dmatekenya/chichewa-machine-translation huggingface dataset:
English: Cowpea does not tolerate excessively wet conditions or waterlogging and should not be grown on poorly drained soil
Chichewa: nandolo salolela nyengo ya madzi kwambiri kapena madzi osefukila ndipo musalime pa nthaka yosalowa bwino madzi
English: Cowpea performs well in agro-ecological zones where the rainfall range is between 500 and 1200 mm/year. 
Chichewa: nandolo amakula bwino malo olima zachilengedwe kumene mvula yake imakhala pakati pa 500 ndi 1200mm/chaka
English: Without exception, all early maturing pigeon pea varieties have to be sprayed twice between 50% and full flowering and twice between 50% and full pod to control insect pests.
Chichewa: opanda kuchotsela, nandolo yense okucha msanga akuyenera kuthiridwa mankhwla kawiri pamane theka ya mbewu lamasula komanso munda onse wamasula ndi pamene theka layamba kubereka komanso munda onse wabereka kuopesa tizizlombo
English: The field should be weed free especially in the initial stages of establishment.
Chichewa: palilani munda makamaka mu nyengo imene mwangokhazikitsa kumene
English: Plant 2 seeds per station spaced at 60 cm on ridges of either 75 or 90 cm apart
Chichewa: bzalani mbewu ziwiri pa phando pa mizere ya 60cm yomwe yatalikana kwa 75 mpaka 90cm
English: Design the layout and make the lead farmer/farmer group to understand reasons for everything that is being done in every plot.
Chichewa: pangani mmene zizaonekele ndi kuwathandiza alimi wotsogolera/gulu la alimi kumvetsetsa zifukwa zimene chilichonse chikuchitidwa mmapulotimo
English: After the demarcation, start preparing the plots as per the agreed design layout
Chichewa: mukamaliza kugawa, yambani kukonzekela mapuloti malingana ndi chikonzelo chimene munagwirizana
English: Reduces water runoff and soil erosion
Chichewa: zimachepetsa kuthamanga kwa madzi komanso kukokoloka kwa nthaka
English: Increases ground water supplies;
Chichewa: zimachulutsa kupezeka kwa mmadzi a pansi pa nthaka
English: Conserves soil moisture for plant growth and development
Chichewa: zimasunga chinyonthi kuti mbewu zizikula
English: Some of these technologies include marker ridges and ridge alignment, vetiver planting/ establishment, gully reclamation and rain water harvesting techniques
Chichewa: matekinoloje ena ndi monga kulemba mizere ndi kuika mizere, kubzala vetiva /kukhazikitsa, kubwenzeretsa zigwa ndi kukolola mvula
English: Reduces siltation and flooding.
Chichewa: zimachepetsa matope ndi kusefukila kwa madzi
English: It is better to make marker ridges in the dry season so that planting ridges could be realigned before the next season
Chichewa: ndikwabwino kupangilatu mizire mu nyengo yadzuwa ndi cholinga chakuti mizere yobzalila ipangidwe mvula isanagwe
English: After marker ridges are built, align crop ridges parallel to them.
Chichewa: mukamaliza kulemba mizere, pangani mizere yobzalila yoyang'ana mbali yosiyana ndi mizere inayo
English: A gully is a large ditch formed as a result of the erosion process
Chichewa: chigwa ndi dzenje lalikulu lomwe limadza kamba kakukukoloka kwa nthaka
English: Before undertaking any gully reclamation, it is important to first conserve the whole catchment where the problem originates
Chichewa: musanabwenzeretse chigwa ndikwabwino kusamala malo onse ozungilira kumene kunyamba vutolo
English: The most common and cheap method of gully reclamation is by using check dams
Chichewa: njira yowanda kwambiri komanso yosalowa nthumba yobwenzeretsa zigwa ndi pogwiritsa ntchito ma dam
English: A diet is the total foods and drink eaten by an individual or a group of people at a given time.
Chichewa: mlingo wa chakudya ndi zakudya ndi zakumwa zonse zimene zimafunikila kuti munthu kapena gulu la anthu lidye pa nthawi yoikika
English: Dietary diversification is a practice of eating different types of foods from the same food groups.
Chichewa: kadyedwe ka kasinthasintha kamatanthauza kudya zakudya zosiyanasiyana za maguku ofanana
English: Dietary diversification ensures that all foods are given equal importance and are consumed
Chichewa: kudya zakudya zakasintha kumathandiza kusonyeza kuti zakudya zonse  ndizofunika komanso ndizodyeka
English:  Micronutrients are nutrients that are required in relatively small quantities to perform their functions in the body but they are vital for normal body processes 
Chichewa: zakudya za magulu ang'onoang'ono ndi zakudya zimene sizimafunikila zambiri nthupi
English: Dietary diversification is promoted by consumption of the six food groups
Chichewa: kasinthasintha wa zakudya amalimbikitsidwa pokudya magulu asanu ndi imodzi a zakudya
English: Benefits of dietary diversification
Chichewa: ubwino wa zakudya za kasinthasintha
English: It helps to close food gaps that exist
Chichewa: zimathandiza kutseka kusowekela kwa zakudya komwe kulipo
English: This ensures that households do not only rely on one type of food such as maize
Chichewa: iziz zimapangitsa kuti makomo asamadalire chakudya cha mtundu umodzi chokha monga chimanga
English: staples are foods that are high in carbohydrates
Chichewa: zakudya za mtundu zimakhala zolimbitsa thupi kwambiri
English: Processing makes food safe to eat by de-activating spoilage and pathogenic micro-organisms
Chichewa: kukonza chakudya mu mtundu kumathandiza kuti chakudya chikhale chitetezeka kudya pokanikitsa kuwola komanso pokutha tizilombo ting'onoting'ono towoletsa zakudya
English: Legumes can be processed into various flours, can be part of the main meal, confectioneries and can be used as seasoning.
Chichewa: magulu a nyemba amatha kupangidwa ufa osiyanasiyana komanso amatha kukhala mgulu la chakudya chodalilika, zakudya zapaulendo komanso ngati zokometsela mu zaudya
English: Dry the dehulled beans in the shade until they are fully dry and do not stick to each other.
Chichewa: umitsani nyemba zomwe zamatana pa nthuzi moakana ziwume kwambiri osamatananso
English: Manual weed control is the most common method used by farmers in cowpea production
Chichewa: kupalila pa manja ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa kwmabiri ndi alimi akabzala nandolo
English: Weed cowpea twice with the hoe, first at 2 weeks after planting, and secondly at 4–5 weeks after planting to ensure a clean field.
