dmatekenya/chichewa-machine-translation huggingface dataset:
English: The type of the soil & moisture content are the greatest external factors that determine the draft of plough. In very hard ground, add weights to the wheels frame to force the plough into the soil
Chichewa: Mtundu wa dothi ndi kuchulukwa kwa chinyezi ndi zinthu zofunikira kwambiri zakunja zomwe zimapangitsa kuyendayenda kwa khasu. Mu dothi lolimba kwambiri, wonjezerani zolemera ku matayala pofuna kukakamiza khasu kulowa mdothi
English: Draft is also affected by the depth and width of cut. Speed is also another factor which increases the draft, increasing the speed increases the draft
Chichewa: Kuyendayenda kumachitikanso chifukwa cha kuya komanso kutambalala kwa chodula. Kuthamanga ndi chinthu chinanso chimene chimaonjezera kuyendayenda, kuwonjezera kuthamanga kumaonjezeranso kuyendayenda
English: The depth of the plough can be adjusted by the position of draft control levers of the tractor hydraulic system
Chichewa: Kuya kwa khasu kungasunthidwe ndi momwe draft control lever ya tractor hydraulic system yayimira
English: However more depth can be obtained by: Adding extra weight to the plough. Reducing the tilt angle. Tractor should be in high first gear. If the soil is hard then plough the field at least twice
Chichewa: Komabe kuya kwambiri kungatheke: powonjezera kulemera kwa khasu, kuchepetsa kupendekeka, tractor ikhale mu giya yoyamba. Ngati dothi ndi lolimba, limani mundawo kosachepera kawiri.
English: Working on stony land increases maintenance and for best results follow these rules: For new disc plough tightening all nuts & bolts after first two hours of working.
Chichewa: Kugwira ntchito mminda yamiyala kumaonjezera ntchito yokonza ndipo kuti zotsatira zikhale zabwino, tsatirani malamulo awa: khasu latsopano lolimira lilimbitsidwe pakatha maola awiri likugwira ntchito
English: Check the plough adjustments if the steering is hard. Check the scrapper adjustments frequently. If the soil has entered in grease nipple, then change the nipple
Chichewa: Pimani kasunthidwe ka khasu ngati chiwongolero chikulimba. Pimani kasunthidwe ka chopalira pafupipafupi. Ngati dothi lalowa mu mchombo wa mafuta ofewetsera, muyenera kusintha mchombowo
English: After every fifty hours grease all greasing points and tighten all nuts and bolts. After 300 hours of operation, open the hub of disc plough, clean it, put in new grease & replace its seal
Chichewa: Pakutha pa maola 50 aliwonse, pakati greese mmalo onse oyenera kupakidwa ndipo mangitsani zomangira zonse. Pakutha ma maola 300 ikugwira ntchito, tsegulani hub ya khasu, ipukuteni ndi kuthira mafuta ena ofewetsera ndipo chotsani chosunga mafuta ndikuyikapo chatsopano
English: Sharpen the disc if the blades are dull. Blunt blades increase the draft considerably. Replace the discs when 22"(550 mm) in diameter
Chichewa: Munole khasu ngati mpeni wake wabuntha. Makasu obuntha amaonjezera kusakumba kwambiri. Sinthani khasu likafika pa mulingo wa masentimita 55
English: Keep the bearings lubricated as per the instructions given in the manual. Coat the disc blades for rust prevention with the used oil in slack season
Chichewa: Mozungulira monse mukhale mofewa potsatira malamulo a m'buku lomwe munapatsidwa. Matani makasu ndi mafuta agalimoto ogwira kale ntchito kuti asachite dzimbiri panthawi yomwe sakugwira ntchito
English: Wash the disc plough after work. If disc plough has to remain unused for long time, then clean it & apply a layer of used oil for rust prevention.
Chichewa: Tsukani khasu lolimira pambuyo pogwira ntchito. Ngati khasu likhale osagwira ntchito kwanthawi yayitali, litsukeni ndikupaka mafuta a galimoto ogwira kale ntchito kuti lisachite dzimbiri
English: Disc harrow is secondary tillage equipment designed for breaking the clods and partially inverting the soil / land preparation of rough soil/finer operation
Chichewa: Khasu logawulira ndi chida chothandizira kuphwanya zigulumwa komanso kutembenuza dothi pang'ono/kukonza nthaka yolimba/kuti itakasuke
English: Before mounting of disc harrow make sure that all nuts & bolts are properly tightened. Determine soil and trash conditions of the field and make these adjustments
Chichewa: Khasu logawulira lisanamangiliridwe onetsetsani kuti zomangira zalimbitsidwa. Lingalirani za dothi ndi zinyalala zomwe zili mmunda ndipo konzani molingana ndi izi
English: Disc gang angle adjustment: - Gang angle can be increased for better penetration in dry soil while it should be reduced to avoid plugging in wet soil.
Chichewa: Disc gang angle adjustment- Gang angle ikhoza kuwonjezeredwa kuti khasu lidzilowa bwino mu dothi louma komanso ichepetsedwe popewa kutsakamira mmatope
English: Disc harrow leveling: - To eliminate uneven penetration and side draft, leveling is done by means of top link & bottom adjustable link.
Chichewa: Disc harrow levelling- pofuna kuchotsa kulowa konjanja ndiponso kuyendayenda, khasu liyikidwe mosapendeka pogwiritsa ntchito zomangira zapamwambwa komanso zammunsi
English: Scrapper adjustment: - The scrapper can be adjusted by loosening the bolts at the scrappers clamp
Chichewa: Scrapper adjustment-Scrapper ikhoza kusinthidwa mayimidwe pomasula zomangira pomwe scrapper yapanidwa
English: Depth control: - The depth of the implement is controlled hydraulically by the left control lever.
