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Q7809073

_START_ARTICLE_ Tir Iarll _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tir Iarll (meaning "Earl's Land" in English), is the traditional name of an area of Glamorgan, Wales, which has long had a particular resonance in Welsh culture._NEWLINE_In medieval times Tir Iarll was a cwmwd covering the present-day parishes of Llangynwyd, Betws, Cynffig and Margam. It long preserved traditional customs, notably the Mari Lwyd or Grey Mare._NEWLINE_The late medieval Welsh poets Rhys Brydydd, his son Rhisiart ap Rhys and brother (or son) Gwilym Tew all came from Tir Iarll.

18025716393961630850

Q15984281

_START_ARTICLE_ Titan Aerospace _START_PARAGRAPH_ Titan Aerospace was an American aerospace company based in Moriarty, New Mexico from 2013–2014. They intended to develop and manufacture unmanned aerial vehicles. _NEWLINE_The company was acquired by Google in 2014, who planned to use Titan Aerospace to develop unmanned aerial vehicles capable of bringing Internet connectivity to remote parts of the world. In January 2017, Google announced that it was abandoning the project. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The company was founded in 2011 by Max Yaney. Vern Raburn, founder of the now-defunct Eclipse Aviation, joined Titan Aerospace in 2013 as its CEO. Previous to his tenure at Eclipse, Raburn was CEO of Symantec and had been an early employee of Microsoft during its start-up phase. _NEWLINE_According to Manager Magazine at the beginning of March 2014 Facebook had offered $60 million to buy the company. Techcrunch further reported that Facebook wanted to use the drones to supply areas having no internet connection with affordable network access._NEWLINE_In mid-April 2014, it was announced that Google had bought Titan Aerospace._NEWLINE_"Project Titan" was part of Google's Access division before being absorbed into the semi-secret R&D facility X during the Alphabet reshuffle in 2015, and was shut down in 2016. _START_SECTION_ Product _START_PARAGRAPH_ The company intended to manufacture unmanned aircraft under the designation AtmoSat. The so-called "atmospheric satellites" or Solar Powered Atmospheric Satellite Drones were predicted to travel up to 20 kilometers high and to have satellite-typical functions. Equipped with a solar power system they were projected to, according to Titan Aerospace, fly continuously up to five years and thereby cover four million kilometers. _START_SECTION_ First and only test flight _START_PARAGRAPH_ On May 1, 2015, the sole SOLARA 50, registration number N950TA, flew for four minutes and sixteen seconds before impacting the ground following an in-flight structural failure. The aircraft reached an altitude of approximately 520 feet above ground level.

5535366661949778392

Q7809801

_START_ARTICLE_ Titanic 2020: Cannibal City _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ The novel is based in the year 2020 and aboard a new unsinkable cruise ship Titanic, named for the RMS Titanic. This novel continues where the previous left off, with much of the world's population having been destroyed by an incurable disease named the "Red Death"._NEWLINE_Jimmy and Claire are on shore looking for stories for the ship's newspaper and in the course of events they miss the tender back to the ship. Claire manages to get back on board and Jimmy, having failed to do so, decides to travel down the coast to the ship's next port of call. _START_SECTION_ Reception _START_PARAGRAPH_ The novel was well received by reviewers._NEWLINE_Simon Barrett, for Just Imagine, called the novel "a fast-paced, emotionally charged adventure"; that he found Bateman's "cinematic descriptions, cliffhanging moments of danger and last minute reprieves as well as the central dynamic between the characters Jimmy and Claire make this book a compulsive read"; concluding "Cannibal City is a great sequel for young adult readers aged 9+. Readers who have read the first book will not be disappointed". Everyone's Reading, for the SLA, called the novel "an engrossing, futuristic tale which is absolutely impossible to put down". John Lloyd, for The Bookbag, praised Bateman's writing style; "so vivid, so sprightly, so lively"; his rendition of teenage interaction; "so sharp and dryly sarcastic"; and his character development; "I cannot think of any character being introduced to a novel as effectively". Lloyd concluded by awarding the novel a five out of five star rating, stating "for teens wanting a future, post-catastrophe epic, that has a twinge of borrowing from classic films but provides a most novel novel instead, I can think of no better purchase".

7056737735472371321

Q12296409

_START_ARTICLE_ Titus Statilius Maximus Severus Hadrianus _START_PARAGRAPH_ Titus Statilius Maximus Severus Hadrianus was a Roman senator, who was active during the reign of Trajan. He was suffect consul in the year 115, replacing the consul Marcus Pedo Vergilianus who was killed by an earthquake in Antioch._NEWLINE_Hadrianus was descended from a wealthy Syrian family; Géza Alföldy has identified two of his relatives active in that province, one the patron of Heliopolis (modern Baalbek), the other a prominent citizen of Beirut. He is known to have at least one son, Titus Statilius Maximus, consul in 144._NEWLINE_Only a few pieces of his cursus honorum is known. Ronald Syme states that he is "probably" the Statilius Severus, a military tribune assigned to an unknown legion, to whom Trajan addressed an rescript concerning a soldier's testament._NEWLINE_The other appointment Hadrianus is known to have was governor of Thracia; he is mentioned as governor succeeding Publius Juventius Celsus on a military diploma dated 19 July 114. Werner Eck dates the tenure of Hadrianus in Thracia from the year 112 to 115, admitting to the possibility that Hadrianus may have been consul in absentia._NEWLINE_His life after his suffect consulate is a blank.

7995406632598799599

Q1605112

_START_ARTICLE_ Tivali Minsk _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Formed in 1946, this Minsk based hockey team went through several identity changes all the while playing amongst several hockey leagues in Europe. It went bankrupt in 2001. In 2004, the team was brought back under its traditional namesake, Dinamo Minsk.

3521217898315984926

Q7811617

_START_ARTICLE_ Tobias Crisp _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tobias Crisp D.D. (1600–1643) was an English clergyman and reputed antinomian. In the end he proved a divisive figure for English Calvinists, with a serious controversy arising from the republication of his works in the 1690s. _START_SECTION_ Life _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1600, Tobias Crisp was born in Bread Street, London. His elder brother was Sir Nicolas Crisp. Tobias was the third son of Ellis Crisp (deceased 1625), a former sheriff of London. Tobias matriculated at Eton College, moved to Christ's College, Cambridge, remained in Cambridge and took his B.A. He removed to Balliol College, Oxford and graduated with an M.A. in 1626. About this time, he married Mary, daughter of London merchant, M.P. and future member of the council of state Rowland Wilson. Tobias and Mary would have thirteen children._NEWLINE_In 1627, he was presented to the rectory of Newington Butts. A few months later, Tobias was removed for being party to a simoniacal (i.e., the sale of a clerical office) contract. Later that year, he was presented to the rectory of Brinkworth in Wiltshire. There, he became a popular preacher and host. At an unknown date, Tobias obtained his Doctor of Divinity degree (D.D.). In 1642, persecuted by royalist soldiers, Tobias felt compelled to leave his rectory._NEWLINE_He retired to London in August 1642. While at Brinkworth, Tobias had been suspected of antinomianism, and as soon as his opinions became known from his preaching in London, his theories on the doctrine of free grace were bitterly attacked. Towards the close of this year he held a controversy on this subject with fifty-two opponents. He died of smallpox on 27 February 1643, and was buried in St. Mildred's Church, Bread Street. _START_SECTION_ Works _START_PARAGRAPH_ After his death his discourses were published by Robert Lancaster under the title Christ alone Exalted, in editions from 1643. In 1690 his Works were republished with additions by one of his sons, and again in 1755 by John Gill, minister of Carter Lane Baptist Chapel, near Tooley Street.

11594628997640931243

Q7811788

_START_ARTICLE_ Toby Dodge _START_PARAGRAPH_ Toby Dodge is an English political scientist whose main area of interest lies in the Middle East. He completed a PhD on the transformation of international system in the aftermath of the First World War and the creation of the Iraqi state at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. He also taught international relations and Middle Eastern politics in the Department of Political Studies at SOAS for four years. Toby was Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation at the University of Warwick. He is currently a Reader in the International Relations department at LSE and Senior Consulting Fellow for the Middle East at the International Institute for Strategic Studies (a UK-based think tank)._NEWLINE_Toby is an expert on the politics of Iraq and has published several books relating to this and international relations more generally. His expertise has led to a series of television appearances on news programmes to discuss the invasion of Iraq._NEWLINE_Dodge has also served as an occasional adviser to U.S. general David Petraeus in Iraq.

2100231322927962656

Q2302514

_START_ARTICLE_ Tocco family _START_PARAGRAPH_ The family of Tocco (plural in Italian: Tocci/Tocchi; plural in Greek: Τόκκοι) was a noble house from Benevento of Longobard origins, which in the late 14th and 15th centuries came to prominence in western Greece as rulers of the Ionian Islands, County palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos and the Despotate of Epirus. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Tocco family likely originated from a Lombard aristocrat named *Tokko under either the Kingdom of the Lombards or southern successor states Duchy of Spoleto or Duchy of Benevento. The first prominent member of the family is Ugolino Tocco, Grand Seneschal of Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor in 1195._NEWLINE_The first Tocco to settle in Greece was Guglielmo Tocco, appointed governor of Corfu in the 1330s under the Angevin ruler Philip I of Taranto. His son Leonardo I Tocco was named Count palatine of the islands of Cephalonia and Zakynthos by Robert of Taranto in 1357, and succeeded in expanding his rule over Ithaca and Lefkada, as well as the port of Vonitsa on the Greek mainland, until his death in ca. 1376._NEWLINE_His two sons were Carlo I Tocco and Leonardo II Tocco, the central characters of the early 15th-century Chronicle of the Tocco, written in Greek, which extols their exploits. Leonardo received Zakynthos as an appanage. His daughter, Maddalena Tocco, was the first wife of Constantine XI Palaiologos, the last Byzantine emperor. Carlo, through his marriage with the daughter of Nerio I Acciaioli, Duke of Athens, was able to seize Corinthia in 1395, and conquered Elis sometime after 1402, although the former quickly fell to the Despot of the Morea, Theodore Palaiologos, and the latter was lost to the Moreote Byzantines in 1427. Carlo also took advantage of a civil war among the Albanian chieftains of Aetolia-Acarnania to seize Acarnania by 1408, and in 1411 he succeeded his uncle Esau de' Buondelmonti as ruler of Ioannina. By 1415 he gained control over Arta as well, unifying the core lands of the Despotate of Epirus for the last time. _NEWLINE_After Carlo I's death in 1429, his realm was disputed amongst his five illegitimate sons and his adopted heir, his nephew Carlo II Tocco (the son of Leonardo II). At the behest of the former, the Ottomans intervened in the conflict, seizing Ioannina in 1430, and most of the rest of Epirus in the next year. Carlo II continued to rule from Arta as an Ottoman vassal until his death in 1448. In the next year, Arta fell to the Ottomans. Carlo's son Leonardo III Tocco moved to Angelokastron; when it too fell in 1460, he fled to his family's possessions in the Ionian Islands, which he ruled there until 1479, when they too were captured by the Ottomans. Leonardo and his family then fled to the Kingdom of Naples. Starting from his son, Carlo III Tocco, his descendants continued to style themselves titular Despots of Arta until the 17th century._NEWLINE_Following the death of Carlo II, at least one of his surviving sons, or possibly a grandson, had entered Ottoman service: Karlizade Ali Bey ("Ali Bey, the son of Carlo") whose descendants continued to perform military duties for the Ottoman sultans into the 16th century. Ali's Christian name is unknown, but he was either the half-brother or one of the nephews of Leonard III. Under Mehmed the Conqueror, Ali Bey was appointed as a tutor to the Sultan's son, Cem, who would later lose the war for the throne to his older brother Bayezid II. It is likely that Ali Bey had played a part in the negotiations between Cem and the Knights of St John based in Rhodes that precipitated the defeated prince's sojourn in Western Europe. Despite his close association with Cem, Ali Bey was able to protect his estates in the Ottoman Empire under the rule of Bayezid II and even funded the building of a mosque in 1485 at the Bulgarian town of Karlovo, which derives its name from the Karlizade family.

2358305843090582951

Q130838

_START_ARTICLE_ Today (American TV program) _START_SECTION_ Founding _START_PARAGRAPH_ The show's first broadcast aired on January 14, 1952 as the brainchild of television executive Sylvester Weaver, who was then vice president of NBC. Weaver was president of the company from 1953 to 1955, during which time Today's late-night companion The Tonight Show premiered. In pre-production, the show's proposed working title was The Rise and Shine Revue. The show was first supervised by Jerome Alan Danzig._NEWLINE_Today was the first program of its genre when it premiered with original host Dave Garroway. The program blended national news headlines, interviews with newsmakers, lifestyle features, other light news and gimmicks (including the presence of the chimpanzee J. Fred Muggs who served as the show's mascot during the early years), and local news updates from the network's stations. It has spawned several other shows of a similar type, including ABC's Good Morning America, and CBS' now-defunct The Early Show. In other countries, the format was copied – most notably in the United Kingdom with the BBC's Breakfast Time and TV-am's Good Morning Britain, and in Canada with Canada AM on CTV. _START_SECTION_ Broadcast schedule _START_PARAGRAPH_ When Today debuted, it was seen live only in the Eastern and Central time zones, broadcasting for three hours each morning but seen for only two hours in each time zone. Since 1958, Today has been tape-delayed for the five other U.S. time zones (Central, Mountain, Pacific, Alaska and Hawaii–Aleutian). Partly to accommodate host Dave Garroway's declining health, the program ceased live broadcasts in the summer of 1958, opting instead to broadcast an edition taped the previous afternoon. The experiment, which drew criticism from many sides, ended when John Chancellor replaced Garroway in July 1961._NEWLINE_Today was a two-hour program for many years, airing from 7:00 a.m. - 9:00 a.m. in all time zones except for Alaska, Hawaii, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, until NBC expanded the program to three hours (extending the program until 10:00 a.m.) on October 2, 2000. A fourth hour (which extended the program until 11:00 a.m.) was eventually added on September 10, 2007. NBC stations in some markets, such as WYFF in Greenville, South Carolina, air the third and fourth hours of Today on tape delay._NEWLINE_In August 2013, Today released a mobile app for smartphones and tablets. _START_SECTION_ Weekday showtimes and local cut-ins _START_PARAGRAPH_ Generally, the program airs live in the Eastern Time Zone and on tape delay beginning at 7:00 a.m. in each of the five remaining time zones. When breaking news stories warrant, Today will broadcast a live West Coast edition. The live updates typically do not last longer than the 7:00 a.m. (Pacific Time) hour and once completed, will return to the taped East Coast feed. When the anchors welcome the viewers to the show, they will note the current time as being "Pacific Time" and continue to note it as such until the tape delay is started. In some instances, when an NBC News Special Report of breaking news occurs during the Today timeslot, the show's anchors will assume hosting responsibilities and the show will go live across all time zones until such time when the Special Report segment finishes. At that point, viewers outside the Eastern Time Zone will return to regularly-scheduled programming (i.e. the segment of the Today Show feed already in progress in their corresponding time zone or to their local newscast)._NEWLINE_During the first three and a half hours of the program, local affiliates are offered a five-minute window at :25 and :55 minutes past the hour to insert a local newsbreak (which usually also includes a local forecast, and in large and mid-sized markets, a brief traffic report) and local advertisements, although the show provides additional segments for those affiliates who do not provide such a news insert. Certain NBC affiliates that produce an additional morning newscast for a sister station or digital subchannel may pre-tape the local inserts aired during the first one to two hours of Today to focus production responsibilities on their local broadcast. _START_SECTION_ Satellite radio simulcast _START_PARAGRAPH_ Starting in June 2014, Sirius XM Satellite Radio began simulcasting Today on a new channel called "Today Show Radio", Channel 108, with The Best of Today starting at 6 am (Eastern) and the Today Show's live broadcast from Studio 1A at Rockefeller Center in New York City starting at 7:00 a.m. (Eastern), with a tape delayed broadcast at beginning 7:00 a.m. Pacific time. On Mondays The Hoda Show with Hoda Kotb is broadcast exclusive on the Today Show Radio channel. On Tuesdays Off the Rails with Al Roker, Dylan Dreyer and Sheinelle Jones airs at 1:00 p.m. (Eastern). On Wednesdays The Happy Hour with the producers of Kathie Lee and Hoda airs, and on Thursdays Today Show Confidential with the producers of TODAY airs. The channel also simulcasts NBC Nightly News with Lester Holt at 6:30 p.m. (Eastern) The Today Show Radio service is not currently available on SiriusXM's sister service in Canada and Channel 108 is locked out for Canadian subscribers. _START_SECTION_ RCA Exhibition Hall (original studio) _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Today program first originated from the RCA Exhibition Hall on 49th Street in Manhattan in a space now occupied by the Christie's auction house, just down the block from the present-day studio. The first set placed a functional newsroom in the studio, which Garroway called "the nerve center of the world." The barrier between backstage and on-stage was virtually nonexistent. Garroway and the on-air staff often walked through the newsroom set. Glimpses of the camera crew and technicians were a frequent occurrence, as were off-screen voices conversing with Garroway. Gradually, machines and personnel were placed behind the scenes to assemble the news and weather reports, and the newsroom was gone by 1955. _START_SECTION_ Studio 3K, Florida Showcase, Studio 8G & Studio 3B _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the summer of 1958, television manufacturer Philco complained to NBC that staging Today in a studio explicitly called the RCA Exhibition Hall was unfair (RCA owned NBC at the time). The network bowed to the pressure, and on July 7, 1958, Today moved across the street to Studio 3K in the RCA Building, where it remained through the early 1960s._NEWLINE_On July 9, 1962, the program returned to a street-side studio in the space then occupied by the Florida Showcase. Each day, the Today production crew would have to move the Florida-related tourism merchandise off the floor and wheel in the Today news set, desks, chairs and cameras. When the show wrapped at 9:00 a.m. Eastern Time, the news set would be put away and the tourism merchandise returned to the floor._NEWLINE_After three years in the Florida Showcase, Today moved back to the RCA Building on September 13, 1965. The network converted its news programming to all-color broadcasts at that time, and NBC could not justify allocating four (then-expensive) color cameras to the Florida Showcase studio. For the next 20 years, the show occupied a series of studios on the third, sixth, and eighth floors of NBC's headquarters; most notably Studio 3K in the 1970s, Studio 8G (adjacent to Studio 8H, home to Saturday Night Live) in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and finally Studio 3B from 1983 to 1994. _START_SECTION_ Studio 1A _START_PARAGRAPH_ Today moved to the new street-side studio on June 20, 1994, providing a link to the show's 1950s origin._NEWLINE_Since the debut of the 1990s set, the national morning news programs of each of the major broadcast and cable-news networks have moved street-side – including two of Today's Rockefeller Center neighbors, Fox News Channel's Fox & Friends (at Avenue of the Americas) and CNN's since-cancelled American Morning (in the summer of 2005, CNN reversed the trend, abandoning its street-level studio and moving upstairs in the Time Warner Center at Columbus Circle). ABC's Good Morning America broadcasts from Times Square Studios, although only a portion of its studio is street side._NEWLINE_In 2006, Studio 1A underwent a major renovation to prepare for the upgrade to high-definition broadcasts. After the departure of Katie Couric and while a new set was readied (during the summer of 2006), the program was broadcast from a temporary outdoor studio in Rockefeller Plaza, the same set that NBC used at the Olympic Games since 2004. During the week of August 28, 2006, the show was moved to a temporary location outside of Studio 1A because MTV was converting the outdoor studio into their red carpet booth for the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards. A mock set was set up in Dateline's studio, which was also used during inclement weather. The program also used a temporary outdoor set at 30 Rock, and MSNBC's Countdown with Keith Olbermann (which joined at Studio 1A in 30 Rock on October 22, 2007)._NEWLINE_On September 13, 2006, Today moved back into the revamped Studio 1A space. The new studio was divided into five different sections on the lower level including an interview area, the couch area, the news desk, the performance/interview/extra space area, and home base, which is where the anchors start the show. A gigantic Panasonic 103-inch plasma monitor is often used for graphic display backgrounds. A kitchen set is located upstairs from the main studio. The blue background that is seen in the opening of the show in home base moves up and down to allow a view of the outside from the home base._NEWLINE_Some minor changes were implemented throughout the early and middle part of 2013; not only in the way that things are presented, but also with modified graphics and minor updates to the set. That year, a new, larger anchor desk was introduced with space to seat all four main anchors (Guthrie, Lauer, Morales and Roker). The new desk brought an end to the "news desk," as the third "news reader" (Morales) now sits at the main anchor desk. Other minor changes included a new larger desk for the third hour. After the August 16, 2013, broadcast, the program vacated Studio 1A, while the space underwent a remodeling with a more modern look with (as stated by executive producer Don Nash) "a lot more bells and whistles to play with"._NEWLINE_On September 16, 2013, Today debuted a new set and graphics package (it was originally set to debut on September 9, but was delayed one week to complete final design details). The "home base" is located on a platform that can spin 360°, therefore allowing the view and direction of the camera to change depending on the half-hour. A new couch and background was added in the "sofa area" (where the anchors sit and discuss topics). A social media area known as the "Orange Room", was also added to Studio 1A, which contains screens that display Twitter comments or trending topics; Carson Daly was hired to present segments from the room during the broadcast. Six screens that also connect to one 6' x 16' screen were added in the fashion/special topic area. During its first two days of use, the show transitioned away from its news and entertainment format to a format that emphasized the social interaction of the anchors, Roker and newsreader._NEWLINE_The graphics were also overhauled with introduction of the new set (a slightly modified version of this package and the revised logo debuted on Early Today that November, further integrating the early-morning news program's branding with Today). The logo-to-peacock animation was moved from the left corner to the bottom right side corner of the screen. The logo that was first previewed on September 13, 2013, pared down the number of circular arches from five to three with its coloring switching from different variations – generally shades of red, orange and yellow to depict a sunrise – to entirely orange._NEWLINE_In September 2015 Today updated the set once again, the update included new floors, a new couch, and a new anchor desk. The new set retains the 360 home base used in the previous design. The new set replaced much of the dark wood colors with lighter colors and removed the emphasis of orange in previous design in favor of orange accents._NEWLINE_In February 2018, while Guthrie and Kotb were at the 2018 Winter Olympics, the studio received minor changes including new screens and flooring in the former screen area; and by November of the same year, the Orange Room got a minor change that included a triangular-pattern wall and wooden flooring. _START_SECTION_ Main show _START_PARAGRAPH_ During the week, the flagship hours of Today (7:00 a.m. - 9:00 a.m.) are co-anchored by Savannah Guthrie (2012–present) and Hoda Kotb (2018–present) alongside co-hosts Al Roker (weather anchor; 1996–present), Craig Melvin (news anchor; 2018–present), Carson Daly (social media anchor/Orange Room anchor; 2013–present), Jenna Bush Hager (correspondent; 2009–present), and Natalie Morales (West Coast anchor/correspondent; 2011–present). _START_SECTION_ Third hour _START_PARAGRAPH_ Sheinelle Jones and Dylan Dreyer - who appear on the main show as contributors - serve as the co-hosts (with Roker and Melvin) of 3rd Hour Today at 9:00 a.m. _START_SECTION_ Weekends _START_PARAGRAPH_ Saturday editions are anchored by Jones, Dreyer, and Peter Alexander, Willie Geist anchors on Sunday. _START_SECTION_ Former staff _START_PARAGRAPH_ Today anchors started out as "Communicators". Creator Pat Weaver envisioned a person whose responsibilities would go beyond the bounds of traditional sit-down news anchors. The Communicator would interview, report, moderate dialogue and generally tie the show together into a coherent whole. Garroway and his successors have all followed that model, with little variation. Today, the hosts are expected to do much the same, and on any given day will talk with correspondents, newsmakers and lifestyle experts; introduce and close each half-hour; conduct special segments (such as cooking or fashion) and go on-assignment to host the program from different locations. Although the "Communicator" nomenclature has since dropped out of favor, the job remains largely the same. _START_SECTION_ Weather anchors _START_PARAGRAPH_ For the program's first 25 years, weather reports were delivered by the host or newsreader. Dave Garroway illustrated the day's forecast by drawing fronts and areas of precipitation on a big chalkboard map of the United States, based on information gathered earlier in the morning from the U.S. Weather Bureau in Washington, D.C. Subsequent hosts John Chancellor and Hugh Downs dropped the chalkboard weather map concept, and instead read a prepared weather summary over a still image of a weather map. When the show converted to all-color broadcasts in 1965, weather maps were prepared and projected on a screen behind Frank Blair, who delivered the forecast immediately after his news summaries. Following Blair's retirement on March 14, 1975, Lew Wood took over the newsreader and weather reporting duties (using Blair’s format). When Floyd Kalber became newsreader in 1976, Wood was relegated to weather, sports, roving reporter assignments, and presenting live on-air commercials until his departure in 1978._NEWLINE_The weather is reported every half-hour during the program's first two hours, though since Al Roker was named weather reporter on January 26, 1996, an interview is conducted by him in place of the national weather forecast at least once during the show, leaving only the local weather inserts by NBC stations._NEWLINE_Prior to Roker, Today weather reporters were Bob Ryan (1978–1980) and Willard Scott (1980–1996). Until Ryan's hiring, no one on the show had practical experience or academic credentials in meteorology. With NBC's purchase of The Weather Channel in 2008, personnel from that network frequently participate in Today forecast segments, at the site of a weather event or from the cable channel's suburban Atlanta headquarters, or as a fill-in for Roker. This lasted until ten years later when TWC was later acquired by Entertainment Studios._NEWLINE_NBC owned-and-operated stations and affiliates are given a 30-second window to insert a local forecast segment into the program following the national weather report; Roker's outcue for the local break is "That's what's going on around the country, here's what's happening in your neck of the woods." although in recent years, this outcue was used during only starting the second half-hour. During the first half hour, Roker simply uses "your local forecast" which appears after a 30-second commercial. Those not watching on an affiliate which provides local weather segments following the outcue (including international viewers, as well as NBC stations that do not have a news department) see a national summary of temperatures on a weather map._NEWLINE_The semi-retired Scott, who gained fame through his antics that included costumes and props, still appeared on-air to continue his tradition of wishing "happy birthday" to centenarians. Scott's traditional local cue was "Here's what's happening in your world, even as we speak." He retired completely from television on December 15, 2015. _START_SECTION_ J. Fred Muggs _START_PARAGRAPH_ From 1953 - 1957, the program featured J. Fred Muggs, a chimpanzee whose antics entertained viewers, but frustrated the program's staff, especially Dave Garroway. Also occasionally appearing was J. Fred's "girlfriend" Phoebe B. Beebe. _START_SECTION_ Pauley to Norville _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1989, Deborah Norville (then anchor of the network's early-morning news program at the time, NBC News at Sunrise) replaced John Palmer at the Today newsdesk, at which point he assumed her previous role on Sunrise. She also began substituting for Tom Brokaw on NBC Nightly News. Shortly after Norville's appointment as Today's news anchor, the decision was made to feature her as an unofficial third host. Whereas Palmer had read the news from a desk separate from where Gumbel and Pauley sat, Norville was seated alongside the program's hosts at the opening and closing of every show. Before long, gossip columns and media observers predicted that NBC would remove Jane Pauley from the program and replace her with Norville in an effort to improve the program's recently declining viewership among young women, the demographic most coveted by morning shows. During this period, Saturday Night Live featured a sketch titled "All About Deborah Norville" (a takeoff on the classic film All About Eve), which depicted Norville as ruthlessly scheming to take Pauley's place as Today co-host._NEWLINE_In October 1989, it was announced that 13-year veteran Pauley would leave Today at the end of the year. NBC, as expected, announced that Norville would become co-host. An emotional Norville hugged Pauley on the air after the announcement was made, and many at the network hoped the negative press generated by Norville's increased presence on the program would end. However, this turned out not to be the case. Prior to the announcement of Pauley's departure, much of the criticism had focused on Norville's youth and beauty, with many branding her "the other woman" and a "home wrecker," in a reference to what some felt seemed like her intent on "breaking up" the television marriage of Gumbel and Pauley._NEWLINE_The negative press only heightened after the announcement of Pauley's resignation, and Norville was put under a gag order by NBC brass, which prevented her from defending herself from the widespread and erroneous reports that she somehow orchestrated her rise on Today. In January 1990, the new anchor team of Bryant Gumbel and Deborah Norville, minus Jane Pauley, debuted with disastrous results. Ratings for the program began to plummet. Critics felt that Gumbel and Norville lacked chemistry and many loyal viewers began turning to rival ABC's Good Morning America (GMA). _START_SECTION_ Norville to Couric _START_PARAGRAPH_ By the end of 1990, Today, the longtime dominant program, was officially the second-place morning show behind GMA, and most of the blame was pinned on Norville. By the outbreak of the Persian Gulf War in 1991, Norville saw her role as co-host continually minimized. Today aired special editions of the program called "America at War," with Gumbel anchoring most of the show alone. It was not uncommon for Norville not even to appear until the two-hour show's second half-hour. In addition, she was directed not to initiate conversation on the show and only speak when asked a question by Gumbel. Norville left the show for maternity leave in February 1991. It was announced that Katie Couric would substitute co-host during Norville's absence. Ratings for the program rose immediately following Norville's departure and Couric's arrival._NEWLINE_Midway though her maternity leave, Norville was interviewed by People. In the story, she avoided conversation about her recent trouble on Today, and instead focused on her newborn baby boy. She was photographed breastfeeding her son, a seemingly innocuous event, but NBC management was said to be greatly displeased by this, believing the photo to be "in poor taste". By April 1991, in light of improved ratings on Today and NBC's displeasure at the People photograph, it was announced that Norville would not return to Today and that Katie Couric had been named the program's co-host. Norville, it was disclosed, would continue to be paid in accordance with her contract, although she would no longer appear on any NBC News programs. _START_SECTION_ Couric to Vieira _START_PARAGRAPH_ On April 5, 2006, Katie Couric announced on her 15th anniversary as co-host of Today that she would leave the program and NBC News at the end of May to become the new anchor and managing editor of the CBS Evening News. Couric's final broadcast on May 31, 2006 was dedicated to her 15 years as one of the show's co-hosts, and celebrated her move to the anchor chair at CBS, where she also became a correspondent for the network's Sunday night newsmagazine program 60 Minutes. Couric said during the show, "It's been a pleasure hosting this program, and thank you for fifteen great years." A special video presentation was broadcast, recapping her best moments and news stories on Today during her 15 years with the show._NEWLINE_The day after Couric's announcement, Meredith Vieira, then a host of ABC's The View announced on that show that she would take over as Lauer's co-anchor in September. Lauer and Vieira began co-hosting together on September 13, 2006._NEWLINE_On June 1, 2006 (the day after Couric's departure), NBC News announced that for the summer of 2006, Today would move to a temporary outdoor studio as Studio 1A was going through renovations to prepare for its switch to high-definition. On that same day, NBC News launched a new advertisement promoting Vieira's arrival. That summer, Couric's anchor seat was filled by various hosts, consisting of Curry, Morales and Campbell Brown (all of whom were considered candidates to replace Couric), until Vieira took over that fall._NEWLINE_In March 2010, Vieira signed a contract to keep her with the program until at least September 2011. However, she announced on May 9, 2011, that she would depart as co-host in the following month, but would remain at NBC News as a special correspondent. _START_SECTION_ Vieira to Curry _START_PARAGRAPH_ After announcing her resignation, Meredith Vieira departed the program on June 8, 2011. Vieira's spot was filled by the program's longtime news anchor Ann Curry, appearing alongside Matt Lauer as co-host. Correspondent Natalie Morales replaced Curry as news anchor in turn, with Al Roker remaining as the weather anchor. Savannah Guthrie joined Morales and Roker as co-host of the third (9:00 a.m.) hour._NEWLINE_Almost a year after her departure, Vieira returned briefly to Today as a special correspondent for events relating to Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Celebration. On June 5, 2012, she co-presented the show with Lauer from London. _START_SECTION_ Curry to Guthrie _START_PARAGRAPH_ NBC revealed on June 28, 2012, that Ann Curry would no longer co-host Today, and would continue to work for NBC News (where she remained until her departure in January 2015), including continuing to appear on Today. Curry's title was changed to "Today Anchor at Large and NBC News National & International Correspondent," with responsibilities including leading a seven-person unit producing content for NBC Nightly News, Dateline NBC, Rock Center with Brian Williams and Today, with occasional anchor duties for Nightly News. Curry also reported for NBC's coverage of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. On July 9, 2012, Savannah Guthrie succeeded Curry as co-anchor alongside Lauer, Roker and Morales._NEWLINE_Ann Curry's final show as co-anchor was subdued compared to the earlier departures of Katie Couric and Meredith Vieira, as it did not include retrospectives of Curry's 15-year run on the program or goodbye messages from colleagues and celebrities, although Curry – seated alongside Lauer, Natalie Morales and Al Roker in the couch area of the Studio 1A set – gave a tear-filled farewell message to viewers. Rumors of Curry's departure from Today began weeks before NBC formally announced that she would no longer be co-host, spurring negative press similar to that resulting from the departure of Jane Pauley and her replacement by Deborah Norville 23 years earlier, as early reports suggested that Matt Lauer had a hand in the program's decision to let Curry go. Viewership declines for the program that began in the months following Curry becoming co-host precipitated in part due to public criticism over Lauer's alleged involvement in Curry's departure; loyal viewers once again began turning to the competing Good Morning America, which toppled Today's 16-year consecutive run as the top-rated morning news program during the week of April 9, 2012. The public relations problems for Lauer that resulted from the accusations, led then-executive producer Jim Bell to admit responsibility for the negative press, in defense of Lauer, in a series of interviews with The New York Times, The Hollywood Reporter and the Associated Press. _START_SECTION_ Lauer to Kotb _START_PARAGRAPH_ On November 29, 2017, Hoda Kotb became the interim co-anchor after Matt Lauer was terminated. Prior to that, she has been a featured co-anchor of Today, sitting alongside Lauer and Guthrie at the beginning of the second half-hour. She held that position on April 17, 2017 after her return from maternity leave until Lauer's termination on November 29, 2017. On January 2, 2018, her interim status became permanent, making her and Savannah Guthrie the first all-female anchor duo in Today's history and the second all-female anchor duo overall._NEWLINE_NBC News Chairman Andrew Lack said in an email that Kotb has "seamlessly stepped" into the position, and with Guthrie, "quickly hit the ground running." "They have an undeniable connection with each other and most importantly, with viewers, a hallmark of Today," Lack added._NEWLINE_Just before the holidays, NBC executives offered the job to Kotb. She also continued to co-host the fourth hour of the show, a role she has held since 2008. _START_SECTION_ Gumbel's memo _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1989, Bryant Gumbel wrote a memo to the program's then-executive producer Marty Ryan, which was critical of other Today personalities, and was leaked to the press. In the memo, Gumbel commented that Willard Scott "holds the show hostage to his assortment of whims, wishes, birthdays and bad taste...This guy is killing us and no one's even trying to rein him in." He commented that Gene Shalit's movie reviews "are often late and his interviews aren't very good."_NEWLINE_There was enough negative backlash in regard to Gumbel's comments toward Scott that Gumbel was shown reconciling with Scott on Today. _START_SECTION_ Selective editing of George Zimmerman 9-1-1 call _START_PARAGRAPH_ After the shooting of Florida teenager Trayvon Martin, Today ran a selectively edited version of the 9-1-1 call that George Zimmerman made prior to shooting and killing Martin (which he defended as being committed in self defense while standing trial for the shooting, for which he was acquitted on charges of murder in July 2013), which had the effect of making Zimmerman appear racist. In a March 2012 edition of the program, Today played a recording of Zimmerman saying, "This guy looks like he's up to no good. He looks black." However, several seconds of the call were cut from the 911 tape, removing Zimmerman's description of Martin, and a question asked to him about the teenager by the 911 operator. In the original, unedited tape, Zimmerman said, "This guy looks like he's up to no good. Or he's on drugs or something. It's raining and he's just walking around, looking about." The operator then asked, "OK, and this guy – is he black, white or Hispanic?", to which Zimmerman answered, "He looks black."_NEWLINE_The Washington Post wrote that Today's alteration "would more readily paint Zimmerman as a racial profiler. In reality's version, Zimmerman simply answered a question about the race of the person whom he was reporting to the police. Nothing prejudicial at all in responding to such an inquiry... it's a falsehood with repercussions. Much of the public discussion over the past week has settled on how conflicting facts and interpretations call into question whether Zimmerman acted justifiably or criminally... To portray that exchange in a way that wrongs Zimmerman is high editorial malpractice..."_NEWLINE_Following an internal investigation into the production of the segment, NBC News fired two employees who were involved in the piece, including a producer based at the division's Miami bureau, in April 2012. In December 2012, George Zimmerman filed a defamation lawsuit against NBC for the editing of the 911 call. Florida Circuit Court Judge Debra Nelson dismissed the suit on June 30, 2014, citing that there were "no genuine issues of material fact upon which a reasonable jury could find that the Defendants [NBCUniversal] acted with actual malice," but although Zimmerman could not prove that he was the victim of "actual malice", stated that the malice standard was appropriate since Zimmerman is a public figure. _START_SECTION_ 9/11 Moment of Silence omission _START_PARAGRAPH_ On September 11, 2012, Today sparked outrage after the program neglected to interrupt an interview with Keeping Up with the Kardashians co-star Kris Jenner to broadcast the 11th anniversary remembrance ceremonies of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks at 8:46 a.m. Eastern. NBC was the only national television news outlet in the United States that did not interrupt regular programming to broadcast the moment of silence live. While the coverage of the ceremonies was not seen on the NBC network feed in most of the country, the network's New York City flagship owned-and-operated station WNBC interrupted the Today broadcast to run locally produced special coverage of the entire ceremony. _START_SECTION_ Matt Lauer termination _START_PARAGRAPH_ On November 29, 2017, NBC terminated Lauer following allegations of "inappropriate sexual behavior." NBC News chairman Andrew Lack announced Lauer's termination, stating: "It represented, after serious review, a clear violation of our company’s standards. As a result, we’ve decided to terminate his employment. While it is the first complaint about his behavior in the over twenty years he’s been at NBC News, we were also presented with reason to believe this may not have been an isolated incident. Our highest priority is to create a workplace environment where everyone feels safe and protected, and to ensure that any actions that run counter to our core values are met with consequences, no matter who the offender."_NEWLINE_Although NBC has not yet publicly reported or commented the specifics of the allegations, the entertainment industry publication Variety had run a two-month long investigation involving interviews with Lauer's former NBC colleagues on his behavior towards them, which included lurid accusations of making verbal and typed lewd comments, as well as making suggestive references to a colleague's sexual performance. _START_SECTION_ Megyn Kelly blackface controversy _START_PARAGRAPH_ During the October 23, 2018 episode, Megyn Kelly participated in a panel discussion on the appropriateness of blackface in Halloween costumes on her morning show Megyn Kelly Today. During the segment, Kelly recollected that "when I was a kid, that was okay as long as you were dressing up as like a character", and added that "[Luann de Lesseps] wants to look like Diana Ross for one day, and I don't know how that got racist on Halloween." Her comments were widely criticized for being interpreted as defense of the practice, which is generally considered to be a derogatory caricature of African-Americans. Critics likened Kelly's remarks to a previous incident during her tenure at Fox News Channel, where Kelly asserted that Jesus and Santa Claus were white._NEWLINE_Later that day, Kelly issued an internal email apologizing for the remarks, stating that "I realize now that such behavior is indeed wrong, and I am sorry", and that "I've never been a 'pc' kind of person — but I understand that we do need to be more sensitive in this day and age. Particularly on race and ethnicity issues which, far from being healed, have been exacerbated in our politics over the past year. This is a time for more understanding, love, sensitivity and honor, and I want to be part of that. I look forward to continuing that discussion."_NEWLINE_Kelly opened the October 24 episode with a public apology, as well as a follow-up discussion with African-American commentators Amy Holmes and Roland Martin on why blackface is considered controversial. The same day, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Kelly had left the Creative Artists Agency, and had hired an attorney. It was also reported that, prior to the incident, Kelly and NBC had been discussing cancelling the program so she could focus more on serving as a correspondent, but that the comments may have an impact on her future at the network. The week's remaining episodes were replaced by encores._NEWLINE_On October 26, 2018, NBC News confirmed the cancellation of Megyn Kelly Today and announced that the show's existing anchors would temporarily fill the third hour. _START_SECTION_ Weekend Today _START_PARAGRAPH_ Today first expanded to weekends on September 20, 1987, with the debut of the Sunday edition. Five years later on August 1, 1992, the Saturday edition made its debut, expanding the program to seven days a week. The Sunday broadcast was originally 90 minutes in length, until the third half-hour being dropped with the expansion of Meet the Press to an hour-long broadcast in 1992; it now airs for one hour, while the Saturday broadcast airs for two hours._NEWLINE_The weekend broadcasts continue the Today format of covering breaking news, interviews with newsmakers, reports on a variety of popular-culture and human-interest stories, covering health and finance issues; and national weather reports. NBC feeds the Saturday edition from 7:00 a.m. - 9:00 a.m. and the Sunday edition from 8:00 a.m. - 9:00 a.m. (both in the Eastern Time Zone), although many of the network's affiliates air local newscasts in those time slots and carry the network broadcast earlier or later in the morning; many NBC affiliates also bookend the Sunday edition with local morning newscasts that immediately precede and follow the program. NBC's New York City, Chicago, San Francisco and Los Angeles owned-and-operated stations air Weekend Today simultaneously (but not live) at 9:00 a.m Eastern, 8:00 a.m. Central and 6:00 a.m. Pacific Time._NEWLINE_Weekend editions are tailored to the priorities and interests of weekend viewers – offering special series such as "Saturday Today on the Plaza", featuring live performances by major music acts and Broadway theatrical productions outside the studio throughout the summer._NEWLINE_During the network's coverage of the Olympic Games, the weekday anchors and staff present the majority of the program on both Saturday and Sunday throughout the two weeks to maintain promotional momentum, with limited contributions from the weekend team from New York. _START_SECTION_ Early Today _START_PARAGRAPH_ The first brand extension of Today was created in 1982. The early morning news program Early Today was conceived as a lead-in for Today, featuring the same anchors as the main program at the time, Bryant Gumbel and Jane Pauley. The half-hour program was fed twice to allow affiliates to carry one or both broadcasts. NBC canceled the program after a year, and replaced it with NBC News at Sunrise, originally anchored by Connie Chung._NEWLINE_In April 1999, NBC canceled Sunrise for two brand extensions of Today. One was Early Today which was revived September 7, 1999; the revived program originally was produced by CNBC and focused on business and financial news before switching to general news under the same production staff as MSNBC First Look in 2004. Early Today continues to air on the network, airing live each weekday morning at 3:00 a.m. Eastern Time (with an updated telecast for viewers in the Pacific Time Zone), and on tape delay until 10:00 a.m. Eastern – corresponding with the start time of Today in the Pacific Time Zone – to allow for adjustment in airtimes for other time zones and for certain NBC stations without a local morning newscast to air Early Today in lieu of one. _START_SECTION_ Today with Hoda and Jenna _START_PARAGRAPH_ Today with Hoda and Jenna premiered on April 8, 2019 as the fourth hour of Today, succeeding Kathie Lee & Hoda. The program is hosted by Hoda Kotb and Jenna Bush Hager and continues to follow a similar format as its predecessor as its own distinct entity. _START_SECTION_ Later Today _START_PARAGRAPH_ On September 7, 1999, NBC launched Later Today, a talk show that was intended to air immediately following the then two-hour Today. Replacing Leeza (which would continue in first-run syndication for one more year) on the network's morning schedule, Later Today was hosted by Jodi Applegate, Florence Henderson and Asha Blake. The program was cancelled on August 11, 2000 due to lackluster ratings; it was replaced two months later by the third hour of Today, later known as Today's Take. _START_SECTION_ Megyn Kelly Today _START_PARAGRAPH_ Megyn Kelly Today premiered on September 25, 2017, as a replacement for Today's Take. It was hosted by former Fox News Channel anchor Megyn Kelly, and was structured as a daytime talk show._NEWLINE_In the wake of stable but lower viewership in comparison to the timeslot's predecessor, a desire by Kelly to focus more on her overall role at NBC News, and in the wake of controversy over a recent segment discussing blackface, the show was officially cancelled on October 26, 2018. _START_SECTION_ Today with Kathie Lee and Hoda _START_PARAGRAPH_ Today with Kathie Lee and Hoda was the fourth-hour segment of Today hosted by Kathie Lee Gifford and Hoda Kotb, which aired from April 7, 2008, to April 5, 2019. It replaced the original fourth hour that debuted earlier that fall on September 10, 2007, originally hosted by Ann Curry, Natalie Morales, and Hoda Kotb. The program was its own distinct entity, with its own website and social media presence. The fourth hour does not have news or weather segments or input from the earlier hosts and is structured virtually as a standalone talk show, with an opening "host chat" segment reminiscent of the one popularized by Gifford and Regis Philbin on Live! with Regis and Kathie Lee, as well as interviews and features focusing on entertainment, fashion and other topics aimed at female viewers._NEWLINE_On December 11, 2018, NBC and Gifford announced that she will be retiring from her position of anchoring the fourth hour in April 2019, her 11th anniversary since joining Today. Kotb continues co-anchoring the fourth hour. On February 26, 2019, NBC announced that Jenna Bush Hager would replace Gifford. _START_SECTION_ Ratings _START_PARAGRAPH_ From 1995 to 2012, Today generally beat ABC rival Good Morning America in the ratings among all network morning programs. By the week of September 11, 2006, the program earned 6.320 million total viewers, 1.6 million more than the 4.73 million viewers earned by Good Morning America. This gap eventually decreased, as by the week of June 30, 2008, Today was watched by an average of 4.9 million viewers, compared to Good Morning America's 3.8 million._NEWLINE_Furthermore, by the week of October 12, 2008, Today's total viewership had gone up to 4.910 million viewers, compared to second place Good Morning America's total viewership of 4.25 million (and significantly above the 2.66 million viewers earned by CBS' The Early Show). For the week above, the third hour (referred as "Today II" by NBC exclusively for Nielsen ratings counts) drew 2.9 million viewers and the fourth hour (referred in Nielsen ratings as "Today III"), delivered 1.7 million._NEWLINE_For the week of January 4, 2009, the 8:00 a.m. hour of Today averaged 5.998 million viewers; the 9:00 a.m. hour, meanwhile, averaged 4.447 million total viewers and a 1.4 rating among adults aged 25–54, marking that hour's best ratings since the week of August 11, 2008. The 10:00 a.m. hour averaged 2.412 million total viewers and a .8 rating in the demographic, the highest total viewership for that portion of the program since the week of December 31, 2007._NEWLINE_For the week of April 11, 2011, the program passed its 800th consecutive week as the No. 1 rated network morning news program, with 5.662 million total viewers (ahead of Good Morning America by approximately 1.2 million viewers)._NEWLINE_During the week of April 25, 2011, Today averaged 6.424 million viewers, marking its best weekly total viewership since August 11, 2008, during the Beijing Olympics. This was largely buoyed by the April 29 coverage of the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton, which earned 9.628 million viewers (beating Good Morning America's coverage by more than 1.6 million viewers), and was also the best single day rating since November 8, 2000, the day after the 2000 presidential election.

