gonglinyuan/CoSQA huggingface dataset:
Query: python test if a file is executable

def is_executable(path):
  """Returns whether a path names an existing executable file."""
  return os.path.isfile(path) and os.access(path, os.X_OK)
Query: how to use help in cmd to get docstring in python

def help_for_command(command):
    """Get the help text (signature + docstring) for a command (function)."""
    help_text = pydoc.text.document(command)
    # remove backspaces
    return re.subn('.\\x08', '', help_text)[0]
Query: python test if column exists

def column_exists(cr, table, column):
    """ Check whether a certain column exists """
    cr.execute(
        'SELECT count(attname) FROM pg_attribute '
        'WHERE attrelid = '
        '( SELECT oid FROM pg_class WHERE relname = %s ) '
        'AND attname = %s',
        (table, column))
    return cr.fetchone()[0] == 1
Query: how to use python to list the files in a folder

def list_files(directory):
    """Returns all files in a given directory
    """
    return [f for f in pathlib.Path(directory).iterdir() if f.is_file() and not f.name.startswith('.')]
Query: python test if power of 2

def is_power_of_2(num):
    """Return whether `num` is a power of two"""
    log = math.log2(num)
    return int(log) == float(log)
Query: how to use python to load an image

def _load_texture(file_name, resolver):
    """
    Load a texture from a file into a PIL image.
    """
    file_data = resolver.get(file_name)
    image = PIL.Image.open(util.wrap_as_stream(file_data))
    return image
Query: python test if there's a connection

def is_connected(self):
        """
        Return true if the socket managed by this connection is connected

        :rtype: bool
        """
        try:
            return self.socket is not None and self.socket.getsockname()[1] != 0 and BaseTransport.is_connected(self)
        except socket.error:
            return False
Query: how to use replace to replace many thing in string python

def fmt_subst(regex, subst):
    """Replace regex with string."""
    return lambda text: re.sub(regex, subst, text) if text else text
Query: python test if value is ctypes array

def is_array(type_):
    """returns True, if type represents C++ array type, False otherwise"""
    nake_type = remove_alias(type_)
    nake_type = remove_reference(nake_type)
    nake_type = remove_cv(nake_type)
    return isinstance(nake_type, cpptypes.array_t)
Query: how to use set default dictionary in python

def setDictDefaults (d, defaults):
  """Sets all defaults for the given dictionary to those contained in a
  second defaults dictionary.  This convenience method calls:

    d.setdefault(key, value)

  for each key and value in the given defaults dictionary.
  """
  for key, val in defaults.items():
    d.setdefault(key, val)

  return d
Query: python test if var is array

def is_integer_array(val):
    """
    Checks whether a variable is a numpy integer array.

    Parameters
    ----------
    val
        The variable to check.

    Returns
    -------
    bool
        True if the variable is a numpy integer array. Otherwise False.

    """
    return is_np_array(val) and issubclass(val.dtype.type, np.integer)
Query: how to use the join function python

def get_join_cols(by_entry):
  """ helper function used for joins
  builds left and right join list for join function
  """
  left_cols = []
  right_cols = []
  for col in by_entry:
    if isinstance(col, str):
      left_cols.append(col)
      right_cols.append(col)
    else:
      left_cols.append(col[0])
      right_cols.append(col[1])
  return left_cols, right_cols
Query: python text color and styling

def colorize(txt, fg=None, bg=None):
    """
    Print escape codes to set the terminal color.

    fg and bg are indices into the color palette for the foreground and
    background colors.
    """

    setting = ''
    setting += _SET_FG.format(fg) if fg else ''
    setting += _SET_BG.format(bg) if bg else ''
    return setting + str(txt) + _STYLE_RESET
Query: how to use variables for seperate unit tests python

def step_impl06(context):
    """Prepare test for singleton property.

    :param context: test context.
    """
    store = context.SingleStore
    context.st_1 = store()
    context.st_2 = store()
    context.st_3 = store()
Query: python text to lower

def to_snake_case(text):
    """Convert to snake case.

    :param str text:
    :rtype: str
    :return:
    """
    s1 = re.sub('(.)([A-Z][a-z]+)', r'\1_\2', text)
    return re.sub('([a-z0-9])([A-Z])', r'\1_\2', s1).lower()
Query: how to view an rsa key in memory python

def import_public_rsa_key_from_file(filename):
    """
    Read a public RSA key from a PEM file.

