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Q7912755

_START_ARTICLE_ Value grid _START_SECTION_ Literature _START_PARAGRAPH_ Pil, F.K. and Holweg, M. (2006) "Evolving from value chain to value grid." MIT Sloan Management Review, 47(4): 72-80

1970057480533454120

Q7912957

_START_ARTICLE_ Vampire (Middle-earth) _START_PARAGRAPH_ In J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy writings, the term vampire is used loosely to designate mysterious bat-like creatures serving Morgoth and Sauron. Almost nothing is known about them, though Tolkien does name one: Thuringwethil. Sauron also took the shape of a vampire on at least one occasion, while he still had the ability to change his shape. They may have been fallen Maiar as was Sauron. They are mentioned in The Silmarillion. Whether the vampires survived the First Age of Middle-earth is unknown but they are not referenced in Tolkien's writings of later Ages. However The Hobbit (set in the Third Age) refers to "vampire-like" bats._NEWLINE_Tolkien may have just chosen the word "vampire" for its modern connotations of bat-associated monsters. A similar instance is the use of the word werewolf by the same author to denote wolf-like creatures, otherwise possibly unrelated to traditional werewolves. However, in the context of the word "Vampire," Sauron did assume the form of such a creature numerous times. On one occasion, he flew over the forests "dripping blood from his throat." Furthermore, the vampire Thuringwethil, as her name denotes, was a "woman" of shadow. _START_SECTION_ Adaptations _START_PARAGRAPH_ The new Games Workshop The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game supplement, Ruin of Arnor, has a vampire in it - Gûlavhar, the Terror of Arnor. This is a non-canonical creature, designed by Mat Ward (writer of Ruin of Arnor), Roberto Cirillo (concept artist) and Trish Morrison (sculptor). The massively multiplayer online role-playing game The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar features humanoid bat-like creatures called Morrovals, who appear to be inspired by Tolkien's vampires.

17594620029023073249

Q270595

_START_ARTICLE_ Vampire Knight _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ Yuki's earliest memory is of a stormy night in winter, where she was attacked by a rogue vampire and rescued by Kaname Kuran, a Pureblood vampire. Now ten years later, Yuki Cross, the adopted daughter of the headmaster of Cross Academy, Kaien Cross, has grown up and become a guardian of the vampire race, protecting her childhood crush, Kaname, from discovery as he leads a group of vampires at the elite boarding school. At her side is Zero Kiryu, a childhood friend whose hatred for the creatures that destroyed everything he held dear leaves him determined never to trust them. This coexisting arrangement seems all well and good, but have the vampires truly renounced their murderous ways, or is there a darker truth behind their actions? In this world of secrets, nothing is as it seems. The price of misplaced trust may even be worse than death. Should Yuki truly find out what was in her past, is the truth going to hurt her worse than not knowing? _START_SECTION_ Manga _START_PARAGRAPH_ The first chapter of Matsuri Hino's Vampire Knight premiered in the January 2005 issue of LaLa. The individual chapters were collected and published in tankōbon volumes by Hakusensha, in nineteen volumes which were released in Japan. The series is licensed for an English language release in North America by Viz Media. In addition to publishing the individual volumes, the series was serialized in Viz's Shojo Beat manga anthology from the July 2006 issue until the magazine was discontinued after the August 2009 issue. It is licensed for English release in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment, which released fifteen volumes. The final volume was released in English on October 14, 2014 by Viz Media. _START_SECTION_ Sequel _START_PARAGRAPH_ Since the manga's conclusion, Hino began releasing a series of special chapters, which take place after the end of the final volume. On November 8, 2013, Hino released the first special chapter titled "Life (命 Inochi)", which was licensed and released digitally by Viz Media on December 9, 2014. The second special chapter, titled "I Like You (あなたのことが好きです Anata no koto ga sukidesu)", was released on February 10, 2015. On December 10, 2015, the third special chapter, titled "Love's Desire (愛の望み Ai no nozomi)", was released. On February 10, 2016, the fourth and final special chapter, "Between the End of One’s Life and Heaven (命の終わりと天国の間 Inochi no owari to tengoku no aida)", was released. The Lala issue also announced that a volume compiling the special chapters will be released in June 2016. Hino is currently releasing a brand new, spin-off manga called Vampire Knight Memories, which began in June. _START_SECTION_ Anime _START_PARAGRAPH_ Studio Deen produced a twenty-six episode anime adaptation of the Vampire Knight manga, using many of the same voice actors featured on the drama CDs, written by Mari Okada, and directed by Kiyoko Sayama. The episodes started airing on TV Tokyo in Japan on April 7, 2008, and ran until the season conclusion on June 30, 2008. The episodes were also aired at later dates on TV Aichi, TV Hokkaido, TV Osaka, TV Setouchi, and TVQ Kyushu Broadcasting Co. The second season, named Vampire Knight Guilty, premiered on the same station October 6, 2008. The final episode aired on December 29, 2008. On July 24, 2009, Viz Media announced it had acquired the license for the Vampire Knight anime and would begin releasing it to DVD on July 20, 2010. In the UK, the first volume was officially released on DVD via Manga Entertainment on November 22, 2010. In Australia, ABC3 began airing the series (English-language version) in March 2011 and began repeats on July 3 later that year._NEWLINE_The series uses four pieces of theme music. The opening themes of both the first and second season are performed by the duo On/Off, with "Futatsu no Kodō to Akai Tsumi" (ふたつの鼓動と赤い罪) as the opening for the first season, and "Rinne Rondo" (輪廻 -ロンド-Rinne) as the opening for the second. Kanon Wakeshima performs the first season ending theme, "Still Doll", and also the second season's ending theme "Suna no Oshiro" (砂のお城). The soundtrack is composed by Takefumi Haketa and consists of 30 tracks (including the opening theme and ending theme)._NEWLINE_Vampire Knight was made available for streaming on Hulu and Netflix. _START_SECTION_ Light novels _START_PARAGRAPH_ Three light novels created by Matsuri Hino and Ayuna Fujisaki were published in Japan by Hakusensha in 2008 (the first two novels) and 2013 (the third), respectively. The novels feature side-stories that use the characters of the manga, but are not specifically based on chapters from the series. The first novel, Vampire Knight: Ice Blue's Sin (ヴァンパイア騎士 憂氷の罪 Vanpaia Naito: Aisu Burū no Tsumi), was published on April 5, 2008. The first story within the novel looks at an incident that occurred at Cross Academy in the year preceding Yuki's arrival about a Day Class student named Fuka Kisaragi, while the second story details an incident that occurred while Zero was still in training to be a vampire hunter alongside Kaito Takamiya, another boy training under Toga Yagari to be a vampire hunter._NEWLINE_The second novel, Vampire Knight: Noir's Trap (ヴァンパイア騎士 凝黒の罠 Vanpaia Naito: Nowāru no Wana), was published on October 3, 2008. The story focuses on two minor characters, Nadeshiko Shindo and Kasumi Kageyama, from the manga, following their respective unrequited love at Cross Academy, as well as detailing a case that happened when Akatsuki Kain and Ruka Souen go to visit Senri Shiki and Rima Toya's modeling studio._NEWLINE_The third novel, Vampire Knight: Fleeting Dreams (ヴァンパイア騎士ト 煌銀の夢 Vanpaia Naito: Flail no Yume), was released in 2014, featuring side-stories about Rido Kuran, Sara Shirabuki, and Yuki's and Zero's activities during the timeskip. The third novel is the only novel thus far to have been licensed by Viz Media and released in North America. _START_SECTION_ Other media _START_PARAGRAPH_ Two drama CDs have been released for Vampire Knight. The first, LaLa Kirameki, was released as an extra with the September 2005 issue of LaLa. The second, Vampire Knight Midnight CD-Pack, was released only via mail order._NEWLINE_Vampire Knight DS (ヴァンパイア騎士 DS Vanpaia Naito Dīesu) is a Japanese dating simulator based on Vampire Knight that was released by D3 Publisher in Japan in January 2009._NEWLINE_In November 2008, the official Vampire Knight, titled Vampire Knight Fanbook: Cross (ヴァンパイア騎士 ファンブックX Vanpaia Naito Fanbukku Kurosu), was published in Japan. In addition to providing additional information about the series characters and story, it includes images and details from Hino's storyboard. The fanbook has been licensed by Viz Media and was released on October 19, 2010._NEWLINE_A 94-page Matsuri Hino Illustrations Vampire Knight was released on July 5, 2010, the artwork included one original double page spread created for the Artbook and a compilation of 100 previously released Vampire Knight color artworks._NEWLINE_A live-action musical adaptation was announced and staged at the Hakuhinkan Theater in Tokyo from January 21 to the 25th, 2015. Another musical took place July 1 to the 5th, 2015.

1964682356240552826

Q1387480

_START_ARTICLE_ Van Tuong Nguyen _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Van Tuong Nguyen and his twin brother, Dang Khoa Nguyen, were born in a refugee camp at Songkhla in Thailand to Vietnamese parents. He did not know his father until 2001 when he travelled from the United States to Australia. His mother, Kim, is Vietnamese and migrated to Australia shortly after the boys' birth. In 1987, she married a Vietnamese-Australian who beat them often, according to Nguyen._NEWLINE_Van was educated at St Ignatius School in Richmond, St Joseph's Primary School in Springvale and Mount Waverley Secondary College. After leaving school at 18, he intended to study at Deakin University, but financial difficulties led him to work as a store clerk, door-to-door salesman, computer salesman and research marketer._NEWLINE_Van started his own computer sales business in 1999. After his brother Khoa got into legal trouble, Van wound up the business. He then found a sales, research and marketing job and earned between A$1,500 to A$2,500 a month (depending on how much commission he received). He subsequently took long leave between June and December 2002. In his confession, he stated he was on "medication for acne that required 4 months leave". _START_SECTION_ Drug trafficking _START_PARAGRAPH_ Throughout his trial, Van claimed that he was carrying the drugs in a bid to pay off debts amounting to approximately A$20,000 to A$25,000 that he owed and to repay legal fees his twin brother Khoa (a former heroin addict) had incurred in defending drug-trafficking and other criminal charges including an attack on a Pacific Islander youth with a katana. In addition to his own financial troubles, Van said he tried to help pay his twin brother's debt of A$12,000. His twin brother's loan had to be repaid by the end of 2002. Van could afford to repay only A$4000, the interest on the loan._NEWLINE_By October 2002, Van had been out of a job for four months and sustaining expenses which included interest on the loan and personal living costs, all totaling A$580 a month. In November 2002, Van met with a Chinese man named "Tan" in the food court of Box Hill central mall who told him to travel to Sydney to meet a Vietnamese man named "Sun". Sun proposed that he would repay Van's loans if Nguyen transported packages from Cambodia back to Melbourne and possibly Sydney, via Singapore. The man said the packages contained "white", which Van understood to be heroin._NEWLINE_It was Van's first trip overseas from Australia since his immigration. He reached Phnom Penh at midday on 3 December 2002 after leaving Sydney in the evening of the previous day. He met with a Cambodian man at the Lucky Burger restaurant on 4 December and was taken by car to a garage where he was told to smoke some heroin. The following day, Van met his associates at the Lucky Burger and was again taken to the garage. Van was instructed to stay in Phnom Penh until 10 December, at which point he was to meet at the Lucky Burger._NEWLINE_On 8 December, he decided to fly to Ho Chi Minh City, in Vietnam. On 10 December he returned to Phnom Penh, but missed his scheduled meeting at the Lucky Burger. On 11 December he was taken to the garage, where he was then instructed on how to crush heroin bricks and to strap the powdered drug packages to his body. The rest of the day was spent crushing and packaging the drugs in his hotel room. He checked out of the hotel the next day and went to the airport. _START_SECTION_ Arrest and conviction _START_PARAGRAPH_ On boarding his flight to Melbourne after a four-hour stopover at Singapore Changi Airport, Van triggered a metal detector. A package of heroin from Cambodia was found strapped to his body. After the first package was discovered, Van informed the airport official about a second package in his luggage._NEWLINE_Van confessed to have in his possession 396.2 g of heroin, more than 26 times the amount of heroin that mandates a death sentence under the Misuse of Drugs Act (Illegal traffic, import or export of Heroin of more than 15 grams). The Singaporean High Court sentenced Van to death for this crime on 20 March 2004. After he was convicted, Van was held on death row in Changi Prison._NEWLINE_An appeal to the Court of Appeal was rejected on 20 October 2004. Vans family received a registered letter from the Singapore Prisons Department, notifying of his scheduled hanging on 2 December 2005. On the same day at the APEC Summit in South Korea, Australian Prime Minister John Howard made a last appeal on Van's behalf to the Singaporean Prime Minister, Lee Hsien Loong. However, the letter of notice by that time had already been delivered to Van's mother._NEWLINE_Howard later said he was "very disappointed" that Lee did not inform him of Van's execution date during their meeting that morning. Singapore Foreign Affairs Minister George Yeo also conveyed his apologies to his counterpart Alexander Downer. Van's lawyers arrived in Singapore on 18 November 2005 to inform their client of his impending execution date._NEWLINE_On 2 December 2005 Van was executed at 6:07 am SGT and was officially reported as dead at 7:17 am SGT by the Ministry of Home Affairs. In a short statement, the Ministry said, "The sentence was carried out this morning at Changi Prison." _START_SECTION_ Pleas for clemency _START_PARAGRAPH_ A plea for clemency by the Australian Government was rejected in October 2005. Members of the federal and state parliaments appealed for the decision to be reconsidered and clemency to be granted. His hanging was the first execution of an Australian citizen in Southeast Asia since 1993, when Michael McAuliffe was hanged in Malaysia for drug trafficking. Nine years earlier, Barlow and Chambers had been sent to the gallows for their part in a drug smuggling case._NEWLINE_On 21 November 2005, the Australian Government was considering a request made by Van's lawyers to apply for a hearing at the International Court of Justice which required the Singaporean government's agreement to its jurisdiction. However, Foreign Minister Downer considered it unlikely that the Singaporean government would agree. On 24 November 2005, Victorian Attorney General Rob Hulls met with Singapore's Senior Minister of State for Law and Home Affairs Ho Peng Kee to press the case for clemency but was unsuccessful. On 28 November 2005 Australia's Human Rights Commissioner, Sev Ozdowski, said Australia must keep pressuring Singapore to abandon the death penalty, even if it proves too late for Van._NEWLINE_After his sentencing in March 2004, anti-death-penalty campaigners were reported to be inundated with emails from Australians offering support for Van. Politicians and religious figures made pleas for clemency, but these were rejected by the Singaporean government._NEWLINE_One day before Van was hanged, a lawyer launched a last-ditch legal tactic, charging Van with drug related offences in the Melbourne Magistrates' Court, which he hoped would allow the Australian Federal Government to extradite Van. However, Justice Minister Chris Ellison ruled out extradition, saying that the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions would not have attempted to prosecute Van in Australia. _START_SECTION_ Criticism _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Australian Government was criticised by the media, human rights lawyers and human rights activists for doing too little, too late and for not taking a stronger stance against the death penalty. Amnesty International was criticised by Howard Glenn and Greg Barns for refusing to work with other human rights groups with various campaigns to save Van, but rather asking the public to donate money to Amnesty International. _START_SECTION_ Media coverage and public opinion _START_PARAGRAPH_ ABC broadcast a documentary: Just Punishment on 7 December 2006. This documentary was filmed over a period of two years, following Van's mother (Kim), his brother and his two close friends, through the appeals, and campaigns held (in Australia) before the execution day. It was rebroadcast on the night of 8 December 2008, also on the ABC._NEWLINE_An opinion poll conducted by Roy Morgan Research two days after Nguyen's execution showed 52% of Australians approved of it, compared with 44% against._NEWLINE_In 2013, SBS TV produced a television drama series about the events surrounding Van's arrest, trial, unsuccessful plea for clemency, and execution. Better Man starred David Wenham, Claudia Karvan, Bryan Brown and Remy Hii; and directed by Khoa Do. _START_SECTION_ Singaporean response _START_PARAGRAPH_ As a transportation hub, Singapore has always been a potential transit point for Golden Triangle heroin. In a letter to David Hawker, the Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives, Abdullah Tarmugi, the Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore, wrote: "He was caught in possession of almost 400 grams of pure heroin, enough for more than 26,000 doses of heroin for drug addicts.... He knew what he was doing and the consequences of his actions. As representatives of the people, we have an obligation to protect the lives of those who could be ruined by the drugs he was carrying."_NEWLINE_"We cannot allow Singapore to be used as a transit for illicit drugs in the region," Tarmugi wrote to Australian MPs. "We know this is a painful and difficult decision for Mr Nguyen's family to accept, but we hope you and your colleagues will understand our position."_NEWLINE_In an opinion piece in the Sydney Morning Herald, Singapore's High Commissioner in Australia, Joseph Koh, argued that "Singapore cannot afford to pull back from its tough drug trafficking position". _START_SECTION_ Vigils _START_PARAGRAPH_ A group of human rights activists held a vigil for Van in Singapore on 7 November 2005. Among those present was opposition politician Chee Soon Juan, leader of the Singapore Democratic Party, who is an opponent of the mandatory death penalty._NEWLINE_A request was made by Liberal MP Bruce Baird for an official minute's silence to honour Van. Representatives of the Returned and Services League objected, stating such tributes should be reserved for fallen soldiers or victims of natural disasters; other groups felt it was inappropriate to "honour" a convicted trafficker of drugs which killed hundreds each year. A motion to hold a minute's silence passed in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland 49-18 after an hour's debate. MPs who voted against the move walked out before the observance. _START_SECTION_ Execution and funeral _START_PARAGRAPH_ A minor controversy occurred when Singapore's contract hangman, Darshan Singh, gave an interview to an Australian newspaper prior to the execution in which he said he hoped to be called on to perform the execution and that his experience would ensure Van would be hanged "efficiently". The result was disapprobation in both Australia and Singapore. Van was hanged by another executioner._NEWLINE_After the execution, Van's body was released to his family and it left Changi Prison about four hours after he was hanged. Van's body was taken to the Marymount Chapel of the Good Shepherd's Convent in Singapore for a private memorial service at 1 pm. The family requested for the media to stay away from the chapel. His family returned to Melbourne with his body on 4 December 2005. A requiem mass was held at St. Patrick's Cathedral on 7 December 2005. Victorian MPs Geoff Hilton, Bruce Mildenhall, Sang Nguyen and Richard Wynne attended the service and were criticised by the Crime Victims Support Association, who said it appeared to give support to a convicted drug trafficker. _START_SECTION_ John Howard's warning against illicit drugs _START_PARAGRAPH_ Australian Prime Minister John Howard used the execution of Van as a warning to young people to stay away from drugs. He told Melbourne radio station 3AW:_NEWLINE_I don't believe in capital punishment, he was a convicted drug trafficker and that is to be wholly condemned ... don't have anything to do with drugs. Don't use them, don't touch them, don't carry them, don't traffic in them and don't imagine for a moment—for a moment—that you can risk carrying drugs anywhere in Asia without suffering the most severe consequences._NEWLINE_Federal Health Minister Tony Abbott also said that the Singapore government's decision to go ahead with the execution was wrong and that the punishment "certainly did not fit the crime.... But people do need to understand that drug trafficking is a very serious offence and it has heavy penalties in Australia and it has even more drastic penalties overseas as we have been reminded today." _START_SECTION_ Australia–Singapore relations _START_PARAGRAPH_ While it was reported that some minor ties have been broken (including airport workers refusing to process Singapore Airlines luggage), John Howard, then the Australian prime minister, said that the country would not be taking any punitive action against Singapore._NEWLINE_On 23 February 2006, the Australian government rejected a bid by Singapore Airlines for permission to fly a permanent route between Sydney and the United States. This drew strong criticism from the government of Singapore. Peter Costello, the Australian treasurer, denied that the refusal was linked to Van's hanging.

5976640943087106141

Q21005131

_START_ARTICLE_ Vanessa Bolosier _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vanessa Bolosier grew up in Guadeloupe. After moving from Guadeloupe to France in 2001, Vanessa balanced a social work degree with a career as a fashion model. She moved to London in 2005 and continued her career as commercial model and then as a plus size model. She obtained a MA Publishing at London College of Communication (UAL) and started a career in marketing as a digital producer._NEWLINE_She launched her supperclub in 2012 and subsequently launched her award-winning coconut confectionery brand Coco Gourmand in 2013._NEWLINE_The products were stocked in numerous shops including the Great Taste Section in Selfridges, Oxford Street. Her first cookery book Creole Kitchen was released by Pavilion in June 2015 and includes Caribbean recipes inspired by the French Islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique. _START_SECTION_ Creole Kitchen _START_PARAGRAPH_ Creole Kitchen is Bolosier's first cookery book and was released on 11 June 2015. It is a collection of traditional as well as original recipes inspired by her childhood growing up in Guadeloupe and Martinique. Vanessa learned to cook with her late father Gabin Bolosier, an English teacher who grew up in Martinique and learned to cook with his Amerindian grandmother. _START_SECTION_ TV _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bolosier has appeared on Mel & Sue (ITV) and on B World Connection (Guadeloupe 1ère) _START_SECTION_ Volunteering _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bolosier volunteered at domestic violence refuges in France (SOS Femmes) and in the UK (Refuge). She is actively involved in fighting for the end of violence against women and girls. She wrote a dissertation on the impact of group dynamics on the self-esteem of domestic violence survivor as well as facilitated workshops around health, beauty and well-being for the latter group. She frequently volunteers as a guest speakers for young people.

3446502924338910994

Q441434

_START_ARTICLE_ Vanessa Giácomo _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Giácomo made her television debut in Cabocla in 2004 at the age of 20, where she met and fell in love with actor Daniel de Oliveira. She appeared with Eriberto Leão in Sinhá Moça in 2006. She and Oliveira married and she gave birth to their first son in January 2008. She resumed work after the birth, filming O Menino da Porteira with singer Daniel, and received an offer to take part in a film on Jean Charles de Menezes, a Brazilian national who was mistaken for a terrorist and shot dead by police in London in 2005. Filming took place in London during 2008.

15953454051890072997

Q12452258

_START_ARTICLE_ Vasant Dev _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vasant Deo(1929-25 Jan.1996) was an Indian writer, lyricist and screenwriter and a Hindi academic at Parle College in Mumbai. He worked in Hindi parallel cinema through the 1980s, working with directors like Shyam Benegal, Govind Nihalani and Mahesh Bhatt. He is best known for "Saanjh Dhale Gagan Tale" sung by Suresh Wadkar, and "Mann Kyun Behka", a Lata Mangeshkar and Asha Bhosle duet in Utsav (1984) directed by Girish Karnad. He wrote plays and poetry in Marathi, and Marathi to Hindi translator._NEWLINE_At the 32nd National Film Awards, he won the National Film Award for Best Lyrics for Saaransh (1984). Subsequently, at the 33rd Filmfare Awards, he won the Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist for song, "Mann Kyun Behka" in Utsav. In 1980s, for the television serial Bharat Ek Khoj (Discovery of India), director Shyam Benegal asked Vasant Deo to translate Sanskrit hymns from Rigveda in Hindi. They were set to music by Vanraj Bhatia.

3479147437830849860

Q15088832

_START_ARTICLE_ Vaud franc _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Frank was the currency of the Helvetian Republic from 1798. The Helvetian Republic ceased issuing coins in 1803. Vaud issued coins between 1804 and 1834. In 1850, the Swiss franc was introduced, with an exchange rate of 1 Swiss Franc = 7 Batz (​1 ³⁄₇ Swiss francs = 1 Vaud franc). _START_SECTION_ Coins _START_PARAGRAPH_ Billon coins were issued in denominations of 1 and ​2 ¹⁄₂ rappes, ​¹⁄₂ and 1 batz, with silver coins for 5, 10, 20 and 40 batz and 1 franc.

17487491137725969612

Q558477

_START_ARTICLE_ Vault (comics) _START_SECTION_ Fictional history _START_PARAGRAPH_ Prior to the creation of the Vault, super-humans in US custody were usually imprisoned in special wards in Ryker's Island; however, concern about the danger posed to non-super-human inmates by the frequent breakouts by the super-human population in the prison led to those wards being closed._NEWLINE_Another venue, the energy research facility Project Pegasus, was also briefly used, though the unsuitability of such an institution for use as a general prison led to the imprisonment of most criminals there being discontinued eventually. The US Government then set about building a unique penitentiary dedicated and designed exclusively for the detainment of super-human criminals. Using expertise, research and technology pioneered at Project Pegasus spearheaded by Dr. Henri Sorel, and extremely robust materials such as adamantium and osmium steel, they built an underground three-level structure over 40 feet (12 m) below ground level in the Rocky Mountain range in Colorado._NEWLINE_Security guards at the prison wore armoured Guardsmen uniforms. These suits, similar in appearance to the armour worn by the original Guardsman, used technology adapted from Tony Stark's Iron Man armour designs. Originally Stark disagreed with this unauthorised use of his work, and this led to his Iron Man guise to forcibly remove all his technology from the armour (Iron Man #228; March, 1988, during the Armor Wars). However, Stark's opinion later partially changed. He went on to contribute to the design of a later model of the suit, limited to work only in the Vault itself and the close environs thereof (Avengers Spotlight #29; February, 1990)._NEWLINE_The first individuals to be detained at the Vault were 11 members of the East and West Coast branches of the Avengers, who were suspected of treason (Avengers Annual #15). Though they eventually escaped, it was only with outside aid as they found the facility internally impenetrable. They were eventually cleared of all charges._NEWLINE_After those events the prison filled with inmates, as super-human criminals were transferred there from all over the country. It quickly became the site of numerous breakouts and break out attempts. One of the most frequent escapees was the villain Venom who escaped from the institution at least twice (The Amazing Spider-Man (Vol. 1) #315 and 331 (May 1989 and April 1990)), in the process killing many people. One of these escapes eventually lead to the formation of a group of individuals who called themselves The Jury who intended to destroy Venom once and for all. At another point, during the events of the Avengers: Deathtrap, the Vault graphic novel, he led a revolt among the inmates which necessitated the intervention of both the Avengers and Freedom Force. Truman Marsh, the current warden, goes insane over the stress of the breakout. Marsh had set off the Vault's self-destruct and due to several mistakes, it was going to destroy half the state, killing millions. By the time Venom kills Marsh, the warden was fully willing to kill all the innocents in order to destroy the supervillains. Iron Man, Hank Pym and Thunderball neutralize the bomb._NEWLINE_A Guardsman named Hugh Taylor was killed by Venom in a later breakout. This led his father, General Orwell Taylor to assemble a group of embittered former Guardsmen from the Vault. Calling themselves The Jury, the group then illegally used modified versions of their armour to try hunt down and exact revenge against Venom, beginning with their first appearance in Venom: Lethal Protector #1 (February, 1993). The group was later reformed under the leadership of U.S. Agent. _START_SECTION_ Better living conditions _START_PARAGRAPH_ In New Warriors (Vol. 1) #25 (August, 1992), Vance Astrovik was sentenced to imprisonment in the Vault, after being found guilty of the manslaughter of his father. While he was en route to the facility, a group of his teammates in the New Warriors overwhelmed the Guardsmen, whom Vance has befriended and attempted to aid his escape. Astrovik chose to stay in captivity and serve his time (New Warriors (Vol. 1) #26; June, 1993). While incarcerated, he helped foil a riot. Part of Vance's success was his willingness to campaign for better living conditions. For example, Terraformer (a captured member of Force of Nature) simply desires a plant in his cell. Vance manages to give him one off the Warden's desk. This serves to lessen the ire of many of the prisoners (New Warriors Vol. 1 #36; June, 1993). Astrovik was released from the prison in New Warriors Vol. 1 #43 (January, 1994)._NEWLINE_On at least one occasion, a criminal was not freed from the Vault itself, but rather while they were en route to the Vault. The mutant terrorist group known as the Resistants attacked a prisoner transport van, killing or incapacitating the Guardsmen operating the van, and freed the mutant criminal known as Mentallo._NEWLINE_Mass breakouts did occur at the institution on at least four occasions. The first occurred as a result of Iron Man having disabled the Guardsmen's armour as a part of the Armor Wars storyline in Iron Man Vol. 1 #228 (March, 1988). The resulting jailbreak occurred in Captain America (Vol. 1) #340 (April 1988), though the escapees were quickly recaptured._NEWLINE_The second large-scale breakout, instigated by Loki, was one of the major contributing factors to the numerous supervillain attacks on various heroes during the "Acts of Vengeance" crossover, with the jailbreak itself occurring in Avengers Spotlight #26, Damage Control (Vol. 2) #1 (December 1989) and Quasar #6 (January 1990). The villains enjoyed more freedom then expected as the warden accidentally calls Damage Control before the Avengers. The facility was restored to functionality by the time of Avengers Spotlight #29 (February 1990), after Loki's alliance of criminal masterminds had collapsed and most of the escaped inmates had been recaptured._NEWLINE_Another breakout was recounted in a flashback in Thunderbolts Annual '97 (1997) (it had actually occurred prior to the events of Thunderbolts (Vol. 1) #1; April 1997), although only a handful of escapees were named. The fourth and final mass breakout occurred in Heroes for Hire (Vol. 1) #1. In that final prison break, the facility was destroyed by the U-Foes. _START_SECTION_ Successors _START_PARAGRAPH_ As a result of the facility's destruction, the US government abandoned the concept of a single penitentiary for super-humans, instead dispersing the detainment of such criminals in a number of normal prisons such as Seagate Prison and The Raft (a part of Ryker's Island located on an adjacent island)._NEWLINE_Later the idea of a dedicated institution was revived, this time in drastically different fashion with the experimental Lang Memorial Prison also known as the "Ant Hill" or "Big House", where criminals were reduced dramatically in size through the use of Pym Particles; a method of escape was deduced by an android duplicate of the Mad Thinker in She-Hulk, and in the aftermath of the chaos that followed the project was abandoned._NEWLINE_Another dedicated prison, nicknamed "The Cage", is an isolated island in international waters with a force field nullifying all superhuman powers. It is unclear whether the Raft or the Big House are still in operation as both have recently suffered major prison breaks (New Avengers #1 and She-Hulk Vol. 3 #5, respectively). However, Carol Danvers later stated that the Raft was still the location where supervillains were "dropped off" in the limited series Captain Marvel #1, and Titania, a She-Hulk villain, appeared in She-Hulk in a shrunken form after escaping The Big House in a story set months after Vol. 3 #5._NEWLINE_During the "Civil War" event, a new maximum-security prison for superpowered individuals was created by the government in the very place that no superhuman could escape from unaided — the Negative Zone. The Prison was nicknamed 'Fantasy Island' by its inmates and 'Prison 42' by its designers, Tony Stark & Reed Richards, as it had been their 42nd idea out of a hundred for 'A Safer America' after the Stamford Disaster. _START_SECTION_ Mutant X _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the "Mutant X" the Vault also operates as a prison, it is featured in issue #26. One of its many inmates is the classic vampire Dracula imprisoned in a technological coffin. Forces attack the Vault, killing many Guardsmen and taking Dracula. For lack of any better options, Henry Peter Gyrich, a government employee, calls in "The Six", a superhero team, to fix the situation as best as possible. _START_SECTION_ The Big M _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Vault is present in this reality. Known inmates are Destiny, Mimic, Rhino, and Mister Hyde.

