dmatekenya/chichewa-machine-translation huggingface dataset:
English: Saw dust with supplementation. The most common supplementation includes rice or wheat bran (15-20%), water hyacinth (10-20%) and calcium carbonate (1-2%)
Chichewa: utuchi wokhala ndi zowonjezera. Nthawi zambiri amawonjezera deya wa mpunga kapena wa tirigu pamulingo wa 15% mpaka 20%, namasupuni pamulingo wa 10% mpaka 20% ndi soda
English: These should be clear for ease of visualizing mycelia colonization and detection of contaminants. Autoclavable bags can be used if they are easily available
Chichewa: Izi zikhale ziooeneka mkati pofuna kumaona kayendedwe ka mbewu ya bowa komanso kudziwa zoyipitsa. Matumba ophera matenda ndi tizilombo agwiritsdwe ntchito ngati alipo
English: Used for tying the mouths of the bags after spawning and also for hanging of the bags, if the hanging method is going to be used
Chichewa: Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga kukamwa kwa matumba pambuyo pomera komanso kukoleka matumba, ngati njira yolokela yatsatidwa
English: The mushroom seed is technically known as spawn. Spawning is the sowing of mushroom seed
Chichewa: Mbewu ya bowa imachedwa spawn. Spawning ndi kufetsa mbewu ya bowa
English: It should be noted that the higher the nutrient content the substrate has, the higher the yield but also less selective it is
Chichewa: Dziwani kuti ngati michere ndiyochuluka mmalo olimira bowa, zokolola zimakhaka zochulukanso komanso malowo samasankha mbewu
English: This also influences the handling of the substrate at pasteurization at spawning stage
Chichewa: Izi zimathandiziranso posamala malo olimira bowa panthawi yopha matenda ndi tizilombo nthawi yofetsa
English: Pre-wet the chopped maize stalks or rice/ wheat straw or banana leaves and incubate them on a cemented platform or on a plastic sheet overnight
Chichewa: Nyowetsani mapesi odulidwa kapena deya wampunga kapena tirigu kapena masamba a nthochi  ndipo ikani motentha pamalo oyika simenti kapena pa pepala la plastic ndipo zikhale usiku wonse
English: Optionally, after soaking overnight and draining, they can be supplemented with rice/ wheat bran, water hyacinth
Chichewa: Njira ina, pambuyo ponyowetsa usiku wonse ndi kuchotsa madzi, zikhoza kuwonjezeredwa ndi deya ya mpunga kapena tirigu kapena namasupuni
English: The cotton waste is soaked or wetted for a few hours in water to which a detergent has been added as a softener and disinfectant
Chichewa: Zotsalira zathonje zinyikidwe mmadzi kapena kunyowetsedwa kwa maola angapo mmadzi omwe mwayikidwa mankhwala ochapira kuti zifewetse komanso kupha tizilombo ndi matenda
English: The water is squeezed out, the cotton waste loosened. It either can be pasteurized or unpasteurized
Chichewa: Madzi amafinyidwamo, thonje losafunikiralo ndikutakasuka. Likhoza kuphikidwa kupha tizilombo kapena ayi
English: Saw dust for the production of oyster mushroom should be that from hardwood or broad leaved trees
Chichewa: Utuchi wochitira ulimi wa bowa ukuyenera kukhakala wochokera kumitengo yachilengedwe kapena wochokera ku mitengo yamasamba akuluakulu
English: This is wetted and incubated overnight with supplements added and then pasteurized. Sometimes it can be allowed to ferment for a few days before pasteurization
Chichewa: Izi zimanyowetsedwa ndi kusungidwa pofunda kwausiku umodzi kwinaku akuonjezera zofunikira, pambuyo pake kuphamo tizilombo. Nthawi zina zikhoza kusiidwa kuti zichite mowa kwa masiku angapo tizilombo tisanaphedwemo
English: Should be shredded into 1-2 cm pieces. The cobs can be moisturized and incubated for 1-2 days and then pasteurized
Chichewa: Linyenyedwe ntidziduswa ta masentimita 1-2. zikonyo zikhoza kunyowetsedwa ndi kusingidwa pamalo otentha kenako kupha tizilombo ndi matenda
English: Sometimes the immersion-in-hot-water method is employed with use of corncobs. This is done to leach the readily available nutrients in order to reduce the risks of contamination
Chichewa: Nthawi zina njira yomiza mmadzi otentha ingathe kugwiritsidiwa ntchito pamodzi ndi zikonyo zachimanga. Izi zimachitika kuti michere isuluke pofuna kuchepetsa chiopsezo chamatenda
English: The maize stalks and husks should be shredded and these are suitable substrates for oyster mushroom cultivation
Chichewa: Mapesi a chimanga ndi madeya zinyenyedwe ndipo izi ndi zabwino kupangira malo olimira bowa wa Oyster
English: These are cheaper means of producing planting spawn as well as improving yields for oyster mushroom
Chichewa: Izi ndi njira zotchipa zokonzera mbeu komanso zochulikitsira zokolola za bowa wa Oyster
English: After the substrate preparatory stage for the different substrates, the substrates are packed into a home- made sterilizer which can be made from an open drum with a platform with holes
Chichewa: Pambuyo pa gawo lokonza malo olimira bowa, malo olimira bowa amasanjidwa pamalo ophera tizilombo ndi matenda omwe angathe kupangidwa kuchokera ku mgolo wopanda zotsekera wokhala ndi poyimitsira pamabowo
English: After loading it is tightly covered with a plastics sheet or sealable cover with an opening. This is a semi-bulk pasteurization but where auto-clavable bags are used, pack them into the wire mesh basket and then put the basket into the sterilization unit
Chichewa: Pambuyo poyikamo, chimakutidwa ndi mapepala a plastic kapena chinthu chotsekera chokhala ndi potsegula. Iyi ndi njira yopepuka yophera tizilombo ndi matenda koma pomwe matumba ophera matenda ndi tizilombo agwiritsidwa ntchito, asanjeni mu dengu la ukonde wamawaya ndipo ikani dengulo mu malo ophera tizilombo ndi matenda
English: Pasteurize for 1 hour and then empty the pasteurized substrate on to a plastic sheet for it to cool down to about 40oC
Chichewa: Iphani tizilombo kwa ola limodzi kenaka kuthulani malo olimira bowa papepala kuti azizire kufika 40oC
English: In cases where the hot water immersion is used, immerse the substrate for 30-40 minutes