Chichewa: palilani nandolo kawiri ndi khasu, koyamba pakatha masabata awiri, ndipo kachieiri paktha masabata anayi kapena asanu mukangobzala kuti mmunda mwano mukhale moyera
English: Basal fertilizer application in maize or some legumes need to be done at planting or day after planting
Chichewa: fetereza obzalila wa chimanga kapena mbewu zina za magulu a nyemba akuyenera kuthilidwa pobzala kapena pakatha tsiku limodzi chibzalireni
English: Before starting with conservation agriculture one very important aspect is to plan a good crop rotation
Chichewa: musayambe ulimi osamala nthaka mukuyenera kusanja ndondomeko ya bwino ya ulimi wakasinthasintha
English: Residues cover from maize stalks, legume harvest and green manure cover crops are recommended for use in conservation agriculture
Chichewa: zotsalira zokolola monga mapesi a chimanga, nyemba ndi manyowa a mbewu zoyanga pansi amalimbikitsidwa pa ulimi wosamala nthaka
English: Requirements to start conservation agriculture
Chichewa: zoyenera kutsata poyamba ulimi wosamala nthaka
English: Uproot the weed plants just before they flower to reduce the burden of weed in the following cropping season.
Chichewa: dzulani udzi usanamasule maluwa kuti uchepetse chipsinjo chomwe chingakhalepo pa mbewu yotsatila mchaka chinacho
English: In conservation agriculture cropping systems, never leave the weeds plants to shed the seeds while in the field
Chichewa: pa njira zopangila ulimi wosamala nthaka, osazasiya udzu ugwetse mbewu zake pamene zili mmunda
English: Conservation agriculture (CA) benefits can be immediate or medium to long term
Chichewa: phindu la ulimi wosamala nthka aukhoza kukhala wachangu, wachangu pang'ono kapena wotenga nthawi
English: Apart from legumes, maize can also be rotated with roots and tuber crops like cassava and sweet potatoes
Chichewa: kupatula nyemba, chimanga chikhonzaso kulimidwa mophatikiza ndi mbewu za mizu monga chinangwa ndi mbatata
English: Degree of resistance to attack by pests and diseases
Chichewa: mlingo walolera ku tizilimbo ndi matenda
English: Seeding and harvest times to diversify labour and input requirements
Chichewa: nthawi yobzala ndi yokolora kuti musiyanitse ogwira ntchito ndi zinthu zakumunda zomwe zikufunika
English: Always include green manure/cover crops, prioritizing the production of biomass to improve soil cover and organic matter content.
Chichewa: kumaphatikiza manyowa a masamba/ mbewu zoyanga, kulimbikitsa kwambiri kapangidwe ka nkhuni ndi kutukula mbewu zotchinga nthaka
English: Aspects to take into account in order to establish crop rotations
Chichewa: zoyenera kutsatila pokhazikitsa munda wa kasinthasintha
English: Increase soil fertility by alternating deep-rooted and shallow-rooted plants and altering crops with different nutrient requirement
Chichewa: kuonjezera chonde nthaka polima mosinthasintha mbewu za mizu nditaliitali ndi ifupiifupi ndikubzala mbewu za magulu za zakudya osiyanasiyana
English: It mitigates the build-up of diseases and pests that often occurs when one species is continuously cropped
Chichewa: zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa matenda ndi tizilombo tomwe timakonda kuchuluka kwmabiri ngati mbewu imodzi yakhala ikulimidwa pa malo kwa nthawi yaitali
English: The most efficient rotations are those that include legumes
Chichewa: kasinthasintha kothandiza kwambiri ndi komwe kumaphatikizapo nyemba
English: Rotation is better than monoculture, even when plants of the same family are cultivated
Chichewa: ulimi wa kasinthasintha ndi wabwino kuziyana ndi ulimi wa mbewu imodzi, khangale mutabzala mbewu za gulu lofanana
English: Doubled up approach for legumes
Chichewa: ulimi wa nyemba wobzala mbewu mbali ziwiri pa mzere umodzi
English: The cowpea is planted between maize plant stations
Chichewa: nandolo amadzalidwa pakati pa mapando a chimanga
English: This is commonly done using climbing beans
Chichewa: izi zimachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito nyemba zoyanga
English: The common bean is planted on the same plant station with maize.
Chichewa: nyemba zibzalidwe pa phando limodzi ndi chimanga
English: The varieties are very short in height to survive the shading.
Chichewa: mitundu yake imakhala yaifupi yomwe imapilira ku nthunzi
English: Short duration pigeon pea varieties should not be intercropped with maize because these varieties mature earlier and may not survive the shading effect from maize.
Chichewa: nandolo okucha nsanga asalimidwe mosakaniza ndi chimanga chifukwa mbewu zokucha nsanga sizipilira ku nthunzi wa chimanga
English: For pigeon pea, plant 2 seeds per plant station spaced at 75cm.
Chichewa: ku mbewu ya nandolo, bzala mbewu ziwiri pa phando ndipo zitalikilane kwa 75cm
English: Two rows of maize planted at 75cm row spacing and one seed per station at 25cm apart and alternated with one row of pigeon pea planted at 90cm between plant stations in a row and 3 seeds per station
Chichewa: mizele iwiri ya chimanga yotalikilana kwa 75cm ndi kuzaka chimanga chimodzi pa phando kwa 25cm ndikubzalanso nandolo mutatu pa phando motalikilana 90cm pa mzele wina
English: The pigeon pea is planted between maize stations, 2 seeds per station and 37.5 cm from each maize station.
Chichewa: nandolo amabzalidwa pakati ma mbewu ya chimanga, mbewu ziwiri pa phando ndipo zitalikile chimanga kwa 37.5cm
English: Multi-storey intercropping
Chichewa: ulimi ophatikidza mbewu zambiri
English: A second crop is planted after the first crop has reached its physiological maturity but before it is ready for harvest
Chichewa: mbewu yachiwiri imabzalidwa pamene mbewu ina yafika pokhwima koma siyinafike pokolola
English: Intercropping control soil erosion by preventing rain drops from hitting the bare soil where the component crops tend to cover the soil surface and allow better water infiltration.
Chichewa: kulima kwa kasakaniza kumateteza nthaka kuti isakokoloke poletsa mvula kuti isagwere pa dothi chifukwa masamba mbeu amapangits akuti madzi alowe bwino pansi
English: Different types of intercropping practices
Chichewa: mitundu yosiyanasiyana yophatikiza mbewu
English: intercropping maize with deep rooting pigeon pea helps to break the hard pan
Chichewa: kulima chimanga pamodzi ndi mbewu ya mizu yolowa pansi kwambiri ngati nandolo kumathandiza kufewesa nthaka
English: This would make it difficult for pests to locate their target crop.
