Sanskrit

context: Sanskrit (/ˈsænskrɪt/; Sanskrit: saṃskṛtam [səmskr̩t̪əm] or saṃskṛta, originally saṃskṛtā vāk, "refined speech") is the primary sacred language of Hinduism, a philosophical language in Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism and Jainism, and a literary language that was in use as a lingua franca in Greater India. It is a standardised dialect of Old Indo-Aryan, originating as Vedic Sanskrit and tracing its linguistic ancestry back to Proto-Indo-Iranian and Proto-Indo-European. Today it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand. As one of the oldest Indo-European languages for which substantial written documentation exists, Sanskrit holds a prominent position in Indo-European studies.
qas: answers: Hinduism
question: Sanskrit is the primary sacred language of which religion?

answers: 22
question: How many scheduled languages are there in present-day India?

answers: Uttarakhand
question: Which Indian state has Sanskrit as its official language?

answers: Sikhism
question: Sanskrit is used as a pkilsosophical language in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and which other religion?

answers: Old Indo-Aryan
question: Sanskrit is a standardized dialect of which language?

answers: Sanskrit
question: What language is the sacred language of Hinduism?

answers: lingua franca
question: Besides its uses as language of religions, for what other application can Sanskrit be used?

answers: India
question: Where is Sanskrit usually found?

answers: Old Indo-Aryan
question: From what is Sanskrit an adaption?

answers: Vedic Sanskrit
question: From what language did Sanskrit originate?

context: Over 90 weeklies, fortnightlies and quarterlies are published in Sanskrit. Sudharma, a daily newspaper in Sanskrit, has been published out of Mysore, India, since 1970, while Sanskrit Vartman Patram and Vishwasya Vrittantam started in Gujarat during the last five years. Since 1974, there has been a short daily news broadcast on state-run All India Radio. These broadcasts are also made available on the internet on AIR's website. Sanskrit news is broadcast on TV and on the internet through the DD National channel at 6:55 AM IST.
qas: answers: 1970
question: In what year was the daily newspaper Sudharma first published?

answers: Gujarat
question: Where are Sanskrit Vartman Patram and Vishwasya Vrittantam published?

answers: 1974
question: In what year did daily news broadcasts in Sankrit begin on state-run All India Radio?

answers: Over 90
question: Approximately how many weeklies, fortnightlies and quarterlies published in Sanskrit?

answers: 6:55 AM IST
question: What is the broadcast time for Sanskrit news on the DD National channel?

answers: daily newspaper
question: What is the publication, Sudharma?

answers: Mysore, India
question: Where is the newspaper Sudharma published?

answers: Sanskrit
question: What language are many periodicals published in in India?

answers: 1974
question: Since what year has there been a daily broadcast on All India Radio?

answers: AIR's website
question: Where can the Sanskrit broadcasts be found online?

context: Sanskrit linguist Madhav Deshpande says that when the term "Sanskrit" arose it was not thought of as a specific language set apart from other languages, but rather as a particularly refined or perfected manner of speaking. Knowledge of Sanskrit was a marker of social class and educational attainment in ancient India, and the language was taught mainly to members of the higher castes through the close analysis of Vyākaraṇins such as Pāṇini and Patanjali, who exhorted proper Sanskrit at all times, especially during ritual. Sanskrit, as the learned language of Ancient India, thus existed alongside the vernacular Prakrits, which were Middle Indo-Aryan languages. However, linguistic change led to an eventual loss of mutual intelligibility.
qas: answers: Prakrits
question: In Ancient India, which vernacular languages existed alongside Sanskrit?

answers: Pāṇini and Patanjali
question: The works of which two scholars were used to teach Sanskrit to the higher castes of India?

answers: social class and educational attainment
question: The use of Sanskrit was considered to be a marker of what in Ancient India?

answers: Middle Indo-Aryan
question: What type of language were Prakrits?

answers: Madhav Deshpande
question: Which Sanskrit linguist describes Sanskrit as a "particularly refined or perfected manner of speaking?"

answers: perfected manner
question: What style of speech did linguist Madhav Deshpande say Sanskrit started out as?