9573781253547122995

Q739976

_START_ARTICLE_ Vaux-le-Vicomte _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte is a baroque French château located in Maincy, near Melun, 55 kilometres (34 mi) southeast of Paris in the Seine-et-Marne département of France._NEWLINE_Built between 1658 to 1661 for Nicolas Fouquet, Marquis de Belle Île, Viscount of Melun and Vaux, the superintendent of finances of Louis XIV, the château was an influential work of architecture in mid-17th-century Europe. At Vaux-le-Vicomte, the architect Louis Le Vau, the landscape architect André le Nôtre, and the painter-decorator Charles Le Brun worked together on a large-scale project for the first time. Their collaboration marked the beginning of the "Louis XIV style" combining architecture, interior design and landscape design. The garden's pronounced visual axis is an example of this style. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Once a small château between the royal residences of Vincennes and Fontainebleau, the estate of Vaux-le-Vicomte was purchased in 1641 by Nicolas Fouquet, an ambitious 26-year-old member of the Parlement of Paris. Fouquet was an avid patron of the arts, attracting many artists with his generosity._NEWLINE_When Fouquet became King Louis XIV's superintendent of finances in 1656, he commissioned Le Vau, Le Brun and Le Nôtre to renovate his estate and garden to match his grand ambition. Fouquet's artistic and cultivated personality subsequently brought out the best in the three._NEWLINE_To secure the necessary grounds for the elaborate plans for Vaux-le-Vicomte's garden and castle, Fouquet purchased and demolished three villages. The displaced villagers were then employed in the upkeep and maintenance of the gardens. It was said to have employed 18 thousand workers and cost as much as 16 million livres._NEWLINE_The château and its patron became for a short time a focus for fine feasts, literature and arts. The poet Jean de La Fontaine and the playwright Molière were among the artists close to Fouquet. At the inauguration of Vaux-le-Vicomte, a Molière play was performed, along with a dinner event organized by François Vatel and an impressive firework show. _START_SECTION_ Fête and arrest _START_PARAGRAPH_ The château was lavish, refined and dazzling to behold, but those characteristics proved tragic for its owner: the king had Fouquet arrested shortly after a famous fête that took place on 17 August 1661, where Molière's play 'Les Fâcheux' debuted. The celebration had been too impressive and the superintendent's home too luxurious. Fouquet's intentions were to flatter the king: part of Vaux-le-Vicomte was actually constructed specifically for the king, but Fouquet's plan backfired. Jean-Baptiste Colbert led the king to believe that his minister's magnificence was funded by the misappropriation of public funds. Colbert, who then replaced Fouquet as superintendent of finances, arrested him. Later, Voltaire was to sum up the famous fête: "On 17 August, at six in the evening Fouquet was the King of France: at two in the morning he was nobody." La Fontaine wrote describing the fête and shortly afterwards penned his Elégie aux nymphes de Vaux. _START_SECTION_ After Fouquet _START_PARAGRAPH_ After Fouquet was arrested and imprisoned for life and his wife exiled, Vaux-le-Vicomte was placed under sequestration. The king seized, confiscated or purchased 120 tapestries, the statues and all the orange trees from Vaux-le-Vicomte. He then sent the team of artists (Le Vau, Le Nôtre and Le Brun) to design what would be a much larger project than Vaux-le-Vicomte, the palace and gardens of Versailles._NEWLINE_Madame Fouquet recovered her property 10 years later and retired there with her eldest son. In 1705, after the death of her husband and son, she decided to put Vaux-le-Vicomte up for sale. _START_SECTION_ Recent history _START_PARAGRAPH_ Marshal Claude Louis Hector de Villars became the new owner without first seeing the chateau. In 1764, the Marshal's son sold the estate to the Duke of Praslin, whose descendants maintained the property for over a century. It is sometimes mistakenly reported that the château was the scene of a murder in 1847, when Charles de Choiseul-Praslin killed his wife in her bedroom, but he did so not at Vaux-le-Vicomte but at his Paris residence._NEWLINE_In 1875, after thirty years of neglect, the estate was sold to Alfred Sommier in a public auction. "He came for the [Charles] Le Brun paintings, especially those on the ceiling of the Chambre des Muses – he loved art," according to descendant Alexandre de Vogüé. The château was empty, some of the outbuildings had fallen into ruin and the gardens were completely overgrown. Restoration and refurbishment began under the direction of the architect Gabriel-Hippolyte Destailleur, assisted by the landscape architect Elie Lainé. When Sommier died in 1908, the château and the gardens had recovered their original appearance. His son, Edme Sommier, and his daughter-in-law completed the task. His descendants continue to preserve the château, which remains privately owned. _NEWLINE_Since 1967, the owner has been Patrice de Vogüé, Alfred Sommier's great-grandson, who received it as a wedding present, with his wife Cristina, the Count and Countess de Vogüé. By that time, the estate contained only a few pieces that had originally been owned by Fouquet. For some time, the family occupied the first floor, and then the refurbished stables, of this largest private chateau in France with its 1,235 acres of gardens._NEWLINE_In 1968, the property was opened for public tours. A major restoration was completed starting in 1976 and it was continuing in 2017; the roof repair alone took six years. The Baroque ceiling in the Chambre des Muses, "decorated by Charles Le Brun’s workshop", was restored in 2016-2017 and was first shown to the public in March of 2017. The business is now administered by their three sons: Alexandre, Jean-Charles and Ascanio de Vogüé. "We don’t care about the aristocratic part of this life," said Alexandre de Vogüé, but they are determined to continue the preservation. "We have a ten-year plan, detailing what to do and when; a plan that includes a project of infrastructure restoration, restoration of the garden, and smaller projects; all with anticipated costs next to it. We make this list public for our donors, and people can sponsor a special project, such as restoring a statue in the garden," Alexandre told a reporter in 2017._NEWLINE_Approximately 300,000 visitors arrive each year, 75% of them from France. Recognized by the state as a monument historique, the property is open most of the year, but closed for approximately two months in winter, 6 January to 22 March in 2019, for example. During the Christmas season, major decorations are installed: 150 trees, 10,000 items and 4,000 metres of garlands and lights, as well as a giant illuminated squirrel and angel, in 2018. _START_SECTION_ Architecture _START_PARAGRAPH_ The chateau is situated near the northern end of a 1.5-km long north-south axis with the entrance front facing north. Its elevations are perfectly symmetrical to either side of this axis. Somewhat surprisingly the interior plan is also nearly completely symmetrical with few differences between the eastern and western halves. The two rooms in the centre, the entrance vestibule to the north and the oval salon to the south, were originally an open-air loggia, dividing the chateau into two distinct sections. The interior decoration of these two rooms was therefore more typical of an outdoor setting. Three sets of three arches, those on the entrance front, three more between the vestibule and the salon, and the three leading from the salon to the garden are all aligned and permitted the arriving visitor to see through to the central axis of the garden even before entering the chateau. The exterior arches could be closed with iron gates and only later were filled in with glass doors and the interior arches with mirrored doors. Since the loggia divided the building into two halves, there are two symmetrical staircases on either side of it, rather than a single staircase. The rooms in the eastern half of the house were intended for the use of the king, those in the western were for Fouquet. The provision of a suite of rooms for the king was normal practice in aristocratic houses of the time, since the king travelled frequently._NEWLINE_Another surprising feature of the plan is the thickness of the main body of the building (corps de logis), which consists of two rows of rooms running east and west. Traditionally, the middle of the corps de logis of French chateaux consisted of a single row of rooms. Double-thick corps de logis had already been used in hôtels particuliers in Paris, including Le Vau's Hôtel Tambonneau, but Vaux was the first chateau to incorporate this change. Even more unusual, the main rooms are all on the ground floor rather than the first floor (the traditional piano nobile). This accounts for the lack of a grand staircase or a gallery, standard elements of most contemporary chateaux. Also noteworthy are corridors in the basement and on the first floor, which run the length of house, providing privacy to the rooms they access. Up to the middle of the 17th century, corridors were essentially unknown. Another feature of the plan, the four pavilions, one at each corner of the building, is more conventional._NEWLINE_Vaux-le-Vicomte was originally planned to be constructed in brick and stone, but after the mid-century, as the middle classes began to imitate this style, aristocratic circles began using stone exclusively. Rather late in the design process, Fouquet and Le Vau switched to stone, a decision that may have been influenced by the use of stone at François Mansart's Château de Maisons. The service buildings flanking the large avant-cour to the north of the house remained in brick and stone, and other structures preceding them were in rubble-stone and plaster, a social ranking of building materials that would be common in France for a considerable length of time thereafter._NEWLINE_The main chateau is constructed entirely on a moated platform, reached via two bridges, both aligned with the central axis and placed on the north and south sides. The moat is a picturesque holdover from medieval fortified residences, and is again a feature that Le Vau may have borrowed from Maisons. The moat at Vaux may also have been inspired by the previous chateau on the site, which Le Vau's work replaced._NEWLINE_The bridge over the moat on the north side leads from the avant-cour to an ample forecourt, flanked by raised terraces on either side, a layout evoking the cour d'honneur of older aristocratic houses in which the entrance court was enclosed by anterior wings, typically housing kitchens and domestic quarters. Le Vau's terraces even terminate in larger squares suggesting former pavilions. In more modern residences, like Vaux, it had become the custom to put these facilities in the basement, so these structures were no longer needed. This U-shaped plan of the house with the terraces is a device that again recalls Maisons, where Mansart intended "to indicate that his château was conceived in a noble tradition of French design while at the same time emphasizing its modernity in comparison to predecessors."_NEWLINE_The entrance front of the main chateau is characteristically French, with the two lateral pavilions flanking a central avant-corps, again reminiscent of Mansart's work at Maisons. Le Vau supplements these with two additional receding volumes between the pavilions and the central mass. All of these elements are further emphasized with steep pyramidal caps. Such steep roofs were inherited from medieval times and, like brick, were rapidly going out of fashion. Le Vau would never use them again. The overall effect at Vaux, according to Andrew Ayers, is "somewhat disparate and disorderly". Moreover, as David Hanser points out, Le Vau's elevation violates several rules of pure classical architecture. One of the most egregious is the use of two, rather than three, bays in the lateral pavilions, resulting in the uncomfortable placement of the pediments directly over the central pilaster. Ayers does concede however that, "although rather ungainly, the entrance facade at Vaux is nonetheless picturesque, in spite, or perhaps because, of its idiosyncrasies."_NEWLINE_The garden front of the main chateau is considered more successful. The enormous, double-height Grand Salon that substantially protrudes from the corps de logis clearly dominates the southern elevation. The salon is covered by a huge slate dome surmounted with an imposing lantern and is fronted with a two-storey portico that is almost identical to one at the Hôtel Tambonneau. The use of a central oval salon is an innovation adopted by Le Vau from Italy. Although he himself had never been there, he undoubtedly knew from drawings and engravings of examples in buildings, such as the Palazzo Barberini in Rome, and had already used one to great effect at his Château du Raincy. At Le Raincy the salon spans the corps de logis and projects on both sides, but at Vaux, because of the double row of rooms, it is preceded by the vestibule on the entrance side, "thus delaying and dramatizing the visitor's discovery of this, the centrepiece of the house." The lateral pavilions of the garden facade project only slightly but are three bays wide with traditional tall slate roofs like those on the entrance front, effectively balancing the central domed salon. _START_SECTION_ Gardens _START_PARAGRAPH_ The château rises on an elevated platform in the middle of the woods and marks the border between unequal spaces, each treated in a different way. This effect is more distinctive today, as the woodlands are more mature, than it was in the seventeenth century when the site had been farmland, and the plantations were new._NEWLINE_Le Nôtre's garden was the dominant structure of the great complex, stretching nearly a mile and a half (3 km), with a balanced composition of water basins and canals contained in stone curbs, fountains, gravel walks, and patterned parterres that remains more coherent than the vast display Le Nôtre was to create at Versailles._NEWLINE_The site was naturally well-watered, with two small rivers that met in the park; the canalized bed of one forms the Grand Canal, which leads to a square basin._NEWLINE_Le Nôtre created a magnificent scene to be viewed from the house, using the laws of perspective. Le Nôtre used the natural terrain to his advantage. He placed the canal at the lowest part of the complex, thus hiding it from the main perspectival point of view. Past the canal, the garden ascends a large open lawn and ends with the Hercules column added in the 19th century. Shrubberies provided a picture frame to the garden that also served as a stage for royal fêtes. _START_SECTION_ Anamorphosis abscondita in the garden _START_PARAGRAPH_ Le Nôtre employed an optical illusion called anamorphosis abscondita (which might be roughly translated as 'hidden distortion') in his garden design in order to establish decelerated perspective. The most apparent change in this manner is of the reflecting pools. They are narrower at the closest point to the viewer (standing at the rear of the château) than at their farthest point; this makes them appear closer to the viewer. From a certain designed viewing point, the distortion designed into the landscape elements produces a particular forced perspective and the eye perceives the elements to be closer than they actually are. That point, for Vaux-le-Vicomte, is at the top of the stairs at the rear of the château. Standing atop the grand staircase, one begins to experience the garden with a magnificent perspectival view. The anamorphosis abscondita creates visual effects, which are not encountered in nature, making the spectacle of gardens designed in this way extremely unusual to the viewer (who experiences a tension between the natural perspective cues in his peripheral vision and the forced perspective of the formal garden). The perspective effects are not readily apparent in photographs, either, making viewing the gardens in person the only way of truly experiencing them._NEWLINE_From the top of the grand staircase, this gives the impression that the entire garden is revealed in one single glance. Initially, the view consists of symmetrical rows of shrubbery, avenues, fountains, statues, flowers and other pieces developed to imitate nature: the elements exemplify the Baroque desire to mold nature to fit its wishes, thus using nature to imitate nature. The centrepiece is a large reflecting pool flanked by grottos holding statues in their many niches. The grand sloping lawn is not visible until one begins to explore the garden, when the viewer is made aware of the optical elements involved and discovers that the garden is much larger than it looks. Next, a circular pool, previously seen as ovular due to foreshortening, is passed and a canal that bisects the site is revealed, as well as a lower level path. As the viewer continues on, the second pool shows itself to be square and the grottos and their niched statues become clearer. However, when one walks towards the grottos, the relationship between the pool and the grottos appears awry. The grottos are actually on a much lower level than the rest of the garden and separated by a wide canal that is over half a mile (almost a kilometre) long. According to Allen Weiss, in Mirrors of Infinity, this optical effect is a result of the use of the tenth theorem of Euclid's Optics, which asserts that "the most distant parts of planes situated below the eye appear to be the most elevated"._NEWLINE_In Fouquet's time, interested parties could cross the canal in a boat, but walking around the canal provides a view of the woods that mark what is no longer the garden and shows the distortion of the grottos previously seen as sculptural. Once the canal and grottos have been passed, the large sloping lawn is reached and the garden is viewed from the initial viewpoint's vanishing point, thus completing the circuit as intended by Le Nôtre. From this point, the distortions create the illusion that the gardens are much longer than they actually are. The many discoveries made as one travels through the dynamic garden contrast with the static view of the garden from the château. _START_SECTION_ Use in film, television and popular culture _START_PARAGRAPH_ The chateau buildings and grounds have been used in at least 13 productions, a full 70, in fact, according to the owners. For example, the property was used as the California home of the main villain Hugo Drax (played by Michael Lonsdale) in the 1979 James Bond film Moonraker. It can also be seen in the background in the 1998 film The Man in the Iron Mask. In addition, the château appeared in several episodes of The Revolution, which is a documentary television series about the American Revolutionary War that was broadcast by History Channel in 2006. Australia's Next Top Model had a fashion shoot at the chateau for its 7th Cycle (Episode 02), televised in August 2011. A confused retelling of the Vaux-le-Vicomte story was given by character Little Carmine Lupertazzi in season 4 of HBOs The Sopranos. More recently it has featured as the Palace of Versailles for BBC/Canal+ production of the TV drama series Versailles._NEWLINE_The chateau is one of the settings of Alexandre Dumas' novel The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later._NEWLINE_The second most expensive wedding was held at the palace in 2004. Vanisha Mittal, daughter of British-Indian steel industrialist billionaire Lakshmi Mittal, held her wedding to Amit Bhatia, a British-Indian economist and businessman, at the château following their engagement ceremony at the Palace of Versailles. Kylie Minogue was paid $330,000 to sing at the wedding and the ceremony was followed by fireworks launched from the Eiffel Tower. According to a report in India Today,"over 35 craftsmen were flown in from Mumbai to erect a mandap on a pond in the sprawling gardens of the estate. Elephants made of fibre glass, minarets and a huge reception hall done up in pink were also put up. A lotus was designed in the pond and petals of all colour and shape scattered over it. Craftsmen were jetted in from India and florists from Holland".

3071191109332642565

Q217084

_START_ARTICLE_ Vaux-sur-Aure _START_SECTION_ International relations _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vaux-sur-Aure has international relations with the city of Nagasaki, Japan, since 2005. It was a sister city of Sotome, now a subdivision of Nagasaki, since 1978.

4777828882116629881

Q1853596

_START_ARTICLE_ Vefa S.K. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The club was founded in 1908 when Turkish football was legalized. The club was formed by the students from Vefa Idadisi (Vefa College), Saim Turgut Aktansel, Zeki (Baban), Hikmet (Barlan), Rıfat (Baban), Sudi Cavit (Oral), Tevfik (Kut), Yusuf Ziya and Sabri Beyler as Vefa Idman Yurdu. Following foundation of the Republic of Turkey, club's name change into Vefa Spor Klubu (Vefa Sport Club)._NEWLINE_They played in the İstanbul League until the establishment of the Turkcell Super League in 1959, for which they qualified. Vefa were relegated to the Second League (2. Lig) first time in 1962-63. They became the champions of the second league in 1964-65. They were relegated again in 1973-74. They stayed in the second league until 1986-87 season. They were relegated from 3rd division to amateur league in 1993-94. They played in the third league in 1998-99 and 1999-2000 seasons. Today they play in the amateur leagues. Their ground is the 6,000 capacity Vefa Stadı. Vefa finished İstanbul 4th Group of Super Amateur as champions and qualified to play-offs for Regional Amateur League. They finished it as 6th and qualified to Regional Amateur League play-outs. They faced with Bayrampaşa Tunaspor in 6 May 2012 and won as 3-1. Consequently, they promoted to Regional Amateur League (RAL) for 2012-13 season. They finished 9rd group of RAL as 2nd and didn't qualified to promotion play-off. They finished 11th group of RAL as 8th, but they relegated to Istanbul Super Amateur due to Vefa finished below Dikilitaş, which was another Istanbul team according to RAL rules in 2013-14 season. Vefaspor finished 1st Group of Istanbul Super Amateur League as 1st and qualified to promotion play-offs in 2014-15 season. Vefaspor finished play-offs as 3rd and returned to RAL immediately._NEWLINE_The club's colours are green and white.

16599956279358585750

Q7918470

_START_ARTICLE_ Vehicle registration plates of Chahar Mahaal and Bakhtiari _START_PARAGRAPH_ Chahar Mahaal and Bakhtiari's codes are 71 and 81. In public cars, Taxis and Governal cars the letter is always the same. But in simple cars this letter (ب) depends on the city.

7990448383128511708

Q60789454

_START_ARTICLE_ Vehicle registration plates of the United States for 1914 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Each of the 50 states of the United States of America plus several of its territories and the District of Columbia issued individual passenger license plates for 1914.

673589774075859822

Q31148295

_START_ARTICLE_ Vekh Baraatan Challiyan _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ It is the story of Jaggi, a Sikh Jat from Punjab, who falls in love with Sarla, a Hindu Jat girl from Haryana, while being a part-time conductor on a bus owned by his father. When Jaggi along with his family pursues Sarla's family to agree for their marriage, a Pandit declares Jaggi to be Manglik and says that the marriage would result in Sarla's death. On being asked whether there is a way Jaggi could marry Sarla, the Pandit tells that Jaggi would first have to marry a black dog. In spite of his family's resistance, Jaggi agrees to find a black dog and marry it, just to clear his way for marrying Sarla. What follows is a roller-coaster of comic events.

87399999207342481

Q533690

_START_ARTICLE_ Velim railway test circuit _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Velim test center (Czech: Zkušební centrum Velim) is a railway rolling stock testing facility at Cerhenice, close to the city of Poděbrady in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has become one of the main testing locations for new types of rolling stock designed for use in Europe, and has been a fully accredited European test centre since March 1995._NEWLINE_The most notable feature is the Velim railway test circuit (Železniční zkušební okruh u Velimi/Cerhenice), consisting of two large standard gauge railway track ovals designed for continuous running of new rail vehicles._NEWLINE_The centre is owned by the Railway Research Institute (VUZ, Výzkumný ústav železniční), a subsidiary of the national railway operator, České dráhy. _START_SECTION_ Notable trials _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2008 and 2009 manufacturer Alstom tested its new Automotrice à grande vitesse at Velim, and at the same time the V250 built by AnsaldoBreda was being tested._NEWLINE_The IC4 by AnsaldoBreda was often tested at Velim partly due to the bureaucratic procedure to approve a new system version for test on a normal Danish railway.

511479242872152777

Q7919367

_START_ARTICLE_ Velva Darnell _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1966 Darnell signed with Dot Records. Her first and only release on Dot (45-16906)(MB-21109) was on June 29 of that year. The release contained two songs penned by songwriter Hank Mills and received great reviews in Record World Magazine and the "A" side "Not Me" was predicted to hit the "Hot Country Singles Chart" in the July 23, 1966 issue of Billboard Magazine._NEWLINE_On June 29, 1966, in the excitement and celebration of the event of the release of her first recording, her father, age 59, had a massive heart attack and died while listening to the record. It was several years before Darnell finally reconciled with her father's untimely death and returned to performing._NEWLINE_In 1974, Darnell, along with her husband William, co-founded the short lived recording company, Archway records._NEWLINE_Darnell continued touring and performing regularly until 2004._NEWLINE_In 2010, Darnell's first book of poetry was published under the pen name Velva Darnell-Waldman. The book is titled "Poems of love and life"._NEWLINE_She died at her home in Hudson, Florida on August 12, 2014.

4960527093535712744

Q4308620

_START_ARTICLE_ Vera Mutafchieva _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vera Mutafchieva (Bulgarian: Вера Мутафчиева; March 28, 1929 – June 9, 2009) was a Bulgarian writer and historian._NEWLINE_Daughter of historian prof. Petar Mutafchiev and Nadia Triphonova, she was born in Sofia and was educated at Sofia University. Vera Mutafchieva obtained her PhD (1958) and DSci (1978) degrees at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS) in Sofia. She was a senior researcher at various institutes of the BAS (Institute of History; Institute of Balkan Studies; Institute of Demographic Studies; Institute of Literature), and was elected vice-president of BAS (1993-1996). In 2004 she was elected a member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Her research focused on the Ottoman period on which she published dozens of studies in Bulgarian and European journals. Some of her monographies were published in the USA, Turkey and Greece. _NEWLINE_Vera Mutafchieva is the author of historical novels which were translated into 11 languages. She was also script writer of the 1981 film Khan Asparuh (4th position in the Most Viewed Movies in Bulgaria of All Times Chart and Official submission of Bulgaria for the 'Best Foreign Language Film' category of the 55th Academy Awards in 1983 ; international title 681 AD: The Glory of Khan ) and of 2 other films on contemporary subjects, as well as of the drama on the second Bulgarian Kingdom "The Road"._NEWLINE_Vera Mutafchieva was awarded with numerous national prizes and with the International Herder Prize (1980)._NEWLINE_From 1997 to 1998, Mutafchieva was head of the State Agency for Bulgarians Abroad. In 2008, it was revealed that she had collaborated with the secret police in communist Bulgaria. However, she is also known for her defence of women's rights in Bulgaria._NEWLINE_Mutafchieva died at the Lozenetz Hospital in Sofia at the age of 80. Her ashes were scattered in the Aegean sea near the Cape Sounion.

8549733287166704306

Q7920960

_START_ARTICLE_ Verbena, Virginia _START_PARAGRAPH_ Verbena is an unincorporated community in Page County, in the U.S. state of Virginia.

9263598033381583352

Q1024798

_START_ARTICLE_ Verchocq _START_SECTION_ Geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Verchocq is located 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Montreuil-sur-Mer at the D129 and D148 road junction.

17091242828823950447

Q1435427

_START_ARTICLE_ Verge escapement _START_PARAGRAPH_ The verge (or crown wheel) escapement is the earliest known type of mechanical escapement, the mechanism in a mechanical clock that controls its rate by allowing the gear train to advance at regular intervals or 'ticks'. Its origin is unknown. Verge escapements were used from the late 13th century until the mid 19th century in clocks and pocketwatches. The name verge comes from the Latin virga, meaning stick or rod._NEWLINE_Its invention is important in the history of technology, because it made possible the development of all-mechanical clocks. This caused a shift from measuring time by continuous processes, such as the flow of liquid in water clocks, to repetitive, oscillatory processes, such as the swing of pendulums, which had the potential to be more accurate. Oscillating timekeepers are used in all modern timepieces. _START_SECTION_ Verge and foliot clocks _START_PARAGRAPH_ The verge escapement dates from 13th-century Europe, where its invention led to the development of the first all-mechanical clocks. Starting in the 13th century, large tower clocks were built in European town squares, cathedrals, and monasteries. They kept time by using the verge escapement to drive the foliot, a primitive type of balance wheel, causing it to oscillate back and forth. The foliot was a horizontal bar with weights near the ends, and the rate of the clock could be adjusted by moving the weights in or out on the bar._NEWLINE_The verge probably evolved from the alarum, which used the same mechanism to ring a bell and had appeared centuries earlier. There has been speculation that Villard de Honnecourt invented the verge escapement in 1237 with an illustration of a strange mechanism to turn an angel statue to follow the sun with its finger, but the consensus is that this was not an escapement._NEWLINE_It is believed that sometime in the late 13th century the verge escapement mechanism was applied to tower clocks, creating the first mechanical clock. In spite of the fact that these clocks were celebrated objects of civic pride which were written about at the time, it may never be known when the new escapement was first used. This is because it has proven difficult to distinguish from the meager written documentation which of these early tower clocks were mechanical, and which were water clocks; the same Latin word, horologe, was used for both. None of the original mechanisms have survived unaltered. Sources differ on which was the first clock 'known' to be mechanical, depending on which manuscript evidence they regard as conclusive. One candidate is the Dunstable Priory clock in Bedfordshire, England built in 1283, because accounts say it was installed above the rood screen, where it would be difficult to replenish the water needed for a water clock. Another is the clock built at the Palace of the Visconti, Milan, Italy, in 1335. Astronomer Robertus Anglicus wrote in 1271 that clockmakers were trying to invent an escapement, but hadn't been successful yet. However, there is agreement that mechanical clocks existed by the late 13th century._NEWLINE_The earliest description of an escapement, in Richard of Wallingford's 1327 manuscript Tractatus Horologii Astronomici on the clock he built at the Abbey of St. Albans, was not a verge, but a variation called a 'strob' escapement. It consisted of a pair of escape wheels on the same axle, with alternating radial teeth. The verge rod was suspended between them, with a short crosspiece that rotated first in one direction and then the other as the staggered teeth pushed past. Although no other example is known, it is possible that this design preceded the more usual verge in clocks._NEWLINE_For the first two hundred years or so of the mechanical clock's existence, the verge, with foliot or balance wheel, was the only escapement used in mechanical clocks. In the sixteenth century alternative escapements started to appear, but the verge remained the most used escapement for 350 years until mid-17th century advances in mechanics, resulted in the adoption of the pendulum, and later the anchor escapement._NEWLINE_ _NEWLINE_Since clocks were valuable, after the invention of the pendulum many verge clocks were rebuilt to use this more accurate timekeeping technology, so very few of the early verge and foliot clocks have survived unaltered to the present day._NEWLINE_How accurate the first verge and foliot clocks were is debatable, with estimates of one to two hours error per day being mentioned, although modern experiments with clocks of this construction show accuracies of minutes per day were achievable. Early verge clocks were probably no more accurate than the previous water clocks, but they did not freeze in winter and were a more promising technology for innovation. By the mid-17th century, when the pendulum replaced the foliot, the best verge and foliot clocks had achieved an accuracy of 15 minutes per day. _START_SECTION_ Verge pendulum clocks _START_PARAGRAPH_ Most of the gross inaccuracy of the early verge and foliot clocks was not due to the escapement itself, but to the foliot oscillator. The first use of pendulums in clocks around 1656 suddenly increased the accuracy of the verge clock from hours a day to minutes a day. Most clocks were rebuilt with their foliots replaced by pendulums, to the extent that it is difficult to find original verge and foliot clocks intact today. A similar increase in accuracy in verge watches followed the introduction of the balance spring in 1658. _START_SECTION_ How it works _START_PARAGRAPH_ The verge escapement consists of a wheel shaped like a crown, with sawtooth-shaped teeth protruding axially toward the front, and with its axis oriented horizontally. In front of it is a vertical rod, the verge, with two metal plates, the pallets, that engage the teeth at opposite sides of the crown wheel. The pallets are not parallel, but are oriented with an angle in between them so only one catches the teeth at a time. The balance wheel (or the pendulum) is mounted at the end of the verge rod. As the clock's gears turn the crown wheel, one of its teeth pushes on a pallet, rotating the verge in one direction, and rotating the second pallet into the path of the teeth on the opposite side of the wheel, until the tooth pushes past the first pallet. Then a tooth on the wheel's opposite side contacts the second pallet, rotating the verge back the other direction, and the cycle repeats. The result is to change the rotary motion of the wheel to an oscillating motion of the verge. Each swing of the foliot or pendulum thus allows one tooth of the escape wheel to pass, advancing the wheel train of the clock by a fixed amount, moving the hands forward at a constant rate._NEWLINE_The crown wheel must have an odd number of teeth for the escapement to function. With an even number, two opposing teeth will contact the pallets at the same time, jamming the escapement. The usual angle between the pallets was 90° to 105°, resulting in a foliot or pendulum swing of around 80° to 100°. In order to reduce the pendulum's swing to make it more isochronous, the French used larger pallet angles, upwards of 115°. This reduced the pendulum swing to around 50° and reduced recoil (below), but required the verge to be located so near the crown wheel that the teeth fell on the pallets very near the axis, reducing initial leverage and increasing friction, thus requiring lighter pendulums. _START_SECTION_ Decline _START_PARAGRAPH_ Verge escapements were used in virtually all clocks and watches for 400 years. Then the increase in accuracy due to the introduction of the pendulum and balance spring in the mid 17th century focused attention on error caused by the escapement. By the 1820s, the verge was superseded by better escapements, though many examples of mid 19th century verge watches exist, as they were much cheaper by this time._NEWLINE_In pocketwatches, besides its inaccuracy, the vertical orientation of the crown wheel and the need for a bulky fusee made the verge movement unfashionably thick. French watchmakers adopted the thinner cylinder escapement, invented in 1695. In England, high end watches went to the duplex escapement, developed in 1782, but inexpensive verge fusee watches continued to be produced until the mid 19th century, when the lever escapement took over. These later verge watches were colloquially called 'turnips' because of their bulky build._NEWLINE_The verge was only used briefly in pendulum clocks before it was replaced by the anchor escapement, invented around 1660 and widely used beginning in 1680. The problem with the verge was that it required the pendulum to swing in a wide arc of 80° to 100°. Christiaan Huygens in 1674 showed that a pendulum swinging in a wide arc is an inaccurate timekeeper, because its period of swing is sensitive to small changes in the drive force provided by the clock mechanism._NEWLINE_Although the verge is not known for accuracy, it is capable of it. The first successful marine chronometers, H4 and H5, made by John Harrison in 1759 and 1770, used verge escapements with diamond pallets., In trials they were accurate to within a fifth of a second per day._NEWLINE_Today the verge is seen only in antique or antique-replica timepieces. Many original bracket clocks have their Victorian-era anchor escapement conversions undone and the original style of verge escapement restored. Clockmakers call this a verge reconversion.

