Aspirated_consonant

context: In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most Indian and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive.
qas: answers: phonetics
question: Aspiration and preaspiration are used in what?

answers: allophones
question: Aspirated consonants are what in English?

answers: Indian and East Asian
question: What are two language types where the difference is contrastive?

context: To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's mouth, and say pin [pʰɪn] and then spin [spɪn]. One should either feel a puff of air or see a flicker of the candle flame with pin that one does not get with spin. In most dialects of English, the initial consonant is aspirated in pin and unaspirated in spin.
qas: answers: pin
question: With what word should you see a candle flicker or feel a puff of air?

answers: aspirated
question: In English the first consonant in "pin" is what?

context: In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative ⟨h⟩. For instance, ⟨p⟩ represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and ⟨pʰ⟩ represents the aspirated bilabial stop.
qas: answers: International Phonetic Alphabet
question: What does IPA stand for?

answers: voiceless consonants
question: Written IPA consonants use symbols for what?

answers: p
question: What modifier indicates a voiceless bilabial stop?

answers: aspirated bilabial stop
question: pʰ represents what?

context: Voiced consonants are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for voiced consonants followed by ⟨◌ʰ⟩, such as ⟨bʰ⟩, typically represent consonants with breathy voiced release (see below). In the grammatical tradition of Sanskrit, aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated, and breathy-voiced consonants are called voiced aspirated.
qas: answers: Voiced consonants
question: What is not often aspirated?

answers: breathy
question: The symbol followed by bʰ would likely mean the consonant has what type of release?

answers: breathy-voiced
question: Voiced aspirated consonants are what type?

context: There are no dedicated IPA symbols for degrees of aspiration and typically only two degrees are marked: unaspirated ⟨k⟩ and aspirated ⟨kʰ⟩. An old symbol for light aspiration was ⟨ʻ⟩, but this is now obsolete. The aspiration modifier letter may be doubled to indicate especially strong or long aspiration. Hence, the two degrees of aspiration in Korean stops are sometimes transcribed ⟨kʰ kʰʰ⟩ or ⟨kʻ⟩ and ⟨kʰ⟩, but they are usually transcribed [k] and [kʰ], with the details of voice-onset time given numerically.
qas: answers: degrees of aspiration
question: There are no IPA symbols for what?

answers: aspiration modifier
question: What may be doubled to indicate a long aspiration?

answers: Korean
question: What language, according to the text, may need double stops to indicate aspiration length?

answers: numerically
question: How are voice-onset time details usually presented?

context: Preaspirated consonants are marked by placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol: ⟨ʰp⟩ represents the preaspirated bilabial stop.
qas: answers: placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol
question: A preaspirated consonant is marked how?

answers: ⟨ʰp⟩
question: What represents a preaspirated bilabial stop?

context: Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨◌˭⟩, a superscript equal sign: ⟨t˭⟩. Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are left unmarked: ⟨t⟩.
qas: answers: with the modifier letter
question: How are unaspirated or tenuis consonants sometimes marked for unaspiration?

answers: ⟨t˭⟩
question: What is the superscript equal sign?

answers: left unmarked
question: Most often, unaspirated consonants are what?

answers: ⟨t⟩
question: How are unaspirated consonants left unmarked?

context: Voiceless consonants are produced with the vocal folds open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (modal voice). Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal cords remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is by noting the consonant's voice-onset time, as the voicing of a following vowel cannot begin until the vocal cords close.
qas: answers: Voiceless consonants
question: What is created when the vocal folds are spread and do not vibrate?

answers: voiced consonants
question: What is created when vocal folds are slightly closed and vibrate?

answers: Voiceless aspiration
question: What is it called when a person's vocal cords stay open after a consonant?

context: Phonetically in some languages, such as Navajo, aspiration of stops tends to be realised as voiceless velar airflow; aspiration of affricates is realised as an extended length of the frication.
qas: answers: Navajo
question: Aspiration of stops is seen as voiceless velar airflow in some languages, such as what?

answers: an extended length of the frication
question: In Navajo, the aspiration of affricates can be seen as what?

