dmatekenya/chichewa-machine-translation huggingface dataset:
English: Closer spacing is for marginal areas and wider spacing is for optimum areas. Commercial planting in ideal areas start with closer spacing of 2m x 2m then thin out as the canopies close up until standard spacing is reached
Chichewa: Kubzala mofupikitsa kuchitike mmadera omwe malo ndiochepa ndipo kutalikitsa kuchitike pomwe malo ndi aakulu. Kubzala mopindulitsa kumalo oyenera kumayamba ndi kufupikitsa mulingo wa 2 meters ndi 2 meters kenako kutalikitsa pamene nthambi zikukula mpaka kufika mulingo woyenera
English: Basins should be made around each tree as wide as the canopy and mulched to conserve moisture. During the early stages of fruit tree establishment, low growing crops maybe inter planted
Chichewa: Mayenje akumbidwe kuzungulira mtengo uliwonse ndipo akule monga kutambalala kwa mthambi ndi kuwaphimba pofuna kusunga chinyezi. Pachiyambi pamene mitengo yadzipatso ikukhazikika, mbewu zosatalika zikhoza kulimidwa pakati pa mitengo
English: This insect damages the seed. The larva enters the fruit during the early stage of fruit development leaving no external sign of its entry
Chichewa: Chilombo chouluka chimenechi chimaononga mbewu. Mphutsi imalowa muchipatso nthawi yomwe zipatso zikubeleka ndikumakula, ndikusiya popanda chizindikiro kunja kuti yalowa
English: This may result into premature fruitfall, fruits rotting in storage, in transit and markets. To control the pest collect and bury dropped fruits
Chichewa: Izi zimadzetsa kulakatika kwa zipatso zosakhwima, kuvunda kwa zipatso zikasungidwa, kapena popita nazo kumisika. Pofuna kuthana ndi kachilomboka, tolani ndi kukwilira zipatso zonse zomwe zagwa pansi
English: The disease causes discoloration of young leaves, premature ripening and enhanced rotting of fruits
Chichewa: Mthendayi imayambitsa kusintha mtundu kwa masamba osakhwima, kucha zisanakhwime komanso kuvunda kwa zipatso mofulumira
English: Fruits of improved mango varieties should be harvested when they are physiologically mature
Chichewa: Zipatso za mitundu ya mango wokwatitsa zikololedwe zikayamba kuyezuka kapena kudengula
English: When harvesting avoid bruises on the fruit. The fruits should not drop to the ground. A fully grown tree may yield 200 to 500 fruits or more per year depending on management, variety and age of tree
Chichewa: Pokolola, pewani kusupula zipatso. Zipatso zisagwetsedwe pansi. Mtengo waukulu bwino ukhoza kubereka zipatso zokwana 200 kufika 500 kapena kupitilira apa chaka chilichonse kutengera kasmalidwe, mtundu komanso zaka zobadwira za mtengo
English: Avocado pears are important food and cash crop. The crop grows well in cool to warm areas with an average annual rainfall ranging from 750 to 1,800 mm
Chichewa: Mapeyala ndi mbewu yofunikira yachakudya komanso kugulitsa. Mbewuyi imakula bwino madera ozizira kapena ozizira pang'ono komwe mvula imagwa mulingo wa 750mm kufika 1,800mm
English: All unwanted trees should be ring-barked two years in advance and left to die. Those that cannot die by ring-barking must be dug out with as much root system as possible
Chichewa: Mitengo yonse yosafunika ichotsedwe khungu lake mozungulira tsinde zaka ziwiri zisanafike ndikuyisiya kuti ife. Yomwe siinafe pochotsa khungu patsinde mozungulira ikumbidwe poonetsetsa kuti mitsitsi yambiri yakumbidwa nawo
English: Planting holes should be dug 90cm in diameter and 90cm deep. Holes should be filled with top soil mixed with 5 to 10kg of well decomposed manure
Chichewa: Mayenje obzala mbewu akumbidwe 90cm mulifupi ndi 90cm kuzama. Mayenje akwililidwe ndi dothi lapamwamba lomwe lasakanizidwa ndi 5kg kufika 10kgs ya manyowa owola bwino
English: Apply 5 to 10kg of well decomposed manure per tree at the beginning of the rainy season. Fertilizer should be applied on the basis of leaf and soil analysis results
Chichewa: Thirani 5kgs kufika 10kgs ya manyowa pamtengo uliwonse poyambilira panyengo yamvula. Fertilizer athilidwe potengera zotsatira za kauniuni wamasamba ndi dothi
English: If the fruits are to be transported for long distances, harvesting should be done before rattling sound is detected
Chichewa: Ngati zipatso zikuyenera kunyamulidwa pamtunda wautali, kukolola kuchitike zipatso zisanayambe kusokosera mkati zikagwedezedwa
English: Pawpaws are widely grown in the country. They are an important food and cash crop. The crop grows well up to an altitude of 1,000m above sea level and requires an annual rainfall of 1,000 to 2,000mm which should be well distributed
Chichewa: Papaya amalimidwa kwambiri mdziko muno. Papaya ndiwonufinanso ngati chakudya komanso kugulitsa. Amakula bwino mmadera okwera kufika 1,000m kupyola nyanja ndipo amafuna mvula yokwana 1,000mm kufika 2,000mm pachaka yomwe ikuyenera kugwa motalikirana bwino
English: All unwanted trees should be ring-barked 2 years in advance and left to die to reduce the risk of infection
Chichewa: Mitengo yonse yosafunika ichotsedwe khungu lake mozungulira tsinde zaka ziwiri zisanafike ndikuyisiya kuti ife pochepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda
English: Pawpaws are grown from seed. Seeds collected from the fruit should be washed, dried and dusted
Chichewa: Papaya amabzalidwa kuchokera ku nthanga. Nthanga zomwe zatoleledwa zitsukidwe, kuumitsidwa komanso kudzithira fumbi
English: Sow seeds in nursery beds or pots to raise seedlings. Seedling emergence may take 3 to 5 weeks from the time of planting
Chichewa: Fetsani nthanga mmabedi a nazale kapena mmiphika pofuna kupeza mbande. Kumera kwa mbande kukhoza kutenga sabata zitatu kufika zisanu kuchokera nthawi yobzala
English: Seed may be stored up to 3 years. It should be noted, however, that germination percentages declines with storage period
