Date: 202106
Local time of day: 0601-1200
Location: TEB.Airport, NJ
Flight conditions: VMC
Weather elements / visibility: 10
Light: Daylight
Aircraft: Small Transport
Operator: Air Carrier
Operating under: Part 135
Flight plan: IFR
Mission: Passenger
Flight phase: Taxi
Airspace: Class D TEB
ATC / advisory: Tower TEB
Second aircraft: Light Transport
Reporter organization: Air Carrier
Reporter function: Pilot Not Flying; First Officer
Reporter qualification: Flight Crew Air Transport Pilot (ATP); Flight Crew Flight Instructor; Flight Crew Instrument; Flight Crew Multiengine
Human factors: Situational Awareness; Communication Breakdown; Distraction
Second reporter function: Captain; Pilot Not Flying
Anomaly: ATC Issue All Types; Conflict Ground Conflict; Critical; Deviation / Discrepancy - Procedural Clearance; Deviation / Discrepancy - Procedural Published Material / Policy; Ground Incursion Runway
Detector: Person Flight Crew; Person Air Traffic Control
When detected: Taxi
Result: Flight Crew Took Evasive Action
Contributing factors: Human Factors
Primary problem: Human Factors

Narrative: After starting engines on the ramp at TEB; Aircraft X received the following instructions from the combined TEB Tower/Ground control: 'Aircraft X; Runway 24 taxi via Papa; Lima; hold short 19.' Upon receiving this ATC instruction; both crew members briefed the taxi route to include a left turn from the ramp onto Papa; a right turn on Lima; and hold short of the crossing runway. Shortly after turning left from the ramp onto taxiway Papa; Aircraft X received amended instructions from Tower/Ground: 'Aircraft X; cross Runway 19 at Lima.' Shortly afterwards; another aircraft (Aircraft Y) received a clearance to takeoff on Runway 24. Upon reaching the intersection of Papa and Lima taxiways; Aircraft X turned right onto Lima and proceeded to cross the runway. All aircraft lights were illuminated; the Pilot Flying (from the left seat) announced 'clear left;' and the Pilot Not Flying announced 'clear right' after a visual inspection of the runway environment. When Aircraft X was approximately halfway across the runway; a small-to-midsize jet passed low overhead after rotating from its takeoff roll on Runway 24 (the runway Aircraft X still believed; at the time; to be Runway 19). Among the resulting radio chatter; the departing aircraft asked what Aircraft X was doing on the runway; and tower responded 'They were not supposed to be there; sir.' Aircraft X responded with the assertion that we had been cleared to cross. Only after the tower responded did the crew of Aircraft X realize that we had been crossing Runway 24 instead of 19 as assigned. Aircraft X continued clear of Runway 24 and continued taxiing at ATC's instruction. Improper/incorrect taxi briefing between crew members. Both crew members failed to properly identify the branch of taxiway Lima that leads to Runway 19; and instead improperly concluded in the pre-taxi brief to make a right turn; rather than the correct left turn; at the Papa/Lima intersection. In reviewing the event; both crew members concluded that the taxiway diagram used to plan the taxi route had been zoomed in too far to properly identify the entire assigned taxi route. Combined Tower/Ground frequency. After receiving the clearance to cross Runway 19 at Lima; Aircraft X did not hear any corrective instructions or warnings from ATC following the improper right turn at Lima. Additionally; ATC did not specify a left or right turn at the Lima intersection. Acute angle between taxiway Lima and Runway 24 limited visibility of oncoming traffic. After turning right onto Lima; the approach end of Runway 24 was partially obscured by the sharp viewing angle behind the left-seat pilot's left shoulder. Misinterpretation of ATC instruction to 'cross Runway 19 at Lima.' This instruction was received as Aircraft X approached the Papa/Lima intersection; after which both crew members concluded that we had been instructed to turn right onto Lima and cross the runway. Failure to identify runway identification markings. Neither crew member noticed the Runway 24 identification markings while making the right turn onto Lima. After completing the turn onto Lima; all runway identification markings were behind the crew's field of view.


Second narrative: During our takeoff roll; (Runway 24) I was the Pilot Monitoring. As we passed approximately 105 kts indicated Pilot Flying stated 'he's not stopping ' l looked up and noticed an aircraft from right to left had entered Runway 24. Without hesitation Pilot Flying rotated the aircraft. Our track took us directly over the other aircraft.


Synopsis: Pilots reported during taxi for takeoff; the flight crew became confused and taxied onto the wrong runway; forcing another aircraft to rotate early to avoid a collision.