dmatekenya/chichewa-machine-translation huggingface dataset:
English: The country's infrastructure benefited through massive road construction programs
Chichewa: Zomangamanga m’dziko muno zapindula ndi ndondomeko zazikulu zomanga misewu
English: With the decision to shift the capital city from Zomba to Lilongwe (against vociferous objections from the British preference for the economically healthy and well-developed Blantyre), a new road was built linking Blantyre and Zomba to Lilongwe
Chichewa: Ndi ganizo losamutsa likulu la mzindawu kuchoka ku Zomba kupita ku Lilongwe (motsutsana ndi zotsutsana ndi zotsutsana ndi zomwe Briteni zimakonda ku Blantyre yathanzi komanso yotukuka), nsewu watsopano unamangidwa wolumikiza Blantyre ndi Zomba kupita ku Lilongwe
English: The Capital City Development Corporation (CCDC) in Lilongwe was itself a beehive of infrastructure development, supported by planning and funds from apartheid-era South Africa
Chichewa: Bungwe la Capital City Development Corporation (CCDC) mu mzinda wa Lilongwe ndilomwe linali phata la chitukuko cha zomangamanga, mothandizidwa ndi ndondomeko ndi ndalama zochokera ku nthawi ya tsankho ku South Africa
English: The British refused to finance the move to Lilongwe. The CCDC became the sole development agent for Lilongwe; putting up roads, the government seat at Capital Hill, etc
Chichewa: A British adakana kupereka ndalama zosamukira ku Lilongwe. ACCDC idakhala yokhayo yomwe idapereka chitukuko ku Lilongwe; kukhazikitsa misewu, mpando waboma ku Capital Hill, etc
English: Other infrastructure entities were added, such as Malawi Hotels Limited, which undertook massive projects such as the Mount Soche, Capital Hotel and Mzuzu Hotel
Chichewa: Mabungwe ena adawonjezedwa, monga Malawi Hotels Limited, yomwe idachita ntchito zazikulu monga Mount Soche, Capital Hotel ndi Mzuzu Hotel
English: On the industrial side, Malawi Development Corporation (MDC) was tasked with setting up industries and other businesses
Chichewa: Kumbali ya mafakitale, Malawi Development Corporation (MDC) idapatsidwa ntchito yokhazikitsa mafakitale ndi mabizinesi ena
English: Meanwhile, Dr. Banda's own Press Corporation Limited and MYP's Spearhead Corporation embarked on business initiatives that lead to an economic boom during the mid- to late 1970s
Chichewa: Pakadali pano, Dr. Banda mwiniwake wa Press Corporation Limited ndi MYP's Spearhead Corporation adayamba ntchito zabizinesi zomwe zidapangitsa kuti chuma chitukuke chapakati mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970
English: However, by 1979–1980, the bubble had burst due to the global economic crisis set in motion by the Yom Kippur War between Israel and the Arabs in 1973
Chichewa: Komabe, pofika 1979-1980, kuwirako kudaphulika chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma padziko lonse omwe adayambitsa nkhondo ya Yom Kippur pakati pa Israeli ndi Aluya mu 1973
English: Rising oil prices and falling global commodity prices combined to wreak havoc on a fragile and landlocked Malawian economy based on an insular and indefensible macroeconomic strategy
Chichewa: Kukwera mitengo yamafuta ndi kugwa mitengo yamtengo wapatali padziko lonse lapansi kuphatikiza chuma cha Malawi
English: Increasingly, the economy was rearranged into a political tool to serve the consumption needs of the emerging Malawian middle-class and thus render it less prone to revolution
Chichewa: Pachulukirachulukira, chuma chidakonzedwanso kukhala chida cha ndale kuti chithandizire zosowa za Amalawi omwe akutukuka kumene omwe ali pakatikati ndipo izi zipangitsa kuti anthu asamavutike kuchita zisintha
English: Banda personally founded Kamuzu Academy, a school modeled on Eton, at which Malawian children were taught Latin and Greek by expatriate classics teachers, and disciplined if they were caught speaking Chichewa
Chichewa: Banda adayambitsa yekha sukulu ya Kamuzu Academy, yomwe ndi sukulu ya Eton, yomwe ana a Malawi amaphunzitsidwa Chilatini ndi Chigiriki ndi aphunzitsi azaka zakunja omwe amachokera kunja, ndipo amawalanga akagwidwa akulankhula Chichewa
English: Many of the school's alumni have assumed leadership roles in medicine, academia and business in Malawi and abroad
Chichewa: Ambiri mwa omwe adaphunzira pasukuluyi atenga maudindo a udokotala, maphunziro ndi bizinesi ku Malawi ndi kunja
English: The school remains one of Banda's most lasting legacies and he said of it: "I did not wish my sons and daughters to have to travel abroad to obtain an education as I did."
Chichewa: Sukuluyi idakali imodzi mwazinthu zomwe Banda adaphunzira kwanthawi yayitali ndipo adanenanso kuti: 'Sindinkafuna kuti ana anga aamuna ndi aakazi apite kunja kukaphunzira maphunziro anga.