answers: social class
question: Of what was Sanskrit once thought to be a divider?

answers: ritual
question: How was Sanskrit originally used?

answers: Ancient India
question: Where was Sanskrit a learned language of the high classes?

answers: vernacular Prakrits
question: With what did Sanskrit exist beside?

context: Brahmi evolved into a multiplicity of Brahmic scripts, many of which were used to write Sanskrit. Roughly contemporary with the Brahmi, Kharosthi was used in the northwest of the subcontinent. Sometime between the fourth and eighth centuries, the Gupta script, derived from Brahmi, became prevalent. Around the eighth century, the Śāradā script evolved out of the Gupta script. The latter was displaced in its turn by Devanagari in the 11th or 12th century, with intermediary stages such as the Siddhaṃ script. In East India, the Bengali alphabet, and, later, the Odia alphabet, were used.
qas: answers: between the fourth and eighth centuries
question: Around what time did the Gupta script become prevalent for writing Sanskrit?

answers: Kharosthi
question: What types of script was used to write Sanskrit in the northwest part of Indai?

answers: Śāradā
question: Which script evolved from the Gupta script in the 8th century?

answers: 11th or 12th century
question: In what time period did the Devangari script become prevalent?

answers: Devanagari
question: Which script replaced the Gupta script?

answers: Brahmic scripts
question: What were used to write Sanskrit?

answers: Gupta
question: Between the forth and eighth century, what script evolved?

answers: Kharosthi
question: What script was used in the northwest of India?

answers: Brahmi
question: From what was Gupta derived?

answers: Śāradā
question: What script evolved from the Gupta script?

context: Many Sanskrit loanwords are also found in Austronesian languages, such as Javanese, particularly the older form in which nearly half the vocabulary is borrowed. Other Austronesian languages, such as traditional Malay and modern Indonesian, also derive much of their vocabulary from Sanskrit, albeit to a lesser extent, with a larger proportion derived from Arabic. Similarly, Philippine languages such as Tagalog have some Sanskrit loanwords, although more are derived from Spanish. A Sanskrit loanword encountered in many Southeast Asian languages is the word bhāṣā, or spoken language, which is used to refer to the names of many languages.
qas: answers: Philippine
question: Tagalog is what kind of language?

answers: Spanish
question: From what language is a large proportion of Tagalog derived?

answers: bhāṣā
question: What is an example of a Sanskrit loanword used in Southeast Asian languages?

answers: spoken language
question: What is the meaning of the Sanskrit loanword "bhāṣā?"

answers: Malay
question: What is an example of a traditional language that derives much of its vocabulary from Sanskrit?

answers: Austronesian languages
question: Where were many Sanskrit words found?

answers: Javanese
question: In what older from of which language were more than half the words borrowed from Sanskrit?

answers: bhāṣā
question: What Sanskrit borrowed word is found in many Asian languages?

answers: spoken language
question: What is the meaning of bhasa?

answers: Sanskrit
question: Where does traditional Malay get many of its loanwords?

context: For nearly 2000 years, Sanskrit was the language of a cultural order that exerted influence across South Asia, Inner Asia, Southeast Asia, and to a certain extent East Asia. A significant form of post-Vedic Sanskrit is found in the Sanskrit of Indian epic poetry—the Ramayana and Mahabharata. The deviations from Pāṇini in the epics are generally considered to be on account of interference from Prakrits, or innovations, and not because they are pre-Paninian. Traditional Sanskrit scholars call such deviations ārṣa (आर्ष), meaning 'of the ṛṣis', the traditional title for the ancient authors. In some contexts, there are also more "prakritisms" (borrowings from common speech) than in Classical Sanskrit proper. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit is a literary language heavily influenced by the Middle Indo-Aryan languages, based on early Buddhist Prakrit texts which subsequently assimilated to the Classical Sanskrit standard in varying degrees.
qas: answers: the Ramayana and Mahabharata
question: What are two examples of epic poetry written in Sanskrit?

answers: borrowings from common speech
question: What are prakritisms?

answers: Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
question: Which Sanskrit literary language has been influenced by the Middle Indo-Aryan languages?

