Green

context: The modern English word green comes from the Middle English and Anglo-Saxon word grene, from the same Germanic root as the words "grass" and "grow". It is the color of living grass and leaves and as a result is the color most associated with springtime, growth and nature. By far the largest contributor to green in nature is chlorophyll, the chemical by which plants photosynthesize and convert sunlight into chemical energy. Many creatures have adapted to their green environments by taking on a green hue themselves as camouflage. Several minerals have a green color, including the emerald, which is colored green by its chromium content.
qas: answers: grene
question: Which old english word does the word "green" originate from?

answers: grow
question: Other than "grass", what other Germanic root word is similar to green?

answers: springtime
question: Which season is green most commonly associated with?

answers: chlorophyll
question: Which chemical in plants is the largest contributor to the color green?

answers: emerald
question: What an is an example of a green mineral?

answers: chlorophyll
question: What, in nature, is most likely to make things green?

answers: camouflage
question: For what do some animals use the color green?

answers: chromium
question: What chemical causes emeralds to be green?

answers: grene
question: From which Middle English and Anglo-Saxon word is green derived?

context: In surveys made in Europe and the United States, green is the color most commonly associated with nature, life, health, youth, spring, hope and envy. In Europe and the U.S. green is sometimes associated with death (green has several seemingly contrary associations), sickness, or the devil, but in China its associations are very positive, as the symbol of fertility and happiness. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, when the color of clothing showed the owner's social status, green was worn by merchants, bankers and the gentry, while red was the color of the nobility. The Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci wears green, showing she is not from a noble family; the benches in the British House of Commons are green, while those in the House of Lords are red. Green is also the traditional color of safety and permission; a green light means go ahead, a green card permits permanent residence in the United States. It is the most important color in Islam. It was the color of the banner of Muhammad, and is found in the flags of nearly all Islamic countries, and represents the lush vegetation of Paradise. It is also often associated with the culture of Gaelic Ireland, and is a color of the flag of Ireland. Because of its association with nature, it is the color of the environmental movement. Political groups advocating environmental protection and social justice describe themselves as part of the Green movement, some naming themselves Green parties. This has led to similar campaigns in advertising, as companies have sold green, or environmentally friendly, products.
qas: answers: fertility and happiness
question: What is green a symbol of in China?

answers: green
question: In the Middle Ages, which color was associated with merchants, bankers, and the gentry?

answers: she is not from a noble family
question: What does the Mona Lisa wearing green symbolize?

answers: lush vegetation of Paradise
question: What does the color green represent in the flags of Islamic countries?

answers: its association with nature
question: Why is green the color of the environmental movement?

context: Thus, the languages mentioned above (Germanic, Romance, Slavic, Greek) have old terms for "green" which are derived from words for fresh, sprouting vegetation. However, comparative linguistics makes clear that these terms were coined independently, over the past few millennia, and there is no identifiable single Proto-Indo-European or word for "green". For example, the Slavic zelenъ is cognate with Sanskrit hari "yellow, ochre, golden". The Turkic languages also have jašɨl "green" or "yellowish green", compared to a Mongolian word for "meadow".
qas: answers: fresh, sprouting vegetation
question: Germanic, Romance, Slavic, and Greek all has old terms for "green" which are derived from words for what?

answers: independently
question: How were the terms for "green" derived in the Germanic, Romance, Slavic, and Greek languages?

answers: Turkic
question: Which language has a word for "green" that is comparable to a Mongolian word for "meadow"?

context: In some languages, including old Chinese, Thai, old Japanese, and Vietnamese, the same word can mean either blue or green. The Chinese character 青 (pronounced qīng in Mandarin, ao in Japanese, and thanh in Sino-Vietnamese) has a meaning that covers both blue and green; blue and green are traditionally considered shades of "青". In more contemporary terms, they are 藍 (lán, in Mandarin) and 綠 (lǜ, in Mandarin) respectively. Japanese also has two terms that refer specifically to the color green, 緑 (midori, which is derived from the classical Japanese descriptive verb midoru "to be in leaf, to flourish" in reference to trees) and グリーン (guriin, which is derived from the English word "green"). However, in Japan, although the traffic lights have the same colors that other countries have, the green light is described using the same word as for blue, "aoi", because green is considered a shade of aoi; similarly, green variants of certain fruits and vegetables such as green apples, green shiso (as opposed to red apples and red shiso) will be described with the word "aoi". Vietnamese uses a single word for both blue and green, xanh, with variants such as xanh da trời (azure, lit. "sky blue"), lam (blue), and lục (green; also xanh lá cây, lit. "leaf green").
qas: answers: two
question: How many terms does Japanese have for the color green?

