dmatekenya/chichewa-machine-translation huggingface dataset:
English: The practice is best suited to fields with contour ridges, and it can also be effective where this has not been done
Chichewa: Mchitidwewu ndi woyenera minda yomwe ili ndi akalodzera/milambala, ikhozanso kuthandiza pomwe izi sidzinachitike
English: Stream banks are the most vulnerable land areas in Malawi. They have long been cultivated due to fertility from sediments deposited by regular flooding
Chichewa: Mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi malo omwe ali pali chiopsezo chachikulu ku Malawi. Mwakhala mukulimidwa kwanthawi yayitali chifukwa cha chonde chochokera ku dothi lomwe labwera ndi kusefukira kwa madzi
English: Despite this, stream bank soils typically have low cohesion and hence are prone to degradation
Chichewa: Ngakhale zili chonchi, dothi la mphepete mwa mitsinje limagwirana mochepa ndipo nkosavuta kuwonongeka
English: Protection is vital to stabilize stream flow and to reduce the risk of flooding, siltation, landslides and loss of arable land
Chichewa: Chitetezo ndi chofunika kuti chichepetse kuthamanga kwa madzi ndi kuchepetsa  chiopzezo chosefukira, kukwililika kwa mtsinje, matope ndi kuonongeka kwa malo olima
English: Prevention is the simplest and best form of protection. Ideally, stream banks should not be cultivated but left to natural vegetation, which provides more permanent and reliable protection than physical structures
Chichewa: Kupewa ndi chitetezo chokhacho chosavuta komanso chabwino. Mphepete mwa mtsinje simukuyenera kulimidwa koma mukhale zomera zachilengedwe zomwe zimapeleka chitetezo chodalilika nthawi zonse kuposa zinthu zina zoyikidwa
English: Planted grasses and trees are good alternatives where vegetation has been cleared for cultivation or other reasons
Chichewa: Udzu wobzalidwa ndi mitengo ikhoza kugwira ntchito mmalo mwake pamene tchire lachotsedwa kuti pabzalidwe mbeu kapena pazifukwa zina
English: Ways on how to establish vegetation along stream banks are as follows: Demarcate a strip along the stream channel to cover the banks about 5m side either side for small streams and 10-20 m for big rivers
Chichewa: Njira zokhadzikitsira zomera mphepete mwa mtsinje zili motere: Ikani malire motsatira mtsinje kuti liphimbe mbali mwa mtsinje motalika 5m mbali zonse za mtsinje kwa mitsinje yaying'ono kapena 10-20m ngati mitsinje ili yayikulu
English: Planting grasses: Plant vetiver, Napier or bamboo along the strips. Vetiver grass can be planted in strips along the banks at a spacing of 0.45m x 0.2 m and bamboo at 1 m x 1 m
Chichewa: Kubzala udzu: Bzalani vetiver, napier kapena msungwi mbali mwa munda. Udzu wa vetiver ukhoza kubzali mbali mwa munda mphepete mwa mtsinje pa mulingo wa 0.45cm ndi 0.2cm ndipo nsungwi zibzalidwe pa 1mx1m
English: Planting trees: Several species are recommended in strips at 2 m x 2 m: Acacia galpini, A. polycantha, A. siberana, Faidherbia albida, Ficus natalensis, F. capensis, F. Tycomorus, Khaya nyasica, Parkia filicoidea, Rauvolfia caffra, Syzygium cordatum, S. guineense, Trichilia emetica, Ziziphus abyssinica, Z. mauritiana and Z. mucronata
Chichewa: Kubzala mitengo: Mitundu yambiri ndiyovomerezeka mmizere ya mamita 2x2: Acacia galpini, A. polycantha, A, siberana, Faidherbia albida, Ficus natalensis, F. capensis, F. Tycomorus, Khaya nyasica, Parkia filicoidea, Rauvolfia caffra, Syzygium cordatum, S. guineense, Trichilia emetica, Ziziphus abyssinica, Z. mauritiana and Z. mucronata
English: Where trees and shrubs are used, leave a 1 m strip from the channel on either side for grass to regenerate to increase surface roughness for reducing water runoff and erosion
Chichewa: Pamene mitengo ndi tchire zagwiritsidwa ntchito, lekani mpata wa mita imodzi kuchokera pangalande mbali zonse kuti udzu umere ndi kuwonjezera kulimba kwa nthaka pochepetsa kuthamanga kwa madzi ndi kukoloka kwa nthaka
English: Erosion and runoff from deforestation, overgrazing, bushfires, and poor cultural practices are serious threats to the environment and agricultural production
Chichewa: Kukoloka kwa nthaka ndi kuthamanga kwa madzi chifukwa cha kuononga nkhalango, kudyetsa ziweto mowirikiza pa malo amodzi, moto wantchire, komanso kulima mosasamala ndi ziopsezo zikuluzikulu ku zachilengedwe ndi ulimi
English: Planting perennial bunch grasses on the contour provides a good barrier against erosion and run-off
Chichewa: Kubzala udzu wokhala zaka zopitilira chimodzi pa mlambala kumathandiza kutchinga  nthaka yokokoloka ndi madzi othamanga
English: With proper spacing and management, natural terraces form between the contour hedges through soil accumulation on the upper side of the hedge
Chichewa: Ndi mipata yabwino komanso kusamala, malo athyathyathya achilengedwe amapangidwa pakati pa zotchingira milambala kudzera nkusonkhana kwa dothi kumbali yokwera ya mpanda
English: Contour hedges also slow down and retain water that would otherwise be lost through surface run-off. Multi-purpose trees or shrubs may be planted above the hedges
Chichewa: Zotchingira mlambala umafooketsa liwiro ndi kusunga madzi omwe akanatha kutayika kudzera mmadzi othamanga panthaka. Mitengo yogwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana kapena tchire ukhoza kubzalidwa pamwamba pa zotchingira
English: Two types of grasses commonly used are vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides and V. nigritana), and napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum). Vetiver is a fast growing, deep-rooted perennial grass well adapted to all agro-ecological zones in Malawi
Chichewa: Mitundu iwiri ya udzu udzu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri ndi vetiver ndi napier grass. Vetiver ndi udzu wokula mwachangu, wa mitsitsi yozama pansi womwe umalola madera onse aulimi mMalawi
English: It is not competitive with crops and is not known to host pests and diseases of concern to agriculture
Chichewa: Sumapikisana ndi mbeu ndipo sidzinadziwike ngati umasunga tizilombo ndi matenda wodandaulitsa pa ulimi
English: Vetiver seed has low viability, so there is little chance of it becoming a weed. It is easy to establish and maintain, and it makes good thatching, mulch, and bedding material for livestock