English: It is claimed, probably incorrectly and unfairly, that he spent almost all the country's education budget on this project, while increasingly ignoring the needs and welfare of the greater majority of Malawians toiling in the rural areas
Chichewa: Akuti mwina molakwika ndi mopanda chilungamo, adawononga pafupifupi ndalama zonse zamaphunziro a dziko lino pa ntchitoyi, pomwe amanyalanyaza zosowa ndi moyo wa Amalawi ambiri omwe akuvutikira kumidzi
English: The National Rural Development Program and Rural Growth Centers were tentative and belated policies aimed at diverting rural populations from moving to the few urban areas which Banda's macroeconomic policies had created and were now being battered by the arrival of more and more rural people seeking better opportunities
Chichewa: Bungwe la National Rural Development Programme and Rural Growth Centres linali losatheka komanso linachedwa ndondomeko zomwe cholinga chake chinali kupatutsa anthu akumidzi kuti asachoke m’matauni ochepa omwe ndondomeko za chuma cha Banda zidakhazikitsa ndipo tsopano zikusokonekera chifukwa cha kubwera kwa anthu akumidzi omwe akufunafuna mipata yabwino
English: It is believed that during his rule, Banda accumulated at least US$320 million in personal assets, thought to be invested in everything from agriculture to mining interests in South Africa
Chichewa: Akukhulupirira kuti muulamuliro wake, Banda adapeza ndalama zokwana US$320 miliyoni, zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti aziyika pachilichonse kuyambira ulimi mpaka migodi ku South Africa
English: Banda had no known heirs but had a vast fortune that is run by his family. He was unmarried when he died
Chichewa: A Banda analibe olowa nyumba odziwika koma anali ndi chuma chambiri chomwe chimayendetsedwa ndi banja lake. Anamwalira anali wosakwatiwa
English: Cecilia Kadzamira was the official hostess or first lady of Malawi. She essentially ruled the country with her uncle, John Tembo, during Banda's last years
Chichewa: Cecilia Kadzamira anali mkazi wa dziko la Malawi. Amalamulira dzikoli limodzi ndi amalume ake, John Tembo, m’zaka zomaliza za Banda
English: His affair and relationship with Merene French remains largely a mystery. He had rejected companionship and marriage and turned his back on the Englishwoman who extramaritally bore his son
Chichewa: Ubale wake ndi ubale wake ndi Merene French ukadali chinsinsi. Anakana ubwezi ndi ukwati ndipo anakana mkazi wachingelezi yemwe anaberekera mwana wake kunja kwa banja
English: In 2010, Jumani Johansson (1973–2019) claimed to be the son of the late president and was seeking DNA testing through the courts of Malawi
Chichewa: M’chaka cha 2010, Jumani Johansson (1973–2019) ananena kuti ndi mwana wa malemu mtsogoleri wa dziko ndipo amafuna kuyezetsa DNA m’makhothi a Malawi
English: Banda died at the Garden City Clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa on 25 November 1997, from respiratory failure
Chichewa: Banda anamwalira ku chipatala cha Garden City ku Johannesburg, South Africa pa 25 November 1997, chifukwa cholephera kupuma
English: Although the clinic recorded his age as 99, Government officials state it was more likely he was aged around 90
Chichewa: Ngakhale chipatalachi chidalemba zaka zake kuti ali ndi zaka 99, akuluakulu aboma akuti mwina anali ndi zaka pafupifupi 90
English: Although he was buried with pomp, in the decade after his death there were calls for a more substantial memorial for the country's first president
Chichewa: Ngakhale kuti anaikidwa m'manda mwaulemu, m'zaka khumi pambuyo pa imfa yake panali kupempha kuti pakhale chikumbutso chachikulu cha mtsogoleri wa dziko woyamba
English: Construction of a mausoleum with provision for a library and a dancing arena was begun in 2005
Chichewa: Ntchito yomanga nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale yokhala ndi nyumba yosungiramo mabuku komanso bwalo lovinira idayamba mu chaka cha 2005
English: Completed in 2009 - at a cost of US$600,000 - the mausoleum is made out of marble and granite. Its four main pillars bear the initials of Banda's key principles – unity, loyalty, obedience and discipline
Chichewa: Inamalizidwa mu 2009 - pamtengo wa US $ 600,000 - mausoleum amapangidwa ndi miyala ya marble ndi granite. Nsanamira zake zazikulu zinayi zili ndi zoyamba za mfundo zazikuluzikulu za Banda - umodzi, kukhulupirika, kumvera ndi mwambo
English: In 2009 a bronze statue of Banda was erected. From 10 April 1995, when former Prime Minister of India Morarji Desai died, Banda was the world's oldest living former head of government until his own death in 1997
Chichewa: Mu chaka cha 2009 chifaniziro cha mkuwa cha Banda chinamangidwa. Kuchokera pa 10 April 1995, pomwe Prime Minister wakale wa India Morarji Desai adamwalira, Banda anali wamkulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi mpaka pomwe anamwalira mu 1997
English: Like many regional African conflicts during the late twentieth century, the Mozambican Civil War possessed local dynamics but was also exacerbated greatly by the polarizing effects of Cold War politics
Chichewa: Monga mikangano yambiri ya ku Africa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri, nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Mozambique inali ndi mphamvu zakumaloko koma idakulitsidwanso kwambiri ndi kugawanika kwa ndale za Cold War
English: The war was fought between Mozambique's ruling Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO), the anti- insurgent forces of the Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO), and a number of smaller factions
Chichewa: Nkhondo idamenyedwa pakati pa chipani cholamula cha Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO), gulu lodana ndi zigawenga la Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO), ndi magulu ang'onoang'ono
English: RENAMO opposed FRELIMO's attempts to establish a socialist one-party state, and was heavily backed by the anti-communist governments of Rhodesia and South Africa who supported them as a proxy to undermine FRELIMO support for militant nationalist organisations in their own countries
Chichewa: RENAMO idatsutsa zomwe FRELIMO idafuna kukhazikitsa dziko lachipani chimodzi, ndipo idathandizidwa kwambiri ndi maboma odana ndi chikomyunizimu a Rhodesia ndi South Africa omwe adawathandiza ngati kuthandizira kusokoneza kuthandizira kwa FRELIMO kwa mabungwe omenyera ufulu wadziko m'maiko awo