answers: 2000 years
question: How long was Sanskrit a language of culture?

answers: Ramayana and Mahabharata
question: What epic poems are written in post-Vedic Sanskrit?

answers: Indian epic poetry
question: Where is a post-Vedic form of Sanskrit found?

answers: Prakrits
question: Of what are deviations in the epics thought to be the influence?

answers: prakritisms
question: What is found to a lesser extent in Classical Sanskrit?

context: From the Rigveda until the time of Pāṇini (fourth century BCE) the development of the early Vedic language can be observed in other Vedic texts: the Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda, Brahmanas, and Upanishads. During this time, the prestige of the language, its use for sacred purposes, and the importance attached to its correct enunciation all served as powerful conservative forces resisting the normal processes of linguistic change. However, there is a clear, five-level linguistic development of Vedic from the Rigveda to the language of the Upanishads and the earliest sutras such as the Baudhayana sutras.
qas: answers: fourth century BCE
question: When was the time of Panini?

answers: Vedic texts
question: What type of text is the Samaveda?

answers: sacred purposes
question: What was Sanskrit used for?

answers: conservative
question: How was Sanskrit viewed to be in relation to maintaining class?

answers: change
question: To what did the use of Sanskrit as a upper class language produce a resistance ?

context: Sheldon Pollock argues that "most observers would agree that, in some crucial way, Sanskrit is dead".:393 Pollock has further argued that, while Sanskrit continued to be used in literary cultures in India, it was never adapted to express the changing forms of subjectivity and sociality as embodied and conceptualised in the modern age.:416 Instead, it was reduced to "reinscription and restatements" of ideas already explored, and any creativity was restricted to hymns and verses.:398 A notable exception are the military references of Nīlakaṇṭha Caturdhara's 17th-century commentary on the Mahābhārata.
qas: answers: Sheldon Pollock
question: Who has said the Sanskrit is dead?

answers: literary cultures
question: According to Pollock, how is Sanskrit solely used?

answers: the modern age
question: What is Sanskrit not  able to express?

answers: restatements
question: How is Sanskrit limited in it function towards ideas?

answers: hymns
question: To what is Sanskrit restricted?

context: The CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education) of India, along with several other state education boards, has made Sanskrit an alternative option to the state's own official language as a second or third language choice in the schools it governs. In such schools, learning Sanskrit is an option for grades 5 to 8 (Classes V to VIII). This is true of most schools affiliated with the ICSE board, especially in those states where the official language is Hindi. Sanskrit is also taught in traditional gurukulas throughout India.
qas: answers: alternative option
question: To what has the Central Board of Education of India relegated Sanskrit? 

answers: second or third
question: Where has the Education Board ranked Sanskrit as a language option?

answers: 5 to 8
question: What grades in Indian schools have an option for Sanskrit study?

answers: Hindi
question: In what language states is Sanskrit considered an option?

answers: gurukulas
question: In what other type of schools is Sanskrit also taught?

context: St James Junior School in London, England, offers Sanskrit as part of the curriculum. In the United States, since September 2009, high school students have been able to receive credits as Independent Study or toward Foreign Language requirements by studying Sanskrit, as part of the "SAFL: Samskritam as a Foreign Language" program coordinated by Samskrita Bharati. In Australia, the Sydney private boys' high school Sydney Grammar School offers Sanskrit from years 7 through to 12, including for the Higher School Certificate.
qas: answers: St James Junior School
question: What English school offers Sanskrit as a language study?

answers: September 2009
question: Since what date has Sanskrit been offered as a language option in the U.S.?

answers: Foreign Language
question: What is the credit towards in study in the U.S.?

answers: Samskrita Bharati.
question: Who coordinates the study program of Samskritam as a Foreign Language?

answers: Sydney Grammar School
question: What school in Australia offers Sanskrit as a study?

context: Sanskrit originated in an oral society, and the oral tradition was maintained through the development of early classical Sanskrit literature. Writing was not introduced to India until after Sanskrit had evolved into the Prakrits; when it was written, the choice of writing system was influenced by the regional scripts of the scribes. Therefore, Sanskrit has no native script of its own. As such, virtually all the major writing systems of South Asia have been used for the production of Sanskrit manuscripts.
qas: answers: oral tradition
question: Under what type of tradition did Sanskrit begin?