Chichewa: Depth contro- Kuya kwa chida kumasinthidwa ndi zosinthira zakumansere
English: Disc harrow penetration depends on: Angle of the gangs; Weight of the harrow; Disc diameter; Disc sharpness 
Chichewa: Kulowa kwa khasu lolimira kumadalira: kupendeka kwa ma gang; kulemera kwa khasu; kutalika kwa khasu; kuthwa kwa khasu
English: Attaching the harrow to the tractor- Place the harrow duly leveled on the flat piece of land. Reverse the tractor to the harrow (Do not drag the harrow up the tractor)
Chichewa: Kumangilira khasu ku tractor- ikani khasu mosapendeka pamalo osapendeka. Yendetsani tractor mobwelera mbuyo kufika pomwe pali khasu. Musakoke khasu kufika mmwamba
English: Attach the left arm of the tractor to the harrow first. Attach the central top link/ arm to the harrow. Attach the lower right arm
Chichewa: Mangilirani nkono wakumanzere wa tractor ku khasu koyamba. Mangilirani chogwirizitsa/nkono chapakati ku khasu. Mangilirani nkono wakumanja
English: After attaching the harrow, lift it and adjust the control arm parallel to the ground, all the discs should touch the ground uniformly
Chichewa: Mukamangilira khasu, nyamulani ndi kukonza nkono kuti ukhale molingana ndi pansi, makasu onse agunde pansi mofanana
English: Operational guidelines for disc harrow include: Lift the harrow on turning. Adjust internal/ external check chains to obtain implement swing range of 50 mm (2")
Chichewa: Ndondomeko zogwiritsira ntchito khasu ndi monga: nyamulani khasu potembenuka. Konzani makako akunja kapena mkati kuti khasu lithe kuyenda kufika 50mm
English: Always maintain the correct tyre pressure to avoid wheel slippage. Add wheel weights/water ballasting or combination of both when excessive rear wheel slippage
Chichewa: Nthawi zonse mpweya ukhale wokwanira popewa kuteleleka. Onjezerani zolemetsa kapena madzi kapena kuphatikiza zonse ngati matayala akumbuyo akutelera
English: Always set hydraulic levers correctly for draft and position control operation. Never turn the tractor to the right or left when the harrow is engaged in the soil
Chichewa: Nthawi zonse ikani magiya moyenera pofuna kuongolera tractor. Musakhotetse tractor kumanja kapena kumanzere pamene khasu liri mdothi
English: Never reverse the tractor when the harrow is engaged in the soil. To get good results, a disc should be replaced when its diameter is reduced by 5" (125mm) from its original size
Chichewa: Musayendetse mobwelera mbuyo pamene khasu liri mdothi. Pofuna kupeza zotsatira zabwino, khasu libwezerestedwe pamene lachepa ndi 5 inches poyelereka ndi kukula kwake pachiyambi
English: Maintenance of disc harrow increases if is used in the stony land. If the soil has entered the grease nipple, then change the nipple
Chichewa: Kusamala khasu kumakula ngati likugwira ntchito mu dothi la miyala. Ngati dothi lalowa mu bele lamafuta, sinthani belelo
English: Tighten all nuts and bolts if disc harrow is new after first two-hour initial working. After every 50 hours of use, grease all greasing points and tighten all nuts and bolts
Chichewa: Mangitsani zomangira zonse ngati khasu ndilatsopano pakutha pa maola awiri likugwira ntchito. Pakutha pa maola 50 aliwonse likugwira ntchito, pakani mafuta mmalo onse oyenera kupaka mafuta ndikumangitsa zomangira zonse
English: After fifty hours of use, open the bracket spool of disc harrow and clean with diesel oil and pump in new grease
Chichewa: Pakutha kwa maola 50 likugwira ntchito, tsegulani chophimbira khasu ndikuchapa ndi mafuta a disiel kenako kumwetsera mafuta atsopano
English: Storage of machine after work: Wash the disc harrow after work. If the disc harrow has to remain unused for long time then clean it & apply a layer of used oil for rust prevention
Chichewa: Kusunga makina pambuyo pogwira ntchito: chapani khasu pambuyo pantchito. Ngati khasu siligwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, lichapeni ndikulipaka mafuta ogwiritsidwa kale ntchito popewa dzimbiri
English: Sprayer is a machine which is used to atomize the liquid chemical and spray at the plant uniformly
Chichewa: Sprayer ndi chida chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mankheala a madzi kuti akhale mpweya ndikupopera ku mbewu mofanana
English: In agriculture, a sprayer is a piece of equipment that is used to apply herbicides, pesticides and fertilizers to agricultural crops
Chichewa: Pa ulimi, sprayer ndi chida chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popopera mankhwala ophera udzu, tizilombo komanso kuthitra mankhwala ku mbewu zolimidwa
English: Sprayers range in size from man-portable units (typically backpack and spray guns) to trailed sprayers that are connected to a tractor, to self-propelled units
Chichewa: Ma Sprayer alipo okula mosiyana kuchokera ena onyamulika makamaka kubelekera kumsana mpaka ena omalgiliridwa pa tractor kapena oyenda okha
English: For optimal results, make minor adjustments on boom sprayers before each application to account for changes in the crop, weather conditions, the nature of the pest and the product chemistry
Chichewa: Pofuna kukhala ndi zotsatira zopambana, konzani ma sprayer nthawi iliyonse musanapopele potengera kusintha kwa mbewu, nyengo yopopera, mtundu wa tizilombo komanso zomwe zili mmankhwala
English: Adjust sprayer output and distribution at least twice a year to ensure that the sprayer will uniformly cover the target with the optimal volume
Chichewa: Konzani kutuluka kwa mpweya ndi kapopeledwe pa sprayer kawiri pachaka poonetsetsa kuti sprayer ikufikira mofanana ndi mankhwala okwanira malo omwe akufunika
English: The first adjustment should take place during calibration at the beginning of the season; the second when the target crop has grown and the canopy filled to such an extent that it requires different sprayer settings to achieve good coverage
Chichewa: Kusintha koyamba kuchitike panthawi yokonza katulukidwe kampweya kumayambiliro kwa nyengo ya ulimi; kwachiwiri kuchitike pamene mbewu zakula ndi kupanga mafutu kufika pakuti zikufunika kusintha katulukidwe ka mpweya pofuna kufikira paliponse
English: The aim here is to measure the total liquid sprayed from the spray machine in one minute. First, set the pressure at the correct level for spraying. The correct pressure is specified by the manufacturer and determined by the type of nozzles used
Chichewa: Cholinga chake ndikuyeza kuchuluka kwa madzi otuluka mu sprayer pa mphindi imodzi. Poyamba, ikani kulemera/mphamvu ya mpweya pa mulingo woyenera kupopera. Mphamvu yampweya yoyenera imanenedaw ndi wokonza ndipo imadziwika ndi mtundu wa chotulutsira mpweya chomwe chagwiritsidwa ntchito
English: Fill the spray tank with clean water. Place a measuring jug under one nozzle to collect the water that comes from that nozzle
Chichewa: Dzadzani mosungira madzi mu sprayer ndi madzi oyera. Ikani choyezera pansi pa chotulutsira mpweya kuti madzi adzigweramo akamatuluka
English: Run the sprayer for one minute at the correct pressure with all nozzles operating. Measure the quantity of water collected in the jug which has to be compared to the output specified by the manufacturer using the correct pressure
Chichewa: Popani sprayer kwa mphindi imodzi pa mphamvu ya mpweya yoyenera ndi zotulitsira mpweya zonse zikugwira ntchito. Yezani kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe agwera mu choyezera omwe akuyenera kufafanizidwa ndi madzi omwe opanga ma sprayer ananena kuti adzituluka pa mphindi imodzi popopa pa mpweya woyenera
English: The normal speed for spraying with any sprayer depends on ground conditions. The slower one travels the higher is the application rate.