Chichewa: Mbewu ikhoza kusungidwa kwa zaka zitatu. Tikuyenera kudziwa kuti chiwerengero cha mbewu zomera chimachepa potengera nthawi yosungira
English: Seedlings should be transplanted when 6 weeks old or 30cm tall. Transplanting should be done in the late afternoon or on cloudy, dampy days. Watering should be done every day until the plants are well established
Chichewa: Mbande ziwokeredwe pakatha sabata zisanu ndi imodzi kapena zikatalika kufika 30cm. Kuwokera kuchitike chigawo chakumadzulo kapena kunja kukakhala mitambo, achinyontho. Kuthilira kuchitidwe tsiku lirilonse mpaka mbewu zigwire
English: Heavy organic mulching is desirable to conserve moisture, control weeds and keep the soil cool
Chichewa: Kuphimbira pogwiritsa ntchito zotsalira za zomera ndikofunika kuti titeteze chinyezi, kuthana ndi udzu komanso kuziziritsa nthaka
English: Apply 5 to 10kg of well decomposed manure per plant annually at the beginning of the rainy season. Chemical fertilizer application should be applied on the basis of leaf and soil analysis results
Chichewa: Thirani 5 kufika 10kg ya manyowa pambewu iliyonse chaka chilichonse kumayambiliro a nyengo yamvula. Fertlizer athiridwe potengera zotsatira zoyeza masamba ndi dothi
English: Pawpaw is fairly drought-tolerent but irrigation is required after prolonged dry periods
Chichewa: Papaya amayetsetsa kupilira ku chilala koma kuthilira ndikoyenera ngati nyengo ya chilala yatalika
English: Guavas are propagated from seed. Seed collected from fruits should be washed and dried before sowing. Seeds should be sown on nursery beds and potted 2 to 3 weeks after emergence
Chichewa: Gwafa amabzalidwa kuchokera ku nthanga. Nthanga zotoleledwa kuchokera kuzipatso zitsukidwe ndikuumitsidwa zisanafetsedwe. Nthanga zifetsedwe pamanazale ndikuyikidwa  mmachubu sabata ziwiri kapena zitatu zikadutsa mbewu itamera
English: Training of a young guava tree is recommended to develop a strong framework comprising 3 to 4 main branches
Chichewa: Kuphunzitsa mitengo yaying'ono ndikoyenera kuti ichite thunthu lamphamvu lokhala ndi nthambi zitatu kufika zinayi
English: Suckers should be removed from the base. Orchards maybe rejuvenated by cutting off the main stem
Chichewa: Mphukira zichotsedwe kuchokera paphata. Minda yazipatso ikhoza kuwonjezeredwa mphamvu podula tsinde lalikulu
English: Apply 5 to 10kg of well decomposed manure per tree annually at the beginning of the rainy season
Chichewa: Thirani manyowa okwana 5kgs kufika 10kgs pamtengo uliwonse chaka chilichonse kumayambiliro kwa nyengo yamvula
English: Plant trees in August or September when they are dormant. Trees should be watered weekly or as required until rains start
Chichewa: Bzalani mitengo mwezi wa August kapena September pamene yasiya kukula. Mitengo ithililidwe madzi sabata iliyonse kapena pamene kuli koyenera kutero mpaka mvula itayamba kugwa
English: Mulching is essential to conserve soil moisture and supress weeds. The basin should be extended each year to the edge of the canopy
Chichewa: Kuphimbira ndi udzu ndikofunika pofuna kusunga chinyezi munthaka ndikuchepetsa udzu. Dzenje likuzidwe chaka chilichonse kupyola malire a mthunzi
English: Trees should be pruned annually when they are dormant for maintenance of vigour and high productivity
Chichewa: Mitengo isadzidwe chaka chilichonse pamene yasiya kukula kuti ikhale yamphamvu komanso yopindulitsa kwambiri
English: When pruning, remove dead or broken wood, one of the rubbing branches, water shoots and tall branches
Chichewa: Pamene mukusadza mitengo, chotsani mitengo youma kapena yothyoka, yomwe ilikhulana, mphukira kapena nthambi zazitali
English: Macadamia nuts are left to drop on the ground and collected at least weekly in wet weather or fortnightly in dry weather
Chichewa: Mtedza wa Macademia umasiyidwa kuti ugwe pansi kenako kutoleredwa kamodzi pasabata pamene kunja kuli chinyezi kapena kamodzi pasabata ziwiri kunja kutauma
English: Macadamia nuts can be harvested from the tree once the entire crop is mature, this is determined by the inner husk colour which turns brown when mature
Chichewa: Mtedza wa Macademia ungathe kukololedwa kuchokera mmitengo kamodzi pamene wakhwima, ndipo izi zimadziwika poona maonekedwe a masamba a mkati mwa mtedza omwe amasintha kumaoneka monkera kofiira ukakhwima
English: To avoid kernel sweating and mould development, nuts should be dehusked on the day of harvest and dried on racks in layers of a maximum 10cm deep under shade
Chichewa: Popewa mtedza kutulutsa madzi komanso kuchita chuku, mtedza uswedwe tsiku lokolola ndikuumitsidwa pathandala, poumwaza pamulingo wozama 10cm ndipo uumitsidwe pamthunzi
English: Suitable racks can be made from chicken wire or bamboo to allow aeration. Nuts should be turned daily during drying and allowed to dry to below 10% moisture which can take 6 weeks during fine weather
Chichewa: Thandala labwino likhoza kupangidwa kuchokera ku waya wankhuku kapena msungwi kuti mpweya udzidutsa. Mtedza udzitembenuzidwa tsiku ndi tsiku nthawi youmitsa ndi kuloledwa kuti uwume mpaka chinyezi chisapyole 10% zomwe zingatenge sabaya zisanu ndi imodzi ngati nyengo ili bwino
English: When moisture is reduced to10%, the kernel can be heard rattling when shaken. Sorting is required to remove damaged and discoloured nuts before delivery to the factory
Chichewa: Chinyezi chikachepa kufika pa 10%, mtedza umamveka kusokosera ukagwedezedwa. Kusankha ndikoyenera kuti mtedza wosweka ndi wovunda uchotsedwe usanapititsidwe ku fakitale
English: Avoid storing nuts on the farm for longer than 2 months as quality will be reduced
Chichewa: Pewani kusunga mtedza pamunda kwanthawi yopitilira miyezi iwiri pakuti umaguga
English: Collect seed from vigorous high yielding disease free plants
Chichewa: Tolani mbewu kuchokera ku mbewu zobeleka kwambiri komanso zopanda matenda.