answers: Prakrits
question: After what language evolved was writing introduced?

answers: native script
question: What does Sanskrit not have of its own?

answers: regional scripts
question: What feature of written text influenced the use of scripts?

answers: all
question: Which writing systems have been used to write Sanskrit?

context: Since the late 18th century, Sanskrit has been transliterated using the Latin alphabet. The system most commonly used today is the IAST (International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration), which has been the academic standard since 1888. ASCII-based transliteration schemes have also evolved because of difficulties representing Sanskrit characters in computer systems. These include Harvard-Kyoto and ITRANS, a transliteration scheme that is used widely on the Internet, especially in Usenet and in email, for considerations of speed of entry as well as rendering issues. With the wide availability of Unicode-aware web browsers, IAST has become common online. It is also possible to type using an alphanumeric keyboard and transliterate to Devanagari using software like Mac OS X's international support.
qas: answers: late 18th century
question: From what time has the Latin alphabet been used to transcribe Sanskrit?

answers: IAST
question: What transliteration system is most common today?

answers: since 1888
question: How long has IAST been the standard system used for transliteration of Sanskrit?

answers: ASCII
question: What is used in transliteration for computer systems? 

answers: ITRANS
question: What transliteration scheme is often used on the internet?

context: Sanskrit has also influenced Sino-Tibetan languages through the spread of Buddhist texts in translation. Buddhism was spread to China by Mahayana missionaries sent by Ashoka, mostly through translations of Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit. Many terms were transliterated directly and added to the Chinese vocabulary. Chinese words like 剎那 chànà (Devanagari: क्षण kṣaṇa 'instantaneous period') were borrowed from Sanskrit. Many Sanskrit texts survive only in Tibetan collections of commentaries to the Buddhist teachings, the Tengyur.
qas: answers: Buddhist texts
question: What in the use of Sanskrit has influenced Sino-Tibetan languages?

answers: Buddhism
question: What religion was spread to China through Sanskrit translations?

answers: Ashoka
question: Who sent missionaries to China?

answers: Many terms
question: What were transliterated and added to the Chinese language?

answers: Tibetan collections
question: Where do many Sanskrit texts survive?

context: Sanskrit has greatly influenced the languages of India that grew from its vocabulary and grammatical base; for instance, Hindi is a "Sanskritised register" of the Khariboli dialect. All modern Indo-Aryan languages, as well as Munda and Dravidian languages, have borrowed many words either directly from Sanskrit (tatsama words), or indirectly via middle Indo-Aryan languages (tadbhava words). Words originating in Sanskrit are estimated at roughly fifty percent of the vocabulary of modern Indo-Aryan languages, as well as the literary forms of Malayalam and Kannada. Literary texts in Telugu are lexically Sanskrit or Sanskritised to an enormous extent, perhaps seventy percent or more.
qas: answers: Sanskrit
question: What language has influenced the languages of India?

answers: Khariboli
question: From what dialect is Hindi descended?

answers: Sanskritised register
question: Of what is Hindi considered to be in relation to Sanskrit?

answers: fifty percent
question: What is the percentage of Sanskrit words thought to be in modern Indo-Aryan languages?

answers: Telugu
question: What language texts  are as much as 70% Sanskrit?

context: The earliest known inscriptions in Sanskrit date to the first century BCE.[citation needed] They are in the Brahmi script, which was originally used for Prakrit, not Sanskrit. It has been described as a paradox that the first evidence of written Sanskrit occurs centuries later than that of the Prakrit languages which are its linguistic descendants. In northern India, there are Brāhmī inscriptions dating from the third century BCE onwards, the oldest appearing on the famous Prakrit pillar inscriptions of king Ashoka. The earliest South Indian inscriptions in Tamil Brahmi, written in early Tamil, belong to the same period. When Sanskrit was written down, it was first used for texts of an administrative, literary or scientific nature. The sacred texts were preserved orally, and were set down in writing "reluctantly" (according to one commentator), and at a comparatively late date.
qas: answers: first century BCE
question: From when are the earliest dated Sanskrit inscriptions?