10619325573261653131

Q7921520

_START_ARTICLE_ Vermeer Company _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ In central Iowa in 1943, Gary Vermeer created a mechanical hoist to ease the process of unloading his grain wagon during harvest. Farm neighbors observed his wagon hoist in operation and asked for ones of their own. At his request, a local machine shop fabricated a number of these hoists to meet the demand. Today, Vermeer holds several product and design patents within its line of utility and track trenchers, directional boring systems, tub grinders, tree equipment, excavation machines, and hay-harvesting products. The company markets 100 agricultural and industrial products worldwide, and operates 1,500,000 square feet (140,000 m²) of plant space for manufacturing. On July 19, 2018 the Vermeer campus was hit by a tornado causing significant damage to two plant buildings and minor damage to other buildings

16025648984497125137

Q7922783

_START_ARTICLE_ Vertexguy _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Chris Kline's musical influences started from his parents, David and Mary Ellen Kline, who first met in a rock and roll band. David Kline was a drummer and encouraged his son to pick up the drums around the age of 5. Kline stuck with the drums through high school, but also tried out a few other instruments along the way, such as the violin and the guitar. In middle school, Kline joined band and quickly excelled to first chair drummer. He performed in competition Jazz band and performed drum solos at band concerts in front of the entire school._NEWLINE_Around this time, Kline also became interested in learning the guitar. He started out on his father's old acoustic guitar trying to play songs like "Enter Sandman" and "The Unforgiven" made popular by Metallica. Soon after this, he got his first electric guitar. Kline was largely influenced by heavy metal, rock and progressive rock bands of the 1980s and had a hard time finding any instructors interested in the same genres. He started by taking a few lessons here and there, but ended up quitting and teaching himself along the way. During this time, he developed his musical ear to a very high level enabling him to pick up new songs very quickly._NEWLINE_Around this time, he also was heavily influenced by the video game industry and took a strong liking to the Nintendo Entertainment System. He had a passion for art and music and had been conjuring up his own game designs since the NES made its first United States debut in 1985. With the help of AOL, he went online and began searching for other like-minded individuals wanting to try to make their own video game. In the process, he formed the company known as "Nuke Ware". He pursued a few different game designs under this company, and with the help of DarkSoft Entertainment, successfully co-published his first title, Empires: Quest for Power on the Excalibur BBS._NEWLINE_Not long after this, Kline graduated from Yankton High School and went off to college. He applied and was accepted into the Art Institute of Phoenix. He began pursuing the nation's first Bachelor of Arts in Game Art & Design. In college, Kline excelled in all subjects and made the Deans Honor Roll._NEWLINE_During his early college years, Kline joined his first official band, "Universal Tongue". Kline toured the local bar scenes with them performing lead / rhythm guitar on original and popular cover songs. Kline's involvement with the band lasted about a year. Shortly after Kline left, the band began falling apart and is now non existent._NEWLINE_Towards the final year of college, Kline realized he would need to create a website for his online portfolio. He wanted the address to be memorable and make sense with the type of work he did. Since 3D art is made up of vertices at its core level, and this is what he spends his time manipulating every day, Kline thought it would be catchy to call himself "VertexGuy". Kline usually lumps the two words together to match his website address (www.vertexguy.com), but can often be found referenced as "the vertex guy", "vertex guy", "vertex" or "vert". He prefers treating the title as one word because it is unique enough to make him instantly easy to find in any search engine._NEWLINE_After graduating from college in 2002, Kline moved to Prescott, Arizona to be with his girlfriend, Trina Noelle Cowin, who would soon become his wife. During this time, Kline worked on his art portfolio and began applying to game studios across the United States. Knowing he needed a job to get married, Kline jumped on the first major opportunity that came his way. This came in the form of a job offer from FarSight Studios._NEWLINE_During his time at FarSight Studios, Kline quickly adapted and assumed a natural leadership role, taking on a great deal of responsibility. In addition to creating artwork for all the games the studio worked on, he also became the studio's Audio Director. He created all the sound effects for the studio's game line up and also wrote a few music scores._NEWLINE_In 2005, Kline joined www.MusicianWar.com and began posting original compositions in friendly music competition. This site features categories to compete in and the one that caught Kline’s attention the most was "Video Game Themes". Though this did not seem to be a very popular category, Kline began posting guitar renditions of various classic video game themes. Shortly after, he decided to take one of the game themes he covered (John Petrucci’s Necronomicon: Epiloque) and post it on YouTube. Not long after, he followed it up with his remake of the original level 1 music from the NES title, Contra. This release proved to be a huge hit and spawned lots of media attention from various gaming sites. Since then, he has been interviewed and discussed on several major gaming sites, including Kotaku and Destructoid._NEWLINE_On June 28, 2006, Kline's rendition of the Duke Nukem theme, titled "Duke Nukem Jam", was presented on 3D Realms' front page (www.3dRealms.com). This helped expose Kline to new listeners, who immediately became die hard fans of his work. Since then, his video on YouTube has had more than a million views, in addition to millions of total views spanning across all his videos. Chris was later contracted by 3d Realms and Apogee for use of his Duke Nukem Jam in their promotional trailer videos created for Duke Nukem 3d on Xbox Live and the Duke Nukem Trilogy trailer for PSP._NEWLINE_After Contra made its popular debut across the web, a fellow MySpace user named "Stretch" contacted Kline and suggested that he contact Tommy Tallarico and Jack Wall from Video Games Live to see if they might be interested in doing something together. Kline took him up on this advice and soon after was invited to perform with Video Games Live at the Game Developers Conference in 2007. He also performed at the Game Audio Network Guild (G.A.N.G.) Awards show during the conference. Since then, Kline has performed with Video Games Live at the E4All Expo in 2007, and in Loveland, CO in 2009.

15470179343626923169

Q7922961

_START_ARTICLE_ Vertikal _START_SECTION_ Writing and recording _START_PARAGRAPH_ The 2013 release of Vertikal marks the longest period of time between studio albums in Cult of Luna's history; the band last released Eternal Kingdom five years prior in 2008. The band cited the fact that all members were living in different cities, had busy lives with their own families and jobs, and not being signed to record label at the time as various reasons for this long gap. Ultimately and retrospectively, Cult of Luna guitarist Johannes Persson said this additional time was beneficial for the writing process. He said, "we didn't rush into anything, and we wrote a whole lot of different songs of which not all of them made it into the recording process. We could actually choose songs that would be working toward the goal we had."_NEWLINE_When the members of Cult of Luna decided they officially wanted to start working on a new album, they began messaging each other ideas of what they wanted it to sound like using books, films and photographs for inspiration. Cult of Luna first noted that their two previous albums, Somewhere Along the Highway and Eternal Kingdom, had very rural conceptual theme to them, so the band made the conscious effort to aim for a city theme with Vertikal. Common themes that arose out of the exchange of media for inspiration included Futurism and German Expressionism of the 1920s, in addition to compiling a list of ideas for how including: industrial, factory, monotone, repetitive, harsh and grey. One idea that prominently popped up during these discussions was Fritz Lang's 1927 film Metropolis — a landmark film in German Expressionism. Cult of Luna drummer and percussionist Thomas Hedlund commented on the band's interest in the film, stating: "We wanted to find a contrast to the previous albums. They were more rural, earthy and organic in a way. This time we wanted to explore the city; the machinery that is a society. Metropolis dealt with questions about belonging, the need for a change, human vs. machines, love. All of which were topics that we found inspiring in the making of this album." Speaking on the importance of having a conceptual theme for an album, Persson said, "I think one important aspect of artistic work is having boundaries and limits. I think many people do themselves a disservice by working too freely, as then you don't challenge yourself – anything can go."_NEWLINE_Cult of Luna did not begin composing music until this concept was solidified. Persson said that having this clear direction in place made the writing process easier and noticed there were fewer arguments between the band members. The band has stated that Vertikal's sonic themes include "machinery, repetition and clear, linear structures." Cult of Luna also wanted to achieve a more "static" sound on the album. To do this, the band recorded with more downpicking on the guitars, the drums parts had the cymbals recorded separately, and the band recorded the sounds of, "hitting metal rods and ladders and stairways [and] cutting them up like beats." For the first time in Cult of Luna's career, keyboards and electronics became an integral part of the writing process, whereas before they were just an afterthought. _NEWLINE_For a time, Cult of Luna considered releasing Vertikal as a double album with the amount of material they had written, but instead released three additional songs that were written during these sessions (but not yet recorded) as Vertikal II later in 2013. _START_SECTION_ Promotion _START_PARAGRAPH_ In December 2012, Cult of Luna made the song "I: The Weapon" available for online streaming to help promote the album. After the release of Vertikal in February 2013, the band released a music video for the song "Passing Through". The video was directed by Markus Lundqvist and filmed in a hospital in Sweden that closed in the 1960s, "where the mentally ill were routinely castrated and lobotomized." Cult of Luna also recorded an acoustic version of "Passing Through" for the website Off The Record. The acoustic version was recorded live and outside during a snowstorm in Finland. Johannes Persson said of this recording, "Halfway through the first take, my fingers went numb. It was freezing cold and that was actually the wind and snow that you hear in the video; there were no sound effects. The snow fell so hard that the bell instrument was almost muted and you could barely hear it."_NEWLINE_In support of Vertikal, Cult of Luna embarked on a January–May 2013 European tour. In September/October 2013, Cult of Luna toured North America, co-headlined with Katatonia and featuring the openers Intronaut and Tesseract. This tour marked the first time the band had toured in the United States since 2005 — at which point the band was touring in support of their third studio album, Salvation. A member of the band Kongh acted as a live, fill-in bassist on this tour. Persson commented on this tour, stating, "Well, we weren't sure what to expect in the US because Monday was our first show in the US in eight years. The audience was really great. The last time we played in the US the audience was about twenty people. This time, it was a lot more than twenty people."

18049750520325062163

Q1204277

_START_ARTICLE_ Very-high-temperature reactor _START_PARAGRAPH_ The very-high-temperature reactor (VHTR), or high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR), is a Generation IV reactor concept that uses a graphite-moderated nuclear reactor with a once-through uranium fuel cycle. The VHTR is a type of high-temperature reactor (HTR) that can conceptually have an outlet temperature of 1000 °C. The reactor core can be either a "prismatic block" or a "pebble-bed" core. The high temperatures enable applications such as process heat or hydrogen production via the thermochemical sulfur–iodine cycle. _START_SECTION_ Overview _START_PARAGRAPH_ The VHTR is a type of high-temperature reactor that conceptually can reach high outlet temperatures (up to 1000 °C); however, in practice the term "VHTR" is usually thought of as a gas-cooled reactor, and commonly used interchangeably with "HTGR" (high-temperature gas-cooled reactor)._NEWLINE_There are two main types of HTGRs: pebble bed reactors (PBR) and prismatic block reactors (PMR).The prismatic block reactor refers to a prismatic block core configuration, in which hexagonal graphite blocks are stacked to fit in a cylindrical pressure vessel. The pebble bed reactor (PBR) design consists of fuel in the form of pebbles, stacked together in a cylindrical pressure vessel, like a gum-ball machine. Both reactors may have the fuel stacked in an annulus region with a graphite center spire, depending on the design and desired reactor power. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The HTGR design was first proposed by the staff of the Power Pile Division of the Clinton Laboratories (known now as Oak Ridge National Laboratory) in 1947. _NEWLINE_Professor Rudolf Schulten in Germany also played a role in development during the 1950s. _NEWLINE_The Peach Bottom reactor in the United States was the first HTGR to produce electricity, and did so very successfully, with operation from 1966 through 1974 as a technology demonstrator. Fort St. Vrain Generating Station was one example of this design that operated as an HTGR from 1979 to 1989. Though the reactor was beset by some problems which led to its decommissioning due to economic factors, it served as proof of the HTGR concept in the United States (though no new commercial HTGRs have been developed there since). _NEWLINE_HTGRs have also existed in the United Kingdom (the Dragon reactor) and Germany (AVR reactor and THTR-300), and currently exist in Japan (the High-temperature engineering test reactor using prismatic fuel with 30 MWₜₕ of capacity) and China (the HTR-10, a pebble-bed design with 10 MWₑ of generation). Two full-scale pebble-bed HTGRs, the HTR-PM reactors, each with 100 MW of electrical production capacity, are under construction in China as of 2019. _START_SECTION_ Neutron moderator _START_PARAGRAPH_ The neutron moderator is graphite, although whether the reactor core is configured in graphite prismatic blocks or in graphite pebbles depends on the HTGR design. _START_SECTION_ Nuclear fuel _START_PARAGRAPH_ The fuel used in HTGRs is coated fuel particles, such as TRISO fuel particles. Coated fuel particles have fuel kernels, usually made of uranium dioxide, however, uranium carbide or uranium oxycarbide are also possibilities. Uranium oxycarbide combines uranium carbide with the uranium dioxide to reduce the oxygen stoichiometry. Less oxygen may lower the internal pressure in the TRISO particles caused by the formation of carbon monoxide, due to the oxidization of the porous carbon layer in the particle. The TRISO particles are either dispersed in a pebble for the pebble bed design or molded into compacts/rods that are then inserted into the hexagonal graphite blocks. The QUADRISO fuel concept conceived at Argonne National Laboratory has been used to better manage the excess of reactivity. _START_SECTION_ Helium _START_PARAGRAPH_ Helium has been the coolant used in most HTGRs to date, and the peak temperature and power depend on the reactor design. Helium is an inert gas, so it will generally not chemically react with any material. Additionally, exposing helium to neutron radiation does not make it radioactive, unlike most other possible coolants. _START_SECTION_ Molten salt _START_PARAGRAPH_ The molten salt cooled variant, the LS-VHTR, similar to the advanced high-temperature reactor (AHTR) design, uses a liquid fluoride salt for cooling in a pebble core. It shares many features with a standard VHTR design, but uses molten salt as a coolant instead of helium. The pebble fuel floats in the salt, and thus pebbles are injected into the coolant flow to be carried to the bottom of the pebble bed, and are removed from the top of the bed for recirculation. The LS-VHTR has many attractive features, including: the ability to work at high temperatures (the boiling point of most molten salts being considered are > 1,400 °C), low-pressure operation, high power density, better electric conversion efficiency than a helium-cooled VHTR operating at similar conditions, passive safety systems, and better retention of fission products in case an accident occurred. _START_SECTION_ Control _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the prismatic designs, control rods are inserted in holes cut in the graphite blocks that make up the core. The VHTR will be controlled like current PBMR designs if it utilizes a pebble bed core, the control rods will be inserted in the surrounding graphite reflector. Control can also be attained by adding pebbles containing neutron absorbers. _START_SECTION_ Materials challenges _START_PARAGRAPH_ The high-temperature, high-neutron dose, and, if using a molten salt coolant, the corrosive environment, of the VHTR require materials that exceed the limitations of current nuclear reactors. In a study of Generation IV reactors in general (of which there are numerous designs, including the VHTR), Murty and Charit suggest that materials that have high dimensional stability, either with or without stress, maintain their tensile strength, ductility, creep resistance, etc. after aging, and are corrosion resistant are primary candidates for use in VHTRs. Some materials suggested include nickel-base superalloys, silicon carbide, specific grades of graphite, high-chromium steels, and refractory alloys. Further research is being conducted at US national laboratories as to which specific issues must be addressed in the Generation IV VHTR prior to construction. _START_SECTION_ Safety features and other benefits _START_PARAGRAPH_ The design takes advantage of the inherent safety characteristics of a helium-cooled, graphite-moderated core with specific design optimizations. The graphite has large thermal inertia and the helium coolant is single phase, inert, and has no reactivity effects. The core is composed of graphite, has a high heat capacity and structural stability even at high temperatures. The fuel is coated uranium-oxycarbide which permits high burn-up (approaching 200 GWd/t) and retains fission products. The high average core-exit temperature of the VHTR (1,000 °C) permits emissions-free production of process heat. Reactor is designed for 60 years of service.

2982896109841274370

Q4082043

_START_ARTICLE_ Vesicular transport protein _START_PARAGRAPH_ A vesicular transport protein, or vesicular transporter, is a membrane protein that regulates or facilitates the movement of specific molecules across a vesicle's membrane. As a result, vesicular transporters govern the concentration of molecules within a vesicle.

5735253954170965584

Q10904309

_START_ARTICLE_ Við Djúpumýrar _START_SECTION_ Upgrades in 2019 _START_PARAGRAPH_ The stadium is going through a renovation before the 2019 season. The main goal is to get it ready to host international matches.

6310255585913855300

Q7924362

_START_ARTICLE_ Via Audio (EP) _START_SECTION_ Personnel _START_PARAGRAPH_ Jessica Martins: keyboards, guitars, vocals_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Dan Molad: drums, programming, vocals_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_David Lizmi: bass guitar_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Tom Deis: guitar, vocals

13970334768887303235

Q763100

_START_ARTICLE_ Via Labicana _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Via Labicana was an ancient road of Italy, leading east-southeast from Rome. It seems possible that the road at first led to Tusculum, that it was then extended to Labici, and later still became a road for through traffic; it may even have superseded the Via Latina as a route to the southeast, for, while the distance from Rome to their main junction at Ad Bivium (or to another junction at Compitum Anagninum) is practically identical, the summit level of the former is 22 metres (72 ft) lower than that of the latter, a little to the west of the pass of Mount Algidus. After their junction it is probable that the road bore the name Via Latina rather than Via Labicana. The course of the road after the first six miles from Rome is not identical with that of any modern road, but can be clearly traced by remains of pavement and buildings along its course._NEWLINE_Via Labicana entered Rome through the Aurelian walls via the ancient monumental gate of Porta Prenestina, and reached, after an internal part, the Servian Wall, entering through the Porta Esquilina, decorated with the arch of Gallienus. The section of the road near Rome is now known as the Via Casilina. A statue of Augustus as pontifex maximus found at a villa of Livia on this road is known as the "Via Labicana type" and is housed at the National Roman Museum. The Roman Emperor Didius Julianus was buried by the fifth milestone on the Via Labicana, after being executed in 193._NEWLINE_The ancient church of Santi Marcellino e Pietro al Laterano was built at the intersection with via Merulana near the catacombs where the remains of St Marcellino and St Pietro were found.

3279242778421184300

Q3557292

_START_ARTICLE_ Victor Ezeji _START_SECTION_ International _START_PARAGRAPH_ The striker played in eight international matches for the Super Eagles.

11145336406508133956

Q14505357

_START_ARTICLE_ Victory International _START_PARAGRAPH_ The term Victory International or Victory Internationals refers to two series of international football matches played by the national football teams of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales at end of both the First and Second World Wars. The matches were organised to celebrate the Victory of the Allied Powers in both wars. The term specifically refers to those matches played after the conflicts were over, making them distinct from the wartime internationals which were played during the course of the wars._NEWLINE_Among the games regarded as Victory Internationals were those played as part of the 1945–46 British Victory Home Championship. The 1945–46 season also saw England play Victory internationals against France, Switzerland and Belgium. Scotland also played the latter two national teams. The status of these internationals is open to debate. England, Ireland and Wales do not recognize any of these games as full internationals. Scotland, however, does list the games against Belgium and Switzerland as full internationals. Similarly Belgium, Switzerland and France all regard their Victory Internationals as full internationals.

7262203547118168748

Q42749605

_START_ARTICLE_ Vida de Voss _START_SECTION_ Education _START_PARAGRAPH_ De Voss earned a master's degree in philosophy from Stellenbosch University in 2006, and her master's thesis was entitled, Emmanuel Levinas on ethics as the first truth. In 2010, she earned a master's degree in English literature from Iowa State University, and her thesis was entitled The Identity Challenge in Toni Morrison's "Paradise" . _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ De Voss has been a lecturer in English literature at the Namibia University of Science and Technology since 2013._NEWLINE_De Voss is the director of Sister Namibia, a feminist organisation and publisher of an eponymous magazine (first published in 1989), based in Windhoek._NEWLINE_De Voss has also been a guest speaker at the University of Namibia in Windhoek. In March 2016, she spoke to an audience of hundreds of women at a conference at Windhoek's Safari Court Hotel to commemorate International Women's Day.

3102334871896041558

Q7927944

_START_ARTICLE_ Video logging _START_SECTION_ Logging in post-production _START_PARAGRAPH_ If a video has a high shooting ratio, it can be impractical to remember exactly where each shot is on each source tape or source file. Finding a particular source shot by searching through hours of video during editing can be time consuming, as well as tie up expensive editing equipment and editors' time._NEWLINE_A solution widely employed in the professional industry is to log the content prior to editing. Loggers go through the source video material, labeling it according to its contents within the metadata. This data is then available during editing, making the editing more efficient._NEWLINE_Software based logging systems allow clip lists to be imported directly into computer based editing systems. _START_SECTION_ Broadcast and compliance logging _START_PARAGRAPH_ Free-to-Air and Subscription broadcasters often have a statutory requirement to keep a record of all programs that are emitted. This may be for legal or other compliance purposes—or simply good commercial sense to 'have proof' of events in event of a contrary claim._NEWLINE_Traditionally compliance recordings were made to long-play video-cassette decks, using three 8-hour tapes per day per channel. The unreliability of moving tapes & heads, along with the move to centralcasting and distributed playback requirements, has made this method virtually impossible to maintain in the current operational climate._NEWLINE_Larger multi-channel broadcasters with hundreds of feeds running simultaneously could potentially use several thousand VHS decks in rotation, along with the equipment racking, tape storage space and staff to manipulate those assets—and tens of thousands of tapes required to span the compliance retention period._NEWLINE_Developments since the early 2000s have shifted to multi-channel server-based rich-media logging, with a few brave souls using domestic PVR software to achieve the basic functionality at a reduced cost. Most systems also provide data sync to broadcast automation systems, as well as checking basic signal status, and event logging for review of non program related events which may have been visible on air._NEWLINE_In addition to logging to disk, some packages also provide live streaming for internal use, or to be repurposed to external web or news sites._NEWLINE_A variety of disk-based compliance logging packages suitable for a range of customer applications are available—each employing a number of proprietary methods and technologies.

6562136955030407319

Q7928103

_START_ARTICLE_ Vidiyum Varai Kaathiru _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ Raja (Bhagyaraj) arrives at Ooty to get a job. He bumps into Rajasekhar, a wealthy businessman, and trespasses his property 3 times. One day, some goons kidnap Rajasekhar for a suitcase of money and Raja saves him by fighting them. Rajasekhar brings Raja to a diner and gives him a portion of the money in the suitcase. Raja refuses and requests for a job instead. Rajasekhar agrees and lets him stay in his house. In the night, Raja hears a woman screaming and is unnerved. The next morning, he begs Rajasekhar to let him leave. Rajasekhar introduces Raja to the screaming woman, his mentally ill daughter Sathya. He narrates a flashback about Sathya to Raja._NEWLINE_Sathya and her sister Kala were talented artists. Sathya was a singer and Kala was a Bharatanatyam dancer. Kala is very sensitive and during dinner, both of them argue about who is superior. The next day, the sisters enter a challenge where Kala must dance to Sathya's singing. Kala makes a misstep and falls, losing the challenge. Unable to tolerate the loss, Kala jumps off a cliff and dies by suicide. Guilty and mentally tormented about her sister’s death, Sathya transforms into a mentally-ill patient. Hearing the story, Raja requests Rajasekhar for a job to take care of Sathya and cure her illness. Raja tries several hilarious methods to ‘cure’ Sathya's illness. Sathya still recovers slowly and is happier than before. But one night, Raja frames Sathya of trying to murder him by injuring himself. Rajasekhar brings Raja to a doctor, who is actually set up by Raja. The doctor nudges Rajasekhar to marry Sathya to a trustworthy groom, explaining sex is a method to cure her mental illness. Rajasekhar believes Raja is the best groom for Sathya and marries both of them._NEWLINE_Then one day, a visitor comes to Rajasekhar’s house. He is the brother-in-law of Rajasekhar, Sethupathy. When Raja sees Sethupathy, he is startled. In the past, Raja cheated Sethupathy in a gambling match and it is revealed Raja is a hardened criminal. A woman in his group of small-time criminals loves him but he doesn’t reciprocate her love. Sethupathy is informed of Raja’s plot to murder Sathya and usurp Rajasekhar’s property, which is under Sathya’s name. Sethupathy demands half of the property when Raja kills Sathya. Raja is reluctant to agree. Raja tries to kill Sathya by pushing her off a cliff similar to the way Kala died so he can frame it as a suicide. But the next day Sathya returns alive, saved by some dwellers. The twist is, in the accident, Sathya’s mental illness is cured too and she is transformed into a sane woman. Sethupathy is disappointed in Raja. Rajasekhar explains to Sathya about her marriage to Raja. Raja makes his second plan to kill Sathya. He takes her to a honeymoon, opens up the gas tanks so Sathya will die in the fire. But this plan fails when the servant enters the kitchen before Sathya. The police is informed of this and the inspector suspects Raja to be the culprit of the ‘fire accident’._NEWLINE_Raja then plots to kill Sathya by shooting her through the window from a long range. But this plan fails he mistakes the housemaid’s shadow for Sathya’s. The housemaid is killed and the police investigates the murder. The inspector deduces Raja is the culprit and explains it to Rajasekhar, who is hesitant to label his groom. Sathya believes Raja tried to murder her and transfers Rajasekhar’s property to his name for the fear of death. She is pregnant too, so 2 lives are at stake. When she tells this to Raja, Raja feels he failed and leaves. Raja learns the truth about the woman who loves him teamed up with Sethupathy and double-crossed him to get all the property. Raja captures both Sethupathy and the woman, forcing one of them to die. But Sethupathy’s selfishness results in the death of both. The inspector and the police surround the house to arrest Raja. Raja locks the inspector in his room and threatens to kill him. During the standoff, Raja accidentally shoots Sathya and the inspector requests him to surrender. Raja starts to feel true love for Sathya and embraces her.

6534911179691010559

Q19667512

_START_ARTICLE_ Vidya Pillai _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ She was educated in Chennai in three different schools namely St. John's School, Boston Matriculation and Children's Garden Secondary School. Higher education took her to the prestigious Loyola College, Chennai where she obtained a degree in Visual Communication and later went on to complete a Post-Graduate Diploma in Communication and Management at the National Institute of Sales. She credits former Indian international cricketer Hemang Badani for introducing her to the sport, and the late national billiards champion, TG Kamala Devi, for inspiring her. _START_SECTION_ National career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vidya Pillai is a nine-time Women's National Snooker Champion, her latest victory coming at the Indian National Snooker Championship in Indore in 2016. She has finished runner-up in three different editions of the tournament in 2006, 2009 and 2015. She also won the Indian National 6-Red Snooker Championship in 2013 & the Indian National 9-Ball Pool Championship in 2005._NEWLINE_Currently, she is a part of the Chennai Strikers team in the Indian Cue Masters League, where she is teamed up with Pankaj Advani for mixed doubles. _START_SECTION_ International career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vidya Pillai made her first international appearance at the 2007 IBSF World Snooker Championship (Ladies) and lost in the quarter-finals. Ever since, she has won a Gold medal in the IBSF World Team Snooker Championship in 2013, Gold in the IBSF Australian Women's Ranking Snooker Championship in 2016, Gold in the IBSF Australian Open Women's Snooker Championship in 2010, Two Silver medals in the IBSF World 6 Reds Snooker Championship Women in 2015 and 2016, one Silver in the IBSF World Team Snooker Championship in 2016, two Bronze medals IBSF World Snooker Championship in 2010 and 2012, one Bronze in the IBSF World Team Snooker Championship in 2014 and one Bronze at the WLBSA World Billiards Championship in 2008. She has also won a Silver medal at the Asian Billiard Sport Championship held at Doha in 2016. Most recently, finished with a Silver medal in the WLBSA World Women's Snooker Championship in 2017.

1870607421127783777

Q7928390

_START_ARTICLE_ Vieques Air Link _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Operations began during 1965, with owner Osvaldo "Val" Gonzalez-Duriex piloting a plane with three passengers from Vieques to Humacao. A Cherokee aircraft and another airplane were also acquired later, allowing the airline to serve Isla Verde International Airport._NEWLINE_In 1968, Vieques Air Link added a flight to St. Croix in the Virgin Islands._NEWLINE_In 1980 Fajardo airport was built and Vieques Air Link started flights to the new airport immediately. In the 1980s the company increased the frequency of flights to San Juan, Humacao and Culebra. In 1989, Vieques Air Link lost its entire fleet to Hurricane Hugo. However, it soon acquired seven Britten-Norman Islanders and three Trislanders._NEWLINE_In the 1990s VAL got into financial trouble. However, with the Vieques conflict, more and more Puerto Ricans began flying Vieques Air Link every day to go to military camps to protest, and the police also had to fly their personnel and the people arrested in those areas on VAL planes at various times. Others, like political leaders Ruben Berrios and Fernando Martín, and the 2002 Miss Puerto Rico Carla Tricoli, who is a Viequense, have had pictures taken by the press aboard VAL planes while flying to Vieques, giving the airline a new wave of unpaid-for promotional attention. In addition, in June 2000, the airline made the cover of Islander News magazine, under the headline "Vieques Air Link: How To Survive a Hurricane", about the airline's fleet loss of 1989 and how it survived the potentially fatal financial disaster._NEWLINE_In 2008, VAL added a new route between Antonio Rivera Rodríguez Airport (VQS) in Vieques and the new José Aponte de la Torre Airport (RVR) at the former Roosevelt Roads Naval Base in Ceiba, shortening the flight between Vieques and the Puerto Rican mainland to seven or eight minutes in a Cessna Caravan.

4684655946702138905

Q28197240

_START_ARTICLE_ Vietnamese Chess Championship _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Vietnamese Chess Championship has been held annually since 1980 by the Vietnam Chess Federation (Vietnamese: Liên đoàn Cờ Việt Nam), which joined FIDE in 1988. The federation has also organized an annual Vietnamese Women's Chess Championship since 1984.

14157378248215116841

Q28130230

_START_ARTICLE_ View from nowhere _START_SECTION_ Common patterns of illogic characterize view-from-nowhere reports _START_PARAGRAPH_ A journalist who excludes relevant pieces of information from the set of true facts is telling a lie of omission; if the audience had all the missing data, it would reach a different conclusion. A journalist who strives for neutrality may also fail to exclude popular and/or widespread untrue claims from the set of facts about the story. A journalist may fail to confront their audience's biases and wrong conventional thinking because they forget the existence of the people on the other side of camera or printing press, and thus don't analyze their audience and address the audience's preconceptions._NEWLINE_Jay Rosen has suggested that some journalists of weak character who don't want to anger any party in any way because they lack the necessary personal courage to confront wrong beliefs will adopt view-from-nowhere reporting. _START_SECTION_ Innumeracy _START_PARAGRAPH_ Journalists suffering from innumeracy may also be a source of view-from-nowhere reports. When a source provides statistics to support their claims, and the reporter is unable to evaluate whether the numbers are plausible, she may uncritically relay false information rather than report that the source provided incorrect data. _START_SECTION_ Self-censorship _START_PARAGRAPH_ A journalist who knows or suspects his bosses, station, and/or network are biased may self-censor, thus producing the view from nowhere in an otherwise honest journalist who wants to protect his employment. _START_SECTION_ Special access to sources _START_PARAGRAPH_ Politicians or other sources who benefit from view-from-nowhere journalism grant more access to the journalists who promote a view from nowhere, thus crowding out other journalists, leading to a disinformed public, and bad public policy that harms everyone. This feedback loop creates a self-reinforcing cycle of bad journalism in politics and bad politicians in office. _START_SECTION_ "He said, she said" pattern _START_PARAGRAPH_ The hallmark pattern of view-from-nowhere journalism takes the form of "A said X; B said Y," where X and Y are mutually exclusive claims and Y is absurd, and then the story ends without comment. The reporter fails to reject Y or conduct further investigations to illuminate what reasonable observers in the audience would conclude if they were able to do the reporting themselves._NEWLINE_Thus view-from-nowhere journalists are often accused of acting like stenographers instead of journalists, merely repeating whatever statements are told to them, including obvious lies from well-known liars with obvious conflicts of interests. The lies and liars may be presented to the audience as though they possess credibility equal to all other honest claims made by other people. _START_SECTION_ Anger from all sides is not an indicator of balance, fairness or truth _START_PARAGRAPH_ View-from-nowhere journalism sources often try defend themselves by claiming, "Both sides are angry at us, therefore our reporting is fair, balanced, and correct". This is illogical, as equiposition of angered parties has no bearing upon truth or falseness of a report, "fairness", or objective "balance", especially when the balance of truth is 100 percent lopsided to only one party. _START_SECTION_ A good reporter avoids view from nowhere, then suffers accusations of "bias" _START_PARAGRAPH_ The aggrieved parties whose claims are wrong often accuse "bias" against the reporter who stakes out the truthful position. Naïve audience members will confuse "perspective" with "bias", especially when the truth is unwelcome to them. Every human must have a perspective. A good journalist will be aware of their own perspective and disclose it to the audience if it is relevant, and take steps to accommodate their own known blind spots. But an accusation of bias implies that the reporter has blindly or deliberately altered the story to change the conclusion an audience should draw from a report. _START_SECTION_ Mitigation _START_PARAGRAPH_ Admitting that all reporters must have some biases does not make neutrality for all stories into the objective, honest framing for all stories. Neutrality is only reasonable for situations where the facts support that middle-of-the-road position. A good journalist will address their own preconceived bias at the beginning of the story. Not every journalist's bias is so great or relevant to every story that it alters the reporting in a meaningful way that would lead the audience to wrong conceptions of the topic. _START_SECTION_ Audience awareness _START_PARAGRAPH_ Educating the public to be vigilant for this condition in news stories protects some of them from its negative effects. _START_SECTION_ Editorial awareness _START_PARAGRAPH_ News sources can protect their entire audience from this effect if all reporters stories are reviewed by editors who use a quality checklist for all stories which includes an assessment of the false neutrality bias of view-from-nowhere reporting. _START_SECTION_ Transparency _START_PARAGRAPH_ A good journalist takes steps to ensure their perspective doesn't become biased, altering the facts or analysis of the meaning of the story, and shares this information about their bias-fighting behavior on the story with the audience. The audience can then decide for themselves if enough was done to mitigate bias, if it was relevant at all.

