Poultry

context: Poultry (/ˌpoʊltriː/) are domesticated birds kept by humans for the eggs they produce, their meat, their feathers, or sometimes as pets. These birds are most typically members of the superorder Galloanserae (fowl), especially the order Galliformes (which includes chickens, quails and turkeys) and the family Anatidae, in order Anseriformes, commonly known as "waterfowl" and including domestic ducks and domestic geese. Poultry also includes other birds that are killed for their meat, such as the young of pigeons (known as squabs) but does not include similar wild birds hunted for sport or food and known as game. The word "poultry" comes from the French/Norman word poule, itself derived from the Latin word pullus, which means small animal.
qas: answers: kept by humans for the eggs they produce, their meat, their feathers, or sometimes as pets.
question: What is the significance of poultry in the lives of humans?

answers: but does not include similar wild birds hunted for sport or food and known as game.
question: Are all domesticated and wild birds classified as poultry  ?

answers: chickens, quails and turkeys
question: What types of  birds are most commonly considered poultry?

answers: from the Latin word pullus, which means small animal.
question: Was the Latin word for poultry also used to decribe other small animals as opposed to any poulty?

answers: domestic ducks and domestic geese.
question: Are any other birds considered common in the world of poultry?

context: The domestication of poultry took place several thousand years ago. This may have originally been as a result of people hatching and rearing young birds from eggs collected from the wild, but later involved keeping the birds permanently in captivity. Domesticated chickens may have been used for cockfighting at first and quail kept for their songs, but soon it was realised how useful it was having a captive-bred source of food. Selective breeding for fast growth, egg-laying ability, conformation, plumage and docility took place over the centuries, and modern breeds often look very different from their wild ancestors. Although some birds are still kept in small flocks in extensive systems, most birds available in the market today are reared in intensive commercial enterprises. Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat globally and, along with eggs, provides nutritionally beneficial food containing high-quality protein accompanied by a low proportion of fat. All poultry meat should be properly handled and sufficiently cooked in order to reduce the risk of food poisoning.
qas: answers: domestication of poultry took place several thousand years ago
question: How long have humans used domsticated poultry ?

answers: cockfighting at first and quail kept for their songs
question: What have people use domesticated poultry for besides food ?

answers: Selective breeding for fast growth, egg-laying ability, conformation, plumage and docility took place
question: Why did humans feel that addtional breeding tatics were necessary in poulty? 

answers: modern breeds often look very different from their wild ancestors.
question: Has breeding changed the original characterictics of the animals ?

answers: Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat globally
question: How popular is poultry as a consumable among humans ?

context: "Poultry" is a term used for any kind of domesticated bird, captive-raised for its utility, and traditionally the word has been used to refer to wildfowl (Galliformes) and waterfowl (Anseriformes). "Poultry" can be defined as domestic fowls, including chickens, turkeys, geese and ducks, raised for the production of meat or eggs and the word is also used for the flesh of these birds used as food. The Encyclopædia Britannica lists the same bird groups but also includes guinea fowl and squabs (young pigeons). In R. D. Crawford's Poultry breeding and genetics, squabs are omitted but Japanese quail and common pheasant are added to the list, the latter frequently being bred in captivity and released into the wild. In his 1848 classic book on poultry, Ornamental and Domestic Poultry: Their History, and Management, Edmund Dixon included chapters on the peafowl, guinea fowl, mute swan, turkey, various types of geese, the muscovy duck, other ducks and all types of chickens including bantams. In colloquial speech, the term "fowl" is often used near-synonymously with "domesticated chicken" (Gallus gallus), or with "poultry" or even just "bird", and many languages do not distinguish between "poultry" and "fowl". Both words are also used for the flesh of these birds. Poultry can be distinguished from "game", defined as wild birds or mammals hunted for food or sport, a word also used to describe the flesh of these when eaten.
qas: answers: guinea fowl and squabs (young pigeons)
question: What two addtional types of birds are listed in teh Encyclopedia Britanica as poultry?

answers: R. D. Crawford
question: Who is the authoor of the book Poultry Breeding and Genetics?

answers: frequently being bred in captivity and released into the wild.
question: What is the most likely outout for the common variety of pheasant ?

answers: peafowl, guinea fowl, mute swan, turkey, various types of geese, the muscovy duck, other ducks and all types of chickens including bantams
question: Edmund Dixon is most famous for what inclusions in his 1854 book on poultry ?

answers: many languages do not distinguish between "poultry" and "fowl
question: Do all language make the distinction between poultry and fowls?