English: Over one million Mozambicans were killed in the fighting or starved due to interrupted food supplies; an additional five million were displaced across the region
Chichewa: Anthu opitilira miliyoni imodzi a ku Mozambique anaphedwa pankhondoyo kapena kufa ndi njala chifukwa chakusokonekera kwa chakudya; enanso mamiliyoni asanu adasamutsidwa m'dera lonselo
English: The Mozambican Civil War destroyed much of Mozambique's critical rural infrastructure, including hospitals, rail lines, roads, and schools
Chichewa: Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ku Mozambique inawononga madera ambiri akumidzi aku Mozambique, kuphatikizapo zipatala, njanji, misewu, ndi masukulu
English: FRELIMO's security forces and RENAMO insurgents were accused of committing numerous human rights abuses, including using child soldiers and salting a significant percentage of the countryside indiscriminately with land mines
Chichewa: Asilikali a chitetezo ku FRELIMO komanso zigawenga za RENAMO akuimbidwa mlandu wophwanya ufulu wa anthu kambirimbiri, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito ana ankhondo komanso kuthira mchere wambiri kumidzi mosasankha ndi migodi
English: Three neighboring states—Zimbabwe, Tanzania, and Malawi—eventually deployed troops into Mozambique to defend their own vested economic interests against RENAMO attacks
Chichewa: Maiko atatu oyandikana nawo — Zimbabwe, Tanzania, ndi Malawi — adatumiza asirikali ku Mozambique kuti atetezere zofuna zawo pazachuma pakuukira kwa RENAMO
English: The Mozambican Civil War ended in 1992, following the collapse of Soviet and South African support for FRELIMO and RENAMO, respectively
Chichewa: Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni ku Mozambique inatha mu 1992, kutsatira kugwa kwa thandizo la Soviet ndi South Africa kwa FRELIMO ndi RENAMO, motsatana
English: Direct peace talks began around 1990 with the mediation of the Mozambican Church Council and the Italian government; these culminated in the Rome General Peace Accords which formally ended hostilities
Chichewa: Zokambirana zamtendere zachindunji zinayamba muzaka za 1990 ndi mkhalapakati wa Bungwe la Mipingo ku Mozambique ndi boma la Italy; izi zinafika pachimake pa mgwirizano wa mtendere wa Roma umene unathetsa nkhondoyo
English: Portugal fought a long and bitter counter-insurgency conflict in its three primary African colonies—Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau—from the 1960s to the mid-1970s, when they finally received independence following the Carnation Revolution
Chichewa: Portugal idamenya nkhondo yayitali komanso yowawa yolimbana ndi zigawenga m'maiko ake atatu aku Africa - Angola, Mozambique, ndi Guinea-Bissau - kuyambira m'ma 1960 mpaka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1970, pomwe adalandira ufulu wodzilamulira pambuyo pa Carnation Revolution
English: In Mozambique, the armed struggle against colonial rule was spearheaded by the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO), which was initially formed in exile but later succeeded in wresting control of large sections of the country from the Portuguese
Chichewa: Ku Mozambique, nkhondo yolimbana ndi ulamuliro wa atsamunda idatsogozedwa ndi gulu la Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO), lomwe poyamba lidakhazikitsidwa ku ukapolo koma kenako lidakwanitsa kugonjetsa zigawo zazikulu za dzikolo kuchokera kwa Apwitikizi
English: Portugal responded by embarking on a massive buildup of military personnel and security forces in Mozambique
Chichewa: Portugal idayankha posonkhanitsa asirikali ndi achitetezo achitetezo ochuluka ku Mozambique
English: It also established close defence ties with two of Mozambique's neighbours, Rhodesia and South Africa
Chichewa: Idakhazikitsanso ubale wachitetezo ndi mayiko awiri oyandikana ndi Mozambique, Rhodesia ndi South Africa
English: In 1970, the Portuguese launched Operation Gordian Knot, which was initially successful at eliminating large numbers of FRELIMO guerrillas and their support bases in the north of the country
Chichewa: Mu 1970, Apwitikizi anayambitsa Operation Gordian Knot, yomwe poyamba idapambana kuthetsa zigawenga zambiri za FRELIMO ndi mabungwe awo omwe ali kumpoto kwa dzikolo
English: However, the redeployment of so many Portuguese troops to northern Mozambique allowed FRELIMO to intensify its operations elsewhere in the country
Chichewa: Komabe, kutumizidwanso kwa asirikali ambiri a Chipwitikizi kumpoto kwa Mozambique kunapangitsa kuti FRELIMO iwonjeze ntchito zake kwina m’dzikolo
English: The following year, Portugal established an informal military alliance with Rhodesia and South Africa known as the Alcora Exercise
Chichewa: Chaka chotsatira, dziko la Portugal linakhazikitsa mgwirizano wa asilikali ndi Rhodesia ndi South Africa wotchedwa Alcora Exercise
English: The revolution also brought to power a military junta known as the Armed Forces Movement, which was committed to divesting itself of the colonies and ending the increasingly costly African wars
Chichewa: Kupandukaku kunabweretsanso mphamvu gulu lankhondo lodziwika kuti Armed Forces Movement, lomwe lidadzipereka kusiya maderawo ndikuthetsa nkhondo zomwe zidakwera mtengo kwambiri mu Africa
English: The turmoil in the metropole was mirrored by increasing instability in Mozambique and a further weakening of Portugal's grip on its East African colony
Chichewa: Kusokonekera kwa mzindawu kudawoneka chifukwa chakusakhazikika ku Mozambique komanso kufooketsanso mphamvu ya dziko la Portugal kudera lakummawa kwa Africa
English: Various new political parties were formed in Mozambique, including several by FRELIMO splinter factions, during the following months in anticipation of multi-party elections
Chichewa: Zipani za ndale zosiyanasiyana zatsopano zinakhazikitsidwa ku Mozambique, kuphatikizapo angapo a magulu ogawikana a FRELIMO, m’miyezi yotsatira poyembekezera chisankho cha zipani zambiri
English: However, FRELIMO insisted on being recognised as the sole legitimate representative of the new Mozambican nation
Chichewa: Komabe, FRELIMO idaumirira kuti izindikiridwe ngati woyimira yekha wovomerezeka wa dziko latsopano la Mozambique
English: It rejected proposals for multi-party elections and took advantage of the chaos in the Portuguese military establishment to intensify its guerrilla campaign
