Videoconferencing

context: It was only in the 1980s that digital telephony transmission networks became possible, such as with ISDN networks, assuring a minimum bit rate (usually 128 kilobits/s) for compressed video and audio transmission. During this time, there was also research into other forms of digital video and audio communication. Many of these technologies, such as the Media space, are not as widely used today as videoconferencing but were still an important area of research. The first dedicated systems started to appear in the market as ISDN networks were expanding throughout the world. One of the first commercial videoconferencing systems sold to companies came from PictureTel Corp., which had an Initial Public Offering in November, 1984.
qas: answers: the 1980s
question: In what decade was digital telephony transmission made possible?

answers: 128 kilobits/s
question: What is the minimum bit rate for compressed video and audio transmission?

answers: the Media space
question: What is an example of an early form of digital video and audio communication?

answers: ISDN networks
question: In what form did the first dedicated videoconferencing system appear as?

answers: PictureTel Corp.
question: What company offered the first commercial videoconferencing system?

context: The MC controls the conferencing while it is active on the signaling plane, which is simply where the system manages conferencing creation, endpoint signaling and in-conferencing controls. This component negotiates parameters with every endpoint in the network and controls conferencing resources. While the MC controls resources and signaling negotiations, the MP operates on the media plane and receives media from each endpoint. The MP generates output streams from each endpoint and redirects the information to other endpoints in the conference.
qas: answers: The MC
question: What controls the conferencing while its active on the signaling plane?

answers: endpoint signaling
question: What is one example of what the signaling plane controls in a videoconferencing system?

answers: the signaling plane
question: Where does the videoconferencing system manage conferencing creation?

answers: the media plane
question: On what plane does the MC operate?

answers: The MP
question: What generates output streams from each endpoint?

context: High speed Internet connectivity has become more widely available at a reasonable cost and the cost of video capture and display technology has decreased. Consequently, personal videoconferencing systems based on a webcam, personal computer system, software compression and broadband Internet connectivity have become affordable to the general public. Also, the hardware used for this technology has continued to improve in quality, and prices have dropped dramatically. The availability of freeware (often as part of chat programs) has made software based videoconferencing accessible to many.
qas: answers: High speed Internet connectivity
question: What technology has become more widely available and affordable?

answers: webcam
question: What is an example of a personal videoconferencing system tool?

answers: The availability of freeware
question: What has made videoconferencing accessible to many?

answers: chat programs
question: Videoconferencing freeware is widely available in what programs?

context: Videophone calls (also: videocalls, video chat as well as Skype and Skyping in verb form), differ from videoconferencing in that they expect to serve individuals, not groups. However that distinction has become increasingly blurred with technology improvements such as increased bandwidth and sophisticated software clients that can allow for multiple parties on a call. In general everyday usage the term videoconferencing is now frequently used instead of videocall for point-to-point calls between two units. Both videophone calls and videoconferencing are also now commonly referred to as a video link.
qas: answers: serve individuals, not groups
question: Videophone calls are different from videoconferencing in what way?

answers: Skype
question: What is an example of a videophone call program?

answers: videoconferencing
question: What term is more used today to refer to calls between two units?

answers: a video link
question: What are videoconferencing calls now more commonly known as?

answers: video chat
question: What is another name for videophone calls?

context: Technological developments by videoconferencing developers in the 2010s have extended the capabilities of video conferencing systems beyond the boardroom for use with hand-held mobile devices that combine the use of video, audio and on-screen drawing capabilities broadcasting in real-time over secure networks, independent of location. Mobile collaboration systems now allow multiple people in previously unreachable locations, such as workers on an off-shore oil rig, the ability to view and discuss issues with colleagues thousands of miles away. Traditional videoconferencing system manufacturers have begun providing mobile applications as well, such as those that allow for live and still image streaming.
qas: answers: the 2010s
question: In what decade did developers extend the capabilities of videoconferencing to more devices?

answers: Mobile collaboration systems
question: What allows people in remote locations the ability to video-conference with colleagues far away?

answers: still image streaming
question: What is one example of an application that videoconferencing manufacturers have begun to offer?

answers: mobile
question: What type of applications have videoconferencing manufacturers begun to offer?

answers: hand-held mobile devices
question: What is an example of a place that videoconferencing can be used today?

context: Videoconferencing provides students with the opportunity to learn by participating in two-way communication forums. Furthermore, teachers and lecturers worldwide can be brought to remote or otherwise isolated educational facilities. Students from diverse communities and backgrounds can come together to learn about one another, although language barriers will continue to persist. Such students are able to explore, communicate, analyze and share information and ideas with one another. Through videoconferencing, students can visit other parts of the world to speak with their peers, and visit museums and educational facilities. Such virtual field trips can provide enriched learning opportunities to students, especially those in geographically isolated locations, and to the economically disadvantaged. Small schools can use these technologies to pool resources and provide courses, such as in foreign languages, which could not otherwise be offered.
qas: answers: participating in two-way communication forums
question: What can videoconferencing offer students?