context: Chickens are medium-sized, chunky birds with an upright stance and characterised by fleshy red combs and wattles on their heads. Males, known as cocks, are usually larger, more boldly coloured, and have more exaggerated plumage than females (hens). Chickens are gregarious, omnivorous, ground-dwelling birds that in their natural surroundings search among the leaf litter for seeds, invertebrates, and other small animals. They seldom fly except as a result of perceived danger, preferring to run into the undergrowth if approached. Today's domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is mainly descended from the wild red junglefowl of Asia, with some additional input from grey junglefowl. Domestication is believed to have taken place between 7,000 and 10,000 years ago, and what are thought to be fossilized chicken bones have been found in northeastern China dated to around 5,400 BC. Archaeologists believe domestication was originally for the purpose of cockfighting, the male bird being a doughty fighter. By 4,000 years ago, chickens seem to have reached the Indus Valley and 250 years later, they arrived in Egypt. They were still used for fighting and were regarded as symbols of fertility. The Romans used them in divination, and the Egyptians made a breakthrough when they learned the difficult technique of artificial incubation. Since then, the keeping of chickens has spread around the world for the production of food with the domestic fowl being a valuable source of both eggs and meat.
qas: answers: cocks
question: What are male chickens called ?

answers: cocks, are usually larger, more boldly coloured, and have more exaggerated plumage than females (hens).
question: How are male chickens able to be identified ?

answers: in their natural surroundings search among the leaf litter for seeds, invertebrates, and other small animals.
question: What do chickens normally consume when in the natural wild environment?

answers: They seldom fly except as a result of perceived danger, preferring to run into the undergrowth if approached.
question: Do chickens fly like other birds?

answers: Today's domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is mainly descended from the wild red junglefowl of Asia
question: From what birds are chickens decended from ?

context: Since their domestication, a large number of breeds of chickens have been established, but with the exception of the white Leghorn, most commercial birds are of hybrid origin. In about 1800, chickens began to be kept on a larger scale, and modern high-output poultry farms were present in the United Kingdom from around 1920 and became established in the United States soon after the Second World War. By the mid-20th century, the poultry meat-producing industry was of greater importance than the egg-laying industry. Poultry breeding has produced breeds and strains to fulfil different needs; light-framed, egg-laying birds that can produce 300 eggs a year; fast-growing, fleshy birds destined for consumption at a young age, and utility birds which produce both an acceptable number of eggs and a well-fleshed carcase. Male birds are unwanted in the egg-laying industry and can often be identified as soon as they are hatch for subsequent culling. In meat breeds, these birds are sometimes castrated (often chemically) to prevent aggression. The resulting bird, called a capon, has more tender and flavorful meat, as well.
qas: answers: By the mid-20th century, the poultry meat-producing industry was of greater importance than the egg-laying industry
question: When did the poultry business boom in the United States ?

answers: can often be identified as soon as they are hatch for subsequent culling
question: How can you normally identify a cock when recently hatched?

answers: light-framed, egg-laying birds that can produce 300 eggs a year; fast-growing, fleshy birds destined for consumption
question: How has breeding helped in the pultry industry?

answers: with the exception of the white Leghorn, most commercial birds are of hybrid origin.
question: Are there any purebreed lines for poultry today?

context: A bantam is a small variety of domestic chicken, either a miniature version of a member of a standard breed, or a "true bantam" with no larger counterpart. The name derives from the town of Bantam in Java where European sailors bought the local small chickens for their shipboard supplies. Bantams may be a quarter to a third of the size of standard birds and lay similarly small eggs. They are kept by small-holders and hobbyists for egg production, use as broody hens, ornamental purposes, and showing.
qas: answers: A bantam
question: What breed of chicken is named after a town in Java ?

answers: A bantam is a small variety of domestic chicken, either a miniature version of a member of a standard breed, or a "true bantam" with no larger counterpart
question: How are bantams different from other chickens?

answers: Bantams may be a quarter to a third of the size of standard birds and lay similarly small eggs
question: Do bantams lay regular sized eggs ?

answers: kept by small-holders and hobbyists for egg production, use as broody hens, ornamental purposes, and showing.
question: Where are bantams kept?

context: Cockfighting is said to be the world's oldest spectator sport and may have originated in Persia 6,000 years ago. Two mature males (cocks or roosters) are set to fight each other, and will do so with great vigour until one is critically injured or killed. Breeds such as the Aseel were developed in the Indian subcontinent for their aggressive behaviour. The sport formed part of the culture of the ancient Indians, Chinese, Greeks, and Romans, and large sums were won or lost depending on the outcome of an encounter. Cockfighting has been banned in many countries during the last century on the grounds of cruelty to animals.
qas: answers: Cockfighting is said to be the world's oldest spectator sport and may have originated in Persia 6,000 years ago.
question: How long ago was the sport of fighting chickens been around?

answers: Cockfighting
question: What is the termed used to define the game of fighting chickens called?

answers: fight each other, and will do so with great vigour until one is critically injured or killed.
question: Do chickens die in the sport of cockfighting?

answers: Breeds such as the Aseel were developed in the Indian subcontinent for their aggressive behaviour
question: Have theere been any types of chickens who were really good at cockfighting?

