Classical_music

context: Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to the present day, which includes the Classical period and various other periods. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common practice period. The major time divisions of classical music are as follows: the early music period, which includes the Medieval (500–1400) and the Renaissance (1400–1600) eras; the Common practice period, which includes the Baroque (1600–1750), Classical (1750–1820), and Romantic eras (1804–1910); and the 20th century (1901–2000) which includes the modern (1890–1930) that overlaps from the late 19th-century, the high modern (mid 20th-century), and contemporary or postmodern (1975–2015) eras.[citation needed]
qas: answers: the Classical period
question: What term is used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820?

answers: 1400–1600
question: What years are termed the Renaissance period?

answers: 1600–1750
question: What years are termed the Baroque period? 

answers: Romantic
question: From 1804-1910 was called what era?

answers: Western music
question: Classical music is rooted in what kind of tradition? 

answers: Western
question: Classical music is rooted the the traditions of what kind of music?

answers: the Classical period
question: What is the period from 1750 to 1820 called?

answers: between 1550 and 1900
question: What time period is known at the common practice period?

answers: 1400–1600
question: When was the Renaissance era?

answers: 1890–1930
question: When was the modern era?

context: European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords), tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music. This leaves less room for practices such as improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation, which are frequently heard in non-European art music and in popular music  styles such as jazz and blues. Another difference is that whereas most popular styles lend themselves to the song form, classical music has been noted for its development of highly sophisticated forms of instrumental music such as the concerto, symphony, sonata, and mixed vocal and instrumental styles such as opera which, since they are written down, can attain a high level of complexity.
qas: answers: its system of staff notation
question: How is European art music distinguished from non-European and popular music?

answers: Western staff notation
question: What method is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches, tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music?

answers: jazz and blues
question: What popular styles practice improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation?

answers: complexity
question: Since it is written down, classical music can attain a high level of what? 

answers: its system of staff notation
question: How is European art music distinguished from many other musical forms?

answers: since about the 16th century
question: How long has the system of staff notation been in use?

answers: improvisation
question: Jazz and blues use ad libitum and what other ornamentation? 

answers: complexity
question: Classic music can a attain a high level of what?

context: The term "classical music" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age. The earliest reference to "classical music" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836.
qas: answers: the early 19th century
question: When did the term "classical music" appear? 

answers: the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven
question: What period is referred to as a "golden age"?

answers: 1836
question: What year is the earliest reference to 'classical music'?

answers: Oxford English Dictionary
question: What book holds the earliest reference to 'classical music'?

answers: classical music
question: What term did not appear until the early 19th century?

answers: golden age
question: What 'age' is the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven referred to as?

answers: 1836
question: What year was the earliest reference to classical music?

answers: Oxford English Dictionary
question: In what book was the earliest reference to classical music?

context: Given the wide range of styles in classical music, from Medieval plainchant sung by monks to Classical and Romantic symphonies for orchestra from the 1700s and 1800s to avant-garde atonal compositions for solo piano from the 1900s, it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed to all works of that type. However, there are characteristics that classical music contains that few or no other genres of music contain, such as the use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works (e.g., the fugue). As well, although the symphony did not exist through the entire classical music period, from the mid-1700s to the 2000s the symphony ensemble—and the works written for it—have become a defining feature of classical music.
qas: answers: monks
question: Who sang Medieval plainchant?

answers: solo piano
question: Avant-garde atonal compositions were written for what instrument?

answers: use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works
question: What two characteristics of classical music can not be attributed to other genres?

answers: the entire classical music period
question: Through what period did the symphony not exist?

answers: the symphony ensemble
question: What has become a defining feature of classical music?

answers: the symphony
question: What did not exist through the entire classical music period?

answers: classical music
question: The use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works are characteristics of what?

answers: monks
question: Who sang medieval plainchant?

context: The key characteristic of classical music that distinguishes it from popular music and folk music is that the repertoire tends to be written down in musical notation, creating a musical part or score. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, where two or more musicians (whether singers or instrumentalists) are involved, how the various parts are coordinated. The written quality of the music has enabled a high level of complexity within them: J.S. Bach's fugues, for instance, achieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines weaving in counterpoint yet creating a coherent harmonic logic that would be impossible in the heat of live improvisation. The use of written notation also preserves a record of the works and enables Classical musicians to perform music from many centuries ago. Musical notation enables 2000s-era performers to sing a choral work from the 1300s Renaissance era or a 1700s Baroque concerto with many of the features of the music (the melodies, lyrics, forms, and rhythms) being reproduced.
qas: answers: live improvisation
question: J.S. Bach's fugues create a coherent harmonic logic that would be impossible for what other style of music?

answers: rhythm
question: The score determines how various parts are coordinated, pitch, and what other detail?

answers: written notation
question: What has allowed Classical musicians to perform music from many centuries ago?

answers: J.S. Bach's
question: Who's fugues achieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines?

context: That said, the score does not provide complete and exact instructions on how to perform a historical work. Even if the tempo is written with an Italian instruction (e.g., Allegro), we do not know exactly how fast the piece should be played. As well, in the Baroque era, many works that were designed for basso continuo accompaniment do not specify which instruments should play the accompaniment or exactly how the chordal instrument (harpsichord, lute, etc.) should play the chords, which are not notated in the part (only a figured bass symbol beneath the bass part is used to guide the chord-playing performer). The performer and/or the conductor have a range of options for musical expression and interpretation of a scored piece, including the phrasing of melodies, the time taken during fermatas (held notes) or pauses, and the use (or choice not to use) of effects such as vibrato or glissando (these effects are possible on various stringed, brass and woodwind instruments and with the human voice).
qas: answers: perform a historical work
question: The score does not provide complete and exact instruction on how to do what?

answers: the Baroque era
question: In what era were many works designed for basso continuo accompaniment? 

answers: the human voice
question: Vibrato and glissando are possible on stringed, brass, woodwind and what other style instrument?

answers: held notes
question: What are fermatas?

context: Although Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical improvisation, from the Baroque era to the Romantic era, there are examples of performers who could improvise in the style of their era. In the Baroque era, organ performers would improvise preludes, keyboard performers playing harpsichord would improvise chords from the figured bass symbols beneath the bass notes of the basso continuo part and both vocal and instrumental performers would improvise musical ornaments. J.S. Bach was particularly noted for his complex improvisations. During the Classical era, the composer-performer Mozart was noted for his ability to improvise melodies in different styles. During the Classical era, some virtuoso soloists would improvise the cadenza sections of a concerto. During the Romantic era, Beethoven would improvise at the piano. For more information, see Improvisation.
qas: answers: improvisation
question: Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical what?

answers: organ performers
question: In the Baroque era, who would improvise preludes?

answers: instrumental performers
question: Who would improvise musical ornaments in the Baroque era?

answers: J.S. Bach
question: Who was noted for his complex improvisations?

answers: his ability to improvise melodies in different styles
question: What was Mozart noted for?

