dmatekenya/chichewa-machine-translation huggingface dataset:
English: Crops need to be planted early as recommended to take advantage of the full rainy season.
Chichewa: Mbewu ziyenera kubzalidwa msanga potsatira malangizo kuti zigwirane ndi nyengo yonse ya mvula
English: With the uncertainty in the rainfall pattern, late planted crops risk moisture stress at critical periods such as increased pest and disease attack, reduced growing period and nutrient uptake
Chichewa: Ndi kusapanganika kwa kagwedwe ka mvula, mbewu zobzalidwa mochedwa zimakhala pa chiopsezo chosowa chinyontho panthawi zofunikira monga kuchuluka kwa matenda ndi tizilombo, kuchepa kwa nthawi yokulira komanso kuyamwa michere munthaka
English: Field preparation should be carried out preferably soon after harvest when the soil is still moist and therefore easy to till
Chichewa: Minda isamalidwe pambuyo pomaliza kukolola pamene dothi lidakali ndi chinyezi ndipo silivuta kulima
English: This ensures deep ploughing and good decomposition of the incorporated crop residues and also improves soil structure and minimizes surface run-off
Chichewa: Izi zimathandiza kuti khasu lidzilowa kwambiri komanso udzu ndi zotsalira za mbewu ziole bwino ndipo nthaka imatakasuka  ndi kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa madzi
English: Where this is not practicable, farmers should aim at having fields ready by the end of September so that they can plant with the first planting rains.
Chichewa: Ngati izi nzovuta kuchita, alimi ayetsetse kukonza minda pofika kumapeto kwa mwezi wa September ndi cholinga chakuti adzabzale ndi mvula yoyamba
English: With the ever increasing cost of chemical fertilizers, proper use of manures becomes more important
Chichewa: Mitengo ya fetelezayakhala ikukwera kotero kagwiritsidwe ntchito koyenera kamanyowa ndi kothandiza
English: Where manures are used in combination with chemical fertilizers, crops grow vigorously. Yields and quality are also improved
Chichewa: Pomwe manyowa akugwiritsodwa ntchito pamodzi ndi feleza, mbewu zimakula mwamphamvu. Zokolola zimachuluka komanso zimakhala zabwino
English: Extension staff should provide technical advice on how to incorporate crop residues, make and use of different types of manure
Chichewa: Alangizi a zaulimi akuyenera kupeleka upangiri wa mmene tingaphatikizire zinyalala za mbewu kuti tipange manyowa a mitundu yosiyanasiyana
English: Weeds deprive crops of plant nutrients, moisture and sunlight. They may also harbor pests and diseases causing reduction in yields. To reduce competition, it is important that farmers weed their crops timely and frequently
Chichewa: Udzu umachepetsa michere, chinyezi ndi dzuwa zofika ku mbeu. Udzu umasunganso tizilombo ndi matenda zomwe zimachepetsa zokolola. Pochepetsa kukanganira , nkofunika alimi apalile mbeu zawo nthawi yoyenera komanso pafupipafupi
English: It is important that farmers use seed and planting material that would germinate, establish well and grow into a healthy crop
Chichewa: Nkofunika kuti alimi agwiritse ntchito mbeu zomwe zingamere, kutakasuka ndi kukula mwathanzi
English: By intercropping, more than one crop can be harvested in the same season from the same plot, thereby obtaining maximum benefit from it
Chichewa: Pobzala mbeu mwakasakaniza, mbeu zopitilira imodzi zikhoza kukololedwa munyengo imodzi pamunda umodzi kotero mlimi amapeza phindu lochuluka
English: In some cases, other benefits include moisture retention, crop support, soil fertility improvement, soil erosion control and pest and disease control
Chichewa: Nthawi zina, phindu lina ndi monga kusunga chinyezi, kupeleka thandizo kumbeu zina, kuwonjezera nthaka/chonde, kuchepetsa kukokoloka kwa nthaka komanso kuthana ndi tizilombo ndi matenda
English: Growing of the same crop on the same piece of land year after year results in poor yields and quality unless expensive management practices are employed
Chichewa: Kubzala mbeu yamtundu umodzi pamalo amodzimodzi kwa nthawi yayitali kumachepetsa zokolola pokhapokha atangieiritsa njira zina zosamalira mbeu zomwenso ndi zofuna ndalama zochuluka
English: For instance continued monocropping in maize fields results in witchweed infestation. It is therefore important that agriculture staff help farmers to work out rotation plans
Chichewa: Mwachitsanzo, kubzala chimanga chokha pamalo amodzi kwa nthawi yayitali kumadzetsa kaufiti. Choncho nkoyenera kuti ogwira ntchito zaulimi athandize alimi ndi ndondomeko zaulimi wakasinthasintha
English: Insect pests and diseases can severely reduce yields and lower the quality of produce
Chichewa: Tizilombo towononga mbeu komanso matenda zimachepetsa zokolola komanso zimatsitsa maonekedwe a zokolola
English: The incidence of pests and diseases can be reduced without necessarily using pesticides but, for example, observing the closed season in tobacco and cotton; burning or burying infested materials away from the field and destruction of volunteer crops
Chichewa: Kupezeka kwa tizilombo komanso matenda kungachepetsedwe posagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala  kokha koma mwachitsanzo kutsatira kutha kwa nyengo ta fodya ndi thonje; kuotcha kapena kukwilila zinthu zonse zogwidwa ndi matenda ndi tizilombo komanso kuononga mbeu zina zonse
English: Uprooting tomato, tobacco, or cotton plants after harvesting helps to reduce disease incidence such as nematodes infestation
Chichewa: Kuzula tomato, fodya kapana thonje pakutha pakukolola kumathandiza kuchepetsa kubuka kwa matenda monga mtchemberezandonda
English: A lot of money can be wasted in employing labour and trying to carry out too many tasks at the same time resulting in inefficiency
Chichewa: Ndalama zambiri zikhoza kutayika polemba ogwira ntchito komanso kugwira ntchito zambirimbiri nthawi imodzi zomwe zimadzetsa kusalongosoka
English: Agricultural staff should assist in formulating an appropriate farm plan in agreement with the farmer so that there is efficient use of land, water, labour, time, money and other resources