14487122190798130644

Q7812748

_START_ARTICLE_ Todds Tavern, Virginia _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Todds Tavern was the focal point of a cavalry battle on May 7−8, 1864, between the battles of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania Court House during the American Civil War. The Tavern location on Brock Road carried the name of Charles Todd who died about 1850. According to historian Noel Harrison's research, the Todd family had sold the property around 1845 to Flavius Josephus Ballard who then re-sold the property in 1869. The intersection where the tavern stood still maintains the name "Todd's Tavern". Today there is a convenience store at the crossroads where the original tavern sat.

13805721997865026749

Q16957566

_START_ARTICLE_ Together (magazine) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Together is an international lifestyle magazine based in Brussels, Belgium. The magazine is published ten times per year, and was created in 2006 by Jérôme Stéfanski. _START_SECTION_ Distribution _START_PARAGRAPH_ The magazine prints around 20,000 copies of every issue, which are distributed by hosts and hostesses in the environs of Brussels' European institutions such as the European Parliament. _START_SECTION_ Publisher _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2008, David McGowan became the magazine's publisher. _START_SECTION_ Editors _START_PARAGRAPH_ James Drew was the magazine's first editor, from 2007 onwards, and he was joined by his business partner Colin Moors from 2008 to 2010. Drew left the position in May 2011, though Moors and Drew still contribute articles regularly. Drew was followed by Patricia Kelly then by Paul Morris as editor. Morris holds the position since October 2012. _START_SECTION_ Features _START_PARAGRAPH_ The magazine features interviews with entertainers, fashion designers, politicians, and entrepreneurs. It also offers articles and editorials relating to themes such as the European Union, high-class fashion, health, travel, restaurants, achieving success in life, seduction, going out, cinema and culture.

14845741305640821178

Q20534647

_START_ARTICLE_ Tohir Malik _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tohir Malik was born on December 27, 1946 in Tashkent, in a family of military workers. Malik faced difficulties in his childhood in the aftermath of World War II. These difficulties kept Malik from attending secondary school. He instead learned from his older brothers and sisters. Uzbek writer and interpreter Mirzakalon Ismoiliy was his uncle, who was killed by the government in 1949._NEWLINE_Malik's first story was written and published in 1960, Gulxan magazine. In 1963 he entered Tashkent State University and studied journalism. Malik practiced writing short tales, and started writing in fantasy genre, which was new to Uzbekistan. As a student he wrote "Hikmat afandining o'limi", the first ever fantasy fiction story in the history of Uzbekistan. His novels and stories were translated into Russian and other languages. So'nggi o'q led to a 7 part film, while Shaytanata generated a 20 episode series._NEWLINE_After graduation Malik taught in many schools, and became the department director of "Lenin uchquni". He then worked in Republican tele-radio union, for publisher Gulistan and for the Uzbek writers union. _START_SECTION_ Contributions _START_PARAGRAPH_ Malik's work became famous in Uzbekistan. His novel Shaytanat is read in former Soviet Union countries. He helped develop the detective genre in Uzbekistan, penning Falak, Somon yo’li elchilari, Tiriklik suvi, Zaharli g’ubor (rereleased as “Vasvasa”), Chorrahada qolgan odamlar (rereleased as Devona), Charxpalak, Qaldirg’och (rereleased as Savohil), Bir ko’cha bir kecha, So’nggi o’q, Shaytanat, Ov, Murdalar gapirmaydi, Iblis devori, Talvasa, Mehmon tuyg'ular, Jinoyatning uzun yo'li, Odamiylik mulki, Eng kichik jinoyat and Tilla kalamush _START_SECTION_ Honors _START_PARAGRAPH_ Malik was awarded "Uzbekistan's national writer" in 2000 by the edict of President Islam Karimov.

10694843424004420666

Q53567546

_START_ARTICLE_ Tokini Peterside _START_SECTION_ Early life and education _START_PARAGRAPH_ Born in Lagos, Nigeria, Peterside grew up between Nigeria and the United Kingdom, where she studied at Cheltenham Ladies’ College and Westminster School. She graduated with a First Class honours degree in Law from the London School of Economics and Political Science. In 2015, she attended the business school, INSEAD, where she obtained a Master of Business Administration (MBA), and lived between France and Singapore. _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ After graduation from university, Peterside embarked on a career in marketing, and subsequently became Head of Marketing at Moët Hennessy, part of the LVMH Group, in Nigeria._NEWLINE_She founded TP-Collective in 2012, providing strategy, business planning and marketing consulting to luxury and culture businesses in Nigeria, such as ALARA, the David Adjaye-designed luxury concept store; Maki Oh, a luxury fashion designer; and the Executive Producers of Half of a Yellow Sun, the film based on Chimamanda Adichie’s novel, which starred Thandie Newton, Chiwetel Ejiofor and John Boyega._NEWLINE_In 2016, Peterside founded ART X Lagos, the first international art fair in West Africa. Since its debut, ART X Lagos has attracted over 22,000 local and international visitors to see the works of 200 artists drawn from 25 countries across Africa and the Diaspora. The fair has been described as “West Africa’s calling card for contemporary African art fairs” and has featured exhibiting artists and speakers such as El Anatsui, Yinka Shonibare, Njideka Akunyili-Crosby, Bruce Onobrakpeya, Barthelemy Togou, Nastio Mosquito, Godfried Donkor, Zanele Muholi, Nandipha Mntambo, Victor Ehikhamenor, Olu Amoda, Wura-Natasha Ogunji, Modupeola Fadugba, Girma Berta among others._NEWLINE_In July 2018, Peterside led the visiting French President Emmanuel Macron through a special exhibition by ART X Lagos, of contemporary Nigerian art, as part of the 'Celebration of African Culture' hosted at the New Afrika Shrine in Lagos, to launch the African Cultural Season scheduled to hold in France in 2020.

3470518553209354711

Q1135700

_START_ARTICLE_ Tokugawa Tadanaga _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tokugawa Tadanaga (徳川 忠長, 1606 – January 5, 1634) was a Japanese daimyō of the early Edo period. The son of the second shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada, his elder brother was the third shōgun Tokugawa Iemitsu. _START_SECTION_ Life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Often called Suruga Dainagon (the major counsellor of Suruga), Tadanaga was born in 1606. His birth name was Kunichiyo (国千代). The date of his birth is uncertain, and is variously given as May 7, June 1, and December 3. Blessed with military and intellectual prowess and a generosity of spirit, he received support from his mother, Oeyo (or Sūgen'in), who favored him over her other son Takechiyo (the future Iemitsu) to become the third shogun. Just after the death of their father shogun Hidetada, Iemitsu accused his brother, already under house arrest in Kōfu, of insanity, stripped him of all possessions and offices, leaving him to commit seppuku. _NEWLINE_It is also said that Tadanaga's face was similar to his cousin's Toyotomi Hideyori and for that reason that Ieyasu hated and feared Tadanaga._NEWLINE_He married Masahime (1614-1690) later Shoko-in, the daughter of Oda Nobuyoshi, who was the son of Oda Nobunaga.

10380937116320944517

Q3566363

_START_ARTICLE_ Tomáš Poláček _START_SECTION_ Club career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Born in Planá u Mariánských Lázní, he started playing for SK Slavia Praha at the age of 14. In 2000 FK Siad Most bought him from Slavia. In fall 2005 they were promoted to Czech first league. On 1 August 2005 after the 4th round unexpectedly Sparta Prague bought him. He played as starter all 6 group matches of the 2005–06 UEFA Champions League however Sparta ended up 4th and eliminated in the group. In July 2006 he joined FK Mladá Boleslav, where he played until 2010._NEWLINE_In February 2011 after a successful trial Poláček signed with Serbian club FK Sloboda Point Sevojno. He left Serbia in summer 2011 and returned to the Czech Republic where he joined FK Chmel Blšany. In 2014, after a spell at FC Chabry, he joined FC Přední Kopanina. _START_SECTION_ International career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tomáš Poláček has represented Czech Republic at U-15 and U-18 levels.

4922043086647679625

Q3531461

_START_ARTICLE_ Tomás Ó Sé _START_SECTION_ Club _START_PARAGRAPH_ Born in Ard an Bhóthair, Ceann Trá, County Kerry, Ó Sé plays his club football with his local club called An Ghaeltacht and has enjoyed a great deal of success during his career. He made his debut with the club's senior team in the mid-1990s and has been an ever-present fixture in the half-back line since then._NEWLINE_In 2000, an Ghaeltacht reached the final of the county senior championship for the very first time. Ó Sé's side were the red-hot favourites going into the match, however, all did not go as planned as Dr. Croke's took charge. A hard-fought 1–4 to 0–6 score line resulted in defeat for an Ghaeltacht._NEWLINE_In 2001, an Ghaeltacht were out to atone for this defeat. The team regrouped well and reached a second consecutive county final. Tralee-based club Austin Stack's provided the opposition on this occasion, however, Ó Sé's side were well prepared. A conclusive 1–13 to 0–10 victory gave Ó Sé a county winners' medal._NEWLINE_An Ghaeltacht surrendered their club title in 2002, however, the following year Ó Sé's side were back in the county championship decider. Laune Rangers were the opponents on this occasion, however, the game ended in a 0–10 apiece draw. The replay a fortnight later was a much more conclusive affair. A 0–12 to 2–4 score line gave an Ghaeltacht the victory and gave Ó Cinnéide a second county winners' medal in three years. This victory allowed the club to represent Kerry in the provincial club championship. A successful campaign saw Ó Sé's side reach the provincial final against St. Senan's of Clare. A close game developed, however, the Kerrymen held on in the end to secure a 1–8 to 1–6 victory, giving Ó Sé a Munster club winners' medal. An Ghaeltacht continued their march in the All-Ireland series and lined out on St. Patrick's Day 2004 in the All-Ireland club championship final. Caltra, a club from Galway, provided the opposition and an exciting game developed. Dara Ó Cinnéide faced the heartbreak of missing a goal in the dying seconds as an Ghaeltacht lost out by just a single point – 0–13 to 0–12._NEWLINE_The following few years saw Ó Sé enjoy little success with the club after the victories of the earlier parts of the decade. _START_SECTION_ Junior, minor and under-21 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ó Sé first came to prominence on the inter-county scene as a member of the Kerry junior football team in 1995. That year he captured a Munster title following a thrilling 1–21 to 0–19 victory after extra-time against Cork. Kerry's championship run came to an end in the All-Ireland semi-final, when London narrowly defeated Ó Sé's side by 2–10 to 1–12._NEWLINE_By the mid-1990s, Ó Sé had joined the Kerry minor football team. In 1996 Kerry reached the provincial decider, with Ó Sé lining out at centre-back. Age-old rivals Cork provided the opposition, however, a 3–9 to 2–6 gave Ó Sé a Munster title in the minor grade. A place in the All-Ireland final quickly followed with Laois lining out in opposition. A close game developed, however, Ó Sé's side narrowly lost by 2–11 to 1–11._NEWLINE_By 1997, Ó Sé had joined the Kerry under-21 team and a successful three-year spell got underway. In his first year Kerry defeated Cork after a replay to take the Munster title. Ó Sé's side were later defeated in the All-Ireland semi-final._NEWLINE_In 1998, Kerry retained their Munster under-21 crown after a 3–10 to 1–11 defeat of Tipperary. Ó Sé's side went one better on this occasion by reaching the All-Ireland final. Laois provided the opposition, however, Kerry won on a score line of 2–8 to 0–11. It was Ó Sé's first All-Ireland under-21 title._NEWLINE_Kerry made it three Munster titles in-a-row in 1999 following a six-point defeat of Cork. A second consecutive All-Ireland final appearance followed with Westmeath providing the opposition. While Kerry were the favourites the Leinster champions went on to make history by capturing their first All-Ireland title on a score line of 0–12 to 0–9. This was Ó Sé's last game with the Kerry under-21 team. _START_SECTION_ Senior _START_PARAGRAPH_ By this stage Ó Sé was also a member of the kerry senior football team. He made his senior debut in a Munster Championship game against cork in 1998, however, he played no part in Kerry's subsequent defeat of Tipperary in the Munster final. Ó Sé's side were later dumped out of the championship by a Mick O'Dwyer-managed Kildare in the All-Ireland semi-final._NEWLINE_In 1999, Kerry were attempting to secure a fourth provincial title in succession, while Ó Sé was hopeful of winning his first on the field of play. Cork put an end to this dream with a 2–10 to 2–4 win over their great rivals in the Munster final. With that Kerry were dumped out of the championship._NEWLINE_After a low point the previous year, Kerry were back in the provincial decider again in 2000, with Clare providing the opposition. In a disappointing match as regards a contest, Kerry walloped 'the Banner men' by 3–15 to 0–8. It was Ó Sé's first Munster medal on the field of play. Kerry had firmly established their All-Ireland contender credentials, however, the All-Ireland series proved difficult. Ó Sé's side drew with Armagh in the semi-final, while the replay proved just as tense. Both sides finished level after seventy minutes once again and it took a period of extra-time to find a winner. Kerry narrowly emerged from that game as the 2–15 to 1–15 winners and booked a place in the Millennium All-Ireland final. Galway provided the opposition in what was their second championship decider appearance in three years. In a game to forget both sides missed easy chances and seemed apprehensive about taking a lead. Galway trailed by seven points at one stage, but clawed their way back to secure a 0–14 apiece draw. The replay was a much more conclusive affair. Galway worked the ball the length of the field to Declan Meehan who scored a goal to give the westerners a boost. A disputed free with seventeen minutes left in the game gave Kerry a lead which they would not relinquish. At the full-time whistle Kerry were the champions by 0–17 to 1–10. It was Ó Sé's first All-Ireland winners' medal._NEWLINE_Kerry swept through the provincial series with ease again in 2001. A 0–19 to 1–13 defeat of Cork gave Ó Sé a second Munster winners' medal and gave Kerry a boost in their All-Ireland ambitions. In a new innovation called the All-Ireland qualifiers series, Kerry's provincial victory allowed them to advance to the All-Ireland quarter-final. An exciting draw and a replay with Dublin at Semple Stadium gave Ó Sé's side the right to advance to an All-Ireland semi-final showdown with Meath. There was some controversy leading up to the game with new squad member Eoin Brosnan getting the captaincy before the game, despite not yet having established himself as a regular. There was also great debate about the refusal to start the legendary Maurice Fitzgerald, particularly after his performance in the Dublin game. Nonetheless, the public were expecting a classic. In one of the lowest points ever for Kerry football, Ó Sé's side were absolutely demolished by 'the Royals' on a score line of 2–14 to 0–5._NEWLINE_In 2002, Kerry faced more controversy. The team were forced to play a replay of their Munster semi-final against Cork only a few of days after the funeral of the brother of team manager Páidí Ó Sé and father of Tomás, Darragh and Marc Ó Sé. Cork took full advantage and Kerry embarked on a qualifier campaign which saw them account for Wicklow, Fermanagh and Kildare before they trounced reigning champions Galway in the All-Ireland quarter-final before stuffing archrivals Cork in a unique all-Munster All-Ireland semi-final. The subsequent All-Ireland decider pitted Kerry against Armagh in one of the great finals of recent years. The first-half saw everything going Kerry's way while Armagh floundered. The Ulster men lost John McEntee to concussion while Oisín McConville missed a penalty just before the interval. As it stood Armagh trailed by four points at half-time while Darragh Ó Sé gave an inspirational performance. A different Armagh team emerged in the second-half. McConville compensated for his earlier miss by scoring a key goal in the 55th minute. Kerry froze after this and failed to score for the rest of the match as Armagh went on to narrowly win their first All-Ireland by 1–12 to 0–14._NEWLINE_Kerry regrouped after this blow and reached the provincial decider once again in 2003. Limerick provided the opposition; however, they were no match for 'the Kingdom'. A 1–11 to 0–9 victory gave Ó Sé a third Munster winners' medal. After an exciting game with Roscommon, Kerry advanced to an All-Ireland semi-final meeting with Tyrone. After being shocked in the latter stages of the two previous championships, Kerry were out to atone and were favourites going into the match. The whole team struggled, however, and Kerry looked like they were going to be left behind with the new "blanket defence" that was introduced by teams like Armagh and perfected by Tyrone. Many criticised this tactic as a means of stopping talented footballers like Ó Sé and Colm Cooper from playing but few could deny its effectiveness. A 0–13 to 0–6 defeat saw Tyrone advance to the All-Ireland final while Kerry were unceremoniously dumped out of the championship._NEWLINE_2004 saw Jack O'Connor take over as manager of the Kerry team. The year began well with Ó Sé's side reaching the final of the National League. An exciting 3–11 to 1–6 victory saw Kerry claim the title and Ó Sé picked up a first National League winners' medal. Kerry later booked their almost annual spot in the provincial final and, for the second year in succession, Limerick were the opponents. Surprisingly, that game ended in a 1–10 apiece draw. The replay was also a close-run affair; however, Kerry never really looked in danger of losing. A 3–10 to 2–9 victory gave Ó Sé a fourth Munster winners' medal. The All-Ireland series proved no difficulty for Kerry, and 'the Kingdom' booked their place in the All-Ireland final against Mayo. An early goal from Alan Dillon gave the Connacht men some hope, however, the game was effectively over after twenty-five minutes when Colm Cooper scored Kerry's only goal of the day. The points kept coming from Ó Sé's team and an injury-time Michael Conroy goal was nothing but a consolation for Mayo. A 1–20 to 2–9 victory gave Ó Sé a second All-Ireland winners' medal. He ended the year by collecting his first All-Star award._NEWLINE_In 2005, Kerry were hot favourites to retain their All-Ireland title. All was going to plan as Ó Sé's side reached yet another provincial final. In a return to tradition, Cork were the opponents. A close game developed, however, in the end Kerry were the narrow winners by 1–11 to 0–11. It was Ó Sé's eighth Munster winners' medal. Following this win Kerry cruised through the All-Ireland series to reach another championship decider with Tyrone providing the opposition. In one of the great finals of the decade, the result remained in doubt until the final whistle. Dara Ó Cinnéide powered the team ahead with a goal after just six minutes. Tyrone responded in kind with a Peter Canavan goal just before half-time. Ó Sé launched the Kerry comeback in the 57th minute with Kerry's second goal; however, it was too late. Tyrone hung on to win by 1–16 to 2–10. It was Ó Sé's second defeat in an All-Ireland final. There was some consolation when Ó Sé picked up a second All-Star award at the end of the year._NEWLINE_In 2006, Kerry reached the final of the National League and played Galway. Ó Sé's side could only manage three points in the opening half, however, the introduction of Eoin Brosnan transformed the team. At the end of the seventy minutes, a 2–12 to 0–10 score line gave Kerry their 18th National League title. The league win was a false dawn as Kerry went out tamely to Cork in a replay of the Munster final. The team, however, bounced back against Longford to set up a meeting with Armagh in the All-Ireland quarter-final. At half-time it looked as though the Ulser hoodoo would strike again but Kerry blitzed the men from the orchard county in the second half with Ó Sé dominating midfield while Kieran Donaghy shone at full-forward. They won by a score of 3–15 to 1–13, in the process putting an end to the notion that Kerry had no answer to the northern style of defensive play. Kerry again beat Cork in the subsequent semi-final before lining out against Mayo in the All-Ireland final. An unbelievable opening first-half saw Kerry go 2–4 to no score ahead after just ten minutes, courtesy of goals by Declan O'Sullivan and Kieran Donaghy. Colm Cooper slotted a third Kerry goal, however, Mayo settled and reduced the deficit to 3–8 to 3–2 at half-time. The second thirty-five minutes saw Kerry run riot while the westerners could only muster three points. A final score of 4–15 to 3–5 gave Kerry another All-Ireland title and gave Ó Sé his third All-Ireland winners' medal._NEWLINE_In 2007, Ó Sé had a fine National League campaign which carried on into the Munster championship. That year Kerry faced Cork in the provincial decider once again. A close game developed, however, at the full-time whistle Kerry were the champions by 1–15 to 1–13. It was Ó Sé's sixth Munster winners' medal. Kerry then had the narrowest of victories in their All-Ireland quarter-final against Monaghan, before defeating Dublin in a glamour All-Ireland semi-final. The subsequent All-Ireland final was an historic occasion as Kerry faced Cork in the very first all-Munster championship decider. While the first half was played on an even keel, 'the Kingdom' ran riot in the second half and a rout ensued. Cork goalkeeper Alan Quirke came in for much criticism after conceding some easy goals. At the full-time whistle Cork were trounced by 3–13 to 1–9. It was a fourth All-Ireland medal for Ó Sé. A third All-Star award quickly followed._NEWLINE_2008 began in controversial circumstances as Ó Sé's side lost team captain Paul Galvin to suspension after an incident with referee Paddy Russell in the Munster semi-final against Clare. The subsequent Munster final saw Kerry take an eight-point lead over Cork at half-time. 'The Rebels' fought back and, in a massive downpour, Kerry could only muster three points in the second period of play as Cork secured a remarkable 1–16 to 1–11 victory. Kerry worked their way through the qualifiers to an All-Ireland final appearance against Tyrone. An exciting game developed, one that was more competitive than the routs that had taken place at the same stage of the championship over the previous two years. The sides were level seven times before Colm Cooper nudged Kerry 0–8 to 0–7 ahead before the interval. Tyrone simply wore Kerry into the ground in the second half as a priceless goal from Tommy McGuigan and a string of late points inspired Tyrone to their third All-Ireland title of the decade. In spite of the defeat Ó Sé picked up a fourth All-Star._NEWLINE_In 2009, Ó Sé picked up his third National League winners' medal following a defeat of Derry. Kerry's next game was a Munster semi-final meeting with Cork. That game ended in a draw, however, Kerry were well beaten in the replay. 'The Kingdom' were subsequently banished to the qualifiers where they had some unimpressive wins over Longford, Sligo and Antrim. Ó Sé and his squad later lined out in the All-Ireland quarter-final and thrashed Dublin before overcoming Meath in a disappointing semi-final. The subsequent All-Ireland final saw Kerry face Cork for the third time in that year's championship. Ó Sé's side entered the game as slight underdogs, however, they had the trump card of having never lost a game to Cork at Croke Park. Kerry stuttered in the opening period and trailed by 0–1 to 1–3 early in the first-half. The Kerry team stuck to their gameplan while Cork recorded fourteen wides. At the full-time whistle Kerry were the champions again by 0–16 to 1–9. It was Ó Sé's sixth All-Ireland winners' medal, his fifth on the field of play. His contribution to the championship was later recognised when he picked up a fifth All-Star award while also being named Texaco Footballer of the Year._NEWLINE_In 2010, Ó Sé bowed out of the championship in disgrace. Having started the championship brightly, beating Cork in the Munster championship semi-final, Kerry met Limerick in the final. Limerick led early on but Kerry rallied in the later stages and secured the win. In the aftermath of the game, video footage of the game exposed Ó Sé as having made numerous attempts to elbow Limerick star forward Stephen Kelly in the head. Ó Sé's actions were carried out under the radar of the referee in charge and therefore went unpunished. However, the CCCC handed him a ban a week later which saw him on the side lines until Kerry were eventually knocked out of the championship by Down._NEWLINE_In 2011, Ó Sé's first championship match was against Tipperary in the Munster senior football championship quarter final. The game contained a number of talking points, but the main one occurred when Ó Sé was involved in an off-the-ball incident with Hugh Coghlan from Tipperary in front of the stand in the 33rd minute. The linesman witnessed Ó Sé strike Coghlan, leaving match official Maurice Condon with no option but to red card Ó Sé. Since this was the second such offence for Ó Sé in the space of a year – though his first offence against Limerick's Stephen Kelly's was dealt with post-match in 2010 – the mandatory ban was doubled up to 2 months which again saw him sit out the remainder of the Munster championship._NEWLINE_2012 started in a similar fashion for Ó Sé. Kerry's first outing in the national league was against Tipperary. Having become involved in an off-the-ball incident with Tipperary wing-forward Hugh Coughlan, the referee was alerted to Ó Sé's indiscretion by the linesman, with the straight red card that followed meaning that the defender was again suspended._NEWLINE_Ó Sé returned to the fray in Kerry's league tie with Laois. Ó Sé played for approximately 10 minutes before being sent off again having become involved in an off the ball incident. The referee brandished the red for a 'striking' offence. Due to this being a 3rd such infraction inside 10 months, the mandatory ban was again doubled meaning Tomas was forced to sit out the remainder of the national league._NEWLINE_In 2013, Kerry started the league slowly, with losses at the hands of Mayo, Dublin, Kildare and champions Donegal. Relegation was looming. During the game against Donegal, Ó Sé was red carded for an off the ball incident with Ryan McHugh. This was Tomas' fifth red card between 2010 and 2013, all 5 involving 'off the ball' incidents. Tomas sat out the next game against Down, which Kerry won and registered their first win of the league campaign._NEWLINE_In October 2013, Ó Sé announced his retirement from inter-county football.Éamonn Fitzmaurice, who was managing Kerry at the time, paid tribute to Ó Sé, saying he was "the best wing back that I have seen play the game, In many ways Tomás epitomised everything that Kerry football is all about. His commitment, determination and never-say-die attitude were plainly visible every time he took to the pitch." _START_SECTION_ Media career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ó Sé joined RTÉ's The Sunday Game and quickly established himself as a regular analyst. He is often called upon to use the machine which RTÉ have had installed in their studio and seems to have acquired a mastery of it when compared to his fellow footballing analysts, such as the creakier Colm O'Rourke._NEWLINE_Ó Sé was working for RTÉ on their television coverage of the 2019 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship semi-final between Dublin and Mayo at Croke Park on Saturday 10 August. Tomás went to the toilet at the start of the second half. Mayo had a half-time lead of two points. By the time Tomás had returned to the RTÉ studio, after emptying himself into the toilet, Dublin had scored 1–2 on their way to defeating Mayo and confirming their place in a fifth successive All-Ireland SFC final. Tomás's trip to the toilet was remarked upon during the post-match analysis as an example of how quickly Dublin had turned the match in their favour. While Tomás was on (or possibly over) the toilet (he declined to reveal the exact manner in which he had relieved himself), Con O'Callaghan scored the first of his two goals in the game, following a Dean Rock point from a free. A point from Niall Scully completed the 1–2 missed by while Tomás was on or over the toilet. Joe Brolly, writing in the following day's Sunday Independent, referred to Ó Sé's "mistake" that coincided with Mayo's "melting down". On The Sunday Night highlights programme on the night after the match, Tomás's trip to the toilet was again discussed and dissected as part of the semi-final games analysis. However, no further details were revealed._NEWLINE_Ó Sé also writes for the Irish Independent.