Chichewa: Kuthamanga koyenera popera ndi sprayer iliyonse kumadalira mmene nyengo iliri. Ngati mukuyenda pang'onpang'ono mankhwala opopera amachuluka
English: Measure out and mark a distance of 100 meters on the ground to be sprayed. Select the right walking speed/gear and engine revolutions for spraying. Measure the time in seconds it takes to travel 100 meters with half full sprayer
Chichewa: Yezani ndi kuyika chizindikiro pantunda wa 100m pansi pomwe mukufuna kupopera. Sankhani kathamangidwe popopera. Yezani nthawi yomwe mwatenda kuyenda 100m ndi sprayer yodzadza theka
English: To calculate spray application rate (L/ha). First, measure swath/spray width (in meters). For boom/jet type of spraying, the swath width is equal to the number of nozzles multiplied by the nozzle spacing
Chichewa: Werengetsani mulingo wakathiridwe. Poyamba, yezani mulifupi momwe mankhwala amafika mma mita. Kwa ma sprayer okhala ndi motulikira mwambiri, werengetsani mulifupi podziwa kuchuluka kwa zotulukira mpweya ndi kuchulikitsa ndi kutalikirana kwawo
English: For band spraying the swath width is equal to the total of all the band widths
Chichewa: Pothilira mmizere, mulifupi ndi chimodzimodzi kuphatikiza mizere yonse yomwe mankhwala afika
English: By calibrating the spraying machine one can find out the spray application rate. This information is necessary whenever the uses of chemicals are specified in amounts per hectare
Chichewa: Pokonza katulukidwe kamankhwala mu sprayer, mungathe kupeza mulingo wakapopeledwe. Uthenga uwu umafunikira pamene kagwiritsidwe ntchito kamankhwala kanenedwa kuti kachuluke pa hectare
English: It also helps to work out how many spray tanks are needed for a particular spraying job/area. The spray application rate varies for different crops, different row spacing and the age, height and density of crops
Chichewa: Zimathandizanso pofuna kudziwa kuti ndi maulendo angati omwe mankhwala adzdzidwe mu sprayer kuti ntchito yonse igwirike. Mulingo wopopera umasiya pa mbewu zosiyana, kutalikirana kwa mizere, msinkhu wa mbewu, kutalika kwa mbewu, komanso kuthithikana kwa mbweu
English: Precautions during spraying: Take only sufficient pesticide for the day's application. Do not transfer pesticides from original container into the containers
Chichewa: Zoyenera kutsatira popopera: tengani mankhwala okhawo okwanira kuthira patsiku limenelo. Musasamutse mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuchokera mu zipangizo zawo zosungira kupita muzipangizo zina
English: Make sure pesticides are mixed in the correct quantities. Wear appropriate clothing. Avoid contamination of the skin especially eyes and mouth
Chichewa: Onetsetsani kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo asakanizidwa pa mulingo woyenera. Pewani mankhwala kukhuza khungu makamaka mmaso kapena mkamwa
English: Liquid formulation should be poured carefully to avoid splashing. Do not spray in high wind, high temperature and rain
Chichewa: Mankhwala a madzi athiridwe mosamala popewa kutayika. Musapopele pamene kuli mphepo yamphamvu, kukutentha kapena kuli mvula
English: Avoid drift by selecting proper direction of spraying and also holding nozzle and boom at a proper height
Chichewa: Pewani kuuluka kwa mankhwala posankha mbali yoyenera kupopera komanso pogwira chotulikira mpweya pamtunda woyenera
English: Never eat, drink or smoke when mixing or applying pesticides. Never blow out clogged nozzles or hoses with mouth
Chichewa: Musadye, kumwa kapena kusuta pamene mukusakaniza kapena kupopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Musapope ndi kamwa yanu motulukira mpweya ngati mwatsekeka
English: Follow correct spray technique. Spray plant crop thoroughly by operating sprayer at correct speed and correct pressure. Never allow children or other unauthorized persons to be nearby during mixing
Chichewa: Tsatirani kapopoledwe koyenera. Poperani mbewu mosadumpha poyendetsa sprayer ndi liwiro loyenera komanso mphamvu ya mpweya yoyenera. Musalole ana kapena anthu ena osavomerezeka kukhala pafupi yosakaniza
English: Precautions after spraying: Remaining pesticides left in the tank after spraying should be disposed correctly
Chichewa: Kudziteteza pambuyo popopera: mankhwala otsala mu tank ya sprayer pambuyo popopera atayidwe moyenera
English: Never empty the tank into irrigation canals or ponds. Do not use empty pesticide containers for any purpose, destroy them-burying/burning
Chichewa: Musataye mankhwala otsala mu sprayer mu ngalande za mthilira kapena muzitsime. Musagwiritze ntchito zosungira mankhwala pa ntchito ina iliyonse, ziwonongeni kapena zikwilireni kapena kudziotcha
English: Clean buckets, sticks, measuring jars, etc. used in preparing the spray solution. Wash protective clothing and yourself well and put on clean clothing
Chichewa: Tsuani ndowa zonse, ndodo, zoyezera mankhwala ndi zina zonse zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza mankhwala okapopera
English: Prevent persons from entering treated areas until it is safe to do so. Mark the sprayed plots with a flag
Chichewa: Letsani anthu kulowa mmalo omwe mwapoperedwa mankhwala mpaka kuli koyenera kutero. Ikani zizindikiro malo onse omwe apoperedwa ndi mbendera
English: Observe the start-up steps before using the sprayer as it will prevent unnecessary and costly breakdowns and improper application, and may increase the lifespan of the spray equipment
Chichewa: Tsatirani ndondomeko zoyambilira zogwiritsira ntchito sprayer pakuti zithandiza kupewa kuwonongekwa kotayitsa ndalama komanso kusapopera moyenera ndipo izi zikhoza kuwonjezera moyo wa sprayer
English: Before the first spray application, pump clean water through the system until the discharge is clear of dirt, sludge or scale that might be present in the tank, pump, hoses, filters and nozzles
Chichewa: Musanapopela koyamba, popani madzi oyera mu sprayer mpaka fumbi lonse, matope, mamba zomwe zinali mosungira madzi, mu pump, mma pipe, mosefera madzi komanso motulukira mpweya zichoke
English: Flush the pump with a solution that will chemically neutralize the liquid pumped. Check all diaphragms and check valves for corrosion and wear as well as for water or oil leaks
Chichewa: Tsukani chopopera ndi madzi omwe angaphe ululu wa mankhwala omwe akupopedwa. Onani zosefera zonse komanso ma zotchinga madzi ngati akuchita dzimbiri ndikudyeka komanso kudontha kwa madzi ndi mafuta
English: For a piston pump, inspect check valves, valve seats, O-rings, seals, plunger cups and cylinders. Change the diaphragms and oil every 500 hours of spraying or every 3 months
Chichewa: Pampu ya piston, onani ngati zotchinga madzi, ma ling'I, zotchingira, zotsekera komanso silinda. Sinthani masefa ndi mafuta maola 500 akadutsa mukupopera kapena pa miyezi itatu iliyonse
English: For centrifugal pumps, check for correct operating pressure and leaks. At the end of the season, clean the pump and flush it with a 50% solution (half water) of permanent type automobile antifreeze containing a rust inhibitor.
