dmatekenya/chichewa-machine-translation huggingface dataset:
English: Tobacco is one of the most important export crops for Malawi. It is a major foreign exchange earner to the country’s economy and a source of cash income for both smallholder and estate tobacco sub sectors
Chichewa: Fodya ndi imodzi mwa mbeu zamalonda ogulitsidwa kunja ku Malawi. Amathandiza kwambiri kubweretsa ndalama zakunja pachuma cha dziko lino ndipo amapezetsa alimi ang'onoang'ono komanso eni minda ikuluikulu a fodya kupeza ndalama
English: Despite pressure from the anti-smoking lobbyists, the demand for tobacco still exists. The sustainability of tobacco industry will however be assured only if farmers produce high quality tobacco
Chichewa: Ngakhale pali kukamizika kuchera kwa magulu oletsa kusuta fodya, fodya akufunidwabe. Kukhadzikika kwa ntchito za fodya kutsimikizika pokhapokha alimi adzilima fodya wapamwamba kwambiri
English: Extension officers and other parties interested in ensuring the long term sustainability of the tobacco industry should make farmers appreciate that prices offered for the crop will decrease considerably with production of low quality tobacco
Chichewa: Alangizi a zaulimi ndi ena onse omwe ali ndi chidwi choonetsetsa kukhadzikika kwa ntchito za fodya kwa nthawi yayitali athandize alimi kumvetsetsa kuti mitengo yomwe adzipatsidwa pa mbewu yawo ikhala ikutsika kwambiri ngati adzilima fodya wosapatsa chikoka
English: Tobacco production should be within the national production targets as determined from requirements indicated by tobacco buyers
Chichewa: Ulimi wafodya utsatire mulingo womwe dziko lapatsidwa monga mmene afunira ogula fodya
English: It has been observed that some people wrongly regard the granting of land lease as an automatic license to grow tobacco
Chichewa: Zaonetsa kuti anthu ena amaganiza molakwika kuti kupatsidwa chiphaso cha malo ndi chimodzimodzi kupatsidwa chiphaso cholimira fodya
English: After obtaining lease to hold land, they proceed to have employees and to buy agricultural inputs such as fertilizer before obtaining an authority to grow tobacco
Chichewa: Pambuyo popatsidwa chiphaso cha malo, amapitilira kukhala ndi ogwira ntchito ndi kugula zipangizo za ulimi monga fertiliser anasatenge chilolezo cholimira fodya
English: Prospective tobacco growers are therefore strongly advised to obtain a license before buying inputs and recruiting employees for tobacco production
Chichewa: Choncho alimi oyembekezera kulima fodya akulangizidwa zolimba kuti apeze chiphaso asanagule zipangizo ndi kulemba antchito paulimi wa fodya
English: Countries which import tobacco from Malawi are very strict with residual levels of pesticides in tobacco
Chichewa: Mayiko omwe amagula fodya kuchokera ku Malawi amatsata malamulo pa kuchuluka wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo mu fodya
English: It is, therefore, essential that pesticides are only used on tobacco nurseries and in the field as recommended
Chichewa: Motero nkofunika kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo agwiritsidwe ntchito kumanazale a fodya ndi kuminda motsatira ndondomeko
English: Agricultural chemicals not normally used on tobacco should never be allowed to come in contact with tobacco during production, curing or in storage
Chichewa: Mankhwala a ulimi omwe sagwiritsidwa ntchito pa fodya asaloledwe kukhuzana ndi fodya panthawi yolima, kuumitsa kapena kusunga
English: Farmers are advised not to store any chemicals in tobacco barns and holding sheds. National average yields per hectare are 1000kg for Dark tobacco
Chichewa: Alimi akulangizidwa kuti asasunge mankhwala mu zigafa kapena mmalo owumitsira fodya. Mulingo wa fodya wachikopa pa hectare ndi makilogalamu 1000
English: Several varieties of Burley tobacco are recommended for production in Malawi. These include locally-developed and introduced varieties that have been tested and approved for use under Malawi conditions
Chichewa: Mitundu yambiri ya fodya wa Burley ndiyovomerezeka kulimidwa ku Malawi. Iyi ndi monga yomwe inapangidwa ku Malawi konkuno komanso yobwera yomwe yayetsedwa ndi kuvomerezedwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu nyengo zaku Malawi
English: Recommended locally-developed Burley varieties include: ABH12, ABH31 and ABH43, all of which are male sterile and compliant to trade requirements on seed integrity and traceability
Chichewa: Mitundu yovomerezedwa ya Burley yopangidwa konkuno ndi monga: ABH12, ABH31 ndi ABH43, yonse yomwe ndi yayimuna yosabeleka ndiponso yotsatira malamulo a malonda pa ubwino wa mbewu ndi kutsatika kwake polima
English: Growers who are interested to use introduced varieties should follow appropriate procedures for importation
Chichewa: Alimi omwe ali ndi chidwi kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya mbewu yobwera akuyenera kutsatira ndondomeko zogulira mbewuyi kunja kwa dziko
English: Different approaches are recommended for tobacco seedling production. These include: conventional seedbeds, motherbed, polypot and float tray systems. In general, the nursery site should be located on a piece of land that has good surface and internal drainage.
Chichewa: Njira zosiyanasiyana ndizovomerezedwa popanga mbande ya fodya. Izi ndi monga: kufetsa mmunda, mabedi, kumwaza kapena kufetsa mmadzi. Mwachidule, malo a nazale akhale pamalo omwe ali ndi dothi labwino komanso madzi amalowa pansi mosavuta
English: The site should be away from curing and grading facilities. Soils suitable for tobacco nurseries include: fertile sands, loamy sands and light sandy loams, which are easy to manage and work with.