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_START_ARTICLE_ Tom Anderson (politician) _START_SECTION_ Early life and career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Anderson was born in Anchorage, one of two sons of Col. Tom R. Anderson, former director of the Alaska State Troopers and later general manager of the Sullivan Arena, and his wife Christiane. Anderson attended Muldoon Elementary School and Clark Junior High, and graduated from Bartlett High School in 1985. He attended University of Alaska Anchorage (UAA) from 1985 to 1993, earning a B.A. in Political Science in 1989 and an M.A. in Public Administration in 1993. Beginning in 1991, while still a student at UAA, he served as chief of staff for Representative Terry Martin, an East Anchorage Republican who was first elected to the House in 1978. In that capacity, Anderson was also an aide for the legislature's Budget and Audit Committee and the House Finance Committee. During this time he was also on the board of directors for the Anchorage Parking Authority Board from 1992 to 1995 and, from 1995 to 1996, he was vice-chair of the Anchorage Light & Power Commission._NEWLINE_Anderson then returned to school, attending Hamline School of Law in St. Paul, Minnesota, from 1996 to 1999, when he earned his Juris Doctor, and on returning to Anchorage became a legal and public affairs consultant. He served on the Anchorage Zoning Board of Appeals and Examiners from 1999 to 2001 and in 2000 was a member of the transition team for Anchorage Mayor George Wuerch. He also worked as a law clerk for local attorneys._NEWLINE_In August 2000, Anderson was appointed over 29 other applicants by the Anchorage School Board, on a vote of 5 to 1, to fill out the term of school board member Kathi Gillespie, who had resigned the previous month. In April 2001, Anderson was defeated for a full term on the board by challenger Jake Metcalfe. _START_SECTION_ Consulting business _START_PARAGRAPH_ Anderson registered for a business license for a consulting business called Alaska Strategic Consultants on November 9, 1999. In 2001, Anderson, through his consulting business, had six clients, each of which paid him over $1,000. The clients included the electronic parts supplier Frigid North and the bar, restaurant, and liquor trade association Anchorage Cabaret, Hotel, Restaurant and Retailers Association (CHARR). In 2002, Anderson, acting as CHARR's executive director, received $40,800 from the association. _START_SECTION_ 23rd Alaska Legislature _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2002 Anderson, then serving as executive director of the Anchorage Cabaret, Hotel, Restaurant and Retailers Association (CHARR), a trade association of Anchorage-area bars and restaurants, ran as a Republican against Democrat Owen Carey for Alaska House District 19, covering the Muldoon area of Anchorage. He defeated Carey in the November 5 election._NEWLINE_With other legislators, Anderson was sworn into office at the state capital in Juneau as a member of the 23rd Alaska Legislature on January 21, 2003. Anderson served as chair of the House Labor and Commerce Committee and Vice-Chair of the House Judiciary Committee. He was also a member of the House committees on Community and Regional Affairs and Administrative Regulation Review, the Finance Subcommittees in the Administration, Corrections, Public Safety, and Revenue committees, and, during the first legislative session (in 2003), the Conference Committee on SJR 8._NEWLINE_During the first legislative session in 2003, Anderson championed House Bill 49, of which he was co-sponsor, to expand the state DNA database by requiring DNA samples from all convicted felons; any person convicted of a felony or misdemeanor crime against a person, such as assault; and anyone convicted of a misdemeanor sex offense. The bill applied the DNA sample requirement retroactively to people currently imprisoned or on parole for those crimes, as well as anyone required to register as a sex offender. Some serious juvenile offenders were also included under HB 49. The bill enjoyed wide bipartisan support, and was signed into law by Gov. Frank Murkowski on June 13, 2003. However, in October 2003 a federal judge issued a temporary restraining order which disallowed the state from requiring DNA samples from convicted sex offenders who had completed their sentences unless the state had first obtained a warrant and shown probable cause to believe a crime had been committed. Ultimately, the portion of the law requiring registered sex offenders who had completed their sentences to provide DNA samples was struck down as unconstitutional by U.S. District Judge John Sedwick; other provisions of the law remained intact._NEWLINE_In the second legislative session in 2004, Anderson was the House sponsor of a "payday loan" bill to regulate short-term, high-interest loans. The bill was passed and signed into law by Gov. Frank Murkowski in June 2004. Critics charges that the new law did not regulate loaners enough, still permitting them to charge fees for payday loans that amounted to interest rates of over 300 percent when calculated on an annual percentage basis. An Associated Press wire story about the bill noted that Anderson had received campaign contributions of $500 each (for a total of $1000) from the two co-owners of Cash Alaska, a payday lending company that had also hired former state senator Tim Kelly to push for the bill. (The Senate sponsor of the bill, John Cowdery, had received a $500 campaign contribution from one of the owners of the business). _START_SECTION_ Northeast Community Council _START_PARAGRAPH_ Anderson played a significant role over two years from 2002 to 2004 in changing the composition of Anchorage's Northeast Community Council to reflect more conservative political and economic views. Anderson encouraged friends and allies, including pastors and members of the locally influential Anchorage Baptist Temple, to pack the town meeting-style community council elections. By May 2004, six of the nine community council board members, including its president, were friends and political allies of Anderson. While Anchorage's community councils have no real authority, they are influential with the Anchorage Assembly because, according to Dick Traini, then chair of the Anchorage Assembly, "they are the active people in the community that choose to be involved." Community council involvement has been a first step in the political careers of several Alaska politicians._NEWLINE_In July 2004, Anderson was criticized in an Anchorage Daily News editorial for signing a $10,000 contract in 2003 with the Alaska oilfield services company VECO Corporation to consult "on local government and community council affairs." Anderson had earlier told the Anchorage Daily News that he'd been approached by VECO after the end of the 2003 legislative session because it was aware he'd done similar consulting work before he became a legislator. He told the newspaper that most of his work for VECO was in seeking out civic and charitable events for the company to get involved in, and that he also monitored Anchorage's community councils to see if there were zoning cases or other issues under discussion that might affect VECO. The newspaper noted that Anderson had received about $4,000 in campaign contributions from VECO employees or their spouses in the 2002 election that won him his first term in the Alaska House. By July 2004 he had received at least $3,500 in VECO-related contributions for his 2004 reelection bid._NEWLINE_Members of the community council later recalled Anderson attending all their meetings during 2003, and assumed he was attending as their representative in the state legislature. They did not learn he was there as a consultant for VECO until 2004, when his state financial disclosure form was filed with the Alaska Public Offices Commission, as required by law._NEWLINE_By the April 2006 election for Northeast Community Council, the effects of the 2004 takeover had been partially reversed, leaving the council nearly half and half liberal and conservative. _START_SECTION_ 24th Alaska Legislature _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2004, Anderson ran for reelection to the Alaska House of Representatives. He defeated fellow Republican Louis Mayo in the August primary and in the November 2 general election defeated Democratic challenger Peggy Robinson._NEWLINE_In September 2005 it was disclosed that Anderson and Lesil McGuire, a fellow Republican representative from Anchorage, had married during the summer and that Anderson was moving out of his district to live with McGuire in her South Anchorage residence. Anderson stated that he intended to serve out the remainder of his term and not run for re-election. Alaska law specifies that legislative candidates must have lived in their district for at least one year immediately before filing for office, but nothing is said in the statute about legislators being required to maintain residence in their district for the entire course of their term. _START_SECTION_ Federal corruption probe _START_PARAGRAPH_ On August 31 and September 1, 2006, the FBI served some 20 search warrants in Anchorage, Juneau, Wasilla, Eagle River, Girdwood and Willow, primarily on the offices of several legislators. Anderson's office was not searched, but as it became clear that legislators' ties to VECO Corporation was one target of the raids, Anderson, along with Sen. Ben Stevens (whose office had been searched), became the subject of articles in the Anchorage Daily News scrutinizing Anderson's and Stevens' outside incomes as consultants. Disclosure of the search warrant served on Rep. Vic Kohring, another of the six legislators searched, revealed that federal investigators were also interested in information related to Anchorage developer Marc Marlow and about Cornell Companies' effort in cooperation with VECO Corporation to build a private prison in Whittier, an effort which failed due to lack of local support. The Daily News observed, "Those documents, though lacking detail or context, suggest that the probe is wide-ranging and not focused on any one company, issue or individual." _START_SECTION_ Indictment and arrest _START_PARAGRAPH_ On December 7, 2006, Anderson was arrested on a federal warrant at his home by agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and was held overnight in the Anchorage jail. Anderson had been indicted the previous day on seven counts, including two counts of extortion, one count of bribery, one count of conspiracy, and three counts of money laundering involving the use of a sham corporation to hide the origin of the bribery payments._NEWLINE_Anderson was specifically accused of accepting a share of $26,000 from a private corrections company funneled to him through a shell corporation called Pacific Publishing that was set up by a lobbyist, identified in Anderson's charging documents as "Lobbyist A" and later identified as prominent Anchorage lobbyist Bill Bobrick, to disguise the source of payments. Unbeknownst to Anderson or Bobrick, their contact with the private corporations company was a confidential source of the FBI working undercover. According to federal prosecutors, the private corrections company — unidentified in the court documents but widely believed to be Cornell Companies — was not implicated in the plot, and had been unaware of the FBI investigation until Anderson's indictment and arrest. The confidential informant in the case was Frank Prewitt, a former commissioner of the Alaska Department of Corrections who took a job with Cornell Companies after it purchased Allvest. Two of the early private prisons venture partners were caught up in the ongoing Alaska political corruption probe leading to blogger and press speculation that Prewitt's service to the federal government may have been the result of a secret plea agreement although no formal charges were placed. He wore a wire to record conversations in meetings with probe targets. Court documents filed on March 22, 2010 in a criminal appeal indicated that Prewitt had been paid $200,000 for his assistance. The video of Prewitt making arrangements with Anderson was shown at evidence in the trial. _START_SECTION_ Prosecution _START_PARAGRAPH_ The case against Anderson was prosecuted by Nicholas A. Marsh and Edward P. Sullivan of the Public Integrity Section of the U.S. Department of Justice, as part of a larger probe of political corruption in Alaska, and Assistant U.S. Attorneys Joseph W. Bottini and James A. Goeke of the District of Alaska. Nicholas A. Marsh, 37, committed suicide two years after being part of the Justice Department team that convicted Stevens on corruption charges that were eventually thrown out. A ruling against federal prosecutors by U.S. District Court Judge Emmet Sullivan in February 2012 included a report detailing "the systematic concealment of significant exculpatory evidence" and "widespread and at times intentional misconduct" by Justice Department lawyers during the prosecution of the late Sen. Ted Stevens, R-Alaska, be made public by March 15, 2012. _START_SECTION_ Defense _START_PARAGRAPH_ Anderson was represented by Anchorage attorney Paul Stockler, a former state prosecutor who usually handles civil litigation. Stockler successfully defended an Anchorage aviation company against federal weapons charges in a prominent case in 2006. Anderson had originally hoped to be represented by attorney Jeff Feldman, but Feldman's case load, which included representation of BP in an investigation and prosecution arising out of an oil spill on Alaska's North Slope in 2006 made it impossible for him to take on Anderson's defense as well._NEWLINE_A letter soliciting funds for the Tom Anderson Defense Fund was sent to about 100 individuals in February 2007 in order to help Anderson defray legal costs, which it was estimated would cost up to $250,000 due to extensive pretrial preparation and a trial which was expected to last about two weeks. _START_SECTION_ Bobrick charged, pled guilty _START_PARAGRAPH_ On May 14, 2007, William "Bill" Bobrick, a prominent municipal lobbyist in Anchorage and former executive director of the Alaska Democratic Party, was charged with one count of conspiracy to commit extortion, bribery, and money laundering in the same scheme for which Anderson was indicted the previous December. Bobrick was the creator of the shell corporation, Pacific Publishing, through which money was allegedly funneled to Anderson. Bobrick also received money through the scheme. Bobrick appeared in U.S. District Court in Anchorage on May 16, where he entered a guilty plea. Bobrick will not be sentenced until after the trial of Tom Anderson, scheduled to begin June 25, where Bobrick will testify for the prosecution. Under sentencing guidelines Bobrick faced a possible 2 to 2-1/2 years imprisonment, but his sentence was five months in prison and five months home confinement plus fines and community service. _START_SECTION_ Trial and sentencing _START_PARAGRAPH_ Anderson's trial was originally scheduled to begin on February 12, 2007, was changed to April 9, 2007, and was later rescheduled to begin on June 25, 2007, in order to give Anderson's attorney sufficient time to review evidence._NEWLINE_Jury selection for the trial began on June 25, 2007, drawing from a pool of 102 potential jurors from as far away as Dillingham and Bethel. Several potential jurors were challenged because they had already made judgments about Anderson's guilt or innocence or for other reasons. One potential juror was excluded because she had researched Anderson on Wikipedia._NEWLINE_On July 9, 2007, after a half day of deliberations and another half of a day to come to their conclusions, a jury found Anderson guilty on all seven charges of extortion, bribery, conspiracy and money laundering. Anderson said he would appeal the verdict, claiming that, ""The prosecution has criminalized being a legislator over this past year. And I think I fell victim to that." His sentencing was scheduled for October 2, 2007, but was delayed until October 14, 2007. Anderson faced a maximum penalty of 20 years imprisonment and a $250,000 fine on the extortion counts; 20 years and a $500,000 fine on each of the money laundering counts; 10 years and a $250,000 fine on the bribery count; and five years and a $250,000 fine on the conspiracy count. He was ultimately sentenced to a term of 60 months in prison and was required to surrender to the Federal Prison Camp in Sheridan, Oregon, on December 3, 2007. Anderson was released from FCI Sheridan on February 1, 2011. He was designated to a Federal Community Corrections Center (halfway house) in Seattle, Washington until May 2011 and then returned home to Anchorage.

10045812876559215387

Q20807305

_START_ARTICLE_ Tom Davies (footballer, born 1992) _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Born in Warrington, England, Davies started his career with local junior side Grappenhall Juniors where he was spotted by Manchester United and Manchester City and invited for trials with both clubs. He subsequently signed for Manchester United as an eight-year-old, where he spent four years at the club as a youth player before he was released in 2005. He later signed for Blackburn Rovers but was released at the age of sixteen having failed to earn a scholarship._NEWLINE_Whilst he was at studying at college he had brief spells at non-league sides Warrington Town and Runcorn Town before being offered a football scholarship at Northumbria University. And cameo Preston Whilst at University he played for Team Northumbria of the Northern Football League Division Two. In his first season with the club he won the League and Cup double, gaining promotion to Division One. He also featured in the 2012 Northumberland Senior Cup final at St James' Park scoring twice in a defeat to Newcastle United Reserves on penalties after a 4–4 draw. After completing his degree in the summer of 2013, he returned home and signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side FC United of Manchester after impressing on trial._NEWLINE_In March 2014, after impressing with FC United he signed for Football League Two side Fleetwood Town on an eighteen-month contract, and was immediately loaned back to his former club until the end of the season. He made a total 45 appearances for the FC United, scoring five goals. After failing to secure a place in the Fleetwood side, in October 2014 he was loaned to Conference Premier side Alfreton Town on a one-month loan deal. In November 2014 his loan was extended for a further month, in total he made eleven appearances for the club. In February 2015, he was sent out on loan again to the Conference Premier, signing for Lincoln City on a one-month loan deal. However, he failed to make an impact and only made one appearance as a substitute for Sean Newton in a 2–0 defeat to Bristol Rovers. In March 2015, he was sent out again to the Conference Premier, signing for Southport on loan until the end of the season. He made nine appearances for the Sandgrounders helping them avoid relegation to the National League North._NEWLINE_In May 2015, he was released by Fleetwood and signed for Football League Two side Accrington Stanley on a one-year deal. He made his professional debut in August 2015 in the 1–1 draw with Luton Town. He scored his first goal for the club in a 3–2 win at Cambridge United on 21 November 2015. _START_SECTION_ Coventry City _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 31 August 2017, Davies signed for Coventry City for a nominal fee from Portsmouth, on a two-year deal.

4807690104441619317

Q2352807

_START_ARTICLE_ Tom Lewis (golfer) _START_SECTION_ Amateur career _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2009, Lewis won the Boys Amateur Championship at Royal St George's. In 2010, he lost to Peter O'Malley in a playoff for the New South Wales Open, and then tied for 12th place at the Australian Open. This was followed by victory on the Old Course at St Andrews in the 2011 St Andrews Links Trophy._NEWLINE_Lewis qualified for the 2011 Open Championship at Royal St George's via Local Final Qualifying at Rye. In the first round he shot a five-under-par 65, giving him a share of the lead alongside Thomas Bjørn. This was the lowest single-round score by an amateur in Open Championship history, and the equal lowest in any major championship. It made him the first amateur to lead a major after a round since Mike Reid in the 1976 U.S. Open and the first amateur to lead the Open Championship since Michael Bonallack in 1968. One of Lewis's first-round partners was Tom Watson, after whom he is named. Lewis finished tied for 30th place and as the low amateur, he won the Silver Medal. _START_SECTION_ Professional career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Lewis turned professional after the 2011 Walker Cup. He made his professional debut at the Austrian Golf Open in September , shooting a two-over-par 74 in the first round. He recovered to finish in a tie for tenth. His maiden professional win came the following month at the Portugal Masters on the European Tour, shooting rounds of 70, 64, 68, and 65 to finish two shots clear of the field. It was his third professional start. In December he was crowned the European Tour's Sir Henry Cotton Rookie of the Year._NEWLINE_Lewis played on the European Tour from 2012 with limited success. He lost his place after the 2016 season but regained it after a good performance at Q-school._NEWLINE_Lewis showed a return to form in 2018. He played a number of the Challenge Tour events. He was joint third in the Swedish Challenge in August before winning the Bridgestone Challenge in September and finish joint third again in the Kazakhstan Open the following week. A week later he won his second Portugal Masters title on the European Tour. He had four other top-10 finishes on the European Tour, including a tie for fifth place in the Sky Sports British Masters and a tie for seventh in the DP World Tour Championship, Dubai. He finished 41st in the Order of Merit._NEWLINE_On 2 September 2019, Lewis won the Korn Ferry Tour Championship and earned his PGA Tour card for the 2019–20 season.

13359983442962701438

Q15882954

_START_ARTICLE_ Tom Noordhoff _START_SECTION_ Ajax _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 11 May 2012, Noordhoff signed a three-year contract with Ajax, tying him down to the club until 30 June 2015. He made his debut for Jong Ajax in a Eerste Divisie match against Achilles '29 on 8 September 2013. He made a total of 15 appearances playing for the reserves team in the Dutch second division, while unable to break into the first team, his contract was not extended. _START_SECTION_ Telstar _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 29 April 2015 it was announced that Noordhoff would return to SC Telstar, the club he had joined Ajax from during his youth years.

2144698956881702159

Q7817546

_START_ARTICLE_ Tom Shaw (American football) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Thomas Leonard Shaw (December 11, 1928 - December 23, 2017) was an American football quarterback. _START_SECTION_ Football career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Shaw was born in Portland, Oregon, where, as a high school football quarterback, he led Grant High School to back-to-back state football championships in 1946 and 1947. Shaw also played basketball and baseball for Grant and was inducted into the Portland Interscholastic League Hall of Fame in 2005._NEWLINE_Shaw played college baseball and football for Stanford University, and was the starting quarterback for the 1948 season. Shaw was the backup to Gary Kerkorian for the 1949 and 1950 seasons. (Kerkorian, in turn, would become the backup to Shaw's younger brother George for the NFL's Baltimore Colts in 1955.)

6435146575859087947

Q27049871

_START_ARTICLE_ Tom Stiris _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tom Arne Stiris (born 10 March 1954 in Oslo) is a Norwegian pediatrician. He is Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Oslo and has been President of the European Academy of Paediatrics since 2013. He was also President of the European Society for Pediatric Research 2004–2008, a board member of the International Pediatric Research Foundation 2008–2012 and Vice President of the European Academy of Paediatrics 2011–2013. Stiris has been a senior consultant pediatrician at the Department of Neonatal Intensive Care at Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål since 1994, became Medical Director in 2014 and Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Oslo in 2018. He qualified as a doctor in Dublin in 1979 and earned a research doctorate in medicine at the University of Oslo in 1992. He was a Professor at the Autonomous University of Madrid from 1991. Stiris is a son of the physician Gabriel Philip Stiris and Gertrud Schwarzman, and is of Litvak descent.

10717682669163370891

Q22089340

_START_ARTICLE_ Tom Weinberg _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tom Weinberg is a Chicago native filmmaker, independent documentary producer, and television producer. From an early age, he held an interest in television and media. He founded the independent video archive Media Burn in 2003, and currently sits on the board of directors as president. As a producer, he focused on guerrilla television and revolutionizing ways in which the public could have access to news other than what was displayed within the mainstream media. Some of his notable works include The 90s, the Emmy Award-winning Image Union, and the TVTV video collective._NEWLINE_A major advocate for independent film producers, Weinberg formed the Media Burn Independent Archive as a way to archive and digitize independent film and documentaries. This archive has received recognition by the National Archives as well as Save America's Treasures due to its distinctive collection of private works that are essential to the history of the relationship between Chicago's film, media, and politics._NEWLINE_His presence was and still remains an influential role in Chicago's media and television. _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1947, the Weinberg family purchased their first television set, which was the beginning of Tom Weinberg's fascination with television media. He earned his MBA from New York University in 1968, then continued to work for his father's business at the Py-O My Baking Mix Company. After his father died and the business was sold, Weinberg pursued a career in television._NEWLINE_Weinberg was first employed at the Channel 26 television station in Chicago as a stock market reporter. Eventually, as a producer, he created the show "A Black's View of the News," which was a news show featuring black anchors addressing topics regarding black culture and events, aimed at a black audience. At Channel 26, he did extensive news coverage on cases such as the Chicago Seven trial. _START_SECTION_ TVTV _START_PARAGRAPH_ Weinberg co-founded the TVTV video collective in 1972 along with Allen Rucker, Michael Shamberg, Hudson Marquez, and Megan Williams. Its purpose was to provide the public with important news coverage that was not broadcast on mainstream media. The World's Largest TV Show and Four More Years were two documentaries produced by this collective. _START_SECTION_ It's a Living _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1975, Weinberg was part of producing Chicago's first independent series on television, It's a Living, which was also featured on Chicago's WTTW channel. The show was meant to capture the everyday lives of working-class people and for those individuals to give their own stories. The idea of this show was based on Studs Terkel's book Working. It's a Living was aired from 1975 to 1976, which included a one-hour episode and six half-hours. Weinberg also collaborated with other Chicago video pioneers Anda Korsts and Jim Wiseman on this groundbreaking project. _START_SECTION_ Image Union _START_PARAGRAPH_ After a meeting with the Corporation for Public Broadcasting in 1976, Weinberg produced the television series Image Union, which showcased the raw works of independent filmmakers. With the advances made in guerrilla television, this show served as a way for the public to access the footage of independent filmmakers in the Chicago area. In 1978, the show was first aired by the WTTW station (PBS in Chicago) on Saturday night. By the 80s, as many as 150,000 people tuned in for the hour-long episodes. Due to its popularity, Image Union expanded to other cities across the country and later received four Emmy awards. Although Image Union still airs on television, Weinberg later left the show to pursue other projects. The first decade's worth of episodes can be found at the Media Burn Archive. _START_SECTION_ The 90s _START_PARAGRAPH_ Weinberg, along with fellow producer Joel Cohen, created the television series The 90s as a way to change broadcasting and the way that the general public could access mainstream media and news coverage. Documentary footage was often used, and the show included politics, talk segments, and interviews. Because of the advances in portable camera technology, The 90s and other forms of "alternative television" were able to be created. The show generated an audience of 25 million while PBS aired it on 25 stations. _START_SECTION_ Media Burn _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2003, Tom Weinberg founded the Media Burn Independent Video Archive in Chicago, Illinois. Before this, there was not an archive for any of the surviving works done by Chicago and global independent documentary filmmakers, especially those filmed during the guerrilla television era that had stemmed from the civil unrest of the 1960s. Media Burn has received notability and recognition from the National Archives and Save America's Treasures. This archive holds more than 8000 videos, and in recent years, upwards of 18 million views on the internet at mediaburn.org, YouTube and social media.

17985743237911239127

Q7818036

_START_ARTICLE_ Tom Whitecloud _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ He was born in New York City, October 8, 1914. His mother was white and his father, Thomas S. Whitecloud, was Chippewa and a graduate of the Yale Law School. When the Whiteclouds divorced, and Thomas's father returned to the Lac Du Flambeau Reservation in Wisconsin, to remarry and raise a family, Thomas St. Germain Whitecloud remained with his mother, but he seems to have spent time on the reservation as well._NEWLINE_The younger Whitecloud encountered difficult times growing up. He was in and out of public schools as well as federal Indian schools in Albuquerque, Chilocco, and Santa Fe. He made an unsuccessful attempt at college studies at the University of New Mexico but finally settled down to serious study at the University of Redlands, where he also met and married Barbara Ibanez. Meanwhile, during his youth, he had been a farm worker, truck driver, mechanic, handyman, and boxer, among others.but his father divorced and remarried, and he was raised on the Lac du Flambeau Indian Reservation near Woodruff, Wisconsin. Whitecloud studied in New Mexico and California, receiving his degree in medicine from Tulane University. Throughout his life, he worked with institutions like the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to further Indian causes. He lived in Louisiana and Texas, and was a consultant for the Texas Commission on Alcoholism and Drug Abuse for Indians at the time of his death in 1972._NEWLINE_"Blue Winds Dancing" (1938), Whitecloud's most famous story, is about a young man's struggle to exist in ancient and modern America. It consists of a lyrical account of his journey home, and is anthologized in the Heath Anthology of American Literature. The story stands out in contemporary literature for its acceptance, lyrical prose, vivid imagery, and social observations. Whitecloud is cited as the author of a prayer to the Father, the Creator, which emphasized Indigenous spirituality in relation to nature.

8266263072053377741

Q526531

_START_ARTICLE_ Tomišelj _START_SECTION_ Name _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tomišelj was attested in written records in 1397 and 1436 as Domischel (and as Thomuschl in 1415 and Tomischel in 1468). The name was nominalized from an adjective form of a hypocorism, which would have been *Tomisel, and the name therefore means 'Tomisel's village'. In the past the German name was Tomischl. _START_SECTION_ Church _START_PARAGRAPH_ The local parish church is dedicated to Our Lady of the Rosary and belongs to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ljubljana. It was built by Gregor Maček, Sr., at the initiative of Mihael Omersa from 1720 until 1724 on the site of a small predecessor church, where the oldest votive deposit dated to 1519 according to an old urbarium.

11630169829958553545

Q6221117

_START_ARTICLE_ Tommi Vaiho _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vaiho began his career with IF Brommapojkarna and moved in 2003 to Djurgårdens IF._NEWLINE_He joined the club from the junior squad at the start of the 2005 season, but is still to make his Allsvenskan debut for DIF, he played only three Svenska Cupen games. He was later loaned out in the season 2007 to Värtans IK and in 2008 played eleven games for IK Frej in the Division 2 Norra Svealand. Vaiho left on loan to Vasalunds IF in January 2009. He returned to Djurgården after the season. Vaiho made his Allsvenskan debut on 14 March 2010, against BK Häcken._NEWLINE_On 8 December 2016 Vaiho signed a 3-year deal with Djurgårdens IF. _START_SECTION_ Streak _START_PARAGRAPH_ While mostly being used as a second-choice goalkeeper, Vaiho has not lost a game in the Allsvenskan since 2011, when his team Djurgården lost to GAIS. Since then, Vaiho has played in 33 league games in the top division without losing one.

14786932051567986065

Q2012622

_START_ARTICLE_ Tommy Peoples _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tommy Peoples (20 September 1948 – 4 August 2018) was an Irish fiddler who played in the Donegal fiddle tradition. _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Peoples was born near St. Johnston, County Donegal, in Ulster, Ireland. He was a member of traditional Irish music groups, including 1691 and The Bothy Band as well as performing solo from the late 1960s. He played in the fiddle style of East Donegal. _NEWLINE_After moving to Dublin in the 1960s, where he was employed as a Garda (member of the Irish police force), he subsequently moved to County Clare and married Mary Linnane, daughter of Kitty Linnane, long-time leader of the Kilfenora Céilí Band. He lived in the village of St Johnston. His daughter Siobhán Peoples is also a fiddler._NEWLINE_Tommy Peoples was the Traditional Musician In Residence at The Balor Arts Centre, Ballybofey, County Donegal._NEWLINE_In July 2015, he launched a self-published book Ó Am go hAm - From Time to Time. The book combines a fiddle tutor by Peoples, along with illustrations and a complete notation of 130 original tunes by Peoples. The book also includes many stories and incidents from his life and musical career._NEWLINE_He died on 4 August 2018.

17960310198914739471

Q95565

_START_ARTICLE_ Toni Blankenheim _START_PARAGRAPH_ Toni Blankenheim (12 December 1921 – 11 December 2012) was a German operatic baritone. He notably sang major roles in the operas of Alban Berg: the title role of Wozzeck, produced for television in 1970 (later issued on DVD), and the role of Schigolch in the 1981 recording of Lulu which won a Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording. He is also on record singing the role of Alberich at Bayreuth. His memorable Beckmesser in Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg with the Hamburg State Opera has been preserved and is available on DVD. This performance is evidence of Blankenheim's charismatic stage presence and acting gifts.

4458085843568102677

Q1145636

_START_ARTICLE_ Toni Reis _START_PARAGRAPH_ Toni Reis (born in 1964) is the president of the Brazilian LGBT organisation called Grupo Dignidade, the general secretary of the national association of Gays, Lesbians and Transsexuals in Brasil (Associação Brasileira de Gays, Lésbicas e Transgêneros / ABGLT) of which he was a founding president in 1995, and a member of the international council of the Hirschfeld Eddy Foundation._NEWLINE_He is a teacher and specialist in human sexuality and group dynamics. He possesses a master's degree of philosophy in ethics and sexuality._NEWLINE_Toni Reis is also the Latin American coordinator for ASICAL (Association for Integral Health and Citizenship in Latin America and the Caribbean). _START_SECTION_ Work _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1998 Toni Reis described the situation in his country: "1,600 homosexuals have been murdered in the last ten years, of these 350 transvestites and 61 lesbians."_NEWLINE_In 2006 he spoke before the Brazilian parliament, where he stated that 250 homosexuals per year are murdered in Brazil._NEWLINE_In 2007 he addressed the United Nations, in order to receive councillor status for his organization _START_SECTION_ Personal _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2003, Toni Reis obtained a permanent Brazilian residence permit for his life partner, who was born in the United Kingdom, in a landmark court case for Brazil.

4728425744832592004

Q17026358

_START_ARTICLE_ Tons of Money (play) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tons of Money is a farcical play by British writers Will Evans and Arthur Valentine. It was co-produced by Tom Walls and Leslie Henson. In the story of the play, a hard-up inventor pretends to be his cousin, in order to escape the clutches of his creditors._NEWLINE_It was first performed in April 1922 at the Shaftesbury Theatre and ran for nearly two years. It starred Henson as Aubrey Allington and Yvonne Arnaud as Louise Allington. Its great success led Walls and Henson to produce the series of long-running Aldwych farces._NEWLINE_Alan Ayckbourn updated and directed the play in 1986 in a revival by The National Theatre starring Michael Gambon as Sprules and Simon Cadell as Aubrey. _START_SECTION_ Adaptations _START_PARAGRAPH_ The play was adapted into film on two occasions. A 1924 silent film Tons of Money directed by Frank Hall Crane and starring Leslie Henson and a 1930 sound version Tons of Money directed by Tom Walls and starring many of the Aldwych regulars, including Arnaud, Ralph Lynn, Mary Brough, Robertson Hare and Willie Warde. A television adaptation was broadcast by the BBC on Boxing Day 1954, starring Frankie Howerd as Aubrey. Graeme Muir directed.

12059031551379939387

Q7822767

_START_ARTICLE_ Tony Le-Nguyen _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Le-Nguyen was born in Sa Đéc, Mekong Delta, Vietnam on 3 October 1968. In 1978, Le-Nguyen and his family moved from Vietnam to Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, when he was 10 years old. _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Le-Nguyen was the first Vietnamese-Australian to be appointed as an Official Prison Visitor to Port Phillip and Fulham Correctional Centres by the Minister for Corrections, the Honourable Andre Haermeyer in 2003 to act as an independent voice for the prison system in Victoria._NEWLINE_Le-Nguyen played Tiger in Geoffrey Wright’s 1992 Australian drama film Romper Stomper. He has also appeared in other television productions including: Stingers, SeaChange, Raw FM, G.P., Fast Forward, All Together Now, Embassy, Secrets, The Damnation of Harvey McHugh, Paradise Beach, Australia’s most wanted & Sword of Honour._NEWLINE_Le-Nguyen studied Television Production at RMIT in 1989 and completed his Bachelor of Arts (Drama/Community Development) in 1998 and Diploma of Education in 2000 at Victoria University._NEWLINE_He was awarded the Community Cultural Development Fellowship by the Australia Council for the Arts in 2000._NEWLINE_Between 1986 and 1987, Le-Nguyen toured with Mary Coustas in Handspan Theatre’s production A Change of Face written by Andrea Lemon and directed by Carmelina di Guglielmo. He worked on the Victorian Opera 1990 production of Madama Butterfly and performed in Theatreworks 1992 production of Titus, directed by David Pledger and Robert Draffin_NEWLINE_In May 1994, he founded Australian Vietnamese Youth Media with the support of Huu Tran and David Everist, the theatre coordinator at the Footscray Community Arts Centre. The company received its first funding from the Queens Trust in 1995 to produce Chay Vong Vong, a play he wrote and directed with the Vietnamese Community in Footscray, Melbourne. The following year, this organisation received funding from the Australia Council for the Arts and the Sidney Myer Foundation to re-stage Chay Vong Vong as a fully professional production at the Napier Street Theatre, in South Melbourne. In 1998 he was commissioned by Urban Theatre Projects to write and direct "Chay Vong Vong" with the Vietnamese Community in Sydney, Australia._NEWLINE_Le-Nguyen has directed and produced such professional and community productions as A Time of Your Life, St. Martins Youth Theatre and Flemington Community Centre 1996, Now I Lay Me Down, La Mama 1997, Taboo, Next Wave Festival 1998, "Aussie Bia Om, 2001 Fringe Festival and directed segments for the BigWest Festival in 1997 and 2000, Children of the Dragon 2005, Silent 2007 He co-directed Worlds Apart in 1996 with Gary McKechnie, a half-hour Television drama about generation conflict within a Vietnamese Australian family. Worlds Apart was first screened on SBS Television in December 1997._NEWLINE_Le-Nguyen began teaching drama at Blackbox, Hanoi from December, 2013 and directed his first Vietnamese 30 minutes drama "Mơ Chua" in 2015.

6156184038485116494

Q7823014

_START_ARTICLE_ Tony Moore (singer) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tony Moore was the lead singer of the heavy metal band Riot. He was in the band from 1986 to 1992, recording Thundersteel, The Privilege of Power, 2008 to 2009 and rejoining in 2010 along with the other members from the Thundersteel line-up to release Immortal Soul. He also sang with Faith and Fire, a project with Mike Flyntz. They released their first and only album Accelerator in 2006.

11856808666769626556

Q25248132

_START_ARTICLE_ Tonyhallagh _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tonyhallagh (from Irish: Tonnaigh Shalach, meaning 'The Miry Pasture') is a townland in the civil parish of Templeport, County Cavan, Ireland. It lies in the Roman Catholic parish of Templeport and barony of Tullyhaw. _START_SECTION_ Geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tonyhallagh is bounded on the north by Cavanaquill townland, on the west by Lissanover townland, on the east by Crossmakelagher townland and on the south by Killycluggin townland. Tonyhallagh's chief geographical feature is pastureland._NEWLINE_The road between Killycluggin and Ballyconnell passes Tonyhallagh at its eastern boundary. There are only minor roads and rural lanes within the townland._NEWLINE_The townland covers 38 statute acres. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The 1609 Baronial Map depicts the townland as part of Killcloggin (now the modern townland of Killycluggin). _NEWLINE_The 1652 Commonwealth Survey spells the name as Tonyhullagh and the subdivision as Rosstawny._NEWLINE_The 1665 Down Survey map depicts it as Tonycullagh._NEWLINE_William Petty's 1685 map depicts it as Tonycula._NEWLINE_Another name for the townland was Rostonimore (from Irish: Ros Tonnaigh Mór, meaning 'The Wood of the Big Pasture') _NEWLINE_In the Dúchas Schools' Collection, a story by Francis Maguire describes local legends about Tonyhallagh at http://www.duchas.ie/en/cbes/5044789/5038323_NEWLINE_In the Plantation of Ulster by grant dated 27 February 1610, along with other lands, King James VI and I granted one poll of Tawnihulch containing 50 acres at an annual rent of £0-10s-8d to Cahill McBrien O'Reily, gentleman. _NEWLINE_Cathal O'Reilly then sold the land to Walter Talbot of Ballyconnell. _NEWLINE_An Inquisition held at Cavan Town on 14 March 1630 found that Walter Talbot died on 26 June 1625 at Ballyconnell and his son James Talbot succeeded to, inter alia, one poll in Tonenelwlagh, aged just 10 years. James Talbot married Helen Calvert, the daughter of George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore of Maryland, USA, in 1635 and had a son Colonel George Talbot who owned an estate in Cecil County, Maryland which he named Ballyconnell in honour of his native town in Cavan. George Talbot was appointed Surveyor-General of Maryland in 1683. In the aftermath of the Irish Rebellion of 1641 James Talbot's estate in Tonyhallagh was confiscated because he was a Catholic and he was granted an estate in 1655 at Castle Rubey, County Roscommon instead. He died in 1687._NEWLINE_In the Cromwellian Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 Talbot's lands in Tonyhallagh were distributed as follows-_NEWLINE_The 1652 Commonwealth Survey lists the proprietor as being Lieutenant John Blackforde and the tenant as Gilleesaog O'Rely, who also appear as proprietor and tenant for several other Templeport townlands. In the same survey Blackforde is also listed as the proprietor of Rosstawny. John Blachford was born in 1598 in Ashmore, Dorset, England, the son of Richard and Frances Blachford. He became a merchant in Dorchester, Dorset but fled to France in 1633 when facing a warrant from the Exchequer for not paying customs. He married Mary Renald from Devon and died at Lissanover, County Cavan in 1661 and was buried at St. Orvins in Dublin despite wishing to be buried back in Dorchester. His will was published on 9 January 1665 leaving his son John Blachford as his sole heir. An Inquisition held in Cavan on 21 May 1667 found that his widow Mary Blachford and his heir John were seized of, inter alia, the land of Tonyhallagh alias Townehuck. He had sons John, Thomas, Ambrose and William (who became a Major) and daughters Mary and Frances. Major William Blachford was born in 1658 and died at Lissanover on 28 March 1727. The Blachford family gravestones in Templeport Church read as follows- This monument was erected by MAJOR WILLIAM / BLASHFORD of Lisnover in 1721 to the memory of / his father, JOHN BLASHFORD, late of the same Esqr. but / from Dorchester in Dorsetshire, the place of his / nativity, who in his lifetime chose this for a burying / place, for himself and family, but died in Dublin / was buried in St. Orvins Church but his wife, MARY / RENALD of a Devonsheire family is buried here / as also three sons and two daughters, viz JOHN / AMBROSE AND THOMAS; MARY AND FRANCES / Here likewise lies buried two wives of MAJOR WILLIAM BLASHFORD, son to the said JOHN BLASHFORD viz / MARY MAGHEE of an ancient Family in Lincolnsheire. CORNET CHIDLEY BLACHFORD, son to MAJOR WILLIAM BLACHFORD, leys buried here who dyed August ye 29th, 1722. This aboue MAJOR WILLIAM BLACHFORD. / That erected this monument, died the 28th of March 1727, aged 69 years._NEWLINE_A deed dated 10 May 1744 spells the name as Townyhullagh._NEWLINE_The 1790 Cavan Carvaghs list spells the name as Tawnyhawlaght._NEWLINE_The 1836 Ordnance Survey Namebooks state- a light gravelly soil intermixed with lime stone...There is a large ancient fort near the W. boundary of the townland but there is no houses of any kind._NEWLINE_The Tonyhallagh Valuation Office Field books are available for November 1839._NEWLINE_In 1841 the population of the townland was 25, being 13 males and 12 females. There were five houses in the townland, all of which were inhabited._NEWLINE_In 1851 the population of the townland was 6, being 4 males and 2 females, the reduction being due to the Great Famine (Ireland). There was one house in the townland, it was inhabited._NEWLINE_Griffith's Valuation of 1857 lists one landholder in the townland._NEWLINE_In 1861 the population of the townland was 8, being 5 males and 3 females. There were two houses in the townland and all were inhabited._NEWLINE_In 1871 the population of the townland was 3, being 2 males and 1 female. There was one house in the townland and it was inhabited.(page 296 of census)_NEWLINE_In 1881 the population of the townland was 3, being 1 males and 2 females. There was one house in the townland and it was inhabited._NEWLINE_In 1891 the population of the townland was 6, being 2 males and 4 females. There was one house in the townland and it was inhabited._NEWLINE_In the 1901 census of Ireland, there were no families resident in the townland and in the 1911 census of Ireland, there is one family listed in the townland.

