dmatekenya/chichewa-machine-translation huggingface dataset:
English: Crop rotations and/or associations/intercrops are critical for maintaining soil health, suppressing weeds, controlling pests and diseases, including Striga, and providing a more diverse base to improve household diets and incomes
Chichewa: Kulima mwakasinthasintha kapena mwakasakaniza ndikofunika kwambiri posamala ubwino wa mthaka, kufooketsa tchire, kuthana ndi tizilombo ndi matenda, kuphatikizirapo kaufiti, ndiponso kupeleka mwayi wopititsa patsogolo zakudya zakasinthasintha ndi kubweretsa chuma
English: Although crops grown will depend on market demands and the interests, needs and resources of the farmer, the inclusion of legumes is encouraged for the following reasons:
Chichewa: Ngakhale mbewu zolimidwa zitengera kupezeka kwa misika komanso chidwi, zofunika komanso zipangizo za mlimi, kuphatikiza mbewu zanyemba kukulimbikitsidwa pazifukwa zotsatirazi:
English: To reduce the demands on the soil and the use of expensive fertilizers; To increase opportunities to improve the diet and nutrition of the farm family;
Chichewa: Pofuna kuchepetsa zofunika pa dothi ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito feteleza wokwera mtengo; Kuchulukitsa mwayi wopititsa patsogolo zakudya zakasinthasintha komanso thanzi labwino pa banja la alimi
English: To increase income from the higher yields under conservation agriculture, by reducing the row spacing to increase the plant density to the optimum (which is not possible with ridges or basins)
Chichewa: Powonjezera kapezedwe ka chuma kuchokera ku zokolola zochuluka pansi pa mtayakhasu kudzera kuchepetsa kutalikirana kwa mizere pofu a kuchulukitsa kuthithikana kwa mbewu kufika mulingo wokwera (zomwe zisotheka pomwe pali mizere kapena ngalande)
English: Crop rotations increase crop yields, add organic matter to the soil and improve soil fertility
Chichewa: Kulima mwakasinthasintha kumachulukitsa zokolola, kumaonjezera mayowa mu dothi ndipo kumapititsa patsogolo chonde mu dothi
English: Crops differ in the quantity and quality of the residues they produce, and thus affect soil management
Chichewa: Mbewu zimasiyana pakachulikidwe komanso ubwino wa zotsalira, motero zimakhuza kasamalidwe ka dothi
English: For example, leguminous crops and oil crops produce fewer residues that decompose faster, have a lower Carbon/Nitrogen ratio and are easier to manage during direct sowing than grain crops
Chichewa: Mwachitsanzo, mbewu za nyemba komanso mbewu zamafuta zimatulutsa zotsalira zochepa zomwe zimaola mwachangu, zili ndi carbon/nitrogen ratio wotsika ndipo ndizovuta kusamala nthawo yofetsa kusiyana ndi mbewu za udzu
English: Crop rotations can include commercial crops and cover crops. The most ideal rotation in a conservation agriculture system is one in which gramineas are diversified with legumes, cruciferas, malvaceas or others
Chichewa: Kasinthasintha wambewu akhoza kuphatikiza mbewu zogulitsa ndi mbewu zamphimbira. Kasinthasintha woyenera pa ulimi wamtayakhasu ndi womwe mbewu za udzu zimasakanizidwa ndi mbewu zanyemba, zamtundu wakabichi, zamtundu wa thonje ndi zina zotero
English: This kind of rotation will: Break pest and disease cycles; Produce different quantities and types of residue; Facilitate residue management; Improve the nutrient cycles
Chichewa: Kasinthasintha wamtundu uwu: ayimitsa kuswana kwa tizilombo ndi metanda; abweretsa zotsalira zochuluka mosiyana komanso zamitundu yosiyana; athandizira kusamala zotsalira; athandiza kuwonjezera michere
English: The conventional crop rotation cycle incorporates a fallow in the fourth or fifth year of the cycle
Chichewa: Kasinthasintha wa mbewu wodziwika bwino amaphatikiza chaka chachinayi kapena chachisanu pomwe munda umakhala osalimidwa
English: This is done to rest the land. The bare fallow however has the disadvantage that it does not necessarily rest as it has weeds growing on it
Chichewa: Izi zimachitika pofuna kupumitsa mthaka. Komabe malo osalimidwawo ali ndi kuyipa kwakuti samapuma chifukwa pamamera tchire
English: Conservation agriculture advocates that this should be an improved fallow, preferably planted with legumes or any other soil fertility shrub
Chichewa: Ulimi wamtayakhasu umalimbikitsa kuti akhale malo osalimidwa osamalika, makamaka pomwe pabzalidwa mbewu zanyemba kapena mafutu ena obwezeretsa chonde
English: This will not only restore fertility, but will also help control weed infestation. Tephrosia vogellii has gained ground in recent years in soil fertility improvement
Chichewa: Izi sidzibweseretsa chonde chokha koma zithandiza kuthana ndi kufala kwa tchire. Tephrosia vogellii akuyamikiridwa muzaka zaposachedwazi kuti akubwezeretsa chonde mudothi
English: Because of its characteristics, it is one of the most ideal species for improved fallows in a particular rotation cycle. Rotations of legumes are also ideal as well as with tree crops
Chichewa: Chifukwa cha maonekedwe ake, ndi mmodzi mwa mitundu ya mbewu yothandizira kusamala malo omwe sanalimidwe mu ndondomeko zakasinthasintha. Kasinthasintha wa nyemba ndiwoyeneranso pamodzi ndi wa mbewu zamitengo
English: For more information on conservation agriculture, consult the Land Resources Conservation Specialist in your area as well as the National Conservation Agriculture Guidelines
Chichewa: Pofuna kupeza mauthenga ambiri a mtayakhasu, funsani alangizi a Land Resources Conservation mdera lanu komanso ndondomeko za National Conservation Agriculture
English: The National Conservation Agriculture Guidelines start by outlining the foundational farming practices which are the basic soil and water conservation principles with the aim of grounding the conservation agriculture practice in the wider sustainable land resources conservation context so that conservation agriculture is sustainable
Chichewa: Ndondomeko za National Conservation Agriculture zimayamba ndi kufotokozera nsanamira za malimidwe zomwe ndi malamulo otetezera dothi ndi madzi omwe cholinga chake ndi kuyika ntchito za ulimi wamtayakhasu mu ntchito zonse zosamalira dothi kuti ulimi wamtayakhasu ukhale wosaononga chilengedwe
