fabiochiu/medium-articles huggingface dataset:
DOS via a billion laughs 😈
By: Martin Thoma
Tags: Cybersecurity, Software Development, Programming, Hacking, Software Engineering

How can I defend against a billion laughs?

Assuming that you cannot control the input directly and prevent XMLs with attacks from reaching you at all, I can think of 4 measures:

Lazy evaluation of references : Instead of evaluating the whole document at once, the references are only resolved when necessary. It might solve some issues.

: Instead of evaluating the whole document at once, the references are only resolved when necessary. It might solve some issues. No evaluation of references : Throwing the dangerous feature out of the window for sure means that you’re not vulnerable to the attack anymore. You need to make sure it doesn’t affect your users, though. Communicating this might be hard.

: Throwing the dangerous feature out of the window for sure means that you’re not vulnerable to the attack anymore. You need to make sure it doesn’t affect your users, though. Communicating this might be hard. Reference recursion depth limit : The parser itself could be aware of this issue and have a threshold when it stops evaluating references. However, this might also lead to false-positives — documents that get not parsed, because the parser thinks it’s an attack.

: The parser itself could be aware of this issue and have a threshold when it stops evaluating references. However, this might also lead to false-positives — documents that get not parsed, because the parser thinks it’s an attack. RAM restriction: You can run the code that might execute the billion laughs attack under resource restrictions. This means the execution thread/process receives a (catchable) exception and can continue execution normally. It might especially mean that even if the exception is not thrown, the rest of your system might be fine. Only that thread/process might be killed.

So, how do you do this with Python?

For XML, the simplest solution is to use the defusedxml package as pointed out by Diederik van der Boor (thank you!)

The resource restriction is easiest:

Restricting the parser is sometimes possible, sometimes not. It depends on your parser. Some have parameters like resolve_entities (lxml).

Limiting the maximum decompression size was done against the HTTP/2 “HPACK” bomb (source).

See also

Kate Murphey wrote an awesome article about git bombs, check it out!

What’s next?

In this series about application security (AppSec) we already explained some of the techniques of the attackers 😈 and also techniques of the defenders 😇:

And this is about to come:

CSRF 😈

DOS 😈

Credential Stuffing 😈

Cryptojacking 😈

Single-Sign-On 😇

Two-Factor Authentication 😇

Backups 😇

Disk Encryption 😇

Let me know if you are interested in more articles around AppSec / InfoSec!
Challenge: Admin has the power. CyberTalents CTF - Write up
By: Avinash Pratap Singh
Tags: Ctf, Cybersecurity, Pentesting, Hacking, Ctf Writeup

This is my first write up on Medium. This story is about the CTF on cybertalents.com. Challenge name is “Admin has the power”.

So lets begin with the challenge:

The CTF page looks like this when you visit the link:-

So as the challenge says we have to be admin in order to get the flag. As of now we do not have any login credentials whether it be of admin or a normal user. So just try some SQL injection or random login credentials.

Random Login Failed Attempt

So now inspect the source code of the page:

Page Source Code

As you can see we have a lead now. Hurray, we have the login credentials of support which are left mistakenly for the repair of the web page.

Now use these credentials to log in and get access to the support account.

Support Successful Login Page

Yeah. We are in. We have support privilege. But in order to get the flag we want admin privilege.

Let’s move on and inspect page. On inspecting the code again nothing suspicious found.

Let’s inspect the session storage or cookies, that might give us some hint.

Cookie inspection

Here you can see that we have a cookie and a role set to support. Let’s mess with the role, as our aim is to get admin privilege.

Change this role to : admin

Role Changed to admin

Now as the role is changed to admin. Refresh the page.

As you can see in the image We got the FLAG.

Now submit the flag and you are good to go for the next challenge.

Follow me on Medium and

Follow my page on instagram: @hackersdad_
WhatsApp Hacking
By: Service Computer
Tags: Hacker, Whatsapp Hacking, Hacks, Hacking Team, Hacking

Contacts of our service:

What is WhatsApp hacking ?

Whatsapp hacker for hire service is accessible at reasonable prices as a standalone Whatsapp hack service as well as part of the mobile hacking service which offers access to WhatsApp as well. Our prices are one of the top in industry and you can be promised of hundred percent secrecy and confidentiality of both your communication with us and the WhatsApp hacking service that we give and be assured of its intractability under any circumstances. WhatsApp hacking for hire service can be offered within twenty-four hours if it is quick for you which carries a little surcharge which is added within the price. If you are willing to wait longer then you can ask for a discount which we give for non priority WhatsApp hacking service requests.

WhatsApp is a largely used service and as you can imagine most of our WhatsApp hacker for hire service requests come from all over the world. We offer complete access to WhatsApp account including pictures, messages and videos both received and send and also video and voice call recordings.

Can WhatsApp be hacked?

Any attempt to sign in from another device needs a six-digital confirmation code that only the owner of the sim card has access to.

When the hacker tired to access your Whatsapp account from another device the application prompts for the six digit code.

Now, this is where you to be alert, the hacker will try to get the 6 digit confirmation code by any means.

They could claim to be calling you for any reason and then request the code to confirm that you truly own the sim card. Or they could claim that you are the recipient of some windfall and they need the code to verify.