Chichewa: Ma pampu ozungulira, onani ngati ali pa mpweya woyenera kugwiritsa ntchito komanso onani kudontha. Pomaliza pa nyengo yolima, tsukani pampu ndikuthiramo madzi othandizira kuti musachite dzimbiri
English: Examine all hoses and connections for cracks or leaks. Hoses and fittings on the pressure side of the pump must be able to handle the maximum pressure from the pump and withstand pressure surges
Chichewa: Pimani monse modutsira madzi komanso molumikiza monse ngati mwang'ambika kapena mukudontha. Modutsa mankhwala ndi zomagilira zonse kumbali ya pampu zithe kugwira ntchito ndi mphanvu ya mpweya yayikulu ndikupilira pakusintha kwa mphamvu yampweya
English: An air leak in the suction hose would seriously interfere with the operation of the pump and pressure gauge. The size of the hoses and their fittings affect the system capacity and under-sized hoses and fittings can severely reduce the capacity of any pump
Chichewa: Kutayika kwa mpweya mu payipi kumasokoneza kochuluka kagwiridwe ntchito ka pampu komanso choyezera mphamvu yampweya. Kukula kwa payipi komanso zomangila zake kumakhuza kuthekera kwa sprayer ndipo ma payipi aang'ono ndi zomangira zake zimachepetsa mphamvu ya pampu
English: Strainers (or filters) are installed in the tank opening, between the tank and the pump, aft er the pump, and in the nozzle bodies
Chichewa: Zosefera ziyikidwe potsegula pa thanki, pakati pa thanki ndi pampu, patsogolo pa pampu, komanso mu chotulitsora mpweya
English: Some farmers do not use nozzle strainers because they feel they contribute to plugged nozzles but they might be using too small a nozzle strainer. Nozzle strainers capture debris before it damages nozzles and should be installed
Chichewa: Alimi ena samagwiritsa ntchito zosefera ku chotulutsira mpweya chifukwa amaonga ngati zimawonjezera kutsekera kwa chotulutsira mpweya koma amakhala kuti nakugwiritsa ntchito zosefera zazing'ono. Zosefera motulukira mpweya zimagwira zinyalala zomwe zikanaononga zotulukira mpweya ndipo ziyenera kuyikidwa
English: Clean the tank and lines thoroughly. Remove the nozzle strainers and scrub them with a bristled brush; flushing will not clear them. Replace all cracked or poorly fitting strainers
Chichewa: Tsukani mosungira madzi moyenera. Chotsani zosefera motulutsira mpweya ndipo zitsukeni podzikhula; kuthira madzi chabe sikungachotse fumbi ndi zinyalala. Bwezeretsani zosefera zonse zong'ambika kapena zomwe sidzikukwana mmalo mwake
English: Sprayer regulators with stem packing should be inspected annually. Tight packing restricts stem movement and could lead to fluctuations or dangerously high pressures
Chichewa: Zipangizo zoonera mmene sprayer ikugwilira ntchito zomwe zili ndi zoletsa kudontha apimidwe chaka ndi chaka. Kumangitsa kwambiri kuchepetsa mpata woyendayenda wa zipangizo zoletsa kudontha zomwe zingadzetse kusakhadzikika kapena kukwera moopsa kwa mpweya mu sprayer
English: Loose packing may lead to leakage. Certain makes of airblast sprayer may not have adjustable regulators, and may use bypass valves for minor pressure adjustments
Chichewa: Kumanga mosalimba kumayambitsa kudontha. Mitundu ina ya ma sprayer a mpweya ilibe zipangizo zoonera mmene sprayer ikugwilira ntchito zosinthika ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito ma valve owonjezera pofuna kusintha kuchuluka kw mphamvu za mpweya
English: Threshing is an operation of detaching the grains from the ear heads, cobs and pods. Thresher is a machine that separate grains from the harvested crop and provide clean grain without much loss and damage
Chichewa: Kumenya ndi ntchito yochotsa maso a mbewu kuchokera ku mitu, zikonyo kapena ndolo. Chomenyera ndi makina omwe amalekanitsa maso a mbewu ndi mbewu yokololedwa ndipo amapeleka maso a mbewu ooneka bwino komanso opanda kutayika kapena kuonongeka kwambiri
English: Grain loss in terms of broken grain, un-threshed grain, blown grain, spilled grain etc. should be minimum (not more than 5%, in which broken grain should be less than 2%)
Chichewa: Kutayika kwa mbewu chifukwa chosweka, zosamenyeka, zopetedwa, zokugwa ndi zina zotero kuchepetsedwe, kusapyole 5%, ndipo zonyenyeka zisapyole 2%
English: Threshing of crops by traditional method involves drudgery and takes more time to obtain required quality of produce. Due to these, mechanical threshers are widely accepted by the farmers
Chichewa: Kumenya mbewu pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakolo kumalira antchito ambiri ndipo kumatenga nthawi kuti mulingo wa maonekedwe ufikiridwe. Chifukwa cha izi, makina omenyera mbewu akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi alimi
English: A mechanical crop thresher mainly consists of: Feeding device; Threshing cylinder; Concave Blower/aspirator; Sieve-shaker/straw-walker
Chichewa: Makina omenyera mbewu ali ndi izi: malo olowetsera mbewu; mphika omenyera mbewu; malo otsika; chopetera; sefa
English: The crop is fed from the feeding tray into the threshing cylinder. The threshing cylinder is fitted with spikes/bars/hammers or wire-loops around its periphery according to the type of thresher
Chichewa: Mbewu ikaponyedwa pamalo olowetsera imapita mumphika womenyera. Mphika womenyera uli ndi zitsulo zopingasa mmakoma mwake potengera ndi mtundu wa makina
English: During operation, the crop material is slightly pushed into the threshing cylinder through the feeding chute, which gets into the working slit where the materials are struck several times by the spikes against the ribs