Chichewa: Malowa akhale kutali ndi zipangiso zowimutsira kapena kusankhira. Dothi loyenera kufetsa fodya ndi monga: nthaka yamchenga,  dothi lakudimba ndi dothi losakanikira, lomwe silivuta kusakaniza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito
English: The sites should be tilled deeply, as early as possible while soils are still moist. Large clods should be broken down, but avoid working the soil unnecessarily
Chichewa: Malo alimidwe mwakuya, mwansanga pamene dothi lidakali ndi chinyezi. Dothi losasweka liphwanyidwe, koma pewani kugwiritsa ntchito dothi mwachisawawa
English: It is recommended that the length of seed beds should be 30m or any convenient length and 1m wide. The beds should be raised to 15cm high and the top should be slightly convex above the level of surrounding path to provide good drainage or rather cumbered beds
Chichewa: Nkoyenera kuti kutalika kwa mabedi kukhale 30cm kapena mulingo uliwonse woyenera ndi mulifupi motalika 1m. Mabedi akwezedwe kufika 15cm ndipo pamwamba pakhale potukuka pang'ono kuposa tinjira todutsira tomwe tili mphepete kuti madzi adzitsika bwino kapena tinene kuti mabedi okwera
English: Equivalent bed space to raise enough seedlings for 1 hectare is 3 beds of 30m long by 1m width
Chichewa: Malo ofanana nawo okwanira mbande za 1 hectare ndi mabedi atatu otalika 30cm mulitali ndi 1m mulifupi
English: Nursery sites should be properly fenced to ensure protection from stray animals and other pests, strong wind and airborne diseases
Chichewa: Malo a nazale akhale ndi mpanda wabwino kuti pakhale chitetezo ku zinyama zongoyenda komanso tizilombo tina, mphepo yamphamvu ndi matenda opatsirana mumpweya
English: Avoid smoking near and in the nursery. Soap and water should be made available for hand washing and a footbath provided for disinfecting the feet at the entrance of the nursery
Chichewa: Pewani kusuta pafupi ndi nazale. Sopo ndi madzi zikhalepo zosambira mmanja ndi kanjira kakhalepo polowera ku nazale  kophera tizilombo mmapazi
English: If burning using maize stalks is employed, 1m of maize stalks are piled and burnt for the purpose of controlling nematodes in the seedbeds meant for raising tobacco seedlings
Chichewa: Ngati kuotcha pogwiritsa ntchito mapesi achimanga kwatsatidwa, mapesi a 1m amaunjikidwa ndi kuotchedwa pofuna kuteteza mbozi pamabedi ofetsera mbande zafodya
English: Water is applied for 12 days before piling the stalks to activate soil organisms after which actual burning is done. As much as possible ash should be removed from the seedbed to reduce chances of seedling damage from excess salts
Chichewa: Pamathiridwa madzi kwa masiku khumi ndi awiri pasanayikidwe mapesi kuti tizilombo tamunthaka tichangamuke kenako ndi kuotchapo. Yesetsani ndithu kuchotsa phulusa pamabedi kuti muchepetse mwayi woonongeka mbewu chifukwa cha mchere wambiri
English: Alternatively, nematodes can be controlled by using the float tray system. The method uses soil less media to raise seedlings with the aim of preventing soil borne pathogens and nematodes. Pine bark is the common substrate used in float tray tobacco seedling production
Chichewa: Mwa njira ina mbozi tingathane nazo pogwiritsa ntchito manazale oyandama mmadzi. Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito dothi lochepa kukulitsa mbande ndi cholinga chopewa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tamudothi komanso mbozi. Makungwa a pine ndiwomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuyika pansi mma nazale oyandama pofetsa mbande zafodya
English: Farmers should aim at transplanting tobacco with the first planting rains so as to complete the operation before Christmas except for Oriental tobacco which can be transplanted in January in areas where this type of tobacco recommended for production
Chichewa: Alimi ayetsetse kuwokera mbande zafodya ndi mvula yoyamba ndi cholinga chakuti amalize kuwokera nyengo ya Christmas isanafike kupatula fodya wa Oriental yemwe akhoza kuwokeredwa mu January kumadera komwe ndikovomerezeka kulima mtundu wa fodya umenewu
English: Transplanting tobacco after December is not recommended because farmers run a high risk of the crop catching bushy top disease
Chichewa: Kuwokera mbande za fodya December atadutsa sikovomerezeka chifukwa alimi amakhala pachiopsezo chachikulu chakuti mbewu imagwidwa ndi matenda opanga tchire kumsonga
English: In case farmers transplant in January, a routine spray of Acetamiprid at a rate of 3g mixed with 10litres of water after transplanting and depending on scouting
Chichewa: Pamene alimi awokera mbande mu January, apopole mankhwala a Acetamiprid pafupipafipi pamulingo wa 3g posakaniza ndi 10 liters yamadzi pambuyo powokera komanso potengera pofufudza ngati zagwidwa ndi matenda
English: Farmers should follow a minimum rotation of 4 years to avoid build- up of pests and diseases, particularly nematodes
Chichewa: Alimi atsatire mulingo wa zaka zinayi wa ulimi wakasinthasintha kuti apewe kuchulukana kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso matenda makamaka kapuchi
English: Soybeans are an alternative host for root knot nematodes and other aerial pathogens of tobacco. Soybeans should therefore not be grown next to tobacco or immediately before tobacco in a rotation.
Chichewa: Nyemba za soya ndi malo ena omwe kapuchi ndi matenda ena amumpweya mu fodya amakhala. Motero soya asabzalidwe pafupi ndi fodya kapena asabzalidwe pomwe mwakolola kumene soya pamene pali kasinthasinantha
English: In areas where both tobacco and cotton are grown, great care is required to avoid insecticides used on cotton drifting onto tobacco
Chichewa: Kumadera kumene fodya ndi thonje zimalimidwa, ndikoyenera kusamalitsa popewa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku thonje kufalikira ku fodya
English: If traces of pesticides not recommended for tobacco but used on cotton are found on tobacco, the good reputation of Malawi tobacco on the international market would be jeopardized
Chichewa: Ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe siwovomezereka ku fodya koma agwiritsidwa ntchito ku thonje apezeka mu fodya, mbiri yabwino ya fodya wa Malawi pamisika yakunja ikhala pachiopsezo
English: It is therefore essential that tobacco should not be planted within 100m radius of any cotton crop
Chichewa: Ndiye ndikoyenera kuti fodya asabzalidwe pafupi ndi thonje pa mulingo wa 100m kuzungulira
English: Great care should also be taken to ensure that no insecticides used in cotton are stored or prepared for spraying in buildings used for curing or handling tobacco as this would also lead to contamination of the tobacco
Chichewa: Kasamalidwe koyenera katsatidwe poonetsetsa kuti palibe mankhwala ophera tizilombo mu thonje omwe akusungidwa kapena kukonzedwa kuti akapopeledwe mnyumba yowumitsira  kapena kusungira fodya pakuti izi zipangitsa kuti fodya akhuzane ndi mankhwalawo
