dmatekenya/chichewa-machine-translation huggingface dataset:
English: Most of Malawi soils are depleted of their nutrients and organic matter. Loss of soil cations has reduced soil pH, thus increasing soil acidity
Chichewa: Dothi lambiri ku Malawi lilibe michere ndi chonde. Kutayika kwa michere kwakwachepetsa pH ya dothi motero kuwonjezera kuwawasa kwa dothi
English: The pressure to produce more from the soil is growing proportionally with the rapid increase in population
Chichewa: Mpanipani wofuna kuchulukitsa zokolola kuchokera mu dothi kukukula kwambiri chifukwa cha kukwera kwa chiwerengero cha anthu
English: Smallholder farmers traditionally practiced shifting cultivation, with soil fertility being rejuvenated by long fallow periods
Chichewa: Alimi ang'onoang'ono akhala akutsatira ulimi wotsatira chonde, pomwe mthaka imasiyidwa osalimidwa kuti mphamvu zake zibwelere
English: However, pressure from rapidly increasing population has led to reduced-fallow periods and little or no rotation. Poor land and soil management practices under smallholder agriculture causes a serious increase in soil erosion, surface runoff and nutrient depletion
Chichewa: Komabe, mpanipani wodza kamba kakuchuluka chiwerengero wachepetsa nthawi yosiya malo osawalima komanso kulima  opanda kasinthasintha. Kasamalidwe ka malo ndi dothi kosayenera chifukwa cha alimi ang'onoang'ono kumawonjezera kukoloka kwa dothi, madzi othamanga komanso kusuluka kwa michere mdothi
English: Declining soil fertility, especially nutrient deficiencies and poor soil physical conditions are among the most significant factors constraining crop production in Malawi
Chichewa: Kuguga kwa nthaka, makakaka kuchepa kwa michere ndi kuonongeka kwa dothi ndi zina mwa zinthu zikuluzikulu zomwe zikutsamwitsa ulimi mMalawi
English: The soil’s inherent capacity to supply available soil nutrients in adequate amounts and suitable proportions decreases with continued cropping with little or no nutrient added
Chichewa: Mphamvu zachibadwa za dothi kuti zipeleke michere yoyenera komanso pa mulingo woyenera zimachepa chifukwa cholimapo mbewu mosadukiza komanso mosawonjezera michere ina
English: Continuous cropping without proper management of external nutrients exacerbate the mining of nutrients from the soils
Chichewa: Kulima mbewu mosadukisa popanda kusamala michere yowonjezera kwakuza kuchoka kwa michere mu dothi
English: To ensure a sustainable increase in crop production, application of fertilizers and manure is very important
Chichewa: Pofuna kulima mbewu zochuluka mosaononga, kuthita feteleza ndi manyowa ndi kofunika kwambiri
English: The use of fertilizers without first testing the soil for its nutrient status is like taking medicine without first consulting a medical doctor to establish the problem
Chichewa: Kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza popanda kuyeza dothi kuti muone mulingo wa michere yake ndi chimodzimodzi kumwa mankhwala kaye usanayezedwe ndi adokotala kuti udziwe vuto
English: Soil nutrient deficiencies should be identified through soil testing to benefit from fertilizer application
Chichewa: Kuchepa kwa michere ya dothi kudziwike poyeza dothi kuti kuthira feteleza kukhale kopindula
English: Recently, the cost of chemical fertilizer has more than doubled, and fertilizer use should be restricted to sites of real nutrient deficiencies to reduce the cost of production
Chichewa: Posachedwapa, mitengo ya feteleza yakwera kwambiri ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza kuchitike pamalo omwe palibiretu michere ina iliyonse pofuna kuchepetsa ndalama zolimitsira
English: Soil testing is essential as the first step in obtaining high yield and maximum returns from the money invested in fertilizer
Chichewa: kuyeza dothi ndikofunika ngati njira yoyamba yopezera zokolola zochuluka komanso kuchulukitsa phindu pa ndalama zomwe zaguliridwa feteleza
English: Efficient use of fertilizer is a major factor in any programme designed to bring about high economic returns in agricultural production, and this can be achieved only when the application of fertilizer is based on information derived from a soil test
Chichewa: Kagwiritsidwe ntchito koyenera ka feteleza ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri mu ntchito zilizonse zomwe cholinga chake ndikubweretsa phindu lachuma lochuluka pa ulimi, ndipo izi zingakwaniritsidwe pokhapokha kuthira feteleza kukutsamira ma mauthenga onse ochokera pa kuyeza dothi
English: Each recommendation based on a soil test takes into account the values obtained from soil analysis, the research work so far conducted on the crop in the particular soil area, and the management practices of the concerned farmer
Chichewa: Langizo lirilonse lochokera pakuyeza dothi limaunikira zotsatira zomwe zapezeka pakuyeza dothilo, kafukufuku yemwe wakhala akuchitika pa mbewuyo kuderako, komanso njira zakasamalidwe zomwe mlimi wokhuzidwa amatsatira
English: The national aim therefore is to provide soil testing services which would be a guide to the expected contribution of particular soil nutrients and making a judicious fertilizer recommendation for profitable agriculture production
Chichewa: Choncho cholinga cha dziko ndi kubweretsa ntchito zoyeza dothi zomwe zikhale mlozo wa zomwe tikuyenbezera kupeza pa michere irilonse ndiponso kupeleka uphundu pa feteleza woyenera kuti ulimi ukhale wopindulitsa
English: A useful soil testing service starts with collection of representative soil samples. A fertilizer recommendation made after analyzing the soil can only be as good as the sample on which it is based
Chichewa: Kuyeza kopindulitsa kwa dothi kumayamba ndi kutolera dothi loyerekeza. Upangiri pa feteleza wopelekedwa pambuyo pakuyeza dothi umakhala wabwino ngati zotsatira za dothi lomwe lagwiritsidwa ntchito