context: Aspirated consonants are not always followed by vowels or other voiced sounds. For example, in Eastern Armenian, aspiration is contrastive even word-finally, and aspirated consonants occur in consonant clusters. In Wahgi, consonants are aspirated only in final position.
qas: answers: consonant clusters
question: In Eastern Armenian, aspirated consonants occur in what?

answers: Wahgi
question: Where are consonants aspirated in just the final position?

context: Armenian and Cantonese have aspiration that lasts about as long as English aspirated stops, in addition to unaspirated stops. Korean has lightly aspirated stops that fall between the Armenian and Cantonese unaspirated and aspirated stops as well as strongly aspirated stops whose aspiration lasts longer than that of Armenian or Cantonese. (See voice-onset time.)
qas: answers: unaspirated stops
question: As well as lasting as long as an English aspirated stop, the Armenian and Cantonese aspiration lasts as long as what?

context: Aspiration varies with place of articulation. The Spanish voiceless stops /p t k/ have voice-onset times (VOTs) of about 5, 10, and 30 milliseconds, whereas English aspirated /p t k/ have VOTs of about 60, 70, and 80 ms. Voice-onset time in Korean has been measured at 20, 25, and 50 ms for /p t k/ and 90, 95, and 125 for /pʰ tʰ kʰ/.
qas: answers: place of articulation
question: Aspiration alters with what?

context: When aspirated consonants are doubled or geminated, the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release. An aspirated affricate consists of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release. A doubled aspirated affricate has a longer hold in the stop portion and then has a release consisting of the fricative and aspiration.
qas: answers: the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release.
question: What happens when an aspirated consonant is doubled or geminated?

answers: An aspirated affricate
question: What is comprised of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release?

context: Icelandic and Faroese have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]; some scholars interpret these as consonant clusters as well. In Icelandic, preaspirated stops contrast with double stops and single stops:
qas: answers: Icelandic and Faroese
question: What two languages mentioned have have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]?

answers: consonant clusters
question: What do scholars say the preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk] are too?

answers: double stops and single stops
question: What do preaspirated stops contrast with in Icelandic?

context: Preaspirated stops also occur in most Sami languages; for example, in North Sami, the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes /p/, /t/, /ts/, /tʃ/, /k/ are pronounced preaspirated ([ʰp], [ʰt] [ʰts], [ʰtʃ], [ʰk]) when they occur in medial or final position.
qas: answers: Preaspirated stops
question: The Sami tongue also has what?

answers: North Sami
question: Which Sami tongue has unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes pronounced preaspirated?

context: Although most aspirated obstruents in the world's language are stops and affricates, aspirated fricatives such as [sʰ], [fʰ] or [ɕʰ] have been documented in Korean, in a few Tibeto-Burman languages, in some Oto-Manguean languages, and in the Siouan language Ofo. Some languages, such as Choni Tibetan, have up to four contrastive aspirated fricatives [sʰ] [ɕʰ], [ʂʰ] and [xʰ].
qas: answers: up to four
question: How many contrastive aspirated fricatives does Choni Tibetan have?

context: True aspirated voiced consonants, as opposed to murmured (breathy-voice) consonants such as the [bʱ], [dʱ], [ɡʱ] that are common in the languages of India, are extremely rare. They have been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the Kx'a languages. Reported aspirated voiced stops, affricates and clicks are [b͡pʰ, d͡tʰ, d͡tsʰ, d͡tʃʰ, ɡ͡kʰ, ɢ͡qʰ, ᶢʘʰ, ᶢǀʰ, ᶢǁʰ, ᶢǃʰ, ᶢǂʰ].
qas: answers: True aspirated voiced consonants
question: Indian languages commonly have murmured consonants instead of what?

answers: rare
question: True aspirated consonants are considered what?

answers: Kx'a languages
question: True aspirated consonants have been found in Kelabit Taa and what else?

context: Aspiration has varying significance in different languages. It is either allophonic or phonemic, and may be analyzed as an underlying consonant cluster.
qas: answers: Aspiration
question: What has a different significance in various languages?

answers: allophonic or phonemic
question: What two forms can aspiration be in?