English: One kilogramme of seed is therefore required for a hectare. Storing seed for long periods will further reduce viability
Chichewa: Kilogalamu imodzi ya mbewu ndiyokwanira hectare imodzi. Kusunga mbewu kwanthawu yayitali kumachepetsa mphamvu zake
English: To improve germination, it is recommended that seed should be planted soon after harvest. They should be extracted from the capsule, washed in water and sown immediately
Chichewa: Popititsa patsogolo kumera kwa mbewu, ndikoyenera kuti mbewu zibzalidwe nthawi yomwe mwamaliza kukolola. Zitengedwe mu chikuto chake, kutsukidwa ndi madzi kenako kufetsa nthawi yomweyo
English: Alternatively, the washed seed should be mixed with ash and dried for 2 to 9 days before sowing
Chichewa: Njira ina ndi kutsakaniza mbewu zomwe zatsukidwa ndi phulusa ndi kuumitsa masiku awiri kufika asanu ndi anayi zisanafetsedwe
English: The crop thrives under moderate shade. Existing trees may be utilized as shade but where they are not available, appropriate shade trees should be planted
Chichewa: Mbewuyi imachita bwino munthunzi wochepa. Mitengo yomwe ilipo ingathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nthunzi koma pomwe palibe, mitengo yoyenera ibzalidwe
English: Cut excess branches and canopy of shade trees to maintain medium shading condition. Where there is no or inadequate shading, more shade trees should be planted
Chichewa: Dulani nthambi zosafunikira ndi mitengo yotchinga dzuwa kuti pakhale mthunzi wapakatikati. Pomwe palibe kapena pali mthunzi wosakwanira, mitengo yambiri ibzalidwe
English: The fruits are picked when they are green and fully plump before they develop yellow colour. It is therefore desirable that fruits are harvested individually at the correct stage of maturity
Chichewa: Zipatsozi zimathyoledwa pamene zili zobiliwira ndipo zofufuma bwino zisanayambe kubwera chikasu. Kotero nkofunika kuti zipatso zikololedwe chilichonse pachokha panthawi yoyenera zikakhwima
English: Over ripe (yellow colour) fruits tend to split on drying and do not give good green colour on curing
Chichewa: Zipatso zakupsa kwambiri, za chikasu, zimang'ambika pouma ndipo sidzimabweretsa maonekedwe obiliwira podziwumitsa
English: On the other hand, immature fruits give uneven, shriveled and badly discoloured products
Chichewa: Kumbali ina, zipatso zosakhwima zimakhala zosalala, zokhwinyata ndiponso mtundu suoneka bwino
English: The disease is capable of causing serious root rot. The main source and reservoir of infection is old tree stumps
Chichewa: Nthendayi ili ndi kuthekera kwakukulu koyambitsa kuwola kwa mitsitsi. Imachokera komanso kukhala ku zitsa zakale zamitengo
English: Prepare your site by clearing, ploughing, harrowing, fencing and breaking the soil clods to achieve fine tilth
Chichewa: Konzani malo pochotsa tchire, kugaula, kutembenuza dothi, kumanga mpanda ndi kuphwanya dothi kuti likhale lofewa
English: Prepare the seed beds of any convenient length, 1m wide, and 20 to 25cm high. Space them with pathways of 45 to 60cm wide
Chichewa: Konzani mabedi a mbewu  otalika mmene mwakondera, 1m mulifupi, kutali 20cm kufika 25cm. Siyani mpata woyendamo wotambalala 45cm kufika 60cm.
English: 5 seed beds of 30m x 1m are enough for 1ha, 3 seedbeds are enough for 0.4ha. Similarly 1.5 seedbeds are enough for 0.2ha
Chichewa: Mabedi asanu otalika 30m ndi 1m mulifupi ndiwokana mbande zobzala hectare imodzi, mabedi atatu ndiwokwana mbewu yobzala 0.4 hectare. Chimodzimodzi bedi imodzi ndi theka ndiwokwana mbewu zobzala 0.2 hectare
English: Seedbed should be sterilized by burning with maize stalks to control damping off diseases, soil insect pests, weed seeds and nematodes
Chichewa: Nkoyenera kupha tizilombo powotcha mabedi ndi mapesi a chimanga pothana ndi matenda akufa kwa mbande, tizilombo tamudothi, njere za tchire komanso mbozi
English: Maize stalks should be stacked about 1m high and burned slowly during calm weather, preferably early in the morning or late afternoon
Chichewa:  Mapezi a chimanga awunjikidwe kutalika 1m ndipo awotchedwe pang'onopang'ono nthawi yomwe kulibe mphepo, makamaka mmamawa kwambiri kapena madzulo kwambiri
English: Apply 2 to 5kg of well decomposed organic manure per square metre and mixed thoroughly with the soil
Chichewa: Thirani makilogalamu awiri kufika asanu a manyowa pa malo a 1m mulitali ndi 1m mulifupi ndipo sakanizani bwino lomwe ndi dothi
English: After seedling emergence the mulch should be thinned gradually over time
Chichewa: Mbewu zikamera, kuphimbira kudzichepetsedwa nthawi ikamadutsa
English: Start hardening the seedlings 5 weeks after emergence to prepare them with stand field conditions
Chichewa: Yambani kukhwimitsa mbande pakadutsa sabata zisanu zitamera podzikonzekeretsa kunyengo yakumunda
English: Clip seedlings when necessary to avoid flowering on the nursery in case there is no rain
Chichewa: Dulani mbande ngati nkofunika popewa kuchita maluwa panazale ngati mvula itachedwa kugwa
English: Adequate watering of seedbeds should be done before uprooting seedlings to minimize root damage and enhance early establishment of seedlings in the field
Chichewa: Kuthilira mokwanira mabedi kuchitike mbande zisanazulidwe kuti muchepetse kuwonongeka kwa mitsitsi ndikuthandizira kuti mbande zikagwire msanga kumunda
English: Seedlings should not lay drying in the sun waiting to be transplanted. Seedlings must be transplanted absolutely vertical as any slanting will encourage lodging later
Chichewa: Mbande zisasiyidwe kumauma padzuwa podikira kuti zibzalidwe. Mbande zibzalidwe choyima pakuti kupendekeka kulikonse kudzachititsa kupindika
English: Roots must be covered completely with soil but not higher than cotyledon nodes of the stem