answers: students
question: Who can benefit from two-way communication forums?

answers: language
question: What is a major barrier to videoconferencing between some communities?

answers: virtual field trips
question: What is one example of how students can benefit from videoconferencing?

answers: visit museums
question: What is one experience that students using videoconferencing can achieve?

context: One of the first demonstrations of the ability for telecommunications to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when AT&T's videophone (trademarked as the "Picturephone") was introduced to the public at the 1964 New York World's Fair –two deaf users were able to communicate freely with each other between the fair and another city. Various universities and other organizations, including British Telecom's Martlesham facility, have also conducted extensive research on signing via videotelephony. The use of sign language via videotelephony was hampered for many years due to the difficulty of its use over slow analogue copper phone lines, coupled with the high cost of better quality ISDN (data) phone lines. Those factors largely disappeared with the introduction of more efficient video codecs and the advent of lower cost high-speed ISDN data and IP (Internet) services in the 1990s.
qas: answers: AT&T
question: What company introduced the first device to help deaf people communicate through telecommunications?

answers: Picturephone
question: What was the name of AT&T's videophone device?

answers: 1964
question: In what year was AT&T's "Picturephone" device introduced?

answers: 1964 New York World's Fair
question: Where was AT&T's "Picturephone" device unveiled?

answers: 1990s
question: In what decade were more efficient ways of using sign language via video-telephony developed?

context: In the increasingly globalized film industry, videoconferencing has become useful as a method by which creative talent in many different locations can collaborate closely on the complex details of film production. For example, for the 2013 award-winning animated film Frozen, Burbank-based Walt Disney Animation Studios hired the New York City-based husband-and-wife songwriting team of Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez to write the songs, which required two-hour-long transcontinental videoconferences nearly every weekday for about 14 months.
qas: answers: film
question: In what industry has videoconferencing become useful?

answers: Frozen
question: On what film was videoconferencing widely used?

answers: 2013
question: What year was the movie Frozen released?

answers: New York City
question: In what city were the songwriting team of Frozen located?

answers: 14
question: How many months did the songwriters work on the movie via videoconferencing?

context: A videoconference system is generally higher cost than a videophone and deploys greater capabilities. A videoconference (also known as a videoteleconference) allows two or more locations to communicate via live, simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions. This is often accomplished by the use of a multipoint control unit (a centralized distribution and call management system) or by a similar non-centralized multipoint capability embedded in each videoconferencing unit. Again, technology improvements have circumvented traditional definitions by allowing multiple party videoconferencing via web-based applications.
qas: answers: videoteleconference
question: What is a video-conference also known as?

answers: a multipoint control unit
question: What does a video-conference use that allows communication in live situations?

answers: call management system
question: What is a multi-point control unit?

answers: web-based applications
question: How does video-conferencing allow multiple parties to communicate with each other?

answers: two or more
question: How many locations can one use videoconferencing for?

context: This technique was very expensive, though, and could not be used for applications such as telemedicine, distance education, and business meetings. Attempts at using normal telephony networks to transmit slow-scan video, such as the first systems developed by AT&T Corporation, first researched in the 1950s, failed mostly due to the poor picture quality and the lack of efficient video compression techniques. The greater 1 MHz bandwidth and 6 Mbit/s bit rate of the Picturephone in the 1970s also did not achieve commercial success, mostly due to its high cost, but also due to a lack of network effect —with only a few hundred Picturephones in the world, users had extremely few contacts they could actually call to, and interoperability with other videophone systems would not exist for decades.
qas: answers: telemedicine
question: What is one area where teleconferencing could not be used?

answers: AT&T Corporation
question: Who developed the first systems to transmit slow-scan video?

answers: the 1950s
question: When was the first slow-scan video systems researched?

answers: 6 Mbit/s
question: What was the bit rate of AT&T's Picturephone?

answers: 1 MHz
question: What was the bandwidth of AT&T's Picturephone?

context: While videoconferencing technology was initially used primarily within internal corporate communication networks, one of the first community service usages of the technology started in 1992 through a unique partnership with PictureTel and IBM Corporations which at the time were promoting a jointly developed desktop based videoconferencing product known as the PCS/1. Over the next 15 years, Project DIANE (Diversified Information and Assistance Network) grew to utilize a variety of videoconferencing platforms to create a multi-state cooperative public service and distance education network consisting of several hundred schools, neighborhood centers, libraries, science museums, zoos and parks, public assistance centers, and other community oriented organizations.
qas: answers: 1992
question: What year did one the first community service usages of videoconferencing take place?

