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/wiki/Andrea_Campagnolo#P54#5

Which team did the player Andrea Campagnolo belong to between Apr 2005 and Sep 2005?

Andrea Campagnolo Andrea Campagnolo ( born 17 June 1978 ) is an Italian football goalkeeper . Club career . A.S . Cittadella . Campagnolo started his career off in the early 1990s playing for the A.S . Cittadella youth squad , before moving to the senior squad in 1995 . He remained with Cittadella until 1997 , when he transferred to A.S . Roma in the Italian Serie A . He moved to the capital club without ever making a first team appearance for the club . A.S . Roma . Roma quickly pounced on the player in the summer of 1997 as the club directors considered the young Campagnolo to be a very promising young goalkeeper and held on to their man until 2000 . After not making even a single appearance for the capital club he transferred to Genoa CFC , who were at the time playing in the Serie B . Genoa C.F.C. . After his official transfer to the Ligurian club , Campagnolo spent his first season with the club as a reserve goal keeper , but remained at the club the following season . Campagnolo again served as a second-choice keeper during the 2001–02 Serie B season , and only made 4 league appearances . Hence , after only managing to make 4 appearances with the Ligurian side after 2 seasons , he was sold to fellow Serie B club , Vicenza Calcio . Vicenza Calcio . Campagnolo officially transferred to Vicenza Calcio during the 2002 summer transfer window , and again , the young Italian goalkeeper found it hard to break into the starting eleven and in his lone season , he made just 5 appearances , and was again was sold . This time the shot-stopper transferred to yet another Serie B club , in the form of U.S . Triestina Calcio . U.S . Triestina . After a disappointing start to his career , Campagnolo moved from Vicenza Calcio to U.S . Triestina Calcio in 2003 . In his first season with his new club , Campagnolo managed to appear in 18 Serie B matches , and during the 2004–2005 Serie B season , he broke into the starting eleven and made over 30 appearances for his club . He remained in Trieste until the conclusion of the 2004–05 season . In those two seasons with Triestina , Campagnolo made 48 total league appearances . After several impressive performances with the club he was sold to Serie A side Cagliari Calcio . Cagliari Calcio . Despite undergoing two impressive seasons with Triestina , and having plenty of potential , he again failed to obtain a consistent starting spot for the Sardinian club , and made just 11 appearances during the 2005–2006 Serie A season . After just one season in Sardinia , he was sold to Reggina Calcio , ahead of the 2006–2007 Serie A campaign . Reggina Calcio . After small stints with 6 different clubs in his career , Campagnolo moved to another Serie A side , Reggina Calcio in July 2006 . The net-minder moved to Calabria as a second choice goalkeeper , but following the sales of Ivan Pelizzoli to Lokomotiv Moscow and Nicola Pavarini to US Lecce in January 2007 , he became the first choice goalkeeper . Campagnolo held on to his starting position and made 15 appearances in the second half of the Serie A season . He made 35 appearances in his second season with the southern Italian club , and managed to help Reggina narrowly avoid relegation for the second consecutive season . His third season with the club , was cut slightly short , as the keeper made just 23 appearances due to injury , and Reggina were relegated to the Serie B at the conclusion of the 2008–09 Serie A season , following a seven-year stint in the top flight of Italian football . Campagnolo made 92 appearances for the Calabrian club , in the league alone . Because of the clubs relegation , the player was sold to Sicilian giants Calcio Catania . Calcio Catania . On 6 June 2009 , it was confirmed that Campagnolo had signed for Sicilian giants , Calcio Catania , another Serie A club . The club signed the goalkeeper from Reggina Calcio until 30 June 2012 , as a reserve to Argentine international keeper Mariano Andujar . Campagnolo was eventually fined by Lega Calcio due to disrespect to the contract with Reggina Calcio for the transfer statement . In his first season with Catania , Campagnolo was plagued by injury , and despite being listed as a back-up failed to be present on the bench for much of the season . Campagnolo did manage to make 3 league appearances for the club , including a final matchday win over former employers , Genoa C.F.C. . The veteran made just one appearance for the club during the 2010–11 Serie A season , which came on the final matchday . During the 2011-12 Serie A season , Campagnolo again remained second choice , behind Andújar for the third season in the running , however , following a mid-season fallout with the club , Andújar was released on loan to former club Estudiantes , and following his departure , Campagnolo made 4 consecutive Serie A starts before succumbing to injury in late January and has since lost his place to Tomáš Košický and new arrival Juan Pablo Carrizo . His contract with Catania expired on 30 June 2012 . Siena . On 22 July 2012 Campagnolo signed a contract to play with Serie A club A.C . Siena . Cesena . On 9 January 2013 he was signed by Serie B club A.C . Cesena on free transfer . On 21 May 2013 he signed a new 1-year contract with the club . External links . - Playing caree

/wiki/Andrea_Campagnolo#P54#6

Which team did the player Andrea Campagnolo belong to between Aug 2007 and Jan 2008?

Andrea Campagnolo Andrea Campagnolo ( born 17 June 1978 ) is an Italian football goalkeeper . Club career . A.S . Cittadella . Campagnolo started his career off in the early 1990s playing for the A.S . Cittadella youth squad , before moving to the senior squad in 1995 . He remained with Cittadella until 1997 , when he transferred to A.S . Roma in the Italian Serie A . He moved to the capital club without ever making a first team appearance for the club . A.S . Roma . Roma quickly pounced on the player in the summer of 1997 as the club directors considered the young Campagnolo to be a very promising young goalkeeper and held on to their man until 2000 . After not making even a single appearance for the capital club he transferred to Genoa CFC , who were at the time playing in the Serie B . Genoa C.F.C. . After his official transfer to the Ligurian club , Campagnolo spent his first season with the club as a reserve goal keeper , but remained at the club the following season . Campagnolo again served as a second-choice keeper during the 2001–02 Serie B season , and only made 4 league appearances . Hence , after only managing to make 4 appearances with the Ligurian side after 2 seasons , he was sold to fellow Serie B club , Vicenza Calcio . Vicenza Calcio . Campagnolo officially transferred to Vicenza Calcio during the 2002 summer transfer window , and again , the young Italian goalkeeper found it hard to break into the starting eleven and in his lone season , he made just 5 appearances , and was again was sold . This time the shot-stopper transferred to yet another Serie B club , in the form of U.S . Triestina Calcio . U.S . Triestina . After a disappointing start to his career , Campagnolo moved from Vicenza Calcio to U.S . Triestina Calcio in 2003 . In his first season with his new club , Campagnolo managed to appear in 18 Serie B matches , and during the 2004–2005 Serie B season , he broke into the starting eleven and made over 30 appearances for his club . He remained in Trieste until the conclusion of the 2004–05 season . In those two seasons with Triestina , Campagnolo made 48 total league appearances . After several impressive performances with the club he was sold to Serie A side Cagliari Calcio . Cagliari Calcio . Despite undergoing two impressive seasons with Triestina , and having plenty of potential , he again failed to obtain a consistent starting spot for the Sardinian club , and made just 11 appearances during the 2005–2006 Serie A season . After just one season in Sardinia , he was sold to Reggina Calcio , ahead of the 2006–2007 Serie A campaign . Reggina Calcio . After small stints with 6 different clubs in his career , Campagnolo moved to another Serie A side , Reggina Calcio in July 2006 . The net-minder moved to Calabria as a second choice goalkeeper , but following the sales of Ivan Pelizzoli to Lokomotiv Moscow and Nicola Pavarini to US Lecce in January 2007 , he became the first choice goalkeeper . Campagnolo held on to his starting position and made 15 appearances in the second half of the Serie A season . He made 35 appearances in his second season with the southern Italian club , and managed to help Reggina narrowly avoid relegation for the second consecutive season . His third season with the club , was cut slightly short , as the keeper made just 23 appearances due to injury , and Reggina were relegated to the Serie B at the conclusion of the 2008–09 Serie A season , following a seven-year stint in the top flight of Italian football . Campagnolo made 92 appearances for the Calabrian club , in the league alone . Because of the clubs relegation , the player was sold to Sicilian giants Calcio Catania . Calcio Catania . On 6 June 2009 , it was confirmed that Campagnolo had signed for Sicilian giants , Calcio Catania , another Serie A club . The club signed the goalkeeper from Reggina Calcio until 30 June 2012 , as a reserve to Argentine international keeper Mariano Andujar . Campagnolo was eventually fined by Lega Calcio due to disrespect to the contract with Reggina Calcio for the transfer statement . In his first season with Catania , Campagnolo was plagued by injury , and despite being listed as a back-up failed to be present on the bench for much of the season . Campagnolo did manage to make 3 league appearances for the club , including a final matchday win over former employers , Genoa C.F.C. . The veteran made just one appearance for the club during the 2010–11 Serie A season , which came on the final matchday . During the 2011-12 Serie A season , Campagnolo again remained second choice , behind Andújar for the third season in the running , however , following a mid-season fallout with the club , Andújar was released on loan to former club Estudiantes , and following his departure , Campagnolo made 4 consecutive Serie A starts before succumbing to injury in late January and has since lost his place to Tomáš Košický and new arrival Juan Pablo Carrizo . His contract with Catania expired on 30 June 2012 . Siena . On 22 July 2012 Campagnolo signed a contract to play with Serie A club A.C . Siena . Cesena . On 9 January 2013 he was signed by Serie B club A.C . Cesena on free transfer . On 21 May 2013 he signed a new 1-year contract with the club . External links . - Playing caree

/wiki/Andrea_Campagnolo#P54#7

Which team did the player Andrea Campagnolo belong to between Aug 2011 and Nov 2011?

Andrea Campagnolo Andrea Campagnolo ( born 17 June 1978 ) is an Italian football goalkeeper . Club career . A.S . Cittadella . Campagnolo started his career off in the early 1990s playing for the A.S . Cittadella youth squad , before moving to the senior squad in 1995 . He remained with Cittadella until 1997 , when he transferred to A.S . Roma in the Italian Serie A . He moved to the capital club without ever making a first team appearance for the club . A.S . Roma . Roma quickly pounced on the player in the summer of 1997 as the club directors considered the young Campagnolo to be a very promising young goalkeeper and held on to their man until 2000 . After not making even a single appearance for the capital club he transferred to Genoa CFC , who were at the time playing in the Serie B . Genoa C.F.C. . After his official transfer to the Ligurian club , Campagnolo spent his first season with the club as a reserve goal keeper , but remained at the club the following season . Campagnolo again served as a second-choice keeper during the 2001–02 Serie B season , and only made 4 league appearances . Hence , after only managing to make 4 appearances with the Ligurian side after 2 seasons , he was sold to fellow Serie B club , Vicenza Calcio . Vicenza Calcio . Campagnolo officially transferred to Vicenza Calcio during the 2002 summer transfer window , and again , the young Italian goalkeeper found it hard to break into the starting eleven and in his lone season , he made just 5 appearances , and was again was sold . This time the shot-stopper transferred to yet another Serie B club , in the form of U.S . Triestina Calcio . U.S . Triestina . After a disappointing start to his career , Campagnolo moved from Vicenza Calcio to U.S . Triestina Calcio in 2003 . In his first season with his new club , Campagnolo managed to appear in 18 Serie B matches , and during the 2004–2005 Serie B season , he broke into the starting eleven and made over 30 appearances for his club . He remained in Trieste until the conclusion of the 2004–05 season . In those two seasons with Triestina , Campagnolo made 48 total league appearances . After several impressive performances with the club he was sold to Serie A side Cagliari Calcio . Cagliari Calcio . Despite undergoing two impressive seasons with Triestina , and having plenty of potential , he again failed to obtain a consistent starting spot for the Sardinian club , and made just 11 appearances during the 2005–2006 Serie A season . After just one season in Sardinia , he was sold to Reggina Calcio , ahead of the 2006–2007 Serie A campaign . Reggina Calcio . After small stints with 6 different clubs in his career , Campagnolo moved to another Serie A side , Reggina Calcio in July 2006 . The net-minder moved to Calabria as a second choice goalkeeper , but following the sales of Ivan Pelizzoli to Lokomotiv Moscow and Nicola Pavarini to US Lecce in January 2007 , he became the first choice goalkeeper . Campagnolo held on to his starting position and made 15 appearances in the second half of the Serie A season . He made 35 appearances in his second season with the southern Italian club , and managed to help Reggina narrowly avoid relegation for the second consecutive season . His third season with the club , was cut slightly short , as the keeper made just 23 appearances due to injury , and Reggina were relegated to the Serie B at the conclusion of the 2008–09 Serie A season , following a seven-year stint in the top flight of Italian football . Campagnolo made 92 appearances for the Calabrian club , in the league alone . Because of the clubs relegation , the player was sold to Sicilian giants Calcio Catania . Calcio Catania . On 6 June 2009 , it was confirmed that Campagnolo had signed for Sicilian giants , Calcio Catania , another Serie A club . The club signed the goalkeeper from Reggina Calcio until 30 June 2012 , as a reserve to Argentine international keeper Mariano Andujar . Campagnolo was eventually fined by Lega Calcio due to disrespect to the contract with Reggina Calcio for the transfer statement . In his first season with Catania , Campagnolo was plagued by injury , and despite being listed as a back-up failed to be present on the bench for much of the season . Campagnolo did manage to make 3 league appearances for the club , including a final matchday win over former employers , Genoa C.F.C. . The veteran made just one appearance for the club during the 2010–11 Serie A season , which came on the final matchday . During the 2011-12 Serie A season , Campagnolo again remained second choice , behind Andújar for the third season in the running , however , following a mid-season fallout with the club , Andújar was released on loan to former club Estudiantes , and following his departure , Campagnolo made 4 consecutive Serie A starts before succumbing to injury in late January and has since lost his place to Tomáš Košický and new arrival Juan Pablo Carrizo . His contract with Catania expired on 30 June 2012 . Siena . On 22 July 2012 Campagnolo signed a contract to play with Serie A club A.C . Siena . Cesena . On 9 January 2013 he was signed by Serie B club A.C . Cesena on free transfer . On 21 May 2013 he signed a new 1-year contract with the club . External links . - Playing caree

/wiki/German_Council_of_Economic_Experts#P488#0

Who was the head of German Council of Economic Experts before Jul 1965?