English: In addition, the Guidelines provide the rationale for conservation agriculture in the country in relation to the global land degradation problems and the basis for which conservation agriculture has the high potential to sustainably conserve the land resources
Chichewa: Kuphatikira apa, ndondomekozi zimapeleka kufunikira kwa ulimi wamtayakhasu mdziko mogwirizana mavuto akuonongeka kwa malo padziko lonse komanso cholinga chomwe ulimi wamtayakhasu uli ndi kuthekera koteteza malo mosaononga chilengedwe
English: Furthermore, the Guidelines then provide the details of the conservation agriculture systems which are suitable for Malawi with reference to research findings and lessons learnt in implementing conservation agriculture in the country
Chichewa: Kuwonjezera apa, ndondomekozi zimapeleka tsatanetsatane wa ulimi wamtayakhasu zomwe zili zoyenera ku Malawi polingalira zotsatira zakafukufuku ndi zomwe aphunzira pogwira ntchito za ulimi wamtayakhasu mdziko muno
English: The step by step guide for the farmer to implement conservation agriculture is also included so that there is a uniform application of techniques in the implementation of conservation agriculture in order to meet the principles of conservation agriculture
Chichewa: Tsatanetsatene wa malangizo a zomwe mlimi ayenera kuchita pa  ulimi wamtayakhasu zaphatikizidwa ndi cholinga chakuti pakhale kutsatira ndondomekozo mofanana pochita ulimi wamtayakhasu pofuna kukwaniritsa malamulo a ulimi wamtayakhasu
English: In ensuring sustainable land management, other complementary practices which should be implemented alongside conservation agriculture are also presented in the Guidelines
Chichewa: Pofuna kukwaniritsa kasamalidwe kamalo kosaononga chilengedwe, zochitika zina zothandizira zomwe zikuyenera kuchitidwa pamodzi ndi ulimi wamtayakhasu zalembedwanso mu ndondomekozo
English: Some practices such as use of herbicides and pit planting have been associated and let alone be mistaken as part of CA while in actual sense they are NOT but that such practices are just complimentary
Chichewa: Zochitika zina monga kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tchire ndi kubzala mmayenje zakhala zikutengedwa komanso kusokonezedwa kuti ndi gawo limodzi la ulimi wamtayakhasu koma kunena zoona izi sizoona koma mchitidwe umenewu umangothandizira basi
English: Rainwater harvesting is the process of collecting and storing water from an area that has been prepared to increase precipitation runoff
Chichewa: Kukolola madzi a mvula ndi njira yosonkhanitsira ndi kusunga madzi kuchokera ku malo amene akonzedwa kuti awonjezere kuthamanga kwa madzi a mvula
English: Water collection can be from direct rainfall, runoff and underground water sources. One of the most widespread and directly accessible sources of water is rainfall
Chichewa: Kusonkhanitsa madzi kukhoza kuchitita ndi mvula, madzi othamanga a mvula komanso madzi a pansi pamthaka. Njira imodzi yotchuka komanso yofikirika yopezera madzi ndi mvula
English: When rain falls the following may happen: Direct evaporation, Interception by vegetation and other natural or artificial structures
Chichewa: Mvula ikagwa, zinthu izi zikhoza kuchitika: Kuuma kwa madzi, kuyamwidwa kwamadzi ndi zomera komanso zina zachilengedwe kapena zipangizo zomwe sizachilengedwe
English: Infiltration into the soil where it can provide water for vegetation as well as recharge ground water sources; Run-off from the surface into rivers, which take the water to lakes, the sea or ocean
Chichewa: Kulowa kwa madzi mdothi kuti apeleke madzi ku zomera komanso kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa madzi pansi pamthaka; Madzi othamanga pamthaka kupita mmitsinje, yomwe imatenga madzi kupita nawo munyanja zazing'ono ndi zazikulu zomwe
English: Rain water harvesting therefore seeks to reduce evaporation losses, runoff and deep percolation of the water by harnessing and storing it in storage structures or in the field for direct use by crops
Chichewa: Choncho kukolola madzi a mvula kumafuna kuchepetsa kuuma kwa madzi, kuthamanga kwa madzi komanso kulowa kwa mmadzi mumthaka pogwiritsa ntchito ndi kusunga mu zipangizo zosungira kapena kuminda kuti mbewu zigwiritse ntchito
English: Harvested rainwater can be used for the following purposes; Domestic usages; Satisfying crop requirements through improvement of soil moisture; Controlling and mitigating drought
Chichewa: Madzi okololedwa akhoza kugwiritsidwa pa zinthu zotsatirazi: kugwiritsa ntchito zapakhomo; kukwaniritsa zosowekera za mbewu powonjezera chinyezi mdothi; kuthana ndi kupewa chilala
English: Conserving land resource including erosion control; Recharging ground water resources; Watering livestock and for wildlife; Forestry support; Industrial use and fire-fighting (putting out fire)
Chichewa: Kusamala malo kuphatikiza kuteteza kukokoloka kwa dothi; kubwezeretsa madzi pansi pamthaka; kumwetsera ziweto komanso nyama zakutchire; kuthandizira zankhalango; kugwiritsa ntchito popanga zinthu ku mafakitale ndi kuthimitsira moto
English: The rainwater harvesting techniques are categorized into micro catchments, small external catchments, in-situ rain water conservation, and macro catchments techniques
Chichewa: Njira zokololela madzi zayikidwa mmagulu a njira zazing'ono,  kukolola madzi kunja, njira zapamalo pomwepo zokololela madzi, komanso njira zikuluzikulu
English: They are normally within cropped land, which generate small quantities of runoff for a single crop, group of crops or row of crops
Chichewa: Zimakhala mkati mwa malo omwe ali ndi zomera, zomwe zimatulutsa madzi ochepa okwana mbewu imodzi, gulu la mbewu kapena mzere wa mbewu
English: The techniques include; negarims, infiltration pits, planting pits, stone bunds, contour ridging, box ridging, semicircular bunds
Chichewa: Njira zimenezi ndi monga: zidikha zokololela madzi, mayenje oti madzi adzilowa pansi, mayenje obzala mbewu, milambala ya miyala, akalodzera, mabokosi a mizere, mayenje mmbali mwa zomera okololela madzi
English: Small external catchments include techniques that collect runoff from road drainage and adjacent fields before being diverted into cropland such as road/ footpath run off harvesting