answers: Brahmi
question: In what script are the earliest Sanskrit inscriptions?

answers: Prakrit
question: In what language was Brahmi first used?

answers: Prakrit
question: What language is the descendant of Sanskrit?

answers: orally
question: How were early sacred texts offered?

context: The Sanskrit grammatical tradition, Vyākaraṇa, one of the six Vedangas, began in the late Vedic period and culminated in the Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini, which consists of 3990 sutras (ca. fifth century BCE). About a century after Pāṇini (around 400 BCE), Kātyāyana composed Vārtikas on the Pāṇini sũtras. Patanjali, who lived three centuries after Pāṇini, wrote the Mahābhāṣya, the "Great Commentary" on the Aṣṭādhyāyī and Vārtikas. Because of these three ancient Vyākaraṇins (grammarians), this grammar is called Trimuni Vyākarana. To understand the meaning of the sutras, Jayaditya and Vāmana wrote a commentary, the Kāsikā, in 600 CE. Pāṇinian grammar is based on 14 Shiva sutras (aphorisms), where the whole mātrika (alphabet) is abbreviated. This abbreviation is called the Pratyāhara.
qas: answers: Vyākaraṇa
question: What is the Sanskrit grammatical tradition?

answers: late Vedic
question: In what period did Vyakarana begin?

answers: 3990 sutras
question: How many sutras are in the Astadhyayi?

answers: Kātyāyana
question: Who composed Vartikas on the Panini sutras?

answers: Pratyāhara
question: What is the abbreviated alphabet called? 

context: Sanskrit, as defined by Pāṇini, evolved out of the earlier Vedic form. The present form of Vedic Sanskrit can be traced back to as early as the second millennium BCE (for Rig-vedic). Scholars often distinguish Vedic Sanskrit and Classical or "Pāṇinian" Sanskrit as separate dialects. Though they are quite similar, they differ in a number of essential points of phonology, vocabulary, grammar and syntax. Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, a large collection of hymns, incantations (Samhitas) and theological and religio-philosophical discussions in the Brahmanas and Upanishads. Modern linguists consider the metrical hymns of the Rigveda Samhita to be the earliest, composed by many authors over several centuries of oral tradition. The end of the Vedic period is marked by the composition of the Upanishads, which form the concluding part of the traditional Vedic corpus; however, the early Sutras are Vedic, too, both in language and content.
qas: answers: earlier Vedic
question: According to Panini, from where did Sanskrit evolve?

answers: second millennium BCE
question: To what time can the present form of Sanskrit be traced?

answers: separate dialects
question: As what are Classical and Vedic Sanskrit often viewed?

answers: the Vedas
question: What is Vedic Sanskrit meant to be used as?

answers: Rigveda Samhita
question: What hymns are thought to be the earliest?

context: In order to explain the common features shared by Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages, many scholars have proposed the Indo-Aryan migration theory, asserting that the original speakers of what became Sanskrit arrived in what is now India and Pakistan from the north-west some time during the early second millennium BCE. Evidence for such a theory includes the close relationship between the Indo-Iranian tongues and the Baltic and Slavic languages, vocabulary exchange with the non-Indo-European Uralic languages, and the nature of the attested Indo-European words for flora and fauna.
qas: answers: early second millennium BCE
question: When is it thought that early speakers of Sanskrit came to India?

answers: close
question: What is the relationship between Indo-Iranian and Baltic languages?

answers: north-west
question: From what direction did Sanskrit travel to come to India?

answers: India and Pakistan
question: Sanskrit came from the north west and traveled to what present day countries?

answers: Indo-Aryan migration theory
question: What is the theory called dealing with the transfer of Sanskrit to India?

context: Many Sanskrit dramas also indicate that the language coexisted with Prakrits, spoken by multilingual speakers with a more extensive education. Sanskrit speakers were almost always multilingual. In the medieval era, Sanskrit continued to be spoken and written, particularly by learned Brahmins for scholarly communication. This was a thin layer of Indian society, but covered a wide geography. Centres like Varanasi, Paithan, Pune and Kanchipuram had a strong presence of teaching and debating institutions, and high classical Sanskrit was maintained until British times.
qas: answers: Sanskrit dramas
question: What form of speech shows that Sanskrit and Prakrits existed together?