German Council of Economic Experts The German Council of Economic Experts ( German : ) is a group of economists set up in 1963 to evaluate economic policies of the German government . In the media , the council is often referred to as the Five Sages of Economy ( Fünf Wirtschaftsweisen ) , or simply the Five Sages ( Fünf Weisen ) . Role . Every year the Council prepares an annual report which is published before or by November 15 . The federal government has to publish its comments and conclusions within eight weeks of the publication of the annual report . The Council’s secretariat is based at the Federal Statistical Office of Germany in Wiesbaden . Membership . Composition . The Council has five members which – based on the recommendation of the Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy – are nominated by the federal government and appointed by the President of Germany for a term of five years . Every membership expires on 1 March of the term’s final year . Traditionally , the Joint Committee of German Associations in Trade and Industry – including the Confederation of German Employers Associations and 14 other leading business associations – and the country’s trade unions each nominate one member of the SVR . . Current members . - Achim Truger ( since March 2019 ) - Veronika Grimm ( since April 2020 ) - Monika Schnitzer ( since April 2020 ) - Volker Wieland ( since March 2013 ) Former members . - Wilhelm Bauer ( January 1964–July 1974 ; chairman : March 1964–February 1970 ) - Paul Binder ( January 1964–February 1968 ) - Herbert Giersch ( January 1964–February 1970 ) - Harald Koch ( January 1964–May 1969 ) - Fritz W . Meyer ( January 1964–February 1966 ) - Wolfgang Stützel ( February 1966–September 1968 ) - Manfred Schäfer ( March 1968–July 1970 ) - Norbert Kloten ( June 1969–April 1976 ; chairman : March 1970–February 1976 ) - Claus Köhler ( December 1969–February 1974 ) - Olaf Sievert ( May 1970–February 1985 ; chairman : March 1976–February 1985 ) - Armin Gutowski ( December 1970–February 1978 ) - Gerhard Scherhorn ( May 1974–February 1979 ) - Kurt Schmidt ( August 1974–May 1984 ) - Gerhard Fels ( June 1976–February 1982 ) - Horst Albach ( May 1978–February 1983 ) - Werner Glastetter ( August 1979–August 1981 ) - Hans-Jürgen Krupp ( March 1982–February 1984 ) - Hans Karl Schneider ( July 1982–February 1992 ; chairman : March 1985–February 1992 ) - Ernst Helmstädter ( March 1983–February 1988 ) - Dieter Mertens ( March 1984–February 1986 ) - Dieter Pohmer ( July 1984–February 1991 ) - Helmut Hesse ( March 1985–November 1988 ) - Rüdiger Pohl ( July 1986–February 1994 ) - Otmar Issing ( April 1988–September 1990 ) - Herbert Hax ( March 1989–February 2000 ; chairman : March 1992–February 2000 ) - Horst Siebert ( January 1991–February 2003 ) - Rolf Peffekoven ( April 1991–February 2001 ) - Juergen B . Donges ( April 1992–February 2002 ; chairman : March 2000–February 2002 ) - Wolfgang Franz ( May 1994–February 1999 ; March 2003–February 2013 ; chairman : March 2009–February 2013 ) - Jürgen Kromphardt ( March 1999–February 2004 ) - Bert Rürup ( March 2000–February 2009 , chairman : March 2005–February 2009 ) - Wolfgang Wiegard ( March 2001–February 2011 ; chairman : April 2002–February 2005 ) - Axel A . Weber ( March 2002–April 2004 ) - Beatrice Weder di Mauro ( June 2004–February 2012 ) - Claudia M . Buch ( March 2012–May 2014 ) - Peter Bofinger ( March 2004–February 2019 ) - Isabel Schnabel ( June 2014–December 2019 ) - Christoph M . Schmidt ( March 2009–February 2020 ; chairman : March 2013–February 2020 ) - Lars Feld ( since March 2011-February 2021 ; chairman : March 2020-February 2021 ) Notable proposals . In 2011 , the Council proposed a plan for the issuance of collectivized European debt as part of a mechanism for contending with the European sovereign debt crisis . External links . - Official homepage ( in German ; in English )

/wiki/German_Council_of_Economic_Experts#P488#1

Who was the head of German Council of Economic Experts in Oct 1970?

German Council of Economic Experts The German Council of Economic Experts ( German : ) is a group of economists set up in 1963 to evaluate economic policies of the German government . In the media , the council is often referred to as the Five Sages of Economy ( Fünf Wirtschaftsweisen ) , or simply the Five Sages ( Fünf Weisen ) . Role . Every year the Council prepares an annual report which is published before or by November 15 . The federal government has to publish its comments and conclusions within eight weeks of the publication of the annual report . The Council’s secretariat is based at the Federal Statistical Office of Germany in Wiesbaden . Membership . Composition . The Council has five members which – based on the recommendation of the Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy – are nominated by the federal government and appointed by the President of Germany for a term of five years . Every membership expires on 1 March of the term’s final year . Traditionally , the Joint Committee of German Associations in Trade and Industry – including the Confederation of German Employers Associations and 14 other leading business associations – and the country’s trade unions each nominate one member of the SVR . . Current members . - Achim Truger ( since March 2019 ) - Veronika Grimm ( since April 2020 ) - Monika Schnitzer ( since April 2020 ) - Volker Wieland ( since March 2013 ) Former members . - Wilhelm Bauer ( January 1964–July 1974 ; chairman : March 1964–February 1970 ) - Paul Binder ( January 1964–February 1968 ) - Herbert Giersch ( January 1964–February 1970 ) - Harald Koch ( January 1964–May 1969 ) - Fritz W . Meyer ( January 1964–February 1966 ) - Wolfgang Stützel ( February 1966–September 1968 ) - Manfred Schäfer ( March 1968–July 1970 ) - Norbert Kloten ( June 1969–April 1976 ; chairman : March 1970–February 1976 ) - Claus Köhler ( December 1969–February 1974 ) - Olaf Sievert ( May 1970–February 1985 ; chairman : March 1976–February 1985 ) - Armin Gutowski ( December 1970–February 1978 ) - Gerhard Scherhorn ( May 1974–February 1979 ) - Kurt Schmidt ( August 1974–May 1984 ) - Gerhard Fels ( June 1976–February 1982 ) - Horst Albach ( May 1978–February 1983 ) - Werner Glastetter ( August 1979–August 1981 ) - Hans-Jürgen Krupp ( March 1982–February 1984 ) - Hans Karl Schneider ( July 1982–February 1992 ; chairman : March 1985–February 1992 ) - Ernst Helmstädter ( March 1983–February 1988 ) - Dieter Mertens ( March 1984–February 1986 ) - Dieter Pohmer ( July 1984–February 1991 ) - Helmut Hesse ( March 1985–November 1988 ) - Rüdiger Pohl ( July 1986–February 1994 ) - Otmar Issing ( April 1988–September 1990 ) - Herbert Hax ( March 1989–February 2000 ; chairman : March 1992–February 2000 ) - Horst Siebert ( January 1991–February 2003 ) - Rolf Peffekoven ( April 1991–February 2001 ) - Juergen B . Donges ( April 1992–February 2002 ; chairman : March 2000–February 2002 ) - Wolfgang Franz ( May 1994–February 1999 ; March 2003–February 2013 ; chairman : March 2009–February 2013 ) - Jürgen Kromphardt ( March 1999–February 2004 ) - Bert Rürup ( March 2000–February 2009 , chairman : March 2005–February 2009 ) - Wolfgang Wiegard ( March 2001–February 2011 ; chairman : April 2002–February 2005 ) - Axel A . Weber ( March 2002–April 2004 ) - Beatrice Weder di Mauro ( June 2004–February 2012 ) - Claudia M . Buch ( March 2012–May 2014 ) - Peter Bofinger ( March 2004–February 2019 ) - Isabel Schnabel ( June 2014–December 2019 ) - Christoph M . Schmidt ( March 2009–February 2020 ; chairman : March 2013–February 2020 ) - Lars Feld ( since March 2011-February 2021 ; chairman : March 2020-February 2021 ) Notable proposals . In 2011 , the Council proposed a plan for the issuance of collectivized European debt as part of a mechanism for contending with the European sovereign debt crisis . External links . - Official homepage ( in German ; in English )

/wiki/German_Council_of_Economic_Experts#P488#2

Who was the head of German Council of Economic Experts in early 1980s?

German Council of Economic Experts The German Council of Economic Experts ( German : ) is a group of economists set up in 1963 to evaluate economic policies of the German government . In the media , the council is often referred to as the Five Sages of Economy ( Fünf Wirtschaftsweisen ) , or simply the Five Sages ( Fünf Weisen ) . Role . Every year the Council prepares an annual report which is published before or by November 15 . The federal government has to publish its comments and conclusions within eight weeks of the publication of the annual report . The Council’s secretariat is based at the Federal Statistical Office of Germany in Wiesbaden . Membership . Composition . The Council has five members which – based on the recommendation of the Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy – are nominated by the federal government and appointed by the President of Germany for a term of five years . Every membership expires on 1 March of the term’s final year . Traditionally , the Joint Committee of German Associations in Trade and Industry – including the Confederation of German Employers Associations and 14 other leading business associations – and the country’s trade unions each nominate one member of the SVR . . Current members . - Achim Truger ( since March 2019 ) - Veronika Grimm ( since April 2020 ) - Monika Schnitzer ( since April 2020 ) - Volker Wieland ( since March 2013 ) Former members . - Wilhelm Bauer ( January 1964–July 1974 ; chairman : March 1964–February 1970 ) - Paul Binder ( January 1964–February 1968 ) - Herbert Giersch ( January 1964–February 1970 ) - Harald Koch ( January 1964–May 1969 ) - Fritz W . Meyer ( January 1964–February 1966 ) - Wolfgang Stützel ( February 1966–September 1968 ) - Manfred Schäfer ( March 1968–July 1970 ) - Norbert Kloten ( June 1969–April 1976 ; chairman : March 1970–February 1976 ) - Claus Köhler ( December 1969–February 1974 ) - Olaf Sievert ( May 1970–February 1985 ; chairman : March 1976–February 1985 ) - Armin Gutowski ( December 1970–February 1978 ) - Gerhard Scherhorn ( May 1974–February 1979 ) - Kurt Schmidt ( August 1974–May 1984 ) - Gerhard Fels ( June 1976–February 1982 ) - Horst Albach ( May 1978–February 1983 ) - Werner Glastetter ( August 1979–August 1981 ) - Hans-Jürgen Krupp ( March 1982–February 1984 ) - Hans Karl Schneider ( July 1982–February 1992 ; chairman : March 1985–February 1992 ) - Ernst Helmstädter ( March 1983–February 1988 ) - Dieter Mertens ( March 1984–February 1986 ) - Dieter Pohmer ( July 1984–February 1991 ) - Helmut Hesse ( March 1985–November 1988 ) - Rüdiger Pohl ( July 1986–February 1994 ) - Otmar Issing ( April 1988–September 1990 ) - Herbert Hax ( March 1989–February 2000 ; chairman : March 1992–February 2000 ) - Horst Siebert ( January 1991–February 2003 ) - Rolf Peffekoven ( April 1991–February 2001 ) - Juergen B . Donges ( April 1992–February 2002 ; chairman : March 2000–February 2002 ) - Wolfgang Franz ( May 1994–February 1999 ; March 2003–February 2013 ; chairman : March 2009–February 2013 ) - Jürgen Kromphardt ( March 1999–February 2004 ) - Bert Rürup ( March 2000–February 2009 , chairman : March 2005–February 2009 ) - Wolfgang Wiegard ( March 2001–February 2011 ; chairman : April 2002–February 2005 ) - Axel A . Weber ( March 2002–April 2004 ) - Beatrice Weder di Mauro ( June 2004–February 2012 ) - Claudia M . Buch ( March 2012–May 2014 ) - Peter Bofinger ( March 2004–February 2019 ) - Isabel Schnabel ( June 2014–December 2019 ) - Christoph M . Schmidt ( March 2009–February 2020 ; chairman : March 2013–February 2020 ) - Lars Feld ( since March 2011-February 2021 ; chairman : March 2020-February 2021 ) Notable proposals . In 2011 , the Council proposed a plan for the issuance of collectivized European debt as part of a mechanism for contending with the European sovereign debt crisis . External links . - Official homepage ( in German ; in English )

/wiki/German_Council_of_Economic_Experts#P488#3

Who was the head of German Council of Economic Experts in late 1980s?