answers: xanh
question: What is the Vietnamese word for both blue and green?

answers: the same colors that other countries have
question: What are the colors of traffic lights in Japan?

context: "Green" in modern European languages corresponds to about 520–570 nm, but many historical and non-European languages make other choices, e.g. using a term for the range of ca. 450–530 nm ("blue/green") and another for ca. 530–590 nm ("green/yellow").[citation needed] In the comparative study of color terms in the world's languages, green is only found as a separate category in languages with the fully developed range of six colors (white, black, red, green, yellow, and blue), or more rarely in systems with five colors (white, red, yellow, green, and black/blue). (See distinction of green from blue) These languages have introduced supplementary vocabulary to denote "green", but these terms are recognizable as recent adoptions that are not in origin color terms (much like the English adjective orange being in origin not a color term but the name of a fruit). Thus, the Thai word เขียว besides meaning "green" also means "rank" and "smelly" and holds other unpleasant associations.
qas: answers: Thai
question: In which language does the word for "green" also mean "rank" and "smelly"?

answers: 520–570 nm
question: In what range does the color green fall in modern European languages?

answers: the name of a fruit
question: What is the origin of the word "orange"?

context: In the subtractive color system, used in painting and color printing, green is created by a combination of yellow and blue, or yellow and cyan; in the RGB color model, used on television and computer screens, it is one of the additive primary colors, along with red and blue, which are mixed in different combinations to create all other colors. On the HSV color wheel, also known as the RGB color wheel, the complement of green is magenta; that is, a color corresponding to an equal mixture of red and blue light (one of the purples). On a traditional color wheel, based on subtractive color, the complementary color to green is considered to be red.
qas: answers: subtractive
question: In which color system is green created by combining yellow and blue?

answers: RGB
question: In which color model is green one of the additive primary colors?

answers: magenta
question: What is the complement of green on the HSV color wheel?

answers: red
question: What is the complement of green on the traditional color wheel?

context: In additive color devices such as computer displays and televisions, one of the primary light sources is typically a narrow-spectrum yellowish-green of dominant wavelength ~550 nm; this "green" primary is combined with an orangish-red "red" primary and a purplish-blue "blue" primary to produce any color in between – the RGB color model. A unique green (green appearing neither yellowish nor bluish) is produced on such a device by mixing light from the green primary with some light from the blue primary.
qas: answers: A unique green
question: What is produced on a computer display when light from the green primary is mixed with some light from the blue primary?

answers: ~550 nm
question: At what wavelength is green on computer displays?

answers: additive
question: What type of color devices are computer displays and televisions?

context: Lasers emitting in the green part of the spectrum are widely available to the general public in a wide range of output powers. Green laser pointers outputting at 532 nm (563.5 THz) are relatively inexpensive compared to other wavelengths of the same power, and are very popular due to their good beam quality and very high apparent brightness. The most common green lasers use diode pumped solid state (DPSS) technology to create the green light. An infrared laser diode at 808 nm is used to pump a crystal of neodymium-doped yttrium vanadium oxide (Nd:YVO4) or neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) and induces it to emit 281.76 THz (1064 nm). This deeper infrared light is then passed through another crystal containing potassium, titanium and phosphorus (KTP), whose non-linear properties generate light at a frequency that is twice that of the incident beam (563.5 THz); in this case corresponding to the wavelength of 532 nm ("green"). Other green wavelengths are also available using DPSS technology ranging from 501 nm to 543 nm. Green wavelengths are also available from gas lasers, including the helium–neon laser (543 nm), the Argon-ion laser (514 nm) and the Krypton-ion laser (521 nm and 531 nm), as well as liquid dye lasers. Green lasers have a wide variety of applications, including pointing, illumination, surgery, laser light shows, spectroscopy, interferometry, fluorescence, holography, machine vision, non-lethal weapons and bird control.
qas: answers: green
question: Which color of lasers are widely available to the general public?