English: One field can be treated as a simple sampling unit if only the soil is relatively uniform and does not exceed two hectares
Chichewa: Munda wina ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati potengera dothi lachitsanzo, koma dothi  likhale lofanana ndipo munda usapyole ma hectare awiri
English: Variations in slope, colour, texture, management, and crop pattern should be taken into account and separate composite samples should be collected for each area
Chichewa: Kusiyana pa kutsetsereka kwa malo, maonekedwe a dothi, kasamalidwe ndi mbewu zomwe zimalimidwa pamalopo zigwiritsidwe ntchito ndipo dothi ltengedwe mmalo osiyanasiyana
English: To obtain a composite soil sample adequately representing the field, follow the procedure given below: Sample each field separately
Chichewa: Kuti atenge dothi lokwanira lokayeza loyimira munda wonse, tsatirani ndondomeko zomwe zili mmunsizi: tengani dothi mmunda uliwonse paokha
English: However, where the areas within a field differ distinctively in crop growth, appearance of the soil, or in elevation, or are known to have been cropped or fertilized and manure applied differently, divide the field and sample each area separately
Chichewa: Komabe, pomwe pali kusiyana pakakulidwe ka mbewu mmundamo, maonekedwe a dothi kapena kukwera kwa gawo lamunda, kapena zikudziwika kuti panalimidwa kapena panathiridwa feteleza ndi manyowa mosiyana, gawani munda ndipo mbali iloyonse patengedwe dothi paokha
English: Take a composite sample for each area. Scrape away surface litter, then take a small sample from the surface to plough depth (20cm) from a number of plots in the field (20 to 30 per hectare). Collect these samples in a clean bucket or a wide container
Chichewa: Tengani dothi losiyanasiyana pamagawo onsewo. Palani zinyalala zapamwamba, kenako tengani dothi pang'ono pamwambapo kulowa pansi mpaka 20cm kuchokera mmalo angapo osiyanasiyana padera lokwana ma hectare 20 mpaka 30. Tengani dothili ndi kuliyika mu zonyamulira zaukhondo
English: Where crops have been planted in lines (rows), sample between the lines. Do not sample unusual areas. Avoid areas recently fertilized, old bunds, marshy spots, near trees, compost piles, or other non-representative locations
Chichewa: Pomwe mbewu zabzalidwa mmakako, tengani dothi pakati pa makako. Musatenge dothi pamalo odabwitsa. Pewani malo omwe pathiridwa feteleza posachedwa, milambala yakale, malo odikha madzi, pafupi ndi mitengo, pomwe paunjikidwa zinyalala, kapena malo ena omwe sipakuyenera kutengedwa dothi
English: Use proper sampling tools. Satisfactory samples can be taken with a soil tube, auger, spade, trowel or pick-axe
Chichewa: Gwiritsani ntchito zipangizo zoyenera zotengera dothi. Dothi loyerekeza lokwanira likhoza kutengedwa ndi soil tube, auger, spade, trowel kapena pick-axe
English: Take a uniformly thick sample from the surface to plough depth. If a spade or trow are used, dig a V-shaped hole, then cut out a uniformly thick (2cm) slice of soil from the bottom to the top of the exposed soil face. Collect the sample on the blade or in your hand and place it in the bucket
Chichewa: Tengani dothi lofanana kuchokera pamwamba kulowa pansi. Ngati mwagwiritsa ntchito spade kapena tromel, kumbani ngati V ndipo dulani 2cm ya dothi kuchokera pansi kufika pamwamba pa dothi. Tengani dothilo pa mpeni kapena manja ndipo muliyike mosungira
English: Pour soil from the bucket on a piece of clean cloth or paper and mix thoroughly. Discard by quartering all but 500g to 1 kg of soil
Chichewa: Thirani dothi pa nsalu yoyera kapena papepala kuchokera mosungira kapena ndipo mulisakanize mokwanira. Tayani dothi kupatula lomwe mwaligawa mzigawo ziyani zofanana lolemera pakati pa 500g ndi 1kg
English: Quartering may be done by mixing the remaining two portions; again dividing into four parts and discarding two opposite quarters
Chichewa: Kugawa dothi mzigawo zinayi kukhozanso kuchitika posakaniza magawo awiri otsala; kenako kuwagawa mzigawo zinayi zofanana, ndikutaya magawo awiri oyang'anizana
English: The sample should be dried in the shade for an hour or two before it is put in a cloth bag container
Chichewa: Dothi liwumitsidwe pamthunzi kwa ola limodzi kapena awiri lisayikidwe mu thumba la nsalu
English: Each cloth bag should be large enough to hold 500g or 1kg of soil and should be properly marked to identify the sample
Chichewa: Thumba lirilonse lansalu likhale lalikulu kuti lisunge dothi lolomera 500g mpaka 1kg ndipo liyikidwe chizindikiro chooneka pofuna kuzindikira bwino dothi lachitsanzoli
English: Fill out soil sample information sheet for each sample. ADDs can obtain these forms from Chitedze and Bvumbwe Agricutural Research Stations. These forms may be sent separately to the laboratory or enclosed with the soil sample
Chichewa: Lembani uthenga wonse wofunika wokhuza dothi lirilonse pa mapepala oyenera. Ma ADD akhoza kupeza mapepala olembapo uthenga wokhuza dothiwu kuchokera ku Chitedze ndi Bvumwe Research Stations. Mapepala authenga amenewa akhoza kutumizidwa paokha kunyumba zoyenezera kapena kutsekeredwa mkati mwa dothi
English: Keep a record of the areas sampled and simple sketch map for reference when you get the soil test and fertilizer recommendation report from the soil testing laboratory
Chichewa: Sungani uthenga okhuza komwe dothi latengedwa ndipo jambulani mapu a komwe kuli munda ngati zofanizira pamene mwauzidwa malangizo okhuza dothi ndi feteleza zimene zakayazedwa kunyumba zoyezera
English: As indicated, soil testing should be used as a basis for fertilizer application in order to obtain better economic returns from the money invested in the purchase of fertilizers
Chichewa: Ngati mmene zaotsedwa, kuyeza dothi kugwiritsidwe ntchito ngati nsanamira yothira feteleza kuti mupeze phindu lachuma pa ndalama iliyonse imene yagwiritsidwa ntchito pogula feteleza
