modern-day sovereigns often acts on the advice of whom?

answers: reserve powers
question: In the event that the monarch refuses to give royal assent, what can the monarch make use of?

answers: his or her ministers
question: Whose advice does a sovereign follow?

answers: ministers
question: Who often maintains parliamentary support and obtains the passage of bills?

answers: improbable
question: Is it probable, improbable, or impossible that a sovereign would withhold assent?

context: Originally, legislative power was exercised by the sovereign acting on the advice of the Curia Regis, or Royal Council, in which important magnates and clerics participated and which evolved into parliament. The so-called Model Parliament included bishops, abbots, earls, barons, and two knights from each shire and two burgesses from each borough among its members. In 1265, the Earl of Leicester irregularly called a full parliament without royal authorisation. The body eventually came to be divided into two branches: bishops, abbots, earls, and barons formed the House of Lords, while the shire and borough representatives formed the House of Commons. The King would seek the advice and consent of both houses before making any law. During Henry VI's reign, it became regular practice for the two houses to originate legislation in the form of bills, which would not become law unless the sovereign's assent was obtained, as the sovereign was, and still remains, the enactor of laws. Hence, all acts include the clause "Be it enacted by the Queen's (King's) most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows...". The Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 provide a second potential preamble if the House of Lords were to be excluded from the process.
qas: answers: Royal Council
question: What is another name for "Curia Regis"?

answers: Earl of Leicester
question: Who was it that peculiarly called a full parliament without royal authorization in 1265?

answers: House of Lords
question: As a result, the bishops, abbots, earls, and barons formed which body of parliament?

answers: House of Commons
question: Which body did the shire and borough representatives form?

answers: Curia Regis, or Royal Council
question: From what did parliament evolve?

answers: bishops, abbots, earls, and barons
question: What positions were contained within the House of Lords?

answers: House of Commons
question: Which branch of parliament contains shire and borough representatives?

answers: the sovereign
question: A bill could not become a law without whose assent?

answers: the sovereign
question: Who is considered the enactor of laws?

context: The power of parliament to pass bills was often thwarted by monarchs. Charles I dissolved parliament in 1629, after it passed motions critical of and bills seeking to restrict his arbitrary exercise of power. During the eleven years of personal rule that followed, Charles performed legally dubious actions, such as raising taxes without parliament's approval. After the English Civil War, it was accepted that parliament should be summoned to meet regularly, but it was still commonplace for monarchs to refuse royal assent to bills. In 1678, Charles II withheld his assent from a bill "for preserving the Peace of the Kingdom by raising the Militia, and continuing them in Duty for Two and Forty Days," suggesting that he, not parliament, should control the militia. The last Stuart monarch, Anne, similarly withheld on 11 March 1708, on the advice of her ministers, her assent from a bill for the settling of Militia in Scotland. No monarch has since withheld royal assent on a bill passed by the British parliament.
qas: answers: Charles I
question: Which monarch was responsible for dissolving parliament in 1629?

answers: raising taxes
question: What is one action this monarch took that is typically left to the discretion of parliament?

answers: English Civil War
question: After which event was it decided that parliament should meet on a regular basis?

answers: Anne
question: Like Charles II had previously done, the last Stuart monarch withheld assent. Who was this monarch?

answers: Charles I
question: Which ruler removed parliament in 1629?

answers: her ministers
question: Under whose advice did Anne withold the royal assent?

answers: restrict his arbitrary exercise of power
question: What did motions attempt to accomplish that prompted Charles I to dissolve parliament in 1629?

answers: 11 March 1708
question: When was the last time royal assent was enacted?

answers: Anne
question: Who was the last monarch to use the royal assent in 1708?

context: During the rule of the succeeding Hanoverian dynasty, power was gradually exercised more by parliament and the government. The first Hanoverian monarch, George I, relied on his ministers to a greater extent than did previous monarchs. Later Hanoverian monarchs attempted to restore royal control over legislation: George III and George IV both openly opposed Catholic Emancipation and asserted that to grant assent to a Catholic emancipation bill would violate the Coronation Oath, which required the sovereign to preserve and protect the established Church of England from Papal domination and would grant rights to individuals who were in league with a foreign power which did not recognise their legitimacy. However, George IV reluctantly granted his assent upon the advice of his ministers. Thus, as the concept of ministerial responsibility has evolved, the power to withhold royal assent has fallen into disuse, both in the United Kingdom and in the other Commonwealth realms.
qas: answers: Hanoverian dynasty
question: During whose rule was power transferred more to parliament?

answers: George I
question: Who was the first ruler during this dynasty?

answers: Catholic Emancipation
question: In attempting to take back control, George III and George IV opposed which church movement?

answers: George I
question: Which monarch relied on his ministers more than any of his predecessors?

answers: Catholic Emancipation
question: What did George III and George IV both oppose?

answers: Coronation Oath
question: What rule did George III and George IV believe a Catholic emancipation bill would violate?