Chichewa: Panthawi yogwira ntchito, mbewu imakankhiridwa pang'ono mu mphika womenyera kudzera molowetsera, ndipo imadutsa pa mpata womwe uli pamwamba pa mphika womenyera komwe zimakakamira ku zitsulo zomwe zayikidwa pamphika womenyerapo
English: From the lower concave, the entire or a portion of threshed material falls on to top sieve
Chichewa: Kuchokera ku malo otsikawo, mbewu imagwera pamwamba pa sefa
English: In case of spike tooth thresher, an aspirator blower sucks out the lighter material from the top sieve and throws it out from blower outlet. The sieves help in further cleaning of the grain by allowing heavier straw to overflow
Chichewa: Ngati ndi spike tooth thresher, chopetera mbewu chimayamwa zosalemera kuchokera pamwamba pa sefa ndipo chimaponyera kunja. Masefa amathandiza kupukuta maso a mbewu polola kuti busa lolemera lisefukire
English: In case of wheat, if farmers want not only clean grain but also fine quality of straw (bhusa) for cattle feed drummy type, hammer mill type and syndicator type threshers are suitable for threshing wheat crops
Chichewa: Ngati ndi tirigu, pamene mlimi akufuna maso a mbewu ooneka bwino komanso busa labwino lodyetsera ng'ombe lokulungidwa, agwiritse ntchito mtundu wa chigayo cha hammer ndi mtundu wa chomenyera cha syndicator zomwe ndi zoyenera kumenyera mbewu za tirigu
English: The factors which affect the quality and efficiency of threshing are broadly classified in following three groups: Crop factors: Type of crop; Variety of crop; Moisture in crop material
Chichewa: Zinthu zomwe zimakhuza ubwino wakumenya zayikidwa mmagulu atatu: zokhuza mbewu: mtundu wa mbewu; chinyezi cha mbewu
English: Machine factors: Feeding chute angle, Cylinder type, Cylinder diameter, Spike shape, size, and number
Chichewa: Zokhuza makina: kupendeka kwa molowetsera mbewu; mtundu wa mphika; kukula kwa mphika; kakonzedwe ka zitsulo zomenyera, kukula kwawo komanso chiwerengero chawo
English: Various adjustments are required before starting threshing operation. The machine has to be put on clean level ground and set according to crop and crop conditions
Chichewa: Kusintha kwambirimbiri kukufunika musanayambe ntchito yomenya mbewu. Makina ayikidwe pamalo opanda fumbi pansi posatsetsereka ndipo ayikidwe pamulingo woyenera mbewuzo
English: The adjustments necessary to get best performance from the machine are concave clearance, sieve clearance, sieve slope, stroke length and blower suction opening
Chichewa: Kusintha kofunika kuti agwire ntchito mwapamwamba ndi kuonetsetse kuti malo otsika ndi okwanira, sefa ili ndi mpata wokwanira, kupendekeka kwa sefa, kutalika kwa stroke komanso motsegulira malo opetera
English: Besides these, cylinder concave grate, top sieve hole size and cylinder speeds for threshing different crops are important for a multi crop thresher
Chichewa: Kupatula izi, cylinder concave grate, kukula kwa malo a sefa yammwamba ndi kuthamanga kwa mphika komenyera mbewu zosiyanasiyana ndikufonuka ngati makina amamenya mbewu zosiyanasiyana
English: At all times, consult the user’s manual that is provided by the manufacturer.
Chichewa: Pamthawi zonse, werengani malangizo omwe anapelekedwa ndi opanga makina
English: Adjustments before operating a thresher: Position the thresher on a level area close to the crop stack to minimize losses
Chichewa: Kusintha musanagwiritse ntchito chomenyera: ikani chomenyera pamalo osatsetsereka pafupi ndi mulu wa mbewu pochepetsa kutayika
English: Spread cloth, canvas, or mat underneath the thresher to collect spilled grain. Install the cylinder, cover, and feed tray if dismantled during field transport
Chichewa: Yalani nsalu, masaka kapena mphasa pansi pa chomenyera kuti padzigwera maso a mbewu. Mangilirani mphika womenyera, chophimbira, chodyetsera ngati zinamasulidwa popotitsa kumunda
English: Position the thresher so that the straw is thrown in the direction of the wind to avoid blowing of straw, chaff, and dust back toward the operator and the threshed grain
Chichewa: Imitsani chomenyera kuti busa lidziponyedwa komwe kukupita mphepo pofuna kupewa kuwulutsa busa, deya ndi fumbi komwe kuli wogwira ntchito komanso mbewu zopetedwa kale
English: Check each belt’s alignment and tension. Adjust the idler pulley on the blower/cylinder belt to correct tension. Improper alignment and tension are the major causes of premature belt failure
Chichewa: Onani lamba ngati wayikidwa bwino ndi kulimba kwake. Sunthani idler pulley pa lamba wopetera kuti akungike. Kusayika moyenera komanso kusakungika kumadzetsa kulephera kwa malamba
English: Open the cover and check all pegs on the threshing cylinder for tightness. Loose pegs will damage the machine and can be dangerous to the operators
Chichewa: Tsegulani chophimbira ndipo onani zitsulo zonse pa mphika womenyera ngati zalimba. Zitsulo zosamangika zimaononga makina ndipo ndi zoopsa kwa ogwira ntchito
English: Rotate the threshing cylinder manually at least five revolutions to ensure that there are no obstructions or interferences.
Chichewa: Zungulitsani mphika womenyera ndi manja kasanu kuti muone ngati palibe zopinga kapena zosokoneza
English: Lubricate all bearings with good quality grease but not the belt idler and oscillating screen eccentric bearings which are lubricated for life. Start the engine and allow it to warm up.