English: Extension workers are strongly urged to encourage smallholder farmers to submit soil samples to Bvumbwe or Chitedze Research Station for analysis
Chichewa: Alangizi akudera akumemezedwa kuti alimbikitse alimi ang'onoang'no kupeleka dothi ku malo akafukufuku wa ulimi kwa Bvumbwe kapena Chitedze kuti likayezedwe
English: In taking such Samples field staff should help farmers in order to obtain more reliable recommendation
Chichewa: Potenga dothi kuchokera mminda, alangizi athandize alimi kuti apeze malangizo oyenera
English: If for some reason a farmer fails to have his or her soils analyzed, the blanket fertilizer recommendation may be used as a basis for fertilizer application with the clear knowledge that he/she may be applying quantities of fertilizers that may not bring about an economic increase in crop production
Chichewa: Ngati pa zifukwa zina alimi alephera kukayezetsa dothi lawo, agwiritse ntchito ulangizi waderalo wokhuza kathiridwe ka feteleza ndi upangiri wakuti akuthira mulingo wa feteleza womwe mwina suwonjezera mwaphindu zokolola
English: The aim of the Agribusiness extension is to promote commercialization of agriculture especially among smallholder farmers for food security and income generations
Chichewa: Cholinga cholimbikitsa ulimi ngati malonda ndi kufuna kupititsa patsogolo malonda a ulimi makamaka pakati pam alimi ang'onoang'ono kuti adzidzidalira pachakudya komanso adzipeza ndalama
English: The national aim will be achieved through the following policy objectives: To increase farm-income by effective, efficient and sustainable use of the production resources such as land, labour, capital and management
Chichewa: Cholinga cha dziko chidzakwaniritsidwa kudzera mu mfundo zotsatirazi: kukweza chuma chochokera mu ulimi pogwiritsa ntchito moyenera, mosaononga zioangizo za ulimi monga malo, antchito, ndalama zolowa komanso kasamalidwe
English: To promote farmer organizations such as associations, cooperatives, companies and trusts to link them effectively to service providers such as input suppliers, commodity markets and extension services
Chichewa: Kupititsa patsogolo mabungwe a zaulimi monga magulu a alimi, ma cooperative, makampani a za ulimi ndikuwalumikizitsa ndi opeleka ntchito monga ogulitsa zipangizo, ogulitsa mbewu ndi ntchito za ulangizi
English: To encourage market oriented production in order to move from subsistence to commercial farming. To achieve the objectives, farmers need to have adequate resources for production
Chichewa: Kulimbikitsa ulimi wolingalira misika pofuna kuchoka ku ulimi wachiponyeponye kupita ku ulimi ngati malonda. Pofuna kukwaniritsa zolinga izi, alimi ayenera kukhala ndi zipangizo zokwanira pa ulimi wawo
English: Management involves decision making on the effective combination of the above mentioned factors of production
Chichewa: Kasamalidwe kamaphatikiza kupanga ziganizo pa kuphatikiza moyenera ndondomeko zomwe zakambidwa mmwambazi
English: Good farm-management results in higher profits than poor management using the same quantities of land, labour and capital
Chichewa: Kasamalidwe koyenera  ka ulimi kamapezetsa phindu lochuluka kuposa kusamala kopelewera pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zomwezo za malo, antchito ndi ndalama
English: Farmers have to acquire knowledge and skills in farm planning in order to make right decisions as to what, when, where and how farm resources should be used in order to derive maximum benefits
Chichewa: Alimi apeze upangiri ndi luso zokonzera dongosolo la ntchito zakumunda ndi cholinga choti adzipanga ziganizo zoyenera zokhuza chani, liti, kuti komanso mmene zipangizo zikuyenera kugwilira ntchito pofuna kuchulikitsa phindu
English: These are costs directly linked to production of a specified enterprise. They may also be called production costs and change according to level of production
Chichewa: Izi ndi ndalama zomwe zikukhuza mwachindunji kuoangidwa kwa katundu. Zikhoza kutchulidwanso kuti ndalama zopangira katundu potengera mulingo wopangira katundu
English: Variable costs mainly consist of costs incurred from land preparation up to harvesting, for example: planting material, fertilizer, pesticides, labour, hire of machinery and water
Chichewa: Ndalama zosakhadzikika makamaka zimaphatikiza ndalama zogwira ntchito pokonza malo olima mpaka kukolola mwachitsanzo: mbewu, feteleza, mankhwala, antchito, kubwereka makina ndi madzi
English: These are costs incurred regardless of whether or not output is produced. They are also called “common costs” or “overhead costs”. These costs are difficult to estimate per enterprise since they need to be allocated to the various enterprises produced on the farm
Chichewa: Izi ndi ndalama zogwira ntchito zomwe sidzitengera kuti zinthu zapangidwa. Zimatchulidwanso kuti ndalama zogwira ntchito nthawi zonse. Ndalama izi zimavuta kuwerengetsa pa ntchito iliyonse chifukwa zimayenera kupelekedwa pa zochitika zosiyanasiyana zopangidwa pamunda
English: Examples of these costs may include buildings machinery, taxes, insurance permanent labour cost, depreciation and interests paid on loans. Since they remain fixed they are not considered in the Gross Margin Analysis, but they are used for other budgeting purposes
Chichewa: Zitsanzo za ndalama zimenezi ndi monga nyumba, makina, misonkho, insurance, atchito okhadzikika, kugwa mitengo kwa zinthu ndi chiongoladzanja pa ngongole. Chifukwa chakuti zimakhala zosasinthika, sidzimawerengeredwa powerengetsa phindu la ulimi koma zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza ndondomeko za chuma pa ulimi
English: The Calculating return per area: This is calculated by dividing the gross margin by the area used for calculating the revenue and the costs, which in most cases is 1 hectare or 1 acre. This method is used when land is the most limiting factor