FAQ:

How do you hack WhatsApp?

There are many ways of hacking WhatsApp but we use the device route so all the data is relayed via the device to our server and from there to our phone monitoring portal.

After hacking WhatsApp account what all will be accessible for viewing?

Once WhatsApp is hacked you will be capable to view old messages, outgoing and new incoming messages and all videos and images besides being capable to record WhatsApp video and voice calls.

How long does it take to WhatsApp hack?

We generally give a timeframe of twenty-four hours to WhatsApp hack.

Whats details we need for hacking WhatsApp?

We just need the phone number that is being used with the WhatsApp to be capable to hack into WhatsApp account.
How to Put Your Best Foot Forward in 2021
By: Jennifer Strout
Tags: Habit Building, Motivation, Improvement, Resolutions, Hacking

How to Set Up Your New Year’s Resolutions for Success

How do you cook from a recipe?

You follow the steps.

How do you solve a math problem?

You follow the formula.

So why then do we have such difficulty applying these solutions to other areas of our lives. Every action we take as individuals is a series of smaller actions put together. It should come as no surprise then that when starting a new task or setting a new goal that the best path forward is to lay out each step.

We often forget how much went into learning all that we know. As children, our caregivers repeatedly made clear what steps we were required to perform, and this methodology continued through school. Suddenly, when we step into adulthood, and outside of our employment, we are no longer instructed on what to do or how to do it.

So what happens when we aren’t given guidance on how to do something before attempting it on our own?

Often, we hit a wall. The path no longer seems linear, not even like a rugged mountain, but instead a unscalable wall. We freeze. Unable to take the next step. Unable to take any step at all.

So this year, I urge you to break your New Year’s resolutions in to small, incremental goals. Set a goal post for each month and make a list of resources to help you achieve those goals. In fact, let’s break up this task into simple steps:

Step 1. Determine your core goal. (Example: Exercise more).

Step 2. Break your goal into monthly steps. (Example: In January I will stretch for 5 minutes each morning when I wake up. In February I will add stretching for 5 minutes before bed. In March I will add a 15 minute walk once per week….In July I will complete a 15 minute walk 5 times per week. In August I will extend one of my walks to a 30 minute walk….In December I will complete a 30 minute walk 5 times per week.

Step 3. Put resources in place. (Example: Tell a friend about your goals to help keep yourself accountable. Write notes in your calendar to keep track of your progress).

Wow, achieving your goals can as simple as 1 - 2–3- just like following a recipe.
Reverse Engineering: coding for cybersecurity
By: Elsaid Salem
Tags: Reverse Engineering, Hacking, Ctf

Photo by Alain Pham on Unsplash

Welcome back to the 15th iteration of this blog series. In this series, we’re growing our cybersecurity knowledge starting from the very basics using the overthewire.org challenges as a guide. First, I’d like to thank everyone for their feedback based on the last post! I’ll do my best to implement it and as always, more feedback is always welcome.

The Leviathan challenges are more complex and multi-stepped and I thought that working through the challenge through a video will be better as a walkthrough. Now let’s start!
Day 22 | Advent of Cyber 2
Tags: Hackathons, Cybersecurity, Tryhackme, Hacking, Ctf Writeup

Day 22 | Advent of Cyber 2

You have found where the naughty list has been hidden online but it’s encoded. Learn how to decode the contents of this file using CyberChef. tocto Follow Dec 22, 2020 · 2 min read

the web page used in this room is too useful not to bookmark it;)

[Day 22] Forensics // Elf McEager becomes CyberElf

What is the password to the KeePass database?

it seems that the file name is something encoded in base 64, let’s decrypt it to see if it is the password:

It seems that if it allows us to log in to the password manager!

****************

What is the encoding method listed as the ‘Matching ops’?

The answer to this question appears in the image above;)

******

What is the decoded password value of the Elf Server?

move to the servers section and copy the elf’s password on the website!

********

What is the decoded password value for ElfMail?

move to the mail section and copy the elf’s password on the website!

Decode the last encoded value. What is the flag?

I see that in the recycle bin are the credentials of an elf with a very strange description, numbers separated by commas with an indication that they are charcoded!

As we see in the image, this ciphertext returns a javascript script with a couple of codes inside

let’s decipher them to see what comes out!

It seems that they lead us to a web page (github)!
How distributed ledger technologies can help law enforcement agencies to fight crime and money laundering.
By: Xcel Trip
Tags: Cybercrime, Crypto, Blockchain, Xceltrip, Hacking

Blockchain technology offers a wide range of opportunities to investigate crimes and counteract possible attacks by cybercriminals. On one hand, a blockchain allows tracking suspicious transactions and blocking the movement of funds into the accounts of potential criminals and persons associated with them. It is also possible to track ICO venture funds to prove misuse and embezzlement of investors’ funds. On the other hand, the investigative data stored on the blockchain, as well as any other forensic databases, will be simultaneously more accessible and secure. This will allow law enforcement to safely store the full range of information you need — misdemeanor data, biometrics of citizens and stateless persons, criminal records, wanted lists and many others.