Chichewa: zimapangitsa kuti tizilombo tisathe kufikila mbewu yofunikila
English: The shade from maize plants will protect the crops below it from the strong rays of the sun and the impact of heavy rains 
Chichewa: nthunzi wa mbewu ya chimanga umateteza mbewu zomwe zili pansi pake ku dzuwa lowala kwambiri ndizotsatila za mvula ya mkuntho
English: The maize will benefit from nitrogen fixed by the grain legumes.
Chichewa: chimanga chimapindula ku mbewu za nyemba chifukwa zimagwiritsa ntchito nayitrojeni amene amapangidwa ndi mbewuzi
English: intercropping hinders some of the pest to locate the host crop in the system but also restrict the movement of pests and diseases from one crop to the other
Chichewa: kulima mbewu zosiyana mophatikiza kumathandiza kuti tizilombo tisagwire mbewu yofunika kwambiri pa ulimiwo komanso kumachepetsa kayendedwe ka tizilombo kupita ku mbewu zina
English: For example, the fertilizer applied to maize will not be taken up by the pigeon pea crop in the farming system because it responds little to fertilizers
Chichewa: mwa chitsanzo, nandolo sagwiritsa ntchito fetereza amene wathilidwa ku chimanga chifukwa sagwiritsa ntchito
English: Cowpea is aggressive when planted at the same time with maize
Chichewa: nandolo (cowpea) ndiwaukali akadzalidwa nthawi imodzi ndi chimanga
English: Beating the plants should be gentle to avoid destroying the embryo which eventually may affect germination and overall seed quality.
Chichewa: punthani mosamala mbeu zanu kuti musawononge mtima wa mbeu kuti sizakhudze kameledwe ka mbeu
English: Planting should be done with the first planting rains or soon after the main crop has emerged where inter-planting is practiced.
Chichewa: bzalani ndi mvula yoyamba kapena mbeu yodalilika ikangomela pamene mukupanga ulimi wakasakaniza
English: Short duration pigeon peas are best produced as sole crop.
Chichewa: nandolo osachedwa kukhwima asankhwidwa ngati mbewu yoima payokha
English: Aflatoxin management in Legumes and maize
Chichewa: kasamalidwe ka mbewu za nyemba nd chimanga ku chuku
English: Aflatoxins are a major challenge in legumes and maize
Chichewa: chuku ndi vuto lalikulu kwmabiri pa mbewu za nyemba ndi chimanga
English: Practice fermentation which reduces aflatoxins levels in food because lactic acid bacteria binds aflatoxin
Chichewa: yeserani kukundika komwe kumachepetsa kufala kwa chuku mu zakudya chifukwa cha tizilombo (lactic acid bacteria) timene ndimamata chuku
English: The choice of vegetables to be planted in the homestead should be those that are nutrient dense.
Chichewa: mitundu ya masamba yomwe mukufuna kubzala pakhomo ikhale yoepeka michere ya nthupi yochuluka
English: Vegetables have high nutritional value in terms of micronutrients and fibre and they also make meals more appealing in flavour, texture and colour.
Chichewa: zakudya zamasamba zimakhala zopasa thanzi chifukwa cha michere imene imakhala nayo komanso zimakhala zopasa mudyo nkaonekedwa ndi kakomedwe komwe
English: Fruits do not require major preparation for somebody to eat.
Chichewa: zipatso zizitenga nthawi yambiri kuti zikonzedwa pokudya
English: The choice of fruits to be planted in the homestead depends on the space available.
Chichewa: kusankha mitengo ya zipatso pakhomo zimatengela ndi mmene malo alili pakhomopo
English: Where possible fish can be reared around the homestead where there are water sources
Chichewa: ngati kuli kotheka nsomba zikhonza kuwetedwa pakhomo ngati pali magwero a madzi
English: Poultry production should be incorporated into small farming systems such as homestead farming.
Chichewa: ulimi wa ziweto za mbalame ukuyenera kuphatikizidwa mu mitundu ya ulimi waung'ono monga  ulimi wapakhomo
English: Gross margin refers to the remaining income from an enterprise after the variable costs are deducted
Chichewa: kupindula phindu kumathanthauza kuti ndalama yomwe yatsala mukagulitsa katund wanu komanso mukachotsela zimene munalowetsa
English: The gross margin budget includes all costs involved in producing the enterprise.
Chichewa: ndondomeko yopindulira phindu timaphatikiza ndalama zonse zomwe zinalowetsedwa pa ulimi wa zokolola zathu
English: It helps farmers to compare the performance of a single enterprise using different farming practices and technologies
Chichewa: zimathandiza alimi kusiyanisa mmene mbewu yachitila bwino pogwiritsa mtchito zipangizo ndi ukadaulo osiyanasiya
English: Helps to find out what products people want and reasons for their preferences
Chichewa: zimathandiza kudziwa zinthu zimene anthu akuzifuna ndi zifukwa zimene akuzifunila
English: Farmers should then decide whether to go on with their farm plan of producing for the possible identified buyers.
Chichewa: alimi akuyenera kuanga chiganizo chopitiliza ndi pulani yawo yolima mbewu zimene apeza kale misika yake
English: Limited access to markets by vulnerable gender categories especially when the markets are located far away from the village
Chichewa: kufikila kochepa ku miskika kwa magulu ophinjika pakati a amayi ndi abamabo makamaka ngati  misika ili kutalai ndi mudzi
English: Diversion of income meant for agriculture production to provision of from to care, treatment and support for sick family members.
Chichewa: kugawa kwa ndalama zokhudza ulimi kupititsa ku gawo la chisamaliro, chithandizo ku matenda ndikuthandizila odwala m'banja
English: Improving access to agricultural input and market information amongst farmers
Chichewa: kutukula kapezedwe ka zipangizo za ulimi ndi ma uthenga a misika pakati pa alimi
English: Promotion of production of high value crops/livestock amongst women
Chichewa: kutukula ulimi wa mbewu zopindulitsa kapena ziweto pakati pa amayi
English: It causes yellowing between the veins of cowpea leaves, resulting in the death of infested plants.