answers: 532 nm
question: What is the wavelength of inexpensive green lasers?

answers: diode pumped solid state
question: What type of technology is used in the most common green lasers?

answers: 501 nm to 543 nm
question: What is the range of green wavelengths available when using DPSS technology?

context: Many minerals provide pigments which have been used in green paints and dyes over the centuries. Pigments, in this case, are minerals which reflect the color green, rather that emitting it through luminescent or phosphorescent qualities. The large number of green pigments makes it impossible to mention them all. Among the more notable green minerals, however is the emerald, which is colored green by trace amounts of chromium and sometimes vanadium. Chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3), is called chrome green, also called viridian or institutional green when used as a pigment. For many years, the source of amazonite's color was a mystery. Widely thought to have been due to copper because copper compounds often have blue and green colors, the blue-green color is likely to be derived from small quantities of lead and water in the feldspar. Copper is the source of the green color in malachite pigments, chemically known as basic copper(II) carbonate.
qas: answers: reflect
question: What do pigments do with the color green?

answers: minerals
question: What are green paints and dyes usually made of?

answers: chromium
question: What is the main chemical that causes emeralds to be green?

answers: Copper
question: What is the source of the green color in malachite pigments?

answers: small quantities of lead and water in the feldspar
question: What is the source of amazonite's color?

context: Verdigris is made by placing a plate or blade of copper, brass or bronze, slightly warmed, into a vat of fermenting wine, leaving it there for several weeks, and then scraping off and drying the green powder that forms on the metal. The process of making verdigris was described in ancient times by Pliny. It was used by the Romans in the murals of Pompeii, and in Celtic medieval manuscripts as early as the 5th century AD. It produced a blue-green which no other pigment could imitate, but it had drawbacks; it was unstable, it could not resist dampness, it did not mix well with other colors, it could ruin other colors with which it came into contact., and it was toxic. Leonardo da Vinci, in his treatise on painting, warned artists not to use it. It was widely used in miniature paintings in Europe and Persia in the 16th and 17th centuries. Its use largely ended in the late 19th century, when it was replaced by the safer and more stable chrome green. Viridian, also called chrome green, is a pigment made with chromium oxide dihydrate, was patented in 1859. It became popular with painters, since, unlike other synthetic greens, it was stable and not toxic. Vincent van Gogh used it, along with Prussian blue, to create a dark blue sky with a greenish tint in his painting Cafe terrace at night.
qas: answers: Verdigris
question: What is made by placing a plate of blade of copper, brass, or bronze into vat of fermenting wine for several weeks, then scraping off and drying the green powder?

answers: Pliny
question: Who described the process of making verdigris in ancient times?

answers: Pompeii
question: In what city did the Romans use verdigris in murals?

answers: ruin
question: What would verdigris do to other colors that it came in contact with?

answers: Leonardo da Vinci
question: Which famous artist warned other artists not to use verdigris?

context: There is no natural source for green food colorings which has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Chlorophyll, the E numbers E140 and E141, is the most common green chemical found in nature, and only allowed in certain medicines and cosmetic materials. Quinoline Yellow (E104) is a commonly used coloring in the United Kingdom but is banned in Australia, Japan, Norway and the United States. Green S (E142) is prohibited in many countries, for it is known to cause hyperactivity, asthma, urticaria, and insomnia.
qas: answers: Green S (E142)
question: Which green food coloring is known to cause hyperactivity, asthma, urticaria, and insomnia?

answers: Quinoline Yellow
question: What is a commonly used food coloring in the United Kingdom that is banned in Australia, Japan, Norway, and the United States?

answers: Chlorophyll
question: What is the most common green chemical found in nature?