Chichewa: Fewetsani ma bearing onse ndi mafuta abwino koma osafewetsa idler wa lamba kapena oscillating screen eccentric bearings omwe amafewetsedwa kwa moyo wawo wonse. Lizani makina ndipo asiyeni kuti atenthe
English: Feed the thresher with the crop to be threshed for performance checking. Increase cylinder speed if excessive amounts of unthreshed and unseparated grain are observed with the straw
Chichewa: Lowetsani mbewu zanu mu chomenyera kuti muone mmene makina akugwilira ntchito. Wonjezerani kathamangidwe ka chomenyera ngati zosamenyeka zikuchuluka pa busa
English: Operating the thresher: Start the engine. Three to four persons are required to operate the machine. One or two men load and the other feed the machine
Chichewa: Kugwiritsa ntchito chomenyera: Lizani engine. Anthu atatu kapena anayi akufunika kuyendetsa makina. Mmodzi kaoena awiri adzikweza mbewu ndipo enawo adzilowetsa mbewu mu chomenyera
English: Another person bags the threshed grain while the other person insures that the cleaning screen is kept free of clinging straw especially when threshing wet material
Chichewa: Munthu wina adziyika mmatumba maso a mbewu pamene wina akuonetsetsa kuti cleaning screen ilibe zotchinga monga busa makamaka pomenya zinthu zonyowa
English: Use a stick to remove clinging straw from the oscillating screen to protect hands from possible injury.
Chichewa: Gwiritsani ntchito ndodo pochotsa busa lomwe lakakamira pam screen yomwe ikuzungulira pofuna kuteteza manja kuti asavulale
English: Harvested crops must be placed on the feed tray with the panicle away from the operator, so it is fed panicle first into the thresher
Chichewa: Mbewu zokololedwa ziyikidwe mucholowetsera pomwe ngala zake zikuloza molowetsera ndi cholinga chakuti ngala zilowe moyambilira mu chomenyera
English: Feed the crop at a maximum and uniform rate without overloading the engine. Adjust the feed rate to match the condition of the material being threshed
Chichewa: Lowetsani zokolola pa mulingo woyenera wochuluka komanso zochuluka mofanana popanda kusenzetsa engine ntchito yambiri. Sinthani mulingo wolowetsera kuti ufanane ndi mmene zinthu zomenyedwa ziliri
English: For higher threshing efficiency, briefly hold the crop bundles at the feed opening for partial threshing when the material is longer than 40-50 cm
Chichewa: Kuti mumenye moyenera, gwirani mitolo ya zokolola kwanthawi pang'ono pakhomo lolowetsera kuti ziyambe kumenyedwa pamene zokolola zatalika kuposa 40-50cm
English: Long material will reduce machine output and may result in poor threshing and clogging of the machine
Chichewa: Zokolola zazitali zimachepetsa ntchito yomwe makina agwira ndipo zingadzetse kumenya mosayenera komanso kutsekeka kwa makina
English: Short, panicle-harvested materials may result in high unthreshed losses because the panicles move fast through the thresher without receiving sufficient threshing Recycling the straw is necessary in this case
Chichewa: Zokolola za ngala zazifupi zimadzetsa kusamenyeka koyenera chifukwa ngala zimadutsa mwachangu mu mphika womenyera opanda kumenyedwa mokwanira. Kulowetsanso busa ndi kofunika pamenepa
English: Adjust blower openings (shutters) to give the air flow needed for winnowing. Open slowly to provide more air for a cleaner output until a small amount of mature grain flows over the wind board
Chichewa: Sinthani mabowo a chopetera kuti mudzilowa mpweya oyenera popeta. Tsegulani pang'onopang'ono kuti mulowe mpweya wambiri pofuna kuti zipetedwe bwino mpaka zopetedwa zokhwima zochepa zutaulikira pomwe pakugwera busa
English: Reduce feeding rate when threshing wet or partially decomposed materials to avoid overloading. Open the cylinder cover periodically to remove straw and chaff accumulation at the lower concave
Chichewa: Chepetsani mulingo wolowetsa pomenya zonyowa kapena zowola pang'ono pofuna kupewa kubanikitsa engine. Tsegulani chophimbira mphika pakadutsa nthawi kuti muchotse busa komanso deya wotsakamira pansi pa lower conclave
English: Safety precautions in threshing operation: Leave all guards and shields in place when operating the machine. Before cleaning, servicing, or repairing the machine, disconnect the power to the unit.
Chichewa: Kudziteteza pamene mukugwira ntchito yomenya zokolola: Siyani zotchingira zonse mmalo mwake pamene mukugwiritsa ntchito makina. Musanapukute kapena kukonza makina, thimitsani mphamvu yamagetsi
English: Keep hands out of threshing belt entry area. Do not wear loose clothing when operating this machine
Chichewa: Manja akhale kunja kwa malo olowera lamba womenyera. Musavale zovala zazikulu pogwiritsa ntchito makinawa
English: Clothing can be grabbed by chain drives or rotating shafts and severe injury can result. Keep hands and feet away from chain drives and v-belts when machine is running
Chichewa: Zovala zimakoledwa ndi makako kapena rotating shaft ndipo zimazetsa kuvulala kwakukulu. Manja ndi mapazi zitalikirane ndi makako komanso malamba a V pamene makina akulira
English: Guidelines for maintenance of a crop thresher: Lubricate cylinder and fan bearings with good-quality general purpose grease every 25 hours of operation and also apply a small amount of oil to all hinge points
Chichewa: Malangizo osamaloira chomenyera zokolola: Fewetsani mphika ndi fa bearings ndi mafuta abwino pakatha maola 25 aliwonse ogwilira ntchito ndipo thirani mafuta pang'ono monse mopindika
English: Inspect the machine regularly for loose, worn, or damaged peg teeth, concave bars, cylinder, discharge paddles and other parts, and tighten, repair, or replace them immediately
Chichewa: Pimani makina pafupipafupi kuti muone mano omasuka, akutha kapena oonongeka, concabe bars, mphika, discharge paddles ndi magawo ena, ndipo mangitsani, konzani kapena bwezeretsani nthawi yomweyo
English: Reduce belt tensions by loosening the idler pulley and engine mounting bolts when the machine will not be used for an extended period to minimize deterioration
Chichewa: Chepetsani kukungika kwa lamba pomasula idler pulley ndi zomangira engine pamene makina sagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali pofuna kuchepetsa kuguga
English: Check engine crankcase oil level at least every 4 operating hours and follow the engine manufacturer’s recommendations for oil change intervals and oil grade