Chichewa: Ogwira ntchito zaulimi akuyenera kuthandiza pokhadzikitsa ndondomeko za ulimi mogwirizana ndi alimi ndi cholinga chakuti malo, madzi, mphamvu, nthawi, ndalama komanso zinthu zonse zigwire ntchito moyenera
English: With rising costs of farming, it is important to ensure that financial investments bring good returns; optimum crop yields and returns
Chichewa: Ndikukwera kwa zinthu zaulimi, ndikofunika kuonetsetsa kuti ndalama zolowa zikubweretsa phindu labwino; zokolola zapamwamba komanso phindu
English: Research work develop new varieties of crop seed and planting materials to produce varieties which are high-yielding and resistant to pests and disease; to realize the full potential of the improved seed and planting materials, good husbandry practices should be followed
Chichewa: Ntchito ya kafukufuku idzetse mitundu ya mbeu zamakono zosiyanasiyana, zopatsa zokolola zambiri komanso zopilira ku tizilombo ndi matenda; kuti mbeu zamakonozo zichite bwino kwambiri, nkofunika kutsatira ndondomemko zoyenera zamalimidwe
English: Farmers should be aware that high incidences of pests and diseases reduce the yield and quality of crops and should therefore apply various recommended control measures correctly and timely
Chichewa: Alimi azindikire kuti kuchuluka kwa tizilombo ndi matenda kumachepetsa zokolola ndi maonekedwe a mbeu kotero agwiritse ntchito njira zovomerezeka zothana ndi tizilombo ndi matenda moyenera komanso panthawi yoyenera
English: Cultural practices which help to minimize pest problems in the nursery and in the field should be encouraged and farmers should be encouraged to use the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach to pest and disease control
Chichewa: Ntchito zachikhalidwe zothandizira kuchepetsa mavuto a tizilombo ku nazale komanso kumunda zilimbikitsidwe ndipo alimi ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko zonse zoyenera zothanirana ndi tizilombo ndi matemba
English: Credit taken to invest in farming is a good idea but farmers need to be assisted by extension staff to calculate gross-margins before getting such credit
Chichewa: Ngongole zotengedwa kuti zitukule ulimi ndi zabwino koma alimi ayenera kuthandizidwa ndi alangizi a zaulimi kuwerengera ndalama zofunika asanatenge ngongoleyo
English: Apart from creating possibilities for rotation, strips can be planted with crops of different pest problems and weather tolerance as a safeguard against crop failure
Chichewa: Kuputula kuthekera kochita kasinthasintha, mizere ibzalidwe ndi mbeu zopilira mosiyana ku tizilombo ndi nyengo kuti titeteze mbeu kusachita bwino
English: The majority of farmers find it very hard to carryout farm operations properly and timely by hand even with hired labour; the use of animal power and animal drawn implements such as tractors, ploughs, ridgers, cultivators and farm carts makes the work easier and faster
Chichewa: Alimi ambiri amavutika kugwira ntchito zakumunda moyenera komanso munthawi yake pogwiritsa ntchito manja ngakhale alembe atchito; kugwiritsa ntchito ziweto komanso zipangizo zokokedwa ndi ziweto monga zogaula, zopanga mizere, zozbalira ndi ngolo zonyamula katundu kumapeputsa ntchito ndipo imagwiridwa mwachangu
English: Other farm implements such as sprayers, planters and wheelbarrows also help in farm operations and farmers should aim at acquiring these implements
Chichewa: Zipangizo zina monga zopopera mankhwala, zobzalira mbeu, ndi wilibala zimathandiza pantchito zakumunda ndipo alimi akhale ndi chidwi chopeza zipangizozi
English: Credit taken to invest in farming is a good idea but farmers need to be assisted by extension staff to calculate gross-margins before getting such credit; this would assist in making decision on the amount of credit to get and how to make the most out of it
Chichewa: Ngongole zotengedwa kuti zitukule ulimi ndi zabwino koma alimi ayenera kuthandizidwa ndi alangizi a zaulimi kuwerengera ndalama zofunika asanatenge ngongoleyo;  izi zingawathandize kupanga ziganizo choyenera pa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zongongola komanso kagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti apeze phindu lambiri
English: Crop diversification is the growing of more than one crop by a farmer within the same season or year
Chichewa: Kubzala mbeu zosiyanasiyana kukutanthauza kubzala mbeu zopitilira mtundu umodzi munyengo imodzi kapena chaka chimodzi
English: Where more than one crop is grown in the season, the farmer reduces the risk of total loss of food supply and cash return in the event of some of the crops failing, and also takes care of commodity price fluctuations
Chichewa: Pomwe mbeu zopitilira mtundu umodzi zabzalidwa munyengo imodzi, alimi amachepetsa chiopsezo chosakolola zakudya kapena kusapeza ndalama ngati mbeu zina sidzinachite bwino, ndipo izi zimathandiza kuti mitengo ya zokolola isamasinthesinthe
English: Diversification towards more exportable high value crops such as chillies, tobacco and macadamia also helps farmers realize more cash income, and thus improve their farming while earning foreign exchange into the country
Chichewa: Kuchulukitsa kubzala mbeu zogulitsa kumayiko akunja zamitengo yokwera  monga tsabola, fodya, mtedza wamakadamia zimathandizanso alimi kupeza ndalama zochuluka ndipo zimatukula ulimi kwinaku akuthandiza dziko kupeza ndalama za maiko akunja
English: Mixed cropping or intercropping is the growing of more than one crop on the same piece of land
Chichewa: Kubzala mbeu mwakasakaniza kumatanthauza kubzala mbeu zopitilila mtundu umodzi pamalo amodzi
English: Farmers should be encouraged to grow more than one crop in order to harvest more in the same season
Chichewa: Alimi alimbikitsidwe kubzala mbeu zopitilira mtundu umodzi kuti adzikolola zochuluka munyengo imodzi
English: Agroforestry is a collective term for farming system where trees crops and animals are managed on the same piece of land
Chichewa: Ulimi ndi zankhalango ndi ndondomeko zomwe mitengo ndi ziweto zimasungidwa pamalo amodzi