answers: large sums were won or lost depending on the outcome of an encounter.
question: Do people bet on the cockfighting or is it just for entertainment?

context: Ducks are medium-sized aquatic birds with broad bills, eyes on the side of the head, fairly long necks, short legs set far back on the body, and webbed feet. Males, known as drakes, are often larger than females (simply known as ducks) and are differently coloured in some breeds. Domestic ducks are omnivores, eating a variety of animal and plant materials such as aquatic insects, molluscs, worms, small amphibians, waterweeds, and grasses. They feed in shallow water by dabbling, with their heads underwater and their tails upended. Most domestic ducks are too heavy to fly, and they are social birds, preferring to live and move around together in groups. They keep their plumage waterproof by preening, a process that spreads the secretions of the preen gland over their feathers.
qas: answers: medium-sized aquatic birds with broad bills, eyes on the side of the head, fairly long necks, short legs set far back on the body, and webbed feet.
question: How can you identify a duck from other poultry?

answers: drakes
question: What do you call a male duck?

answers: larger than females (simply known as ducks) and are differently coloured in some breeds
question: How can you identify a drake from a the female of the species?

answers: aquatic insects, molluscs, worms, small amphibians, waterweeds, and grasses.
question: What does the diet of cultivated ducks consistof ?

answers: Most domestic ducks are too heavy to fly
question: Do all ducks fly south for the winter?

context: Clay models of ducks found in China dating back to 4000 BC may indicate the domestication of ducks took place there during the Yangshao culture. Even if this is not the case, domestication of the duck took place in the Far East at least 1500 years earlier than in the West. Lucius Columella, writing in the first century BC, advised those who sought to rear ducks to collect wildfowl eggs and put them under a broody hen, because when raised in this way, the ducks "lay aside their wild nature and without hesitation breed when shut up in the bird pen". Despite this, ducks did not appear in agricultural texts in Western Europe until about 810 AD, when they began to be mentioned alongside geese, chickens, and peafowl as being used for rental payments made by tenants to landowners.
qas: answers: Clay models of ducks found in China dating back to 4000 BC may indicate the domestication of ducks took place there during the Yangshao culture
question: How long have ducks possibly been in domesticated domicile with humans?

answers: domestication of the duck took place in the Far East at least 1500 years earlier than in the West
question: How far behind the east society was the western culture in domesticating ducks?

answers: collect wildfowl eggs and put them under a broody hen,
question: How did Lucius Columella recommend that one go abbout the business of domesticating ducks.?

answers: ducks did not appear in agricultural texts in Western Europe until about 810 AD
question: When did ducks begin to appear in the books of Western Europeon Society ?

answers: mentioned alongside geese, chickens, and peafowl as being used for rental payments made by tenants to landowners.
question: Where ducks ever used as a type of commerence in the world?

context: It is widely agreed that the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the ancestor of all breeds of domestic duck (with the exception of the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), which is not closely related to other ducks). Ducks are farmed mainly for their meat, eggs, and down. As is the case with chickens, various breeds have been developed, selected for egg-laying ability, fast growth, and a well-covered carcase. The most common commercial breed in the United Kingdom and the United States is the Pekin duck, which can lay 200 eggs a year and can reach a weight of 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) in 44 days. In the Western world, ducks are not as popular as chickens, because the latter produce larger quantities of white, lean meat and are easier to keep intensively, making the price of chicken meat lower than that of duck meat. While popular in haute cuisine, duck appears less frequently in the mass-market food industry. However, things are different in the East. Ducks are more popular there than chickens and are mostly still herded in the traditional way and selected for their ability to find sufficient food in harvested rice fields and other wet environments.
qas: answers: mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the ancestor of all breeds of domestic duck (with the exception of the Muscovy duck
question: What breed of duck is considered the first?

answers: various breeds have been developed, selected for egg-laying ability, fast growth, and a well-covered carcase.
question: What are the outcomes of the breeding of ducks for humans?

answers: Pekin duck
question: What variety is the most common the the United States and the U.K.

answers: can lay 200 eggs a year and can reach a weight of 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) in 44 days
question: Why is the Pekin duck the favored of the western world?

answers: Ducks are more popular there than chickens and are mostly still herded in the traditional way and selected for their ability to find sufficient food in
question: Why is duck more common than other poultry in the east society ??

context: The greylag goose (Anser anser) was domesticated by the Egyptians at least 3000 years ago, and a different wild species, the swan goose (Anser cygnoides), domesticated in Siberia about a thousand years later, is known as a Chinese goose. The two hybridise with each other and the large knob at the base of the beak, a noticeable feature of the Chinese goose, is present to a varying extent in these hybrids. The hybrids are fertile and have resulted in several of the modern breeds. Despite their early domestication, geese have never gained the commercial importance of chickens and ducks.
qas: answers: The greylag goose (Anser anser) was domesticated by the Egyptians at least 3000 years ago
question: When was the greylag goose first domesticated by humans?

