Neptune

context: Neptune is the eighth and farthest known planet from the Sun in the Solar System. It is the fourth-largest planet by diameter and the third-largest by mass. Among the giant planets in the Solar System, Neptune is the most dense. Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth and is slightly more massive than its near-twin Uranus, which is 15 times the mass of Earth and slightly larger than Neptune.[c] Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an average distance of 30.1 astronomical units (4.50×109 km). Named after the Roman god of the sea, its astronomical symbol is ♆, a stylised version of the god Neptune's trident.
qas: answers: Uranus
question: What planet is Neptune's near-twin? 

answers: Roman god of the sea
question: What is Neptune named after?

answers: 17 times
question: How much more dense is Neptune compared to Earth?

answers: god Neptune's trident
question: What does the astronomical sign of Neptune represent?

answers: 164.8 years
question: How many Earth years does Neptune orbit the sun? 

context: Neptune is not visible to the unaided eye and is the only planet in the Solar System found by mathematical prediction rather than by empirical observation. Unexpected changes in the orbit of Uranus led Alexis Bouvard to deduce that its orbit was subject to gravitational perturbation by an unknown planet. Neptune was subsequently observed with a telescope on 23 September 1846 by Johann Galle within a degree of the position predicted by Urbain Le Verrier. Its largest moon, Triton, was discovered shortly thereafter, though none of the planet's remaining known 14 moons were located telescopically until the 20th century. The planet's distance from Earth gives it a very small apparent size, making it challenging to study with Earth-based telescopes. Neptune was visited by Voyager 2, when it flew by the planet on 25 August 1989. The advent of Hubble Space Telescope and large ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics has recently allowed for additional detailed observations from afar.
qas: answers: mathematical prediction
question: How was Neptune found? 

answers: 23 September 1846
question: When was Neptune first observed? 

answers: Alexis Bouvard
question: Who discovered Neptune? 

answers: Triton
question: What is Neptune's largest moon? 

answers: Voyager 2
question: What flew by Neptune in 1989? 

context: Neptune is similar in composition to Uranus, and both have compositions that differ from those of the larger gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn. Like Jupiter and Saturn, Neptune's atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, along with traces of hydrocarbons and possibly nitrogen, but contains a higher proportion of "ices" such as water, ammonia, and methane. However, its interior, like that of Uranus, is primarily composed of ices and rock, and hence Uranus and Neptune are normally considered "ice giants" to emphasise this distinction. Traces of methane in the outermost regions in part account for the planet's blue appearance.
qas: answers: Uranus
question: Which planet is compositionally similar to Neptune? 

answers: hydrogen and helium
question: What is Neptune's atmosphere primarily composed of? 

answers: ices and rock
question: What is the interior of Neptune composed of? 

answers: methane
question: What makes Neptune blue? 

answers: water, ammonia, and methane
question: What "ices" makes up Neptune? 

context: In contrast to the hazy, relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus, Neptune's atmosphere has active and visible weather patterns. For example, at the time of the Voyager 2 flyby in 1989, the planet's southern hemisphere had a Great Dark Spot comparable to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. These weather patterns are driven by the strongest sustained winds of any planet in the Solar System, with recorded wind speeds as high as 2,100 kilometres per hour (580 m/s; 1,300 mph). Because of its great distance from the Sun, Neptune's outer atmosphere is one of the coldest places in the Solar System, with temperatures at its cloud tops approaching 55 K (−218 °C). Temperatures at the planet's centre are approximately 5,400 K (5,100 °C). Neptune has a faint and fragmented ring system (labelled "arcs"), which was first detected during the 1960s and confirmed by Voyager 2.
qas: answers: Great Dark Spot
question: What weather did Voyager 2 observe on Neptune? 

answers: sustained winds
question: What weather feature does Neptune have stronger than any other planet? 

answers: 2,100 kilometres per hour
question: What were the wind speeds recorded on Neptune? 

answers: 55 K (−218 °C).
question: What is the cloud tops on Neptune temperature? 

answers: 5,400 K (5,100 °C)
question: What is Neptune's planet center temperature? 

context: Some of the earliest recorded observations ever made through a telescope, Galileo's drawings on 28 December 1612 and 27 January 1613, contain plotted points that match up with what is now known to be the position of Neptune. On both occasions, Galileo seems to have mistaken Neptune for a fixed star when it appeared close—in conjunction—to Jupiter in the night sky; hence, he is not credited with Neptune's discovery. At his first observation in December 1612, Neptune was almost stationary in the sky because it had just turned retrograde that day. This apparent backward motion is created when Earth's orbit takes it past an outer planet. Because Neptune was only beginning its yearly retrograde cycle, the motion of the planet was far too slight to be detected with Galileo's small telescope. In July 2009, University of Melbourne physicist David Jamieson announced new evidence suggesting that Galileo was at least aware that the 'star' he had observed had moved relative to the fixed stars.
qas: answers: Galileo
question: Who drew Neptune after observing it with a telescope? 