5557425101298753784

Q1886410

_START_ARTICLE_ Viewtiful Joe _START_SECTION_ Gameplay _START_PARAGRAPH_ Viewtiful Joe's core gameplay is similar to a traditional side-scrolling beat 'em up. Taking control of Joe, the player is mostly limited to moving left, right, up, and down on a fixed 2D path. The game contains platforming elements such as the ability to jump and double jump. Combat consists of fighting multiple enemies on screen at once, with the enemies appearing from all directions, including the foreground and background. Joe has the ability to punch, kick, and dodge—which he can do by leaping upward or ducking. Dodging enemies' attacks successfully temporarily dazes them, leaving them wide open for attack. The player has certain number of hit points in the form of "Life Marks" located above the VFX Gauge, which decrease whenever Joe takes damage. Health can be restored by picking up hamburgers._NEWLINE_Viewtiful Joe features unique gameplay elements in the form of Joe's "Viewtiful Effects (VFX) Power", which is designed to emulate camera tricks seen in films. VFX Power is used in both battling enemies and solving various puzzles. These three powers are limited by the "VFX Gauge" located at the top of the screen. Normally, the meter is full, giving the player access to Joe's super powers via his Viewtiful Joe transformation. The meter slowly empties when an ability is in use. Once it depletes, Viewtiful Joe changes to normal Joe, lowering his attack and defense and leaving him temporarily devoid of VFX Power. The VFX Gauge automatically refills over time and can also be manually filled by picking up bottles of "VFX Juice". The first VFX Power is "Slow", which slows time, causing the player's attacks to be more powerful, increasing Joe's reflexes, and allowing him to dodge attacks more easily. The second VFX Power, "Mach Speed", allows Joe to move at a faster speed, creating multiple after-images of him when he unleashes a flurry of attacks on all enemies on the screen. It can additionally cause his attacks to envelop Joe in a temporary heat shield, rendering him immune to flame attacks and setting enemies on fire when struck. The last VFX Power, "Zoom In", causes a camera close-up of Joe, powering up his normal attacks, granting him a set of new attacks, and paralyzing all lesser foes in proximity to him. However, any damage dealt to Joe whilst zoomed in is increased too. Any two VFX Powers can be combined. The VFX Gauge can be extended by collecting a certain number of V-Films present in each stage. The bar reverts to its normal length when a new stage begins._NEWLINE_Defeating enemies gives the player "V-Points" in the form of small and large coins, while using special attacks gives them "V-Marks", or "Viewtifuls", which can be converted into V-Points. Viewtifuls can be quickly gained by using combos or long chains of attacks. For example, while using Slow, striking a dazed enemy sets up all other enemies on the screen for a chain reaction, causing all points accrued during the duration of Slow to be multiplied by the number of enemies struck. If used deftly, the player will accumulate a large number of Viewtifuls due to the multiplier effect called "X-Bonus". Each stage in Viewtiful Joe consists of several interconnected missions, or scenes, that the player must complete in order to advance. When completing the stage, the player is graded on the number of V-Points earned, the amount of time taken, and how much damage Joe took. V-Points can be used between stages to purchase new abilities, expendable weapons (which include the "Voomerang" and "Shocking Pink Bombs"), more health, and health-restorative items. Clearing the game on various difficulties allows players to play as different characters such as Silvia, Captain Blue and Alastor, with the PlayStation 2 version also allowing players to play as Devil May Cry's Dante. _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ Viewtiful Joe is divided into seven stages, or "episodes", interspersed with storyline cutscenes and bookended by an opening and ending cinematic. The setting is divided between Earth, or the real world, and "Movieland", the game's fictional world of films. The plot begins in a movie theatre on Earth in which the game's central character Joe and his girlfriend Silvia are watching a tokusatsu drama starring the aged superhero Captain Blue. The movie's antagonist, having seemingly defeated Captain Blue, suddenly reaches out of the screen and abducts Silvia, taking her into Movieland. Joe is likewise picked up and taken into Movieland by Captain Blue's giant mecha, "Six Majin". Inside the movie, Joe must rescue Silvia from the evil Jadow, the game's organization of villains. To help him, Captain Blue entrusts him with a V-Watch, a device Joe can use to transform into a superhero upon saying the word "henshin (transform)." Joe promptly does so, inventing his own catchphrase: "Henshin-a-go-go, baby!"_NEWLINE_With the guidance of Captain Blue, Joe fights his way through a number of Movieland's locations such as cities, caves, an underwater base, and a submarine, often travelling via his trusty, robot aircraft "Six Machine". One by one, Joe defeats the members of the Jadow, the game's bosses. These include Dark Fiend Charles the 3rd, Iron Ogre Hulk Davidson, Aquatic Terror Gran Bruce, a doppelgänger of Viewtiful Joe, and Blade Master Alastor. Before fighting Alastor, he reveals that in order for the Jadow to break out of Movieland and into the land of humans, they need the "DNA of the Creator", namely Silvia. Joe makes his way to her, trumping the Jadow's leader Inferno Lord Fire Leo in combat, only to witness Silvia being kidnapped once again afterwards. Joe and Six Machine race off into outer space after her in the game's final episode._NEWLINE_Finding Silvia atop the control room of a space station, Joe discovers that Captain Blue has been behind the plot the entire time. The former hero reveals that he is the creator of the film in which they currently exist and that he is Silvia's seemingly-deceased father. Transforming into the colossal robot King Blue, the villain proclaims that he will take Sylvia's energy by force in order to break into the real world. Joe tells him off, telling him that he's no hero. Joe summons Six Majin, and the two engage in combat. When the fight ends, Captain Blue and Viewtiful Joe abandon their respective vehicles and face off in a final battle within the space station._NEWLINE_Joe is victorious, and Captain Blue, finally coming to his senses, thanks the young hero for stopping him. He explains that two decades earlier, Blue was a revolutionary film maker who was soon thought of as a fad. Wanting nothing more than to create heroes, Blue was sucked into one of his own films, allowing him to live out his dream as a hero. However, he had lost touch with reality and wanted revenge on the people who had betrayed him. As Captain Blue and Silvia embrace in a heartfelt reunion, the director tells Joe that the story is not complete. He snaps his fingers, and the space station's onboard computer warns of a large number of UFOs heading towards Earth. Blue tells Joe that a hero will be needed twice more to save the world. Joe attempts to leave but not before Silvia requests a V-Watch from her father and to accompany her boyfriend. Viewtiful Joe and a newly transformed Silvia head out to stop the impending threat together. _START_SECTION_ Development _START_PARAGRAPH_ Viewtiful Joe was developed by the design staff "Team Viewtiful", a part of Capcom Production Studio 4. The game was announced in late 2002 as part of the Capcom Five, a line-up of five then-upcoming GameCube games to introduce new content to the console. It was directed by Capcom alumnus Hideki Kamiya, whose previous credits include the planning of Resident Evil and Resident Evil 2 and the direction of Devil May Cry. It was produced by Atsushi Inaba, who previously worked on the Ace Attorney series and Steel Battalion. In its earliest stages of development, Viewtiful Joe went under the working title "Red Hot Man", but the name was changed due to copyright conflicts with the American rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. Viewtiful Joe's development team initially consisted of six people working under a twelve-month deadline. As work continued, the size of the team grew, and development ended up taking a full 21 months to complete. The game was conceived as a "staff-focused project" aimed at increasing the skill of its creators, specifically director Kamiya._NEWLINE_Inaba stated, "We wanted to create a challenging game with stunning visuals and fluid gameplay". As a lifelong fan of superheroes, Inaba's aim was to combine traditional Japanese tokusatsu with American comic books. The character designs created by Kumiko Suekane were inspired specifically by 1960s and 1970s Japanese-costumed tokusatsu television shows such as Kamen Rider and Ultraman. Graphically, the game adopted a 2D side-scrolling style mixed with 3D cel-shaded animation. Despite many games in the then-modern industry shying away from 2D graphical formats, Inaba said, "We have been able to breathe new life into the genre because we are using a new stylistic way that hasn't been seen before." The team chose the GameCube as its platform because of their target audience and because it lent itself well to Viewtiful Joe's gameplay._NEWLINE_The musical score for Viewtiful Joe was co-composed by Masakazu Sugimori and Masami Ueda. It was released alongside the score for Viewtiful Joe 2 on a double album titled Viewtiful Joe + Viewtiful Joe 2 Original Soundtrack in Japan on 22 December 2004 by Suleputer. A music video is played within the game featuring a rap vocal song titled "Viewtiful World" composed by D.A.I. The video features a group of people, including Inaba himself, motion captured as some of the game's characters. On 11 June 2003, Avex released the video on DVD and released the song as a single. Both the North American and Japanese releases of Viewtiful Joe feature English voice acting in order to keep a "western comic book feel to [the game]." Voice-over work in Viewtiful Joe was provided by Soundelux Design Music Group. Voice actors for the game include Dee Bradley Baker, Christina Puccelli, Gregg Berger, Mikey Kelley, Roger Rose, and Kevin Michael Richardson. Director Hideki Kamiya provides the voice for Six Machine._NEWLINE_A budget re-release of the game for the GameCube titled Viewtiful Joe: Revival was released in Japan in late 2003, adding a "Sweet Mode" to decrease the difficulty setting from the original game's "Kids Mode". A PlayStation 2 port of Viewtiful Joe was released by Clover Studio in 2004. It was released in Japan with the subtitle A New Hope. The release added the character Dante of Devil May Cry as an unlockable character. The PlayStation 2 version does not feature progressive scan seen in the GameCube version. The game was also re-released under Nintendo's GameCube Player's Choice label in 2004 in North America and Europe._NEWLINE_It is said that Director Kamiya based Joe's run animation on how he got to work, and the bosses of the game are based on Capcom executives._NEWLINE_In a 2017 interview with Dengeki PlayStation, Kamiya expressed interest in remaking the game. _START_SECTION_ Reviews and sales _START_PARAGRAPH_ Viewtiful Joe received critical acclaim upon its release. The GameCube version of the game currently holds a GameRankings aggregate score of 92%, while its PlayStation 2 port holds a score of 88%. Metacritic lists the GameCube and PlayStation 2 versions of the game at 93 out of 100 and 90 out of 100, respectively. The game's graphics, gameplay, and challenge have all been common areas of praise among many reviewers. IGN gave Viewtiful Joe an "Outstanding" rating, noting that the beautiful cel-shaded graphics and high-intensity action make it one of the best action games on the GameCube and PlayStation 2. Likewise, Eurogamer called it "imaginative, beautiful, engaging and above all else entertaining". Game Informer praised it as "a completely original and highly entertaining work of art". Criticisms about Viewtiful Joe have been few but consistent among reviews. IGN complained of the game's lack of boss variety. GameSpy has concurred, noting that the bosses were too easy due to a powerful attack that the player can perform. Reviewers have also criticized the lack of progressive scan in the game's PlayStation 2 port. IGN and Eurogamer have additionally pointed out that the PlayStation 2 port suffers slowdown in later stages of the game._NEWLINE_In Japan, the GameCube version of Viewtiful Joe sold through its initial shipment of less than 100,000 copies during the week of its release. Preorders of the GameCube version sold out on Capcom's North American website prior to its ship date, and Viewtiful Joe debuted as the tenth best-selling game in the region. The PlayStation 2 version sold a poor 9,912 units in its first week of release in Japan. Worldwide, sales of the game reached 275,000 copies on the GameCube and 46,000 on the PlayStation 2. Sales of the game in both North America and Europe were lower than what Capcom had predicted, but due to its small budget, the game was considered by Inaba to be relatively successful commercially. _START_SECTION_ Legacy _START_PARAGRAPH_ Viewtiful Joe garnered a number of awards and nominations from various magazines, popular gaming websites, and video game award programs. IGN named Viewtiful Joe "GameCube Game of the Year" and "Best Action Game of 2003". At GameSpot's Best of 2003, the game was nominated for "Best Artistic Achievement in a Game", "Coolest New Character", "Best GameCube Game", "Readers' Choice Best GameCube Action Game", and "Readers' Choice GameCube Game of the Year". It was also named the fourth-best GameCube game of 2003 by GameSpy, winning the website's "Most Stylish" award for the year. Viewtiful Joe won "Most Innovative Game Design" in Nintendo Power magazine's 2003 Player's Choice Awards. It won "GameCube Game of the Year" awards for 2003 from both USA Today and GMR. The game was nominated by the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences for "Platform Action/Adventure Game of the Year" in 2003 and was nominated for three British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) Awards including "Best Design", "Best Intro/Animation", and "Best GameCube Game". The game won "Unsung Hero Game of the Year" at the 2003 Golden Joystick Awards and "Best New Franchise" at the 2004 G-Phoria awards. Finally, it was recognized at the 4th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards as one of three "Game Innovation Spotlights"._NEWLINE_Viewtiful Joe has been included in a number of "best games" lists in the years following its release. It was rated the 27th best game made on a Nintendo system in Nintendo Power's "Top 200 Games" list in February 2006 and the 10th best game on the GameCube in its August 2008 issue reflecting on the top 20 games for each system. Both GameSpy and the G4 television program X-Play named Viewtiful Joe the ninth best game of all time for the GameCube. In 2007, Viewtiful Joe was named the 17th best GameCube game of all time in IGN's feature reflecting on the system's long lifespan. Later in 2007, ScrewAttack listed the game at seventh on their Top 10 GameCube Games of All Time._NEWLINE_Viewtiful Joe was successful enough to establish a franchise, and a few other related media titles were released. Viewtiful Joe was followed by a direct sequel titled Viewtiful Joe 2—released for both the GameCube and PlayStation 2—and two spinoffs: Viewtiful Joe: Red Hot Rumble for the PSP and GameCube and Viewtiful Joe: Double Trouble! for the Nintendo DS. An anime adaption of the game was produced by Group TAC, airing on the Japanese television station TV Tokyo beginning in 2004 and being licensed for US distribution by Geneon Entertainment in 2005. A set of Viewtiful Joe trading figures was released by Agatsuma Entertainment in October 2005, while a series of action figures made by Jazwares was released in July 2006. V Jump published a manga series of Viewtiful Joe from November 2004. _NEWLINE_In 2004, Capcom registered the domain name ViewtifulJoe3.com, suggesting another sequel. Shortly thereafter, the website was devoid of content. In January 2006, Atsushi Inaba expressed interest in developing a title in the series for the Wii. However, as none of Clover Studio's games proved to be an outstanding financial success, Capcom officially dissolved the subsidiary in March 2007 after the release of its final two games, Ōkami and God Hand. Its key members left to form a new company called PlatinumGames. Capcom producer Jun Takeuchi commented at the 2009 San Diego Comic-Con International that there have been currently no plans to continue with the series, although Viewtiful Joe has appeared as a playable character in Capcom's 2008 Wii fighting game Tatsunoko vs. Capcom: Ultimate All Stars and is a playable character in Marvel vs. Capcom 3: Fate of Two Worlds for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360._NEWLINE_However, in 2012, PlatinumGames announced the development of The Wonderful 101, then known as Project P-100. This was the first project that reunited Kamiya and Inaba as director and producer on a title since the development of the Viewtiful Joe series. Furthermore, The Wonderful 101 uses the same tokusatsu thematics of the Viewtiful Joe series, and the two share a similar art style albeit different gameplay. This has led fans to hail The Wonderful 101 as a spiritual successor of sorts. The franchise would also later be featured in Archie Comics' Worlds Unite crossover with several other Capcom and Sega series, taking place in the Sonic the Hedgehog and Mega Man comics._NEWLINE_In Street Fighter V: Arcade Edition, the fighter Rashid has an outfit based on Viewtiful Joe. It is unlocked through completing four extra battles.

10932545748204383832

Q4465742

_START_ARTICLE_ Viktor Turbin _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Turbin was born on 9 November 1923 in Bobrov in Voronezh Oblast to a working-class family. He graduated from high school in 1941. _START_SECTION_ World War II _START_PARAGRAPH_ Turbin was drafted into the Red Army in December 1941. He was sent into combat in January 1942 and was wounded. After recovering, he was sent to the Ulyanovsk Military Infantry School. After graduating in August 1942, he was sent back to the front and wounded on 5 January 1943. He was also wounded on 5 February. He became a platoon commander in the 16th Rifle Regiment of the 102nd Rifle Division._NEWLINE_Turbin fought in Operation Bagration. On 24 June, he led his platoon into fortifications between the Dnieper and the Drut and attacked into the German trenches, reportedly personally killing 10 German soldiers. On 25 June, they continued to attack the fortifications. On 26 June, Turbin's platoon moved through the marshes and swam across the Drut. The platoon's attack reportedly took the German troops by surprise. The German troops were reportedly unable to initially offer serious resistance despite their numerical superiority. Turbin destroyed a heavy machine gun and 75mm artillery shells with a hand grenade. The German troops soon recovered from their surprise and made four counterattacks. These were repulsed by Turbin's platoon, which reportedly inflicted 200 casualties on the German troops. The platoon managed to hold the bridgehead until the rest of the regiment arrived. On 8 August, Turbin was killed during the attack on Białystok. He was buried in the village of Vilkowo near Bialystok. On 24 March 1945, he was posthumously awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union and the Order of Lenin.

15214940152656731971

Q7930713

_START_ARTICLE_ Village deities of Sri Lankan Tamils _START_PARAGRAPH_ Village deities are a common feature of the Hindu pantheon of deities. They are known as Gramadevatas. Each Hindu region and caste of India and South Asia has its share of village deities. Sri Lankan Tamils venerate their own group of village deities throughout Sri Lanka, specifically in the Tamil-dominated north and east of the island nation. _START_SECTION_ Sanskritisation _START_PARAGRAPH_ The identities of some of above the lesser known deities had been lost and most of them are now identified as Vairavar and Kali. Both are worshipped in the form of Trisulam. Furthermore, the Saiva revivalism initiated by Arumuga Navalar has enabled many high status Tamils to subsume the village deities within the Agamic pantheon. Within the Jaffna Peninsula, a number of temples dedicated to Kannaki Amman has been converted to Bhuvaneshwari, Rajarajeshwari and Mariamman temples._NEWLINE_Similarly have some of the deities been christianized under the colonial influences. As many coastal inhabitants were under Portuguese rule converted to catholicism, were many coastal Kannaki Amman shrines converted to churches of Our lady (a title of Mary, mother of Jesus).

3889243452117012024

Q13549

_START_ARTICLE_ Ville Liukko _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Liukko began playing Davis Cup tennis for the Finnish team in 1994. By the time he made his last appearance in 2001, he had taken part in 15 ties. He won 19 of his 34 rubbers, 12 in singles and seven in doubles. His doubles partnership with Tuomas Ketola is the most successful in Finland Davis Cup history, securing six wins._NEWLINE_The Finn made it through qualifying at the 1999 US Open and faced Goran Ivanišević in the first round. He was beaten in four sets. In the Tashkent President's Cup later that year he defeated Marat Safin, then ranked 35th in the world. Safin retired hurt in the third set, trailing 3–1, with the match level at a set apiece. He also had a win over Thomas Johansson at the Copenhagen Open in 2000.

2222841470838711580

Q7931265

_START_ARTICLE_ Vimaladharmasuriya II of Kandy _START_SECTION_ Childhood _START_PARAGRAPH_ Brought up a bhikku for a long period in his childhood, King Vimaladharmasurya II was naturally of peaceful temperament. During his childhood though, a sufficient number of Buddhist priests were not able to conduct the higher ordination (upasampada) ceremony. _START_SECTION_ Contributions to Buddhism in Sri Lanka _START_PARAGRAPH_ He invited 33 priests from Burma and established the higher ordination that helped protect Buddhism. _START_SECTION_ The Dutch _START_PARAGRAPH_ During the reign of King Vimaladharmasurya II, many attempts made by the Dutch to capture the Kandyan Kingdom had failed. However the Dutch gained control of the Kandyan Kingdom's foreign trade. _START_SECTION_ Relations with Daud Khan Panni _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the year 1703, the Mughal commander at Coromandel, Daud Khan Panni spent 10,500 coins to purchase 30 to 50 War elephants from Ceylon. These purchases were acknowledged by Vimaladharmasurya II of Kandy.

5654374339835290215

Q3622412

_START_ARTICLE_ Vinícius Barrivieira _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vinícius is a product of Atlético Paranaense's youth system. He made his first-team debut during the 2005 season on February 23, 2005 in a 3–2 away win over Francisco Beltrão, in a match of Campeonato Paranaense. On 21 October 2007, Vinícius made his Série A debut, keeping a clean sheet against América-RN at Arena da Baixada. In the following two seasons he was second-choice goalkeeper behind Rodrigo Galatto._NEWLINE_On 8 February 2010 Vinícius was loaned to Esporte Clube Vitória for four months, where he earned 5 league appearances._NEWLINE_On 10 August 2010, it was announced that Barrivieira would join the Bulgarian side Litex Lovech on a loan deal. He won the A PFG title with the team from Lovech in 2011.

3972280398276370158

Q1978100

_START_ARTICLE_ Vince Phillips _START_SECTION_ Amateur career _START_PARAGRAPH_ As an amateur, Phillips won the U.S. National Golden Gloves in 1985, and the U.S. National Championships in 1985 and 1986, all in the lightweight division. _START_SECTION_ Professional career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Phillips made his professional debut on February 28, 1989, stopping Octavio Guardado in two rounds. He would win his next 27 fights until losing to Anthony Jones November 18, 1993, due to cuts in the seventh round. On April 12, 1996, Phillips made his first world title challenge by facing WBA welterweight champion Ike Quartey, but was stopped in three rounds. A year later, on May 31, 1997, he scored a major upset by defeating then-unbeaten world champion Kostya Tszyu to win the IBF junior welterweight title, which was named the Upset of the Year by The Ring magazine. Phillips made three successful title defenses throughout 1997 and 1998, until a fifth-round stoppage loss to Terron Millett on February 20, 1999. He would fight for another eight years, albeit never again for a world title, and ended his career with a ten-round unanimous decision loss to Alisultan Nadirbegov on May 6, 2007.

14611837049349054171

Q7932344

_START_ARTICLE_ Vindhyarani _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ Durjaya kills his elder brother Maharajah Jayaveera of the Vindhya Kingdom and occupies the throne. Shatamitra secretly takes care of the Prince Shivasri and is waiting for an opportunity to take revenge. Avanti is the daughter of a subordinate king. She hates men. Durjaya connivingly brings her to the Kingdom and announces her as the Queen. Shivasri and Avanti start loving each other. Shatamitra sends message to Shivasri to kill Durjaya. Thinking that his love is a hindrance to his revenge, he told Avanti to forget him and his love. Avanti plans to kill Durjaya and plans to marry Shivasri. Shivasri attacks Durjaya, but pardons him. Avanti kills him and escapes. The drama continues. At the end, Shivasri and Avanti get married and rule the Vindya Kingdom.