Chichewa: Njira zakunja zazing'ono zokololela madzi zimasonkhetsa madzi kuchokera mu ngalande zammiseu ndi minda yoyandikana asanakhotetsedwe kupita ku zomera monga kukolola madzi a munjira
English: In situ rainwater conservation technologies are distinct from runoff farming systems in that they do not include a runoff generation area, but instead aims at conserving the rainfall where it falls in the cropped area
Chichewa: Njira yokolola madzi a mvula yapamalo pomwepoyi ndiyosiyana ndi njira zina zokololela madzi othamanga chifukwa simaphatikiza malo otengera madzi a mvula koma cholinga chake ndikuteteza madzi a mvula pomwe agwera mmundamo
English: The techniques include; agroforestry, grass strips/hedgerows along contours, compost manure making and application, mulching and crop residue management, terrace catchments, and gully reclamation for crop production
Chichewa: Njirazi ndi monga: kuchita ulim wosakaniza ndi mitengo, kubzala udzu mu akalodzera, kupanga ndi kuthira mayowa, kuphimbira ndi kusamala zinyalala za mbewu, kukonza ma terrace, komanso kukonza ngalande kuti padzilimidwa
English: Permanent planting pits or basins are small pits in the ground used for planting many types of crops
Chichewa: Mayenje okhalitsa kapena zidikha ndi mayenje ang'onoang'ono mdothi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pobzala mbewu zosiyanasiyana
English: They are about 30cm wide, 30cm long and 20cm deep, about the size of a man’s foot
Chichewa: Amakhala ndi mulifupi mwa 30cm, mulitali 30cm ndipo akuya 20cm, pafupifupi ngati kutalika kwa phazi lamunthu
English: They are best suited to areas with less than1,000mm of rain a year. Correctly constructed planting pits may be used for various crops for many years
Chichewa: Ndiwoyenera kudera komwe mvula imagwa yosapyola 1000mm pa chaka. Mayenje obzala mbewu okonzedwa moyenera akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito polima mbewu zoaiyanasiyana kwa zaka zambiri
English: Remove stumps, wood and roots if it is on virgin land. The stump holes should be covered by hand and leveled off. Do not plough
Chichewa: Chotsani zitsa, mitengo ndi mitsitsi ngati ndi munda watsopano. Mayenje a zitsa akwiliridwe ndi manja ndipo asalazidwe. Musagaule
English: In a field that was previously cropped, leave up to 30% crop residue. The residue will decompose, add organic matter and improve soil structure
Chichewa: Mmunda womwe munali mbewu, lekani 30% ya zinyalala za mbewu. Zinyalalazi ziola, kuonjezera chonde ndikupititsa patsogolo mthaka ya dothi
English: Mark pit position using the rope following a contour line i.e the pits should be dug across the slope.
Chichewa: Ikani zizindikiro mmalo okumba mayenje pogwiritsa ntchito chingwe kutsatira akalodzera kutanthauza kuti mayenje akumbidwe motsatira kutsetsereka kwa malo
English: As the pits will be permanent, precision is important in construction of these pits. At the spacing given in the table number there will be 15,850 pits per hectare
Chichewa: Pakuti mayenje akhala okhalitsa, kukumba mayenje pamalo oyeneradi ndikofunika. Pa kutalikirana komwe kwapelekedwa, chiwerengero chake chidzakhala mayenje 15,850 pa hectare
English: If there is high degree of moisture stress, the pits can be made deeper and wider to make maximum use of rain water. Spread mulch within and around the pits
Chichewa: Ngati pali chiopsezo chachikulu chakusowa madzi, mayenje akhale akuya komanso otambalala kuti adzikolola madzi ambiri. Mwazani zophimbira padzenje komanso kuzungulira dzenje
English: It is recommended to apply 2 handfuls of manure in a pit with above specified dimension
Chichewa: Ndi koyenera kuthira manja awiri odzadza  ndi manyowa pa dzenje la mulingo tafotokoza mmwambamu
English: If basal fertilizer is available, it can also be applied at the same time. When manure has been applied, they should be covered with soil. A shallow depression should still remain on top
Chichewa: Ngati feteleza okulitsa alipo, akhoza kuthilidwa panthawi yomweyo. Pomwe manyowa athiridwa, akwiliridwe ndi dothi. Pamwamba pakhalebe kadzenje kosaya
English: Keep pits free of weeds at all times. Weed as soon as the weeds appear and just before harvesting. This will reduce the amount of weeds in the next season
Chichewa: Mayenje akhale opanda tchire nthawi zonse. Palitani pamene tchire laoneka ndiponso musanayambe kukolola. Izi zimechepetsa kuchuluka kwa udzu mu nyengo yolima yotsatira
English: Top dressing fertilizer to maize must be applied after 21days. Use the area specific fertilizer recommended rates
Chichewa: Feteleza wobereketsa athiridwe kuchimanga pakutha pamasiku 21. Gwiritsani ntchito mulingo woyenera wa feteleza wa kuderalo
English: At harvest, remove the crop by cutting plants at base. Stems and leaves should be left on the surface of the soil
Chichewa: Panthawi yokolola, chotsani zokolola podula mbewu pansi. Tsinde ndi masamba zisiyidwe pamwamba pa dothi
English: The roots should not be uprooted; they should be left to decompose within the pit
Chichewa: Mitsitsi isazulidwe; isiyidwe kuti iwole mmayenje momwemo
English: In order to increase the efficiency of the pits, it is important to realize that the use of these pits alone will not produce the highest yields
Chichewa: Pofuna kuwonjezera kagwiridwe ntchito kamayenje, ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mayenje paokha sikubweretsa zokolola zochuluka
English: Therefore, to obtain the best results: Always incorporate crop residues; leave a minimum of 30% crop residue on the field
Chichewa: Motero, pofuna kupeza zotsatira zabwino: phatikizani zotsalitra za zokolola nthawi zonse; siyani 30% ya zotsalira za zokolola mmunda momwemo
English: Agro-forestry trees and cover crops can also be integrated into the pits. Apply manure generously
Chichewa: Mitengo yobweretsa chonde ndi mbewu zamphimbira zikhoza kuphatikizidwa mmayenjemo. Thirani manyowa mosaumira
English: Protect crops from weeds, pests and diseases; Always plant with first planting rains; Grow crops in rotation, at least 30% of the cropped land should be planted to legumes.