answers: Chinese goose
question: What other name is the swan goose know by ?

answers: Siberia
question: Where is it believed that the greylag goose was first domesticated in theworld?

answers: Despite their early domestication, geese have never gained the commercial importance of chickens and ducks.
question: Are geese an important part of the poultry industry?

context: Domestic geese are much larger than their wild counterparts and tend to have thick necks, an upright posture, and large bodies with broad rear ends. The greylag-derived birds are large and fleshy and used for meat, while the Chinese geese have smaller frames and are mainly used for egg production. The fine down of both is valued for use in pillows and padded garments. They forage on grass and weeds, supplementing this with small invertebrates, and one of the attractions of rearing geese is their ability to grow and thrive on a grass-based system. They are very gregarious and have good memories and can be allowed to roam widely in the knowledge that they will return home by dusk. The Chinese goose is more aggressive and noisy than other geese and can be used as a guard animal to warn of intruders. The flesh of meat geese is dark-coloured and high in protein, but they deposit fat subcutaneously, although this fat contains mostly monounsaturated fatty acids. The birds are killed either around 10 or about 24 weeks. Between these ages, problems with dressing the carcase occur because of the presence of developing pin feathers.
qas: answers: Domestic geese are much larger than their wild counterparts and tend to have thick necks, an upright posture, and large bodies with broad rear ends
question: do domestic and wild geese have the same apperearance ?

answers: The greylag-derived birds
question: What types of geese are used for human consumption?

answers: Chinese geese
question: What types of geese are used most efficiently for their egg production?

answers: use in pillows and padded garments
question: What is the down feathers of geese most commonly used for ?

answers: they deposit fat subcutaneously, although this fat contains mostly monounsaturated fatty acids
question: Why is the meat of geese considered fatty ?

context: The modern domesticated turkey is descended from one of six subspecies of wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) found in the present Mexican states of Jalisco, Guerrero and Veracruz. Pre-Aztec tribes in south-central Mexico first domesticated the bird around 800 BC, and Pueblo Indians inhabiting the Colorado Plateau in the United States did likewise around 200 BC. They used the feathers for robes, blankets, and ceremonial purposes. More than 1,000 years later, they became an important food source. The first Europeans to encounter the bird misidentified it as a guineafowl, a bird known as a "turkey fowl" at that time because it had been introduced into Europe via Turkey.
qas: answers: descended from one of six subspecies of wild turkey
question: How many species is the recent day turkey suspected to have embarked from?

answers: Pre-Aztec tribes in south-central Mexico first domesticated the bird around 800 BC
question: When were turkeys first used in a domestication setting?

answers: feathers for robes, blankets, and ceremonial purposes
question: What other purposes have the domesticated turkey been used for aside from food?

answers: Pueblo Indians inhabiting the Colorado Plateau in the United States did likewise around 200 BC.
question: When and with what culture did domesticated turkey start to appear in the United States ?

context: Commercial turkeys are usually reared indoors under controlled conditions. These are often large buildings, purpose-built to provide ventilation and low light intensities (this reduces the birds' activity and thereby increases the rate of weight gain). The lights can be switched on for 24-hrs/day, or a range of step-wise light regimens to encourage the birds to feed often and therefore grow rapidly. Females achieve slaughter weight at about 15 weeks of age and males at about 19. Mature commercial birds may be twice as heavy as their wild counterparts. Many different breeds have been developed, but the majority of commercial birds are white, as this improves the appearance of the dressed carcass, the pin feathers being less visible. Turkeys were at one time mainly consumed on special occasions such as Christmas (10 million birds in the United Kingdom) or Thanksgiving (60 million birds in the United States). However, they are increasingly becoming part of the everyday diet in many parts of the world. 
qas: answers: Commercial turkeys are usually reared indoors under controlled conditions
question: What type of accomidations are domesticated turkey normally grown in?

answers: The lights can be switched on for 24-hrs/day, or a range of step-wise light regimens to encourage the birds to feed often and therefore grow rapidly
question: What type of conditions are used to increase the weight and profitability of commercial turkeys?

answers: Females achieve slaughter weight at about 15 weeks of age and males at about 19
question: At what age is the average turkey considered ready for the initial step of the commercial food process?

answers: Mature commercial birds may be twice as heavy as their wild counterparts
question: How much more does a average commercial  turkey weigh in comparison to its wild turkey cousins ?

answers: 60 million birds in the United States
question: What the average for the amount of  turkeys are consumed in the U.S on Thanksgiving Day?