English: The inclusion of tree such as leucaena (Tephrosia vogelli) and msangu (Faidhebia albida) in the farming system is an important part of integrated land use
Chichewa: Kuphatikiza mitengo monga luecaena ndi msangu mu ndondomeko za ulimi ndi njira yofunikira ya kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nthaka
English: Trees can meet a variety of farmer’s needs as well as contribute directly to the improvement of soil and micro-climatic conditions on the farm
Chichewa: Mitengo imapezetsa alimi zofuna zawo zosiyanasiyana komanso imathandiza kubwezeretsa mphamvu kumthaka ndi zinthu zina zofunika munthaka
English: Both local and exotic breeds are suited and survive in Malawi. The local breeds are suited and survive in Malawi’s environmental conditions but production levels are below those of exotic breeds
Chichewa: Mitundu yachilengedwe ndi yobwera zimalola m'Malawi muno. Mitundu yachilengedwe imagwirizana kwambiri ndi nyengo ya mMalawi muno koma simachita bwino kuposa mitundu yobwera
English: Crossbred animals and poultry perform better than local breeds, but below those of exotic breeds
Chichewa: Mitundu ya ziweto ndi nkhuku zokwatitsa kuchokera kumitundu ina zimachita bwino kuposa zamakolo koma sidziposa mitundu yobwera
English: Smallholder farmers are encouraged to keep local and cross-breeds because exotic breeds require high levels of management
Chichewa: Alimi ang'onoang'ono akulimbikitsidwa kusunga mitundu yamakolo komanso zokwatitsa chifukwa mitundu yobwera imalira kusamala mwapamwamba
English: Different classes of livestock suffer from a number of diseases in various parts of the country, which reduce their productivity
Chichewa: Mitundu yosiyana ya ziweto imadwala matenda osiyanasiyana mmadera a mdziko muno zomwe zimachepetsa kuchulukana kwawo
English: Some diseases affect specific classes while other affects different species of livestock. Some of the livestock diseases can be transmitted to and infect human beings
Chichewa: Matenda ena amagwira mitundu yokhazikika yaziweto pamene ena amagwira mitundu yosiyanasiyana yaziweto. Ena mwa matenda a ziweto amapatsirana ndi anthu
English: Zoonotic diseases include rabies, brucellosis, stomach intestinal worms, tuberculosis and fungal infections. In general, diseased livestock do not eat well, lose body condition and die
Chichewa: Matenda opatsirana pakati pa nyama ndi anthu ndi monga chiwewe, vuto lobereka kunyama, njoka zammimba, chifuwa chachikulu ndi matenda ena. Kwambiri ziweto zogwidwa ndi matenda sidzimadya mokwanira, zimawonda komanso kufa
English: Disease incidences can be minimized through dipping, vaccinations, treatments, good pasture grazing management, meat inspection and restriction in movement of livestock
Chichewa: Kupezeka kwa matenda kungachepe podzisambitsa mankhwala, kudzibaya katemera, kudyetsa moyenera, kuoima nyama komanso kuchepetsa kuyenda kwa ziweto
English: These measures will reduce the risk of contracting specific diseases for both livestock and human beings
Chichewa: Njira izi zichepetsa chiopsezo chopatsirana matenda pakati pa ziweto komanso ndi anthu
English: Farmers are encouraged to improve the quality of their livestock through good management. They are also encouraged to identify markets, which can give them the best returns from their investment in livestock
Chichewa: Alimi akulimbikitsidwa kukuza thanzi la ziweto zawo potsatira ndondomeko zabwino zakasamalidwe. Akulimbikitsidwanso kuti apeze misika imene ingawapezetse phindu lochuluka pa ziweto zawo
English: Where there is potential for irrigation, efforts should be made to utilize irrigable land. In addition to increasing crop yields, irrigation helps reduce the risk of crop failure because of drought and prolonged spells
Chichewa: Pamene pali kuthekera kochita mthilira, alimi ayesetse kugwiritsa ntchito minda yomwe angathe kuthilira. Pamwamba pochulukitsa zokolola, mthilira umathandiza kuchepetsa kusachita bwino kwa mbeu pamene kuli chilala ndi ng'amba
English: Irrigation also assists in livestock production through provision of supplementary water for pasture production as well as drinking water for animals
Chichewa: Mthilira umathandiza pa ulimi wa ziweto popeleka madzi owonjezera paulimi wa chakudya chaziweto komanso madzi akumwa ziweto
English: Proper water management is complementary to good husbandry practices and farmers should be encouraged to manage their water in order to realize increased yields
Chichewa: Kusamala madzi moyenera kumathandizira pa ulimi wabwino ndipo alimi akulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera kuti apeze zokolola zochuluka
English: Sustainable agricultural production in Malawi depends on the rational use of the natural resources in particular soil and water
Chichewa: Ulimi wabwino mMalawi muno umadalira kagwiritsidwe ntchito koyenera ka zinthu zachilengedwe makamaka nthaka ndi madzi
English: Poor soil and water management in agriculture results in poor growth and yield for a number of crop enterprises
Chichewa: Kasamalidwe kosayenera ka nthaka ndi madzi pa ulimi zimazetsa kusakula bwino kwa mbeu ndi kuchepetsa zokolola pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbeu
English: Farmers should be encouraged to manage water and soils and as an important resources in agriculture as a livelihood strategy for the present and future generations
Chichewa: Alimi akuyenera kulimbikitsdiwa kusamala madzi ndi dothi komanso ngati zinthu zofunikira paulimi wa m'bado uno ndi wamtsgolo
English: Malawi’s agricultural production is currently threatened by an increasing demand on its natural resource base due to expanding human population
Chichewa: Ntchito zaulimi ku Malawi zili pachiopsezo chifukwa chakukula kwa kufunika kwa zinthu zachilengedwe potsatira kukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu
English: Soil erosion and declining soil fertility under continuous cultivation are increasingly becoming serious land degradation problems in the country
Chichewa: Kukoloka kwa nthaka komanso kuchepa kwa chonde munthaka potsatira kulima kowirikiza pamalo amodzi zikuonjezera vuto lakuonongeka kwa nthaka mdziko muno