answers: a fixed star
question: What was Neptune mistaken for at first? 

answers: Earth's orbit takes it past an outer planet
question: What happens when Neptune goes retrograde? 

answers: 28 December 1612
question: What date was Neptune drawn first? 

answers: David Jamieson
question: Who recently researched the original observation of Neptune? 

context: In 1821, Alexis Bouvard published astronomical tables of the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus. Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables, leading Bouvard to hypothesise that an unknown body was perturbing the orbit through gravitational interaction. In 1843, John Couch Adams began work on the orbit of Uranus using the data he had. Via Cambridge Observatory director James Challis, he requested extra data from Sir George Airy, the Astronomer Royal, who supplied it in February 1844. Adams continued to work in 1845–46 and produced several different estimates of a new planet.
qas: answers: 1821
question: What year did Alexis Bouvard publish relevant astronomical tables? 

answers: the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus
question: What did Alexis Bouvard study? 

answers: 1843
question: When did John Couch Adams begin working on the orbit of Uranus? 

answers: Sir George Airy
question: Who gave John Couch Adams extra data? 

answers: several different estimates of a new planet
question: What did the extra data John Couch Adams received produce? 

context: Meanwhile, Le Verrier by letter urged Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle to search with the observatory's refractor. Heinrich d'Arrest, a student at the observatory, suggested to Galle that they could compare a recently drawn chart of the sky in the region of Le Verrier's predicted location with the current sky to seek the displacement characteristic of a planet, as opposed to a fixed star. On the evening of 23 September 1846, the day Galle received the letter, he discovered Neptune within 1° of where Le Verrier had predicted it to be, about 12° from Adams' prediction. Challis later realised that he had observed the planet twice, on 4 and 12 August, but did not recognise it as a planet because he lacked an up-to-date star map and was distracted by his concurrent work on comet observations.
qas: answers: student at the observatory
question: Who was Henrich d'Arrest? 

answers: 23 September 1846
question: When did Galle discover Neptune? 

answers: 12°
question: How many degrees off was Adams' prediction?

answers: the displacement characteristic of a planet
question: What did Henrich d'Arrest seek to find? 

answers: comet observations
question: What was Challis looking for when he saw Neptune the first two times? 

context: In the wake of the discovery, there was much nationalistic rivalry between the French and the British over who deserved credit for the discovery. Eventually, an international consensus emerged that both Le Verrier and Adams jointly deserved credit. Since 1966, Dennis Rawlins has questioned the credibility of Adams's claim to co-discovery, and the issue was re-evaluated by historians with the return in 1998 of the "Neptune papers" (historical documents) to the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. After reviewing the documents, they suggest that "Adams does not deserve equal credit with Le Verrier for the discovery of Neptune. That credit belongs only to the person who succeeded both in predicting the planet's place and in convincing astronomers to search for it."
qas: answers: French and the British
question: What two countries argued over credit for the discovery of Neptune? 

answers: Le Verrier and Adams
question: Who ultimately deserved credit for the discovery of Neptune? 

answers: Dennis Rawlins
question: Who questioned Adams's claim to co-discovery of Neptune? 

answers: Le Verrier
question: Who predicted Neptune's place and convinced astronomer's to search for it? 

answers: Adams
question: Who did not deserve credit to co-discovery of Neptune? 

context: Claiming the right to name his discovery, Le Verrier quickly proposed the name Neptune for this new planet, though falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French Bureau des Longitudes. In October, he sought to name the planet Le Verrier, after himself, and he had loyal support in this from the observatory director, François Arago. This suggestion met with stiff resistance outside France. French almanacs quickly reintroduced the name Herschel for Uranus, after that planet's discoverer Sir William Herschel, and Leverrier for the new planet.
qas: answers: Le Verrier
question: Who claimed the right to name Neptune? 

answers: France
question: What country approved Neptune's first name? 

answers: Le Verrier
question: What did the discoverer want to name Neptune first? 

answers: French almanacs
question: What first introduced Neptune and Uranus's names? 

answers: French Bureau des Longitudes
question: Who did not approve of the first name for Neptune? 