context: The quail is a small to medium-sized, cryptically coloured bird. In its natural environment, it is found in bushy places, in rough grassland, among agricultural crops, and in other places with dense cover. It feeds on seeds, insects, and other small invertebrates. Being a largely ground-dwelling, gregarious bird, domestication of the quail was not difficult, although many of its wild instincts are retained in captivity. It was known to the Egyptians long before the arrival of chickens and was depicted in hieroglyphs from 2575 BC. It migrated across Egypt in vast flocks and the birds could sometimes be picked up off the ground by hand. These were the common quail (Coturnix coturnix), but modern domesticated flocks are mostly of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) which was probably domesticated as early as the 11th century AD in Japan. They were originally kept as songbirds, and they are thought to have been regularly used in song contests.
qas: answers: They were originally kept as songbirds, and they are thought to have been regularly used in song contests.
question: Have quails ever been used for entertainment purposes ?

answers: it is found in bushy places, in rough grassland, among agricultural crops, and in other places with dense cover.
question: Where can quails typically be found in the wild?

answers: seeds, insects, and other small invertebrates.
question: What is the typical diet consist of for qails ?

answers: modern domesticated flocks are mostly of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)
question: From what country do most domesticated  quails today descend from ?

context: In the early 20th century, Japanese breeders began to selectively breed for increased egg production. By 1940, the quail egg industry was flourishing, but the events of World War II led to the complete loss of quail lines bred for their song type, as well as almost all of those bred for egg production. After the war, the few surviving domesticated quail were used to rebuild the industry, and all current commercial and laboratory lines are considered to have originated from this population. Modern birds can lay upward of 300 eggs a year and countries such as Japan, India, China, Italy, Russia, and the United States have established commercial Japanese quail farming industries. Japanese quail are also used in biomedical research in fields such as genetics, embryology, nutrition, physiology, pathology, and toxicity studies. These quail are closely related to the common quail, and many young hybrid birds are released into the wild each year to replenish dwindling wild populations.
qas: answers: Japanese breeders began to selectively breed for increased egg production.
question: Why did the Japanses begin to breed quails in teh 20th century?

answers: By 1940, the quail egg industry was flourishing,
question: When did the quail egg business begin to really become an economic driven industry?

answers: the events of World War II led to the complete loss of quail lines bred for their song type, as well as almost all of those bred for egg production
question: What caused a marked sownturn in the production of quail eggs following the industry boom?

answers: Modern birds can lay upward of 300 eggs a year
question: How many eggs can be laid by the present day decendants of the Japanese quail?

answers: Japanese quail are also used in biomedical research in fields such as genetics, embryology, nutrition, physiology, pathology, and toxicity studies
question: Are quails used for any purpose other than human consumption ?

context: Guinea fowl originated in southern Africa, and the species most often kept as poultry is the helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris). It is a medium-sized grey or speckled bird with a small naked head with colourful wattles and a knob on top, and was domesticated by the time of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Guinea fowl are hardy, sociable birds that subsist mainly on insects, but also consume grasses and seeds. They will keep a vegetable garden clear of pests and will eat the ticks that carry Lyme disease. They happily roost in trees and give a loud vocal warning of the approach of predators. Their flesh and eggs can be eaten in the same way as chickens, young birds being ready for the table at the age of about four months. 
qas: answers: Africa
question: What continent is the evolution of guinea fowl credited to?

answers: ancient Greeks and Romans.
question: Who first domesticated the guinea fowl ?

answers: They will keep a vegetable garden clear of pests and will eat the ticks that carry Lyme disease.
question: Aside from consumption how are Guinea fowl  useful to humans.

answers: roost in trees and give a loud vocal warning of the approach of predators.
question: What are Guinea fowl  also praised for accomplishing for humans?

context: A squab is the name given to the young of domestic pigeons that are destined for the table. Like other domesticated pigeons, birds used for this purpose are descended from the rock pigeon (Columba livia). Special utility breeds with desirable characteristics are used. Two eggs are laid and incubated for about 17 days. When they hatch, the squabs are fed by both parents on "pigeon's milk", a thick secretion high in protein produced by the crop. Squabs grow rapidly, but are slow to fledge and are ready to leave the nest at 26 to 30 days weighing about 500 g (18 oz). By this time, the adult pigeons will have laid and be incubating another pair of eggs and a prolific pair should produce two squabs every four weeks during a breeding season lasting several months.
qas: answers: A squab
question: What is the gourmet title given to pigeons ?

answers: rock pigeon (Columba livia)
question: From what variety of pigeon does the squab decen?

answers: When they hatch, the squabs are fed by both parents on "pigeon's milk", a thick secretion high in protein produced by the crop
question: Are squabs treated differently from other piegons by humans aside from consumption?

answers: a prolific pair should produce two squabs every four weeks during a breeding season lasting several months
question: How often are pigeons able to breed for the consumption process ?