Chichewa: zimayambitsa chikasu pakati pa misempha ya masamba a nandolo, zomwe zimapangitsa kufa kwa mbewu zomwe zakhudzidwa
English: The seeds of these parasites can survive in soil for many years (more than 20 years) until a susceptible variety is planted
Chichewa: mbewu ya tizilomboti imatha kukhala mu nthaka kwa zaka zochuluka osafa (kupitilila zaka 20) pokhapokha padzalidwe mbewu yomwe ikhonza kutengela
English: Cultural control measures that are affordable to farmers include cowpea–cereal rotation and the use of resistant cowpea varieties
Chichewa: njira za chikhalidwe zomwe alimi amatsatila ndi kulima kwa kasinthasintha kw ambewu monga nandolo ndi chimanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya nandolo yopilira
English: Ensure good hygiene in the store and check every 2 weeks for any change in storage conditions
Chichewa: onetsetsani ukhondo wabwino mosungila mbewu ndi kumayang'anamo pamasabata awiri aliwonse ngati pali kusintha kwa zinthu mosungilamo
English: This is one of the serious pests on maize causing considerable damage in high altitude areas and to the late planted crop
Chichewa: aka ndi kachilombo kovuta kwambiri kamene kamakhudza chimanga koyambitsa kuwonongeka mmadera okwera ndi madera obzala mochedwa
English: The larvae infest the leaves, rolling them longitudinally together and live inside the rolled leaf. 
Chichewa: kachilomboka kamadya masamba ndi kuzungulidza pamodzi  iko ndikumakhala mkati mwa tsambo lozungulilalo
English: The insect is also called African boll worm or tobacco bud worm depending on the crop attacked.
Chichewa: kachilomboka kamatchedwa african boll worm kapena tobacco bud worm malingana ndi mbewu imene yakhudzidwa
English: Clean and sort 8 parts of maize grains, 1 part of ground nuts and 1 part of pulses (cowpeas or pigeon peas or beans or ground beans)
Chichewa: konzani ndi kusakha magawo 8 a chimanga, gawo limodzi la mtedza ndi gawo limodzi la zanyemba (nandolo kapen nyemba)
English: Mill with maize or mill the beans alone if the quantity is reasonable enough to go through the grinding mill to make flour
Chichewa: gaitsani ndi chimanga kapena gaitsani nyemba zokha ngati zilipo zochuluka bwino zokuti zikhonza kugaitsidwa nkupanga ufa
English: small livestock raising
Chichewa: ulimi wa ziweto zing'onozing'ono
English: promotion of improved preservation and storage of fruits and vegetables to reduce waste, post-harvest losses and effects of seasonality
Chichewa: kutukula kasungidwe kamakono ndi kasungidwe ka zipatso ndi zamasamba kuti tichepetse kuwononga zakudya, zotayika pa nthawi yokolola ndi zosatsila za zanyengo
English: promotion of underexploited traditional foods and home gardens
Chichewa: kutukula zakudya zachikhalidwe zosagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino ndi minda yapakhomo
English: It is therefore important to ensure that a variety of foods are sustainably available and accessible in adequate amounts and quality; and properly utilised.
Chichewa: chomwecho, ndikofunika kuwonetsetsa kuti zakudya zamagulu osiyanasiyana zikupezeka nthawi zonse ndi kwa anthu onse pa mlingo okwanila komanso zikugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenerera
English: Promoting Income Generating Projects for vulnerable gender groups
Chichewa: Kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zobweretsa ndalama kumagulu ophinjika
English: Always ensure that extension meetings are organized during times when women and other vulnerable categories can be able to participate
Chichewa: onetsetsani kuti mkumano wa zaulangizi ukukhazikitsidwa nthawi imene amayi komanso magulu ena ophinjika akhonza kukwanitsa kutenga nawo mbali
English: Soil fertility improvement and fodder
Chichewa: kutukula nthaka ndi zakudya za ziweto
English: Maize grain for storage should be well treated with storage pesticides such as Actellic upon recommendations on safe use and correct application rates.
Chichewa: chimanga chosungidwa chikuyenera kuthiridwa mankhwala oyenera monga actelic malingana ndi ndondomeko za kathilidwe koyenerera ngakhalenso mlingo oyenerera
English: Observing good crop husbandry practices such as early land preparation, early planting, burying all diseased plants and others
Chichewa: kuonetsetsa kuti ndondomeko zoyenera kuchita pa ulimi zikutsatilidwa monga, kusosa mwachnagu, kubzala msanga, kukwilira mbewu zonse zamatenda ndi zina zambiri
English: Groundnuts and soybean are planted in rows spaced at 37.5 cm and 10-15cm and 5cm apart between plant stations.
Chichewa: mtedza ndi soya zimadzalidwa mmizere yotalikilana 37.5cm ndi10 mpaka 5cm komanso 5cm pa phando ndi phando
English: cannot run a big risk, especially not when the technology is not known
Chichewa: sizingatheke kukhala pa chiopsezo kwambiri, makamaka ngati tekinolojeyo siyikudziwika bwino
English: need a learning-by-doing environment
Chichewa: pakufunika malo ophunzilira mwakuchita
English: A diet is the total foods and drink eaten by an individual or a group of people at a given time.
Chichewa: chakudya choyenera kudya ndi zakudya zonse ndi zakumwa zimene munthu amadya kapena magulu a anthu pa nthawi yoikika
English: Food and nutrition helps in the prevention of malnutrition
Chichewa: chakudya  cha thanzi chimathandizira kupewa kuperewera kwa zakudya mthupi
English: Enables easy transportation of food materials
Chichewa: zimathandizila kayendedwe ka zakudya mthupi
English: It Increases seasonal availability of many foods.
Chichewa: zimachulutsa kupezeka kwa zakudya zambiri mu nyengo zosankhika
English: most foods are seasonal so processing them into other products makes them available all year round.
Chichewa: zakudya zambiri zimatengela nyengo kotelo kuzikonza mu mtundu wina kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zopezekelatu mu chaka chonse
English: Methods of food processing
Chichewa: njira zokonzela chakudya
English: Water conservation is ensuring there is increased infiltration of water in the soil so as to reduce erosion caused by runoff
Chichewa: kasungidwe ka madzi ndi kuonetsetsa kuti madzi akulowa kwambiri pansi pa nthaka zomwe zimachepetsa kukokoloka kwa nthaka  ndi madzi
English: Processed products are easy to transport and lessen the cost of transportation
Chichewa: zakudya zopangidwa sizimavuta kunyamula ndipo zimachepetsa ndalama yonyamulila katundu
English: Reduces siltation and flooding
Chichewa: zimacheetsa kusefukila kwa madzi
English: Soil and water conservation entails a number of technologies.