Today, the alternative to centralized information storage is the use of a blockage system: a system without central storage and a database administrator. Data is stored on the computers of all the network’s members. Integrity and security are guaranteed by using cryptographic primitives — hash function, asymmetric encryption, use of keys, etc. In addition, blockchain technology allows you to track who made these changes and when because you need a special key for access. All keys are not stored centrally, but personally with each user. There is no single point to attack the entire database, which means there is no way to steal all the data at once.

In the case of centralized databases, only backup copies are available at a certain point in time, but not the complete picture of all processes ever occurring in the database. In digital forensics, it is sometimes necessary to examine electronic devices and to extract their data.

Criminal case materials, protocols and information from different sources will soon be processed by artificial intelligence, and investigators will no longer have to do it manually, wasting valuable time and human resources. Thanks to technological advancements, the system will automatically detect suspects when they contact other persons. For example, the process of collecting evidence will be simplified: It will be possible to identify offenders by their DNA.

Blockchain technology is growing rapidly. XcelTrip truly believes — the year 2021 is going to be the exponential growth year where more use-cases will be added including Restaurant Reservations, Transport Services, Entertainment, Tours and more. It doesn’t stop here, instead, it’s the beginning of disruption! Looking at the current state of the blockchain ecosystem, we feel that the most prudent, practical and tactical way to design and architect the system is to adopt a progressive decentralization roadmap. Instead of building on a scalable but centralized platform like EOS, we feel it is prudent to stay the course with a decentralized platform like Ethereum.
Bigo Live Hack - Get Unlimited Diamonds and Beans 2021 For Free
By: Hamza Zkak
Tags: UK, Diamonds, Dating, USA, Hacking

Bigo Live Hack - Get Unlimited Diamonds and Beans 2021 For Free

If you are looking for working Bigo Live hack cheats to get free Diamonds and Beans then look no further as here we will tell you exactly how you can get the free resources.

This is the only working hack which is providing you free premiumre sources.

So click the below button to access the online hack now

https://sites.google.com/view/bigolivehack1/en

How to use our bigo live hack online generator:

Follow this step by step from below!

1- Visit the online hack by clicking on above link.

2- Enter your ID/Username or email associated with bigo live.

3- Select your device Android or ios

4- Select The Amount Of Diamonds & Beans To You Want and Click CONTINUE!

5- The online hack will genenrate your free bigo live diamonds and beans.

6- Click "VERIFY NOW!" and click then on "I’m not a robot" button verified are you a human.

(complete a small offer to verified)
i want to shear a life changing story with everyone who cares to read this testimony.
By: April Price
Tags: Loans For Bad Credit, Finance, Hacking

i want to shear a life changing story with everyone who cares to read this testimony. Blank atm cards are real and are effective all over the world. i live in SPAIN . I got this card fromI. [skylink technology] a month ago. this card has really help me pay my debts and now i am free from all financial problems. I no this is hard to believe , but i never knew there was this kind of card until i got one. This card withdraw more than €6000 daily and it is very easy to use. But you have to be very careful in other not to be caught by the police because it is illegal. If you want more information on this card and how to get one just contact the hackers by this address

skylinktechnes@yahoo.com or whatsapp/telegram +1(213)785–1553
How i found Multiple Bugs on E-commerce Website
By: Pranjal Gaur
Tags: Security, Bug Bounty, Infosec, Hacking

Hello Folks, This is my first bug bounty writeup i’ll try my best to explain it properly.

So recently i was testing an e-commerce website, for now let’s call it target.com

Bug 1: Open Redirection

What is Open Redirection?

Open redirect is a type of web application security issue that allows attackers to use your business reputation to make phishing attacks more effective. If you allow open redirects, an attacker can send a phishing email that contains a link with your domain name and the victim will be redirected from your web server to the attacker’s site.

While browsing the website i noticed that this e-commerce website was fetching the items from internal server by a get request.

https://target.com/SOMETOKENS&token=UNIQTOKEN/?item_N=PRIVATEADDRESS

Just by changing the private address to any other domain it got successfully redirected. but the issue was the tokens used in get request the one way to by pass is that remove the token parameter from the url and it worked perfectly.

Eg:

https://target.com/?item_N=https://malicious-website.com/

Easy One :D

Bug 2: SSRF

What is SSRF?

Server-side request forgery (also known as SSRF) is a web security vulnerability that allows an attacker to induce the server-side application to make HTTP requests to an arbitrary domain of the attacker’s choosing.

In typical SSRF examples, the attacker might cause the server to make a connection back to itself, or to other web-based services within the organization’s infrastructure, or to external third-party systems.

Bug:

At first glance i tried the open redirection and it worked fine then i though if the application is fetching the item’s details from the internal network. What if i try to access other internal ip’s

So i tried to access 127.0.0.1

https://target.com/?item_N=http://127.0.0.1/

but no luck with this so i tried multiple payload’s and at last i successfully Bypass localhost with CIDR

https://target.com/?item_N=http://127.127.127.127/

Sensitive Information Disclosure:

Nothing interesting was running on localhost so i used burp to directory brute-forcing and found a folder named ftp with directory listing enabled

ftp folder contained lots of sensitive information.