context: Worldwide, more chickens are kept than any other type of poultry, with over 50 billion birds being raised each year as a source of meat and eggs. Traditionally, such birds would have been kept extensively in small flocks, foraging during the day and housed at night. This is still the case in developing countries, where the women often make important contributions to family livelihoods through keeping poultry. However, rising world populations and urbanization have led to the bulk of production being in larger, more intensive specialist units. These are often situated close to where the feed is grown or near to where the meat is needed, and result in cheap, safe food being made available for urban communities. Profitability of production depends very much on the price of feed, which has been rising. High feed costs could limit further development of poultry production.
qas: answers: Worldwide, more chickens are kept than any other type of poultry
question: What is the most popular type of poulty that is farmed?

answers: 50 billion birds being raised each year as a source of meat and eggs.
question: How many birds are routinely raised in the world for the consumption process?

answers: High feed costs could limit further development of poultry production
question: How is the cost of the price for animal feed related to the poulty cost for consumers?

answers: birds would have been kept extensively in small flocks, foraging during the day and housed at night.
question: Before industrialization how were chickens normally cared for?

answers: the women often make important contributions to family livelihoods through keeping poultry
question: What is the major significance of chickens to women in underdeveloped countries?

context: In free-range husbandry, the birds can roam freely outdoors for at least part of the day. Often, this is in large enclosures, but the birds have access to natural conditions and can exhibit their normal behaviours. A more intensive system is yarding, in which the birds have access to a fenced yard and poultry house at a higher stocking rate. Poultry can also be kept in a barn system, with no access to the open air, but with the ability to move around freely inside the building. The most intensive system for egg-laying chickens is battery cages, often set in multiple tiers. In these, several birds share a small cage which restricts their ability to move around and behave in a normal manner. The eggs are laid on the floor of the cage and roll into troughs outside for ease of collection. Battery cages for hens have been illegal in the EU since January 1, 2012.
qas: answers: the birds have access to natural conditions and can exhibit their normal behaviours
question: What is the benefit to chickens of being in a free-range farming location?

answers: birds have access to a fenced yard and poultry house at a higher stocking rate
question: What is yarding in relation to the pultry industry?

answers: battery cages, often set in multiple tiers
question: What is the most intensive type of enclosure system used in the poultry business?

answers: The eggs are laid on the floor of the cage and roll into troughs outside for ease of collection
question: How are eggs collected in teh battery cage system?

context: Chickens raised intensively for their meat are known as "broilers". Breeds have been developed that can grow to an acceptable carcass size (2 kg (4.4 lb)) in six weeks or less. Broilers grow so fast, their legs cannot always support their weight and their hearts and respiratory systems may not be able to supply enough oxygen to their developing muscles. Mortality rates at 1% are much higher than for less-intensively reared laying birds which take 18 weeks to reach similar weights. Processing the birds is done automatically with conveyor-belt efficiency. They are hung by their feet, stunned, killed, bled, scalded, plucked, have their heads and feet removed, eviscerated, washed, chilled, drained, weighed, and packed, all within the course of little over two hours.
qas: answers: carcass size (2 kg (4.4 lb))
question: What is the average size of chickens used extensively for it's meat production raised in an intensive environment? 

answers: six weeks or less
question: How long does it take for an broiler raisedin an intensive environment very to reach optimum size?

answers: Mortality rates at 1%
question: What is the death rate among chickens who are intensivley breed to be broilers?

answers: their legs cannot always support their weight and their hearts and respiratory systems may not be able to supply enough oxygen to their developing muscles.
question: Do chicken raised in the intensive broiler method suffer from health condions?

answers: 18 weeks to reach similar weights
question: How long does it take for a chicken raised in a less intensive envionment to reach optimal broiler size?

context: Both intensive and free-range farming have animal welfare concerns. In intensive systems, cannibalism, feather pecking and vent pecking can be common, with some farmers using beak trimming as a preventative measure. Diseases can also be common and spread rapidly through the flock. In extensive systems, the birds are exposed to adverse weather conditions and are vulnerable to predators and disease-carrying wild birds. Barn systems have been found to have the worst bird welfare. In Southeast Asia, a lack of disease control in free-range farming has been associated with outbreaks of avian influenza.
qas: answers: cannibalism, feather pecking and vent pecking can be common
question: What are some of the major concerns with intensive breeding programs?

answers: some farmers using beak trimming as a preventative measure
question: What harsh measures do farmers use to prevent the chickens from harming themselves or others?

answers: the birds are exposed to adverse weather conditions and are vulnerable to predators and disease-carrying wild birds.
question: What are some of the major concerns with extensive breeding programs such as free range ?

answers: In Southeast Asia, a lack of disease control in free-range farming has been associated with outbreaks of avian influenza.
question: How is the spread of the avian flu related to the conditions in which chickens are kept?

answers: Barn systems have been found to have the worst bird welfare.
question: What is considered the most alarming setting for chickens to be raised in?