    :param filename: The name of the file
    :param passphrase: A pass phrase to use to unpack the PEM file.
    :return: A
        cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.rsa.RSAPublicKey instance
    """
    with open(filename, "rb") as key_file:
        public_key = serialization.load_pem_public_key(
            key_file.read(),
            backend=default_backend())
    return public_key
Query: python the last line in a file

def last(self):
        """Get the last object in file."""
        # End of file
        self.__file.seek(0, 2)

        # Get the last struct
        data = self.get(self.length - 1)

        return data
Query: how to view the traceback error in python

def format_exception(e):
    """Returns a string containing the type and text of the exception.

    """
    from .utils.printing import fill
    return '\n'.join(fill(line) for line in traceback.format_exception_only(type(e), e))
Query: python thread join it self

def join(self):
		"""Note that the Executor must be close()'d elsewhere,
		or join() will never return.
		"""
		self.inputfeeder_thread.join()
		self.pool.join()
		self.resulttracker_thread.join()
		self.failuretracker_thread.join()
Query: how to warp one image into another python

def post_process(self):
        """ Apply last 2D transforms"""
        self.image.putdata(self.pixels)
        self.image = self.image.transpose(Image.ROTATE_90)
Query: python threading not running concurrent join

def join(self):
		"""Note that the Executor must be close()'d elsewhere,
		or join() will never return.
		"""
		self.inputfeeder_thread.join()
		self.pool.join()
		self.resulttracker_thread.join()
		self.failuretracker_thread.join()
Query: how to write a function in python that returns a list of prime numbers

def getPrimeFactors(n):
    """
    Get all the prime factor of given integer
    @param n integer
    @return list [1, ..., n]
    """
    lo = [1]
    n2 = n // 2
    k = 2
    for k in range(2, n2 + 1):
        if (n // k)*k == n:
            lo.append(k)
    return lo + [n, ]
Query: python threadpool dummy join

def Join(self):
    """Waits until all outstanding tasks are completed."""

    for _ in range(self.JOIN_TIMEOUT_DECISECONDS):
      if self._queue.empty() and not self.busy_threads:
        return
      time.sleep(0.1)

    raise ValueError("Timeout during Join() for threadpool %s." % self.name)
Query: python time struct from timestamp

def utcfromtimestamp(cls, timestamp):
    """Returns a datetime object of a given timestamp (in UTC)."""
    obj = datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(timestamp)
    obj = pytz.utc.localize(obj)
    return cls(obj)
Query: how to write a print without a space in python

def _screen(self, s, newline=False):
        """Print something on screen when self.verbose == True"""
        if self.verbose:
            if newline:
                print(s)
            else:
                print(s, end=' ')
Query: python time to minutes

def seconds_to_time(x):
    """Convert a number of second into a time"""
    t = int(x * 10**6)
    ms = t % 10**6
    t = t // 10**6
    s = t % 60
    t = t // 60
    m = t % 60
    t = t // 60
    h = t
    return time(h, m, s, ms)
Query: how to write code to calculate percentage in python

def ratio_and_percentage(current, total, time_remaining):
    """Returns the progress ratio and percentage."""
    return "{} / {} ({}% completed)".format(current, total, int(current / total * 100))
Query: how to write code to rot13 in python

def _rotate(n, x, y, rx, ry):
    """Rotate and flip a quadrant appropriately

    Based on the implementation here:
        https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hilbert_curve&oldid=797332503

    """
    if ry == 0:
        if rx == 1:
            x = n - 1 - x
            y = n - 1 - y
        return y, x
    return x, y
Query: python timestamp column change format

def add_datetime(dataframe, timestamp_key='UNIXTIME'):
    """Add an additional DATETIME column with standar datetime format.

    This currently manipulates the incoming DataFrame!
    """

    def convert_data(timestamp):
        return datetime.fromtimestamp(float(timestamp) / 1e3, UTC_TZ)

    try:
        log.debug("Adding DATETIME column to the data")
        converted = dataframe[timestamp_key].apply(convert_data)
        dataframe['DATETIME'] = converted
    except KeyError:
        log.warning("Could not add DATETIME column")
Query: how to write sql queries with variables python

def _make_sql_params(self,kw):
        """Make a list of strings to pass to an SQL statement
        from the dictionary kw with Python types"""
        return ['%s=?' %k for k in kw.keys() ]
        for k,v in kw.iteritems():
            vals.append('%s=?' %k)
        return vals
Query: how to zoom in on a plot imshow python