Chichewa: Mizu yonse ikwiliridwe ndi dothi koma lisadutse mphukira patsinde
English: Tap root should not bend and must be placed pointing directly downwards. Bent roots will result in lower yields and poor quality
Chichewa: Mtsitsi wapakati usapindike ndipo uyikidwe mwachindunji, moloza pansi. Mitsitsi yopindika imachepetsa zokolola komanso zosaoneka bwino
English: The best time to apply manure is when preparing land. Manure can be spread evenly in the field and when incorporated, place manure in old furrows and ridge and cover it with soil
Chichewa: Nthawi yabwino kuthura manyowa ndi pokonza minda. Manyowa akhoza kumwazidwa mofanana mmunda ndipo ngati aphatikizidwa, ikani manyowa mu ngalande zakale ndi mmizere ndipo kwilirani ndi dothi
English: Only well decomposed manure should be used all the time for fear of enhancing weed problem
Chichewa: Ndi manyowa okhawo ovunda bwino omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi zonse kuopa kukulitsa mavuto a udzu
English: Where no chemical fertilizers will be applied the farmer should aim at applying compost manure at the rate of 10 tons per hectare or 5 to10kg per square metre
Chichewa: Ngati fertilizer sathiridwa mlimi alingalire zothira manyowa pamulingo wa matani 10 pa hectare kapena 5kgs kufika 10kgs pamulingo wa 1m ndi 1m
English: Weed regularly to loosen the soil and remove weeds to reduce competition for plant nutrient, sunlight and soil moisture
Chichewa: Palirani kawirikawiri kuti dothi limasuke ndi kuchotsa tchire kuti muchepetse kukanganirana michere ya mbewu, dzuwa ndi chinyezi mdothi
English: Pick only fruit pods which have developed a dark red maroon colour with their skin wrinkled and seeds cracking and completely withered
Chichewa: Tolani zipatso zokhazo zomwe zawonetsa kufiira koderapo ndipo khungu lake lakwinyika komanso nthanga zikusweka ndiponso zofota
English: Dry withered destalked fruit pods on open drying racks constructed from bamboo, reeds, dry grass, chicken wire, wooden stick sand mats
Chichewa: Yanikani zipatso zonyala zomwe mwachotsa chogwilira pathandala zapabwalo zokonzedwa ndi msungwi, bango, udzu wouma, chicken wire, mphatsa zamitengo
English: It takes between 2 to 3 days to dry if harvested at the correct time. Avoid harvesting deep red watery fruit pods as they turn black at drying and not sellable
Chichewa: Zimatenga masiku awiri kufika atatu kuti ziume ngati zakololedwa panthawi yoyenera. Pewani kukolola zipatso zofiira kwambiri zamadzi chifukwa zimada poumitsa komanso sidzingagulitsidwe
English: Proper grading is extremely important and essential for successful marketing. A well graded paprika is of higher value than a poorly grade done
Chichewa: Kusankha koyenera ndikofunika kopambana ndiponso ndikothandiza posatsa malonda. Tsabola wosankhidwa bwino amakhala wokwera mtengo kuposa wosasankhidwa bwino
English: Grading is based on the visible color intensity and not on size. Seeding is a process of removing seeds from the fruit pod by hand
Chichewa: Kusankha kumatengera kuzama kwa maonekedwe osati kukula. Seeding ndi ntchito yochotsa nthanga kuchokera mu zibalobalo ndi manja
English: De-seeded paprika normally fetches high prices. The seed can be sold separately. Full pod paprika is another style of paprika presentation where only the fruit pod stalk is removed
Chichewa: Tsabola wochotsa nthanga magulidwa pa mitengo yokwera. Nthanga zikhoza kugulitsidwa pazokha. Zibalobalo za tsabola zosang'amba ndi njira ina yogulitsira tsabola pomwe amangochotsa kogwilira kokha
English: Full pod paprika normally fetches low price. The seed contained in the fruit pod is not paid for
Chichewa: Tsabola wa paprika wosachotsa nthanga amagulidwa pamtengo wotsika. Nthanga mu tsabola sadziwerengera pogula
English: Paprika should be stored in cool dry dark places preferably on a raised platform such as a pallet
Chichewa: Tsabola asungidwe pamalo ozizira, ouma komanso mumdima makamaka pamalo okwera monga pa thandala
English: Avoid exposure to high moisture intensities. Stored paprika should be checked regularly for moisture condition, rat damage. Avoid long storage to prevent weight loss and quality deterioration
Chichewa: Pewani kusunga pamalo achinyezi chambiri. Tsabola wosungidwa adzionedwa pafupipafupi kupima chinyezi komanso kuonongedwa ndi makoswe. Pewani kusunga kwa nthawi yayitali kuti asapepuke kwambiri komanso ubwino wake usawonongeke
English: Fruits are kept in heaps until the pulp is fermented. They are then washed in water and dried under shade. Seeds should be planted immediately after drying as viability is quickly reduced
Chichewa: Zipatso zisungidwe pounjika malo amodzi mpaka mkazi muphikike. Pambuyo pake zitsukidwe ndi madzi ndikuyanikidwa panthunzi. Nthanga zibzalidwe nthawi yomweyo pambuyo powumitsa pakuti sidzichedwa kuchepa mphamvu
English: They should be sown in nursery beds. Sites should be properly fenced and well managed
Chichewa: Zifetsedwe panazale. Ndipo zikhale mumpanda komanso zisamalidwe bwino
English: Seedlings should be potted after 4 months in the nursery. Transplant seedlings in the field 4 to 5 months after they have been potted
Chichewa: Mbande ziyikidwe mmiphika ing'onoin'gono pakatha miyezi inayi panazale. Mbande ziwokeredwe mminda pakadutsa miyezi inayi kapena isanu pambuyo podziyika mmiphika
English: Seedlings should be hardened off before they are transplanted to prepare them for field conditions
Chichewa: Mbande zikhwimitsidwe zisanawokeredwe pozikonzekeretsa ku nyengo yakumunda
English: Harvest when stems are 2to 3metres high and 1.2 to 5 cm in diameter. Stems are harvested when the red flush of young leaves is beginning to turn green and the sap is flowing freely
