Datasets:

dkoterwa

/

msmarco_retrieval

like 0

{ "is_selected": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "passage_text": [ "Free work force to build bright future. GULAG is the Russian acronym for The Chief Administration of Corrective Labor Camps and Colonies of the Soviet Secret Police and is nowadays a vivid symbol of the lawlessness, slave labor and tyranny of the Stalin era. The enemies of the state and the criminals. The Gulag reached its peak after 1929 during the rule of Joseph Stalin, who used it to maintain the Soviet state by keeping its populace in a constant state of terror. By 1934 the Gulag had several million inmates.", "Definition of GULAG. : the penal system of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics consisting of a network of labor camps; also: labor camp 1. ADVERTISEMENT", "THE GULAG. The Soviet system of forced labor camps was first established in 1919 under the Cheka, but it was not until the early 1930s that the camp population reached significant numbers. After Stalin died in 1953, the Gulag population was reduced significantly, and conditions for inmates somewhat improved. Forced labor camps continued to exist, although on a small scale, into the Gorbachev period, and the government even opened some camps to scrutiny by journalists and human rights activists.", "Although the term Gulag originally referred to a government agency, in English and many other languages the acronym acquired the qualities of a common noun, denoting the Soviet system of prison-based, unfree labor. Western authors use Gulag to denote all the prisons and internment camps in the Soviet Union. The term's contemporary usage is notably unrelated to the USSR, such as in the expression “ North Korea's Gulag ” for camps operational today.", "gulag. 1. A Russian word, originally an acronym, meaning a forcedlabor camp. 2. The Russian administration of forced labor camps (acronym for State, or Main, Administration of Corrective Labor Camps) from the 1930s. Gulag. n. 1. (Historical Terms) (formerly) the central administrative department of the Soviet security service, established in 1930, responsible for maintaining prisons and forced labour camps.", "The Gulag Archipelago (Russian: архипелаг гулаг, Arkhipelag GULAG) is a book by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn about the Soviet forced labour camp system. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the formation of the Russian Federation, The Gulag Archipelago has been officially published, and it has been included in the high school program in Russia as mandatory reading since 2009.", "[ɡʊˈlak]. ) was the government agency that administered the main Soviet forced labor camp systems during the Stalin era, from the 1930s until the 1950s. The first such camps were created in 1918 and the term is widely used to describe any forced labor camp in the USSR. Western authors use Gulag to denote all the prisons and internment camps in the Soviet Union. The term's contemporary usage is notably unrelated to the USSR, such as in the expression “ North Korea's Gulag ” for camps operational today.", "Gulag camps existed throughout the Soviet Union, but the largest camps lay in the most extreme geographical and climatic regions of the country from the Arctic north to the Siberian east and the Central Asian south. The term “. ” is an acronym for the Soviet bureaucratic institution, Glavnoe Upravlenie ispravitel’no-trudovykh LAGerei (Main Administration of Corrective Labor Camps), that operated the Soviet system of forced labor camps in the Stalin era.", "The word Gulag was not often used in Russian — either officially or colloquially; the predominant terms were the camps (лагеря, lagerya) and the zone (зона, zona), usually singular — for the labor camp system and for the individual camps. Western authors use Gulag to denote all the prisons and internment camps in the Soviet Union. The term's contemporary usage is notably unrelated to the USSR, such as in the expression “ North Korea's Gulag ” for camps operational today.", "A gulag is a forced labor camp; the term is derived from the Russian Glavnoye Upravleniye Ispravitel'no-Trudovykh Lagerey i koloniy, or “Chief Administration of Corrective Labor Camps,” an institution in the former Soviet Union. " ], "url": [ "http://russiapedia.rt.com/of-russian-origin/the-gulag/", "http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gulag", "http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/gula.html", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag", "http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gulag", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gulag_Archipelago", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag", "http://gulaghistory.org/nps/onlineexhibit/stalin/", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag", "http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-gulag.htm" ] }

[ "The Gulag Archipelago (Russian: архипелаг гулаг, Arkhipelag GULAG) is a book by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn about the Soviet forced labour camp system. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the formation of the Russian Federation, The Gulag Archipelago has been officially published, and it has been included in the high school program in Russia as mandatory reading since 2009." ]

{ "is_selected": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1 ], "passage_text": [ "DISCONTINUED BRAND: Relafen. DRUG CLASS AND MECHANISM: Nabumetone belongs to a class of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Other members of this class include ibuprofen (Motrin), indomethacin (Indocin), naproxen (Aleve) and several others. ", "Kidney problems can sometimes occur with the use of NSAID medications, including nabumetone. Problems are more likely to occur if you are dehydrated, have heart failure or kidney disease, are an older adult, or if you take certain medications (see also Drug Interactions section). Uses. Nabumetone is used to reduce pain, swelling, and joint stiffness from arthritis. This medication is known as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). If you are treating a chronic condition such as arthritis, ask your doctor about non-drug treatments and/or using other medications to treat your pain.", "Updated: Nabumetone is a prescription medication used to relieve the pain and swelling of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Nabumetone belongs to a group of medications called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which work by stopping substances in your body that cause inflammation and pain. This medication comes in tablet form and is taken once or twice daily, with or without food", "Nabumetone Side Effects. Nabumetone is the generic form of the brand-name drug Relafen, a prescription medicine used to treat pain and inflammation caused by osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or gout. Nabumetone is in a class of medications called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It works by blocking an enzyme that creates a hormone (prostaglandin) that causes inflammation and pain. 9 Reviews. Nabumetone is the generic form of the brand-name drug Relafen, a prescription medicine used to treat pain and inflammation caused by osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or gout. Nabumetone is in a class of medications called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).", "Nabumetone-A New Nsaid. Nabumetone (Relafen-SmithKline Beecham), a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. The drug has been available in the United Kingdom since 1987. ", "0. Nabumetone is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-it is also referred to as an NSAID. Take your doses after a meal or snack. Tell your doctor if you have ever had a bad reaction to any other anti-inflammatory painkiller. 1 If you have ever had an allergic reaction to any other NSAID (such as aspirin, naproxen, ibuprofen, and indometacin), or to any other medicine. 2 Before you start taking nabumetone read the manufacturer's printed information leaflet from inside the pack.", "Nabumetone is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), the only 1-naphthaleneacetic acid derivative. Nabumetone has been developed by Beecham. It is available under numerous brand names, such as Relafen, Relifex, and Gambaran. ", "Featured article ». Nabumetone is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat mild to moderate pain and help relieve symptoms of arthritis (osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis), such as inflammation, swelling, stiffness, and joint pain. " ], "url": [ "http://www.medicinenet.com/nabumetone/article.htm", "http://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-7005/nabumetone-oral/details", "http://www.rxwiki.com/nabumetone", "http://www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/nabumetone", "http://secure.medicalletter.org/cannotaccess?ac=1&a=868b&t=article&n=9484&p=tml&title=Nabumetone%20-%20A%20New%20Nsaid&i=868", "http://patient.info/medicine/nabumetone-for-pain-and-inflammation-relifex", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relafen", "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011314/" ] }