Chichewa: Linakana zonena za zisankho za zipani zambiri ndipo linapezerapo mwayi pa chipwirikiti cha gulu lankhondo la Portugal kuti liwonjezere kampeni yawo ya zigawenga
English: In early September 1974, Portugal announced it was acceding to FRELIMO's request
Chichewa: Kumayambiriro kwa September 1974, dziko la Portugal linalengeza kuti likuvomereza pempho la FRELIMO
English: No elections were going to be held in Mozambique; instead, after a nine-month transition period, the positions of local government would simply be handed to FRELIMO officials
Chichewa: Palibe zisankho zomwe zidzachitike ku Mozambique; m'malo mwake, pakadutsa miyezi isanu ndi inayi, maudindo a maboma ang'onoang'ono adangoperekedwa kwa akuluakulu a FRELIMO
English: The Portuguese decision to effect a transfer to power to FRELIMO, without a local referendum or elections, was greeted with intense trepidation by Portugal's traditional Cold War allies: South Africa, Rhodesia, and the United States
Chichewa: Lingaliro la Chipwitikizi lofuna kusamutsira ulamuliro ku FRELIMO, popanda referendum kapena zisankho za m'deralo, lidalandiridwa ndi mantha aakulu ndi mabungwe a Cold War a Portugal: South Africa, Rhodesia, ndi United States
English: Black opposition movements in South Africa declared that they would bring FRELIMO officials to address rallies being held near Durban, Johannesburg, and at the University of Northern Transvaal
Chichewa: Magulu otsutsa akuda ku South Africa adalengeza kuti abweretsa akuluakulu a FRELIMO kuti akambirane za misonkhano yomwe ikuchitika pafupi ndi Durban, Johannesburg, komanso ku sukulu ya ukachenjede ya Northern Transvaal
English: The South African authorities banned the demonstrations, but activists proceeded anyway in defiance of the police
Chichewa: Akuluakulu a boma la South Africa adaletsa ziwonetserozi, koma omenyera ufulu wawo adachitabe monyoza apolisi
English: By the end of the year, sixty people had been arrested for organising pro-FRELIMO rallies
Chichewa: Pofika kumapeto kwa chaka, anthu 60 anali atamangidwa chifukwa chokonzekera misonkhano yochirikiza FRELIMO
English: In Mozambique, the announcement sparked an uprising by right-wing elements in the white population, joined by disgruntled veterans of the colonial army and some black Mozambicans outraged by FRELIMO's pending unilateral assumption of power
Chichewa: Ku Mozambique, kulengezaku kudayambitsa kusamvana pakati pa otsutsa ndi azungu, ndipo asirikali opuma achitsamunda ndi mzika zachikuda za Mozambique zinalowelerapo powawidwa mtima ndi ganizo za FRELIMO lofuna kutenga mphamvu zolamulira
English: The rebels appealed to South Africa and Rhodesia for military assistance to preempt the installation of a FRELIMO government
Chichewa: Zigawengazo zidapempha thandizo la zida zankhondo mayiko a South Africa ndi Rhodesia kuti alepheretse kukhadzikitsidwa kwa ulamuliro wa FRELIMO
English: However, South African prime minister was unwilling to intervene, fearing condemnation from the international community for any interference with the decolonisation process in a neighbouring country
Chichewa: Komabe, nduna yaikulu ya dziko la South Africa sinafune kulowererapo, poopa kudzudzulidwa ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana chifukwa chosokoneza ntchito yochotsa koloni m'dziko loyandikana nalo
English: Rhodesian prime minister Ian Smith was more sympathetic to the rebels' cause but felt that he would be unable to act without the guarantee of South African support
Chichewa: Prime Minister wa Rhodesia Ian Smith anamvera chisoni zigawengazo koma ankaona kuti sangakwanitse kuchitapo kanthu popanda kuthandizidwa ndi South Africa
English: The uprising was eventually crushed after four days by an unlikely coalition of Portuguese and FRELIMO forces
Chichewa: Zipolowezo zidathetsedwa patatha masiku anayi ndi mgwirizano wosayembekezereka wa ankhondo aku Portugal ndi FRELIMO
English: The independence of Mozambique and Angola in 1975 challenged white minority rule in Southern Africa
Chichewa: Ufulu wa Mozambique ndi Angola mu 1975 unatsutsa ulamuliro wa azungu ochepa ku Southern Africa
English: Firstly, the independence wars in Angola and Mozambique demonstrated that even with great military resources it was virtually impossible for a small white minority to guarantee the safety of its members, let alone to exert control over a mobilised and agitated population outside of major power centres
Chichewa: Choyamba, nkhondo zodziyimira pawokha ku Angola ndi Mozambique zidawonetsa kuti ngakhale zida zankhondo zazikulu zinali zosatheka kuti gulu laling'ono loyera litsimikize chitetezo cha mamembala ake, osasiyapo kulamulira anthu omwe ali okhudzidwa ndi okwiya omwe ali kunja kwa malo akuluakulu amphamvu
English: The downfall of Portuguese colonial rule gave hope to black liberation struggles in the then apartheid South Africa and Rhodesia
Chichewa: Kugwa kwaulamuliro wa atsamunda a Chipwitikizi kunapereka chiyembekezo ku nkhondo zomenyera ufulu wa anthu akuda ku South Africa panthawiyo tsankho komanso Rhodesia
English: These movements had been cooperating with the black liberation movements in South Africa and Rhodesia, and continued to openly support them, offering them a safe haven from where they could coordinate their operations and train new forces
Chichewa: Maguluwa akhala akugwirizana ndi mabungwe omenyera ufulu wa anthu akuda ku South Africa ndi Rhodesia, ndipo adapitilizabe kuwachirikiza poyera, ndikuwapatsa malo otetezeka komwe angagwirizanitse ntchito zawo ndikuphunzitsa magulu atsopano
English: As President Machel put it in a speech in 1975: "The struggle in Zimbabwe is our struggle"
Chichewa: Monga mtsogoleri wa dziko Machel ananenera mu 1975: 'Kulimbana mu Zimbabwe ndi nkhondo yathu
English: The independence of Mozambique was especially devastating for white-ruled Rhodesia in multiple aspects
Chichewa: Ufulu wa Mozambique udasokoneza kwambiri Rhodesia yomwe idalamulidwa ndi azungu m'mbali zambiri
English: The Rhodesian armed forces lacked the manpower to effectively protect its 1,300-kilometre (800 mi) border with Mozambique against entering ZANLA insurgents
Chichewa: Asilikali a Rhodesia analibe mphamvu zoteteza malire ake a mtunda wa makilomita  chikwi ndi mazana atatu (800 mi) ndi Mozambique kuti asalowe zigawenga za ZANLA