context: In some languages, such as English, aspiration is allophonic. Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing, and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated.
qas: answers: allophonic
question: Aspiration is what, in English and some other languages?

answers: voicing
question: How are stops distinguished?

answers: aspirated
question: Voiceless stops are at times what?

answers: unaspirated
question: Voiced stops are most often what?

context: They are unaspirated for almost all speakers when immediately following word-initial s, as in spill, still, skill. After an s elsewhere in a word they are normally unaspirated as well, except sometimes in compound words. When the consonants in a cluster like st are analyzed as belonging to different morphemes (heteromorphemic) the stop is aspirated, but when they are analyzed as belonging to one morpheme the stop is unaspirated.[citation needed] For instance, distend has unaspirated [t] since it is not analyzed as two morphemes, but distaste has an aspirated middle [tʰ] because it is analyzed as dis- + taste and the word taste has an aspirated initial t.
qas: answers: unaspirated
question: When following a word such as spill, they are what for most speakers?

answers: compound words
question: If the letter s is a different place in the word, it is typical unaspirated unless the word is what?

answers: aspirated
question: If there is a cluster such as st and it belongs to different morphemes, the stop is what?

answers: unaspirated
question: If the st belongs to one morpheme, then the stop is what?

context: In many languages, such as Armenian, Korean, Thai, Indo-Aryan languages, Dravidian languages, Icelandic, Ancient Greek, and the varieties of Chinese, tenuis and aspirated consonants are phonemic. Unaspirated consonants like [p˭ s˭] and aspirated consonants like [pʰ ʰp sʰ] are separate phonemes, and words are distinguished by whether they have one or the other.
qas: answers: phonemic
question: In languages like Thai and Icelandic, tenuis and aspirated consonants are what?

answers: phonemes
question: [p˭ s˭] and [pʰ ʰp sʰ] are separate what?

context: In Danish and most southern varieties of German, the "lenis" consonants transcribed for historical reasons as ⟨b d ɡ⟩ are distinguished from their fortis counterparts ⟨p t k⟩, mainly in their lack of aspiration.
qas: answers: their lack of aspiration
question: How are lenis consonants distinguished from fortis consonants?

answers: ⟨p t k⟩
question: If the lenis are ⟨b d ɡ⟩, what are the fortis counterparts?

context: Standard Chinese (Mandarin) has stops and affricates distinguished by aspiration: for instance, /t tʰ/, /t͡s t͡sʰ/. In pinyin, tenuis stops are written with letters that represent voiced consonants in English, and aspirated stops with letters that represent voiceless consonants. Thus d represents /t/, and t represents /tʰ/.
qas: answers: aspiration
question: Mandarin has stops and affricates that are distinguished by what?

answers: pinyin
question: Tenuis stops have letters that are representative of English voiced consonant in what?

answers: aspirated stops
question: What kind of stops in pinyin are written with letters that representative of voiceless consonants?

context: Wu Chinese has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates: /p pʰ b/. In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of muddy consonants, like /b/. These are pronounced with slack or breathy voice: that is, they are weakly voiced. Muddy consonants as initial cause a syllable to be pronounced with low pitch or light (陽 yáng) tone.
qas: answers: Wu Chinese
question: What has a three-way distinction in regards to stops and affricates?

answers: /p pʰ b/
question: What is the actual distinction for Wu Chinese?

answers: Muddy consonants
question: What is /b/ representative of, in addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants?

answers: slack or breathy
question: What kind of voice are muddy consonants pronounced with?

context: Many Indo-Aryan languages have aspirated stops. Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, and Gujarati have a four-way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and breathy-voiced or voiced aspirated, such as /p pʰ b bʱ/. Punjabi has lost breathy-voiced consonants, which resulted in a tone system, and therefore has a distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and voiced: /p pʰ b/.
qas: answers: four
question: How many distinctions in stops do languages like Bengali and Hindi have?

answers: breathy-voiced
question: What is another term for voice-aspirated?

answers: breathy-voiced consonants
question: Which distinction has Punjabi lost?