Chichewa: pali ukadaulo wochuluka okhudza kasamalidwe ka nthaka ndi madzi
English: Reduces water runoff and soil erosion
Chichewa: zimachepetsa kukokoloka kwa nthaka
English: Benefits of Soil and Water Conservation
Chichewa: ubwino wosamala nthaka ndi madzi
English: Conserves soil moisture for plant growth and development
Chichewa: zimasunga chinyezi nthaka kuti mbewu zizikula bwino
English: Not understanding the technology
Chichewa: kusamvetsetse kwa ukadaulo
English: Soils or crops are not adequate and need to be adjusted
Chichewa: nthaka ndi mbewu sizokwanira ndipo ziyenera kusinthidwa
English: need a learning-by-doing environment
Chichewa: pamafunika malo ophunzira mwakuchita
English: do not have the capital to invest
Chichewa: alibe mpamba oyambila
English: Steps to follow when establishing a conservation agriculture demo plot
Chichewa: ndondomeko zoyenmera kutsatila pokhazikitsa puloti yachiwonetselo ya ulimi wosunga nthaka
English: After the demarcation, start preparing the plots as per the agreed design layout
Chichewa: mukamaliza kupanga malire, yambani kukonzekela malngana ndi dongosolo lomwe mwangwirizana
English: Soil and water conservation.
Chichewa: kasungidwe/kasamalidwe ka nthaka ndi madzi
English: Soil Conservation is the protection, maintenance, rehabilitation, restoration and enhancement of soil resources and includes the management and use of soil resources to ensure the sustainability of such use
Chichewa: kusamala nthaka ndiko kuteteza, kusamala, kuchiritsa, kubwenzeretsa ndi kutukula nthaka, iziz zimaphatikiza lasamalidwe ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nthaka kuti ikhale ikugwirabe nthcito kwa nthawi yaitali
English: Improves crop and pasture fields;
Chichewa: zimatukula minmda komanso malo odyetsela ziweto
English: In order to control runoff and soil loss, ridges should be cultivated along the contour
Chichewa: kuti muthane ndi kukukoloka kwa madzi ndi nthaka, bzalani mizere molekani ndi mtunda
English: Legumes are Very important in the diet as they supplement cereals, roots and tubers by providing plant protein
Chichewa: mbewu za nyemba ndizofunikila mu zakudya chifukwa zimathandizila mbewu za chimanga, za mitsitsi ndi zobala pansi popereka mapulotini ku mbewuzo
English: Legume Processing
Chichewa: kakonzedwe ka mbewu za nyemba
English: Pre-treated legume flour
Chichewa: ufa okonzedweratu wa magulu a nyemba
English: Farmer Field School is a group training approach that focusses on adult non formal education through hands on field discovery learning.
Chichewa: maphunziro a alimi apamunda ndi uphunzitsi wapagulu umene umayang'na kwambiri za maphunziro a akuluakalu ndi kuchita bwino pamunda
English: The approach is a school without walls for improving decision making capacity of farmers and stimulating innovativeness for agricultural sustainability and can be done on both crops and livestock
Chichewa: njirayi ndi sukulu yopanda malire imene imathandiza alimi kupanga ziganizo zabwino komanos kulimbikitsa ukadaulo watsopano wotukula ulimi wa zakumunda ndi ziweto
English: Improve adoption of knowledge intensive technologies and practices
Chichewa: zimatukula kutengela kwa nzeru za matekinoloje woonjeza ndi kuchita
English: The approach focusses on learning of experienced farmers usually in the same locality or village who learn with hands on especially when the subject matter is related to their experiences
Chichewa: njirayi imayang'ana kwmabiri alimi amene anakumanapo nazo mu dera kapena mudzi omwewo komanso amachita nzinthunzo ndi alimi amene akukhudzidwa kwenikweni ndi nkhani yokambidwayo
English: Capacity building and farmer empowerment
Chichewa: sukulu ya  bizinesi ya alimi
English: Promotes lead farmer concept which enhances farmer to farmer extension
Chichewa: zimalimbikitsa ndondomeko ya alimi wotsogolela alimi anzawo  yomwe imalimbikitsa ulangizi wa pakati pa alimi
English: Enhance Farmer Led Research
Chichewa: kulimbikitsa kafukufuku otsogozedwa ndi alimi
English: Promote collective problem identification, analysis and solving
Chichewa: limbikitsani kuzindikiritsa mavuto onse, kusanthuka ndi kuthesa
English: Principles of Farmer Field Schools
Chichewa: mfundo za sukulu ya mlimi
English: Based on agro-enterprise cycle and time specific because you have to start with a crop at planting up to harvesting
Chichewa: kutengela ndi mabizinesi ozungulila a zaulimi ndi nthawi yoikika chifukwa mukuyenra kuyamab ndi kubzala mbewu mpakana kukolola
English: Identify and select most promising farm enterprises to increase profitability and farm income.
Chichewa: dziwani ndikusankha ma bizinesi omwe akupereka chiyambekezo kuti muonjezere phindu komanso ndalama zaulimi
English: Farmer Business School
Chichewa: sukulu ya  bizinesi ya alimi
English: Plan and cost the production process
Chichewa: konzani ndi kuwerengetsa ndamala zomwe zikufunika pa ntchito ya ulimi
English: Acquire the fundamentals of how to grow crops and raise livestock in a business manner
Chichewa: pezani zofunika za momwe mungakulire mbewu ndi kuweta ziweto mwa bizinesi
English: Make a plan for marketing of their farm produce
Chichewa: kukonzelatu mmene angagulitsile zakumunda
English: Find out what the market wants and produce what the market wants.
Chichewa: dziwani zomwe zikufunika pa ndikupanga zimene msika ukufuna
English: It involves awareness creation among local or community leaders, farmers and farmer organizations on farmer business school through a meeting
Chichewa: zimafunikila mauthenga a chidziwitso pakati pa adindo a mmudzi, alimi ndi magulu a alimi a sukulu ya ulimi wa buzinesi
English: Sensitization of Local Leaders and Farmer Organizations
Chichewa: kulimbikitsa atsogoleri a m'mudzi koamnso ma bungwe azaulimi
English: Interested and supporting farmers are mobilized.
Chichewa: alimi onse amane ali ndi chidwi komanso amaitanidwa mapodzi
English: They should be active and practicing farmers, willing to participate regularly, farmers with a common interest, farmers from the same locality and are willing to share experiences
Chichewa: akuyenera akhale alimi olimbikila ndi kuchita zimene aphunzira, wololera kutenga nawo gawo nthawi zonse, alimi amene ali ndi chidwi chimodzi, alimi a dera limodzi komanso wololera kugawira anzawo zimene akudziwa
English: Benefits to Integrated Homestead Farming
Chichewa: kufumikila kwa ulimi wophatikiza wa pakhomo
English: It promotes sustainable utilization of resources at household level.