English: At the same time, the apartheid government and the Smith regime lost Portugal as an ally and with it the tens of thousands of soldiers that had been deployed in the Portuguese colonial wars
Chichewa: Panthawi imodzimodziyo, boma la tsankho komanso boma la Smith linataya dziko la Portugal monga bwenzi lake ndipo pamodzi ndi asilikali zikwi makumi ambiri omwe adatumizidwa pankhondo za atsamunda a Portugal
English: Additionally Rhodesia used Mozambican ports as their primary means for imports and exports, with over 80% of all imports passing through Maputo and Beira into the heavily sanctioned country
Chichewa: Kuphatikiza apo, Rhodesia idagwiritsa ntchito madoko a Mozambican ngati njira yawo yayikulu yogulitsira ndi kutumiza kunja, ndi zopitilira 80% zazinthu zonse zomwe zidadutsa ku Maputo ndi Beira kulowa m'dziko lovomerezedwa kwambiri
English: The loss of these ports after President Machel declared sanctions against the country further weakened the already fragile economy of Rhodesia and angered the Ian Smith regime
Chichewa: Kutayika kwa madokowa mtsogoleri wa dziko Machel atalengeza kuti zilango zolimbana ndi dzikolo zidafooketsa chuma cha Rhodesia chomwe chidasokonekera komanso kudakwiyitsa ulamuliro wa Ian Smith
English: The countries capacity to support national liberation movements also concerned South Africa and Rhodesia and both countries sought for a first strike strategy to counter this new threat
Chichewa: Mayiko omwe ali ndi mphamvu zothandizira mabungwe omenyera ufulu wadziko adakhudzanso South Africa ndi Rhodesia ndipo mayiko awiriwa adafuna njira yoyamba yolimbana ndi chiwopsezo chatsopanochi
English: Soon after independence, FRELIMO begun Mozambique's transformation into a socialist one-party-state
Chichewa: FRELIMO itangolandira ufulu wodzilamulira, FRELIMO idayamba kusintha dziko la Mozambique kukhala dziko lachipani chimodzi
English: This was accompanied by crackdowns on dissidents and the nationalisation of important economic facilities abandoned by fleeing Portuguese
Chichewa: Izi zidatsagana ndi chipwirikiti kwa otsutsa komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa zida zofunika zachuma zomwe zidasiyidwa ndi a Portugal omwe adathawa
English: Numerous political parties sprung up virtually overnight and vied for power with FRELIMO
Chichewa: Zipani zambiri zandale zidadzuka usiku womwewo ndikukangamira mphamvu ndi FRELIMO
English: Both men were arrested and convicted in a public trial before Samora Machel before being sent to re-education camps
Chichewa: Amuna onsewa adamangidwa ndikuweruzidwa pamlandu wapagulu pamaso pa Samora Machel asanatumizidwe kumisasa yophunzitsanso
English: Furthermore, the nationalisation of many formerly Portuguese-owned enterprises, fear of a retaliation against whites, and an ultimatum to either accept Mozambican citizenship or leave the country within 90 days, drove the majority of the 370,000 white Portuguese Mozambicans out of the country
Chichewa: Kuphatikiza apo, kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabizinesi ambiri omwe kale anali a Chipwitikizi, kuopa kubwezera azungu, komanso kuvomereza kuvomereza kukhala nzika ya Mozambique kapena kutuluka mdzikolo pasanathe masiku makumi asanu ndianayi, zidathamangitsa ambiri mwa azungu zikwi mazana atatu ndi zisanu kudzanso ziwiri aku Mozambique aku Mozambique.
English: As the Portuguese left some purposefully sabotaged the economy, stealing profits from factories, driving tractors into the sea and pouring cement into sewers
Chichewa: Pamene Apwitikizi adasiya zina zomwe zidasokoneza chuma mwadala, kuba zopeza m'mafakitale, kuyendetsa mathirakitala m'nyanja ndikuthira simenti m'zimbudzi
English: The Portuguese exodus resulted in economic chaos as only few Africans had received higher education or even primary education under Portuguese rule with over 95% of the population illiterate
Chichewa: Kusamuka kwa Apwitikizi kudabweretsa chipwirikiti pazachuma chifukwa ndi anthu ochepa chabe a mu Africa omwe adalandira maphunziro apamwamba kapena maphunziro apulaimale muulamuliro wa Apwitikizi pomwe 95% ya anthu osaphunzira
English: Shortly after independence many local chiefs were ousted and removed from positions of power and many dissidents were imprisoned in re-education camps
Chichewa: Ufulu utangotha ​​kumene mafumu ambiri akumaloko adachotsedwa ndikuchotsedwa paudindo ndipo otsutsa ambiri adatsekeredwa mndende zophunzitsanso
English: Another source of conflict was the continuation of the aldeamento system that the Portuguese had introduced as a means of exerting control and inhibiting contact between the population and the rebels
Chichewa: Chinanso chimene chinayambitsa mkangano chinali kupitiriza kwa dongosolo la aldeamento limene Apwitikizi anayambitsa monga njira yolamulira ndi kuletsa kumvana pakati pa anthu ndi zigawenga
English: It coerced thousands of peasants to move into communal villages and communal farms where they were given food, water and healthcare, but lacked adequate tools and money to farm effectively
Chichewa: Zinakakamiza anthu wamba masauzande ambiri kuti asamukire m'midzi komanso m'minda ya anthu wamba komwe amapatsidwa chakudya, madzi ndi chithandizo chamankhwala, koma analibe zida zokwanira komanso ndalama zolima bwino
English: FRELIMO hoped that this system would enable the fulfilment of its ambitious agricultural development goals, but the implementation often alienated parts of the rural population, whom FRELIMO had popular support from during the independence struggle
Chichewa: FRELIMO ikuyembekeza kuti dongosololi lithandiza kukwaniritsa zolinga zake zachitukuko chaulimi, koma kukhazikitsidwa kwake nthawi zambiri kunkasokoneza anthu akumidzi, omwe FRELIMO idathandizidwa nawo nthawi yankhondo yodzilamulira
English: This was especially the case in central and northern Mozambique, where households are traditionally separated by considerable distances
Chichewa: Izi zinali choncho makamaka m’chigawo chapakati ndi kumpoto kwa dziko la Mozambique, kumene mabanja mwamwambo amalekanitsidwa ndi mtunda wautali
English: From 1975 to 1979, Rhodesian troops and forces repeatedly entered into Mozambique in order to carry out operations against supposed ZANLA (Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army) bases tolerated on Mozambican territory by the FRELIMO government
