Association_football

context: Phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup. Athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence. They all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified "mob football", the antecedent of all modern football codes, these three games involved more handling the ball than kicking. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia.
qas: answers: National Archaeological Museum of Athens
question: What Museum has a vase with an image of an episkyros player?

answers: harpastum
question: What game did Athenaeus reference in 228 AD?

answers: kemari
question: What is the name of a similar, non-competitive game in Japan called?

answers: Korea
question: What country is the game chuck-guk from?

answers: Australia
question: What country is the game wogabaliri from?

context: The goalkeepers are the only players allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play and only in their penalty area. Outfield players mostly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, but may also use their head or torso to do so instead. The team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, either a draw is declared or the game goes into extra time and/or a penalty shootout depending on the format of the competition. The Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA; French: Fédération Internationale de Football Association), which organises World Cups for both men and women every four years.
qas: answers: 1863
question: What year did the Football Association arrange The Laws of the Game?

answers: International Federation of Association Football
question: Who Organizes the World Cups?

answers: four
question: About how many years between World Cups?

answers: England
question: What country did the Laws of the Game come from?

answers: goalkeepers
question: Who are the only players allowed to touch the ball with their hands?

context: Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other ball games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of association football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England. The history of football in England dates back to at least the eighth century AD.
qas: answers: eighth century AD
question: What century does football in England date back to?

answers: FIFA
question: What organization has said that there is no historical connection to association football with any other game outside of Europe?

answers: mid-19th century
question: In what century did the modern rules of association football come from?

answers: England
question: What country did kids play football in public schools in the 19th century?

context: The Cambridge Rules, first drawn up at Cambridge University in 1848, were particularly influential in the development of subsequent codes, including association football. The Cambridge Rules were written at Trinity College, Cambridge, at a meeting attended by representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury schools. They were not universally adopted. During the 1850s, many clubs unconnected to schools or universities were formed throughout the English-speaking world, to play various forms of football. Some came up with their own distinct codes of rules, most notably the Sheffield Football Club, formed by former public school pupils in 1857, which led to formation of a Sheffield FA in 1867. In 1862, John Charles Thring of Uppingham School also devised an influential set of rules.
qas: answers: Cambridge Rules
question: Which rules were influential to the codes of association football?

answers: Trinity College
question: Which college where the Cambridge Rules written at?

answers: 1862
question: In what year did John Charles Thring come up with rules that were influential?

answers: 1867
question: What year did the Sheffield FA form?

answers: 1848
question: What year were the Cambridge Rules first drawn up?

context: At a professional level, most matches produce only a few goals. For example, the 2005–06 season of the English Premier League produced an average of 2.48 goals per match. The Laws of the Game do not specify any player positions other than goalkeeper, but a number of specialised roles have evolved. Broadly, these include three main categories: strikers, or forwards, whose main task is to score goals; defenders, who specialise in preventing their opponents from scoring; and midfielders, who dispossess the opposition and keep possession of the ball to pass it to the forwards on their team. Players in these positions are referred to as outfield players, to distinguish them from the goalkeeper. These positions are further subdivided according to the area of the field in which the player spends most time. For example, there are central defenders, and left and right midfielders. The ten outfield players may be arranged in any combination. The number of players in each position determines the style of the team's play; more forwards and fewer defenders creates a more aggressive and offensive-minded game, while the reverse creates a slower, more defensive style of play. While players typically spend most of the game in a specific position, there are few restrictions on player movement, and players can switch positions at any time. The layout of a team's players is known as a formation. Defining the team's formation and tactics is usually the prerogative of the team's manager.
qas: answers: goalkeeper
question: What is the only position specified by the Laws of the Game

answers: score goals
question: The focus of strikers and forwards are to do what?

answers: formation
question:  A team players layout is a what?

answers: defenders
question: Who's job is to prevent the opponents from scoring?

answers: team's manager
question: Who's the most responsible for the teams tactics?