7516623587007439261

Q17183914

_START_ARTICLE_ Too Young (Adventure Time) _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ At the Candy Kingdom, Finn and a young Princess Bubblegum (voiced by Isabella Acres) are spending the day together. Now that Bubblegum is his age, he is actively trying to woo her, using advice that he learned from Jake._NEWLINE_Because Bubblegum is now "too young" to be legal ruler of the kingdom, her first creation, the Earl of Lemongrab (voiced by Justin Roiland), usurps the throne. Lemongrab is loud, abrasive, and tyrannical, and threatens to send people to the kingdom's dungeons for the slightest infraction. Bubblegum and Finn decide to prank him until he leaves. This culminates in them poisoning his food with the equivalent of hot sauce; however, he discovers their ruse and sends them both to the dungeon._NEWLINE_In the dungeon, Bubblegum realizes that she needs to return to her 18-year-old self, but she lacks the "candy biomass" necessary to do this. Her loyal citizens then sacrifice pieces of themselves, sticking them to her body. However, a catalyst is required: the heat from a "whopping love hug", which Finn provides. Bubblegum reverts to her original form, fires Lemongrab, and sets the kingdom straight. However, she scorns Finn's advances now that she is older. Jake, via the telephone, comforts Finn, telling him that the key to success is to be persistent and dedicated. _START_SECTION_ Production _START_PARAGRAPH_ "Too Young" was written and storyboarded by Tom Herpich and Jesse Moynihan, from a story by Pendleton Ward, Kent Osborne, Patrick McHale, and Mark Banker. The episode was the first that Moynihan and Herpich worked together on. The two had been "comic pen pals" before their time of Adventure Time, and had long wanted to work on an episode together. Cole Sanchez, who was serving as one of the series' creative directors during season three, storyboarded both the short scene featuring Lemongrab being animated by Bubblegum, as well as the ending, featuring Jake detailing how Finn must "go up the wizard steps" to achieve love. In reference to the latter, Sanchez noted that it was "indirect foreshadowing" for what was to come in the show._NEWLINE_The episode marks the introduction of Earl of Lemongrab. According to Moynihan, the character was undefined in the beginning; he and Tom redefined him to make him "stranger and more distinct" so people would remember him as a villain. A rough design for Lemongrab was made by Moynihan; Herpich later added his cloths and sword. The character's original name was "Lemonsour", but this was later changed. The character itself voiced by Justin Roiland. After hearing Roiland's audio, Moynihan noted that it was as if a "dream came true", due in part to Roiland giving the distinct voice to Lemongrab that Moynihan had imagined. Kent Osborne later noted that voicing Lemongrab is taxing, and that when Roiland finishes delivering his lines, he is often covered in sweat. "Too Young" also featured the first use of Lemongrab's catchphrase, "Unacceptable!" Although it was used by Moynihan in the fourth season sequel to this episode, "You Made Me", Herpich has refused to place the line in his storyboards again for fear of overusing it._NEWLINE_Peppermint Butler mentions that food comes from Mars; this was an ad lib on the part of Steve Little, who was instructed to talk randomly only so that he could be interrupted by Roiland. This accidental detail excited Moynihan, who thought that it would be over-analyzed on the Internet. To his disappointment, most fans seemed to ignore the detail._NEWLINE_The idea to have Princess Bubblegum be a 13-year-old girl was first introduced in the second season episode "Mortal Recoil". The younger version of Bubblegum was voiced by Isabella Acres, who had previously played the role in "Mortal Recoil". According to Moynihan, there were initially "rumors" to keep Bubblegum young for several episodes, but eventually her 13-year-old version was relegated to only two appearances before she reverted to normal. _START_SECTION_ Reception _START_PARAGRAPH_ "Too Young" first aired on Cartoon Network on August 8, 2011. The episode was viewed by 2.089 million viewers and scored a 0.34 Nielsen rating in the 18- to 49-year-old demographic. Nielsen ratings are audience measurement systems that determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the United States, which means that the episode was seen by 0.34 percent of all households aged 18 to 49 years old were watching television at the time of the episode's airing. The episode first saw physical release as part of the 2013 Jake vs. Me-Mow DVD, which included 16 episodes from the series' first four seasons. It was later re-released as part of the complete third season DVD on February 25, 2014._NEWLINE_Ryan Thompson of Watch Play Read awarded the episode a 90%, calling it "the episode that [he has] been looking forward to this season." He concluded that it was a fun episode to watch, but that he wished that the Finn and young-Bubblegum relationship could have been developed over the span of a few more episodes. Tyler Foster of DVD Talk argued that the episode was an example of the season "fleshing out the characters viewers have come to know and love" by elaborating on the relationship between Finn and Bubblegum. Foster praised the introduction of Lemongrab, writing that the episode "reveals a number of weird and sometimes paralyzingly funny quirks about the truly bizarre Earl of Lemongrab". Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club named "Too Young" as one of the ten additional episodes of the series that illustrates that "emotional complexity" lies "beneath Adventure Time's weirdness"._NEWLINE_The decision to revert Princess Bubblegum to her original 18 year old self was met with contention on the Internet, with many fans noting that the decision merely returned the show to its second-season status quo. Ward expressed disregard for these opinions, and the episode's co-storyboarded Tom Herpich stated in the DVD commentary: "We're not out there to give people a hard time. We're out there to make quality entertainment." Herpich and Rebecca Sugar also argued that the point of Bubblegum reverting to 18 was meant to be emphasize the idea of sacrifice, as well as the fact that the Candy Kingdom cannot function without her as ruler._NEWLINE_The episode was later nominated for a 2012 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short-format Animated Program.

6542119025968304378

Q38252029

_START_ARTICLE_ Toodyay Convict Hiring Depot (1851) _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1851, the Toodyay Convict Hiring Depot was set up in the original township of Toodyay, now called West Toodyay. Temporary accommodation for the Enrolled Pensioner Guards was also constructed and surveys were carried out to enable more permanent accommodation to be built close by. The Enrolled Pensioner Guards were men who had either completed their duty of service or who had sustained injury while on active service. They had then volunteered as guards on the ships transporting convicts to Western Australia. Once the men were released from permanent duty, other duties of a peace keeping or military nature were expected of them. Many of these men became warders in charge of convicts._NEWLINE_The decision to turn the colony into a penal settlement occurred after a good many settlers petitioned the Government to do so. The colony had struggled to survive during the 1840s. Governor Charles Fitzgerald supported the proposal and the colony became a penal settlement in 1849._NEWLINE_The number of convicts sent to the colony was relatively small to start with. However, all that changed on 28 June 1851 when 293 convicts arrived on board Pyrenees. Their arrival had been unexpected. In addition, each convict was to receive his ticket-of-leave on disembarking at Fremantle. _START_SECTION_ Setting up the Depot _START_PARAGRAPH_ Fitzgerald decided to set up convict hiring depots in areas where men had the best chance of finding employment. Country depots were planned for York, Toodyay and Bunbury and approximately 40 men would be sent to each district. Ticket-of-leave men would then be hired out by local settlers to do whatever work was required by them. The remainder of the men were stationed in the Perth and Fremantle areas._NEWLINE_A convict hiring depot was about to be set up in the townsite of Toodyay. Michael Clarkson had been appointed assistant superintendent. The site selected was Avon location 69 and the adjacent lot R1, an area totalling 11.5 acres (4.7 ha). Lot R1 was a narrow allotment with a fresh water stream flowing through it. It also provided access to Avon location 69 from River Terrace and the Avon River. The properties were originally owned by John Herbert, who had built a goodly sized cottage there. The cottage would provide immediate accommodation for the ticket-of-leave holders. Fitzgerald approved the acquisition of both properties on 4 August 1851. The sale of the properties to the Government had yielded a handsome profit for Herbert._NEWLINE_The party of men chosen to travel to Toodyay was held up by floods in Guildford. It was winter and torrential rain was falling. Eventually, on Monday, 18 August 1851, Fitzgerald gave the order to head off. They were under the charge of Clarkson and were accompanied by several bullock teams and their gear. They camped overnight at the Bailup Inn and possibly near Jimperding Hill. The men were required to negotiate the risky descent of Jimperding Hill. It was customary to chain huge logs behind each the wagon to prevent it overtaking the bullocks in front. On the evening of 20 August, the party of approximately 40 ticket-of-leave holders struggled into the Military Barracks in Toodyay._NEWLINE_Next morning, the entire party negotiated the rising waters of the Avon River to reach their destination 0.5 miles (0.8 km) upstream on the other side. The crossing took most of the day and was achieved with great difficulty. The men were aided by ropes when negotiating the deepest parts of the river._NEWLINE_After settling in, the ticket-of-leave holders were put to work building straw huts to accommodate the expected arrival of the Pensioner Guards. The straw or rush huts were A-framed in shape and were erected using bush poles and had thatching that reached to the ground. Brushwood, grass tree needles and dry rushes were commonly used for thatching. At one end a canvas drape served as a door. A mud or stone chimney at the other end provided heating. The huts were a good size and surprisingly sturdy and long lasting. _START_SECTION_ Enrolled Pensioner Guards _START_PARAGRAPH_ The straw huts, however, were only temporary accommodation as the Pensioner Guards were entitled to the offer of 4 acres (1.6 ha) of allotments close to the depot site. The minimum payment of ten pounds required by law was compensated for by an allowance of ten pounds given towards the cost of building a two roomed cottage. The use of ticket-of-leave labour was allowed. Title was granted after seven years. Fitzgerald originally approved the marking out of 22 sites on the northern side of the Toodyay township. When the official survey revealed the existence of a steep hillside, the number of allotments was reduced to thirteen._NEWLINE_The arrival of the Pensioner Guards was delayed by further heavy rain and flooding of the Avon River. It was mid-October before they reached their destination, after which the Pensioner Guards were given the task of supervising and directing the ticket-of-leave holders under their command. After the completion of the straw huts, the men were divided into road parties to repair the local roads to the best of their ability. The roads, mere tracks, had been made almost impassable by the recent heavy rainfall. _START_SECTION_ Ticket-of-leave holders _START_PARAGRAPH_ Conflict and ill feeling quickly arose between free workmen and the newly arrived ticket-of-leave holders. The free workmen felt that their jobs were being threatened by the rate of pay for ticket-of-leave holders being less than what the free workmen currently received. Before the month was out, a drunken brawl arose at the Bonnie Laddie owned by Alexander Warren. Magistrate Harris was called upon to effect the peace. The offending men were escorted to Fremantle Gaol and banned from returning to the Toodyay district._NEWLINE_It was necessary to build a secure gaol near the Toodyay Convict Hiring Depot. The lock-up at the Military Barracks was poor and insufficient for the needs of a convict hiring depot. Escapes were too easily made. Heavy drinking at the local inns proved to be the biggest problem. The building planned was, in fact, a lock-up. However, it was generally referred to as the Toodyay Gaol. A number of ticket-of-leave holders were removed from road work to assist with the work at the gaol. _START_SECTION_ Transfer to another site _START_PARAGRAPH_ In early 1852, it was decided to transfer the Toodyay Convict Hiring Depot to a new and larger site, an area of Crown land designated as Avon location 110. Located approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) upstream, it measured just over 45 acres (18 ha) in size. Construction of the new convict hiring depot would be overseen by Lieutenant Edmund Frederick Du Cane. Building began in February of that year._NEWLINE_For the time being, the Pensioner Guards retained the use of the original depot site (in "Old Toodyay") for accommodation purposes. The area became known as the Pensioner Guard Barracks. However, the proposed Pensioner Guard allotments close to the former convict depot were sold off and new sites were selected adjacent to the new depot site. The cottages on these new allotments were not fully complete until 1856._NEWLINE_The straw huts at the original convict depot site found further use during the years of 1853 and 1854 when an Emigrants' Depot was established in Toodyay. In July, August and September, an average of five men, fifteen women and fourteen children were in occupation at one time._NEWLINE_In November 1856, the decision was made to close the Toodyay Convict Hiring Depot together with that of York. Governor Arthur Kennedy was anxious to reduce growing debt. The corps of Enrolled Pensioner Guards was therefore no longer required in Toodyay. The Pensioner Guard Barracks were closed and the Government activated its sale. On 19 August 1857, Avon location 69 and lot R1 were sold to John Davidson, a local settler, for the sum of 116 pounds.

3241555676135831092

Q30325549

_START_ARTICLE_ Top Wing _START_SECTION_ Description _START_PARAGRAPH_ Taking place on Big Swirl Island, an island inhabited by birds, Top Wing follows four eager young birds—Swift, Penny, Brody, and Rod—who work together at Top Wing Academy as new cadets to earn their wings by helping their community. With the help of mentor Speedy, the cadets take on different missions for their rescue skills and also help those in need, all while learning important lessons. _START_SECTION_ DVD _START_PARAGRAPH_ Nickelodeon, and Paramount Home Entertainment released a DVD of the show on March 5, 2019. In France, TF1 Video will publish the series soon on DVD.

9852950211095718938

Q7825437

_START_ARTICLE_ Tor Bay, Nova Scotia _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tor Bay is a small fishing community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Municipality of the District of Guysborough in Guysborough County. It is located at the south-western end of a bay of the same name. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the 1830s fishing vessels of between 40 and 120 tons were being built here.

9639418958238667665

Q710982

_START_ARTICLE_ Tord Gustavsen _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Gustavsen was born on 5 October 1970 in Oslo and raised in rural Hurdal, Akershus. He "grew up playing church music". _START_SECTION_ Later life and career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Gustavsen holds a bachelor's degree (mellomfag) in psychology at the University of Oslo, before he attended the Trondheim Musikkonsevatorium for a three years study of jazz (1993–96). Thereafter he became a graduate (Cand.philol.) of musicology at the University of Oslo, where he was guest teacher of jazz piano and theory (1998–2002)._NEWLINE_Between 2003 and 2007 The Tord Gustavsen Trio released three albums on ECM Records. The trio was made up of Gustavsen on piano, Harald Johnsen on double bass and Jarle Vespestad on drums. The albums "contained rapt, pristine, meditative music, which resonated with the inner needs of a large, discriminating audience": combined sales exceeded 100,000. The trio won the Nattjazz prize in 2005._NEWLINE_A later ensemble was composed of Gustavsen, Tore Brunborg (saxophones), Mats Eilertsen (bass) and Vespestad (drums). With vocalist Kristin Asbjørnsen added for some tracks, the album Restored, Returned was recorded in 2009. The album was awarded with Spellemannsprisen (the Norwegian Grammy). The quartet's follow-up, The Well, was released in 2012. That year, Gustavsen played over four days at the Montreal Jazz Festival: with the quartet, as a solo pianist and in a duo with vocalist Solveig Slettahjell. The quartet album Extended Circle two years later "reveals a new edginess and dynamic impact that the quartet brings to Gustavsen's music."_NEWLINE_In addition, he has recorded as a session musician, and guested on friends' albums. Collaborative projects have included Norwegian jazz vocalist and songwriter Silje Nergaard, musician Carl Petter Opsahl, actress Cecilie Jørstad and drummer Rune Arnesen, duo aire & angels and jazz vocalist Siri Gjære. He also took part in Nymark Collective established by Kåre Nymark. Since 2014 Gustavsen has collaborated with the German-Afgan jazz singer Simin Tander, releasing the album What Was Said (2016). They also performed at the 2016 Vinterjazz and the 2016 Vossajazz in Norway._NEWLINE_Gustavsen continues to be highly interested in psychology and has written a lengthy thesis on the paradoxes of improvisation drawing on the dialectical psychological theory of Helm Stierlin and Anne-Lise Løvlie Schibbye.

15126582883795919628

Q7825831

_START_ARTICLE_ Toritsu-Daigaku Station _START_PARAGRAPH_ Toritsu-Daigaku Station (都立大学駅 Toritsudaigaku-eki) is a Tōkyū Tōyoko Line station located in Meguro Ward, Tōkyō.

14653393653618952607

Q6621834

_START_ARTICLE_ Torlyn Mountain _START_PARAGRAPH_ Torlyn Mountain (67°47′S 66°55′E) is an elongated mountain, of which Murray Monolith is the detached front, standing 4 miles (6 km) east of Scullin Monolith on the coast of Mac. Robertson Land, Antarctica._NEWLINE_In January and February 1931 several Norwegian whale catchers explored along this coast, making sketches of the land from their vessels. They named the mountain for their whale catcher, the Torlyn, from whose deck it was seen in February, although the coast was sketched as early as January 19 from the Bouvet II, another Norwegian whaler. The British Australian New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) under Mawson made an airplane flight over this area in January 1930, returning for further exploration in February 1931. They named the mountain Murray Monolith, which name is hereby retained only for the detached front.

14360979973364068030

Q7825990

_START_ARTICLE_ Tornado Girl _START_SECTION_ Casting _START_PARAGRAPH_ This episode introduces Sarah LaFleur as Molly for a recurring stint. Ashley Jensen is absent from this episode. This marks David Blue's last recurring episode. _START_SECTION_ Reception _START_PARAGRAPH_ "Willy goes hunting" was one way Tanner Stransky described this latest outing in Entertainment Weekly: "The scariest/most greatest thing ever happened on last night's Ugly Betty: Wilhelmina wielded a hunting rifle! And no, she wasn't using it to kill of any of her rivals at Mode. Although, she did threaten Claire with it once. But honestly, who knew Willy was a hunter? Of course, the situation brought about a plethora of great one-liners for the ferocious editrix, which brings us right to the issue at hand. Last night's equally heart-warming (Daniel's love for Betty is so sweet) and sad (poor Cliff!) episode, as usual, was rife with quippy quips and bitey bites." _START_SECTION_ Ratings _START_PARAGRAPH_ While it placed second behind Survivor: Gabon, the episode had its best numbers with a 6.3/10 rating, a 2.8/7 in 18-49s, and 9.2 million viewers overall, an increase of 250,000 more viewers and its third straight increase in the last three episodes so far this season.

4036877066431874410

Q3532645

_START_ARTICLE_ Toshiyuki Shiga _START_SECTION_ Early Date and Person Date _START_PARAGRAPH_ Shiga grew up in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, into a family with its origins in Founder Yoshisuke Aikawa in Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, in Japan. He studied Faculty of Economics at Osaka Prefecture University and joined Nissan in 1976. As of 2005 it was announced by Nissan that he would step down to become an adviser, with Yoshikazu Hanawa succeeding him as president Carlos Ghosn, a Brazilian businessman.

2750853863969608582

Q1953918

_START_ARTICLE_ Total: From Joy Division to New Order _START_SECTION_ Creation _START_PARAGRAPH_ The record label were unhappy with calling the record a "Best Of", so after brainstorming with the band the title Total was eventually chosen by Bernard Sumner._NEWLINE_The album cover was created by Howard Wakefield who previously served as understudy to Peter Saville. Peter was involved in art direction and told The Guardian: "I realised this was a record that would be sold in supermarkets and advertised on television. So the cover has a 'pile it high, sell it cheap' aesthetic. As you open it out, it says Total, but folded up you just see the 'O's. It says, 'From Joy Division to New Order'. I couldn't bear the words 'Best of'. It's a long way from the independent record shop to Tesco, almost 33 years. At Factory, I had a freedom that was unprecedented in communications design. We lived out an ideal, without business calling the shots. It was a phenomenon."_NEWLINE_The A&R for the release was handled by the band, Andrew Robinson (co-manager) and Gary Lancaster of Warner Music. In a bid to offer fans something new compared to previous compilations the album included four never-before on CD versions of the bands' tracks, including the original 7" version of "True Faith" and Shep Pettibone's 7" remix of "Bizarre Love Triangle". It also includes the shorter 4:24 edit of "The Perfect Kiss". All tracks were mastered from original source tapes by Frank Arkwright

6740404113659029624

Q11278422

_START_ARTICLE_ Tough Turf _START_SECTION_ Gameplay _START_PARAGRAPH_ Up to two players control two men who look like officer workers, and proceed through warehouses and urban areas beating up gang members, but the characters are not named and the game has no storyline. Tough Turf's control configuration is composed of two attack buttons (punch and kick), as well a jump button to fight against enemies or overcome obstacles. The player has access to a repertoire of techniques by pushing these buttons individually or in combination. Weapons are also along the lines of long iron pipes, knives and broken bottles. _START_SECTION_ Reception _START_PARAGRAPH_ According to Kurt Katala of Hardcore Gaming 101, "considering there was very little variation amongst the Final Fight and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles clones that popped up in the early 90s, [Tough Turf] is interesting to play a game that requires a different approach, and it really is a fresh alternative to Double Dragon."

9216856720306051229

Q28153853

_START_ARTICLE_ Tourist attractions in Thalassery _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Thalassery carnival, the Beach fest in Muzhappilangad beach and Dharmadam beach are notable attractions. The area's four rivers (Anjarakkandi, Dharmadam, Koduvally and Mahe) around Thalassery town and four beaches (Muzhappilangad, Dharmadam, Thalassery (2 beaches)) with more in Kannur also attract visitors. _START_SECTION_ Kalari Payattu _START_PARAGRAPH_ It is an important center of Kalari payattu and health tourism. Other visitors come to experience Theyyam and explore the area's history, such as Tellicherry Fort._NEWLINE_Thalassery Pier (Kadalpaalam), Overbury's Folly, Pazhassi Dam and Reservoir garden and Malayala Kala Gramam, New Mahe,(7 km from Thalassery) are other attractions_NEWLINE_A shipwreck is visible near the Thalassery shore. _START_SECTION_ Thalassery Fort _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tellicherry Fort is in Thalassery (Tellicherry) a town in Kannur District of Kerala state in south India._NEWLINE_The British East India Company built the fort in 1708 to establish a stronghold on the Malabar Coast. In 1781 Hyder Ali, ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, was unsuccessful in capturing the Fort in his campaign to control Malabar. His successor, Tipu Sultan, was forced to cede Malabar District to the British in 1792, at the conclusion of the Third Anglo-Maratha War._NEWLINE_The square fort, with its massive walls, strong flanking bastions, secret tunnels to the sea and intricately carved huge doors, is an imposing structure. The fort was once the nucleus of Thalassery's development. It is now a historical monument preserved by Archaeological Survey of India.

9769536025739670181

Q940381

_START_ARTICLE_ Tournaisian _START_SECTION_ Name and regional alternatives _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Tournaisian was named after the Belgian city of Tournai. It was introduced in scientific literature by Belgian geologist André Hubert Dumont in 1832. Like many Devonian and lower Carboniferous stages, the Tournaisian is a unit from West European regional stratigraphy that is now used in the official international time scale._NEWLINE_The Tournaisian correlates with the regional North American Kinderhookian and lower Osagean stages and the Chinese Tangbagouan regional stage. In British stratigraphy, the Tournaisian contains three substages: the Hastarian, Ivorian and lower part of the Chadian (the upper part falls in the Viséan).

5604023732905865212

Q25348455

_START_ARTICLE_ Towers in the park _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ This style of building, invented by Le Corbusier, were built further from the sidewalk, leaving room on the property around the edifice for parking, lawns, trees, and other landscaping. They are typically simple, brick-clad high-rise buildings with rectangular footprints and little ornamentation other than repeating series of balconies for each apartment. However, some apartment buildings from this era use less conventional designs in the "tower in the park" format, such as the Prince Arthur Towers, Jane-Exbury Towers and 44 Walmer Road designed by Uno Prii._NEWLINE_By the early 1970s, opposition to this style of towers mounted, with many, including urban planners, now referring to them as "ghettos". Neighbourhoods like St. James Town were originally designed to house young "swinging single" middle class residents, but the apartments lacked appeal; and the area quickly became much poorer._NEWLINE_By the mid 2000s and early 2010s, some of the unused ("wasted") green space of these towers, some of it shabbily kept, is being used as space to build new towers, this time closer to the sidewalk.

17044508838258612769

Q1847617

_START_ARTICLE_ Town of Gawler _START_SECTION_ Waste management and recycling _START_PARAGRAPH_ Garbage, recycling, and green waste collection services are provided by the Northern Adelaide Waste Management Authority.

2529600258035830667

Q7830574

_START_ARTICLE_ Toyama Chihō Railway Main Line _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The first section of what is now this line was opened by Tateyama Light Railway as a 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) gauge line between Gohyakkoku (on the Toyama Chiho Railway Tateyama Line) and Namerikawa in 1913._NEWLINE_The Kurobe Railway opened the Dentetsu Kurobe to Unazuki Onsen section as a 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge line between 1922 and 1923._NEWLINE_In 1932, the Toyama Electric Railway acquired the Tateyama Light Railway, and built a line from Dentetsu-Toyama to Namerikawa, regauging some of the original line to 1,067 mm gauge, and electrifying it at 1,500 V DC._NEWLINE_The Namerikawa to Dentetsu Kurobe section was opened between 1935 and 1936, and the Kurobe Railway was merged with the Toyama Electric Railway in 1943 to create the current company, with the electrification to Unazuki Onsen commissioned the same year._NEWLINE_CTC signalling was commissioned on the line between 1966 and 1967, and the Dentetsu-Toyama to Inarimachi section was double-tracked in 1969. Freight services ceased in 1983.

310053887061716406

Q211062

_START_ARTICLE_ Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry ([tʁɛ ʁiʃz‿œʁ dy dyk də bɛʁi]) or Très Riches Heures, (English: The Very Rich Hours of the Duke of Berry), is the most famous and possibly the best surviving example of French Gothic manuscript illumination, showing the late International Gothic phase of the style. It is a book of hours: a collection of prayers to be said at the canonical hours. It was created between c. 1412 and 1416 for the extravagant royal bibliophile and patron John, Duke of Berry, by the Limbourg brothers. When the three painters and their sponsor died in 1416, possibly victims of plague, the manuscript was left unfinished. It was further embellished in the 1440s by an anonymous painter, who many art historians believe was Barthélemy d'Eyck. In 1485–1489, it was brought to its present state by the painter Jean Colombe on behalf of the Duke of Savoy. Acquired by the Duc d'Aumale in 1856, the book is now MS 65 in the Musée Condé, Chantilly, France._NEWLINE_Consisting of a total of 206 leaves of very fine quality parchment, 30 cm (12 in) in height by 21.5 cm (8 ¹⁄₂ in) in width, the manuscript contains 66 large miniatures and 65 small. The design of the book, which is long and complex, has undergone many changes and reversals. Many artists contributed to its miniatures, calligraphy, initials, and marginal decorations, but determining their precise number and identity remains a matter of debate. Painted largely by artists from the Low Countries, often using rare and costly pigments and gold, and with an unusually large number of illustrations, the book is one of the most lavish late medieval illuminated manuscripts._NEWLINE_After three centuries in obscurity, the Très Riches Heures gained wide recognition in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, despite having only very limited public exposure at the Musée Condé. Its miniatures helped to shape an ideal image of the Middle Ages in the collective imagination, often being interpreted to serve political and nationalist agendas. This is particularly true for the calendar images, which are the most commonly reproduced. They offer vivid representations of peasants performing agricultural work as well as aristocrats in formal attire, against a background of remarkable medieval architecture. _START_SECTION_ Historical context _START_PARAGRAPH_ The "Golden Age" of the book of hours in Europe took place from 1350–1480; the book of hours became popular in France around 1400 (Longnon, Cazelles and Meiss 1969). At this time many major French artists undertook manuscript illumination. _START_SECTION_ Duke of Berry _START_PARAGRAPH_ John, Duke of Berry, is the French prince for whom the Très Riches Heures was made. Berry was the third son of the future king of France, John the Good, and the brother and uncle of the next two kings. Little is known of Berry’s education but it is certain that he spent his adolescence among arts and literature (Cazelles and Rathofer 1988). The young prince lived an extravagant life, necessitating frequent loans. He commissioned many works of art, which he amassed in his Saint Chapelle mansion. Upon Berry’s death in 1416, a final inventory was done on his estate that described the incomplete and unbound gatherings of the book as the "très riches heures" ("very rich[ly decorated] hours") to distinguish it from the 15 other books of hours in Berry's collection, including the Belles Heures (beautiful hours) and Petit Heures (little hours) (Cazelles and Rathofer 1988). _START_SECTION_ Provenance _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Très Riches Heures has changed ownership many times since its creation. The gatherings were certainly in Berry's estate on his death in 1416, but after this little is clear until 1485. A good deal is known about the lengthy and messy disposal of Berry's goods to satisfy his many creditors, which was disrupted by the insanity of the king and the Burgundian and English occupation of Paris, but there are no references to the manuscript. It seems to have been in Paris for much of this period, and probably earlier; the style of the workshop of the Parisian Bedford Master is seen in some borders, and works from the 1410s to the 1440s by the workshop, later taken over by the Dunois Master, use border designs from other pages, suggesting the manuscript was available for copying in Paris._NEWLINE_Duke Charles I of Savoy acquired the manuscript, probably as a gift, and commissioned Jean Colombe to complete the manuscript around 1485–1489. Sixteenth-century Flemish artists imitated the figures or entire compositions found in the calendar (Cazelles and Rathofer 1988). The manuscript belonged to Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy (1480–1530), Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands from 1507 to 1515 and again from 1519 to 1530._NEWLINE_After this its history is unknown until the 18th century, when it was given its present bookbinding with the arms of the Serra family of Genoa, Italy._NEWLINE_It was inherited from the Serras by Baron Felix de Margherita of Turin and Milan. The French Orleanist pretender, Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale, then in exile at Twickenham near London, bought it from the baron in 1856. On his return to France in 1871 Aumale placed it in his library at the Château de Chantilly, which he bequeathed to the Institut de France as the home of the Musée Condé. _START_SECTION_ Recent history _START_PARAGRAPH_ When Aumale saw the manuscript in Genoa he was able to recognize it as a commission of Berry, probably because he was familiar with a set of plates of other manuscripts of Berry published in 1834, and subsidized by the government of the duke's father, King Louis Philippe I. Aumale gave the German art historian Gustav Friedrich Waagen breakfast and a private view of the manuscript at Orleans House, just in time for a 10-page account to appear in Waagen's Galleries and Cabinets of Art in Great Britain in 1857, so beginning its rise to fame. He also exhibited it in 1862 to the members of the Fine Arts Club._NEWLINE_The connection with the "très riches heures" listed in the 1416 inventory was made by Léopold Victor Delisle of the Bibliothèque nationale de France and communicated to Aumale in 1881, before being published in 1884 in the Gazette des Beaux-Arts; it has never been seriously disputed. The manuscript took pride of place in a three-part article on all of Berry's manuscripts then known, and was the only one illustrated, with four plates in heliogravure. However the manuscript was called the "Grandes Heures du duc de Berry" in this, a title now given to another manuscript, based on its larger page size. "Heures de Chantilly" was also used in the next decades._NEWLINE_A monograph with 65 heliogravure plates was published by Paul Durrieu in 1904, to coincide with a major exhibition of French Gothic art in Paris where it was exhibited in the form of 12 plates from the Durrieu monograph, as the terms of Aumale's bequest forbade its removal from Chantilly. The work became increasingly famous, and increasingly reproduced. The first colour reproductions, using the technique of photogravure, appeared in 1940 in the French art quarterly Verve. Each issue of this lavish magazine cost three hundred francs. In January 1948, the very popular American photo-magazine Life published a feature with full-page reproductions of the 12 calendar scenes, at a little larger than their actual size but at very low-quality. Catering to American sensibilities of the time, the magazine censored one of the images by retouching the genitals of the peasant in the February scene. The Musée Condé decided in the 1980s, somewhat controversially, to remove the manuscript completely both from public display and scholarly access, replacing it with copies of a complete modern facsimile. Michael Camille argues that this completes the logic of the reception history of a work that has almost entirely become famous through reproductions of its images, with the most famous images having been seen in the original by only a very small number of people. _START_SECTION_ Artists _START_PARAGRAPH_ There has been much debate regarding the identity and number of artists who contributed to the Très Riches Heures. _START_SECTION_ The Limbourg brothers _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1884, Léopold Delisle correlated the manuscript with the description of an item in an inventory drawn up after Berry’s death: 'several gatherings of a very rich book of hours [très riches heures], richly historiated and illuminated, that Pol [Paul] and his brothers made'. Delisle's resulting attribution to Paul de Limbourg and his two brothers, Jean and Herman, "has received general acceptance and also provided the manuscript with its name."_NEWLINE_The three Limbourg brothers had originally worked under the supervision of Berry’s brother, Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, on a Bible Moralisée and had come to work for Berry after Philip’s death. By 1411, the Limbourgs were permanent members of Berry's household (Cazelles and Rathofer 1988). It is also generally agreed that another of Berry's books of hours, the Belle Heures, completed between 1408 and 1409, can also be attributed to the brothers. It is thought that the Limbourg contribution to the Très Riches Heures was between about 1412 and their deaths in 1416. Documentation from 1416 was found indicating that Jean, followed by Paul and Herman, had died. Jean de Berry died later that year (Cazelles and Rathofer 1988). Apart from the main campaign of illumination, the text, border decorations, and gilding were most likely executed by assistants or specialists who remain unknown._NEWLINE_The choice of castles in the calendar is one factor in the dating of the brothers' contribution. The Chateau of Bicêtre, just outside Paris, was one of Berry's grandest residences, but does not appear in the calendar. It seems likely that this was because no image had been created by October 1411, when a large mob from Paris looted it and set it on fire in the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War. However the chateaux at Dourdan (April) and Étampes (July) are both shown, although Berry lost them to the Burgundians at the end of 1411, with Étampes being badly damaged in the siege. _START_SECTION_ Jean Colombe _START_PARAGRAPH_ Folio 75 of the Très Riches Heures includes Duke Charles I of Savoy and his wife. The two were married in 1485 and the Duke died in 1489, implying that it was not one of the original folios. The second painter was identified by Paul Durrieu as Jean Colombe, who was paid 25 gold pieces by the Duke to complete certain canonical hours (Cazelles and Rathofer 1988)._NEWLINE_There were some miniatures which were incomplete and needed filling in, for example, the foreground figures and faces of the miniature illustrating the Office of the Dead, known as the Funeral of Raymond Diocrès._NEWLINE_There are other subtle differences between the miniatures created by the Limbourgs and Colombe. Colombe chose to set large miniatures in frames of marble and gold columns. His faces are less delicate, with more pronounced features. He also used a very intense blue paint that is seen in the landscape of some miniatures. Colombe is worked in his own style without attempting to imitate that of the Limbourgs (Cazelles and Rathofer 1988). In folio 75 he followed the Limbourgs by including a depiction of one of his patron's castles in the Duchy of Savoy in the landscape background. _START_SECTION_ The Intermediate Painter _START_PARAGRAPH_ The "intermediate painter", also called the Master of the Shadows, as shadows are an element of his style, is often thought to be Barthélemy van Eyck (strictly the miniaturist known as the Master of René of Anjou, who is now normally identified with the documented painter Barthélemy van Eyck) who would probably have been at work in the 1440s. Other scholars put his work as early as the 1420s, though there is no documentation for this. At any rate, the intermediate artist is assumed to have worked on the manuscript sometime between 1416 and 1485. Evidence from the artistic style, as well as the details of costume, suggests that the Limbourgs did not paint some of the calendar miniatures. Figures in the miniatures for January, April, May, and August are dressed in styles from 1420. The figures strolling in October are dressed in a sober fashion indicative of the mid-fifteenth century. It is known that the gatherings fell into hands of King Charles VII after Berry's death, and it is assumed that the intermediate painter is associated with his court (Cazelles and Rathofer 1988)._NEWLINE_Catherine Reynolds, in an article of 2005, approached the dating of the "intermediate painter"'s work through the borrowings from it visible in the work of other Parisian illuminators, and placed it in the late 1430s or at the start of the 1440s. This is inconveniently early for what she describes as the "generally accepted" identification with Barthélemy van Eyck, and in any case she detects a number of stylistic differences between van Eyck and the "intermediate painter". Jonathan Alexander sees no stylistic need to hypothesize an intermediate painter at all. _START_SECTION_ Function _START_PARAGRAPH_ A breviary consists of a number of prayers and readings in a short form, generally for use by the clergy. The book of hours is a simplified form of breviary designed for use by the laity where the prayers are intended for recital at the canonical hours of the liturgical day. Canonical hours refer to the division of day and night for the purpose of prayers. The regular rhythm of reading led to the term "book of hours".(Cazelles and Rathofer 1988)_NEWLINE_The book of hours consists of prayers and devotional exercises, freely arranged into primary, secondary and supplementary texts. Other than the calendar at the beginning, the order is random and can be customized for the recipient or region. The Hours of the Virgin were regarded as the most important, and therefore subject to the most lavish illustration. The Très Riches Heures is rare in that it includes several miracles performed before the commencement of the passion (Cazelles and Rathofer 1988). _START_SECTION_ Calendar gallery _START_PARAGRAPH_ Fuller descriptions are available at a University of Chicago website. _START_SECTION_ Vellum _START_PARAGRAPH_ The parchment or vellum used in the 206 folios is fine quality calfskin. All bi-folios are complete rectangles and the edges are unblemished and therefore must have been cut from the centre of skins of sufficient size. The folios measure 30 cm in height by 21.5 cm in width, although the original size was larger as evidenced by several cuts into the miniatures. The tears and natural flaws in the vellum are infrequent and almost go unnoticed (Cazelles and Rathofer 1988). _START_SECTION_ Illustrations _START_PARAGRAPH_ The ground colors were moistened with water and thickened with either gum Arabic or tragacanth gum. Approximately ten shades are used besides white and black. The detailed work required extremely small brushes and probably a lens (Longnon, Cazelles and Meiss 1969). _START_SECTION_ Stylistic analysis _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Limbourg brothers had artistic freedom but worked within a framework of the religious didactic manuscript. Several artistic innovations by the Limbourg brothers can be noticed in the Très Riches Heures. In the October miniature, the study of light was momentous for Western painting (Cazelles and Rathofer 1988). People were shown reflected in the water, the earliest representation of this type of reflection known thus far. Miniature scenes had new informality, with no strong framing forms at the edges. This allowed for continuity beyond the frame of view to be vividly defined. The Limbourgs developed a more naturalistic mode of representation and developed portraiture of people and surroundings. Religious figures do not inhabit free open space and courtiers are framed by vegetation. This is reminiscent of a more classical representation (Longnon, Cazelles and Meiss 1969). Some conventions used by the Limbourgs, such as a diaper background or the portrayal of night, were influenced by artists such as Taddeo Gaddi. These conventions were transformed completely into the artist's unique interpretation (Longnon, Cazelles and Meiss 1969)._NEWLINE_Manion offers a stylistic analysis of the psalter specifically. The psalters offer a systematic program of illuminations corresponding to the individual psalms. These images are linked together, but are not in the numerical order of the psalter. This emphasizes the idea of the abbreviated psalter, where each psalm is illustrated once (Manion 1995). The miniatures are not modeled on any specific visual or literary precedence when compared with other fourteenth century psalters. The manuscript offers a literal interpretation of the words and lacks a selection of more personal prayers. This emphasizes the didactic use of the book of hours (Manion 1995).