answers: George IV
question: Which monarch granted assent reluctantly under the advise of his ministers?

context: Royal assent is the final stage in the legislative process for acts of the Scottish parliament. The process is governed by sections 28, 32, and 33 of the Scotland Act 1998. After a bill has been passed, the Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament submits it to the monarch for royal assent after a four-week period, during which the Advocate General for Scotland, the Lord Advocate, the Attorney General or the Secretary of State for Scotland may refer the bill to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (prior to 1 October 2009, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council) for review of its legality. Royal assent is signified by letters patent under the Great Seal of Scotland in the following form which is set out in The Scottish Parliament (Letters Patent and Proclamations) Order 1999 (SI 1999/737) and of which notice is published in the London, Edinburgh, and Belfast Gazettes:
qas: answers: Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament
question: In Scotland, who is responsible for submitting a bill for royal assent?

answers: London, Edinburgh, and Belfast Gazettes
question: Which three publications are used to signify royal assent?

answers: 28, 32, and 33
question: Under which Scotland Act sections is the royal assent governed?

answers: four-week period
question: How many weeks pass before the monarch receives a bill from the Presiding Officer?

answers: Advocate General for Scotland, the Lord Advocate, the Attorney General or the Secretary of State
question: Which entities have the capability to refer a bill to the Supreme Court?

answers: review of its legality
question: For what would a bill be submitted to the Supreme Court of Scotland?

context: Measures, which were the means by which the National Assembly for Wales passed legislation between 2006 and 2011, were assented to by the Queen by means of an Order in Council. Section 102 of the Government of Wales Act 2006 required the Clerk to the Assembly to present measures passed by the assembly after a four-week period during which the Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General could refer the proposed measure to the Supreme Court for a decision as to whether the measure was within the assembly's legislative competence.
qas: answers: Measures
question: What was the name of the method by which Wales passed legislation in the 2000's?

answers: Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General
question: After a four-week period, who could refer a proposed measure to the Supreme Court?

answers: the means by which the National Assembly for Wales passed legislation between 2006 and 2011
question: What were "measures" in Wales?

answers: 2006 and 2011
question: During which years were measures used in order to pass legislation in Wales?

answers: Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General
question: In Wales, who had the capability of submitting a bill to the Supreme Court?

context: Instead, the monarch directly grants royal assent by Order in Council. Assent is granted or refused on the advice of the Lord Chancellor. A recent example when assent was refused (or, more correctly, when the Lord Chancellor declined to present the law for assent) was in 2007, concerning reforms to the constitution of the Chief Pleas of Sark. (A revised version of the proposed reforms was subsequently given assent.) In 2011, campaigners against a law that sought to reduce the number of senators in the states of Jersey petitioned the Privy Council to advise the Queen to refuse royal assent. An Order in Council of 13 July 2011 established new rules for the consideration of petitions against granting royal assent.
qas: answers: Order in Council
question: The sovereign grants assent by which order?

answers: Lord Chancellor
question: Who advises the sovereign in this decision?

answers: Chief Pleas of Sark
question: Which recent petition for reforms to the constitution led to assent being refused?

answers: Lord Chancellor
question: Who advises a bill to be granted or refused?

answers: 13 July 2011
question: When was an Order in Counil passed that laid out new rules for consideration of petitions against the royal assent?

answers: 2007
question: In what year did the Lord Chancellor refuse to present a law  concerning constituational reform for assent?

answers: reforms to the constitution of the Chief Pleas of Sark
question: What was the subject of the bill that the Lord Chancellor refused to present for royal assent in 2007?

context: Royal assent is not sufficient to give legal effect to an Act of Tynwald. By ancient custom, an act did not come into force until it had been promulgated at an open-air sitting of Tynwald, usually held on Tynwald Hill at St John's on St John's Day (24 June), but, since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1753, on 5 July (or on the following Monday if 5 July is a Saturday or Sunday). Promulgation originally consisted of the reading of the Act in English and Manx; but, after 1865 the reading of the title of the act and a summary of each section were sufficient. This was reduced in 1895 to the titles and a memorandum of the object and purport of the act, and, since 1988, only the short title and a summary of the long title have been read.
qas: answers: Tynwald Hill at St John's
question: Under ancient custom, an Act of Tynwald didn't go into effect until decreed at which location?

answers: Manx
question: Promulgation of an Act of Tynwald originally consisted of reading it in English and which other language?

answers: summary of the long title
question: Nowadays, only the short title and what else are read?

answers: only the short title and a summary of the long title
question: How much of the proposed act must be currently read aloud on St John's Day?

answers: (24 June)
question: On what day does St John's Day occur?

answers: Tynwald Hill at St John's
question: Where is the open-air sitting of Tynwald usually held?