[ "Featured article ». Nabumetone is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat mild to moderate pain and help relieve symptoms of arthritis (osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis), such as inflammation, swelling, stiffness, and joint pain. " ]

{ "is_selected": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0 ], "passage_text": [ "Liver blood tests are some of the most commonly performed blood tests. These tests can be used to assess liver functions or liver injury. An initial step in detecting liver damage is a simple blood test to determine the level of certain liver enzymes (proteins) in the blood. If the liver is injured or damaged, the liver cells spill these enzymes into the blood, raising the AST and ALT enzyme blood levels and signaling liver disease. Other blood tests pertaining to the liver are measurements of some of the other enzymes found the liver.", "The alanine aminotransferase (ALT) test is typically used to detect liver injury. It is often ordered in conjunction with aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or as part of a liver panel to screen for and/or help diagnose liver disease. ALT is often performed together with a test for AST or as part of a liver panel. For more about ALT results in relation to other liver tests, see the Liver Panel article.", "Liver function tests check the blood for two main liver enzymes: 1 Aspartate aminotransferase (AST). 2 The AST enzyme is also found in muscles and many other tissues besides the liver. 3 Alanine aminotransferase (ALT). 4 ALT is almost exclusively found in the liver. Liver function tests. Liver function tests or LFTs, may be arranged to help diagnose or monitor liver problems. Liver function tests include alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin, total protein and bilirubin.", "An aspartate aminotransferase (AST) test is done to: 1 Check for liver damage. 2 Help identify liver disease, especially hepatitis and cirrhosis. 3 Liver disease may produce symptoms such as pain in the upper abdomen, nausea, vomiting, and sometimes jaundice. 4 Check on the success of treatment for liver disease. An aspartate aminotransferase (AST) test is done to: 1 Check for liver damage. 2 Help identify liver disease, especially hepatitis and cirrhosis. 3 Check on the success of treatment for liver disease. 4 Find out whether jaundice was caused by a blood disorder or liver disease. 5 Keep track of the effects of medicines that can damage the liver.", "Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST). Guide. An aspartate aminotransferase (AST) test measures the amount of this enzyme in the blood. AST is normally found in red blood cells, liver, heart, muscle tissue, pancreas, and kidneys. AST formerly was called serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT). Low levels of AST are normally found in the blood. An aspartate aminotransferase (AST) test is done to: 1 Check for liver damage. 2 Help identify liver disease, especially hepatitis and cirrhosis. 3 Check on the success of treatment for liver disease. 4 Find out whether jaundice was caused by a blood disorder or liver disease. 5 Keep track of the effects of medicines that can damage the liver.", "AST stands for aspartate transaminase. It is an enzyme found in various cells, including liver cells, and elevated levels may indicate liver damage, but must be interpreted in the context of other liver tests, as it is not only found in liver cells, but other cell types as well.", "AST is the abbreviation for aspartate aminotransferase, which is an enzyme that is commonly found in the liver, heart and muscles. A blood test that reveals a high AST level does not necessarily imply that there is liver disease present. In fact, AST levels can become elevated after strenuous exercise and as a result of pregnancy.", "AST Blood Test. The blood test for AST or aspartate transaminase is a test to reveal injury to certain organs, specifically the liver. Aspartate transaminase is an enzyme that is responsible for the creation of glutamate and oxaloacetate. ", "They include aspartate aminotransferase (AST or SGOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT). These enzymes are normally contained within liver cells. If the liver is injured, the liver cells spill the enzymes into blood, raising the enzyme levels in the blood and signaling the liver damage. It is an enzyme found in various cells, including liver cells, and elevated levels may indicate liver damage, but must be interpreted in the context of other liver tests, as it is not only found in liver cells, but other cell types as well." ], "url": [ "http://www.medicinenet.com/liver_blood_tests/article.htm", "https://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/alt/tab/test", "http://www.webmd.boots.com/a-to-z-guides/liver-function-tests", "http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/aspartate-aminotransferase-ast", "http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/aspartate-aminotransferase-ast", "http://www.answers.com/Q/What_does_AST_on_a_blood_test_mean", "http://www.ehow.com/about_5313671_ast-blood-test.html", "http://www.medicalhealthtests.com/blood-tests/blood-test-ast.html", "http://www.answers.com/Q/What_does_AST_on_a_blood_test_mean" ] }

[ "AST Blood Test. The blood test for AST or aspartate transaminase is a test to reveal injury to certain organs, specifically the liver. Aspartate transaminase is an enzyme that is responsible for the creation of glutamate and oxaloacetate. " ]

{ "is_selected": [ 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "passage_text": [ "1 Rebound insomnia, however, is more common upon discontinuation of intermediate-acting benzodiazepines than longer-acting benzodiazepines. 2 Examples are alprazolam, estazolam, flunitrazepam, clonazepam, lormetazepam, lorazepam, nitrazepam, and temazepam. 3 Long-acting compounds have a half-life of 40–250 hours. The term benzodiazepine is the chemical name for the heterocyclic ring system (see figure to the right), which is a fusion between the benzene and diazepine ring systems.", "1 4,5-cyclised benzodiazepines (e.g. ketazolam, cloxazolam etc.), and other compounds not researched by Roche. 2 Benzodiazepines developed more recently (e.g. remimazolam, QH-ii-066, Ro48-6791 etc.). 3 Designer benzodiazepines for which in vitro binding data is unavailable (e.g. flubromazolam, pyrazolam etc.). Equivalencies between individual benzodiazepines can differ by 400 fold on a mg per mg basis; awareness of this fact is necessary for the safe and effective use of benzodiazepines.", "On balance, intermediate-acting compounds such as temazepam or lormetazepam are to be preferred: longer-acting compounds may produce residual and cumulative effects, whereas shorter-acting compounds such as triazolam may be associated with increases in daytime anxiety. Intermittent use is often advisable (32). Temazepam is a medium-acting benzodiazepine and residual effects are infrequent after 10 or 20 but appreciable after 30 or 40 mg (16). The chlorinated derivative, lormetazepam, has similar properties in doses of 0.5 to 1 mg. Triazolam is a very short-acting hypnotic and residual effects would not be expected (17).", "Chemistry. Benzodiazepine is a heterocyclic compound comprised of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Benzodiazepine drugs are substituted 1,4-benzodiazepines with different side groups attached to the central structure", "By K K Jain MD. Benzodiazepines are psychoactive drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring. The first benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered in 1955 and became available for clinical use in 1960 (Sternbach 1972). A classification of benzodiazepines into various types based on chemical structure is as follows: 1 2-keto compounds: chlordiazepoxide, clorazepate, diazepam, flurazepam, halazepam, prazepam, and others. 2 3-hydroxy compounds: lorazepam, lormetazepam, oxazepam, temazepam.", "The subset of GABA A receptors that also bind benzodiazepines are referred to as benzodiazepine receptors (BzR). The GABA A receptor is a heteromer composed of five subunits, the most common ones being two α s, two β s, and one γ (α 2 β 2 γ). For each subunit, many subtypes exist (α 1–6, β 1–3, and γ 1–3). The term benzodiazepine is the chemical name for the heterocyclic ring system (see figure to the right), which is a fusion between the benzene and diazepine ring systems.", "The benzodiazepines are a class of drugs with hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, amnestic and muscle relaxant properties. Benzodiazepines are often used for short-term relief of severe, disabling anxiety or insomnia. Long-term use can be problematic due to the development of tolerance and dependency. Benzodiazepines are commonly divided into three groups. Short-acting compounds act for less than six hours and have few residual effects if taken before bedtime, but rebound insomnia may occur and they might cause wake-time anxiety.", "Long-acting benzodiazepines with long-acting active metabolites such as diazepam and chlordiazepoxide are often prescribed for benzodiazepine or alcohol withdrawal as well as for anxiety if constant dose levels are required throughout the day. Equivalencies between individual benzodiazepines can differ by 400 fold on a mg per mg basis; awareness of this fact is necessary for the safe and effective use of benzodiazepines." ], "url": [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_benzodiazepines", "http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.me.38.020187.000315", "https://psychonautwiki.org/wiki/Benzodiazepines", "http://www.medmerits.com/index.php/article/diazepam/P1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine", "http://www.addictioncareclinic.com/201104benzodiazepine.html", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_benzodiazepines" ] }