Chichewa: Pomwe njira yomiza mmadzi otentha yagwiritsidwa ntchito, mizani malo olimira bowa wa mphindi makumi anayi
English: Pack the substrates into bags while adding planting spawn and then tie the mouth of the bags. This should be done in an enclosed place or where there is no air current
Chichewa: Sanjani malo olimira bowa mmatumba kwinaku mukuyika mbewu kenako mangani kukamwa kwa matumba. Izi zichitidwe pamalo obisika kapena pomwe palibe mphepo
English: Incubate the spawned bags in the dark or alternatively cover with a plastic sheet until the bags are fully colonized
Chichewa: Matumba omwe ayikidwa mbewu asungidwe pamalo otentha osafika kuwala kulikonse mpaka mbewu ifalikire matumba onse
English: It normally takes about 14-40 days at 24oC for full colonization to take place. This period depends on the size of the bags and spawn in grate
Chichewa: Zimatenga masiku 14 mpaka 40 pa kutentha kwa 24oC kuti mbewu ifalikire. Nthawi imeneyi imadalira kukula kwa matumba komanso mbewu
English: When the bags are fully colonized transfer them into the fruiting house. The fruiting house should provide enough light for the mushroom to start forming
Chichewa: Pamene matumba afalikira mbewu, asamutseni ndikuwayika mnyumba yokulira. Nyumba yokulira ikhale ndi kuwala kokwanira kuti bowa uyambe kupangika
English: Light, which would enable one to read a newspaper when inside the mushroom house, is just enough. The bags should be opened after exposure to light for one day. If tray fruiting is used, open one end facing the passage
Chichewa: Kuwala komwe kungathandize munthu kuwerenga nyuzipepala pamene ali mkati mwa nyumba ndikokwanira. Matumba atsegulidwe akayikidwa powala kwa tsiku limodzi. Ngati pagwiritsidwa ntchito zimbale, tsegulani mbali imodzi yoloza mpata wodutsamo
English: For the hanging method, tie them on to the racks and make a few long slits on the bags using a clean sharp knife or clean razor blade
Chichewa: Pa njira yopachika, mangani pathandala ndipo chekani motalikitsa malo ochepa pamatumbapo pogwiritsa ntchito mpeni wakuthwa kapena lezala
English: The air freshness in the mushroom house also needs to be maintained at this stage. Relative humidity is maintained by applying water several times a day on the floors and walls and the air freshness by routine opening of the vents
Chichewa: Kukoma kwa mpweya mnyumba ya bowa kuyenera kusamalidwe panthawi imeneyi. Chinyezi choyenera chimatheka pothira madzi kambirimbiri patsiku pansi komanso mmakoma ndipo kukoma kwa mpweya potsegula mazenera
English: Insufficient fresh air (too much carbon dioxide) lead to failure to fruiting and or development of deformed fruits
Chichewa: Mpweya wosakwanira wokhala ndi carbon dioxide wambiri amachititsa kuti bowa asabeleke kapena amapangitsa zipatso kukhala zolumala
English: This is usually due to too little air movement, high relative humidity and relatively high temperatures in the mushroom house
Chichewa: Izi zimachitika kwmabiri pomwe mpweya sukuzungulira, pali chinyezi chochuluka mumpweya ndiponso kutentha kwambiri mnyumba yabowa
English: This fungus parasitize the mushroom mycelium and has a tendency of spreading very fast
Chichewa: Fungus ameneyu amagwira mbewu yabowa ndipo ali ndi khalidwe lofalikira mwansanga
English: In the mushroom house you observe cobweblike structures growing rapidly from dead stumps or dead primodium, forming a veil which spreads rapidly
Chichewa: Mnyumba ya bowa mumaoneka ngati kangaude yemwe akufalikira mwachangu kuchokera pa zitsa zakufa kapena mbewu yakufa, kupanga kansalu kotchinga komwe kamafalikira mwachangu
English: Spread is through aerial hyphae, pickers and insects. The fungus colour, with time changes to yellowish – pink
Chichewa: Kufala kumachitika kudzera mu nthambi zamumpweya, wotchola bowa kapena tizilombo. Fungus yu ndi nthawi amasintha mtundu kumaoneka wachikasu kapena pink
English: Control is by removal of stumps and dead mushroom regularly from the beds or bags at the end of picking
Chichewa: Kuthana nazo ndi pochotsa zitsa komanso bowa wakufa pafupipafupi kuchokera mmabedi kapena matumba pambuyo pokolola bowa
English: This comprises a group of very common green moulds that is often encountered in mushroom cultivation
Chichewa: Izi zimaphatikiza gulu losasowa la ndere zobiliwira zomwe zimapezeka panthawi yobzala bowa
English: The spores are sticky and can easily be carried by flies, mites and pickers’ hands to uninfected areas
Chichewa: Njere zake zimamata ndipo zikhoza kutengedwa ndi zouluka, mbewa kapena wotchola bowa kupita nawo kumalo omwe kulibe matenda
English: Can be found as spots on dead mushrooms, stumps and both pasteurized and sterilized substrate, as well as in freshly cut wood logs
Chichewa: Akhoza kupezeka ngati madontho akuda pa bowa wakufa, zitsa kapena malo olimira omwe anachotsedwa matenda kapena osachotsedwa matenda, komanso pamitengo youma yodulidwa kumene
English: Snail -These appear in different forms and normally eat the mushroom during the night
Chichewa: Nkhono - izi zimaoneka mmitundu yosiyanasiyana ndipo kwambiri zimadya bowa usiku
English: In the early days when the populations are low, they can be controlled by hand picking, use of baits and traps
Chichewa: Mmasiku oyambilira pamene chiwerengero chili chotsika, kuthana nazo ndi potola ndi manja, kugwiritsa ntchito nyambo kapena misampha
English: These actually chew the mushroom from the inside (gill side) and tend to tunnel holes and hide in there when disturbed. They have a red or orange head and dark wings
Chichewa: Izi zimatafuna bowa kuchokera mkati mwake ndipo zimakonda kuboola mauna ndikubisala nkati mwake zikaopsezedwa. Zili ndi mitu yofiira kapena ya orange ndi mapiko akuda
English: These are very tiny spiders, which feed on mycelium or on the mushroom themselves
Chichewa: Awa ndi akangaude ang'onoang'ono kwambiri omwe amadya mbewu ya bowa kapena bowa weniweniwo