answers: IBM
question: What company helped in the creation of community service videoconferencing?

answers: PCS/1
question: What is the videoconferencing product that both IBM and PictureTel worked on?

answers: Diversified Information and Assistance Network
question: What does DIANE in Project DIANE stand for?

answers: 15
question: How many years did it take for Project DIANE to grow?

context: Simultaneous videoconferencing among three or more remote points is possible by means of a Multipoint Control Unit (MCU). This is a bridge that interconnects calls from several sources (in a similar way to the audio conference call). All parties call the MCU, or the MCU can also call the parties which are going to participate, in sequence. There are MCU bridges for IP and ISDN-based videoconferencing. There are MCUs which are pure software, and others which are a combination of hardware and software. An MCU is characterised according to the number of simultaneous calls it can handle, its ability to conduct transposing of data rates and protocols, and features such as Continuous Presence, in which multiple parties can be seen on-screen at once. MCUs can be stand-alone hardware devices, or they can be embedded into dedicated videoconferencing units.
qas: answers: Multipoint Control Unit (MCU)
question: What enables videoconferencing to connect three or more remote points?

answers: IP
question: What is one type of MCU bridge?

answers: the number of simultaneous calls it can handle
question: In what way can an MCU be characterized?

answers: Continuous Presence
question: What feature enables an MCU to allow for multiple parties to be seen on screen at the same time?

answers: dedicated videoconferencing units
question: Where can an MCU be embedded?

context: Videoconferencing can enable individuals in distant locations to participate in meetings on short notice, with time and money savings. Technology such as VoIP can be used in conjunction with desktop videoconferencing to enable low-cost face-to-face business meetings without leaving the desk, especially for businesses with widespread offices. The technology is also used for telecommuting, in which employees work from home. One research report based on a sampling of 1,800 corporate employees showed that, as of June 2010, 54% of the respondents with access to video conferencing used it “all of the time” or “frequently”.
qas: answers: money savings
question: In what one way can videoconferencing help a person?

answers: VoIP
question: What technology can be used along with videoconferencing?

answers: telecommuting
question: What is another use of VoIP?

answers: work from home
question: What is telecommuting?

answers: 54%
question: What is the percentage of people who use videoconferencing a majority of the time?

context: Finally, in the 1990s, Internet Protocol-based videoconferencing became possible, and more efficient video compression technologies were developed, permitting desktop, or personal computer (PC)-based videoconferencing. In 1992 CU-SeeMe was developed at Cornell by Tim Dorcey et al. In 1995 the first public videoconference between North America and Africa took place, linking a technofair in San Francisco with a techno-rave and cyberdeli in Cape Town. At the Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Nagano, Japan, Seiji Ozawa conducted the Ode to Joy from Beethoven's Ninth Symphony simultaneously across five continents in near-real time.
qas: answers: 1990s
question: In what decade was Internet video-conferencing made possible?

answers: desktop
question: In what device was videoconferencing finally able to be used in?

answers: 1992
question: In what year was CU-SeeMe, a desktop-based videoconferencing tool, developed?

answers: 1995
question: In what year did the first public video-conference take place?

answers: Cape Town
question: What South African city participated in the first public video-conference?

context: The core technology used in a videoconferencing system is digital compression of audio and video streams in real time. The hardware or software that performs compression is called a codec (coder/decoder). Compression rates of up to 1:500 can be achieved. The resulting digital stream of 1s and 0s is subdivided into labeled packets, which are then transmitted through a digital network of some kind (usually ISDN or IP). The use of audio modems in the transmission line allow for the use of POTS, or the Plain Old Telephone System, in some low-speed applications, such as videotelephony, because they convert the digital pulses to/from analog waves in the audio spectrum range.
qas: answers: a codec (coder/decoder)
question: What is the software that performs audio and/or video compression?

answers: 1:500
question: How high can compression rates go?

answers: IP
question: What is one digital network through which a digital stream can be transmitted?

answers: Plain Old Telephone System
question: What does POTS stand for?

answers: convert the digital pulses to/from analog waves
question: What do POTS do?

context: Typical use of the various technologies described above include calling or conferencing on a one-on-one, one-to-many or many-to-many basis for personal, business, educational, deaf Video Relay Service and tele-medical, diagnostic and rehabilitative use or services. New services utilizing videocalling and videoconferencing, such as teachers and psychologists conducting online sessions, personal videocalls to inmates incarcerated in penitentiaries, and videoconferencing to resolve airline engineering issues at maintenance facilities, are being created or evolving on an ongoing basis.
qas: answers: deaf Video Relay Service
question: What is a common use of conferencing technology?

answers: teachers
question: What profession utilizes videoconferencing technology to conduct online sessions?