[ "Chemistry. Benzodiazepine is a heterocyclic compound comprised of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Benzodiazepine drugs are substituted 1,4-benzodiazepines with different side groups attached to the central structure" ]

{ "is_selected": [ 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "passage_text": [ "Sick leave (or paid sick days or sick pay) is time off from work that workers can use to stay home to address their health and safety needs without losing pay. Paid sick leave is a statutory requirement in many nations around the world.", "1 Sick leave is not earned during periods of leave when an employee is not in pay status. 2 While an employee is on a paid sick leave (or vacation leave) they do accrue leave.", "General Sick Leave Policies. 1 Sick leave is not earned during periods of leave when an employee is not in pay status. 2 While an employee is on a paid sick leave (or vacation leave) they do accrue leave. 3 Holidays recognized by the University will not be included in sick leave.", "FMLA vs SICK LEAVE. FMLA stands for Family and Medical Leave Act while Sick Leave or paid sick leave means the number of days off the employee is entitled to with full pay and benefits. FMLA is a federal act that was passed in 1993 and applies to the entire United States of America.", "Sick leave is a qualified right of the employee and may be used only for the reasons defined below: 1. When the employee or one of his or her family members has a medical, dental or optical examination. 2. When the employee cannot work because of a physical or mental illness, injury, pregnancy, or childbirth. 3.", "Sick Leave is intended to provide continuity of income to the employee in the event of health related issues that prevent the employee from working his or her regularly paid hours.", "An employee is entitled to use sick leave if health authorities or a health care provider determine that the employee's family member's presence in the community would jeopardize the health of others because of exposure to a communicable disease.", "1 Provides that leave can be taken as paid sick leave if the employer has five or more employees who work more than 80 hours a calendar year in New York City and provides unpaid sick leave if the employer has one to four employees who work more than 80 hours a calendar year in New York City." ], "url": [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sick_leave", "http://www.siue.edu/humanresources/benefits/leaves/cs/sick-leave-policies.shtml", "http://www.siue.edu/humanresources/benefits/leaves/cs/sick-leave-policies.shtml", "http://www.differencebetween.net/business/difference-between-fmla-and-sick-leave/", "http://cpol.army.mil/library/permiss/5018.html", "http://kdla.ky.gov/librarians/Documents/Sick%20Leave%20Policy.doc", "http://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/pay-leave/leave-administration/fact-sheets/sick-leave-for-family-care-or-bereavement-purposes/", "http://www1.nyc.gov/site/dca/about/paid-sick-leave-FAQs.page" ] }

[ "Sick leave (or paid sick days or sick pay) is time off from work that workers can use to stay home to address their health and safety needs without losing pay. Paid sick leave is a statutory requirement in many nations around the world." ]

{ "is_selected": [ 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 ], "passage_text": [ "The federal Judicial Branch, consisting of the US District Courts, the US Court of International Trade, the US Court of Appeals Circuit Courts and the US Supreme Court can dec … lare acts of Congress unconstitutional, but only if the act has already been signed into law and is relevant to a case before the court.", "Judicial Review Article III (constitutional) federal courts in the Judicial Branch of government may declare a law unconstitutional under the doctrine of judicial review, but … only if the law is relevant to a case or controversy before the court.", "The U.S. Constitution separates the U.S. government into legislative, executive and judicial branches. Each branch has its own set of powers and responsibilities. The legislative branch passes laws; the executive branch -- headed by the President of the United States -- can either sign or veto laws passed by Congress. However, even when a law is passed and signed, the judicial branch can nullify it by declaring it unconstitutional.", "Checks and Balances. The U.S. government is designed such that the three branches of the federal government have a number of built-in checks and balances. The judicial branch can declare laws passed by Congress or executive acts by the President of the United States unconstitutional, thus legally voiding them. However, all federal judges are nominated by the president and approved by the Senate. Additionally, Congress can remove a federal judge from office by impeachment.", "No other court has the power to declare laws unconstitutional than the Supreme Court. That is why it has the word supreme in it, no other court has this name I presume. Because they are one of the 3 branches of the government that hold such prestige besides the executive and the legislative branch of the government.", "Certainly all federal courts (District, Appeals, and Supreme Court) can declare a law unconstitutional. The District courts may do so only if it is consistent with the controlling law in their court of appeals circuit.", "In other words, the Supreme Court may declare legislation unconstitutional. Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, and Franklin Roosevelt are three notable presidents who have been critical of this asserted power. Nevertheless the Supreme Court's power to decide constitutionality is a basic feature of U.S. law." ], "url": [ "http://www.answers.com/Q/What_branch_can_declare_laws_unconstitutional", "http://www.answers.com/Q/What_branch_of_government_has_the_power_to_declare_laws_and_acts_of_Congress_unconstitutional", "http://classroom.synonym.com/branch-can-declare-acts-congress-unconstitutional-9609.html", "http://classroom.synonym.com/branch-can-declare-acts-congress-unconstitutional-9609.html", "https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20130304044053AAHbS7D", "https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20130304044053AAHbS7D", "http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brad-reid/may-the-supreme-court-dec_b_1379669.html" ] }

[ "Checks and Balances. The U.S. government is designed such that the three branches of the federal government have a number of built-in checks and balances. The judicial branch can declare laws passed by Congress or executive acts by the President of the United States unconstitutional, thus legally voiding them. However, all federal judges are nominated by the president and approved by the Senate. Additionally, Congress can remove a federal judge from office by impeachment." ]