English: Current farming systems are characterized by continuous growing of crops on the same piece of land, cultivation of unsuitable areas such as steep slopes and river banks, making of ridges along the slopes, overgrazing and burning of crop residues
Chichewa: Njira zaulimi za masiku ano zimadziwika ndi kulima mbewu motsadukiza pamalo amodzi, kubzala malo osayenera monga malo otsetsereka kwambiri ndi mmbali mwa mitsinje, kupanga mizere potsatira kutsetsereka kwa malo, kudyetsa ziweto malo amodzi mowirikiza komanso kuotcha zotsalira za mbeu
English: These inappropriate land use and management practices result in increased surface run-off, soil erosion and destruction of catchment areas
Chichewa: Njira zosayenera zakagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi kasamalidwe ka malo zawonjezera kuthamanga kwa madzi, kukokoloka kwa nthaka komanso kuonongeka kwa chilengedwe
English: On average the country is losing about 29 tonnes of soil per hectare per year, which has negative impact on the crop yields
Chichewa: Pakatikati, dziko lino likutaya ma tani 29 a nthaka pa hekitala chaka chilichonse, zomwe zabwezeretsa mbuyo makololedwe
English: It is therefore recommended to refer to this soil rate because it supports government efforts in developing the requisite control measures
Chichewa: Motero nkoyenera kumatsatira mlingo wa dothi chifukwa zikuthandizira boma kukonza ndondomeko zosamalira
English: Recommended crop and animal husbandry practices supported by properly designed, constructed and maintained physical conservation structures are the most effective means of minimizing land degradation caused by soil erosion
Chichewa: Ndondomeko zoyenera za kasamalidwe ka mbeu ndi ziweto kothandizidwa ndi zipangizo zotetezera chilengedwe zokonzedwa, kumangidwa ndi kusamalidwa bwino ndi zokhazo zomwe zingachepetse kuonongeka kwa nthaka kobwera chifukwa cha kukoloka kwa dothi
English: Climate change is any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity; Malawi’s economy is agro-based and majority of Malawians who depend on rain-fed agriculture are adversely affected by climate change
Chichewa: Kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kusintha kulikonse pa nyengo kwa nthawi yayitali, kaya chifukwa cha kusintha kwa chilengedwe kapena chifukwa cha zochitika za anthu; chuma cha Malawi chimadalira ulimi ndipo amalawi ambiri omwe amadalira ulimi wa mvula akhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwa nyengo
English: For the agriculture sector in Malawi, it is the changes in rainfall regimes that will be a dominant climate factor affecting agricultural production
Chichewa: Kumbali ya ulimi mmalawi muno, ndikusintha kumeneku kwa kagwedwe ka mvula komwe kukhale kusintha kwa nyengo kwakukulu kosokoneza ntchito za ulimi
English: The changes in rainfall patterns will have great consequences on soil surface run-off, soil erosion, soil-water availability, floods, droughts, groundwater recharge and storage, water quality, water demands for irrigation, crop and domestic uses and a whole range of other environmental and economic activities
Chichewa: Kusintha pakagwedwe ka mvula kudzakhala ndi zotsatira zake zoyipa pa madzi othamanga mdothi, kukokoloka kwa dothi, kupezeka kwa madzi mdothi, kusefukira kwa madzi, chilala, kutuluka kwa madzi pansi pa mthaka komanso kusungika, ubwino wa madzi, kufunika kwa madzi ogwiritsa ntchito za mthilira, mbewu ndi ntchito zapakhomo ndipo ngati ntchito zonse zokhuza chilengedwe ndi zachuma
English: A number of responses to these changes have already been identified and are being implemented and these include development of policies and strategies to address climate change, development of programmes and projects to respond to the problems of climate change, commissioned studies for in-depth understanding of the impacts of climate change on agriculture and identification of interventions to address the impacts, increased participation in and to climate change related, increased awareness/sensitization/campaigns on climate change and mitigation measures and implementation of activities to adapt/mitigate impacts of climate change
Chichewa: Mayankho angapo kuzovuta zimenezi apezeka ndipo akukwaniritsa ndipo awa ndi monga kukonza mfundo ndi njira zothanirana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, kukonza ntchito zokonza mavuto a kusintha kwa nyengo, kuchita kafukufuku wofuna kumvetsetsa mwakuya kuyipa kwa kusintha kwa nyengo pa ulimi ndikupeza njira zothanirana ndi kuyipako, kuchulukitsa kutengapo mbali pa zonse zokhuza kusintha kwa nyengo, kuchulukitsa kuzindikiritsa anthu za kusintha kwa nyengo ndi njira zochepetsera ululu komanso kugwira ntchito zochepetsa ululu wodza kamba kakusintha kwa nyengo
English: To adapt to increasing weather variability and climate change, farmers will have to change their management practices in a number of ways – for example, how they grow their crops, manage soils and water
Chichewa: Pofuna kupilira ndikusintha kwa nyengo, alimi ayenera kusintha kayendetsedwe ka ntchito zawo munjira zingapo- mwachitsanzo, mmene amalimira mbewu zawo, kusamala dothi ndi madzi
English: Environmental and Social Safeguards are important in that they guide the land users in identification of potential impacts of their activities to the environment as well as developing mitigation measures which are outlined in an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)
Chichewa: Njira zoteteza chilengedwe ndi anthu ndizofunika kwambiri chifukwa zimaongolera ogwiritsa ntchito malo kuzindikira mmene ntchito zawo zingakhudzire chilengedwe komanso kukonza njira zochepetsera ululu zomwe zimayikidwa mu ndondomeko zosamalira zachilengedwe ndi anthu
English: In order to understand how best the land can be utilized, it is necessary to identify its physical, biological and chemical characteristics
Chichewa: Pofuna kumvetsetsa mmene malo angagwiritsidwe ntchito bwino, ndikofunika kuzindikira zinthu zomwe sizamoyo, zamoyo zonse komanso michere yake