I quickly made an report and sent it to security team immediately in few days i got response and after explaining the impacts of both bugs they rewarded me with free $$$ shopping coupon.

Happy Hunting :
Hack crypto secrets from heap memory to exploit Android application
Tags: Android, Cybersecurity, Bug Bounty, Information Security, Hacking

To understand the encryption logic, I have de-compiled the APK using Android reverse Engineering tools set and then I have analyzed the code for the encryption mechanism and sensitive key information. But I haven’t found any hard-coded secret in the reversed source code.

It’s time to Inspect the application heap memory

Heap Memory

The Heap is used for dynamic memory allocation. To provide a smooth user experience, Android sets a hard limit on the heap size for each running application. The heap size limit varies among devices and is based on how much RAM a device has. Heap memory is used to allocate objects. Whenever you create an object, it’s always created in the heap.

Why we need to analyze

Due to the short time of development, The developers only focus on the building feature, functionalities and UI components. But they may forget to Inspect app memory usage with Memory Profiler. Therefore we may get a chance to obtain these cryptography secrets keys on the memory Leakage.

How to analyze the android application memory leaks

Step: 1

First we have to recompile the target application with android:debuggable="true” . To rebuild the target application with debug flag I use the apk-mitm.

Uninstall the original app and Install the re-compiled version of the target app and navigate to all feature of the application and use as a normal application for a few minutes.

Step: 2

Now get the application memory profile using the adb. To do this use the below commands.

adb shell am dumpheap <PID of target app> /path/to/store/heap-dump.hprof #get the heapdump file to PC

adb pull /path/to/the/hprof .

heap profile dump via adb

Step: 3

To analyse the hprof file in MAT Analyzer tool convert the hprof file in MAT support format. For that need to use the hprof-conv tool that’s located in [Android-SDK]\platform-tools.
HOW TO EARN MONEY USING HACKING
By: Adihacks Aditya Rawat
Tags: Adihacks, Aditya Rawat, Google Images, Cybersecurity, Hacking

Guys you might be wondering why lots of hacker have macbook pro and nice cars……

Here are the ways that anyone can make…

My ways to earn money money online are given here

1. Freelancing

Freelancing has always been a popular way to earn money online and the Internet has several options. There are several websites offering freelance tasks for people with varying skills. All you need to do is to create an account, browse through the listings, and apply for the task that suits you ..

2. Starting your own website

There is enough material available online to help you put together a website. This includes choosing the domain, templates, layout and the overall design for your website. Once ready to service the visitors with the relevant content, sign up for Google Adsense, which when appear on your website and clicked on by visitors, help you make money. The more traffic you get on your website, the more will be the potential for higher earnings.

3. Affiliate marketing

Show your top products or hacking stuff… Once your website is up and running, you could opt for affiliate marketing by allowing companies to insert web links on to your site. This is like a symbiotic partnership. When visitors to your site buy products or services by clicking on such links, you earn out from it.

4. Online tutoring

If you are an expert in a particular subject, you can earn by tutoring people online. Online tutoring provides a means to connect online with students of all ages, across the country to provide homework help and tutoring in the subjects for which you have demonstrated expertise.

One may sign up on websites like adihacks.com , hackerone.com , medium.com , as an online tutor by creating a profile, and listing the subjects.

5. Social media management, strategy

In addition to interacting with friends and strangers, social networking platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat can be used to make money. Companies and brands pay social media strategists to further boost the popularity of their products. With lots of competition around and the constantly shortening of attention time of online viewers, creativity is essential to create posts, videos etc that can go viral quickly.

6. Write a book.

7. Podcast

and many more ways…

Hope you guys, like and find something informative.

Don’t forget to connect me via my social media handles and have a look on my new book named HOW TO START HACKING on amazon
Building a “Mini” Cyber Security Lab — SOC (IDS/IPS, SIEM, and Firewall)
By: Martin Faller
Tags: Cybersecurity, Information Security, Hacking

Installation and configuration:

Installing VMware is a straightforward process so lets go ahead and proceed with our firewall.

Here’s the PFsense firewall settings I had, ensure you have the same networking settings to avoid errors. CPU, RAM and Hard Disk settings will vary depending on your system capacity.

PFsense Configuration

Once you’ve successfully installed PFsense, you will land on this interface where we are going to setup our network interfaces and IP ranges for our machines.

Select option 1 and assign these interfaces to your network cards.

Now that the network interfaces are set, lets assign the IP range for these interfaces.

Set interface(s) IP address options

Enable DHCP Server for Attacker Interface

Enable DHCP Server for Victim Interface

Now that our firewall is good to go, lets proceed with Security Onion which will be our IDS and SIEM.

Security Onion Configuration

Once you’ve powered on Security Onion, follow these steps to install the security applications (Kibana, Zeek, Snort, Suricata, Elasticsearch and much more).

Setup Configuration

Now that our IDS and SIEM is up, lets setup our Kali (attacker) machine.

Kali Configuration

Now that our Kali machine is all set and ready, lets setup our vulnerable target machine where we’ll simulate and practice attacks on.

We will be using Metasploitable 2 as our target machine. Metasploitable 2 is a Linux box that is built for conducting penetration testing techniques for cyber security professionals. Installing Metasploitable 2 is a straightforward process, just power it on and you’re target is ready.