Chichewa: Mbeu ya vetiver imaguga msanga, ndiye pali mwayi wochepa kuti okhoza kusanduka tchire. Ndiyosavuta kukhadzikitsa ndi kusamala, ndipo ndiwabwino kufolela, kuphimbira, ndi zogonera ziweto
English: V. zizanioides is preferred because it grows faster and forms a denser and leafier hedge than V. nigritana. It is also less susceptible to termite attack
Chichewa: V. zizanioides amakondedwa chifukwa amakula mwachangu ndukupanga mpanda wothithikana wamasamba ambiri kuposa V. nigritana. Samadyedwanso kwambiri ndi chiswe
English: Napier grass is a tall, thick-stemmed bunch-type perennial growing to 4m in height. It is also widely adaptable, but grows best in areas with rainfall over 1,000 mm/annum
Chichewa: Udzu wa Napier ndiwautali, wokhuthala tsinde, wokhala mulu wazakazaka ndipo umatalika kufika mamita anayi. Umalola madera ambiri, koma umakula bwino madera omwe mvula imapyola 1000mm pachaka
English: Napier is commonly used as a fodder for cattle. It grows taller than vetiver but is not as effective for soil conservation
Chichewa: Napier amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati chakudya cha ng'ombe. Umatalika kuposa vetiver koma sowabwino kwenikweni kuteteza nthaka
English: Two spp of vetiver grass are found in Malawi, V. nigritana is in abundance in the shire valley and has been planted around farmers’ fields
Chichewa: Mitundu iwiri ya vetiver imapezeka ku Malawi. V. nigritina amapezeka kwambiri ku chigwa cha Shire ndipo wabzalidwa mminda ya alimi
English: The other, V. zizanoides is now available in many parts of Malawi and may be obtained from the Agricultural Development Divisions (ADDs), some Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and estates
Chichewa: Winawo, V. zizanoides pano akupezeka mmadera ambiri mMalawi ndipo atha kupezedwa ku Agricultural Development Divisions, mabungwe omwe si aboma ndi kuminda ikukuikulu ya alimi
English: Vetiver can also be collected from nurseries established for this purpose (refer to section on vetiver nurseries)
Chichewa: Vetiver akhoza kutengedwa ku manazale okhazikitsidwa ndi cholinga chochulukitsa udzuwu
English: Material may also be collected from the edges and sides of well established hedgerows, but make sure the hedgerow is left intact with no gaps to allow full recovery
Chichewa: Udzu wa mbeu ukhozanso kupezeka mmphepete ndi mmbali mwa mipanda yokadzikika koma onetsetsani kuti mpandawo mwausiya opanda mipata kuti ubwelerenso mmene unaliri
English: Due to short supply of planting material, communities and individuals are encouraged to establish local vetiver nurseries near planting sites before establishing hedges in fields
Chichewa: Chifukwa chakuchepa kwa mbeu yobzala, anthu ndi magulu akulimbikitsidwa kukhadzikitsa manazale a vetiver mmadera pafupi ndi malo obzalawo asanayike mipanda mminda
English: Small nurseries are easier to manage and maintain, and should be based on farmer demands to avoid confusing value of vetiver with monetary or other incentives
Chichewa: Manazale ang'onoang'ono savuta kusamala ndipo atsatire zokhumba za alimi kuopa kusokoneza kufunika kwa vetiver ndi ndalama kapena zithokozo zina
English: Dambos are the best nursery sites as moisture will be readily available. Sites on upland areas should be close to permanent water source for easy watering. Alternatively nurseries can be established under rainfed conditions
Chichewa: Madimba ndi malo abwino kwambiri kuyika nazale chifukwa chinyezi chimakhala chopezekeratu. Malo akumtunda akhale pafupi ndi madzi osaphwa kuti kuthilira kusamavute. Njira ina ndi kukhadzikitsa manazale potsatira nyengo yamvula
English: Collect enough clumps for the planned nursery. A fully loaded 7tone truck will plant 0.5 ha
Chichewa: Tolelani timitolo tokwanira panazale yanu. Galimoto yodzadza matani 7 mukabzala munda theka limodzi la hectare
English: Plant slips 45 cm x 45 cm apart and press the soil firmly around each; if farmers wish to intercrop beans or cowpeas on the ridges, plant slips in the furrow 90 cm x 45 cm
Chichewa: Bzalani motalikira masentimita 45x45 ndipo tsenderani dothi mozungulira paliponse; ngati mlimi akufuna kubzala kasakaniza ndi nyemba kapena nandolo mmizere, abzale udzu mungalande motalokirana masentimita 90x45
English: Competition will be minimal because the vetiver is newly planted or regenerating. Trim vetiver to 30 cm tall in May/June and again at the start of the next season in December or January to promote tillering and fast growth
Chichewa: Kupikisana kudzachepa chifukwa vetiver wangobzalidwa kumene kapena akuphukira. Dulirani vetiver kufika msinkhu wa masentimita 30 mu mwezi wa May kapena June komanso poyambilira pa nyengo yotsatira mu December kapena January kuti mupititse patsogolo kumera mphukira ndi kukula mwachangu
English: Early planting in suitable sites such as dambos allows material to be ready for collection after one season
Chichewa: Kubzala mofulumira mmalo oyenera monga kudimba kumathandiza kuti mbeu idzatengedwe pakutha pa nyengo imodzi
English: Grass hedges are used to reduce runoff and erosion, not to stabilize marker ridges which re guides to realign planting ridges
Chichewa: Mipanda ya udzu imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa madzi ndi kukokoloka kwa nthaka, osati kulimbitsa mizere ya akalodzera yomwe imathandiza popanga mizere yobzalamo
English: Farmers may choose whether trees or shrubs are preferable for their contour strips. Fruit trees provide fruits which are important for human nutrition and income generation for farm households
Chichewa: Alimi angathe kusankha pakati pa mitengo kapena tchire zomwe akonda kudzala mu akalodzera awo. Mitengo yazipatso imapeleka zipatso zomwe ndi zofunika pathanzi la munthu komanso zimabweretsa ndalama pakhomo la mlimi
English: Leguminous shrubs provide fuelwood, green manure and/or fodder. For fruit trees, plant varieties that are resistant to common diseases
Chichewa: Mbeu za nyemba zimapezetsa nkhuni, manyowa a zomera komanso zakudya za ziweto. Pa mitengo ya zipatso, bzalani mitundu yopilira ku matenda a wamba