English: The tobacco free period known as closed season should be strictly observed to reduce the buildup and incidence of pests and diseases including tobacco bushy top and nematodes which threatens the industry
Chichewa: Nyengo yopanda fodya yomwenso imadziwika kuti kutseka nyengo ya fodya itsatidwe mwakhama pochepetsa kuchulukana komanso kupezeka kwa tizilombo ndi matenda kuphatikizirapo matenda opanga tchire kumsonga ndi mbodzi zomwe zimabweretsa chiopsezo paulimiwu
English: Stalk uprooting should be strictly adhered to regrowth of tobacco and alternate hosts for aphids and nematodes such as potatoes, tomatoes, sunflower, chilies and eggplant should not be allowed to grow in or near tobacco fields during the tobacco free period
Chichewa: Kuzula mitengo kutsatidwe moyenera kufika nyengo ina yobzala fodya ndipo mbewu zina zosunga nsabwe za mbewu ndi kapuchi monga mbatata, tomato, mpendadzuwa, tsabola ndi mabilingano zisaloledwe kukula mkati kapena pafupi ndi minda ya fodya mu nyengo yopanda fodya
English: Tobacco nurseries should be well cleared and seedlings destroyed for hygienic purposes. This should not exceed 31st December in the Southern and Central regions. In the Northern region, nursery destruction should be done before 1st January of each year
Chichewa: Manazale a fodya akhale okonzedwa bwino  ndipo mbande zionongedwe chifukwa cha ukhondo. Izi zisapyole pa 31 December kuzigawo chakummwera ndi pakati. Ku chigawo chakumpoto, kuononga manazale kuchitike pasanafike pa 31 January chaka chilochonse
English: Symptoms of ants damage are that they are observed in large numbers on the seedbeds and reduced seed germination because they carry the tiny newly sown seed off the seedbed
Chichewa: Zizindikiro zowongeka ndi nyerere ndi zakuti zimapezeka zochuluka pamanazale ndipo mbewu zimamera zochepa chifukwa nyerere zimatuta timbewu tomwe tafetsedwato kuchoka nato pamanazalepo
English: These include the common grasshoppers, green grasshoppers and elegant grasshoppers. Damage is mostly through feeding on the stems, leaves of young seedlings, transplants and chewing of the leaves of older plants
Chichewa: Izi zikuphatikiza ziwala zawamba, chansasi ndi anunkhadala. Kuonongeka kumadza kamba kokudya tsinde, masamba a mbande, ndiponso kutafuna masamba a mbewu zikuluzikulu
English: Termites can be observed both in nurseries and in the lands, especially where there is lack of decomposed organic material during hot and dry weather. Seedlings or young transplants are eaten just at the base of the stem
Chichewa: Chiswe chimapezeka panazale komanso kuminda makamaka komwe kulibe zinyalala zowola munyengo yotentha komanso youma. Mbande kapena timitengo ting'onoting'ono timadyedwa kunsi kwa tsinde lake
English: To ensure tobacco hygiene during storage with respect to this pest, farmers are required by law to have their tobacco holding shed and storage structures checked from time to time by produce inspectors
Chichewa: Poonetsetsa ukhondo ku fodya panthawi yosunga maka kunkhani ya kachilombo kameneka, alimi akuyenera mwa lamulo kuti malo osankhira kapena kusungira fodya adziyenderedwa nthawi ndi nthawi ndi alangizi a ulimiwu
English: Apart from providing cash incomes to farmers, processed cotton seed provides valuable raw material for the manufacturing of cooking oil and livestock feeds
Chichewa: Kupatula kubweretsa ndalama kwa alimi, mbewu yathonje yogayidwa imapezetsa zipangizo zopangira mafuta ophikira komanso zakudya za ziweto
English: Hybrid cotton varieties include MAHYCO C 567-The main features include hairy leaves and semi erect growth habit.
Chichewa: Mbewu yamakono ya thonje ikuphatikiza MAHYCO C 567-Zizindikiro zake zazikulu ndi masamba a bweya ndi kukula mopendekera mmwamba
English: Its average height is about 131 cm and flowers about 61 days after emergence. It is medium maturing
Chichewa: Imatalika kufika 131cm ndipo maluwa ake amatuluka pakadutsa masiku 61 itamera. Imacha pakatikati
English: It produces bolls which mature and start opening at about 119 days after crop emergence. It has high seed cotton yield potential above 3500 Kg/ha
Chichewa: Imatulutsa mipira yomwe imakhwima ndikuyamba kutseguka pakatha masiku 119 kuchokera tsiku lomera mbewu. Ili ndi kuthekera kopeleka nthanga za thonje zambiri kudutsa 3500kgs pa hectare
English: The main features include slightly hairy leaves and semi erect growth habit. Its average height is about 125 cm and flowers about 60 days after emergence
Chichewa: Zizindikiro zambiri zikuphatikiza masamba a bweya komanso kukula mopendekera dzuwa. Imatalika kufika 125cm ndipo imachita maluwa pakatha masiku 60 pambuyo pakumera
English: It is medium maturing. It produces bolls which mature and start opening at about 117 days after crop emergence
Chichewa: Imacha pakatikati. Imatulutsa mipira yomwe imakhwima ndi kuyamba kutseguka pakutha kwa masiku 117 pambuyo pakumera
English: It has high seed cotton yield potential above 3500 Kg/ha. It gives 18 % more seed cotton yield than Makoka 2000; 74 % over RASAM 17 and 24 % over IRM 81
Chichewa: Ili ndi kuthekera kopeleka nthanga za thonje zambiri kudutsa 3500kg pa hectare. Imapeleka 18% mbewu yochulukirapo kuposa Makoka 2000; 74% kuposa RASAM 17 ndi 24% kuposa IRM 81
English: MAKOKA 2000 variety has a compact growth habit with an open canopy that facilitates effective ground canopy spraying
Chichewa: Mbewu ya Makoka 2000 ili imakula mothithikana ndipo imatayana kumwambaku zomwe zimathandizira kupopera pansi mosavuta
English: The average number of days between sowing and flowering and boll opening (maturity) are 53 and 44 days, respectively
Chichewa: Pakati pofetsa ndi kuchita maluwa komanso kutseguka kwa mipira pamadutsa masiku 53 ndi 44 motsogozana
English: Cotton should be sown at the onset of first effective planting rains which is normally 50 mm and capable of wetting the soil to a depth of at least 15cm
Chichewa: Thonje lifetsedwe poyambilira penpeni pamene mvula yobzalira yagwa mokwanira yomwe imakhala 50mm ndipo yokwanira kunyowetsa dothi ndi 15cm kulowa pansi
English: Where a farmer is faced with shortage of labour he/she may dry plant, if adequate rains are anticipated within one to two weeks of sowing
Chichewa: Pomwe mlimi wakumana ndi kupelewera kwa ogwira ntchito, akhoza kubzala mvula isanagwe ngati akuyembekezera mvula yokwanira msabata imodzi ndi awiri pambuyo pofetsa
English: In a normal season sowing may continue up to the first week of January in all cotton growing areas except for Karonga where planting may continue up to the end of January. However, a delay of 4 weeks in planting can account for up to 30% loss in yield