context: Since 1993, the Sodor and Man Diocesan Synod has had power to enact measures making provision "with respect to any matter concerning the Church of England in the Island". If approved by Tynwald, a measure "shall have the force and effect of an Act of Tynwald upon the Royal Assent thereto being announced to Tynwald". Between 1979 and 1993, the Synod had similar powers, but limited to the extension to the Isle of Man of measures of the General Synod. Before 1994, royal assent was granted by Order in Council, as for a bill, but the power to grant royal assent to measures has now been delegated to the lieutenant governor. A Measure does not require promulgation.
qas: answers: Sodor and Man Diocesan Synod
question: Since 1993, which body has had power to enact measures?

answers: Church of England in the Island
question: This body makes provisions in respect to matters concerning whom?

answers: Order in Council
question: Up until 1994, royal assent was given by whom?

answers: lieutenant governor
question: Which position now has the power to grant royal assent?

answers: 1994
question: Before what year was royal assent approved by Order in Council?

answers: the lieutenant governor
question: Who currently holds the power to grant royal assent to measures?

answers: Between 1979 and 1993
question: During which years did the Synod have power to enact measures?

context: If the Governor General of Canada is unable to give assent, it can be done by either the Deputy of the Governor General of Canada—the Chief Justice of Canada—or another justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. It is not actually necessary for the governor general to sign a bill passed by a legislature, the signature being merely an attestation. In each case, the parliament must be apprised of the granting of assent before the bill is considered to have become law. Two methods are available: the sovereign's representatives may grant assent in the presence of both houses of parliament; alternatively, each house may be notified separately, usually by the speaker of that house. However, though both houses must be notified on the same day, notice to the House of Commons while it is not in session may be given by way of publishing a special issue of the Journals of the House of Commons, whereas the Senate must be sitting and the governor general's letter read aloud by the speaker.
qas: answers: the Governor General of Canada
question: In the Canadian federal government, who is typically responsible for deciding wether to give assent?

answers: Chief Justice of Canada—or another justice
question: Which positions from the Canadian Supreme Court may also give assent if need be?

answers: the Deputy of the Governor General of Canada—the Chief Justice of Canada—or another justice of the Supreme Court of Canada
question: Who has the capability of granting assent if the Governer General of Canada cannot?

answers: Two
question: How many methods are available to grant assent in Canada?

answers: both houses must be notified on the same day
question: If each house of parliament is notified seperately, what regulation applies?

answers: publishing a special issue of the Journals of the House of Commons
question: How can the House of Commons be notified of assent if it is not in session?

answers: governor general's letter read aloud by the speaker
question: In contrast to the House of Commons, how must the Senate be notified of assent?

context: While royal assent has not been withheld in the United Kingdom since 1708, it has often been withheld in British colonies and former colonies by governors acting on royal instructions. In the United States Declaration of Independence, colonists complained that George III "has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good [and] has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them." Even after colonies such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, and Newfoundland were granted responsible government, the British government continued to sometimes advise governors-general on the granting of assent; assent was also occasionally reserved to allow the British government to examine a bill before advising the governor-general.
qas: answers: 1708
question: Which year was royal assent last withheld in the UK?

answers: George III
question: The United States Declaration of Independence mentions which British monarch?

answers: refused his Assent to Laws
question: What did the American colonies accuse the monarch of?

answers: 1708
question: In what year was royal assent last witheld in the UK?

answers: the British government
question: Who continued to advise governors-general of granting of assent, even after their colonies had responsible government?

answers: colonies such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, and Newfoundland
question: To whom did the British government occasionally still advice on the royal assent, although they had their own responsible governments?

context: In Australia, a technical issue arose with the royal assent in both 1976 and 2001. In 1976, a bill originating in the House of Representatives was mistakenly submitted to the Governor-General and assented to. However, it was later discovered that it had not been passed by each house. The error arose because two bills of the same title had originated from the house. The Governor-General revoked the first assent, before assenting to the bill which had actually passed. The same procedure was followed to correct a similar error which arose in 2001.
qas: answers: Governor-General
question: The bill from the Australian House of Representatives was mistakenly sent and assented to by whom in 1976?

answers: two bills of the same title had originated from the house
question: Why did this occur?

answers: revoked the first assent
question: What did the Governor-General do with the first assent?

answers: 2001
question: This same procedure was more recently done to fix a similar error in which year?

answers: two bills of the same title had originated from the house
question: What was the reason a bill was accidentally assented in 1976?

answers: 2001
question: After an accidental assention of a bill with same name in 1976, when did a similar mistaken assention occur in Australia?

answers: it had not been passed by each house
question: What protocol was not followed in 1976 when a bill was mistakenly assented?

answers: The Governor-General revoked the first assent, before assenting to the bill which had actually passed
question: How was the case of two bills mistakenly assented corrected both in 1796 and 2001?

context: Special procedures apply to legislation passed by Tynwald, the legislature of the Isle of Man. Before the lordship of the Island was purchased by the British Crown in 1765 (the Revestment), the assent of the Lord of Mann to a bill was signified by letter to the governor. After 1765, royal assent was at first signified by letter from the Secretary of State to the governor; but, during the British Regency, the practice began of granting royal assent by Order in Council, which continues to this day, though limited to exceptional cases since 1981.
qas: answers: Tynwald
question: What term refers to the legislature of the Isle of man?