context: Most languages today, even in countries that have no direct link to Greco-Roman culture, use some variant of the name "Neptune" for the planet. However, in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, the planet's name was translated as "sea king star" (海王星), because Neptune was the god of the sea. In Mongolian, Neptune is called Dalain Van (Далайн ван), reflecting its namesake god's role as the ruler of the sea. In modern Greek the planet is called Poseidon (Ποσειδώνας, Poseidonas), the Greek counterpart of Neptune. In Hebrew, "Rahab" (רהב), from a Biblical sea monster mentioned in the Book of Psalms, was selected in a vote managed by the Academy of the Hebrew Language in 2009 as the official name for the planet, even though the existing Latin term "Neptun" (נפטון) is commonly used. In Māori, the planet is called Tangaroa, named after the Māori god of the sea. In Nahuatl, the planet is called Tlāloccītlalli, named after the rain god Tlāloc.
qas: answers: sea king star
question: What is the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean translations for Neptune? 

answers: god of the sea
question: What god was Neptune? 

answers: Dalain Van
question: What is the Mongolian name for Neptune? 

answers: Poseidon
question: What did the Greeks call Neptune? 

answers: Rahab
question: What was the Biblical sea monster that Neptune is named in Hebrew? 

context: From its discovery in 1846 until the subsequent discovery of Pluto in 1930, Neptune was the farthest known planet. When Pluto was discovered it was considered a planet, and Neptune thus became the penultimate known planet, except for a 20-year period between 1979 and 1999 when Pluto's elliptical orbit brought it closer to the Sun than Neptune. The discovery of the Kuiper belt in 1992 led many astronomers to debate whether Pluto should be considered a planet or as part of the Kuiper belt. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union defined the word "planet" for the first time, reclassifying Pluto as a "dwarf planet" and making Neptune once again the outermost known planet in the Solar System.
qas: answers: farthest known planet
question: What was Neptune before Pluto was discovered? 

answers: the Kuiper belt
question: What discovery made astronomer's debate Pluto's status as a planet? 

answers: 2006
question: What year did the International Astronomical Union define the word planet? 

answers: the outermost known planet
question: Now that Pluto isn't a planet, what is Neptune known for in our solar system? 

answers: between 1979 and 1999
question: What period was Pluto closer to the sun than Neptune? 

context: Neptune's mass of 1.0243×1026 kg, is intermediate between Earth and the larger gas giants: it is 17 times that of Earth but just 1/19th that of Jupiter.[d] Its gravity at 1 bar is 11.15 m/s2, 1.14 times the surface gravity of Earth, and surpassed only by Jupiter. Neptune's equatorial radius of 24,764 km is nearly four times that of Earth. Neptune, like Uranus, is an ice giant, a subclass of giant planet, due to their smaller size and higher concentrations of volatiles relative to Jupiter and Saturn. In the search for extrasolar planets, Neptune has been used as a metonym: discovered bodies of similar mass are often referred to as "Neptunes", just as scientists refer to various extrasolar bodies as "Jupiters".
qas: answers: 1.0243×1026 kg
question: What is Neptune's mass? 

answers: 17 times
question: How much more mass does Neptune have compared to Earth? 

answers: 11.15 m/s2
question: What is Neptune's gravity at 1 bar? 

answers: 24,764 km
question: What is Neptune's equatorial radius? 

answers: ice giant
question: What is Neptune referred to due to it's size and concentration of volatiles? 

context: The mantle is equivalent to 10 to 15 Earth masses and is rich in water, ammonia and methane. As is customary in planetary science, this mixture is referred to as icy even though it is a hot, dense fluid. This fluid, which has a high electrical conductivity, is sometimes called a water–ammonia ocean. The mantle may consist of a layer of ionic water in which the water molecules break down into a soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions, and deeper down superionic water in which the oxygen crystallises but the hydrogen ions float around freely within the oxygen lattice. At a depth of 7000 km, the conditions may be such that methane decomposes into diamond crystals that rain downwards like hailstones. Very-high-pressure experiments at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory suggest that the base of the mantle may comprise an ocean of liquid carbon with floating solid 'diamonds'.
qas: answers: water, ammonia and methane
question: What is Neptune's mantle rich in? 

answers: icy
question: What is the hot, dense fluid in Neptune referred to as? 

answers: electrical
question: What does the fluid in Neptune have a high conductivity of? 

answers: 7000 km
question: How deep does Neptune's water-ammonia ocean go? 

answers: diamond crystals
question: What rains on Neptune? 