English: Mites are also carriers of unwanted fungi spores in to the substrate They can be effectively controlled by use of Malathion or by sprinkling with quick lime
Chichewa: Nsabwe zimatenganso njere za ma fungi osafunika kupita nazo pa malo olimira bowa.  Kuthana nazo koyenera ndipogwiritsa ntchito Malathion kapena kuwaza lime
English: Pluck mushrooms when fully grown. It takes about 5-9 days for the first flush to come out after opening the bags
Chichewa: Thotholani bowa akakula bwinobwino. Zimatenga masiku asanu mpaka asanu ndi anayi kuti bowa woyamba uwoneke pambuyo potsegula matumba
English: Cultivated mushrooms are grown in a house. The house provides conditions favourable for the growth of mushrooms
Chichewa: Bowa wobzala umalimidwa mnyumba. Nyumba imapeleka nyengo yoyenera kukula kwa bowa
English: The important conditions include humidity, temperature, ventilation and moisture. The house should satisfy the following conditions
Chichewa: Zofunikira kwambiri ndi chinyezi mumpweya, kutentha, kulowa mpweya komanso chinyezi. Nyumba ikwaniritse zofunikira izi
English: The house should be free from any obstruction and be oriented in such a way that ventilators and doors face in the direction of the wind to allow free air movement
Chichewa: Nyumba ikhale yopanda zopinga zilizonse ndipo iyang'ane koti zolowetsa kapena kutulutsa mpweya ndi zitseko ziloze mbali yomwe mphepo ikupita kuti mpweya udzidutsa mosavuta
English: The house should be constructed away from livestock kraals, rubbish pits and latrines to avoid attraction of flies to the mushroom house
Chichewa: Nyumba imangidwe kutali ndi makola a ziweto, mayeze a zinyalala komanso zimbuzi popewa kukopa ntchetche kulowa mnyumba ya bowa
English: The mushroom house should have a wooden framework covered with a heavy guage plastic sheet for controlling humidity and outer grass thatch for insulation
Chichewa: Nyumba ya bowa ikhale yamatabwa yokutidwa ndi mapepala okhuthala a plastic pofuna kusamala chinyezi mumpweya ndi udzu kunja pofuna kuti kuteteza kutentha
English: Requirements for construction of a mushroom house include wooden poles, 500 or 600 guage plastic sheets, bamboos, timbers nails, thatching grass and wire or plastic gauze
Chichewa: Zofunikira pomanga nyumba ya bowa ndi monga mitengo, ma plastic okhuthala pamulingo wa 500 kapena 600, nsungwi, misomali yamatabwa, udzu wofolera ndi waya kapena ukonde wa plastic
English: Suitable houses for growing mushroom should have dimensions of 5 mx 3 mx 2 m for smaller houses, and 7 mx 5 mx 3 m for larger ones
Chichewa: Nyumba zoyenera kulima bowa zikhale zokula mulingo wa 5mx3mx2m ngati zili zazing'ono kapena 7mx5mx3 ngati ndi zazikulu
English: Mushrooms are grown on shelves inside the house. These shelves can be as long as the house itself or slightly less
Chichewa: Bowa umalimidwa  mmalumale mkati mwa nyumba. Ma alumale amenewa akhoza kukhala aatali ngati nyumbayo kapena ofupika pang'ono
English: The widths of the shelves range from 0.5m to1.0m, depending on the size of fruiting bags
Chichewa: Lifupi la alumale likhale 0.5m mpaka 1.0m kutengera kukula kwa matumba a bowa
English: This is a process whereby organic materials are connected in to a satisfactory and stable medium for the growth of mushrooms
Chichewa: Iyi ndi njira yomwe zinthu zomera zimasakanizidwa ndi kulumikizidwa kuti zipange malo olimira bowa okhadzikika
English: The recommended quantities of in gradients based on one tone (1,000kg) of well dried cut maize stover or rice straw are as follows: 20kg Soya bean powder or cotton seed cake, 20 kg white wash lime, 20 kg molasses; 30 kg of single superphosphate and 30 kg of rice bran; 150kg of chicken manure and 10kg of calcitic lime
Chichewa: Mulingo woyenera wa zofunika potengera tani imodzi (yomwe ndi makilogalamu 1000) ya masamba ouma a chimanga kapena mpunga ili motere: makilogalamu 20 a ufa wa soya kapena nthanga za thonje zogaya;  makilogalamu 20 a lime woyera komanso makilogalamu 30 a deya wa mpunga; manyowa olemera makilogalamu 150 ndi lime wa calcitic
English: There are 2 composting phases, the first phase is out door while the second is indoor
Chichewa: Pali magawo awiri owoletsera manyowa, gawo loyamba ndi panja panyumba ndipo gawo lachiwiri mkati mwa nyumba
English: This is also known as outdoor composting because the activity is done outside the house under shed
Chichewa: Izi zimadziwika kuti kuwoletsa kunja kwa nyumba chifukwa zochitika zonse zimachitidwa pamthinzi panja panyumba
English: This phase involves wetting and mixing of the compost ingredients. The first step is to cut the straw or stover into pieces of 3 to 4 cm in length
Chichewa: Mu gawo ili, kunyowetsa komanso kusakaniza mayowa kumachitika. Ndondomeko yoyamba ndiukudula masamba kapena mapesi mziduswa zotalika 3cm mkapa 4cm
English: Thirty kilogrammes of dry cut stover or straw is enough to fill one square meter of bed
Chichewa: Makilogalamu 30 a masamba ouma kapena mapesi ndiwokwanira pabedi yotalika 1mx1m
English: The outside composting takes about 16 days. A summary of activities on a daily basis is presented
Chichewa: Njira yokonzera manyowa yapanja imatenga masiku 16. Ndandanda wa ntchito zogwiridwa tsiku ndi tsiku waonetsedwa
English: Spawning is the planting of mushroom seed. It should be done when the moisture content of the compost is about 70%
Chichewa: Spawning imatanthauza kubzala mbeu ya bowa. Kudzala mbewu pamene manyowa ali ndi chinyezi chofika mlingo wa 70 pa 100
English: This is when a handful of composit is squeezed in the hands 4 to 6 drops of water should come out
Chichewa: Izi zikutanthauza kuti manyowa akafinyidwa mmanjamu, patuluke madontho amadzi anayi mpaka asanu ndi limodzi
English: Ensure that there is no ammonia odour in the house and the compost temperature is about 25oC
Chichewa: Onetsetsani kuti palibe fungo la longa lamkodzo mnyumbamo ndipo kufunda kwa manyowa kuli pa 25oC