Metasploitable 2 Configuration

msfadmin :: msfadmin

Alright, now that our environment is set up, lets try to simulate a simple FTP backdoor exploit and see if our IDS picks it up.

Attack simulation:

As a SOC Analyst, what’s the first thing you would do if you see these kinds of logs in your SIEM? Re-image or segment that compromised machine then create a firewall rule to block that source IP and call it a day?

Prior to doing this project, I did not know how loud an Nmap scan was. I wonder how penetration testers do their reconnaissance for their clients’ network.

Image from InspiredElearning

I am planning to extend this set up I have. I was thinking of trying to mimic an enterprise active directory network for our Victim Interface, get rid of the Attacker Interface and simulate a social engineering backdoor attack and see if the IDS picks it up.

Credits:

This lab would not have been possible without the video resources provided by Howard from IT Security Labs. I initially tried to do the set up he had but realized it was sort of resource extensive. I highly recommend checking out his Youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXPdZsu8g1nKerd-o5A75vA
Termux ​is a Terminal Emulator Plus Linux Environment, That allows us to use the Linux Environment…
By: Tech Dark
Tags: Kali Linux, Coding, Termux, Programming, Hacking

Termux ​is a Terminal Emulator Plus Linux Environment, That allows us to use the Linux Environment on our Android within few clicks.

Few Years Back, I Have Tried a lot of apps to setup a Linux Environment on a Smartphone For Hacking, I Have Tried Debian No Root that’s Cool but not stable at all, later tried installing the Kali Linux on Android, That was awesome.. Termux Hacking Tutorials Tech Dark.

But that consumes some storage space, that’s not good for all of us,

later Found This Awesome ​Termux​ ​App Which is Now We Are Going To Start Hacking with, Firstly Install Termux From Playstore & I Highly Recommend You to use Hackers Keyboard.

FAQ…

● Does Termux Useful For Hacking?

My Answer Is Yes.. You can use Termux for Hacking, you can use some popular Hacking Tools in Termux

● Does Termux Requires Root Permissions?

Not at All, Root is Not Necessary To Use Termux, if You Have Root then you can do

some advanced stuff, if you don’t have root then nothing to worry still you can do the same stuff.

● Can i Became a Hacker by Using Termux App?

Apps / Tools doesn’t Made Hackers, Hackers Made Tools.

Perhaps you won’t Be a Hacker unless you have the knowledge

● Is Termux Useful for Programmers?

Of Course It will be Helpful but limited

● Can i use Termux To Hack Websites?

My Answer is Yes, You Can use Termux to Hack Websites with the help of sqlmap and other hacking tools.

● Can i Hack Facebook, Gmail, Instagram using Termux?

Yes You Can, Only If You Know Which Tool You Should use.



● Can i Hack a Android Phone With Termux?

Yes You can Hack Using Metasploit Framework In Termux, Not Only Android

Smartphones you can do even more with Metasploit.

● Can I Hack Wifi Through Termux?

My Answer is Yes and No, Because We Can Create a Wordlist in Termux For Hacking Wifi, while aircrack-ng, airmon-ng etc, Wifi Hacking Tools Can Be Installed In Termux But Not Usable In All Devices

● Can I Hack Everything With Termux?

We Can Hack Anything But Not Everything..!

Termux Commands Basics

Don’t Learn To Hack, Hack To Learn..!

If you’re a Linux User then You can use termux in a ultimate way, if you aren’t then no problem, you can learn Basic Termux Commands and move on.

What are Termux Commands?

In simple words, Termux Commands are the terminal commands, which is executed to perform a particular task. These commands are similar to Linux Commands.

READ MORE CLICK HERE
Day 21 | Advent of Cyber 2
Tags: Hackathons, Cybersecurity, Tryhackme, Hacking, Ctf Writeup

Day 21 | Advent of Cyber 2

Understand how to use PowerForensics to find clues as to where the naughty list was hidden. tocto Follow Dec 21, 2020 · 2 min read

hi! this room continues explaining powershell commands to perform forensics tasks!

[Day 21] Blue Teaming // Time for some ELForensics

First of all, as hinted in the room explanation, we move to \Documents (first we connect to the machine with a program like remmina).

the answers to the questions I am going to limit myself (for now) to putting the necessary command since they do not need much explanation

Read the contents of the text file within the Documents folder. What is the file hash for db.exe?

Get-Content -Path .\db

What is the file hash of the mysterious executable within the Documents folder?

Get-FileHash -Algorithm MD5 deebee.exe

Using Strings find the hidden flag within the executable?

Search search :)

c:\Tools\strings64.exe -accepteula deebee.exe

What is the flag that is displayed when you run the database connector file?

we have to find the hidden file!

we have the $DATA file and the hidedb file, we must remember that the $DATA file is always there!

now you just have to run the file as explained to us
Cyber defence — going beyond traditional frontiers
By: Digital Leaders
Tags: Cyber Defense, Cybersecurity, Digital Transformation, Technology, Hacking

Written by Russell Haworth, CEO, Nominet

A week ago we were made aware of the FireEye cyber attack. Days later we were witnessing an impressive global incident response.