answers: 1765
question: In what year was lordship of the Isle of Man purchased?

answers: lordship of the Island was purchased by the British Crown in 1765
question: What does the term the Revestment refer to?

answers: by letter from the Secretary of State to the governor
question: Previous to the Order in Council method, how was royal assent passed previously within the Isle of Man?

answers: Order in Council
question: How is royal assent currently granted in the Isle of Man?

context: In Commonwealth realms other than the UK, royal assent is granted or withheld either by the realm's sovereign or, more frequently, by the representative of the sovereign, the governor-general. In federated realms, assent in each state, province, or territory is granted or withheld by the representatives of the sovereign. In Australia, this is the governors of the states, administrators of the territories, or the governor-general in the Australian Capital Territory. For Canada, this is the lieutenant governors of the provinces. A lieutenant governor may defer assent to the governor general, and the governor general may defer assent to federal bills to the sovereign.
qas: answers: the governor-general
question: In Commonwealth realms, who is the representative of the sovereign?

answers: lieutenant governors of the provinces
question: Who grants royal assent in Canada?

answers: A lieutenant governor may defer assent to the governor general, and the governor general may defer assent to federal bills to the sovereign.
question: In Canada, who is authorized to defer assent and to whom?

answers: by the realm's sovereign or, more frequently, by the representative of the sovereign
question: Who grants the royal assent in Commonwealth nations other than the UK?

context: Since the Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931, the all Commonwealth realms have been sovereign kingdoms, the monarch and governors-general acting solely on the advice of the local ministers who generally maintain the support of the legislature and are the ones who secure the passage of bills. They, therefore, are unlikely to advise the sovereign or his or her representative to withhold assent. The power to withhold the royal assent was exercised by Alberta's lieutenant governor, John C. Bowen, in 1937, in respect of three bills passed in the legislature dominated by William Aberhart's Social Credit party. Two bills sought to put banks under the authority of the province, thereby interfering with the federal government's powers. The third, the Accurate News and Information Bill, purported to force newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories to which the provincial cabinet objected. The unconstitutionality of all three bills was later confirmed by the Supreme Court of Canada and by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.
qas: answers: Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931
question: What two documents declared all Commonwealth realms as sovereign kingdoms?

answers: John C. Bowen
question: Who exercised the power to withold royal assent in Alberta in 1937?

answers: force newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories to which the provincial cabinet objected
question: What the did Accurate News and Information Bill hope to accomplish?

answers: Supreme Court of Canada and by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.
question: Who decided the unconstitutionality of three bills brought forth by the Social Credit party?

context: In the United Kingdom, a bill is presented for royal assent after it has passed all the required stages in both the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Under the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949, the House of Commons may, under certain circumstances, direct that a bill be presented for assent despite lack of passage by the House of Lords. Officially, assent is granted by the sovereign or by Lords Commissioners authorised to act by letters patent. It may be granted in parliament or outside parliament; in the latter case, each house must be separately notified before the bill takes effect.
qas: answers: House of Commons and the House of Lords
question: Which Houses in the UK must approve a bill before it is assented?

answers: Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949
question: Which Parliamentary Acts allow a bill to be presented for assent even after the House of Lords has refused it?

answers: the sovereign or by Lords Commissioners
question: Who can be authorized to grant assent by letters patent?

context: The Clerk of the Parliaments, an official of the House of Lords, traditionally states a formula in Anglo-Norman Law French, indicating the sovereign's decision. The granting of royal assent to a supply bill is indicated with the words "La Reyne remercie ses bons sujets, accepte leur benevolence, et ainsi le veult", translated as "The Queen thanks her good subjects, accepts their bounty, and wills it so." For other public or private bills, the formula is simply "La Reyne le veult" ("the Queen wills it"). For personal bills, the phrase is "Soit fait comme il est désiré" ("let it be as it is desired"). The appropriate formula for withholding assent is the euphemistic "La Reyne s'avisera" ("the Queen will consider it"). When the sovereign is male, Le Roy is substituted for La Reyne.
qas: answers: Anglo-Norman Law French
question: In what language does the Clerk of the Parliaments announce Parliament's decision?

answers: "La Reyne remercie ses bons sujets, accepte leur benevolence, et ainsi le veult"
question: What words in Anglo-Norman Law French announce a granted assent?

answers: "La Reyne le veult"
question: What is the shortened version of the notification of assent?

answers: "La Reyne s'avisera"
question: What phrase is used to announce a withheld assent?