Chichewa: Kololani pamene tsinde latalika mamita awiri kufika atatu ndipo thunthu lake lakula masentimita 1.2 kufika 5. Tsinde likololedwe pamene masamba ofiira ayamba kusanduka obiliwira ndipo utoto ukutuluka mwaokha
English: Farmers should test the stems to see if the bark peels off easily. The stems should be cut at 10 to 15 cm above the ground and all unwanted branches and leaves removed
Chichewa: Alimi ayeze tsinde kuti aone ngati khungwa likuchoka wosavuta. Tsinde lidulidwe pa mulingo wa masentimita khumi kufika khumi ndi asanu kuchokera pansi ndipo nthambi zonse zosafunikira ndi masamba zichotsedwe
English: After cutting, the stump should be pruned to get rid of all unwanted and distorted shoots leaving new selected 4 to 6 shoots to grow for a further 2 years. More soil should be drawn up around the stumps
Chichewa: Mutatha kudula, sadzani zitsa zonse kuti muchotse mphukira zopindika komanso zosafunika ndipo pasale mphukira zinayi kufika zisanu ndi imodzi kuti zikule kwa zaka zina ziwiri
English: The stems should be cut into pieces 90 cm long. Two opposite slits be made length wise using a sharp knife. Loosen the inner bark and peel
Chichewa: Tsinde lidulidwe mmagawo otalika masentimita 90. Ng'ambani mbali ziwiri zosiyana mulitali pogwiritsa ntchito mpeni wakuthwa. Masulani mkati mwakhungwa ndipo sendani
English: The peeled bark should be tied into bundles and left for 24 hours to ferment. The loose outer layer of the bark is then carefully scrapped off
Chichewa: Makungwa amangidwe mtolo ndipo asiyidwe kwa maola 24 kuti asase. Kenako chikopa chakunja kwa khungwa chimachotsedwa mosamala
English: When the bark is scrapped off, it should be dried. As the bark dries, it curls inward forming a hollow tube-like structure
Chichewa: Khungwa likachotsedwa, liyanikidwe. Pamene khungwa likuuma, limapiringizana chamkati, kupanga bowo mkati
English: The first harvest usually yields a thick bark of inferior quality which improves with sub- sequent harvests
Chichewa: Zokolola zoyamba khungwa lake limakhala losaoneka bwino ndipo izi zimasintha pa zokolola zotsatira
English: Vegetables are an important source of mineral salts and vitamins which are vital for good health
Chichewa: Masamba ndi wofunikira potipatsa michere ndi ma vitamin ofunika pa umoyo wathanzi
English: In addition to being an important food crop, they provide income. Despite being widely grown in the country, adequate supplies of vegetables are mostly available in the rainy season
Chichewa: Kuphatikiza kuti ndi mbeu yofukika ngati chakudya, imabweretsanso ndalama. Ngakhale imalimidwa mmadera ambiri mdziko muno, masamba okwanira amapezeka munyengo yamvula
English: As a result, supplies are not adequate throughout the year. Production of some exotic vegetables such as rape, cabbage, lettuce, turnips, tomatoes, onions and leaf mustard should be encouraged
Chichewa: Zotsarira zake ndi zakuti kupezeka kwa zinthuzi sikukhala kokwanira mchaka chonse. Kulima masamba ena monga rape, kabichi, lettuce, tanaposi, tomato, anyezi ndi mustard kulimbikitsidwe
English: In addition to these exotic vegetables, farmers should also be encouraged to grow and preserve local and indigenous vegetables such as Bonongwe (Amaranthus spp.), nkhwani (Cucurbita maxima),  Khwanya (Phaseolous vulgaris), Mwamunaaligone, (Galinsoga parvifl ora), Chisoso (Bidens pilosa), Kamganje (Brassica juncea), Chitambe (Vigna unguiculata) Denje (Corchorus trilocularis, Corchorus aestuans) and many others
Chichewa: Kuphatikizira apa mitundu ya masamba yamakonoyi, alimi akulimbikitsidwa kulima ndikusunga mitundu yamasamba yamakolo monga Bonongwe (Amaranthus ss.), Nkhwani (Cucurbita maxima), Khwanya (Phaseolus vulgaris), Mwamunaligone (Galinsoga parvifl juncea), Chisosos (Bidens pilosa), Kamganje (Brassica juncea) Chitambe (Vigna unguiculata), Denje (Corchorus trilocularis, Corchorus aestuans) ndi zina zotero
English: To optimize yields it is important to irrigate as need arises. Vegetables are easily attacked by many insect pests and diseases
Chichewa: Pofuna kufika pamulingo wokwera wazokolola, ndikofunika kuthirira pamene pali pofunika. Masamba amagwidwa ndi tizilombo komanso matenda mosavuta
English: It is therefore important that farmers use only recommended pesticides and observe safety precautions, particularly time allowed between last application and next harvest
Chichewa: Motero ndikofunika kuti alimi adzigwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ovomerezeka okha ndikutsatira njira zodzitetezera zoyenera, makamaka nthawi yololedwa pakati popopera mankhwala ndi nthawi yokolola
English: Nurseries should be sited near a permanent water supply and located on new land every year so as to reduce the build-up of insect pests, nematodes and diseases
Chichewa: Manazale akhale pafupi ndi madzi osaphwera komanso pamalo atsopano chaka chilichonse pofuna kuchepetsa kuchulukana kwa tizilombo, mbozi ndi matenda
English: Soils should be well drained and the site should be away from shaded areas
Chichewa: Dothi likhale lotaya madzi, ndipo malo ake akhale patali ndi mthunzi
English: Sites should be dug deeply and all large clods broken up to make a fi ne tilth. Construct beds 20 to 25 cm high, 1m wide and to a convenient length
Chichewa: Malo ake akumbidwe mwakuya ndipo dothi loundana liphwanyidwe ndikupanga dothi lofewa. Konzani mabedi okwera 20cm mpaka 25cm, 1m mulifupi pamene kutalika kutengera kufuna kwanu
English: They should be separated by paths 45 to 60cm wide. On sloppy lands seedbeds should be constructed on the contour.
Chichewa: Asiyanitsidwe ndi njira zokula 45cm kufika 60cm. Pamalo otsetsereka, mabedi akonzedwe motsatira milambala
English: Apply 3 to 5kg of well decomposed manure per square meter and mix thoroughly with the soil.