English: These characteristics give an indication of the limitations as well as capabilities of the land to support a particular land use
Chichewa: Zinthu zodzindikirtsa zimenezi zimapeleka chisonyezo pakupelewera komanso kuthekera kwa malowo kuthandizira ntchito yapamalopo
English: Most of the recommended crop husbandry practices fall under biological conservation measures and they include early garden preparation, timely planting, correct plant population, intercropping and relay cropping, crop rotation, application of organic and inorganic fertilizers and use of crop residues
Chichewa: Zina mwa njira zovomerezeka zakasamalidwe ka mbewu zili pansi pa njira zoteteza zamoyo ndipo zikuphatikiza kukonza minda mofulumira, kubzala mofulimira, kutsata kuthithikana kwa mbewu koyenera, kulima mwakasanika komanso mopasirana mbewu, kulima mwakasinthasintha, kuthira manyowa komanso feteleza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zotsalira za mbewu
English: Other biological measures are afforestation, control of bush fires, rotational grazing, vetiver planting, and live fencing while physical conservation measures include bunds, waterways, terraces, storm water drains, contour marker ridges, planting ridges, infiltration pits, swales and box ridges
Chichewa: Njira zina zoteteza zamoyo ndi kubzala mitengo, kuthana ndi moto wolusa mtchire, kudyetsa zoweto mwakasinthasintha, kubzala vetiver ndi kuyika mpanda wamoyo pamene kusamala potsata njira zomwe sizamoyo kukuphatikiza kukonza milambala, njira zodutsa madzi, ma terrace, ngalande, milambala, akalodzera, mize yobzala mbewu, mayenje okololera madzi, migulo komansi mabokosi
English: The Land Resources Conservation Department promotes communal catchment conservation and integrated approach to land use; whereby farmers produce crops, trees and livestock on the same piece of land
Chichewa: Mthambi ya Land Resource Conservation imalimbikitsa kusamala zachilengedwe pagulu ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosakaniza zosamalira malo, pomwe alimi akulima mbewu, mitengo komanso ziweto pamalo amodzi
English: Efforts in catchment conservation are made against a number of challenges which include overgrazing, indiscriminate felling of trees, uncontrolled bush fires, the practice of slash and burn (visoso) and cultivation of stream banks and must be discouraged in all areas
Chichewa: Ntchito zofuna kuteteza malo zikuchitika pamwamba pamavuto omwe ndi monga kudyetsa ziweto pamalo amodzi mopitilira muyezo, kudula mitengo mosalabada, moto wolusa, kulima mumkhalango pogwetsa ndi kuotcha mitengo (visoso) komanso kubzala mbewu mphepete mwa mitsinje ndipo zikuyenera kudzudzulidwa mmadera onse
English: Special care must be taken in the use of marginal areas such as steep slopes, with poor and shallow soils and stream banks
Chichewa: kasamalidwe kapadera kayenera kutsatidwa pogwiritsa ntchito malo ovuta kulima monga minda yotsetsereka kwambiri, yomwe ili ndi dothi loyipa komanso lochepa ndi mphepete mwa mitsinje
English: These areas are suitable for afforestation and may be sources of firewood, timber and poles
Chichewa: Madera amenewa ndiwoneyera kubzala mitengo ndipo akhoza kukhala kopezera nkhuni, matabwa ndi milimo
English: Forest reserves and game parks have been instituted to protect some of these areas which have an important role of preserving our natural heritage
Chichewa: Mkhalango ndi malo osungira zinyama otetezedwa zakhadzikitsidwa pofuna  kuteteza ena mwa malowa omwe ali ndi kufunikira kwakukulu poteteza zachilengedwe
English: In order to achieve sustainable land and water management, it is recommended that a number of practices be adopted by farmers in the country
Chichewa: Pofuna kukwaniritsa kasamalidwe ka malo ndi madzi kosaononga chilengedwe, ndikoyenera kuti ntchito zingapo zidzichitidwa ndi alimi mdziko muno
English: These are soil and water conservation, soil fertility improvement and agroforestry, conservation agriculture, and rainwater harvesting
Chichewa: Izi ndi monga kuteteza dothi ndi madzi, kuwonjezera chonde mdothi ndi kulima mitengo yobweretsa chonde mminda, ulimi wa mtayakhasu komanso kukolola madzi
English: Soil and water conservation means the protection, maintenance, rehabilitation, restoration and enhancement of soil and water resources
Chichewa: Kuteteza dothi ndi madzi kukutanthauza kuteteza, kusamala, kukonza, kubwezeretsa komanso kukweza ntchito za dothi ndi madzi
English: Soil erosion is one of the common problems faced by farmers due to poor soil and water conservation practices
Chichewa: Kukokoloka kwa dothi ndi amodzi mwa mavuto omwe alimi akukumana nawo chifukwa cha chosateteza moyenera dothi ndi madzi
English: Soil erosion is the detachment and movement of soil particles from one place to another by raindrop impact, surface run-off, wind and landslides
Chichewa: Kukokoloka kwa dothi ndi kusiyana komanso kuyenda kwa ziduswa za dothi kuchoka malo amodzi kupita kwina chifukwa cha madzi, kuthamanga kwa madzi pamthaka, mphepo ndi kutsetsera kwa matope mmapiri
English: Soil and water conservation includes management and use of such resources to ensure sustainability
Chichewa: Kuteteza nthaka ndi madzi zikuphatikiza kusamala komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zonga izi moyenera kuti zipitilire kupezeka
English: These practices at farm level have the following benefits:- Reduction of run-off and soil erosion; Conservation of soil moisture for plant; growth; improved crop and pasture yields; Increased ground water supplies; Reduced siltation and flooding
Chichewa: Zochitika izi pa munda zili ndi ubwino wotsatirawu: kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa madzi komanso kukoloka kwa dothi; kusunga chinyezi ku mbeu; kuchulikitsa zokolola komanso zakudya za ziweto; kuwonjezera kupezeka kwa madzi pansi padothi; kuchepetsa kukwilirika ndi kusefukira kwa mitsinje
English: Biological conservation practices aim at maintaining good ground cover in order to protect the land from rain-drop impact and run-off, and build up soil organic matter for soil structure improvement.