12102141240404066970

Q153881

_START_ARTICLE_ Vineland, New Jersey _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Charles K. Landis purchased 30,000 acres (121 km²) of land in 1861 and another 23,000 acres (93 km²) in 1874, near Millville, New Jersey, and along the West Jersey railroad line with service between Camden and Cape May, to create his own alcohol-free utopian society based on agriculture and progressive thinking. The first houses were built in 1862, and train service was established to Philadelphia and New York City, with the population reaching 5,500 by 1865 and 11,000 by 1875._NEWLINE_Established as a Temperance Town, where the sale of alcohol was prohibited, Landis required that purchasers of land in Vineland build a house on the purchased property within a year of purchase, that 2 ¹⁄₂ acres (10,000 m²) of the often heavily wooded land be cleared and farmed each year, and that adequate space be placed between houses and roads to allow for planting of flowers and shade trees along the routes through town. Landis Avenue was constructed as a 100-foot (30 m) wide and about 1-mile (2 km) long road running east-west through the center of the community, with other, narrower roads connecting at right angles to each other._NEWLINE_After determining that the Vineland soil was well-suited for growing grapes (hence the name), Landis started advertising to attract Italian grape growers to Vineland, offering 20 acres (81,000 m²) of land that had to be cleared and used to grow grapes. Thomas Bramwell Welch founded Welch's Grape Juice, and purchased the locally grown grapes to make "unfermented wine" (or grape juice). The fertile ground also attracted the glass-making industry and was home to the Progresso soup company. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, most of the city was involved in the poultry industry, which led to the city being dubbed "The Egg Basket of America."_NEWLINE_Vineland Poultry Laboratories (operations were closed by Lohmann Animal Health in 2007) was started by Arthur Goldhaft. Dr. Goldhaft is credited with putting "a chicken in every pot" after developing the fowl pox chicken vaccine that saved millions of chickens from death. Dr. Goldhaft's work at Vineland Poultry Laboratories in Vineland, helped protect the world's chicken supply from the fowl pox disease._NEWLINE_Vineland had New Jersey's first school for the intellectually disabled, the Vineland Developmental Center, which now has an east and west campus. These institutions housed mentally handicapped women in fully staffed cottages. Henry H. Goddard, an American psychologist, coined the term "Moron" while directing the Research Laboratory at the Training School for Backward and Feeble-minded Children in Vineland. This facility was so sufficiently well known that one American Prison Association pamphlet in 1955 heralded Vineland as "famous for its contributions to our knowledge of the feebleminded"._NEWLINE_The city of Vineland celebrated its 150th birthday in 2011. Mayor Robert Romano initially ordered a custom cake from Buddy Valastro of Carlo's Bake Shop in Hoboken; the business is featured in the TLC reality television series Cake Boss. After outcry from local business owners, the order was canceled and five Vineland bakeries were commissioned to create elaborate cakes for the event. _START_SECTION_ Geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total area of 69.029 square miles (178.785 km²), including 68.424 square miles (177.218 km²) of land and 0.605 square miles (1.568 km²) of water (0.88%). Of all the municipalities in New Jersey to hold the label of City, Vineland is the largest in total area. (Hamilton Township in Atlantic County is the largest municipality in New Jersey in terms of land area. Galloway Township, also in Atlantic County, is the largest municipality in total area, including open water within its borders.)_NEWLINE_Vineland borders Deerfield Township, Millville, and Maurice River Township. Vineland also borders Salem County, Gloucester County, and Atlantic County. The city is approximately 38 miles (61 km) from the Atlantic Ocean._NEWLINE_Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include Clayville, Hances Bridge, Leamings Mill, Menantico, North Vineland, Parvins Branch, Pleasantville, South Vineland and Willow Grove. _START_SECTION_ 2010 Census _START_PARAGRAPH_ As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 60,724 people, 21,450 households, and 15,229.500 families residing in the city. The population density was 887.5 per square mile (342.7/km²). There were 22,661 housing units at an average density of 331.2 per square mile (127.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 67.03% (40,703) White, 14.16% (8,600) Black or African American, 0.67% (406) Native American, 1.71% (1,036) Asian, 0.04% (24) Pacific Islander, 12.91% (7,841) from other races, and 3.48% (2,114) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 38.03% (23,093) of the population. _NEWLINE_There were 21,450 households out of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.2% were married couples living together, 18.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.0% were non-families. 23.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.23. _NEWLINE_In the city, the population was spread out with 24.5% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 26.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.7 years. For every 100 females there were 92.4 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 88.1 males. _NEWLINE_The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $54,024 (with a margin of error of +/- $2,798) and the median family income was $64,185 (+/- $2,216). Males had a median income of $48,974 (+/- $1,402) versus $35,513 (+/- $2,565) for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,512 (+/- $895). About 11.0% of families and 12.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.0% of those under age 18 and 9.1% of those age 65 or over. _START_SECTION_ 2000 Census _START_PARAGRAPH_ As of the 2000 United States Census there were 56,271 people, 19,930 households, and 14,210 families residing in the city. The population density was 819.2 people per square mile (316.3/km²). There were 20,958 housing units at an average density of 305.1 per square mile (117.8/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 67.47% White, 13.62% African American, 0.54% Native American, 1.16% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 14.01% from other races, and 3.13% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 30.00% of the population._NEWLINE_There were 19,939 households out of which 80.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.8% were married couples living together, 16.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.7% were non-families. 23.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.17._NEWLINE_In the city the population was spread out with 25.7% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 22.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.9 males._NEWLINE_The median income for a household in the city was $40,076, and the median income for a family was $47,909. Males had a median income of $35,195 versus $25,518 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,797. About 9.8% of families and 13.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.3% of those under age 18 and 13.8% of those age 65 or over. _START_SECTION_ Economy _START_PARAGRAPH_ Portions of Vineland are part of an Urban Enterprise Zone. In addition to other benefits to encourage employment within the Zone, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3½% sales tax rate (versus the 7% rate charged statewide) at eligible merchants._NEWLINE_The main street in Vineland is Landis Avenue. The traditional downtown area is located several blocks east and west of the intersection of Landis Avenue and the Boulevard. The Boulevard is a pair of roads that flank the main north/south railroad, which connected Vineland with Cape May to the south and Camden/Philadelphia to the north. After many years of decline there has been much recent activity to restore the vitality of "The Avenue" and the center city area. New construction includes a new transportation center, courthouse, post office, elementary school / community center and sidewalk upgrades. In 2005, Vineland was designated a Main Street Community and, through the work of this group, money has been earmarked to continue this improvement through property and facade improvements, business retention and marketing. _START_SECTION_ Local government _START_PARAGRAPH_ The City of Vineland is governed within the Faulkner Act, formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law, under the Mayor-Council (Plan A), implemented based on the recommendations of a Charter Study Commission as of July 1, 1952, months after the city's formation. The mayor serves as the city's chief executive, while the City Council is its legislative branch. The mayor and council are elected concurrently to serve four-year terms of office in non-partisan elections held in leap years as part of the November general election. An ordinance passed by the council in 2011 shifted elections from May to November, effectively extending the term of those members serving at the time by six months._NEWLINE_As of 2017, the Mayor of Vineland is Anthony Fanucci, a lifelong resident of the town. His term of office ends on December 31, 2020, along with those of all members of the City Council. Members of the Vineland City Council are Council President Paul F. Spinelli, Council Vice President David Acosta, Angela Calakos, Ronald John Franceschini Jr. and Albert Vargas._NEWLINE_In January 2013, Ruben Bermudez took office as the city's first Hispanic mayor. _START_SECTION_ Federal, state and county representation _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vineland is located in the 2nd Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 1st state legislative district._NEWLINE_For the 116th United States Congress, New Jersey's Second Congressional District is represented by Jeff Van Drew (D, Dennis Township). New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Cory Booker (Newark, term ends 2021) and Bob Menendez (Paramus, term ends 2025)._NEWLINE_For the 2018–2019 session (Senate, General Assembly), the 1st Legislative District of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Jeff Van Drew (D, Dennis Township) and in the General Assembly by Bob Andrzejczak (D, Middle Township) and R. Bruce Land (D, Vineland)._NEWLINE_Cumberland County is governed by a seven-member Board of Chosen Freeholders, who are elected at-large in partisan elections to serve staggered three-year terms in office, with either two or three seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting held each January, the freeholders select one member to serve as Freeholder Director and another as Deputy Director. As of 2018, Cumberland County's Freeholders are _NEWLINE_Freeholder Director Joseph Derella Jr. (D, Millville, term as freeholder and as freeholder director ends December 31, 2018), _NEWLINE_Deputy Freeholder Director Darlene R. Barber (D, Upper Deerfield Township, term as freeholder ends 2019, term as deputy freeholder director ends 2018), _NEWLINE_George Castellini (D, Vineland, 2020), _NEWLINE_Carol Musso (D, Deerfield Township, 2020), _NEWLINE_James F. Quinn (D, Millville, 2018), _NEWLINE_Joseph V. Sparacio (R, Deerfield Township, 2019) and _NEWLINE_Jack Surrency (D, Bridgeton 2020). The county's constitutional officers are _NEWLINE_Clerk Celeste Riley (D, Bridgeton, 2019), _NEWLINE_Sheriff Robert A. Austino (D, Vineland, 2020) and _NEWLINE_Surrogate Douglas M. Rainear (D, Upper Deerfield Township, 2018). _START_SECTION_ Politics _START_PARAGRAPH_ As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 37,583 registered voters in Vineland, of which 10,388 (27.6%) were registered as Democrats, 6,109 (16.3%) were registered as Republicans and 21,059 (56.0%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 27 voters registered to other parties._NEWLINE_In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 64.9% of the vote (15,299 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 34.2% (8,074 votes), and other candidates with 0.9% (218 votes), among the 23,880 ballots cast by the city's 39,605 registered voters (289 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 60.3%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 62.6% of the vote (15,743 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain, who received 35.2% (8,862 votes), with 25,144 ballots cast among the city's 39,098 registered voters, for a turnout of 64.3%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 53.8% of the vote (12,506 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush, who received around 43.6% (10,131 votes), with 23,253 ballots cast among the city's 35,943 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 64.7._NEWLINE_In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 55.5% of the vote (7,171 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 42.8% (5,527 votes), and other candidates with 1.7% (221 votes), among the 13,243 ballots cast by the city's 37,789 registered voters (324 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 35.0%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 52.2% of the vote (7,457 ballots cast), ahead of both Republican Chris Christie with 40.1% (5,725 votes) and Independent Chris Daggett with 4.8% (681 votes), with 14,289 ballots cast among the city's 37,092 registered voters, yielding a 38.5% turnout. _START_SECTION_ Education _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vineland Public Schools serves students in public school for pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. The district is one of 31 former Abbott districts statewide, which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement that the state cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supervision of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority. As of the 2011-12 school year, the district's 17 schools had an enrollment of 9,734 students and 895.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.88:1._NEWLINE_Schools in the district (with 2011-12 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are_NEWLINE_Casimer M. Dallago Jr. Preschool Center / IMPACT (230) and _NEWLINE_Max Leuchter Preschool Center (202) for preschool, _NEWLINE_Dane Barse School (396), _NEWLINE_D'Ippolito Elementary School (696), _NEWLINE_Marie Durand School (565), _NEWLINE_Johnstone School (458), _NEWLINE_Dr. William Mennies School (653), _NEWLINE_Petway School (571), _NEWLINE_Gloria M. Sabater School (575), _NEWLINE_John H. Winslow School (554) for grades K-5, _NEWLINE_Landis School (487), _NEWLINE_Anthony Rossi School (550), _NEWLINE_Veterans Memorial School (521) and _NEWLINE_Thomas W. Wallace Jr. School (492) for grades 6-8, _NEWLINE_Vineland High School (2,717) for grades 9-12 and _NEWLINE_Cunningham Alternative School for students with "personal or academic challenges that prevent them from reaching their full potential" (68) in grades 7-12._NEWLINE_The Cumberland County Technology Education Center is a four-year vocational education program open to students from across the county in grades 9-12, operating as part of the Cumberland County Vocational School District. The school relocated starting in the 2016-17 school year to a 200,000 square feet (19,000 m²) campus in Vineland constructed at a cost of $70 million and located next to Cumberland County College. The school initiated a new full-time high school program that included 240 students who will be part of the initial graduating class of 2020._NEWLINE_Cumberland Christian School is a private coeducational day school located in Vineland, serving students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. The school, founded in 1946, has a total enrollment of over 1,000 students._NEWLINE_The city is home to two Catholic elementary schools, Bishop Schad Regional School (combining St. Francis and Sacred Heart Schools) and St. Mary Regional School Both schools operate under the supervision of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden. Sacred Heart High School served grades 9-12 from 1927 until its closure by the Camden Diocese in June 2013 due to declining enrollment._NEWLINE_The Ellison School is a private, nonsectarian coeducational day school located on South Spring Road in Vineland. The school, with an enrollment of about 120 students in pre-K through 8th grade, is known for rigorous academics and a small (6:1) student/teacher ratio. The school was founded in 1959 and moved to its current site in 1968. _START_SECTION_ Media _START_PARAGRAPH_ Clear Communications owns two locally-licensed radio stations; WVLT (92.1) and WMIZ (1270), with WPOV-LP (107.7) owned by the local branch of Calvary Chapel. Vineland is also the city of license for WUVP-DT (channel 65), Philadelphia's Univision station, which has studios in Franklin Township and their news operation and transmitter based in Philadelphia proper. _START_SECTION_ Roads and highways _START_PARAGRAPH_ As of May 2010, the city had a total of 335.15 miles (539.37 km) of roadways, of which 234.73 miles (377.76 km) were maintained by the municipality, 80.54 miles (129.62 km) by Cumberland County and 19.88 miles (31.99 km) by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and 2.79 miles (4.49 km) by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority._NEWLINE_Route 47 (Delsea Drive) runs almost 9.5 miles (15.3 km) north-south in the eastern quarter of the city, connecting Millville in the south to Franklin Township in Gloucester County at the city's northern tip. Route 55 enters the city from Millville for 1.4 miles (2.3 km), heads back into Millville and re-enters Vineland, running along the western border for 8.8 miles (14.2 km) and heads north into Pittsgrove Township in Salem County. Route 56 (Landis Avenue) heads across the city from Pittsgrove Township to its eastern terminus at Route 47._NEWLINE_County Route 540 (Almond Road / Park Avenue / Landis Avenue) enters from the west in Pittsgrove Township and continues for 8 miles (13 km) to Buena Vista Township in Atlantic County, on the city's eastern border. County Route 552 (Sherman Avenue / Mays Landing Road) enters from Deerfield Township in the city's southwest corner and continues for 10.8 miles (17.4 km) into Maurice River Township. County Route 555 (South Main Road / North Main Road) enters from Millville extending for 8 miles (13 km) into Franklin Township. _START_SECTION_ Public transportation _START_PARAGRAPH_ NJ Transit provides bus transportation on the 313 route between Cape May and Philadelphia, on the 408 route between Millville and Philadelphia and on the 553 route between Upper Deerfield Township and Atlantic City._NEWLINE_Two general aviation airports are located nearby. Vineland-Downstown Airport is located 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of the central business district and Kroelinger Airport, 3 miles (4.8 km) north.

3835783803685920302

Q2527172

_START_ARTICLE_ Vinos de Madrid _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The ancient Romans likely introduced vines in the area as they did throughout the rest of the Iberian peninsula. However, the first documented evidence of wine production in the area dates from the 13th century. Legal documents indicate a dispute between some monks and a local feudal lord over the ownership of a vineyard._NEWLINE_Vinos de Madrid acquired its DO status in 1990. _START_SECTION_ Geography and Soils _START_PARAGRAPH_ The three sub-zones are all at an elevation of between 500 and 800 m above sea level. Arganda is the largest sub-zone, containing about 50% of the vines and comprising 26 municipalities. The soil here contains mainly clay and lime over a granite subsoil. To the southwest, close to the Sierra de Gredos range, is the San Martín sub-zone, which contains 35% of the DO's vines. Further to the southwest is the Navalcarnero sub-zone with 15% of the vines. Rich dark soils are more abundant in San Martín, while in Navalcarnero the soils lack carbonates, are low in nutrients, and lie over a clay subsoil. _START_SECTION_ Climate _START_PARAGRAPH_ The three sub-zones of Vinos de Madrid DO all have long, hot summers and cold winters, typical of a continental climate. Temperatures widely varies over the course of the year, from as high as 40°C in summer and as low as -2°C in winter. Rainfall varies depending on the sub-zone, but in general it is sparse and falls mainly in spring and autumn. San Martin gets the most rainfall (650 mm/year) due to the influence of the mountains, while Navalcarnero gets just over 500 mm/year, and Arganda just 450 mm/year. The risk of hailstones exists every year till around April.

6991310430252482653

Q7934379

_START_ARTICLE_ Virginia Leng _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Born Virginia Holgate and raised in Malta, she married Hamish Leng in 1985. The couple divorced in 1989. In 1993, she married Michael Elliott. Her Horses Night Cap II and Priceless, were by the eventing stallion Ben Faerie. Since the 1980s, she has written several books.

9464437187685345714

Q16889250

_START_ARTICLE_ Virginia Public Schools _START_PARAGRAPH_ Virginia School District 706 is the district that covers all Virginia, Minnesota Schools.

5491563763556363435

Q2508040

_START_ARTICLE_ Virginia State Route 205 _START_SECTION_ Route description _START_PARAGRAPH_ SR 205 begins at an intersection with SR 3 (Kings Highway) at Purkins Corner a short distance to the east of King George, the county seat of King George County. The state highway heads east as Ridge Road, which follows the height of land between the Upper Machodic Creek watershed to the north and Pine Hill Creek to the south. SR 205 intersects U.S. Route 301 (James Madison Parkway) at Edgehill and passes through Carruthers Corner and Alden. The state highway continues through Ninde before it descends from the ridge to meet the eastern end of SR 218 (Tetotum Road) south of Tetotum just before crossing Pine Hill Creek into Westmoreland County. Just south of the creek, SR 205 meets the northern end of SR 631 (Longfield Road), which functions as a bypass of Colonial Beach._NEWLINE_SR 205 curves northeast to approach the Potomac River shoreline, where the highway crosses Goldman Creek into the town of Colonial Beach. The state highway curves southeast as McKinney Boulevard and passes through the Potomac Beach section of town while running a short distance within the town limits. A short distance north of Monroe Bay, SR 205 has a Y-shaped intersection with SR 205Y (Colonial Avenue). SR 205Y, which has a length of 0.71 miles (1.14 km), serves as the main street of the town and has its eastern terminus at the town's beach terrace about 150 feet (46 m) west of the Virginia–Maryland state line, which follows the low water mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. SR 205 curves southwest and exits the town as James Monroe Highway, which passes through Monroe Hall, the site of James Monroe's birthplace. The state highway meets the southern end of SR 631 (Longfield Road) and crosses Mattox Creek at Mattox Bridge. SR 205 reaches its eastern terminus at SR 3 (Kings Highway) at Oak Grove next to St. Peter's Episcopal Church.

8412088637084110339

Q7936002

_START_ARTICLE_ Vishnupriya _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vishnupriya (Bengali: বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া) was the daughter of Raj Pandit Sanatan Mishra and second wife of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. _START_SECTION_ Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's Sanyas _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1509, at the age of 24 Chaitanya Mahaprabhu became a Sanyasi, left home and also Vishnupriya. _START_SECTION_ Her Hidden greatness _START_PARAGRAPH_ She is eternal companion of Sri Gauranga Mahaprabhu. She is the direct manifestation of Mahalaxmi to help Gauranga Mahaprabhu in distributing love which is the most important wealth (premdhan). When she was in her wealthy mood (Aishwarya Vaab) she was Laxmipriya which have been transformed into Vishnupriya when she was in her love-devotion mood (Prem vakti vaab) due to Mahapravu's will and thus named Vishnupriya that is beloved of Vishnu. And some texts refers that in Sri Krsna lila, she appeared as Satyabhama that is incarnation of her Bhu form, the daughter of King Satrajit. Satyabhama was married to Sri Krsna and was one of the principle queen of Sri Krsna. King Satrajit from Sri Krsna lila appeared in Sri Gaura lila as Sri Sanatan Mishra. Mother Satyabhama appeared in the house of Sanatan Mishra as his daughter – Sri Vishnupriya devi. She is the ‘Bhu Shakti’ – Earth potency. Sri Krsna in His Narayan form or Vishnu tattva form has His divine Shakti Mahalaxmiji who herself manifested into 3 potencies – Sri laxmi (her divine valuables), Bhu laxmi (the Goddess of Earth in which she representes fertility and patience ), and Nila laxmi (the Goddess of pastimes). Bhu is the energy that creates the cosmic manifestation (nicely explained in Sri Caitanya-Charitamrita Adi lila initial chapters). Bhu-sakti also assists in manifesting Sri Krsna’s pastimes in Vrindavan , the place of His pastimes as they are displayed on the Earth planet in this universe and innumerable other universes. The goddess of this Earth, Prithivi devi, is also included within this potency._NEWLINE_When Sri Gauranga Mahaprabhu decided to take sanyas, He gave His own vigraha to Mother Vishnupriya devi. He told her that whenever she would remember Him, He would appear through this vigraha and also would accept all service from her through this vigraha. This vigraha is extremely beautiful and is present in Sri Navadwip dham for us to take darshan. We had shared copies of this vigraha called – Sri Vishnupriya Prana Dhan – Gaura Hari (devotees also sing this phrase at times) with IoHU devotees maybe last year or year before. Attached below is some pics of Sri Vishnupriya Prana Dhan Gaurahari._NEWLINE_Mother Vishnupriya Devi used to chant Hare Krsna Mahamantra daily in morning and would count the # of Mahamantra chanted using rice particles…every time she would chant one Mahamantra, she would take one rice particle and put it on side…then chant another Mahamantra and add another rice particle to the previous one…when she is done chanting, she would cook the rice particles collected while chanting and that would be her meal for the day. And here we are just asked to chant Hare Krsna Mahamantra while being supplied very sumptuous feast by SriSri Radha Krsna and yet we try to find so many reasons why not to chant and proceed to eat just without chanting._NEWLINE_Sri Vishnupriya was the first to establish the deity worship of Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. The deity she used to worship is also known as Dhameshwara – the Ishwar of Navadwip Dham._NEWLINE_A famous picture of the sandals (padukas) that Sri Gauranga Mahaprabhu used to wear and Mother Vishnupriya used to worship (they are also still present in the same temple) _NEWLINE_source:https://padmanabhdas.wordpress.com/2012/01/27/today-is-a-special-day-appearance-day-of-mother-vishnupriya-devi-appearance-of-many-vaishnav-acharyas-and-vasant-panchami-day-to-seek-blessings-and-mercy/

14003219548644765162

Q48731017

_START_ARTICLE_ Vishwakarma University _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Vishwakarma University was established on 3rd May 2017 as a State Private University by the Government of Maharashtra. The university enjoys an autonomy in designing its own curriculum, teaching methods, examination system and awarding degrees as per the provisions of Vishwakarma University Act 2017. The academic programs commenced from June 2017. _START_SECTION_ Campus _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vishwakarma University has a sprawling campus located in Kondwa, suburbs of Pune city in Maharashtra, India. It is 10 km from Pune station and 17 km from Pune airport. _START_SECTION_ Organisation _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Vishwakarma University is a natural offshoot of the Vishwakarma Group’s educational legacy spanning 35 years. The Group functions under the framework of Bansilal Ramnath Agarwal Charitable Trust(BRACT). The Trust runs several educational institutes, a publishing division, retail stores, a managing consultancy and a temple under its aegis._NEWLINE_The first educational venture of the trust - Vishwakarma Institute of Technology (VIT) was established in the year 1983. Vishwakarma Vidyalaya was established in the year 1986, followed by a series of educational institutes in the subsequent years. Presently, the Vishwakarma Group has 1500 full time employees, 17 educational institutes that have programmes ranging from high school, junior school, undergraduate, postgraduate to Phd. Programmes, in the fields of engineering, law, management, marine engineering, and value added programmes with approximately 17,000 student enrollments. _START_SECTION_ Achievements _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vishwakarma University was awarded the best Innovations Award by ACMA-LIONS at Innovations Expo 2017. _START_SECTION_ Extra-Curricular _START_PARAGRAPH_ Activities like photography, literary readings and sports are an integral part of the life at Vishwakarma University campus. The university has a vibrant photography club, a book club, an adventure club, a fine arts club, cultural club, an Ethical and Social Responsibility club (ECR) and a sports club to bring out the non-academic potentials of students to the fore. _NEWLINE_The university also boasts of domain related forums like Business forum, Marketing forum, HR forum, IT and Entrepreneurship forum to add value to academics.

13113517713743101949

Q1346016

_START_ARTICLE_ Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia _START_SECTION_ Signs and symptoms _START_PARAGRAPH_ The symptoms of pernicious anemia come on slowly. Untreated, it can lead to neurological complications, and in serious cases, death. Many of the signs and symptoms are due to anemia itself, when anemia is present. Symptoms may consist of the triad of tingling or other skin sensations (paresthesia), tongue soreness (glossitis), and fatigue and general weakness. It presents with a number of further common symptoms, including depressive mood, low-grade fevers, diarrhea, dyspepsia, weight loss, neuropathic pain, jaundice, sores at the corner of the mouth (angular cheilitis), a look of exhaustion with pale and dehydrated or cracked lips and dark circles around the eyes, as well as brittle nails, and thinning and early greying of the hair. Because PA may affect the nervous system, symptoms may also include difficulty in proprioception, memory changes, mild cognitive impairment (including difficulty concentrating and sluggish responses, colloquially referred to as brain fog), and even psychoses, impaired urination, loss of sensation in the feet, unsteady gait, difficulty in walking, muscle weakness and clumsiness. Anemia may also lead to tachycardia (rapid heartbeat), cardiac murmurs, a yellow waxy pallor, altered blood pressure (low or high), and a shortness of breath (known as "the sighs"). The deficiency also may present with thyroid disorders. In severe cases, the anemia may cause evidence of congestive heart failure. A complication of severe chronic PA is subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord, which leads to distal sensory loss (posterior column), absent ankle reflex, increased knee reflex response, and extensor plantar response. Other than anemia, hematological symptoms may include cytopenias, intramedullary hemolysis, and pseudothrombotic microangiopathy. Pernicious anemia can contribute to a delay in physical growth in children, and may also be a cause for delay in puberty for adolescents. _START_SECTION_ Causes _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vitamin B₁₂ cannot be produced by the human body, and must be obtained from the diet. When foods containing B₁₂ are eaten, the vitamin is usually bound to protein and is released by proteases released by the pancreas in the small bowel. Following its release, most B₁₂ is absorbed by the body in the small bowel (ileum) after binding to a protein known as intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor is produced by parietal cells of the gastric mucosa (stomach lining) and the intrinsic factor-B₁₂ complex is absorbed by cubilin receptors on the ileum epithelial cells. PA is characterised by B₁₂ deficiency caused by the absence of intrinsic factor._NEWLINE_PA may be considered as an end stage of immune gastritis, a disease characterised by stomach atrophy and the presence of antibodies to parietal cells and intrinsic factor. A specific form of chronic gastritis, type A gastritis or atrophic body gastritis, is highly associated with PA. This autoimmune disorder is localised to the body of the stomach, where parietal cells are located. Antibodies to intrinsic factor and parietal cells cause the destruction of the oxyntic gastric mucosa, in which the parietal cells are located, leading to the subsequent loss of intrinsic factor synthesis. Without intrinsic factor, the ileum can no longer absorb the B₁₂._NEWLINE_Although the exact role of Helicobacter pylori infection in PA remains controversial, evidence indicates H. pylori is involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. A long-standing H. pylori infection may cause gastric autoimmunity by a mechanism known as molecular mimicry. Antibodies produced by the immune system can be cross-reactive and may bind to both H. pylori antigens and those found in the gastric mucosa. The antibodies are produced by activated B cells that recognise both pathogen and self-derived peptides. The autoantigens believed to cause the autoreactivity are the alpha and beta subunits of the H⁺/K⁺-ATPase._NEWLINE_Less commonly, H. pylori and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome may also cause a form of nonautoimmune gastritis that can lead to pernicious anemia._NEWLINE_Impaired B₁₂ absorption can also occur following gastric removal (gastrectomy) or gastric bypass surgery. In these surgeries, either the parts of the stomach that produce gastric secretions are removed or they are bypassed. This means intrinsic factor, as well as other factors required for B₁₂ absorption, are not available. However, B₁₂ deficiency after gastric surgery does not usually become a clinical issue. This is probably because the body stores many years' worth of B₁₂ in the liver and gastric surgery patients are adequately supplemented with the vitamin._NEWLINE_Although no specific PA susceptibility genes have been identified, a genetic factor likely is involved in the disease. Pernicious anemia is often found in conjunction with other autoimmune disorders, suggesting common autoimmune susceptibility genes may be a causative factor. In spite of that, previous family studies and case reports focusing on PA have suggested that there is a tendency of genetic heritance of PA in particular, and close relatives of the PA patients seem to have higher incidence of PA and associated PA conditions. Moreover, it was further indicated that the formation of antibodies to gastric cells was autosomal dominant gene determined, and the presence of antibodies to the gastric cells might not be necessarily related to the occurrence of atrophic gastritis related to PA. _START_SECTION_ Pathophysiology _START_PARAGRAPH_ Although the healthy body stores three to five years' worth of B₁₂ in the liver, the usually undetected autoimmune activity in one's gut over a prolonged period of time leads to B₁₂ depletion and the resulting anemia. B₁₂ is required by enzymes for two reactions: the conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA, and the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. In the latter reaction, the methyl group of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate is transferred to homocysteine to produce tetrahydrofolate and methionine. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme methionine synthase with B₁₂ as an essential cofactor. During B₁₂ deficiency, this reaction cannot proceed, which leads to the accumulation of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. This accumulation depletes the other types of folate required for purine and thymidylate synthesis, which are required for the synthesis of DNA. Inhibition of DNA replication in red blood cells results in the formation of large, fragile megaloblastic erythrocytes. The neurological aspects of the disease are thought to arise from the accumulation of methylmalonyl CoA due to the requirement of B₁₂ as a cofactor to the enzyme methylmalonyl CoA mutase. _START_SECTION_ Diagnosis _START_PARAGRAPH_ PA may be suspected when a patient's blood smear shows large, fragile, immature erythrocytes, known as megaloblasts. A diagnosis of PA first requires demonstration of megaloblastic anemia by conducting a full blood count and blood smear, which evaluates the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), as well the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). PA is identified with a high MCV (macrocytic anemia) and a normal MCHC (normochromic anemia). Ovalocytes are also typically seen on the blood smear, and a pathognomonic feature of megaloblastic anemias (which include PA and others) is hypersegmented neutrophils._NEWLINE_Serum vitamin B₁₂ levels are used to detect its deficiency, but they do not distinguish its causes. Vitamin B₁₂ levels can be falsely high or low and data for sensitivity and specificity vary widely. Normal serum levels may be found in cases of deficiency where myeloproliferative disorders, liver disease, transcobalamin II deficiency, or intestinal bacterial overgrowth are present. Low levels of serum vitamin B₁₂ may be caused by other factors than B₁₂ deficiency, such as folate deficiency, pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, haptocorrin deficiency, and myeloma._NEWLINE_The presence of antibodies to gastric parietal cells and intrinsic factor is common in PA. Parietal cell antibodies are found in other autoimmune disorders and also in up to 10% of healthy individuals, making the test nonspecific. However, around 85% of PA patients have parietal cell antibodies, which means they are a sensitive marker for the disease. Intrinsic factor antibodies are much less sensitive than parietal cell antibodies, but they are much more specific. They are found in about half of PA patients and are very rarely found in other disorders. These antibody tests can distinguish between PA and food-B₁₂ malabsorption. The combination of both tests of intrinsic factor antibodies and parietal cell antibodies may improve overall sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic results._NEWLINE_A buildup of certain metabolites occurs in B₁₂ deficiency due to its role in cellular physiology. Methylmalonic acid (MMA) can be measured in both the blood and urine, whereas homocysteine is only measured in the blood. An increase in both MMA and homocysteine distinguishes B₁₂ deficiency from folate deficiency because homocysteine alone increases in the latter._NEWLINE_Elevated gastrin levels can be found in around 80-90% of PA cases, but they may also be found in other forms of gastritis. Decreased pepsinogen I levels or a decreased pepsinogen I to pepsinogen II ratio may also be found, although these findings are less specific to PA and can be found in food-B₁₂ malabsorption and other forms of gastritis._NEWLINE_The diagnosis of atrophic gastritis type A should be confirmed by gastroscopy and stepwise biopsy. About 90% of individuals with PA have antibodies for parietal cells; however, only 50% of all individuals in the general population with these antibodies have pernicious anemia._NEWLINE_Forms of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency other than PA must be considered in the differential diagnosis of megaloblastic anemia. For example, a B₁₂-deficient state which causes megaloblastic anemia and which may be mistaken for classical PA may be caused by infection with the tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum, possibly due to the parasite's competition with host for vitamin B₁₂._NEWLINE_The classic test for PA, the Schilling test, is no longer widely used, as more efficient methods are available. This historic test consisted, in its first step, of taking an oral dose of radiolabelled vitamin B₁₂, followed by quantitation of the vitamin in the patient's urine over a 24-hour period via measurement of the radioactivity. A second step of the test repeats the regimen and procedure of the first step, with the addition of oral intrinsic factor. A patient with PA presents lower than normal amounts of intrinsic factor; hence, addition of intrinsic factor in the second step results in an increase in vitamin B₁₂ absorption (over the baseline established in the first). The Schilling test distinguished PA from other forms of B₁₂ deficiency, specifically, from Imerslund-Grasbeck Syndrome (IGS), a vitamin B12-deficiency caused by mutations in cubilin the cobalamin receptor. _START_SECTION_ Treatment _START_PARAGRAPH_ The treatment of PA varies by country and area. Opinions vary over the efficacy of administration (parenteral/oral), the amount and time interval of the doses, or the forms of vitamin B₁₂ (e.g. cyanocobalamin/hydroxocobalamin). More comprehensive studies are still needed in order to validate the feasibility of a particular therapeutic method for PA in clinical practices. A permanent cure for PA is lacking, although repletion of B₁₂ should be expected to result in cessation of anemia-related symptoms, a halt in neurological deterioration, and in cases where neurological problems are not advanced, neurological recovery and a complete and permanent remission of all symptoms, so long as B₁₂ is supplemented. Repletion of B₁₂ can be accomplished in a variety of ways. _START_SECTION_ Intramuscular injections _START_PARAGRAPH_ The standard treatment for PA has been intramuscular injections of cobalamin in the form of cyanocobalamin (CN-Cbl), hydroxocobalamin (OH-Cbl) or methylcobalamin. _START_SECTION_ Oral doses _START_PARAGRAPH_ Treatment with high-dose vitamin B₁₂ orally also appears effective. _START_SECTION_ Prognosis _START_PARAGRAPH_ A person with well-treated PA can live a healthy life. Failure to diagnose and treat in time, however, may result in permanent neurological damage, excessive fatigue, depression, memory loss, and other complications. In severe cases, the neurological complications of pernicious anemia can lead to death - hence the name, "pernicious", meaning deadly._NEWLINE_An association has been observed between pernicious anemia and certain types of gastric cancer, but a causal link has not been established. _START_SECTION_ Epidemiology _START_PARAGRAPH_ PA is estimated to affect 0.1% of the general population and 1.9% of those over 60, accounting for 20–50% of B₁₂ deficiency in adults. A review of literature shows that the prevalence of PA is higher in Northern Europe, especially in Scandinavian countries, and among people of African descent, and that increased awareness of the disease and better diagnostic tools might play a role in apparently higher rates of incidence. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The symptoms are first described in 1822 by Dr James Scarth Combe in the Transactions of the Medico-Chirurgical Society of Edinburgh, under the title of History of a Case of Anaemia._NEWLINE_However, this was not investigated in more depth until 1849, by British physician Thomas Addison, from which it acquired the common name of Addison's anemia. In 1871, German physician Michael Anton Biermer (1827–1892) noticed the particular characteristic of the anemia in one of his patients; he later coined the term "progressive pernicious anemia". In 1907, Richard Clarke Cabot reported on a series of 1200 patients with PA; their average survival was between one and three years. William Bosworth Castle performed an experiment whereby he ingested raw hamburger meat and regurgitated it after an hour, and subsequently fed it to a group of 10 patients. Untreated raw hamburger meat was fed to the control group. The former group showed a disease response, whereas the latter group did not. This was not a sustainable practice, but it demonstrated the existence of an 'intrinsic factor' from gastric juice._NEWLINE_Pernicious anemia was a fatal disease before about the year 1920, when George Whipple suggested raw liver as a treatment. The first workable treatment for pernicious anemia began when Whipple made a discovery in the course of experiments in which he bled dogs to make them anemic, then fed them various foods to see which would make them recover most rapidly (he was looking for treatments for anemia from bleeding, not pernicious anemia). Whipple discovered ingesting large amounts of liver seemed to cure anemia from blood loss, and tried liver ingestion as a treatment for pernicious anemia, reporting improvement there, also, in a paper in 1920. George Minot and William Murphy then set about to partly isolate the curative property in liver, and in 1926 showed it was contained in raw liver juice (in the process also showing it was the iron in liver tissue, not the soluble factor in liver juice, which cured the anemia from bleeding in dogs); thus, the discovery of the liver juice factor as a treatment for pernicious anemia had been by coincidence. Frieda Robscheit-Robbins worked closely with Whipple, co-authoring 21 papers from 1925-30. For the discovery of the cure of a previously fatal disease of unknown cause, Whipple, Minot, and Murphy shared the 1934 Nobel Prize in Medicine._NEWLINE_After Minot and Murphy's verification of Whipple's results in 1926, pernicious anemia victims ate or drank at least one-half pound of raw liver, or drank raw liver juice, every day. This continued for several years, until a concentrate of liver juice became available. In 1928, chemist Edwin Cohn prepared a liver extract that was 50 to 100 times more potent than the natural food (liver). The extract could even be injected into muscle, which meant patients no longer needed to eat large amounts of liver or juice. This also reduced the cost of treatment considerably._NEWLINE_The active ingredient in liver remained unknown until 1948, when it was isolated by two chemists, Karl A. Folkers of the United States and Alexander R. Todd of Great Britain. The substance was a cobalamin, which the discoverers named vitamin B₁₂. The new vitamin in liver juice was eventually completely purified and characterized in the 1950s, and other methods of producing it from bacteria were developed. It could be injected into muscle with even less irritation, making it possible to treat PA with even more ease. Pernicious anemia was eventually treated with either injections or large oral doses of B₁₂, typically between 1 and 4 mg daily._NEWLINE_One writer has hypothesized that Mary Todd Lincoln, the wife of American President Abraham Lincoln, had pernicious anemia for decades and died from it. _START_SECTION_ SNAC complex _START_PARAGRAPH_ Although oral megadoses and intramuscular injections are the most common methods of treatment currently available, several novel methods are being tested, with high promise for future incorporation into mainstream treatment methods. As injections are unfavourable vehicles for drug delivery, current research involves improving the passive diffusion across the ileum upon oral ingestion of cobalamin derivatives. Researchers have recently taken advantage of the novel compound sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino]caprylate (SNAC), which greatly enhances both bioavailability and metabolic stability. SNAC is able to form a noncovalent complex with cobalamin while preserving its chemical integrity. This complex is much more lipophilic than the water-soluble vitamin B₁₂, so is able to pass through cellular membranes with greater ease. _START_SECTION_ Recombinant intrinsic factor _START_PARAGRAPH_ Another method for increasing absorption through the ileum is to ingest a Cbl complex to which IF is already bound. The lack of intrinsic factor produced by the patient's body can be supplemented by using synthetic human IF produced from pea plant recombinants. However, in cases where IF-antibodies are the reason for malabsorption across the ileum, this treatment would be ineffective. _START_SECTION_ Sublingual/intranasal delivery _START_PARAGRAPH_ Sublingual treatments have also been postulated to be more effective than oral treatments alone. A 2003 study found, while this method is effective, a dose of 500 μg of cyanocobalamin given either orally or sublingually, is equally efficacious in restoring normal physiological concentrations of cobalamin. Intranasal methods have also been studied as a vehicle for the delivery of cobalamin. A 1997 study monitored the plasma cobalamin concentration of six patients with pernicious anemia over a period of 35 days while being treated with 1500 μg of intranasal hydroxocobalamin. One hour after administration, all patients showed on average an immediate eight-fold increase in plasma cobalamin concentration and a two-fold increase after 35 days with three 1500 μg treatments. However, further studies are needed to investigate the long-term effectiveness of this delivery method. _START_SECTION_ Exploratory treatments _START_PARAGRAPH_ One exploratory, and potential alternative method for the treatment of pernicious anemia is the use of transdermal patches. In one such system, the patches are composed of cyanocobalamin, its stabilizers, and epidermal penetration enhancers. The transdermal route allows the cobalamin derivative to passively diffuse through the stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis, and ultimately entering the bloodstream; hence, the cobalamin avoids the hepatic first pass effect, and so offers the potential for improved bioavailability and efficacy. Slow release increases cobalamin half-life, offering the potential of decreases in required dosage required relative to oral delivery methods. In one such system, a drug-loaded polycaprolactone fiber that is prepared as a electrospun nanofiber can release hundreds of micrograms of cobabalmin per day.