English: The actual spawning is done by broad casting three quarters of the required spawn quantity on to the compost and mixing it thoroughly with the compost right down to the bottom
Chichewa: Kufetsa kwenikweni kwa mbeu kumachitika powaza magawo atatu pa magawo anayi aliwonse a mulingo woneyera wa mbeu pa manyowa ndikusakaniza mokwanira ndi manyowawo kufika pansi
English: The remaining one quarter is broadcast on top and incorporated in to the remaining very top layer of the compost (about1cm deep)
Chichewa: Mbeu yotsalayo yomwe ndi gawo limodzi pa magawo anayi imwazidwe pamwamba ndipo iphatikizidwe ndi manyowa apamwamba kwambiri
English: Doors and ventilators should be closed from spawning day to 3 days after spawning
Chichewa: Makomo ndi malo onse opumira mpweya atsekedwe kuchokera tsiku lofetsa mpaka patatha masiku atatu chifetsereni mbeu
English: From day 4 introduce ventilation once in the morning and evening for 30 minutes a teach time. Colonization of the compost by the mushroom fungus takes 12 to 14 days after spawning
Chichewa: Kuchokera tsiku lachinayi, yambani kulowetsa mpweya kamodzi mmawa ndi madzulo kwa mphindi makumi atatu panthawi iliyonse. Bowa amamera ndi kuyanga pamanyowapo pakutha pa masiku khumi ndi awiri kufika khumi ndi anayi kuchokera tsiku lofetsa
English: Casing is the addition of moist pasteurized soil on to the compost. Casing soil must be clay loam subsoil, low in organic matter content
Chichewa: Kukutira ndi pamene mukuwonjezera dothi lonyowa koma lomwe laphikidwa kupha matenda kumanyowa aja. Dothi lokutira likhale lamchenga, la chonde chochepa
English: Casing is done at end of about 14 days when the compost is completely colonized by white mycelia
Chichewa: Kukutira kuchitike patadutsa masiku khumi ndi anayi pamene manyowa onse ayangidwa ndi zomera zoyera
English: Casing soil stimulates and promotes fruiting bodies and retains needed moisture for mushroom growth
Chichewa: Dothi lokutira limachangamutsa komanso kuthandizira kukula kwa njere zomwe zamera ndiponso kusunga chinyezi kuti bowa adzikula
English: The casing soil is put on top of the compost to a thickness of 3 to 4cm. About 30 liters of soil will be required per square meter
Chichewa: Dothi lokutira liyikidwe pammwamba pa manyowa pa mlingo wa ma sentimita atatu kufikira anayi. Dothi pafupifupi 30 Liters lidzafunikira pamalo a mita imodzi mulifupi ndi mita imodzi mulitali
English: From casing to formation of fruiting bodies, the casing should be moist at all times and the temperatures should be between 16 and 22oC. Mushroom pin heads start forming from day16 after casing
Chichewa: Kuchokera popanga khungwa lakunja kufika popanga mthambi zobeleka, khungu likhale lonyowa nthawi zonse ndipo matenthedwe akhale pakati pa 16 ndi 22oC. Mitu yabowa imayamba kupangika kuchokera tsiku la 16 pambuyo pomera khungu
English: Mushrooms are ready for harvesting 14 to 20 days after casing and they come in weekly flushes
Chichewa: Bowa umafika pokolola masiku khumi ndi anayi mpaka makumi awiri khungu litapangika ndipo umatuluka sabata iliyonse
English: To harvest, hold the cap, twist the mushroom and pull it together with the roots. Cut off the roots and dispose them by burying
Chichewa: Kuti mukolole, gwirani mutu wa bowa, potokolani ndikudzula pamodzi ndi mitsitsi. Dulani mitsitsi ndipo itayeni poyikwilira
English: The holes left behind by harvested mushrooms should be filled with fresh casing soil. Watering of bed should be done soon after harvest and all vents opened for 1 to 2 hours to dry the surface
Chichewa: Mabowo odza kamba kokolola bowa akwililidwe ndi dothi latsopano lokutira. Kuthilila madzi pamabedi kuchitike pambuyo pokolola ndipo malo onse olowera mpweya atsegulidwe kwa ola limodzi mpaka maola awiri kuti muwume
English: Depending on the variety, compost type and management, yield of mushrooms range from 5 to 10 kg per square meter under smallholder farming
Chichewa: Kutengera ndi mtundu wa mbeu, mtundu wamanyowa komanso kasamalidwe, zokolola za bowa zimakhala ma kilogalamu asanu mpaka khumi pa mulingo wa mita imodzi mulitali ndi mita imodzi mulifupi
English: A cropping period of 8 to 12 weeks is normal. After the cropping period, the soil and compost should be removed in preparation for a new season. It is possible to grow 2 crops in a year
Chichewa: Nthawi yolimira yapakati pa sabata zisanu ndi zitatu kufikira masambata khumi ndi awiri sizachilendo. Pambuyo polima bowa, dothi komanso manyowa zichitsedwe, kukonzekera nyengo ina yatsopano. Nkotheka kubzala mbeu kawiri pachaka
English: Agroforestry is a farming system in which trees/ shrubs (woody perennials) are deliberately integrated with crops and or animals on the same unit of land
Chichewa: Agroforestry ndi ndondomeko ya ulimi pomwe mitengo imasakanizidwa mwadala ndi mbewu kapena zinyama pamalo amodzi aulimi
English: The mixed cropping practices of most smallholder farmers in Malawi can be considered as agroforestry when trees or shrubs are present and used for specific purposes
Chichewa: Njira zaulimi wakasakaniza za alimi ang'onoang'ono ku Malawi zikhoza kuyikidwsa mu gulu lophatikiza zankhalango ndi ulimi pamene mitengo kapena mafutu amapezeka ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa zinthu zina zodziwika
English: Most trees in farmers’ fields have not been intentionally planted but their wide spread retention on farms demonstrates that agroforestry is simply a new word for an old practice
Chichewa: Mitengo yambiri mminda ya alimi sinabzalidwe ndi cholinga koma kusungidwa kwawo mminda kukusonyeza kuti kusakaniza zankhalango ndi ulimi ndi njira yatsopano yochitira zinthu zakale
English: In addition, agroforestry should also be broadly understood to be practices that involve a wide range of trees that are protected or planted and managed on farms and agricultural landscapes