German Council of Economic Experts The German Council of Economic Experts ( German : ) is a group of economists set up in 1963 to evaluate economic policies of the German government . In the media , the council is often referred to as the Five Sages of Economy ( Fünf Wirtschaftsweisen ) , or simply the Five Sages ( Fünf Weisen ) . Role . Every year the Council prepares an annual report which is published before or by November 15 . The federal government has to publish its comments and conclusions within eight weeks of the publication of the annual report . The Council’s secretariat is based at the Federal Statistical Office of Germany in Wiesbaden . Membership . Composition . The Council has five members which – based on the recommendation of the Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy – are nominated by the federal government and appointed by the President of Germany for a term of five years . Every membership expires on 1 March of the term’s final year . Traditionally , the Joint Committee of German Associations in Trade and Industry – including the Confederation of German Employers Associations and 14 other leading business associations – and the country’s trade unions each nominate one member of the SVR . . Current members . - Achim Truger ( since March 2019 ) - Veronika Grimm ( since April 2020 ) - Monika Schnitzer ( since April 2020 ) - Volker Wieland ( since March 2013 ) Former members . - Wilhelm Bauer ( January 1964–July 1974 ; chairman : March 1964–February 1970 ) - Paul Binder ( January 1964–February 1968 ) - Herbert Giersch ( January 1964–February 1970 ) - Harald Koch ( January 1964–May 1969 ) - Fritz W . Meyer ( January 1964–February 1966 ) - Wolfgang Stützel ( February 1966–September 1968 ) - Manfred Schäfer ( March 1968–July 1970 ) - Norbert Kloten ( June 1969–April 1976 ; chairman : March 1970–February 1976 ) - Claus Köhler ( December 1969–February 1974 ) - Olaf Sievert ( May 1970–February 1985 ; chairman : March 1976–February 1985 ) - Armin Gutowski ( December 1970–February 1978 ) - Gerhard Scherhorn ( May 1974–February 1979 ) - Kurt Schmidt ( August 1974–May 1984 ) - Gerhard Fels ( June 1976–February 1982 ) - Horst Albach ( May 1978–February 1983 ) - Werner Glastetter ( August 1979–August 1981 ) - Hans-Jürgen Krupp ( March 1982–February 1984 ) - Hans Karl Schneider ( July 1982–February 1992 ; chairman : March 1985–February 1992 ) - Ernst Helmstädter ( March 1983–February 1988 ) - Dieter Mertens ( March 1984–February 1986 ) - Dieter Pohmer ( July 1984–February 1991 ) - Helmut Hesse ( March 1985–November 1988 ) - Rüdiger Pohl ( July 1986–February 1994 ) - Otmar Issing ( April 1988–September 1990 ) - Herbert Hax ( March 1989–February 2000 ; chairman : March 1992–February 2000 ) - Horst Siebert ( January 1991–February 2003 ) - Rolf Peffekoven ( April 1991–February 2001 ) - Juergen B . Donges ( April 1992–February 2002 ; chairman : March 2000–February 2002 ) - Wolfgang Franz ( May 1994–February 1999 ; March 2003–February 2013 ; chairman : March 2009–February 2013 ) - Jürgen Kromphardt ( March 1999–February 2004 ) - Bert Rürup ( March 2000–February 2009 , chairman : March 2005–February 2009 ) - Wolfgang Wiegard ( March 2001–February 2011 ; chairman : April 2002–February 2005 ) - Axel A . Weber ( March 2002–April 2004 ) - Beatrice Weder di Mauro ( June 2004–February 2012 ) - Claudia M . Buch ( March 2012–May 2014 ) - Peter Bofinger ( March 2004–February 2019 ) - Isabel Schnabel ( June 2014–December 2019 ) - Christoph M . Schmidt ( March 2009–February 2020 ; chairman : March 2013–February 2020 ) - Lars Feld ( since March 2011-February 2021 ; chairman : March 2020-February 2021 ) Notable proposals . In 2011 , the Council proposed a plan for the issuance of collectivized European debt as part of a mechanism for contending with the European sovereign debt crisis . External links . - Official homepage ( in German ; in English )

/wiki/German_Council_of_Economic_Experts#P488#4

Who was the head of German Council of Economic Experts in Apr 1994?

German Council of Economic Experts The German Council of Economic Experts ( German : ) is a group of economists set up in 1963 to evaluate economic policies of the German government . In the media , the council is often referred to as the Five Sages of Economy ( Fünf Wirtschaftsweisen ) , or simply the Five Sages ( Fünf Weisen ) . Role . Every year the Council prepares an annual report which is published before or by November 15 . The federal government has to publish its comments and conclusions within eight weeks of the publication of the annual report . The Council’s secretariat is based at the Federal Statistical Office of Germany in Wiesbaden . Membership . Composition . The Council has five members which – based on the recommendation of the Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy – are nominated by the federal government and appointed by the President of Germany for a term of five years . Every membership expires on 1 March of the term’s final year . Traditionally , the Joint Committee of German Associations in Trade and Industry – including the Confederation of German Employers Associations and 14 other leading business associations – and the country’s trade unions each nominate one member of the SVR . . Current members . - Achim Truger ( since March 2019 ) - Veronika Grimm ( since April 2020 ) - Monika Schnitzer ( since April 2020 ) - Volker Wieland ( since March 2013 ) Former members . - Wilhelm Bauer ( January 1964–July 1974 ; chairman : March 1964–February 1970 ) - Paul Binder ( January 1964–February 1968 ) - Herbert Giersch ( January 1964–February 1970 ) - Harald Koch ( January 1964–May 1969 ) - Fritz W . Meyer ( January 1964–February 1966 ) - Wolfgang Stützel ( February 1966–September 1968 ) - Manfred Schäfer ( March 1968–July 1970 ) - Norbert Kloten ( June 1969–April 1976 ; chairman : March 1970–February 1976 ) - Claus Köhler ( December 1969–February 1974 ) - Olaf Sievert ( May 1970–February 1985 ; chairman : March 1976–February 1985 ) - Armin Gutowski ( December 1970–February 1978 ) - Gerhard Scherhorn ( May 1974–February 1979 ) - Kurt Schmidt ( August 1974–May 1984 ) - Gerhard Fels ( June 1976–February 1982 ) - Horst Albach ( May 1978–February 1983 ) - Werner Glastetter ( August 1979–August 1981 ) - Hans-Jürgen Krupp ( March 1982–February 1984 ) - Hans Karl Schneider ( July 1982–February 1992 ; chairman : March 1985–February 1992 ) - Ernst Helmstädter ( March 1983–February 1988 ) - Dieter Mertens ( March 1984–February 1986 ) - Dieter Pohmer ( July 1984–February 1991 ) - Helmut Hesse ( March 1985–November 1988 ) - Rüdiger Pohl ( July 1986–February 1994 ) - Otmar Issing ( April 1988–September 1990 ) - Herbert Hax ( March 1989–February 2000 ; chairman : March 1992–February 2000 ) - Horst Siebert ( January 1991–February 2003 ) - Rolf Peffekoven ( April 1991–February 2001 ) - Juergen B . Donges ( April 1992–February 2002 ; chairman : March 2000–February 2002 ) - Wolfgang Franz ( May 1994–February 1999 ; March 2003–February 2013 ; chairman : March 2009–February 2013 ) - Jürgen Kromphardt ( March 1999–February 2004 ) - Bert Rürup ( March 2000–February 2009 , chairman : March 2005–February 2009 ) - Wolfgang Wiegard ( March 2001–February 2011 ; chairman : April 2002–February 2005 ) - Axel A . Weber ( March 2002–April 2004 ) - Beatrice Weder di Mauro ( June 2004–February 2012 ) - Claudia M . Buch ( March 2012–May 2014 ) - Peter Bofinger ( March 2004–February 2019 ) - Isabel Schnabel ( June 2014–December 2019 ) - Christoph M . Schmidt ( March 2009–February 2020 ; chairman : March 2013–February 2020 ) - Lars Feld ( since March 2011-February 2021 ; chairman : March 2020-February 2021 ) Notable proposals . In 2011 , the Council proposed a plan for the issuance of collectivized European debt as part of a mechanism for contending with the European sovereign debt crisis . External links . - Official homepage ( in German ; in English )

/wiki/German_Council_of_Economic_Experts#P488#5

Who was the head of German Council of Economic Experts between Sep 2000 and Sep 2001?

German Council of Economic Experts The German Council of Economic Experts ( German : ) is a group of economists set up in 1963 to evaluate economic policies of the German government . In the media , the council is often referred to as the Five Sages of Economy ( Fünf Wirtschaftsweisen ) , or simply the Five Sages ( Fünf Weisen ) . Role . Every year the Council prepares an annual report which is published before or by November 15 . The federal government has to publish its comments and conclusions within eight weeks of the publication of the annual report . The Council’s secretariat is based at the Federal Statistical Office of Germany in Wiesbaden . Membership . Composition . The Council has five members which – based on the recommendation of the Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy – are nominated by the federal government and appointed by the President of Germany for a term of five years . Every membership expires on 1 March of the term’s final year . Traditionally , the Joint Committee of German Associations in Trade and Industry – including the Confederation of German Employers Associations and 14 other leading business associations – and the country’s trade unions each nominate one member of the SVR . . Current members . - Achim Truger ( since March 2019 ) - Veronika Grimm ( since April 2020 ) - Monika Schnitzer ( since April 2020 ) - Volker Wieland ( since March 2013 ) Former members . - Wilhelm Bauer ( January 1964–July 1974 ; chairman : March 1964–February 1970 ) - Paul Binder ( January 1964–February 1968 ) - Herbert Giersch ( January 1964–February 1970 ) - Harald Koch ( January 1964–May 1969 ) - Fritz W . Meyer ( January 1964–February 1966 ) - Wolfgang Stützel ( February 1966–September 1968 ) - Manfred Schäfer ( March 1968–July 1970 ) - Norbert Kloten ( June 1969–April 1976 ; chairman : March 1970–February 1976 ) - Claus Köhler ( December 1969–February 1974 ) - Olaf Sievert ( May 1970–February 1985 ; chairman : March 1976–February 1985 ) - Armin Gutowski ( December 1970–February 1978 ) - Gerhard Scherhorn ( May 1974–February 1979 ) - Kurt Schmidt ( August 1974–May 1984 ) - Gerhard Fels ( June 1976–February 1982 ) - Horst Albach ( May 1978–February 1983 ) - Werner Glastetter ( August 1979–August 1981 ) - Hans-Jürgen Krupp ( March 1982–February 1984 ) - Hans Karl Schneider ( July 1982–February 1992 ; chairman : March 1985–February 1992 ) - Ernst Helmstädter ( March 1983–February 1988 ) - Dieter Mertens ( March 1984–February 1986 ) - Dieter Pohmer ( July 1984–February 1991 ) - Helmut Hesse ( March 1985–November 1988 ) - Rüdiger Pohl ( July 1986–February 1994 ) - Otmar Issing ( April 1988–September 1990 ) - Herbert Hax ( March 1989–February 2000 ; chairman : March 1992–February 2000 ) - Horst Siebert ( January 1991–February 2003 ) - Rolf Peffekoven ( April 1991–February 2001 ) - Juergen B . Donges ( April 1992–February 2002 ; chairman : March 2000–February 2002 ) - Wolfgang Franz ( May 1994–February 1999 ; March 2003–February 2013 ; chairman : March 2009–February 2013 ) - Jürgen Kromphardt ( March 1999–February 2004 ) - Bert Rürup ( March 2000–February 2009 , chairman : March 2005–February 2009 ) - Wolfgang Wiegard ( March 2001–February 2011 ; chairman : April 2002–February 2005 ) - Axel A . Weber ( March 2002–April 2004 ) - Beatrice Weder di Mauro ( June 2004–February 2012 ) - Claudia M . Buch ( March 2012–May 2014 ) - Peter Bofinger ( March 2004–February 2019 ) - Isabel Schnabel ( June 2014–December 2019 ) - Christoph M . Schmidt ( March 2009–February 2020 ; chairman : March 2013–February 2020 ) - Lars Feld ( since March 2011-February 2021 ; chairman : March 2020-February 2021 ) Notable proposals . In 2011 , the Council proposed a plan for the issuance of collectivized European debt as part of a mechanism for contending with the European sovereign debt crisis . External links . - Official homepage ( in German ; in English )

/wiki/German_Council_of_Economic_Experts#P488#6

Who was the head of German Council of Economic Experts between May 2002 and Jul 2003?