Chichewa: Kuwerengera phindu pa munda: kuwerengera kumachitika pogawira phindu ndi kukula kwa malo omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito koanso ndalama zonse zomwe zagwira ntchito; omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala hectare imodzi. Njira iyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo ndi wovuta
English: Calculating return on labour: Is calculated by dividing the gross margin by the person days. Family labour should not be included in the calculation of gross margin itself
Chichewa: Kuwerengera phindu la antchito: zimawerengeredwa pogawira phindu ndi anthu komanso masiku omwe ntchito yagwiridwa. Ntchito zapabanja zisawerengeredwe powerengera phindulo
English: This method is used when labour is the most limiting factor. Calculating return on capital: This is calculated by dividing gross margin by variable costs
Chichewa: Njira iyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene antchito ndi cholepheretsa chachikulu. Kuwerengera phindu pa mpamba: zimawerengeredwa pogawira phindu ndi ndalama zonse zomwe zalowa
English: This will tell you the return for the capital invested. This method is used when capital is the most limiting factor
Chichewa: Izi zikudziwitsani phindu lomwe lapezeka pa mpamba womwe wagwira ntchito. Njira iyi iamgwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mpamba ndi cholepheretsa chachikulu
English: Break even yield is calculated by dividing variable costs by price of commodity. This will give you the level of yield to be achieved in order to just cover the expenses
Chichewa: Kusapeza phindu kapena kusataya ndalama zimawerengeredwa pogawira ndalama zonse zomwe zagwira ntchito ndi ndalama zomwe zapezeka pogulitsa katundu. Izi zipeleka kuchuluka kwa zokolola zomwe zikufunika kuti mukwanitse kulipira zonse zofunika
English: Breakeven price is calculated by dividing variable costs by yield. This will give you the price where you neither have a profit nor a loss
Chichewa: Mitengo ya kusapeza phindu kapena kusataya ndalama imawerengeredwa pogawira ndalama zolowa ndi zokolola. Izi zimapeleka mtengo womwe sipakhala phindu kapena kutaya ndalama
English: This is the cost of fertilizer or pesticide at farm-gate. Therefore, you have to take the prices at the shops and add all costs involved to bring that fertilizer/pesticide to your farm gate
Chichewa: Uwu ndi mtengo wa feteleza kapena mankhwala ophera tizilombo wapamunda. Choncho mudziwe mitengo yogulira zinthu kwa ogulitsa ndikuyiphatikiza ndi ndalama zofunika kunyamula katunduyo kufika naye kumunda
English: This includes land preparation, planting, fertilizing, weeding, spraying, harvesting, cleaning, grading and packaging
Chichewa: Izi zimaphatikiza kukonza munda, kubzala, kuthitra feteleza, kupalira, kupopera mankhwala, zaukhondo, kusankha komanso kuyika mu zipangizo zosungira
English: These are the opportunity costs of family labour (money which the farmer could have earned otherwise by engaging in for example casual (ganyu) labour, small business instead of farming
Chichewa: Uwu ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito antchito apabanja monga ndalama zomwe mlimi akanapeza akanagwira ganyu kumunda, kugulitsa zinthu zing'onizing'ono mmalo molima
English: Complete budgets look at the whole farm system and not only on one or two enterprises of that farm
Chichewa: Ndondomeko za chuma zachikwanekwane zimayang'ana ntchito zonse zapamunda osati imodzi kapena ziwiri zokha
English: Complete budgeting will therefore include all expenses and receipts incurred in the farm system
Chichewa: Kupanga ndondomeko zachuma zachikwanekwane zimaphatikiza ndalama zonse zogwilira ntchito komanso zonse zomwe zalandiliridwa pa ulimi
English: This is the main difference to marginal costing techniques like gross margin or partial budgeting
Chichewa: Uku ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa njira zowerengetsera monga kupeza phindu kapena ndondomeko za chuma zoyerekeza
English: Smallholder farmers usually experienced shortage of initial capital to start businesses as individuals and cannot negotiate competitively for prices on the market
Chichewa: Alimi ang'onoang'ono kwambiri amakumana ndi kupelewera kwa mpamba woyambira ntchito zamalonda paokha ndipo alibe kuthekera konenera mitengo yabwino kumisika
English: One way of addressing the problem is to encourage farmers to establish farmer organizations. Farmer organizations are either formal or informal
Chichewa: Njira imodzi yothanirana ndi vutoli ndi kulimbikitsa alimi kukhadzikitsa magulu a alimi. Magulu a alimi amakhala ovomerezeka ndi boma kapena osavomerezeka
English: Farmers’ organizations operating like a business entity need a certain organizational form in order to function effectively, efficiently and in accordance with the laws
Chichewa: Magulu a alimi ogwira ntchito ngati a malonda amafunika kukhala ndi utsogoleri ndi cholinga chakuti adzigwira ntchito moyenera, mwachangu, komanso motsatira malamulo
English: The laws of Malawi provide different options for setting up a business. Some of the criteria used to differentiate these organizational forms are: Who owns the business?
Chichewa: Malamulo a dziko la Malawi amapeleka njira zosiyanasiyana zokhadzikitsira ntchito zamalonda. Zina mwa zofunikira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusiyanitsa magulu amenewa ndi monga: ntchito yamalondayo ndi yandani?
English: Who controls the business? Who profits from the business? Who uses the services offered by the business? Who is liable for debts of the business and to what extent?
Chichewa: Akulamulira ntchito ya malonda ndi ndani? Akupindula pa malondawo ndi ndani? Akugwiritsa ntchito zomwe zikugulitsidwa ndi ndani? Akuyenera kubwenza ngongole za ntchitoyo ndi ndani ndipo kufika mulingo wanji?