context: These ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of The Football Association (The FA) in 1863, which first met on the morning of 26 October 1863 at the Freemasons' Tavern in Great Queen Street, London. The only school to be represented on this occasion was Charterhouse. The Freemason's Tavern was the setting for five more meetings between October and December, which eventually produced the first comprehensive set of rules. At the final meeting, the first FA treasurer, the representative from Blackheath, withdrew his club from the FA over the removal of two draft rules at the previous meeting: the first allowed for running with the ball in hand; the second for obstructing such a run by hacking (kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and holding. Other English rugby clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA and instead in 1871 formed the Rugby Football Union. The eleven remaining clubs, under the charge of Ebenezer Cobb Morley, went on to ratify the original thirteen laws of the game. These rules included handling of the ball by "marks" and the lack of a crossbar, rules which made it remarkably similar to Victorian rules football being developed at that time in Australia. The Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s with the FA absorbing some of its rules until there was little difference between the games.
qas: answers: 1863
question: What year did the Football Association form?

answers: Freemasons' Tavern
question: At what establishment did the Football Association have their first Meeting?

answers: 1871
question: What year did the Rugby Football Union form?

answers: eleven
question: How many clubs ended up ratifying the original laws of the game?

answers: The Sheffield FA
question: Who played by their own rules till the 1870's?

context: The world's oldest football competition is the FA Cup, which was founded by C. W. Alcock and has been contested by English teams since 1872. The first official international football match also took place in 1872, between Scotland and England in Glasgow, again at the instigation of C. W. Alcock. England is also home to the world's first football league, which was founded in Birmingham in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor. The original format contained 12 clubs from the Midlands and Northern England.
qas: answers: FA Cup
question: What is C.W. Alcock responsible for founding?

answers: 1872
question: How long has the FA Cup been contested?

answers: William McGregor
question: Who founded the worlds first football league?

answers: 12
question: How many clubs where in the first football league?

answers: England
question: What country is the home of the first football league?

context: The laws of the game are determined by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). The Board was formed in 1886 after a meeting in Manchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association. FIFA, the international football body, was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to Laws of the Game of the Football Association. The growing popularity of the international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the International Football Association Board in 1913. The board consists of four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the four British associations.
qas: answers: International Football Association Board
question: What does the abbreviation IFAB stand for?

answers: 1886
question: What year was the IFAB formed?

answers: Paris
question: What city was FIFA formed?

answers: four
question: How many representatives did FIFA have in the IFAB?

answers: four
question: How many different British associations where part of the IFAB?

context: In many parts of the world football evokes great passions and plays an important role in the life of individual fans, local communities, and even nations. R. Kapuscinski says that Europeans who are polite, modest, or humble fall easily into rage when playing or watching football games. The Côte d'Ivoire national football team helped secure a truce to the nation's civil war in 2006 and it helped further reduce tensions between government and rebel forces in 2007 by playing a match in the rebel capital of Bouaké, an occasion that brought both armies together peacefully for the first time. By contrast, football is widely considered to have been the final proximate cause for the Football War in June 1969 between El Salvador and Honduras. The sport also exacerbated tensions at the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s, when a match between Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star Belgrade degenerated into rioting in May 1990.
qas: answers: Côte d'Ivoire
question: In 2006, which team helps secure a truce during a civil war?

answers: Bouaké
question: What city did a peaceful match between two armies take place in 2007?

answers: June 1969
question: When did the Football War happen?

answers: Yugoslav Wars
question: Football made which wars more tense in the 1990's?

context: The growth in women's football has seen major competitions being launched at both national and international level mirroring the male competitions. Women's football has faced many struggles. It had a "golden age" in the United Kingdom in the early 1920s when crowds reached 50,000 at some matches; this was stopped on 5 December 1921 when England's Football Association voted to ban the game from grounds used by its member clubs. The FA's ban was rescinded in December 1969 with UEFA voting to officially recognise women's football in 1971. The FIFA Women's World Cup was inaugurated in 1991 and has been held every four years since, while women's football has been an Olympic event since 1996.
qas: answers: 1920s
question: What decade is considered the "golden age" of women's football?