context: To create green sparks, fireworks use barium salts, such as barium chlorate, barium nitrate crystals, or barium chloride, also used for green fireplace logs. Copper salts typically burn blue, but cupric chloride (also known as "campfire blue") can also produce green flames. Green pyrotechnic flares can use a mix ratio 75:25 of boron and potassium nitrate. Smoke can be turned green by a mixture: solvent yellow 33, solvent green 3, lactose, magnesium carbonate plus sodium carbonate added to potassium chlorate.
qas: answers: barium salts
question: How do fireworks create green sparks?

answers: cupric chloride
question: Which copper salt can produce green glames?

answers: 75:25
question: What is the ratio of boron to potassium nitrate in green pyrotechnic flares?

context: Green is common in nature, as many plants are green because of a complex chemical known as chlorophyll, which is involved in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll absorbs the long wavelengths of light (red) and short wavelengths of light (blue) much more efficiently than the wavelengths that appear green to the human eye, so light reflected by plants is enriched in green. Chlorophyll absorbs green light poorly because it first arose in organisms living in oceans where purple halobacteria were already exploiting photosynthesis. Their purple color arose because they extracted energy in the green portion of the spectrum using bacteriorhodopsin. The new organisms that then later came to dominate the extraction of light were selected to exploit those portions of the spectrum not used by the halobacteria.
qas: answers: chlorophyll
question: Why are many plants green?

answers: absorbs
question: What does chlorophyll do with long (red) and short (blue) wavelengths of light?

answers: organisms living in oceans
question: Where did chlorophyll first arise?

context: Animals typically use the color green as camouflage, blending in with the chlorophyll green of the surrounding environment. Green animals include, especially, amphibians, reptiles, and some fish, birds and insects. Most fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds appear green because of a reflection of blue light coming through an over-layer of yellow pigment. Perception of color can also be affected by the surrounding environment. For example, broadleaf forests typically have a yellow-green light about them as the trees filter the light. Turacoverdin is one chemical which can cause a green hue in birds, especially. Invertebrates such as insects or mollusks often display green colors because of porphyrin pigments, sometimes caused by diet. This can causes their feces to look green as well. Other chemicals which generally contribute to greenness among organisms are flavins (lychochromes) and hemanovadin. Humans have imitated this by wearing green clothing as a camouflage in military and other fields. Substances that may impart a greenish hue to one's skin include biliverdin, the green pigment in bile, and ceruloplasmin, a protein that carries copper ions in chelation.
qas: answers: camouflage
question: How do animals typically use the color green?

answers: reflection of blue light coming through an over-layer of yellow pigment
question: Why do most fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds appear green?

answers: Turacoverdin
question: What is a chemical that can cause green hue in birds?

answers: ceruloplasmin
question: What is a protein that carries copper ions in chelation?

answers: biliverdin
question: What is the green pigment in bile called?

context: There is no green pigment in green eyes; like the color of blue eyes, it is an optical illusion; its appearance is caused by the combination of an amber or light brown pigmentation of the stroma, given by a low or moderate concentration of melanin, with the blue tone imparted by the Rayleigh scattering of the reflected light. Green eyes are most common in Northern and Central Europe. They can also be found in Southern Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia. In Iceland, 89% of women and 87% of men have either blue or green eye color. A study of Icelandic and Dutch adults found green eyes to be much more prevalent in women than in men. Among European Americans, green eyes are most common among those of recent Celtic and Germanic ancestry, about 16%.
qas: answers: an optical illusion
question: What is the appearance of green in th eyes attributed to?

answers: Northern and Central Europe
question: Where are green eyes most common?

answers: women
question: Among Icelandic and Dutch adults, which sex more commonly has green eyes?

context: In Ancient Egypt green was the symbol of regeneration and rebirth, and of the crops made possible by the annual flooding of the Nile. For painting on the walls of tombs or on papyrus, Egyptian artists used finely-ground malachite, mined in the west Sinai and the eastern desert- A paintbox with malachite pigment was found inside the tomb of King Tutankhamun. They also used less expensive green earth pigment, or mixed yellow ochre and blue azurite. To dye fabrics green, they first colored them yellow with dye made from saffron and then soaked them in blue dye from the roots of the woad plant.
qas: answers: green
question: Which color was the symbol to regeneration and rebirth in Ancient Egypt?