context: Some of the Dravidian languages, such as Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada, have a distinction between voiced and voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated only in loanwords from Indo-Aryan languages. In native Dravidian words, there is no distinction between these categories and stops are underspecified for voicing and aspiration.
qas: answers: Dravidian
question: Telegu, Kannada and others are considered to be some of the what languages?

answers: native Dravidian words
question: What has no distinction between the categories  of voiced, voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated?

context: Western Armenian has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced: /tʰ d/. Western Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ and voiced /d/, and Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiceless /t/.
qas: answers: Western Armenian
question: What language has two-way distinctions between aspirated and voiced?

answers: /d/
question: Western Armenian /tʰ/ compares to eastern Armenian /tʰ/ and what?

answers: /t/
question: The Western Armenian voiced /d/ compares to the Eastern Armenian voiceless what?

context: Some forms of Greek before the Koine Greek period are reconstructed as having aspirated stops. The Classical Attic dialect of Ancient Greek had a three-way distinction in stops like Eastern Armenian: /t tʰ d/. These stops were called ψιλά, δασέα, μέσα "thin, thick, middle" by Koine Greek grammarians.
qas: answers: aspirated stops.
question: Early Greek (before Koine) have been redone with what?

answers: Classical Attic
question: What Greek dialect had three-way stop distinction like Eastern Armenian?

answers: Greek grammarians
question: Who referred to the Classical Attic dialect stops by the three distinctions?

context: There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar /pʰ tʰ kʰ/. Earlier Greek, represented by Mycenaean Greek, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /kʷʰ/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment.
qas: answers: /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
question: What is the representation for the three places of articulation?

answers: Mycenaean Greek
question: Earlier Greek was represented by what?

answers: dialect and phonetic environment
question: Whether a stop was labial, coronal or velar depended on what two things?

context: The other Ancient Greek dialects, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot, likely had the same three-way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of /tʰ/ in the Classical period, and the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration (psilosis).
qas: answers: three
question: Dialects such as Aeolic and Doric had how many distinctions that were the same at one point in time?

answers: Ionic and Aeolic
question: Which two dialects lost aspiration at times?

answers: fricative
question: Rather than /tʰ/, what did the Doric dialect have in place during the Classical period?

context: Later, during the Koine Greek period, the aspirated and voiceless stops /tʰ d/ of Attic Greek lenited to voiceless and voiced fricatives, yielding /θ ð/ in Medieval and Modern Greek.
qas: answers: voiceless and voiced fricatives
question: Attic Greek lenited to what?

answers: Medieval and Modern Greek
question: The lenited Attic Greek yielded /θ ð/ in what periods?

context: The term aspiration sometimes refers to the sound change of debuccalization, in which a consonant is lenited (weakened) to become a glottal stop or fricative [ʔ h ɦ].
qas: answers: debuccalization
question: Aspiration may refer to a sound change of what?

answers: glottal stop or fricative
question: Debuccalization is when consonants are weakened to become what?

answers: lenited
question: What is another term for a consonant being weakened?

context: So-called voiced aspirated consonants are nearly always pronounced instead with breathy voice, a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds. The modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩ after a voiced consonant actually represents a breathy-voiced or murmured dental stop, as with the "voiced aspirated" bilabial stop ⟨bʰ⟩ in the Indo-Aryan languages. This consonant is therefore more accurately transcribed as ⟨b̤⟩, with the diacritic for breathy voice, or with the modifier letter ⟨bʱ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiced glottal fricative ⟨ɦ⟩.
qas: answers: a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds
question: What is breathy voice?

answers: ⟨b̤⟩, with the diacritic
question: The ⟨bʰ⟩ in the Indo-Aryan languages is better transcribed how for breathy voice?

context: Some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨◌̤⟩ to murmured sonorants, such as vowels and nasals, which are murmured throughout their duration, and use the superscript hook-aitch ⟨◌ʱ⟩ for the breathy-voiced release of obstruents.
qas: answers: murmured sonorants
question: What do some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨◌̤⟩ to?

answers: vowels and nasals
question: What are, according to the text, murmured for their duration?

answers: breathy-voiced release of obstruents.
question: What uses the ⟨◌ʱ⟩?