Chichewa: Munyengo yabwino kufetsa kukhoza kupitilira mpaka sabata yoyambilira ya January mmadera onse omwe amalima thonje kupatula ku Karonga komwe kubzala kukhoza kupitilira mpaka kumapeto kwa January. Komabe kuchedwa kubzala ndi sabata zinayi kumachepetsa zokolola ndi 30%
English: Supplying or filling of gaps should be done within 2 to 3 days of emergence to ensure uniform growth
Chichewa: Kupatulira kapena kupachiza kuchitike mkati pakatha masiku awiri kapena atatu mbewu zikamera kuti zidzikulira pamodzi
English: It is only recommended when 2 consecutive stations have less than 2 plants each. About 3 weeks after emergence when plants should be thinned to 3 best plants per station for 60cm spacing and to one for 20 to 30cm spacing
Chichewa: Ndikoyenera kutero nagti mapando awiri otsatana ali ndi mbewu zosaposera ziwiri. Pafupifupi sabata zitatu mbewu zitamera, zipatulidwe kuti patsale mbewu zitatu paphando pa mtunda wa 60cm kapena imodzi ngati mapando atalikirana 20 kapena 30cm
English: Thinning should be done when the soil is moist to avoid damaging roots of adjacent plants. If the soil is dry, thinning should be done by cutting the unwanted plants using a knife or a pair of scissors
Chichewa: Kupatulira kuchitike pamene mthaka ili yonyowa kupewa kuononga mitsitsi ya mbewu zoyandikana. Ngati dotjhi ndolouma, kupatulira kuchitike podula mbewu zosafunikirazo pogwiritsa ntchito mpeni kapena chimeto
English: A delay in thinning will result in plants severely competing for nutrients, sunlight and moisture. This in turn will result in substantial yield losses
Chichewa: Kuchedwa kupatulira kumachititsa mbewu kukanganirana kwambiri zakudya, dzuwa ndi chinyezi. Izi zimacheoetsa zokolola kwambiri
English: Cotton responds to fertilizer especially on light sandy soils. Farmers should be encouraged to apply fertilizers to their cotton if early crop establishment shows stunted growth
Chichewa: Thonje limavomera ku fertilizer makamaka mudothi lamchenga. Alimi akulimbikitsidwa kuthira fertlizer kuthonje lawo ngati likuoneka kupinimbira pachiyambi
English: Use of Foliar fertilizers can correct N, P, K, B deficiency problems in cotton. Application of FOLIFERT supplement at 2 liters/ha (60 ml/15 liters of water) can boost crop development and yield increase
Chichewa: Kugwiritsani ntchito fertlizer wamasamba kungakonze kupelewera kwa N, P, K, B mu thonje. Kuthira FOLIFERET pa 2liters pa hectare, posakaniza 60ml ndi 15 liters ya madzi, kungapeleke mphamvu ku mbewu ndikuonjezera zokolola
English: Spraying should be done 5 times every two weeks starting from 4 weeks after emergence
Chichewa: Kupopera kuchitike maulendo asanu pa sabata ziwiri zilizonse kuyambira sabata yachinayi pamene zamera
English: Spraying should be done early in the morning before 10.00 hours or late in the afternoon after 16.00 hours for best results
Chichewa: Kupopera kuchitike mmawa kwambiri 10 koloko isanakwane kapena kumadzulo kwambiri pambuyo pa 4 koloko kuti agwire bwino ntchito
English: Boron deficiency results in shedding of flowers and bolls
Chichewa: Kuchepa kwa Boron kumachititsa maluwa ndi mipira kugwa
English: To correct the deficiency, boron in the form of Solubor should be dissolved together with insecticides and sprayed with the first 6 sprays
Chichewa: Pofuna kukonza kupelewera kwa Boron, Boron yemwe ndi wamadzi asungunulidwe pamodzi ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikupoperedwa pakupopera kwa chisanu ndi chimodzi koyamba
English: It is extremely important to keep cotton free of weeds between planting and flowering. If weeds are left to compete with the crop during this period, very low yields will be obtained
Chichewa: Ndi kofunikira kwambiri kuti mu thonje musakhale tchire pakati pa nthawi yobzala ndi yochita maluwa. Ngati tchire lasiyidwa ndikumapikisana ndi mbewu panthawi imeneyi, zokolola zimakhala zochepa kwambiri
English: This is because weeds compete for nutrients, soil moisture and solar radiation (sunlight) which are essential for good growth and high yields
Chichewa: Izi zimachitika chifukwa tchire limapikisana uti lipeze michere, chinyezi komanso dzuwa zomwe ndizofunikira pakakulidwe ndi kubeleka kwambiri
English: Farmers should not wait for dry spells before weeding because by the time there is a dry spell, weeds may already have overcrowded the small plants
Chichewa: Alimi asadikire nyengo pomwe mvula yadula kuti apalire tchire chifukwa podzafika nthawi yomwe kulibe mvula tchire lidzakhala lakula ndikumiza mbewu zing'onozing'ono
English: Some weeds which occur later in the season must be removed before bolls open to avoid seeds and trash getting onto the lint
Chichewa: Udzu wina womwe umamera mochedwerapo munyengoyi uchotsedwe mipira isanayambe kutsegula popewa nthanga ndi zinyalala kuwononga thonje
English: Cotton has the highest insect pest load of all crops grown in Malawi. Consequently, insect pests are the largest single factor limiting cotton production in the country
Chichewa: Thonje liri ndi tizilombo tambiri toononga mwa mbewu zonse zolimidwa mMalawi muno. Zotsatira zake ndi zakuti tizilombo toonongati ndi chimodzi chokhacho chimene chikubwezeretsa mbuyo ulimi wa thonje mdziko muno
English: Scouting is the key to pest management on cotton as it is the only way of determining estimates of pest levels in a cotton field
Chichewa: Kuyendera munda ndingodya yothanirana ndi tizilombo mu thonje pakuti ndi njira yokhayo yodziwira kuchuluka kwa tizilombo mmunda wa thonje
English: Farmers should be advised not to spray on a routine weekly basis but rather spray only when a weekly scouting has shown that bollworm eggs and insect pest counts have reached recommended action threshold levels
Chichewa: Alimi alangizidwe kuti asapopele mwachizolowezi sabata iliyonse koma adzipopera akaona kuti kuyendera kwapasabata kwapeza kuti mazira a tizilombo towononga mipira komanso chiwerengero cha tizilombo tachuluka kufika pamulingo woyenera kupopera
English: In this way farmers may save some insecticides and time, besides delaying the onset of pesticide resistance and pest resurgence
Chichewa: Munjira imeneyi alimi apulumutsa mankhwala komanso nthawi kupatula kuchedwetsa kupezeka kwa tizilombo tosamva mankhwala komanso kubuka kwa tizilombo towononga
English: It is therefore very important that agricultural staff give guidance to farmers on recommended methods of scouting including the choice and use of various recommended insecticides
Chichewa: Choncho ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti alangizi a zaulimi apeleke malangizo kwa alimi pa njira zoyenera kutsatira pochita kafukufuku wa tizilombo towononga mbewu kuphatikizirapo kusankha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ovomerezeka osiyanasiyana.