answers: malachite
question: What did Egyptian artists grind to use to paint on the walls of tombs or on papyrus?

answers: saffron
question: How did Egyptians dye fabrics yellow?

context: For the ancient Egyptians, green had very positive associations. The hieroglyph for green represented a growing papyrus sprout, showing the close connection between green, vegetation, vigor and growth. In wall paintings, the ruler of the underworld, Osiris, was typically portrayed with a green face, because green was the symbol of good health and rebirth. Palettes of green facial makeup, made with malachite, were found in tombs. It was worn by both the living and dead, particularly around the eyes, to protect them from evil. Tombs also often contained small green amulets in the shape of scarab beetles made of malachite, which would protect and give vigor to the deceased. It also symbolized the sea, which was called the "Very Green."
qas: answers: a growing papyrus sprout
question: What is the ancient Egyptian hieroglyph for green?

answers: Osiris
question: Who was the ruler of the underworld in ancient Egypt?

answers: to protect them from evil
question: Why was green facial makeup worn by ancient Egyptians?

context: In Ancient Greece, green and blue were sometimes considered the same color, and the same word sometimes described the color of the sea and the color of trees. The philosopher Democritus described two different greens; cloron, or pale green, and prasinon, or leek green. Aristotle considered that green was located midway between black, symbolizing the earth, and white, symbolizing water. However, green was not counted among of the four classic colors of Greek painting; red, yellow, black and white, and is rarely found in Greek art.
qas: answers: Aristotle
question: Which ancient greek philosopher considered green to be located midway between black and white?

answers: Democritus
question: Which ancient greek philosopher describe pale green as cloron and leek green as prasinon?

answers: white
question: Red, yellow, and black are three of the four classis colors of Greek painting. What is the fourth color?

context: The Romans had a greater appreciation for the color green; it was the color of Venus, the goddess of gardens, vegetables and vineyards.The Romans made a fine green earth pigment, which was widely used in the wall paintings of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Lyon, Vaison-la-Romaine, and other Roman cities. They also used the pigment verdigris, made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine. By the Second Century AD, the Romans were using green in paintings, mosaics and glass, and there were ten different words in Latin for varieties of green.
qas: answers: verdigris
question: What pigment was made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine?

answers: ten
question: How many different words for the varieties of green exist in Latin?

answers: green
question: What color did the Romans attribute to Venus, the goddess of gardens, vegetables, and vineyards?

context: Unfortunately for those who wanted or were required to wear green, there were no good vegetal green dyes which resisted washing and sunlight. Green dyes were made out of the fern, plantain, buckthorn berries, the juice of nettles and of leeks, the digitalis plant, the broom plant, the leaves of the fraxinus, or ash tree, and the bark of the alder tree, but they rapidly faded or changed color. Only in the 16th century was a good green dye produced, by first dyeing the cloth blue with woad, and then yellow with reseda luteola, also known as yellow-weed.
qas: answers: they rapidly faded or changed color
question: Why were vegetal green dyes less than ideal?

answers: 16th century
question: When was a good green vegetal dye finally produced?

answers: reseda luteola
question: What was known as yellow-weed?

context: In the 18th and 19th century, green was associated with the romantic movement in literature and art. The French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau celebrated the virtues of nature, The German poet and philosopher Goethe declared that green was the most restful color, suitable for decorating bedrooms. Painters such as John Constable and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot depicted the lush green of rural landscapes and forests. Green was contrasted to the smoky grays and blacks of the Industrial Revolution.
qas: answers: 18th and 19th century
question: When was green associated with the romantic movement in literature and art?

answers: Jean-Jacques Rousseau
question: Who was a French philospher that celebrated the virtues of nature?

answers: Goethe
question: Which German poet and philospher declared green to be the most restful color?

context: The late nineteenth century also brought the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh. Describing his painting, The Night Cafe, to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: "I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green. Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens."
qas: answers: late nineteenth century
question: When did the systematic study of color theory begin?