German Council of Economic Experts The German Council of Economic Experts ( German : ) is a group of economists set up in 1963 to evaluate economic policies of the German government . In the media , the council is often referred to as the Five Sages of Economy ( Fünf Wirtschaftsweisen ) , or simply the Five Sages ( Fünf Weisen ) . Role . Every year the Council prepares an annual report which is published before or by November 15 . The federal government has to publish its comments and conclusions within eight weeks of the publication of the annual report . The Council’s secretariat is based at the Federal Statistical Office of Germany in Wiesbaden . Membership . Composition . The Council has five members which – based on the recommendation of the Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy – are nominated by the federal government and appointed by the President of Germany for a term of five years . Every membership expires on 1 March of the term’s final year . Traditionally , the Joint Committee of German Associations in Trade and Industry – including the Confederation of German Employers Associations and 14 other leading business associations – and the country’s trade unions each nominate one member of the SVR . . Current members . - Achim Truger ( since March 2019 ) - Veronika Grimm ( since April 2020 ) - Monika Schnitzer ( since April 2020 ) - Volker Wieland ( since March 2013 ) Former members . - Wilhelm Bauer ( January 1964–July 1974 ; chairman : March 1964–February 1970 ) - Paul Binder ( January 1964–February 1968 ) - Herbert Giersch ( January 1964–February 1970 ) - Harald Koch ( January 1964–May 1969 ) - Fritz W . Meyer ( January 1964–February 1966 ) - Wolfgang Stützel ( February 1966–September 1968 ) - Manfred Schäfer ( March 1968–July 1970 ) - Norbert Kloten ( June 1969–April 1976 ; chairman : March 1970–February 1976 ) - Claus Köhler ( December 1969–February 1974 ) - Olaf Sievert ( May 1970–February 1985 ; chairman : March 1976–February 1985 ) - Armin Gutowski ( December 1970–February 1978 ) - Gerhard Scherhorn ( May 1974–February 1979 ) - Kurt Schmidt ( August 1974–May 1984 ) - Gerhard Fels ( June 1976–February 1982 ) - Horst Albach ( May 1978–February 1983 ) - Werner Glastetter ( August 1979–August 1981 ) - Hans-Jürgen Krupp ( March 1982–February 1984 ) - Hans Karl Schneider ( July 1982–February 1992 ; chairman : March 1985–February 1992 ) - Ernst Helmstädter ( March 1983–February 1988 ) - Dieter Mertens ( March 1984–February 1986 ) - Dieter Pohmer ( July 1984–February 1991 ) - Helmut Hesse ( March 1985–November 1988 ) - Rüdiger Pohl ( July 1986–February 1994 ) - Otmar Issing ( April 1988–September 1990 ) - Herbert Hax ( March 1989–February 2000 ; chairman : March 1992–February 2000 ) - Horst Siebert ( January 1991–February 2003 ) - Rolf Peffekoven ( April 1991–February 2001 ) - Juergen B . Donges ( April 1992–February 2002 ; chairman : March 2000–February 2002 ) - Wolfgang Franz ( May 1994–February 1999 ; March 2003–February 2013 ; chairman : March 2009–February 2013 ) - Jürgen Kromphardt ( March 1999–February 2004 ) - Bert Rürup ( March 2000–February 2009 , chairman : March 2005–February 2009 ) - Wolfgang Wiegard ( March 2001–February 2011 ; chairman : April 2002–February 2005 ) - Axel A . Weber ( March 2002–April 2004 ) - Beatrice Weder di Mauro ( June 2004–February 2012 ) - Claudia M . Buch ( March 2012–May 2014 ) - Peter Bofinger ( March 2004–February 2019 ) - Isabel Schnabel ( June 2014–December 2019 ) - Christoph M . Schmidt ( March 2009–February 2020 ; chairman : March 2013–February 2020 ) - Lars Feld ( since March 2011-February 2021 ; chairman : March 2020-February 2021 ) Notable proposals . In 2011 , the Council proposed a plan for the issuance of collectivized European debt as part of a mechanism for contending with the European sovereign debt crisis . External links . - Official homepage ( in German ; in English )

/wiki/German_Council_of_Economic_Experts#P488#7

Who was the head of German Council of Economic Experts after May 2006?

German Council of Economic Experts The German Council of Economic Experts ( German : ) is a group of economists set up in 1963 to evaluate economic policies of the German government . In the media , the council is often referred to as the Five Sages of Economy ( Fünf Wirtschaftsweisen ) , or simply the Five Sages ( Fünf Weisen ) . Role . Every year the Council prepares an annual report which is published before or by November 15 . The federal government has to publish its comments and conclusions within eight weeks of the publication of the annual report . The Council’s secretariat is based at the Federal Statistical Office of Germany in Wiesbaden . Membership . Composition . The Council has five members which – based on the recommendation of the Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy – are nominated by the federal government and appointed by the President of Germany for a term of five years . Every membership expires on 1 March of the term’s final year . Traditionally , the Joint Committee of German Associations in Trade and Industry – including the Confederation of German Employers Associations and 14 other leading business associations – and the country’s trade unions each nominate one member of the SVR . . Current members . - Achim Truger ( since March 2019 ) - Veronika Grimm ( since April 2020 ) - Monika Schnitzer ( since April 2020 ) - Volker Wieland ( since March 2013 ) Former members . - Wilhelm Bauer ( January 1964–July 1974 ; chairman : March 1964–February 1970 ) - Paul Binder ( January 1964–February 1968 ) - Herbert Giersch ( January 1964–February 1970 ) - Harald Koch ( January 1964–May 1969 ) - Fritz W . Meyer ( January 1964–February 1966 ) - Wolfgang Stützel ( February 1966–September 1968 ) - Manfred Schäfer ( March 1968–July 1970 ) - Norbert Kloten ( June 1969–April 1976 ; chairman : March 1970–February 1976 ) - Claus Köhler ( December 1969–February 1974 ) - Olaf Sievert ( May 1970–February 1985 ; chairman : March 1976–February 1985 ) - Armin Gutowski ( December 1970–February 1978 ) - Gerhard Scherhorn ( May 1974–February 1979 ) - Kurt Schmidt ( August 1974–May 1984 ) - Gerhard Fels ( June 1976–February 1982 ) - Horst Albach ( May 1978–February 1983 ) - Werner Glastetter ( August 1979–August 1981 ) - Hans-Jürgen Krupp ( March 1982–February 1984 ) - Hans Karl Schneider ( July 1982–February 1992 ; chairman : March 1985–February 1992 ) - Ernst Helmstädter ( March 1983–February 1988 ) - Dieter Mertens ( March 1984–February 1986 ) - Dieter Pohmer ( July 1984–February 1991 ) - Helmut Hesse ( March 1985–November 1988 ) - Rüdiger Pohl ( July 1986–February 1994 ) - Otmar Issing ( April 1988–September 1990 ) - Herbert Hax ( March 1989–February 2000 ; chairman : March 1992–February 2000 ) - Horst Siebert ( January 1991–February 2003 ) - Rolf Peffekoven ( April 1991–February 2001 ) - Juergen B . Donges ( April 1992–February 2002 ; chairman : March 2000–February 2002 ) - Wolfgang Franz ( May 1994–February 1999 ; March 2003–February 2013 ; chairman : March 2009–February 2013 ) - Jürgen Kromphardt ( March 1999–February 2004 ) - Bert Rürup ( March 2000–February 2009 , chairman : March 2005–February 2009 ) - Wolfgang Wiegard ( March 2001–February 2011 ; chairman : April 2002–February 2005 ) - Axel A . Weber ( March 2002–April 2004 ) - Beatrice Weder di Mauro ( June 2004–February 2012 ) - Claudia M . Buch ( March 2012–May 2014 ) - Peter Bofinger ( March 2004–February 2019 ) - Isabel Schnabel ( June 2014–December 2019 ) - Christoph M . Schmidt ( March 2009–February 2020 ; chairman : March 2013–February 2020 ) - Lars Feld ( since March 2011-February 2021 ; chairman : March 2020-February 2021 ) Notable proposals . In 2011 , the Council proposed a plan for the issuance of collectivized European debt as part of a mechanism for contending with the European sovereign debt crisis . External links . - Official homepage ( in German ; in English )

/wiki/Sally_Jewell#P108#0

What was the name of the employer Sally Jewell work for between Dec 1980 and Dec 1980?

Sally Jewell Sarah Margaret Sally Roffey Jewell ( born February 21 , 1956 ) is a British-American businessperson who served as the 51st United States Secretary of the Interior in the administration of President Barack Obama from 2013 to 2017 . Jewell was born in London and moved to the United States at age three . She grew up in the State of Washington and attended the University of Washington . After college , Jewell briefly worked as an oil engineer before transitioning to the banking industry . A position on the board of Recreational Equipment , Inc . ( REI ) , a Seattle-based retailer of outdoor gear , in 1996 , eventually led to her becoming the companys chief operating officer , from 2000 to 2005 , and then chief executive officer from 2005 to 2013 . Jewell is a lifelong outdoors enthusiast and while at REI became known for her involvement in conservation and environmental protection . These efforts brought her to the attention of the Obama administration , and she was nominated as Secretary of the Interior to succeed Ken Salazar in 2013 . Her nomination received substantial bipartisan support and she was handily confirmed by the Senate in April 2013 . Jewell is the second woman to hold the position of Secretary of the Interior , after Gale Norton . Early life and education . Sarah Margaret Roffey was born in London , England , the daughter of Anne ( née Murphy ) and Peter Roffey . She moved to the United States at age three in 1959 , when her father , an anesthesiologist , took up a fellowship at the University of Washington . Her mother was a nurse practitioner whose specialty was womens health . The Roffey family , including Sally and her three siblings , enjoyed the outdoors , and Sally went sailing and hiking from a young age . A two-week camping trip to teach children ecology inspired her love of the outdoors when she was nine years old . She graduated in 1973 from Renton High School . Roffey attended the University of Washington , first planning to become a dental hygienist , then switching to pre-dental at the encouragement of a roommate . After Roffey started dating an engineering student , Warren Jewell , she discovered an aptitude for engineering and switched her major . As an engineering student she worked for General Electric on components for the Alaska Pipeline . In 1978 , she received her degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Washington . Soon after graduation , Roffey married Jewell , and the couple moved to Oklahoma , both having accepted engineering jobs with Mobil . Career . Early career . Sally Jewell worked for Mobil oil company on oil fields in Oklahoma from 1978 through 1981 , when she joined Rainier Bank and returned to the Pacific Northwest . Jewells background was attractive to Rainier Bank , which was considering gas and oil investments and wanted engineers like Jewell to help evaluate possible assets . Jewell advised against investments in oil and gas , a move which proved beneficial for Rainier Bank . She stayed with Security Pacific after it acquired Rainier Bank , until 1992 . Jewell then worked for WestOne Bank from 1992 through 1995 , and for Washington Mutual from 1995 through 2000 . Altogether she spent nearly 20 years working in the banking industry . In 1996 , Jewell joined the board of Recreational Equipment Inc . ( REI ) and in 2000 was named chief operating officer . REI is a retailer of outdoor gear that operates as a member-owned cooperative . In 2005 , she succeeded Dennis Madsen as chief executive officer ( CEO ) . Jewell was named the Puget Sound Business Journal CEO of the Year in 2006 . By 2012 , Jewell noted that the REI co-op had facilitated 3million hours of volunteer work in parks and other natural outdoor spaces and spent three percent of its annual profits on outdoor stewardship . During her tenure at REI , annual sales grew from $600 million in 2005 to more than $2billion in 2015 , and the company doubled the number of its retail stores . Jewell remained CEO of REI until she was named Secretary of the Interior in 2013 . Civic involvement and awards . While working in the private sector , Jewell became known for her involvement in conservation and environmental protection efforts . Jewell has sat on the boards of Premera , the National Parks Conservation Association , the University of Washington Board of Regents ( 2001–2013 ) , and the Retail Industry Leaders Association . She helped found the Mountains to Sound Greenway Trust and served as a board member and president of the group . She started making campaign contributions in 2008 , giving almost solely to Democratic candidates according to USA Today . In 2009 , Jewell received the National Audubon Societys Rachel Carson Award for her leadership in , and dedication to , conservation . She was also named a 2012 Woman of Distinction from the Girl Scouts of Western Washington , and that same year was awarded the Woodrow Wilson Centers Award for Public Service . That same year , the Mountains to Sound Greenway Trust named Jewell to its hall of fame for 21 years of leadership with Greenway Trust , encouraging people to participate in outdoor activities . The University of Washington honored Jewell with its 2016 Alumni Lifetime Achievement Award . In 2017 , the Teton Science Schools , a Wyoming-based non-profit , awarded her the Murie Spirit of Conservation Award recognizing a lifetime achievement in conservation through civil discourse . Secretary of the Interior . On February 6 , 2013 , Jewell was nominated by President Barack Obama to succeed Ken Salazar as United States Secretary of the Interior . Her nomination was approved by the United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on March 21 , with only three of the committees 22 members opposed . On April 10 , 2013 , the Senate confirmed Jewell to be Secretary of the Interior in an 87–11 vote . She was sworn in as Secretary of the Interior on April 12 , 2013 . As Secretary of the Interior she oversaw the Interior Department , which has a budget of $11billion , employs 70,000 people , and acted as steward for twenty percent of the United States of Americas land . Jewells first order as Secretary , issued in October 2013 , established a process for the Department of the Interior to offset large development projects with conservation efforts . The effort was an extension of existing programs that use fees for offshore drilling permits to expand or build parks . At the same time , Jewell publicly pledged to work with President Obama to preserve mountains and rivers , with or without Congressional action . Existing laws , such as the 1906 Antiquities Act , give the president broad authority to preserve land , a power Jewell indicated she and the President were prepared to use as part of a balanced approach between development and conservation . Expanding access to parks was a feature of many initiatives Jewell undertook as Secretary . A 2014 Secretarial Order set benchmarks to increase youth involvement , seeking to create opportunities for young people to play , learn , serve , and work in national parks . Jewell led the kickoff of the Every Kid Every Park program by leading fourth graders on a hike through Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area . The Every Kid initiative made every fourth grade student , and their families , eligible for a free one-year pass to every national park . Jewell also backed a 2016 initiative to expedite permitting for youth organizations to explore public wild lands on overnight or multi-day trips , particularly in less popular parks . On August 28 , 2015 , Jewell used her authority as Secretary to rename the tallest mountain in North America Denali . The United States federal government had adopted the name Mount McKinley for the peak in 1917 although the Koyukon Athabascan , a group native to Alaska , had traditionally called the peak Denali . President Obama supported Jewells decision to change the name . As Secretary , Jewell approved the first phase of the Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan ( DRECP ) . The DRECP focuses on renewable energy and land conservation in Californias desert . At the signing ceremony , held September 16 , 2016 , at the Santa Rosa & San Jacinto Mountains National Monument Visitor Center , Secretary Jewell stated phase one was intended to streamline approval for solar , wind , and geothermal projects . The DRECP also aimed to preserve 4.2million acres of land . Conservation groups viewed the initiative more favorably than did wind and solar developers , who criticized the DRECP for removing some public land designated for development . Jewell was the 51st Secretary of the Interior , and the second woman to hold the position . Unlike many of her predecessors , Jewell never held elected office . Because she acquired her U.S . citizenship by naturalization rather than being a natural-born citizen , Jewell was not eligible to hold a place within the presidential line of succession . Post-secretaryship . After leaving government , Jewell returned to Seattle and the University of Washington as an advisor to the College of the Environments EarthLab , which coordinates solutions to climate change and environmental issues . She also joined the boards of The Nature Conservancy and Bellevue-based life insurance company Symetra . In mid-June 2019 , Jewell was named interim CEO of The Nature Conservancy effective September 3 . In January 2020 , she joined the board of Costco . In 2015 , Jewell was selected as the ships sponsor for USS Montana ( SSN-794 ) . She christened the vessel 12 September 2020 at Huntington Ingalls Industries Newport News Shipbuilding amid a virtual ceremony because of restrictions due to COVID . Personal life . Jewell is married to Warren Jewell , also an engineer . They have two adult children : a son , who works as a pediatric intensive care nurse , and a daughter , who works as a revenue agent for the federal government . Both resided in Seattle as of 2013 . In her spare time , Jewell enjoys snowboarding and kayaking . She also enjoys mountain climbing , and has climbed Vinson Massif , the highest mountain in Antarctica , and Mont Blanc , Western Europes highest mountain , and has scaled Mount Rainier seven times . She is an overall outdoor enthusiast .