def extent(self):
        """Helper for matplotlib imshow"""
        return (
            self.intervals[1].pix1 - 0.5,
            self.intervals[1].pix2 - 0.5,
            self.intervals[0].pix1 - 0.5,
            self.intervals[0].pix2 - 0.5,
        )
Query: python timezone name to offset

def current_offset(local_tz=None):
    """
    Returns current utcoffset for a timezone. Uses
    DEFAULT_LOCAL_TZ by default. That value can be
    changed at runtime using the func below.
    """
    if local_tz is None:
        local_tz = DEFAULT_LOCAL_TZ
    dt = local_tz.localize(datetime.now())
    return dt.utcoffset()
Query: python tk treeview with scrollbar

def yview(self, *args):
        """Update inplace widgets position when doing vertical scroll"""
        self.after_idle(self.__updateWnds)
        ttk.Treeview.yview(self, *args)
Query: html 2 text python

def html_to_text(content):
    """ Converts html content to plain text """
    text = None
    h2t = html2text.HTML2Text()
    h2t.ignore_links = False
    text = h2t.handle(content)
    return text
Query: http url json parsing ijn python

def get_jsonparsed_data(url):
    """Receive the content of ``url``, parse it as JSON and return the
       object.
    """
    response = urlopen(url)
    data = response.read().decode('utf-8')
    return json.loads(data)
Query: python tkinter askopenfilenames dialog won't close

def askopenfilename(**kwargs):
    """Return file name(s) from Tkinter's file open dialog."""
    try:
        from Tkinter import Tk
        import tkFileDialog as filedialog
    except ImportError:
        from tkinter import Tk, filedialog
    root = Tk()
    root.withdraw()
    root.update()
    filenames = filedialog.askopenfilename(**kwargs)
    root.destroy()
    return filenames
Query: i have default args defined, how do i tell python to use default args

def arg_default(*args, **kwargs):
    """Return default argument value as given by argparse's add_argument().

    The argument is passed through a mocked-up argument parser. This way, we
    get default parameters even if the feature is called directly and not
    through the CLI.
    """
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_argument(*args, **kwargs)
    args = vars(parser.parse_args([]))
    _, default = args.popitem()
    return default
Query: python tkinter choose folder

def on_source_directory_chooser_clicked(self):
        """Autoconnect slot activated when tbSourceDir is clicked."""

        title = self.tr('Set the source directory for script and scenario')
        self.choose_directory(self.source_directory, title)
Query: imitate the left function in python

def value_left(self, other):
    """
    Returns the value of the other type instance to use in an
    operator method, namely when the method's instance is on the
    left side of the expression.
    """
    return other.value if isinstance(other, self.__class__) else other
Query: python tkinter hide a window

def hide(self):
        """Hide the window."""
        self.tk.withdraw()
        self._visible = False
        if self._modal:
            self.tk.grab_release()
Query: implement manhattan distance for 8puzzle python

def _manhattan_distance(vec_a, vec_b):
    """Return manhattan distance between two lists of numbers."""
    if len(vec_a) != len(vec_b):
        raise ValueError('len(vec_a) must equal len(vec_b)')
    return sum(map(lambda a, b: abs(a - b), vec_a, vec_b))
Query: python tkinter on close window

def closeEvent(self, e):
        """Qt slot when the window is closed."""
        self.emit('close_widget')
        super(DockWidget, self).closeEvent(e)
Query: imshow scaling cv2 python

def uint8sc(im):
    """Scale the image to uint8

    Parameters:
    -----------
    im: 2d array
        The image

    Returns:
    --------
    im: 2d array (dtype uint8)
        The scaled image to uint8
    """
    im = np.asarray(im)
    immin = im.min()
    immax = im.max()
    imrange = immax - immin
    return cv2.convertScaleAbs(im - immin, alpha=255 / imrange)
Query: python tkinter treeview deleate an item

def detach(self, *items):
        """
        Unlinks all of the specified items from the tree.

        The items and all of their descendants are still present, and may be
        reinserted at another point in the tree, but will not be displayed.
        The root item may not be detached.

        :param items: list of item identifiers
        :type items: sequence[str]
        """
        self._visual_drag.detach(*items)
        ttk.Treeview.detach(self, *items)
Query: python to check if file arrives

def remote_file_exists(self, url):
        """ Checks whether the remote file exists.