3620462152417866793

Q55642418

_START_ARTICLE_ Trace Repeat _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ Trace Repeat was founded in early 2015 by co-band leaders Wesley Woo and Zach Hing, drummer Ben Peterson, and ex-member/saxophonist Adam Dietz. The band began as a side project immediately following Woo's first tour to South by Southwest as a solo artist. The remaining band members (Dan Wilson, David Kaiser-Jones, Noah Foley-Beining, and Khrizia Kamille) joined the band after the original four members recorded and shopped around its first early demos in 2015._NEWLINE_Founder and co-band leader Zach Hing parted ways with Trace Repeat in August 2018 due to personal differences. The band's recording and touring schedule continued uninterrupted with its five remaining members, and contributions from Zach Parkes (bass), Rei Otsuka (bass), and Shawn Miller (bass)._NEWLINE_In early 2019 the band officially announced Rei Otsuka as its permanent recording and touring bassist. _START_SECTION_ Kollaboration _START_PARAGRAPH_ Trace Repeat found its first early success in May 2016 after catching the attention of Kollaboration talent scout Lauren Lee, who helped the band reach the final round competition of Kollaboration STAR 2016. After winning Kollaboration’s regional competition in San Francisco, Trace Repeat had their first break on a national stage with their performance at Kollaboration STAR 2016, sharing the stage with artists like JR Aquino, Paul Dateh, Jane Lui, and Tim DeLaGhetto. _START_SECTION_ Asian American Empowerment _START_PARAGRAPH_ Following their appearance at Kollaboration STAR, Trace Repeat continued to build momentum with the release of their Indiegogo crowdfunding campaign in January 2017. The campaign garnered media attention due to its focus on Asian American empowerment and the demasculinization of Asian American men in film and media. According to NBC Asian America, “While the band wasn't sure how people would respond to their overtly empowerment-themed campaign, the message resonated. Trace Repeat raised more than $8,000 — most of it from strangers — and surpassed their goal by more than 50 percent.” _START_SECTION_ The Oaktown Sound (2017) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Trace Repeat released their debut album The Oaktown Sound in September 2017. The album’s first print was released on CD, vinyl, and 3 ½ inch floppy disc. Alternative Press calls the album, “intentionally referential to some of the 50s and 60s R&B you might hear on a James Brown or Ray Charles record. A lot of that high energy James Brown intensity, underscored by that Clyde Stubblefield 'funky drummer' kind of attitude in the rhythm section.”

5904447705027151961

Q7831245

_START_ARTICLE_ Tracey Magee _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tracey Magee (b. 1969, Belfast) is a Northern Irish broadcaster and journalist. _START_SECTION_ Broadcasting career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Magee joined UTV in April 1997. As well as reporting, she has also presented news bulletins and feature programmes on UTV. _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Magee and her partner opened a bistro in Belfast in 2007.

16617048207353507110

Q2689578

_START_ARTICLE_ Traci Abbott _START_SECTION_ Casting _START_PARAGRAPH_ Maitland won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her role as Traci in 1985. Originally intended to be a short-term contract role lasting three months, Maitland impressed the producers. She stayed with the show on contract from 1982 to May 20, 1987 and 1987–1993. Maitland departed the role in 1993, but made guest appearances in 1994, 1995, and 1996. She reappeared in 1999 for a brief appearance, and since 2001 has appeared sporadically on a recurring basis. On March 20, 2007, Traci made an appearance on the show's sister soap opera, The Bold and the Beautiful. In 2009, Maitland recorded a song that served as the background music for Traci's daughter, Colleen Carlton's funeral. The song was entitled "An Angel's Lullaby." Since Maria Arena Bell became a writer for the show, Traci was seen more often: "It got to the point where the show stopped calling altogether and I thought my soap ship had sailed. But, after Maria took over, I suddenly had 30 episodes when [Traci's daughter] Colleen died — the biggest storyline I'd had in over 10 years. I don't have those problems anymore. I feel like an honored member of the cast. The climate has changed." _START_SECTION_ 1980s _START_PARAGRAPH_ Like many of Genoa City's privileged youth, Traci Abbott attended boarding school until her return home in 1982. She had low self-esteem because she was overweight, and her older sister, Ashley Abbott, was more glamorous and successful than she was. Traci became the president of rocker Danny Romalotti's (Michael Damian) fan club, and she decided to attend college locally at Genoa City University in order to be near him. She became a singer in Danny's band, and she fought for his attention with Lauren Fenmore (Tracey E. Bregman). In addition, Traci's mother, Dina, returned to town for the first time since she left Traci as an infant. The stress caused Traci to become conscious of her weight, and Lauren exploited her to get Danny's attention. Traci became addicted to diet pills while in college, and she would often sing (to the melody of "Turn to Stone" by the Electric Light Orchestra), "I turn to pills, when I'm feeling ill, I turn to pills". Her addiction culminated when she found out that Danny and Lauren were engaged. She got high, crashed her car and sustained serious heart damage. After her recovery, she went onstage at one of Danny's concerts to speak about the dangers of drug addiction._NEWLINE_Then, Traci began seeing her college professor, Tim Sullivan. When she found him in bed with another student, she became suicidal. She tried to kill herself, but Christine "Cricket" Blair (Lauralee Bell) saved her. Traci then found out that she was pregnant with Tim's child, and Danny Romalotti wanted to marry her to give the baby a family. They married in 1984, but Danny's former flame, Patty Williams (then played by Andrea Evans), was angry because Traci stole Danny. She pushed Traci down a flight of stairs, causing her to miscarry. Traci decided to annul her marriage to Danny, and Patty left town shortly after. Traci then got involved with groundskeeper Brad Carlton (Don Diamont). The two were quickly married in 1986, but Brad chose his budding career over his wife. Traci left town to continue her education at Stanford University._NEWLINE_During their separation, Brad had an affair with Lauren Fenmore, and Traci reconnected with Tim Sullivan. Still, Brad ended his romance with Lauren when Traci came home. In order to keep her in Genoa City, he agreed to have a baby with her. When Traci found out she was pregnant again, Brad's insane ex-wife, Lisa Mansfield, kidnapped Brad, and she tried to make Traci believe that Brad didn't love her anymore. Lisa's scheme caused Traci to have a second miscarriage. When Brad was freed, he worked to win Traci's heart, but instead, Ashley Abbott worked her magic, and she stole Brad from her younger sister. Thus, Traci and Brad divorced in 1989. She went on to write two best-selling books, Echoes of the Past and Epitaph for a Lover. The former novel was based off her life of living in Ashley's shadow. _START_SECTION_ 1990s _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ashley eventually left Brad for Victor Newman (Eric Braeden). Brad spontaneously married Cassandra Rawlins, and he inherited her fortune when she died in a car accident. He then returned to Traci, and they were remarried in 1991. Traci was pregnant again soon after, and she kept the secret from everyone except her father because she wanted Brad to love her without obligations to their child. Soon, Brad grew close to Ashley again when her marriage to Victor fell apart. Still, Traci finally told Brad about their child, he refused to let her raise their child alone. Traci gave birth to Colleen Carlton in 1992. Colleen's birth did not help Brad and Traci's failing marriage, and they divorced later that year. Traci's publisher, Steve Connelly, moved to Genoa City, and the two soon began a romance. Brad became jealous, but he realized that Traci was truly happy. Then, Traci moved to New York City with Colleen, where she married Steve in 1993._NEWLINE_In 1994, Traci visited Brad at the hospital when he had a heart attack. Before leaving town, she got into a heated argument with Lauren Fenmore, whom she blamed for Brad's heart attack. In 1996, Traci returned to Genoa City when her father considered remarrying her mother, Dina Mergeron. In 1999, When the Abbotts reclaimed Jabot from Newman Enterprises, Traci returned home to join in the family celebration. _START_SECTION_ 2000s _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2001, Traci came home after she learned that Steve cheated on her. At first, Colleen did not believe her mother, but she turned on Steve when she learned the truth. Traci became close to Brad during her stay at home, but he was married to Ashley at the time. Traci decided to forgive Steve and work on their marriage, but Colleen became disgusted with her mother's "almost-reunion" with Brad. She rebelled against Traci and Steve until she was expelled from school for smoking marijuana. Then, Traci decided to send Colleen to Genoa City to live with her grandfather John Abbott. In 2006, John Abbott had a stroke, and Traci rushed to his bedside. John died soon after from complications from the stroke, and Traci truly began to see the hardships that her family faced while she was away. John's widow, Gloria Abbott (Judith Chapman), was hated by all of John's children. Traci was shocked to learn of the animosity that spread through her family, and she was also unaware of her siblings vendetta with their stepmother._NEWLINE_In 2007, Colleen was trapped in a burning building that was set on fire by Jana Hawkes (Emily O'Brien). Traci rushed to support her daughter, and she also reconnected with her sister, Ashley. Traci returned later that year when Jack dealt with the fallout from a fraud scandal. The next year, Traci was present at the Jabot Cosmetics annual stockholders meeting. She offered her support to Brad in his bid for CEO of the company, but Cane Ashby (Daniel Goddard) was appointed CEO in a turn of events. Several months later, Traci came home to attend the "funeral" of Katherine Chancellor (Jeanne Cooper). In reality, Katherine's doppelganger, Marge Cotrooke, had died. At the funeral, Traci ran into her mother, Dina, and the two argued about Dina's lacking role in Colleen's life. In addition, Lauren Fenmore apologized for the way she had treated Traci those many years ago. Traci went back to New York, but she returned again at Christmas to visit Colleen. She also shared a touching moment with Brad, and he called her "the one who got away." Several days later, Brad tragically drown after he saved Noah Newman from a frozen pond. Traci stayed in town to attend Brad's funeral, and then she returned to New York._NEWLINE_Colleen was kidnapped by Patty Williams. Upon escaping, she fell into a lake, and she almost drowned. She was rushed to the hospital, only to be declared braindead. Patty shot Victor Newman when he attempted to help save Colleen from the lake, and Colleen's heart was donated to him at Traci's request. Traci's brother, Billy Abbott, organized a celebration of Colleen's life that all of her friends and family attended. All of the mourners present released red balloons to honor Colleen while Beth Maitland's song, "An Angel's Lullaby," played in the background. Traci and Steve stayed in town long enough to be present for the christening of Ashley's "daughter", Faith Colleen Abbott. Faith became Traci's goddaughter, and she wore Colleen's christening gown for the ceremony. Adam Newman (Michael Muhney) became Faith's godfather, but in a turn of events, he schemed to make Ashley believe that Faith was her child. In reality, Nick (Joshua Morrow) and Sharon Newman (Sharon Case) were Faith's biological parents. Adam stole Faith from Sharon at birth, and he passed the baby off as Ashley's baby. In reality, Ashley had a hysterical pregnancy, and she never actually gave birth. This dark point in Ashley's life occurred after Traci and Steve went back to New York City. Traci also returned to visit her family for Christmastime. In 2010, Colleen's best friend, Lily Winters (Christel Khalil), had recently overcome a battle with ovarian cancer. Lily could not bear children, but she and her husband, Cane Ashby, were able to conceive through a surrogate mother, Mackenzie Browning (Clementine Ford). When Lily and Cane's twins were born, Lily asked Traci to be their godmother in honor of Colleen, and Traci happily accepted. In 2011, Cane was shot to death on the steps of a church, and Traci attended his "funeral." In reality, Cane's twin brother, Caleb Atkinson, was killed on the church steps. Lily believed that she was having hallucinations because she was seeing Cane's "ghost." Traci was the only person to sympathize with Lily when everyone else thought that she was insane._NEWLINE_Traci's older brother, Jack Abbott, was preparing to marry Genevieve Atkinson (Genie Francis). Traci returned to Genoa City to spend time with Genevieve and her sister, Ashley, before the ceremony. On the day of the wedding, Patty Williams took Genevieve's wedding dress, and she crashed the wedding. She shot Jack when he realized who she was, and Jack refused to marry Genevieve because she bought his prized company, Beauty of Nature. Traci stayed by Jack's beside in the hospital while the doctors told him that he may not be able to walk again. Traci returned in August for Jack's wedding to Nikki, and invited her sister Ashley to come home with her. Traci also returned to support Abby when Victor Newman supposedly died. Victor had been suffering amnesia and was involved in an explosion. As a result of Victor's "death", Jack was forced to sell Beauty of Nature, and Traci urged Jack to be careful in his business deals. Traci would return shortly thereafter as she moved back to the Abbott Mansion, and became a thorn in Jack's latest relationship with Phyllis Summers (Michelle Stafford), who recently moved in with Jack. Eventually, Traci gave her blessing, but an accident left Phyllis in a coma and she left for Georgia for experimental treatments. Traci briefly hinted to Jack that her return to Genoa City was sparked by issues with her marriage to Steve following Colleen's death._NEWLINE_In 2019, Traci writes another book based off Cane Ashby

14688724040964379823

Q16733075

_START_ARTICLE_ Tracy Mutinhiri _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tracy Mutinhiri is the Zimbabwe Deputy Minister of Labour and Social Welfare. She is the Member of House of Assembly for Marondera East (ZANU-PF). _NEWLINE_Since 2009 rumours exist around Mutinhiri being sympathetic to the MDC party. This has led to various forms of threats and harassment on her person, especially after the reelection of Lovemore Moyo as speaker of parliament at the end of March 2011. In this election Mutinhiri was suspected to be one of the two ZANU-PF votes in favour of the MDC candidate. The attacks also included attempted invasions of her farm in Marondera.

9482156112080049890

Q5418949

_START_ARTICLE_ Trafalgar campaign _START_SECTION_ French and British aims _START_PARAGRAPH_ Napoleon had been planning an invasion of England for some time, with the first Army of England gathering on the Channel coast in 1798. Napoleon's concentration on campaigns in Egypt and Austria, and the Peace of Amiens caused these plans to be shelved in 1802. The resumption of hostilities in 1803 led to their revival, and forces were gathered outside Boulogne in large military camps in preparation for the assembling of the invasion flotilla. The Royal Navy was the main obstacle to a successful invasion, but Napoleon declared that his fleet need only be masters of the Channel for six hours and the crossing could be effected. Though the intended departure points were known and were being closely blockaded by the Royal Navy, First Lord of the Admiralty Lord Melville was short of ships. If a combined Franco-Spanish fleet were to force the Navy from its station for even a short while, the French invasion force might succeed in crossing unmolested. The French aimed to achieve at least temporary control of the Channel, while the British aimed to prevent this at all costs. _START_SECTION_ Changing French plans _START_PARAGRAPH_ Napoleon proposed a total of four different strategies between July 1804 and March 1805, each with the object of collecting a large force of ships and moving up the Channel. Common elements included the decoying of some or all of the blockading Royal Navy fleets away from the Channel, the combining of the French fleets to lift the blockade of any ships that remained trapped in port, and the advancing of the fleet up the Channel to Boulogne, where they would escort the invasion force across. _START_SECTION_ Plan I: July – September 1804 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Napoleon's first plan, put forward in May 1804 for execution between July and September envisaged the break-out from Toulon of 10 ships of the line and 11 frigates under Admiral Latouche Tréville. They would evade the patrolling British fleet under Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson and sail into the Atlantic, slipping past Alexander Cochrane's fleet off Ferrol and entering the Bay of Biscay. They would then make for Rochefort where they would be joined by another six ships of the line. While this was taking place Vice-Admiral Ganteaume would sail from Brest with 23 ships of the line and head out into the Atlantic, hopefully drawing the main British Channel Fleet under Admiral William Cornwallis after them. Latouche Tréville would then have a clear run into the Channel and up to Boulogne, where he would escort the invasion fleet safely across. The plan was complicated and depended on the unlikely events of favourable weather, the avoidance of Cochrane's and Nelson's fleets and the decoying away of Cornwallis. The plan was never put into operation. Latouche Tréville remained at Toulon rather than risk an encounter with Nelson, and died suddenly on 19 August, putting an end to the scheme. _START_SECTION_ Plan II: October 1804 – early 1805 _START_PARAGRAPH_ The revised invasion plan after the death of Latouche Tréville was considerably more ambitious, and consisted of three distinct operations. Latouche Tréville's successor at Toulon, Vice-Admiral Villeneuve, would board 5,600 troops and sail his 10 ships of the line into the Mediterranean on 21 October. Having evaded Nelson he would collect the Aigle from Cádiz and pass through the Strait of Gibraltar, after which he would detach two ships carrying 1,800 troops. He would then head to the West Indies with the rest of his force, while the two detached ships were assigned to fulfil one of the three operations included in the plan. They would sail to Saint Helena and capture the island from the British, before returning northwards to land at Senegal and stir up trouble in West Africa. Meanwhile, Rear-Admiral Missiessy was to sail from Rochefort on 1 November with six ships of the line and 3,500 troops. Having evaded the British blockade he would sail to the West Indies, reinforce the French garrisons at Martinique and Guadeloupe and capture the British colonies of Dominica and St Lucia. Having achieved this Villeneuve and Missiessy would unite and combine forces, giving the French a fleet of 15 ships of the line and 5,000 men. With this force they would capture Surinam and raid other Dutch and British possessions, before sailing back across the Atlantic._NEWLINE_While this was taking place Ganteaume and his 21 ships of the line carrying 18,000 troops were to have sailed from Brest on 23 November, passed through the English Channel and into the North Sea, and then sailed around the coast of Scotland. They would arrive at Lough Swilly on the north coast of Ireland and land the troops. While a full-scale invasion of Ireland was under way Ganteaume would sail around the west coast of Ireland, arriving in the Western Approaches in time to meet Villeneuve and Missiessy's forces returning from the West Indies. With a combined force of nearly 40 ships of the line, the French would sweep up the Channel to Boulogne and effect the third and final part of the plan, the invasion of England. This plan, dependant on the weather, the non-interference of the British and subject to the vagaries of communication over thousands of miles of ocean verged on the impossible. The plan was never attempted, as the British intercepted the orders sent to Ganteaume, and the project was called off. _START_SECTION_ Plan III: January 1805 _START_PARAGRAPH_ The strategic situation in Europe had altered considerably by January 1805. The Spanish had allied with France, but Napoleon was concerned about Austria and Russia, who appeared to be in negotiations with Britain. The danger of committing most of his forces across the Channel, from where they could not easily be recalled, had become clear to him. Should a combined Russian and Austrian force open a second front to the east, Napoleon would be hard pressed to deal with it. He decided to temporarily put his plans for invasion on hold, and developed a new strategy whereby his largely idle fleet could cause trouble for Britain. Villeneuve and Missiessy were ordered to embark troops and take their fleets to sea, where they would sail to the West Indies and attack the British possessions there. This would force the British to reallocate resources to defend them. Missiessy duly sailed from Rochefort on 11 January with five ships of the line, evaded Vice-Admiral Thomas Graves's blockading force and escaped into the Atlantic. Rear-Admiral Alexander Cochrane took his forces in pursuit, and both fleets sailed to the West Indies._NEWLINE_Villeneuve finally sailed from Toulon on 18 January, heading into the teeth of a gale. Their departure was noted by the patrolling British frigates HMS Seahorse and HMS Active, who rushed to report the news to Nelson, anchored at La Maddalena. Nelson immediately rushed his fleet to sea, determining that considering the weather and the fact the French had embarked troops, that Villeneuve was heading east, perhaps to attack locations on the Italian coast, or the islands of Malta or Sardinia, or maybe even Greece or Egypt. He rushed south, hoping to intercept them south of Sardinia, but when they had not appeared by 25 January, he worried that he had missed them, and pressed further east, calling at Greece and then Alexandria on 7 February. Finding no news of the French he turned westward, calling at Malta on 19 February, where he received news that the French were back in Toulon. Villeneuve had in fact turned to port just two days after setting out, forced back by the weather and the inability of his ships and sailors to cope with it. The error of the frigates leaving the fleet unobserved when they had rushed to report to Nelson meant that he had spent nearly six weeks sailing back and forth across the Mediterranean through heavy seas while the French remained in port. A frustrated Nelson returned to resume the blockade. _START_SECTION_ Strategic situation in March 1805 _START_PARAGRAPH_ The French Navy was largely confined to port, blockaded by various fleets and commands of the Royal Navy, while the main invasion force of 93,000 men in four Army corps waited in Boulogne. A combined French and Dutch squadron of nine ships of the line were quartered in the Netherlands, covered by Admiral Lord Keith's Downs squadron of 11 ships of the line. Neither squadron took part in the campaign. The main Channel Fleet, patrolling between Ushant and the Irish coast under Admiral William Cornwallis and his deputy Vice-Admiral Charles Cotton, consisted of 15 ships of the line, with detached squadrons of five ships of the line under Rear-Admiral Thomas Graves blockading Rochefort, and eight ships of the line under Vice-Admiral Robert Calder blockading Ferrol. They were maintaining a tight blockade over the French Atlantic forces, consisting of 21 ships of the line at Brest under Vice-Admiral Ganteaume, three or four ships of the line at Rochefort, and four French ships of the line under Rear-Admiral Gourdon and eight Spanish ships of the line under Admiral Grandallana at Ferrol. Six Spanish ships of the line and one French one were in port at Cádiz, under the watchful eyes of Rear-Admiral John Orde and his five ships of the line, with another six Spanish ships of line located at Cartagena under Admiral Salcedo. The French naval base at Toulon was home to 11 French ships of the line under Vice-Admiral Villeneuve, who was being kept bottled up by the 12 ships of the line of the Mediterranean Fleet under Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson. Each commander had a number of frigates, sloops and brigs at their disposal. Further afield, Missiessy, pursued by Cochrane, sailed around the West Indies, but without making contact with each other. Napoleon recalled Missiessy once it became clear the Villeneuve had remained trapped in Toulon, and Missiessey began to voyage back to France on 28 March. March 1805 brought a significant development for Napoleon, an assurance from the Austrians that they did not plan to make war on France. Napoleon resolved to return to his scheme for the invasion of Britain, and drew up a new plan. _START_SECTION_ The Trafalgar Campaign: The French plan _START_PARAGRAPH_ The fleet at Brest under Ganteaume was to embark 3,000 troops and sail to Ferrol, where he would chase away Calder's blockading squadron and unite with the French and Spanish forces in the port under Gourdon and Grandallana. Having amassed a force of 33 ships of the line, six frigates and two storeships, they would sail to Martinique. Meanwhile, Villeneuve was to have embarked 3000 troops and sailed from Toulon. He would break out into the Atlantic, and having collected another seven ships of the line from Cádiz, he would sail to the rendezvous in the West Indies. The three fleets—Ganteaume's 33 ships of the line; Missiessy's five ships of the line, if they were still in the area; and Villeneuve's 11 ships of the line—would unite and sail back across the Atlantic. Sweeping away any resistance, they would then cover the invasion flotilla. _START_SECTION_ Ganteaume blockaded _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ganteaume had got his fleet ready for sea by 24 March, but Brest was being closely blockaded by Vice-Admiral Cotton's 17 ships of the line. Ganteaume had orders to avoid battle, and waited until conditions seemed favourable on 26 March, when a fog came down that would help him to slip past the British. But as he made his way out the weather changed suddenly, blowing away the fog and making it difficult to return to the anchorage. Temporarily trapped outside the port Ganteaume reluctantly prepared for battle as Cotton's force approached. Cotton did not however risk an engagement with night closing, many shoals and with the enemy fleet under the guns of French shore batteries, and chose to merely observe and blockade Ganteaume. The following day the wind changed, allowing Ganteaume to return to port, where he spent the rest of the campaign. _START_SECTION_ Villeneuve escapes _START_PARAGRAPH_ Villeneuve and his second in command, Rear-Admiral Pierre Dumanoir le Pelley, hurried to ready the Toulon-based fleet for departure. Nelson had been spotted near Barcelona and Villeneuve hoped that by sailing due south from Toulon and passing east of the Balearic Islands, he might avoid the patrolling British. In reality Nelson was preparing a trap, and having allowed himself to be observed off the Spanish coast, had withdrawn to a position south of Sardinia, hoping that in attempting to avoid the supposed location of the British fleet, Villeneuve would sail straight into them. Villeneuve put to sea on 30 March, observed by the British frigates Active and Phoebe, and as Nelson hoped, set course to sail between the Balearic Islands and Sardinia. The frigates lost sight of the French fleet on 1 April, the same day that Villeneuve came across a Spanish merchant, and learnt that Nelson had been sighted off Sardinia. Realising that he was sailing into an ambush, Villeneuve turned west, passing to the west of the Balearics. With no visual contact with the French, Nelson was left in the dark as to their intentions. Villeneuve pressed on to Cartegena, but did not dare wait for the Spanish ships there after they declined to join him until orders from Madrid arrived. Instead he hurried on, passing through the Strait of Gibraltar on 8 April, observed by the British squadron under Sir John Orde. From Cádiz Villeneuve collected the French 74-gun Aigle and set off across the Atlantic to the West Indies, followed by six Spanish ships of the line and a frigate under Federico Gravina._NEWLINE_Nelson meanwhile had been alerted of the French departure, but having failed to make contact with them off Sardinia, was reduced to combing the area with his frigates for any news of them. After having finally determined that the entire force must have left the Mediterranean he himself beat through the straits, where he received confirmation on 8 May from one of Orde's ships that the French had sailed through the straits a month earlier, and had not headed north. Convinced that Villeneuve was headed for the West Indies Nelson set off in pursuit. _START_SECTION_ Villeneuve in the West Indies _START_PARAGRAPH_ Villeneuve arrived at Fort de France, Martinique on 14 May, and was joined over the next two days by the Spanish under Gravina. Having resupplied, he settled in to await the arrival of Ganteaume, who unbeknownst to him was still sitting blockaded in Brest. Initially reluctant to undertake any large scale assaults on the British possessions in the Caribbean without orders, he was finally persuaded by the Governor of Martinique to attack the British held Diamond Rock after two weeks of sitting idle at anchor. The small garrison surrendered on 2 June, by which time the frigate Didon had arrived with orders. Villeneuve was instructed to await the arrival of two extra ships under Rear-Admiral René Magon, and then spend a month attacking and capturing the British colonies in the West Indies. He was then to sail his entire force back to Europe, join Ganteaume at Brest and cover the invasion flotilla. The orders also noted that Nelson had sailed to Egypt in search of him. In fact Nelson was by now only two days away from Barbados, where he would anchor on 4 June. Villeneuve gathered his forces and pressed northwards towards Antigua, but on 7 June he came across a lightly defended convoy of British merchants, and captured several of them the following day. From them he discovered that Nelson had arrived at Barbados. A shocked Villeneuve decided to break off operations and head north and east again, back to Europe. The fleet got underway on 11 June, causing one of the army officers attached to the fleet, General Honoré Charles Reille to note _NEWLINE_We have been masters of the sea for three weeks with a landing force of 7000 to 8000 men and have not been able to attack a single island. _START_SECTION_ Nelson in the West Indies _START_PARAGRAPH_ Nelson had arrived at Barbados on 4 June, where he received fragmentary reports that the French had been seen a week earlier, sailing southwards. Nelson set off in pursuit, but the information was wrong, Villeneuve and his fleet were north of Barbados and heading farther north with each day. A series of mistaken sightings, deliberate misinformation, and sheer coincidence kept Nelson heading south until 8 June, when more concrete information reached him that Villeneuve was north of his position, and heading towards Antigua. He finally reached Antigua on 12 June, and learnt that Villeneuve had passed by the day before, headed for Europe. Nelson left in pursuit on 13 June, anticipating that his quarry would make either for Cádiz, or would attempt to re-enter the Mediterranean. Villeneuve was in fact heading for Ferrol, and by hoping to catch them at sea before they could make port, Nelson set his course too far to the south and missed them. He eventually arrived at Gibraltar on 19 July, after which he sailed his fleet to join the Channel Fleet under Cornwallis, before taking the Victory into Portsmouth. _START_SECTION_ Villeneuve intercepted _START_PARAGRAPH_ Nelson had sent despatches back to the Admiralty aboard the brig HMS Curieux. While sailing across the Atlantic Curieux had, on 19 June, spotted the combined Franco-Spanish fleet, sailing northwards from Antigua. Curieux shadowed them, and determined that they were not heading for the Straits as Nelson had predicted, but were instead likely to arrive in the Bay of Biscay. The despatches and news of the latest sighting were rushed to Lord Barham at the Admiralty, who instructed a reinforced fleet under Vice-Admiral Robert Calder to attempt to intercept the combined fleet as it arrived off Cape Finisterre. Calder duly received an extra five ships of the line under Rear-Admiral Charles Stirling and on 22 July the enemy fleet was sighted heading westwards towards Ferrol._NEWLINE_Calder then moved south to intercept, while Villeneuve assembled his force into the line of battle and began moving north. The two fleets moved slowly past each other, before Calder came about by tacking in succession and began to close on the enemy's rear. The action eventually began when the frigate HMS Sirius, in the van of the British fleet, attempted to attack the French frigate Siréne, trailing in the rear. Fearing the British were attempting to cut off his rear, Villeneuve brought his fleet about and the Spanish van opened fire on the leading British ships at about 5.30 pm. The action quickly became general, but in the failing light, mist and gunsmoke both fleets soon became scattered. By the time the action broke off at 9.30 pm, two Spanish ships had been isolated and captured. Both fleets were still scattered the following day. They continued to observe each other, but neither made an attempt to resume the action, and despite more favourable winds on 24 July, Calder declined to give battle. By 25 July the fleets had drifted out of sight of each other, at which point Villeneuve sailed south to Vigo, while Calder headed east. Both admirals claimed a victory, with Villeneuve assuring Napoleon that he intended to sail north to rendezvous with Allemand's force from Rochefort, before heading to the Channel._NEWLINE_On 10 August off Cape Finesterre HMS Phoenix under Captain Thomas Baker captured the French 40 gun frigate Didon. Didon was carrying despatches instructing Rear-Admiral Allemand's five ships of the line to unite with the combined Franco-Spanish fleet under Villeneuve._NEWLINE_While sailing to Gibraltar with his prize in tow, Baker fell in with the 74-gun HMS Dragon on 14 August. The following day the combined fleet under Villeneuve, heading for Brest and then on to Boulogne to escort the French invasion forces across the Channel sighted the three British ships. Villeneuve mistook the British ships for scouts from the Channel Fleet and fled south to Cadiz to avoid an action. A furious Napoleon raged 'What a Navy! What an admiral! All those sacrifices for nought!' Finisterre and Villeneuve's retreat became the decisive action of the campaign as far as the invasion of England went, for abandoning all hope of fulfilling his plans to secure control of the Channel Napoleon gathered the Armée d'Angleterre, now renamed the Grand Armée, and headed east to attack the Austrians in the Ulm Campaign. _START_SECTION_ Battle of Trafalgar _START_PARAGRAPH_ Villeneuve's fleet underwent repairs in Cádiz, covered by a hastily assembled blockade of British warships, initially commanded by Rear-Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood, and from 27 September by Vice-Admiral Nelson, who had arrived from England to take command. He spent the following weeks preparing and refining his tactics for the anticipated battle and dining with his captains to ensure they understood his intentions. Nelson had devised a plan of attack that anticipated the allied fleet would form up in a traditional line of battle. Drawing on his own experience from the Nile and Copenhagen, and the examples of Duncan at Camperdown and Rodney at the Saintes, Nelson decided to split his fleet into squadrons rather than forming it into a similar line parallel to the enemy. These squadrons would then cut the enemy's line in a number of places, allowing a pell-mell battle to develop in which the British ships could overwhelm and destroy parts of their opponents' formation, before the unengaged enemy ships could come to their aid._NEWLINE_Napoleon, increasingly dissatisfied with Villeneuve's performance, ordered Vice-Admiral François Rosily to go to Cádiz and take command of the fleet, sail it into the Mediterranean to land troops at Naples, before making port at Toulon. Villeneuve decided to sail the fleet out before his successor arrived. On 20 October the fleet was sighted making its way out of harbour by patrolling British frigates, and Nelson was informed that they appeared to be headed to the west. Nelson led his column of ships into battle aboard HMS Victory, and succeeded in cutting the line and causing the pell-mell battle he desired to break out. After several hours of fighting 17 French and Spanish ships had been captured and another destroyed, without the loss of a single British ship. Nelson was among the 449 British dead, having been mortally wounded by a French sharpshooter during the battle. Nine of the prizes were later scuttled or sunk in a storm that blew up the following day. A sortie led by some of the ships that managed to escape under Julien Cosmao managed to recapture the Spanish_NEWLINE_Santa Ana, but in doing so he lost three more of his ships, wrecked in the gale, while a fourth was captured by the British, but later wrecked. The British fleet and the surviving French prizes put into Gibraltar over the next few days. _START_SECTION_ Cape Ortegal _START_PARAGRAPH_ Though the combined fleet had been decisively crushed at Trafalgar, the final action of the campaign was fought nearly a fortnight later, on 4 November. Four French ships under Rear-Admiral Pierre Dumanoir le Pelley had escaped Trafalgar and headed north, hoping to reach Rochefort. On 2 November they came across the 36-gun frigate HMS Phoenix, some forty miles of Cape Ortegal. They gave chase, but the Phoenix lured them towards a squadron of five ships of the line under Captain Sir Richard Strachan. Strachan led his ships in pursuit, coming in range and opening the attack on 4 November, despite one of his ships of the line not being with the squadron. Using his frigates to harass and wear down the enemy while avoiding their broadsides, Strachan used his larger ships to attack the enemy's rear and centre. He was eventually able to surround the French ships, and after four hours of close fighting all of the French ships were forced to surrender. _START_SECTION_ Outcome and significance _START_PARAGRAPH_ By early November the combined fleet had been practically destroyed. Two ships of the line had been lost at Finisterre, twenty-one at Trafalgar and in the ensuing storm, and four at Cape Ortegal. No British ships had been lost in these engagements. Many of those that had survived in French or Spanish hands were badly damaged and would not be ready for service for some time. The British victory gave them unchallenged supremacy of the seas, securing British trade and sustaining the Empire. The continued failure of Napoleon to marshal his navies as he did his armies meant that the invasion of England never occurred. Already postponed several times, Villeneuve's defeat at Finisterre and his final failure to link up with the Rochefort and Brest fleets caused Napoleon to abandon his plans in favour of a march eastward. Trafalgar, with its 74 ships, became the last clash of its scale of the Napoleonic Wars; from then on the largest engagements were fought between no more than a dozen ships. After 1805 the morale of the French navy was destroyed, while its continued blockade in port robbed it of efficiency and will. While Napoleon returned to the possibility of an invasion some years later, it was never with the same focus or determination. The failure of his navy to fulfil its objectives left him disillusioned, while the timidity of its commanders and the determination of the British to resist them, both factors clearly expressed at various stages throughout the Trafalgar campaign, left the navy with a lack of purpose and direction.

15253945871411993305

Q5850862

_START_ARTICLE_ Tragedy of Antuco _START_PARAGRAPH_ On May 18, 2005, Major of the Chilean Army Patricio Cereceda, on a routine training mission, ordered 474 conscripts of the 17th Regiment of Los Ángeles to March 28-km along the side of the Antuco volcano at altitudes of 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) and 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) in spite of some sergeants and corporals appeals to Cereceda to cancel the order on account of the bad weather conditions. Major Cereceda stayed back at a military mountain shelter._NEWLINE_Of the five companies sent, only one was wearing mountain survival gear and the soldiers, most of them teenagers, had begun the conscription less than three months earlier._NEWLINE_As a storm struck five hours into the march, the conscripts were completely disoriented by a viento blanco (whiteout) of swirling, frozen snow that blinded and stung._NEWLINE_Most of them were able to hike out or hole up in shelters, but the victims, 44 conscripts and one seargent, died of hypothermia or exposure in the mountains. _START_SECTION_ Political _START_PARAGRAPH_ It was the military's worst peacetime military disaster since 1927, when 12 Chilean cadets died in Alpatacal (Argentina), as they visited officially the independence day of Argentina._NEWLINE_After the tragedy prominent political figures called for the abolition of the compulsory military service. _START_SECTION_ Military _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Antuco military investigation sanctioned nine officers for their responsibility in a snow training that "never should have been carried out" Three career officers were forced to resign, six subordinates were officially reprimanded, and 10 soldiers were praised for their actions._NEWLINE_Major Patricio Cereceda, chief of Battalion, Lieutenant colonel Luis Pineda, and Colonel Roberto Mercado, commander of the Regiment were forced to retire. Beside the top officers, six junior officers received jail sentences ranging from two to ten days and punitive marks on their military records._NEWLINE_The Army Chief of Chile's Division III General Rodolfo González resigned as a matter of honor. In his resignation, the general assumed responsibility for the actions of his subordinates. _START_SECTION_ Judicial _START_PARAGRAPH_ Six of the men were also involved in a civilian inquiry but only Major Patricio Cereceda was sentenced to 5 years in the Punta Peuco Prison. He was released on parole on 3 November 2011, after 3 years and 9 months in prison. _START_SECTION_ Indemnification _START_PARAGRAPH_ The army announced a US$5,400 in life insurance, US$4,900 in reparations, and a monthly pension of about US$260 for the surviving dependent. The Supreme Court of Chile determined an indemnification of US$ 560,000 for the 27 survivors (US$20,600 for each one)

11210705273417633672

Q65087791

_START_ARTICLE_ Trail of the Gold Spike _START_PARAGRAPH_ Trail of the Gold Spike is a 1984 fantasy role-playing game adventure published by Hero Games for Justice, Inc. _START_SECTION_ Contents _START_PARAGRAPH_ Trail of the Gold Spike is an adventure in which adventurers pit their skills and daring against the evil Condor and his attempt to run the Whitleys out of the family mining business._NEWLINE_Though written for Justice, Inc. , it was also "approved for use with" and included statistics for Chill, Call of Cthulhu and Daredevils. _START_SECTION_ Reception _START_PARAGRAPH_ William A. Barton reviewed Trail of the Gold Spike in Space Gamer No. 72. Barton commented that "Trail of the Gold Spike is simply a lot of fun - to read, play, or GM. If you play any of the systems for which the adventure is designed, I heartily recommend it as the next exciting installment of your gaming career!"

4830477287943890420

Q31764133

_START_ARTICLE_ Tranny (book) _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ The entire book is based on Grace's journals, (which she'd kept since third grade). The book was known under a working title of Kill Me Loudly or Killing Me Loudly in 2015, when Grace was working with a different publisher. The title refers to her reclamation of hurtful insults and slurs formerly used against her but now repurposed for her defense.

3998381908494879844

Q842463

_START_ARTICLE_ Trans-Asian Railway _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Trans-Asian Railway (TAR) is a project to create an integrated freight railway network across Europe and Asia. The TAR is a project of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP). _START_SECTION_ Agreement _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Trans-Asian Railway Network Agreement is an agreement signed on 10 November 2006, by seventeen Asian nations as part of a United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) effort to build a transcontinental railway network between Europe and Pacific ports in China. The plan has sometimes been called the "Iron Silk Road" in reference to the historical Silk Road trade routes. UNESCAP's Transport & Tourism Division began work on the initiative in 1992 when it launched the Asian Land Transport Infrastructure Development project._NEWLINE_The agreement formally came into force on 11 June 2009. _START_SECTION_ Network _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Trans-Asian Railway system will consist of four main railway routes. The existing Trans-Siberian railway, which connects Moscow to Vladivostok, will be used for a portion of the network in Russia. Another corridor to be included will connect China to Korea, Mongolia, Russia and Kazakhstan. In 2003, the president of Kazakhstan proposed building a standard gauge link from Dostyk (on the Chinese border) to Gorgan in Iran; it has not yet been built.