English: Consult local extension staff on available planting material. If bananas are used, plant 90 cm above and parallel to the grass strip, with plants 2 m apart
Chichewa: Funsani alangizi kudera lanu ngati mitengo yoti mubzale ikupezeka. Ngati mwagwiritsa ntchito nthochi, bzalani pantunda wa masentimita 90 moyang'anizana ndi mizere ya udzu, ndi mbeu ziwiri pamamita awiri aliwonse
English: Other fruit trees may be planted at 4m intervals along the upper side of the contour ridge
Chichewa: Mitengo ina ya zipatso ikhoza kubzalidwa pa mlingo wa mamita anayi pamwamba mzere
English: This may be done along each strip or along alternate strips. If trees are preferred, use Senna siamea, S.spectabilis, Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena diversifolia, depending on the environment
Chichewa: Izi zikhoza kuchitika pamzere uliwonse ngakhalenso mizere yosemphana. Ngati mwakonda mitengo, gwiritsani ntchito kesha, msangu ndi nkina, potengera nyengo yanu
English: Prune tree lines to reduce competition with crops, and to provide green manure, fuelwood or fodder
Chichewa: Sadzani mitengo kuti zichepetse kupikisana ndi mbeu komanso kuti mupeze manyowa, nkhuni ndi zakudya za ziweto
English: Prune at the start of the second growing season if trees are greater than 1 m so that they are big enough to recover from pruning
Chichewa: Sadzani poyambilila pa nyengo yachiwiri yobzala mbeu ngati mitengo ili ndi nthambi zopitilira mita imodzi kuti ithe kuphukanso
English: Prune branches with a clean, upward slanting cut at a height of 40 cm for Senna, Gliricidia and Leucaena, and 75 cm for Cajanas, Sesbania, and Tephrosia
Chichewa: Sadzani nthambi mwautoto podula chopendekera mmwamba pamtunda wa 40cm ngati ndi kesha, msangu komanso nkina kapena 75cm ngati ndi nandolo, jerejere  ndi katupe
English: During the growing season, prune trees whenever shading or competition becomes a risk. Distribute these prunings along the crop ridges to help reduce weeds and to increase available nutrients for the crops
Chichewa: Munyengo yolima mbeu, sadzani mitengo ngati ikugwetsa masamba kapena ngati pali chiopsezo pamene ikupikisana ndi mbeu. Mwazani nthambi zosadzidwa mmizere ya mbeu kuti zichepetse udzu komanso kuchulukitsa michere ya mbeu
English: Alternatively, prunings from Sesbania, Gliricidia and Leucaena may be used for animal feed. Collect branches for fuelwood
Chichewa: Mungathenso kugwiritsa ntchito nthambi zosadzidwa za jerejere, msangu ndi nkina ngati chakudya cha ziweto. Tolerani nthambi ngati nkhuni
English: Soil fertility improvement or enhancement and appropriate soil management is important in order to maintain or improve soil productivity
Chichewa: Kuwonjezera chonde munthaka ndipondo njira zoyenera zakasamalidwe ka nthaka ndi zofunika ndi cholinga chosamala kapena kuwonjezera mphamvu za nthaka
English: Soil fertility enhancement includes use of both organic and inorganic fertilizers which are complementary to each other
Chichewa: Kuwonjezera chonde munthaka kumadalira kugwiritsa ntchito fertilizer ndi manyowa zomwe zimagwira ntchito mothandizana
English: Use of chemical fertilizers only causes the soils to become unproductive in the long term and would not sustain crop yields
Chichewa: Kugwiritsa ntchito fertilizer wopangidwa ku fakitale yekha kumachititsa nthaka kuti uguge pakadutsa nthawi ndipo zokolola zimatsika ndi nthawi
English: It is thus important to combine the use of inorganic fertilizers with organic manures such as composts and biomass from agroforestry
Chichewa: Kotero nkofunika kuphatikiza fertilizer ndi manyowa monga osakaniza zinyalala ndi ndowe kapena masamba ochokera ku mitengo
English: The most cost effective or economical way of replenishing soil fertility is through the maintenance of soil organic matter
Chichewa: Njira yothandiza kwambiri kapena yolalira ndalama zambiri yobwezeretsa mphamvu ya dothi munthaka ndi kudzera mu kusamala chonde mudothi
English: Soil organic matter can be improved through the incorporation and at the same time conservation of crop residues
Chichewa: Chonde chikhoza kuwonjezereka kudzera nkuphatikiza komanso pomwepo kuteteza zotsalira za mbeu
English: An integrated approach which uses inorganic, organic and biological sources of crop nutrients is to be promoted
Chichewa: Njira yothandizana yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito fertilizar, manyowa ndi zamoyo kuyika michere ku mbeu ilimbikitsidwe
English: Manures are fully decomposed organic matter. They supply plant nutrients in forms that can be easily taken up; improve structure of the top soil through supply of organic matter which improves root penetration, permeability, water retention capacity, aeration and resistance to erosion; reduces leaching of soil nutrients and improve soil microbial activity
Chichewa: Manyowa ndi zinthu zomwe zaola zochokera ku zamoyo. Zimapeleka michere ku mbeu munjira yomwe michere imayamwidwa mosavuta; zimawonjezera mphamvu ya dothi lapamwamba kudzera kupeleka chonde chomwe chimathandiza kuzama kwa mitsitsi, kumasuka kwa dothi; kuthekera kosunga madzi, kayendedwe ka mpweya kunthaka komanso kupilira ku kukokoloka kwa dothi; amachepetsa kutayika kwa michere yamunthaka ndi kupititsa patsogolo ntchito za tizilombo tamunthaka
English: Different types of manure can be classified into the following: Compost manure; Khola/animal manure; Green manure; Farm yard manure; and, Liquid manure
Chichewa: Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya manyowa ikhoza kuyikidwa mmagulu awa: manyowa osakaniza ndowe ndi zomera; manyowa a ndowe; manyowa a zinyalala; manyowa a zomera; manyowa akumunda; mayowa a madzi
English: Near a garden where the compost will be applied so as to minimize labour and time in transportation
Chichewa: Pafupi ndi munda womwe muthire manyowa  ndi cholinga chochepetsa ntchito ndi nthawi yonyamulira
English: If it is made in the garden, it is better to site the heap on the edge of the garden in order not to disrupt the cultivation operations in the garden
Chichewa: Ngati mwakonzera mmunda, ndibwino kuyika mulu pafupi ndi mphepete mwa munda kuti musasokoneze ntchito yobzala mmundamo