answers: personal videocalls to inmates
question: What is one way that videocalling can be used?

answers: tele-medical
question: What is a common use of conferencing technology?

context: Videoconferencing is a highly useful technology for real-time telemedicine and telenursing applications, such as diagnosis, consulting, transmission of medical images, etc... With videoconferencing, patients may contact nurses and physicians in emergency or routine situations; physicians and other paramedical professionals can discuss cases across large distances. Rural areas can use this technology for diagnostic purposes, thus saving lives and making more efficient use of health care money. For example, a rural medical center in Ohio, United States, used videoconferencing to successfully cut the number of transfers of sick infants to a hospital 70 miles (110 km) away. This had previously cost nearly $10,000 per transfer.
qas: answers: real-time telemedicine
question: What is one way that videoconferencing is useful?

answers: Rural
question: What areas benefit especially from videoconferencing? 

answers: Ohio
question: In what US state did a rural area use videoconferencing to help reduce the number of transfers of sick infants to hospitals? 

answers: 70 miles
question: How far away was the hospital from this rural area?

answers: $10,000 per transfer
question: How much money did videoconferencing help this rural area save?

context: VRS services have become well developed nationally in Sweden since 1997 and also in the United States since the first decade of the 2000s. With the exception of Sweden, VRS has been provided in Europe for only a few years since the mid-2000s, and as of 2010 has not been made available in many European Union countries, with most European countries still lacking the legislation or the financing for large-scale VRS services, and to provide the necessary telecommunication equipment to deaf users. Germany and the Nordic countries are among the other leaders in Europe, while the United States is another world leader in the provisioning of VRS services.
qas: answers: Sweden
question: In what European country has VRS services become well developed?

answers: financing
question: What is one of the reasons why VRS services are not in most European countries?

answers: Germany
question: What European country is a leader in providing VRS services to its citizens?

answers: United States
question: What country is a world leader in providing VRS services?

context: In May 2005, the first high definition video conferencing systems, produced by LifeSize Communications, were displayed at the Interop trade show in Las Vegas, Nevada, able to provide video at 30 frames per second with a 1280 by 720 display resolution. Polycom introduced its first high definition video conferencing system to the market in 2006. As of the 2010s, high definition resolution for videoconferencing became a popular feature, with most major suppliers in the videoconferencing market offering it.
qas: answers: 2005
question: What year was the first HD video conferencing system displayed?

answers: LifeSize Communications
question: Who produced the first high definition video conferencing system?

answers: Las Vegas, Nevada
question: Where was the first HD video conferencing system displayed?

answers: Polycom
question: What company introduced the first HD video conferencing system to the general market?

answers: 1280 by 720
question: What was the resolution of the first HD video conferencing system?

context: Some systems are capable of multipoint conferencing with no MCU, stand-alone, embedded or otherwise. These use a standards-based H.323 technique known as "decentralized multipoint", where each station in a multipoint call exchanges video and audio directly with the other stations with no central "manager" or other bottleneck. The advantages of this technique are that the video and audio will generally be of higher quality because they don't have to be relayed through a central point. Also, users can make ad-hoc multipoint calls without any concern for the availability or control of an MCU. This added convenience and quality comes at the expense of some increased network bandwidth, because every station must transmit to every other station directly.
qas: answers: a standards-based H.323 technique
question: What do systems with no MCU use in order to perform multipoint conferencing?

answers: higher quality
question: What is one advantage of using an H.323 technique?

answers: increased network bandwidth
question: What is one disadvantage of using the H.323 technique?

answers: decentralized multipoint
question: What is the H.323 technique also known as?

answers: they don't have to be relayed through a central point
question: Why is the video and audio of the H.323 technique higher quality?

context: The U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA), which oversees the world's largest administrative judicial system under its Office of Disability Adjudication and Review (ODAR), has made extensive use of videoconferencing to conduct hearings at remote locations. In Fiscal Year (FY) 2009, the U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) conducted 86,320 videoconferenced hearings, a 55% increase over FY 2008. In August 2010, the SSA opened its fifth and largest videoconferencing-only National Hearing Center (NHC), in St. Louis, Missouri. This continues the SSA's effort to use video hearings as a means to clear its substantial hearing backlog. Since 2007, the SSA has also established NHCs in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Baltimore, Maryland, Falls Church, Virginia, and Chicago, Illinois.
qas: answers: U.S.
question: Who has the world's largest administrative judicial system?

answers: Social Security Administration (SSA)
question: What US Department oversees the World's largest administrative judicial system?

answers: 2009
question: In what year did the SSA see a 55% increase in videoconferenced hearings?

answers: August 2010
question: When did the SSA open its largest videoconferencing-only center?

answers: St. Louis, Missouri
question: Where is the SSA's fifth videoconferencing only center located?