/wiki/Sally_Jewell#P108#1

What was the name of the employer Sally Jewell work for in Oct 1996?

Sally Jewell Sarah Margaret Sally Roffey Jewell ( born February 21 , 1956 ) is a British-American businessperson who served as the 51st United States Secretary of the Interior in the administration of President Barack Obama from 2013 to 2017 . Jewell was born in London and moved to the United States at age three . She grew up in the State of Washington and attended the University of Washington . After college , Jewell briefly worked as an oil engineer before transitioning to the banking industry . A position on the board of Recreational Equipment , Inc . ( REI ) , a Seattle-based retailer of outdoor gear , in 1996 , eventually led to her becoming the companys chief operating officer , from 2000 to 2005 , and then chief executive officer from 2005 to 2013 . Jewell is a lifelong outdoors enthusiast and while at REI became known for her involvement in conservation and environmental protection . These efforts brought her to the attention of the Obama administration , and she was nominated as Secretary of the Interior to succeed Ken Salazar in 2013 . Her nomination received substantial bipartisan support and she was handily confirmed by the Senate in April 2013 . Jewell is the second woman to hold the position of Secretary of the Interior , after Gale Norton . Early life and education . Sarah Margaret Roffey was born in London , England , the daughter of Anne ( née Murphy ) and Peter Roffey . She moved to the United States at age three in 1959 , when her father , an anesthesiologist , took up a fellowship at the University of Washington . Her mother was a nurse practitioner whose specialty was womens health . The Roffey family , including Sally and her three siblings , enjoyed the outdoors , and Sally went sailing and hiking from a young age . A two-week camping trip to teach children ecology inspired her love of the outdoors when she was nine years old . She graduated in 1973 from Renton High School . Roffey attended the University of Washington , first planning to become a dental hygienist , then switching to pre-dental at the encouragement of a roommate . After Roffey started dating an engineering student , Warren Jewell , she discovered an aptitude for engineering and switched her major . As an engineering student she worked for General Electric on components for the Alaska Pipeline . In 1978 , she received her degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Washington . Soon after graduation , Roffey married Jewell , and the couple moved to Oklahoma , both having accepted engineering jobs with Mobil . Career . Early career . Sally Jewell worked for Mobil oil company on oil fields in Oklahoma from 1978 through 1981 , when she joined Rainier Bank and returned to the Pacific Northwest . Jewells background was attractive to Rainier Bank , which was considering gas and oil investments and wanted engineers like Jewell to help evaluate possible assets . Jewell advised against investments in oil and gas , a move which proved beneficial for Rainier Bank . She stayed with Security Pacific after it acquired Rainier Bank , until 1992 . Jewell then worked for WestOne Bank from 1992 through 1995 , and for Washington Mutual from 1995 through 2000 . Altogether she spent nearly 20 years working in the banking industry . In 1996 , Jewell joined the board of Recreational Equipment Inc . ( REI ) and in 2000 was named chief operating officer . REI is a retailer of outdoor gear that operates as a member-owned cooperative . In 2005 , she succeeded Dennis Madsen as chief executive officer ( CEO ) . Jewell was named the Puget Sound Business Journal CEO of the Year in 2006 . By 2012 , Jewell noted that the REI co-op had facilitated 3million hours of volunteer work in parks and other natural outdoor spaces and spent three percent of its annual profits on outdoor stewardship . During her tenure at REI , annual sales grew from $600 million in 2005 to more than $2billion in 2015 , and the company doubled the number of its retail stores . Jewell remained CEO of REI until she was named Secretary of the Interior in 2013 . Civic involvement and awards . While working in the private sector , Jewell became known for her involvement in conservation and environmental protection efforts . Jewell has sat on the boards of Premera , the National Parks Conservation Association , the University of Washington Board of Regents ( 2001–2013 ) , and the Retail Industry Leaders Association . She helped found the Mountains to Sound Greenway Trust and served as a board member and president of the group . She started making campaign contributions in 2008 , giving almost solely to Democratic candidates according to USA Today . In 2009 , Jewell received the National Audubon Societys Rachel Carson Award for her leadership in , and dedication to , conservation . She was also named a 2012 Woman of Distinction from the Girl Scouts of Western Washington , and that same year was awarded the Woodrow Wilson Centers Award for Public Service . That same year , the Mountains to Sound Greenway Trust named Jewell to its hall of fame for 21 years of leadership with Greenway Trust , encouraging people to participate in outdoor activities . The University of Washington honored Jewell with its 2016 Alumni Lifetime Achievement Award . In 2017 , the Teton Science Schools , a Wyoming-based non-profit , awarded her the Murie Spirit of Conservation Award recognizing a lifetime achievement in conservation through civil discourse . Secretary of the Interior . On February 6 , 2013 , Jewell was nominated by President Barack Obama to succeed Ken Salazar as United States Secretary of the Interior . Her nomination was approved by the United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on March 21 , with only three of the committees 22 members opposed . On April 10 , 2013 , the Senate confirmed Jewell to be Secretary of the Interior in an 87–11 vote . She was sworn in as Secretary of the Interior on April 12 , 2013 . As Secretary of the Interior she oversaw the Interior Department , which has a budget of $11billion , employs 70,000 people , and acted as steward for twenty percent of the United States of Americas land . Jewells first order as Secretary , issued in October 2013 , established a process for the Department of the Interior to offset large development projects with conservation efforts . The effort was an extension of existing programs that use fees for offshore drilling permits to expand or build parks . At the same time , Jewell publicly pledged to work with President Obama to preserve mountains and rivers , with or without Congressional action . Existing laws , such as the 1906 Antiquities Act , give the president broad authority to preserve land , a power Jewell indicated she and the President were prepared to use as part of a balanced approach between development and conservation . Expanding access to parks was a feature of many initiatives Jewell undertook as Secretary . A 2014 Secretarial Order set benchmarks to increase youth involvement , seeking to create opportunities for young people to play , learn , serve , and work in national parks . Jewell led the kickoff of the Every Kid Every Park program by leading fourth graders on a hike through Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area . The Every Kid initiative made every fourth grade student , and their families , eligible for a free one-year pass to every national park . Jewell also backed a 2016 initiative to expedite permitting for youth organizations to explore public wild lands on overnight or multi-day trips , particularly in less popular parks . On August 28 , 2015 , Jewell used her authority as Secretary to rename the tallest mountain in North America Denali . The United States federal government had adopted the name Mount McKinley for the peak in 1917 although the Koyukon Athabascan , a group native to Alaska , had traditionally called the peak Denali . President Obama supported Jewells decision to change the name . As Secretary , Jewell approved the first phase of the Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan ( DRECP ) . The DRECP focuses on renewable energy and land conservation in Californias desert . At the signing ceremony , held September 16 , 2016 , at the Santa Rosa & San Jacinto Mountains National Monument Visitor Center , Secretary Jewell stated phase one was intended to streamline approval for solar , wind , and geothermal projects . The DRECP also aimed to preserve 4.2million acres of land . Conservation groups viewed the initiative more favorably than did wind and solar developers , who criticized the DRECP for removing some public land designated for development . Jewell was the 51st Secretary of the Interior , and the second woman to hold the position . Unlike many of her predecessors , Jewell never held elected office . Because she acquired her U.S . citizenship by naturalization rather than being a natural-born citizen , Jewell was not eligible to hold a place within the presidential line of succession . Post-secretaryship . After leaving government , Jewell returned to Seattle and the University of Washington as an advisor to the College of the Environments EarthLab , which coordinates solutions to climate change and environmental issues . She also joined the boards of The Nature Conservancy and Bellevue-based life insurance company Symetra . In mid-June 2019 , Jewell was named interim CEO of The Nature Conservancy effective September 3 . In January 2020 , she joined the board of Costco . In 2015 , Jewell was selected as the ships sponsor for USS Montana ( SSN-794 ) . She christened the vessel 12 September 2020 at Huntington Ingalls Industries Newport News Shipbuilding amid a virtual ceremony because of restrictions due to COVID . Personal life . Jewell is married to Warren Jewell , also an engineer . They have two adult children : a son , who works as a pediatric intensive care nurse , and a daughter , who works as a revenue agent for the federal government . Both resided in Seattle as of 2013 . In her spare time , Jewell enjoys snowboarding and kayaking . She also enjoys mountain climbing , and has climbed Vinson Massif , the highest mountain in Antarctica , and Mont Blanc , Western Europes highest mountain , and has scaled Mount Rainier seven times . She is an overall outdoor enthusiast .

/wiki/Sally_Jewell#P108#2

What was the name of the employer Sally Jewell work for in Nov 2005?