context: Before the reign of Henry VIII, the sovereign always granted his or her assent in person. The sovereign, wearing the Imperial State Crown, would be seated on the throne in the Lords chamber, surrounded by heralds and members of the royal court—a scene that nowadays is repeated only at the annual State Opening of Parliament. The Commons, led by their speaker, would listen from the Bar of the Lords, just outside the chamber. The Clerk of the Parliaments presented the bills awaiting assent to the monarch, save that supply bills were traditionally brought up by the speaker. The Clerk of the Crown, standing on the sovereign's right, then read aloud the titles of the bills (in earlier times, the entire text of the bills). The Clerk of the Parliaments, standing on the sovereign's left, responded by stating the appropriate Norman French formula.
qas: answers: The Clerk of the Crown
question: When assention was formally granted in person, who read the titles of the bills?

answers: stating the appropriate Norman French formula
question: What job did the Clerk of the Parliaments have during assention notifications?

answers: Henry VIII
question: Before whose reign was assent always granted in person?

answers: the annual State Opening of Parliament
question: Nowadays, when is the only time a formal assention ceremony occurs?

answers: right
question: On which side of the soverign does the Clerk of the Crown stand?

context: A new device for granting assent was created during the reign of King Henry VIII. In 1542, Henry sought to execute his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, whom he accused of committing adultery; the execution was to be authorised not after a trial but by a bill of attainder, to which he would have to personally assent after listening to the entire text. Henry decided that "the repetition of so grievous a Story and the recital of so infamous a crime" in his presence "might reopen a Wound already closing in the Royal Bosom". Therefore, parliament inserted a clause into the Act of Attainder, providing that assent granted by Commissioners "is and ever was and ever shall be, as good" as assent granted by the sovereign personally. The procedure was used only five times during the 16th century, but more often during the 17th and 18th centuries, especially when George III's health began to deteriorate. Queen Victoria became the last monarch to personally grant assent in 1854.
qas: answers: committing adultery
question: Why did Henry VIII wish to execute his fifth wife?

answers: listening to the entire text
question: What was Henry VIII trying to avoid by creating a new procedure for granting assent?

answers: five
question: How many times in the 16th century was assent granted by Commissioners?

answers: Queen Victoria
question: Who was the last monarch to grant assent personally?

context: When granting assent by commission, the sovereign authorises three or more (normally five) lords who are Privy Counsellors to grant assent in his or her name. The Lords Commissioners, as the monarch's representatives are known, wear scarlet parliamentary robes and sit on a bench between the throne and the Woolsack. The Lords Reading Clerk reads the commission aloud; the senior commissioner then states, "My Lords, in obedience to Her Majesty's Commands, and by virtue of the Commission which has been now read, We do declare and notify to you, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons in Parliament assembled, that Her Majesty has given Her Royal Assent to the several Acts in the Commission mentioned."
qas: answers: five
question: How many lords are usually present during assent by Commissioner?

answers: scarlet parliamentary robes
question: What do the Lords Commissioners wear to a ceremony of assent?

answers: the senior
question: Which commissioner reads the formal closing statement to the assention ceremony?

answers: The Lords Reading Clerk
question: Which position reads the commisssion aloud during tthe ceremony?

context: During the 1960s, the ceremony of assenting by commission was discontinued and is now only employed once a year, at the end of the annual parliamentary session. In 1960, the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod arrived to summon the House of Commons during a heated debate and several members protested against the disruption by refusing to attend the ceremony. The debacle was repeated in 1965; this time, when the Speaker left the chair to go to the House of Lords, some members continued to make speeches. As a result, the Royal Assent Act 1967 was passed, creating an additional form for the granting of royal assent. As the attorney-general explained, "there has been a good deal of resentment not only at the loss of Parliamentary time that has been involved but at the breaking of the thread of a possibly eloquent speech and the disruption of a debate that may be caused." The granting of assent by the monarch in person, or by commission, is still possible, but this third form is used on a day-to-day basis.
qas: answers: the 1960s
question: During which decade was assention by commission discontinued?

answers: once a year, at the end of the annual parliamentary session
question: When does assention by commission occur today?

answers: 1960
question: In whatear did several members refuse to attend the assention ceremony after a heated debate?

answers: Royal Assent Act 1967
question: What was passed in reference to the discord in 1960 and 1965 during assention cremonies?

context: Under the Royal Assent Act 1967, royal assent can be granted by the sovereign in writing, by means of letters patent, that are presented to the presiding officer of each house of parliament. Then, the presiding officer makes a formal, but simple statement to the house, acquainting each house that royal assent has been granted to the acts mentioned. Thus, unlike the granting of royal assent by the monarch in person or by Royal Commissioners, the method created by the Royal Assent Act 1967 does not require both houses to meet jointly for the purpose of receiving the notice of royal assent. The standard text of the letters patent is set out in The Crown Office (Forms and Proclamations Rules) Order 1992, with minor amendments in 2000. In practice this remains the standard method, a fact that is belied by the wording of the letters patent for the appointment of the Royal Commissioners and by the wording of the letters patent for the granting of royal assent in writing under the 1967 Act ("... And forasmuch as We cannot at this time be present in the Higher House of Our said Parliament being the accustomed place for giving Our Royal Assent...").
qas: answers: does not require both houses to meet jointly
question: What is unique about the method used for assention allowed by the Royal Assent Act 1967?

