Date: 201211
Local time of day: 1201-1800
Location: ZZZ.Airport, US
Flight conditions: VMC
Weather elements / visibility: 20
Light: Daylight
Aircraft: Skyhawk 172/Cutlass 172
Operator: Corporate
Operating under: Part 91
Flight plan: None
Mission: Training
Flight phase: Final Approach
ATC / advisory: Tower ZZZ
Second aircraft: Skyhawk 172/Cutlass 172
Reporter organization: Corporate
Reporter function: Pilot Not Flying; Instructor
Reporter qualification: Flight Crew Commercial; Flight Crew Flight Instructor; Flight Crew Multiengine; Flight Crew Instrument
Human factors: Training / Qualification; Communication Breakdown; Situational Awareness
Second reporter function: Instructor
Anomaly: ATC Issue All Types; Conflict NMAC
Detector: Person Air Traffic Control
When detected: In-flight
Result: Air Traffic Control Issued New Clearance; Flight Crew Took Evasive Action; Flight Crew Executed Go Around / Missed Approach
Contributing factors: Human Factors
Primary problem: Human Factors

Narrative: Following a touch-and-go; my Skyhawk was climbing upwind. A second Skyhawk was cleared for takeoff after we rotated. We turned crosswind at 700 FT AGL and downwind shortly thereafter. On our downwind leg; we saw the other Skyhawk that departed behind us on its crosswind leg. The other Skyhawk was climbing and appeared to be departing the Class D airspace. Although the other Skyhawk was already 50 to 100 FT above us; we decided to descend 100 FT to increase vertical spacing. After the conflict was resolved; we continued downwind at our original altitude; 1;000 FT AGL. Upon continuing to fly our right downwind leg; we learned that the other Skyhawk was also remaining in the right hand traffic pattern. Furthermore; we heard the other pilot request a full-stop landing. We were mid-field downwind and attempting to request a touch-and-go clearance; but due to the conversation between the other Skyhawk and ATC; we were unable to request the desired clearance until we were abeam the runway numbers. ATC advised us that there was another Skyhawk on downwind; and asked us if we were the closest or farthest Skyhawk from the airport. We responded that we were probably closer because we could not see another airplane to our right. After the response; we noticed the other Skyhawk off to our left flying a wider traffic pattern than us.ATC cleared us for touch-and-go; but we blocked their clearance with a query about turning base (discovered later after we listened to a recording of the Tower's frequency). The Tower then cleared the other Skyhawk for landing; #2; following company traffic that was turning base ahead. Therefore; we turned base and lost sight of the other Skyhawk to our [left]; however; the other Skyhawk responded that he had us in sight. When we turned final; I asked the Tower to clarify that we were cleared for touch-and-go. The Tower communicated confusion; about which airplane was us; and asked if we could see traffic off to our right. I looked outside our window and saw our company Dutches (aircraft #3) on downwind abeam our position; so I replied; 'Affirmative; we have the downwind traffic in sight.' The Tower stated; 'No; that's not him. Your traffic is behind you;' and then finally confirmed that we were cleared for the touch-and-go; #1. Soon thereafter; the Tower asked us to execute a go-around. When we executed the go-around; we saw the other Skyhawk overtake us on the left; and his right wingtip was less than one-half a wingspan from our left wingtip. At this point in time; I called Tower to report a near mid-air collision.Upon landing; I had a chance to speak with the Tower Controller; the company's Chief Pilot; and the pilot of the Dutches. I learned from the Chief Pilot that the pilot of the other Skyhawk was a student pilot on his first solo; and I had a chance to speak with the student's instructor. We all listened to a recording of the moments leading up to the event and discovered that the student pilot flying the Skyhawk was reporting us in sight on at least two occasions. Either the student pilot was lying or we had [been] mistaken for another airplane that was; according to him; departing the opposite direction runway. However; there were no aircraft of any kind using any other runways. I believe there were several contributing factors that led to this near mid-air collision. First; the student pilot's lack of situational awareness; which caused him to miss report traffic as; 'in sight;' when either it wasn't or other traffic was actually sighted. Second the Controller's lack of situational awareness which caused him to confuse aircraft in the traffic pattern [and] then the absence of a local radar services (i.e. TRSA) at an airport with plenty of traffic which would enable ATC to clearly manage its traffic [and] lastly the lack of assignment of a discrete transponder code for multiple targets in the airport's traffic pattern. This particular airport has experienced a large increase in volume of training flights over the past few years. Most of these training flights involve students that are foreign nationals whose first language is not English. I cannot overstress the benefits that a TRSA would serve in assisting the local pilots and controllers with keeping traffic separated from one another; especially in the terminal environment.


Second narrative: My solo student; first solo flight; started off fine. He informed ground he was a solo student; got taxi clearance went to runway; did run-up and was cleared for takeoff; right closed traffic. During his crosswind turn he over flew an aircraft of downwind and got very frightened. When he turned downwind he was about half a mile to the left of the downwind aircraft and catching up to them fast; from the ground it almost appeared as if they were paralleling one another. Once both aircraft are midfield both called Tower and report midfield. My student was scared and very nervous requests a full stop landing. Tower at this point proceeded to figure out which aircraft is which. The instructor in the other plane told Tower that he does not see anyone to his right so he thinks he might be the aircraft closet to the runway. Tower continues the conversation with the other instructor clearly confused as to where the aircraft are. Tower then asks my solo student if he has the traffic in sight and my student informs Tower that he has the traffic in sight. Tower responds to my student and tells him to follow the other aircraft on downwind number two cleared to land. The instructor in the other aircraft turns base; at which time my student loses sight of the aircraft; and shortly after also turns base. On base it is becoming more evident that my solo student is getting closer to the other aircraft. Once the other aircraft turns final my student is shortly after turning final and catching up to the other aircraft quickly. The instructor in the other aircraft calls Tower and requests to get his landing clearance; since Tower never gave it to him. Tower clears him to land. Shortly after; my solo student is no more than 15 FT behind; to the left of and just slightly above [the other C172]. Tower starts recognizing that something is wrong; and so does another aircraft in the traffic pattern and other aircraft attempts to tell Tower to instruct an aircraft to go around; so Tower tells [the other C172]; the number one to land and lower aircraft to go around. Once he starts his go around he almost collides with my student's aircraft. Once the instructor realized how close the other aircraft was to him he takes evasive action to avoid my student's aircraft and calls Tower to let them know about the near miss.My solo student once on the ground tells me that he had no idea that another aircraft was close to him. He was very nervous and scared and was only focusing on the runway and nothing else. He clearly had no control over the aircraft and never controlled his speed or had the sense to pay attention to traffic. There are many parts of this near miss that could have easily been prevented; starting with my student and his very poor decision making. This was a very big eye opening experience for me and my solo student. He is going to need much more training before he will be allowed to operate an aircraft solo again.


Synopsis: C172 instructor pilot describes the events leading up to a NMAC with another C172 piloted by a student pilot on his first solo flight. A report from the solo student's instructor is also included.