answers: 1996
question: Since what year has women's football been an Olympic event?

answers: England's Football Association
question: Who voted to ban women's football from its grounds in 1921?

answers: UEFA
question: In 1971, who officially recognized women's football?

answers: 1991
question: What year was the FIFA Women's first World cup?

context: Association football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game. The game is played using a spherical ball of 68.5–69.5 cm (27.0–27.4 in) circumference, known as the football (or soccer ball). Two teams of eleven players each compete to get the ball into the other team's goal (between the posts and under the bar), thereby scoring a goal. The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw. Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game: to be involved in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks.
qas: answers: spherical
question: What would you describe the shape of the football?

answers: eleven
question: How many players are on each team?

answers: a draw
question: What happens when both teams score the same amount of points?

answers: the coin toss
question: What is the captain a part of before the start of the game?

answers: soccer ball
question: What is another name for the football?

context: The primary law is that players other than goalkeepers may not deliberately handle the ball with their hands or arms during play, though they do use their hands during a throw-in restart. Although players usually use their feet to move the ball around, they may use any part of their body (notably, "heading" with the forehead) other than their hands or arms. Within normal play, all players are free to play the ball in any direction and move throughout the pitch, though the ball cannot be received in an offside position.
qas: answers: throw-in restart
question: When is it okay for regular players to use their hands?

answers: offside
question: A ball cannot be received in what type of position?

answers: the pitch
question: throughout when can players move the ball in any direction?

answers: goalkeepers
question: Who can only handle the ball with their hands or arms during play?

context: In game play, players attempt to create goal-scoring opportunities through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling, passing the ball to a team-mate, and by taking shots at the goal, which is guarded by the opposing goalkeeper. Opposing players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or through tackling the opponent in possession of the ball; however, physical contact between opponents is restricted. Football is generally a free-flowing game, with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play or when play is stopped by the referee for an infringement of the rules. After a stoppage, play recommences with a specified restart.
qas: answers: goalkeeper
question: Who guards the goal?

answers: referee
question: Who is the only one who has the authority to stop the game when something is wron?

answers: physical contact
question: what is allowed but restricted?

answers: when the ball has left the field of play
question: Besides a referee interfering, when else is play stopped?

context: There are 17 laws in the official Laws of the Game, each containing a collection of stipulation and guidelines. The same laws are designed to apply to all levels of football, although certain modifications for groups such as juniors, seniors, women and people with physical disabilities are permitted. The laws are often framed in broad terms, which allow flexibility in their application depending on the nature of the game. The Laws of the Game are published by FIFA, but are maintained by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). In addition to the seventeen laws, numerous IFAB decisions and other directives contribute to the regulation of football.
qas: answers: 17
question: How many laws are there in the official Laws of the Game?

answers: International Football Association Board (IFAB)
question: Who maintains the Laws of the Game?

answers: flexibility
question: Broad terms in the laws allow for what?

answers: FIFA
question: Who publishes the Laws of the Game?

context: Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper. Competition rules may state a minimum number of players required to constitute a team, which is usually seven. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, provided they do so within the penalty area in front of their own goal. Though there are a variety of positions in which the outfield (non-goalkeeper) players are strategically placed by a coach, these positions are not defined or required by the Laws.
qas: answers: goalkeeper
question: Out of the maximum amount of players allowed, one must be a what?

answers: substitutes
question: The maximum amount of players exclude what?

answers: seven
question: If there's a minimum amount of players it's usually what?

answers: coach
question: Players are usually strategically placed by who?

answers: eleven
question: What is the maximum amount of players allowed?