9119494123685305077

Q65122383

_START_ARTICLE_ Transforming Teacher Education and Learning _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The programme started in November 2014 to support the then 38 public colleges of education to improve teacher education. Former Vice President of Ghana Paa Kwesi Amissah - Arthur launched the programme in December 2015. In December, 2018 the programme was extended for a further two years to support the transition period of the four-year Bachelors of Education (B.Ed.) degree, which replaced the Diploma in Basic Education (DBE) in October 2018. _START_SECTION_ Activities _START_PARAGRAPH_ The programme was designed to address poor learning outcomes by improving tutoring in colleges of education so that newly qualified teachers move away from rote learning and become better prepared to use interactive methods and their subject knowledge in the classroom.

985943444540891579

Q795612

_START_ARTICLE_ Transport geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Transport geography, also transportation geography, is a branch of geography that investigates the movement and connections between people, goods and information on the Earth's surface. _START_SECTION_ Aims and scope _START_PARAGRAPH_ Transportation geography detects, describes, and explains the Earth's surface's transportation spaces regarding location, substance, form, function, and genesis. It also investigates the effects of transportation on land use, on the physical material patterns at the surface of the earth known as 'cover patterns', and on other spatial processes such as environmental alterations. Moreover, it contributes to transport, urban, and regional planning._NEWLINE_Transportation is fundamental to the economic activity of exchange. Therefore, transport geography and economic geography are largely interrelated. At the most basic level, humans move and thus interact with each other by walking, but transportation geography typically studies more complex regional or global systems of transportation that include multiple interconnected modes like public transit, personal cars, bicycles, freight railroads, the Internet, airplanes and more. Such systems are increasingly urban in character. Thus, transport and urban geography are closely intertwined. Cities are very much shaped, indeed created, by the types of exchange and interaction facilitated by movement. Increasingly since the 19th century, transportation is seen as a way cities, countries or firms compete with each other in a variety of spaces and contexts. _START_SECTION_ Road transportation _START_PARAGRAPH_ Road transportation networks are connected with movements on constructed roads; carrying people and goods from one place to another by means of lorries, cars, etc. Transportation may be further categorized by the vehicle used or the purpose for transport itself. _START_SECTION_ Maritime transportation _START_PARAGRAPH_ Water transportation is the slowest form of transportation in the movement of goods and people._NEWLINE_Strategic chokepoints around the world have continued to play significant roles in maritime industry. Although the slowest form of transportation compared to road and rail transport, it is the most cost effective. _START_SECTION_ Rail Transportation _START_PARAGRAPH_ Rail transportation is the movement of cargo, goods, and passengers on trains as a form of transportation. Transportation by rails has been established as one of the safest modes of transportation over time. _START_SECTION_ Challenges for transportation _START_PARAGRAPH_ Transportation availability on existing streets, highways, and rail facilities no longer match the transportation demands created by subsequent population growth and new location patterns of economic activity. Besides an increase in population, another problem is vehicles overloading the network of highways and arterial streets. See Traffic congestion, Transportation network, and Population densities_NEWLINE_The well-being of poor people and people who live in developing areas can be threatened by systems of transportation that fail to connect them to jobs and medical assistance. For example, areas of Southern California have transportation systems that do not connect the homeless to these necessities. See Environmental Justice.

11514106988738506667

Q7835438

_START_ARTICLE_ Transverse ligament of knee _START_SECTION_ Function _START_PARAGRAPH_ When the knee is being extended the ligament prevents the anterior horns of the menisci from moving forward, and the condylar surfaces of the femur and tibia from exerting pressure on the menisci. _NEWLINE_It has a restricting effect on anterior-posterior excursion of the anterior horn of the medial meniscus at lower degrees of knee flexion. _START_SECTION_ Prevalence of meniscomeniscal ligaments _START_PARAGRAPH_ The transverse ligament is reported in 58 per cent of subjects and is thus the most prevalent of four described meniscomeniscal ligaments. The other ligaments, all three of which are reported with a frequency of less than 4 per cent, are the posterior transverse ligament, described as a bundle of fibers connecting the posterior horns of the menisci; and the medial and lateral oblique ligaments, both of which originate on the anterior horn of their namesake meniscus, passes between the cruciate ligaments, and attaches to the posterior horn of the opposite meniscus. None of the oblique ligaments have a known function. _START_SECTION_ Formation _START_PARAGRAPH_ The formation of the transverse ligament has been investigated in human embryos aged 7–8 weeks (stages 18–23). At the early end of the range (stage 19), condensation of the mesenchymal interzone of the knee joint (i.e. the area of densely packed cells indicating the location of the future joint) was recognizable, and near the end of the range (stage 22) clearly visible cellular primordium of the ligament connected to both menisci was observed before all major intraarticular elements were finally evident (stage 23).

1264161327816767327

Q22917103

_START_ARTICLE_ Traubiinae _START_SECTION_ Description _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bulbous perennial herbaceous plants, terrestrial in habitat. Leaves linear or lorate, annual, sometimes hysteranthous.

17276085254241609838

Q55636141

_START_ARTICLE_ Travers (1800 ship) _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ EIC voyage #1 (1800-1802): Captain Thomas Sanders acquired a letter of marque on 19 April 1800. He sailed from Portsmouth on 28 June 1800, bound for Bengal and Bombay. Travers reached Calcutta on 8 January 1801. She left Bengal on 20 March and reached Anjengo on 24 April and arrived at Bombay on 7 May. She left Bombay on 19 August, reached St Helena on 8 November and arrived at The Downs on 19 July 1802. _NEWLINE_The "United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies" offered 28,966 bags of rice for sale on 25 March. The rice had come in on Travers, Melville Castle, Skelton Castle , and Mornington._NEWLINE_EIC voyage #2 (1802-1803): Captain Sanders sailed from The Downs on 17 June 1802, bound for the Cape of Good Hope, Ceylon, and Bombay. Travers was at the Cape on 31 August, reached Colombo on 2 November, and arrived at Bombay on 25 November. On 30 January 1803 she was at Surat, before returning to Bombay on 8 February. Homeward bound, she was at Tellicherry on 3 April, Calicut on 7 April, and Quilon on 11 April. She reached St Helena on 22 July and arrived at The Downs on 22 September. _NEWLINE_EIC voyage #3 (1804-1806): War with France had resumed while Travers was returning from her previous voyage. Captain Sanders acquired a letter of marque on 29 June 1803. He sailed from Portsmouth on 4 September 1804, bound for St Helena and Bengal. Travers reached St Helena on 23 December and sailed from it on 7 February 1805. She arrived at Diamond Harbour on 28 April. Homeward bound, she left Bengal on 16 July and reached Bencoolen on 27 September. She left Bencoolen on 18 November, reached St Helena on 25 January, 1806, and arrived at The Downs on 14 June. _NEWLINE_EIC voyage #4 (1807-1808): Captain John Collins acquired a letter of marque on 8 October 1806. He sailed from Portsmouth on 4 January 1807, bound for Bombay. Travers arrived at Bombay on 26 May. She left on 3 August, reached the Cape on 1 October, and arrived at The Downs on 24 January 1808. _START_SECTION_ Fate _START_PARAGRAPH_ Captain Collins sailed from Portsmouth on 10 June 1808, bound for Madras and Bengal. Travers reached Madeira on 24 June. _NEWLINE_Near the equator Travers captured Jenny, of Hamburg. Jenny was sailing from Buenos Aires to Tonnengen, and Travers sent her into the Cape. There she was condemned in prize and valued at £1000._NEWLINE_Travers wrecked on a rock in the Bay of Bengal on 7 November. The location (15°38′N 94°20′E), was north of the Andaman Islands and just south of what is now Burma. It was about three miles from Diamond Island, and about a mile and a half from Sunken Rock._NEWLINE_The Indiamen Earl Spencer and Monarch were in company but some way off and sailed on. The passengers and most of the crew took to Travers's boats. There were 93 people in the launch, 18 in the cutter, and 8 in the jolly boat. Though the jolly boat was crowded, Collins sent her back to the wreck to attempt to retrieve those crewmen who had remained behind, unwilling to leave their possessions. The boat was able to retrieve three; however, six Europeans, seven Chinese, and three lascars refused to leave and stayed on the wreck. Earl Spencer and Monarch were out of sight, but Collins steered his boats in the direction they had sailed and after some hours was able to catch them up. Earl Spencer took all the survivors on board. The situation of those left behind on Travers was not considered desperate as she was close to Diamond Island and later vessels were sent to their relief. Still, they were presumed to have drowned.)_NEWLINE_Travers was carrying some treasure, 500 pipes of Madeira, and other cargo, and the value of the loss was estimated at £150,000. The EIC put the value of the cargo it lost at £6,568.

3994658613825864237

Q7836412

_START_ARTICLE_ Travis Wiuff _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ Wiuff is from Owatonna, Minnesota, and is of Danish and Irish descent. Wiuff began wrestling when he was five years old, and continued through high school and college. While at Owatonna High School, he also played football. He was injured during his senior year and had to miss out on the state wrestling championship tournament despite being ranked number one in the state of Minnesota. Wiuff continued to wrestle and also continued to play football for two years in junior college, at Rochester Technical Community College, finishing second in the national championship in 1999. _START_SECTION_ Early career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Wiuff made his professional debut in September 2001. Over the next year, he amassed a record of 12-2 before making his debut for the Ultimate Fighting Championship. _START_SECTION_ Ultimate Fighting Championship _START_PARAGRAPH_ Wiuff made his UFC debut in November 2002 as he faced Vladimir Matyushenko at UFC 40. He lost the fight via submission due to punches late in the first round. Wiuff was released from the promotion following the loss. _START_SECTION_ Post-UFC release _START_PARAGRAPH_ Following his release from the company, Wiuff fought schedule on the independent MMA circuit. He fought 24 times over the next three years, and went 22-2. _START_SECTION_ Return to UFC _START_PARAGRAPH_ Wiuff was invited back to the UFC in April 2005 when he faced Renato Sobral at UFC 52. He lost the fight via armbar submission in the opening minute of the second round. He was again released from the promotion. _START_SECTION_ Independent Promotions _START_PARAGRAPH_ Wiuff continued his fight schedule after his second UFC release fighting in more independent promotions. Before joining Bellator, he fought 39 times in the ensuing six years. He added an additional 29-9 with one no-contest to his record during this period._NEWLINE_Wiuff won the YAMMA Eight-Man Heavyweight Tournament as well as the IFO Light Heavyweight Championship twice, IFC Americas Cruiserweight Championship and IFC United States Light Heavyweight Championship once._NEWLINE_Wiuff fought Mike Kyle on May 24, 2013, at CFA 11, Wiuff lost via knockout in 21 seconds of the first round. _START_SECTION_ Bellator Fighting Championships _START_PARAGRAPH_ Wiuff signed to a contract with Bellator. He debuted in October 2011 where he defeated reigning Bellator Light Heavyweight Champion Christian M'Pumbu in a non-title superfight at Bellator 55, marking the first time a reigning Bellator Champion had lost to someone not under an ongoing contract with the promotion. Bellator signed Wiuff to a contract that December, and he returned to the promotion in March 2012 where he defeated Anthony Gomez in a unanimous decision at Bellator 60._NEWLINE_In the summer of 2012, Wiuff entered Bellator's Light Heavyweight Tournament. In the opening round at Bellator 71, he faced Chris Davis and won via KO in the first round. Wiuff faced Tim Carpenter in the semifinals at Bellator 72. He won the fight via unanimous decision._NEWLINE_On August 24, 2012, Wiuff faced Attila Vegh in the tournament finals at Bellator 73 and lost via KO in 25 seconds of round one._NEWLINE_On March 21, 2013, Wiuff faced Ryan Martinez at Bellator 93 in a Heavyweight bout, He lost via KO in 18 seconds of round one. _START_SECTION_ Independent promotions _START_PARAGRAPH_ Wiuff faced Brett Murphy at VCF: Countdown to War on December 31, 2013. He won the fight via unanimous decision, snapping his four fight losing streak._NEWLINE_Wiuff signed with the Driller Promotions organization in March 2014, and made his debut against Terry Davinney at DP: O-Town Throwdown 1 on April 12, 2014. He won the fight via first-round TKO._NEWLINE_He then faced Brian Heden at Driller Promotions: No Mercy 11 on May 24, 2014, for the DP Heavyweight Championship. He won the fight via first-round TKO, and won his first championship since 2009. He then faced Dallas Mitchell at Dakota FC: Beatdown 11 on June 7, 2014, which he won in a unanimous decision._NEWLINE_Wiuff made his first title defense on June 27, 2014, when he faced Danyelle Williams at Driller Promotions: A-Town Throwdown III. He won the fight via unanimous decision._NEWLINE_Wiuff then faced Chris Barnett at Inoki Genome Fight 2 on August 23, 2014. Wiuff lost the bout via TKO after being struck by a right hand from Barnett._NEWLINE_Wiuff faced Timothy Johnson at Dakota FC 19: Fall Brawl on October 25, 2014, for the DFC Heavyweight Championship. He was defeated via TKO due to punches in the first round._NEWLINE_Wiuff is expected to face Kevin Asplund at Driller Promotions: O-Town Throwdown 2 on April 18, 2015.

2824788965672418849

Q7836476

_START_ARTICLE_ Traxx (video game) _START_SECTION_ Overview _START_PARAGRAPH_ The player moves along a rectangular grid painting all of its sections. Various enemies also inhabit the grid and will try to kill the player. Unlike Amidar, the sections of the grid are not captured when surrounded; the goal is purely to color all of the lines.

6658299158865096767

Q2625006

_START_ARTICLE_ Tread _START_SECTION_ Street tires _START_PARAGRAPH_ The grooves in the rubber are designed to allow water to be expelled from beneath the tire and prevent hydroplaning. The proportion of rubber to air space on the road surface directly affects its traction. Design of tire tread has an effect upon noise generated, especially at freeway speeds. Generally there is a tradeoff of tread friction capability; deeper patterns often enhance safety, but simpler designs are less costly to produce and actually may afford some roadway noise mitigation. Tires intended for dry weather use will be designed with minimal pattern to increase the contact patch. Tires with a smooth tread (i.e., having no tread pattern) are known as slicks and are generally used for racing only, since they are quite dangerous if the road surface is wet._NEWLINE_Street tires will also include wear limit indicators in the form of small raised bridges within the grooves. When the tread is worn down enough that the limit indicators make contact with the road, the tire is deemed to be at the end of its service life. Brake pads use similar indicators in the form of notches on their surface that disappear when they are used. _START_SECTION_ Snow tires _START_PARAGRAPH_ Snow tires or Winter tires are tires designed for use in colder weather, snow and ice. To improve traction, they are made of different rubber and have a different tread pattern from regular street tires. _START_SECTION_ Off-road tires _START_PARAGRAPH_ Off-road tires used in mud or dirt feature individual knob patterns to allow the tire to bite into the surface and lever the sides of the tread to get a better grip. Given the smaller contact patch, these tires tend to wear quickly when used on asphalt (depending on type of rubber). _START_SECTION_ Mountain bike and motorcycle tires _START_PARAGRAPH_ Mountain bike and some motorcycle tires feature tread similar to off-road tires used on cars and trucks but may sometimes include an unbroken tread that runs along its center. This feature provides better traction and lower noise on asphalt at high speed and on high tire pressure, but retains the ability to provide grip on a soft or loose surface- lower tire pressure or soft ground will cause the side lugs to come into contact with the surface. Road bike tires may have shallow grooves for aesthetic purposes, but such grooves are unnecessary in narrow applications. _START_SECTION_ Continuous tracks _START_PARAGRAPH_ Continuous tracks such as those used on military tanks or construction machines (i.e. caterpillar tracks) have metal track segments which may be rubber-coated. They usually do not feature tread patterns, because these would offer little additional grip given the weight of the tracked vehicle. Traction is usually provided by grousers instead.

10318180741993641719

Q1488571

_START_ARTICLE_ Treasure of Villena _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Treasure of Villena (Spanish: Tesoro de Villena) is one of the greatest hoard finds of gold of the European Bronze Age. It comprises 59 objects made of gold, silver, iron and amber with a total weight of almost 10 kilos, 9 of them of 23.5 karat gold. This makes it the most important find of prehistoric gold in the Iberian Peninsula and second in Europe, just behind that from the Royal Graves in Mycenae, Greece._NEWLINE_The gold pieces include eleven bowls, three bottles and 28 bracelets._NEWLINE_The iron pieces are the oldest found in the Iberian Peninsula and correspond to a stage in which iron was considered to be a precious metal, and so was hoarded. The archaeologists estimate the date of this trove at c. 1000 BC._NEWLINE_The hoard was found in December 1963 by archaeologist José María Soler 5 km from Villena, and since then has been the main attraction of Villena's Archaeological Museum. Its discovery was published in most of the Spanish media and also some abroad, mainly in France, Germany and the United States of America. It has been exhibited in Madrid, Alicante, Tokyo and Kyoto, and now there are two sets of copies of the whole treasure to be shown in exhibitions while the originals are permanently conserved in an armoured showcase at Villena's Archaeological Museum._NEWLINE_The same type of metalwork is also found in the big Eberswalde Hoard that was discovered in Brandenburg, Germany, in 1913.

16717712241830977101

Q259898

_START_ARTICLE_ Trebitz _START_SECTION_ Geography and transportation _START_PARAGRAPH_ Trebitz lies about 17 km (11 mi) southeast of Wittenberg and about 7 km (4 mi) from Pretzsch, on the north edge of the Düben Heath. Federal Highway (Bundesstraße) B 187 and the railway line between Wittenberg and Torgau run through the municipality. _START_SECTION_ Subdivisions _START_PARAGRAPH_ Besides Trebitz itself, the subdivisions of the municipality are Bösewig, Kleinzerbst and Österitz. _START_SECTION_ Sport _START_PARAGRAPH_ The local MC Trebitz runs a motocross track.

11302283583878334671

Q7838221

_START_ARTICLE_ Trench Cup _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1975 moves were made by non-university colleges to set-up their own knock-out Gaelic Football Championship tournament as a consequence of being shut out of the Sigerson Cup Championship. The initiative came from St. Joseph's Training College, Belfast. The concept of the Trench Cup was proposed by Pat Blake, Comhairle Ard Oideachais Chairman (1978–1983), and Peter McGinnity (later a Fermanagh All-Star) as a knock-out competition for all higher education colleges not in the Sigerson Cup tournament. Pat Blake purchased a trophy costing £80 sterling at Tommy Lennon's Jewellers, Smithfield Market, Belfast. The trophy was named 'The Trench Cup' after Trench House, St Joseph's Training College, Belfast._NEWLINE_The competition first came into existence in the 1975/76 season. The inaugural final was played between St Joseph's T.C., Belfast and the National College of Physical Education, Limerick at Croke Park. NCPE became the inaugural champions. In the 1980s the Sigerson championship was opened up to allow an increasing number of Universities, Regional Technical Colleges and Institutes of Higher Education to participate on the basis of their league success. Subsequently, the Trench Cup became the second tier competition for the third-level institutions which were not in the Sigerson championship._NEWLINE_Dundalk Institute of Technology are the current Trench Cup champions, after defeating Waterford IT on a scoreline of 1-14 to 1-08 at University Ulster on 20 February 2016. This was the Colleges first win. Both Coláiste Phádraig and Sligo IT share the record number of Trench Cup wins, standing at five, while Garda College have 3 wins. The highest winning margin ever is that of Thomond College, Limerick over Sligo RTC of 16 points in 1977, while the largest margin in the 21st century is that of Trinity College Dublin over Hope University, Liverpool of 10 points in 2012._NEWLINE_The joint highest individual points scorers in any Trench Cup final are D. Duggan of Garda College in 1993 [1-07, 10 points] and Seán O'Sullivan of Limerick IT in 1999 [2-06, 10 points]. The championship is currently sponsored by the Electric Ireland . The Trench Cup was previously sponsored by Independent.ie [2014-2017], Irish Daily Mail [2012-2013], Ulster Bank [2007-2011], Datapac [2003-2006] and Bus Éireann [1998-2002].

7290287971659064079

Q3537296

_START_ARTICLE_ Trencher (tableware) _START_SECTION_ Literature _START_PARAGRAPH_ In Virgil's Aeneid, trenchers are the object of a prophecy. In bk.3, Aeneas recounts to Dido how after a battle between the Trojans and the Harpies, Calaeno, chief of the Furies, prophesied to him (claiming to have the knowledge from Apollo) that he would finally arrive in Italy, but_NEWLINE_Never shall you build your promised city_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Until the injury you did us by this slaughter_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Has brought you to a hunger so cruel_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_That you gnaw your very tables._NEWLINE_The prophecy is fulfilled in bk.7, when the Trojans eat the trenchers after a frugal feast. Aeneas' son Ascanius jokes that they are so hungry they would have eaten the tables, at which point Aeneas realises that the prophecy has been fulfilled. However, he reattributes the prophecy to his deceased father, Anchises:_NEWLINE_I now can tell you, my father Anchises_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Revealed these secrets to me for he said:_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_"When you have sailed, son, to an unknown shore_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_And, short of food, are driven to eat your tables,_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Then, weary though you are, hope you are home_NEWLINE_This episode is alluded to in Allen Tate's poem "The Mediterranean", although Tate calls them "plates"._NEWLINE_The Middle Ages, Everyday Life in Medieval Europe by Jeffrey L. Singman (Sterling publishers) offers the following observation: "The place setting also included a trencher, a round slice of bread from the bottom or the top of an old loaf, having a hard crust and serving as a plate. After the meal, the sauce-soaked trenchers were probably distributed to servants or the poor. Food was served on platters, commonly one platter to two diners, from which they transferred it to their trenchers."_NEWLINE_Shakespeare used the term in at least eleven of his plays._NEWLINE_The term appears commonly throughout George R.R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, such as this excerpt from A Dance with Dragons: "The beer was brown, the bread black, the stew a creamy white. She served it in a trencher hollowed out of a stale loaf."

2515836758126140472

Q10430131

_START_ARTICLE_ Trevor Adair _START_SECTION_ Player _START_PARAGRAPH_ Michael Parker, men's soccer head coach at Lock Haven University, recruited Adair who played four seasons, 1978 to 1981, with the Eagles. In 1978, Lock Haven won the Division III NCAA Men's Soccer Championship. In 1980, having moved up a division, they won the Division II title. That year, Adair was selected as a first team All American after leading Lock Haven in scoring with sixteen goals. Adair graduated in 1982 with a bachelor's degree in economics. _START_SECTION_ Coach _START_PARAGRAPH_ Following his graduation from Lock Haven, Adair chose not to pursue a career as a professional player, but to enter the coaching ranks. He moved to the University of South Carolina where he was an assistant coach for nine seasons. Adair moved to Brown University, becoming the men's soccer head coach in November 1990. In his four seasons at Brown, he compiled a 34–24–5 record. In 1993, Adair spent time as an assistant coach with the U.S. U-18 national team. In 1995, Clemson hired Adair as head coach to the men's soccer team. Through 2007, Adair has a 160–71–23 record, having been named the 1998 ACC Coach of the Year in addition to taking the Tigers to the 2005 Final Four. At some point during his career, Adair has also served as an assistant with the United States U-20 men's national soccer team. In April 2009, Clemson placed Adair on a leave of absence after he reportedly assaulted his two daughters during a domestic dispute. Adair resigned as coach on June 14, 2009.

10027541134742774363

Q7839216

_START_ARTICLE_ Trevor Hockey _START_SECTION_ Playing career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Born in Keighley, Hockey turned professional with Bradford City in May 1960. _NEWLINE_Hockey had been discovered by the club in the local amateur ranks. Made his debut for Bradford City when aged 17. Attracted interest soon after his debut. _NEWLINE_He left Valley Parade for Nottingham Forest in November 1961, but after just two years at the City Ground, Hockey was on the move again, this time to Newcastle United where he collected a Second Division winners medal in 1965._NEWLINE_Now transformed from a winger into a central midfielder, Hockey joined Birmingham City in November 1965 in a £25,000 deal. He went on to make 231 appearances for the Blues scoring 13 goals. He was also the club captain when he was transferred to Sheffield United for £40,000 in January 1971._NEWLINE_He made his debut in a 2–1 away victory against Oxford United and, following instructions "to battle, to win the ball, and give it to Currie" he instantly became a Bramall Lane cult figure on the pitch with his beatle-style haircut, beard and tough tackling. He played a large part in ensuring that United was promoted that year, including the scoring first goal in a 2–0 win, against Millwall on 13 April, sat down after colliding with the goalkeeper._NEWLINE_His United career virtually ended with a broken leg against Manchester City on 12 February 1972. Struggling to regain his place in the first team, he made his final appearance on 30 December 1972 before Norwich City secured his services in February 1973, swapping him for Scottish striker Jimmy Bone._NEWLINE_However, after just six months with The Canaries, Hockey was back playing his football in Birmingham, this time for Aston Villa. After just a year at Villa Park he was on the move again, this time returning to his first club Bradford City. Hockey drifted into semi-professional football after leaving Bradford and played four Cheshire League games for Ashton United during the 1977–78 season. _START_SECTION_ Managerial career _START_PARAGRAPH_ In March 1976, Hockey became player-manager at Athlone Town before taking his footballing talents across the pond and a spell with San Diego Jaws in the North American Soccer League. Hockey returned to England the following year and took on the managers role at non-league Stalybridge Celtic before another spell in the States as coach with both San Jose Earthquakes and Las Vegas Quicksilvers._NEWLINE_In 1981, he returned home to reform Keighley Town, a side that had played in the old Yorkshire League after the Second World War. Hockey's intention was to guide Keighley Town into the Northern Premier League by the end of the decade. Based at Utley, Town were accepted into the West Riding County Amateur league's first division. Keighley won the league in their first season back. However, their ground was deemed not acceptable for the league's premier division. Town defeated Shamrocks 3–1 in the Keighley FA Cup final, before going on to beat Silsden 2–0 in the revived Keighley Charity Cup final at the end of the season. In the years that followed, Town would win the County Amateur league premier title, and would be joined by Silsden in that league – yet by the end of the decade Keithley Town would again be defunct. This occurred at the same time as Hockey's death. _START_SECTION_ Death _START_PARAGRAPH_ He died of a heart attack shortly after taking part in a five-a-side tournament in Keighley on 2 April 1987, aged 43.

6017409280973972046

Q7839657

_START_ARTICLE_ Tri-Cities, Virginia _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Tri-Cities of Virginia (also known as the Tri-City area or the Appomattox Basin) is an area in the Greater Richmond Region which includes the three independent cities of Petersburg, Colonial Heights, and Hopewell and portions of the adjoining counties of Chesterfield, Dinwiddie, and Prince George in south-central Virginia. Other unincorporated communities located in the Tri-Cities area include Ettrick, Fort Lee, and City Point, the latter formerly a historic incorporated town which was annexed to become part of the City of Hopewell. _START_SECTION_ Regional description _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Tri-Cities area is centered on the Appomattox River about 25 miles (40 km) south of Richmond. The Appomattox has its confluence with the James River near historic City Point in Hopewell. The applicable Metropolitan Statistical Area for the Tri-Cities area is the Richmond, VA MSA, which includes Richmond and counties generally to the north of the Tri-Cities area. Economic diversity is typical of the entire Richmond-Petersburg region, and helps to insulate it from hardship due to economic fluctuation in particular sectors of the economy. The region's central location also allows it to benefit from growth in other regions of Virginia and the state as a whole. _START_SECTION_ Transportation in the Tri-Cities _START_PARAGRAPH_ Interstate 95 is the major north-south highway. Interstate 85 and Interstate 295 also pass through, as does U.S. Route 1 (The Boulevard in Colonial Heights), U.S. Route 301, State Route 144 (Temple Avenue). Major east-west highways are U.S. Route 460, State Route 10, and State Route 36._NEWLINE_Major river crossings include the Martin Luther King Memorial Bridge and the twin Charles Hardaway Marks Bridges across the Appomattox River, and the Varina-Enon Bridge and the Benjamin Harrison Memorial Bridge across the James River._NEWLINE_Amtrak passenger railroad service is provided with a station at Ettrick, an unincorporated community in Chesterfield County adjacent to both Petersburg and Colonial Heights. Freight railroad service is provided by both CSX Transportation and Norfolk Southern Corporation._NEWLINE_Bus Transportation is provided by the Petersburg Area Transit . There are nine routes serving parts of Petersburg, Ettrick, Colonial Heights (Southpark Mall area), Fort Lee, and Prince George County that all have their intersection in Old Town. PAT and GRTC together provide express bus service between Richmond and Petersburg, with some express buses stopping at John Tyler Community College in Chester. _START_SECTION_ Culture _START_PARAGRAPH_ Like many cities in the United States, the city of Petersburg is a city that has sought to revitalize its downtown area by promoting its arts scene. In the 1990s and 2000s, several areas including the "Old Town" area has seen increased remodeling and renovating of old, abandoned buildings into loft apartments and eclectic restaurants. In 2004, the Shockoe Bottom Arts group moved from downtown Richmond to downtown Petersburg due to lower real estate prices there. Several antique shops, a former train station, and a theater are the centerpiece of "old town" See Also: Petersburg_NEWLINE_Similarly, Hopewell has commenced a revitalization projects with renovations of their harbor complex, "Town Triangle," and the historic Beacon Theater._NEWLINE_Other cultural productions in the tri-cities occur at local colleges and at the Fort Lee Playhouse on Fort Lee. _START_SECTION_ Infrastructure _START_PARAGRAPH_ The area is served by several hospitals, John Randolph Medical Center (a HCA Hospital) (Hopewell), Hiram Davis Medical Center (Acute Care) (Petersburg), Southside Regional Medical Center (Petersburg), and Poplar Springs Hospital (psychiatric facility) (Petersburg). _START_SECTION_ Southpark Mall _START_PARAGRAPH_ Southpark Mall is a large regional shopping mall in the tri-cities area. Built in 1988 at the intersection of State Route 144 and Interstate 95, the mall complex has expanded significantly to include many big box retailers. While the mall itself is located in Colonial Heights, Virginia, other development has increased throughout the tri-cities. _START_SECTION_ Fort Lee _START_PARAGRAPH_ Fort Lee is a United States Army post and headquarters of the U.S. Army Combined Arms Support Command (CASCOM), U.S. Army Quartermaster Center and School (QMCS), the Army Logistics Management College (ALMC) and the U.S. Defense Commissary Agency (DeCA). A United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) unit, the 49th Quartermaster Group (Petroleum and Water), is stationed here. Fort Lee also hosts two Army museums, the U.S. Army Quartermaster Museum and the U.S. Army Women's Museum. The fort is named for Confederate General Robert E. Lee. Military personnel make up a significant presence in the tri-cities area. _START_SECTION_ Federal prisons _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Tri-cities also is home to a federal prison complex called the Petersburg Federal Correctional Complex. It consists of medium and low security Federal Correctional Institutions known respectively as FCI Petersburg Medium and FCI Petersburg Low. Despite its name, the address of the Petersburg Federal Correctional Complex is actually in Prince George County. In addition, there is United States Probation Office near FCI – Petersburg, in Colonial Heights, Virginia, and the two agencies enjoy a supportive relationship. _START_SECTION_ Civil War history _START_PARAGRAPH_ Many sites in the tri-cities area have names reflecting the region's role in the American Civil War. A major logistics base for the Union Army was located at City Point and the City Point Railroad that enabled the siege of Petersburg is still in operation today. The history of the Battle of the Crater can be viewed in Petersburg National Battlefield Park and is commemorated in nearby 'Crater Road and the Fort Lee entry "Mahone Gate" named after Brigadier General William Mahone, the hero of the Battle of the Crater during the Siege of Petersburg in 1864. Fort Lee itself is named after Confederate Civil War hero Robert E. Lee.

585942239320440142

Q7839998

_START_ARTICLE_ Trial of labour _START_PARAGRAPH_ In obstetrics a trial of labour is the conduction of spontaneous labour in a moderate degree of cephalopelvic disproportion. It is performed under close observation by an obstetrician in order to assess a woman's chances of a successful vaginal birth. The physician may allow labor to continue against contraindications during birth or even stimulate labor with oxytocin when pelvic measurements are borderline to see if the fetal head will descend making vaginal delivery possible; if progressive changes in dilation and station do not occur, a cesarean delivery is performed.

8191015349202362026

Q968447

_START_ARTICLE_ Triangular theory of love _START_SECTION_ Dictionary definitions _START_PARAGRAPH_ The three components of love are as follows _START_SECTION_ Intimacy _START_PARAGRAPH_ Intimacy is described as the feelings of closeness and attachment to one another. This tends to strengthen the tight bond that is shared between those two individuals. Additionally, having a sense of intimacy helps create the feeling of being at ease with one another, in the sense that the two parties are mutual in their feelings._NEWLINE_Intimacy is primarily defined as something of a personal or private nature; familiarity. _START_SECTION_ Early theories of love _START_PARAGRAPH_ One of the first theories of love was developed by Sigmund Freud. As Freud so frequently attributed human nature to unconscious desires, his theory of love centered around the need for an "ego ideal". His definition of an ego ideal is this: the image of the person that one wants to become, which is patterned after those whom one holds with great respect._NEWLINE_Another theory was introduced by Maslow. Maslow's hierarchy of needs places self-actualization at the peak. He maintains that those who have reached self-actualization are capable of love._NEWLINE_Yet another theory, one about being in love, was developed by Reik. Being in love was said to be attainable for those who could love for the sake of loving people, not just fixing one's own problem._NEWLINE_When theories about love moved from being clinically based to being socially and personality based, they became focused on types of love, as opposed to becoming able to love._NEWLINE_Of the multiple different early and later theories of love, there are two specific early theories that contribute to and influence Sternberg's theory._NEWLINE_The first is a theory presented by Zick Rubin named The Theory of Liking vs. Loving. In his theory, to define romantic love, Rubin concludes that attachment, caring, and intimacy are the three main principles that are key to the difference of liking one person and loving them. Rubin states that if a person simply enjoys another's presence and spending time with them, that person only likes the other. However, if a person shares a strong desire for intimacy and contact, as well as cares equally about the other's needs and their own, the person loves the other._NEWLINE_In Sternberg's theory, one of his main principles is intimacy. It is clear that intimacy is an important aspect of love, ultimately using it to help define the difference between compassionate and passionate love._NEWLINE_The second is a theory—The Color Wheel Model of Love—presented by John Lee. In his theory, using the analogy of primary colors to love, Lee defines the three different styles of love. These include Eros, Ludos, and Storge. Most importantly within his theory, he concludes that these three primary styles, like the making of complementary colors, can be combined to make secondary forms of love._NEWLINE_In Sternberg's theory, he presents, like Lee, that through the combination of his three main principles, different forms of love are created._NEWLINE_Sternberg also described three models of love, including the Spearmanian, Thomsonian, and Thurstonian models. According to the Spearmanian model, love is a single bundle of positive feelings. In the Thomsonian model, love is a mixture of multiple feeling that, when brought together, produce the feeling. The Spearmanian model is the closest to the triangular theory of love, and dictates that love is made up of equal parts that are more easily understood on their own than as a whole. In this model, the various factors are equal in their contribution to the feeling, and could be disconnected from each other. _START_SECTION_ Elaboration _START_PARAGRAPH_ Sternberg's triangular theory of love was developed after the identification of passionate love and companionate love. Passionate love and companionate love are different kinds of love but are connected in relationships._NEWLINE_Passionate love is associated with strong feelings of love and desire for a specific person. This love is full of excitement and newness. Passionate love is important in the beginning of the relationship and typically lasts for about a year. There is a chemical component to passionate love. Those experiencing passionate love are also experiencing increased neurotransmitters, specifically phenylethylamine. These feelings are most commonly found in the most early stages of love._NEWLINE_Companionate love follows passionate love. Companionate love is also known as affectionate love. When a couple reaches this level of love, they feel mutual understanding and care for each other. This love is important for the survival of the relationship. This type of love comes later on in the relationship and requires a certain level of knowledge for each person in the relationship._NEWLINE_Sternberg created his triangle next. The triangle's points are intimacy, passion, and commitment._NEWLINE_Intimate love is the corner of the triangle that encompasses the close bonds of loving relationships. Intimate love felt between two people means that they each feel a sense of high regard for each other. They wish to make each other happy, share with each other, be in communication with each other, help when one is in need. A couple with intimate love deeply values each other. Intimate love has been called the "warm" love because of the way it brings two people close together. Sternberg's prediction of this love was that it would diminish as the relationship became less interrupted, thus increasing predictability._NEWLINE_Passionate love is based on drive. Couples in passionate love feel physically attracted to each other. Sexual desire is typically a component of passionate love. Passionate love is not limited to sexual attraction, however. It is a way for couples to express feelings of nurture, dominance, submission, self-actualization, etc. Passionate love is considered the "hot" component of love because of the strong presence of arousal between two people. Sternberg believed that passionate love will diminish as the positive force of the relationship is taken over by opposite forces. This idea comes from Solomon's opponent-force theory._NEWLINE_Commitment, or committed love, is for lovers who are committed to being together for a long period of time. Something to note about commitment, however, is that one can be committed to someone without feeling love for him or her, and one can feel love for someone without being committed to him or her. Commitment is considered to be the "cold" love because it does not require either intimacy or passion. Sternberg believed that committed love increases in intensity as the relationship grows. Commitment can be considered for friends as well._NEWLINE_Sternberg believed love to progress and evolve in predictable ways; that all couples in love will experience intimate, passionate, and committed love in the same patterns._NEWLINE_Although these types of love may contain qualities that exist in non-loving relationships, they are specific to loving relationships. A description of non-love is listed below, along with the other kinds of love. These kinds of love are combinations of one or two of the three corners of Sternberg's triangle of love. _START_SECTION_ Mixed support _START_PARAGRAPH_ In a study done by Michele Acker and Mark Davis in 1992, Sternberg's triangular theory of love was tested for validity. By studying a population that extended outside the typically studied group of 18 to 20-year-old college students, Acker and Davis were able to study more accurately the stages of love in people. Some criticism of Sternberg's theory of love is that although he predicted the stages of a person's love for another person, he did not specify a time or point in the relationship when the stages would evolve. He does not specify whether the different parts of love are dependent on duration of relationship or on the particular stage that relationship has reached. Acker and Davis point out that the stage and duration of the relationship are potentially important to the love component and explore them._NEWLINE_They find that there are no exact answers because not only each couple, but each individual in the couple experiences love in a different way. There are three perceptions of the triangular theory of love, or "the possibility of multiple triangles". Multiple triangles can exist because individuals can experience each component of love (or point of the triangle) more intensely than another. These separate triangles, according to Acker and Davis and many others, are 'real' triangles, 'ideal' triangles, and 'perceived' triangles._NEWLINE_These 'real' triangles are indicative of how each individual views the progress and depth of his or her relationship. The 'ideal' triangles are indicative of each individual's ideal qualities of his or her partner/relationship. The 'perceived' triangles are indicative of each individual's ideas of how his or her partner is viewing the relationship. If any of these three separate triangles do not look the same as a person's partner's triangles, dissatisfaction is likely to increase._NEWLINE_Sternberg's triangular theory of love, may not be as simple as he initially laid it out to be. Sternberg measured his theory on couples who were roughly the same age (mean age of 28) and whose relationship duration was roughly the same (4 to 5 years). His sample size was limited in characteristic variety. Acker and Davis announced this issue as being one of three major problems with Sternberg's theory. Romantic love, in particular, is not often the same in undergraduate level couples as couples who are not undergrads. Acker and Davis studied a sample that was older than Sternberg's sample of undergraduates. Sternberg himself did this in 1997._NEWLINE_The two other most obvious problems with Sternberg's theory of love are as follows. The first is a question of the separate nature of the levels of love. The second is a question of the measures that have previously been used to assess the three levels of love. These problems with Sternberg's theory continued to be studied, for example Lomas (2018).