context: At high altitudes, Neptune's atmosphere is 80% hydrogen and 19% helium. A trace amount of methane is also present. Prominent absorption bands of methane exist at wavelengths above 600 nm, in the red and infrared portion of the spectrum. As with Uranus, this absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane is part of what gives Neptune its blue hue, although Neptune's vivid azure differs from Uranus's milder cyan. Because Neptune's atmospheric methane content is similar to that of Uranus, some unknown atmospheric constituent is thought to contribute to Neptune's colour.
qas: answers: 80% hydrogen and 19% helium
question: What is Neptune's atmosphere made of? 

answers: wavelengths above 600 nm
question: Where are absorption bands of methane on Neptune? 

answers: absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane
question: What gives Neptune it's blue hue? 

answers: Uranus
question: What planet also gets it's color from atmospheric constituent? 

answers: cyan
question: What color is Uranus, compared to Neptune? 

context: Models suggest that Neptune's troposphere is banded by clouds of varying compositions depending on altitude. The upper-level clouds lie at pressures below one bar, where the temperature is suitable for methane to condense. For pressures between one and five bars (100 and 500 kPa), clouds of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are thought to form. Above a pressure of five bars, the clouds may consist of ammonia, ammonium sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and water. Deeper clouds of water ice should be found at pressures of about 50 bars (5.0 MPa), where the temperature reaches 273 K (0 °C). Underneath, clouds of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide may be found.
qas: answers: altitude
question: What is Neptune's clouds competition variants dependent on? 

answers: upper-level
question: Which clouds on Neptune are suitable for methane to condense?  

answers: ammonia and hydrogen sulfide
question: What clouds form between one and five bars on Neptune? 

answers: ammonia, ammonium sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and water
question: On Neptune, what do clouds above five bars consist of? 

answers: 273 K (0 °C)
question: What is the temperature on Neptune's clouds that are at 50 bars? 

context: High-altitude clouds on Neptune have been observed casting shadows on the opaque cloud deck below. There are also high-altitude cloud bands that wrap around the planet at constant latitude. These circumferential bands have widths of 50–150 km and lie about 50–110 km above the cloud deck. These altitudes are in the layer where weather occurs, the troposphere. Weather does not occur in the higher stratosphere or thermosphere. Unlike Uranus, Neptune's composition has a higher volume of ocean, whereas Uranus has a smaller mantle.
qas: answers: High-altitude clouds
question: On Neptune, which clouds cast shadows on the cloud deck below it? 

answers: 50–150 km
question: What are the widths of the cloud bands on Neptune? 

answers: 50–110 km above the cloud deck.
question: Where are the high altitude bands of clouds on Neptune? 

answers: volume of ocean
question: What does Neptune have more of compared to Uranus? 

answers: higher stratosphere or thermosphere
question: Where on Neptune does weather not occur? 

context: For reasons that remain obscure, the planet's thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature of about 750 K. The planet is too far from the Sun for this heat to be generated by ultraviolet radiation. One candidate for a heating mechanism is atmospheric interaction with ions in the planet's magnetic field. Other candidates are gravity waves from the interior that dissipate in the atmosphere. The thermosphere contains traces of carbon dioxide and water, which may have been deposited from external sources such as meteorites and dust.
qas: answers: 750 K
question: What is Neptune's temperature in the thermosphere? 

answers: atmospheric interaction with ions
question: What would interact with Neptune's magnetic field to make it warm?

answers: in the atmosphere
question: Where would gravity waves in Neptune's interior dissipate? 

answers: carbon dioxide and water
question: What does Neptune's thermosphere containers traces of? 

context: Neptune also resembles Uranus in its magnetosphere, with a magnetic field strongly tilted relative to its rotational axis at 47° and offset at least 0.55 radii, or about 13500 km from the planet's physical centre. Before Voyager 2's arrival at Neptune, it was hypothesised that Uranus's tilted magnetosphere was the result of its sideways rotation. In comparing the magnetic fields of the two planets, scientists now think the extreme orientation may be characteristic of flows in the planets' interiors. This field may be generated by convective fluid motions in a thin spherical shell of electrically conducting liquids (probably a combination of ammonia, methane and water) resulting in a dynamo action.
qas: answers: 47°
question: What is the rotational axis of Neptune's magnetic field? 

answers: 0.55 radii
question: Where is Neptune's magnetic field offset from the physical centre? 

answers: Uranus's
question: What planet besides Neptune has a sideways rotation? 

answers: flows in the planets' interiors
question: What might cause Neptune's extreme orientation? 

answers: ammonia, methane and water
question: What fluids are in Neptune's interior? 