12868290631374653767

Q941230

_START_ARTICLE_ Vitello tonnato _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vitello tonnato is a Piedmontese (Italian) dish of cold, sliced veal covered with a creamy, mayonnaise-like sauce that has been flavored with tuna. It is served chilled or at room temperature, generally in the summertime, as the main course of an Italian meal or as "an exceedingly elegant antipasto for an elaborate dinner." It is also very popular in Argentina, where it is known as vitel toné, and considered a traditional Christmas dish._NEWLINE_It is prepared at least a day or more in advance by braising or simmering a piece of veal from the back leg called Eye Round, which is then cut into thin, individual servings. For the sauce, originally fresh white tuna (in most restaurants canned tuna is used today to reduce cost and preparation time) is simmered until fully cooked in white wine, cider vinegar, white onion and garlic, and then puréed with a mix of olive and vegetable oil and egg yolks in an electric blender or food processor to form a thick mayonnaise. For the mayonnaise a variety of seasonings can be used, including anchovies, cayenne pepper, capers and lemon juice. The thick, smooth purée is then somewhat thinned with a little water and cooking liquid from the veal and a few capers are stirred in. Some of the sauce is spread out on a serving platter and the cold slices of veal are arranged in a single layer on top. The rest of the sauce is then poured over the veal so that it is, generally, completely covered. The dish is allowed to refrigerate for a period up to 5 days to fully develop the flavor.

6966455520149247141

Q46993232

_START_ARTICLE_ Vivian Chan _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Born in Hong Kong, Chan's family moved to Australia aged 6. She grew up back and forth between Hong Kong and Australia, eventually settling in Australia's Gold Coast. Her parents worked in education and her grandparents in publishing. _START_SECTION_ Education _START_PARAGRAPH_ Chan attended Trinity Lutheran College and went on to study biotechnology at the University of Queensland (UQ), achieving a BBiotech in Drug Design and Development. After spending a year working at UQ as an Investment Process Manager in life sciences for the venture fund Uniseed, she received a Cambridge Commonwealth scholarship to study for a PhD in protein crystallography at the University of Cambridge. Whilst at Cambridge, she was voted into the role of president of the Cambridge University Technology & Enterprise Club (CUTEC) from 2010-2011. Chan was still in this role when she was approached by Alice Bentinck and Matthew Clifford of Entrepreneur First, who were seeking to recruit 30 graduates with entrepreneurship ambition. Chan had recently completed her PhD and was a member of the EF student advisory board, so decided to apply "at the last minute" and was selected to take part in EF's first cohort in 2012-13. Here, she met Nilu Satharasinghe, an experienced startup founder with a background in machine learning and a MSc in computer science from the University of Oxford. _START_SECTION_ Sparrho _START_PARAGRAPH_ Chan and Satharasinghe founded Sparrho in 2013 as a solution to issues in staying up to date with scientific literature encountered over the course of Chan's biochemistry PhD. Inspiration for Sparrho came from Steve, a postdoctoral researcher in Chan's research lab who would read several key journals and bring paper recommendations to Chan's research group every morning. When Chan described this problem to Satharasinghe, he suggested 'digitising Steve'. This idea grew into the creation of Sparrho, a science research discovery platform combining artificial and human intelligence to help research professionals and layman users stay up-to-date with new scientific publications and patents. As of Q2 2017, Sparrho has raised a total of $3 million of funding. _START_SECTION_ Honours and awards _START_PARAGRAPH_ In November 2018, Chan was named to the Financial Times' list of the 'Top 100 minority ethnic leaders in technology.'_NEWLINE_In 2017, Chan was selected by MIT Technology Review as one of its 35 Innovators Under 35. Executive director of HAG Consulting & Ventures and Startup Grind and jury member for Innovators Under 35 Europe 2017, Rodrigo de Alvarenga, commented that Chan's project "focuses on broadening and levelling out the access to scientific research to anyone interested and, in so doing, democratizing science and innovation through availability."_NEWLINE_In 2016, she was named one of the Top 5 Women within the Top 100 Asian Stars in UK Tech._NEWLINE_In 2015, she was named one of Management Today's 35 Women Under 35._NEWLINE_In 2014, she was selected as a semifinalist for The Duke of York (UK) New Entrepreneur of the Year._NEWLINE_Vivian has twice been invited to address EU ministers about the importance of open data for innovation, in 2015 and 2016._NEWLINE_She has been invited to No. 10 Downing Street multiple times, and sits on the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport's Digital Economy Advisory Group alongside Matt Hancock, Minister of State for Digital.

3517623358272939336

Q7937888

_START_ARTICLE_ Vivienne Jabri _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vivienne Jabri is a British academic and writer. She is Professor of International Politics in the Department of War Studies, King's College London.

2910218794195605332

Q3650691

_START_ARTICLE_ Vladimer Chachibaia _START_SECTION_ Education and early career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Chachibaia was a private in the Soviet Air Forces from 1989 until 1991, when he joined the newly established National Guard of Georgia as a NCO. He commanded a National Guard platoon in the Georgian Civil War of 1992-1993 and continued his service in the Georgian army as a recon and special task forces officer. He studied at the United Military Academy in Tbilisi, Georgia from 1993 to 1994 and attended several courses of military training in the United States, including at the United States Army War College in the years 2007-2008; he was added to the United States Army Command and General Staff College's International Hall of Fame in 2018. _START_SECTION_ Command _START_PARAGRAPH_ Chachibaia commanded a Georgian contingent within the Multinational force in Iraq in 2004 and was appointed a commander of the 3rd Infantry Brigade of the Armed Forces of Georgia in 2005. He has since served in the General Staff and was an acting commander of the Georgian Land Forces in 2006. Having briefly served as Head of Education Department of the General Staff in September–November 2008, Chachibaia replaced General Zaza Gogava as the Chief of JS GAF after the August 2008 war with Russia. He briefly served as Deputy Defense Minister in 2009 and became Deputy Chief of General Staff of Georgian Armed Forces in 2012. In 2014 he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general. In October 2015, Chachibaia was appointed as High Military Adviser of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA). From November 2015 to August 2016, he was Rector of the National Defense Academy. He then served as Deputy Chief of General Staff and became Chief of General Staff in November 2016, succeeding General Vakhtang Kapanadze. On 20 December 2018, he became the first holder of the recently created position of the Chief of Georgian Defense Forces.

4665967635031963778

Q634344

_START_ARTICLE_ Vladimir Arnoldi _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vladimir Mitrofanovich Arnoldi (Russian: Влади́мир Митрофа́нович Арно́льди) (Kozlov (Michurinsk), Russia (1871–1924)) was a Russian professor of biology. He was a Corresponding Member of Russian Academy of Sciences and scientifically listed a number of valuable plants of Malaysia._NEWLINE_He lived in the Russian city of Tambov for much of his life. His son Constantin Arnoldi became a prominent entomologist.

10906645850554452454

Q23016341

_START_ARTICLE_ Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (poem) _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ Mayakovsky's four-poem Lenin Cycle started in April 1920 with "Vladimir Ilyich!" published in the days when Vladimir Lenin's 50th birthday was celebrated all over the country. Then in 1923 came "We Do Not Believe!" (Мы не верим!), written in the wake of the news of Lenin's fatal illness. It was at that time that the idea of an epic poem on the Russian revolutionary leader was born. In the early 1924, soon after Lenin's death the poem called "The Komsomol Song" (Комсомольская) was published in Molodaya Gvardiya (Nos. 2 and 3), featuring the soon to become omnipresent refrain: "Lenin lived, Lenin lives, Lenin is to live forever." All three were later included into the 22-poem Revolution cycle._NEWLINE_On 22 January Mayakovsky attended the meeting of the XI All-Russian Congress of Soviets where Mikhail Kalinin informed the delegates of Lenin's death on 21 January, at 18:30. On 27 January he was present at Lenin's funeral at the Red Square. Both events have made a profound impression upon the poet. Mayakovsky's elder sister Lyudmila remembered: "Volodya took Lenin's death very personally. For him it was like the loss of a dear, close person. He believed in him. He loved him from those early days of working in the revolutionary underground. So shaken was he by this death that for some time couldn't find it in him to express his feelings [in writing]… [Mayakovsky] has been coming back to Lenin's memory and ideas throughout his life. Because it was Lenin's struggle for the shining ideals of Communism, that Vladimir considered his own life's meaning." _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Mayakovsky started working upon the poem called originally just "Lenin" soon after the funeral, then took a break. The work resumed in April 1925 and continued till September. In the first days of October the work was finished. On October 3 Mayakovsky signed the publishing contract with Gosizdat. On October 20 the publishers received the manuscript. Prior to that there's been no press reports on the author's work on his poem, or any publications of its fragments. The first to mention it was Zhizn Iskusstva (Life of Art). "Mayakovsky has just completed a large poem about Lenin. In terms of grandiosity it supersedes by far everything that he'd written before," this magazine's No.43, 1924 issue informed its readers. In mid-October fragments of the poem appeared in Rabochaya Moskva, Vechernyaya Moskva, several provincial newspapers. There were performances with the recitals at the Moscow's Press House (October 18) and The Red Hall of the Moscow Communist Party headquarters on October 21, with the audience of the Party activists. _NEWLINE__NEWLINE_At the Press House event the majority of the audience were the provincial journalists who came from all over the country to attend a congress. Author and critic Kornely Zelinsky in his 1955 memoirs remembered:_NEWLINE_The middle section of the poem, portraying Lenin against the backdrop of the international workers' movement was being received with some strain, some asked Mayakovsky to read slower... The poem's last words drowned in rapturous, heartfelt applause. Mayakovsky walked off to a table and, hands still trembling, started sorting out notes. One particular piece of paper apparently touched him most, and he said, his voice booming: "Here's one comrade wants to know, why would I have to write this polit'education verse. For those who are politically uneducated, such would be my answer." Outraged, some people in the audience burst out: "Now, isn't it rude, to ask such questions?" But Mayakovsky waved those protestations aside and told his agitated supporters that the question was quite legitimate. And that while working upon the poem he was fully aware of this danger of falling into the trap of flat political journalism. "My approach to this poem was that of a poet. And that was difficult to maintain, comrades," he added in a confessional tone._NEWLINE__NEWLINE_The Red Hall concert was reviewed on the 23 October issue of Rabochaya Moskva (The Working Moscow) newspaper. The article titled "The poem Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, as Judged by the Party Activists," read:_NEWLINE_The Hall was overcrowded. The poem received massive ovation. As the discussion started, some of the speakers opined that what they've just heard was the strongest piece ever written on Lenin. The great majority agreed that the poem was totally 'ours', that Mayakovsky has done the proletarian cause a huge service. After the dispute, Mayakovsky answered his opponents' questions. He said, in particular, that his general intention was to present the powerful figure of Lenin against the background of the revolutionary history as a whole." _NEWLINE_In his I, Myself autobiography (Chapter "1924") Mayakovsky wrote: "Lenin's completed. Recited [the poem] at the numerous workers' meetings. Had misgivings as regards this poem, for it was easy here to resort to the mere political narrative. But the workers' response gave me encouragement, made me confident the poem was indeed relevant."_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_In October Mayakovsky also read the poem at some private meetings, notably in Valerian Kuybyshev's Kremlin office, and at Anatoly Lunacharsky's home. In her 1963 memoirs Natalya Lunacharskaya-Rosenel remembered:_NEWLINE_We all gathered at eleven in the evening... [Mayakovsky] brought a large company with him: Sergei Tretyakov, Grossman-Roshchin, Lilya and Osip Briks, Malkin, Shterenberg, some other people... Instead of holding the recital at the small cabinet as planned, we had to go to the hall and move there all the chairs from the dining-room. All of us settled into a tight circle… Now, Lenin - for Anatoly Vasilyevich he was a leader, a teacher, a friend... I watched [his] face and saw, how with the words about the 'crying Bolsheviks' how his pince-nez glasses turned misty... As the recital was over, there was a minute's silence which for an author is more precious than any ovation... and then suddenly from the gallery above came a roaring applause and cries: 'Thank you! Thank you, Vladimir Vladimirovich!' It turned out that the artistic youth who gathered in my younger sister's room on the mezzanine silently creeped into the gallery and were listening from there, unobserved. This 'invasion' from the uninvited guests was so sincere and touching... Mayakovsky rose up the staircase, hugged the 'gatecrashers' and by their hands drew them downstairs." _START_SECTION_ Critical reception _START_PARAGRAPH_ While the newspapers reported of highly successful public performances, the Soviet literary critics approached the poem with caution. One unreservedly positive review came from Novy Mir (No.9, 1925). "Of all that he have now in the Russian poetry on Lenin, Mayakovsky's poem stands out as the most significant thing... The author quite consciously introduced political journalism to his poetry and undoubtedly succeeded in justifying this ploy artistically. In his poem Ilyich lives everywhere, in every single event," the anonymous reviewer opined._NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Poet and critic G. Lelevich, in Pechat i Revolyutsia (Press and Revolution, No.1, 1926), expressed his reservations:_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_"Surely, the poem is masterfully written, but the chasm between the brain and the heart here is painful. There are some emotionally charged, infectious bits, but as a whole this poem is the result of 'mind's cool reflections'... It's a tragedy that the ultra-individualistic verses 'about that' are strikingly sincere with Mayakovsky, while the Lenin poem, some exceptions aside, is cerebral and rhetorical. Neither singing paeans to the revolution through abstract logic, nor exploiting the bohemian and individualistic motives of old will do as the basis for Mayakovsky's huge talent's further development. He really needs to step over himself... The Lenin poem is a failed but significant and promising attempt to do just that. _NEWLINE_Critic Viktor Pertsov (at the time a LEF activist) in his 1925 article "Revising the Left Front Policy in the Modern Russian Art", wrote: "The poem 'Vladimir Ilyich Lenin' is this extraordinarily strange, self-contradictory thing. On the one hand, the grief over this immense loss is cast in such words that won't fail to excite any of the future generations. Their condensed bitterness is a timeless battle cry, not just for the future, for the present too. On the other hand, several pages earlier we have the insufferable wordiness, cringeworthy naivety and clumsiness in the descriptions of Lenin's life, as well as [the history of the] working class. May be because… Lenin's genius is so huge, Mayakovsky should have stayed away from this historical narrative which proved to be so restrictive for his constructive horizons."

17218973719603856936

Q28403967

_START_ARTICLE_ VoiceHost _START_SECTION_ Tesco controversy and notoriety _START_PARAGRAPH_ The collapse of the Tesco Internet Phone service in 2010 (powered by FreshTel) Ofcom re-allocated the telephone number blocks to VoiceHost to enable services to continue for consumers. _START_SECTION_ Norwich Telecommunications Technology Cluster _START_PARAGRAPH_ Based at Norfolk Tower the company is part of the technology cluster recognized nationally by Tech City UK as a telecommunications cluster._NEWLINE_The company is the only Local Internet Registry (LIR) within Norwich and a member of RIPE Network Coordination Centre and appeared on the Deloitte Technology Fast-Track 50 and 500 lists' 2015.

4298815659899194618

Q1359170

_START_ARTICLE_ Volleyball at the 2010 Asian Games _START_SECTION_ Draw _START_PARAGRAPH_ The draw ceremony for the team sports was held on 7 October 2010 at Guangzhou.

4279522631746052825

Q7941320

_START_ARTICLE_ Volvo LV66-series _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Volvo introduced its first heavy truck in 1931. Unlike its smaller sibling, who used some elements from Volvo’s passenger cars, the LV66-series components were built exclusively for truck use. These included a new overhead valve engine, a heavy duty four-speed gear box, steel rims and four-wheel hydraulic brakes._NEWLINE_The truck was built in two weight classes: the smaller LV68 and LV69 with a payload of 3.25 tonnes and the heavier LV66 and LV67 with a payload of 3.5 tonnes. From 1933 the LV66 and LV67 could be delivered with a trailing axle which increased the payload to 5.25 tonnes. The long wheelbase LV70 was primarily equipped with bus bodies._NEWLINE_From 1933 the LV66-series were sold with a Hesselman engine as an alternative.

8634671485487225685

Q2515669

_START_ARTICLE_ Voorgoed voorbij _START_SECTION_ Description _START_PARAGRAPH_ The song is in the chanson style popular in the early years of the Contest. Brokken sings to a former lover, asking him why their relationship is "over for good". She explains that while it may have only been a brief fling to him, she took it more seriously. _START_SECTION_ Performance _START_PARAGRAPH_ The song was performed eighth on the night, following Italy's Franca Raimondi with "Aprite le finestre" and preceding Switzerland's Lys Assia with "Refrain"._NEWLINE_The song was accompanied at the 1956 contest by Jetty Paerl with "De vogels van Holland" and was succeeded as Dutch representative at the 1957 contest by Brokken with "Net als toen", the winner that year.

7718135449170479498

Q375511

_START_ARTICLE_ Voravongsa II _START_PARAGRAPH_ Voravongsa II (or Thammikarath Vorouvongsa II) (b. 1585- d. 1622) was the king of the Laotian Kingdom of Lan Xa reigning from 1596 to 1621. _NEWLINE_He was the son of Vorapita and Princess Dharmagayi, the youngest daughter of King Phothisarath I. _NEWLINE_He succeeded his cousin in 1596. Reigned under the regency of his father. He was captured by rebels and proclaimed king in 1599. _NEWLINE_Reconciled with his father, who renounced the regency, was crowned with the reign name of Vara Varman Dharmika Raja Jaya in 1603. _NEWLINE_One of his several wives was Nang Kaen (married in 1596), a former consort of his father, Brhat Varapitra Vorapita. _NEWLINE_In 1621 he was deposed by his son, and killed on his orders. He had five sons, including Ouphagnauvarath King of Lan Xang for nine months since 1621

16743997132676025499

Q60524651

_START_ARTICLE_ Vosean Joseph _START_SECTION_ Early years _START_PARAGRAPH_ Joseph attended Miami Norland Senior High School in Miami, Florida. He committed to the University of Florida to play college football. _START_SECTION_ College career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Joseph played at Florida from 2016 to 2018. During his career, he had 161 tackles, four sacks and one interception. After his junior season in 2018, he entered the 2019 NFL Draft. _START_SECTION_ Professional career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Joseph was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the fifth round, 147th overall, of the 2019 NFL Draft. He was placed on injured reserve on August 31, 2019.

5727551896634225729

Q17157206

_START_ARTICLE_ Votrax _START_PARAGRAPH_ Votrax International, Inc. (originally the Vocal division of Federal Screw Works), or just Votrax, was a speech synthesis company located in the Detroit, Michigan area from 1971 to about 1996. It began as a division of Federal Screw Works from 1971 to 1973. In 1974, it was given the Votrax name (taken from the name of its first commercial product, the model VS4 "Votrax") and moved to Troy, Michigan and, in 1980, split off of its parent company entirely and became Votrax International, Inc., which produced speech products up until 1984._NEWLINE_In 1984, the company declared bankruptcy and restructured itself as a commercial phone/speech auto-answering systems company after downsizing much of the staff. It was somewhat successful in this field, and merged with Vynet Corp., a voice-recognition prompt pioneer, in 1987. It remained Votrax inc. until about 1992, when it was renamed to or otherwise merged with Vysion, Inc., a maker of security cameras and other related devices. It remained 'Vysion Inc.' until the company declared bankruptcy in June 1994 following a court battle patent litigation loss against PATCO inc., and from the remains of the old company, restructured itself as 'Maxxar' inc in 1995. Maxxar was acquired by Open Solutions, LLC (then Open Solutions, Inc.), on February 24th, 2004, and Open Solutions, LLC was acquired by Fiserv, Inc. on January 14th, 2013. Maxxar owned the rights to the Votrax name, but the trademark lapsed on March 11, 2016. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ All the Votrax speech synthesizers owe their existence to the speech synthesizer design created in 1970 by Richard T. Gagnon. After coming up with a viable design scheme in his basement laboratory, Gagnon licensed it to Federal Screw Works, whom he was working for at the time, and they continued development of his original design. This became the "Vocal division of Federal Screw Works."_NEWLINE_In 1984, Votrax either declared bankruptcy or came close to doing so, and restructured itself as a commercial phone-interface provider, and hence produced no new consumer products. The later commercial-only products are not listed on the below list because literature about these seems to have been of limited distribution and has not yet been found. During the restructuring, much of the existing staff was downsized off, including Tim Gargagliano and Kathryn F. Gargagliano, who along with two other former Votrax employees, Art Velthoven and Dale McDaniel, started Artic Technologies in 1984. Tim and Kate had earlier written an article about the SC-01 for BYTE magazine._NEWLINE_In 1987, Votrax merged with Vynet Corp and the product lines of both companies were combined. _START_SECTION_ Products _START_PARAGRAPH_ Votrax was responsible for designing and manufacturing several important early speech synthesizer back-ends, and several widely used integrated circuit phoneme synthesizers. Votrax produced speech backend modules and cards for various personal computers, and worked with the United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) to create an extensible speech frontend system. Votrax's speech technology was also used by 3rd parties in several arcade games, Gottlieb System 80 pinball machines, and talking terminals._NEWLINE_During the 1970s, Votrax produced a series of discrete speech synthesizers, with epoxy-coated boards to thwart people copying their designs. In 1980, they designed and manufactured an integrated circuit speech synthesizer called the SC-01. This IC proved very popular in the third party market, and was produced until at least 1984. It was succeeded by the somewhat more dynamic SC-02, also known as the SSI-263P. From the beginning of SC-02 production, Silicon Systems Inc. (now part of Texas Instruments) manufactured the SC-02 chip under the product number SSI-263P, and this was apparently later adopted as the official name of the IC. Votrax continued to intermittently sell SC-01-A and SC-02 synthesis chips, and Personal Speech System text to speech units until at least October, 1990._NEWLINE_Since early in its life, Votrax specialized in making phoneme-based speech synthesizers and text-to-speech algorithms. The popular United States Naval Research Laboratory, or "NRL" text-to-phoneme algorithm was developed by a collaboration between Votrax and the NRL in 1973. This algorithm and variants of it were used on a number of text-to-speech devices, such as the votrax type-n-talk, the votrax personal speech system, and the General Instruments CTS256A-AL2 text-to-allophone chip. A good rundown of the NRL algorithm can be found under reference._NEWLINE_Votrax also supplied the SC-02 speech chip used in the amateur radio 'DOVE-OSCAR 17' or 'DOVE' Microsatellite._NEWLINE_M. D. Mcilroy used a "Votrax" branded "Federal Screw Works" synth, a single potted block, as the 'Screw Works' backend for the Unix 'speak' command on Unix V1/2/3/4 in 1972/1973. Details of the algorithm were later (1974) described in his paper "Synthetic English speech by rule", Bell Telephone Laboratories Computer Science Technical Report #14, which is available on his personal site's publications page.

12739613173242997985

Q6429358

_START_ARTICLE_ Vrela Ribnička _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vrela Ribnička is a neighbourhood in Podgorica that borders the neighbourhoods of Kakaricka Gora, Masline, Ribnica and Stari Aerodrom. Vrela Ribnička is a subdivision of the larger Konik neighborhood. It is mostly a lowrise residential area, with very poor infrastructure. Most of the neighborhood has an appearance of a slum town. On its southeastern tip, it has a real refugee camp (which is more like a shanty town than a camp), a garbage dump and many garbage processing facilities. Vrela Ribnička contains one of the most notable auto-mechanics in Montenegro, Fratini, which is owned and operated by Naser Toskić._NEWLINE_Since the domestic population consists heavily of Roma, Vrela Ribnička is considered the largest ghetto in Podgorica. _START_SECTION_ Geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vrela Ribnička is bordered to the north and east by the Ribnica. To the south, it is bordered by the village of Omerbožovići, and to the west by Ćemovsko Polje (Ćemo's Field)._NEWLINE_Major streets in Vrela Ribnička include Spanish Warriors Street (Ulica Španskih boraca) and Hegumen Street (Ulica Igumanska). _START_SECTION_ Refugee camp _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Vrela Ribnička refugee camp is one of the five refugee settlements in Montenegro. Built in 1994, the camp houses many refugees of Bosnian origin displaced during the Yugoslav Wars. Financial support came from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The settlement consists of eight one-story residential buildings, containing 200 housing units altogether. A housing unit consists of one room occupied by one family and a common bathroom and toilet shared with adjoining neighbours. Intended for temporary accommodation, the quality of construction was initially low. As of March 1999, 196 refugee families live in the settlement, with a total of about 850 household members, most of whom were either born in Montenegro or had family in either Podgorica and/or Montenegro. _START_SECTION_ Roma _START_PARAGRAPH_ Adjoining the settlement is a "tent camp" known as "Konik I," established in 1998 for displaced Kosovar Roma. In October 1998, the Podgorica Red Cross registered nearly 2,000 Roma in the tent camp. Construction on these facilities were so poorly completed that barely anything functioned properly, with repairs nearly impossible. Many of these Kosovar Roma had lived in similar conditions as they did in Kosovo. _NEWLINE_On 5 December 1999, the tent camp was badly damaged as a result of a storm, resulting in the loss of 170 tents, and homelessness of about 600 people. By April 2000, a new refugee camp, known as Konik II, was built with better infrastructure. By then, only 56 barracks had been built to accommodate 56 families, but only 14 were occupied. _START_SECTION_ 2000s construction boom _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vrela Ribnička, however, is now a site of Podgorica's many construction booms. One of the largest projects in Vrela Ribnička in 2007 was the reconstruction of the Spanish Warriors Street (Ulica Španskih boraca), which saw a new sidewalk put in place in both directions and new asphalt put in place. The project occurred between June and September 2007. This project, however, was scheduled to have been completed by 20 August 2007, but by that date, only three-quarters of the project had been completed. In addition to a street expansion, the bridge at its northern end crossing the Ribnica was rebuilt, and modernized. Negative impacts on the local population occurred as a result of the street expansion, however. It caused a drop in profits on businesses located on the street, as well as an increase in traffic on the much smaller Hegumen Street (Ulica Igumanska)._NEWLINE_Another planned project is the construction of several apartment buildings for the Roma refugees. However, this project has been facing heavy criticism of the locals, as this might lower their property value and lower their neighbourhood's reputation, even though it already has a bad reputation for being home to Podgorica's Roma minority, as well as for raising one of the most dangerous children in Podgorica. _START_SECTION_ Education _START_PARAGRAPH_ Božidar Vuković Podgoričanin Elementary School (Osnovna škola „Božidar Vuković Podgoričanin“) is a primary school located in Vrela Ribnička. In 2006, the school was expanded to accommodate enrollment of children additional children between the ages of 5 and 7.

13509950873064754575

Q58225

_START_ARTICLE_ Vukovar-Srijem County _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The area of Vukovar has been inhabited since Neolithic times. It is an exceptionally rich archaeological site, listed among the most important sites of southern Europe. Vukovar was known for its architecture from the 18th century, with covered porticos (arcades) and later historical buildings, until the war in 1991 which resulted in the systematic destruction of the entire town. _START_SECTION_ Geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vukovar–Srijem County lies in the far northeastern part of Croatia, in the regions of eastern Slavonia and west Syrmia. Total area of the county is 2,454 km². Two major rivers run through the county, the Danube and the Sava, and two smaller rivers, the Bosut and the Vuka. The Bosut is a tributary of the Sava river, while the Vuka is a tributary of the Danube. The County's highest point is Čukala, on the Fruška Gora, at 294 meters (965 ft), and its lowest point is on the Spačva River at 78 meters (256 ft). Vukovar–Srijem County has a moderate continental climate, with a yearly average of 11 °C (52 °F). The County has an average annual rainfall of 650 mm (26 in) in the east, up to 800 mm (31 in) in western parts (25.6 to 31.5 in)._NEWLINE_Vukovar–Srijem County borders Osijek-Baranja County in the northwest, Brod-Posavina County on the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina across the river Sava in the south, and Serbia in the east. The Croatian Government has claims on the Island of Šarengrad and the Island of Vukovar on the Danube river, which are under Serbian control. _START_SECTION_ Minority populations _START_PARAGRAPH_ Serbs form majority population in municipalities of Negoslavci (97.19%), Markušica (90.10%) (Gaboš, Karadžićevo, Ostrovo, Podrinje), Trpinja (89.75%) (Bobota, Bršadin, Pačetin, Vera, Ludvinci) and Borovo (89.73%). Outside of these municipalities Serbs form majority in villages Banovci, Vinkovački Banovci, Orolik, Srijemske Laze and Mlaka Antinska. Serbian minority communities live in Vukovar, Mirkovci, Tovarnik, Stari Jankovci, Novi Jankovci, Ilok, Bogdanovci, Tompojevci and Vinkovci._NEWLINE_In the town of Vukovar and municipalities of Negoslavci, Markušica, Trpinja and Borovo, as well as in the villages of Banovci and Vinkovački Banovci, Serbian language and Serbian Cyrillic script is introduced in official use alongside Croatian._NEWLINE_There are in total 12 elementary schools with 8 additional local schools and 4 secondary schools offering education in Serbian language. Number of Serb minority organizations are centered in the county including Joint Council of Municipalities, Independent Democratic Serb Party and Radio Borovo._NEWLINE_There is one elementary school in Korođ offering education in Hungarian language._NEWLINE_The oldest mosque in Croatia in continuous use is located in the village of Gunja.

1125081771248740725

Q999492

_START_ARTICLE_ Vyšný Slavkov _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vyšný Slavkov ([ˈʋiʃniː ˈslaʊ̯kɔʊ̯]) is a village and municipality in Levoča District in the Prešov Region of central-eastern Slovakia. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1347. _START_SECTION_ Geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ The municipality lies at an elevation of 560 metres (1,837 ft) and covers an area of 17.183 km² (6.634 mi²). It has a population of about 345 people.