context: The instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century (often much earlier) and codified in the 18th and 19th centuries. They consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments (such as the piano, harpsichord, and organ). The symphony orchestra is the most widely known medium for classical music and includes members of the string, woodwind, brass, and percussion families of instruments. The concert band consists of members of the woodwind, brass, and percussion families. It generally has a larger variety and amount of woodwind and brass instruments than the orchestra but does not have a string section. However, many concert bands use a double bass. The vocal practices changed a great deal over the classical period, from the single line monophonic Gregorian chant done by monks in the Medieval period to the complex, polyphonic choral works of the Renaissance and subsequent periods, which used multiple independent vocal melodies at the same time.
qas: answers: the mid-19th century
question: Instrument currently used in most classical music where invented before what period?

answers: The symphony orchestra
question: What is the most widely known medium for classical music?

answers: brass
question: A symphony orchestra includes members of the string, woodwind, percussion and what other family of instruments?

answers: a string section
question: What does a symphony orchestra have that is missing from a concert band?

answers: vocal
question: What practice has changed a great deal over the classical period?

context: Many of the instruments used to perform medieval music still exist, but in different forms. Medieval instruments included the wood flute (which in the 21st century is made of metal), the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle (or vielle), and trombone (called the sackbut) existed. Medieval instruments in Europe had most commonly been used singly, often self accompanied with a drone note, or occasionally in parts. From at least as early as the 13th century through the 15th century there was a division of instruments into haut (loud, shrill, outdoor instruments) and bas (quieter, more intimate instruments).
qas: answers: wood
question: What was the medieval flute made from?

answers: vielle
question: What was an early version of the fiddle called?

answers: sackbut
question: What was an early version of the trombone called? 

answers: singly
question: Medieval instrument in Europe were commonly used how?

answers: bas
question: Loud, shrill, and outdoor instruments were referred to as 'haut', while quieter, more intimate instruments were referred to as what?

context: During the earlier medieval period, the vocal music from the liturgical genre, predominantly Gregorian chant, was monophonic, using a single, unaccompanied vocal melody line. Polyphonic vocal genres, which used multiple independent vocal melodies, began to develop during the high medieval era, becoming prevalent by the later 13th and early 14th century.
qas: answers: liturgical
question: What genre was predominately Gregorian chant during the earlier medieval period?

answers: Polyphonic vocal genres
question: What genre uses multiple independent vocal melodies?

answers: during the high medieval era
question: When did the Polyphonic vocal genre begin to develop?

answers: monophonic
question: What word means using a single unaccompanied vocal melody line?

context: Many instruments originated during the Renaissance; others were variations of, or improvements upon, instruments that had existed previously. Some have survived to the present day; others have disappeared, only to be recreated in order to perform music of the period on authentic instruments. As in the modern day, instruments may be classified as brass, strings, percussion, and woodwind.
qas: answers: the Renaissance
question: Many instruments originated during what era?

answers: authentic instruments
question: What has disappeared, then been recreated in order to perform music of the period?

answers: percussion
question: Modern day instrument may be classified as brass, string, woodwind and what other classification?

context: Brass instruments in the Renaissance were traditionally played by professionals who were members of Guilds and they included the slide trumpet, the wooden cornet, the valveless trumpet and the sackbut. Stringed instruments included the viol, the harp-like lyre, the hurdy-gurdy, the cittern and the lute. Keyboard instruments with strings included the harpsichord and the virginal. Percussion instruments include the triangle, the Jew's harp, the tambourine, the bells, the rumble-pot, and various kinds of drums. Woodwind instruments included the double reed shawm, the reed pipe, the bagpipe, the transverse flute and the recorder.
qas: answers: the Renaissance
question: Brass instruments were traditionally played by profession guild members during what era?

answers: the hurdy-gurdy
question: Stringed instruments during the Renaissance included the viol, the lyre, the cittern, the lute and what other instrument?

answers: Keyboard instruments with strings
question: The virginal is what type of instrument?

answers: Percussion
question: The tambourine, bells and rumble-pot are all what type of instrument?

answers: Woodwind
question: The reed pipe and recorder are what type of instrument?

context: Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for the flourishing of an increasingly elaborate polyphonic style. The principal liturgical forms which endured throughout the entire Renaissance period were masses and motets, with some other developments towards the end, especially as composers of sacred music began to adopt secular forms (such as the madrigal) for their own designs. Towards the end of the period, the early dramatic precursors of opera such as monody, the madrigal comedy, and the intermedio are seen.
qas: answers: polyphonic style
question: Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for an increasingly elaborate what?

answers: masses
question: What liturgical form besides motets endured throughout the entire Renaissance period?

answers: opera
question: Monody, the madrigal comedy, and intermedio are all precursors to what?

context: Baroque instruments included some instruments from the earlier periods (e.g., the hurdy-gurdy and recorder) and a number of new instruments (e.g, the cello, contrabass and fortepiano). Some instruments from previous eras fell into disuse, such as the shawm and the wooden cornet. The key Baroque instruments for strings included the violin, viol, viola, viola d'amore, cello, contrabass, lute, theorbo (which often played the basso continuo parts), mandolin, cittern, Baroque guitar, harp and hurdy-gurdy. Woodwinds included the Baroque flute, Baroque oboe, rackett, recorder and the bassoon. Brass instruments included the cornett, natural horn, Baroque trumpet, serpent and the trombone. Keyboard instruments included the clavichord, tangent piano, the fortepiano (an early version of the piano), the harpsichord and the pipe organ. Percussion instruments included the timpani, snare drum, tambourine and the castanets.
qas: answers: Baroque
question: The cello, contrabrass and fortepiano were new instruments during what period?

answers: fell into disuse
question: What happened to the shawn and the wooden cornet during the Baroque period?

answers: Percussion
question: The timpani ans castanets are what type of instrument?

answers: Brass
question: The serpent is what type of instrument?

answers: theorbo
question: Which string instrument often played the basso continuo parts?

context: One major difference between Baroque music and the classical era that followed it is that the types of instruments used in ensembles were much less standardized. Whereas a classical era string quartet consists almost exclusively of two violins, a viola and a cello, a Baroque group accompanying a soloist or opera could include one of several different types of keyboard instruments (e.g., pipe organ, harpsichord, or clavichord), additional stringed chordal instruments (e.g., a lute) and an unspecified number of bass instruments performing the basso continuo bassline, including bowed strings, woodwinds and brass instruments (e.g., a cello, contrabass, viol, bassoon, serpent, etc.).
qas: answers: the types of instruments used in ensembles
question: What was less standardized during the Baroque era?

answers: a classical era string quartet
question: Two violins, a viola, and a cello make up what type of group?

answers: clavichord
question: Keyboard instruments included the pip organ, harpsichord and what other instrument?

answers: a lute
question: What is an example of a stringed chordal instrument during the Baroque period?

context: The term "classical music" has two meanings: the broader meaning includes all Western art music from the Medieval era to today, and the specific meaning refers to the music from the 1750s to the early 1830s—the era of Mozart and Haydn. This section is about the more specific meaning.
qas: answers: Haydn
question: From the 1750's to the early 1830's is the era of Mozart and what other composer?

answers: the early 1830s
question: Classical music can mean all Western art music or more specifically from the 1750's to when?