Chichewa: Tetezani mbewu ku tchire, tizilombo ndi matenda; bzalani ndi mvula yoyamba nthawi zonse; limani mbewu mwakasinthasintha, 30% yamalo olima mbewu pabzalidwe mbewu zanyemba
English: When using planting pits: Remember that the pits are permanent and can be used for three successive seasons. So it is important to take care of them
Chichewa: Pamene mukugwiritsa ntchito mayenje obzalira: kumbukirani kuti mayenje ndi okhalitsa ndipo akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa nyengo zitatu motsogozana. Motero nkofunika kuti asamalidwe
English: Family members should be trained to make the pits and should understand the ideas of conservation agriculture
Chichewa: Anthu apabanja aphunzitsidwe kukumba mayenje ndipo ayenera kumvetsetsa maganizo a ulimi wa mtayakhasu
English: Do not plant in a pit which is not nearly filled with soil - the crops will drown; Do not dig pits during the rainy season. Hard pans are best dealt with in the dry season
Chichewa: Musabzale mbewu mmayenje omwe sanadzadze ndi dothi - mbewu zimamira; musakumbe mayenje nthawi yamvula. Thanani ndi vuto la dothi louma kwambiri munyengo yadzuwa
English: These comprise large external catchments producing massive runoff (floods) which is diverted from gullies and ephemeral streams and spread into crop land
Chichewa: Izi zimaphatikiza njira zokolela madzi zazikulu zobweretsa madzi ambiri othamanga omwe amakhotetsedwa mu ngalande ndi mmitsinje yosachedwa kuuma ndikuthiridwa ku mbewu
English: Because these techniques handle large amounts of water, designing and constructing them need special skills
Chichewa: Chifukwa njira izi zimasunga madzi ochuluka kwambiri, kukonza ndi kumanga kumafunika luzo lapadera
English: The following are the most important macro catchment techniques; flood diversion and spreading, and permeable rock dams
Chichewa: Njira zokololela madzi zikuluzikulu zotsatirazi ndi zofunika kwambiri: kupatutsa madzi osefukira ndi kuwamwaza, kupanga malo osungira madzi ndi miyala yoyamwa madzi
English: Storage systems offer the land user a tool for water stress control and dry spell mitigation
Chichewa: Njira zosungira zimapeleka kwamwini munda chida chopewera kutha kwa madzi mu mbewu komanso kupewa chilala
English: Due to the intermittent nature of rainfall, storing rain water allows use of the water at a convenient time as required by an individual or communities
Chichewa: Chifukwa chakusapanganika kwa mvula, kusunga madzi a mvula kumalola kugwiritsa ntchito madzi panthawi yoyenera pamene afunidwa ndi munthu kapena midzi
English: Storage systems are needed to: Make water potable and easy to utilize; Harvest rainwater when it is plenty and use it later; Reduce the distance to watering points and Increase the water head/pressure so that it can be used for gravity fed irrigation
Chichewa: Zipangizo zosungira ndizofunika: kuti madzi adzinyamulika komanso asavute kugwiritsa ntchito; kukolola madzi a mvula pamene alipo ambiri ndi kuwagwiritsa ntchito pambuyo pake; kuchepetsa mtunda wa malo opezeka madzi ndi kuchulukitsa mphamvu yamadzi pamalo okwera ndi cholinga choti agwiritsidwe ntchito zamthilira zodalira kutsetsereka kwa madzi
English: Farm planning should be encouraged to derive maximum benefit from available resources on a sustainable basis. For details on farm planning refer to the section on farm management in this guide. In addition, consult agricultural staff
Chichewa: Kukonza ndondomeko za ntchito zapamunda kulimbikitsidwe pofuna kupeza phindu lochuluka kuchokera ku zinthu zomwe zilipo mosamala. Pofuna kudziwa zambiri za kukonza ndondomeko zapamunda, onani gawo la kasamalidwe kamunda mu bukuli. Kuphatikiza apa, funsani alangizi a zaulimi
English: Agro-pastoral systems such as planting of improved pastures, growing of fodder crops and use of crop residues for animal feed and bedding should be undertaken in all suitable areas
Chichewa: Ntchito zolima mitengo pamodzi ndi kusunga ziweto monga kubzala udzu wa ziweto wamakono, kulima mbewu zomwe ziweto zimadya komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zotsalira za mbewu ngati zakudya za ziweto ndi zogonera kuchitike mmadera onse omwe zingatheke kutero
English: Implementation of simple gully control measures such as use of brushwood, check dams, planting of suitable vegetative materials such as vetiver, napier and bananas, should be encouraged
Chichewa: Kugwira ntchito zoteteza ngalande monga kugwiritsa ntchito mafutu, zotchinga madzi, kubzala zophimba dothi zoyenera monga vetiver, napier ndi nthochi kulimbikitsidwe
English: The use of herbicides in conservation agriculture is well known and documented. The correct application of herbicides is important in minimizing soil disturbance, but also in reducing the overall production costs, notably reduction of labour demand for weeding
Chichewa: Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tchire pa ulimi wa myatakhasu ndi zodziwika komanso zalembedwa. Kuthira koyenera kwa mankhwala ophera tchire ndikofunika chifukwa kumachepetsa kusokoneza dothi komanso kuchepetsa ndalama zogwiritsa ntchito polima, makamaka kuchepetsa kufunika kwa antchito popalira
English: It is critical that one should have proper knowledge and expertise in the handling of herbicides before deciding to use them
Chichewa: Ndikofunika zedi kuti munthu ayenera kukhala ndi nzeru komanso upangiri wogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tchire asanapange chiganizo chowagwriritsa ntchito
English: The following will have to be understood about herbicides: Herbicides require clean, debris free water. Dirty water may turn the application of herbicides to be costly due to constant break down of sprayers
Chichewa: Ayenera kumvetsetsa zinthu zotsatirazi zokhuza mankhwala ophera tchire: mankhwala ophera tchire amafuna madzi aukhondo, opanda zinyalala. Madzi akuda amachititsa kupopera mankhwala kukhala kokwera mtengo chifukwa chakuonongeka pafupipafupi kwa ma sprayer
English: Repeated use of a particular herbicide on a mono-cropping plot can easily lead to resistance. Integrating the use of herbicides with crop rotations will assist in breaking cycles
Chichewa: Kuthira mankkhwala ophera tchire mobwerezabwereza pamalo olima mbewu imodz zimayambitsa tizilombo kupilira kumankhwalawo. Kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tchire ndi ulimi wakasinthasintha zidzathandiza kulepheretsa kukula kwa tizilombo
English: The role of irrigation in increasing agricultural production is evident from the existing irrigation activities throughout the country
Chichewa: Kufunikira kwa mthilira pochulikitsa zokolola ndiyachidziwikire kutengera ntchito zamthilira zomwe zili dziko lonse
English: Irrigation in Malawi is very important as it assists in addressing the challenges of food insecurity and poverty
Chichewa: Mthilira mMalawi muno ndiwofunikira pakuti umathandiza kukonza mavuto  a chakudya komanso umphawi
English: These challenges have largely been brought about due to erratic rainfall distribution which has resulted into prolonged dry spells, droughts and floods whose occurrence has increased due to climate change effects
Chichewa: Mavuto amenewa abwera chifukwa chakuti mvula ikumagwa mwanjomba zomwe zachititsa kuti madera ena mukhale ng'amba, chilala ndi kusefukira kwa madzi zomwe kuchitika kwake kwakula potsatira kusintha kwanyengo
English: These effects have negatively affected rain-fed agriculture. In addition, food demand in Malawi has been increasing steadily due to absolute increase in population which is estimated at an annual growth rate of 2.8%.