Chichewa: Thirani makilogalamu atatu mpaka asanu a manyowa pa mtunda wa 1mx1m ndikusakaniza bwinobwino ndi dothi
English: To reduce damping off disease and nematodes, seedbeds should be sterilized by burning maize stalks heaped at least 1m high
Chichewa: Pofuna kuchepetsa matenda opha mbewu zikangomera ndi mbozi, mabedi awotchedwe ndi mapesi owinjikidwa mokwera ndi 1m pofuna kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
English: This should be done preferably in the morning or afternoon when the weather is calm
Chichewa: Izi zichitike makamaka mmamawa kapena madzulo kwambiri pamene nyengo yadekha
English: Cabbages are commonly grown throughout the country but there is need to improve quality through recommended methods of production
Chichewa: Kabichi amalimidwa mmadera onse a mdziko muno koma pali kufunika kopititsa patsogolo ubwino potsatira ndondomeko zoyenera zakalimidwe
English: They grow well in cool areas of over 750m above sea level. Soils should be free draining and rich in organic matter
Chichewa: Zimakula bwino mmalo ozizira omwe ali pamtunda wa 750m pamwamba panyanja. Dothi likhale lotaya madzi komanso lachonde chambiri
English: Cabbage can yield 11,000kg to 70,000kg per hectare depending on variety and management
Chichewa: Zokolola za kabichi zimafika makilogalamu 11,000 mpaka 70,000 pa hectare kutengera mtundu ndi kasamalidwe
English: Tomatoes are widely grown throughout the country but there is need to improve quality and availability throughout the year
Chichewa: Tomato amalimidwa mmadera onse mdziko muno koma pali kufunika kopititsa patsogolo ubwino ndi kupezeka mchaka chonse
English: They can be grown all year round except in extremely hot dry conditions because, heat retards growth and fruit set
Chichewa: Akhoza kulimidwa chaka chonse kuoatula munyengo yotentha komanso youma kwambiri chifukwa kuthentha kumachedwetsa kukula ndi kubeleka zipatso
English: The soil should be free draining and rich inorganic matter. Potential yield for tomatoes ranges from 18,000 to 50,000kg per hectare depending on variety
Chichewa: Dothi likhale lotaya madzi ndi lachonde chambiri. Zokolola za tomato zimafika makilogalamu 18,000 mpaka 50,000 pa hectare kutengera mtundu
English: Plough deeply and incorporate 5 to 10 kg of compost or khola manure per square meter. Make beds 120cm wide and to a convenient length
Chichewa: Tipulani mokuya ndikuthira makilogalamu 5 mpaka 10 a manyowa pa mtunda wa 1mx1m. Konzani mabedi okula 120cm mulifupi ndipo kutalika kutengera kufuna kwanu
English: The beds should be 20 to 25cm high. Sunken beds are recommended for dry season cultivation. Pathways should be 50cm between beds
Chichewa: Mabedi akhale okwera 20cm kufika 25cm. Mabedi olowa ndiwoyenera nthawi yadzuwa. Njira zodutsira zikhale zotalika 50cm pakati pa mabedi
English: Onions are widely grown throughout the country both for food and for cash. They require cool to warm seasons for good bulb formation
Chichewa: Anyezi amalimidwa kwambiri mamdera onse mdziko muno ngati chakudya komanso kugulitsa. Amafuna nyengo yozizira mpaka yofunda pang'ono kuti mitu yake ikule bwino
English: Soils should be rich inorganic matter and free draining. The crop should be sown from mid-February to April
Chichewa: Dothi lake likhale lamichere yambiri komanso lotaya madzi. Mbewuyi ifetsedwe mkati mwa February kufika April
English: Transplant seedlings when their bases are of pencil thickness, 6 to 8 weeks after sowing
Chichewa: Wokerani mbande pamene kunsi kwawo kwakula kufila mulingo wa pensulo, pakadutsa sabata 6 mpaka 8 mutafetsa
English: Spacing should be 30 cm by 10 cm. Water regularly as required. Stop watering in the 5th month to allow bulbs to dry
Chichewa: Siyani mipata yotalika 30cmx 10cm. Thilirani madzi pafupipafupi pomwe ndikoyenera kutero. Lekani kuthilira mwadzi mwezi wa chisanu kuti mitu ya anyezi iwume
English: Dry the bulbs in the sun for two to three days to cure them. Very large and thick-necked bulbs should be quickly used or sold because they do not keep well
Chichewa: Yanikani anyezi padzuwa kwa masiku awiri kapena atatu kuti aume. Mitu ikuluikulu ya anyezi igwiritsidwe ntchito msanga kapena kugulitsidwa chifukwa simasungika bwino
English: Cured bulbs should be tied in bunches by the leaves and hung along a string in an open sided store where there is free flow of air
Chichewa: Anyezi wouma amagwidwe mmipukutu kumasamba ake ndikupachikidwa pachingwe pamalo otsegula mmbali, pomwe pamadutsa mpweya bwinobwino
English: Okra thrives in low altitude areas with warm climate. It grows best in areas below 1,200m above sea level and in plateau areas only in summer
Chichewa: Thelele limalola kwambiri kumadera otsika komwe nyengo yake ndiyofunda. Limakula bwino mmadera omwe ali 1200m pamwamba panyanja ndipo kumadera okwera munyengo yotentha
English: It doesn’t do well on too acidic or water logged soil. Yields of 2,000 to 3,000kg per hectare green pods can be achieved over a 4 to 8 week harvesting period
Chichewa: Silimachita bwino mudothi lowawasa kwambiri kapena lodzadza madzi. Zokolola za makilogalamu 2,000 mpaka 3,000 pa hectare za ndolo zobiliwira za thelele zikhoza kutheka pokolola kwa sabata zinayi kufika zisanu ndi imodzi
English: Okra does not transplant well and should therefore be directly sown on ridges or beds
Chichewa: Thelele limavuta kwambiri kuwokera choncho liyenera kufetsedwa pamalo olimira, mmizere kapena mabedi
English: Sow 2 to 3seeds 2.5cm deep and 30cm apart in rows 60cm apart. For local cultivars sow at 60cm x 60cm. Sow every month from October to January for continuous supply
Chichewa: Fetsani njere ziwiri kapena zitatu padzenje lakuya 2.5cm komanso motalikirana 30cm mmakako otalikirana 60cm. Kwa mitundu yamakolo, fetsani mmakako otalikirana 60cm ndi mizere yotalikira 60cm. Fetsani mwezi uliwonse kuyambita Octiber mpaka January kuti lidzipezeka nthawi zonse
English: Carrot is biannual crop but is grown as an annual crop for its root. It will grow in nearly all areas in Malawi, although high soil temperatures will lead to the production of short roots
Chichewa: Kaloti ndi mmbewu yolimidwa kawiri pachaka koma imalimidwa kamodzi pachaka chifukwa cha mtsitsi yake. Ikhoza kukula mmadera onse ku Malawi, ngakhale kutentha kwa dothi kumapangitsa kuti mitsitsi ikhale yayifupi
English: A lighter textured soil well enriched with organic matter is best and it should not be very acidic
Chichewa: Dothi lopepuka, lachonde chokwanira ndilabwino kwambiri koma lisakhale lowawasa kwambiri
English: When the root is cut across, it shows two distinct layers, an outer and inner layer. High quality carrots have a larger outer area compared to the inner one
Chichewa: Pomwe mtsitsi wadulidwa pakati, umaonetsa magawo awiri odzindikirika bwino, gawo lakunja komanso gawo lamkati. Kaloti wabwino kwambiri amakhala ndi gawo lakunja lalikulu kusiyana ndi gawo lamkati
English: The outer layer contains more sugars and vitamins than inner layer. In order to improve yields and quality, the following cultural practices are recommended
Chichewa: Gawo lakunja limakhala ndi sugar ndi ma vitamin ambiri kuposa gawo lamkati. Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo zokolola komanso ubwino, njira zotsatirazi ndizoyenera
English: Sow seed directly and thinly in drills 30cm apart and 1.25cm deep. After emergence thin out the young plants to a spacing of 5 to 8cm apart
Chichewa: Fetsani njere mwachindunji ndipo mosinira mmayenje otakilirana 30cm ndipo akuya 1.25cm. Zikamera, patulirani mbewu zazing'ono kuti zitalikirane 5cm mpaka 8cm
English: Final thinning can be done later to 10 to 15cm. The seedlings being removed are usually suitable for consumption
Chichewa: Kupatulira komaliza kukhoza kuchitika kuti zitalikirane 10cm mpaka 15cm. Mbande zomwe zikuzulidwa ndizoyenera kudyedwa
English: About 14g of seed is required for every 30m of drill. Sow on beds during the rains and on the flat during the dry season. Sowings in January and February are difficult to establish due to heavy rains.