FireEye had suffered an attack by a highly sophisticated — suspected state-sponsored — threat actor. Hackers targeted and accessed its Red Team assessment tools, used to test customer security and replicate behaviour of attacks. The team at FireEye were swift to begin the process of issuing a number of countermeasures and communicating the breach.

Just five days later FireEye released further information on a global campaign that introduces compromise into the networks of public and private organisations through the software supply chain. It was delivered through updates to the Orion network monitoring product from SolarWinds.

The response that then followed not only included the impacted vendors and their clients, but governments around the world. Both the NCSC and CISA offered advice and begun action to mitigate the impact.

The battle lines of cyber warfare have never been clearer than they have been in this last week. A suspected state-sponsored actor coming up against the collaborative intelligence and incident response of a cross-country defence force.

That is a defence force which the UK is actively investing in, following the increased military investment announced in November and the creation of a new UK national cyber defence force.

It would be an understatement to say that there has been a growing undercurrent of geopolitical cyber tensions. From Russia’s false information campaign in the 2016 elections, the recent Russia Report issued by the UK Government and other documented attacks linked to China against other governments.

But what is especially interesting is how governments, vendors and the wider industry pulled together. By truly working in concert, the swiftness of the response matched the audacity of the attack.

From a Nominet perspective, it goes to show the critical part we all play in defending our nation and the critical national infrastructure it relies upon. Protecting .UK and delivering the Protective Domain Name Service (PDNS) on behalf of the National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) for our part. Also, with critical national infrastructure, increasingly more IoT technology is being integrated and consequently the number of vulnerabilities and the scale of potential attack is widening. This too must be incorporated in our protective landscape. Encouragingly, these latest incidents show that while both attacks themselves are multi-layered, so is our response. That’s the future of resilience.

Above all cyber defence is no longer in the technical ‘weeds’. It is part of our everyday lives and can have a huge impact. When we’re defending public services, it’s not only the government that’s being protected or individual hospitals, but also individuals — the doctors, the nurses and the patients. It is me and you. And that’s why collaboration is paramount.

Originally posted here
NEDİR BU ‘ RENK ALGISI’?
Tags: Biology, Science, Türkçe

Sex and vision II: color appearance of monochromatic lights

Because cerebral cortex has a very large number of testosterone receptors, we examined the possible sex differences in…
Watson, Crick, Franklin, Zen
By: John Levin
Tags: Biology, Haiku, Dna, 30daysofscikuchallenge, Sciku

#30DAYSOFSCIKUCHALLENGE

Watson, Crick, Franklin, Zen

Peppers on Patrol, by John Levin

DNA, pretty,

four bases and sugar rope,

trees, frogs, whales, and you.

_________________________

A note: James Watson and Francis Crick got credit for finding the structure of DNA. The third member of the team, Rosalind Franklin, was not acknowledged in the Nobel Prize they earned because she was a woman. It took many years for her essential contributions to be recognized.

**For more on the #30DAYSOFSCIKUCHALLENGE — science-inspired haiku ( so #sciku?) prompts, check this out :

What’s next from John Levin :
BIOLOGY — MOST IMPORTANT CHAPTER WISE ONE LINER QUESTIONS & ANSWER
By: Shibu Das
Tags: Biology Notes, Biology, One Liner In Biology, Biology Gk In English, Biology One Liner Gk

Part-1

Biology

Biology

*Father of Biology

Ans : Aristotle

*The term Biology was first coined by

Ans : Lamarck

*Father of Zoology

Ans : Aristotle

*The living beings were classified into two (plants and animals) by

Ans : Aristotle

*The animals were classified into animal with red blood and without red blood by

Ans : Aristotle

*The famous book of Aristotle

Ans : History of Animals

*Father of botany

Ans : Theophrastus

*The famous book of Theophrastus

Ans : Historia plantum

*The branch of biology which deals with the study of origin of life

Ans : Abiogenesis

*The life originated from

Ans : Water

*The first successful experiment based on the origin of life was done by

Ans : A.I. Oparin (1932)

*First life is a microbes having the capacity of

Ans : Photosynthesis

*The basic Chemical unit of life

Ans : Amino acids

*Amino acids were first synthesized in a laboratory by

Ans : Stanley Miller and Harold Urey

*Study of life in outer space

Ans : Exobiology

*The basic unit of life

Ans : Cell

*The cell is synthesized of chemicals such as carbohydrates, protein, lipid, nucleic acid etc.

*The components of carbohydrates

Ans : Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

*Father of modern Botany

Ans : Carl Linnaeus

*Father of Indian Botany

Ans : William Rosburgh

*Scientist who discovered that the body of animal is made up of cell

Ans : Theodor Schwann

*Scientist who discovered that the body of plant is made up of cell

Ans : M.J. Schleiden

*Scientist who discovered that new cells are formed by the division of cell

Ans : Rudolph Virchow

*The components of proteins are

Ans : Amino acids

*Nucleic acids are responsible for

Ans : Heredity

READ THIS ARTICLE CONTINUE CLICK HERE
Valley of Fire, Nevada State Park
By: Miranda Mikel
Tags: Biology, Science, Geology, Botany, Travel

On Southern Paiute ancestral lands, the Valley of Fire State Park is nothing short of breathtaking. Brilliantly colored sandstone juts out of the desert floor in interesting formations that contrast with the surrounding geology. Petroglyphs made by the ancient Hisatsinom people, more commonly known by their Navajo name ‘Anasazi’, decorate the walls of shady canyons. Many figures reach through the millennia with clarity; herds of bighorn sheep moving south, lightning, beetles and many kinds of reptiles are all easily identifiable, while some mythical figures one can only guess at.