Chichewa: Izi zakhuza kwambiri ulimi wodalira mvula. Kuonjezera apa, kufunika kwa chakudya mMalawi muno kwakhala kukukula chifukwa cha chakukwera kwa chiwerengero cha anthu chomwe chikukula pachaka ndi anthu 2.8 pa 100 aliwonse
English: Potential irrigable area in Malawi is estimated at 407,000 hectares. Present total irrigated area is estimated at about 104,600 hectares, of which 54,284 hectares are irrigated by smallholder farmers
Chichewa: Malo amthilira mMalawi muno alipo pafupifupi ma hekitala 407,000. Malo onse omwe pakuchitika mthilira ndi pafupifupi ma hekitala 104,000, omwe ma hekitala 54,284 akuthililidwa ndi alimi ang'onoang'ono
English: The overall goal of Irrigation Policy is to contribute to sustainable national economic growth and development through enhanced irrigated agriculture production and productivity
Chichewa: Cholinga chachikulu cha ndondomeko za mthilira ndi kuthandizira kukweza chuma cha dziko ndi chitukuko kudzera kupeza zokolola zambiri kumthilira ndi phindu lake
English: This is provided under organized smallholder and estate management institutions. The policy objectives of irrigation in Malawi are: Increase land under sustainable irrigation farming;
Chichewa: Izi zapelekedwa pansi pa umodzi wa alimi ang'onoang'ono ndi oyang'anira minda ikuluikulu. Zolinga za ndondomeko za mthilira mMalawi muno ndi: kuwonjezera minda yolimidwa mwamakono kudzera mu mthilira;
English: Facilitate crop diversification and intensification; Create an enabling environment for irrigated agriculture;
Chichewa: Kuthandizira kulima mbewu zochuluka komanso kuchulikitsa zokolola; papezeke zoyenereza za ulimi zamthilira
English: Optimize investment in irrigation development taking into account climate change; Enhance capacity for irrigated agriculture; Promote a business culture in the small-scale irrigated agriculture sector
Chichewa: Ikani chidwi ndi ndalama pa ntchito zamthilira poganizira kusintha kwa nyengo: onjezerani luso pa ulimi wa mthilira; limbikitsani kuchita zinthu mwadongosolo pa mthilira wa alimi ang'onoang'ono
English: In order to achieve the overall goal, the policy focuses on three priority areas namely, Sustainable Irrigation Development, Sustainable Irrigation Management and Capacity Development
Chichewa: Kuti tikwaniritse cholinga chachikulu, ndondomeko zikutsamira pa magawo atatu ofunikira omwe ndi Kutukula ntchito za mthilira zokhazikika, kayendetsedwe kantchito zamthilira ndi kuphunzitsa anthu za mthilira
English: Sustainable Irrigation Development entails construction of new irrigation infrastructure to put more land under irrigation
Chichewa: Ntchito zamthilira zikhazikika zikuphatikiza kumanga zipangizo zamthilira zatsopano kuti minda yambiri ikhale yamthilira
English: The policy, therefore, aims at addressing issues such as inadequate financial resource mobilization, high development costs, unharmonised irrigation development initiatives, environmental degradation, customary land disputes and limited participation of stakeholders
Chichewa: Choncho malamulowa akufuna kuthana ndi zovuta monga kupelewera kwa njira zopezera ndalama, kukwera mitengo kwa zinthu, kusafanana kwa zitukuko za nthilira, kuonongeka kwa chilengedwe, kukanganira malo akumidzi ndi kusatenga mbali mokwanira kwa onse okhuzidwa
English: Sustainable Irrigation Management. The developed areas of irrigated schemes should be well managed to sustain productivity
Chichewa: Kasamalidwe ka mthilira kosaononga zachilengedwe. Madera omwe ayikidwa minda yamthilira akuyenera kusamalidwa kuti adzipitilira kupeleka phindu
English: The beneficiary community should operate and maintain the infrastructure so that the designed capacities are maintained to support desired crop production levels
Chichewa: Madera omwe akupindula akuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito komanso kusamala zipangizo ndi cholinga chakuti mulingo womwe unayikidwa pokonza zipangizo za mthilira udzikwanilitsidwa kuti uthandizire kulima mbewu moyenera
English: The policy, therefore, aims at addressing issues such as degradation of catchment areas which is affecting availability of water resources; beneficiary community unwillingness or capacity limitations to operate and maintain the systems; marketing challenges; land tenure issues and inadequate irrigation extension services which cause loss of systems capacity
Chichewa: Choncho lamuloli likufuna kuthana ndi zovuta monga kuonongeka kwa malo omwe amasunga madzi zomwe zikukhuza kapezekedwe ka madzi; midzi yopindula kusafuna kapena kusowa upangiri wogwiritsa ntchito ndi kusamala zipangizo; ntchito za ulangizi zomwe zadzetsa kuchepa kwa ntchito za mthilira
English: Capacity Development. The development and management of irrigation schemes require adequate technical and administrative capacity among others
Chichewa: Kuphunzitsa anthu: Kukonza komanso kusamala minda yamthilira kumasowa upangiri wokwanira komanso kayendetsedwe koyenera mwa zina
English: The technical competence within the public and private sectors including training institutions and beneficiary communities is critical for sustainable irrigation development and management
Chichewa: Kukhala ndi upangiri woyenera mkati mwa nthambi za boma ndi zomwe sizaboma kuphatikizirapo sukulu zophunzitsa luso ndi midzi yopindula ndi kofunika pa kakonzedwe ndi kasamalidwe ka mthilira