Chichewa: Pafupifupi magalamu 14 a njere ndiwoneyera pa ngalande iliyonse yotalika 30m. Fetsani pamabedi nthawi yamvula ndipo pamalo athyathyatha munyengo yadzuwa. Zofetsedwa mu January ndi February ndizovuta kukula chifukwa cha mvula yambiri
English: Irrigation is critical during crop establishment. Frequent application of water may prevent crusting and also burning off of young seedlings especially when grown during the dry season
Chichewa: Kuthilira ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti mbewu ikule. Kuthira madzi pafupipafupi kungathandize kupewa kulimba kwa dothi komanso kupya kwa mbewu makamaka pomwe zalimidwa nu nyengo youma
English: Roots are ready for harvesting when they are 3months old from sowing. Pull or lift the roots carefully
Chichewa: Mitsitsi imakhwima pakadutsa miyezi itatu pambuyo pakufetsa. Zulani kapena nyamulani mitsitsi mosamala
English: At this stage they are usually 1.5 to 2.5cm wide at the shoulders depending upon the variety
Chichewa: Panthawi imeneyi imakhala itakula 1.5cm kufika 2.5cm mmapewa mwake kutengera mtundu
English: Eggplants grow in nearly all areas satisfactorily, with the exception of the high plateau areas of 1,500m above sea level
Chichewa: Mabilingano amakula pafupifupi mmadera onse bwino lomwe kupatula mmadera okwera kuposa 1,500m pamwamba panyanja
English: They grow faster and yield better during summer. Soils should be well drained, fertile and relatively high inorganic matter
Chichewa: Amakula mwachangu ndipo zokolola zimakhala zochuluka nyengo yotentha. Dothi likhale lotaya madzi, lachonde lokhala ndi michere yochulukirapo
English: The fruits are harvested 75 to 90days after transplanting. Maturity can be tested by pressing a thumb against the side of the fruit
Chichewa: Zipatso zimakololedwa pakutha pa masiku 75 mpaka 90 pambuyo powokera. Kukhwima kungadziwidwe pofinya chala chachikulu mbali mwa zipatso
English: If the indentation springs back to its original shape, the fruit is immature. If the thumb pressure leaves an indentation in the flesh of the fruit, then the fruits are mature
Chichewa: Ngati kuthifuka kwake kukubwelera mmalo mwake, zipatso sidzinakhwime. Ngati kufinya ndi chala kukusiya polowa mkati pa mnofu wa zhipatso, ndiye kuti zipatso zakhwima
English: Harvest by cutting off the fruits regularly as soon as they mature. If fruits are not harvested regularly the plant will reduce flowering
Chichewa: Kololani podula zipatso pafupipafupi pamene zikukhwima. Ngati zipatso sidzinakololedwe pafupipafupi, mbewu imachepetsa kuchita maluwa
English: Handle with care to avoid bruising. Fruit picking lasts from 4 to 6 weeks depending on variety. Yields are usually 5 to12 fruits per plant
Chichewa: Gwirani mosamala popewa kusupuka. Kukolola zipatso kumatenga sabata zinayi kufika zisanu ndi ziwiri kutengera mtundu. Zokolo zimakhala zipatso zisanu kufika khumi ndi ziwiri pa mbewu
English: Lettuce is a cool season crop. It grows best in areas with a mean temperature of 10oC to 20oC
Chichewa: Letesi ndi mbewu yanthawi yozizira. Imakula bwino mmadera omwe nyengo yake ili pakati pa 10oC ndi 20oC
English: The crop may however be grown in low altitude areas during the cold season. Cool night temperatures are required for high quality lettuce
Chichewa: Mbewuyi ikhoza kulimidwa kumadera otsika nthawi yozizira. Kuzizira kwa usiku kumafunikira kuti letesi achite bwino
English: Well drained fertile soils with pH range of 6 to 7 are desirable for lettuce growing
Chichewa: Dothi lachonde lowawasa 6 mpaka 7 ndiloyenera kulima letesi
English: At low altitudes during hot months, lettuce does not produce heads. Yields of 30,000 to 40,000kg per hectare can be obtained depending on variety and management
Chichewa: Mmalo otsika mmiyezi yotentha, letesi samatulutsa mitu. Zokolola za malikogalamu 30,000 mpaka 40,000 pa hectare zimatheka kutengera ndi mtundu komanso kasamalidwe
English: Cucumber will grow well in all areas up to an altitude of 1,800m above sea level. The soil should be fertile and well supplied with compost manure
Chichewa: Mkhaka zimakula bwino mmadera onse mpaka madera okwera kuposa 1,800m pamwamba panyanja. Dothi likhale lachonde komanso lothiridwa bwino manyowa
English: Cucumbers are usually directly sown although they can be started as transplants, seed can be sown into small pots in the nursery and transplanted later
Chichewa: Mkhaka zimabzalidwa mwachindunji ngakhale zingathe kuyamba ngati mbande, nthanga zikhoza kufetsedwa mmitsuko ing'onoing'ono ku nazale ndi kuwokeredwa pambuyo pake
English: Cucumber vines are easily trained on to trellis, fence, or cage. It is best done by erecting a frame on which the trailing vines can be tied
Chichewa: Mitawi ya mkhaka imakoletsedwa mosavuta kumitengo kapena mpanda. Ndi zabwino kuyimitsa mitengo yomwe mitawi ya mkhaka ingakolekedwe
English: When vines of long- fruited varieties are supported, the fruits hang free and are long and straight
Chichewa: Pamene mitawi ya mitundu yotalika kwambiri yathandizidwa poyikoleka kumitengo, zipatso zake zimalendewera ndipo zimatalika komanso kuwongoka
English: This reduces damage by diseases and results in higher yields of high quality fruit. Remove the main growing points at 90cm to encourage the development of lateral shoots
Chichewa: Izi zimachepetsa kuwonongeka ndi matenda ndipo zimabweretsa zokolola zochuluka zabwino. Chotsani gawo lomwe likukula zikafika mulingo wa 90cm pofuna kulimbikitsa kuphuka kwa mthambi
English: Cucumbers are relatively shallow- rooted and require irrigation in most parts of the country. Apply plenty of water especially during the dry season
Chichewa: Mkhaka zili ndi mitsitsi yomwe silowa pansi kwambiri ndipo imafuna kuthilira mmadera ambiri mdziko muno. Thilirani madzi ambirimbiri makamaka nyengo youma
English: Weed regularly to reduce competition for plant nutrients, soil moisture and light
Chichewa: Palirani kawirikawiri kuti muchepetse mpikisano wa michere ya mbewu, dothi, chinyezi ndi kuwala
English: Cucumbers are usually harvested immature and are of high quality when they are dark green, firm and crisp
Chichewa: Mkhaka zimakololedwa zosakhwima ndipo zikakhala zabwino pamene zili zobiliwira kwambiri, zolimba komanso zotafunika