Chichewa: Kuchokera mu 1975 mpaka 1979, asilikali ndi asilikali a Rhodesian adalowa ku Mozambique mobwerezabwereza kuti agwire ntchito yolimbana ndi magulu a ZANLA (Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army) omwe aloledwa ku Mozambique ndi boma la FRELIMO
English: Other rebel groups, initially independent of RENAMO, also fought the FRELIMO government
Chichewa: Magulu ena oukira boma omwe poyamba anali odziyimira pawokha a RENAMO adalimbananso ndi boma la FRELIMO
English: Having fought the Portuguese using guerrilla strategies, FRELIMO was now forced to defend itself against the very same methods it employed against the colonial regime
Chichewa: Polimbana ndi Apwitikizi pogwiritsa ntchito njira za zigawenga, FRELIMO tsopano idakakamizika kudziteteza ku njira zomwe idagwiritsa ntchito motsutsana ndi ulamuliro wachitsamunda
English: It had to defend vast areas and hundreds of locations, while RENAMO operated out of a few remote camps, carrying out raids against towns and important infrastructure
Chichewa: Idayenera kuteteza madera akulu ndi mazana ambiri, pomwe RENAMO idagwira ntchito kuchokera kumisasa yakutali, kuukira matawuni ndi zida zofunika
English: Furthermore, RENAMO systematically forced civilians into its employment. This was done by mass abduction and intimidation, especially of children in order to use them as soldiers
Chichewa: Kuphatikiza apo, RENAMO idakakamiza anthu wamba kuti agwire ntchito. Izi zidachitika pobera anthu ambiri komanso kuwaopseza makamaka ana kuti awagwiritse ntchito ngati asilikali
English: It is estimated that one-third of RENAMO forces were child soldiers. But abducted people also had to serve RENAMO in administrative or public service functions in the areas it controlled
Chichewa: Akuti gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a magulu ankhondo a RENAMO anali ana ankhondo. Koma anthu obedwa amayeneranso kukatumikira RENAMO m’maboma kapena ntchito za boma m’madera omwe amawalamulira
English: Another way of using civilians for military purposes was the so-called system of "Gandira"
Chichewa: Njira inanso yogwiritsira ntchito anthu wamba pazifukwa zankhondo inali yotchedwa 'Gandira'
English: This system especially affected the rural population in areas controlled by RENAMO, forcing them to fulfill three main tasks: produce food for RENAMO, transport goods and ammunition, in the case of women, serve as sex slaves
Chichewa: Dongosololi linakhudza makamaka anthu akumidzi m'madera olamulidwa ndi RENAMO, kuwakakamiza kuti akwaniritse ntchito zazikulu zitatu: kupanga chakudya cha RENAMO, zonyamula katundu ndi zipolopolo, kwa amayi, kukhala akapolo ogonana
English: Thus, despite its far superior numbers, FRELIMO was unable to adequately defend most regions except the most important cities by the mid-1980s
Chichewa: Chifukwa chake, ngakhale kuti inali yochuluka kwambiri, FRELIMO sinathe kuteteza mokwanira zigawo zambiri kupatula mizinda yofunika kwambiri pofika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1980
English: RENAMO was able to carry out raids virtually anywhere in the country except for the major cities
Chichewa: RENAMO idakwanitsa kuchita zigawenga pafupifupi kulikonse mdziko muno kupatula m'mizinda ikuluikulu
English: Transportation had become a perilous business. Even armed convoys were not safe from RENAMO attacks and were frequently attacked
Chichewa: Mayendedwe anali atakhala bizinezi yoopsa. Ngakhale magalimoto okhala ndi zida sanali otetezeka ku ziwopsezo za RENAMO ndipo amawukiridwa pafupipafupi
English: FRELIMO reacted by reusing a system similar to the fortified villages aldeamentos introduced by the Portuguese
Chichewa: FRELIMO idachitapo kanthu pogwiritsanso ntchito njira yofanana ndi midzi yokhala ndi mipanda yokhazikitsidwa ndi Apwitikizi
English: The creation of fortified communal villages called aldeamentos comunais where much of the rural population was relocated as the war intensified
Chichewa: Kukhazikitsidwa kwa midzi yokhala ndi mipanda yolimba yotchedwa aldeamentos comunais komwe anthu ambiri akumidzi adasamutsidwa pomwe nkhondo idakula
English: Furthermore, in order to keep a minimum level of infrastructure working, three heavily guarded and mined corridors were established consisting of roads, railways and power lines
Chichewa: Kuphatikiza apo, kuti zikhazikitso zisamayende bwino, makonde atatu okhala ndi alonda amphamvu ndi migodi adakhazikitsidwa okhala ndi misewu, njanji ndi zingwe zamagetsi
English: Despite extensive fortification along these corridors they were frequently subject to attacks, bombings of the railway line and locomotives along the Beira Corridor cost the FRELIMO government millions as it struggled to provide adequate food and services and put strains on its ally Zimbabwe
Chichewa: Ngakhale kutetezedwa kokulirapo m'makondewa nthawi zambiri kumamenyedwa, kuphulitsidwa kwa njanji ndi masitima apamtunda wa Beira Corridor kudawonongera boma la FRELIMO mamiliyoni ambiri pomwe linkavutika kuti lipereke chakudya chokwanira ndi ntchito ndikuyika zovuta kwa mnzake Zimbabwe
English: In 1982, landlocked Zimbabwe directly intervened in the civil war in order to secure its vital transport routes in Mozambique, stop cross-border RENAMO raids, and help its old ally FRELIMO
Chichewa: Mu chaka cha 1982, dziko la Zimbabwe lomwe linali lopanda malire linalowererapo mwachindunji pa nkhondo yapachiweniweni kuti ateteze mayendedwe ake ofunikira ku Mozambique, kuyimitsa zigawenga za RENAMO, komanso kuthandiza mnzake wakale FRELIMO
English: Zimbabwe's help became crucial to the defence of the corridors, particularly the important Beira corridor
Chichewa: Thandizo la Zimbabwe linakhala lofunika kwambiri pachitetezo cha makonde, makamaka malo ofunikira a Beira
English: Later Zimbabwe became engaged further, carrying out several joint operations with FRELIMO against RENAMO strongholds
Chichewa: Pambuyo pake dziko la Zimbabwe lidayambanso kuchita nawo ntchito limodzi ndi FRELIMO polimbana ndi malo achitetezo a RENAMO
English: Malawi had a complicated relationship with both FRELIMO and RENAMO. During the mid-1980s, FRELIMO repeatedly accused Malawian president Hastings Banda of providing sanctuary for RENAMO insurgents
Chichewa: Malawi anali ndi ubale wovuta ndi FRELIMO ndi RENAMO. Mkatikati mwa zaka za m'ma 1980, FRELIMO idadzudzula mtsogoleri wa dziko la Malawi Hastings Banda mobwerezabwereza popeleka malo obisala zigawenga za RENAMO