context: In many countries, national and regional poultry shows are held where enthusiasts exhibit their birds which are judged on certain phenotypical breed traits as specified by their respective breed standards. The idea of poultry exhibition may have originated after cockfighting was made illegal, as a way of maintaining a competitive element in poultry husbandry. Breed standards were drawn up for egg-laying, meat-type, and purely ornamental birds, aiming for uniformity. Sometimes, poultry shows are part of general livestock shows, and sometimes they are separate events such as the annual "National Championship Show" in the United Kingdom organised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain.
qas: answers: In many countries, national and regional poultry shows are held where enthusiasts exhibit their birds
question: Is there a pplace where lovers of the chicken are able to see some of its best attributes ?

answers: birds which are judged on certain phenotypical breed traits as specified by their respective breed standards
question: In such competitions what are the chickens juged on? What attibutes are considered viable?

answers: Breed standards were drawn up for egg-laying, meat-type, and purely ornamental birds, aiming for uniformity
question: Are there breed standards used for the competitions?

answers: the annual "National Championship Show" in the United Kingdom organised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain.
question: What are some of the most widely known poultry tournaments?

answers: The idea of poultry exhibition may have originated after cockfighting was made illegal, as a way of maintaining a competitive element in poultry husbandry
question: From where does the idea of a poultry tournament orginate?

context: Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat in the world, accounting for about 30% of total meat production worldwide compared to pork at 38%. Sixteen billion birds are raised annually for consumption, more than half of these in industrialised, factory-like production units. Global broiler meat production rose to 84.6 million tonnes in 2013. The largest producers were the United States (20%), China (16.6%), Brazil (15.1%) and the European Union (11.3%). There are two distinct models of production; the European Union supply chain model seeks to supply products which can be traced back to the farm of origin. This model faces the increasing costs of implementing additional food safety requirements, welfare issues and environmental regulations. In contrast, the United States model turns the product into a commodity.
qas: answers: Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat in the world, accounting for about 30% of total meat production worldwide
question: Jo w common is the consumtion of poultry in the world?

answers: Sixteen billion birds are raised annually
question: How many animals of the poultry variety are raised for consumtion each year?

answers: more than half of these in industrialised, factory-like production units
question: What type of enviornment is poultry most commonly raised in?

answers: There are two distinct models of production;
question: How many industry models are followed for the production process of poultry?

answers: the European Union supply chain model seeks to supply products which can be traced back to the farm of origin
question: What is the Europeon model of the poultry business ?

context: World production of duck meat was about 4.2 million tonnes in 2011 with China producing two thirds of the total, some 1.7 billion birds. Other notable duck-producing countries in the Far East include Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia and South Korea (12% in total). France (3.5%) is the largest producer in the West, followed by other EU nations (3%) and North America (1.7%). China was also by far the largest producer of goose and guinea fowl meat, with a 94% share of the 2.6 million tonne global market.
qas: answers: China producing two thirds of the total, some 1.7 billion birds
question: How many ducks did China produce for consumption in 2011?

answers: Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia and South Korea (12% in total)
question: What other countries are important to the duck husbandry business?

answers: France (3.5%) is the largest producer in the West,
question: Who is the largest producer of duck meat among the western nations?

answers: 94% share
question: What is the market percentage held by the country that controls the biggest share of the global market for goose and guinea fowl meat

context: Poultry is available fresh or frozen, as whole birds or as joints (cuts), bone-in or deboned, seasoned in various ways, raw or ready cooked. The meatiest parts of a bird are the flight muscles on its chest, called "breast" meat, and the walking muscles on the legs, called the "thigh" and "drumstick". The wings are also eaten (Buffalo wings are a popular example in the United States) and may be split into three segments, the meatier "drumette", the "wingette" (also called the "flat"), and the wing tip (also called the "flapper"). In Japan, the wing is frequently separated, and these parts are referred to as 手羽元 (teba-moto "wing base") and 手羽先 (teba-saki "wing tip").
qas: answers: The meatiest parts of a bird are the flight muscles on its chest, called "breast" meat, and the walking muscles on the legs, called the "thigh" and "drumstick"
question: What is the most substantial part of a birds antomy as it apples to consupmtion og the meat?

answers: wings are also eaten (Buffalo wings are a popular example in the United States) and may be split into three segments,
question: Are certain parts of the bird used for particular reasons in relation to receipes?

answers: fresh or frozen, as whole birds or as joints (cuts), bone-in or deboned, seasoned in various ways, raw or ready cooked.
question: Is poultry available in various forms?

context: Dark meat, which avian myologists refer to as "red muscle", is used for sustained activity—chiefly walking, in the case of a chicken. The dark colour comes from the protein myoglobin, which plays a key role in oxygen uptake and storage within cells. White muscle, in contrast, is suitable only for short bursts of activity such as, for chickens, flying. Thus, the chicken's leg and thigh meat are dark, while its breast meat (which makes up the primary flight muscles) is white. Other birds with breast muscle more suitable for sustained flight, such as ducks and geese, have red muscle (and therefore dark meat) throughout. Some cuts of meat including poultry expose the microscopic regular structure of intracellular muscle fibrils which can diffract light and produce iridescent colours, an optical phenomenon sometimes called structural colouration.
qas: answers: The dark colour comes from the protein myoglobin, which plays a key role in oxygen uptake and storage within cells
question: Are there reasons for the dark meat  that poultry has?