English: Harvest by cutting fruits regularly, not allowing them to become over mature. Allowing the fruit to fully develop their seeds reduces the vigor of the plant and the yield of the crop
Chichewa: Kololani podula zipatso pafupafupi, osalola kuti zikhwime kwambiri. Kulola zipatso kukhwima mpaka kupanga nthanga kumachepetsa mphamvu ya mbewu komanso zokolola
English: Harvesting period varies with variety and can extend from 4 to 8 weeks and even more
Chichewa: Nthawi yokolola imasiyana ndipo ikhoza kupitilira sabata zinayi mpaka zisanu ndi zitatu penanso kuposa apa
English: To induce the plant to produce continuously, fruits should be picked every other day, even if the fruits are not required
Chichewa: Kuti mbewu idzibeleka mosadukiza, zipatso zidzdikoloedwa tsiku lina lirilonse, ngakhale zipatsozo sidzikufunika
English: For a long time the nation has depended on naturally growing mushrooms, collected from the forests and gardens only during the rainy seasons and sometimes in localized areas
Chichewa: Kwa nthawi yayitali, dziko lino lakhala likudalira pa bowa womera yekha, wotoleledwa munkhalango ndiponso wopezeka mu nyengo yamvula yokha ndipo kumadera okhadzikika
English: Wrong identification of mushrooms has resulted in poisoning hence the need to have the cultivated strains that are known and are safe for consumption
Chichewa: Kuzindikira molakwika bowa kwachititsa anthu kudya bowa woyipa motero pali kufunika kokhala ndi mitundu yabowa yobzalidwa yomwe ikudziwika ndiponso yabwino kudya
English: Mushrooms are an important source of proteins, vitamins and minerals which are vital for good health
Chichewa: Bowa ndi wofunikira ngati mopezera zakudya zomakha thupi, ma vitamin komanso michere yomwe ndiyofunika kwambiri panthanzi
English: They are also a good source of income to growers and can help to save foreign exchange by import substitution
Chichewa: Ndiwabwinonso ngati mopezera chuma kwa alimi ndipo ungathandize kupulumutsa ndalama zakunja posiya kugula kudziko lakunja
English: Mushroom production can assist in diversification and provides a better way of utilizing crop, forestry and animal wastes
Chichewa: Ulimi wa bowa ungathandize kuwonjezera komanso kupeleka njira zina zabwino zogwiritsira ntchito mbewu, zamkhalango ndi ndowe zaziweto
English: Additionally they don’t require a large piece of land for cultivation and most importantly production can be done at a time when most agricultural activities have ended
Chichewa: Kuphatikizapo, sumafuna malo ambiri olimira ndipo kofunika kwambiri ulimi ukhoza kuchitika panthawi yomwe zochitika zaulimi zatha
English: Mushrooms can be grown throughout the year in cool areas but during cool months in warm areas. Presently, 2 types of mushrooms are grown in Malawi, that is oyster and button mushrooms
Chichewa: Bowa ungathe kulimidwa chaka chonse mmadera ozizira koma mmiyezi yozizira kumadera otentha. Padakali pano, mitundu iwiri ya bowa imalimidwa mMalawi, yomwe ndi Oyster ndi bowa wa batani.
English: Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) is relatively new type of mushroom in Malawi and is picking very well
Chichewa: Bowa wa Oyster (Plurotus spp) ndi mtundu watsopano wa bowa ku Malawi ndipo ukuchita bwino
English: It is also very versatile and relatively easy to growth than button mushrooms because of its low input requirement and nature
Chichewa: Ndiwosavuta kulima kusiyana ndi bowa wa batani chifukwa siumafuna zipangizo zochuluka komanso khalidwe lake
English: Yield levels are very elastic, varying from one substrate to another. The biological efficacy ranges from a slow as 20% to as high as 10%
Chichewa: Zokolola zimasinthasintha, kutengera malo olimira. Kupilira kuchilengedwe kwake kumayambira motsika pa 20% ndikukwera kufika 10%
English: This is where mushroom production takes place. It can be cheaply constructed from a wooden framework covered with a plastic sheet (clear or black) and optionally thatched with grass
Chichewa: Umu ndimomwe ulimi wa bowa umachitikira. Chikhoza kukonzedwa mosalira ndalama zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito matabwa okutidwa ndi pepala la plastic loonekera nkati kapena lakuda ndipo lofoleledwa ndi udzu
English: It can either have a rack if the hanging method is to be used. Alternatively, some designs may have an ‘A ‘frame with two shelves at the bottom one on each side
Chichewa: Chikhoza kukhala ndi thandala ngati njira yokoleka mmalele ingatsatidwe. Kapena pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya A-Frame yomwe imakhala ndi malo awiri oyika zinthu pansi pake mbali ziwiri zonse
English: Colonization of mycelia does not require light but it is necessary for fruiting
Chichewa: Kufalikira kwa njere za bowa sikumalira kuwala koma ndikofunikira pobeleka
English: This is where spawning bags are incubated for substrate colonization. Alternatively a black plastic sheet can be used to cover the bags in the same fruiting house
Chichewa: Umu ndimomwe matumba oyikira bowa amasungidwa kuti mbewu ifalikire. Pena pepala la plastic lakuda likhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuphimba matumba mnyumba yomweyo yobelekera zipatso
English: These are required for monitoring the environmental conditions (relative humidity and temperature) in the mushroom house
Chichewa: izi ndi zofunika powunikira nyengo makamaka chinyezi mumpweya ndi kutentha mmnyumba ya bowa
English: These are used for water application on to fruiting bags during cropping. The water can or a bucket can be used for watering the floors to control relative humidity and temperature
Chichewa: Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pothilira madzi mmatumba ochitira zipatso pamene ukukula. Ndowa yothililila ikhoza kugwirritsidwa ntchito pothilila pansi pothana ndi kukwera kwa chinyezi komanso kutentha
English: Either of these can be used as substrate with good results. Finely chopped dry maize stalks, rice straw
Chichewa: Chimodzi mwa ziwirizi chikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo olimira ndi zotsatira zabwino. Mapesi ouma a chimanga, mpunga odulidwa bwino
English: Shredded maize cobs wither without supplementation. Cotton waste with or without supplementation.
Chichewa: zikonyo zachimanga zonyenyedwa bwino zimawola popanda kuwonjezerapo kanthu. Zotsalira zathonje zokhala ndi zowonjezera kapena zopanda zowonjezera