Sally Jewell Sarah Margaret Sally Roffey Jewell ( born February 21 , 1956 ) is a British-American businessperson who served as the 51st United States Secretary of the Interior in the administration of President Barack Obama from 2013 to 2017 . Jewell was born in London and moved to the United States at age three . She grew up in the State of Washington and attended the University of Washington . After college , Jewell briefly worked as an oil engineer before transitioning to the banking industry . A position on the board of Recreational Equipment , Inc . ( REI ) , a Seattle-based retailer of outdoor gear , in 1996 , eventually led to her becoming the companys chief operating officer , from 2000 to 2005 , and then chief executive officer from 2005 to 2013 . Jewell is a lifelong outdoors enthusiast and while at REI became known for her involvement in conservation and environmental protection . These efforts brought her to the attention of the Obama administration , and she was nominated as Secretary of the Interior to succeed Ken Salazar in 2013 . Her nomination received substantial bipartisan support and she was handily confirmed by the Senate in April 2013 . Jewell is the second woman to hold the position of Secretary of the Interior , after Gale Norton . Early life and education . Sarah Margaret Roffey was born in London , England , the daughter of Anne ( née Murphy ) and Peter Roffey . She moved to the United States at age three in 1959 , when her father , an anesthesiologist , took up a fellowship at the University of Washington . Her mother was a nurse practitioner whose specialty was womens health . The Roffey family , including Sally and her three siblings , enjoyed the outdoors , and Sally went sailing and hiking from a young age . A two-week camping trip to teach children ecology inspired her love of the outdoors when she was nine years old . She graduated in 1973 from Renton High School . Roffey attended the University of Washington , first planning to become a dental hygienist , then switching to pre-dental at the encouragement of a roommate . After Roffey started dating an engineering student , Warren Jewell , she discovered an aptitude for engineering and switched her major . As an engineering student she worked for General Electric on components for the Alaska Pipeline . In 1978 , she received her degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Washington . Soon after graduation , Roffey married Jewell , and the couple moved to Oklahoma , both having accepted engineering jobs with Mobil . Career . Early career . Sally Jewell worked for Mobil oil company on oil fields in Oklahoma from 1978 through 1981 , when she joined Rainier Bank and returned to the Pacific Northwest . Jewells background was attractive to Rainier Bank , which was considering gas and oil investments and wanted engineers like Jewell to help evaluate possible assets . Jewell advised against investments in oil and gas , a move which proved beneficial for Rainier Bank . She stayed with Security Pacific after it acquired Rainier Bank , until 1992 . Jewell then worked for WestOne Bank from 1992 through 1995 , and for Washington Mutual from 1995 through 2000 . Altogether she spent nearly 20 years working in the banking industry . In 1996 , Jewell joined the board of Recreational Equipment Inc . ( REI ) and in 2000 was named chief operating officer . REI is a retailer of outdoor gear that operates as a member-owned cooperative . In 2005 , she succeeded Dennis Madsen as chief executive officer ( CEO ) . Jewell was named the Puget Sound Business Journal CEO of the Year in 2006 . By 2012 , Jewell noted that the REI co-op had facilitated 3million hours of volunteer work in parks and other natural outdoor spaces and spent three percent of its annual profits on outdoor stewardship . During her tenure at REI , annual sales grew from $600 million in 2005 to more than $2billion in 2015 , and the company doubled the number of its retail stores . Jewell remained CEO of REI until she was named Secretary of the Interior in 2013 . Civic involvement and awards . While working in the private sector , Jewell became known for her involvement in conservation and environmental protection efforts . Jewell has sat on the boards of Premera , the National Parks Conservation Association , the University of Washington Board of Regents ( 2001–2013 ) , and the Retail Industry Leaders Association . She helped found the Mountains to Sound Greenway Trust and served as a board member and president of the group . She started making campaign contributions in 2008 , giving almost solely to Democratic candidates according to USA Today . In 2009 , Jewell received the National Audubon Societys Rachel Carson Award for her leadership in , and dedication to , conservation . She was also named a 2012 Woman of Distinction from the Girl Scouts of Western Washington , and that same year was awarded the Woodrow Wilson Centers Award for Public Service . That same year , the Mountains to Sound Greenway Trust named Jewell to its hall of fame for 21 years of leadership with Greenway Trust , encouraging people to participate in outdoor activities . The University of Washington honored Jewell with its 2016 Alumni Lifetime Achievement Award . In 2017 , the Teton Science Schools , a Wyoming-based non-profit , awarded her the Murie Spirit of Conservation Award recognizing a lifetime achievement in conservation through civil discourse . Secretary of the Interior . On February 6 , 2013 , Jewell was nominated by President Barack Obama to succeed Ken Salazar as United States Secretary of the Interior . Her nomination was approved by the United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on March 21 , with only three of the committees 22 members opposed . On April 10 , 2013 , the Senate confirmed Jewell to be Secretary of the Interior in an 87–11 vote . She was sworn in as Secretary of the Interior on April 12 , 2013 . As Secretary of the Interior she oversaw the Interior Department , which has a budget of $11billion , employs 70,000 people , and acted as steward for twenty percent of the United States of Americas land . Jewells first order as Secretary , issued in October 2013 , established a process for the Department of the Interior to offset large development projects with conservation efforts . The effort was an extension of existing programs that use fees for offshore drilling permits to expand or build parks . At the same time , Jewell publicly pledged to work with President Obama to preserve mountains and rivers , with or without Congressional action . Existing laws , such as the 1906 Antiquities Act , give the president broad authority to preserve land , a power Jewell indicated she and the President were prepared to use as part of a balanced approach between development and conservation . Expanding access to parks was a feature of many initiatives Jewell undertook as Secretary . A 2014 Secretarial Order set benchmarks to increase youth involvement , seeking to create opportunities for young people to play , learn , serve , and work in national parks . Jewell led the kickoff of the Every Kid Every Park program by leading fourth graders on a hike through Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area . The Every Kid initiative made every fourth grade student , and their families , eligible for a free one-year pass to every national park . Jewell also backed a 2016 initiative to expedite permitting for youth organizations to explore public wild lands on overnight or multi-day trips , particularly in less popular parks . On August 28 , 2015 , Jewell used her authority as Secretary to rename the tallest mountain in North America Denali . The United States federal government had adopted the name Mount McKinley for the peak in 1917 although the Koyukon Athabascan , a group native to Alaska , had traditionally called the peak Denali . President Obama supported Jewells decision to change the name . As Secretary , Jewell approved the first phase of the Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan ( DRECP ) . The DRECP focuses on renewable energy and land conservation in Californias desert . At the signing ceremony , held September 16 , 2016 , at the Santa Rosa & San Jacinto Mountains National Monument Visitor Center , Secretary Jewell stated phase one was intended to streamline approval for solar , wind , and geothermal projects . The DRECP also aimed to preserve 4.2million acres of land . Conservation groups viewed the initiative more favorably than did wind and solar developers , who criticized the DRECP for removing some public land designated for development . Jewell was the 51st Secretary of the Interior , and the second woman to hold the position . Unlike many of her predecessors , Jewell never held elected office . Because she acquired her U.S . citizenship by naturalization rather than being a natural-born citizen , Jewell was not eligible to hold a place within the presidential line of succession . Post-secretaryship . After leaving government , Jewell returned to Seattle and the University of Washington as an advisor to the College of the Environments EarthLab , which coordinates solutions to climate change and environmental issues . She also joined the boards of The Nature Conservancy and Bellevue-based life insurance company Symetra . In mid-June 2019 , Jewell was named interim CEO of The Nature Conservancy effective September 3 . In January 2020 , she joined the board of Costco . In 2015 , Jewell was selected as the ships sponsor for USS Montana ( SSN-794 ) . She christened the vessel 12 September 2020 at Huntington Ingalls Industries Newport News Shipbuilding amid a virtual ceremony because of restrictions due to COVID . Personal life . Jewell is married to Warren Jewell , also an engineer . They have two adult children : a son , who works as a pediatric intensive care nurse , and a daughter , who works as a revenue agent for the federal government . Both resided in Seattle as of 2013 . In her spare time , Jewell enjoys snowboarding and kayaking . She also enjoys mountain climbing , and has climbed Vinson Massif , the highest mountain in Antarctica , and Mont Blanc , Western Europes highest mountain , and has scaled Mount Rainier seven times . She is an overall outdoor enthusiast .

/wiki/Edward_Leung#P27#0

What was the nationality of Edward Leung between May 1996 and Aug 1996?

Edward Leung Edward Leung Tin-kei ( ; born 2 June 1991 ) is a Hong Kong politician and activist . He is the former spokesperson of Hong Kong Indigenous , a localist group . He advocates Hong Kong independence , and coined the slogan Liberate Hong Kong , the revolution of our times during the 2016 by-election , which was later widely used in 2019–20 Hong Kong protests . Leung contested the 2016 New Territories East Legislative Council by-election , representing Hong Kong Indigenous . In February 2016 , he was arrested in the Mong Kok civil unrest , but despite that his popularity rose . In the election , he received more than 66,000 votes , around 15 per cent of total votes . This led the Hong Kong government to require future candidates a written declaration to confirm their political stance . Leung signed the declaration , giving up his pro-independence stance in 2016 Hong Kong Legislative Council election in September . He was barred from running the election because the electoral officer was not convinced by his declaration . In December 2017 , he resigned from his position as spokesperson of Hong Kong Indigenous . In the same year , Lost in the Fumes , an award-winning documentary based on his story , was released . In June 2018 , he was convicted of rioting and assaulting a police officer during the Mong Kok unrest and sentenced to jail for six years . In 2019 , a jury reached a verdict of not guilty in his trial for rioting in Portland Street , Mong Kok . In 2019 , Leung was recognised by Time magazine on its 100 Next , a list of rising stars expected to shape the future . The magazine called him a spiritual leader of the 2019 Hong Kong protests , which is a leaderless movement . Early life . Edward Leung was born into a wealthy family in Wuhan , Hubei , China . He moved to Hong Kong at the age of one with his mother . His great-grandfather was killed by the Communist Party of China and his properties were confiscated . Leungs grandfather studied in British Hong Kong , later returned to Shanghai to study Economic Management at Shanghai Institute of Finance and Economics ( now Shanghai University of Finance and Economics ) . In 1953 , Leungs grandfather graduated from the university , and was allocated to work in Xinjiang Province Bureau of Mine for seven years , later resided in Zhuhai . In 1979 , the rehabilitation policy after Cultural Revolution returned the previously confiscated properties to Leungs family . In Summer 1990 , Leungs father met his wife in Wuhan , the couple registered in Wuhan and Leungs mother resigned her job shortly after . On 2 June 1991 , Leung was born in Hubei Province . In the following year , Leung followed his mother to reside in Hong Kong . In 2000 , Leungs parents invested in restaurants in Wuhan , but took a loss due to SARS and Avian Influenza . Leungs father was a college teacher with expertise in Chinese History , Chinese Language and Buddhism . He has a strong interest in contemporary Chinese history and always teaches Leung histories of Hong Kong and World History . Leungs mother worked as a housewife after moving to Hong Kong and later worked as a tutor , teaching Leung literacy . Social movement . When Leung was young , he questioned the rationale behind political events such as the Handover of Hong Kong in 1997 and the yearly Hong Kong 1st July marches in 2003 . His parents were excited with these events and explained to Leung about their meanings . He completed his college studies at Shung Tak Catholic English College in Yuen Long District . In 2008 , aged 17 , for the first time he participated in memorials for the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and 1 July marches . He then realised Hong Kong people protest to pursuit democracy and felt touched with their passion to preserve the truth of history . In the same year , Leung started to participate in various social movements , and felt proud of driving the society forward . He studied at the University of Hong Kong , majoring in Philosophy with a minor in Politics and Public Administration , and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 2016 . He felt disappointed with the Hong Kong government ignoring the will of people , forcibly passing the Express Rail Grant and postponing the implementation of dual universal suffrage . He was a member of Ricci Hall , HKU and led its development actively . In his third year , he was elected as the president of Ricci Hall Student Association , HKU , and led the Hall to win HKU Sports Championship ──Malayan Cup . In Summer 2014 , Peoples Republic of China has passed the 831 decision and White paper , this led him to believe that the HKSAR government had decided to ignore the promise made in Sino-British Joint Declaration . In September 2014 , Umbrella Revolution erupted , besides part-timing in an art gallery and studying , Leung spent most of his time joining the movement . On 30 November , Leung and a group of protesters occupied the Central Government Complex , in response to the call from Hong Kong Federation of Students and Scholarism . After facing clearance from Hong Kong Police Special Tactical Squad , he believed occupational movements could not lead to changes . His graduation was delayed to 2016 . Political involvement . In 2015 , Localist groups Hong Kong Indigenous was founded , to support street hawkers near districts of Sham Shui Po and Mong Kok . In March 2015 , under the referral from his classmate , Leung met Ray Wong , another political activist , but was unable to join Hong Kong Indigenous . Based on their common ideology , Leung was invited to be the spokesperson of the aforementioned group . Leung and Wong founded Channel i on October of the same year , acting as shareholder and CEO . 