15268635551868417710

Q7943948

_START_ARTICLE_ Vyner baronets _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Vyner Baronetcy, of London, was a title in the Baronetage of England. It was created on 18 June 1661 for Thomas Vyner, Lord Mayor of London in 1653. The title became extinct on the early death of the third Baronet in 1683. The third son, Sir Robert Vyner, 1st Baronet (a separate baronetcy from his uncle's) (1631–88) was also Lord Mayor of London._NEWLINE_The Vyners were a family of Warwickshire gentry. William Vyner (1570–1639), elder brother of the first Baronet, had four sons. The elder, Samuel (1627–59), was the grandfather of Robert Vyner (1765–1823), barrister, whose elder daughter Jane married Sir Theophilus Biddulph, 6th Baronet. A younger daughter of Robert's, Delicia, married the future Field Marshal Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal, and was thus one of a clique of English wives (including Princess Victoria) who influenced the Prussian military to adopt liberal political views. William's second son Thomas (1629–73) was Dean of Gloucester.

12543846100348548178

Q2634526

_START_ARTICLE_ Vysun River _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Vysun, Vulsun or Isun (Ukrainian: Висунь) is a river of Ukraine, flowing through the Mykolaiv region. It is a right tributary of the Inhulets River. It has a length of 201 km and begins in the Dnieper Upland and flows south through Prychornomorskoy Lowland, through the district center of Kazanka.It covers a basin of 2670 km². During season it is powered mainly by snowmelt.

1978357206391370393

Q7945129

_START_ARTICLE_ W.A.K.O. World Championships 1993 (Atlantic City) _START_SECTION_ Semi-Contact _START_PARAGRAPH_ Semi-Contact is a form of kickboxing in which fights were won by points given due to technique, skill and speed, with physical force limited - more information on Semi-Contact can be found on the W.A.K.O. website, although the rules will have changed since 1993. The men had eight weight divisions ranging from 57 kg/125.4 lbs to over 89 kg/+195.8 lbs, with the under/over 89 kg divisions being newly introduced. The women's competition also expanded, now having five divisions, ranging from 50 kg/110 lbs to over 65 kg/143 lbs. As with the last world championships in London, Christine Bannon-Rodrigues was the most notable winner as she repeated her three gold medal feat - winning in Semi-Contact as well in Musical Forms (x2), while Lajos Hugyetz would win two golds (winning in Light-Contact as well), and karate fighter Tony Young was a further notable winner. By the end of the championships the strongest country in Semi-Contact was the host nation USA with four golds, two silvers and six bronzes. _START_SECTION_ Light-Contact _START_PARAGRAPH_ More physical than Semi-Contact but less so than Full-Contact, points were awarded and fights won on the basis of speed and technique over power, and it was seen as a transition stage for fighters who were considering a move from Semi to Full-Contact. More information on Light-Contact rules can be found of the W.A.K.O. website, although be aware that the rules may have changed since 1993. As with Semi-Contact, the men and women had new weight divisions, with the men having eight ranging from 57 kg/125.4 lbs to over 89 kg/+195.8 lbs, and the women five, ranging from 50 kg/110 lbs to over 65 kg/143 lbs. Notable winners included Lajos Hugyetz (who also won gold in Semi-Contact) and future pro boxing champion Pelé Reid, who added to the gold he had won at the last W.A.K.O. Europeans. By the end of the championships Hungary was by far the most successful nation in Light-Contact, winning six golds, one silver and one bronze medal.

18103332741668256890

Q7946385

_START_ARTICLE_ WAFLEX _START_PARAGRAPH_ WAFLEX is a spreadsheet-based model. It can be used to analyse upstream-downstream interactions, dam management options and water allocation and development options.

12771535349853068301

Q7949510

_START_ARTICLE_ WFSP (AM) _START_SECTION_ Sold _START_PARAGRAPH_ On June 6, 2013, WFSP and sister station WFSP-FM were sold to Kingwood-based WFSP Radio, LLC for $500,000. The sale was closed on September 30, 2013.

128159997863293282

Q7949566

_START_ARTICLE_ WFUR-FM _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Sister station to WFUR (AM), WFUR-FM was constructed on the AM tower site in 1960. The primary reason for construction of WFUR-FM was the early morning and night time audience that WFUR could not reach because at that time, WFUR was only allowed daylight operation (sunrise to sunset). WFUR-FM was the third FM station in the Grand rapids market. Through the years, WFUR-FM increased power as opportunities became available. The final increase took place in 1983. Agreements were signed with other 102.9 FM stations in Ann Arbor and Milwaukee to accept any interference caused by each of them going to 50,000 watts. WFUR-FM constructed a new taller tower (635 ft.) with the antenna at a height above average terrain of 490 ft., and installed a new transmitter (Continental) at that time.

5243441439124060035

Q7948903

_START_ARTICLE_ WGNH _START_SECTION_ 2017 sale _START_PARAGRAPH_ On February 14, 2017, it was announced that former owner Educational Media Foundation (EMF) would sell the then-WEKV as part of its purchase of WNKE (now WPYK) in neighboring New Boston, Ohio, which at the time the sale was announced operated as a repeater of WNKU, from Northern Kentucky University (NKU). As part of the WNKE sale agreement, NKU would receive $750,000 plus 75% of the net sale proceeds of WEKV._NEWLINE_The station changed its call sign to WGNH on August 10, 2017. On August 15, 2017, Somerset Educational Broadcasting Foundation of Somerset, Kentucky announced that they had purchased WGNH from Educational Media Foundation for $130,000. Under the terms of the sale of WNKE to Educational Media Foundation, Northern Kentucky University received $97,500 of the proceeds of the sale of WGNH. Immediately upon announcement of the sale, WGNH dropped Educational Media Foundation's K-Love brand (EMF having moved K-Love to the newly acquired WNKE, which was, at that time, temporarily identifying under its former WPAY-FM call sign) and began broadcasting under Somerset Educational Broadcasting Foundation's King of Kings Radio branding.

7952953239699719194

Q7950011

_START_ARTICLE_ WGXL _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The station went on the air as WTSL-FM on 6 February 1987. On 1 June 1993, the station changed its call sign to the current WGXL. _START_SECTION_ On-air staff _START_PARAGRAPH_ The current on-air hosts are Kim Ashley (morning), Cindy Brooks (late morning to early afternoon), John Tesh (syndicated in the evening), and American Top 40 with Ryan Seacrest (Saturday mornings). _START_SECTION_ Former on-air staff _START_PARAGRAPH_ Former members of WGXL's staff include Stevens Blanchard, Pam Bixby, Dave Cooper, Deidre Tichner, Jim Patry, Rick Murphy, Jason Place, Bev Valentine, Dan Gilland, Shane Blue (now Jackson Blue on Boston's WXKS-FM), Chris Garrett, Doug McKenzie, Steve Smith, Parker Springfield (still on sister station WKKN) and Taylor Ford. "Zach Sang And The Gang," a syndicated evening show, was also once heard on WGXL.

7653952922885488099

Q18036358

_START_ARTICLE_ WIF1 _START_SECTION_ Function _START_PARAGRAPH_ WNT proteins are extracellular signaling molecules involved in the control of embryonic development. This gene encodes a secreted protein, which binds WNT proteins and inhibits their activities. This protein contains a WNT inhibitory factor (WIF) domain and 5 epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains. It may be involved in mesoderm segmentation. This protein is found to be present in fish, amphibia and mammals.

15013469388864338614

Q7951434

_START_ARTICLE_ WJVR _START_SECTION_ Pre-broadcast history _START_PARAGRAPH_ On April 5, 2012, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) announced United States CP, LLC. as the highest bidder for the 101.9 FM frequency to be located in Iron Gate, Virginia, as part of Auction 93. On September 10, 2012, United States CP, LLC., filed a construction permit for a radio station to broadcast on 101.9 FM. The new station would transmit from a mountain between Covington and Clifton Forge._NEWLINE_On October 9, 2012, the station was given the call sign WJVR. The callsign is a "tribute" to the Jackson River that flows through Covington and Clifton Forge. _START_SECTION_ Launch to present _START_PARAGRAPH_ An October 10, 2012 post on the station's official Facebook page announced the station would launch on October 12 at 5:00pm. The station received a license from the FCC on November 21, 2012._NEWLINE_United States CP, LLC sold WJVR to Todd P. Robinson, Inc. for $30,000 on March 24, 2014. WJVR will be operated under the WVJT, LLC licensee. On April 4, 2014, WJVR began streaming their broadcasts online. The sale was consummated on July 31, 2014.

16605551428552106015

Q7953176

_START_ARTICLE_ WMXN-FM _START_SECTION_ Programming _START_PARAGRAPH_ WMXN-FM broadcasts a classic hits music format. The station airs the syndicated Rick and Bubba Show on weekday mornings with the bulk of the daily programming provided by the satellite-fed "Classic Rock" network from Dial Global. News updates are sourced from Fox News Radio. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Owned by Lynn Limited, Inc., this station was launched as WVSV in 1977 with 940 watts of effective radiated power from an antenna 490 feet (150 m) in height above average terrain._NEWLINE_In September 1990, Lynn Limited, Inc., reached an agreement to sell this station to George Guess. The deal was approved by the FCC on November 16, 1990, and the transaction was consummated on December 31, 1990. Under Guess' ownership, the station applied for and received new call letters WKZA from the Federal Communications Commission on June 1, 1993._NEWLINE_In December 1993, George Guess made a deal to sell this station to KEA Radio, Inc. The deal was approved by the FCC on January 25, 1994, and the transaction was consummated on March 19, 1994. The station received new callsign WMXN on April 21, 1995, then changed to WMXN-FM on May 23, 1997, when an AM sister station was moved to the WMXN call letters. (That station, no longer under the same ownership, is now WFPA in Fort Payne, Alabama.) _START_SECTION_ Ownership _START_PARAGRAPH_ WMXN-FM licensee KEA Radio, Inc., also owns WKEA-FM in nearby Scottsboro, Alabama. KEA Radio, Inc., itself is owned in equal part by Ronald H. Livengood, Julia Diana Livengood, Olvie E. Sisk, and Ivous T. Sisk. Ronald H. Livengood is the ex-husband of Julia Diane Livengood. Olvie and Ivous Sisk, a married couple, together also own 100% Air South Radio, Inc., which holds the license for WFTA in Fulton, Mississippi, and 80% of Metro Radio, Inc., which holds the license for WLZA in Eupora, Mississippi. As an individual, Olvie E, Sisk holds the license for WCNA in Potts Camp, Mississippi.

5416567126367876133

Q14692471

_START_ARTICLE_ WOCQ _START_SECTION_ Primary service _START_PARAGRAPH_ 103.9 OC104 is formatted as a Rhythmic/CHR Top 40 radio station. Playing artists such as Rihanna, Chris Brown, Kid Ink, Selena Gomez, Flo Rida, The Weeknd, Beyonce, Justin Bieber, Drake, and J. Cole. _START_SECTION_ Transmitter _START_PARAGRAPH_ The transmitter is a class A transmitter, 6,000 watts, HAAT 100 meters, located in Whaleyville, Maryland., located on coordinates 38.383°N 75.316°W Coordinates: 38.383°N 75.316°W. _START_SECTION_ WOCQ-HD2 _START_PARAGRAPH_ On April 3, 2017, WOCQ-HD2 launched an oldies format, branded as "Kool Oldies 104.3 & 105.1", simulcasting on translators W282AW 104.3 FM Salisbury and W286BB 105.1 FM Ocean City.

12475031357423780594

Q17103116

_START_ARTICLE_ WOLA (AM) _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The station went on the air as WEAH on 1976-02-23. On 1983-10-24, the station changed its call sign to the current WOLA.

9451492631129033360

Q7955400

_START_ARTICLE_ WRVU _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vanderbilt's first radio station, and hence WRVU's progenitor, can be traced to the early 1950s, at which time it was called WVU. The station eventually became known as WRVU and started to broadcast beyond Vanderbilt campus in the early 1970s. Prior to that time, WRVU had been a carrier current station, broadcasting its signal through the university's steam tunnels to small transmitters in each dorm. The transmitter emitted its signal to be received at 580 kHz on the AM band._NEWLINE_Prior to moving to VU's Sarratt Student Center in the fall of 1973, WRVU for many years broadcast from studios in one of the towers of Neely Auditorium. It was there, in December 1971, that University officials got FCC approval to begin broadcasting as a non-profit educational station at 91.1 on the FM band. The quest to move to FM had taken almost two years of effort; VU placed the transmitter on top of the Oxford House building. The station later transmitted from the WSMV tower in West Nashville._NEWLINE_While the station was known as "91 Rock" for many years, WRVU currently identifies itself using its call letters. The station is operated as a division of Vanderbilt Student Communications (VSC), an independent non-profit affiliated with the university to oversee student media. VSC is subsidized by a student activity fee, charged to each student's tuition bill every semester._NEWLINE_The station earned a devoted following among some Middle Tennessee-area youth during the 1980s and 1990s heyday of the college rock movement. WRVU was the only Nashville outlet for such music (and one of the few in the South, a historically conservative region), at least until bands like R.E.M. and the grunge rock movement achieved mainstream popularity. Rumors arose that the real core audience for the station was not VU students, but rather those in high school who were dissatisfied with traditional rock stations like WKDF, which kept to a standard Album Oriented Rock playlist in the 1980s. No other station in the market truly had as broad a rotation as WRVU, although WRLT made waves in the 1990s with its adult alternative format. That station, however, was aimed at older listeners, and did not really compete with WRVU. However, changing student tastes and concerns about diversity influenced the student station managers to implement a policy in 1995 mandating other programming such as jazz, folk music, blues music, and ethnic (i.e., foreign language) programming, along with more traditionally youth-oriented genres._NEWLINE_Developments in technology and social change, though, eventually caught up with WRVU. Beginning in late 2009, VSC's Board of Directors began exploring the sale of the terrestrial radio facilities of the station, due to two factors: demographic research that found that people under 30 were among the least likely people to listen to radio and the most likely to consume music via downloads and Internet streaming, and the increasing desire of public radio licensees to set aside classical music programming onto different frequencies in order to free up airtime for news and talk programming on their main stations, which has become far more popular among audiences than traditional formats such as classical._NEWLINE_Despite the fervent protests of students currently involved with the station and alumni who once had been (supplemented by area musicians whose acts frequently got airplay on the station), VSC decided that an FM radio signal was no longer worth retaining, and that creation of a student media endowment would be a better use of the organization's assets. Nashville Public Radio offered $3.35 million for the license, and VSC agreed to a sale in early June 2011. The terms of the sale included a provision whereby Nashville Public Radio would allow VSC to lease the 90.3 FM HD-3 signal so that WRVU could continue over-the-air broadcasts, along with an agreement to allow Vanderbilt students to intern at Nashville Public Radio._NEWLINE_According to reports, the New Order song Waiting for the Sirens' Call was the final song heard on WRVU at 91.1 FM, at approximately 3 p.m. on June 7, 2011. For the next nine hours, Nashville Public Radio tested the signal for the new WFCL before beginning the new station permanently at midnight._NEWLINE_The license for WRVU was set to expire on August 1, 2012. On March 26, 2012, Vanderbilt Student Communications, still the licensee of WRVU, filed an application to renew the license. On July 2, 2012, WRVU Friends & Family, a Nashville-based non-profit organization whose members opposed the sale of the station to Nashville Public Radio, filed a petition to deny renewal of WRVU's license, arguing that Vanderbilt Student Communications did not have the authority to enter into the purchase and programming agreements with Nashville Public Radio; that Vanderbilt Student Communications had breached several FCC Rules and Regulations; and that renewal of the license while the agreements with Nashville Public Radio was not in the public interest. Despite the group's efforts, the FCC proceeded to both renew the license of WFCL and approve the transfer of the license to Nashville Public Radio on March 18, 2014._NEWLINE_While WRVU Friends & Family's efforts to halt the sale of WRVU were unsuccessful, the organization - led by former WRVU DJs - applied for a Nashville FM license of its own. The license was granted, and in 2016, radio station WXNA-LP began broadcasting with much of the same community programming previously heard on the 91.1 FM incarnation of WRVU. _START_SECTION_ Broadcasting _START_PARAGRAPH_ On May 22, 2014, WRVU ceased broadcasting on WPLN-HD3 and became an internet-only radio station. WPLN replaced WRVU's Programming with XPoNential Radio running full-time. There were not enough radio listeners to justify an HD channel for WRVU and there were more internet listeners. For this reason, WRVU became an internet-only station, ceasing its terrestrial (traditional or analog) broadcast signal. _START_SECTION_ Programming _START_PARAGRAPH_ Students and others broadcast numerous shows every week on WRVU; most are one to two hours in length. When shows are not being hosted, either because of unfilled time slots or breaks in the academic calendar, WRVU's music stream remains continuous through the use of its autorotation music program, known as DJ HAL to students._NEWLINE_WRVU broadcasts 24 hours a day all year long; prior to the mid-1990s, the station shut down operations entirely during the summer and Christmas/New Year's holiday breaks.

580532615817731021

Q7955600

_START_ARTICLE_ WSFJ-TV _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ WSFJ-TV began operations on March 9, 1980. Originally licensed to Newark, another Columbus suburb, it was the first independent television station in Columbus, and the first new commercial station in the area since 1949. On paper, Columbus had grown large enough to support an independent station as far back as the late 1960s. However, the Columbus area is a very large market geographically, stretching across a large swath of central Ohio. The only available full-power allocations in the market were on UHF, and UHF stations do not carry well across large blocks of territory. By the late 1970s, cable television had gained enough penetration to make an independent station viable. Prior to the arrival of WSFJ, Columbus-area cable systems imported the signals of independents from nearby areas, such as WXIX-TV in Cincinnati, WUAB in Cleveland and WTTV in Indianapolis._NEWLINE_The new station ran only Christian programs, including The PTL Club, Jimmy Swaggart, The 700 Club, Another Life, and children's programming. In the fall of 1980, WSFJ began running secular programming such as Independent Network News and New Zoo Revue during the weekdays, along with Wild Kingdom and other hunting and wildlife shows on Saturdays. However, the schedule remained predominantly Christian, and its policy regarding secular programming was very conservative so as not to offend the sensibilities of its mostly fundamentalist and Pentecostal viewership. It was the only over-the-air source of non-network programming in central Ohio until WTTE (channel 28) signed on in 1984._NEWLINE_In February 1999, the station affiliated with Pax TV (later i: Independent Television, now Ion Television), running the network's programming from 11 a.m. to 7 p.m. and again from 10 p.m. to 1 a.m. WSFJ also began to be seen on a translator in Columbus, WCPX-LP (channel 48), which was owned by Pax's parent company, Paxson Communications (now Ion Media Networks). Before this, Pax programming was seen overnights on WWHO, a WB affiliate then owned by the Paramount Stations Group. WSFJ was the largest Ion affiliate owned by a company other than Ion Media Networks. While WSFJ was affiliated with Pax, WCMH-TV (channel 4), the local NBC owned-and-operated station, reaired their NewsChannel 4 newscasts on channel 51, as part of an agreement with NBC and Pax. _NEWLINE_WSFJ was sold to Guardian Enterprise Group in 2004. In 2005, WSFJ began to acquire some family-friendly programming separate from its affiliation with Pax/i and rebranded the station as GTN51—short for "Guardian Television Network." Guardian Enterprise Group was located in the same office as WSFJ. Other companies under the Guardian Enterprise Group include Guardian Studios and Guardian Human Resources._NEWLINE_In March 2007, WSFJ moved its master control and studio into a facility at Easton Town Center, which generated the content that was sent to their new digital transmission facility in Pataskala, off of SR 161. That year, WSFJ launched its digital signal on channel 24._NEWLINE_Ion sold WCPX-LP in 2007, and in January 2008 it was relaunched as an Azteca América affiliate. At the same time, Ion programming disappeared from WSFJ, leaving it exclusively with family entertainment, religious shows, and paid programming. Ion's main program feed would later resurface in the market on the third subchannel of WCMH-TV._NEWLINE_In July 2008, it was announced that Guardian would sell WSFJ to the Trinity Broadcasting Network for $16 million. Guardian retained its other properties, including the then-upcoming .2 Network, and acquired W23BZ, which had been a low-power repeater of TBN; it picked up WSFJ's programming when channel 51 began carrying TBN programming on October 1, 2008. However, by selling off its full-powered station and getting a low-powered signal, GTN would find themselves at a disadvantage—being on a low-power signal, it lost its must-carry status; as a result, Guardian urged viewers to contact their cable systems to pick up GTN after the move to channel 23._NEWLINE_As a TBN-owned station, WSFJ served as a pass-through for the TBN national feed with virtually no local programming. TBN has long been known for buying existing stations in order to get must-carry status on local cable systems. In 2011, the station began work on a new television studio in Lewis Center, Ohio in Delaware County._NEWLINE_TBN entered into an option agreement with Ion Media Networks on November 14, 2017, which gave Ion the option to acquire the licenses of WSFJ-TV and three other TBN stations serving Ohio and Indiana–WDLI-TV in Canton, WKOI-TV in the Dayton area, and WCLJ-TV in Indianapolis–all of whom had sold their spectrum in the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)'s incentive auction; Ion exercised the option on May 24, 2018. The sale was completed on September 25, 2018 and the next day, all TBN programming was dropped for Ion Life (now Ion Plus), which had not been carried in the Columbus market previously. Ion Media has pursued a new strategy since 2018 of giving Ion Life a primary channel placement (mainly involving purchases and shuffles related to the incentive auction) in order to require local cable and satellite providers to offer the channel under must-carry provisions. Ion Television is already available in the Columbus market on cable and satellite via its national feed; WCMH-DT3's Ion feed is not carried on any local pay TV providers. _START_SECTION_ Analog-to-digital conversion _START_PARAGRAPH_ WSFJ-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 51, on April 16, 2009, the date TBN-owned full-power stations permanently ceased analog transmissions. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 24, using PSIP to display WSFJ-TV's virtual channel as channel 51 on digital television receivers.

9113006594303914546

Q35985

_START_ARTICLE_ WWE Classics on Demand _START_SECTION_ Legends of Wrestling _START_PARAGRAPH_ Legends of Wrestling is an original series made specifically for the Classics service. The program features various "legends" of the business, for their work in and out of the ring, having a roundtable discussion about specific topics, persons, or occurrences in the history of wrestling. The show was originally hosted by WWE commentator Jim Ross–with former interviewer Gene Okerlund filling in for him on a few occasions–until Okerlund took over hosting duties completely with the shows fourth panel._NEWLINE_The series was divided into unofficial "seasons" of hour-long episodes (each with a short intermission) featuring the same panels._NEWLINE_In January 2009, a DVD box set of three episodes: Sgt. Slaughter/Ric Flair, Jerry Lawler/the Junkyard Dog, and "Heatseekers"—about wrestlers who have a reputation of "causing trouble" backstage—along with bonus matches involving the stars. Best Buy exclusives episodes Bob Backlund/Hulk Hogan, The Iron Sheik/André the Giant, and "Rowdy" Roddy Piper/Terry Funk were also released. The episodes come from the first season, with the exception of "Heatseekers", which is a second-season episode. _START_SECTION_ WWE Video Library _START_PARAGRAPH_ The WWE Video Library is the largest professional wrestling tape library anywhere in the world, with well over 100,000 hours of content. It not only consists of World Wrestling Entertainment footage (dating back to 1970), but WWE has aggressively purchased regional and national competitors, through time amassing a gargantuan library of television programs, pay-per-view recordings, video productions, and recordings of wrestling matches dating back to the 1950s and representing a very significant portion of the visual history of modern professional wrestling and sports entertainment. _START_SECTION_ Editing _START_PARAGRAPH_ Since World Wrestling Entertainment is no longer allowed to use the "WWF" initialism or their 1998–2002 logo except for "specified circumstances", instances of both were edited and/or removed from pertinent programming. In late July 2012, WWE reached a settlement with the World Wide Fund for Nature which once again allows them to use the "WWF" initials and scratch logo on archive footage. Unedited footage first appeared on the 1000th episode of Monday Night Raw and since then has appeared in full length matches shown on the WWE website and on Classics on Demand. In addition, previously licensed music to which the rights have expired are removed or replaced with alternate songs. Additionally, some formerly live events are censored for language and/or nudity. Ring announcer Michael Buffer is also edited out of any programming due to his trademarked phrase, "Let's Get Ready to Rumble"._NEWLINE_In the wake of the Chris Benoit double murder-suicide a number of wrestling websites reported that the likeness of and references to both Chris and Nancy Benoit were being removed from pertinent programming. Eventually Nancy's image was allowed to return to programming, though over six years later Benoit's continues to be excised. Most notably both his wrestling and mention of his name is removed from episodes of Monday Night Wars airings of WCW Monday Nitro, as well as match segments from other shows, though he is occasionally mentioned and shown in brief non-wrestling roles. His image eventually returned in a wrestling role during a rebroadcast of World War 3 from 1997. In early January 2014, WWE issued a memo stating that footage involving Chris Benoit would air on the WWE Network with the following advisory: "The following program is presented in its original form. It may contain some content that does not reflect WWE's corporate views and may not be suitable for all viewers. WWE characters are fictitious and do not reflect the personal lives of the actors portraying them. Viewer discretion is advised."

14529727280638370347

Q4017591

_START_ARTICLE_ WYSIWIS _START_PARAGRAPH_ In computer science, and more specifically in groupware engineering, the acronym WYSIWIS stands for "What You See Is What I See" and refers to a paradigm in the design of multiuser interfaces where multiple users, interacting with a multiuser software system, share the same visual perception of the work area (e.g., of the document they are collaboratively editing). While some pioneering groupware systems (e.g., window sharing systems) where characterized by strict WYSIWIS, the WYSIWIS model is most often relaxed in several respects.

4899112792335695295

Q3564878

_START_ARTICLE_ WZRD (band) _START_SECTION_ 2006–2010: Early years and formation _START_PARAGRAPH_ Scott "Kid Cudi" Mescudi and Oladipo "Dot da Genius" Omishore met through a mutual friend, with whom Cudi once worked at Abercrombie & Fitch: "He was a good friend of Dot’s friend named Riliwan. Riliwan’s just such a real motherfucker, to this day, that we play him records and get his opinion—because he’s not going to cut us any slack. But, being that our records have been so awesome he barely says anything. We would rap at work, and he would spit, and he was like, 'Yo, I know a producer. I want you to meet him.' I was like, 'OK,' and he had him come up. We met up, and Dot played me some beats. I remember being like, 'OK.' I wasn’t like, blown away". Dot da Genius had just started producing but Cudi claims he saw "potential in the artistry"._NEWLINE_After working together for about seven months, Cudi was being evicted from his apartment. With plans to move back to Cleveland, Ohio, Dot da Genius' parents allowed Cudi to stay with them and their family, so the two could continue working together and pursue their music careers: "I remember being like, 'Shit—what am I going to do? I’m going to have to go back to Cleveland, go back to my old job, stack some money and then come back.' I was talking to O-Dot about this, and they were saying that I had to be out by January 31st—the day after my fucking birthday. So I was like, 'I don’t know what I’m going to do, but if I have to go back home, you can still send me beats, and we can still work.” I brought it up, not for a guilt trip, but like, “Yo fam, how are we still going to work?' Because I knew if I wasn’t proactive, I wasn’t going to get anything accomplished. So I was like, 'If I go back to Cleveland, it’s temporary, literally until I can get my paper back up.' I was like, 'Man, I’m just about to pass out here. Is it cool if I stay here?' and he was like, 'Yeah, yeah.' So I slept on the couch. I woke up in the morning, and Dot came downstairs, like, “Yo, my parents want to talk to you.” I was like, “What the fuck? What happened? What’d I do?” I thought I was in trouble. So I went up to his parents room, and his dad was like, 'O-Dot told us about your situation, and we’ve seen that you come to the house, working with Dipo. You guys have been productive, staying out of trouble, and you guys are working towards something.' And he was like, 'I think about it like this, if it was my son, what would I want another family to do for my son?' Long story short, he said, 'You can stay here as long as you like, until you get on your feet. And you can still work with Dipo. You guys can still work on your music. So it’s a win-win.' I remember being like, 'Holy shit. Like, really?' Because I was really about to go back home, and I ended up staying there, and the rest is history. It was really, really an amazing thing. It was a blessing just to have them in my life and for them to want to do that for me. Like I said, me and Dot only knew each other for seven months."_NEWLINE_In addition to being very good friends, Dot da Genius has produced some of Kid Cudi's earliest work from his demos, to songs on his critically acclaimed mixtape A Kid Named Cudi (2008), which was Cudi's breakout project and the first to feature their hit single "Day 'n' Nite". Since then they have worked together on Cudi's debut album Man on the Moon: The End of Day (2009) as well as his second album, Man on the Moon II: The Legend of Mr. Rager (2010). It wasn't until they were recording "Trapped in My Mind" for Cudi's second album, that ideas of a rock album surfaced. In an interview with Complex magazine, Dot da Genius recounted the recording session: "It was pretty much the same time that we built a studio in Cudi's crib. We did "Trapped In My Mind" and we were dwelling on it like, "This is crazy, we need to put some guitar riffs on this." So I had my homie B-rent, come through Cudi's crib with his guitar, and Cudi did the guitar riff with his mouth cause Cudi couldn't play the guitar. So Brent replayed it. Then Cudi picked up [Brent's] guitar and started fiddling around with it, and I swear to you within like five minutes, he had a legitimate guitar riff. He never played a guitar a day in his life, but had an ill riff that we could make a song with." _START_SECTION_ 2011–2013: Debut album _START_PARAGRAPH_ Kid Cudi first unveiled the project in January 2011, after returning to Twitter and announcing a new album he was hoping to have out by the summer: "pushing for a summer release of the wizard album… wizard is a rock album, no raps, just singing. brand new thing… workin on some Jay and 'Ye shit… new mixtape A Man Named Scott thats this summah for all those who fucks with my raps, this is for u since ima be all rocked out with the wizard shit. also its free… oh and new york catch me if u can, i start filmin “how to make it” in march." In April 2011, Cudi renamed the band from Wizard to 2 Be Continuum, explain: "I needed something more original, something different, but it’s still wizardry at its finest". The second time occurred in November 2011, to the band's current namesake. On May 31, 2011 Cudi released a promotional single titled "Perfect is the Word". It was the first song Cudi and Dot da Genius worked on for the album. During a Ustream broadcast, they unveiled a song titled "Rocket" and announced it as the second single._NEWLINE_Kid Cudi and Dot da Genius also recorded an original song for the 2011 film, Fright Night. The song, titled "No One Believes Me", was first announced June 7, 2011 through Cudi's official tumblr, when he announced he would be shooting the music video for it on June 11, with Fright Night director Craig Gillespie. The video was released on August 12, 2011 and the song itself was officially released August 23. Through his tumblr, Kid Cudi also unveiled the production credits for "No One Believes Me" and revealed that he was on guitar and accompanied Dot da Genius on drums, while Dot da Genius solely handled bass and piano._NEWLINE_On November 10, 2011, Kid Cudi revealed that the only guest appearance on the album would be Australian indie-rock band, Empire of the Sun. On November 18, 2011, Kid Cudi renamed the band once again to WZRD (pronounced one letter at a time W-Z-R-D), and announced that the album would be released on his 28th birthday, January 30, 2012. In December 2011, Cudi revealed "The Wizard", as performed by Black Sabbath, inspired his use of the term "Wizard". On November 20, Cudi announced via Twitter that the album would not contain any profanity, including the use of the word "nigga". On November 21, 2011, WZRD released a song titled "Brake", as the album's first single. The next month, on December 5, 2011, Cudi released a snippet of "Teleport 2 Me, Jamie", the album's second lead single._NEWLINE_On January 4, 2012, Cudi confirmed on Twitter that there would be a tour for the eponymously titled album, WZRD, beginning in Europe. On January 12, Dot da Genius took to Twitter to announce that he and Cudi decided to push WZRD back to a February 28, release date: "Hey guys, WZRD update. Me and Cudi have been working on our debut album and it’s almost near completion. We are in the final stages of mastering but we really had to take time and pay attention to the sonics as this is new territory for us. With that being said, we have decided to change the release date. We are looking roughly at Feb 28th. Y’all know how Cudi is’ and I’m the same way. Everything has to be in place and now it is. I know it’s late notice, we were trying to keep the date but got wrapped up making this album perfect for y’all. However for making you guys wait a little longer we will release ‘Brake‘ & ‘Teleport 2 Me‘ on iTunes on the previously said date. AS WELL AS ‘DOSE OF DOPENESS‘. Hopefully that will hold you guys over until the album drops!"_NEWLINE_On February 13, 2012, WZRD hosted a private listening session for the album at an intimate venue in Los Angeles for a select few. Christopher Mintz-Plasse and fellow How to Make It in America co-stars Bryan Greenberg and Eddie Kaye Thomas, were also at attendance to show support. Following the album's playback, which ran close to 50 minutes in length, Complex Magazine’s Joe La Puma hosted a Q&A for media attending the event. According to Kid Cudi, bands that inspired the album include Electric Light Orchestra, Jimi Hendrix, Nirvana, Pixies and Pink Floyd. When asked about a follow up to WZRD, Cudi confirmed that they were already recording new music with the hopes of releasing it in the coming months. “I made a new record the other day that’s really phenomenal” said Cudi, as Dot added “Expect greatness”._NEWLINE_On February 23, 2012, the entirety of the album was leaked online. Following the WZRD's release on February 28, the album debuted at #3 on the US Billboard 200 chart, with first-week sales of 66,000 physical and digital copies in the United States. The album also debuted on both the Top Rock Albums and Top Alternative Albums at number one, and at #9 on the Canadian Albums Chart, respectively. WZRD made their U.S. national television debut performing their debut single "Teleport 2 Me, Jamie", on March 6, 2012, on the late-night talk show Conan._NEWLINE_In February, shortly before the album was released, Cudi announced they would follow up with an extended play (EP). Nearly a year after the single was released, on November 19, 2012 the music video for "Teleport 2 Me, Jamie" leaked online. However Cudi wasn't disgruntled, stating on Twitter: "thanx for all the love on the Teleport 2 Me video y'all. It leaked but I'm glad u guys got to see it." _START_SECTION_ 2013–present: Producing and collabs _START_PARAGRAPH_ On July 2, 2013 Cudi liberated a new song titled "Going to the Ceremony", via his SoundCloud account. The song was released with the tag, "produced by WZRD", which confirms the guitars and drums in this track are most likely played by Cudi and Dot. Cudi later revealed the track is for his EP Satellite Flight: The Journey to Mother Moon, which would feature more production from WZRD. On September 4, 2013, King Chip released his 44108 mixtape, which included the song "Vortex", featuring Kid Cudi and Pusha T; WZRD were credited as the song's producers.