English: The knock down effect is quick but some larvae may recover. With cotton stainers, actual death may take a long time
Chichewa: Kufa kwawo nkwachangu koma mphusi zina zimasisimuka. Ndi tizilombo todetsa thonje, zimatenga nthawi yayitali kuti zife
English: Any signs of frequent recovery should be reported to appropriate authorities as this may be a sign of development of resistance
Chichewa: Zizindikiro zilizonse zochira mwansanga zinenedwe kwa alangizi oyenera pakuti ichi chikhoza kukhala chizindiro chakusamva mankhwala
English: Similarly, build-up of insect pests such as whitefly and red spidermites should be reported
Chichewa: Chimodzimodzi, kuchulukana kwa tizilombo towononga monga ntchentche zoyera ndi nsabwe zofiira zinenedwe kwa alangizi
English: At the moment no scouting technique has been devised for whitefly for use by extension staff
Chichewa: Pakali pano palibe njira yeniyeni yopangira kauniuni wa ntchentche zoyera woti alangizi akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito
English: Measures of field crop hygiene are particularly important
Chichewa: Ndondomeko za ukhondo wa mbewu mmunda ndi zofunikira kwambiri
English: Observing the closed season is particularly important for pink bollworm which is difficult to control with pesticides
Chichewa: Kutsatira nyengo yosagwira ntchito ndikofunika kwambiri kwa tizilombo towononga mipira ta pink tomwe nditovuta kuthana nato ndi mankhwala
English: Among the regulations governing this is that all cotton stalks should be uprooted by 30th July and burned by 15th August together with trash on the ground except in Karonga where uprooting and burning should be complete by 31st August and15th September respectively. By following this regulation, the pest load is reduced for the next season’s crop
Chichewa: Ena mwa malamulo otsogolera ndi akuti mitengo yonse ya thonje izulidwe pofika pa 30 July ndi kuotchedwa pofika pa 15 August pamodzi ndi zinyalala zonse zapansi kupatula ku Karonga komwe kudzula ndikuotcha kuchitike pofika 31 August ndi 15 September motsogozana. Ngati malamulowa atsatidwa, kuchuluka kwa tizilombo kumachepa pofika nyengo yaulimi yotsatira
English: Harvesting should be done when 3 to 5 bolls have opened per plant and should be done every 10 to 14 days on average
Chichewa: Kukolola kuchitike pamene mipira itatu kufika isanu yatsegula pa mbewu iliyonse ndipo kuchitike pamasiku khumi kufika khumi ndi anayi aliwonse
English: Using 2 hands, pick into a cloth bag tied round the waist having separate pockets for clean and stained cotton
Chichewa: Pogwiritsa ntchito manja awiri, tolani ndikuyika muthumba lansalu, lomangidwa mchiuno, lokhala ndi magawo osungira thonje loyera kapena lakuda
English: Walk between 2 rows picking bolls from sides of adjacent row, and checking for trash before putting the cotton in the bag
Chichewa: Yendani pakati pa mizere iwiri mukutola mipira ya thonje mbali zonse ziwiri kwinaku mukuona zinyalala musanayike thonje muthumba
English: Late harvesting results in staining of seed cotton, loss of weight, mice damage and dirtening of lint due to falling on to the ground and collecting dust
Chichewa: Kukolola mochedwa kumachititsa nthanga za thonje kusintha mtundu, kuchepa kalemeredwe, kudyedwa ndi mbewa komansp kuda kwa thonje chifukwa chogwera mdothi ndikubwira fumbi
English: Picking should never be done when it is wet. If plants are wet in the morning picking should be delayed until surface of open bolls is dry
Chichewa: Kutola thonje kusachitike pamene thonje lanyowa. Ngati mbewu zanyowa mmamawa, kutola kuchedwe kufika pamene kunja kwa mipira yotsegula yauma
English: After harvesting, the seed cotton should be thoroughly graded before taking it to ADMARC or other registered markets
Chichewa: Pambuyo pokolola, nthanga za thonje zisankhidwe zisanapite ku ADMARC kapena kumisika ina yovomerezeka
English: There are two grades of cotton, A and B. Grade A is clean cotton without trash while grade B is stained cotton without trash
Chichewa: Thonje likasankhidwa limakhala mmagulu awiri, A ndi B. Gulu A ndi thonje loyera kwambiri lopanda zinyalala pamene gulu B ndi thonje lakuda koma lopanda zinyalala
English: Grading should be done in the shade as in the sun all the cotton appears clean. For more information on cotton, interested parties should refer to the publication on Cotton Hand book of Malawi
Chichewa: Kusankha thonje kuyenera kuchitika panthunzi chifukwa padzuwa thonje lonse limaoneka loyera. Pofuna uthenga wokwanira wa thonje, omwe ali ndi chidwi awerenge buku la Cotton Handbook of Malawi
English: Malawi has a wide range of climatic conditions and soil types which enable a variety of fruits to be produced
Chichewa: Malawi ili ndi nyengo zosiyanasiyana komanso dothi lamitundu yosiyanasiyana zomwe zimathandiza kuti zipatso zamitundumitundu zidzilimidwa
English: Fruits are valuable sources of vitamins and mineral salts which are essential for body protection against diseases. Some fruits provide proteins, carbohydrates and oils