answers: the Medieval era
question: The broad meaning of classical music stretches back from today to what era?

context: Classical musicians continued to use many of instruments from the Baroque era, such as the cello, contrabass, recorder, trombone, timpani, fortepiano and organ. While some Baroque instruments fell into disuse (e.g., the theorbo and rackett), many Baroque instruments were changed into the versions that are still in use today, such as the Baroque violin (which became the violin), the Baroque oboe (which became the oboe) and the Baroque trumpet, which transitioned to the regular valved trumpet.
qas: answers: Baroque
question: Classical musicians continued to use many instruments from what era?

answers: rackett
question: The theorbo and what other Baroque instrument fell into disuse?

answers: the violin
question: The Baroque violin became what modern instrument?

answers: the regular valved trumpet
question: What did the Baroque trumpet become?

context: The Classical era stringed instruments were the four instruments which form the string section of the orchestra: the violin, viola, cello and contrabass. Woodwinds included the basset clarinet, basset horn, clarinette d'amour, the Classical clarinet, the chalumeau, the flute, oboe and bassoon. Keyboard instruments included the clavichord and the fortepiano. While the harpsichord was still used in basso continuo accompaniment in the 1750s and 1760s, it fell out of use in the end of the century. Brass instruments included the buccin, the ophicleide (a serpent replacement which was the precursor of tuba) and the natural horn.
qas: answers: viola
question: The violin, cello, contrabass and what other instrument form the string section of the orchestra?

answers: Woodwinds
question: The flute, oboe and bassoon are all what type of instrument?

answers: the harpsichord
question: What instrument fell out of use after the 1760s?

answers: the ophicleide
question: What instrument was the precursor of the tuba?

context: The "standard complement" of double winds and brass in the orchestra from the first half of the 19th century is generally attributed to Beethoven. The exceptions to this are his Symphony No. 4, Violin Concerto, and Piano Concerto No. 4, which each specify a single flute. The composer's instrumentation usually included paired flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns and trumpets. Beethoven carefully calculated the expansion of this particular timbral "palette" in Symphonies 3, 5, 6, and 9 for an innovative effect. The third horn in the "Eroica" Symphony arrives to provide not only some harmonic flexibility, but also the effect of "choral" brass in the Trio. Piccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones add to the triumphal finale of his Symphony No. 5. A piccolo and a pair of trombones help deliver "storm" and "sunshine" in the Sixth. The Ninth asks for a second pair of horns, for reasons similar to the "Eroica" (four horns has since become standard); Beethoven's use of piccolo, contrabassoon, trombones, and untuned percussion—plus chorus and vocal soloists—in his finale, are his earliest suggestion that the timbral boundaries of symphony should be expanded. For several decades after he died, symphonic instrumentation was faithful to Beethoven's well-established model, with few exceptions.
qas: answers: Beethoven
question: To whom is the "standard complement" attributed to?

answers: Symphony No. 5
question: PIccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones add to the triumphal finales of what piece by Beethoven?

answers: several decades
question: How long was symphonic instrumentation faithful to Beethoven's after he died?

answers: timbral "palette"
question: What did Beethoven expand in his Symphonies, 3, 5, 6 and 9?

answers: sunshine
question: A Piccolo and trombones provides the illusion of storm and what in Beethoven's Sixth Symphony?

context: In the Romantic era, the modern piano, with a more powerful, sustained tone and a wider range took over from the more delicate-sounding fortepiano. In the orchestra, the existing Classical instruments and sections were retained (string section, woodwinds, brass and percussion), but these sections were typically expanded to make a fuller, bigger sound. For example, while a Baroque orchestra may have had two double bass players, a Romantic orchestra could have as many as ten. "As music grew more expressive, the standard orchestral palette just wasn't rich enough for many Romantic composers."  New woodwind instruments were added, such as the contrabassoon, bass clarinet and piccolo and new percussion instruments were added, including xylophones, drums, celestes (a bell-like keyboard instrument), large orchestral harps, bells, and triangles  and even wind machines for sound effects.
qas: answers: fortepiano
question: What instrument did the modern piano take over for in the Romantic era?

answers: two
question: How many double bass players were typically used in the Baroque orchestra?

answers: the standard orchestral palette
question: What wasn't rich enough for many Romantic composers?

answers: sound
question: Classical sections were expanded in the Romantic era for a fuller and bigger what?

answers: a bell-like keyboard instrument
question: What is a celestes?

context: Saxophones appear in some scores from the late 19th century onwards. While appearing only as featured solo instruments in some works, for example Maurice Ravel's orchestration of Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition and Sergei Rachmaninoff's Symphonic Dances, the saxophone is included in other works, such as Ravel's Boléro, Sergei Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet Suites 1 and 2 and many other works as a member of the orchestral ensemble. The euphonium is featured in a few late Romantic and 20th-century works, usually playing parts marked "tenor tuba", including Gustav Holst's The Planets, and Richard Strauss's Ein Heldenleben.
qas: answers: the late 19th century
question: When do saxophones first appear in scores?

answers: Symphonic Dances
question: Saxophone was featured as a solo instrument in what Sergei Rachmaninoff piece?

answers: as a member of the orchestral ensemble
question: How is the saxophone features in Ravel's Bolero?

answers: "tenor tuba"
question: The euphonium usually played parts marked as what?

answers: Gustav Holst
question: Who wrote The Planets?

context: The Wagner tuba, a modified member of the horn family, appears in Richard Wagner's cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen and several other works by Strauss, Béla Bartók, and others; it has a prominent role in Anton Bruckner's Symphony No. 7 in E Major. Cornets appear in Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake, Claude Debussy's La Mer, and several orchestral works by Hector Berlioz. Unless these instruments are played by members doubling on another instrument (for example, a trombone player changing to euphonium for a certain passage), orchestras will use freelance musicians to augment their regular rosters.
qas: answers: The Wagner tuba
question: What is the name of the modified member of the horn family appearing in several works by Strauss?

answers: Symphony No. 7 in E Major
question: Which symphony of Anton Bruckner's does the Wagner tuba have a prominent role in?

answers: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
question: Who wrote the ballet Swan Lake?

answers: freelance musicians
question: What will orchestras use to augment their regular rosters?

answers: La Mer
question: What Debussy piece features a cornet?

context: Electric instruments such as the electric guitar, the electric bass and the ondes Martenot appear occasionally in the classical music of the 20th and 21st centuries. Both classical and popular musicians have experimented in recent decades with electronic instruments such as the synthesizer, electric and digital techniques such as the use of sampled or computer-generated sounds, and instruments from other cultures such as the gamelan.
qas: answers: Electric
question: What type of instrument appears occasionally in the 20th and 21st century styles of classical music?

answers: popular
question: What type of musicians besides classical have experimented with electronic instruments?

answers: electronic
question: What type of instrument is the gamelan?

context: Many instruments today associated with popular music filled important roles in early classical music, such as bagpipes, vihuelas, hurdy-gurdies, and some woodwind instruments. On the other hand, instruments such as the acoustic guitar, once associated mainly with popular music, gained prominence in classical music in the 19th and 20th centuries.
qas: answers: early classical music,
question: In what did the bagpipe fill an important role?