answers: multilingual
question: What type of speakers spoke Sanskrit?

answers: scholarly communication
question: For what did Brahmins use Sanskrit?

answers: British times
question: Until what period was high Sanskrit used?

answers: thin layer
question: How large of a group in society use Sanskrit?

context: Samskrita Bharati is an organisation working for Sanskrit revival. The "All-India Sanskrit Festival" (since 2002) holds composition contests. The 1991 Indian census reported 49,736 fluent speakers of Sanskrit. Sanskrit learning programmes also feature on the lists of most AIR broadcasting centres. The Mattur village in central Karnataka claims to have native speakers of Sanskrit among its population. Inhabitants of all castes learn Sanskrit starting in childhood and converse in the language. Even the local Muslims converse in Sanskrit. Historically, the village was given by king Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire to Vedic scholars and their families, while people in his kingdom spoke Kannada and Telugu. Another effort concentrates on preserving and passing along the oral tradition of the Vedas, www.shrivedabharathi.in is one such organisation based out of Hyderabad that has been digitising the Vedas by recording recitations of Vedic Pandits.
qas: answers: Samskrita Bharati
question: What organization is trying to revive Sanskrit?

answers: composition contests
question: What kind of competitions does the All-India Sanskrit Festival have?

answers: 49,736
question: How many speakers of Sanskrit were there by the 1991 census?

answers: Mattur village
question: Where in India is Sanskrit still spoken by the population?

answers: king Krishnadevaraya
question: Who originally gave Mattur village to Sanskrit scholars?

context: Orientalist scholars of the 18th century like Sir William Jones marked a wave of enthusiasm for Indian culture and for Sanskrit. According to Thomas Trautmann, after this period of "Indomania", a certain hostility to Sanskrit and to Indian culture in general began to assert itself in early 19th century Britain, manifested by a neglect of Sanskrit in British academia. This was the beginning of a general push in favor of the idea that India should be culturally, religiously and linguistically assimilated to Britain as far as possible. Trautmann considers two separate and logically opposite sources for the growing hostility: one was "British Indophobia", which he calls essentially a developmentalist, progressivist, liberal, and non-racial-essentialist critique of Hindu civilisation as an aid for the improvement of India along European lines; the other was scientific racism, a theory of the English "common-sense view" that Indians constituted a "separate, inferior and unimprovable race".
qas: answers: 18th century
question: When was Sanskrit and Indian culture popular?

answers: early 19th century
question: In what century was Indian culture accorded a more hostile reception?

answers: neglect
question: How did the British academics show their feelings about Sanskrit?

answers: assimilated to Britain
question: What did British of the 19th century want India to be as soon as possible?

answers: inferior
question: Besides assimilation of British culture, what else did the British consider Indians to be?

context: Satyagraha, an opera by Philip Glass, uses texts from the Bhagavad Gita, sung in Sanskrit. The closing credits of The Matrix Revolutions has a prayer from the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. The song "Cyber-raga" from Madonna's album Music includes Sanskrit chants, and Shanti/Ashtangi from her 1998 album Ray of Light, which won a Grammy, is the ashtanga vinyasa yoga chant. The lyrics include the mantra Om shanti. Composer John Williams featured choirs singing in Sanskrit for Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. The theme song of Battlestar Galactica 2004 is the Gayatri Mantra, taken from the Rigveda. The lyrics of "The Child In Us" by Enigma also contains Sanskrit verses.[better source needed].
qas: answers: Philip Glass
question: Who wrote an opera in Sanskrit?

answers: Bhagavad Gita
question: On what was the Philip Glass opera based?

answers: Madonna
question: Which well known performer has used Sanskrit chants in her music?

answers: John Williams
question: Which composer featured Sanskrit music in his movies?

answers: Rigveda
question: What is the source of the theme song of Battlestar Galactica?