Chichewa: Kuteteza zamoyo kumafuna kusamala zomera zophimba mthaka ndi cholinga chofuna kuteteza dothi ku mvula ndi madzi othamanga, komanso kuchulukitsa chonde mumthaka kuti dothi likahle labwino
English: Maintenance of good ground cover on gardens through recommended crop husbandry practices and preservation of grasses, trees and litter on uncultivated land, should be promoted
Chichewa: Kusunga zomera zophimba dothi mminda potsatira njira zovomerezeka za ulimi wa mbewu komanso kusunga udzu, mitengo ndi zinyalala mmalo omwe sanabzalidwe mbewu kulimbikitsidwe
English: Manure and crop residues should be used to improve soil fertility, structure and water holding capacity
Chichewa: Manyowa ndi zotsalira za mbewu zigwiritsidwe ntchito pochulukitsa chonde mdothi, kukonza dothi komanso kuthekera kosunga madzi
English: Integration of trees/shrubs with crops and or livestock enhances conservation of soil and water resources through root binding of soil particles, improved canopy and leaf biomass fall that increases soil organic matter
Chichewa: Kuphatikiza mitengo/mafutu ndi mbewu kapane ziweto kumathandiza kuteteza dothi ndi madzi kudzera mitsitsi kumanga dothi, kupeleka mthunzi komanso masamba amagwera pansi ndikuwonjezera chonde mdothi
English: The grass strips should be planted with suitable trees such as Gliricidia, fruit trees and crops such as bananas and pigeon peas that provide good ground cover and are beneficial to farmers
Chichewa: Mizere ya udzu ibzalidwe mmalo ndi mitengo yoyenera monga Gliricidia, mitengo yazipatso ndi mbewu monga nthochi ndi nandolo zomwe zimaphimba dothi komanso ndizopindulits akwa alimi
English: All land with a slope of 2% and above requires physical conservation measures. These should be properly constructed and regularly maintained
Chichewa: Malo onse otsetsereka ndi 2% kapena kuposa apa akusowa kuwateteza ndi njira zomwe sizamoyo. Adzikonzedwa ndi kusamalidwa pafupipafupi
English: Some of the recommended physical conservation practices are contour ridging, tied/ box ridging, gully reclamation, raised footpaths, field boundaries, stream-bank protection and contour vegetation strips
Chichewa: Zina mwa ndondomeko zovomerezeka zosamalira malo ndi kukonza akalodzera, mabokosi, kukwilira ngalande, kukonza njira zokwera, kuyika malire mminda, kuteteza mphepete mwa mitsinje kubzala zomera mu akalodzera
English: Contour ridging is the practice of making ridges and realigning them along areas of similar height(contour) in a field
Chichewa: Kukonza akalodzera ndi mchitidwe wolima mizere ndi kuyiwongolera kuti ikhale pamalo okwera mofanana mmunda
English: Contour ridging should be promoted in order to enhance water retention and contour marker ridges should be used in aligning planting ridges
Chichewa: Kukonza akalodzera kulimbikitsidwe ndi cholinga chofuna kuwonjezera kasungidwe kamadzi ndipo akalodzera agwiritsidwe ntchito powongolera mizere yoyika mbewu
English: Since few farmers cultivate on the contour, ridges tend to channel water out of the fields in an uncontrolled manner, which aggravates surface run-off and erosion
Chichewa: Pakuti alimi ochepa amalima ndi akalodzera, mizere imataya madzi kuchoka mminda mopanda zopinga, zimene zimawonjezera kuthamanga kwa madzi ndi kukoloka kwa dothi
English: Contour ridging is a simple practice to reduce such impacts. To do this, peg and construct contour marker ridges as guides to re-align planting ridges. Marker ridges are best made during the dry season (soon after harvest).
Chichewa: Kukonza akalodzera ndi mtchitidwe wosavuta wochepetsa mavutowa. Pofuna kuchita izi, konzani milambala kuti ikhale kalodzera woongolera mizere ya mbewu. Akalodzera amakonzeka bwino nthawi yadzuwa pambuyo pakukolola
English: Several instruments are used in marking contour lines. The low cost instruments are the A-Frame, line level and Phiri-Lino Frame
Chichewa: Zida zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza akalodzera. Zida zotsika mtengo ndi monga A-frame, line level ndi Phiri-Lino frame
English: These instruments are simple to use and therefore should be promoted. Other instruments such as dumpy, quickset and Abney levels require advanced skills
Chichewa: Zida zimenezi ndizosavta kugwiritsa ntchito choncho zilimbikitsidwe. Zida zina monga dumpy, quickset ndi Abney levels zimafuna luso lapadera
English: The line level is a relatively cheap, quick and accurate tool in marking contour lines. It consists of a miniature spirit level that hangs from a taut string between two poles
Chichewa: Line level ndiyotsika mtengo, yachangu komanso yolondola popanga akalodzera. Ili ndi spirit level yaying'ono kwambiri yomwe imakolekedwa pa chingwe chokungika kwambiri pakati pa dondo ziwiri
English: Details of its materials, construction and use are as follows:- line level, 5m of string, 2 sturdy sticks, 1.6-2.0m long with flat ends, 1 knife, Pegs to mark contour lines
Chichewa: Tsatanetsatene wa zinthu zake, kapangidwe komanso kagwiritsidwe ntchito zili motere: line level, chingwe cha 5m, ndodo ziwiri zolimba zotalika 1.6-2.0m zokhala ndi kumapeto kosapendekeka, mpeni umodzi, zintchiri zoyikira zizindikiro za kalodzera
English: Trim the ends of the sticks to make them flat. Then place them upright on level ground, preferably the floor of a building
Chichewa: Dulani kumapeto kwa ndodo kuti kukhale kosapendekeka. Imitsani chatsonga pabwalo, makamaka pabwalo mnyumba
English: Cut a groove around each stick at exactly the same height (about1.2 to 1.6m or chest level to make reading easy)
Chichewa: Kumbani ngalande kuzungulira ndodo iliyonse pamtunda wofanana wa 1.2m mpaka 1.6m kapena pachifuwa kuti kuwerengera kusamavute
English: Hang the line level centrally on the string and tie a note on each end of the level to stop it from sliding
Chichewa: Kolekani line level pakatikati pachingwe ndipo mangani mfundo mbali zonse ziwiri za line level kuti isasunthe
English: Tie the string ends in the groove of each stick. Set the 2 sticks upright on a level surface (e.g., floor) with the string tight
Chichewa: Mangani mapeto a zingwe mkhosi mwa ndodo. Imitsani ndodo ziwirizo moloza mmwamba pamalo osapendeka ndipo chingwe chikungike
English: Mark their exact positions on the floor and read the line level then switch the positions of the sticks and read the level again
Chichewa: Ikani chizindikiro pansi pomwe pali ndodopo ndipo onani line level kenako sinthani poyika ndondo ndukuonanso line level