{ "is_selected": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0 ], "passage_text": [ "Bacteria in food production. Bacteria are used to make a wide range of food products. The most important bacteria in food manufacturing are Lactobacillus species, also referred to as lactic bacteria. Dairy industry. It would be impossible to make cheese without a starter culture. ", "Also like plants, they give off oxygen. Other bacteria absorb food from the material they live on or in. Some of these bacteria can live off unusual foods such as iron or sulfur. The microbes that live in your gut absorb nutrients from the digested food you've eaten. ", "Foodborne illness is caused by eating or drinking food that contains disease causing agents. The most common causes of foodborne diseases are bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Foods containing toxic chemicals can cause foodborne diseases as well. Typically, our immune system fights off germs to prevent illness. There are over two hundred types of bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can cause foodborne diseases. Reactions to these germs can range from mild gastric and digestive system discomfort to death. The easiest way to prevent foodborne illness is to properly handle and cook foods.", "Probiotics may be beneficial to your health, and they are available in yogurt or in various dietary supplements, according to the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Probiotics have also been formulated into suppositories and creams for specific uses. Although there is some clinical evidence that the different types of good bacteria can address certain medical conditions, you should not use probiotics or any other dietary supplement without first consulting your doctor. Good bacteria, also called probiotics, are similar to bacteria that reside naturally in your body.", "Lactobacillus. There are more than 80 species of the Lactobacillus genus of probiotics. One of these species, acidophilus, is the most frequently used good bacterium, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center. Lactobacillus acidophilus, also called L. acidophilus, resides in the intestines where it helps in the digestion of food. Good bacteria, also called probiotics, are similar to bacteria that reside naturally in your body.", "2. Yogurt. This is probably the best-known healthy bacteria food of all. Look for low-sugar and lower-calorie yogurts that contain lactobacillus, bifidus and acidophilus to reap the stomach-health benefits. 3. Sauerkraut. ", "Yogurt. Yogurt is one of the most familiar sources of probiotics -- good bacteria that keep a healthy balance in your gut. Studies suggest that probiotics can help ease lactose intolerance. They also may help tame gas, diarrhea, and other digestive problems. ", "Nutrition. Bacteria are generally classified as either helpful or harmful. Bacteria can be found everywhere, and appear on every surface and every part of the human body. The helpful bacteria are those commonly found in yogurt and in the making of cheeses, and are good for the intestinal tract. Type #4: Enteritis Salmonella. Enteritis salmonella is the most common cause of food poisoning in the developed world. This strain does not usually affect adults since the gastric juices kill the bacteria and prevent its spread. It does, however attack children and infants, causing serious dehydration and vomiting.", "E.coli or Escherichia coli are bacteria that normally live in the intestines of humans and animals. Although, most strains of these bacteria are harmless, several are known to produce toxins that can cause diarrhea. One particular E.coli strain called 0157 can cause severe diarrhea and kidney damage. " ], "url": [ "http://www.effca.org/content/bacteria-food-production", "http://www.microbeworld.org/types-of-microbes/bacteria", "http://biology.about.com/od/bacteriology/a/aa072706a.htm", "http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/list-good-bacteria-7771.html", "http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/list-good-bacteria-7771.html", "http://www.shape.com/latest-news-trends/5-good-you-foods-healthy-bacteria-your-stomach", "http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/probiotics-15/slideshow-probiotics", "http://www.3fatchicks.com/5-harmful-types-of-bacteria/", "http://www.accepta.com/environmental-water-wastewater-knowledge/pathogen-control-knowledge/297-food-poisoning-bacteria-salmonella-listeria-e-coli-0157-campylobacter" ] }

[ "Lactobacillus. There are more than 80 species of the Lactobacillus genus of probiotics. One of these species, acidophilus, is the most frequently used good bacterium, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center. Lactobacillus acidophilus, also called L. acidophilus, resides in the intestines where it helps in the digestion of food. Good bacteria, also called probiotics, are similar to bacteria that reside naturally in your body.", "Yogurt. Yogurt is one of the most familiar sources of probiotics -- good bacteria that keep a healthy balance in your gut. Studies suggest that probiotics can help ease lactose intolerance. They also may help tame gas, diarrhea, and other digestive problems. " ]

{ "is_selected": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1 ], "passage_text": [ "… Others claim that the Sarmatians, a people originally of Iranian stock who lived by the Black Sea, invented the saddle, including stirrups and spurs, around 365 A.D.. They were skilled horsemen who trained their horses for use in battle.", "It is unknown who invented the very first horse bits as it was created well before 3500 BC and most were made of leather or cloth and have not survived over the following cent … uries. The first patent for a bit was given to L.F. Brown in October 25th 1892.", "That is how the modern English style saddle came about. The western saddle was invented by Mexican Vaquero's who used the Iberian saddle and added a horn to the front to attach ropes and equipment. The western saddle was designed for the riders comfort in mind and not the horses when they were first created.", "It is uncertain who invented the first horseshoe. It is known that as early as the 6th century, European horsemen began nailing metal shoes to the bottoms of horse hooves. Thi … s was a development from the leather and organic shoes that were used by Asian horsemen to that point in history.", "The oldest surviving saddle was found on the back of a mummified horse in Pazryrk, Siberia. It is thought to date back to 3000 BC.", "The western saddle was invented by Mexican Vaquero's who used the Iberian saddle and added a horn to the front to attach ropes and equipment. The western saddle was designed for the riders comfort in mind and not the horses when they were first created. 7 people found this useful.", "Early day horseman rode bareback. From traveling to waging war, for hundreds of years, man rode without a saddle. The first saddle is believed to have been invented in 365 AD by the Sarmations. Proud horsemen who used their horses in battle and also sacrificed them to the gods, their saddle creations were brought back to Europe by the Huns." ], "url": [ "http://www.answers.com/Q/Who_invented_horses", "http://www.answers.com/Q/Who_invented_horses", "http://www.answers.com/Q/Who_invented_the_horse_riding_saddle", "http://www.answers.com/Q/Who_invented_horses", "http://www.ehow.com/facts_4894664_who-invented-horse-saddle.html", "http://www.answers.com/Q/Who_invented_horses", "http://www.horse.com/horse-articles/the-history-of-the-western-saddle/9601/" ] }

[ "Early day horseman rode bareback. From traveling to waging war, for hundreds of years, man rode without a saddle. The first saddle is believed to have been invented in 365 AD by the Sarmations. Proud horsemen who used their horses in battle and also sacrificed them to the gods, their saddle creations were brought back to Europe by the Huns." ]