Chichewa: Onani kuchuluka kwa mafuta mu crankcase ya engine pakadutsa maola anayi aliwonse ogwira ntchito ndipo tsatirani malangizo a wopanga makina panthawi zosintira mafuta komanso mtundu wa mafuta
English: Service the air cleaner, fuel filter, fuel line, carburetor, and spark plug regularly according to engine manufacturer’s instructions
Chichewa: Konsani chosefera mpweya, chosefera mafuta, modutsa mafuta, carburetor ndi ma spark plug pafupipafupi kutengera ndi malangizo a okonza engine
English: Guidelines for storage of a threshing machine include: Clean the machine thoroughly. Remove belts and store in a dry place
Chichewa: Malangizo osungira makina omenyera mbewu: Pukutani makina bwinobwino. Chotsani malamba ndipo muwasunge pamalo ouma
English: Store the machine in a clean, dry location and cover to reduce damage from dust. Paint parts that need repainting
Chichewa: Sungani makina pamalo aukhondo, ouma komanso phimbani pofuna kuchepetsa kuonongeka ndi fumbi. Pakani utoto malo onse oyenera kupakidwa
English: Clean and apply oil to exposed metal surfaces to prevent rusting. Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations on engine storage
Chichewa: Pukutani ndipo pakani mafuta zitsulo zonse zomwe zili pambalambanda pofuna kupewa dzimbiri. Tsatirani malangizo a okonza pofuna kusunga engine
English: A plough is a farm implement for loosening the soil to make it suitable for crop development. It cuts the soil, turns it to bury residues and weeds from the soil surface in order to enhance decomposition
Chichewa: Plough ndi chida cha ulimi chomasulira dothi kuti likhale loyenera pakukula kwa mbewu. Imadula, kutembenuza dothi kuti likwilire zinyalala ndi tchire kuchokera pamwamba ndi cholinga chofuna kulimbikitsa kuwola
English: Before use, the plough should be set accordingly to achieve the required depth and width of the furrow
Chichewa: Isanagwire ntchito, plough icheredwe moyenera pofuna kupeza kuzama ndi mulifupi moyenera
English: It is important that settings should be made regularly as required. Farm machinery and extension staff should train farmers on setting of the plough
Chichewa: Ndikofunika kuti kutchera kudzichitika pafupipafupi. Makina a ulimi komanso alangizi aphunzitse alimi kutchera plough
English: The wearing parts of the ridger are the share, breast- plate, wings and the rudder which should be maintained regularly and replaced when worn out
Chichewa: Zipangizo zomwe zimadyeka pa plough ndi share, breastplate, ma wing komanso rudder zomwe zikuyenera kusamalidwa pafupipafupi ndi kubwezeretsedwa zikalala
English: The ridger should be properly lubricated with oil if it will not be used within five days but for long term storage, painting with oil based paint is recommended
Chichewa: Chopangira mizere chifewetsedwe ndi mafuta ngati sichigwira ntchito pamasiku asanu koma posunga kwa nthawi yayitali, chipakidwe utoto wokhala ndi mafuta
English: A cultivator is normally used to remove weeds between rows and not between planting stations
Chichewa: Chobzalira chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa tchire pakati pa mizere osati pakati pamapando
English: It can also be used in seedbed preparation to cut, break and loosen the soil. Parts of a cultivator include wheel and axle, hillers, sweeps and tines
Chichewa: Chikhozanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mabedi a mbewu podula, kuswa komanso kufewetsa dothi. Zigawo za chobzalira ndi monga matayala ndi axle, hillers, sweeps ndi tines
English: There are two types of cultivators; adjustable cultivators and rigid cultivators. Adjustable cultivators can be set to suit the width of plant rows while in the process of cultivating crops
Chichewa: Pali mitundu iwiri ya zobzalira: zobzalira zotheka kusintha ndi zobzalira zosasinthika. Zobzalira zotheka kusintha zikhoza kutcheredwa kuti zifanane ndi kutalikira kwa mizere panthawi yobzala mbewu
English: Rigid cultivators cannot be adjusted during cultivation. The tines can be set to suit the row spacing but the working width of the cultivator cannot be altered during the process of cultivation
Chichewa: Zobzalira zosasinthikazi sidzingatheke kutchera panthawi yobzalal. Ma tine amatcheredwa kuti afananane ndi kutalika kwa mizere koma mulifupi mogwilira ntchito mwa chobzalira simungasinthidwe panthawi yobzala
English: The wheel helps to control the depth of an operation and mobility. Replace the wheel and axle when broken or worn out. The wheel and axle may break or wear out after several years of farm operations
Chichewa: Matayala amathandizira kulamulira kuzama kwa ntchito komanso kayendedwe. Sinthani tayala ndi axle pamene zasweka kapena zalala. Tayala ndi axle zikhoza kusweka kapena kulala pakatha zaka zambiri zikugwira ntchito zakumunda
English: The farm-cart is important to a farmer as a means of transport. When using farm- carts, farmers should be advised on the following: Not to overload; To keep the load upfront on the cart and not on the rear
Chichewa: Ngolo ndi chida chofunika kwambiri ngati njira yonyamulira zinthu. Pogwiritsa ntchito ngolo, alimi alangizidwe pa zotsatirazi: Isanyamule katundu mopyola muyezo, katundu ayikidwe chakutsogolo kwa ngolo osati kumbuyo
English: If the load is on the rear, the dissel boom will tilt the cart upwards and the straps will choke the animals
Chichewa: Ngati katundu ali pafupi ndi kumbuyo, mtengo womangilira ngolo ku goli umapendekeka mmwamba ndipo zingwe zimathina pakhozi pa zinyama
English: Yokes play an important role in the use of various farm implements. Farmers must have different lengths of yokes for farm implements such as ploughs, ridgers and farm-carts
Chichewa: Goli ndilofunikira kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito zida zakumunda zosiyanasiyana. Alimi akhale ndi magoli osiyana katalikidwe pa zida zakumunda monga khasu lolimira, khasu lopangira mizere komanso zonyamulira katundu
English: Farmers can acquire animals from government farms, fellow farmers and own sources. Farmers are therefore encouraged to breed their own animals. Cultivators use the same yoke as ridgers
Chichewa: Alimi angathe kupeza zinyama kuchokera kuminda ya boma, kwa alimi anzawo kapena komwe iwo angapeze paokha. Alimi akulimbikitsidwa kuweta okha zinyama. Zipangizo zobzalira zimagwiritsa ntchito goli lomwelo lopangira mizere.