English: There are three factors to be considered when choosing a site for irrigation development. These are physical, economic and social factors
Chichewa: Pali zinthu zitathu zoyenera kuunika posankha malo a mthilira. Izi ndi zinthu zomwe sizamoyo, chuma komanso zochitika kudera
English: Physical factors include: Reliability and closeness to the water supply; Land slope and soil characteristics; Risk of flooding; Protection of the crop and equipment from theft and damage by livestock
Chichewa: Zinthu zomwe sizamoyo ndi monga: kudalirika komanso kuyandikira madzi, kutsetsereka kwa malo ndi mtundu wa dothi; chiopsezo chosefukira madzi; kuteteza mbewu ndi zida kwa akuba ndi kuonongedwa ndi ziweto
English: Economic factors include: Ease of vehicle access if surveying and engineering work is required; Ease of access to markets for supply of inputs and sale of produce
Chichewa: Zachuma ndi monga: kufikirika ndi galimoto popanga kafukufuku ndi kuyeza malo ngati nkofunika kutero; kufikirika kwa misika kuti pokapeza zipangizo za ulimi komanso kukagulitsa zokolola
English: Social factors include: Farmer organization; Land tenure issues; Water rights issues
Chichewa: Zochitika za kudera ndi monga: magulu a alimi; zokhuza umwini wa malo; ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito madzi
English: Each of these factors must be checked and found to be suitable before serious efforts are made to promote or encourage irrigated farming
Chichewa: Chilichonse mwa zinthuzi chionedwe ndi kupezeka kuti ndichoyenera ntchito yayikulu yopititsa patsogolo kapena kulimbikitsa mthilira isanayambe
English: The following are common methods of irrigating crops. Watering can/bucket irrigation: Watering can or bucket irrigation is widely used by smallholder farmers
Chichewa: Njira zotsatirazi ndi zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pothilira mbewu nthawi zambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito ndowa zothililira: ndowa zothililira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi alimi ang'onoang'ono
English: This method is best for small plots of land which are close to the water source; particularly where the water source is limited or where open wells re-fill slowly
Chichewa: Njira iyi ndi yoyenera minda ing'onoing'ono yomwe ili pafupi ndi madzi; makamaka komwe madzi samapezeka okwanira kapena komwe zitsime zimachedwa kubwera madzi
English: Water should not be poured directly from the bucket because if the crop is young, the plants may be damaged
Chichewa: Madzi asathiridwe kuchokera mu ndowa chifukwa ngati mbewu zili zazing'ono, zimaonongeka
English: Basin irrigation: A basin is a levelled area of land, surrounded by earth embankments, which is totally flooded during irrigation
Chichewa: Mthilira wodzadza madzi pachidikha: Chidikha ndi malo osalazidwa, omwe akwezeredwa mmbali ndi dothi, omwe amadzadzidwa ndi madzi panthawi yothilira
English: Basins can be flat, either sunken or raised, or ridged. In all cases good basin irrigation requires the ground surface to be level
Chichewa: Chidikha chikhoza kukhala cha thyathyathya, cholowa pansi kapena chokwezedwa, kapena cha mizere. Mu zonsezi, mthilira wamuchidikha umafuna pamalo pakhale posatsetsereka
English: Basin irrigation is suitable for many crops. The advantages are: The right amount of water can be given with a minimum amount of labour if the beds are well levelled
Chichewa: Mthilira wamuchidikha ndi woyenera mbewu zambiri, Ubwino wake ndi: madzi oyenera amaplekedwa ndi antchito ochepa ngati mabedi asalazidwa bwino
English: Water losses can be kept low by minimal runoff. Basins last for a long time once they are constructed.
Chichewa: Kutayika kwa madzi kumachepa chifukwa chochepetsa madzi othamanga. Zidikha zimakhala nthawi yayitali zikakozedwa
English: Prolonged ponding and crop damage can occur in poorly managed flat beds. There is also a risk of soil erosion in the supply channel as a result of high speed of water
Chichewa: Kukhalitsa kwa madzi komanso kuonongeka kwa mbewu kukhoza kuchitika pamalo osatsetsereka omwe sakusamalidwa bwino. Palinso chiopsezo chakukoloka kwa dothi polowera madzi ngati madzi akuthamanga kwambiri polowa
English: Furrow Irrigation-Furrows are generally used on farms with large uniform fields where long furrows can be formed. They are not appropriate in plots which are of irregular shapes
Chichewa: Mthilira wangalande- ngalande zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mminda yomwe ili ndi malo aakulu ofanana pomwe ngalande zitalizitali zimakumbidwa. Ndi zosayenera mminda yomwe ilibe malire oongoka
English: Water is gradually absorbed into the bottom and sides of the long furrow wetting the soil
Chichewa: Madzi amayamwidwa kulowa pansi ndi mbali mwa ngalande, kumanyowetsa dothi
English: The length of the furrow is normally greater than 50m but depends on the type of soil and the land slope
Chichewa: Kutalika kwa ngalande nthawi zambiri kumaposa 50m koma kumatengera mtundu wa dothi komanso kutsetsereka kwa malo
English: It is important to use the right shape of furrow, furrow spacing and length. If managed well, furrow irrigation has the following advantages: Moderate to high irrigation efficiency.