context: The dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 microteslas (0.14 G). The dipole magnetic moment of Neptune is about 2.2 × 1017 T·m3 (14 μT·RN3, where RN is the radius of Neptune). Neptune's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large contributions from non-dipolar components, including a strong quadrupole moment that may exceed the dipole moment in strength. By contrast, Earth, Jupiter and Saturn have only relatively small quadrupole moments, and their fields are less tilted from the polar axis. The large quadrupole moment of Neptune may be the result of offset from the planet's centre and geometrical constraints of the field's dynamo generator.
qas: answers: 2.2 × 1017 T·m3
question: What is Neptune's dipole magnetic moment? 

answers: strong quadrupole moment
question: What is one of Neptune's non-dipolar component what may exceed the dipole moment in strength? 

answers: Earth, Jupiter and Saturn
question: Which three planets have small quadrupole moments compared to Neptune?

answers: the planet's centre
question: Besides the geometrical constraints of Neptune's dynamo generator, what is another result of the quadrupole moment?

answers: 14 microteslas (0.14 G)
question: What is the dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of neptune?

context: Neptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn. The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue. The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000 km from the centre of Neptune, the Le Verrier Ring, at 53,000 km, and the broader, fainter Galle Ring, at 42,000 km. A faint outward extension to the Le Verrier Ring has been named Lassell; it is bounded at its outer edge by the Arago Ring at 57,000 km.
qas: answers: planetary ring system
question: What system, like Saturn, does Neptune have? 

answers: ice particles
question: What might Neptune's rings consist of?

answers: silicates or carbon-based material
question: What might the ice particles of Neptune's rings be coated with?

answers: 63,000 km
question: Where is Adams ring from the center of Neptune?

answers: 53,000 km
question: Where is the La Verrier ring from the center of Neptune?

context: Neptune's weather is characterised by extremely dynamic storm systems, with winds reaching speeds of almost 600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)—nearly reaching supersonic flow. More typically, by tracking the motion of persistent clouds, wind speeds have been shown to vary from 20 m/s in the easterly direction to 325 m/s westward. At the cloud tops, the prevailing winds range in speed from 400 m/s along the equator to 250 m/s at the poles. Most of the winds on Neptune move in a direction opposite the planet's rotation. The general pattern of winds showed prograde rotation at high latitudes vs. retrograde rotation at lower latitudes. The difference in flow direction is thought to be a "skin effect" and not due to any deeper atmospheric processes. At 70° S latitude, a high-speed jet travels at a speed of 300 m/s.
qas: answers: storm
question: What dynamic weather does Neptune have?

answers: 600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)
question: What does Neptune's wind speeds reach? 

answers: 400 m/s
question: What is the high wind speed on Neptune's cloud tops?

answers: opposite
question: Which direction does Neptune's winds move relevant to the plant's rotation?

answers: skin effect
question: What is the effect called that describes the flow direction on Neptune? 

context: In 2007, it was discovered that the upper troposphere of Neptune's south pole was about 10 K warmer than the rest of its atmosphere, which averages approximately 73 K (−200 °C). The temperature differential is enough to let methane, which elsewhere is frozen in the troposphere, escape into the stratosphere near the pole. The relative "hot spot" is due to Neptune's axial tilt, which has exposed the south pole to the Sun for the last quarter of Neptune's year, or roughly 40 Earth years. As Neptune slowly moves towards the opposite side of the Sun, the south pole will be darkened and the north pole illuminated, causing the methane release to shift to the north pole.
qas: answers: 10 K
question: How much warmer is Neptune's south pole to the rest of it's atmosphere? 

answers: the stratosphere near the pole.
question: Where does methane in the south pole escape to on Neptune? 

answers: 73 K (−200 °C).
question: What is the average temperature of Neptune's south pole? 

answers: 40
question: How many earth years is Neptune's south pole exposed to the sun?

answers: north pole
question: To which pole will Neptune's methane shift to as it moves to the opposite side of the sun?

context: The Scooter is another storm, a white cloud group farther south than the Great Dark Spot. This nickname first arose during the months leading up to the Voyager 2 encounter in 1989, when they were observed moving at speeds faster than the Great Dark Spot (and images acquired later would subsequently reveal the presence of clouds moving even faster than those that had initially been detected by Voyager 2). The Small Dark Spot is a southern cyclonic storm, the second-most-intense storm observed during the 1989 encounter. It was initially completely dark, but as Voyager 2 approached the planet, a bright core developed and can be seen in most of the highest-resolution images.
qas: answers: The Scooter
question: What white cloud group on Neptune is farther south than the dark great spot?