answers: the acoustic guitar
question: What instrument gained prominence in the 19th and 20th century?

answers: popular
question: Vihuelas and hurdy-gurdies are currently associated with what type of music?

context: While equal temperament became gradually accepted as the dominant musical temperament during the 18th century, different historical temperaments are often used for music from earlier periods. For instance, music of the English Renaissance is often performed in meantone temperament.
qas: answers: equal temperament
question: What type of temperament became accepted during the 18th century?

answers: the 18th century
question: When did equal temperament become accepted as the dominant musical temperament?

answers: meantone temperament
question: What temperament is the English Renaissance performed in?

context: Performers who have studied classical music extensively are said to be "classically trained". This training may be from private lessons from instrument or voice teachers or from completion of a formal program offered by a Conservatory, college or university, such as a B.mus. or M.mus. degree (which includes individual lessons from professors). In classical music, "...extensive formal music education and training, often to postgraduate [Master's degree] level" is required.
qas: answers: studied classical music
question: What have classical trained performers done extensively?

answers: individual lessons from professors
question: What does a B.mus. or M.mus. degree include?

answers: postgraduate
question: To what level is training for classical music often required?

context: Performance of classical music repertoire requires a proficiency in sight-reading and ensemble playing, harmonic principles, strong ear training (to correct and adjust pitches by ear), knowledge of performance practice (e.g., Baroque ornamentation), and a familiarity with the style/musical idiom expected for a given composer or musical work (e.g., a Brahms symphony or a Mozart concerto).
qas: answers: sight-reading
question: Performance of classical music requires proficiency in what type of reading?

answers: harmonic
question: Performance of classical music requires proficiency in what type of principles?

answers: classical music
question: Familiarty with the style expected for any given composer is required for what kind of performance?

context: Some "popular" genre musicians have had significant classical training, such as Billy Joel, Elton John, the Van Halen brothers, Randy Rhoads and Ritchie Blackmore. Moreover, formal training is not unique to the classical genre. Many rock and pop musicians have completed degrees in commercial music programs such as those offered by the Berklee College of Music and many jazz musicians have completed degrees in music from universities with jazz programs, such as the Manhattan School of Music and McGill University.
qas: answers: Van Halen brothers
question: What brothers have had significant classical training?

answers: classical
question: Billy Joel and Elton John have both had what type of training?

answers: commercial
question: Rock and pop musicians may have degrees in what type of music?

context: Historically, major professional orchestras have been mostly or entirely composed of male musicians. Some of the earliest cases of women being hired in professional orchestras was in the position of harpist. The Vienna Philharmonic, for example, did not accept women to permanent membership until 1997, far later than the other orchestras ranked among the world's top five by Gramophone in 2008. The last major orchestra to appoint a woman to a permanent position was the Berlin Philharmonic. As late as February 1996, the Vienna Philharmonic's principal flute, Dieter Flury, told Westdeutscher Rundfunk that accepting women would be "gambling with the emotional unity (emotionelle Geschlossenheit) that this organism currently has". In April 1996, the orchestra's press secretary wrote that "compensating for the expected leaves of absence" of maternity leave would be a problem.
qas: answers: male
question: What gender of musician has historically made up a large amount of professional orchestras?

answers: harpist
question: Women were first hired in professional orchestras for what position?

answers: 1997
question: What year did the Vienna Philharmonic first accept women?

answers: the Berlin Philharmonic
question: Which major orchestra was the last to appoint a woman to a permanent position?

answers: Dieter Flury
question: Who was the principal flute for the Vienna Philharmonic in 1996?

context: In 1997, the Vienna Philharmonic was "facing protests during a [US] tour" by the National Organization for Women and the International Alliance for Women in Music. Finally, "after being held up to increasing ridicule even in socially conservative Austria, members of the orchestra gathered [on 28 February 1997] in an extraordinary meeting on the eve of their departure and agreed to admit a woman, Anna Lelkes, as harpist." As of 2013, the orchestra has six female members; one of them, violinist Albena Danailova became one of the orchestra's concertmasters in 2008, the first woman to hold that position. In 2012, women still made up just 6% of the orchestra's membership. VPO president Clemens Hellsberg said the VPO now uses completely screened blind auditions.
qas: answers: 1997
question: In what year did the Vienna Philharmonic face protests in the US?

answers: Anna Lelkes
question: Who was the first woman admitted to the Vienna Philharmonic?

answers: harp
question: What instrument did Anna Lelkes play?

answers: six
question: How many female members were part of the Vienna Philharmonic in 2013?

answers: Albena Danailova
question: Who was the Vienna Philharmonic's first female concertmaster?

context: In 2013, an article in Mother Jones stated that while "[m]any prestigious orchestras have significant female membership—women outnumber men in the New York Philharmonic's violin section—and several renowned ensembles, including the National Symphony Orchestra, the Detroit Symphony, and the Minnesota Symphony, are led by women violinists", the double bass, brass, and percussion sections of major orchestras "...are still predominantly male." A 2014 BBC article stated that the "...introduction of 'blind' auditions, where a prospective instrumentalist performs behind a screen so that the judging panel can exercise no gender or racial prejudice, has seen the gender balance of traditionally male-dominated symphony orchestras gradually shift."
qas: answers: female
question: The National Symphony Orchestra is led by what gender of violinist?

answers: male
question: The double bass, brass and percussion sections are predominately what gender?

answers: 'blind' auditions
question: What type of audition are expected to eliminator gender or racial prejudice?

answers: violin
question: In what section of the New York Philharmonic do women outnumber men?

context: Works of classical repertoire often exhibit complexity in their use of orchestration, counterpoint, harmony, musical development, rhythm, phrasing, texture, and form. Whereas most popular styles are usually written in song forms, classical music is noted for its development of highly sophisticated musical forms, like the concerto, symphony, sonata, and opera.
qas: answers: complexity
question: Works of classical repertoire exhibit what in their use of orchestration and harmony, and form?

answers: popular styles
question: What is usually written in song forms?

answers: sophisticated
question: The concerto, symphony, sonata and opera are examples of what type of musical forms?

context: Longer works are often divided into self-contained pieces, called movements, often with contrasting characters or moods. For instance, symphonies written during the Classical period are usually divided into four movements: (1) an opening Allegro in sonata form, (2) a slow movement, (3) a minuet or scherzo, and (4) a final Allegro. These movements can then be further broken down into a hierarchy of smaller units: first sections, then periods, and finally phrases.
qas: answers: movements
question: What are self-contained pieces in longer works called?

answers: four
question: How many movements are symphonies written in the Classical period usually divided into?

answers: slow
question: What, typically, is the speed of the second movement in a classical piece?

answers: sections
question: A movement broken up further is called what?

answers: Allegro
question: The final movement of a classical piece is usually called what?