English: Under shade in order to maintain moisture in the heap. On fairly flat ground to help the even distribution of organic material and water
Chichewa: Pamthunzi kuti musunge chinyezi pamulu. Pamalo athyathyathya kuti zithandize kulowelerana kwa madzi ndi zinyalala
English: Near to the source of the materials and water. Away from dwelling houses where chickens and goats roam as these normally tear apart the compost heap. However, covering the heap with thorny tree branches deters them
Chichewa: Pafupi ndi pomwe zinyalala ndi madzi akupezeka. Patali ndi nyumba za anthu komwe nkhuku  ndi mbuzi zimayendayenda pakuti izi zimafukula mulu wamanyowa. Komabe, kufunditsa mkhuti ndi nthambi zaminga zimalepheretsa kuonongako
English: Avoid sites that are exposed to strong winds because the air movement will evaporate water quickly from the compost. Construct a shade or use existing windbreaks where it is windy
Chichewa: Pewani malo omwe pamadutsa mphepo yamphamvu chifukwa mweya wodutsa umawumitsa madzi mwachangu kuchokera mmanyowamo. Mangani chigafa kapena gwiritsani ntchito zotchinga mphepo komwe kuli mphepo
English: Procedure for making Changu (Chinese) compost heap; Measure a 1.5m to 2m diameter circle by using a peg and the string
Chichewa: Ndondomeko zopangira mulu wamanyowa a Changu/Chinese: yezani malo ozulungulira mamita 1.5 kapena 2 pogwiritsa ntchito kamtengo ndi chingwe
English: Heap 20 - 30cm thick layer of composting material over the area marked. This will form the base of the compost heap
Chichewa: Unjikani zinyalala zamanyowa pamsinkhu wa masentimita 20-30 pamene mwalembelerapo. Izi zikhala gwero lamulu wanu yamanyowa
English: Water the heap adequately until it just oozes out when the materials are squeezed, to induce decomposition
Chichewa: Thirani madzi pa mulu mokwanira mpaka atayamba kutuluka pamene mwafinya zinthuzo, kuti ayambitse kuola
English: Add a booster on top to a height of 3 to 5cm thick; Water the booster layer adequately
Chichewa: Ikani zowonjezera mphamvu pamwamba pamsinkhu wa masentimita 3-5; thirani madzi mokwanira zopeleka mphamvu mwayikazo
English: Repeat the above process with the diameter of each subsequent layer reducing until the heap is 1.5m high, thereby achieving a conical shape
Chichewa: Bwerezani izi pamene kukula kwa  magawo omwe mukuyika kukuchepa mpaka mkhuti yanu italike ma mita 1.5, ndipo idzioneka yokula kunsi
English: Cover the heap with grass to reduce evaporation. After 2-3 days the heap will have formed three distinctive layers
Chichewa: Funditsani mulu ndi udzu kuti muchepetse kuphwera kwa madzi. Pakatha masiku awiri kapena atatu, mulu wanu udzakhala utapanga zigawo zenizeni zitatu zodziwika
English: Insert a stick into the compost heap to check if decomposition has started. If the stick is warm, then is shows that there is microbial activity and decomposition has started
Chichewa: Lowetsani kamtengo pa mulu wamanyowamo kuti muone ngati zayamba kuola. Ngati kamtengo kakutentha, ndiye kuti tizilombo tikugwira ntchito ndipo zayamba kuola
English: If it is not warm, dismantle the heap and start the process again. Where decomposition has started, turn the heap after 3-4 days and thereafter every 4-5 days to speed up decomposition
Chichewa: Ngati sukutentha, mwazani mkhuti ndipo yambiraninso. Pamane kuola kwayamba, tembenuzani mkhuti pakutha pamasiku atatu kufika anayi ndipo pambuyo pake pa masiku anayi kufika asanu aliwonse kuti mufulumidzitse kuola
English: You will need to turn the heap 4-5 times to achieve complete decomposition
Chichewa: Mudzafuna kutembenuza mkhuti kanayi kufika kasanu kuti zonse zikwanitse kuola
English: During the turning process, remove the outer layer (A) from the heap and separate the middle layer (B) from the inner layer (C).
Chichewa: Panthawi yotembenuza, chotsani gawo lakunja pa mkhuti ndipo lekanitsani gawo lapakati ndi gawo lamkati kwambiri
English: In the process of rebuilding the heap: put layer A at the bottom; water adequately; put layer C in the middle;
Chichewa: Pamene mukuumbanso mkhuti; ikani gawo A lija pansi, thirani madzi wokwanira; ikani gawo C pakati
English: As the name implies this compost is made in a pit in the ground. This process is not recommended during the rainy season unless an overhead roof is constructed. Excessive water draining into the pit will stop the decomposition process
Chichewa: Monga dzina likunenera manyowa awa amapangidwa pamkhuti mdothi. Njira iyi ndiyosavomerezeka nthawi ya mvula pokhapokha patayikidwa denga. Madzi ochuluka akalowa pamkhuti manyowa amasiya kuola
English: The details for both site selection and compositing materials are the same as detailed for making Chimato compost
Chichewa: Tsatanetsatane  wa kusankha malo komanso zinyalala ndi chimodzimodzi tsatanetsatane wopangira manyowa a Chimato
English: Procedure for making Pit compost; Measure out a square of 1.5m by 1.5m. The length may be extended to any convenient distance in multiples of 1.5m
Chichewa: Ndondomeko zopangita manyowa apamkhuti ya dzenje: yezani bwalo lokula ma mita 1.5x1.5. Litali lingathe kuwonjezeredwa mmene mwafunira mzigawo za mamita 1.5
English: Dig a pit to the depth of not more than 1.0m. Deeper than these microbes may not be able to actively decompose the bulk of composting materials
Chichewa: Kumbani dzenje losapitilira mita imodzi. Kuya kuposa apa tizilombo sitingakwanitse kuoletsa gawo lalikulu lazinyalala
English: Separate top soil from the sub soil since top soil may be reused when filling the pit. Put manure to a depth of 3 to 5cm at the bottom of the pit to provide nitrogen to microbes in the pit
Chichewa: Lekanitsani dothi lapamwamba ndi lapansi chifukwa lapamwamba lingathe kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pokwilira dzenje. Ikani manyowa pa mtunda wa masentimita atatu kufika asanu pansi padzenje kuti apelekere nitrogen ku tizilombo mdzenjemo
English: Water the manure until it is completely saturated. Fill with composting materials up to 20-30cm in thickness
Chichewa: Thirani madzi mpaka onse akhute madzi. Kwilirani ndi zinyalala kukhuthala kwake masentimita 20 kufika 30