2016 New Territories East by-election and Mong Kok unrest . In December 2015 , Leung decided to participate 2016 New Territories East by-election , with the aim of promoting Localism ideology , testing his approval rate , and encouraging young politicians . On 15 January 2016 , Leung was nominated to represent Hong Kong Indigenous to run for New Territories East by-election , and was endorsed by Youngspiration , another localist group . But the public was not confident that Leung would have enough votes to even retrieve election deposit . Leung organized a small election parade in Sheung Shui , to explain the social problems brought by parallel importers , and was not interfered by the police . In February 2016 , two street vendors were arrested . At 8pm on 8 February , Food and Environmental Hygiene Department officers attempted to drive away street vendors in Mong Kok , Leung and Hong Kong Indigenous members assisted vendors to move to Portland Street , while calling help from social network to protect vendors , the solidarity at midnight elevated to civil unrest between protesters and the police . In order to protect the protesters , Leung announced election parade during the riot and refused to leave . People gathered at Mong Kok streets and committed arson at Nathan Road , confronting riot police . Leung and 20 other Hong Kong Indigenous members were later arrested by police at Mong Kok . However , Leung received supports from other political organizations and activists such as Youngspiration , Civic Passion , LegCo councilor Wong Yuk-man , Chin Wan . They helped Leung to set up street election stations , while comparatively , Electoral Affairs Commission claims that wordings such as Autonomy , Independence violated Hong Kong Basic Law , and refused to mail Leungs promotional letter . On 28 February , Leung lost the by-election with 66,524 votes ( 15.3% ) , behind Alvin Yeung ( 160,880 votes ) and Holden Chow ( 150,329 votes ) . Barred from running in 2016 Legislative Council election . After the by-election , Leung decided to participate in the 2016 Hong Kong Legislative Council election . At that time , Leung and Ray Wong were invited to join InterEthnic InterFaith Leadership Conference in Dharamshala , India , organized by 14th Dalai Lama . Leung and Dalai Lama held a meeting at Jokhang for two hours , the latter encourage Hong Kong people to presevere . In July 2016 , Electoral Affairs Commission released new election measures , directed against activists with Hong Kong Independence stance , requiring all candidates to sign declarations to confirm their support to Basic Law , and Hong Kong is an inseparable part of China as stated in the Basic Law . Leung applied to elect for New Territory East District , and initially refused to sign the declaration and asked for Judicial review . On 22 July , Leung received an email from Electoral Affairs Commission , asking clarification on Leungs pro-Independence political stance . For this , Leung and Avery Ng sought judicial review with the High Court , claiming Electoral Affairs Commission has acted in excess of their authority , criticizing HKSAR Governments political censorship . However , the judges ruled that there was no urgency before the end of nomination and refused to approve judicial review immediately . Leung eventually decided to sign the declaration , claiming to support the Hong Kong Basic Law and declaring loyalty to HKSAR , and no longer advocating independence . In the end , six allegedly pro-independence nominees , including Leung and Hong Kong National Party convener Chan Ho-tin , were disqualified by the committee , the reason being the returning officer refused to believe their claims were genuine . On 5 August , Leung and 2,500 pro-independence supporters rallied , claiming it was the first rally supporting Hong Kong Independence . Aftermath . In August 2016 , Leung uploaded a video on Facebook , claiming he had been tracked for a month . Facebook quickly deleted the video and barred Leungs account from posting for 24 hours when Leung attempted to re-upload it . On 15 August , Leung was stalked by Ta Kung Pao reporters . Leung photographed the stalker and conflict occurred in Tai Koo Station , police arrived and filed the case as dispute , later changed to public fighting because the stalker claimed that Leung had assaulted him . Meanwhile , Ta Kung Pao continuously dug information on Leungs background , including his birthplace and ancestry . In September , Leung and Ray Wong participated in Seventh International Conference of Tibet Support Groups , organized in Brussels , Belgium . Leung revealed he would submit an Election petition when the election results were published on Hong Kong Government Gazette , On 7 October , Leung submitted the Election petition on his disqualification . On the other hand , Leung was charged of rioting and inciting riot after the Mong Kok civil unrest . On 18 December 2017 , Hong Kong Indigenous issued a statement , announcing Leung has resigned his membership and spokesperson duty . Imprisonment . On 18 January 2018 , Leung and five other protesters were called in court on riot charges , Leung and Ray Wong were also charged with inciting riots between 8 to 9 February 2016 at Portland Street , Mong Kok , and police assault charges . On 22 January 2018 , Leung pleaded guilty of assault charges , but denied rioting and inciting riot . He was instantly remanded in custody . On 18 May , 9 jurors reached a unanimous verdict that Leung was guilty of rioting and assault charges , but was acquitted on inciting riots . He was later sentenced to 6 years in prison . It is believed that Leungs lengthy sentence was intended to intimidate activists and squelch political protest . On 5 March 2020 , local media reported that Leung had been transferred to a maximum-security prison . Appeal . During the jail time , Leung appealed his charges and sentence , and applied for legal aid and studied a Bachelor of Social Science in Open University of Hong Kong . He is expected to be discharged in January 2022 . Leungs case judgement was rescinded in March 2019 , jurors ruled with 7:2 ratio that Leung was not guilty with rioting . Meanwhile , senators from 11 countries across Europe , America and Asia issued a joint statement , stating their concern over HKSAR Government abusing obsolete colonial-era Public Order Ordinance arresting and charging protesters indiscriminately in order to silence opposite voices , and request to revise the ordinance . Leung pledged a crowdfunding for his appeal on 9 October 2019 , and received over 450,000 Hong Kong dollars in 15 minutes . On 29 April 2020 , Leung lost an appeal against his six-year jail term . Political stance . Leung was educated in Hong Kong . This has shaped his values and deep passions to Hong Kong . He was also inspired by The Social Contract by French thinker , Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Hong Kong City-state by Chin Wan . Leung has identified himself as a radical localist loyal to Hong Kong , promoting localism , and openly support , advocate Hong Kong Independence . He refused to identify himself as a Chinese , asserting Hong Kongs ability to be independent , and is an inevitable trend . Leung initially wanted to incorporate localism ideology into mainstream political agenda , and provide the rights for Hong Kong people to determine their future . He believed his by-election approval rate is an alarm to the government . Another main goal is to de-colonize Hong Kong . Leung also believes that the core values and systems of Hong Kong are slowly corroded by China and anyone can be considered Hong Kong people if he or she is willing to defend Hong Kongs core values , respect Hong Kong culture , and willing to merge and maintain Hong Kongs codes and systems . He also believes localism supporters need a councilor to represent their wills . In accordance with Hong Kong Indigenouss theme Valiant , Leung believes Valiant is a mindset instead of behaviour , also agreeing sometimes it could be associated to violence . However , he agrees more aggressive ways are required to counter the governments unfair , corrupted system , even at the cost of sacrificing ones life . He also mentioned no bottom line does not necessarily mean at all costs . In 2015 , Leung and Ray Wong advocated protesters to use Black bloc strategy to protect each other , yet he did not deny the actions of throwing rocks and arson , during Monk Kok civil unrest . After his disqualification , he believes revolution is the only way out . He also mentioned that to confront an evil government , actions should not be confined with no violence , everything must be done to counter suppression . He expects Hong Kong revolution will require at least 16 years to succeed . In 2017 , Leung decided to temporarily halt pushing independence . In 2018 , Leung revealed his wish for Localist and Democrats to reach a consensus , resolve differences and stand united against the government . In 2019 , Leung wrote an open letter to support Anti-extradition bill protesters , but also implored protesters not to risk their lives and be dominated by hatred . Influences . Edward Leung is a protester after the Umbrella Revolution . Hong Kong Indigenous approves Leungs successful effort to incorporate localism into mainstream political stage During the 2016 by-election , compared to other candidates who condemned protesters violence , Leung was able to garner votes from more radical voters , raising his fame and ultimately his final number of votes had exceeded the expectations of many . This was widely seen as signifying the rise of localism and a strong inspiration in the upcoming Legislative Council election . Leung also claimed that , after the by-election , localism effectively became the third power in Hong Kong Politics , alongside with Pro-democracy groups and Pro-beijing groups . Leungs candidature for the Legco election triggered polar reactions . Also , the HKSAR government , just before the nomination period ended , abruptly requested candidate to sign confirmation , declaring support to Hong Kong Basic Law and promise loyalty to HKSAR . This led to Leungs disqualification . Later Leung was sentenced to 6 years in prison due to participation in the 2016 Mong Kok civil unrest . Tai Kung Pao once commented on Leungs clear mind , quick response , and excellent communication skills , believing HKSAR Government need to treat the by-election results seriously . Former Chief Executive of Hong Kong Leung Chun-Ying criticized Leungs behaviour . Since Leung was born in China , he was once accused of improvising his localist stance . His life and political career were documented in the film Lost in the Fumes in 2017 , an award-winning biographical documentary by Nora Lam . However , no mainstream cinema in Hong Kong was willing to screen the film , renewing fears about self-censorship and suppress of freedom of speech . In November 2019 , Leung was nominated by TIME on its 100 Next as one of the top 100 rising stars predicted to shape the worlds future . TIME commented that although Leung has been jailed since 2016 , Anti-extradition Bill protesters treated him as a spiritual leader . Liberate Hong Kong , revolution of our times slogan was widely used and Lost in the fumes was a highly successful political documentary . The late businessman Stanley Ho and Leung are both HKU alumni . On 27 May 2020 , HKU uploaded several group photographs , dated on 18 February 2014 at Ricci Hall 85th Anniversary with other alumni to show condolences , but Leungs part was found to be intentionally scrapped . This was widely condemned as self-censorship and wiping history in order to be politically correct . HKU responded that their intention was to make the main character Stanley Ho stand out from the crowd . However , by cutting Leung away , Stanley Hos lower body was scrapped and he was not centered in the picture anymore . After wide criticization , HKU replaced with the original photograph after two hours .