Chichewa: zimalimbikitsa kagwiritsidwe ntchito zipangizo kokhazikika pakhomo
English: It increases utilization of vegetables, fruits and animal sources at household level.
Chichewa: zimalimbikitsa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zakudya za masamba, zipatso ndi zanyama
English: It increases household income.
Chichewa: zimachulikitsa malipiro a pakhomo
English: It increases consumption of nutrient rich plant and animal foods.
Chichewa: zimachulukitsa kadyedwe ka zakudya za thanzi
English: Components of Integrated Homestead Farming
Chichewa: Zigawo za Ulimi Wophatikiza Pakhomo
English: The nutrients play various important roles in the body.
Chichewa: Zakudyazi zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana thupi.
English: However no one food supplies all the nutrients the body needs.
Chichewa: palibe chakudya chimene chimapereka michere yonse yofunikila nthupi
English: They are also required for control of body processes and for protection against diseases and infections 
Chichewa: amaloledwanso kugwira ntchito zochitika nthupi ndi kuteteza kumatenda ndi tizirombo
English: Root/Stem vegetables such as carrots, garlic, ginger, onions
Chichewa: mizu/tsinde zamasamba monga kaloti, adyo, jinja, anyezi
English: Fruits are a source of many essential nutrients
Chichewa: zipatso ndi gwero la michere yazakudya yofunikila nthupi
English: Deliberate effort should be made to plant trees that mature faster and produce in different seasons
Chichewa: Khama liyenera kuchitidwa dala kubzala mitengo yomwe imakhwima mwachangu ndi kutulutsa munyengo zosiyanasiyana
English: Poultry include chickens, ducks, guinea fowls, and pigeons as they are commonly found and easy to rear.
Chichewa: mbalame zopezeka kwambiri komanso zosavuta kuweta ndi monga nkhuku, abakha, nkhanga komanso nkhunda
English: small stock animals that can be reared around the homestead include poultry, rabbits/guinea pigs and goats.
Chichewa: mitundu ya ziweto zazing'ono zimene zikhonza kuwetedwe pakhomo ndi monga nkhuku, akalulu/nkhumba ndi mbuzi
English: Other small stock such as pigs are also possible to manage for households that have adequate labour and feed.
Chichewa: mitundu ina ya ziweto zazing'ono ngati nkhumba ndizosavuta kusamala kwa amene ali ndi antchito ndi zokudya zokwanila
English: It creates awareness among stakeholders on new and available technologies
Chichewa: zimapereka chidziwitso cha ukadaulo watsopano womwe ulipo kwa onse okhudzidwa
English: It stimulates the need in smallholder farmers to seek for information about the new technology
Chichewa: zimalimbikitsa alimo ang'onoang'ono kusaka uthenga olondola okhuzana ndi ukadaulo watsopano
English: A field day is an event organized for a group of participants to see improved technologies being practiced on one or more farms, demonstration plots, or research stations
Chichewa: tsiku lowona kumunda ndi njira imodzi yomwe alimi amatha kukaona ukadaulo wamakono umene ukuchitidwa ndi pamunda kapena minda, minda ya zionetselo kapena minda kafukufuku
English: A lead farmer handles technologies that he/she has already adopted and is practicing
Chichewa: mlimi wotsogolela amaphunzitsa ukadauolo womwe iye wayamba kuchita kale
English: A lead farmer is an individual farmer who has been selected by the village to voluntarily assist in the delivery of a maximum of three good agricultural practices/technologies that are enterprise specific and is trained in those technologies
Chichewa: Mlimi wotsogolera ndi mlimi payekha yemwe wasankhidwa ndi mudzi kuti athandize modzifunira popereka njira zitatu zabwino zaulimi / matekinoloje omwe ali okhudzana ndi mabizinesi ndipo amaphunzitsidwa umisiriwo.
English: This requires a seed rate of 8 kg per hectare and the expected plant population is 37,000 and 44,444 plants per hectare at 90 cm and 75 cm ridge spacing respectively
Chichewa: Izi zimafuna mbeu yokwana makilogalamu 8 pa hekitala ndipo chiwerengero cha zomera ndi 37,000 ndi 44,444 pa hekitala pa 90 cm ndi 75 cm motalikirana ndi mitsetse.
English: The rate for leafroller control are for army worm.
Chichewa: njira yothanilana ndi ma leafroller ndi chimodzimodzi ndi ya ma arym worm
English: The most important insect pest for groundnuts is aphids transmit the Rosette virus.
Chichewa: Tizilombo tofunika kwambiri ku mtedza ndi nsabwe za m'masamba zomwe zimafalitsa kachilombo ka khate.
English: Aphids can be controlled by early planting and planting at correct spacing
Chichewa: Nsabwe za m'masamba zimatha pewedwa ndi kubzala msanga ndikubzala pamalo oyenera.
English: However potential yields are 2000kg/ha for large seeded varieties and 2500kg for small seeded varieties
Chichewa: Komabe zokolola zomwe zingatheke ndi 2000kg/ha kwa mitundu ikuluikulu yambewu ndi 2500kg ya mbeu zazing'ono.
English: Pearl millet is an important food crop mostly grown in the Shire Valley
Chichewa: mapira ndi mbewu yofunikira kwambiri yomwe imabzalidwa ku Shire Valley
English: Farmers should be encouraged to grow pearl millet due to its tolerance to drought
Chichewa: alimi alimbikitsidwe ulimi wa mapiri chifukwa cha kulolela kwake nyengo ya chilala
English: Farmers should be encouraged to grow improved varieties which are high yielding.
Chichewa: alimi akuyenera alimbikistidwe kulima mbewu zamakono zoika kwambiri
English: Nyankhombo (Okashana–1) is a variety currently recommended for the Shire Valley
Chichewa: Nyankhombo (Okashana–1) ndi mtundu womwe ukulimbikitsidwa pakali pano ku Shire Valley
English: It matures very early (75 to 80 days) and has a plant height of 1.9 to 2.3m.
Chichewa: imacha msanga (masiku 75 mpaka 80) amatalika mpakana ma mita 1.9 kufikila 2.3
English: It has a yield potential of 2,500kg per hectare.
Chichewa: Ili ndi kuthekera kokolola 2,500kg pa hekitala.
English: SDMV 90031 is a high yielding variety, yielding above 2800 kgha-1.
Chichewa: SDMV 90031 ndi yobereka kwambiri, yopatsa kuposa 2800 kkha-1.
English: It is resistant to drought, diseases and insect pests such as Stem borer
Chichewa: imagonjetsa chilala, matenda ndi tizilombo monga stem borer
English: Farmers can also use unimproved pearl millet varieties grown in their areas
Chichewa: alimi akhonza kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu yakale ya mapira a pearl yomwe amalima m'dera mwao.