answers: by the sovereign in writing, by means of letters patent, that are presented to the presiding officer of each house of parliament
question: How is assent granted under the Royal Assent Act 1967?

answers: The Crown Office (Forms and Proclamations Rules) Order 1992
question: Which document formats the letters patent?

answers: 2000
question: In which year were minor amendments made to the Crown Office Order?

context: When the act is assented to by the sovereign in person, or by empowered Royal Commissioners, royal assent is considered given at the moment when the assent is declared in the presence of both houses jointly assembled. When the procedure created by the Royal Assent Act 1967 is followed, assent is considered granted when the presiding officers of both houses, having received the letters patent from the king or queen signifying the assent, have notified their respective house of the grant of royal assent. Thus, if each presiding officer makes the announcement at a different time (for instance because one house is not sitting on a certain date), assent is regarded as effective when the second announcement is made. This is important because, under British Law, unless there is any provision to the contrary, an act takes effect on the date on which it receives royal assent and that date is not regarded as being the date when the letters patent are signed, or when they are delivered to the presiding officers of each house, but the date on which both houses have been formally acquainted of the assent.
qas: answers: when the assent is declared in the presence of both houses jointly assembled
question: When assent is granted in person, when is it formally considered final?

answers: notified their respective house of the grant of royal assent
question: An assent is considered granted when applying the Royal Assent Act 1967 when both presiding officers have done what?

answers: when the second announcement is made
question: When is assent effective if the presiding officers inform their houses at different times?

context: Independently of the method used to signify royal assent, it is the responsibility of the Clerk of the Parliaments, once the assent has been duly notified to both houses, not only to endorse the act in the name of the monarch with the formal Norman French formula, but to certify that assent has been granted. The clerk signs one authentic copy of the bill and inserts the date (in English) on which the assent was notified to the two houses after the title of the act. When an act is published, the signature of the clerk is omitted, as is the Norman French formula, should the endorsement have been made in writing. However, the date on which the assent was notified is printed in brackets.
qas: answers: Clerk of the Parliaments
question: Whose responsibility is it to assure that assent has been granted?

answers: signature of the clerk is omitted, as is the Norman French formula
question: What is omitted when an act is published?

answers: Clerk of the Parliaments
question: Who writes the formal Norman French formula on passed acts?

context: In Australia, the formal ceremony of granting assent in parliament has not been regularly used since the early 20th century. Now, the bill is sent to the governor-general's residence by the house in which it originated. The governor-general then signs the bill, sending messages to the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, who notify their respective houses of the governor-general's action. A similar practice is followed in New Zealand, where the governor-general has not personally granted the Royal Assent in parliament since 1875.
qas: answers: 1875
question: In what year did the New Zealand governor-general last personally grant the royal assent in parliament?

answers: Australia
question: Which country has not used the formal assention ceremony since the early 20th century?

answers: President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives
question: Who are the leaders of each house given the responsibility of informing their group of the governor-generals actions?

context: In Canada, the traditional ceremony for granting assent in parliament was regularly used until the 21st century, long after it had been discontinued in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms. One result, conceived as part of a string of royal duties intended to demonstrate Canada's status as an independent kingdom, was that King George VI personally assented to nine bills of the Canadian parliament during the 1939 royal tour of Canada—85 years after his great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, had last granted royal assent personally in the United Kingdom. Under the Royal Assent Act 2002, however, the alternative practice of granting assent in writing, with each house being notified separately ( the Speaker of the Senate or a representative reads to the senators the letters from the governor general regarding the written declaration of Royal Assent), was brought into force. As the act also provides, royal assent is to be signified—by the governor general, or, more often, by a deputy, usually a Justice of the Supreme Court, at least twice each calendar year: for the first appropriation measure and for at least one other act, usually the first non-appropriation measure passed. However, the act provides that a grant of royal assent is not rendered invalid by a failure to employ the traditional ceremony where required.
qas: answers: the 21st century
question: When did Canada finally cease to use the traditional ceremony for granting assent as regular practice?

answers: 85 years after his great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, had last granted royal assent personally
question: Why was King George VI's personal assent in 1939 noteworthy?

answers: Royal Assent Act 2002
question: With what bill in Canada did granting assent by writing become effective?