English: Though a cooperative is also a corporation it is mentioned here as a separate category. The reason being that it is an independent legal entity
Chichewa: Ngakhale cooperative ilinso ngati bungwe, sinatchulidwe pano ngati gulu losiyana. Chifukwa chake ndi chakuti ndiyoyima payokha pamalamulo
English: A co-operative might experience more governmental influence through the Registrar’s office unlike a Trust under the “Trustees Incorporation Act” or a Private Company
Chichewa: Cooperative ikhoza kukumana ndi zochitika za boma kudzera ku mthambi yolembetsa ma kampani zomwe ndi zosiyana ndi Trust yomwe ili pansi pa Trustees Incorporation Act kapena ngati kampani yomwe siyaboma
English: However, one has to keep in mind that most of the powers given to the Registrar are meant to promote the co-operative’s business and to protect its members from unlawful or fraudulent actions of its directors
Chichewa: Komabe, munthu ayenera kusunga mmalingaliro kuti mphamvu zambiri zomwe zili ndi mthambi yolembetsa makampani ndi zothandiza kupititsa patsogolo ntchito za ma cooperative ndi kuteteza mamembala ake ku mtchitidwe wophwanya malamulo kapena wa umbava kwa oyendetsa ntchitozi
English: One might classify this particular feature as an advantage or disadvantage depending on how it is implemented by the people in charge
Chichewa: Munthu akhoza kuyika ichi ngati ubwino kapena kuyipa potengera ndi mmene omwe akuyendetsa akukwaniritsila ntchitozo
English: The purpose of a farmers’ co-operative is to improve the economic conditions of its members by increasing their profits from farming
Chichewa: Cholinga cha ma cooperative a alimi ndi kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zachuma za mamembala ake pokweza phindu kuchokera mu ulimi
English: This is achieved by offering tailor made from services such as input supply, marketing, education and credit-schemes
Chichewa: Izi zimakwaniritsidwa popeleka ntchito ndi upangili womwe alimiwo akufuna monga zipangizo zogwiritsa  ntchito, kusatsa malonda, maphunziro komanso ngongole za ulimi
English: Modern cooperatives operate like private business enterprises as far as profit maximization is concerned
Chichewa: Ma cooperative amakono amagwira ntchito ngati makampani omwe siaboma pankhani zofuna kuchulukitsa phindu
English: However the net profits realizes will be ploughed back to the member-farmers in proportion to their business turnover with the cooperative and to a lesser extent as dividends on the shares held by the individual members
Chichewa: Komabe phindu lomwe limapezeka limabwelera kwa mamembala omwe ndi alimi motsatira kukula kwa phindu lomwe lapezeka ndi cooperative ndipo kumbali ina ngati chiongoladzanja pa ma share omwe aliyense ali nawo
English: The special feature of a cooperative is that the members are the financiers, the owners, the users, the controllers and the beneficiaries of the business at the same time
Chichewa: Chachikulu chozindikiritsa cooperative ndichakuti mamembala ake ndi omwe amasonkha ndalama zoyendetsera, eni ake, ogwiritsa ntchito, olamula komanso opindula ndi ntchitozo
English: The law governing cooperative societies is the Cooperative Societies Act Cap. 47:02. “A Guide to the Cooperative Societies Act” in simple English is available at the Department of Cooperatives within the Ministry of Industry and Trade
Chichewa: Lamulo loyendetsera ma cooperative ndi la Cooperative Societies Act Cap. 47:02. "A Guide to the Cooperative Societies Act" mu chizungu chosavuta lilipo ku Department of Cooperatives ku unduna wa zamalonda
English: Advantages of a cooperative include: The business has a separate identity other that the members (shareholders); The members have limited liability
Chichewa: Ubwino wa ma cooperative ndi monga: ntchito yamalonda imasiyanitsidwa ndi zochitika za mamembala ake; mamembala amakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa
English: Management is based on democratic principles. Shares are easily transferable. Legal regulations protect members’ rights (regular audits, financial estimates, members’ right to request an inspection by the Registrar)
Chichewa: Kagwiridwe kantchito kamatsatira ndondomeko za ufulu wodzilamulira wokha. Ma share amasamutsidwa mosavuta. Malamulo amateteza ufulu wamamembala monga kuwerengetsa chuma pafupipafupi, kupeleka ndondomeko ya  chuma, ufulu wa mamembama kupempha kuti adzayenderedwe ndi a Registrar
English: The cooperative continues when some members die. Members must be farmers with a common bond (growing the same crop, living in the same area), thus they can utilize economies of scale. Can capture certain market opportunities because of bigger production volume
Chichewa: Cooperative imapitilira pomwe membala wamwalira. Membala ayenera akhale mlimi yemwe ali ndi zofanana ndi alimi anzake monga kulima mbewu zofanana, kukhala dera limodzi motero akhoza kuchepetsa ndalama zogwilira ntchito. Akhoza kupeza misika yabwino chifukwa chokhala ndi katundu wambiri
English: Profits may be reinvested into the co-operative and/or can be distributed to members according to their business turnover with the cooperative. Property of the cooperative is owned by the members. Size of membership is not restricted
Chichewa: Phindu likhoza kubwezetsedwanso mu cooperative kapena kugawidwa kwa mamembala potengera kukula kwa ntchito  zamalonda zomwe anachita  ndi cooperative. Katundu wa cooperative amakhala wa mamembala onse. Kukula kwa chiwerengero cha mamembala kulibe malire
English: In the formation of farmers’ organizations agricultural extension staff as well as competent advisors from NGOs and the private sector assume the role of facilitators
Chichewa: Pokhadzikitsa magulu a alimi, alangizi a zaulimi komanso alangizi ena odziwa bwino ntchito ochokera kumabungwe omwe siaboma kuti amagwira ntchito zophunzitsa
English: Their function is to create awareness among the farming community about the advantages and disadvantages of cooperatives in order to face the new challenges of production and marketing.