Chichewa: Kuphatikiza apa, kusakaniza zankhalango ndi ulimi kudziwike bwino ponena kuti ndi mchitidwe womwe umakhuza mitundu yambiri yamitengo yomwe ndiyotetezedwa kapena yobzalidwa ndipo imasamalidwa pamunda ndi malo onse aulimi
English: These include trees that provide fruit, nuts, oils and leaves for food and nutrition, fodder trees that improve smallholder livestock production, fertilizer trees for land regeneration that improve soil health and thus contribute to food security
Chichewa: Mitengo imeneyi ndi monga yazipatso, mtedza, mafuta ndi masamba yopezetsa zakudya komanso thanzi labwino, mitengo yazakudya zaziweto yomwe imapititsa patsogolo ulimi wa ziweto za alimi ang'onoang'ono, mitengo yobweretsa chinde kuti dothi likhalenso ndi mphamvu ndi kuthandizira pakudzidalira pachakudya
English: Trees that are hosts to edible insects or used in honey production, trees that provide timber and wood energy, others that provide shelter; medicinal trees to combat disease; and trees that produce gums, resins or latex products. Many of these trees have multiple uses, providing a range of these benefits
Chichewa: Mitengo yomwe imasunga tizilombo todyedwa kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa ulimi wa uchi, mitengo yomwe imapezetsa matabwa ndi nkhuni, ina yomwe imapeleka malo okhala; mitengo yamankhwala pofuna kuthana ndi matenda; ndiponso mitengo yomwe imatulutsa utomoni kapena utoto. Yambiri mwa mitengoyi ili ndi ntchito zingapo, kupeleka zabwino zosiyanasiyana
English: Trees in agricultural landscapes provide many livelihood and environmental benefits, among them
Chichewa: Mitengo mmalo a ulimi imathandiza kubweretsa phindu ndi ubwino wazachilengedwe, zina mwa izo ndi:
English: Increased access to dietary diversity, as a means for reducing under nutrition. Safety net and resilience in an increasingly erratic climate, providing foods all year round and also when annual crops fail
Chichewa: Kuwonjezera kupezeka kwa zakudya zakasinthasintha, ngati njira imodzi yochepetsera kunyentchera. Kukhala ndi podalira komanso kuthekera pamene nyengo ikupitilira kukhala yosapanganika, kupeleka zakudya chaka chonse komanso pamene mbewu zapachaka zalephera
English: Enriched asset base of poor households. Improved soil fertility and livestock productivity on farms
Chichewa: Kukhala ndi mpamba waukulu wazinthu zodaliridwa pakhomo. Kuwonjezera chonde munthaka komanso kukweza ulimi wa ziweto kuminda
English: Links to markets for high-value fruits, oils, cash crops and medicines. A balance between improved productivity and the sustainable management of natural resources
Chichewa: Kulumikiza misika ya zipatso zamtengo wapatali, zamafuta, mbewu zogulitsa komanso mankhwala. Kuchita mofanana pakati pa ulimi wotsogola ndi kasamalidwe kazachilengedwe
English: Stable or enhanced supply of environmental services in agricultural landscapes for water, soil health, carbon sequestration and biodiversity
Chichewa: Kupezeka kwa ntchito zachilengedwe kokhadzikika mmalo aulimi kuti madzi, thanzi la dothi, kuchotsa mpweya wa carbon mlengalenga ndiponso kuchulikitsa zachilengedwe
English: Promotion of agroforestry to include all tree types and functions - fertilizer trees, fuelwood trees, fodder trees and fruit trees
Chichewa: Kupititsa patsogolo zankhalango ndi ulimi kumaphatikiza mitundu yonse ya mitengo ndi ntchito zake- yobweretsa chonde, mitengo yankhuni, mitengo yodyetsa ziweto ndi mitengo yazipatso
English: Agroforestry systems offer opportunities for realizing higher productivity, more dependable economic return and a greater diversity of outputs and benefits on a sustainable basis
Chichewa: Njira zosakaniza zankhalango ndi ulimi zimapezetsa mwayi wopeza zokolola zambiri, kubweretsa phindu lachuma lodalirika ndiponso zokolola ndi phindu losiyanasiyana mosawononga zinthu
English: The promotion of agroforestry lies in the multipurpose uses of woody plants as well as their products
Chichewa: Kupititsa patsogolo kasakaniza wazankhalango ndi ulimi kwagona pomwe mitengo imakhala ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana komanso zinthu zambiri zochokera kumitengo
English: Some tree species play a vital role in sustaining and improving crop yields by helping to improves oil structure and fertility, reducing soil erosion and providing shade
Chichewa: Mitundu ina yamitengo imathandiza pagawo lalikulu losunga komanso kupititsa patsogolo zokolola pothandiza kukonza mthaka ndi chonde, kuchepetsa kukokoloka kwa mthaka komanso kupeleka mthunzi
English: In addition to these functions, trees yield a variety of products such as fruits, fodder, fuelwood, timber, poles and medicines
Chichewa: Kuphatikiza ntchito zimenezi, mitengo imabweretsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga zipatso, zakudya zaziweto, nkhuni, matabwa, mitengo yomangira, komanso mankhwala
English: The system involves planting certain types of trees with crops at wide spacing to improve soil fertility and crop yields
Chichewa: Njirayi imaphatikiza kubzala mitundu ina yamitengo pamodzi ndi mbewu motalikitsa kuti zithandize kuwonjezera chonde munthaka komanso kuchulukitsa zokolola
English: Systematic planting provides uniform coverage of the area and facilitates farm operations including use of ox- drawn implements
Chichewa: Kubzala mitengo mwandongosolo kumabisa dothi kudera limenelo ndipo kumathandiza zochitika zapamunda kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zokokedwa ndi ng'ombe
English: If properly managed this practice sustains farm productivity over the long term and provides other useful tree products
Chichewa: Ngati zisamalidwa mwadongosolo, mchitidwe umenewu umalimbikitsa ulimi pamunda kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo umapeleka zinthu zofunikira zochokera kumitengo
English: It is popular with smallholder farmers because it builds upon traditional agroforestry practices, offering a range of tree species to meet different farmer needs.