{ "is_selected": [ 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "passage_text": [ "1 Toss together arepa flour, cheese, and 1/8 teaspoon salt in a bowl, then stir in water until incorporated. 2 Let stand until enough water is absorbed for a soft dough to form, 1 to 2 minutes (dough will continue to stiffen). Preparation. 1 ", "Advertisements. 1 Combine arepa flour and salt in a medium bowl. 2 Make a well in the center and add 2 1/2 cups warm water. 3 Using a wooden spoon, gradually incorporate dry ingredients, stirring until no dry lumps remain. 1 Heat 1 tablespoons oil in a large nonstick skillet over medium heat. 2 Add 4 arepas, cover, and cook until golden brown, 6–8 minutes. 3 Uncover, flip, and cook (keep uncovered) until other side is golden brown, 6–8 minutes. 4 Transfer arepas to a wire rack. 5 Repeat with remaining 1 tablespoons oil and dough", "Arepa (. [aˈɾepa]) is a flatbread made of ground maize dough or cooked flour prominent in the cuisine of Colombia and Venezuela. It is eaten daily in those countries and can be served with various accompaniments such as cheese (cuajada), avocado, or (especially in Venezuela) split and used to make sandwiches. Arepa flour is specially prepared (cooked in water, then dried) for making arepas and other maize dough-based dishes, such as hallacas, bollos, tamales, empanadas and chicha. The flour may be called masarepa, masa de arepa, masa al instante, or harina precocida.", "1 Stir the salt into the arepa flour. 2 Pour 2 3/4 cups of hot water over flour and mix well with a wooden spoon. 3 Stir in the melted butter. 4 Cover dough with plastic wrap and let rest 15 minutes. 5 If preparing the thicker arepas, separate dough into 12 pieces. 6 Shape each piece into a smooth ball. Preparation. 1 Stir the salt into the arepa flour. 2 Pour 2 3/4 cups of hot water over flour and mix well with a wooden spoon. 3 Stir in the melted butter. 4 Cover dough with plastic wrap and let rest 15 minutes. 5 If preparing the thicker arepas, separate dough into 12 pieces. 6 Shape each piece into a smooth ball.", "Preparation. 1. Lightly spoon flour into a dry measuring cup; level with a knife. Combine flour and salt in a large bowl. Add 1 1/2 cups boiling water; stir with a wooden spoon until well combined and smooth (about 1 minute). Cover and let stand 5 minutes. 2. Scrape dough out onto a sheet of plastic wrap. Shape dough into a 2-inch-thick disk. Cut dough into 6 equal portions.", "1 Combine arepa flour and salt in a medium bowl. 2 Make a well in the center and add 2 1/2 cups warm water. 3 Using a wooden spoon, gradually incorporate dry ingredients, stirring until no dry lumps remain. 4 Let rest 5 minutes to hydrate. 1 Heat 1 tablespoons oil in a large nonstick skillet over medium heat. 2 Add 4 arepas, cover, and cook until golden brown, 6–8 minutes. 3 Uncover, flip, and cook (keep uncovered) until other side is golden brown, 6–8 minutes. 4 Transfer arepas to a wire rack. 5 Repeat with remaining 1 tablespoons oil and dough", "1 1/4 cup vegetable oil. 2 Toss together arepa flour, cheese, and 1/8 teaspoon salt in a bowl, then stir in water until incorporated. 3 Let stand until enough water is absorbed for a soft dough to form, 1 to 2 minutes (dough will continue to stiffen). Preparation. 1" ], "url": [ "http://www.epicurious.com/recipes/food/views/colombian-arepas-239943", "http://www.epicurious.com/recipes/food/views/arepas-51245240", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arepa", "http://southamericanfood.about.com/od/breads/r/arepasbasic.htm", "http://www.myrecipes.com/recipe/arepas", "http://www.epicurious.com/recipes/food/views/arepas-51245240", "http://www.epicurious.com/recipes/food/views/colombian-arepas-239943" ] }

[ "1 Toss together arepa flour, cheese, and 1/8 teaspoon salt in a bowl, then stir in water until incorporated. 2 Let stand until enough water is absorbed for a soft dough to form, 1 to 2 minutes (dough will continue to stiffen). Preparation. 1 " ]

{ "is_selected": [ 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "passage_text": [ "Baby names meanings search results: The name Ayla is a baby girl name. The name Ayla comes from the Hebrew origin. In Hebrew The meaning of the name Ayla is: Oak tree. In literature Ayla is the Cro-Magnon heroine of Jean Auel's 'Clan of rhe Cave Bear'. Similar Names:", "Hebrew Meaning: The name Ayla is a Hebrew baby name. In Hebrew the meaning of the name Ayla is: Oak tree. In literature Ayla is the Cro-Magnon heroine of Jean Auel's 'Clan of rhe Cave Bear'. American Meaning: The name Ayla is an American baby name. In American the meaning of the name Ayla is: Oak tree. In literature Ayla is the Cro-Magnon heroine of Jean Auel's 'Clan of rhe Cave Bear'.", "Ayla can also be seen as a variant of Hebrew name Eilah which means oak tree.. Ayla is sometimes falsely identified as a variant of feminine Arabic name Aaliyah meaning sublime or large. Aaliyah is actually the female form of Aali and is an unrelated name. Ayla also means with the moon as a word (ay + la where la is used for ile which means with in Turkish). However in the context of given names, its meaning is halo, and can be related to names Aylin (also deriving from ay), Tuelin, tülin Or. aylanur", "Turkish name [edit]. Ayla in Turkish means halo of light around the moon. The name may also be encountered in other Turkic languages as, for example, an Azeri name. Since Ayla is reserved for the feminine, it is usually synonymous with moonlight , although it could also mean halo in general. Ayla also means with the moon as a word (ay + la where la is used for ile which means with in Turkish). However in the context of given names, its meaning is halo, and can be related to names Aylin (also deriving from ay), Tuelin, tülin Or. aylanur", "Meaning of Ayla. Israeli name. In Israeli, the name Ayla means-the oak tree. Other origins for the name Ayla include-Israeli, Hebrew.The name Ayla is most often used as a girl name or female name. Israeli Name Meaning-the oak tree. Origin-Israel. Alternate Origins-Hebrew. ", "It can be a variant spelling of Ayla, which is pronounced (AY-luh), and is quickly gaining popularity among girls being born in the United States. Aila is also a Finnish name, probably a form of Helga or Olga, meaning bringer of light. Aila is also a character in the Sony PlayStation 2 game Suikoden III. ", "In the novel, Ayla is the result of the Neanderthals' atttempts to pronounce the Cro-Magnon heroine's real name, which is not stated by the author. The popularity of the name in the USA stems from its origin in literature. Both the origin and meaning of the name Ayla is inherited by all variant forms. ", "The meaning of the name Ayla: Oak Tree. The origin of the name Ayla: Hebrew. People who like the name Ayla also like: Ava, Isla, Aria, Charlotte, Amelia, Olivia, Ella. Liam, Noah, Asher, Ethan, Owen, Declan, Aiden. Notes: Ayla, heroine in the Clan of the Cave Bear novels by Jean Auel, most likely after her surname.", "Ayla is a common feminine given name in Turkish. In that language, it means halo of light around the moon . Less commonly, it is also a name in other languages. Ayla also means with the moon as a word (ay + la where la is used for ile which means with in Turkish). However in the context of given names, its meaning is halo, and can be related to names Aylin (also deriving from ay), Tuelin, tülin Or. aylanur", "Origin and meaning of Ayla. 0 5. The meaning of Ayla is Halo and moon . Its origin is Turkish . Another meaning of Ayla is . The oak or terebinth tree . Its origin is English variant of the Hebrew name Elah . This name is mostly being used as a girls name. Last year it ranked 286th in the U.S. Social Security Administration list of most popular baby girl names" ], "url": [ "http://babynames.allparenting.com/list/Hebrew_Baby_Names/Ayla/details/", "http://www.sheknows.com/baby-names/name/ayla", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayla_(name)", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayla_(name)", "http://www.meaning-of-names.com/israeli-names/ayla.asp", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aila_(name)", "http://www.babynamespedia.com/meaning/Ayla", "http://www.babynames.com/name/AYLA", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayla_(name)", "http://www.ebabynames.com/#!meaning-of-Ayla" ] }