Chichewa: Ndikofunika kugwiritsa ntchito kaonekedwe koyenera ka ngalande, kutalikirana kwa ngalande koyenera komanso kutalika koyenera. Zikasamalidwa bwino, ngalande za mthilira zimakhala ndi ubwino wotsatirawu: kuthilira osataya madzi ambiri
English: Less danger of leaching nutrients from the soil than with basin methods; Crop stems are not wetted
Chichewa: Chiopsezo chochepa cha kusuluka kwa michere ya mdothi kusiyana ndi mthilira wamudikha; mitengo ya mbewu siyimanyowa
English: Even soils which form a surface crust when flooded, can be irrigated as water moves laterally from the furrow into the ridge below the level of plant growth
Chichewa: Ngakhale dothi lomwe limaundana pamwamba likanyowa likhoza kuthiliridwa chifukwa madzi amayenda kuchoka mu ngalande kulowa munzere munsi mwa mbewu
English: The disadvantages of furrow irrigation are: Erosion can occur if the slope is too steep; Labour requirements may be high as the streams must be carefully regulated to achieve uniform water distribution
Chichewa: Kuyipa kwa mthilira wamungalande ndiwakuti: kukoloka kwa mthaka kumachitika ngati malo ndi otsetsereka kwambiri; umafuna atchito ochuluka chifukwa kuyenda kwa madzi kumayenera kusinthidwa pofuna kuti madzi afike paliponse mofanana
English: Salts from the soil or water supply may concentrate on top of the ridge and eventually cause damage to young crops
Chichewa: Michere yochokera mu dothi kapena mmadzi imachulukana pamwamba pa mzere ndipo pamapeto pake imaononga mbewu zazing'ono
English: Lateral spread of water in coarse textured soils may not be enough to wet the soil between the furrows
Chichewa: Kufalikira kwa madzi mmbali mu dothi lamchenga pena kumakhala kosakwanira kunyowetsa dothi pakati pa ngalande
English: Sprinkler irrigation is a way of applying irrigation water to the soil that is similar to natural rainfall
Chichewa: Mthilira wa sprinkler ndi njira yothilira madzi ku dothi yomwe ndiyofanana ndi mvula yachilengedwe
English: It can be used on many crops, soils and geographic conditions. The system can be used on a land slope of up to 12%
Chichewa: Ikhoza kugwiritsidwa  ntchito pa mbewu, dothi ndi madera osiyanasiyana. Njirayi ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamalo opekendeka mpaka 12%
English: A small sprinkler system can be used where the water supply (flow rate) is limited
Chichewa: Sprinkler yaying'ono ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pomwe madzi ndi ochepa
English: Advantages of sprinkler irrigation include the following: Can be used on steep slopes and uneven ground; Can be used on a wide variety of crops; The labour requirement is low; Water is spread evenly over the irrigation plot resulting in high efficiency, if managed properly
Chichewa: Ubwino wa mthilira ndi sprinkler ndi monga: Ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamalo otsika kwambiri komanso pamalo osasalaza; ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa mbewu zosiyanasiyana; umafuna atchito ochepa; madzi amamwazidwa mofanana pamunda wamthilira zomwe zimakweza kagwiridwe ntchito, ukasamalidwa bwino
English: The disadvantages of a sprinkler irrigation system are: High capital cost of the equipment; High operational and maintenance costs for the pump and field equipment
Chichewa: Kuyipa kwa mthilira wa sprinkler ndi monga: Umafuna ndalama zambiri zogulira zida; umafuna ndalama zambiri zokonzera pampu ndi zida zakumunda
English: Irrigation is affected by high winds; Evaporation losses can be high; Sprinkler nozzles are easily blocked if sediment-laden water is used
Chichewa: Mthilira umakhuzidwa ndi mphempo yamphamvu; kuuma kwa madzi pena kumakula; chotulutsira madzi pa sprinkler sichichedwa kutsekeka ngati madzi amatope akugwiritsidwa ntchito
English: Micro irrigation includes a number of technologies where water is only applied to part of the field surface
Chichewa: Micro irrigation ndi mthilira umene madzi amathilidwa pomwe pakufunikira basi
English: It can save on water and improve crop yield. It can also be used for fertigation; a process where fertilizers are applied through irrigation water
Chichewa: Madzi samatayika ndipo umawonjezera zokolola. Njirayi ikhoza kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pothira feteleze kudzera mmadzi- njira yomwe feteleza amathiridwa kudzera mmadzi a mthilira
English: With such a system there is even distribution of nutrients and actual crop nutrient requirements can be met since incremental supply of nutrients is possible
Chichewa: Ndi njira imeneyi pamakhala kugawa michere mofanana ndipo michere yofunikira ya mbewu imapezeka chifukwa kuchulukitsa kupeleka michere ndi kotheka
English: In drip irrigation water is given more frequently than with other irrigation methods and this provides a high moisture level in the soil. However the costs of purchasing, operating and maintaining the equipment are high
Chichewa: Mu mthilira wodontheza madzi amapelekdwa ku mbewu pafupipafupi kuposera njira zina za mthilira ndipo zimapeleka chinyezi chokwanira ku dothi. Komabe mtengo wogulira, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kusamala zida umakhala wokwera
English: Water is supplied to the plants from below the surface by controlling the level of naturally occurring shallow ground water
Chichewa: Madzi amapelekedwa ku mbewu kuchokera pansi pamthaka posintha kuchuluka kwa madzi opezeka mdothi
English: Water is made to flow through capillary action that carries it to the surface. Regular drawing down of water is essential to avoid water logging of the plots and crop damage
Chichewa: Madzi amakwera pang'onopang'ono  mpaka kufika pamwamba. Kuchepetsa madzi pafupipafupi ndikofunika pofuna kupewa dothi kudzadza madzi ndi kuononga mbewu
English: The following factors should be looked into when considering irrigation: Natural conditions: soil type, slope, climate and water supply; Type of crops to be grown; Type of technology: this will directly affect the amount of labour and skills required for operation and maintenance
Chichewa: Zinthu zotsatirazi ziunikidwe pofuna kuchita mthilira: zachilengedwe monga mtundu wa dothi; kutsetsereka kwa malo; nyengo ndi kapezekedwe ka madzi; mtundu wa mbewu zolimidwa; njira za mthilira; izi zidzakhudza mwachindunji kuchuluka kwa ntchito komanso luso lofunika pogwiritsa ntchito ndi kusamala
English: Previous experience with irrigation and levels of training; Costs and benefits; capital costs, operational costs and expected benefits. The selection of an irrigation method must take into account all the above-mentioned factors