Chichewa: Ndi wodziwika bwino pakati pa alimi ang'onoang'ono chifukwa umachitidwa pamwamba pa njira zina zamakolo zosamalira zachilengedwe, kupeleka mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitengo pofuna kukwaniritsa zofuna za alimi osiyanasiyana
English: Improve soil fertility and crop yields; extend the period of crop productivity; supply fuel, building material, fodder and other products for household use or sale
Chichewa: Imawonjezera chonde mdothi ndi kuchulukitsa zokolola; kuwonjezera nthawi yolima mbewu; kupezetsa nkhuni, zakudya za ziweto ndi zinthu zina zogwiritsa ntchito pakhomo kapena kugulitsa
English: All are large, fast- growing leguminous trees, indigenous to Malawi and well adapted to a wide range of habitats
Chichewa: Yonse ndi yayikulu, yokula mwachangu yamtundu wanyemba, yachilengedwe ku Malawi komanso yoyenera malo osiyanasiyana
English: They have multiple uses and are easy to raise from seed. Seed for these trees is easy to collect and the sources are abundant
Chichewa: Imagwira ntchito zambiri ndipo simavuta kubzala kuchokera ku mbewu. Mbewu ya mitengo imeneyi ndiyosavuta kutolera komanso kopezeka kwambiri ndi kwambirimbiri
English: Note: Msangu tree is particularly beneficial to soils and crops for its unique feature of dropping nutrient- rich leaves by the start of the rains
Chichewa: Dziwani: Mtengo wa Msangu  ndi wofunikira mwapaderadera kudothi ndi mbewu chifukwa cha mchitidwe wake wogetsa masamba okhala ndi michere yochuluka kumayambiliro kwa nyengo yamvula
English: Its bare canopy and leaf fall offer light and soil conditions ideal for optimum crop growth
Chichewa: Nthambi zake zoloza mmwamba komanso zogwetsa masamba zimapeleka zoyenera kuti kuwala ndi dothi zithandize kukula bwino kwa mbewu
English: Farmers in Malawi and elsewhere in Africa have maintained crop yields beneath msangu trees for long periods without adding fertilizers
Chichewa: Alimi ku Malawi komanso madera ena mu Africa muno akupezabe zokolola zambiri pomwe pali mitengo ya msangu opanda kuwonjezera fertilizer
English: Maize production under mature trees is commonly 50% to 250% higher than outside the canopy
Chichewa: Ulimi wachhimanga pansi pa mitengo yokhwima umakhala wokwera ndi 50% kufika 250% kuposa mbali zomwe zili kutali ndi mthunzi wa mtengo
English: Variation in yield depends on the crop variety and husbandry practices used, particularly early planting and weeding
Chichewa: Kusiyana kwa zokolola kumatengera mtundu wa mbewu komanso kasamalidwe, makamaka kubzala mofulumira komanso kupalira tchire
English: Msangu also has other uses including fi re wood and building materials, shade during the hot dry season, and high quality fodder from its abundant yields of nutritious pods which can be fed to livestock
Chichewa: Msangu ulinso ndi ntchito zina kuphatikizirapo nkhuni ndi zipangizo zomangira, mthunzi panthawi yotentha, komanso zakudya zapamwamba za ziweto kuchokera ku ndolo zake zochuluka zomwe zingadyetsedwe ku ziweto
English: Out plant seedlings into pits prepared during the dry season. Make sure the tap root is not bent or damaged when out planting, and that the seedling has recovered from any root pruning
Chichewa: Kubzala mmayenje omwe anakonzedwa munyengo youma. Onetsetsani kuti mtsitsi waukulu sunapindike kapena kuwonongeka pamene mukubzala komanso kuti mbande zachira potsatira kusadzidwa
English: Plant maize at least 90cm from seedlings. This helps to reduce competition and to encourage good growth
Chichewa: Bzalani chimanga pamtunda wa 90cm kuchokera pa mbande. Izi zimathandiza kuchepetsa kupikisana komanso zimalimbikitsa kukula
English: Msangu seedlings deserve a special care, because of its sensitivity to root pruning, out plant at 5-8weeks of age
Chichewa: Mbande za Msangu zimalira chisamaliro chapamwamba chifukwa zimasintha kwambiri pamene mizu yake yasadzidwa, pobzala zili sabata zisanu mpaka zisanu ndi zitatu zamsinkhu wake
English: Alternatively, seedlings may be raised off the ground on wire mesh platforms. This prevents roots growing through the tube so that root pruning is not needed
Chichewa: Njira ina, mbande zisamalidwe mmambwa, pathandala la ukonde wamawaya. Izi zimathandiza kupewa kukula kwa mizu kupyola mmiphika yake ndi cholinga chakuti kusadza kusafunike
English: Outplant seedlings into prepared pits early in the season by mid December or early January
Chichewa: Wokerani mbande mmayenje omwe anakumbidwa kumayamniliro kwa nyengo kuyambira mkati mwa December mpaka kumayambiliro kwa January
English: Plant when the soils are moist, preferably early morning or late afternoon to avoid midday heat
Chichewa: Bzalani pamene dothi ndi lonyowa, makamaka mmamawa kwambiri kapena madzulo kwambiri popewa kutentha kwa masana
English: Early planting encourages good root development for survival over the dry season. It also helps seedlings to withstand common pests and diseases
Chichewa: Kubzala mofulumira kumathandiza mitsitsi kumera moyenera kuti mbewu isafe panthawi yadzuwa. Zimathandizanso kuti mbande zipilire ku matenda ndi tizilombo
English: Note: Poor performance in the field occurs from: late out planting; using over grown seedlings that have stayed too long in the nursery; incorrect techniques when out planting
Chichewa: Dziwani: Kusachita bwino mmunda kumadza chifukwa cha: kuwokera mochedwa, kugwiritsa ntchito mbande zokalamba zomwe zakhala nthawi yayitali panazale, njira zilakwika zowokera mbande
English: Replace seedlings that have died within 2 weeks of first planting to ensure a good stand of trees
Chichewa: Bwezeretsani mbande zomwe zafa sabata ziwiri zisanathe mutabzala kuti mukhale ndi mitengo yokwanira
English: Seedlings will grow better by keeping the crop well weeded during the first season
Chichewa: Mbande zidzakula bwino mukapalira kuchotsa udzu munyengo yoyamba
English: This reduces competition for soil moisture and nutrients, as well as risk of fire damage
Chichewa: Iziz zimachepetsa kukanganira chinyezi ndi michere yamunthaka, komanso kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha moto
English: Prune bottom branches of seedlings after the first season to promote straighter healthier trees, and to reduce interference with field operations
Chichewa: Sadzani nthambi za mitengo pambuyo pa nyengo yoyamba kuti mitengo idzikula yathanzi komanso yowongoka, ndikuchepetsa kusokoneza ntchito zina zakumunda
English: Timely pruning when trees begin active growth to reduce die back, fungal diseases and termite attack
Chichewa: Kusadza mitengo nthawi yoyenera pamene mitengo yayamba kuphukira kuti zichepetse kufa kwa nthambi komanso matenda ndi kugwidwa ndi chiswe
English: This is April-May for Msangu, and October-November for other species. Make clean angled cuts with a sharp blade or saw to reduce injury to the tree