answers: Vincent van Gogh
question: Who painted The Night Cafe?

answers: complementary
question: What type of colors are red and green?

context: Green can communicate safety to proceed, as in traffic lights. Green and red were standardized as the colors of international railroad signals in the 19th century. The first traffic light, using green and red gas lamps, was erected in 1868 in front of the Houses of Parliament in London. It exploded the following year, injuring the policeman who operated it. In 1912, the first modern electric traffic lights were put up in Salt Lake City, Utah. Red was chosen largely because of its high visibility, and its association with danger, while green was chosen largely because it could not be mistaken for red. Today green lights universally signal that a system is turned on and working as it should. In many video games, green signifies both health and completed objectives, opposite red.
qas: answers: 19th century
question: When were green and red standardized as the colors of international railroad signs?

answers: 1868
question: When was the first traffic light erected?

answers: Salt Lake City, Utah
question: Where were the first modern electric traffic lights erected in 1912?

answers: high visibility
question: Besides its association with danger, why was red chosen for traffic lights?

context: Like other common colors, green has several completely opposite associations. While it is the color most associated by Europeans and Americans with good health, it is also the color most often associated with toxicity and poison. There was a solid foundation for this association; in the nineteenth century several popular paints and pigments, notably verdigris, vert de Schweinfurt and vert de Paris, were highly toxic, containing copper or arsenic.[d] The intoxicating drink absinthe was known as "the green fairy".
qas: answers: the green fairy
question: What was absinthe known as?

answers: copper or arsenic
question: Why were popular paints and pigments in the nineteenth century highly toxic?

answers: green
question: What color is most associated with toxicity and poison?

context: Many flags of the Islamic world are green, as the color is considered sacred in Islam (see below). The flag of Hamas, as well as the flag of Iran, is green, symbolizing their Islamist ideology. The 1977 flag of Libya consisted of a simple green field with no other characteristics. It was the only national flag in the world with just one color and no design, insignia, or other details. Some countries used green in their flags to represent their country's lush vegetation, as in the flag of Jamaica, and hope in the future, as in the flags of Portugal and Nigeria. The green cedar of Lebanon tree on the Flag of Lebanon officially represents steadiness and tolerance.
qas: answers: Libya
question: Which country had a flag in 1977 that was only green?

answers: country's lush vegetation
question: What does the green in Jamaica's flag represent?

answers: steadiness and tolerance
question: What does the green cedar of Lebanon tree represent on the Flag of Lebanon?

answers: green
question: Which color is considered sacred in Islam?

context: In the 1980s green became the color of a number of new European political parties organized around an agenda of environmentalism. Green was chosen for its association with nature, health, and growth. The largest green party in Europe is Alliance '90/The Greens (German: Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) in Germany, which was formed in 1993 from the merger of the German Green Party, founded in West Germany in 1980, and Alliance 90, founded during the Revolution of 1989–1990 in East Germany. In the 2009 federal elections, the party won 10.7% of the votes and 68 out of 622 seats in the Bundestag.
qas: answers: Alliance '90/The Greens
question: What is the largest green party in Europe?

answers: environmentalism
question: Why was green chosen for a number of new European political parties in the 1980s?

answers: 1980
question: When was the German green party founded in West Germany?

context: Roman Catholic and more traditional Protestant clergy wear green vestments at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary Time. In the Eastern Catholic Church, green is the color of Pentecost. Green is one of the Christmas colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshiped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season. Romans used green holly and evergreen as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia, which eventually evolved into a Christmas celebration. In Ireland and Scotland especially, green is used to represent Catholics, while orange is used to represent Protestantism. This is shown on the national flag of Ireland.
qas: answers: green
question: What color vestments do Roman Catholic and traditional Protestant clergy wear at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary time?

answers: Pentecost
question: What is green the color of in the Eastern Catholic Church?

answers: Catholics
question: What does green represent in Ireland and Scotland?

answers: green holly and evergreen
question: What did Romans use as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia?

answers: evergreens
question: What was worshipped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season?