context: The major time divisions of classical music up to 1900 are the early music period, which includes Medieval (500–1400) and Renaissance (1400–1600) eras, and the Common practice period, which includes the Baroque (1600–1750), Classical (1750–1830) and Romantic (1804–1910) eras. Since 1900, classical periods have been reckoned more by calendar century than by particular stylistic movements that have become fragmented and difficult to define. The 20th century calendar period (1901–2000) includes most of the early modern musical era (1890–1930), the entire high modern (mid 20th-century), and the first 25 years of the contemporary or postmodern musical era (1975–current). The 21st century has so far been characterized by a continuation of the contemporary/postmodern musical era.
qas: answers: Medieval
question: What period was from 500-1400?

answers: 1600–1750
question: What years dictate the Baroque period?

answers: by calendar century
question: How have periods been reckoned Since 1900?

answers: the contemporary/postmodern musical era
question: What era has the 21st century has been characterized by?

answers: Romantic
question: The years 1804-1910 marked what era?

context: The dates are generalizations, since the periods and eras overlap and the categories are somewhat arbitrary, to the point that some authorities reverse terminologies and refer to a common practice "era" comprising baroque, classical, and romantic "periods". For example, the use of counterpoint and fugue, which is considered characteristic of the Baroque era (or period), was continued by Haydn, who is classified as typical of the Classical era. Beethoven, who is often described as a founder of the Romantic era, and Brahms, who is classified as Romantic, also used counterpoint and fugue, but other characteristics of their music define their era.
qas: answers: Haydn
question: What composer continued the counterpoint and fugue?

answers: Classical
question: Haydn is classified as typical of what era?

answers: Beethoven
question: Who is described as a founder of the Romantic era?

answers: Brahms
question: Who is classified as Romantic, but also uses counterpoint and fugue?

answers: era
question: Some authorities reverse terminologies to refer to the common practice period as a what?

context: The prefix neo is used to describe a 20th-century or contemporary composition written in the style of an earlier era, such as Classical or Romantic. Stravinsky's Pulcinella, for example, is a neoclassical composition because it is stylistically similar to works of the Classical era.
qas: answers: neo
question: A Contemporary composition written in the style of an earlier era is described with what prefix?

answers: 20th-century
question: What century were Neoclassical compositions written in?

answers: Stravinsky's
question: Who wrote Pulcinella?

answers: Classical
question: What era is Pulcinella similar to?

context: Burgh (2006), suggests that the roots of Western classical music ultimately lie in ancient Egyptian art music via cheironomy and the ancient Egyptian orchestra, which dates to 2695 BC. This was followed by early Christian liturgical music, which itself dates back to the Ancient Greeks[citation needed]. The development of individual tones and scales was made by ancient Greeks such as Aristoxenus and Pythagoras. Pythagoras created a tuning system and helped to codify musical notation. Ancient Greek instruments such as the aulos (a reed instrument) and the lyre (a stringed instrument similar to a small harp) eventually led to the modern-day instruments of a classical orchestra. The antecedent to the early period was the era of ancient music before the fall of the Roman Empire (476 AD). Very little music survives from this time, most of it from ancient Greece.
qas: answers: 2695 BC
question: When does the Egyptian orchestra date to?

answers: Burgh
question: Who suggested that Western classical music is rooted to ancient Egyptian art music?

answers: early Christian liturgical music,
question: What music followed ancient Egyptian art music?

answers: ancient Greeks
question: Which ancient society developed individual tones and scales?

answers: Pythagoras
question: Who helped codify musical notation?

context: The Medieval period includes music from after the fall of Rome to about 1400. Monophonic chant, also called plainsong or Gregorian chant, was the dominant form until about 1100. Polyphonic (multi-voiced) music developed from monophonic chant throughout the late Middle Ages and into the Renaissance, including the more complex voicings of motets.
qas: answers: Rome
question: The Medieval period begins with the fall of what city?

answers: Monophonic chant
question: What can Plainsong or Gregorian chant also be called?

answers: multi-voiced
question: What does Polyphonic mean? 

answers: 1100
question: When did Monophonic chant stop being the dominant form?

answers: motets
question: Polyphonic music included more complex voicing of what?

context: The Renaissance era was from 1400 to 1600. It was characterized by greater use of instrumentation, multiple interweaving melodic lines, and the use of the first bass instruments. Social dancing became more widespread, so musical forms appropriate to accompanying dance began to standardize.
qas: answers: from 1400 to 1600
question: When was the Renaissance era?

answers: Renaissance
question: What era was from 1400 to 1600? 

answers: Renaissance
question: The use of the first ass instruments occurred in what era?

answers: Social dancing
question: What became widespread in the Renaissance era?

answers: Renaissance
question: Musical forms for dance began to standardize during what era?

context: It is in this time that the notation of music on a staff and other elements of musical notation began to take shape. This invention made possible the separation of the composition of a piece of music from its transmission; without written music, transmission was oral, and subject to change every time it was transmitted. With a musical score, a work of music could be performed without the composer's presence. The invention of the movable-type printing press in the 15th century had far-reaching consequences on the preservation and transmission of music.
qas: answers: staff
question: The notation of music on a what began to take shape at this time?

answers: oral
question: How was music transmitted before the invention of musical notation?

answers: change
question: What was oral music subject to every time is was transmitted?

answers: the composer's presence
question: What can a musical scored be performed without?

answers: the 15th century
question: When was the movable-type printing press invented?

context: Typical stringed instruments of the early period include the harp, lute, vielle, and psaltery, while wind instruments included the flute family (including recorder), shawm (an early member of the oboe family), trumpet, and the bagpipes. Simple pipe organs existed, but were largely confined to churches, although there were portable varieties. Later in the period, early versions of keyboard instruments like the clavichord and harpsichord began to appear. Stringed instruments such as the viol had emerged by the 16th century, as had a wider variety of brass and reed instruments. Printing enabled the standardization of descriptions and specifications of instruments, as well as instruction in their use.
qas: answers: the flute family
question: The record is part of what wind family?

answers: the oboe
question: The sahwm was an early family member of what instrument?

answers: churches
question: Where were the first pipe organs confined to?

answers: the 16th century
question: When had the viol emerged by?

answers: Printing
question: What enabled descriptions and specification of instruments?

context: The common practice period is when many of the ideas that make up western classical music took shape, standardized, or were codified. It began with the Baroque era, running from roughly 1600 to the middle of the 18th century. The Classical era followed, ending roughly around 1820. The Romantic era ran through the 19th century, ending about 1910.
qas: answers: The common practice period
question: When did many of the ideas that make up western classical music take shape?

answers: The common practice period
question: What began with the Baroque era?

answers: Baroque era
question: What era did the classical era follow?

answers: around 1820
question: When did the classical era end?

answers: about 1910
question: When did the romantic era end?

context: Baroque music is characterized by the use of complex tonal counterpoint and the use of a basso continuo, a continuous bass line. Music became more complex in comparison with the songs of earlier periods. The beginnings of the sonata form took shape in the canzona, as did a more formalized notion of theme and variations. The tonalities of major and minor as means for managing dissonance and chromaticism in music took full shape.
qas: answers: Baroque
question: Basso continuo and complex tonal counterpoint characterize what type of music? 

answers: a continuous bass line
question: What does basso continuo mean? 

answers: more complex
question: What did music become during the Baroque era  in comparison with earlier periods?

answers: the sonata form
question: What form began to take shape during the Baroque era? 