English: The team then moves down slope from the first contour line. The interval depends on the slope of the field, i.e. 20m apart for gentle slopes, 15m for medium slopes and 10m steep slopes
Chichewa: Tsopano anthuwo atsike mmunsi kuchokera pa mlambala woyamba. Kutalika kutengera kutsetsereka kwa malo mwachitsanzo, malo otsetsereka pang'ono milambala italikirane 20m, 15m pamalo otsetsereka pakatikati ndi 10m malo otsetsereka kwambiri
English: Trim ends of the two 3m sticks to make them flat and tie or nail their tops together
Chichewa: Dulani kumapeto kwa ndodo ziwiri zotalika 3m kuti kukhale thyathyathya ndipo mangani kapena khomani mmwamba mwake pamodzi
English: Then tie or nail the crossbar to the upright sticks 1m from the bottom to form an A shape
Chichewa: Kenako mangani kapena khomani mtengo mopingasa ku ndodozo 1m kuchoka pansi kuti mupange A
English: Hang a string from the top of the two upright sticks with a stone tied to the end so that it hangs 5-10cm below the crossbar
Chichewa: Kolekani chingwe kuchokera pamwamba pa ndodo ziwirizo mutamanga mwala mbali ina yachingweyo kuti chikhale mmelele 5-10cm kunsi kwa mtengo wopingasa
English: Place the A-frame on a level surface (e.g. floor). Let the string settle, then mark the exact spot where it crosses the horizontal stick
Chichewa: Imitsani A pamalo osapendeka. Dikirani mpaka chingwe chitaima, ikani chizindikiro pamalo pomwe chingwe chadutsa mtengo wopingasawo
English: Mark the exact positions of the 2 upright sticks on the floor. Then switch the positions of the frame legs
Chichewa: Ikani chizindikiro mmalo momwe ndodo ziwiri zinayima. Sinthani malo oyimitsa miyendo ya A
English: If the calibration is correct, the string will hang precisely over the centre point. The A-frame is perfectly level when the string hangs precisely over this center point
Chichewa: Ngati kuwerengera ndikolondola, chingwe chiima nokhazikika pa pakatikati pa chizindikiro. A-frame imakhala katikati pamene chingwe chayima pakati penipeni
English: If the string is not perfectly centred both times, check that:- the floor is level, and the frame is tied securely. Adjust the set up as needed
Chichewa: Ngati chingwe sichili pakatikati nthawi zonse ziwiri, onetsetsani kuti: pansi ndiposatsereka, frame yamangidwa molimba. Konzani zinthu moyenera
English: Choose calm days for using the A-frame as wind affects the position of the hanging stone
Chichewa: Sankhani masiku a bata ogwiritsa ntchito A-frame chifukwa mphepo imasokoneza mayendedwe a mwala wolendewerawo
English: Start pegging the field about 20m below the upper corner. Insert a peg at the starting point of the line, and position one leg of the A-frame next to it.
Chichewa: Yambani kuyika zitchiri mmunda 20m kuyandikira mbuto yakumtunda. Khomani chitchiri poyambilira pa chingwe, ndipo imitsani mwendo umodzi wa A-frame moyandikiza
English: Avoid holes and depressions or stones, ridges and humps. Handle anthills as described before under the line level
Chichewa: Pewani mayenje, motsika kapena miyala, mizere ndi zitunda. Muchite ndi chulu monga mmene tafotokozera kale pa line level
English: Holding this leg in place, move the other one up or down slope until the string hangs precisely over the mark on the cross pole
Chichewa: Mutayimitsa mwendo umodzi osasuntha, yendetsani mwendi winawo pokweza kapena kutsika mpaka chingwe chikadzikike pakatikati pomwe pali chizindikiro
English: While holding the second leg in place, pivot the first one round and move it up or down slope until the string hangs exactly over the mark again
Chichewa: Mutagwirabe mwendo wachiwiriwo osasuntha, zungulitsani woyambawo ndipo muwukweze kapena kutsika mpaka chingwe chikhazikike pakatikati a chizindikiro
English: Continue pivoting across the slope until you reach the end of the field, pegging the position of the legs as you go
Chichewa: Pitirizani kuyendetsa pamalo otsetserekawo mpaka mutafika kumapeto a mundawo, mukukhoma zitchiri pamene mukuyenda
English: Move down the slope to the next contour line. The interval of which depends on the slope of the field (see “Using the level in the field” under The Line Level and its use)
Chichewa: Tsikani mmunsi kupita pa mlambala wina. Kutalika kwake kumatengera kutsetsereka kwa munda (onani "kugwiritsa ntchito level mmunda" pomwe akukamba za Line level ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake)
English: The Phiri-Lino frame was designed by a Malawian farmer, Mr Jeremiya Phiri of Chijere Village, Nkhata Bay District, in Mzuzu ADD
Chichewa: Frame ya Phiri-Lino inapangidwa ndi mlimi waku Malawi, Mr Jeremiya Phiri a mmudzi mwa Chijere, m'boma la Nkhata Bay, pansi pa Mzuzu ADD
English: Trim the ends of the two 3m poles to make them flat and tie or nail their tops together
Chichewa: Dulirani kumapeto kwa mitengo yotalika 3m kuti kukhale kosapendeka ndipo mangani kapena kukhoma mbali yakumwambako
English: Tie the 2.5m poles across the other 2 poles about 1m from the bottom to form an A shape
Chichewa: Mangani mitengo yotalika 2.5m mopingasa pa mitengo ina iwiriyo 1m kuchokera pansi kuti mupange A
English: Above it tie the 2m cross stick parallel to the other one to make the frame strong
Chichewa: Pamwamba pake mangani mtengo wa 2m wopingasa motsatira woyambayo kuti frame ikhale yamphamvu
English: Ensure that the bottom ends of the uprights are as far apart as possible to increase the inter-peg distance
Chichewa: Onetsetsani kuti kunsi kwa mitengo yoyimilira yatalikirana ndithu kuti mtunda pakati pa miyendo ikhale wotalika
English: Cut a groove around each of the 3m sticks at exactly the same height above the ground halfway between the 2 cross sticks
Chichewa: Ikani khosi kuzungulira mytengo uliwonse wa 3m pamalo ofanana kuchokera pansi ndi katikati ya mitengo iwiri yopingasa
English: Tie the ends of the string in each groove. Hang the level between 2 knots in the center of the string to stop it from sliding
Chichewa: Mangani mapeto a chingwe mkhosi mwa mtengomo. Kolekani choyezerachi pakati pa mfundo ziwiri pakatikati pa chingwe kuti chisiye kuyendayenda
English: Test the operation of the equipment by following the steps for the line level
Chichewa: Yesani chidachi ngati chikugwira ntchito potsatira ndondomeko za line level
English: Do not smooth contour lines on irregular terrain as it could cause runoff problems