7925333740654639850

Q7958855

_START_ARTICLE_ Waco N series _START_SECTION_ Design and development _START_PARAGRAPH_ Waco introduced the luxury N-series biplane in 1937. It was based on the Waco C-series five-seat custom-cabin Waco with that model's curved pointed wings, but with an unusual fixed tricycle undercarriage and a modified tail with a lower rudder extension to give increased side area. The Waco N was fitted with flaps on all four wings to improve the aircraft's landing characteristics. _START_SECTION_ Operational history _START_PARAGRAPH_ The prototype, was designated ZVN-7, with the '7' indicating its year of manufacture (1937), and was powered by the 285 hp (213 kW) Jacobs L-5 engine. Only around 20 examples of the N series were completed, as the AVN-8, and ZVN-8. A few were impressed by the USAAC during the Second World War as the UC-72J and UC-72L. One AVN-8 was used by the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough, Hampshire, for trials with tricycle landing gear._NEWLINE_An example of the AVN-8 is maintained in airworthy condition by the Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum at Creve Coeur Airport near St Louis Missouri.

8493952197127043761

Q48232

_START_ARTICLE_ Wadi al Shatii District _START_SECTION_ Geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ The depression extends east from the town of Ashkeda to the town of Ideary on the west, a distance of about 140 kilometers. To the west, Wadi al Shati borders the Illizi Province of Algeria. After the 2007 administrative reorganization of districts, it borders on the following districts, namely, Nalut in northwest, Jabal al Gharbi in the north, Jufra in the east, Sabha in the southeast, Wadi al Hayaa in the south and Ghat in the southwest. The district is part of Fezzen geographical division of Libya which is mostly full of deserts. The region receives an annual rainfall of 2.5 in (64 mm). There are no perennial rivers in the region, but the region is abundant with groundwater aquifers. Libya has mostly a flat undulating plain and occasional plateau, with an average elevation of around 423 m (1,388 ft). Around 91 per cent of the land is covered by desert, with only 8.8 per cent agricultural land (with only 1% arable lands) and 0.1 per cent of forests. The major resources found in the area is manganese. Along the coastal regions, the climate is Mediterranean, while it is desert climate in all other parts. Dust storms lasting four to eight days is pretty common during Spring. Triplotania is the northwest region, while it is Cyrenacia in the east and Fezzen in southwest. _START_SECTION_ Demographics _START_PARAGRAPH_ Per the census estimates of 2012, the total population in the region was 157,747 with 150,353 Libyans. The average size of the household in the country was 6.9, while the average household size of non-Libyans being 3.7. There were totally 22,713 households in the district, with 20,907 Libyan ones. The population density of the district was 1.86 persons per sq. km. Per 2006 census, there were totally 31,238 economically active people in the district. There were 21,006 government employees, 2,667 employers, 9,548 first level workers and 000 second level workers. There were 7,106 workers in state administration, 2,875 in agriculture, animal husbandry and forestry, 3,048 in agriculture & hunting, 11,076 in education, 1,837 in private enterprises, 2,566 in health & social work, 1,535 in production, 9,785 in technical work and 058 service workers. The total enrollment in schools was 25,404 and the number of people above secondary stage and less than graduation was 1,274. As per the report from World Health Organization (WHO), there were no communicable disease centres, two dental clinics, one general clinics, six out-patient clinics, 29 pharmacies, 65 PHC centres, two rural clinics and no specialized clinics. _START_SECTION_ Economy _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1943, very large, but low grade, sedimentary iron-ore deposits were discovered in the Wadi al Shatii District near Brak. Economically, it is only suitable for strip mining. There are also potential economic manganese deposits in the same area. The manganese occurs in lens or veinlets (up to 23% Mn) in the sandstones associated with the iron ore.

11613055949053800569

Q803419

_START_ARTICLE_ Waghäusel Saalbach–Graben-Neudorf railway _START_SECTION_ Route _START_PARAGRAPH_ The route runs between Waghäusel Saalbach junction (kilometre 31.7 of the new line) via Philippsburg Molzau junction (km 34.6 of the Rhine Railway) to Graben-Neudorf station. Both branches are grade separated. Three tracks are occupied by these parallel railways between Molzau and the southern exit in Graben-Neudorf to the Rhine Railway. _START_SECTION_ Planning _START_PARAGRAPH_ The link was already envisaged in the early planning in 1973._NEWLINE_During the planning and construction, the track was divided for planning approval purposes into sections 4b (northern section, Philippsburg area) and 4c (southern section, Graben-Neudorf area). The new Mannheim–Stuttgart railway in the section from the entrance and exit to Graben-Neudorf was included in section 4a (Waghäusel). In the mid 1970s, the entrance and exit tracks from the new line were designated as Überholbahnhof Oberhausen (Oberhausen crossing station) and the plans provided for overtaking movements. Such overtaking was no longer envisaged in the planning in 1979._NEWLINE_The approval procedure for section 4b was initiated on 21 August 1975. Three objections were discussed on 5 April 1978. Following the expression of an opinion by the regional council of 21 November 1978, the proposal was adopted on 10 January 197, and being unopposed, was made final on 10 April 1979._NEWLINE_The approval procedure for section 4c was also initiated on 21 August 1975. At the public hearing on 12 June 1978, ten objections from citizens and the community were considered. The opinion of the regional council was presented on 10 August 1979 and the proposal was adopted on 25 September 1979, subject to a lawsuit. It was given legal endorsement on 29 April 1980. According to another source the planning approval for this section was given on 16 October 1979, and since there were no complaints, it had immediate legal effect._NEWLINE_The approval procedure for section 4a was initiated on 4 February 1976. At the public hearing on 8 June 1978 22, objections were considered. The regional council issued its opinion by 12 February 1979. Six lawsuits were filed against the zoning decision issued on 10 May 1979. The decision gained legal force on 15 June 1981._NEWLINE_Originally, a turnout speed of 130 km/h was planned for Saalbach junction. _START_SECTION_ Construction _START_PARAGRAPH_ Construction work on the 4.5 km-long connecting line began in early September 1980. _START_SECTION_ Operations _START_PARAGRAPH_ Saalbach junction has been in use since May 1988 with a design speed of 200 km/h. _START_SECTION_ High-speed switches _START_PARAGRAPH_ "Basket arch" turnouts (Korbbogenweichen) were built in 1988 at Saalbach junction so that trains could branch at 200 km/h. They were initially the most elaborate turnouts in Germany. As the continuation of the high-speed line to Stuttgart was then under construction, the points were initially fixed in the branching position. Their length is 154 m and their weight (including the concrete sleepers) is 210 t. The point blades are 40 m-long, the moveable point frogs are 15 m long. The radius of the branching track is initially 7,000 m and reduces at the frog to 6000 m. The two sets of point blades are operated by two turnout motors with eight points of activation and closed with eight clamps. Separate test contacts are used to monitor the position of the points. The moveable point frogs are activated by a motor and secured by three clip fasteners. In the points area, two points signals are installed at the approaches and a third in the centre of the turnout. Another innovation was the use of slide chairs that require little lubrication. The two turnouts are still among the fastest in terms of operating speeds in Germany.

5961490896056944842

Q7959793

_START_ARTICLE_ Wahieloa _START_PARAGRAPH_ In Hawaiian mythology, Wahieloa is a hero associated with the Kaha'i and Laka epics._NEWLINE_Variations of his name in other Polynesian languages include Wahieroa (Māori), Vahieroa (Tahiti, Tuamotus), Va'ieroa (Cook Islands), Fafieloa (Samoa), and Vahie'oa (Marquesa).

2832956737141904632

Q7959997

_START_ARTICLE_ Waikato Draught _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Waikato draught was first brewed in 1925. Willie the waiter, a cartoon character used to promote the beer was created in 1945. At this time Waikato Draught was selling 400,000 gallons of beer each year and was being brewed from the Innes Family Waikato Brewery._NEWLINE_It is thought that the Innes Family Waikato Brewery was the first brewery to be fully owned by a woman (Mary Jane Innes) in New Zealand._NEWLINE_In 1961 New Zealand Breweries (later to become Lion Nathan) acquired Waikato Breweries from CL Innes. The brewery stayed open in Hamilton until 1987 when it was closed down._NEWLINE_From this time production of Waikato Draught was moved to the Lion Breweries in Newmarket, Auckland._NEWLINE_In 2005 Waikato Draught was awarded a gold medal in the NZ draught category at the BrewNZ New Zealand beer awards._NEWLINE_The manufacturer claims that Waikato Draught has a strong malty flavour with a well-defined bitterness.

13743993395624956094

Q424870

_START_ARTICLE_ Wainfleet, Ontario _START_SECTION_ Communities _START_PARAGRAPH_ The township includes the communities of Attercliffe, Beckett's Bridge, Belleview Beach, Burnaby, Camelot Beach, Chambers Corners, Long Beach, Morgan's Point, O'Reilly's Bridge, Ostryhon Corners, Perry, Wainfleet (known until the 1920s as Marshville), Wellandport (which straddles the border with the neighbouring Township of West Lincoln), Willow Bay and Winger. Wainfleet is near Willow Bay. The administrative offices of the township are located in Wainfleet. _START_SECTION_ Coat of arms _START_PARAGRAPH_ Wainfleet Township's Coat of Arms consists of a white shield depicting a red cross, which symbolizes the arms of Lincoln, England, with a maple leaf in its centre. The maple leaf represents Canada and divides the shield into four quarters. Two of the quarters are filled with blue wavy lines symbolizing water. A third section contains a wagon wheel, and the other a harrow. The Harrow represents development of agriculture in the area. A cranberry bush crown on the Coat of Arms is indicative of the natural flora in Wainfleet._NEWLINE_Anglo-Saxon meaning of Wain "a wagon" and Fleet "a creek - a river" is "a creek through which a wagon can pass."_NEWLINE_Two men stand on either side of the coat of arms: a Mississauga native who represents the tribe that settled a long Lake Ontario and a Franciscan Priest who represents Father Daillon, the first European among the priests that established the settlement in 1626-1678. _START_SECTION_ People _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tony Dekker, singer/songwriter/guitarist for indie folk band Great Lake Swimmers, grew up on a farm in Wainfleet. A&E Network personality Tanya Memme is also a native of Wainfleet.

4667597014843601480

Q7960983

_START_ARTICLE_ Wake Up Walmington _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ Complacency is setting in amongst the townsfolk, so Mainwaring devises "Operation Wake-Up". He gets his platoon to masquerade as fifth columnists in "very sinister clothes" to shake everyone up. _NEWLINE_He and his men (except Godfrey, who stays at the church hall to act as their contact man) dress up as "cut-throats and desperadoes" and begin roaming the countryside, acting menacingly. Their efforts to frighten the locals are unsuccessful at first, despite their attempts to put on foreign accents. _NEWLINE_However, when at last they finally do manage to cause some concern with their talk of "blowing up an aerodrome", the frightened locals send out for the Home Guard. With Mainwaring's platoon being obviously absent from their post, the neighbouring Eastgate platoon under Captain Square are called out, using Jones's van — which is still at the church hall — as transport. Tracking Mainwaring down to the disused flourmill they are using as their base, he and his men open fire, covering them in flour. The episode ends with Mainwaring and Square exchanging insults.

11062425918874522467

Q7961307

_START_ARTICLE_ Walbottle Campus _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The school first opened in 1959 as three schools on one site, a Grammar School and two Secondary Moderns. These later merged to become the single Walbottle Campus Technology College. The vast majority of the school's students come from feeder Primary Schools which are members of the Outer West Learning Trust, of which Walbottle Campus is an Associate Member. In 2008, Walbottle Campus received a brand new state of the art building as part of the governments 'Building Schools for the Future' PFI scheme. Previously named Walbottle Campus Technology College, the government removed the funding for the 'technology college' status therefore the school was renamed Walbottle Canpus. _START_SECTION_ Academisation _START_PARAGRAPH_ As of 2019, Walbottle is the only state-run secondary school in Newcastle upon Tyne. Following the school's Ofsted inspection in February 2019 and the Inadequate judgement, Walbottle Campus began plans to convert to Academy Status. In July 2019, Walbottle Campus received its academy order from former Secretary of State for Education Damian Hinds and talks began between Multi Academy Trusts and the board of governors. _START_SECTION_ Ofsted _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the Ofsted Inspection of 2016, Walbottle Campus was graded 'good' after previously receiving 'requires improvement' on previous inspections._NEWLINE_After many complaints were made to Ofsted which caused a great deal of concern, Walbottle Campus had a ‘no notice’ inspection in February 2019. The result of the inspection was that Walbottle was judged Inadequate for all aspects of the inspection and lost their ‘Good’ Judgement.

10765735732994086073

Q113045

_START_ARTICLE_ Waldemar Pabst _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Born in Berlin, Pabst was the son of a museum director. He attended the Preußische Hauptkadettenanstalt, the training academy for officers in the Prussian Army, as a contemporary of Franz von Papen at the institution and was commissioned as an officer in 1899._NEWLINE_Pabst saw active service in the First World War, mainly on the Western Front in Belgium and most notably at the Battle of Verdun. In 1916 he was withdrawn from the front and redeployed as a member of the German General Staff. _START_SECTION_ Anti-communism _START_PARAGRAPH_ Under the order of General Erich Ludendorff, Pabst joined the Garde-Kavallerie-Schützen-Division in March 1918, late in the war. As chief of general staff, Pabst converted the regiment from cavalry to infantry. The regiment would become noted as the fiercest counter-revolutionary force in Germany at the time._NEWLINE_Pabst first came to prominence during the Communist and left-wing uprisings that immediately followed the war. As commander of the rifle guard, Captain Pabst was instrumental in such actions as the recapture of the Vorwärts building on 11–12 January 1919. His actions saw him promoted to the role of Chief of Staff, and as such, effectively commander, of the Horse Guards Division, an important Freikorps unit. Pabst's energetic commitment to the unit, his strong anti-communist feelings, his general distrust of the commanding officers of the army and the fact that de jure commander General Heinrich von Hofmann had grown exhausted due to a heart condition meant that Pabst became the focus of the Division and effective leader. He saw Bolshevism as a world danger and took part in anti-revolutionary activities across Germany. He was also active with Russian émigrés, founding the Russian National Political Committee under the presidency of General Vasily Biskupsky._NEWLINE_It was Pabst who gave the order that the captured Communist leaders Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht should be killed, and he would later boast that "I had them executed". At the time however, his official report claimed that he had taken them into protective custody, but that they had been lost to an angry mob, a story which was quickly dismissed as fabrication. However Pabst would later claim that his initial intention had been for Liebknecht to be executed by firing squad as a German but for Luxemburg to be beaten to death by an angry mob as he felt her status as a Jew meant she deserved to die in a pogrom. Ultimately however both victims were shot._NEWLINE_Some of Pabst's lieutenants, including Horst von Pflugk-Harttung and Kurt Vogel, faced court martial for the killings although Pabst managed to ensure that his ally Wilhelm Canaris was in charge of proceedings and as a result the stiffest penalty handed down was the dismissal from service and two years imprisonment given to Vogel (whom witnesses had seen disposing of Luxemburg's body). Pabst himself was not brought to court martial. Indeed, Pabst's Freikorps Mördenzentrale, a centre for summary execution based in the Hotel Eden, saw many other Communist Party of Germany members killed as well. _START_SECTION_ Kapp Putsch _START_PARAGRAPH_ Pabst briefly left Germany to take on a role advising Major Alfred Fletcher, the commander of the Baltische Landeswehr in Latvia. However he was soon back in Germany, and became involved in the Nationale Vereinigung (National Union), a right-wing think tank formed by Wolfgang Kapp, Erich Ludendorff and others, and was central to the group's conspiracy to establish a rightist dictatorship. He served this group as secretary and supervisor of administrative affairs. In July 1919, Pabst attempted to organise a coup, when he convinced his superior General von Hofmann, the official commander of the Horse Guards Division, to march on Berlin in order to crush an alleged Communist uprising. However, with the troops already in the city's suburbs, General Georg Ludwig Rudolf Maercker got wind of the plot and convinced General von Hofmann that it was a bad idea. With this plan thwarted, Pabst and the conspirators shifted their attention away from the Reichswehr and on to the disillusioned veterans of the Freikorps._NEWLINE_Pabst played a leading role in the failed Kapp Putsch and, along with Wolfgang Kapp and the Marinebrigade Ehrhardt of Hermann Ehrhardt, was named by Gustav Noske as having the main responsibility for the action, even though it actually had support from higher up in the Reichswehr. In the immediate aftermath of the putsch, Pabst took refuge in Miklós Horthy's Hungary where he was soon joined by co-conspirator Walther von Lüttwitz. Despite the failure of the putsch, Pabst would often speak proudly of his involvement in the episode. _START_SECTION_ Austria _START_PARAGRAPH_ Pabst eventually went to Austria, settling in the city of Innsbruck. In Austria he linked up with the Heimwehr in Tyrol and played a central role in ensuring that the sometimes shaky dual leadership of Richard Steidle and Walter Pfrimer remained united. In Austria Pabst proved vital in organising and disciplining the followers of the Heimwehr. Such was his organisational skill that Pabst, who declared himself a Major after fleeing to Austria, became known as Waldemar der Grosse to his Heimwehr units. He was appointed Chief of Staff of the Tyrolean Heimwehr on 1 May 1922. In this role Pabst was able to organise several disparate right-wing militia groups under the single Heimwehr banner, although he was ultimately unsuccessful in fully removing local differences from what remained an eclectic movement. Nonetheless Pabst was able to make contact with Benito Mussolini and was able to secure funding for the Heimwehr from him._NEWLINE_Pabst was initially close to Johann Schober, and won his support in 1929, when he suggested repositioning the Heimwehr as a pro-government political party. However Schober's attempts to convert the Heimwehr into a force for pro-government moderation soon floundered, and he ordered the deportation of Pabst, by then recognised as the main organisational force behind the Heimwehr, to Germany the following year. With Pabst removed, Schober was able to ensure the removal of Steidle and his replacement as leader by the more compliant Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg. A last desperate attempt by Pabst to induce Mussolini to withhold funding unless Schober embraced Pabst's policies failed and he was duly deported. _START_SECTION_ Later life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Returning to Germany, Pabst became a member of the Society for the Study of Fascism along with others such as Friedrich Minoux. In 1931 he wrote a pamphlet in which he set out a manifesto for a "White International"; in this he called for the replacement of the values of liberté, égalité, fraternité with a new Europe-wide order based on "a new Trinity: authority, order, justice". He was vaguely linked to the Nazi Party, without ever joining or becoming particularly active on the party's behalf, but he did seek to forge three-way links between the Heimwehr, the Wehrmacht and his friend Walther Funk. Such efforts however, were somewhat hamstrung, by the fact that the Heimwehr had gone into steep decline following Pabst's deportation. Pabst had discussed the Austrian situation with Adolf Hitler during the latter's rise to power and Hitler had assured Pabst that once he took control of Germany he would concentrate much of his efforts on disseminating the Nazi message in Austria._NEWLINE_Settling into civilian life, he became an industrialist and eventually Director of Rheinmetall Borsig in Berlin. Pabst's non-involvement in Nazism, given his history in the far right, raised some suspicions and rumours circulated that he had been in contact with Wilhelm Canaris and similar figures on the right of the German resistance. Such rumours were never proven, but Pabst did leave Germany not long before the 20 July plot and it has been suggested that he may have been aware that the attempt on Adolf Hitler's life was about to take place._NEWLINE_Having left Germany, Pabst settled in Switzerland, where he took a post with the arms manufacturer Oerlikon. Following the Second World War, Pabst took some involvement in the activities of the neo-Nazi Bruderschaften, small groups that existed across Europe and which attempted to co-ordinate their political activism. He returned to Germany in 1955, settling in Düsseldorf, and there became involved with the far right Deutsche Gemeinschaft, a minor group that was later absorbed into the Deutsche Reichspartei. He died in Düsseldorf in 1970 at the age of 89. _START_SECTION_ Portrayals _START_PARAGRAPH_ In film the role of Pabst was played by Horst Drinda in the 1968 East German film Der Mord, der nie verjährt and by Hans-Michael Rehberg in the 1986 film Rosa Luxemburg.

2647467204359619202

Q1342653

_START_ARTICLE_ Walkabout (film) _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ In November, a white, city-bred teenaged schoolgirl and her much younger brother become stranded in the wilderness after their father goes berserk. After driving them far into the Australian outback, ostensibly for a picnic, the father suddenly begins shooting at the children. They run behind rocks for cover, whereupon he sets the car on fire and shoots himself in the head. The girl conceals what has happened from her brother and, after grabbing some food and supplies, the pair head out into the desert._NEWLINE_By the middle of the next day, they are weak and the boy can barely walk. Discovering a small water hole with a fruiting tree, they spend the day playing, bathing, and resting. By the next morning, the water has dried up. They are then discovered by an Aboriginal boy. Although the girl cannot communicate with him, due to the language barrier, her brother mimes their need for water and the newcomer cheerfully shows them how to draw it from the drying bed of the oasis. The three travel together, with the Aboriginal boy sharing food he has caught hunting. The boys learn to communicate slightly using words and sign language._NEWLINE_While in the vicinity of a plantation, a white woman walks past the Aboriginal boy, who simply ignores her when she speaks to him. She appears to see the other children, but they do not see her, and they continue on their journey. The children also discover a weather balloon belonging to a nearby research team working in the desert. After drawing markings of a modern-style house, the Aboriginal boy eventually leads them to an abandoned farm, and takes the other boy to a nearby road. The Aboriginal boy hunts down a water buffalo and is wrestling it to the ground when two white hunters appear in a truck and nearly run him over. He watches in shock as they shoot several buffalo with a rifle. The boy then returns to the farm, but passes by without speaking._NEWLINE_Later, the Aboriginal boy lies in a trance among a slew of buffalo bones, having painted himself in ceremonial markings. He returns to the farmhouse catching the undressing girl by surprise, and initiates a mating ritual by performing a courtship dance in front of her. Although he dances outside all day and into the night until he becomes exhausted, she is frightened and hides from him, and tells her brother they will leave him the next day. In the morning, after they dress in their school uniforms, the brother takes her to the Aboriginal boy's body, hanging in a tree. Before leaving, the girl wipes ants from the dead boy's chest. Hiking up the road, the siblings find a nearly deserted mining town where a surly employee directs them towards nearby accommodation._NEWLINE_Much later, a businessman arrives home as the now grown-up girl prepares dinner; while he embraces her and relates office gossip, she imagines a scene in which she, her brother, and the Aboriginal boy are playing and swimming naked in a deep pool in the outback. _START_SECTION_ Production _START_PARAGRAPH_ The film was the second feature directed by Nicolas Roeg, a British filmmaker. He had long planned to make a film of the novel Walkabout, in which the children are Americans stranded by a plane crash. After the indigenous boy finds and leads them to safety, he dies of influenza contracted from them, as he has not been immunised. Roeg had not been able to find a script he was happy with, until the English playwright Edward Bond did a minimal 14-page screenplay. Roeg then obtained backing from two American businessmen, Max Raab and Si Litvinoff, who incorporated a company in Australia but raised the budget entirely in the US and sold world rights to 20th Century Fox. _NEWLINE_Filming began in Sydney in August 1969 and later moved to Alice Springs, and Roeg's son, Luc, played the younger boy in the film. Roeg brought an outsider's eye and interpretation to the Australian setting, and improvised greatly during filming. He commented, "We didn’t really plan anything—we just came across things by chance…filming whatever we found." The film is an example of Roeg's well-defined directorial style, characterised by strong visual composition from his experience as a cinematographer, combined with extensive cross-cutting and the juxtaposition of events, location, or environments to build his themes. The music was composed and conducted by John Barry, and produced by Phil Ramone, and the poem read at the end of the film is Poem 40 from A.E. Housman's A Shropshire Lad. _START_SECTION_ Reception _START_PARAGRAPH_ Walkabout fared poorly at the box office in Australia. Critics debated whether it could be considered an Australian film, and whether it was an embrace of or a reaction to the country's cultural and natural context. In the US, the film was originally rated R by the MPAA due to nudity, but was reduced to a GP-rating (PG) on appeal._NEWLINE_Critic Roger Ebert called it "one of the great films". He writes that it contains little moral or emotional judgement of its characters, and ultimately is a portrait of isolation in proximity. At the time, he stated: "Is it a parable about noble savages and the crushed spirits of city dwellers? That's what the film's surface suggests, but I think it's about something deeper and more elusive: the mystery of communication." Film critic Edward Guthmann also notes the strong use of exotic natural images, calling them a "chorus of lizards". In Walkabout, an analysis of the film, author Louis Nowra wrote: "I was stunned. The images of the Outback were of an almost hallucinogenic intensity. Instead of the desert and bush being infused with a dull monotony, everything seemed acute, shrill, and incandescent. The Outback was beautiful and haunting."_NEWLINE_Walkabout features several scenes of animal hunting and killing, such as a kangaroo being speared and bludgeoned to death. The Cinematograph Films (Animals) Act 1937 makes it illegal in the United Kingdom to distribute or exhibit material where the production involved inflicting pain or terror on an animal. Since the animals did not appear to suffer or be in distress the film was deemed to not contravene the Act._NEWLINE_The film includes scenes of nudity featuring Jenny Agutter, who the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) surmised was 17 years old at the time of filming. The scenes did not pose a problem when submitted to the BBFC in 1971 and later in 1998. The Protection of Children Act 1978 prohibited distribution and possession of indecent images of people under the age of 16 so the issue of potential indecency had not been considered on previous occasions. However, the Sexual Offences Act 2003 raised the age threshold to 18 which meant the BBFC was required to consider the scenes of nudity in the context of the new law when the film was re-submitted in 2011. The BBFC reviewed the scenes and considered them not to be indecent and passed the film uncut. _START_SECTION_ Legacy _START_PARAGRAPH_ Commenting on the film's enduring appeal, Roeg described the film in 1998 as "a simple story about life and being alive, not covered with sophistry but addressing the most basic human themes; birth, death, mutability." _NEWLINE_More than 40 years after its release, on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a score of 84% based on reviews from 32 critics, with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10.

3171722985509804665

Q7962561

_START_ARTICLE_ Walkman X Series _START_SECTION_ Design _START_PARAGRAPH_ The design features a glass front screen cover (as opposed to the more usual plastic). The side has a granite-like texture supposedly to improve grip. It measures 3.8 inches by 2.1 inches by 0.4 inch and weighs 98g. Although primarily designed for touch screen operation, it has play/pause and track shuttle buttons on the top side, and a volume rocker on the right edge. The bottom contains the proprietary WM-Port-to-USB connector and the hold switch is on the back. _START_SECTION_ Control and Navigation _START_PARAGRAPH_ The player uses a tilted scrolling effect for video and album art. The user navigates through the items stored on the Walkman by sliding the fingers over the screen and tapping to select an item. The separate buttons for volume, play and track navigation allow use in a pocket or by the visually impaired. The main functions are laid out as icons on the main screen. 'Music Menu' lists songs, artists, albums and genres. A soft key that at the bottom of all music screens allows selection of various sub-menus, including a folder browser option. _START_SECTION_ Sound Quality _START_PARAGRAPH_ Sony claims that the audio and video quality of the X series is the best ever in the history of Walkman models. It has an S-Master amplifier which is a form of Switching amplifier (also known as Class D). It also features some proprietary Sony technologies including DSEE (to predict and restore high frequencies lost during audio compression), Clear Bass (to enhance bass levels while minimizing distortion at high volume) and Clear Stereo (to provide improved channel separation with open type headphones). There is also a built in ambient-noise cancelling feature which cancels noise picked up from small microphones on the outside of the supplied earphones. These technologies are forms of Digital Signal Processing. _START_SECTION_ Internet Browser _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Walkman X player is the first Sony Walkman to have an internet browser; the only other Sony portable device with an internet browser is the Sony PSP. The device doesn't support flash video, although it has a separate application for YouTube video playback. The browser is based on NetFront. The user can search on the web for a song in the player with YouTube or Yahoo! search directly via the "Related Links" feature.

40879793180043820

Q7963128

_START_ARTICLE_ Wallis Cinemas _START_SECTION_ Other activities _START_PARAGRAPH_ Besides operating their cinemas, Wallis Theatres works in conjunction with Big Screen Advertising. This company is involved in the distribution and screening of advertisements at cinemas. Big Screen Advertising has supplied pre-film advertising to all of Wallis' cinema locations since 2004, when Val Morgan Cinema Advertising (Wallis' previous advertising agent) was absorbed by rival cinema chain Hoyts._NEWLINE_Wallis Theatres owns and operates Auchendarroch House and the Wallis Tavern, both located at Mount Barker adjacent to Wallis' cinema complex. Auchendarroch House is an 1800s mansion that has been restored by Wallis to serve as a function centre. _NEWLINE_Wallis also provides services to independent cinema operators in South Australia (including the Capri Theatre and Victor Harbor theatre), such as programming.

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