13788409679073796500

Q7840407

_START_ARTICLE_ Tribevine _START_SECTION_ How It Works _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tribevine gets the initial set of data from brand owners. Users can then edit this information, rate and review the products as well as add new products. As a part of this refining process Tribevine sees the users' relation to products and activities, information which is then used to match the products and the users that are interested in those products. Tribevine also re-packages and sells non identifiable market research data which is based on users activities in the system.

8713725629930212188

Q7840440

_START_ARTICLE_ Triboniophorus _START_SECTION_ Description _START_PARAGRAPH_ These slugs have two, not four, tentacles, and like other leaf-vein slugs they have an indented pattern on their dorsum which resembles the veins of a leaf.

13844701347880272694

Q20721279

_START_ARTICLE_ Tridrepana bicuspidata _START_SECTION_ Etymology _START_PARAGRAPH_ The species name refers to the bifurcate uncus and is derived from Latin bicuspidatus (meaning double pointed).

9079670744053961881

Q15471164

_START_ARTICLE_ Trigonidium obtusum _START_SECTION_ Description _START_PARAGRAPH_ Trigonidium obtusum is about 15 cm (5.9 in) tall with short flower stems. The pseudobulbs of the plant are compressed and oblong, with two lanceolate leaves. The scapes spring from the rhizome, and each scape ends with a single flower. The flower is yellowish to pinkish with purple veins and blue eyespots. The flower is approximately 1 cm (0.39 in) wide with sepals that are broader and taper less than other species. Flower development takes ten days, and flowers wither four to ten days after opening. During the hottest hours of the day, the flowers release a sweet fragrance similar to lemon. Pentadecane is the main component of the fragrance. _START_SECTION_ Ecology _START_PARAGRAPH_ Male Plebeia droryana bees pollinate the flowers by performing pseudocopulation. Bees become trapped in the tubular orchid after being attracted by the sepals or petals of the flower. Two types T. obtusum flowers exist, one with attractive sepals and one with attractive petals. The flowers are morphologically identical besides the sepals and flowers, and most likely discourage self-pollination by hindering the process of bee learning. Pollination of T. obtusum is unique in the fact that pollination does not only require pseudocopulation but also trapping the male bee. Bees carrying pollinarium occasionally revisit the same flower, but self-pollination does not occur. Though pentadecane produces the fragrance of the flower, pentadecane itself does not attract P. droryana bees.

14907531925923270479

Q4002363

_START_ARTICLE_ Trinité (typeface) _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Trinité was originally designed for phototypesetting machines. In 1978, the printing office Joh. Enschedé replaced their phototypesetting machines (with Autologic machines), for which they wanted to adapt Jan van Krimpen's typeface Romanée. The company consulted with De Does, who was against it. He feared that Romanée would lose its character in the translation from metal movable type to phototype, specifically because Romanée was not a single font but several versions, one for each point size, which would not be possible to preserve in phototype. He considered commissioning a new typeface, specifically designed for the new technology, a much better idea. Although it was not his intention, Enschedé invited him to design this new typeface. _START_SECTION_ Characteristics _START_PARAGRAPH_ The name Trinité refers to the fact that the font family contains three variants, each with different lengths of ascenders and descenders. To design the typeface, De Does studied different solutions to increase harmony on the printed page, and achieve better legibility. He made a list of design principles for an ideal text typeface. These principles were divided into four categories, which according to him could apply to every human production; functionality for the user (legibility in the case of typefaces), harmony (for aesthetics reasons), practical ergonomic applicability for the manufacturer (the type foundry and compositor) and originality (‘because otherwise there is no use in making the thing’)._NEWLINE_De Does was of the opinion that harmony on the printed page had been the most powerful in the early Renaissance incunables, and that they present a stronger, more regular overall image. De Does identified two factors that he thought contributed to this impression: the fact that the characters are subtly slanted, and that the serifs are slightly longer towards the right. He therefore decided to introduce these kinds of features into Trinité as well. All characters have an angle of about 1 degree and firm, asymmetric foot-serifs that are calligraphic in shape. The harmony of words was also increased by what he called 'functional swing', meaning that there is not a single straight line in Trinité. This made the typeface 'systematically sloppy'. Although some of these details were inspired by techniques used in Renaissance printing types, De Does missed them in the typefaces that were available for the composition equipment he had at his disposal. Reintroducing them to a new typeface created specifically for this equipment was how he wanted to be original, or as he labeled it; historical originality. _START_SECTION_ Digital typography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Trinité was originally published as an Autologic typeface in 1982. However, at the end of that decade, when De Does had already left the firm, Enschedé once again switched typesetting machines (this time the digital Linotronic system) and only kept the old one because of Trinité. Being an important business asset for the firm, they commissioned De Does and Peter Matthias Noordzij (the designer of PMN Caecilia) to produce digital PostScript fonts of Trinité, using Ikarus M. To distribute the typeface, Noordzij proposed starting a small-scale digital type foundry, The Enschedé Font Foundry (TEFF), on which they released Trinité in 1992.

15028691254122247858

Q55636216

_START_ARTICLE_ Trip'd _START_SECTION_ Gameplay _START_PARAGRAPH_ Trip'd is an action / puzzle game. _START_SECTION_ Reception _START_PARAGRAPH_ Next Generation reviewed the game, rating it two stars out of five, and stated that "[its] variables [...] really only serve to complicate a wonderfully simple game, and make it more frustrating than innovative."

12769874183841647016

Q3539478

_START_ARTICLE_ Trip (film) _START_SECTION_ Synopsis _START_PARAGRAPH_ Trip is the diary of a Sudanese girl moving to Germany, discovering new customs and a new way of life.

10012665780758336726

Q1254048

_START_ARTICLE_ Tripoli Shrine Temple _START_SECTION_ Description _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Tripoli Shrine was founded in 1885 by nobles from the Medinah Temple in Chicago, a fraternal order that traces its lineage to a Masonic lodge established in 1843 by early settlers of Milwaukee. This lodge later founded a dozen other lodges._NEWLINE_Tripoli Temple was designed by architects Clas and Shepard in Moorish Revival style. Built at a cost of $616,999.61, it formally opened on May 14, 1928 after over two years of construction. It was the first temple in Wisconsin, and was home to 13,000 Shriners in the area. The building is one of the best of examples of Moorish Revival architecture in the United States, a style that was particularly popular for synagogues and movie theaters. The Temple's design is loosely based on the Taj Mahal, with the addition of Mudéjar style polychrome stone coursing. An ornately tiled main dome that spans 30 feet in diameter crowns the structure and is flanked by two smaller domes of like design. Sculptures depicting a pair of kneeling camels grace the entrance, while the interior is decorated with ceramic tile of intricate floral designs and plaster lattice work.

13072779925417292725

Q3539688

_START_ARTICLE_ Tritare _START_PARAGRAPH_ A tritare is an experimental guitar invented in 2003 by mathematicians Samuel Gaudet and Claude Gauthier of the Université de Moncton of a family of stringed instruments which use Y-shaped strings, instead of the usual linear strings. Y-shaped strings can produce sounds which are harmonic integer multiples, but also nonharmonic sounds more akin to those produced by percussion instruments. When tuned correctly, the Y-strings create Chladni patterns. Depending on how each note is played, Gaudet explains that non-harmonic ingredients can be included and offer a richer sound than a classical stringed instrument. However the value of this greater possibility has been questioned by physicist and acoustics specialist Bernard Richardson of Cardiff University, who considers the branched string as just a simple analogue of complex structures with curved shells such as bars, cymbals, bells, and gongs, and claims that the tritare sounds bad._NEWLINE_The model uses 6 strings and was commercially available for a short period. The sound effects achieved with the instrument are similar to the sounds that can be achieved with the 3rd bridge playing technique.

1569034776248743857

Q15391668

_START_ARTICLE_ Trondheim Airport, Jonsvatnet _START_SECTION_ Construction and early years _START_PARAGRAPH_ Norway Post took the initiative to start an airline service from Bergen via Trondheim to Tromsø, which would allow a letter to travel between Bergen and Tromsø in two days, rather than eight. Norwegian Air Lines (DNL) received a concessional monopoly on all scheduled air services in Norway from 1935, and the postal service contracted DNL to operate a route to Northern Norway. Several places were considered, such as Skansen, which was located in the city center on the Trondheimsfjord. However, DNL considered that the fjord was not sufficiently protected against the elements, had too large waves and too much ship traffic. The airline therefore chose a site at Valsen on the shore of Jonsvatnet. The decision was made only days before the maiden flight._NEWLINE_The initial service commenced on 7 July 1935 and was operated using an eight-passenger Junkers W 34, Ternen. The first flight came at a time with fog in Trondheim and the pilot chose to land at Skansen instead of Jonsvatnet, as he claimed he could not find the lake in the fog. As there were no available boats and—as determined after a short while—the lake was not fog-covered, the aircraft flew onwards to Jonsvatnet. DNL hired two pilots for the route; they swapped places in Trondheim. The service had three weekly round-trip flights, with stops in Bergen, Ålesund, Molde, Kristiansund, Brønnøysund, Sandnessjøen, Bodø, Svolvær, Narvik, Harstad and Tromsø. Twelve flights in each direction were carried out that season, ending on 3 August._NEWLINE_The trial operation was successful and DNL and the postal service decided to commence permanent services from the following season. The city engineer was given the responsibility to plan an airport. He noted that there were plans for an airport to be built at Heimdal, but that such an airport would be at least five years away. The port authority had considered the possibility of using Ilsvika on the fjord, but the site was exposed to waves and would need the expansion of a causeway. Three locations at Jonsvatnet were considered: Valsetbukta, Kulsetbuka and Jervan. The former was found to be best suited and was also the closest to the city. Unlike during the trial flights the city concluded that the airport would need infrastructure to support operations. These included a floating wharf, a slipway to avoid aircraft being damaged if they should blow on land and a terminal building._NEWLINE_The plans were approved by the municipal council in February 1936, allowing construction of the 18,000-Norwegian krone project to commence. Two-thirds of the investments went to building the floating wharfs. The terminal cost NOK 4,600, NOK 600 was used for an outhouse and a tool shed. NOK 700 was invested in providing water and sewer lines to the site and the last NOK 100 was used to upgrade the road. This was in contrast to most of the other water aerodromes along the coast, which lacked a wharf to which the aircraft could dock. The airport and the DNL route with the three-engine Junkers Ju 52 Havørn were opened on 7 June 1936. The first season there were three weekly round trips. Havørn crashed with the mountain of Lihesten on 16 June, killing all on board in the Havørn Accident. Therefore, Ternen was put into service on the route until a new Ju 52, Falken, entered service on 28 June. The service was only flown for the summer._NEWLINE_The airport had a manager, an assistant, a radio telegraphist and ground handling crew. Operation of the airport was carried out by the airline, which received a subsidy of NOK 1,400 from Trondheim Municipality. This included NOK 300 in rent. DNL chose Det Nordenfjeldske Dampskipsselskap (NFDS) as their handling agent in town, a shipping company which was also a minority owner of DNL. NFDS offered an airport bus service from their offices in town 35 minutes before departure and 30 minutes before from Britannia Hotel. Passengers were offered breakfast at the hotel. NFDS subcontracted the airport bus to Styrkaar Melbye, who held the concession to operate a scheduled service to Jonsvatnet. The farm of Valset provided rooms for airline personnel stationed at the airport and provided catering for passengers._NEWLINE_For the 1937 season the service was taken over by Widerøe, flew a route from Trondheim via Brønnøysund and Sandnessjøen to Bodø using a Bellanca 31-40. The route commenced on 3 July and flew five round trips per week until the season was completed on 30 September. The 1936 schedule was reintroduced in 1938, with DNL providing three weekly services between Bergen and Tromsø. In addition, Widerøe flew a post-only service the opposite direction each day. In 1938 the municipal grants had increased to NOK 6,782, increasing to NOK 7,600 the following year. This was in part because the government required increased municipal contribution to the routes, which were largely financed through state subsidies. _START_SECTION_ World War II _START_PARAGRAPH_ With the German invasion starting on 9 April 1940, the Luftwaffe had initially intended to use Værnes Air Station as its main stronghold for operating aircraft of the 10th Air Corps in Trøndelag. Contrary to their intelligence statements, Værnes was in a dilapidated state, lacking such amenities as a paved runway. The Luftwaffe therefore looked around for other suitable sites to allow them to continue battle in the Norwegian Campaign. All supplies would need to be flown in to Trøndelag until 13 April, and it was therefore imperative for the Wehrmacht that an air base be established in the region._NEWLINE_The Wehrmacht therefore decided the following day that it would use the iced up lake of Jonsvatnet as a temporary air station, located between Valset and Malmannøya. The ice was still thick on the lake, about one meter (three feet), giving sufficient support for the Luftwaffe to land heavy bombers at Jonsvatnet. On 11 April 18 Junkers Ju 52 aircraft from landed. A defensive installation was established and later Junkers Ju 88A-1 and Heinkel He 111H aircraft from Kampfgeschwader 26 and Kampfgeschwader 30 landed. These were also operating out of Sola Air Station. Jonsvatnet was among other tasks set to refuel aircraft which were used for bombing targets further north. British and French troops landed in the Namsos area on 14 April, causing an increase in German air activity. On 15 April some of the Ju 88s participated on the bombing of a radio mast in the Namsos Campaign. The following day the Royal Air Force's No. 77 Squadron conducted reconnaissance of Jonsvatnet with their Armstrong Whitworth Whitleys. That day the airport was also used to refuel He 111s returning from the Battle of Narvik. Jonsvatnet is further reinforced with five Junkers Ju 87s from Stukageschwader 1._NEWLINE_On 17 April a Ju 87 was dispatched to conduct bombings during the Battle of Hegra Fortress. A damaged Ju 88 crashed during landing and was dismantled for usable spare parts. On 18 April the Ju 88s were used against Allied troops near Namsos and the Heinkel aircraft bombed twenty Allied ships in Namsfjorden. At the most there were 36 aircraft at Jonsvatnet. On 20 April two waves of attacks were carried out from Jonsvatnet to Allied positions in Namsos and Steinkjer. The first wave consisted of eighteen aircraft, the second of twenty-six. Amongst the achievements is the bombing to ruins of Namsos. Attacks also targeted Allied ships, and the bombers were successful at sinking Rutlandshire of the Royal Navy. Upon arrival an He 111 slid through the ice. The aircraft proved salvageable and it was instead stripped of key components before it sank. Three Whitleys of the No. 102 Squadron RAF attempted to bomb Jonsvatnet, but failed to hit relevant targets._NEWLINE_On 21 April the attacks continued on Namsos and Åndalsnes. Two British ships, Penn and Hercules II, were hit. A Ju 87A had its nose fall through the ice. It was scavenged for all valuable spare parts before the airframe sank. The following day a Messerschmitt Bf 109 crashed upon landing, ending upside down. Whitleys from the No. 625 Squadron RAF conducted reconnaissance on the airfield and concluded that there were sixteen aircraft still stationed there. However, the ice was beginning to melt and the Luftwaffe determined to start evacuation of the airfield, moving the aircraft to Værnes. A British reconnaissance mission on 25 April concluded that only two aircraft were left and that the airport was generally abandoned. A 800-meter (2,600 ft) wooden runway at Værnes was completed on 28 April._NEWLINE_Soon the ice began to melt and crack, making the airfield unsuitable for aircraft operations. The Heinkel He 111 and Junkers Ju 88 aircraft were unable to take off and were, after their fuel tanks had been emptied, abandoned by the Luftwaffe and sank soon afterwards, to a depth of 74 meters (243 ft)._NEWLINE_The German forces chose to not use Jonsvatnet as a primary civilian water aerodrome. Instead it constructed such a facility at Trondheim Airport, Hommelvik and moved civilian flights there. Construction of a water aerodrome on Jonsvatnet commenced in May. The Valset area was taken over by the Luftwaffe and used as a recreational area for German soldiers. The airport was gradually expanded with a major complex of floating wharfs with three connectors to land. There were also built auxiliary installations. The work was completed in 1942. However, Jonsvatnet remained a reserve airport, with Ilsvika and Hommelvik remaining the primary water aerodromes. From 1943 there were upgrades to the defenses and communications systems, including the construction of four antenna masts. _START_SECTION_ Reserve airport _START_PARAGRAPH_ After the war ended, DNL resumed flights from Trondheim in 1946, this time using Ilsvika as its main airport. Jonsvatnet was relegated to a reserve airport. With DNL introducing the larger Short Sandringham flying boats in 1947, Hommelvik was used. Jonsvatnet was not maintained and by 1949 it was sufficiently dilapidated that it could no longer be used as a reserve. The wharfs were therefore demolished. DNL merged to form Scandinavian Airlines System in 1951 and moved all its services to the land airport of Trondheim Airport, Værnes the following year._NEWLINE_Vestlandske Luftfartsselskap started a seaplane service from Bergen via Ålesund, Molde and Kristiansund to Trondheim on 14 May 1951. They also used Hommelvik as their primary airport, but chose to reinstate Jonsvatnet as their reserve. They therefore built a new and considerably smaller wharf at Valset. The service was flown using eight-passenger Short Sealand flying boats. Vestlandske terminated their operations in 1957 and the company filed for bankruptcy. Jonsvatnet has since not been used for commercial aviation. _START_SECTION_ Trondheim Flyklubb _START_PARAGRAPH_ The aviation club signed a lease for lakeside property at Valset in 1967, intending to relocate their operations from Værnes to Jonsvatnet. A shed was donated to the club and they established a base for their seaplanes and for the northern-most seaplane pilot school in the country. The club bought its first seaplane in 1967 and replaced it with a Cessna 180 five years later. The club received a building permit for a hangar at Valset in 1970, but lack financial strength to actually build it. In 1974 a private Piper PA-18 Super Cub was stationed at Jonsvatnet and among other uses used for pilot training. During the 1970s the airline Trønderfly used Jonsvatnet for its Cessna 206 seaplane operations. The airline was allowed free use of the aerodrome in exchange for the club having free use of a hangar at Værnes during the winter. From 1977 a law restricting motorized transport in the wilderness was passed, which severely limited the use of seaplanes and resulted in Trønderfly terminating its seaplane operations a few years later._NEWLINE_Freighting aviation fuel to the aerodrome was one of the most challenging aspects of operating the airport. At first the club freighted up fuel in barrels, but the fire department soon placed restrictions on this activity. The club then started filling at Værnes, where Shell would drive their 10,000 liters (2,200 imp gal; 2,600 U.S. gal) fuel truck along a narrow dirt road to fill 80 liters (18 imp gal; 21 U.S. gal) on the aircraft during high tide at the mouth of Stjørdalselva. Shell announced that they would terminate this service from 1982, and the club received permission to bury a 6,000-liter (1,300 imp gal; 1,600 U.S. gal) tank at Valset. During the 1980s and 1990s the airport typically saw between 130 and 200 flight hours per year._NEWLINE_Investigations of the aircraft wrecks were carried out by the Armed Forces Museum in 1986, which in cooperation with the NTNU Museum of Natural History and Archaeology succeeded at finding both the Heinkel and the Junkers. They were documented using a remotely operated underwater vehicle. The issue lay at rest until 1994, when Forsvarets Forum questioned weather the wrecks were a threat to the lake as a drinking water source. The authorities concluded that the wrecks were not a threat to the water quality. The Norwegian Aviation Museum received permission from the Ministry of Defense in 1995 to raise the wrecks, as they never determined what to do with the aircraft._NEWLINE_Jonsvatnet is the main water abstraction source for drinking water in Trondheim. As such there have since the 1960s been extensive restrictions on the lake, including bans on any motorized boats and bathing in the lake. However, there were contradictions in restrictions: domesticated cows were allowed to bathe, but not humans, and all motor boat activities were banned, although the lake acted as a water aerodrome. The city asked the club in 1999 to start looking for another site for a water aerodrome. The municipal council therefore withdrew the airport's concession in March 2003, effective at the end of the year. However, by August the decision had been reverted by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). They gave a ten-year concession in 2005, but this was appealed by the municipality to the Ministry of Transport and Communications. During the public hearing, the Ministry of the Environment supported the municipality's stance, stating that the lake, as a recreational and nature area, should be shielded from use by seaplanes._NEWLINE_The military received permission in 2003 to carry out more detailed searches for aircraft in the lake. An area of 54 hectares (130 acres) was search, in which a He 111 and a Ju 88, both found in 1986, were identified. Remains of a Ju 88 and Ju 52 were found, although the latter had been crushed when additional pipes had been laid at a previous dates. Another presumed sunk Ju 87 and a Bf 109 were never found, although far from all of the lake had been searched._NEWLINE_Plans for raising the wrecks resumed in 2004, after the German Museum of Technology in Berlin offered to pay the cost of the work. They lacked a He 111 in their collection and were willing to trade an airworthy Lockheed F-104 Starfighter to the Norwegian Armed Forces Aircraft Collection in exchange for the two wrecks. Norwegian aviation museums had both a He 111 and Ju 88 and were therefore not interested in paying the cost of retrieving them. The operation received support from the municipality and the Food Safety Authority, although it was opposed by Nature and Youth and the Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, who both stated that the process could pollute more than the aircraft just lying there. The museum also questioned if sending wrecks to Germany was good heritage management._NEWLINE_The military invited Artur von Casimir, the Heinkel's last pilot, to witness the operation, which commenced on 24 August 2004. The lifting was carried out using a crane and eight pontoons from the military, and the Heinkel broke the surface on 3 September. It was then dismounted on the beach by representatives from the museum. The Ju 88 surfaced on 6 September. The operation was concluded on 15 September with the raising of a tail of a Ju 87 and three Junkers Jumo 211 engines. All the aircraft were well-preserved because of the water's constant temperature and low oxygen content._NEWLINE_The Ministry of Transport and Communications determined in 2007 that the airport would have to close at the end of the 2013 season. The club appealed to Ombudsman for Public Administration, who determined that the ministry would have to consider the issue once more. In 2010 the Food Safety Authority stated that the airport was a threat to the water quality and that water quality was a primary public concern, supporting the closing of the airport from 2013. The concession ended in 2013 and a renewal was finally rejected by the city in August 2013. This time the CAA supported the motion of closure, citing reasons of general public interests. The club has not found a new location for its seaplanes. _START_SECTION_ Facilities _START_PARAGRAPH_ The water aerodrome is located at Valset on the short of Litjvatn, a bay of Jonsvatnet. Since 1967 it was operated by Trondheim Flyklubb, who in later years had two Cessna 180 aircraft stationed. The season lasted from May through October and saw between 80 and 120 flight hours per month during the season.

3650362050146706098

Q2705697

_START_ARTICLE_ True Blood (season 5) _START_SECTION_ Production _START_PARAGRAPH_ True Blood was officially renewed for a fifth season on August 11, 2011._NEWLINE_In February, 2012 it was announced that creator Alan Ball would be stepping down as showrunner at the end of the fifth season. Ball will continue on as executive producer in a more advisory role and leave the day-to-day production of the series to others. "Because of the fantastic cast, writers, producers and crew, with whom I have been lucky enough to work these past five years, I know I could step back and the show will continue to thrive," said Ball in a statement._NEWLINE_Series co-star Stephen Moyer made his directorial debut with the eighth episode of season five, titled "Somebody That I Used to Know." D.E.B.S. writer/director and former The L Word producer Angela Robinson has joined the writing staff. She wrote episodes five and eleven._NEWLINE_Series co-star Rutina Wesley confirmed that the character Tara would be returning.

8963915757427982751

Q16958297

_START_ARTICLE_ True Romance (Motion City Soundtrack song) _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ The song originated from Joshua Cain, who brought the song to the band late in the recording process, but struggled to expand the idea into what he wanted. The song came together gradually, much like the recording process for Go. The band's bass guitarist, Matthew Taylor, regarding the recording process, says that "there's always a certain point for me, and I think Josh too, during recording, we start to sift through every idea we have." Taylor sent Cain a mock keyboard part he had written for "True Romance", and both decided at the last minute that the track should be recorded and considered for the album. However, drums for the entire album had already been recorded and the group's drummer, Tony Thaxton, was to be leaving town on a plane the very next day. That next morning, two hours before Thaxton's flight, he came into the studio and tracked drums for "True Romance". Jesse Johnson, the group's keyboard player, acknowledges the absurdity of the task they were putting before Thaxton by saying, "You gotta go play another song, that you haven't really heard, and don't know how it goes, and haven't written a part, but go do it. And you have an hour"._NEWLINE_Regarding the meaning of the song, the lead vocalist, Justin Pierre, said "'True Romance' is a love song about two people who seemingly don't have much in common except their love for the time they share in the bedroom. In my experience, opposites do attract. And if you can get over the superficialities, you often find you have more in common than you initially thought. Perhaps you even find love." _START_SECTION_ Music video _START_PARAGRAPH_ The song’s music video, directed by Cain's brother Jesse Caine, is a one shot clip that involved "upwards of 30 people behind the scenes, running up and down the street, stopping traffic, moving cars, running around." The video features adult film star Kleio Valentien. The clip took 15 takes to perfect. "Growing up in the 1990s, with guys like Spike Jonze always doing these one-take video, it’s just always been fun to watch," said Pierre. "If you do it well, no one notices how much work goes into it."

7849888242217782790

Q7847554

_START_ARTICLE_ True Widow _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ The band, which describes its own style of slow, heavy, cerebral music as "stonegaze", formed in November 2007. Phillips previously served guitar and lead vocal duties in the more indie rock-oriented Dallas band Slowride. True Widow's self-titled debut album was released in 2008 on the Texas independent record label, End Sounds. They toured the US in early 2011 opening for Surfer Blood and …And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead, and later in 2011 opening for Boris and Asobi Seksu. In May 2012, they toured with Kurt Vile. True Widow's third album, Circumambulation, was released in July 2013 on Relapse Records, which signed the band in January 2013. It was recorded at the Echo Lab studio in Argyle, Texas, with record producer and sound engineer Matt Pence, who also produced their sophomore album.

9510113059927391619

Q5985424

_START_ARTICLE_ Tryggve Mettinger _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tryggve Mettinger (born 1940 in Helsingborg) is a retired professor of Hebrew Bible, at Lund University, Sweden, where he taught from 1978 to 2003. _START_SECTION_ Life and work _START_PARAGRAPH_ Between 1960 and 1978, Mettinger studied various theological and philological subjects such as Semitics, Egyptology and Assyriology, as well as Comparative Literature, at the Universities of Lund and Copenhagen, after which he earned his doctorate in 1971, worked as docent (Reader) of Old Testament exegesis and subsequently was appointed professor at Lund University, a capacity in which he served until his retirement in 2003. He has had visiting professor positions in the U.S., Israel, the Netherlands, and South Africa. He was awarded the Thuréus prize (humanities) 2008 by the Kungl. Vetenskaps-Societeten in Uppsala. Between 1978 and 2003, he was one of the editors of the monograph series Coniectanea Biblica, Old Testament Series. Mettinger served as an expert consultant for the official Swedish Bible translation committee, whose work led to the creation of the Bibel 2000 translation. He is a member of various learned societies, such as the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities, Stockholm and the (British) Society for Old Testament Study (honorary member). He has also been a guest lecturer at many universities and delivered papers at many conferences devoted to Old Testament study, Assyriology and Comparative Religion. He has described his epistemological attitude towards studying religious texts using the following words: "I try to draw a line [of demarcation] between what I believe I know as a scholar and what I know I believe as a Christian."_NEWLINE_In 2011, the Festschrift Enigmas and Images was published in his honor. That volume also includes an almost complete bibliography of Mettinger's publications up to that point. Previously, another Festschrift dedicated to him was also published as a volume of Svensk Exegetisk Årsbok. In 2015, a volume collecting a number of his scholarly essays was published by Eisenbrauns under the title Reports from a Scholar's Life; the book also includes an English language version of Mettinger's farewell lecture when leaving his professorship at Lund University (a lecture that has given the book its title) — summarizing much of his scholarly career. The lecture can also be read online. _START_SECTION_ Central points of scholarship _START_PARAGRAPH_ Among the central points of his scholarly work have been such subjects as Israelite aniconic cult (cult without images), put in the context of a wider study of Ancient Near Eastern religion (the monograph No Graven Image?, in which he argued that the official Jerusalem cult was indeed aniconic in nature), Israelite notions of divinity as reflected in various divine names (In Search of God, subsequently translated into many languages), the state officialdom of the Solomonic era (his doctoral dissertation, Solomonic State Officials), and the question of "Dying and rising gods" in the Ancient Near East (in the book "The Riddle of Resurrection'', in which he defended the concept that there were, indeed, prevalent images of divine beings believed to die and return to life again). Another of his studies is The Dethronement of Sabaoth, which deals with the theologies of the Babylonian Exile, as opposed and related to that of the monarchical era - the Babylonian exile creating a cognitive dissonance in the theological traditions connected with the presence of YHWH in the Jerusalem temple, which, according to Mettinger, led to the rise of theologies focused on YHWH's "name" or "glory". His monograph A Farewell to the Servant Songs criticized the notion of a separate collection of "Servant Songs" in the text of Deutero-Isaiah. Mettinger has worked extensively with extra-biblical material from the Ancient Near East (e.g. Ugaritic, Akkadian). The latter is evident in his study of the Eden narrative (2007), which includes not only comparisons with the Akkadian Adapa and Gilgamesh stories but also uses narratological and literary methods. He has also published Swedish language studies on the biblical creation stories in relation to modern astrophysics (2011) as well as an exposition on the love poetry of Song of Songs (2016), the latter of which uses literary perspectives to elucidate the import of the biblical book. Mettinger has often applied cultural/literary and religio-historical comparison with various Ancient Near Eastern cultures in his exegetical work, as well as perspectives from iconography and archaeology.

11581653829225375370

Q26838045

_START_ARTICLE_ Tsepang Sello _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tsepang Gladys Sello (born February 23, 1997) is a Mosotho middle-distance runner. She competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the women's 800 metres race; her time of 2:10.22 in the heats did not qualify her for the semifinals.

13155276911524500101

Q4888238

_START_ARTICLE_ Tuberculosis diagnosis _START_SECTION_ Medical history _START_PARAGRAPH_ The medical history includes obtaining the symptoms of pulmonary TB: productive, prolonged cough of three or more weeks, chest pain, and hemoptysis. Systemic symptoms include low grade remittent fever, chills, night sweats, appetite loss, weight loss, easy fatiguability, and production of sputum that starts out mucoid but changes to purulent. Other parts of the medical history include prior TB exposure, infection or disease and medical conditions that increase risk for TB disease such as HIV infection. Depending on the sort of patient population surveyed, as few as 20%, or as many as 75% of pulmonary tuberculosis cases may be without symptoms._NEWLINE_Tuberculosis should be suspected when a pneumonia-like illness has persisted longer than three weeks, or when a respiratory illness in an otherwise healthy individual does not respond to regular antibiotics. _START_SECTION_ Physical examination _START_PARAGRAPH_ A physical examination is done to assess the patient's general health. It cannot be used to confirm or rule out TB. However, certain findings are suggestive of TB. For example, blood in the sputum, significant weight loss and drenching night sweats may be due to TB. _START_SECTION_ Sputum _START_PARAGRAPH_ Sputum smears and cultures should be done for acid-fast bacilli if the patient is producing sputum. The preferred method for this is fluorescence microscopy (auramine-rhodamine staining), which is more sensitive than conventional Ziehl-Neelsen staining. In cases where there is no spontaneous sputum production, a sample can be induced, usually by inhalation of a nebulized saline or saline with bronchodilator solution. A comparative study found that inducing three sputum samples is more sensitive than three gastric washings. _START_SECTION_ Alternative sampling _START_PARAGRAPH_ In patients incapable of producing a sputum sample, common alternative sample sources for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis include gastric washings, laryngeal swab, bronchoscopy (with bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchial washings, and/or transbronchial biopsy), and fine needle aspiration (transtracheal or transbronchial). In some cases, a more invasive technique is necessary, including tissue biopsy during mediastinoscopy or thoracoscopy. _START_SECTION_ PCR _START_PARAGRAPH_ Other mycobacteria are also acid-fast. If the smear is positive, PCR or gene probe tests can distinguish M. tuberculosis from other mycobacteria. Even if sputum smear is negative, tuberculosis must be considered and is only excluded after negative cultures. _START_SECTION_ Other _START_PARAGRAPH_ Many types of cultures are available. Traditionally, cultures have used the Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ), Kirchner, or Middlebrook media (7H9, 7H10, and 7H11). A culture of the AFB can distinguish the various forms of mycobacteria, although results from this may take four to eight weeks for a conclusive answer. New automated systems that are faster include the MB/BacT, BACTEC 9000, VersaTREK, and the Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT). The Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility assay culture may be a faster and more accurate method. _START_SECTION_ Chest X-ray and CT _START_PARAGRAPH_ In active pulmonary TB, infiltrates or consolidations and/or cavities are often seen in the upper lungs with or without mediastinal or hilar lymphadenopathy or pleural effusions ( tuberculous pleurisy). However, lesions may appear anywhere in the lungs. In disseminated TB a pattern of many tiny nodules throughout the lung fields is common - the so-called miliary TB. In HIV and other immunosuppressed persons, any abnormality may indicate TB or the chest X-ray may even appear entirely normal._NEWLINE_Abnormalities on chest radiographs may be suggestive of, but are not necessarily diagnostic of, TB. However, chest radiographs may be used to rule out the possibility of pulmonary TB in a person who has a positive reaction to the tuberculin skin test and no symptoms of the disease._NEWLINE_Cavitation or consolidation of the apexes of the upper lobes of the lung or the tree-in-bud sign may be visible on an affected patient's chest X-ray._NEWLINE_The tree-in-bud sign may appear on the chest CTs of some patients affected by tuberculosis, but it is not specific to tuberculosis. _START_SECTION_ FDG PET/CT _START_PARAGRAPH_ FDG PET/CT can play several useful roles in patients with confirmed or suspected TB. These roles include detection of active TB lesions, assessment of disease activity, differentiation between active and latent disease, assessment of disease extent (staging), monitoring response to treatment, and identification of potential biopsy target. _START_SECTION_ Abreugraphy _START_PARAGRAPH_ A variant of the chest X-Ray, abreugraphy (from the name of its inventor, Dr. Manuel Dias de Abreu) was a small radiographic image, also called miniature mass radiography (MMR) or miniature chest radiograph. Though its resolution is limited (it doesn't allow the diagnosis of lung cancer, for example) it is sufficiently accurate for diagnosis of tuberculosis._NEWLINE_Much less expensive than traditional X-Ray, MMR was quickly adopted and extensively utilized in some countries, in the 1950s. For example, in Brazil and in Japan, tuberculosis prevention laws went into effect, obligating ca. 60% of the population to undergo MMR screening._NEWLINE_The procedure went out of favor, as the incidence of tuberculosis dramatically decreased, but is still used in certain situations, such as the screening of prisoners and immigration applicants.. _START_SECTION_ ALS Assay _START_PARAGRAPH_ Antibodies from Lymphocyte Secretion or Antibody in Lymphocyte Supernatant or ALS Assay is an immunological assay to detect active diseases like tuberculosis, cholera, typhoid etc. Recently, ALS assay nods the scientific community as it is rapidly used for diagnosis of tuberculosis. The principle is based on the secretion of antibody from in vivo activated plasma B cells found in blood circulation for a short period of time in response to TB-antigens during active TB infection rather than latent TB infection. _START_SECTION_ Transdermal Patch _START_PARAGRAPH_ A similar approach to the ALS assay. The transdermal patch is a suggested method of detecting active M.tuberculosis circulating within blood vessels of patient. This skin patch contains antibodies recognizing the secreted bacterial protein MPB-64 passing through the blood capillaries of the skin creating an immunological response. If the patch detects this secreted bacterial protein, the surrounding skin will redden. _START_SECTION_ Tuberculin skin test _START_PARAGRAPH_ Two tests are available: the Mantoux and Heaf tests. _START_SECTION_ Mantoux skin test _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Mantoux skin test is used in the United States and is endorsed by the American Thoracic Society and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)._NEWLINE_If a person has had a history of a positive tuberculin skin test, another skin test is not needed. _START_SECTION_ Adenosine deaminase _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2007, a systematic review of adenosine deaminase by the NHS Health Technology Assessment Programme concluded "There is no evidence to support the use of ADA tests for the diagnosis of pulmonary TB. However, there is considerable evidence to support their use in pleural fluid samples for diagnosis of pleural TB, where sensitivity was very high, and to a slightly lesser extent for TB meningitis. In both pleural TB and TB meningitis, ADA tests had higher sensitivity than any other tests." _START_SECTION_ LAM detection assays _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tests based on the detection of mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan (LAM) antigen in urine have emerged as point-of-care tests for tuberculosis (TB). LAM antigen is a lipopolysaccharide present in mycobacterial cell walls, which is released from metabolically active or degenerating bacterial cells and appears to be present only in people with active TB disease. Urine-based testing have advantages over sputum-based testing because urine is easy to collect and store, and lacks the infection control risks associated with sputum collection._NEWLINE_In 2015, WHO recommended the use of the Alere Determine TB LAM Ag assay for people with HIV and a CD4 count below 100 cells/μL and in those defined as seriously ill according to WHO criteria (respiratory rate >30 breaths per min, body temperature >39 °C, heart rate >120 beats per min, or unable to walk unaided). This recommendation was informed by a Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of 12 cross-sectional or cohort studies that showed a relatively low pooled sensitivity of 45% and specificity of 92% against a microbiological reference standard._NEWLINE_In 2019, an international R&D consortium including FIND, Fujifilm, University of Cape Town, Rutgers University, University of Alberta and Otsuka funded by GHIT completed the development and a first clinical study of the Fujifilm SILVAMP TB LAM assay. Compared with the Alere Determine TB LAM Ag assay, the Fujifilm SILVAMP TB LAM assay includes novel monoclonal antibodies and a silver amplification technology to enable higher diagnostic sensitivity. A study with 968 HIV+ hospital inpatients found the Fujifilm SILVAMP TB LAM test to have a 28.1% higher sensitivity than the Alere Determine TB LAM Ag and the Fujifilm SILVAMP TB LAM could diagnose 65% of patients with active TB within 24 h. _START_SECTION_ Interferon-γ release assays _START_PARAGRAPH_ Interferon-γ (interferon-gamma) release assays (IGRAs) are relatively new tests for tuberculosis. IGRAs are based on the ability of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens for early secretory antigen target 6 (ESAT-6) and culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP-10) to stimulate host production of interferon-gamma. Because these antigens are only present in few non-tuberculous mycobacteria or not in any BCG vaccine strain, these tests are thought to be more specific than the tuberculin skin test._NEWLINE_The blood tests QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube and T-SPOT.TB use these antigens to detect people with tuberculosis. Lymphocytes from the patient's blood are incubated with the antigens. These tests are called interferon γ tests and are not equivalent. If the patient has been exposed to tuberculosis before, T lymphocytes produce interferon γ in response. The QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube uses an ELISA format to detect the whole blood production of interferon γ. The distinction between the tests is that QuantiFERON-TB Gold quantifies the total amount of interferon γ when whole blood is exposed to the antigens(ESAT-6, CFP-10 and TB 7.7(p4)), whereas Guidelines for the use of the FDA approved QuantiFERON-TB Gold were released by the CDC in December 2005. In October 2007, the FDA gave approval of QuantiFERON-TB Gold In Tube for use in the United States._NEWLINE_The enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT) is another blood test available in the UK that may replace the skin test for diagnosis. T-SPOT.TB, a type of ELISpot Assay, counts the number of activated T lymphocytes that secrete interferon γ._NEWLINE_For diagnosing latent TB, three systematic reviews of IGRAs concluded the tests noted excellent specificity for the tests to distinguish latent TB from prior vaccination._NEWLINE_According to a study from Korea, where there is a high prevalence of LTBI, QuantiFERON-TB Gold and T-SPOT.TB have good sensitivity but reduced specificity for diagnosing active TB, due to their ability to detect latent TB. In a recently published metaanalysis, with data from both developed and developing countries, QuantiFERON-TB Gold In Tube had a pooled sensitivity for active TB of 81% and specificity of 99.2%, whereas T-SPOT.TB had a pooled sensitivity of 87.5% and specificity of 86.3%. In head-to-head comparisons, the sensitivity of IGRAs surpassed TST. However, several subsequent studies have reported higher sensitivity for TST than for IGRAs in patients with active TB; one large study reported a sensitivity of 90% for TST and only of 81% for the QuantiFERON-TB Gold assay._NEWLINE_A study at Stanford University confirmed that addition of immune boosters can make the IGRA more reliable in terms of separating positive from negative individuals. A study from the University of Southampton shows that variations in environmental temperatures can have a profound effect on the performance of IGRA. A recently published study from the same group also provided evidence that immunosuppressive agents significantly impair the performance of IGRAs, raising concerns about their reliability in immunosuppressed patients._NEWLINE_Although, IGRA replaced the TST in most of the clinical settings but the variability is a concern while reading the result _START_SECTION_ Tuberculosis detection using trained rats _START_PARAGRAPH_ The international nonprofit organization APOPO has been working with Sokoine University of Agriculture in Tanzania to train African giant pouched rats (Cricetomys ansorgei) to detect the "scent" of tuberculosis. A recent study shows that "rats increased pediatric tuberculosis detection by 67.6%" and that training these creatures could help address the current challenges related to the diagnosis of this illness in children. _START_SECTION_ Tuberculosis classification system used in the US _START_PARAGRAPH_ The current clinical classification system for TB (Class 0 to 5) is based on the pathogenesis of the disease._NEWLINE_The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services has an additional TB classification (Class A, B1, or B2) for immigrants and refugees developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The (Class) B notification program is an important screening strategy to identify new arrivals who have a high risk for TB.