Chichewa: Ntchito yawo ndi kuzindikiritsa alimi pa zaubwino kapena kuyipa ka ma cooperative ndi cholinga choti akhale okonzeka kukumana ndi zopsinja za ulimi komanso ntchito zostatsa malonda
English: They assist the farmers in getting the needed information on group organization and management in order to empower the farmers to make sound decisions
Chichewa: Amathandiza alimi kupeza mauthenga ofunika okhuza gulu lawo komanso kayendetsedwe ndi cholinga chopeleka mphamvu kwa alimi zowathandiza kupanga ziganizo zabwino
English: However, it has to be remembered that ultimately group-formation is a bottom-up process which is owned by the farmers themselves
Chichewa: Komabe, ndikoyenera kukumbukira kuti kukhadzikitsa gulu kumayambira mmunsi ndipo eni ake ndi alimiwo
English: The following steps of group formation might serve as guidelines for farmers as well as facilitators in order to ensure good organization and functioning of farmer groups
Chichewa: Ndondomeko zotsatirazi zokhadzikitsira gulu zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ngati malamulo kwa alimi komanso aphunzitsi pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti magulu a alimi akuyendetsedwa ndi kugwira bwino ntchito
English: Awareness meeting with leading smallholder farmers - This is usually an informal meeting with some of the leading farmers from the area to discuss the problems and needs farmers face and the possibility of forming a farmer organization to address those needs
Chichewa: Misonkhano yozindikiritsa alimi ang'onoang'ono otsogolera- iyi imakhala misonkhano yosakhadzikika ndi ena mwa alimi otsogolera kuchokera kuderalo kuti akambirane mavuto ndi zosowa zomwe alimi akukumana nazo komanso mwayi wokhadzikitsa gulu la alimi kuti athane ndi mavutowo
English: It should be mentioned that in some cases farmer organizations cannot be used to address some challenges and needs
Chichewa: Nkofunika kunena kuti pena magulu a alimi sangagwiritsidwe ntchito kuthana ndi zovuta kapena zokhumba zina
English: First smallholder farmer Meeting-This is an exploratory meeting with potential members. In case of a positive decision the Interim Steering Committee should be elected in order to guide the group through the further formation process
Chichewa: Mtsonkhano woyamba wa alimi ang'onoang'ono- uwu ndi msonkhano wodzakumana ndi omwe ali ndi chidwi chopanga gulu. Ngati aonetsa chidwi, komiti yogwirizira imasankhidwa kuti itsogolere gulu pa ndondomeko zonse zokhadzikitsira gulu
English: Feasibility Study-Feasibility study is designed to provide an overview of the primary issues related to a business idea. It determines whether the business idea would be economically worthwhile or not
Chichewa: Kuchita kafukufuku - kafukufuku amakonzedwa pofuna kukhala ndi chithunzithunzi cha zovuta zomwe zilipo pa chiganizo chokhuza ntchito zamalonda. Amanena ngati ntchito yamalonda yomwe ikuganiziridwa ndi yoyenera kapena ayi
English: Second smallholder farmer meeting-At this meeting the results of the feasibility study will be presented and discussed
Chichewa: Msonkhano wachiwiri wa alimi ang'onoang'ono- pa nsokhano uwu, zotsatira zakafukufuku zimapelekedwa kwa anthu kuti akambirane
English: If the feasibility study is indicating a viable business but farmers support is questionable it is advisable to ask farmers to make a token interest investment and sign a pre-membership agreement. Nevertheless, there should be a vote to proceed with formation or not
Chichewa: Ngati kafukufuku akuonetsa kuti ntchito yamalonda ndiyotheka koma alimi sakuonetsa chidwi, ndikoyenera kuwafunsa alimi kuti aonetse chidwi pa ntchitoyi ndipo avomere kukhala mamembala ogwirizira. Ngakhele zili chonchi, pakhale kuponya voti ngati pakufunika kupitilira kupanga gulu kapena ayi
English: Business plan-There is need for a business plan for the group to be prepared. A business-plan gives an opportunity to find weaknesses or hidden problems ahead of time. This aims at assessing potentiality of chosen business
Chichewa: Ndondomeko ya ntchito zamalonda-pali kufunika kokhala ndi ndondomeko yoyendetsera ntchito zamalonda za gulu kuti ikonzedwe. Ndondomeko imapeleka chotsanzo cha mwayi kuti muunike zofooka komanso mavuto obisika asanachitike. Cholinga chake ndi kufufuza kuthekera kwa ntchito yomwe yasankhidwa
English: Constitution and bye laws-Group members need to discuss and formulate the groups constitution and bye laws. They will be used for registration and in day to day activities of the group
Chichewa: Malamulo a gulu- mamembala a gulu ayenera kukambirana ndikukonza malamulo oyendetsera gulu. Adzagwiritsidwa ntchito pokalembetsa gulu komanso kuyendetsa ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku za gulu
English: Incorporation of the farmers’ Organizations-The legal environment, the kind of services envisaged, the feasibility study as well as the member's preferences will determine which organizational form will be chosen
Chichewa: Kulembetsa gulu la alimi- Malamulo omwe gulu lidzitsatira, ntchito zomwe gulu lidzichita, kafukufuku komanso zokonda za mamembala zithandiza kusankha kuti gulu lokhadzikitsidwa litsatire zotani
English: Election of office bearers-Before election, farmers need to be sensitized on the office's, responsibilities and duties of office bearers
Chichewa: Kusankha atsogoleri- masankho asanachitike, alimi ayenera kudzindikiritsidwa za maudindo, ntchito ndi udindo wa atsogoleri
English: This will enable them to elect appropriate persons to the positions. Officers should then be elected carefully according to reputation and qualifications needed
Chichewa: Izi zithandiza kuti asankhe anthu oyenera kukhala mmipandoyo. Atsogoleri ayenera kusankhidwa mosamala potengera mbiri zawo komanso maphunziro awo
English: Hire staff, acquire facilities and equipment-Employing staff or other personnel will depend on the type and size of business and qualifications needed to run it
Chichewa: Kulemba ogwira ntchito, kupeza malo komanso zida- Kulemba anthu ogwira ntchito ndi ena othandizira kutengera mtundu ndi kukula kwa ntchito zamalonda komanso maphunziro oyenera kuyendetsera ntchito
English: Acquire facilities and equipment that may be required. Ensure that use and maintenance of facilities like storage rooms, office rooms and phones is well stipulated in the bye laws
Chichewa: Pezani malo ndi zida zomwe zikufunika. Onetsetsani kuti kagwiritsidwe ntchito ndikukukonza kwa malo monga malo osungira zinthu, malo ogwilira ntchito, ma lamya zayikidwa mmalamulo
English: Begin operations-Open bank account, arrange for book keeping and record keeping, elect members to subcommittees or task forces, start implementing the business plan