        :param url:
            The url that has to be checked.
        :type url:
            String

        :returns:
            **True** if remote file exists and **False** if it doesn't exist.
        """
        status = requests.head(url).status_code

        if status != 200:
            raise RemoteFileDoesntExist
Query: in python how to use a mouse position for rectangle

def ensure_hbounds(self):
        """Ensure the cursor is within horizontal screen bounds."""
        self.cursor.x = min(max(0, self.cursor.x), self.columns - 1)
Query: python to connect to s3

def s3_connect(bucket_name, s3_access_key_id, s3_secret_key):
    """ Returns a Boto connection to the provided S3 bucket. """
    conn = connect_s3(s3_access_key_id, s3_secret_key)
    try:
        return conn.get_bucket(bucket_name)
    except S3ResponseError as e:
        if e.status == 403:
            raise Exception("Bad Amazon S3 credentials.")
        raise
Query: in python static method should be decorated with

def Proxy(f):
  """A helper to create a proxy method in a class."""

  def Wrapped(self, *args):
    return getattr(self, f)(*args)

  return Wrapped
Query: python to determine if services are running

def service_available(service_name):
    """Determine whether a system service is available"""
    try:
        subprocess.check_output(
            ['service', service_name, 'status'],
            stderr=subprocess.STDOUT).decode('UTF-8')
    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
        return b'unrecognized service' not in e.output
    else:
        return True
Query: in python who is responsible to change raw input to string

def to_str(s):
    """
    Convert bytes and non-string into Python 3 str
    """
    if isinstance(s, bytes):
        s = s.decode('utf-8')
    elif not isinstance(s, str):
        s = str(s)
    return s
Query: include latex in python docstrings

def process_docstring(app, what, name, obj, options, lines):
    """React to a docstring event and append contracts to it."""
    # pylint: disable=unused-argument
    # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments
    lines.extend(_format_contracts(what=what, obj=obj))
Query: python tornado rest set mimetype

def python_mime(fn):
    """
    Decorator, which adds correct MIME type for python source to the decorated
    bottle API function.
    """
    @wraps(fn)
    def python_mime_decorator(*args, **kwargs):
        response.content_type = "text/x-python"

        return fn(*args, **kwargs)

    return python_mime_decorator
Query: incoporating html jsscript with python project

def rstjinja(app, docname, source):
    """
    Render our pages as a jinja template for fancy templating goodness.
    """
    # Make sure we're outputting HTML
    if app.builder.format != 'html':
        return
    src = source[0]
    rendered = app.builder.templates.render_string(
        src, app.config.html_context
    )
    source[0] = rendered
Query: python trace function call

def __run(self):
    """Hacked run function, which installs the trace."""
    sys.settrace(self.globaltrace)
    self.__run_backup()
    self.run = self.__run_backup
Query: incorrect header check python

def required_header(header):
    """Function that verify if the header parameter is a essential header

    :param header:  A string represented a header
    :returns:       A boolean value that represent if the header is required
    """
    if header in IGNORE_HEADERS:
        return False

    if header.startswith('HTTP_') or header == 'CONTENT_TYPE':
        return True

    return False
Query: python treat json file as objects

def _read_json_file(self, json_file):
        """ Helper function to read JSON file as OrderedDict """

        self.log.debug("Reading '%s' JSON file..." % json_file)

        with open(json_file, 'r') as f:
            return json.load(f, object_pairs_hook=OrderedDict)
Query: increase width of columns panda python

def _column_resized(self, col, old_width, new_width):
        """Update the column width."""
        self.dataTable.setColumnWidth(col, new_width)
        self._update_layout()
Query: python tree structure using indent

def print_tree(self, indent=2):
        """ print_tree: prints out structure of tree
            Args: indent (int): What level of indentation at which to start printing
            Returns: None
        """
        config.LOGGER.info("{indent}{data}".format(indent="   " * indent, data=str(self)))
        for child in self.children:
            child.print_tree(indent + 1)
Query: index of the val in list python

def sorted_index(values, x):
    """
    For list, values, returns the index location of element x. If x does not exist will raise an error.