English: Water adequately to induce the decomposition process. Repeat the above process till the pit is full. Cover the heap with top soil (about 8cm thick) and then grass to reduce evaporation
Chichewa: Thirani madzi wokwanira kuti muyambitse kuola kwa zinyalala. Bwerezani ndondomeko zili pamwambazi mpaka dzenje lidzadze. Kwilirani muluwu ndi dothi lapamwamba kukhuthala kwake masentimita 8 ndipo folerani udzu kuti muchepetse kuuma kwa madzi
English: After 1 to 2 weeks check for warmth by inserting a stick to see if decomposition has started. The manure will be ready after 2-3 months depending upon the composting materials used
Chichewa: Pakadutsa sabata imodzi kufika ziwiri onani ngati mukutentha polowetsa kamtengo kuti muone ngati manyowa ayamba kuola. Manyowa anu adzakhala atakonzeka pakutha pa miyezi iwiri kufika itatu kutengera ndi zinyalala zomwe mwagwiritsa ntchito
English: The following are the procedures to make a Windrow compost heap; Collect all the materials to be used in the compost heap
Chichewa: Zotsatirazi ndi njira zopangira manyowa a Windrow owunjika: Tolerani zinthu zonse zomwe mugwiritse ntchito popanga manyowa
English: Chop the fibrous materials (maize stalks, legume residues) into smaller pieces with a Panga knife. The pieces should be from 5 cm to 10 cm long
Chichewa: Dulani zinthu zaulusi monga mapesi a chimanga, mitengo ya nyemba kukhala tidziduswa ndi chikwanje. Ziduswa zikhale zotalika 5 kufika 10 centimeter
English: Collect soil from virgin land or anti hill that has never been planted to any crop before but has a good plant-ground cover (e.g. dambo or forest soils) or from orchard (e.g. under banana trees)
Chichewa: Tolerani dothi kuchokera pamalo omwe sanalimidwepo kapene pa chulu lomwe silinabzalidwepo mbeu iliyonse ndikale lonse koma pali zomera zambiri monga ku dimba kapena kumkhalango kapena mmunda wazipatso, mwachitsanzo pansi pamitengo yanthochi
English: Level the ground and measure 1m width and 5m length. Then mark the lines with long firm sticks in the corner of the heap
Chichewa: Salazani malo ndipo yezani mita imodzi mulifupi ndi ma meter asanu mulitali. Kanako ikani zizindikiro ndi mitengo yolimba pa mbuto ya muluwo
English: Dig around the measured area to allow water drain easily. If the ground is dry, water the base using 3-5 watering cans. Water facilitates activities of micro-organisms below the laid materials
Chichewa: Kumbani mozungulira dera mwayezalo kuti madzi adzituluka mosavuta. Ngati dothi ndi ouma, thirani pansipo ndi ndowa zothilira zitatu kufika zisanu. Madzi amathandizira kagwiridwe ntchito katizilombo pansi pa zinthu zosanjidwa
English: Lay some chopped tree branches or grasses. This will form the base of the heap. Heap 20 cm thick layer of composting materials (crop residues and grasses) over the laid branches
Chichewa: Yalani tidziduswa ta nthambi zamitengo kapena udzu. Izi zikhala poyambira pa mulu. Unjikani zinyalala kukhuthala kwake 20cm monga zotsalira za mbeu ndi udzu pamwamba pa nthambizo
English: Water the layer adequately until just it oozes out when the materials are squeezed, to induce the decomposition process
Chichewa: Thirani madzi okwanira mpaka atayamba kutuluka pamene mwafinya zinthuzo, kuti ayambitse kuola
English: Add layer of booster materials (khola/cattle manure, virgin /anthill soils and ash) on top to a height of 3 cm to 5 cm thick. Water the booster layer adequately
Chichewa: Ikani zinthu zowonjezera mphamvu monga ndowe, dothi lomwe silinabzalidwepo/lapachulu ndi phulusa pamwamba pamsinkhu wa 3-5cm; thirani madzi wokwanira pagawo lowonjezera mphamvu
English: Repeat the above process until the heap has reached around 1 m to 1.5 m high (usually 3 to 4 layers)
Chichewa: Bwerezani izi mpaka mulu ufike msinkhu wa 1-1.5m ndipo umakhala ndi magawo atatu kufika anayi
English: After finishing making the Windrow heaps, there is need to monitor moisture and temperature levels. Moisture level is monitored through checking the water content of the heaps by holding the materials and letting them loose
Chichewa: Mukamaliza kupanga milu ya manyowa a Windrow, pakufunika kupima mulingo wa chinyezi ndi katenthedwe. Mulingo wa chinyezi umapimidwa poyeza kuchuluka kwa madzi pa mulu potapa zinyalalazo ndi kudzilekanitsa
English: As a rule of thumb, the materials are too wet if water can be squeezed out of a handful and too dry if the handful does not feel moist to the touch
Chichewa: Ngati lamulo losaiwalika, zinthu zili ndi madzi ambiri ngati madzi adzituluka mukafinya zomwe mwatapa mmmanja, ndipo ndizouma ngati zomwe mwatapa mmanja sidzikumveka kunyowa mukadzigwira
English: Temperature is monitored by using a long, sharp, pointed stick and drive it into the pile at an angle. The stick, when removed, will be warm which indicates microbial activity and decomposition has started
Chichewa: Kutentha kumapimidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mtengo wautali, wakuthwa, wosongoka umene mumabaya pa mulu mopendeka. Mtengowo, mukauchotsa, udzitentha kusonyeza kuti tizilombo tikugwira ntchito ndipo manyowa akuola
English: If the stick is not warm then something must be wrong. The stick also helps you to check on the condition of the compost from time to time. It will show if the heap is wet or dry
Chichewa: Ngati mtengo sukutentha ndiye kuti china chake chasokonekera. Mtengo umathandiza kuti muone mmene manyowa alili nthawi ndi nthawi. Udzaonetsa ngati mkhuti ndi yonyowa kapena youma
English: This is animal waste that accumulates in animal Kholas. The quantity and may be quality is increased by using large volumes of bedding materials(litter) in animal houses (Khola)
Chichewa: Izi ndi ndowe za zinyama zomwe zimachulukana mukhola la zinyama. Kuchuluka komanso pena maonekedwe amaonjekera pogwiritsa ntchito utuchi wochuluka mukhola
English: Animal manures are high in organic matter and so are beneficial to the soil structure. They also, contain large amounts of available nitrogen and phosphorus
Chichewa: Manyowa a zinyama amakhala ndi gawo lalikulu lazamoyo ndipo ndiwothandiza ku dothi. Iwonso ali ndi michere ya nitrogen ndi phosphorous yochuluka.