answers: tonalities
question: Major and minor what are means for managing dissonance and chromaticism?

context: During the Baroque era, keyboard music played on the harpsichord and pipe organ became increasingly popular, and the violin family of stringed instruments took the form generally seen today. Opera as a staged musical drama began to differentiate itself from earlier musical and dramatic forms, and vocal forms like the cantata and oratorio became more common. Vocalists began adding embellishments to melodies. Instrumental ensembles began to distinguish and standardize by size, giving rise to the early orchestra for larger ensembles, with chamber music being written for smaller groups of instruments where parts are played by individual (instead of massed) instruments. The concerto as a vehicle for solo performance accompanied by an orchestra became widespread, although the relationship between soloist and orchestra was relatively simple.
qas: answers: Baroque
question: Keyboard music became popular during what era?

answers: stringed
question: The violin family is what type of instrument?

answers: staged musical drama
question: Opera began to differentiate itself from earlier forms as what?

answers: vocal forms
question: What became more common during the Baroque era?

answers: embellishments
question: What did vocalist add to melodies beginning in the Baroque era?

context: The theories surrounding equal temperament began to be put in wider practice, especially as it enabled a wider range of chromatic possibilities in hard-to-tune keyboard instruments. Although Bach did not use equal temperament, as a modern piano is generally tuned, changes in the temperaments from the meantone system, common at the time, to various temperaments that made modulation between all keys musically acceptable, made possible Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier.
qas: answers: equal temperament
question: What theories began to be put in wider practice?

answers: a wider range of chromatic possibilities
question: What does equal temperament enabled in hard to tune keyboard instruments?

answers: equal temperament
question: What did Bach not use?

answers: tuned
question: A modern piano is generally what?

answers: meantone
question: What system of temperaments was common during Bach's time?

context: The Classical era, from about 1750 to 1820, established many of the norms of composition, presentation, and style, and was also when the piano became the predominant keyboard instrument. The basic forces required for an orchestra became somewhat standardized (although they would grow as the potential of a wider array of instruments was developed in the following centuries). Chamber music grew to include ensembles with as many as 8 to 10 performers for serenades. Opera continued to develop, with regional styles in Italy, France, and German-speaking lands. The opera buffa, a form of comic opera, rose in popularity. The symphony came into its own as a musical form, and the concerto was developed as a vehicle for displays of virtuoso playing skill. Orchestras no longer required a harpsichord (which had been part of the traditional continuo in the Baroque style), and were often led by the lead violinist (now called the concertmaster).
qas: answers: 1750 to 1820
question: When was the Classical era?

answers: the piano
question: What instrument became the predominant keyboard during the classical era?

answers: The basic forces required for an orchestra
question: What became more standardized during the classical era?

answers: 10
question: How many muscians, at most, could make up a chamber ensemble during the classical period?

answers: a form of comic opera
question: What is an opera buffa?

context: Wind instruments became more refined in the Classical era. While double reeded instruments like the oboe and bassoon became somewhat standardized in the Baroque, the clarinet family of single reeds was not widely used until Mozart expanded its role in orchestral, chamber, and concerto settings.
qas: answers: Wind
question: What type of instrument became more refined during the classical era?

answers: the clarinet family
question: What is the single reed family called?

answers: double reeded
question: What type of instrument was somewhat standardized int eh Baroque era?

answers: Mozart
question: Who expanded the single reeds role?

context: The music of the Romantic era, from roughly the first decade of the 19th century to the early 20th century, was characterized by increased attention to an extended melodic line, as well as expressive and emotional elements, paralleling romanticism in other art forms. Musical forms began to break from the Classical era forms (even as those were being codified), with free-form pieces like nocturnes, fantasias, and preludes being written where accepted ideas about the exposition and development of themes were ignored or minimized. The music became more chromatic, dissonant, and tonally colorful, with tensions (with respect to accepted norms of the older forms) about key signatures increasing. The art song (or Lied) came to maturity in this era, as did the epic scales of grand opera, ultimately transcended by Richard Wagner's Ring cycle.
qas: answers: Romantic
question: Increased attention to extended melodic lines characterized what era?

answers: the early 20th century
question: When did the Romantic era end?

answers: Classical
question: Free-form pieces like nocturnes and preludes were a break from what era?

answers: key signatures
question: Tensions about what increased during the Romantic era?

answers: Lied
question: What is a name for an art song?

context: In the 19th century, musical institutions emerged from the control of wealthy patrons, as composers and musicians could construct lives independent of the nobility. Increasing interest in music by the growing middle classes throughout western Europe spurred the creation of organizations for the teaching, performance, and preservation of music. The piano, which achieved its modern construction in this era (in part due to industrial advances in metallurgy) became widely popular with the middle class, whose demands for the instrument spurred a large number of piano builders. Many symphony orchestras date their founding to this era. Some musicians and composers were the stars of the day; some, like Franz Liszt and Niccolò Paganini, fulfilled both roles.
qas: answers: wealthy patrons
question: Who controlled musical institutions before the 19th century?

answers: the nobility
question: Composers and musicians began to construct lives independent of what in the 19th century?

answers: middle classes
question: What class increased it's interest in music during the 19th century?

answers: The piano
question: What instrument became widely popular in the middle class in the 19th century?

answers: symphony orchestras
question: The 19th century marks the foundation of many what?

context: The family of instruments used, especially in orchestras, grew. A wider array of percussion instruments began to appear. Brass instruments took on larger roles, as the introduction of rotary valves made it possible for them to play a wider range of notes. The size of the orchestra (typically around 40 in the Classical era) grew to be over 100. Gustav Mahler's 1906 Symphony No. 8, for example, has been performed with over 150 instrumentalists and choirs of over 400.
qas: answers: 100
question: To what number did the size of the orchestra grow to?

answers: over 400
question: What size of choirs have performed Gustav Mahler's 1906 Symphony No. 8?

answers: over 150
question: What size orchestras have performed Gustav Mahler's 1906 Symphony No. 8?

answers: rotary valves
question: What allowed Brass instruments to play a wider range of notes?

answers: percussion
question: What array of instrument grew wider?

context: European cultural ideas and institutions began to follow colonial expansion into other parts of the world. There was also a rise, especially toward the end of the era, of nationalism in music (echoing, in some cases, political sentiments of the time), as composers such as Edvard Grieg, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, and Antonín Dvořák echoed traditional music of their homelands in their compositions.
qas: answers: colonial expansion
question: What did European cultural ideas follow?

answers: nationalism
question: What type of music rose toward the end of the era?

answers: political sentiments of the time
question: What did nationalism in music sometime echo?

answers: traditional music of their homelands
question: Edvard Grieg and Antonin Dvorak used what kind of music in their compositions?

context: Encompassing a wide variety of post-Romantic styles composed through the year 2000, 20th century classical music includes late romantic, modern, high-modern, and postmodern styles of composition. Modernism (1890–1930) marked an era when many composers rejected certain values of the common practice period, such as traditional tonality, melody, instrumentation, and structure. The high-modern era saw the emergence of neo-classical and serial music. A few authorities have claimed high-modernism as the beginning of postmodern music from about 1930. Others have more or less equated postmodern music with the "contemporary music" composed from the late 20th century through to the early 21st century.
qas: answers: post-Romantic
question: What style does 20th century classical music encompass?