    :param values: list
    :param x: item
    :return: integer index
    """
    i = bisect_left(values, x)
    j = bisect_right(values, x)
    return values[i:j].index(x) + i
Query: python treeview bind double click

def register_view(self, view):
        """Register callbacks for button press events and selection changed"""
        super(ListViewController, self).register_view(view)
        self.tree_view.connect('button_press_event', self.mouse_click)
Query: infix to prefix in stack coding in python

def make_prefixed_stack_name(prefix, template_path):
    """

    :param prefix:
    :param template_path:
    """
    parts = os.path.basename(template_path).split('-')
    parts = parts if len(parts) == 1 else parts[:-1]
    return ('%s-%s' % (prefix, '-'.join(parts))).split('.')[0]
Query: python trim left side of a string

def _trim(self, somestr):
        """ Trim left-right given string """
        tmp = RE_LSPACES.sub("", somestr)
        tmp = RE_TSPACES.sub("", tmp)
        return str(tmp)
Query: initializing a list of a certain size in python

def __init__(self, capacity=10):
        """
        Initialize python List with capacity of 10 or user given input.
        Python List type is a dynamic array, so we have to restrict its
        dynamic nature to make it work like a static array.
        """
        super().__init__()
        self._array = [None] * capacity
        self._front = 0
        self._rear = 0
Query: inputting a python array in ctypes buffer

def cint8_array_to_numpy(cptr, length):
    """Convert a ctypes int pointer array to a numpy array."""
    if isinstance(cptr, ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_int8)):
        return np.fromiter(cptr, dtype=np.int8, count=length)
    else:
        raise RuntimeError('Expected int pointer')
Query: python truncate to significant digits

def round_sig(x, sig):
    """Round the number to the specified number of significant figures"""
    return round(x, sig - int(floor(log10(abs(x)))) - 1)
Query: python tuple with lists of objects show string representation

def _tuple_repr(data):
    """Return a repr() for a list/tuple"""
    if len(data) == 1:
        return "(%s,)" % rpr(data[0])
    else:
        return "(%s)" % ", ".join([rpr(x) for x in data])
Query: invalidate old session after authantification python flask

def logout(cache):
    """
    Logs out the current session by removing it from the cache. This is
    expected to only occur when a session has
    """
    cache.set(flask.session['auth0_key'], None)
    flask.session.clear()
    return True
Query: python turn an array into comma seperated string

def list_to_csv(value):
    """
    Converts list to string with comma separated values. For string is no-op.
    """
    if isinstance(value, (list, tuple, set)):
        value = ",".join(value)
    return value
Query: inverse matrix in python without numpy

def MatrixInverse(a, adj):
    """
    Matrix inversion op.
    """
    return np.linalg.inv(a if not adj else _adjoint(a)),
Query: inverse of 3x3 matrix python

def cross_product_matrix(vec):
    """Returns a 3x3 cross-product matrix from a 3-element vector."""
    return np.array([[0, -vec[2], vec[1]],
                     [vec[2], 0, -vec[0]],
                     [-vec[1], vec[0], 0]])
Query: python turn list of list into a numpy array

def _to_array(value):
    """As a convenience, turn Python lists and tuples into NumPy arrays."""
    if isinstance(value, (tuple, list)):
        return array(value)
    elif isinstance(value, (float, int)):
        return np.float64(value)
    else:
        return value
Query: ip adress of current machine in python

def _get_local_ip():
        """
        Get the local ip of this device

        :return: Ip of this computer
        :rtype: str
        """
        return set([x[4][0] for x in socket.getaddrinfo(
            socket.gethostname(),
            80,
            socket.AF_INET
        )]).pop()
Query: python turn range to array

def _interval_to_bound_points(array):
    """
    Helper function which returns an array
    with the Intervals' boundaries.
    """

    array_boundaries = np.array([x.left for x in array])
    array_boundaries = np.concatenate(
        (array_boundaries, np.array([array[-1].right])))

    return array_boundaries
Query: is python logging async

def log(self, level, msg=None, *args, **kwargs):
        """Writes log out at any arbitray level."""

        return self._log(level, msg, args, kwargs)
Query: python type cast to bigint

def _from_bytes(bytes, byteorder="big", signed=False):
    """This is the same functionality as ``int.from_bytes`` in python 3"""
    return int.from_bytes(bytes, byteorder=byteorder, signed=signed)
Query: iterating through queryset python

def _unordered_iterator(self):
        """
        Return the value of each QuerySet, but also add the '#' property to each
        return item.
        """
        for i, qs in zip(self._queryset_idxs, self._querysets):
            for item in qs:
                setattr(item, '#', i)
                yield item
Query: python type true or false

def boolean(value):
    """
    Configuration-friendly boolean type converter.

    Supports both boolean-valued and string-valued inputs (e.g. from env vars).

    """
    if isinstance(value, bool):
        return value

    if value == "":
        return False

    return strtobool(value)