English: These are good for plant establishment and vegetative growth. However, if khola manure is applied fresh to the soil, the following problems arise:
Chichewa: Izi ndizofunikira kuti mbeu zimere ndi kukula kwa zomera. Komabe ngati manyowa ochoka mukhola athiridwa kudotji adakali ndi chiwisi amayambitsa mavuto otsatirawa:
English: The heat from fermentation damages the roots of the young plants; there is competition for nitrogen created between crops and microorganisms during the process of decomposition
Chichewa: Kutentha kochokera ku kuphikika kwa manyowa kumaononga mitsitsi ya mbeu zazing'ono; pamakhala mpikisano wopeza nitrogen komwe kumayambitdsidwa pakati pa mbeu ndi tizilombo ting'onoting'ono panthawi yowoletsa manyowa
English: With the prevalence of the above problems, there is need to cure the animal dung before applying in the fields
Chichewa: Ndikupezeka kwambiri kwa mavuto ali pamwambawa, ndi koyenera kuziziritsa ndowe za ziweto zisanathiridwe kuminda
English: This is a process where the manure is collected from the khola and heaped to release heat and to allow thorough fermentation to take place before its application in the farm
Chichewa: Iyi ndi njira yomwe manyowa amakokoledwa mukhola ndi kuunjikidwa kuti achoke kutentha ndi kulola kuphikika kuti kuchitike asanakathiridwe kumunda
English: This process will: reduce the heat of the manure when applied to the fields; kill the pests, diseases and weed seeds
Chichewa: Zochitika izi zimachepetsa kutentha kwa mayowa akamathiridwa kuminda; zimapha tizilombo, matenda ndi njere za mbeu
English: An appropriate curing site has the following characteristics: fairly flat so as to ensure equal moisture distribution when watering; be under shelter to avoid evaporation; and, close to the garden for easy transportation
Chichewa: Malo okonzera manyowa amakhala ndi  zowayenereza izi: athyathyathya kuti chinyezi chidzifalikira mofanana pothilira madzi; akhale pansi pa mthunzi kupewa kuuma kwa madzi; ndipo ayandikire pamunda kuti manyamulidwe asavute
English: Clear the ground for easy marking; Dig a pit of a minimum size of 1.0m deep and 1.0m wide. The length will depend on the availability of fresh manure
Chichewa: Yeretsani pabwalo kuti muyike zizindikiro mosavuta: kumbani dzenje lakuya 1m mulifupi 1m. Kutalika kutengera kupezeka kwa manyowa atsopano
English: The objective is to construct a pit that has just the capacity to take the available manure; Take manure from the khola and mix it with water just to a friable condition but not to a slurry
Chichewa: Cholinga ndi kukonza dzenje lomwe liri ndi kuthekera kotenga manyowa onse omwe alipo. Tengani mayowa kuchoka mukhola ndi kusakaniza ndi madzi kuti kuti adzinyenyeka koma asachite madzi
English: Put the mixture in the pit until it is full. The top of the manure heap should be conical in shape so any water that may accumulate on top will drain away
Chichewa: Ikani zosakanizazi mu dzenje mpaka lidzadze. Pamwamba pa mulu wamanyowaw pakhale posongoka kuti madzi adzitha kutsetsereka kuchoka pamwambapo
English: The water will suppress decomposition. Cover the pit with top soil and grass to avoid moisture loss and evaporation (preferably grass without any viable seed)
Chichewa: Madziwo amachedwetsa kuola. Kwilirani dzenje ndi dothi lapamwamba ndi udzu kuti mupewe kutha kwa chinyezi ndi kuuma kwa madzi makamaka udzu womwe ulibe njere zoti zingamere
English: Check the decomposition after 2 to 3 days by inserting a stick in the heap. The stick should be warm if decomposition is taking place
Chichewa: Onani kaoledwe pakatha masiku awiri kapena atatu polowetsa mtengo pamulupo. Mtengo umatentha ngati manyowa akuola
English: The fully cured manure will be ready after 30-40 days and is then ready for storage or application to the fields. Cured manure should be stored in a well ventilated place under shade and should not be exposed to strong sunlight, wind or rain
Chichewa: Manyowa ophikika bwino amakhala atapsa pakutha pa masiku makumi atatu kufika makumi anayi ndipo akhoza kusungidwa kapena kukathira kuminda. Manyowa omwe akonzedwa asungidwe pamalo odutsa mpweya pamthunzi ndipo asayikidwe padzuwa lamphamvu, pamphepo kapena pamvula
English: Application of Manures-Once the compost or manure is prepared it is important to apply it in the right volume in the correct place in the field
Chichewa: Kuthira manyowa - Pamene akonzedwa nkofunika kuthira pa mulingo woyenera pamalo oyenera mmundamo
English: Application rate of manure varies with the type of soil, but also the quantity of manure available
Chichewa: Mulingo wothilira manyowa umasiyana kutengera mtundu wa dothi komanso kuchuluka kwa manyowa omwe alipo
English: Liquid manures are fast becoming an alternative to compost manures due to their simplicity in process of making. They are in all aspects similar to compost manures except for their being in liquid form
Chichewa: Manyowa a madzi ayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mmalo mwa manyowa a ndowe chifukwa ndiwosavuta kukonza. Munjira ina iliyonse ndiwofanana ndi manyowa a ndowe kupatula kuti amakhala amadzi
English: The liquid manures have a number of attributes which include the following; have short maturing period of maximum 14 days; are fast reacting and crops respond quickly once applied; are easily made from green vegetative material and animal manure e.g. goat droppings, chicken manures and sometimes khola manure; less bulky as compared to other forms
Chichewa: Manyowa amadzi ali ndi ubwino ungapo monga wotsatirawu: amapsa msanga posapyola masiku khumi ndi anayi; amagwira ntchito mwansanga ndipo mbeu zimavomera mwachangu akangothiridwa; amapangidwa mosavuta kuchokera ku zomera zobiliwira ndi ndowe za nyama monga ndowe zambuzi ndi nkhuku ndipo nthawi zina mayowa a mukhola; samakhala ambiri kuyerekeza ndi mitundu ina yamanyowa
English: Conservation agriculture is a farming practice that combines three basic principles of minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover and crop rotations
Chichewa: Ulimi wamtayakhasu ndi ulimi womwe umaphatikiza mfundo zitatu zosasokoneza nthaka kwambiri, kuphimba dothi nthawi zonse ndi kubzala mbeu mwa kasinthasintha
English: Conservation Agriculture aims to produce high crop yields while reducing production costs, maintaining the soil fertility and conserving water