Chichewa: Musasalaritse milambala pamalo osadikha chifukwa ikhoza kuyambitsa mavuto oyenda madzi
English: When pegging across paths, gullies, anthills and streams shorten the string with the line level to half of its length (about 2.5m) to reduce the pegging interval for accuracy
Chichewa: Pamene mukukhoma zitchiri modutsa anthu, mungalande, pachulu kapena mumtsinje, fupikisani chingwe kufika theka pogwiritsa ntchito line level (pafupifupi 2.5m) kuti muchepetse mtunda wokhoma zitchiri pofuna kuyeza molondola
English: Build the pegged contour line into a ridge. The marked ridges simply serve as guides to re-align planting ridges, and need not be bigger than other ridges if they are clearly marked
Chichewa: Kwezerani momwe mwakhomedwa zitchiri kuti mupange mulambala. Mizere yomwe yayikidwa zizindikiro imathandiza ngati kalodzera popanga mizere ya mbeu, ndipo siyenera kukula kuposa mizere ina ngati yayikidwa zozindikiritsa moyenera
English: After marker ridges are built, align planting ridges parallel to them. Use two marker ridges to align the area between them
Chichewa: Pambuyo pokonza mizere ya kalodzera, konzani mizere ya mbeu mofanana ndi kalodzerayu. Gwiritsani ntchito mizere iwiri ya kalodzera popanga mizere ya mbeu imene pamalo omwe ali pakati pawo
English: Align the top half of the area to the top marker ridge, and the bottom half to the lower marker ridge. This allows half ridges or wedges to be in the middle
Chichewa: Konzani mizere yakumtunda potsatira kalodzera wakumtundayo ndipo ya mmunsi polondola kalodzera wammunsiyo. Izi zimathandiza kuti mizere yothera mmalere ikhale pakati
English: In areas of low rainfall and where erratic rains are experienced, box ridging should be practiced to catch and conserve rain water so as to ensure adequate soil moisture for crops
Chichewa: Madera omwe mvula imagwa yochepa komanso komwe mvula imagwa mwanjomba, ikani mabokosi mmizere kuti adzikolola ndi kusunga madzi a mvula ndi cholinga choonetsetsa kuti pali chinyezi chokwanira ku mbeu
English: Build tied/box ridges across planting ridges to create “micro catchments” to increase water infiltration and to reduce erosion
Chichewa: Ikani mabokosi mopingasa mizere yobzala mbeu kuti tipange malo okololera madzi ang'onoang'ono kuti madzi olowa munthaka achuluke komanso kukoloka kwa nthaka kuchepe
English: Tied/box ridges are best suited on land with contour ridges. They are also effective where ridges have not been realigned
Chichewa: Mabokosi ndiwoneyera malo omwe pali milambala. Amagwiranso ntchito bwino ngakhale pomwe mizere sinakonzedwe potsatira akalodzera
English: Construct tied/box ridges across the entire furrow perpendicular to planting ridges, but slightly lower to allow spill over
Chichewa: Konzani mabokosi pamalo onse otsika, mopingasa mizere ya mbeu, koma ikhale yotsikirako pang'ono kuti madzi adzitha kuyendelera
English: Space them 1-3m apart depending on the terrain and rate of water flow within the field
Chichewa: Ikhale pamtunda wa 1-3m kutengera ndi mmene malowo alili komanso kathamangidwe kamadzi mmundamo
English: Move to the next furrow and repeat step 1 but locate the tied/box ridges halfway between those in the previous furrow. Repeat steps 1 and 2 until the whole field is covered
Chichewa: Pitani pamalo otsatira otsika ndipo bwerezani ndondomeko yoyamba koma muyike mabokosi pakatikati pa mabokosi omwe mwapanga kale. Bwerezani ndondomeko yoyamba ndi yachiwiri mpaka mumalize munda wonse
English: Gullies are among the most severe forms of erosion in Malawi. They affect not only farmland, but also settlements, grazing land, streams/rivers, wetlands, roads, and bridges
Chichewa: Ngalande ndi umodzi mwa mitundu yakukokola kotheratu kwa dothi mMalawi. Zimakhuza osati malo olima okha ayi komanso malo okhala, odyetsera ziweto, mitsinje, madambo, miseu ndi milatho
English: Gully formation is aggravated by cultivating steep slopes and stream banks, ridging off contour, use of unraised footpaths and field boundaries, overgrazing around water points and dip tanks, land clearing and deforestation, poorly constructed roads, dam spillways and physical conservation measures
Chichewa: Kupangika kwa ngalande kumakula pobzala mbeu malo otsika kwambiri ndi mmphepete mwa mitsinje, kupanga mizere mosatsatira akalodzera, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendamo ndi malire a munda otsika, kudyetsa mopyola muyezo mbali mwa zitsime ndi malo osambitsa ziweto, kusosa minda ndi kudula mitengo mosasamala, miseu yosamangidwa bwino, madzi otayika kuchoka malo osungira madzi ndi njira zina zoteteza kukokoloka kwa nthaka
English: The best way to prevent gully formation is to promote appropriate land use practices that increase water infiltration and reduce runoff
Chichewa: Njira yabwino kupewa kupanga ngalande ndi kupititsa patsogolo njira zoyenera zakagwiritsidwe ntchito ka malo zomwe zimawonjezera kuti madzi alowe pansi ndi kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa madzi
English: Recommended measures include contour and tied/box ridges, raised footpaths and field boundaries, vegetative barriers on contour and tree planting
Chichewa: Njira zovomerezeka zikuphatikiza kukonza akalodzera/milambala ndi mabokisi, kukweza njira ndi mphepete mwa minda, kuyika mipanda yazomera pa milambala komanso kubzala mitengo
English: Identify the cause(s) of the gully, then take proper remedial action before the problem worsens
Chichewa: Pezani zoyambitsa kukumbika kwa ngalande, kenako tsatirani ndondomeko zoyenera zokonza vutoli lisanakule
English: Check dams of brushwood and bamboo are temporary structures that are easy to construct. They provide the first line of defense before planted vegetation becomes fully established
Chichewa: Zipangizo zotchinga madzi za mitengo kapena nsungwi ndi ndi zinthu zongoyembekezera zomwe sidzivuta kukonza. Zimapeleka chitetezo choyamba panthawi yomwe zomera sidzinakhazikike
English: Footpaths and field boundaries can aggravate erosion leading to rills and gullies. Raising them above the level of the surrounding fields is a basic soil conservation practice to reduce run off and erosion
Chichewa: Njira zoyendamo ndi mphepete mwa minda mukhoza kukuza kukokoloka kwa nthaka ndikuyambitsa ngalande. Kukwezera kupyola muyeso wa malo ozungulira ndi njira yachidule yotetezera nthaka kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa madzi ndi kukokoloka kwa nthaka