answers: 1890–1930
question: When did modernism take place?

answers: Modernism
question: Composers rejected the traditions of the common practice period during what era?

answers: high-modern era
question: Neo-classical music emerged during what era?

answers: contemporary music
question: Postmodern music is also know as what?

context: Almost all of the composers who are described in music textbooks on classical music and whose works are widely performed as part of the standard concert repertoire are male composers, even though there has been a large number of women composers throughout the classical music period. Musicologist Marcia Citron has asked "[w]hy is music composed by women so marginal to the standard 'classical' repertoire?" Citron "examines the practices and attitudes that have led to the exclusion of women composers from the received 'canon' of performed musical works." She argues that in the 1800s, women composers typically wrote art songs for performance in small recitals rather than symphonies intended for performance with an orchestra in a large hall, with the latter works being seen as the most important genre for composers; since women composers did not write many symphonies, they were deemed to be not notable as composers. In the "...Concise Oxford History of Music, Clara Shumann  [sic] is one of the only  [sic] female composers mentioned." Abbey Philips states that "[d]uring the 20th century the women who were composing/playing gained far less attention than their male counterparts."
qas: answers: male
question: What gender are most composers described in music textbooks?

answers: Musicologist Marcia Citron
question: Who asked why is music composed by women so marginal to the standard 'classical' repertoire?

answers: did not write many symphonies
question: Why were women composers deemed not notable?

answers: Clara Shumann
question: Who is one of the only female composers mentioned?

answers: art songs
question: What type of music did women composers typically write?

context: The modernist views hold that classical music is considered primarily a written musical tradition, preserved in music notation, as opposed to being transmitted orally, by rote, or by recordings of particular performances.[citation needed] While there are differences between particular performances of a classical work, a piece of classical music is generally held to transcend any interpretation of it. The use of musical notation is an effective method for transmitting classical music, since the written music contains the technical instructions for performing the work.
qas: answers: modernist
question: What type of view is that classical music is primarily written musical tradition?

answers: transmitting classical music
question: Musical notation is effective for what?

answers: contains the technical instructions for performing the work
question: Why is written musical notation effective? 

context: In 1996–1997, a research study was conducted on a large population of middle age students in the Cherry Creek School District in Denver, Colorado, USA. The study showed that students who actively listen to classical music before studying had higher academic scores. The research further indicated that students who listened to the music prior to an examination also had positively elevated achievement scores. Students who listened to rock-and-roll or country had moderately lower scores. The study further indicated that students who used classical during the course of study had a significant leap in their academic performance; whereas, those who listened to other types of music had significantly lowered academic scores. The research was conducted over several schools within the Cherry Creek School District and was conducted through University of Colorado. This study is reflective of several recent studies (i.e. Mike Manthei and Steve N. Kelly of the University of Nebraska at Omaha; Donald A. Hodges and Debra S. O'Connell of the University of North Carolina at Greensboro; etc.) and others who had significant results through the discourse of their work.
qas: answers: higher
question: Did student who actively listen to classical music before studying have higher or lower scores?

answers: moderately lower
question: What happened to the scores of students who listened to rock and roll or country?

answers: students who used classical during the course of study
question: Who experience a significant leap in their academic performance?

answers: University of Colorado
question: Who conducted the research study?

answers: 1996–1997
question: What years was the study conducted in?

context: During the 1990s, several research papers and popular books wrote on what came to be called the "Mozart effect": an observed temporary, small elevation of scores on certain tests as a result of listening to Mozart's works. The approach has been popularized in a book by Don Campbell, and is based on an experiment published in Nature suggesting that listening to Mozart temporarily boosted students' IQ by 8 to 9 points. This popularized version of the theory was expressed succinctly by the New York Times music columnist Alex Ross: "researchers... have determined that listening to Mozart actually makes you smarter." Promoters marketed CDs claimed to induce the effect. Florida passed a law requiring toddlers in state-run schools to listen to classical music every day, and in 1998 the governor of Georgia budgeted $105,000 per year to provide every child born in Georgia with a tape or CD of classical music. One of the co-authors of the original studies of the Mozart effect commented "I don't think it can hurt. I'm all for exposing children to wonderful cultural experiences. But I do think the money could be better spent on music education programs."
qas: answers: Mozart
question: Which composer had an effect named after him?

answers: Don Campbell
question: Who wrote a book on the Mozart effect?

answers: Nature
question: Where was the experiment originally published?

answers: 8 to 9 points
question: How many IQ points of a students' does the Mozart effect temporarily boost?

answers: $105,000
question: How much did the Governor of Georgia budget per year to provide every child with a CD of classical music?

context: Shawn Vancour argues that the commercialization of classical music in the early 20th century served to harm the music industry through inadequate representation.
qas: answers: the commercialization of classical music
question: What harmed the music industry in the 20th century according to Shawn Vancour?

answers: Shawn Vancour
question: Who argued that the commercialization of classical music was harmful to the music industry?

answers: inadequate representation.
question: Why was the commercialization of classical music harmful to the music industry according the Shawn Vancour? 

context: Several works from the Golden Age of Animation matched the action to classical music. Notable examples are Walt Disney's Fantasia, Tom and Jerry's Johann Mouse, and Warner Bros.' Rabbit of Seville and What's Opera, Doc?.
qas: answers: classical music
question: Works from the Golden Age of music matches action to what?

answers: Walt Disney
question: Who produced Fantasia?

answers: Tom and Jerry
question: Who starred in Johann Mouse?

answers: Warner Bros
question: Who produced Rabbit of Seville?

answers: Warner Bros
question: Who produced What's Opera, Doc?

context: Similarly, movies and television often revert to standard, clichéd snatches of classical music to convey refinement or opulence: some of the most-often heard pieces in this category include Bach´s Cello Suite No. 1, Mozart's Eine kleine Nachtmusik, Vivaldi's Four Seasons, Mussorgsky's Night on Bald Mountain (as orchestrated by Rimsky-Korsakov), and Rossini's William Tell Overture.
qas: answers: refinement or opulence
question: What does classical music convey in movies and television?

answers: Four Seasons
question: What piece by Vivaldi is used as a cliche to convey opulence?

answers: Eine kleine Nachtmusik
question: What piece by Mozart is used as a cliche to convey refinement?

answers: Rossini
question: Who wrote William Tell Overture?

answers: Mussorgsky
question: Who wrote Night on Bald Mountain?

context: The written score, however, does not usually contain explicit instructions as to how to interpret the piece in terms of production or performance, apart from directions for dynamics, tempo and expression (to a certain extent). This is left to the discretion of the performers, who are guided by their personal experience and musical education, their knowledge of the work's idiom, their personal artistic tastes, and the accumulated body of historic performance practices.
qas: answers: instructions
question: What does the written score not usually contain explicitly? 

answers: performers
question: Interpretations of written score is left to whom?

answers: the work's idiom
question: Performers can use their knowledge of what to help interpret a written score?