Chichewa: Zipatso zimapeleka ma vitamin ndi michere yomwe ndiyofunikira ku chitetezo cha mthupi ku matenda. Zipatso zina zimapereka zakudya zomanga thupi, zokhutitsa komanso zamafuta
English: They are also a source of income. Several factors such as cultural practices, insect pest and disease incidences limit the yield and quality of fruits in the country
Chichewa: Zimabweretsanso ndalama. Zinthu zambiri monga njira zakasamalidwe, kupezeka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi matenda zimachepetsa zokolola ndi ubwinom wa zipatso mdziko muno
English: Site selection should be done carefully considering soil types and climatic conditions for each type of fruit crop
Chichewa: Kusankha malo kuchitike mosamala polingalira mitundu yadothi ndi nyengo pa mtundu uliwonse wa mbewu ya zipatso
English: Soils should be deep, fertile and free draining. To prevent Amillaria root rot disease all unwanted trees should be ring-barked and left to die
Chichewa: Dothi likhale lozama, lachonde ndi losavuta kuphwera madzi. Kupewa matenda ovunda mitsitsi a Amillaria, mitengo yonse yosafunikira ichotsedwe khungwa mozungulira tsinde ndipo iyidwe kuti ife
English: Those that cannot die by ring-barking must be dug out with as much root system as possible. This should be done 2 years in advance of planting
Chichewa: Yomwe siingafe pochotsa khungwa iyenera kukumbidwa ndi mitsitsi yonse. Izi zichitike zaka ziwiri nthawi yobzala isanafike
English: In areas where there are strong prevailing winds, establish a wind break one year before planting the fruit trees
Chichewa: Kumadera komwe kumakhala mphepo yamphamvu nthawi zambiri, ikani zotchingira mphepo chaka chimodzi musanafike nthawi yobazala mitengo yazipatso
English: The time of planting for each type of fruit tree should be followed to achieve successful establishment
Chichewa: Nthawi yobzala mtundu uliwonse wa zipatso uyenera kutsatidwa kuti igwire bwino kwambiri
English: All trees should be spaced according to recommendations. The planting holes should be 90cm in diameter and 90cm deep
Chichewa: Mitengo yonse iyenera kubzalidwa ndi mipata yovomerezeka. Mayenje obzala mbewu akhale 90cm kuzungulira komanso 90cm kuya kwake
English: They should be dug at least 2 months before planting and filled with top soil mixed with 5 to 10kg of well decomposed manure
Chichewa: Akumbidwe pafupifupi miyezi iwiri musanabzale ndipo akwililidwe ndi dothi lapamwamba losakanizidwa bwino ndi 50kgs kufika 10kgs yamanyowa ovunda bwino
English: Make basins or box ridges around each tree and mulch. The fruit trees should remain mulched throughout the year to conserve moisture
Chichewa: Pangani mayenje kapena mabokosi kuzungulira mtengo uliwonse ndipo phimbirani. Mitengo yazipatso ikhalebe yophimbira nthawi zonse pachaka kuti posunga chinyezi
English: Irrigate where applicable. Protect the orchard from fire hazards by weeding and making fi re breaks of at least 3m wide around it
Chichewa: Thilirani ngati nkoyenera. Tetezani munda wa zipatso ku ziopsezo za moto popalira tchire ndikupanga miseu yozimira moto yokula 3 meters kuzungulira munda
English: Trees should be pruned as recommended. Insect pests, diseases and nematodes should be controlled by using appropriate control methods.
Chichewa: Mitengo isadzidwe monga mwandondomeko zake. Tizilombo, matenda komanso mbozi tithane nazo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera
English: It is important to apply manure during the period of tree growth and development. Apply 5 to10kg of well decomposed manure per tree at every beginning of the rainy season
Chichewa: Ndikofunika kwambiri kuthira manyowa nthawi imene mitengo ikukula. Thirani 5kgs kufika 10kgs yamanyowa owola bwino pa mtengo uliwonse kumayambiliro kwa nyengo yamvula
English: Fertilizer applications should be based on soil and leaf analysis. Apply half of the chemical fertilizer at the beginning of the rainy season and the other half when the rains are tailing off
Chichewa: Kuthira fertilizer kutengere kauniuni wa dothi ndi masamba. Thirani theka la fertlizer kumayambiliro kwa nyengo yamvula ndipo theka linalo kumapeto kwa mvula
English: These are fruit trees that are evergreen and prefer warm to hot environment, characteristic of tropical and sub-tropical conditions
Chichewa: Iyi ndi mitengo yazipatso yomwe nthawi zonse imakhala yobiliwira ndipo imalola nyengo yotentherako, monga nyengo zammadera otentha
English: They do not withstand frost and are therefore suitable for growing in low medium altitude areas ranging from sea level to 1, 200m above sea level
Chichewa: Simagwirizana ndi chisanu ndipo ndiyoyenera kulimidwa mmadera otsika pang'ono kuyambira kunyanja kufika mtunda wa 1200m pamwamba pa nyanja
English: Tropical and sub-tropical fruits in Malawi include citrus, bananas and plantains, pineapples, mangoes, avocado pears, guavas and pawpaws
Chichewa: Zipatso zokonda madera otentha ku Malawi ndi monga malalanje, nthochi, zinanazi, mango, mapeyala, gwafa ndi papaya
English: The basin area should be kept weed free at all time. Weeds outside the basin area should be kept short by slashing.