Sauromalus ater

We spent some time walking around in the park, and a few wrong turns became happy accidents when we encountered some interestingly-shaped sandstone, a chuckwalla (Sauromalus ater) , and a few desert rock nettles (Eucnide urens) around a perennial watering hole.

Eucnide urens

Chuckwallas are an interesting group of desert citizens. The genus Sauromalus only occurs in the Mojave and Sonoran deserts in what’s currently known as California, Arizona, Nevada, and Baja California. When they’re in a pickle, they head for the nearest crack in the rocks and take in big gulps of air to puff up and wedge themselves in. There are only five species alive in the genus, and four of these extant species live around little islands in the Gulf of California. Only the common chuckwalla (C. ater) can be seen in the U.S. Indigenous people hunted them with curved hooks that poked and deflated the lizards so they could be removed. Brutal, sure, but where did your lunch come from, judgey-pants?
FACT: more than 80% of marriages in history are likely to have been between cousins.
By: Jacob Vandersluys
Tags: Life, Biology, History, Education, Family

Did you know that more than 80% of marriages in history are likely to have been between second or closer cousins? You wouldn’t think of this today in our modern times; heck, I think at least for the closer cousins, it is even illegal in many places! But we haven’t always been this geographically dispersed as a species, which allows us to fall in love and marry individuals from all over the world or at least another state. In ancient times, however, fewer people were dispersed over wide areas, so inbreeding was inevitable. In terms of genetic risks, this would only be considered a problem between cousins closer than second-degree. The risks for children between second cousins are about as small as it would be between unrelated people.
Free Simplified Gross Human Anatomy App for Medical Students with 3d Atlas
Tags: Biology, Anatomy, Science, Medical, Gross Anatomy

Are you fed up with your bulky anatomy text, and expects a faster pace. Here we have solution

We are Team Wolfrum, a group of medical students from GMC Kollam, Kerala, India

We provide you high quality, but simplified gross anatomy notes to medical students, available free of charges.

Currently we have notes of abdomen and pelvis but we will be adding and updating contents almost every week.

We also provide high quality 3d atlas with each articles, which is quite free and easy to use. [ They are intended in “fair use" and only for educational purposes, along with the diagrams, which belongs to their respective owners, while the rest are our own intellectual property, based of reliable sources]

If you want to know anatomy in a fruitful way, get our app, now available on Google play Store

the download link below👇👇👇

https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.wolfrum.anatomy

Download this free app now

Also visit our blog :

https://medicalnotesbystudents.blogspot.com/?m=1

And follow us for more personal updates.

Happy Learning 😇
Aga Mine, Baker, Ca
By: Miranda Mikel
Tags: Biology, Geology, Mojave, Hiking, Rockhounds

Hank and I headed out to Baker to blow off some steam after this round of exams. Just a short drive up a dirt road behind the World’s Largest Thermometer, past a boneyard of broken-down cars, we came across the dump piles of Aga mine.

I intended to spend just a few minutes, but the veins of chrysocolla kept us poking around there all day. Perite is the only mineral I encountered on the Mindat site that matches the features of a yellow-green patch found at a small cut-away high above the rest of the mine. I collected a couple samples of the deep red, blue, and sulphur yellow minerals to put under my scope later.

Hank and I scrambled up to several adits, and found that the higher dumps had a lot more color to them! One of the larger entrances was closed, and Hank was not too keen on investigating further.

This isn’t the time of year to meet plants, but I was greeted by Schott’s Pygmycedar (Peucephyllum schottii) at the entrance to one of the adits. This member of the sunflower family (Asteraceae) also goes by the common name ‘Desert Pine’, but it is not closely related to pine trees. It is woody, like a little tree, and its leaves have adapted to the desert by becoming almost needle-like, and coated with sticky, citrus-smelling resin. If not for the crunchy remnants of this season’s flower heads, with their telling compound structure, it would have been much harder to distinguish this little shrub.
How immunity system works,role of imunity system
By: Deep Kshirsagar
Tags: Biology, Science, Immunity, Immune System, Bio

On my blog i post motivational,inspirational blogs and much more
A Primer on Genetic Circuits
By: Murto Hilali
Tags: Biology, Science, Technology, Podcast, Genetics

The Central Dogma of Genetics

Adapted from BioNinja

DNA

Almost each one your cells contains DNA, which is just a long string of molecules called nucleotides that look like this:

Adapted from Wikipedia

There are 4 types of nucleotides that make up DNA, each one characterized by its nitrogenous base component: adenosine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine — aka A, T, C, and G.

These bases come in binding (or complementary) pairs — A will only bind with T, C with G.