context: The Royal Assent ceremony takes place in the Senate, as the sovereign is traditionally barred from the House of Commons. On the day of the event, the Speaker of the Senate will read to the chamber a notice from the secretary to the governor general indicating when the viceroy or a deputy thereof will arrive. The Senate thereafter cannot adjourn until after the ceremony. The speaker moves to sit beside the throne, the Mace Bearer, with mace in hand, stands adjacent to him or her, and the governor general enters to take the speaker's chair. The Usher of the Black Rod is then commanded by the speaker to summon the Members of Parliament, who follow Black Rod back to the Senate, the Sergeant-at-Arms carrying the mace of the House of Commons. In the Senate, those from the commons stand behind the bar, while Black Rod proceeds to stand next to the governor general, who then nods his or her head to signify Royal Assent to the presented bills (which do not include appropriations bills). Once the list of bills is complete, the Clerk of the Senate states: "in Her Majesty's name, His [or Her] Excellency the Governor General [or the deputy] doth assent to these bills." If there are any appropriation bills to receive Royal Assent, the Speaker of the House of Commons will read their titles and the Senate clerk repeats them to the governor general, who nods his or her head to communicate Royal Assent. When these bills have all been assented to, the Clerk of the Senate recites "in Her Majesty's name, His [or Her] Excellency the Governor General [or the deputy] thanks her loyal subjects, accepts their benevolence and assents to these bills. The governor general or his or her deputy then depart parliament.
qas: answers: House of Commons
question: From where is the sovereign typically forbidden?

answers: The governor general or his or her deputy
question: Whose job is it to release parliament after the ceremony?

answers: Clerk of the Senate
question: Who reads the formal statement after the list of bills has been finished?

answers: governor general
question: Which position nods their head to signify assention?

context: In Belgium, the sanction royale has the same legal effect as royal assent; the Belgian constitution requires a theoretically possible refusal of royal sanction to be countersigned—as any other act of the monarch—by a minister responsible before the House of Representatives. The monarch promulgates the law, meaning that he or she formally orders that the law be officially published and executed. In 1990, when King Baudouin advised his cabinet he could not, in conscience, sign a bill decriminalising abortion (a refusal patently not covered by a responsible minister), the Council of Ministers, at the King's own request, declared Baudouin incapable of exercising his powers. In accordance with the Belgian constitution, upon the declaration of the sovereign's incapacity, the Council of Ministers assumed the powers of the head of state until parliament could rule on the King's incapacity and appoint a regent. The bill was then assented to by all members of the Council of Ministers "on behalf of the Belgian People". In a joint meeting, both houses of parliament declared the King capable of exercising his powers again the next day.
qas: answers: sanction royale
question: What is royal assent called in Belgium?

answers: Council of Ministers
question: Who declared the monarch incapable of acting upon an abortion decriminalization bill in 1990?

answers: King Baudouin
question: Which King refused to sign an abortion decriminalization bill in 1990?

answers: both houses of parliament
question: Who declared the King capable of excersizing power again after a brief lapse in 1990?

context: The constitution of Jordan grants its monarch the right to withhold assent to laws passed by its parliament. Article 93 of that document gives the Jordanian sovereign six months to sign or veto any legislation sent to him from the National Assembly; if he vetoes it within that timeframe, the assembly may override his veto by a two-thirds vote of both houses; otherwise, the law does not go into effect (but it may be reconsidered in the next session of the assembly). If the monarch fails to act within six months of the bill being presented to him, it becomes law without his signature.
qas: answers: six months
question: How much time does a Jordinian leader have to sign or veto legislation?

answers: two-thirds
question: What majority is required to override a veto from the soverign?

answers: , it becomes law without his signature
question: What happens if the soverign doesn't sign the bill within the six-month time frame?

context: After the House of Representatives has debated the law, it either approves it and sends it to the Senate with the text "The Second Chamber of the States General sends the following approved proposal of law to the First Chamber", or it rejects it and returns it to the government with the text "The Second Chamber of the States General has rejected the accompanying proposal of law." If the upper house then approves the law, it sends it back to the government with the text "To the King, The States General have accepted the proposal of law as it is offered here."
qas: answers: "The Second Chamber of the States General sends the following approved proposal of law to the First Chamber"
question: What text is written and sent to the Senate if the House approves of a law?

answers: The Second Chamber of the States General has rejected the accompanying proposal of law."
question: What text is written and sent back to the government if a bill is rejected?

answers: "To the King, The States General have accepted the proposal of law as it is offered here."
question: If the Senate approves the law after receiving it from the House, what is written and sent to the government?

context: The government, consisting of the monarch and the ministers, will then usually approve the proposal and the sovereign and one of the ministers signs the proposal with the addition of an enacting clause, thereafter notifying the States General that "The King assents to the proposal." It has happened in exceptional circumstances that the government does not approve a law that has been passed in parliament. In such a case, neither the monarch nor a minister will sign the bill, notifying the States General that "The King will keep the proposal under advisement." A law that has received royal assent will be published in the State Magazine, with the original being kept in the archives of the King's Offices.
qas: answers: the State Magazine
question: Where are laws published after receiving assent?

answers: in the archives of the King's Offices
question: Where is the original law text stored?

answers: neither the monarch nor a minister will sign the bill, notifying the States General that "The King will keep the proposal under advisement."
question: What happens in the rare case the government doesn't approve of a law that has passed both houses?