English: Since pearl millet is an out crossing crop, farmers must use fresh seed each season
Chichewa: popeza mbewu ya mapila a pearl ndiyochokela maiko ena, alimi akuyenera kubzala mbewu yatsopano yosabwereza chanka chilichonse
English: Ridges for improved varieties should be prepared at 75 cm and 90 cm for those unimproved
Chichewa: mizere ya mbewu zamakono isiyane 75 sentimita ndipo ya mbewu zakale iziyane 90 sentimita
English: Pearl millet must be planted with first planting rains when 25mm rainfall has fallen.
Chichewa: mapira a pearl abzalidwe ndi mvula yoyambilira pamene yagwa  ma milimita 25
English: The seed rate is 4kg per hectare.
Chichewa: mbewu yoyenela kubzala pa hekitala ikhale yokwana 4kg
English: Either use 200kg of 23:10:5+6S+1Zn per hectare at the time of planting.
Chichewa: mukhonza kugwiritsa ntchito 200kg ya 23:20:5+6s+1Zn pa hekitala pamene mukubzala
English: Apply using drilling method 18g per meter of ridge using two and half cupfuls of cup No.8
Chichewa: gwiritsani ntchito pobowola njira 18g pa mita ya mzere uliwonse pogwiritsa ntchito makapu awiri ndi theka la chikho nambala 8
English: Timely weeding during the first 6 weeks is recommended and should be followed by banking
Chichewa: onetsetsani kuti kupalira koyamba kwachitika mu nthawi yake pasanathe masabata asanu ndi limodzi kutsogozedwa ndi kubandila
English: Birds are most important pests of pearl millet and they should be scared right from head formation to harvesting.
Chichewa: mbalame zimaononga kwmabiri mapira kotelo zikuyenera kuthamangisidwa mapila akangoyamba kumene kubereka
English: The Disease of economic importance is Downy mildew and can be controlled by use of improved varieties and early planting.
Chichewa: nthenda yovuta kwmabiri ndi downy mildew ndipo tingathane nayo pogwiritsa ntchito pobzala mbewu zamakono ndi kubzala mwachangu
English: Timely harvesting minimises weevil attack in the field, grain damage and shattering
Chichewa: kukolola mu nthawi yoyenera kumathandiza kuti zokolola zathu zisagwidwe ndi anankafumbwe mmunda ndi mu nkhokwe
English: Treat the grain with Wivokil Super Dust or Actelic Super Grain Dust at the rate of 25g per 50kg bag
Chichewa: thirani ufa wa Wivokil Super Dust or Actelic Super Grainku mbewu yanu pa mlingo wa 25g pa thumba lilolonse la 50kg
English: The slash and burn (Visoso) as practiced in Chitipa and Karonga and Mzimba destroys vegetation and land productivity and should therefore be discouraged
Chichewa: monga momwe amachitila ku chitipa ndi karonga ndi mzuzu,  visoso imaononga zomela komaso nthaka  ndipo ikuyenela kuletsedwa
English: For all finger millet cultivars apply 200kg of 23:10:5+6S+1.0Zn per hectare
Chichewa: thirani 200kg ya 23:10:5+6S+1.0Zn pa hekita ku mbewu iliyonse ya mapira
English: Plant improved cultivars such as Dopalopa and Mavoli which are red and white grained
Chichewa: bzalani mbewu za makono monga dopalopa ndi mavoli zomwe zimakhala mbewu zofiila ndi zoyera
English: Plant 2 to 4 weeks after first rains to allow Rapoko grass (Eleusine indica), a weed which looks like millet to emerge so that it can be controlled before millet is sown
Chichewa: bzalani pakatha masabata awiri moaka anayi mvula yoyamba ikagwa ndi cholinga chikuti mulore udzu wa rapoko (eleusine indica) womwe umafanana ndi mapira umele ndipo uchotsedwe
English: Harvest the crop when the heads are dry and store whole heads in dry structures such as nkhokwes
Chichewa: kololani mbewu zonse zikawuma ndikusunga mbewu yonse mu nkhokwe zopanda chinyezi
English: It performs well in these areas when the main rains are tailing off and the cool season is setting in.
Chichewa: zimachita bwino mmadera amene mvula ikusiya ndipo nyengo yozizila ikuyamba
English: Jupateco 73 It is a semi-dwarf wheat variety adapted for production under irrigation in upland areas and matures in 90 to 120 days
Chichewa: Jupateco 73 ndi mtundu wa tirigu wamfupi womwe umabzalidwa ndi ulimi wanthirira mmalo okwera ndipo umakhwima pakati pa masiku 90 ndi 120
English: Make a fine tilt seedbed to ensure good seedling emergence and establishment.
Chichewa: pangani bedi la dothi lofewa bwino kuti muonetsese kuti mbewu zamera bwino komanso zakhazikika
English: In Phoka Hills, Viphya plateau and Misuku Hills, wheat planting should start from mid-April to mid-May.
Chichewa: ku mapiri a phoka, viphya ndi misuku, yambani kulima tirigu kuchokela pakati pa mwezi wa April mpaka pakati pa mwezi wa May
English: Birds are the most important pests of wheat especially Quelea spp(mpheta) and should be controlled by scaring from grain setting period to harvesting
Chichewa: mbalame ndi mbewu zimene zimawononga kwambiri tirigu makamka  mpheta (quelea spp) ndipo zikuyenera kuthamangisidwa pamene titigu wayamba kubereka
English: Drill seed in rows 30cm apart and 5cm deep.
Chichewa: kumbilani mbewu pansi kwa 5cm ndikusiyanisa mizere kwa 30cm
English: All types of fertilizers applied in wheat should be drilled 10cm deep and 10cm away from the rows.