A specific sequence of these nucleotides is called a gene. Genes are kind of like commands for a computer; they tell the cell what protein to make.

RNA

RNA is very similar to DNA — except it’s only one stranded and it contains uracil nucleotides instead of thymine. RNA can also form more complicated machinery like ribosomes, which we’ll bring up later.

An enzyme (basically a molecular machine) called RNA polymerase will ‘read’ a gene nucleotide by nucleotide.

While it does this, it collects free complementary nucleotides to string together a strand of messenger RNA, or mRNA — sort of like making an inverse copy.

Proteins

Proteins are big molecules that perform some kind of function. They’re made up of smaller molecules called amino acids, which look like this:

From Sielc | “R” isn’t an element, but is a placeholder for various other types of molecular structures.

Amino acid sequences are very specific, and they’re determined by genes. RNA machines called ribosomes will read the nucleotide sequence of mRNA and use it to string AAs together into a strand (aka a polypeptide).

How? Every amino acid corresponds to one or more three-nucleotide sequence s— aka a codon.

Amino acids will interact with one another, all while being influenced by their chemical environment. This leads to the polypeptide folding into a 3-D structure — a protein. Proteins can fight viruses, induce movement, turn other proteins on or off. If you can control proteins, you can control the cell.
BIOLOGY PAPER FAISALABAD FIRST GROUP ANNUAL 2018
By: Multimedia Channel
Tags: Biology, Pakistan, Grades, Bise, Paper

BIOLOGY PAPER FAISALABAD FIRST GROUP ANNUAL 2018

PAPER BIOLOGY CLASS GRADE 9 ENGLISH MEDIUM BISE FSD 2018 ANNUAL

Objective type paper 2018 MARKS: 12 TIME: 15 MINUTES

Q#:1ALL MCQS ARE COMPULSORY ATTEMPT ALL.SELECT THE RIGHT ONE

Myocardium means

Death of tissues

Muscles of heart

Embolus

Chyme

The heartbeat of healthy women per minute

90

82

75

70

The name of the disease produced due to deficiency of iron

Anemia

Flue

Tetanus

Fever

ATP was discovered in

1929

1941

1944

1990

An example of the vitamin is

Riboflavin

Glucose

Fatty acid

Glycerin

Mitosis was discovered by

Pasture

Darwin

Walther Fleming

Lamarck

The cell wall of fungi are made of

Chitin

Cellulose

Glucose

Starch

The study of the animal tissue is done by

Rudolph Virchow

Theodore Schwann

Robert Hooke

Louis pasture

The founder of the five-kingdom classification is

Robert brown

Aristotle

Robert Whittaker

Carolus Linnaeus

Deductions are drawn from

Experiments

Hypothesis

Theory

Observation

Liver belongs to

Blood circulatory system

Digestive system

Respiratory system

Excretory system

Volvox is an example of

Red alga

Brown alga

Blue-green alga

Green alga

ANSWERS OF OBJECTIVES

1.Muscles of heart

2.75

3.anemia

4.1929

5.riboflavin

6.walther Flemming

7.chitin

8.Theodore Schwann

9.Robert whittekar

10.hypothesis

11.digestive system

12.green alga
Isolation of Microorganisms from Soil Lab Report
By: Microbes Lab
Tags: Bacteria, Biology, Microbiology, Isolation

In this lab report of isolation of microorganisms from soil ,we will learn how to isolate and count bacteria from soil to make a bacterial pure culture.

To plate soil sample of various dilution on culture media to count cfu/ml and isolate bacterial pure culture from soil for further studies

Soil contains enormous numbers and kinds of microorganisms in addition to bacteria there are also protozoa, fungi, molds, algae and microscopic worms in unbelievable numbers. The types of microorganisms will depend on the composition of the soil, moisture, PH and other related environment factors. Therefore no one such technique can be used for the isolation and enumeration of these varieties of microorganisms

There are different methods to isolate soil microorganisms but the viable plate count method is one of the most commonly used procedures for the isolation of most prevalent microorganisms.

This method is based upon the principle that the material containing microorganisms is cultured, each viable microorganisms will develop and grow into a colony. Hence the number of colonies appearing on the plates represents, the number of living organisms present in the sample.

In serial dilution agar plate method in known amount of material is suspended on agitated in a known volume of sterile water to make microbial suspension serial dilution are made by pipetting measured volume.

Finally 0.1 ml of adequate dilutions are added to the sterile petri plates in which 20 ml of cooled nutrient agar media is added. Plates are incubated in an inverted position for 24–48 hours at 37 °C. The number of colonies appearing on dilution plates are counted and the CFU are counted multiplied by the dilution factor to find out number of cells/gram

Requirements

Soil sample

To read more — Isolation of Microorganisms from Soil Lab Report

Conclusion

From the result we conclude that in higher dilution more growth was observed than the lower dilution .Bacterial colonies in higher dilution was difficult to count. Separated colonies in lower dilution soil sample plated was studied and colony was counted to count cfu/ml, which is in calculation part of this practical.

References

https://in.pinterest.com/pin/131167407882882532/

Read Now — Gram Staining Protocol

Originally published at https://microbeslab.com on December 20, 2020.