context: The basic equipment or kit players are required to wear includes a shirt, shorts, socks, footwear and adequate shin guards. An athletic supporter and protective cup is highly recommended for male players by medical experts and professionals. Headgear is not a required piece of basic equipment, but players today may choose to wear it to protect themselves from head injury. Players are forbidden to wear or use anything that is dangerous to themselves or another player, such as jewellery or watches. The goalkeeper must wear clothing that is easily distinguishable from that worn by the other players and the match officials.
qas: answers: kit
question: The equipment a player wears is also called a what?

answers: An athletic supporter and protective cup
question: What is highly recommended by medical experts for male players?

answers: goalkeeper
question: Who wears clothing that easily sets them apart from everyone else on the field?

answers: forbidden
question: wearing anything that could be dangerous is what?

answers: Headgear
question: What is not required but can be chosen to protect a player from head injuries? 

context: As the Laws were formulated in England, and were initially administered solely by the four British football associations within IFAB, the standard dimensions of a football pitch were originally expressed in imperial units. The Laws now express dimensions with approximate metric equivalents (followed by traditional units in brackets), though use of imperial units remains popular in English-speaking countries with a relatively recent history of metrication (or only partial metrication), such as Britain.
qas: answers: football pitch
question: Imperial units where once used to express the dimensions of a what?

answers: metric
question: What unit of measurement is now expressed by the Laws?

answers: English-speaking
question: The use of imperial units is still popular in what kind of countries?

answers: England
question: Laws were formulated in what country?

context: The length of the pitch for international adult matches is in the range of 100–110 m (110–120 yd) and the width is in the range of 64–75 m (70–80 yd). Fields for non-international matches may be 90–120 m (100–130 yd) length and 45–90 m (50–100 yd) in width, provided that the pitch does not become square. In 2008, the IFAB initially approved a fixed size of 105 m (344 ft) long and 68 m (223 ft) wide as a standard pitch dimension for international matches; however, this decision was later put on hold and was never actually implemented.
qas: answers: 100–110 m
question: What is the range for the length for international matches in meters?

answers: 2008
question: In what year did the IFAB initially approve a fixed size as a standard pitch dimension for international matches?

answers: never
question: When was the IFAB's decision on the fixed size of the pitch become implemented? 

answers: 90–120 m
question: What is the range for the length of fields for non international matches in meters?

answers: 64–75 m
question: What is the range for the width for international matches in meters?

context: In front of the goal is the penalty area. This area is marked by the goal line, two lines starting on the goal line 16.5 m (18 yd) from the goalposts and extending 16.5 m (18 yd) into the pitch perpendicular to the goal line, and a line joining them. This area has a number of functions, the most prominent being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penalty foul by a member of the defending team becomes punishable by a penalty kick. Other markings define the position of the ball or players at kick-offs, goal kicks, penalty kicks and corner kicks.
qas: answers: goal line
question: What is the penalty area marked by?

answers: penalty kick
question: a penalty foul by the defending team can be punishable by a what?

answers: 16.5 m
question: how many meters from the goalpost does a penalty area extend? 

answers: goalkeeper
question: Only who can handle the ball with his hands?

context: A standard adult football match consists of two periods of 45 minutes each, known as halves. Each half runs continuously, meaning that the clock is not stopped when the ball is out of play. There is usually a 15-minute half-time break between halves. The end of the match is known as full-time. The referee is the official timekeeper for the match, and may make an allowance for time lost through substitutions, injured players requiring attention, or other stoppages. This added time is called additional time in FIFA documents, but is most commonly referred to as stoppage time or injury time, while loss time can also be used as a synonym. The duration of stoppage time is at the sole discretion of the referee. The referee alone signals the end of the match. In matches where a fourth official is appointed, toward the end of the half the referee signals how many minutes of stoppage time he intends to add. The fourth official then informs the players and spectators by holding up a board showing this number. The signalled stoppage time may be further extended by the referee. Added time was introduced because of an incident which happened in 1891 during a match between Stoke and Aston Villa. Trailing 1–0 and with just two minutes remaining, Stoke were awarded a penalty. Villa's goalkeeper kicked the ball out of the ground, and by the time the ball had been recovered, the 90 minutes had elapsed and the game was over. The same law also states that the duration of either half is extended until the penalty kick to be taken or retaken is completed, thus no game shall end with a penalty to be taken.
qas: answers: two
question: How many periods are in a standard football match?