English: Mozambican security forces occasionally carried out raids into Malawi to strike at suspected RENAMO base camps in that country, a practice which brought them into direct confrontation with the Malawian Defence Force
Chichewa: Asilikali a ku Mozambique nthawi zina ankalowa m’dziko la Malawi kukamenya makampu omwe akuganiziridwa kuti ndi a RENAMO m’dzikolo, zomwe zidawapangitsa kulimbana ndi a Malawian Defence Force
English: In 1986, Malawi bowed to Mozambican pressure and expelled 12,000 RENAMO insurgents. Banda explicitly turned against RENAMO after the disgruntled insurgents began targeting a vital rail line which linked Blantyre to Mozambican ports on the Indian Ocean coast
Chichewa: Mu 1986, dziko la Malawi lidagonja ku Mozambique ndikuthamangitsa zigawenga  khumi ndi ziwiri RENAMO. Banda adatsutsa RENAMO zigawenga zomwe zidayamba kulunjika njanji yomwe imalumikiza Blantyre ndi madoko a Mozambique pa nyanja ya Indian Ocean
English: Beginning in April 1987 the Malawian government deployed troops into Mozambique to defend the rail line, where they were involved in a number of engagements with RENAMO
Chichewa: Kuyambira mwezi wa April 1987 boma la Malawi linatumiza asilikali ku Mozambique kuti akateteze njanji ya njanji, komwe adachita nawo zokambirana zambiri ndi RENAMO
English: The FRELIMO government, led by President Machel, was economically devastated by the war and sought to end the conflict and continue the development of Mozambique
Chichewa: Boma la FRELIMO motsogozedwa ndi mtsogoleri wa dziko lino Machel, lidawonongeka kwambiri pazachuma chifukwa cha nkhondoyi ndipo lidayesetsa kuthetsa mikanganoyo ndikupititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha Mozambique
English: After negotiations, a reluctant Machel signed a non-aggression pact with South Africa, known as the Nkomati Accord
Chichewa: Pambuyo pazokambilana, Machel wonyinyirika adasaina pangano losalimbana ndi dziko la South Africa lotchedwa Nkomati Accord
English: In return, Pretoria promised to stop assistance to the MNR in exchange for FRELIMO's commitment to prevent the ANC from using Mozambique as a sanctuary to pursue its campaign to overthrow white minority rule in South Africa
Chichewa: Poyankhapo, Pretoria idalonjeza kuyimitsa thandizo ku MNR posinthana ndi kudzipereka kwa FRELIMO kuti aletse chipani cha ANC kugwiritsa ntchito dziko la Mozambique ngati malo opatulika kuti akwaniritse kampeni yake yochotsa ulamuliro wa azungu ochepa ku South Africa
English: Following a May 1983 car bombing in Pretoria, the South Africans bombed the capital, declaring they had killed 41 'ANC Terrorists' while in actuality killing three workers at a jam factory in Maputo
Chichewa: Kutsatira bomba lomwe linaphulitsidwa mu May 1983 ku Pretoria, anthu aku South Africa adaphulitsa likulu, kunena kuti adapha 'zigawenga za ANC' makumi anayi ndi limodzi pomwe adapha ogwira ntchito atatu pafakitale ya jam ku Maputo
English: With the economy in shambles, Machel was forced to scale back some of the more ambitious socialist policies
Chichewa: Pomwe chuma chasokonekera, Machel adakakamizika kufooketsa mfundo zina zokhuza chikhalidwe cha Socialist
English: By the end of the 1980s RENAMO, whilst incapable of capturing or securing any large cities, was still able to move freely in rural areas and attack smaller settlements at will
Chichewa: Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, RENAMO, ngakhale inalibe mphamvu yogwira kapena kusunga mizinda ikuluikulu, imayendabe momasuka kumadera akumidzi ndikuukira midzi yaying'ono pakufuna
English: FRELIMO retained control of larger urban areas and the corridors, but was unable to effectively protect the countryside from RENAMO attacks
Chichewa: FRELIMO idasungabe ulamuliro wa madera akuluakulu akumatauni ndi makonde, koma idalephera kuteteza bwino madera akumidzi ku kuwukira kwa RENAMO
English: On 19 October 1986, President Machel died when his presidential aircraft crashed near South Africa's border under mysterious circumstances
Chichewa: Pa 19 October mchaka cha 1986, Mtsogoleri wa dziko i Machel anamwalira pamene ndege yake ya mtsogoleri wa dziko inagwa pafupi ndi malire a South Africa modabwitsa
English: A South African sponsored investigation concluded that the crash was caused by errors made by the flight crew, a conclusion that was not universally accepted
Chichewa: Kafukufuku yemwe adathandizidwa ndi dziko la South Africa adapeza kuti ngoziyi idachitika chifukwa cha zolakwika zomwe oyendetsa ndegeyo adachita, lingaliro lomwe silinavomerezedwe ndi anthu ambiri
English: Subsequent investigations have failed to reach a conclusion and the accident remains surrounded by conspiracy theories claiming that South Africa was responsible for the crash
Chichewa: Kafukufuku wotsatira walephera kufika pachimake ndipo ngoziyi idakali yozunguliridwa ndi anthu omwe amati dziko la South Africa ndi lomwe lachititsa ngoziyi
English: Machel's successor was Joaquim Alberto Chissano, who had served as foreign minister from 1975 until Machel's death
Chichewa: Wolowa m’malo wa Machel anali Joaquim Alberto Chissano, yemwe adatumikirapo ngati nduna yakunja kuyambira 1975 mpaka imfa ya Machel
English: Chissano continued Machel's policies of expanding Mozambique's international ties, particularly the country's links with the West, and starting programs of internal economic and military reforms
Chichewa: Chissano anapitiliza mfundo za Machel zokulitsa maubale a Mozambique, makamaka maubale ndi mayiko, makamaka ubale ndi mayiko a Kumadzulo, ndi kuyambitsa ndondomeko zosintha nkhani chuma ndi gulu lankhondo ladzikolo
English: During the war, hundreds of thousands of people died from famine, particularly the devastating famine of 1984
Chichewa: M’kati mwa nkhondoyo, anthu zikwi mazanamazana anafa ndi njala, makamaka njala yowononga ya mu 1984
English: The famine was attributable to the weather conditions at the time but was significantly worsened by the conflict between RENAMO and FRELIMO
Chichewa: Njalayi idabwera chifukwa cha nyengo panthawiyo koma idakula kwambiri chifukwa cha mkangano wapakati pa RENAMO ndi FRELIMO
English: The Mozambican civil war saw war crimes committed by both sides on a massive scale and in an organised manner
Chichewa: Pa nkhondo yapachiweniweni ya ku Mozambique, mbali zonse ziwiri zidachita zankhanza pamulingo waukulu komanso komanso mwadongosolo