Chichewa: Izi zimachitika mu April ndi May pa Msangu ndi October mpaka November pa mitundu ina yamitengo. Dulani mopendeka ndi mpeni wakuthwa kapena mpeni wochekera matabwa pofuna kuchepetsa kuvulala kwa mitengo
English: As trees grow to maturity, a few branches may be selectively lopped to reduce the density of the canopy
Chichewa: Pamane mitengo ikukhwima, nthambi zina zochepa zingathe kudulidwa kuti tichepetse mthunzi
English: Spread the cut foliage on the ground to act as green manure, or use it as animal feed if the tree is a good fodder species. Collect the wood for fuel or other uses
Chichewa: Mwazani masamba odulidwazo pansi kuti asanduke manyowa a zomera kapena gwiritsani ntchito ngati zakudya za ziweto ngati mtundu wa mitengo uli wabwino kupanga zakudya. Tolelani mitengo ngati nkhuni kapane ntchito zina
English: Farmers are encouraged to protect naturally regenerating trees in their fields. This is the easiest agroforestry system to adopt as it requires no tree nurseries or out planting, and the trees are already adapted to the area. Key factors that motivate farmers to adopt this practice are highlighted below:
Chichewa: Alimi akulimbikitsidwa kuteteza mitengo yomwe imaphukira payokha mminda mwawo. Iyi ndi njira yokhayo yosavuta yosakaniza zankhalango ndi ulimi yoti atsatire chifukwa simafuna manazale a mitengo kapena kuwokera mitengo, ndipo mitengo imakhala itazolowera kale kuderalo. Zomwe zimapatsa chidwi mlimi kutsatira njira imeneyi zafotokozedewa mmunsimu:
English: Tree uses and needs – Trees provide many products and uses essential to the lives and livelihoods of farm households: fuel for cooking and heating; building materials for houses, animal enclosures and other farm structures; wood for doors, windows, furniture and handles of farm tools; fodder and shade for animals, fruits, oils, resins, dyes, and a host of medicinal and cultural uses
Chichewa: Ntchito zamitengo ndi zofunika- Mitengo imapeleka zinthu zambiri ndiponso ili ndi ntchito zofunikira paumoyo wa munthu komanso kapezedwe kazinthu pamabanja odalira ulimi; nkhuni zophikira komanso kutenthetsa; zipangizo  zomangira nyumba, makola a ziweto ndi zina zofunika pamunda; matabwa a zitseko, mazenera komanso mipando, zogwilira za zipangizo zakumunda; zakudya zaziweto ndi mthunzi ku ziweto, zipatso, mafuta a masamba, utoto wosinthira mitundu yazinthu ndiponso mankhwala ndi zachikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana
English: But many smallholders lack the knowledge, land, labour and inputs to raise and plant trees on and around their homes and farms
Chichewa: Koma alimi ang'onoang'ono ambiri amasowa upangiri, malo, ogwira ntchito komanso zipangizo kuti asamale ndi kubzala mitengo mmakomo ndi mminda mwawo
English: Low Cost and Easy to do – The key advantage is that it easy to do and requires no special technical training, knowledge or timely provision of costly inputs typical of tree planting programs
Chichewa: Zosafuna ndalama zambiri komanso zosavuta kuchita- Ubwino wofunikira ndiwakuti ndizosavuta kuchita ndipo sidzifuna maphunziro apadera, nzeru kapena kupeleka zipangizo munthawi yake zomwe zimachitika ndi ntchito zobzala mitengo
English: Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration minimizes expenses and labour demanding tasks to produce, transport, out-plant, manage, and protect seedlings raised in nurseries. It simply requires selecting and protecting trees already present on the land through natural regeneration of root stock, coppiced stumps and seedlings
Chichewa: Kubwezeretsa zachilengedwe koyendetsedwa ndi alimi kumachepetsa ndalama zogwira ntchito zolira antchito ambiri popanga, kunyamula, kuwokera, kusamala komanso kuteteza mbande zomwe zakuzidwa mmanazale. Zimangofuna kusankha ndikuteteza mitengo yomwe ilipo kale pamalopo kudzera kuphukira kwa mizu ndi zitsa zomwe zilipo kale komanso mbande zomera zokha
English: Adaptability – Natural regenerating trees are healthy plants selected by nature with strong root systems that can withstand climate shocks
Chichewa: Kuvomera- mitengo yobwezeretsa zachilengedwe imakhala yathanzi, yosankhidwa kale ndi chilengedwe, imakhala ndi mitsitsi yomwe ingapilire kusintha kwa nyengo mwadzidzidzi
English: They are well adapted to the local ecology with inherent resistance to drought, fire, browsing, pests and diseases. Consequently, there is little or no risk of setbacks common with planted seedlings
Chichewa: Imachita bwino ku deralo ndi zamoyo zina ndipo ili kupilira   kwachibadwa ku chilala, moto, kudyedwa kwambiri ndi zinyama, tizilombo ndi matenda. Zotsatira zake ndi zakuti pamakhala chiopsezo chochepa penanso sipamakhala chiopsezo ngati chimene chimapezeka ndi mbande
English: Most work can be done in the dry season to minimize labour conflicts with farming whereas planting of seedlings is time sensitive and coincides with critical farm operations at the start of the rains
Chichewa: Ntchito yambiri ikhoza kuchitika munyengo yadzuwa pochepetsa kuchulukiridwa ntchito za ulimi, pomwe kubzala mbande kumadalira nthawi yoyikika komanso kumakumana ndi nthawi yofunikira ya ntchito zammunda kumayambiliro kwa mvula
English: There is no prescribed number or density of trees to retain on farms. This depends on the species selected and interests of individual farmers
Chichewa: Palibe chiwerengero choyikika kapena kuthithikana kwa mitengo yosungidwa pamunda. Izi zimadalira mitundu yamitengo yomwe yasankhidwa komanso chidwi cha mlimi aliyense
English: The critical issue is to allow adequate space and light for crops to grow normally. This can be assisted by managing the canopy of the trees and trimming branches which can be collected for a variety of uses
Chichewa: Chofunikira kwambiri ndikupeleka mpata wokwanira komanso dzuwa kuti mbewu zidzikula bwino. Izi zikhoza kuthandizidwa posamala kufunga kwa mitengo ndi kusadza mthambi zomwe zingathe kutoleledwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana
English: Multiple benefits and products – helps to restore the biodiversity of the natural landscape and to protect the local environment against adverse climate conditions while providing multiple products and uses by communities and households – firewood, building material, fodder, fruits, wood for farm tools, and many medicinal and cultural uses
Chichewa: Ubwino wochuluka komanso zinthu zopezeka- zimathandiza kubwezeretsa zachilengedwe kudera ndi kuteteza chilengedwe chakudera ku nyengo zoyipa pomwe zikupeleka zinthu ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana ku midzi ndi makomo - nkhuni, zipangizo zomangira nyumba, zakudya za ziweto, matabwa opangira zida zapamunda ndi ntchito zina zamankhwala ndi chikhalidwe
English: Note – Protecting trees from fire and cutting by people ensures good tree survival and growth, which will provide farmers with a diverse range of products and uses at low cost.