context: Some critics express the opinion that it is only from the mid-19th century, and especially in the 20th century, that the score began to hold such a high significance. Previously, improvisation (in preludes, cadenzas and ornaments), rhythmic flexibility (e.g., tempo rubato), improvisatory deviation from the score and oral tradition of playing was integral to the style. Yet in the 20th century, this oral tradition and passing on of stylistic features within classical music disappeared. Instead, musicians tend to use just the score to play music. Yet, even with the score providing the key elements of the music, there is considerable controversy about how to perform the works. Some of this controversy relates to the fact that this score-centric approach has led to performances that emphasize metrically strict block-rhythms (just as the music is notated in the score).
qas: answers: the score
question: Improvisation is integral before what took a high significance?

answers: the 20th century
question: When did oral tradition disappear?

answers: key elements of the music
question: There is still controversy about how to perform works, even though scores provide what?

answers: block-rhythms
question: A score-centric approach strictly emphasizes what?

context: Improvisation once played an important role in classical music. A remnant of this improvisatory tradition in classical music can be heard in the cadenza, a passage found mostly in concertos and solo works, designed to allow skilled performers to exhibit their virtuoso skills on the instrument. Traditionally this was improvised by the performer; however, it is often written for (or occasionally by) the performer beforehand. Improvisation is also an important aspect in authentic performances of operas of Baroque era and of bel canto (especially operas of Vincenzo Bellini), and is best exemplified by the da capo aria, a form by which famous singers typically perform variations of the thematic matter of the aria in the recapitulation section ('B section' / the 'da capo' part). An example is Beverly Sills' complex, albeit pre-written, variation of Da tempeste il legno infranto from Händel's Giulio Cesare.
qas: answers: Improvisation
question: What once played an important role in classical music?

answers: cadenza
question: Where can a remnant of improvisation tradition be found?

answers: their virtuoso skills on the instrument
question: What can solo performers exhibit during a cadenza?

answers: authentic performances
question: What type of performances of Baroque ear Operas require improvisation?

answers: Da tempeste il legno infranto
question: An example of improvisation in an opera is Beverly Sills variation of what movement of Handel's Giulio Cesare?

context: Certain staples of classical music are often used commercially (either in advertising or in movie soundtracks). In television commercials, several passages have become clichéd, particularly the opening of Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra (made famous in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey) and the opening section "O Fortuna" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana, often used in the horror genre; other examples include the Dies Irae from the Verdi Requiem, Edvard Grieg's In the Hall of the Mountain King from Peer Gynt, the opening bars of Beethoven's Symphony No. 5, Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries from Die Walküre, Rimsky-Korsakov's Flight of the Bumblebee, and excerpts of Aaron Copland's Rodeo.
qas: answers: commercially
question: How are staples of classical music often used?

answers: clichéd
question: TV commercials using Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra have now become what?

answers: "O Fortuna" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana
question: What piece is often used in the horror genre?

answers: Wagner
question: Who wrote Ride of the Valkyries?

answers: Edvard Grieg
question: Who wrote in the Hall of the Mountain King?

context: Composers of classical music have often made use of folk music (music created by musicians who are commonly not classically trained, often from a purely oral tradition). Some composers, like Dvořák and Smetana, have used folk themes to impart a nationalist flavor to their work, while others like Bartók have used specific themes lifted whole from their folk-music origins.
qas: answers: classically trained
question: Folk musicians are not commonly what?

answers: folk music
question: What music comes from those commonly trained by oral tradition?

answers: folk
question: Dovrak has used what type of themes to impart a nationalist flavor?

answers: Bartók
question: Who used specific themes lifted from folk-music?

context: Its written transmission, along with the veneration bestowed on certain classical works, has led to the expectation that performers will play a work in a way that realizes in detail the original intentions of the composer. During the 19th century the details that composers put in their scores generally increased. Yet the opposite trend—admiration of performers for new "interpretations" of the composer's work—can be seen, and it is not unknown for a composer to praise a performer for achieving a better realization of the original intent than the composer was able to imagine. Thus, classical performers often achieve high reputations for their musicianship, even if they do not compose themselves. Generally however, it is the composers who are remembered more than the performers.
qas: answers: in a way that realizes in detail the original intentions of the composer
question: How are performers expected to play a work due to written transmission?

answers: the 19th century
question: When did details that composers put in their scores increase?

answers: a better realization of the original intent than the composer
question: Admiration of performers for new interpretations can be seen when composers feel the performer achieve what?

answers: high reputations for their musicianship
question: What do classical performers often achieve?

context: The primacy of the composer's written score has also led, today, to a relatively minor role played by improvisation in classical music, in sharp contrast to the practice of musicians who lived during the baroque, classical and romantic era. Improvisation in classical music performance was common during both the Baroque and early romantic eras, yet lessened strongly during the second half of the 19th and in the 20th centuries. During the classical era, Mozart and Beethoven often improvised the cadenzas to their piano concertos (and thereby encouraged others to do so), but they also provided written cadenzas for use by other soloists. In opera, the practice of singing strictly by the score, i.e. come scritto, was famously propagated by soprano Maria Callas, who called this practice 'straitjacketing' and implied that it allows the intention of the composer to be understood better, especially during studying the music for the first time.
qas: answers: the Baroque and early romantic eras
question: When was improvisation in classical music performance common?

answers: the second half of the 19th and in the 20th centuries
question: When did improvisation begin to lessened strongly?

answers: the cadenzas to their piano concertos
question: What part did Mozart and Beethoven often improvise?

answers: come scritto
question: What is the name for the practice of singing strictly by the score in opera?

answers: soprano Maria Callas
question: Who strongly supposed ome scritto?

context: Classical music has often incorporated elements or material from popular music of the composer's time. Examples include occasional music such as Brahms' use of student drinking songs in his Academic Festival Overture, genres exemplified by Kurt Weill's The Threepenny Opera, and the influence of jazz on early- and mid-20th-century composers including Maurice Ravel, exemplified by the movement entitled "Blues" in his sonata for violin and piano. Certain postmodern, minimalist and postminimalist classical composers acknowledge a debt to popular music.
qas: answers: Classical music
question: Popular music from the composer's time was incorporation into what?

answers: student drinking songs
question: What did Brahms sometimes use in his Academic Festival Overture?

answers: jazz
question: What type of music was Maurice Ravel influenced by?

answers: Kurt Weill
question: Who wrote The Threepenny Opera?

answers: popular
question: What type of music do certain composers acknowledge a debt to?

context: Numerous examples show influence in the opposite direction, including popular songs based on classical music, the use to which Pachelbel's Canon has been put since the 1970s, and the musical crossover phenomenon, where classical musicians have achieved success in the popular music arena. In heavy metal, a number of lead guitarists (playing electric guitar) modeled their playing styles on Baroque or Classical era instrumental music, including Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads.
qas: answers: the 1970s
question: Pachelbel's Canon has influenced popular songs since what decade?

answers: the musical crossover phenomenon
question: What phenomenon sees classical musicians achieving success in popular music?

answers: heavy metal
question: Baroque or Classical era influence can be seen in what modern musical style?

answers: electric guitar
question: Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads play what instrument?