Chichewa: Ulimi wamtayakhasu cholinga chake ndi kukolola zochuluka pamene mukuchepetsa chuma cholowetsa paulimi, kusamala chonde ndi kutetedza madzi
English: It is a way to achieve sustainable agriculture and improve livelihoods. Conservation agriculture helps farmers to achieve greater farm profitability and food security through:
Chichewa: Ndi njira yokwaniritsa ulimi wodzidalira ndi kutukula miyoyo ya anthu. Ulimi wamtayakhasu umathandiza alimi kukwaniritsa kupeza phindu pamunda ndi kudzidalira pachakudya kudzera:
English: Moisture retention in the soil; reduced soil and soil nutrient loss through run-off; improved soil structure and fertility; eventual decrease in weeds; reliable yields in dry years
Chichewa: Kusunga chinyezi mu dothi: kuchepetsa dothi ndi michere kukoloka kudzera mmadzi othamanga; kupititsa patsogolo nthaka ndi chonde; kuchepa kwa udzu; zokolola zodalilika munthawi ya chilala
English: Reduced labour, animal traction or fuel costs; increased area cultivated as less time is needed per hectare
Chichewa: Kuchepetsa ntchito, kugwira ntchito kwa zinyama kapene mafuta a galimoto zolimira; kuchuluka kwa malo olimidwa pamene pakufunika nthawi yochepa pa hectare iliyonse
English: Carbon Sequestration: CA sequesters carbon in soil and vegetation while reducing carbon gas (CG) emissions from oxidation caused by soil disturbance and from the common practice of burning crop residues and weeds
Chichewa: Kukolola mpweya wa carbon: Ulimi wamtayakhasu umakolola carbon mu dothi ndi zomera kwinaku ukuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wa carbon kuchokera ku ntchito zomwe zimalira oxygen monga kusokoneza dothi ndi mchitidwe wa nthawi zonse wootcha tchire ndi zotsalira za mbeu
English: There are a number of complimentary practices depending on the local farm situation in which all the three principles can be applied in combination such as: Use of inorganic and organic fertilizers
Chichewa: Pali machitidwe angapo othandizira kutengera ndi mmene uliri munda pomwe mfundo zitatu zonze zingagwiritsidwe ntchito mophatikiza monga: kugwiritsa ntchito fertilizer ndi manyowa
English: Planting methods and tools; Application of herbicides; Fodder and cover crops; Improved seeds; Agroforestry and natural regeneration; Soil and water conservation measures
Chichewa: Njira zobzalira ndi zida zake: Kuthira mankhwala opha udzu; zakudya za ziweto ndi mbeu zophimba nthaka; mbeu zamakono; kusunga mitengo ndi ziweto mmunda komanso zachilengedwe kubwelera; njira zoteteza nthaka ndi madzi
English: Good crop management practices besides the three key principles are needed to fully realize the benefi ts of CA such as: Use of improved crop varieties; Timely planting
Chichewa: Kasamalidwe koyenera ka mbeu kupatula mfundo zikukuzikulu zitatuzo ndikofunika kuti mupeze phindu la ulimi wamtayakhasu monga; kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yambeu yamakono; kubzala nthawi yoyenera
English: Recommended plant spacing; Recommended fertilizer use; Optimum weed, pest and disease control
Chichewa: kutalikirana mwa mbeu kovomerezeka; kugwiritsa ntchito fertilizer wovomerezeka; kuteteza ku tchire, tizilombo ndi matenda mwapamwamba
English: Good soil cover during the growing season is best achieved by optimizing plant spacing within and between rows for different crops to minimize bare ground
Chichewa: Kuphimba dothi moyenera mu nyengo yolima kungakwaniritsidwe mwabwino posiya mipata yoyenera pakati  pa mbeu komanso mizere kwa mitundu yosiyana ya mbeu kuti tichepetse malo osaphimbidwa
English: Spacing depends on the crop, soils, rainfall, and levels of chemical or organic fertilizers used
Chichewa: Mipata imatengera mbeu, dothi, mvula komanso kuchuluka kwa fertilizer kapena manyowa zogwiritsidwa ntchito
English: After the crop harvest, crop residues and other biomass should be distributed across the ground surface and protected against burning
Chichewa: Mukatha kukolola, zotsalira za mbeu ndi masamba zimwazidwe mmalo onse ndipo zitetezedwe posadziotcha
English: It is critical NOT to import biomass from adjacent fields which exposes these areas to the elements and limits the area under CA
Chichewa: Nkofunikira kwambiri kuti musatenge masamba/zinyala kuchokera minda yoyandikana nayo zomwe zimaika pambalambanda mindayi komanso zimachepetsa malo ochota mtayakhasu
English: The maintenance of a good soil cover of dead or living plant material is at the heart of conservation agriculture. This may mean a total change of cropping system as well as livestock management
Chichewa: Kusamala zinyalala kapea zomera zophimbira nthaka zili pa mtima pa ulimi wamtayakhasu. Izi zikhoza kutanthauza kusinthiratu malimidwe komanso kasamalidwe ka ziweto
English: Minimum soil disturbance is the basis of CA and is non-negotiable. It entails: No ploughing, ridging, tillage or heavy weeding by manual or mechanical means
Chichewa: Kuchepetsa kusokoneza nthaka ndi gwero la ulimi wa mtayakhasu ndipo nzosakambirana. Zikuphatikiza: osagaula nthaka, osapanga mizere, osalima kapena kupalira kwambiri ndi manja kapena makina
English: Direct seeding into 1. small planting holes on the flat or tops of old ridges using a dibble stick, hoe, or other suitable tool which mimics the age-old method of planting in Malawi before the introduction of ridging, or 2. rip lines using animal or mechanical drawn rippers
Chichewa: Kubzala 1. mmayenje ang'onoang'ono pamalo athyathyathya kapena mmizere yakale pogwiritsa ntchito ndondo yamphanda, khasu kapena chida china choyenera imene imafafaniza ndi njira yakalekale yobzalira mMalawi mizere isanabwere kapena 2. kupanga tingalande pogwiritsa ntchito zinyama kapena makasu okokedwa ndi makina
English: Converting to conservation agriculture from conventional farming is a slow process and requires patience in order to recognize these benefits since it may take several years
Chichewa: Kusintha kupita ku ulimi wamtayakhasu kuchoka ku malimidwe amakolo ndi zinthu zapang'onopang'ono ndipo zimafuna kudekha kuti phindu lioneke pakuti zimatha kutenga zaka zambiri
English: Maximum benefits of minimum tillage can best be realized if integrated with soil cover, crop rotations and other interventions such as application of compost manure and planting of agro - forestry trees are promoted