Chichewa: Dziwani: Kuteteza mitengo ku moto wolusa ndi kudulidwa ndi anthu zimathandiza kuti mutengo ipulumuke ndi kukula, zomwe zimapezetsa alimi zinthu ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana pamtengo wotsika
English: There is no prescribed density or spatial arrangement although the size and type of trees are an important consideration depending on the interests of the farmer. Typically, densities range from 25/ha for large trees to 200/ha for small trees
Chichewa: Palibe kuthithikana kapena kuyalana kwa mitengo ngakhale kukula ndi mtundu wa mitengo ndi zinthu zofunika kudziganizira potengera zokhumba za mlimi. Kwambiri, kuthithikana kuyambire mitengo 25 pa hectare pa mitundu yamitengo ikuluikulu mpaka mitengo 200 pa hectare pa mitundu yamitengo ing'onoing'ono
English: The first task is to select the trees to retain on the land based on the interests of the farmer and desired uses of the trees
Chichewa: Ntchito yoyamba ndukusankha mitengo yoti isungidwe pamalopo potengera zokhumba za mlimi komanso ntchito zomwe akufuna adzagwiritse
English: This means removing other trees to provide space and light for growing crops. As mentioned above, the density or spacing depends on the type and size of the trees present on the land
Chichewa: Izi zikutanthauza kuchotsa mitengo ina kuti ipeleke danga ndi dzuwa ku mbewu zomwe zikukula. Monga tanenera mmwambamu, kuthithikana kapena kutalikirana kumadalira mitundu ndi kukula kwa mitengo yomwe ili pamalopo
English: After selecting the trees to manage, thin the stems or shoots as needed to 1 or 2 dominant stems to promote vertical growth
Chichewa: Pambuyo posankha mitengo yoti isamalidwe, chotsani mthambi kapena mphukira monga kufunika kuti zikhale imodzi kapena ziwiri zikuluzikulu polimbikitsa kukula moloza mmwamba
English: This avoids the development of scrubby bush which reduces space for crop production
Chichewa: Izi zimapewa kukula kwa mafutu omwe amachepetsa mpata ku ulimi wa mbewu
English: Scrubby growth also produces low quantities of wood of a size to meet the different needs of farmers
Chichewa: Kukula kwa mafutu kumatulutsa chiwerengero chochepa chamitengo yomwe imakula kufikira zofuna zosiyanasiyana za alimi
English: The best tool for pruning and trimming is a bow saw, but a sharp panga is adequate for small diameter stems and branches
Chichewa: Chida chabwino chosazira ndikuchotsa mthambi ndi mpeni wochekera mitengo wa uta koma chisenga chakuthwa ndichokwanira pa mitengo ndi mthanmbi zomwe tsinde lake ndi laling'ono
English: Pruning and thinning should be done with an upward slanting cut to minimize damage to the tree
Chichewa: Kusadza ndi kuchepetsa chiwerengero kuchitike podula mopendekera mmwamba pochepets kuwonongeka kwa mtengo
English: For example, a downward cut may cause the branch or stem to split or the bark may be torn downwards along the living branch or stem
Chichewa: Mwachitsanzo, kudula moloza pansi kungayambitse mthambi kapena tsinde kung'ambika kapena khungwa kukhadzuka motsatira nthambi kapena tsinde lomwe latsala
English: Collect thinned shoots and trimmings for fuel or other uses. Other products may be collected as and when available such as fruits, fodder and various parts of trees for medicinal or other uses
Chichewa: Tolerani mphukira zozulidwa ndi mthambi zodulidwa ndikuoanga nkhuni kapena ntchito zina. Zinthu zina zingathe kutoledwa pamene zapezeka monga zipatso, zakudya za ziweto, ndi zigawo zina za mitengo ngati mankhwala kapena ntchito zina
English: Manage tree canopies before and during the cropping season as necessary by trimming branches to ensure adequate space and light for good crop growth
Chichewa: Samalani kufunga kwa mitengo nyengo yolima isanafike komanso munyengo yolima pomwe pali poyenera posadza mthambi kuti pakhale mipata ndi dzuwa loyenera ku mbewu zidzikula moyenera
English: Although most natural trees are fi re resistant, they need protection from fi re in the dry season to minimize damage to young trees. This is best organized through by-laws with communities and their leaders
Chichewa: Ngakhale mitengo yambiri yachilengedwe imapilira ku moto wolusa, ikuyenera kutetezedwa ku moto wolusa munyengo yadzuwa pofuna kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa mitengo yaying'ono. Izi zimakonzedwa bwino lomwe popanga malamulo akudera pamodzi ndi anthu ammudzi ndi atsogoleri awo
English: Farmers should establish small seed banks in the form of hedges around their homestead or other plots to meet future seed needs, and possibly for sale to other parties
Chichewa: Alimi akhadzikitse nkhokwe zing'onozing'ono za mbewu munjira yamipanda yozungulira makomo awo kapena malo ena kuti adzakhale ndi mbewu yokwanira mtsogolo ikadzafunika komanso kugulitsa kwa ena oyifuna
English: Another option is to maintain plants on the perimeter of their undersown plots for seed production
Chichewa: Njira ina ndi kusunga mbewu mozungulira kunja kwa malo omwe agetsedwa mbewu zochepa kuti apange mbewu
English: Prune bottom branches of seedlings after the first season to promote straighter, healthier trees and to reduce interference with field operations
Chichewa: Sadzani mthambi zammunsi za mbande pambuyo panyengo yoyamba pofuna kulimbikitsa mitengo yowongoka komanso yathanzi ndipo pochepetsa kusokoneza zochitika zapamunda
English: Prune when trees begin active growth to reduced fungal diseases and termite attack
Chichewa: Sadzani pamene mitengo yayamba kuphuka pofuna kuchepetsa matenda a fungus ndi kugwidwa ndi chiswe
English: This is April-May for msangu, and October -November for other species. Make clean angled cuts with a sharp blade or saw to reduce injury to the tree
Chichewa: Izi zichitike miyezi ya April ndi May pa mbewu ya Msangu, ndipo October ndi November pa mitundu ina. Dulani mwaukhondo mopendeka ndi mpeni wakuthwa kapena mpeni wodulira matabwa pofuna kuchepetsa kuvulala kwa mitengo
English: As trees grow to maturity, a few branches may be selectively lopped (removed) to reduce the density of the canopy
Chichewa: Pamene mitengo ikukula ndikukhwima, mthambi zochepa zikhoza kuchotsedwa pofuna kuchepetsa kuthithikana kwa mafutu