answers: 1989
question: When was The Scooter on Neptune observed?

answers: southern cyclonic storm
question: What type of storm is The Scooter on Neptune? 

answers: Voyager 2)
question: What detected the storms on Neptune? 

answers: The Small Dark Spot
question: What is the second most intense storm on Neptune? 

context: Neptune's dark spots are thought to occur in the troposphere at lower altitudes than the brighter cloud features, so they appear as holes in the upper cloud decks. As they are stable features that can persist for several months, they are thought to be vortex structures. Often associated with dark spots are brighter, persistent methane clouds that form around the tropopause layer. The persistence of companion clouds shows that some former dark spots may continue to exist as cyclones even though they are no longer visible as a dark feature. Dark spots may dissipate when they migrate too close to the equator or possibly through some other unknown mechanism.
qas: answers: in the troposphere
question: Where are Neptune's dark spots thought to occur? 

answers: holes
question: What do Neptune's dark spots appear as in the cloud decks? 

answers: vortex structures
question: Since Neptune's dark spots persist for several months, what are they thought to be?

answers: methane clouds
question: What on Neptune are associated with dark spots that are brighter?

answers: dissipate
question: When Neptune's dark spots migrate too close to the equator, what do they do?

context: Neptune's more varied weather when compared to Uranus is due in part to its higher internal heating. Although Neptune lies over 50% further from the Sun than Uranus, and receives only 40% its amount of sunlight, the two planets' surface temperatures are roughly equal. The upper regions of Neptune's troposphere reach a low temperature of 51.8 K (−221.3 °C). At a depth where the atmospheric pressure equals 1 bar (100 kPa), the temperature is 72.00 K (−201.15 °C). Deeper inside the layers of gas, the temperature rises steadily. As with Uranus, the source of this heating is unknown, but the discrepancy is larger: Uranus only radiates 1.1 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun; whereas Neptune radiates about 2.61 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun. Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun, yet its internal energy is sufficient to drive the fastest planetary winds seen in the Solar System. Depending on the thermal properties of its interior, the heat left over from Neptune's formation may be sufficient to explain its current heat flow, though it is more difficult to simultaneously explain Uranus's lack of internal heat while preserving the apparent similarity between the two planets.
qas: answers: higher internal heating
question: Why might Neptune have more varied weather than Uranus?

answers: 50%
question: How much farther is Neptune from the Sun than Uranus?

answers: 40%
question: How much percentage of the sun does Neptune get compared to Uranus?

answers: 2.61
question: How much more energy does Neptune radiate than it receives? 

answers: heat left over from Neptune's formation
question: The current heat flow on Neptune might be explained by what?

context: On 11 July 2011, Neptune completed its first full barycentric orbit since its discovery in 1846, although it did not appear at its exact discovery position in the sky, because Earth was in a different location in its 365.26-day orbit. Because of the motion of the Sun in relation to the barycentre of the Solar System, on 11 July Neptune was also not at its exact discovery position in relation to the Sun; if the more common heliocentric coordinate system is used, the discovery longitude was reached on 12 July 2011.
qas: answers: 11 July 2011
question: When did Neptune complete it's first barycentric orbit since it's discovery?

answers: 365.26-day
question: What is the Earth's orbit?

answers: Earth was in a different location
question: Why didn't Neptune appear to be in it's exact discover position? 

answers: 12 July 2011
question: Using the heliocentric coordinate system, when did Neptune reach the discovery longitude? 

context: Neptune's orbit has a profound impact on the region directly beyond it, known as the Kuiper belt. The Kuiper belt is a ring of small icy worlds, similar to the asteroid belt but far larger, extending from Neptune's orbit at 30 AU out to about 55 AU from the Sun. Much in the same way that Jupiter's gravity dominates the asteroid belt, shaping its structure, so Neptune's gravity dominates the Kuiper belt. Over the age of the Solar System, certain regions of the Kuiper belt became destabilised by Neptune's gravity, creating gaps in the Kuiper belt's structure. The region between 40 and 42 AU is an example.
qas: answers: Kuiper belt
question: What is the region behind Neptune called? 

answers: small icy worlds
question: What does the Kuiper belt consist of?

answers: 30 AU out to about 55 AU from the Sun
question: Where is the Kuiper belt relative to Neptune?

answers: Neptune's gravity
question: What dominates the Kuiper belt? 

answers: gaps in the Kuiper belt's structure
question: What did Neptune's gravity do to Kuiper belt? 