[ "Baby names meanings search results: The name Ayla is a baby girl name. The name Ayla comes from the Hebrew origin. In Hebrew The meaning of the name Ayla is: Oak tree. In literature Ayla is the Cro-Magnon heroine of Jean Auel's 'Clan of rhe Cave Bear'. Similar Names:" ]

{ "is_selected": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0 ], "passage_text": [ "A well designed radiant system... will normally cost less than $3 per square foot, and less than $2 for a slab on grade .. Interestingly enough, the site also explains that the larger the home the lower the cost of the equipment, and gives a quote for a five thousand square foot installation at $2 per square foot.", "1 Expect to pay about $6-$16 a square foot for a professionally installed hydronic (hot water) radiant floor heating system, or $9,000-$22,500 or more for a 1,500 square foot home, depending on local rates, the number of temperature zones and the overall size of the system.", "Cost of Radiant Floor Heating. The cost of installing a hydronic radiant floor is approximately $4.00 to $6.00 persquare foot ($40-$60 per square meter). This fluctuates depending on the size of the room,the type of installation, the floor covering, remoteness of the site, and the cost oflabor.", "Typical installation costs for hydronic radiant floor heating can range from $3 to $7 per square foot. This is a broad range because every region is different in terms of contractor fees and there are so many different methods of installation.", "Typical costs: 1 Expect to pay about $6-$16 a square foot for a professionally installed hydronic (hot water) radiant floor heating system, or $9,000-$22,500 or more for a 1,500 square foot home, depending on local rates, the number of temperature zones and the overall size of the system.", "Our free calculator uses recent, trusted data to estimate costs for your Electric Radiant Floor Installation project. For a basic 125 square feet project in zip code 47474, the benchmark cost to Install Radiant Floor Heat ranges between $5.17 - $7.89 per square foot* . To estimate costs for your project: 1. Set Project Zip Code Enter the Zip Code for the location where labor is hired and materials purchased." ], "url": [ "http://www.fixr.com/costs/install-radiant-floor-heating", "http://home.costhelper.com/radiant-floor-heating.html", "http://www.oldhouseweb.com/how-to-advice/buyers-guide-radiant-floor-heating-and-cooling-systems.shtml", "http://www.hydronicheating.net/costs.html", "http://home.costhelper.com/radiant-floor-heating.html", "http://www.homewyse.com/services/cost_to_install_radiant_floor_heat.html" ] }

[ "Typical costs: 1 Expect to pay about $6-$16 a square foot for a professionally installed hydronic (hot water) radiant floor heating system, or $9,000-$22,500 or more for a 1,500 square foot home, depending on local rates, the number of temperature zones and the overall size of the system." ]

{ "is_selected": [ 1, 0, 0 ], "passage_text": [ "definition of propagation the act or action of propagating as a increase as of a kind of organism in numbers b the spreading of something as a belief abroad or into new regions c enlargement or extension as of a crack in a solid body see propagation defined for kids advertisement", "medical definition of propagate transitive verb 1 to cause to continue or increase by sexual or asexual reproduction 2 to cause to spread or to be transmitted", "1 1 no object of a plant or animal reproduce by natural processes the plant propagates freely from stem cuttings more example sentences synonyms turning from the very small to the very large mathematics has also proved useful in understanding how particular tree species propagate across a geographic region" ], "url": [ "http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/propagation", "http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/propagate", "http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/propagate" ] }

[ "definition of propagation the act or action of propagating as a increase as of a kind of organism in numbers b the spreading of something as a belief abroad or into new regions c enlargement or extension as of a crack in a solid body see propagation defined for kids advertisement" ]

{ "is_selected": [ 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "passage_text": [ "The Path to Becoming a Psychologist. First, you will need a bachelor's degree (4 to 5 years), which teaches the fundamentals of psychology. After that, you will need a master's degree (2 to 3 years), which can qualify you to practice in the field as a case manager, employment specialist, or social worker. The type of doctoral degree you choose––either a Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) or Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology (PhD)––will depend on your career goals. Many states also require post-doctoral training equivalent to about 1 year of work.", "Then, most state licensing boards require a doctorate (4 to 7 years). The type of doctoral degree you choose––either a Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) or Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology (PhD)––will depend on your career goals. Many states also require post-doctoral training equivalent to about 1 year of work.", "The goal you choose will determine your path. A clinical psychologist, for example, will have heavy training in both the theory and practice of psychology. You’ll typically need a doctorate degree in a psychology-related field in order to build a career. A psychiatrist has even more rigorous demands; becoming one requires medical school training. In order to do this, you have to do three things: 1) Get work experience under the supervision of a licensed professional (usually for two years); 2) Pass the board exams; and 3) Depending on your state, present a valid case study to the board. After all that work, you’ll finally be able to call yourself a psychologist!", "The training and licensing of clinical psychologists ranges from 4 year undergraduate degree plus a 4 to 6 year doctorate program. Most programs in the U.S. are PhD programs that have a strong focus on research and are typically housed in universities. ", "A master's degree is the minimum requirement for most psychologist positions, and jobs in some branches of psychology will require you to have a doctorate degree. Upon completion of a doctorate program in psychology, you will be awarded either a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) or Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.) degree. Counseling Psychologist. You must have a master's degree and complete at least 100 hours of experience working directly with patients to become a licensed professional counselor (LPC). You may also have to pass an exam given by the state licensing board. Some states require counseling psychologists in private practice to have doctorates", "As with all other psychology careers, becoming a clinical psychologist requires extensive training and education. In order to start a clinical psychology career, individuals will typically need to earn a Bachelor's in psychology or clinical psychology. Additional schooling is also usually necessary after the four year degree. ", "Psychologists have a doctoral degree in an area of psychology, the study of the mind and human behavior. They’re not medical doctors. A psychologist can have a PhD in philosophy or a PsyD in clinical or counseling psychology. Typically, they do 1-2 years of internship. Unlike psychiatrists, psychologists are also trained in giving psychological tests (like IQ tests or personality tests).", "While you can work in interesting fields of psychology with a masters degree, you will not be able to work as a practicing psychologist unless you earn a doctorate. In order to work independently and have a private practice, you have to continue your psychology education and earn either a PhD or a PsyD. Once you have earned a bachelor degree in psychology, you will need to continue your education and earn a masters degree. To become a licensed psychologist you will also need to earn a doctorate degree.", "The first step to becoming a clinical psychologist is to earn a bachelor's degree in psychology from an accredited college or university. At this level, specialization is rare, and a course of study in general psychology is acceptable. Most doctoral degree programs in clinical psychology include an internship component that typically lasts one year or more, depending on the area of specialization. Completion of such an internship is almost always a requirement of state licensure." ], "url": [ "http://www.capella.edu/online-psychology-degrees/FAQ/how-long-does-it-take-to-become-a-psychologist/", "http://www.capella.edu/online-psychology-degrees/FAQ/how-long-does-it-take-to-become-a-psychologist/", "http://psychologydegreeguide.org/become-a-psychologist/", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_and_licensing_of_clinical_psychologists", "http://learn.org/articles/What_Education_Do_I_Need_to_Become_a_Psychologist.html", "http://careersinpsychology.org/becoming-a-clinical-psychologist/", "http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/features/psychologist-or-psychiatrist-which-for-you", "http://www.efpa.be/become-psychologist.htm", "http://www.learnhowtobecome.org/psychologist/clinical-psychologist/" ] }