Chichewa: Yambani ntchito zamalonda- tsegulani buku laku banki, pezani olemba ndikusunga zonse zochitika pa malonda, sankhani mamembala mumakomiti ang'onoang'ono, yambani kugwira ntchito zomwe zili mu ndondomeko yanu
English: The overall objective of a farmers’ organization is to increase the farmers’ income. This is achieved by offering tailor-made services to its members
Chichewa: Cholinga chachikulu cha bungwe la alimi ndi kuchulukitsa phindu la alimi. Izi zimakwaniritsidwa popeleka upangiri womwe mamembala akufuna
English: Usually a farmers’ organization will provide one or more of the following services: Marketing-Through bulking of members’ produce, the farmers’ bargaining power is improved when dealing with other business-partners
Chichewa: Nthawi zambiri bungwe la alimi lidzapeleka imodzi kapena kupitilira apo mwa ntchito izi: Kutsatsa malonda kudzera kusonkhetsa katundu, kuthekera kwa alimi kunenera mitengo kumakula akamambirana ndi ochita malonda ena
English: Wholesale traders are attracted by big quantities and might collect the produce with their own transport facilities, thus reducing the marketing costs of the farmers
Chichewa: Ogula mopikula amakopeka ndi katundu wambiri ndipo akhoza kudzanyamula wokha katundu pogwiritsa ntchito mayendedwe awo, zomwe zingathandize kuchepetsa mtengo wogulitsira malonda kwa alimi
English: Improved storage facilities can reduce produce losses and enable the Farmers’ organizations to speculate on prices
Chichewa: Zipangizo zosungura katundu zamakono zingachepetse kuwonongeka kwa zokolola ndi kuthandiza bungwe la alimi kupeza mitengo yabwino
English: Communication facilities which might be too costly for an individual farmer for identifying attractive buyers and accessing market information
Chichewa: Zipangizo zolumikizana zomwe zingakhale zamtengo wokwera kwambiri kwa mlimi payekha zosakira ogula opatsa chikoka ndi kupeza mauthenga a misika
English: Value adding by grading, simple processing and packaging. Buyers are attracted by assured quality. Improved facilities and equipment like scales are verified by Malawi Bureau of Standards in order to diminish fraud
Chichewa: Kuonjezera phindu posankha, kuzikonza pang'ono ndi kudziyika mu zipangizo zogulitsira. Ogula amakopeza akatsimikiza kuti katundu ndi wabwino. Zipangizo ndi zida zamakono monga zoyezera zimatsindikizidwa ndi Malawi Bureau of Standards pofuna kuthetsa mchitidwe wakuba
English: Reduced costs of inputs-bulk purchasing reduces price of needed supplies. Reduced costs of transport-some companies offer free delivery when the ordered amount is big enough
Chichewa: Kuchepetsa ndalama za zipangizo-Kugula katundu wochuluka pakamodzi kumachepetsa mtengo wa zipangizo zomwe zikufunikira. Kuchepetsa ndalama za mayendedwe-makampani ena amanyamula katundu mwaulele mukagula katundu wochuluka
English: Supply of specific inputs otherwise not available. Sometimes the private sector is not interested to provide specific inputs in remote areas. Those inputs can be made available by the farmers’ organization
Chichewa: Kupeza zipangizo zomwe palibe. Nthawi zina ochita malonda omwe si aboma samakhala ndi chidwi chopititsa zipangizo za zina za ulimi kumidzi. Zipangizo za ulimizi zikhoza kupezeka kudzera ku bungwe la alimi
English: Organized groups have easy access to credit institutions. Through provision of services at cost and distribution of the Farmers’ Organizations’ earnings, the income of the members is improved
Chichewa: Magulu okhazikika amakhala ndi mwayi ofikira ongongoza ndalama mosavuta. Kudzera nkupeleka ntchito molipiritsa komanso kugawana phindu lomwe bungwe la alimi lapeza, chuma cha mamambala chimachuluka
English: Continued education on production, marketing and organizational issues boosts production and improves members’ educational level
Chichewa: Maphunziro opitilira a zaulimi, kutsatsa malonda ndi kukonza kayendetsedwe kazinthu zimakuza malimidwe komanso kuwonjezera maphunziro a mamembala
English: Enables more effective linkages between extension services providers and research. Encourages farmer to farmer extension services using the Lead Farmer Approach.
Chichewa: Zimathandiza maubale abwino pakati pa alangizi a zaumili ndi ochita kafukufuku. Zimalimbikitsa mlimi ndi mlimi kuthandizana kudzera mu ndondomeko ya Mlimi Wachitsanso
English: Farmers’ Organization represents many voices and is in a much better position to raise its members’ concerns in the political arena than an individual farmer
Chichewa: Bungwe la alimi limayimira liwu la anthu ambiri ndipo liri ndi mphamvu yoyankhula madandaulo a mamembala ake kwa andale kuposa mlimi payekha
English: Farmers Organizations can address members’ needs not taken care of by other institutions and/ or organizations by offering tailor-made services
Chichewa: Bungwe la alimi lingathe kuthetsa mavuto a mamembala ake omwe sanakonzedwe ndi nthambi ndi mabungwe ena powapatsa ntchito zomwe iwo akufuna
English: As farmers become more market-oriented, agricultural extension needs are changing and extension workers, farmers, and other stakeholders face new challenges in providing appropriate advice
Chichewa: Pemene chidwi cha alimi chukukhala pa misika, zosowekera pa ulangizi wa zaulimi zikusinthanso ndipo alangizi a zaulimi, alimi ndi magulu ena onse akukumana ndi zovuta zatsopano popeleka upangiri woyenera
English: Smallholder farmers have to become better managers, more competitive and improve their efficiency and profitability
Chichewa: Alimi ang'onoang'ono akhale akaswiri oyang'anira ntchito, wopambana anzawo pazochitika ndi kumachita bwino komanso kupeza phindu
English: One methodology envisioned by the service is to build farmer capacity in entrepreneurial and management skills, through a “learning by doing” approach
Chichewa: Njira imodzi yomwe inagaziridwa ndi eni ntchito ndi kukulitsa kuthekera kwa alimi powaphunzitsa maluso a zamalonda ndi kasamalidwe kake kudzera munjira yophunzira pakuchita
English: The Farm Business School (FBS) concept enables farmers to learn and improve their knowledge, change their attitudes and enhance their skills toward improved farm commercialization
Chichewa: Sukulu za malonda za alimi zimathandiza alimi kuphunzira ndi kuwonjezera nzeru zawo, kusintha kaganizidwe kawo ndi kukometsa maluso awo pochita ulimi ngati malonda
English: A Farm Business School is defined as a programme of business-oriented learning designed to help smallholder farmers who are getting involved in producing for the market and need help in making it work profitably