context: There do exist orbits within these empty regions where objects can survive for the age of the Solar System. These resonances occur when Neptune's orbital period is a precise fraction of that of the object, such as 1:2, or 3:4. If, say, an object orbits the Sun once for every two Neptune orbits, it will only complete half an orbit by the time Neptune returns to its original position. The most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt, with over 200 known objects, is the 2:3 resonance. Objects in this resonance complete 2 orbits for every 3 of Neptune, and are known as plutinos because the largest of the known Kuiper belt objects, Pluto, is among them. Although Pluto crosses Neptune's orbit regularly, the 2:3 resonance ensures they can never collide. The 3:4, 3:5, 4:7 and 2:5 resonances are less populated.
qas: answers: 2:3 resonance
question: What is the fraction of the most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt? 

answers: Pluto
question: What is the best known, and largest, object in the Kuiper belt?

answers: 200
question: How many known objects is in the most populated resonance of the Kuiper belt?

answers: 2:3
question: What is the resonance of Pluto in the Kuiper belt?

answers: 3:4, 3:5, 4:7 and 2:5
question: Which resonances are less populated in the Kuiper belt?

context: Neptune has a number of known trojan objects occupying both the Sun–Neptune L4 and L5 Lagrangian points—gravitationally stable regions leading and trailing Neptune in its orbit, respectively. Neptune trojans can be viewed as being in a 1:1 resonance with Neptune. Some Neptune trojans are remarkably stable in their orbits, and are likely to have formed alongside Neptune rather than being captured. The first and so far only object identified as associated with Neptune's trailing L5 Lagrangian point is 2008 LC18. Neptune also has a temporary quasi-satellite, (309239) 2007 RW10. The object has been a quasi-satellite of Neptune for about 12,500 years and it will remain in that dynamical state for another 12,500 years.
qas: answers: 1:1
question: What is the resonance of Neptune trojans?

answers: alongside Neptune
question: Where did most Neptune trojans form?

answers: 2008 LC18
question: What is the only object identified with Neptune's trailing L5 Lagrangian point?

answers: (309239) 2007 RW10
question: What is Neptune's temporary quasi-satellite named?

answers: 12,500 years
question: How long has Neptune's quasi-satellite been with Neptune? 

context: The formation of the ice giants, Neptune and Uranus, has proven difficult to model precisely. Current models suggest that the matter density in the outer regions of the Solar System was too low to account for the formation of such large bodies from the traditionally accepted method of core accretion, and various hypotheses have been advanced to explain their formation. One is that the ice giants were not formed by core accretion but from instabilities within the original protoplanetary disc and later had their atmospheres blasted away by radiation from a nearby massive OB star.
qas: answers: nearby massive OB star
question: What could have blasted Neptune and Uranus's atmosphere with radiation, aiding in creation? 

answers: matter density
question: What is too low to account for the formation of Neptune?

answers: core accretion
question: If Neptune was formed from instabilities within the original protoplanetary disc, what was it not formed by?

context: An alternative concept is that they formed closer to the Sun, where the matter density was higher, and then subsequently migrated to their current orbits after the removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc. This hypothesis of migration after formation is favoured, due to its ability to better explain the occupancy of the populations of small objects observed in the trans-Neptunian region. The current most widely accepted explanation of the details of this hypothesis is known as the Nice model, which explores the effect of a migrating Neptune and the other giant planets on the structure of the Kuiper belt.
qas: answers: higher
question: If Neptune formed closer to the sun, what is the matter density?

answers: removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc
question: If Neptune formed closer to the sun, what caused it to migrate to it's current orbit?

answers: the Nice model
question: What is the most widely accepted explanation of Neptune's formation called?

answers: Kuiper belt.
question: What does The Nice model consider effected the migration of Neptune?

context: Neptune has 14 known moons. Triton is the largest Neptunian moon, comprising more than 99.5% of the mass in orbit around Neptune,[e] and it is the only one massive enough to be spheroidal. Triton was discovered by William Lassell just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself. Unlike all other large planetary moons in the Solar System, Triton has a retrograde orbit, indicating that it was captured rather than forming in place; it was probably once a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt. It is close enough to Neptune to be locked into a synchronous rotation, and it is slowly spiralling inward because of tidal acceleration. It will eventually be torn apart, in about 3.6 billion years, when it reaches the Roche limit. In 1989, Triton was the coldest object that had yet been measured in the Solar System, with estimated temperatures of 38 K (−235 °C).
qas: answers: 14
question: How many moons does Neptune have?

answers: Triton
question: What is Neptune's largest moon?

answers: William Lassell
question: Who discovered Triton? 

