隨著電動車起飛的充電樁市場 (4) — 直流快速充電佔號稱 NO1 — EVgo
Tags: Fast Charging, Charger, Electric Vehicles, Tesla, Electric Car

營運催化劑

(1) 反向併購上市

預計 2021 年第二季度可以完成反向併購上市。融資後估值約為 26 億美元，交易完成後的 5.7 億美元將用於擴大建設充電基礎設施。

(2) 與 GM 的合作

預計 2021 年第二季開始上路。預計在 5 年內為 GM 新蓋 2750 個充電樁 (EV chargers)，在沒有任何拖延的前提下，平均 1 年可增加 550 個充電樁，目前 EVgo 共有 1412 個充電樁，營運可望吞下大補丹。

(3) 拜登基礎建設計畫

拜登總統於 2021 年 3 月 31 日推出基礎建設計畫 - 《美國就業計畫》(The American Jobs Plan)，共有四大面向，為 (1) Transportation Infrastructure，6210 億美元、(2) Infrastructure at home， 6500 億美、(3) Research and development，workforce development and manufacturing，5800億美元與 (4) Care Economic，4000億美元。

相關細節如下，其中與充電樁相關的為 (1) Transportation Infrastructure 中的 6210 億美元的預算，將對電動車的投資將為 1740 億美元，消費者購買美製電動車時將獲得折讓 (rebates)，或者是稅務優惠( tax incentives)。

該計畫將為州和地方政府、私人部門建立撥款和激勵計劃，目標是在 2030年前建立一個全美充電網絡，將包含 50 萬個電動車充電樁(EV chargers)；另外，還要更換 5 萬輛運輸用柴油車，並使美國至少 20% 的黃色校車電動化，並將包含美國郵政局在內所擁有的聯邦車隊改用電動車。

FACT SHEET: The American Jobs Plan Create good jobs electrifying vehicles. U.S. market share of plug-in electric vehicle (EV) sales is only one-third the size of the Chinese EV market. The President believes that must change. He is proposing a $174 billion investment to win the EV market. His plan will enable automakers to spur domestic supply chains from raw materials to parts, retool factories to compete globally, and support American workers to make batteries and EVs. It will give consumers point of sale rebates and tax incentives to buy American-made EVs, while ensuring that these vehicles are affordable for all families and manufactured by workers with good jobs. It will establish grant and incentive programs for state and local governments and the private sector to build a national network of 500,000 EV chargers by 2030, while promoting strong labor, training, and installation standards. His plan also will replace 50,000 diesel transit vehicles and electrify at least 20 percent of our yellow school bus fleet through a new Clean Buses for Kids Program at the Environmental Protection Agency, with support from the Department of Energy. These investments will set us on a path to 100 percent clean buses, while ensuring that the American workforce is trained to operate and maintain this 21st century infrastructure. Finally, it will utilize the vast tools of federal procurement to electrify the federal fleet, including the United States Postal Service.

根據媒體報導，美國交通部的信件顯示，提供給消費者的購車折讓 (rebates) 將高達 1000 億美元 (對 GM 與 Tesla 有利)，稅務優惠( tax incentives)將有 140 億美元， 50 萬座充電樁則是會有 150 億美元的預算，電動校車有 200 億美元。

Biden plan calls for $100 billion in new EV consumer rebates WASHINGTON — The Biden administration’s $174 billion proposal to boost electric vehicles calls for $100 billion in new consumer rebates and $15 billion to build 500,000 new electric vehicle charging stations, according to a U.S. Transportation Department email sent to congressional staff and seen by Reuters. The EV rebates, part of a $2.3 trillion infrastructure and jobs proposal, could be a big boost to U.S. automakers, especially General Motors and Tesla Inc., which no longer qualify for $7,500 tax credits after they sold more than 200,000 zero-emission models. The White House declined to say how the $100 billion would be distributed or how much the grants will be. In 2019, Senate Democratic Leader Chuck Schumer proposed awarding $392 billion in subsidies for owners to trade in gasoline-powered vehicles at least eight years old and in driving condition for EVs, plug-in hybrid or fuel-cell cars. The old vehicles would be scrapped. The Biden plan also calls for $20 billion for electric school buses, $25 billion for zero emission transit vehicles and $14 billion in other EV tax incentives. Treasury said in a report the proposed incentives are “to encourage people to switch to electric vehicles and efficient electric appliances.”

目前美國約有 4 萬多座的充電站、10 萬個左右的充電樁，若能在 2030 年前達成目標，約有 4 倍的成長空間。

美國財政部也於 2021 年 4 月 7 日發布一份報告，詳述拜登政府擬議中的新稅法，認為新稅改將為美國在 15 年內帶來 2.5 兆美元的資金，可用來投入包含基礎設施、綠色投資及社會福利等領域的 8 年財政支出計畫。

