Final year project in cryptography
By: Project Wale
Tags: Aes, Projectwale, Final Year Project, Cryptography, Blockchain

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Why cryptography?

It is said that most deadly war that can happen on internet will be caused by a hacker. By attacking our personal, professional and confidential data. But still how can we make secure online payments? How the websites on which we create our account ensures that our data is safe and secure with them? How businesses and government agencies protect their data from these hackers? Well, the answer to all of these questions is CRYPTOGRAPHY.

What is Cryptography?

Krypto means hidden secret and graphien means to write. Cryptography is a process of converting a plain text into an encrypted message and then decrypting it again to plain text by intended users. This is mostly done to avoid adversaries or so that it can be protected by an unintended user

Algorithms used in cryptography:-

Triple DES

Triple DES is an encryption technique which uses three instance of DES on same plain text. It uses there different types of key choosing technique in first all used keys are different and in second two keys are same and one is different and in third all keys are same. 3DES is an improvement over des, but each has their benefits and opportunities for improvements.

The encryption-decryption process is as follows −

· Encrypt the plaintext blocks using single DES with key K1.

· Now decrypt the output of step 1 using single DES with key K2.

· Finally, encrypt the output of step 2 using single DES with key K3.

· The output of step 3 is the ciphertext.

· Decryption of a ciphertext is a reverse process. User first decrypt using K3, then encrypt with K2, and finally decrypt with K1.

RSA

RSA algorithm is asymmetric cryptography algorithm. Asymmetric actually means that it works on two different keys i.e. Public Key and Private Key. As the name describes that the Public Key is given to everyone and Private key is kept private.

RSA Component Features

Public/private key generation.

Encrypt with either public or private key.

Decrypt with matching public or private key.

Create digital signatures.

Verify digital signatures.

Encrypt and decrypt in-memory strings or byte arrays of any size.

Encode encrypted output to Base64, Hex, Quoted-Printable, or URL-encoding

Export public/private key pairs to XML.

Import key pair from .snk file.

Import public/private key pairs from XML.

Import/Export only public-part or private-part of key pair.

PKCS v1.5 padding for encryption and signatures.

OAEP Padding Scheme for Encryption/Decryption

RSASSA-PSS (RSA Signature Scheme with Appendix — Probabilistic Signature Scheme)

Create/verify signatures with little-endian or big-endian byte ordering.

Supports key sizes ranging from 512 bits to 4096 bits.

Supports hash algorithms: MD5, SHA-1, SHA-2 (SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-512), and more…

Thread safe.

Working:-

The intention is that messages encrypted with the public key can only be decrypted in a reasonable amount of time by using the private key. The public key is represented by the integers n and e; and, the private key, by the integer d (although n is also used during the decryption process. Thus, it might be considered to be a part of the private key, too

Blowfish

Blowfish is a symmetric block cipher that can be used as a drop-in replacement for DES or IDEA. It takes a variable-length key, from 32 bits to 448 bits, making it ideal for both domestic and exportable use. Blowfish is an alternative to DES Encryption Technique.

Features:-

· Block cipher: 64-bit block

· Variable key length: 32 bits to 448 bits

Much faster than DES and IDEA

Unpatented and royalty-free

No license required

Working:-

The diagram to the right shows Blowfish’s F-function. The function splits the 32-bit input into four eight-bit quarters, and uses the quarters as input to the S-boxes. The outputs are added modulo232 and XORed to produce the final 32-bit output.

Twofish

Twofish is a symmetric block cipher; a single key is used for encryption and decryption. It has a block size of 128 bits, and accepts a key of any length up to 256 bits.

Features:

· 128 bit block cipher

· Uses 16 rounds of Feistel network

· Key length of 128 bit,192 bits and 256 bits

· No weak keys

AES

The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a specification for the encryption of electronic data AES is six times faster than Triple DES.AES is much faster than RSA

The features of AES are as follows −

Symmetric key symmetric block cipher

128-bit data, 128/192/256-bit keys

Stronger and faster than Triple-DES

Provide full specification and design details

Software implementable in C and Java

AES performs all its computations on bytes rather than bits. Hence, AES treats the 128 bits of a plaintext block as 16 bytes. These 16 bytes are arranged in four columns and four rows for processing as a matrix he number of rounds in AES is variable and depends on the length of the key. AES uses 10 rounds for 128-bit keys, 12 rounds for 192-bit keys and 14 rounds for 256-bit keys. Each of these rounds uses a different 128-bit round key, which is calculated from the original AES key.

SHA256

SHA-256 is a one-way function that converts a text of any length into a string of 256 bits. This is known as a hashing function. SHA256 stands for Secure Hash Algorithm 256-bit and it’s used for cryptographic security.

SHA-256 generates an almost-unique 256-bit (32-byte) signature for a text. SHA-256 is one of the successor hash functions to SHA-1. It is one of the strongest hash functions available. SHA-256 is not much more complex to code than SHA-1, and has not yet been compromised in any way. The 256-bit key makes it a good partner-function for AES.

Blockchain

It’s decentralized nature and cryptographic algorithm make it immune to attack. In fact, hacking a Blockchain is close to impossible. In a world where cyber security has become a key issue for personal, corporate, and national security, Blockchain is a potentially revolutionary technology.

Features:

1. Cannot be Corrupted

2. Decentralized Technology

3. Enhanced Security

4. Distributed Ledgers

5. Consensus

6. Faster Settlement

One of the application of blockchain is bitcoin.

Visual cryptography

Visual cryptography is a cryptographic technique which allows visual information (pictures, text, etc.) to be encrypted in such a way that decryption can be done just by sight reading.

Features:-

1) The independence of pixel’s encryption

2) Easy matrix generation

3) Simple operations

Visual Cryptography is a special encryption technique to hide information in images in such a way that it can be decrypted by the human vision if the correct key image is used. Visual Cryptography uses two transparent images. One image contains random pixels and the other image contains the secret information. It is impossible to retrieve the secret information from one of the images. Both transparent images and layers are required to reveal the information.

Applications:-

* Safe websites

* Secure online transactions

* For encryption of files

* Military communications

* Encryption in WhatsApp

* Sim card Authentication

* Electronic Money

How to do Project in Cryptography:-

1. Make an outline of your whole project

When you think about the topic of your project, lot of ideas come into your mind. It is important to make a rough sketch of your whole project on a piece of paper, before you start working on it. Once you have clear picture of your project, you can start implementing it by step by step.

2. Finalize Hardware and software requirements

Each project is different and unique in its own way. That’s because the hardware requirements (components used) and software requirements (programming language, other software’s) used in the project of same domain can be different. Therefore its important to think of hardware and software that you are going to be used at start of the project.

3. Consult with your mentor

Everyone wants to make their project innovative these days. But applying your innovation in your traditional project framework can get confusing. Thus it is important to discuss your project ideas and way of implementation with your mentor first.

4. Develop the project

When all above steps are done , its time to implement your project. All the other things will start getting right on its place as you go on developing your project.

Need some help in your cryptography project?

Check our list of Cryptography Projects:

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