[ "The goal you choose will determine your path. A clinical psychologist, for example, will have heavy training in both the theory and practice of psychology. You’ll typically need a doctorate degree in a psychology-related field in order to build a career. A psychiatrist has even more rigorous demands; becoming one requires medical school training. In order to do this, you have to do three things: 1) Get work experience under the supervision of a licensed professional (usually for two years); 2) Pass the board exams; and 3) Depending on your state, present a valid case study to the board. After all that work, you’ll finally be able to call yourself a psychologist!" ]

{ "is_selected": [ 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "passage_text": [ "If you need a wine to pair with oysters or mussels, you could try a Pinot Grigio to go with it. Pinot Grigio. (PEE-noh GREE-geo): A light white wine with crisp citrus flavor.", "You may also enjoy these other types of wine with oysters or mussels: Chablis. (sha-BLEE): Crisp French Chardonnay. Clean & steely with citrus, green apple, white flowers, mineral. Muscadet. (meuhs-kah-DAY): A crisp French white from Loire. Tart apple, lemon-lime, mineral & salt water note.", "THE OYSTER WINE HALL OF FAME. When oysters and wine are good together, they are very, very good, letting you slip into that glowing envelope of happiness created by great food & wine moments. I recommend only the best of the best.", "Pairing Wine and Oysters. The two things you will need to consider when pairing wine and oysters are the body of the oyster and wine and the sweetness or saltines of the two. Body is important in that one does not over power the other. We try to match the oysters fleshiness with the wine’s weight.", "Photos: White wines: 4 crisp favorites. You may notice that the winning wines are not the kind that usually dominate wine tastings-- they are not flashy or oaky. Instead, they tend to be crisp, fresh and, with few exceptions, relatively inexpensive. Winners included some familiar names from previous oyster wine competitions, as usual.", "When sipping white wines with oysters, the wine carried the shellfish zip-zang-slurp through the mouth. With reds, though, the wrong pairing made the wine taste extra metallic and earthy in a bad way. But those bad pairings shouldn't steer you away from red wine and oysters." ], "url": [ "https://www.hellovino.com/wine/pairing/shellfish/oystersmussels", "https://www.hellovino.com/wine/pairing/shellfish/oystersmussels", "http://www.oysterguide.com/wine/", "http://www.mauricescru.com/2013/01/wine-and-oysters/", "http://articles.latimes.com/2013/apr/29/news/la-dd-which-wine-is-best-with-oysters-here-are-10-well-11-great-choices-20130429", "http://drinks.seriouseats.com/2013/11/oyster-wine-pairings-unusual-pairings-for-oysters-pictured-stout-gamay-chiroubles-txakoli.html" ] }

[ "You may also enjoy these other types of wine with oysters or mussels: Chablis. (sha-BLEE): Crisp French Chardonnay. Clean & steely with citrus, green apple, white flowers, mineral. Muscadet. (meuhs-kah-DAY): A crisp French white from Loire. Tart apple, lemon-lime, mineral & salt water note." ]

{ "is_selected": [ 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "passage_text": [ "Your doctor will want to take regular blood tests during your treatment because lithium can affect kidney or thyroid function. Lithium works best if the amount of the drug in your body is kept at a constant level. It is important that the lithium level in your body not be too low or too high. ", "The recommended starting lithium dosage for acute mania is 600 mg three times a day. For extended-release tablets, the recommended starting dose is 900 mg twice daily. Although a higher dosage is necessary to control the severe symptoms of mania, a much lower dose is needed for maintenance treatment. 1 Lithium carbonate 300 mg tablets. 2 Lithium carbonate 300 mg extended-release tablets (Lithobid). 3 Lithium carbonate 450 mg extended-release tablets (Eskalith CR). 4 Lithium citrate syrup, containing 8 mEq lithium per 5 mL, which is equivalent to 300 mg lithium carbonate per 5 mL or per teaspoonful.", "As a mood stabilizer, lithium is probably more effective in preventing mania than in preventing depression, but it does reduce the risk of suicide in people with bipolar disorder. In depression alone (unipolar disorder), lithium can be used to augment other antidepressants. A number of salts of lithium are used as mood-stabilizing drugs, primarily in the treatment of bipolar disorder, where they have a role in treating depression and, particularly, of mania, both acutely and in the long term.", "Lithium 150 mg. Lithium (Eskalith ® , Eskalith CR ® , Lithobid ®) is a medication used for the treatment of bipolar disorder. It is available by prescription only and comes in several different forms and strengths, including: 1 Lithium carbonate 150 mg capsules. 1 Lithium carbonate 300 mg tablets. 2 Lithium carbonate 300 mg extended-release tablets (Lithobid). 3 Lithium carbonate 450 mg extended-release tablets (Eskalith CR). 4 Lithium citrate syrup, containing 8 mEq lithium per 5 mL, which is equivalent to 300 mg lithium carbonate per 5 mL or per teaspoonful.", "A: Lithium is commonly used to mania episodes in people who suffer from manic-depressive disorder. Common side effects associated with Lithium can include hair loss, mild hand tremor, weakness, lack of coordination, mild nausea, vomiting, lack of appetite, stomach pain, and itchy skin. A: Lithium (Lithobid) is an antimanic agent used for the treatment of mania associated with bipolar disorder. According to the National Institutes of Health, lithium works by decreasing abnormal brain activity. The most common side effects with lithium are hand tremor, thirst, and nausea.", "Lithium (from Greek: λίθος lithos, stone) is a chemical element with symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft, silver-white metal belonging to the alkali metal group of chemical elements. Under standard conditions it is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element. The lithium ion Li + administered as any of several lithium salts has proved to be useful as a mood-stabilizing drug in the treatment of bipolar disorder, due to neurological effects of the ion in the human body.", "The recommended starting dosage for acute mania is 600 mg three times daily (for liquid lithium, immediate-release lithium tablets, and lithium capsules). For extended-release lithium tablets, the recommended starting dose is 900 mg twice daily. ", "A: Lithium is a medication that is used to treat manic depression. Some of the more common side effects seen with lithium are tremor, diarrhea, vomiting, drowsiness, muscle weakness, anorexia, nausea, blurred vision, dry mouth, and fatigue. A: Lithium (Lithobid) is an antimanic agent used for the treatment of mania associated with bipolar disorder. According to the National Institutes of Health, lithium works by decreasing abnormal brain activity. The most common side effects with lithium are hand tremor, thirst, and nausea.", "Lithium salts have been used in medical practice for about 150 years. Lithium salts were first used to treat gout. It was noted in the 1880s that lithium was somewhat effective in the treatment of depression, and in the 1950s lithium was seen to improve the symptoms of bipolar disease. Purpose. Lithium is commonly used to treat mania and bipolar depression (manic-depression or bipolar disorder). Less commonly, lithium is used to treat certain mood disorders, such as schizoaffective disorder and aggressive behavior and emotional instability in adults and children." ], "url": [ "http://www.webmd.com/bipolar-disorder/bipolar-disorder-lithium", "http://bipolar-disorder.emedtv.com/lithium/lithium-150-mg.html", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_(medication)", "http://bipolar-disorder.emedtv.com/lithium/lithium-150-mg.html", "http://www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/lithium", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium", "http://bipolar-disorder.emedtv.com/lithium/liquid-lithium.html", "http://www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/lithium", "http://www.minddisorders.com/Kau-Nu/Lithium-carbonate.html" ] }