answers: White muscle, in contrast, is suitable only for short bursts of activity such as, for chickens, flying
question: What is the white meat of chicken actually used for by the animal ?

answers: the microscopic regular structure of intracellular muscle fibrils which can diffract light and produce iridescent colours
question: What causes the meat of some poultry to show rainbow like colr striations?

answers: birds with breast muscle more suitable for sustained flight, such as ducks and geese, have red muscle (and therefore dark meat) throughout
question: Do some varities of  poultry have more dark meat than others?

context: A 2011 study by the Translational Genomics Research Institute showed that 47% of the meat and poultry sold in United States grocery stores was contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, and 52% of the bacteria concerned showed resistance to at least three groups of antibiotics. Thorough cooking of the product would kill these bacteria, but a risk of cross-contamination from improper handling of the raw product is still present. Also, some risk is present for consumers of poultry meat and eggs to bacterial infections such as Salmonella and Campylobacter. Poultry products may become contaminated by these bacteria during handling, processing, marketing, or storage, resulting in food-borne illness if the product is improperly cooked or handled.
qas: answers: Translational Genomics Research
question: When is it possible for baccteria is enter into poultry before you get it home?

answers: 47%
question: What percentage of poultry is tainted with Staphylococcus bacteria?

answers: Thorough cooking of the product would kill these bacteria,
question: Are the bacteria that is found on poultry easy to get rid of?

answers: a risk of cross-contamination from improper handling of the raw product is still present
question: What considerations do consumers need when using safe handling procedures with poultry regardless of cooking method used??

context: In general, avian influenza is a disease of birds caused by bird-specific influenza A virus that is not normally transferred to people; however, people in contact with live poultry are at the greatest risk of becoming infected with the virus and this is of particular concern in areas such as Southeast Asia, where the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected. The virus possibly could mutate to become highly virulent and infectious in humans and cause an influenza pandemic.
qas: answers: people in contact with live poultry are at the greatest risk of becoming infected with the virus
question: Is the Avian flu a risk only to animals?

answers: areas such as Southeast Asia, where the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected
question: What portion of the world is considered to be most at risk for the rapid spread of the avian flu?

answers: The virus possibly could mutate to become highly virulent and infectious in humans and cause an influenza pandemic.
question: What is the danger to humans in regards to the spread of avian flu to humans ?

answers: the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected.
question: Can the avian flu be sread from wild birds to birds kept in husbandry?

context: Bacteria can be grown in the laboratory on nutrient culture media, but viruses need living cells in which to replicate. Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs. Millions of eggs are used each year to generate the annual flu vaccine requirements, a complex process that takes about six months after the decision is made as to what strains of virus to include in the new vaccine. A problem with using eggs for this purpose is that people with egg allergies are unable to be immunised, but this disadvantage may be overcome as new techniques for cell-based rather than egg-based culture become available. Cell-based culture will also be useful in a pandemic when it may be difficult to acquire a sufficiently large quantity of suitable sterile, fertile eggs.
qas: answers: Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs.
question: What are poultry eggs used for aside from consumption?

answers: egg allergies are unable to be immunised
question: What is the major difficulty faced in using poultry to cultivate vaccines?

answers: process that takes about six months
question: How long does it take for the flu vaccine to be fully ready for deployment into the population ?

answers: viruses need living cells in which to replicate
question: In order to make a vaccine , what do viruses require that bacteria does not?

answers: . Cell-based culture
question: What new technology is being used in teh vaccine making process that will make vaccines safer and eaier for most consumers?

context: Poultry meat and eggs provide nutritionally beneficial food containing protein of high quality. This is accompanied by low levels of fat which have a favourable mix of fatty acids. Chicken meat contains about two to three times as much polyunsaturated fat as most types of red meat when measured by weight. However, for boneless, skinless chicken breast, the amount is much lower. A 100-g serving of baked chicken breast contains 4 g of fat and 31 g of protein, compared to 10 g of fat and 27 g of protein for the same portion of broiled, lean skirt steak.
qas: answers: protein of high quality
question: What is the nutitional value to humans of poultry and poultry products?

answers: 4 g of fat and 31 g of protein
question: What is the fat and protien content of a 100g ram serving of baked chicken breast contain ?

answers: two to three times as much polyunsaturated fat as most types of red meat
question: How much healthy fat in in the average serving of poultry?

answers: low levels of fat which have a favourable mix of fatty acids
question: Does chicken contain fat?