Date: 201707
Local time of day: 0601-1200
Location: ZZZ.Airport, US
Flight conditions: VMC
Weather elements / visibility: Clear; 10
Light: Daylight
Aircraft: Skyhawk 172/Cutlass 172
Operating under: Part 91
Flight plan: None
Mission: Training
Flight phase: Landing
ATC / advisory: Tower ZZZ
Second aircraft: Super King Air 350
Reporter organization: FBO
Reporter function: Instructor
Reporter qualification: Flight Crew Flight Instructor; Flight Crew Multiengine; Flight Crew Instrument; Flight Crew Air Transport Pilot (ATP)
Human factors: Communication Breakdown; Situational Awareness
Anomaly: Conflict Ground Conflict; Critical; Deviation / Discrepancy - Procedural Published Material / Policy; Ground Event / Encounter Loss Of Aircraft Control
Detector: Person Flight Crew
When detected: In-flight
Result: Air Traffic Control Issued Advisory / Alert; Flight Crew Regained Aircraft Control
Contributing factors: Human Factors; Procedure
Primary problem: Human Factors

Narrative: First flight for a Student Pilot. There was 1.5 hours of ground instruction prior to the flight which included ATC instructions and compliance as well as positive exchange of flight controls. The training flight was fully briefed from takeoff to landing. All radio communications were handled by the instructor; and compliance was maintained at all times.Upon return to [the airport]; we were given instructions by the tower controller for a final approach to [the runway]. We were cleared to land and the runway was clear of all traffic. At touchdown; the student attempted to manipulate the controls of the aircraft and I brought the landing back under positive control. Despite our pre-landing/approach brief prior to flight on positive exchange of flight controls; the student would not relinquish control of the aircraft to the instructor after touchdown. As a result; the aircraft began to skid left of centerline and came to a complete stop left-of-center of the [Runway and on a] Taxiway intersection. Once the aircraft was safely under the control and completely stopped; I (the instructor) made an immediate 90-degree right turn to exit the adjacent taxiway to the right of the aircraft. Unbeknownst to us; the tower controller cleared another aircraft to land behind us (Aircraft Y) and because of our aircraft coming to a complete stop; they decided to execute a go around. The controller; during this event; continued to shout on the radio that we were not permitted to stop on the runway and then erroneously insisted that we had turned the aircraft 180 degrees and began to back taxi to exit at [the taxiway]. This was erroneous because we were abeam the exit and did not require a back-taxi. Due to the nature of the training environment; we were attempting to maintain safe operation for our aircraft. The tower controller never informed us of minimum spacing on traffic to follow our aircraft; nor were we given a long-landing clearance as he intended; nor did the controller request we make any particular exit from the runway. There was added confusion because the controller insisted on reciting over the radio that a pilot deviation had been made while reading off the tower phone number over the tower frequency. This added further confusion to the situation; and communication broke down. Once the aircraft was clear of the active runway; we contacted ground to receive clearance to the non-movement area for parking.To prevent this event from happening again; a clear correlation of what the positive exchange of flight controls during a critical phase of flight entails. Meaning; that the student will physically remove their hands and feet from all primary and secondary flight controls when instructed to do so by the instructor pilot. Additionally; the tower could have advised us of a need to expedite clearing the runway when the landing clearance was issued.




Synopsis: A C172 Flight Instructor reported a loss of control of the aircraft when transferring the controls from the student to the instructor during landing.