answers: 45
question: How long are each period in a standard football match?

answers: halves
question: What are the periods in a football match called?

answers: referee
question: Who gets to decide how long stoppage time can go on for?

answers: 1891
question: In what year did an incident help introduce added time?

context: In league competitions, games may end in a draw. In knockout competitions where a winner is required various methods may be employed to break such a deadlock, some competitions may invoke replays. A game tied at the end of regulation time may go into extra time, which consists of two further 15-minute periods. If the score is still tied after extra time, some competitions allow the use of penalty shootouts (known officially in the Laws of the Game as "kicks from the penalty mark") to determine which team will progress to the next stage of the tournament. Goals scored during extra time periods count toward the final score of the game, but kicks from the penalty mark are only used to decide the team that progresses to the next part of the tournament (with goals scored in a penalty shootout not making up part of the final score).
qas: answers: knockout
question: Matches where a winner must be decided is called what type of competitions?

answers: 15
question: Extra time has two periods which each are how long in minutes?

answers: kicks from the penalty mark
question: What are penalty shootouts officially known as in the Laws of the Game?

answers: Goals scored during extra time
question: Which goals count to the final score of the game? 

context: In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the IFAB experimented with ways of creating a winner without requiring a penalty shootout, which was often seen as an undesirable way to end a match. These involved rules ending a game in extra time early, either when the first goal in extra time was scored (golden goal), or if one team held a lead at the end of the first period of extra time (silver goal). Golden goal was used at the World Cup in 1998 and 2002. The first World Cup game decided by a golden goal was France's victory over Paraguay in 1998. Germany was the first nation to score a golden goal in a major competition, beating Czech Republic in the final of Euro 1996. Silver goal was used in Euro 2004. Both these experiments have been discontinued by IFAB.
qas: answers: the first goal in extra time
question: What is the golden goal?

answers: France
question: Who was the first team to win using the golden goal to their advantage?

answers: the IFAB
question: Who experimented with creating winners without requiring penalty shootouts?

answers: Paraguay
question: What team did France beat in 1998?

answers: 1996
question: What year did the Czech Republic lose in the final of Euro?

context: The referee may punish a player's or substitute's misconduct by a caution (yellow card) or dismissal (red card). A second yellow card at the same game leads to a red card, and therefore to a dismissal. A player given a yellow card is said to have been "booked", the referee writing the player's name in his official notebook. If a player has been dismissed, no substitute can be brought on in their place. Misconduct may occur at any time, and while the offences that constitute misconduct are listed, the definitions are broad. In particular, the offence of "unsporting behaviour" may be used to deal with most events that violate the spirit of the game, even if they are not listed as specific offences. A referee can show a yellow or red card to a player, substitute or substituted player. Non-players such as managers and support staff cannot be shown the yellow or red card, but may be expelled from the technical area if they fail to conduct themselves in a responsible manner.
qas: answers: yellow card
question: Which card does a referee use to signal a caution to a player?

answers: A second
question: How many yellow cards lead to a red card?

answers: booked
question: A referee gives out a yellow card and writes down the players name in his notebook which is called being what?

answers: Non-players
question: Managers and support staff is considered what and thus cannot be shown a card?

answers: dismissal
question: What does a red card mean?

context: Along with the general administration of the sport, football associations and competition organisers also enforce good conduct in wider aspects of the game, dealing with issues such as comments to the press, clubs' financial management, doping, age fraud and match fixing. Most competitions enforce mandatory suspensions for players who are sent off in a game. Some on-field incidents, if considered very serious (such as allegations of racial abuse), may result in competitions deciding to impose heavier sanctions than those normally associated with a red card. Some associations allow for appeals against player suspensions incurred on-field if clubs feel a referee was incorrect or unduly harsh.
qas: answers: mandatory suspensions
question: Players who are sent off in a game are often faced with what?