context: Articles 77–79 of the Norwegian Constitution specifically grant the monarch of Norway the right to withhold royal assent from any bill passed by the Storting. Should the sovereign ever choose to exercise this privilege, Article 79 provides a means by which his veto may be over-ridden: "If a Bill has been passed unaltered by two sessions of the Storting, constituted after two separate successive elections and separated from each other by at least two intervening sessions of the Storting, without a divergent Bill having been passed by any Storting in the period between the first and last adoption, and it is then submitted to the King with a petition that His Majesty shall not refuse his assent to a Bill which, after the most mature deliberation, the Storting considers to be beneficial, it shall become law even if the Royal Assent is not accorded before the Storting goes into recess."
qas: answers: Articles 77–79
question: Which articles in the Norwegian Constitution allow the monarch to reject a bill that has been passed through the Sorting?

answers: Article 79
question: Which article in the Norweigan Constitution provides a way to override a monarch's veto?

answers: two
question: How many elections are required to assend a bill that the monarch has vetoed?

context: Title IV of the 1978 Spanish constitution invests the Consentimiento Real (Royal Assent) and promulgation (publication) of laws with the monarch of Spain, while Title III, The Cortes Generales, Chapter 2, Drafting of Bills, outlines the method by which bills are passed. According to Article 91, within fifteen days of passage of a bill by the Cortes Generales, the sovereign shall give his or her assent and publish the new law. Article 92 invests the monarch with the right to call for a referendum, on the advice of the president of the government (commonly referred to in English as the prime minister) and the authorisation of the cortes.
qas: answers: Article 92
question: Which article in the Spanish constitution gives the monarch the right to ask for a referendum?

answers: Article 91
question: Which article specifies the number of days available to the monarch to provide a signature on an assended bill?

answers: Title III, The Cortes Generales
question: In the 1978 Spanish constitution, which title describes how bills are passed?

answers: Chapter 2, Drafting of Bills
question: What chapter in the Spanish constitution describes how bills are to be passed?

context: No provision within the constitution grants the monarch an ability to veto legislation directly; however, no provision prohibits the sovereign from withholding royal assent, which effectively constitutes a veto. When the Spanish media asked King Juan Carlos if he would endorse the bill legalising same-sex marriages, he answered "Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica" ("I am the King of Spain and not that of Belgium")—a reference to King Baudouin I of Belgium, who had refused to sign the Belgian law legalising abortion. The King gave royal assent to Law 13/2005 on 1 July 2005; the law was gazetted in the Boletín Oficial del Estado on 2 July and came into effect on 3 July 2005. Likewise, in 2010, King Juan Carlos gave royal assent to a law permitting abortion on demand.
qas: answers: "Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica"
question: What was King Juan Carlos' response to the media when asked if he would sign a bill supporting same-sex marriage?

answers: a law permitting abortion on demand
question: What other controversial bill did the king give his assent to in 2010?

answers: 3 July 2005
question: When did same-sex marriages become legal in Spain?

context: If the Spanish monarch ever refused in conscience to grant royal assent, a procedure similar to the Belgian handling of King Baudouin's objection would not be possible under the current constitution. If the sovereign were ever declared incapable of discharging royal authority, his or her powers would not be transferred to the Cabinet, pending the parliamentary appointment of a regency. Instead, the constitution mandates the next person of age in the line of succession would immediately become regent. Therefore, had Juan Carlos followed the Belgian example in 2005 or 2010, a declaration of incapacity would have transferred power to Felipe, then the heir apparent.
qas: answers: the next person of age in the line of succession
question: If the Spanish monarch is deemed incapable of granting assent, who is the power transferred to?

answers: not be possible under the current constitution
question: Could a Spanish ruler follow the same action of events as King Baudouin did in Belgium?

context: Articles 41 and 68 of the constitution empower the sovereign to withhold royal assent from bills adopted by the Legislative Assembly. In 2010, the kingdom moved towards greater democracy, with King George Tupou V saying that he would be guided by his prime minister in the exercising of his powers. Nonetheless, this does not preclude an independent royal decision to exercise a right of veto. In November 2011, the assembly adopted an Arms and Ammunitions (Amendment) Bill, which reduced the possible criminal sentences for the illicit possession of firearms. The bill was adopted by ten votes to eight. Two members of the assembly had recently been charged with the illicit possession of firearms. The Prime Minister, Lord Tuʻivakanō, voted in favour of the amendment. Members of the opposition denounced the bill and asked the King to veto it, which he did in December.
qas: answers: 41 and 68
question: Which articles allow the soverign to refise consent even when the bills have been passed through the Legislative assembly?

answers: he would be guided by his prime minister in the exercising of his powers
question: What statement by King George Tupou emphasized democracy?

answers: 2011
question: In which year was the Arms and Ammunitions (Amemndment) Bill adopted?

answers: December
question: In what month did the King veto the Arms and Ammunitions Amendment Bill?