Chichewa: mitundu yonse ya fetereza itjiriodwe ku tirigu pokumba 10cm  ndi 10cm kutali ndi phando
English: Apply 12g per 4 meters of row length using 3 cup full of cup No.5 for each type of fertilizer
Chichewa: thirani 24g pa 4mita ya mzere pogwiritsa ntchitp kapu namba 5 ya fetereza aliyense
English: Threshing should be done on clean surfaces to avoid grain mixing with sand, stones and trash
Chichewa: punthani mbewu pa malo woyela kupewa kuti zingasakanizike ndi mchenga, miyala ndi zinyalala zina
English:  All shriveled and off type seed, stones and any trash should be removed
Chichewa: mphwephwa ndi mbewu zonse zongogweramo, miyala ndi zinyalala zonse zichotsedwe
English: An application of Grain Dust at the rate of 25g per 50kg bag of grain will prevent weevil attack
Chichewa: kuthila mankhwala a ufa pa mlingo wa 25g pa 50kg ya chimanga zimateteza ku anankafumbwe
English: Sunflower is commonly grown in areas such as South Mzimba, Kasungu North, Lilongwe to Mchinji plateau areas, Balaka and Phalombe as well as Lake Chilwa plain
Chichewa: mpendadzuwa amalimidwa kwambiri mmadera a kumwera kwa Mzimba, Kumpoto kwa Kasungu, Lilongwe mpaka mapiri a Mchinji, Balaka ndi phalombe komanso m'mbali mwa lake chira
English: PAN 7351 Recently released variety is well adapted to midaltitude
Chichewa: PAN 7351 ndi mbewu yomwe yatulutsidw apompano ndipo ikulimidwa kwambiri ku madera osakwera
English: It has a yield potential of 4,000kg per hectare
Chichewa: ili ndi kuthekera kokolola ma kilogilamu 4000 pa hekitala
English: The seed colour is black.
Chichewa: mbewu yake imakhala ya mtundu wakuda
English: Super 530 is a medium maturing variety
Chichewa: super 530  ndi mbewu imene imakhwima chapakatikati
English: Matures in 112 to 131 days.
Chichewa: imachapakatha masiku 112 mpaka 131
English: Seed rate for unimproved cultivars is 8 kg per hectare and 3.5kg per hectare for improved varieties.
Chichewa: mbewu yakale yoyenera kubzala ndi 8kg pa hekita ndi 3.5kg pa hekita ya mbewu yamakono
English: Planting sunflower 4 to 6 weeks after the onset of effective planting rains produces the best yields
Chichewa: kubzala mpendadzuwa pakati pa masabata anayi ndi asanu ndi limodzi mvula yoyambilira ikagwa kumathandiza kuti zichite bwino
English: This will also let the crop escape diseases, since physiological maturity stage will occur under conditions of low relative humidity after the rainy season.
Chichewa: Izi zimapangitsa kuti mbewu isagwidwe ndi matenda, chifukwa zimakhwima mu nyengo yozizila
English: Ridges should be spaced at 75cm or 90cm apart and planting stations should be 50cm apart.
Chichewa: mizere isiyane ma sentimita okwana 75 kapena 90 ndipo siyanisani 50 sentimita pakati pa mapando
English: Plant 2 seeds per station for improved varieties
Chichewa: bzalani mbewu ziwiri pa phondo lililonse podzala mbewu yamakono
English: Higher yields can be obtained when ridges are spaced at 75cm.
Chichewa: mukasiyanisa mizere ma sentimita 75 mumapeza zokolola zochuluka
English: Weeding during the first 5 weeks after emergence is crucial.
Chichewa: kupalira masabata asanu oyambilila nkofunika kwambiri
English: Sunflower is an important catch crop for witchweed (Striga asiatica),It should be used in rotation with maize to reduce witchweed infestation
Chichewa: mpendadzuwa ndi mbewu yofunikila kuthan ndi udzu wa kaufiti, ikuyenera kulimidwa mosintha ndi chimanga kuli muchepetse chiwerengero cha kaufiti
English: Black seeded varieties fetch a higher price on the local market and it is advisable to grade the seed properly prior to marketing
Chichewa: mbewu yamaonekedwe akuda imagulitsidwa pa mtengo waukulu ku msika ndipo ndikofunikila kusankha mbewu yoyenera kugulitsa
English: Sesame (Chitowe) is grown in Malawi either for food or cash.
Chichewa: chitowe chimalimidwa ngati chakudya kapena cha malonda malawi muno
English: It is tolerant to drought and grown where other crops fail
Chichewa: imalolera ku nyengo ya chilala ndi kulimidwa pamene mbewu zina sizinachite bwino
English: Sesame oil extracted from seeds is used for cooking and soap making
Chichewa: mafuta a chitowe amachokela ku nthanga zake zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophika komanso kupangila sopo
English: Average yields range from 300 to 400 kg per hectare
Chichewa: zokolola zimatha kukhala 300 mpaka 400kg pa hekitala
English: Sesame thrives best on soils which are well drained.
Chichewa: chitowe chimachita bwino pa nthaka yomwa madzi bwino
English: Planting should be done between mid-January to mid-February so that the crop matures under dry days
Chichewa: mukuyenera kubzala pakati pa mwezi wa January ndi pakati pa mwezi wa February kuti mbewu zizakhwime nyengo ya  mvula itatha
English: Sesame is ready for harvest when one third to two thirds of the lower plant parts turn yellow
Chichewa: chitowe chimakololedwa mbali imodzi kapena ziwiri mwa zitatu za nthambi ya pansi zikachita chikasu
English: Plant 2 seeds per planting station, 15cm apart on ridges spaced at 90cm
Chichewa: bzalani mbewu ziwiri pa phando, mizere isiyane 15cm
English: Early weeding protects the crop from intensive competition with weeds until the crop produces sufficient canopy to suppress further weed growth.
Chichewa: kupalila msanga kumateteza mbewu ku mpikisano ndi udzu mpakana mbewu yanu iyange masamba obweretsa nthuzi
English: The critical period is within the first 4 to 6 weeks of crop establishment.
Chichewa: nyengo yovutisitsa kwambiri ndi masabata anayi mpaka asanu ndi limodzi mbewu zikangobzalidwa
English: When completely dry, thresh by gently and carefully beating the bundles turned upside down into a container
Chichewa: zikawuma bwinowbino, punthani mosamala zitayang'ana pansi
English: Bacterial blight is the most serious disease when the crop is planted early
Chichewa: bacterial blight ndi nthenda imene imavutisa kwambiri mbewu zikabzalidwa mwachangu
English: Leafspot is a serious problem in sesame as it causes premature defoliation of the leaves.
Chichewa: leafspot ndi matenda ovuta kwambiri amene amadzesa kugwa kwa masamba mbewu zisanache
English: Suitable areas for castor growing are the Shire Valley, Phalombe Plain, Lakeshore Plain in Lilongwe and Chitipa
Chichewa: malo abiwno olimapo msatsi ndi Shire Valley, phalombe, mbali mwa nyanja ku Lilongwe ndi Chitipa
English: To achieve high yields, plant with the first rains in areas such as the Shire Valley, Phalombe Plain and the Lakeshore Plain to allow the fruit to mature as the rains tail off
Chichewa: kuti mukolole zochuluka, bzalani ndi mvula yoyambilira mmadera aku shire valley, phalombe ndi ku lakeshore ndicholinga kuti mvula ikamatha zikhale zitakhwima