Chichewa: Padzenje pakhale popanda tchire nthawi zonse. Tchire lakunja kwa dzenje likhale lalifupi politchetcha
English: The important insect pests of citrus are fruit flies, false codling moth, orange dog, aphids, leaf miner and scales
Chichewa: Tizilombo towononga tofunikira kwambiri mmitengo yamalanje ndi ntchentche, false codling moth, agalu achikasu, nsabwe za mbewu, leaf miner ndi scales
English: Dark spots may appear on the bark which become water soaked and colour the outer bark surface
Chichewa: Malotcho akuda akhoza kuoneka pamakhungwa amitengo omwe amadzadza ndi madzi ndikusintha maonekedwe a kunja kwa khungwa
English: Advanced stages of the disease result in splitting or shredding of the bark which becomes dry, and often curls or becomes loosened from the wood
Chichewa: Matenda a mbewu akakula kwambiri amadzetsa kuwazika kapena kusendeka kwa makungwa omwe amauma, komanso kupilingizana kapena kuchoka pa mtengo
English: Gumming may appear during the early stages of disease development. The end result is a die back
Chichewa: Kutuluka utoto kukhoza kuoneka kumayambiliro kwa matenda. Mapeto ake ndikufa
English: Usually the trunk becomes girdled and the tree finally dies. This disease can be controlled by using tolerant varieties
Chichewa: Nthawi zambiri tsinde limatupa ndipo mtengo umafa. Nthenda imeneyi kuthana nayo kwake ndikugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yopilira kumatenda
English: Bananas are widely grown in the country. In some parts of Thyolo, Mulanje, Nkhotakota and Nkhatabay bananas are grown as a cash crop
Chichewa: Nthochi zimabzalidwa mmadera ambiri mdziko muno. Mmadera ena ku Thyolo, Mulanje, Nkhotakota ndi Nkhatabay, nthochi zimalimidwa ngati mbewu zobweretsa ndalama
English: The crop is also grown in other parts of the country for local consumption. In Misuku Hills and Karonga both bananas and plantains are grown as staple food
Chichewa: Mbewuyi imalimidwanso mmadera ena a mdziko muno kuti adzidya. Ku mapiri a Misuku ndi Karonga, ntchochi ndi ma plantain zimalimidwa ngati chakudya chawo chatsiku ndi tsiku
English: Bananas and plantains grow best in warm to hot areas with well distributed rainfall of more than 1,200 mm
Chichewa: Nthochi ndi ma plantain zimakula bwino mmadera otentha pang'ono mpaka madera otentha kwambiri komwe mvula imagwa moyenera ndipo imapitilira 1200mm
English: However in Malawi bananas and plantains are grown even in cool frost free areas. Bananas are more tolerant to moisture stress than plantains. Soils should be deep, free draining and rich in organic matter
Chichewa: Komabe ku Malawi nthochi zimalimidwa ngakhale madera ozizira kwambiri koma komwe madzi saundana. Nthochi zimapilira kwambiri chilala kuposa ma plantains. Mthaka ikhale yakuya, yosasunga madzi ndiponso yachonde chambiri
English: Plant dwarf varieties at 2m x 2m in poor soils or 2.3m x 2.3m in fertile soils. Plantains and giant bananas should be spaced either at 3m x 3m in poor soils or 3.5m x 3.5m in fertile soils
Chichewa: Bzalani mitundu ifupiifupi motalikirana 2mx2m komwe dothi ndi lopanda chonde kapena 2.3mx2.3m komwe dothi ndi lachonde. Ma plantian ndi nthochi zina zikuluzikulu zibzalidwe motalikirana 3mx3m mudothi lopanda chonde kapena 3.5mx3.5m mudothi lachonde
English: Holes should be dug 2 months in advance and should be 60cm deep and 60 cm in diameter. Nematode free suckers should be planted with first planting rains to a depth of 30 to 45cm
Chichewa: Mayenje akumbidwe miyezi iwiri pokonzekera kubzala ndipo akhale akuya 60cm ndi 60cm pakati. Mphukira zopanda mbozi zibzalidwe ndi mvula yoyamba 30cm kufika 45cm kulowa pansi
English: Plant one sucker per hole. For dwarf varieties 1,890 to 2,500 suckers will be required to plant a hectare; whilst 816 to 1,111suckers will be required for giant bananas and plantains
Chichewa: Bzalani mphukira imodzi pa dzenje. Kwa mitundu ifupiifupi, 1890 kufika 2500 ifunika kubzala pa hectare imodzi; pamene mphukira 816 kufika 1111 zifunika za nthochi zikuluzikulu ndi ma plantain.
English: Banana weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus) is a very important insect pest of bananas and attacks corm
Chichewa: Nankafumbwe wanthochi ndi kachilombo kofunikira kwambiri ka nthochi ndipo kamagwira thunthu la nthochi.
English: The adult weevil is nocturnal and its presence is detected by black tunnels on the corm. In severe attacks the plant dies and falls off
Chichewa: Nankafumbwe wamkulu amayenda usiku ndipo kupezeka kwake kumadziwika ndi timauna takuda pathunthu la nthochi. Pomwe waononga kwambiri, mbewu imafa ndikugwa
English: Plantains are generally more susceptible. The pest is most prevalent in old mats which are not weeded
Chichewa: Ma plantain amagwidwa kwambiri kuposa nthochi zina. Tizilombo ta mbewuti timapezeka kwambiri mmalo omwe muli ziyangoyango zokhalitsa zomwe sidzilimidwa
English: Control is by planting clean material, keeping the plantation weed free and establishing new plantations wherever the insect is not severe
Chichewa: Kuthana nazo ndikudzera kubzala mbweu zopanda matenda kapena tizilomboti, kuonetsetsa kuti mmunda mulibe tchire komanso kutsegula minda ina komwe kulibe nankafumbwe wochuluka
English: Fruits should be harvested when fully mature. They are fully mature when fingers on the upper hands are plump and round in shape
Chichewa: Zipatso zikololedwe zikahwima bwinobwino. Zimakhwima ngati zala zake zapamwamba pa dzanja zafufuma komanso ndizobulungira
English: Pineapples can be grown at altitudes of up to 1,200m above sea level with warm to hot temperatures ranging from 20 to 30°C
Chichewa: Zinanazi zikhoza kulimidwa mtunda wofika 1200m kuchoka mnyanja ndi nyengo yofunda mpaka yotentha kuchokera 20oC kufika 30oC
English: The fruits grown above 1,200m above sea level are bitter and fibrous. Optimum rainfall for pineapples is 1,500mm well distributed throughout the year
Chichewa: Zipatso zolimidwa mmalo okwera kuposa 1200m kuchoka mnyanja zimakhala zowawasa komanso zaulusi
English: In areas with less rainfall supplementary watering is required. The potential yield is 75,000kg per hectare
Chichewa: Mmadera omwe kumagwa mvula yochepa, nkofunika kuthilira. Zokolola zikhoza kufika 75,000 pa hectare
English: The objective is, therefore, to encourage production in suitable areas such as Mulanje, Thyolo, Nkhatabay, Phoka and Songwe, and encourage farmers to achieve the potential yield by following recommended cultural practices
Chichewa: Komabe, cholinga ndi chofuna kulimbikitsa ulimi mmalo oyenera monga ku Mulanje, Thyolo, Nkhatabay, Phoka ndi Songwe ndikulimbikitsa alimi kupeza zokolola zochuluka potsatira njira zoyenera zaulimi
English: If there is need to remove any trees, they should be ring-barked 2 years in advance and left to die
Chichewa: Ngati pali kufunika kochotsa mitengo, ichotsedwe khungwa mozungulira tsinde zaka ziwiri isanafike nthawi yobzala kuti ife
English: They should then be uprooted together with most of the root system before establishing the plantation
Chichewa: Kenako izulidwe pamodzi ndi mitsitsi yonse musanayikepo munda wina
English: Dig the land deeply and prepare beds 90cm wide and 25cm high with 60cm pathways between them. Incorporate 5 to10kg of well decomposed manure per square metre.