[ "Lithium 150 mg. Lithium (Eskalith ® , Eskalith CR ® , Lithobid ®) is a medication used for the treatment of bipolar disorder. It is available by prescription only and comes in several different forms and strengths, including: 1 Lithium carbonate 150 mg capsules. 1 Lithium carbonate 300 mg tablets. 2 Lithium carbonate 300 mg extended-release tablets (Lithobid). 3 Lithium carbonate 450 mg extended-release tablets (Eskalith CR). 4 Lithium citrate syrup, containing 8 mEq lithium per 5 mL, which is equivalent to 300 mg lithium carbonate per 5 mL or per teaspoonful." ]

{ "is_selected": [ 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "passage_text": [ "Polarity Index. Burdick & Jackson solvents are arranged in order of increasing polarity index, a relative measure of the degree of interaction of the solvent with various polar test solutes. ", "Molecular polarity is dependent on the difference in electronegativity between atoms in a compound and the asymmetry of the compound's structure. Polarity underlies a number of physical properties including surface tension, solubility, and melting and boiling points. 1 Non-polar bonds occur when the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms is less than 0.4. 2 Polar bonds occur when the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms is between 0.4 and 1.7. 3 Ionic bonds occur when the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms is greater than 1.7.", "Polarity. Definition. noun. (1) The presence of or having distinct and opposite poles. (2) The condition of having contrasting properties or direction. (3) (chemistry) The tendency of forming distinctive opposing charges based on the orientation of chemical bonds and spatial structure of the molecule. Supplement. Polarity enables water to interact with various compounds. (Biology) Polarity is also an essential and common feature in organisms, particularly at the cell level. Examples of polarity manifested in a cell or group of cells are as follows: 1 polarity inside a dividing cell (during cell division).", "Medical Definition of POLARITY. 1. : the quality or condition inherent in a body that exhibits contrasting properties or powers in contrasting parts or directions. 2. : attraction toward a particular object or in a specific direction. 3. 1. : the quality or condition inherent in a body that exhibits opposite properties or powers in opposite parts or directions or that exhibits contrasted properties or powers in contrasted parts or directions: the condition of having pole", "Definition. noun. (1) The presence of or having distinct and opposite poles. (2) The condition of having contrasting properties or direction. (3) (chemistry) The tendency of forming distinctive opposing charges based on the orientation of chemical bonds and spatial structure of the molecule. Polarity enables water to interact with various compounds. (Biology) Polarity is also an essential and common feature in organisms, particularly at the cell level. Examples of polarity manifested in a cell or group of cells are as follows: 1 polarity inside a dividing cell (during cell division).", "Water (H 2 O) is an example of a polar molecule since it has a slight positive charge on one side and a slight negative charge on the other. The dipoles do not cancel out resulting in a net dipole. Due to the polar nature of the water molecule itself, polar molecules are generally able to dissolve in water. 1 Non-polar bonds occur when the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms is less than 0.4. 2 Polar bonds occur when the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms is between 0.4 and 1.7. 3 Ionic bonds occur when the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms is greater than 1.7.", "Supplement. Molecules can either be polar or nonpolar depending on the arrangement of bonds producing a net dipole. Water is an example of a polar molecule since it has a slight positive charge on one side and a slight negative charge on the other. The dipoles do not cancel out resulting in a net dipole. Synonym: 1 dipole. ", "Full Definition of POLARITY. 1. : the quality or condition inherent in a body that exhibits opposite properties or powers in opposite parts or directions or that exhibits contrasted properties or powers in contrasted parts or directions: the condition of having poles. 2. : attraction toward a particular object or in a specific direction. 3.", "Part of the Smart grid glossary: Also see bipolar signaling and unipolar signaling. Polarity is a term used in electricity, magnetism, and electronic signaling. Suppose there is a constant voltage, also called an electric potential or electromotive force (EMF), between two objects or points. In such a situation, one of the objects or points (poles) has more electrons than the other. A magnetic field is characterized by poles called north and south. Magnetic polarity refers to the orientation of these poles in space. In digital communications, data is composed of short-duration pulses called bit s (binary digits).", "polarity. n, pl-ties. 1. the condition of having poles. 2. (General Physics) the condition of a body or system in which it has opposing physical properties at different points, esp magnetic poles or electric charge. 3. (General Physics) the particular state of a part of a body or system that has polarity: an electrode with positive polarity. " ], "url": [ "http://macro.lsu.edu/howto/solvents/Polarity%20index.htm", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarity_(chemistry)", "http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Polarity", "http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/polarity", "http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Polarity", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarity_(chemistry)", "http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Polar_molecule", "http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/polarity", "http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/polarity", "http://www.thefreedictionary.com/polarity" ] }

[ "Polarity Index. Burdick & Jackson solvents are arranged in order of increasing polarity index, a relative measure of the degree of interaction of the solvent with various polar test solutes. " ]