answers: appeals
question: Sometimes clubs can do what if they feel that a punishment was too harsh?

answers: good
question: Football associations enforce what kind of conduct?

context: There has been a football tournament at every Summer Olympic Games since 1900, except at the 1932 games in Los Angeles. Before the inception of the World Cup, the Olympics (especially during the 1920s) had the same status as the World Cup. Originally, the event was for amateurs only; however, since the 1984 Summer Olympics, professional players have been permitted, albeit with certain restrictions which prevent countries from fielding their strongest sides. The Olympic men's tournament is played at Under-23 level. In the past the Olympics have allowed a restricted number of over-age players per team. A women's tournament was added in 1996; in contrast to the men's event, full international sides without age restrictions play the women's Olympic tournament.
qas: answers: 1932
question: Which year was there not a Summer Olympic Game?

answers: 1996
question: In what year was a women's tournament added to the Summer Olympics?

answers: 1984
question: What year were professional players allowed to play in the  Summer Olympics? 

answers: Under-23
question: What is the age limit on the Olympic men's tournament? 

answers: 1900
question: What was the first year that there was a football tournament at the Summer Olympics? 

context: After the World Cup, the most important international football competitions are the continental championships, which are organised by each continental confederation and contested between national teams. These are the European Championship (UEFA), the Copa América (CONMEBOL), African Cup of Nations (CAF), the Asian Cup (AFC), the CONCACAF Gold Cup (CONCACAF) and the OFC Nations Cup (OFC). The FIFA Confederations Cup is contested by the winners of all six continental championships, the current FIFA World Cup champions and the country which is hosting the Confederations Cup. This is generally regarded as a warm-up tournament for the upcoming FIFA World Cup and does not carry the same prestige as the World Cup itself. The most prestigious competitions in club football are the respective continental championships, which are generally contested between national champions, for example the UEFA Champions League in Europe and the Copa Libertadores in South America. The winners of each continental competition contest the FIFA Club World Cup.
qas: answers: European Championship
question: What does UEFA Stand for?

answers: FIFA World Cup
question: The FIFA Confederations Cups is usually considered a warm-up for what?

answers: contest the FIFA Club World Cup
question: What do winners of the continental competition get to do?

answers: African Cup of Nations
question: What does CAF stand for?

context: The governing bodies in each country operate league systems in a domestic season, normally comprising several divisions, in which the teams gain points throughout the season depending on results. Teams are placed into tables, placing them in order according to points accrued. Most commonly, each team plays every other team in its league at home and away in each season, in a round-robin tournament. At the end of a season, the top team is declared the champion. The top few teams may be promoted to a higher division, and one or more of the teams finishing at the bottom are relegated to a lower division.
qas: answers: points
question: What do teams gain for doing well throughout the season?

answers: round-robin
question: What is the name for the type of tournament teams play in regular season?

answers: promoted to a higher division
question: What could happen to the top few teams at the end of the season?

answers: governing bodies
question: Who operate league systems?

answers: relegated to a lower division
question: What happens to the teams at the bottom of the ranks at the end of the season?

context: A number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game. The maximum number of substitutions permitted in most competitive international and domestic league games is three, though the permitted number may vary in other competitions or in friendly matches. Common reasons for a substitution include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, or timewasting at the end of a finely poised game. In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted may not take further part in a match. IFAB recommends "that a match should not continue if there are fewer than seven players in either team." Any decision regarding points awarded for abandoned games is left to the individual football associations.
qas: answers: substitutes
question: What is one who replaces a player during a game called?

answers: three
question: What is the maximum number of substitutions during most professional games?

answers: individual football associations
question: Who decides on who's rewarded points for abandoned games?