Chichewa: Kumbani mwakuya mmunda ndi kukonza mabedi otalika 90cm ndi kukwera 25cm okhala ndi mpata wa 60cm wodutsiramo pakati pawo. Phatikizani manyowa olemera 5 kufika 10kgs ma square meter iliyonse
English: Pineapples can be established from suckers, slips and tops. Lower scally leaves are removed from the planting materials to expose the root zone
Chichewa: Zinanazi zikhoza kulimidwa kuchokera ku mphukira, zipapati zake ndi zakunsonga. Masamba ammunsi amachotsedwa kuchokera ma mbewu kuti malo omera mizu akhale poyera
English: Slips and tops should be left in the sun upside down for 2 weeks to form a callus (protective layer) at the base of top or slip before planting to avoid rotting
Chichewa: Zipapati ndi zakunsonga ziyikidwe padzuwa mozondotsa kwa sabata ziwiri kuti zinyale kunsi kwake zisanabzalidwe popewa kuola
English: At planting time, planting materials should be graded into several groups according to sizes, and each group should be planted separately to ensure uniform stand and maturity in the field
Chichewa: Panthawi yobzala, mbewu isankhidwe kukhala mmagulu ambiri potengera kukula, ndipo gulu lirilonse libzalidwe palokha pofuna kukhala ndi zigawo zokula mofanana komanso zokhwima mofanana mmundamo
English: Plant 2 rows on each bed spaced at 60cm and 30cm between plants and 4cm deep with first planting rains. If planted deeper than 4 cm the planting materials may rot
Chichewa: Bzalani mizere iwiri pabedi lirilonse otalikirana 60cm ndi 30cm pakati pa mbewu ndiponso 4cm kulowa pansi ndi mvula yoyamba. Zikabzalidwa mwakuya kwambiri kuposa 4cm, zimatha kuola
English: Mangoes are widely grown in the country. They do well in warm to hot areas with altitudes ranging from 0 to 750m above sea level with well- defined wet and dry seasons
Chichewa: Mango amalimidwa mmadera ambiri mdziko muno. Amachita bwino mmadera otentha okwera kuyambira 0m kufika 750m kuchoka mnyanja okhala ndi nyengo zodziwika bwino zamvula komanso za dzuwa
English: The yields of mango are low in cool areas because of incidences of powdery mildew. Presently yields of fully grown improved mango trees range from 200 to 500 fruits per tree
Chichewa: Zokolola za mango zimachepa mmadera ozizira chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa matenda chiwawu. Pakali pano zokolola za mango amakono omwe akula bwinobwino zimafika zipatso 200 kufika 500 pamtengo uliwonse
English: Although unimproved cultivars of mangoes may yield more than improved cultivars, their high fibre content and large stones may exclude them from certain markets
Chichewa: Ngakhale mitengo yamango yamakolo ingathe kubala kuposa kuchuluka kwa zipatso mmitengo yamakono, ulusi wambiri komanso nthanga zazikulu zimapangitsa kuti asapeze nawo malonda mmisika ina
English: The objective, is therefore, to increase production by improving management of the available local and exotic varieties
Chichewa: Choncho cholinga ndi kuchulikitsa zokolola popititsa patsogolo kasamalidwe ka mitundu yachilengedwe kapena yatsopano yomwe ilipo
English: Use improved grafted varieties which have a small stone and fibreless. Haden – big oblong fruit in shape, sweet, with a partial purple colour skin which becomes lighter when ripe
Chichewa: Gwiritsani ntchito mitundu yamakono yokwatitsa yomwe imakhala ndi nthanga zazing'ono komanso opanda ulusi. Haden - zipatso zimakhala zazikulu zotalika, wotsekemera, ofiilirapo pang'ono kunja kwake komwe kumasintha akapsa
English: Tommy Atkins – A medium size, oblong fruit, very sweet, with deep purple colour when approaching maturity
Chichewa: Tommy Atkins - Wokula chikatikati, zipatso zotalika, zotsekemera kwambiri, zokhala ndi maonekedwe a purple wozama pamene zikukhwima
English: Kent – very big fibreless fruit which weighs close to a kg each with moderate sweetness, green skin colour which breaks into lighter purplish orange close to the petiole when mature
Chichewa: Kent - zipatso zikuluzikulu zopanda ulusi zomwe zimalemera pafupifupi 1kg, zotsekemera momvelera, zakhungu lobiliwira lomwe limasweka pamene zakhwima nkusanduka la purple orange pafupi ndi kamtengo kolumikidzitsa kutsinde
English: Keit – another medium size sweet oval in shape turning red orange from the stalk at maturity
Chichewa: Keit - chipatso china chokula chikatikati, chobulungira, chotsekemera momvelera, chimasanduka chofiira moyerekeza pamtengo wake pamene chakhwima
English: Davis Haden – medium sized fruit, sweet with orange skin colour when ripe
Chichewa: Davis Haden - chipatso chokula chikatikati, chotsekemera chakhungu lachikasu pamene chakhwima
English: Irwin – sweet, small size fruit weighing close to 150 grams each with full deep purple skin colour close to maturity
Chichewa: Irwin - zipatso zotsekemera, zimakhala zing'onozing'ono, zolemera pafupifupi 150 grams, zokhala ndi khungu la purple wozama zikayandikira kukhwima
English: Boribo – Medium size with green colour which become lighter when ripe
Chichewa: Boribo - Zipatso zokula chikatikati, za mtundu wobiliwira womwe kubiliwira kwake kumachepa zikakhwima
English: Ngowe – Oblong sickle in shape, sweet and orange when ripe
Chichewa: Ngowe - Zotalika mokhota ngati chikwakwa, zotsemekera ndi maonekedwe a chikasu zikakhwima
English: Local cultivars such as Boloma and Domasi which are big and sweet, and small mangoes such as Waka, Nthulura and Kapantha that are widely adapted should be encouraged
Chichewa: Mitengo yobzala yachilengedwe monga Boloma ndi Domasi yomwe imakhala ndi zipatso zazikulu zotsekemera, komanso mango ang'onoang'ono monga Waka, Nthulura ndi Kapantha omwe amalola mmadera ambiri alimbikitsidwe
English: Plant trees in December or January for successful establishment. Cover the new plant root ball with soil up to the collar mark
Chichewa: Bzalani mitengo mu December kapena January kuti igwire bwino. Kwilirani mitsitsi yamitengo yatsopano ndi dothi mpaka mkhosi mwake
English: Trees should be spaced at 9m x 9m or 10.5m x 10.5m or 12m x 12m depending on variety, soil type and other environmental conditions
Chichewa: Mitengo italikirane mtunda wa 9 meters ndi 9 meters kapena 10.5 meters ndi 10.5 meters kapena 12 meters ndi 12 meters kutengera mtundu wake, mtundu wa dothi ndi zina zokhuza nyengo