2679620083265604321

Q1362721

_START_ARTICLE_ Tuberous sclerosis _START_SECTION_ Signs and symptoms _START_PARAGRAPH_ The physical manifestations of TSC are due to the formation of hamartia (malformed tissue such as the cortical tubers), hamartomas (benign growths such as facial angiofibroma and subependymal nodules), and very rarely, cancerous hamartoblastomas. The effect of these on the brain leads to neurological symptoms such as seizures, intellectual disability, developmental delay, and behavioral problems. _START_SECTION_ Neuropsychiatric _START_PARAGRAPH_ About 90% of people with TSC develop a range of neurodevelopmental, behavioural, psychiatric, and psychosocial difficulties. The "TSC‐associated neuropsychiatric disorders" are abbreviated TAND. These difficulties are less frequently identified and thus undertreated when compared with the neurological symptoms. Most problems are associated with more severe intellectual delay or associated with childhood and adolescence, and some (for example depressed mood) may be unreported if the person is unable to communicate. TAND can be investigated and considered at six levels: behavioural, psychiatric, intellectual, academic, neuropsychological and psychosocial._NEWLINE_Behavioural problems most commonly seen include overactivity, impulsivity and sleeping difficulties. Also common are anxiety, mood swings and severe aggression. Less common are depressed mood, self-injury and obsessional behaviours._NEWLINE_People with TSC are frequently also diagnosed psychiatric disorders: autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety disorder and depressive disorder. TSC is one of the most common genetic causes of autism spectrum disorder, which affects nearly half of people with TSC. ASD is more common in TSC2 than TSC1 and more common with earlier and more severe epilepsy, and with lower intellectual ability. ADHD is nearly as frequently seen in TSC as ASD (up to half of all people with TSC). Anxiety and depressive disorders, when they occur, are typically diagnosed in early adulthood and among those intellectually able to express their moods. Schizophrenia (and symptoms like hallucinations or psychosis) is no more common in TSC than the general population._NEWLINE_The intellectual ability of people with TSC varies enormously. About 40–50% have a normal IQ. A normal IQ is much more commonly seen in TSC1 than TSC2, and profound intellectual disability seen in 34% of TSC2 compared with 10% of TSC1 in one study. Many studies have examined whether early onset, type and severity of epilepsy associates with intellectual ability. Academic issues occur even in people with TSC who have normal intellectual ability. These are often specific learning disorders such as dyscalculia (understanding mathematics), but also include other aspects affecting school life such as anxiety, lack of social skills or low self-esteem._NEWLINE_About half of people with TSC, when assessed for neuropsychological skills, are in the bottom 5th percentile in some areas, which indicates a severe impairment. These include problems with attention (for example, being able to concentrate on two separate things like looking and listening), memory (particularly recall, verbal and spatial working memory) and executive function (for example, planning, self-monitoring, cognitive flexibility)._NEWLINE_The psychosocial impacts of TSC include low self-esteem and self-efficacy in the individual, and a burden on the family coping with a complex and unpredictable disorder. _START_SECTION_ Kidneys _START_PARAGRAPH_ Between 60 and 80% of TSC patients have benign tumors (once thought hamartomatous, but now considered true neoplasms) of the kidneys called angiomyolipomas frequently causing hematuria. These tumors are composed of vascular (angio–), smooth muscle (–myo–), and fat (–lip-) tissue. Although benign, an angiomyolipoma larger than 4 cm is at risk for a potentially catastrophic hemorrhage either spontaneously or with minimal trauma. Angiomyolipomas are found in about one in 300 people without TSC. However, those are usually solitary, whereas in TSC they are commonly multiple and bilateral._NEWLINE_About 20-30% of people with TSC have renal cysts, causing few problems. However, 2% may also have autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease._NEWLINE_Very rare (< 1%) problems include renal cell carcinoma and oncocytomas (benign adenomatous hamartoma). _START_SECTION_ Lungs _START_PARAGRAPH_ Patients with TSC can develop progressive replacement of the lung parenchyma with multiple cysts, known as lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM). Recent genetic analysis has shown that the proliferative bronchiolar smooth muscle in TSC-related lymphangioleiomyomatosis is monoclonal metastasis from a coexisting renal angiomyolipoma. Cases of TSC-related lymphangioleiomyomatosis recurring following lung transplant have been reported. _START_SECTION_ Heart _START_PARAGRAPH_ Small tumours of the heart muscle, called cardiac rhabdomyomas, are rare in the general population (perhaps 0.2% of children) but very common in people with TSC. Around 80% of children under two-years-old with TSC have at least one rhabdomyoma, and about 90% of those will have several. The vast majority of children with at least one rhabdomyoma, and nearly all children with multiple rhabdomyomas will be found to have TSC. Prenatal ultrasound, performed by an obstetric sonographer specializing in cardiology, can detect a rhabdomyoma after 20 weeks. Rhabdomyoma vary in size from a few millimetres to several centimetres, and are usually found in the lower chambers (ventricles) and less often in the upper chambers (atria). They grow in size during the second half of pregnancy, but regress after birth, and are seen in only around 20% of children over two years old._NEWLINE_Most rhabdomyomas cause no problems but some may cause heart failure in the foetus or first year of life. Rhabdomyomas are believed to be responsible for the development of heart arrhythmia later in life, which is relatively common in TSC. Arrhythmia can be hard to spot in people with TSC, other than by performing routine ECG. For example, arrhythmia may cause fainting that is confused with drop seizures, and symptoms of arrhythmia such as palpitations may not be reported in an individual with developmental delay. _START_SECTION_ Pancreas _START_PARAGRAPH_ Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours have been described in rare cases of TSC. _START_SECTION_ Variability _START_PARAGRAPH_ Individuals with TSC may experience none or all of the clinical signs discussed above. The following table shows the prevalence of some of the clinical signs in individuals diagnosed with TSC. _START_SECTION_ Pathophysiology _START_PARAGRAPH_ Hamartin and tuberin function as a complex which is involved in the control of cell growth and cell division. The complex appears to interact with RHEB GTPase, thus sequestering it from activating mTOR signalling, part of the growth factor (insulin) signalling pathway. Thus, mutations at the TSC1 and TSC2 loci result in a loss of control of cell growth and cell division, and therefore a predisposition to forming tumors. TSC affects tissues from different germ layers. Cutaneous and visceral lesions may occur, including angiofibroma, cardiac rhabdomyomas, and renal angiomyolipomas. The central nervous system lesions seen in this disorder include hamartomas of the cortex, hamartomas of the ventricular walls, and subependymal giant cell tumors, which typically develop in the vicinity of the foramina of Monro._NEWLINE_Molecular genetic studies have defined at least two loci for TSC. In TSC1, the abnormality is localized on chromosome 9q34, but the nature of the gene protein, called hamartin, remains unclear. No missense mutations occur in TSC1. In TSC2, the gene abnormalities are on chromosome 16p13. This gene encodes tuberin, a guanosine triphosphatase–activating protein. The specific function of this protein is unknown. In TSC2, all types of mutations have been reported; new mutations occur frequently. Few differences have yet been observed in the clinical phenotypes of patients with mutation of one gene or the other._NEWLINE_Cells from individuals with pathogenic mutations in the TSC2 gene display abnormal accumulation of glycogen that is associated with depletion of lysosomes and autophagic impairment. The defective degradation of glycogen by the autophagy-lysosome pathway is, at least in part, independent of impaired regulation of mTORC1 and is restored, in cultured cells, by the combined use of PKB/Akt and mTORC1 pharmacological inhibitors _START_SECTION_ Prognosis _START_PARAGRAPH_ The prognosis for individuals with TSC depends on the severity of symptoms, which range from mild skin abnormalities to varying degrees of learning disabilities and epilepsy to severe intellectual disability, uncontrollable seizures, and kidney failure. Those individuals with mild symptoms generally do well and live long, productive lives, while individuals with the more severe form may have serious disabilities. However, with appropriate medical care, most individuals with the disorder can look forward to normal life expectancy._NEWLINE_A study of 30 TSC patients in Egypt found, "...earlier age of seizures commencement (<6 months) is associated with poor seizure outcome and poor intellectual capabilities. Infantile spasms and severely epileptogenic EEG patterns are related to the poor seizure outcome, poor intellectual capabilities and autistic behavior. Higher tubers numbers is associated with poor seizure outcome and autistic behavior. Left-sided tuber burden is associated with poor intellect, while frontal location is more encountered in ASD [autism spectrum disorders]. So, close follow up for the mental development and early control of seizures are recommended in a trial to reduce the risk factors of poor outcome. Also early diagnosis of autism will allow for earlier treatment and the potential for better outcome for children with TSC."_NEWLINE_Leading causes of death include renal disease, brain tumour, lymphangioleiomyomatosis of the lung, and status epilepticus or bronchopneumonia in those with severe mental handicap. Cardiac failure due to rhabdomyomas is a risk in the fetus or neonate but is rarely a problem subsequently. Kidney complications such as angiomyolipoma and cysts are common and more frequent in females than males and in TSC2 than TSC1. Renal cell carcinoma is uncommon. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis is only a risk for females with angiomyolipomas. In the brain, the subependymal nodules occasionally degenerate to subependymal giant cell astrocytomas. These may block the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid around the brain, leading to hydrocephalus._NEWLINE_Detection of the disease should be followed by genetic counselling. It is also important to realise that though the disease does not have a cure, symptoms can be treated symptomatically. Hence, awareness regarding different organ manifestations of TSC is important. _START_SECTION_ Epidemiology _START_PARAGRAPH_ TSC occurs in all races and ethnic groups, and in both genders. The live-birth prevalence is estimated to be between 10 and 16 cases per 100,000. A 1998 study estimated total population prevalence between about 7 and 12 cases per 100,000, with more than half of these cases undetected. Prior to the invention of CT scanning to identify the nodules and tubers in the brain, the prevalence was thought to be much lower, and the disease associated with those people diagnosed clinically with learning disability, seizures and facial angiofibroma. Whilst still regarded as a rare disease, TSC is common when compared to many other genetic diseases, with at least 1 million individuals affected worldwide. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ TSC first came to medical attention when dermatologists described the distinctive facial rash (1835 and 1850). A more complete case was presented by von Recklinghausen (1862), who identified heart and brain tumours in a newborn who had only briefly lived. However, Bourneville (1880) is credited with having first characterized the disease, coining the name "tuberous sclerosis", thus earning the eponym Bourneville's disease. The neurologist Vogt (1908) established a diagnostic triad of epilepsy, idiocy, and adenoma sebaceum (an obsolete term for facial angiofibroma)._NEWLINE_Symptoms were periodically added to the clinical picture. The disease as presently understood was first fully described by Gomez (1979). The invention of medical ultrasound, CT and MRI has allowed physicians to examine the internal organs of live patients and greatly improved diagnostic ability._NEWLINE_In 2002, treatment with rapamycin was found to be effective at shrinking tumours in animals. This has led to human trials of rapamycin as a drug to treat several of the tumors associated with TSC.

8520549890719272186

Q10567

_START_ARTICLE_ Tucana _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tucana is one of the twelve constellations established by the Dutch astronomer Petrus Plancius from the observations of the southern sky by the Dutch explorers Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman, who had sailed on the first Dutch trading expedition, known as the Eerste Schipvaart, to the East Indies. It first appeared on a 35-centimetre-diameter (14 in) celestial globe published in 1598 in Amsterdam by Plancius with Jodocus Hondius. The first depiction of this constellation in a celestial atlas was in the German cartographer Johann Bayer's Uranometria of 1603. Both Plancius and Bayer depict it as a toucan. De Houtman included it in his southern star catalogue the same year under the Dutch name Den Indiaenschen Exster, op Indies Lang ghenaemt "the Indian magpie, named Lang in the Indies", by this meaning a particular bird with a long beak—a hornbill, a bird native to the East Indies. A 1603 celestial globe by Willem Blaeu depicts it with a casque. It was interpreted on Chinese charts as Neaou Chuy "beak bird", and in England as "Brasilian Pye", while Johannes Kepler and Giovanni Battista Riccioli termed it Anser Americanus "American Goose", and Caesius as Pica Indica. Tucana and the nearby constellations Phoenix, Grus and Pavo are collectively called the "Southern Birds". _START_SECTION_ Characteristics _START_PARAGRAPH_ Irregular in shape, Tucana is bordered by Hydrus to the east, Grus and Phoenix to the north, Indus to the west and Octans to the south. Covering 295 square degrees, it ranks 48th of the 88 constellations in size. The recommended three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Tuc'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of 10 segments. In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between  22ʰ 08.45ᵐ and  01ʰ 24.82ᵐ, while the declination coordinates are between −56.31° and −75.35°. As one of the deep southern constellations, it remains below the horizon at latitudes north of the 30th parallel in the Northern Hemisphere, and is circumpolar at latitudes south of the 50th parallel in the Southern Hemisphere. _START_SECTION_ Stars _START_PARAGRAPH_ Although he depicted Tucana on his chart, Bayer did not assign its stars Bayer designations. French explorer and astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille labelled them Alpha to Rho in 1756, but omitted Omicron and Xi, and labelled a pair of stars close together Lambda Tucanae, and a group of three stars Beta Tucanae. In 1879, American astronomer Benjamin Gould designated a star Xi Tucanae—this had not been given a designation by Lacaille who had recognized it as nebulous, and it is now known as the globular cluster 47 Tucanae. Mu Tucanae was dropped by Francis Baily, who felt the star was too faint to warrant a designation, and Kappa's two components came to be known as Kappa¹ and Kappa²._NEWLINE_The layout of the brighter stars of Tucana has been likened to a kite. Within the constellation's boundaries are around 80 stars brighter than an apparent magnitude of 7. At an apparent magnitude of 2.86, Alpha Tucanae is the brightest star in the constellation and marks the toucan's head. It is an orange subgiant of spectral type K3III around 199 light-years distant from the Solar System. A cool star with a surface temperature of 4300 K, it is 424 times as luminous as the sun and 37 times its diameter. It is 2.5 to 3 times as massive. Alpha Tucanae is a spectroscopic binary, which means that the two stars have not been individually resolved using a telescope, but the presence of the companion has been inferred from measuring changes in the spectrum of the primary. The orbital period of the binary system is 4197.7 days (11.5 years). Nothing is known about the companion. Two degrees southeast of Alpha is the red-hued Nu Tucanae, of spectral type M4III and lying around 290 light-years distant. It is classified as a semiregular variable star and its brightness varies from magnitude +4.75 to +4.93. Described by Richard Hinckley Allen as bluish, Gamma Tucanae is a yellow-white sequence star of spectral type F4V and an apparent magnitude of 4.00 located around 75 light-years from Earth. It also marks the toucan's beak._NEWLINE_Beta, Delta and Kappa are multiple star systems containing six, two and four stars respectively. Located near the tail of the toucan, Beta Tucanae's two brightest components, Beta¹ and Beta² are separated by an angle of 27 arcseconds and have apparent magnitudes of 4.4 and 4.5 respectively. They can be separated in small telescopes. A third star, Beta³ Tucanae, is separated by 10 arcminutes from the two, and able to be seen as a separate star with the unaided eye. Each star is itself a binary star, making six in total. Lying in the southwestern corner of the constellation around 251 light-years away from Earth, Delta Tucanae consists of a blue-white primary contrasting with a yellowish companion. Delta Tucanae A is a main sequence star of spectral type B9.5V and an apparent magnitude of 4.49. The companion has an apparent magnitude of 9.3. The Kappa Tucanae system shines with a combined apparent magnitude of 4.25, and is located around 68 light-years from the Solar System. The brighter component is a yellowish star, known as Kappa Tucanae A with an apparent magnitude of 5.33 and spectral type F6V, while the fainter lies 5 arcseconds to the northwest. Known as Kappa Tucanae B, it has an apparent magnitude of 7.58 and spectral type K1V. Five arcminutes to the northwest is a fainter star of apparent magnitude 7.24 —actually a pair of orange main sequence stars of spectral types K2V and K3V, which can be seen individually as stars one arcsecond apart with a telescope such as a Dobsonian with high power._NEWLINE_Lambda Tucanae is an optical double—that is, the name is given to two stars (Lambda¹ and Lambda²) which appear close together from our viewpoint, but are in fact far apart in space. Lambda¹ is itself a binary star, with two components—a yellow-white star of spectral type F7IV-V and an apparent magnitude of 6.22, and a yellow main sequence star of spectral type G1V and an apparent magnitude of 7.28. The system is 186 light-years distant. Lambda² is an orange subgiant of spectral type K2III that is expanding and cooling and has left the main sequence. Of apparent magnitude 5.46, it is approximately 220 light-years distant from Earth._NEWLINE_Epsilon Tucanae traditionally marks the toucan's left leg. A B-type subgiant, it has a spectral type B9IV and an apparent magnitude of 4.49. It is approximately 373 light-years from Earth. It is around four times as massive as our Sun._NEWLINE_Theta Tucanae is a white A-type star around 423 light-years distant from Earth, which is actually a close binary system. The main star is classified as a Delta Scuti variable—a class of short period (six hours at most) pulsating stars that have been used as standard candles and as subjects to study asteroseismology. It is around double the Sun's mass, having siphoned off one whole solar mass from its companion, now a hydrogen-depleted dwarf star of around only 0.2 solar masses. The system shines with a combined light that varies between magnitudes 6.06 to 6.15 every 70 to 80 minutes._NEWLINE_Zeta Tucanae is a yellow-white main sequence star of spectral type F9.5V and an apparent magnitude of 4.20 located 28 light-years away from the Solar System. Despite having a slightly lower mass, this star is more luminous than the Sun. The composition and mass of this star are very similar to the Sun, with a slightly lower mass and an estimated age of three billion years. The solar-like qualities make it a target of interest for investigating the possible existence of a life-bearing planet. It appears to have a debris disk orbiting it at a minimum radius of 2.3 astronomical units. As of 2009, no planet has been discovered in orbit around this star._NEWLINE_Five star systems have been found to have planets, four of which have been discovered by the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) in Chile. HD 4308 is a star with around 83% of the Sun's mass located 72 light-years away with a super-Earth planet with an orbital period of around 15 days. HD 215497 is an orange star of spectral type K3V around 142 light-years distant. It is orbited by a hot super-Earth every 3 days and a second planet around the size of Saturn with a period of around 567 days. HD 221287 has a spectral type of F7V and lies 173 light-years away, and has a super-Jovian planet. HD 7199 has spectral type KOIV/V and is located 117 light-years away. It has a planet with around 30% the mass of Jupiter that has an orbital period of 615 days. HD 219077 has a planet around 10 times as massive as Jupiter in a highly eccentric orbit. _START_SECTION_ Deep-sky objects _START_PARAGRAPH_ The second-brightest globular cluster in the sky after Omega Centauri, 47 Tucanae (NGC 104) lies just west of the Small Magellanic Cloud. Only 14,700 light-years distant from Earth, it is thought to be around 12 billion years old. Mostly composed of old, yellow stars, it does possess a contingent of blue stragglers, hot stars that are hypothesized to form from binary star mergers. 47 Tucanae has an apparent magnitude of 3.9, meaning that it is visible to the naked eye; it is a Shapley class III cluster, which means that it has a clearly defined nucleus. Near to 47 Tucana on the sky, and often seen in wide-field photographs showing it, are two much more distant globular clusters associated with the SMC: NGC 121, 10 arcminutes away from the bigger cluster's edge, and Lindsay 8._NEWLINE_NGC 362 is another globular cluster in Tucana with an apparent magnitude of 6.4, 27,700 light-years from Earth. Like neighboring 47 Tucanae, NGC 362 is a Shapley class III cluster and among the brightest globular clusters in the sky. Unusually for a globular cluster, its orbit takes it very close to the center of the Milky Way—approximately 3,000 light-years. It was discovered in the 1820s by James Dunlop. Its stars become visible at 180x magnification through a telescope._NEWLINE_Located at the southern end of Tucana, the Small Magellanic Cloud is a dwarf galaxy that is one of the nearest neighbors to the Milky Way galaxy at a distance of 210,000 light-years. Though it probably formed as a disk shape, tidal forces from the Milky Way have distorted it. Along with the Large Magellanic Cloud, it lies within the Magellanic Stream, a cloud of gas that connects the two galaxies. NGC 346 is a star-forming region located in the Small Magellanic Cloud. It has an apparent magnitude of 10.3. Within it lies the triple star system HD 5980, each of its members among the most luminous stars known._NEWLINE_The Tucana Dwarf galaxy, which was discovered in 1990, is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy of type dE5 that is an isolated member of the Local Group. It is located 870 kiloparsecs (2,800 kly) from the Solar System and around 1,100 kiloparsecs (3,600 kly) from the barycentre of the Local Group—the second most remote of all member galaxies after the Sagittarius Dwarf Irregular Galaxy._NEWLINE_The barred spiral galaxy NGC 7408 is located 3 degrees northwest of Delta Tucanae, and was initially mistaken for a planetary nebula._NEWLINE_In 1998, part of the constellation was the subject of a two-week observation program by the Hubble Space Telescope, which resulted in the Hubble Deep Field South. The potential area to be covered needed to be at the poles of the telescope's orbit for continuous observing, with the final choice resting upon the discovery of a quasar, QSO J2233-606, in the field.

9953102337017214196

Q509364

_START_ARTICLE_ Tudor architecture _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Tudor architectural style is the final development of Medieval architecture in England, during the Tudor period (1485–1603) and even beyond, and also the tentative introduction of Renaissance architecture to England. It is generally not used to refer to the whole period of the Tudor dynasty (1485–1603), but to the style used in buildings of some prestige in the period roughly between 1500 and 1560. It followed the Late Gothic Perpendicular style and was superseded by Elizabethan architecture from about 1560 in domestic building of any pretensions to fashion. In the much more slow-moving styles of vernacular architecture "Tudor" has become a designation for styles like half-timbering that characterize the few buildings surviving from before 1485 and others from the Stuart period. In this form the Tudor style long retained its hold on English taste. Nevertheless, 'Tudor style' is an awkward style-designation, with its implied suggestions of continuity through the period of the Tudor dynasty and the misleading impression that there was a style break at the accession of Stuart James I in 1603._NEWLINE_The low Tudor arch was a defining feature. Some of the most remarkable oriel windows belong to this period. Mouldings are more spread out and the foliage becomes more naturalistic. During the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI, many Italian artists arrived in England; their decorative features can be seen at Hampton Court Palace, Layer Marney Tower, Sutton Place, and elsewhere. However, in the following reign of Elizabeth I, the influence of Northern Mannerism, mainly derived from books, was greater. Courtiers and other wealthy Elizabethans competed to build prodigy houses that proclaimed their status._NEWLINE_The Dissolution of the Monasteries redistributed large amounts of land to the wealthy, resulting in a secular building boom, as well as a source of stone. The building of churches had already slowed somewhat before the English Reformation, after a great boom in the previous century, but was brought to a nearly complete stop by the Reformation. Civic and university buildings became steadily more numerous in the period, which saw general increasing prosperity. Brick was something of an exotic and expensive rarity at the beginning of the period, but during it became very widely used in many parts of England, even for modest buildings, gradually restricting traditional methods such as wood framed daub and wattle and half-timbering to the lower classes by the end of the period._NEWLINE_Scotland was a different country throughout the period, and is not covered here, but early Renaissance architecture in Scotland was influenced by close contacts between the French and Scottish courts, and there are a number of buildings from before 1560 that show a more thorough adoption of continental Renaissance styles than their English equivalents. _START_SECTION_ Typical features _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tudor style buildings have several features that separate them from Medieval and later 17th-century design. _START_SECTION_ The Early Years: Henry Tudor And The Seeds of The Renaissance _START_PARAGRAPH_ Prior to 1485, many wealthy and noble landowners lived in homes that were not necessarily comfortable but built to withstand sieges, though manor houses that were only lightly fortified, if at all, had been increasingly built. Castles and smaller manor houses often had moats, portcullises and crenelations designed for archers to stand guard and pick off approaching enemies._NEWLINE_However, with the arrival of gunpowder and cannons by the time of Henry VI, fortifications like castles became increasingly obsolete. 1485 marked the ascension of the Tudor Henry VII to the throne and the end of the Wars of the Roses that had left the royal coffers in deep trouble-Yorkists had raided the treasury just after the death of Edward IV. In 1487 Henry passed laws against livery and maintenance, which checked the nobility's ability to raise armies independent of the crown, and raised taxes on the nobility through a trusted advisor, John Morton. Henry Tudor was hellbent on repairing the damage done by so many years of war, and that meant increasing financial security. It also meant recentralising power in London with the crown alone and away from interrelated nobles who had been squabbling over scraps of power since the reign of Richard II, evidenced by the crown beginning to be fought over by different branches of the descendants of Edward III at that time._NEWLINE_During the reign of Henry VII, he made some savvy business investments in the alum trade and made vast improvements to the waterborne infrastructure of the country: the site of his dry dock in Portsmouth still is used today, and equally because of Henry's investments in alum (a mordant used for dying wool, a major export of England at the time) records also show a striking increase in the volume of ships and thus trade coming in and out of England. Portsmouth was an early pet project of Henry VII, one he paid approximately £193 for the entire construction, a sum that for its time was enormous. It must be note that not all Tudor architecture was of a residential nature, and this particular one is very important as it laid the foundation for other civic projects done under Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. Henry Tudor built the very first dry dock in the world at this site. It was a big leap forward from what was available during the Medieval period: for most of the period ships were poorly suited to trade that reached any farther than just off the coast and were no match for the turbulence of waters like the North Sea let alone crossing the Atlantic. Within three years of Henry Tudor's ascension to the throne, however, Bartolomeu Dias had rounded the future tip of today's South Africa and by doing so would change the world forever: he opened up a sea passage to Asia and opened a route that completely cut out the reliance on the Silk Road and the Turks who controlled it. Ships were beginning to get faster and more capable of much longer journeys. Patronage of explorers would be a theme of the rest of Henry's adulthood, and it behooved him to take advantage of having the only place in all of Europe that could repair ships, build new ones, remove barnacles and shipworms, and break up and recycle older ships._NEWLINE_Purchasing eight acres, he handed off the job of constructing it to a trusted councillor Sir Reginald Bray with the final construction, according to a 17th-century tome, measuring 330 feet on each side, the bottom of the dock 395 feet long, and the whole 22 feet deep. The wharf on the outside of the piers that marked the dock's location were 40 feet on each side at a depth of 22 feet. Henry VII and the dock operated by swinging some hinged gates open, allowing the ship to enter, and then water was taken out with a bucket and chain pump worked by a horse-gin._NEWLINE_In the early part of his reign, Henry Tudor favored two sites, both on the River Thames though in opposite directions, with one west of Westminster and one east of it. Upon his rise to power he inherited many castles, but notably he did very little to these. Recent evidence suggests that he made notable improvements to other properties belonging to the crown, including Greenwich Palace, also known as the Palace of Placentia. Although today the Old Royal Naval College sits on the site of the palace, evidence suggests that, shortly after ascending the throne, Henry spent a very large amount of money on enlarging it and finishing off a watchtower built prior to his reign; his Queen, Elizabeth, gave birth to Henry VIII and his brother Edmund in this palace. Henry Tudor's palace facing the Thames Estuary would have had a massive brick courtyard that faced the River Thames and commanded a view of the ships passing by. As of 2018 archaeological digs continue and much has been discovered regarding the kind of palace Henry (and later his son) invested so much money and time into. For example, recent archaeology suggests that Greenwich had "bee boles": these were found in the basement of the palace and were little nooks in which beehives were kept during winter when honeybees hibernate. They would be taken out to provide for the king's table in spring and they are numerous, suggesting the desire for grand amounts of entertaining. Surprisingly, much of the remains beneath the royal college reveal an edifice built with brick, not stone: castles in England going back to the Normans had been built with stone, never brick, hence this is an early advancement in technology and style and given its load bearing position at the bottom of the building it is extremely unlikely to have been erected under the aegis of any later monarch. It is also believed he added a sizeable chapel to the grounds with black and white tiles, discovered in 2006._NEWLINE_Sheen, was someway down river from (and in the present day part of) London and became a primary residence as Henry's family and court grew larger. This had been one of the royal palaces since the reign of Edward II, with the most recent additions as at 1496 being by Henry V in 1414. The building was largely wooden with cloisters and several medieval features, such as a grand central banqueting hall, and the Privy Chambers facing the river very much resembling a 15th-century castle._NEWLINE_This burnt to the ground at Christmas 1497, with the royal family in residence; accounts of it made by a foreign ambassador to the court describe a catastrophe so big in magnitude that it nearly killed the king himself. However, within months Henry began a magnificent new palace in a version of Renaissance style. This, called Richmond Palace and now lost save for some fragments, has been described as the first prodigy house, a term for the ostentatious mansions of Elizabeth's courtiers and others, and was influential on other great houses for decades to come as well as a seat of royal power and pageantry of an equivalent of modern-day Buckingham Palace or the 18th century St. James's Palace. _START_SECTION_ College _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tudor architecture remained popular for conservative college patrons, even after it had been replaced in domestic building. Portions of the additions to the various colleges of the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge were still carried out in the Tudor style until the middle of the 18th century, overlapping with the first stirrings of the Gothic Revival._NEWLINE_There are also examples of Tudor architecture in Scotland, such as King's College, Aberdeen. _START_SECTION_ Tudor Revival _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the 19th century a free mix of late Gothic elements, Tudor, and Elizabethan were combined for public buildings, such as hotels and railway stations, as well as for residences. The popularity continued into the 20th century for residential building. This type of Renaissance Revival architecture is called 'Tudor,' 'Mock Tudor,' 'Tudor Revival,' and 'Jacobethan.'

3076009691986573322

Q1681204

_START_ARTICLE_ Tumbura _START_SECTION_ Location _START_PARAGRAPH_ The town is located in Tumbura County, Gbudwe State, in the western part of South Sudan, near the International borders with the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and with the Central African Republic (CAR). This location lies approximately 582 kilometres (362 mi), by road, northwest of Juba the capital and largest city in South Sudan. _START_SECTION_ Overview _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tumbura is a small town close to the country's western border with DRC and CAR. The area around Tumbura has witnessed the ravages of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) who have terrorized civilians in this area along with neighbourng populations in DRC and CAR since 2008. _START_SECTION_ Population _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2010, the population of the town of Tumbura was estimated at about 9,500. _START_SECTION_ Transport _START_PARAGRAPH_ The major road south (A44) ledas to Li Yubu, South Sudan, at the border with the Central African Republic. A44-North leads to Wau, South Sudan. Two smaller roads lead out of town towards the east and west of Tumburaa. The town is also served by Tumbura Airport.

1997904607144978256

Q7853396

_START_ARTICLE_ Tunworth _START_SECTION_ Physical geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ The village is spread across several hills, known as the Tunworth Downs. These are caused by the same geological processes as the North Downs. The highest point in Tunworth is around 420 ft (130m) _START_SECTION_ Buildings _START_PARAGRAPH_ The little downland church of All Saints, Tunworth, is part of the benefice of Upton Grey. The church is 12th century. The church has Norman origins, though the only real sign of this, after the Victorian restoration, is a window on the north (far) side of the church. A notable grave in the churchyard is that of Colonel Julian Berry, son of the 1st Viscount Camrose of Hackwood Park. _START_SECTION_ Amenities _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tunworth has one amenity, a bench, placed at the village high point. In 2012, an oak was planted by the bench to mark the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II. There was a school in Tunworth, but this was closed down in the 1950s. Most children now attend either a Basingstoke School or Long Sutton School. _START_SECTION_ Economy _START_PARAGRAPH_ The economy of Tunworth is mainly based in the service industry. The land around Tunworth is cultivated, meaning that there is some agriculture. In the past, successful race horses have been bred in Tunworth. A large proportion of Tunworth residents do not work, as Tunworth has a significant number of older people._NEWLINE_The Shermanator resides in Tunworth. _START_SECTION_ Land ownership _START_PARAGRAPH_ Most the land around Tunworth is either owned by the Herriard Estate, or by Hackwood Park. This land is rented to various farmers and is also used for pheasant shooting. Some property is owned by the Herriard Estate as well, and is rented out.

9347648775593277697

Q1314207

_START_ARTICLE_ Turbo imperialis _START_SECTION_ Description _START_PARAGRAPH_ The length of the shell varies between 50 mm and 120 mm. The large, solid shell has a globose-conic shape. It is ventricose and imperforate. Its color is green, irregularly mottled and spirally striped with chestnut, closely irregularly striate with the same color. The 6-7 convex whorls show well marked sutures, and numerous more or less conspicuous revolving furrows. The large body whorl is somewhat flattened above. The aperture is subcircular and pearly white within The outer lip is rather thin. The arched columella has a pearly callus, which reappears at the posterior angle. The green parietal wall is nearly devoid of callus. The base of the shell is slightly dilated and scarcely produced. _START_SECTION_ Distribution _START_PARAGRAPH_ According to the Natural History Museum, this marine species occurs off East Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius and Reunion.

10069871294977776758

Q3143104

_START_ARTICLE_ Turbonilla alfredi _START_SECTION_ Distribution _START_PARAGRAPH_ This marine species occurs off the Grand Cayman Island, Virgin Islands: St. Croix at depths between 2.4 m and 2.7 m.

16670668410280700519

Q7854995

_START_ARTICLE_ Turk's head brush _START_PARAGRAPH_ A "Turk's Head Brush" is a type of cleaning brush where the bristles are arranged covering the end of the stem as a half-sphere, so that the end of the stem does not come into direct contact with the surface being cleaned, especially when cleaning the inside of a cylindrical object. A larger type, mounted on a long stem and used for removing cobwebs, is called a "Turk's head broom". The name has long been in use for this type of brush, so named because its cleaning end resembles a "wild" head of hair. Turk's head brushes and brooms are used for domestic purposes, for cleaning artillery, for pharmaceutical use, for sweeping chimneys, and for other purposes. _START_SECTION_ Controversy _START_PARAGRAPH_ Some types of toilet bowl brushes with this design are referred to by resellers by the name "Turk's head toilet bowl brush". The Turkish American Legal Defense Fund have argued that this name is derogatory and insulting to Turkish Americans. In response, Newell Rubbermaid, the recipient of TALDF's complaint, stated that the company itself does not use this name in any of its product advertising. However, the name is still used by resellers.

5198740028756561510