English: No RENAMO or FRELIMO commanders have ever been prosecuted for war crimes due to an unconditional general amnesty law for the period from 1976 to 1992 passed by the Mozambican parliament
Chichewa: Palibe akuluakulu a RENAMO kapena FRELIMO omwe adayimbidwapo mlandu pamilandu yankhondo chifukwa cha lamulo lachikhululukiro kuyambira 1976 mpaka 1992 lomwe linavomerezedwa ndi nyumba yamalamulo ya Mozambique
English: RENAMO systematically committed atrocities as part of its war and destabilization strategies
Chichewa: RENAMO idachita nkhanza mwadongosolo monga gawo la njira zake zankhondo ndi kusokoneza bata
English: These included massacres, rapes and mutilation of non-combatants during attacks on villages and towns, the use of child soldiers and the employment of the Gandira system, which involved forced labour and sexual violence
Chichewa: Izi zinaphatikizapo kuphana, kugwiriridwa ndi kuduladula anthu omwe sali msilikali panthawi ya chiwembu m’midzi ndi m’matauni, kugwiritsa ntchito ana asilikali ndi kugwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la Gandira, lomwe linali lokakamiza anthu ogwira ntchito mokakamiza komanso nkhanza zogonana
English: Women would often be abducted in the fields, then raped as a means to boost troop morale
Chichewa: Azimayi nthawi zambiri amabedwa m'minda, kenako kugwiriridwa ngati njira yolimbikitsira gulu lankhondo
English: The Gandira system also contributed to famine, as the rural population was made to produce food for RENAMO and unable to produce food for themselves
Chichewa: Dongosolo la Gandira nalonso lidadzetsa njala chifukwa anthu akumidzi adalima chakudya cha RENAMO ndikulephera kudzipangira chakudya chawo
English: Others were made to transport supplies for RENAMO in long Marches. Refusing to participate in Gandira or falling behind on the Marches would result in severe beating and often execution
Chichewa: Ena adatumizidwa kunyamula katundu ku RENAMO maulendo ataliatali. Kukana kutenga nawo mbali pa Gandira kapena kugwera m'mbuyo pamaguba kungapangitse kumenyedwa koopsa ndipo nthawi zambiri kuphedwa
English: Attempting to escape was also punished harshly. One particularly gruesome practice was the mutilation and killing of children left behind by escaped parents
Chichewa: Kuyesa kuthawa kunalinso kulangidwa koopsa. Mchitidwe wina woopsa kwambiri unali wodula ndi kupha ana amene makolo awo anathawa kwawo ndi oti anathawa
English: RENAMO's brutal tactics quickly earned it a negative reputation among much of Mozambique's population who referred to them as "Armed Bandits" and endorsed beatings against them, even pressuring the military into a public execution of four RENAMO rebels in 1983
Chichewa: Mchitidwe wankhanza wa RENAMO udapangitsa kuti adziwike ndi mbiri yoipa pakati pa anthu ambiri aku Mozambique omwe amawatcha 'zigawenga za zida' ndipo anthu anavomereza kumenyedwa kwawo, ngakhalenso kukakamiza asirikali kuti aphe zigawenga zinayi za RENAMO mu 1983
English: RENAMO's atrocities gained worldwide attention in July 1987, following a massacre of 424 civilians during a raid on the rural town of Homoine, which was lightly defended by 90 FRELIMO soldiers
Chichewa: Nkhaza za RENAMO zidadziwika padziko lonse lapansi mu July 1987, kutsatira kuphedwa kwa anthu wamba 424 pomwe asirikali anachitira zaupandu mzinda wakumudzi wa Homoine, umene udatetezedwa pang'ono ndi asirikali 90 a FRELIMO
English: The attack stage was sometimes reported to begin with what appeared to the inhabitants to be the indiscriminate firing of automatic weapons by a substantial force of attacking RENAMO combatants
Chichewa: Pena kuthira nkhondoku kumanenedwa ndi okhala kuderaku kuti kunayambika ndi kuwomba mfuti kosalekeza ndi gulu la lankhondo la RENAMO
English: Reportedly the Government soldiers aim their defensive fire at the attackers, while the RENAMO forces shoot indiscriminately into the village
Chichewa: Akuti asirikali a Boma amawombera modziteteza pa zigawengazo pomwe asilikali a RENAMO amawombera m’mudzi mwachisawawa
English: In some cases refugees perceived that the attacking force had divided into three detachments
Chichewa: Nthawi zina othawa kwawo amawona kuti gulu lankhondo lagawidwa m'magulu atatu
English: One conducts the military attack; another enters houses and removes valuables, mainly clothing, radios, food, pots and other possessions
Chichewa: Mmodzi amamenya nkhondo; wina amalowa m’nyumba ndikuchotsa zinthu zamtengo wapatali, makamaka zovala, mawailesi, zakudya, miphika ndi zina.
English: A third moves through the looted houses with pieces of burning thatch setting fire to the houses in the village
Chichewa: Wachitatu akudutsa m'nyumba zobedwa ndi zidutswa za udzu woyaka moto ndikuyaka nyumba zapamudzi
English: There were several reports that schools and health clinics are typical targets for destruction
Chichewa: Panali malipoti angapo oti masukulu ndi zipatala ndizongofuna kuwonongedwa
English: The destruction of the village as a viable entity appears to be the main objective of such attacks
Chichewa: Kuwonongedwa kwa mudziwo ngati chinthu chotheka kumawoneka ngati cholinga chachikulu cha ziwopsezo zotere
English: This type of attack causes several types of civilian casualties. As is normal in guerrilla warfare, some civilians are killed in crossfire between the two opposing forces, although this tends in the view of the refugees to account for only a minority of the deaths
Chichewa: Kuukira kwamtunduwu kumayambitsa mitundu ingapo ya anthu wamba ovulala. Monga momwe zimakhalira pankhondo za zigawenga, anthu wamba ena amaphedwa pamoto pakati pa magulu awiri otsutsana, ngakhale izi zimapangitsa kuti othawa kwawo awerengere anthu ochepa okha omwe amafa
English: A larger number of civilians in these attacks and other contexts were reported to be victims of purposeful shooting deaths and executions, of axing, knifing, bayoneting, burning to death, forced drowning and asphyxiation, and other forms of murder where no meaningful resistance or defense is present
Chichewa: Chiwerengero chokulirapo cha anthu wamba pachiwopsezochi komanso m'malo ena akuti ndi omwe adaphedwa mwadala ndikuphedwa, kuwombera nkhwangwa, mpeni, kuwotcha, kuwotchedwa mpaka kufa, kumira mokakamizidwa ndi kupuma movutikira, ndi mitundu ina yakupha popanda kukana kapena kudziteteza. alipo