Chichewa: Sukulu ya malonda ya alimi imatanthauza kuti ntchito zamaphunziro a ulimi zotsamira ku malonda zokonzedwa kuthandiza alimi ang'onoang'ono omwe akutenga mbali paulimi ndicholinga chogulitsa ndipo akusowa thandizo kuti adzipeza phindu
English: It is a venue that brings farmers together to carry out collective and collaborative enquiry with the purpose of motivating farmers to address business and marketing problems and opportunities
Chichewa: Iyi ndi njira yobweretsa alimi pamodzi kuti akambirane pamodzi ndi mothandizana zakufunika kokopa alimi kuti akonze zovuta za ntchito zamalonda ndi kutsatsa malonda komanso mwayi womwe angapeze pamalonda
English: This learning takes place at village or local level in circumstances that are familiar to the participants
Chichewa: Kuphunzira uku kumachitikira kumudzi kapena kudera, komwe ophunzira anazolowera zochitika zake
English: Extension officers and lead farmers are trained as facilitators and then organize seasonal training courses, where farmers work in small groups at their own agreed time and duration using materials that have been specially designed for the schools
Chichewa: Alangizi ndi alimi achitsanzo anaphunzitsidwa ngati otsogolera maphunziro ndipo  amakonza maphunziro molingana ndi nyengo, komwe alimi amagwira ntchito mmagulu ang'onoang'ono panthawi yomwe apangana pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zoyenera ku sukuluko
English: The FBS forum is also regarded as a forum for sharing knowledge between farmers through discussion, practical exercises and self-study
Chichewa: Nkumano wa sukulu ya malonda ya alimi zimatengedwanso ngati malo ogawana nzeru pakati pa alimi kudzera muzokambirana, kugwira ntchito moyesera komanso kuphunzira paokha
English: The major focus on FBS is management, marketing, financing and production skill development
Chichewa: Chidwi chachikulu cha sukulu ya malonda ya alimi ndi kukulitsa luso la kasamalidwe, kutsatsa malonda, kupeza chuma komanso kapangidwe ka zinthu
English: A Farm Business School has four key characteristics. Focus on content not the training facility: The Farm Business School ‘classroom’ can be a classroom in a school, a formal training venue, a meeting room in a cooperative, church premises, or even outside under a tree
Chichewa: Sukulu ya malonda ya alimi ili ndi zozindikiritsa zinayi. Chidwi chimakhala pa zophunzitsidwa osati malo ophunzilira; malo ophunzilira pa sukulu ya malonda ya alimi akhoza kukhala mkalasi pa sukulu, malo ovomerezeka a  maphunziro, chipinda chopangira misonkhano, malo a tchalichi ngakhale pansi pamtengo
English: Equipment is kept to a minimum. A white board or chalk board, markers, chalk, pencils and exercise books make up the majority of the teaching and learning ‘equipment’
Chichewa: Zida zimakhala zochepa. Polemba mphunzitsi, zolembera, makope ndi zikuzikulu zomwe zimapezeka ngati zida zophunzitsira ndi kuphunzilira
English: Experiential learning (learning by doing): Participants in the Farm Business School learn by doing. This includes exercises in the ‘classroom’, field trips, market visits, presentations and demonstrations
Chichewa: Kuphunzira pochita: Otenga mbali ku sukulu ya malonda ya alimi amaphunzira pochita. Izi zikuphatikiza ntchito za mkalasi, kupita kuminda, kuyendera misika, kuphunzitsa zomwe achita komanso zionetsero
English: Farmer to farmer learning: There are no experts who know everything or have all the right answers
Chichewa: Mlimi ndi mlimi kuphunzitsana: palibe akatswiri omwe amadziwa zonse kapena omwe ali ndi mayankho olondola onse
English: Most of the participants have something to share and something to learn. They draw from their personal experiences. They help one another understand how things work in the real world
Chichewa: Ophunzira ambiri ali ndi kenakake kuti agawire ena komanso zoti aphunzire. Amapeza izi kuchokera mu zomwe aphunzira kwina.Amathandizana kuti amvetsetse momwe zinthu zigwilira ntchito kunjaku
English: Matching the farm season: The programme is organized to match the activities of the farm season
Chichewa: Kufananiza nyengo yaulimi: ntchitoyi imakonzedwa kuti iyenderane ndi ntchito mu nyengo ya ulimi
English: Planning is done before the land is prepared in case of crops or new livestock is purchased. Marketing is addressed as a part of the planning what to produce, but it is also looked at again before the harvest is due
Chichewa: Ndongosolo la ntchito limapangidwa minda isanakonzedwe ngati zili mbeu kapena ziweto zatsopano zisanagulidwe. Kutsatsa malonda kumaunikidwa ngati njira imodzi yokonza zoti alime, koma imaunikidwanso nthawi yokolola isanafike
English: All of these factors keep the learning real. They keep the learning in the context of the participants’ own experiences and farming set up
Chichewa: Zinthu zonsezi zimachititsa kuphinzira kukhala kwenikweni. Maphunziro amatengera zomwe ophunzira akumana nazo komanso mmene pakhalira pamunda
English: A FBS can be used or implemented by any number of organizations and individuals. This includes farmer organizations, farmer groups, commodity groups and non-government organizations
Chichewa: Sukulu yamalonda ya alimi ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kuchitidwa ndi anthu kapena magulu ena aliwonse.  Izi zikuphatikiza mabungwe a alimi, magulu a alami, ochita malonda kapena mabungwe omwe si aboma
English: The FBS can be run as its own programme, or can be incorporated as a part of another programme
Chichewa: Sukulu yamalonda ya alimi ikhoza kukhala yoyima payokha, kapena ikhoza kukhala mbali ya ntchito zina
English: The FBS is of particular interest to individuals and agencies that are involved in helping farmers to improve profitability
Chichewa: Sukulu ya malonda ya alimi imafunikira kwa anthu ndi mabubgwe omwe akuthandiza alimi kuti azipeza phindu
English: On average the FBS runs for a period of one year comprising three terms which are named preseason, in-season and post-season
Chichewa: Kwambiri sukulu ya malonda ya alimi imatha kwa chaka chimodzi ndipo imakhala ndi magawo atatu omwe ndi nyengo isanayambe, mkati mwa nyengo, pambuyo pa nyengo ya ulimi
English: Steps in establishment and management of farm business school: Identification of frontline staff to be facilitators
Chichewa: Ndongosolo lotsegulira komanso kuyendetsera sukulu yamalonda ya alimi : Kupeza ogwira ntchito kuti akhale alangizi
English: Staff training in market oriented farm business planning and management. Staff training on establishment and management of Farm Business School. Community sensitisation.
Chichewa: Kuphunzitsa ogwira ntchito kukonza ndondomeko ndi kasamalidwe ka ulimi ngati malonda. Kuphunzitsa ogwira ntchito kukhazikitsa komanso kuyang'anira sukulu za malonda za alimi. Kudziwitsa anthu kumudzi