Replacing Subsidies for Fossil Fuels with Incentives for Clean Energy Production Climate change is already impacting homes, businesses, communities, and farms. If left unchecked, the damage from both extreme heat and extreme cold, devastating storms and wildfires, droughts, and other disruptions are predicted to grow. Today the tax code contributes to climate change by providing significant tax preferences and subsidies for the oil and gas industry. The President’s tax plan would remove subsidies for fossil fuel companies, while providing incentives to reposition the United States as a global leader in clean energy and to ensure that our infrastructure is resilient to storms, floods, fires, and rising sea levels. Targeted investments in a clean and resilient energy future would also boost jobs for American workers and address environmental injustices. The Made in America tax plan would advance clean electricity production by providing a ten-year extension of the production tax credit and investment tax credit for clean energy generation and storage, and making those credits direct pay. Together with nontax initiatives, like the Energy Efficiency and Clean Electricity Standard, the plan sets the country on a path to 100 percent carbon pollution free electricity by 2035. In addition to addressing climate change, analysis by an independent think tank suggests that plans like the President’s would also lead to a dramatic reduction in local air pollution, reducing premature deaths from breathing polluted air by at least two-thirds. Low-income and minority households are more likely to live in communities with poor air quality, so these benefits would help address equity concerns as well. The President’s plan would also create a new tax incentive for long-distance transmission lines to ensure that clean energy can be carried to cities, homes, and businesses. The plan further expands the tax incentives available for electricity storage projects. These incentives would help ensure that the electricity supply is reliable as well as less harmful to the climate. Recognizing the importance of supporting nascent technologies to help fight climate change, the President’s plan calls for tax incentives for state-of-the-art carbon capture and sequestration projects. The President’s plan also includes specific supports for clean energy manufacturing, including an extension of the 48C tax credit program. Finally, the President’s plan includes a blender’s tax credit for sustainable aviation fuel, enabling the decarbonization of a key portion of the U.S. transportation sector. Innovation in these areas could have large spillover benefits to our industrial sector as well as to global efforts to address climate change. Taken together, the President’s tax incentives would help precipitate a shift toward cleaner energy and create high-paying jobs in green industries. For consumers, the President proposes incentives to encourage people to switch to electric vehicles and efficient electric appliances. New incentives, combined with other government investments in the infrastructure for electric vehicles, can help overcome consumers reluctance to start using new technologies and make these technologies available to the consumers that need them most.

該報告還宣示，將結束長期以來對化石燃料的補貼，並將因此在未來的 10 年內獲得 350 億美元的資金，將得以推出針對清潔能源的稅賦補貼，以鼓勵消費者轉向電動汽車和高效率電器。

當然，拜登的《美國就業計畫》(The American Jobs Plan)還尚未獲得通過，將持續面臨著來自共和黨的反對，但還是相當值得期待。 白宮方面，希望在 5 月 31 日的 Memorial Day 前就可以取得進展。 眾議院運輸和基礎設施委員會主席 - Peter DeFazio 曾表示該委員會可能在5月第三周完成相關立法工作。

(4) 與 Tesla 的合作

在美國，不同車廠的電動車使用不同的充電標準和充電槍類型，在沒有轉接頭的情況下，這些標準是不可互換，美國目前既有的三種標準為 CCS，CHAdeMO 和 Tesla。

不需要轉接頭，EVgo 充電樁就可提供充電服務給所有的電動車品牌；其充電樁通常同時包含 CCS 和 CHAdeMO 電纜，某些充電樁還整合進 Tesla 充電槍，是目前市場上少見的設計 (可與 BLNK 與 CHPT 做比較)，可望大幅提升消費者體驗。

從上圖可看到，EVgo 充電樁是少數搭載三個充電槍的充電設備，即包含在美國通用的三個標準。

EVgo 與多家供應商保持長期合作關係，將充電樁的生產與安裝都外包，充電樁製造商包含 BTC、ABB、Signet 和 Delta 等，其軟體平台則與 EV 充電管理平台 - Driivz 進行密切合作。

EVgo 主要負責設計新一代由軟體定義的 DC 快速充電樁架構，該架構讓數台電動車同時連接到單一充電樁時，可達到動態共享功率輸出的功能。EVgo 相信該技術可減少前期資金和運營成本的投入、最大化投資報酬率、提高運營靈活性，並降低運營風險，還提高了擴充性，並標準化零件，達到降低硬體成本的目標。

早於 2019 年 12 月，EVgo 就成為首間獲得全球電動車霸主 - Tesla 的獨家授權，可謂對其集成式管理系統的一種肯定。

Tesla 與傳統車廠不同，在初期就開始廣建超級充電站解決里程焦慮問題，雞生蛋、蛋生雞的困境解除後，銷售量就順勢而起，在美國電動車市場的市佔率高達 80%，而與 EVgo 合作可完善超級充電站的不足之處 ( 建置 80 個 Supercharger V3，或耗費 130 萬美元)，尤其 EVgo 快充站不需額外添購轉接頭，使用者體驗將更上層樓。

在 2021 年 2 月，EVgo 宣布既有快充站將追加 400 支 Tesla 充電槍，今年在舊金山、洛杉磯、聖地亞哥、西雅圖、丹佛、達拉斯、奧斯丁、華盛頓特區鹽湖城和邁阿密等城市新增的充電站，還將預留 200 支 Tesla 充電槍的位置，總計將達 600 支。

Tesla 於 FY21 全球銷售量預期將有 80 萬台，亦將有助 EVgo 的營運。

EVgo 於舊金山與洛杉磯設置支援 Tesla 充電槍，並計劃持續增加可為 Tesla 電動車充電的 DCFC 快充站。

目前全球的充電站都還處於建置階段， Tesla 已開始開放其生態系統給其他業者使用。對 Tesla 而言，早期的排外機制可以讓車主享有尊榮感 (如 Facebook 早期只有哈佛學生可以註冊)，但是開放其充電規格、充電站或其他技術給同業使用將可盡快擴大電動車市場。

畢竟 Elon Musk 的眼光是放在火星，電動車與太陽能業務都只是他達成策略的眾多手段之一。

對充電站業者而言，目前仍是高速成長期，但總有一天會像加油站一樣普及 (目前美國約有 16 萬座的加油站)，到時候各充電廠商要比的可能就不再是規模了，而是客戶滿意度。