Date: 202006
Local time of day: 0001-0600
Location: ZZZ.Airport, US
Flight conditions: VMC
Light: Daylight
Aircraft: Medium Transport; Low Wing; 2 Turbojet Eng
Operator: Air Carrier
Operating under: Part 121
Flight plan: IFR
Mission: Passenger
Flight phase: Taxi
ATC / advisory: Tower ZZZ
Reporter organization: Air Carrier
Reporter function: Pilot Flying; First Officer
Reporter qualification: Flight Crew Air Transport Pilot (ATP); Flight Crew Instrument; Flight Crew Multiengine
Human factors: Communication Breakdown; Distraction; Fatigue; Situational Awareness; Time Pressure; Workload
Second reporter function: Captain; Pilot Not Flying
Anomaly: ATC Issue All Types; Deviation / Discrepancy - Procedural Clearance; Ground Incursion Runway; Ground Incursion Taxiway
Detector: Person Air Traffic Control
When detected: Taxi
Result: Air Traffic Control Issued New Clearance; Flight Crew Requested ATC Assistance / Clarification
Contributing factors: Human Factors; Environment - Non Weather Related; Airport
Primary problem: Human Factors

Narrative: We were on the ramp; ready to depart and I asked for taxi clearance. We received taxi instructions to Runway XX via [Taxiway] X; Runway XR approach; [Taxiway] Y. It was not clear to me how this pathway would look like as the taxiways and runways are intertwined in that area. The Captain copied the clearance and proceeded to taxi. We had Runway XYL set in the FMS and therefore; the Captain asked for runway change checklist. I set the new heading and was programming the FMS when I heard Tower asking us if we were taking Y. I realized the Controller was prompting us of a wrong turn or position on the airport. We stopped; I looked up and saw we were very close to the edge of Runway XX; I could not see the hold short lines and I assumed they were behind us. At that point; we both acknowledged we were on the Runway XX instead of Taxiway X. The Controller gave us new taxi instructions to back taxi on Runway XX; Z; Y to Runway XX at X. We continued on and had an uneventful flight.In retrospective; I should have asked for clarifications about our taxi path and pay attention outside the plane when crossing complicated intersections and runways.


Second narrative: I was the Captain on Flight ABCD from ZZZ to ZZZ1. We were already delayed by about one hour while Maintenance was working on writing up an MEL for a Wing A/I Fault message. Once that was complete we pushed and had to go through a long MEL procedure after start before we could taxi. We then called for taxi and ATC gave us instructions to Runway XX at X via Y XYR approach Z. We had originally planned for Runway XZL so we had to do a runway change. I proceeded to taxi onto Y and cross the XYR approach instead of turning right on XYR approach; and had misinterpreted the taxi chart. At the time the FO was extremely busy working on setting up the aircraft for the runway change. As soon as I crossed the XXR approach and cleared I had realized I had made a mistake and had inadvertently crossed the hold bars for Runway XX as well and stopped the aircraft short of the actual runway. At the same time ATC asked if we were on Taxiway X. I immediately responded and said we had taken a wrong turn and apologized. ATC then gave us a new taxi clearance to back taxi on Runway XX then taxi M to Z to Runway XX at X. We continued taxiing and completed the flight with no other issues. There were many factors at play as both I and the FO were on our second leg of the trip and had not flown for a couple of months. We were delayed with maintenance and had the long MEL procedure to do after we pushed; we then got distracted with the runway change; so we were extremely busy. This is no excuse but a reminder that I need to make sure to slow down and make sure everything is done correctly. There was also a lack of communication between I and the FO as I should have made sure the FO understood our taxi clearance before proceeding. I have included a satellite view of the area on taxiway Y where the XYR approach clear bars and Runway XX Hold bars are (which are very close together) which is where the incursion took place. Airport signage and/or marking improvement may help prevent other events like this in the future. Ultimately I made the mistake and will definitely slow down and not rush and make sure everyone is on the same page in the future.


Synopsis: Air carrier flight crew reported experiencing a runway incursion during taxi and cited several factors including a runway change and communication issues.