answers: retrograde orbit
question: What orbit does Triton have around Neptune? 

answers: that it was captured
question: What does Triton's orbit suggest about it's relation to Neptune?

context: From July to September 1989, Voyager 2 discovered six moons of Neptune. Of these, the irregularly shaped Proteus is notable for being as large as a body of its density can be without being pulled into a spherical shape by its own gravity. Although the second-most-massive Neptunian moon, it is only 0.25% the mass of Triton. Neptune's innermost four moons—Naiad, Thalassa, Despina and Galatea—orbit close enough to be within Neptune's rings. The next-farthest out, Larissa, was originally discovered in 1981 when it had occulted a star. This occultation had been attributed to ring arcs, but when Voyager 2 observed Neptune in 1989, Larissa was found to have caused it. Five new irregular moons discovered between 2002 and 2003 were announced in 2004. A new moon and the smallest yet, S/2004 N 1, was found in 2013. Because Neptune was the Roman god of the sea, Neptune's moons have been named after lesser sea gods.
qas: answers: Voyager 2
question: What discovered six moons of Neptune in 1989?

answers: Proteus
question: What is the second most massive Neptunian moon? 

answers: irregularly shaped
question: What is notable about the moon Proteus?

answers: Naiad, Thalassa, Despina and Galatea
question: Which are Neptune's four innermost moons?

answers: 1981
question: When was Neptune's moon Larissa discovered? 

context: Because of the distance of Neptune from Earth, its angular diameter only ranges from 2.2 to 2.4 arcseconds, the smallest of the Solar System planets. Its small apparent size makes it challenging to study it visually. Most telescopic data was fairly limited until the advent of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and large ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics (AO). The first scientifically useful observation of Neptune from ground-based telescopes using adaptive optics, was commenced in 1997 from Hawaii. Neptune is currently entering its spring and summer season and has been shown to be heating up, with increased atmospheric activity and brightness as a consequence. Combined with technological advancements, ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics are recording increasingly more detailed images of this Outer Planet. Both the HST and AO telescopes on Earth has made many new discoveries within the Solar System since the mid-1990s, with a large increase in the number of known satellites and moons around the Outer Planets for example. In 2004 and 2005, five new small satellites of Neptune with diameters between 38 and 61 kilometres were discovered.
qas: answers: 2.2 to 2.4 arcseconds
question: What is Neptune's angular diameter range?

answers: Hubble Space Telescope
question: The advent of what telescope made it easier to study Neptune?

answers: 1997
question: When was the first useful observation of Neptune from the ground?

answers: spring and summer
question: What seasons are Neptune currently entering?

answers: five new small satellites
question: What was discovered around Neptune in 2004 and 2005?

context: Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft that has visited Neptune. The spacecraft's closest approach to the planet occurred on 25 August 1989. Because this was the last major planet the spacecraft could visit, it was decided to make a close flyby of the moon Triton, regardless of the consequences to the trajectory, similarly to what was done for Voyager 1's encounter with Saturn and its moon Titan. The images relayed back to Earth from Voyager 2 became the basis of a 1989 PBS all-night program, Neptune All Night.
qas: answers: Voyager 2
question: What is the only spacecraft to visit Neptune?

answers: 25 August 1989
question: When did a spacecraft get closest to Neptune?

answers: Triton
question: What near Neptune did a spacecraft visit dangerously close?

answers: Neptune All Night
question: What program aired on PBS about Neptune?

context: After the Voyager 2 flyby mission, the next step in scientific exploration of the Neptunian system, is considered to be a Flagship orbital mission. Such a hypothetical mission is envisioned to be possible at in the late 2020s or early 2030s. However, there have been a couple of discussions to launch Neptune missions sooner. In 2003, there was a proposal in NASA's "Vision Missions Studies" for a "Neptune Orbiter with Probes" mission that does Cassini-level science. Another, more recent proposal was for Argo, a flyby spacecraft to be launched in 2019, that would visit Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and a Kuiper belt object. The focus would be on Neptune and its largest moon Triton to be investigated around 2029. The proposed New Horizons 2 mission (which was later scrapped) might also have done a close flyby of the Neptunian system.
qas: answers: late 2020s
question: When is the next hypothetical mission to Neptune?

answers: Neptune Orbiter with Probes
question: What about Neptune did NASA propose in 2003 in their "Vision Missions Studies"?

answers: 2019
question: When will Argo be launched?

answers: Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and a Kuiper belt object
question: What will Argo visit?

answers: 2029
question: When can we expect Argo to visit Triton?