Chichewa: Phindu lochuluka pakuchepetsa kutipula nthaka zingakwaniritsidwe pophimba nthaka, kubzala mwa kasinthasintha ndo zochitika zina monga kuthira manyowa ndiponso kulimbikitsa kubzala mitengo yowonjezera chonde
English: The aim is to achieve good soil cover during the growing season as well as the dry season
Chichewa: Cholinga ndi kukhala ndi nthaka yophimbidwa bwino munyengo yolima komanso nyengo yopanda mvula
English: The benefits of this practice include: to protect the soil from the elements; to maximize the capture of rainfall while minimizing runoff and loss of top soil
Chichewa: Phindu lochita izi likuphatikiza: kuteteza nthaka ku zoononga; kukolola mvula mokwanira pochepetsa kuthamanga kwa madzi  ndi kukukoloka kwa nthaka yapamwamba
English: To improve the structure of the soil and its water holding capacity; to help suppress weeds; to increase beneficial activities of termites, earthworms and other organisms and to increase the effectiveness of fertilizers by reducing nutrient losses from volatilization and leaching
Chichewa: Powonjezera kukonza nthaka ndi kuthekera kwake kosunga madzi; kuthandiza kuchepetsa mphamvu ya tchire; kuwonjezera ubwino wa zochitika za chiswe, nyongolosi ndi zinyama zina zing'onozing'ono ndi kuwonjezera kugwira ntchito kwa fertlizer pochepetsa kutayika kwa michere chifukwa chakusakhazikika komanso kusuluka kwa nthaka
English: Types and sources of soil cover: Living or dead plant material applied as mulch; Green manure, cover and forage crops; Crop residues; Fallow vegetation
Chichewa: Mitundu ndi kopezeka zophimbira nthaka: zomera zaziwisi kapena zouma zimayikidwa ngati zophimbira; masamba a mitengo yobwezeretsa chonde, zophimbira ndi mbeu zodya ziweto; zotsalira za mbeu, tchire
English: The source of cover available whether as mulch, cover crop or incorporated in the soil, has a number of benefits to the soil
Chichewa: Zophimbira mthaka zomwe zingapezeke kaya ndi zophimbira mbeu, mbeu yophimba nthaka kapena zophatikizidwa ndi nthaka, zili ndi phindu lochuluka ku nthaka
English: These benefits include: Protection against impact of rain drops - less surface sealing and crusting; Reduced run off; Increased water infiltration
Chichewa: Phinduli ndi monga: kuteteza ku kuonongeka ndi madontho a mvula - malo osaphimbira ochepa; kuchepetsedwa kwa madzi othamanga; kuwonjezekera kwa madzi olowa munthaka
English: Reduced evaporation, thus conserves soil moisture; Protection against soil erosion by water and wind; Prevention of overheating of soil surface; Reduced diurnal variations of temperature
Chichewa: Kuchepetsedwa kwa kuuma kwa madzi, izi zimasunga chinyezi munthaka; kuteteza kukokoloka kwa dothi ndi madzi kapena mphepo; kuletsa kutentha mopyola muyezo kwa nthaka; kuchepetsa kusakhazikika kwa katenthedwe masana
English: Controls the multiplication of weeds; Source of soil organic matter build up; Carbon sequestration; Cover crops reduce requirement for labour in weeding as they have been proven to suppress weeds; When a legume is used, it can be eaten as protein supplement and/or sold for income
Chichewa: zimateteza kuchulukana kwa tchire; zimabweretsa kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zoola; kuyamwa mpweya wa carbon; mbeu zophimbira zaonetsa kuti zimamanga udzu kuti usakule; pamene nyemba zagwiritsidwa ntchito, zikhoza kudyedwa ngati mopezera zakudya zomanga thupi kapena kugulitsidwa nkupeza ndalama
English: There are a number of challenges to soil covering that includes: Short growing season in the semi-arid limits the growth of green manures and cover crops
Chichewa: Pali zovuta zingapo zokhuza kuphimbira nthaka monga: nyengo yolimira yayifupi mmadera ochepa mvula limachpetsa kukula kwa mitengo yamanyowa komanso mbeu za mphimbira
English: Crops may also compete with food crops for the limited amount of water available; Need to feed crop residues to livestock during the dry season
Chichewa: Mbeu za mphimbira zikhoza kumakanganira ndi mbeu za chakudya  madzi ochepa omwe alipo; Kufunika kopatsira zotsalira za mbeu ku ziweto mu nyengo yomwe siyamvula
English: Uncontrolled burning; Mulching may retard humification especially where water may limit microbial activity for the decomposition of the mulch.
Chichewa: Kuotcha mosasamala: kuphimbira kumachepetsa kupangika kwa manyowa pomwe madzi angachepetse kugwira ntchito yooletsa zophimbirazo
English: Research has shown that crop residues lower crop yields on sites where soil fertility was low and no additional fertilizers were applied
Chichewa: Kafukufuku waonetsa kuti zotsalira za mbewu zimachepetsa zokolola mmalo omwe mthaka ndiyotsika ndipo feteleza woonjezera sanathilidwe
English: Mulching or incorporation of the residues helps the farmer to make manure in-situ. In most parts of the southern Africa region, and indeed in Malawi, crop residues are used for compost manure making
Chichewa: Kuphimbira kapena kusanakiza zotsalira za mbewu kumathandiza mlimi kupanga manyowa mdothi momwemo. Mmadera ambiri mchigawo chakummwera kwa Africa, ndipo kuphatikizirapo la Malawi, zotsalira za mbewu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga manyowa
English: Farmers have been faced with the challenge of moving crop residues from the field; to homesteads; and bring them back as compost manure
Chichewa: Alimi akukumana ndi mavuto osamutsa zotsalira za mbewu kuchokera kumunda; kupita nazo kunyumba; ndiponso kudzibweretsa kumunda ngati manyowa
English: This has the advantage that if combined with animal dung, there is an added value to the residue
Chichewa: Izi zili ubwino wakuti zikasakanizidwa ndi ndowe za zinyama, mphamvu ya zotsalirazo imakula
English: The residue is also protected from grazing animals as well as uncontrolled fires
Chichewa: Zotsalirazi zimatetezedwa kudyedwa ndi zinyama komanso kupsa ndi moto wolusa
English: The challenge however has been that farmers will make the compost manure, but not apply it in the field because they have no transport to carry the manure. Labour constraints may also limit the application of the manure
Chichewa: Komabe vuto ndi lakuti alimi amapanga manyowa koma samathira mminda chifukwa alibe mayendedwe onyamulira manyowa. Kuchepa kwa antchito kumachepetsanso kuthira manyowa