Chichewa: Kukhala ndi upangiri wa mthilira komanso maphunziro: ndalama zogwira ntchito ndi phindu lake; mpamba; ndalama zogwilira ntchito komanso phindu lomwe lingapezeke. Kusankha njira ya mthilira kuunike zonse zomwe zanenedwa mmwambazi
English: Sandy soils need frequent but small irrigation applications because little water is stored and the water enters quickly (high infiltration rate)
Chichewa: Dothi lamchenga limafuna kuthilira madzi ochepa koma pafupipafupi chifukwa silimasunga madzi ndipo madzi amalowa mwachangu mdothi
English: Sprinkler may be better than surface irrigation. All methods – surface or overhead can be used on loamy and clay soils
Chichewa: Sprinkler ikhoza kukhala njira yabwino yamthilira. Njira zonse - zapadothi kapena zammwamba zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu dothi losakanikira ndi mchenga komanso dothi la dongo
English: Clay soils, with low infiltration rates, are ideally suited to surface irrigation. Other human and technical factors will decide the best method
Chichewa: Dothi la dongo, momwe madzi amalowa pang'onopang'ono, ndi labwino kupanga mthilira wapamwamba. Zina zofunika monga anthu ndi upangiri zithandiza kusankha njira yoyenera
English: Where the land slope is uneven or steeply sloping, up to 12%, sprinkler or drip irrigation may be better than surface methods as they require little or no land levelling
Chichewa: Pomwe malo ndi osasalaza kapena otsetsereka mpaka 12%, mthilira wa sprinkler ndi wodonthenza ungakhale woyenera kuposa wapamwamba chifukwa umangofuna kusalaza pang'ono kapena osasalaza
English: Surface irrigation is recommended for a land slope of up to 5%. Any slope above 5% encourages soil erosion
Chichewa: Mthilira wapamwamba pa dothi ndiwoyenera pamalo otsetsereka kufika 5% basi. Malo ena aliwonse otsetsereka kuposa 5% amalimbikitsa kukokoloka kwa dothi
English: However, the expense and operational costs of these methods must be fully understood before any decision is taken to use them
Chichewa: Komabe, pofunika kumvetsetsa ndalama ndi luso logwitsira ntchito pa njira zimenezi chiganizo chilichonse chogwiritsira njira zimenezi chisanapangidwe
English: If surface irrigation is chosen, the farmers must understand the amount of work required for land levelling and bed preparation
Chichewa: Ngati mthilira wapamwamba padothi wasankhidwa, alimi akuyenera kumvetsetsa kuchuluka kwa ntchito yofuna kusalaza malo komanso kukonza mabedi
English: Where high winds are common during the dry season, it is better to use surface or micro irrigation methods
Chichewa: Komwe mphepo yamphamvu ndi yosasowa munyengo ya dzuwa, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito njira zapamwamba panthaka kapena micro irrigation
English: Sprinkler irrigation should not be selected in an area where there are frequent periods of high wind during the dry season
Chichewa: Mthilira wa sprinkler usasankhidwe kudera komwe kumakhala mphepo yamphamvu pafupipafupi munyengo ya dzuwa
English: Water is applied more efficiently with sprinkler and drip irrigation than with surface irrigation
Chichewa: Madzi amathiridwa moyenera ndi sprinkler ndi mdontheza kuposa mthilira wapamwamba
English: It is better to use these methods when water is very limited. However, these methods will only be efficient if they are correctly used and maintained by the farmers as they cost more to run due to use of motorized pumps
Chichewa: Ndibwino kugwiritsa  ntchito njira zimenezi pamene madzi ndiwochepa. Komabe, njira zimenezi zinhakhale zopambana ngati zagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera ndi kusamalidwa ndi alimi popeza zimafuna ndalama zambiri kugwiritsa ntchito chifukwa cha engine ya pampu
English: Maintains a high water table immediately downstream of the dam where farmers can use shallow wells
Chichewa: Zimasunga madzi ambiri mdothi mmunsi mwamalo osungira madzi komwe alimi angathe kugwiritsa ntchito zitsime
English: Where the reservoir contains sufficient water, use treadle pumps, solar-powered pumps or motorized pumps
Chichewa: Pomwe malo osungira madzi ali ndi madzi okwanira, gwiritsani ntchito ma treadle pampu, ma pampu oyendera mphamvu yadzuwa kapena pampu okhala ndi engine
English: Diversion into a canal system using the natural ground slope. Treadle pump, solar-powered pump or motorized pump if the stream is adequate
Chichewa: Kupatutsa madzi kupita mungalande pogwiritsa ntchito kutsetsereka kwa malo. Treadle pump, pump yogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa kapena pump ya engine ngati madzi mumtsinje alimo okwanira
English: If the water source contains too much sediment it is better to choose surface irrigation, since the sediments may clog drip or sprinkler irrigation systems
Chichewa: Ngati kochokera madzi kuli matipe ambiri ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito mthilira wapamwamba chifukwa matope amenewa amatseka zipangizo za mthilira wa mdontheza ndi sprinkler
English: If the water has a high level of dissolved salts it is better not to develop irrigated cropping as yields may be reduced and the soil structure may be damaged over time
Chichewa: Ngati madzi ndi michere yambiri ndibwino osachita mthilira chifukwa zokolola zimachepa ndipo dothi limaonongeka pakutha kwa nthawi
English: Where this is the case, whitish stuff and hard pans will be noted in the soil surface
Chichewa: Pomwe izi zili choncho, zinthu zoyera ndiponso dothi loundana loyera limaoneka pamwamba pa dothi
English: However, alkalinity has similar visual signs, and alkalinity test is used to distinguish the two conditions.
Chichewa: Komabe, kuchuluka kwa michere kuli ndi zizindikiro zooneka ngati zomwezo ndipo kuyeza kuchuluka kwa michere kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kusiyanitsa zinthu ziwirizi
English: Surface irrigation methods can be used for all types of crops. The type of surface method (flat basins or ridged, furrows or micro basins around a tree) will depend on the crop
Chichewa: Njira za mthilira wapamwamba zikhoza kugwiritsida ntchito pa mitundu yonse ya mbewu. Mtundu wa njira yapamwamba monga malo achidikha kapena mmizere, mu ngalande kapena zidikha zing'onozing'ono kuzungulira mtengo, zimatengera mtundu wa mbewu
English: As they are expensive to install per hectare, sprinkler and drip irrigation methods are mostly used for high value crops
Chichewa: Pakuti ndizodalira ndalama zochuluka kuyika pa hectare, njira ya sprinkler ndi mdontheza zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pam mbewu za mtengo wokwera