English: To ensure proper upkeep and prolonged use, yokes should be properly stored in a shed to avoid damage
Chichewa: Pofuna kusunga bwino ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali, magoli asungidwe bwino pamalo a nthunzi kupewa kuonongeka
English: The most important measurements are those between the centers of two pairs of skeis on the yoke shaft
Chichewa: Muyeso wofunikira ndi umene uli pakati pa chikatikati cha malo awiri omangilirapo zinyama pa golipo
English: Total yoke length should be 150 cm. The space between 2pairs of skeis on the yoke shaft should be 90cm
Chichewa: Kutalika kwa goli kukhale 150cm. Mpata wapakati pa malo awiri omangilirapo zinyama pa goli ukhale 90cm
English: Any ridge spacing will have its own yoke size. Correct ridge spacing can be obtained with correct yoke length
Chichewa:  Kutalikirana kulikonse kwa mizere kudzikhala ndi goli lakelake. Kutalikirana mizere kolondola kungapezeke pogwiritsa ntchito kutalika koneyera kwa goli
English: Ridge spacing of 75 cm: total length of the yoke shaft should be 210cm and the space between 2 pairs of skeis should be 150cm
Chichewa: Kutalikirana kwa mizere kwa 75cm: kutalika konse kwa goli kukhale 210cm ndipo mpata womwe uli pakati pa malo omangilira zinyama ukhale 150cm
English: Ridge spacing of 90 cm: Total length of the yoke shaft should be 240 cm and the space between 2 pairs of skeis should be 180 cm
Chichewa: Kutalikirana kwa mizere ya 90cm: kutalika konse kwa goli kukhale 240cm ndipo mpata womwe uli pakati pa malo omangilirapo zinyama ukhale 180cm
English: Ridge spacing of 120 cm: Total length of the yoke shaft should be 300 cm and the space between 2 pairs of skeis should be 240 cm
Chichewa: Kutalikirana mizere kwa 120cm: kutalika konse kwa goli kukhale 300cm ndipo mpata womwe uli pakati pa malo awiri omangilirapo zinyama ukhale 240cm
English: Transport or cart yoke: Total length of the yoke should be 170 cm and the space between 2 pairs of skeis should be 110cm
Chichewa: Ngolo zonyamula katundu: kutalika konse kwa goli kukhale 170cm ndipo mpata womwe uli pakati pomangilirapo zinyama ukhae 110cm
English: Animals for use and for sale: The work oxen have to be adequately fed to increase their capacity to work in addition to keeping them healthy
Chichewa: Zinyama zogwiritsa tchito komanso zogulitsa: ng'ombe za ngolo ziyenera kudyetsedwa bwino pofuna kuwonjezera mphamvu zawo kuti zigwire ntchito kuphatikizapo kuti zikhale zathanzi
English: Government has ox-trainers who can assist farmers to train work oxen, however farmers should participate in training their own oxen
Chichewa: Boma liri ndi aphunzitsi a ng'ombe za ngolo omwe angathandize alimi kuphunzitsa ng'ombe zangolo, komabe alimi ayenera kutengapo gawo pophunzitsa ng'ombe zawo zomwe
English: To get the best results from draught animals on the farm, they must be provided with rain proof housing and must be properly constructed and maintained
Chichewa: Pofuna kupeza zotsatira zabwino kuchokera ku zinyama zokoka ngolo pamunda, zipatsidwe malo ogona osafika mvula ndipo amangidwe moyenera ndi kusamalidwa
English: As a guide, housing for 2 animals should be 8 m long and 4 m wide. The height of supporting posts should be 2 m, whereas the center roof-post height should be 3m. The roof should be properly thatched
Chichewa: Ngati mlozo, nyumba ya zinyama ziwiri ikhale yayitali mamita 8 ndipo mulifupi mikhale mamita 4. Mitengo yoyimitsira ikhale yayitali mamita awiri, ndipo mitengo yoyomitsa pakati padenga italike mamita atatu. Denga likhale lofolela bwino
English: Draught animals have less grazing time as they spend part of the day working. Farmers should be encouraged to carry feeds for working animals so that they can be given to animals during work breaks
Chichewa: Zinyama zokoka ngolo zili ndi nthawi yochepa yodyera chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zikugwira ntchito. Alimi akulimbikitsidwa kunyamula zakudya za zinyama zomwe zikugwira ntchito ndi cholinga chakuti akapatsire zinyama panthawi yopuma
English: After working, the animals should be given some maize bran and water to drink, thereafter, the animals should be allowed to graze
Chichewa: Pambuyo pogwira ntchito, zinyama zipatsidwe deya ndi madzi akumwa, kenako zipatsidwe mpata wokadya udzu
English: Two to three kilograms of concentrate per day are essential for energy production. These can be maize or rice bran, cereals, cotton and groundnut cake
Chichewa: Makilogalamu awiri kapena atatu a zakudya zokhathamira pa tsiku ndi oyenera kuti zidzikhala ndi mphamvu. Izi zikhoza kukhala deya wachimanga kapena wampunga, udzu wobzala, mthanga za thonje kapena zotsalira za mtedza
English: Draught animals should work for a maximum of 4 hours in the morning and 3 hours in the afternoon
Chichewa: Zinyama zokoka ngolo zigwire ntchito kwa maola anayi mmawa ndiponso atatu kumadzulo
English: Thereafter they should be allowed to graze and rest. Animals should preferably be used very early in the morning or late in the afternoon to enable them work during cool period
Chichewa: Pambuyo pake zipatsidwe mwayi wokadya komanso kupuma. Nyama ziyenera kugwira ntchito mmawa kwambiri kapena chigawo chakumadzulo kuti zidzigwira ntchito kukuzizira
English: Farmers should dip animals regularly. They should also be encouraged to purchase and stock animal drugs in groups
Chichewa: Alimi adzisambitsa nyama zawo mankhwala pafupipafupi. Alimbikitsidwenso kugula ndi kusunga mankwala mmagulu
English: A large portion of fruits produced by smallholder farmers is lost through poor postharvest handling. This has necessitated development and fabrication of simple fruit processing machines
Chichewa: Gawo lalikulu la zipatso zolimidwa ndi alimi ang'onoang'ono zimaonongeka posadzisamala moyenera pambuyo pokolola. Izi zazetsa kukonza makina ofinyira zipatso