/wiki/Edward_Leung#P27#1

What was the nationality of Edward Leung after Jul 1998?

Edward Leung Edward Leung Tin-kei ( ; born 2 June 1991 ) is a Hong Kong politician and activist . He is the former spokesperson of Hong Kong Indigenous , a localist group . He advocates Hong Kong independence , and coined the slogan Liberate Hong Kong , the revolution of our times during the 2016 by-election , which was later widely used in 2019–20 Hong Kong protests . Leung contested the 2016 New Territories East Legislative Council by-election , representing Hong Kong Indigenous . In February 2016 , he was arrested in the Mong Kok civil unrest , but despite that his popularity rose . In the election , he received more than 66,000 votes , around 15 per cent of total votes . This led the Hong Kong government to require future candidates a written declaration to confirm their political stance . Leung signed the declaration , giving up his pro-independence stance in 2016 Hong Kong Legislative Council election in September . He was barred from running the election because the electoral officer was not convinced by his declaration . In December 2017 , he resigned from his position as spokesperson of Hong Kong Indigenous . In the same year , Lost in the Fumes , an award-winning documentary based on his story , was released . In June 2018 , he was convicted of rioting and assaulting a police officer during the Mong Kok unrest and sentenced to jail for six years . In 2019 , a jury reached a verdict of not guilty in his trial for rioting in Portland Street , Mong Kok . In 2019 , Leung was recognised by Time magazine on its 100 Next , a list of rising stars expected to shape the future . The magazine called him a spiritual leader of the 2019 Hong Kong protests , which is a leaderless movement . Early life . Edward Leung was born into a wealthy family in Wuhan , Hubei , China . He moved to Hong Kong at the age of one with his mother . His great-grandfather was killed by the Communist Party of China and his properties were confiscated . Leungs grandfather studied in British Hong Kong , later returned to Shanghai to study Economic Management at Shanghai Institute of Finance and Economics ( now Shanghai University of Finance and Economics ) . In 1953 , Leungs grandfather graduated from the university , and was allocated to work in Xinjiang Province Bureau of Mine for seven years , later resided in Zhuhai . In 1979 , the rehabilitation policy after Cultural Revolution returned the previously confiscated properties to Leungs family . In Summer 1990 , Leungs father met his wife in Wuhan , the couple registered in Wuhan and Leungs mother resigned her job shortly after . On 2 June 1991 , Leung was born in Hubei Province . In the following year , Leung followed his mother to reside in Hong Kong . In 2000 , Leungs parents invested in restaurants in Wuhan , but took a loss due to SARS and Avian Influenza . Leungs father was a college teacher with expertise in Chinese History , Chinese Language and Buddhism . He has a strong interest in contemporary Chinese history and always teaches Leung histories of Hong Kong and World History . Leungs mother worked as a housewife after moving to Hong Kong and later worked as a tutor , teaching Leung literacy . Social movement . When Leung was young , he questioned the rationale behind political events such as the Handover of Hong Kong in 1997 and the yearly Hong Kong 1st July marches in 2003 . His parents were excited with these events and explained to Leung about their meanings . He completed his college studies at Shung Tak Catholic English College in Yuen Long District . In 2008 , aged 17 , for the first time he participated in memorials for the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and 1 July marches . He then realised Hong Kong people protest to pursuit democracy and felt touched with their passion to preserve the truth of history . In the same year , Leung started to participate in various social movements , and felt proud of driving the society forward . He studied at the University of Hong Kong , majoring in Philosophy with a minor in Politics and Public Administration , and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 2016 . He felt disappointed with the Hong Kong government ignoring the will of people , forcibly passing the Express Rail Grant and postponing the implementation of dual universal suffrage . He was a member of Ricci Hall , HKU and led its development actively . In his third year , he was elected as the president of Ricci Hall Student Association , HKU , and led the Hall to win HKU Sports Championship ──Malayan Cup . In Summer 2014 , Peoples Republic of China has passed the 831 decision and White paper , this led him to believe that the HKSAR government had decided to ignore the promise made in Sino-British Joint Declaration . In September 2014 , Umbrella Revolution erupted , besides part-timing in an art gallery and studying , Leung spent most of his time joining the movement . On 30 November , Leung and a group of protesters occupied the Central Government Complex , in response to the call from Hong Kong Federation of Students and Scholarism . After facing clearance from Hong Kong Police Special Tactical Squad , he believed occupational movements could not lead to changes . His graduation was delayed to 2016 . Political involvement . In 2015 , Localist groups Hong Kong Indigenous was founded , to support street hawkers near districts of Sham Shui Po and Mong Kok . In March 2015 , under the referral from his classmate , Leung met Ray Wong , another political activist , but was unable to join Hong Kong Indigenous . Based on their common ideology , Leung was invited to be the spokesperson of the aforementioned group . Leung and Wong founded Channel i on October of the same year , acting as shareholder and CEO . 2016 New Territories East by-election and Mong Kok unrest . In December 2015 , Leung decided to participate 2016 New Territories East by-election , with the aim of promoting Localism ideology , testing his approval rate , and encouraging young politicians . On 15 January 2016 , Leung was nominated to represent Hong Kong Indigenous to run for New Territories East by-election , and was endorsed by Youngspiration , another localist group . But the public was not confident that Leung would have enough votes to even retrieve election deposit . Leung organized a small election parade in Sheung Shui , to explain the social problems brought by parallel importers , and was not interfered by the police . In February 2016 , two street vendors were arrested . At 8pm on 8 February , Food and Environmental Hygiene Department officers attempted to drive away street vendors in Mong Kok , Leung and Hong Kong Indigenous members assisted vendors to move to Portland Street , while calling help from social network to protect vendors , the solidarity at midnight elevated to civil unrest between protesters and the police . In order to protect the protesters , Leung announced election parade during the riot and refused to leave . People gathered at Mong Kok streets and committed arson at Nathan Road , confronting riot police . Leung and 20 other Hong Kong Indigenous members were later arrested by police at Mong Kok . However , Leung received supports from other political organizations and activists such as Youngspiration , Civic Passion , LegCo councilor Wong Yuk-man , Chin Wan . They helped Leung to set up street election stations , while comparatively , Electoral Affairs Commission claims that wordings such as Autonomy , Independence violated Hong Kong Basic Law , and refused to mail Leungs promotional letter . On 28 February , Leung lost the by-election with 66,524 votes ( 15.3% ) , behind Alvin Yeung ( 160,880 votes ) and Holden Chow ( 150,329 votes ) . Barred from running in 2016 Legislative Council election . After the by-election , Leung decided to participate in the 2016 Hong Kong Legislative Council election . At that time , Leung and Ray Wong were invited to join InterEthnic InterFaith Leadership Conference in Dharamshala , India , organized by 14th Dalai Lama . Leung and Dalai Lama held a meeting at Jokhang for two hours , the latter encourage Hong Kong people to presevere . In July 2016 , Electoral Affairs Commission released new election measures , directed against activists with Hong Kong Independence stance , requiring all candidates to sign declarations to confirm their support to Basic Law , and Hong Kong is an inseparable part of China as stated in the Basic Law . Leung applied to elect for New Territory East District , and initially refused to sign the declaration and asked for Judicial review . On 22 July , Leung received an email from Electoral Affairs Commission , asking clarification on Leungs pro-Independence political stance . For this , Leung and Avery Ng sought judicial review with the High Court , claiming Electoral Affairs Commission has acted in excess of their authority , criticizing HKSAR Governments political censorship . However , the judges ruled that there was no urgency before the end of nomination and refused to approve judicial review immediately . Leung eventually decided to sign the declaration , claiming to support the Hong Kong Basic Law and declaring loyalty to HKSAR , and no longer advocating independence . In the end , six allegedly pro-independence nominees , including Leung and Hong Kong National Party convener Chan Ho-tin , were disqualified by the committee , the reason being the returning officer refused to believe their claims were genuine . On 5 August , Leung and 2,500 pro-independence supporters rallied , claiming it was the first rally supporting Hong Kong Independence . Aftermath . In August 2016 , Leung uploaded a video on Facebook , claiming he had been tracked for a month . Facebook quickly deleted the video and barred Leungs account from posting for 24 hours when Leung attempted to re-upload it . On 15 August , Leung was stalked by Ta Kung Pao reporters . Leung photographed the stalker and conflict occurred in Tai Koo Station , police arrived and filed the case as dispute , later changed to public fighting because the stalker claimed that Leung had assaulted him . Meanwhile , Ta Kung Pao continuously dug information on Leungs background , including his birthplace and ancestry . In September , Leung and Ray Wong participated in Seventh International Conference of Tibet Support Groups , organized in Brussels , Belgium . Leung revealed he would submit an Election petition when the election results were published on Hong Kong Government Gazette , On 7 October , Leung submitted the Election petition on his disqualification . On the other hand , Leung was charged of rioting and inciting riot after the Mong Kok civil unrest . On 18 December 2017 , Hong Kong Indigenous issued a statement , announcing Leung has resigned his membership and spokesperson duty . Imprisonment . On 18 January 2018 , Leung and five other protesters were called in court on riot charges , Leung and Ray Wong were also charged with inciting riots between 8 to 9 February 2016 at Portland Street , Mong Kok , and police assault charges . On 22 January 2018 , Leung pleaded guilty of assault charges , but denied rioting and inciting riot . He was instantly remanded in custody . On 18 May , 9 jurors reached a unanimous verdict that Leung was guilty of rioting and assault charges , but was acquitted on inciting riots . He was later sentenced to 6 years in prison . It is believed that Leungs lengthy sentence was intended to intimidate activists and squelch political protest . On 5 March 2020 , local media reported that Leung had been transferred to a maximum-security prison . Appeal . During the jail time , Leung appealed his charges and sentence , and applied for legal aid and studied a Bachelor of Social Science in Open University of Hong Kong . He is expected to be discharged in January 2022 . Leungs case judgement was rescinded in March 2019 , jurors ruled with 7:2 ratio that Leung was not guilty with rioting . Meanwhile , senators from 11 countries across Europe , America and Asia issued a joint statement , stating their concern over HKSAR Government abusing obsolete colonial-era Public Order Ordinance arresting and charging protesters indiscriminately in order to silence opposite voices , and request to revise the ordinance . Leung pledged a crowdfunding for his appeal on 9 October 2019 , and received over 450,000 Hong Kong dollars in 15 minutes . On 29 April 2020 , Leung lost an appeal against his six-year jail term . Political stance . Leung was educated in Hong Kong . This has shaped his values and deep passions to Hong Kong . He was also inspired by The Social Contract by French thinker , Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Hong Kong City-state by Chin Wan . Leung has identified himself as a radical localist loyal to Hong Kong , promoting localism , and openly support , advocate Hong Kong Independence . He refused to identify himself as a Chinese , asserting Hong Kongs ability to be independent , and is an inevitable trend . Leung initially wanted to incorporate localism ideology into mainstream political agenda , and provide the rights for Hong Kong people to determine their future . He believed his by-election approval rate is an alarm to the government . Another main goal is to de-colonize Hong Kong . Leung also believes that the core values and systems of Hong Kong are slowly corroded by China and anyone can be considered Hong Kong people if he or she is willing to defend Hong Kongs core values , respect Hong Kong culture , and willing to merge and maintain Hong Kongs codes and systems . He also believes localism supporters need a councilor to represent their wills . In accordance with Hong Kong Indigenouss theme Valiant , Leung believes Valiant is a mindset instead of behaviour , also agreeing sometimes it could be associated to violence . However , he agrees more aggressive ways are required to counter the governments unfair , corrupted system , even at the cost of sacrificing ones life . He also mentioned no bottom line does not necessarily mean at all costs . In 2015 , Leung and Ray Wong advocated protesters to use Black bloc strategy to protect each other , yet he did not deny the actions of throwing rocks and arson , during Monk Kok civil unrest . After his disqualification , he believes revolution is the only way out . He also mentioned that to confront an evil government , actions should not be confined with no violence , everything must be done to counter suppression . He expects Hong Kong revolution will require at least 16 years to succeed . In 2017 , Leung decided to temporarily halt pushing independence . In 2018 , Leung revealed his wish for Localist and Democrats to reach a consensus , resolve differences and stand united against the government . In 2019 , Leung wrote an open letter to support Anti-extradition bill protesters , but also implored protesters not to risk their lives and be dominated by hatred . Influences . Edward Leung is a protester after the Umbrella Revolution . Hong Kong Indigenous approves Leungs successful effort to incorporate localism into mainstream political stage During the 2016 by-election , compared to other candidates who condemned protesters violence , Leung was able to garner votes from more radical voters , raising his fame and ultimately his final number of votes had exceeded the expectations of many . This was widely seen as signifying the rise of localism and a strong inspiration in the upcoming Legislative Council election . Leung also claimed that , after the by-election , localism effectively became the third power in Hong Kong Politics , alongside with Pro-democracy groups and Pro-beijing groups . Leungs candidature for the Legco election triggered polar reactions . Also , the HKSAR government , just before the nomination period ended , abruptly requested candidate to sign confirmation , declaring support to Hong Kong Basic Law and promise loyalty to HKSAR . This led to Leungs disqualification . Later Leung was sentenced to 6 years in prison due to participation in the 2016 Mong Kok civil unrest . Tai Kung Pao once commented on Leungs clear mind , quick response , and excellent communication skills , believing HKSAR Government need to treat the by-election results seriously . Former Chief Executive of Hong Kong Leung Chun-Ying criticized Leungs behaviour . Since Leung was born in China , he was once accused of improvising his localist stance . His life and political career were documented in the film Lost in the Fumes in 2017 , an award-winning biographical documentary by Nora Lam . However , no mainstream cinema in Hong Kong was willing to screen the film , renewing fears about self-censorship and suppress of freedom of speech . In November 2019 , Leung was nominated by TIME on its 100 Next as one of the top 100 rising stars predicted to shape the worlds future . TIME commented that although Leung has been jailed since 2016 , Anti-extradition Bill protesters treated him as a spiritual leader . Liberate Hong Kong , revolution of our times slogan was widely used and Lost in the fumes was a highly successful political documentary . The late businessman Stanley Ho and Leung are both HKU alumni . On 27 May 2020 , HKU uploaded several group photographs , dated on 18 February 2014 at Ricci Hall 85th Anniversary with other alumni to show condolences , but Leungs part was found to be intentionally scrapped . This was widely condemned as self-censorship and wiping history in order to be politically correct . HKU responded that their intention was to make the main character Stanley Ho stand out from the crowd . However , by cutting Leung away , Stanley Hos lower body was scrapped and he was not centered in the picture anymore . After wide criticization , HKU replaced with the original photograph after two hours .

/wiki/Edward_Leung#P27#2

What was the nationality of Edward Leung between Sep 1988 and Mar 1989?

Edward Leung Edward Leung Tin-kei ( ; born 2 June 1991 ) is a Hong Kong politician and activist . He is the former spokesperson of Hong Kong Indigenous , a localist group . He advocates Hong Kong independence , and coined the slogan Liberate Hong Kong , the revolution of our times during the 2016 by-election , which was later widely used in 2019–20 Hong Kong protests . Leung contested the 2016 New Territories East Legislative Council by-election , representing Hong Kong Indigenous . In February 2016 , he was arrested in the Mong Kok civil unrest , but despite that his popularity rose . In the election , he received more than 66,000 votes , around 15 per cent of total votes . This led the Hong Kong government to require future candidates a written declaration to confirm their political stance . Leung signed the declaration , giving up his pro-independence stance in 2016 Hong Kong Legislative Council election in September . He was barred from running the election because the electoral officer was not convinced by his declaration . In December 2017 , he resigned from his position as spokesperson of Hong Kong Indigenous . In the same year , Lost in the Fumes , an award-winning documentary based on his story , was released . In June 2018 , he was convicted of rioting and assaulting a police officer during the Mong Kok unrest and sentenced to jail for six years . In 2019 , a jury reached a verdict of not guilty in his trial for rioting in Portland Street , Mong Kok . In 2019 , Leung was recognised by Time magazine on its 100 Next , a list of rising stars expected to shape the future . The magazine called him a spiritual leader of the 2019 Hong Kong protests , which is a leaderless movement . Early life . Edward Leung was born into a wealthy family in Wuhan , Hubei , China . He moved to Hong Kong at the age of one with his mother . His great-grandfather was killed by the Communist Party of China and his properties were confiscated . Leungs grandfather studied in British Hong Kong , later returned to Shanghai to study Economic Management at Shanghai Institute of Finance and Economics ( now Shanghai University of Finance and Economics ) . In 1953 , Leungs grandfather graduated from the university , and was allocated to work in Xinjiang Province Bureau of Mine for seven years , later resided in Zhuhai . In 1979 , the rehabilitation policy after Cultural Revolution returned the previously confiscated properties to Leungs family . In Summer 1990 , Leungs father met his wife in Wuhan , the couple registered in Wuhan and Leungs mother resigned her job shortly after . On 2 June 1991 , Leung was born in Hubei Province . In the following year , Leung followed his mother to reside in Hong Kong . In 2000 , Leungs parents invested in restaurants in Wuhan , but took a loss due to SARS and Avian Influenza . Leungs father was a college teacher with expertise in Chinese History , Chinese Language and Buddhism . He has a strong interest in contemporary Chinese history and always teaches Leung histories of Hong Kong and World History . Leungs mother worked as a housewife after moving to Hong Kong and later worked as a tutor , teaching Leung literacy . Social movement . When Leung was young , he questioned the rationale behind political events such as the Handover of Hong Kong in 1997 and the yearly Hong Kong 1st July marches in 2003 . His parents were excited with these events and explained to Leung about their meanings . He completed his college studies at Shung Tak Catholic English College in Yuen Long District . In 2008 , aged 17 , for the first time he participated in memorials for the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and 1 July marches . He then realised Hong Kong people protest to pursuit democracy and felt touched with their passion to preserve the truth of history . In the same year , Leung started to participate in various social movements , and felt proud of driving the society forward . He studied at the University of Hong Kong , majoring in Philosophy with a minor in Politics and Public Administration , and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 2016 . He felt disappointed with the Hong Kong government ignoring the will of people , forcibly passing the Express Rail Grant and postponing the implementation of dual universal suffrage . He was a member of Ricci Hall , HKU and led its development actively . In his third year , he was elected as the president of Ricci Hall Student Association , HKU , and led the Hall to win HKU Sports Championship ──Malayan Cup . In Summer 2014 , Peoples Republic of China has passed the 831 decision and White paper , this led him to believe that the HKSAR government had decided to ignore the promise made in Sino-British Joint Declaration . In September 2014 , Umbrella Revolution erupted , besides part-timing in an art gallery and studying , Leung spent most of his time joining the movement . On 30 November , Leung and a group of protesters occupied the Central Government Complex , in response to the call from Hong Kong Federation of Students and Scholarism . After facing clearance from Hong Kong Police Special Tactical Squad , he believed occupational movements could not lead to changes . His graduation was delayed to 2016 . Political involvement . In 2015 , Localist groups Hong Kong Indigenous was founded , to support street hawkers near districts of Sham Shui Po and Mong Kok . In March 2015 , under the referral from his classmate , Leung met Ray Wong , another political activist , but was unable to join Hong Kong Indigenous . Based on their common ideology , Leung was invited to be the spokesperson of the aforementioned group . Leung and Wong founded Channel i on October of the same year , acting as shareholder and CEO . 2016 New Territories East by-election and Mong Kok unrest . In December 2015 , Leung decided to participate 2016 New Territories East by-election , with the aim of promoting Localism ideology , testing his approval rate , and encouraging young politicians . On 15 January 2016 , Leung was nominated to represent Hong Kong Indigenous to run for New Territories East by-election , and was endorsed by Youngspiration , another localist group . But the public was not confident that Leung would have enough votes to even retrieve election deposit . Leung organized a small election parade in Sheung Shui , to explain the social problems brought by parallel importers , and was not interfered by the police . In February 2016 , two street vendors were arrested . At 8pm on 8 February , Food and Environmental Hygiene Department officers attempted to drive away street vendors in Mong Kok , Leung and Hong Kong Indigenous members assisted vendors to move to Portland Street , while calling help from social network to protect vendors , the solidarity at midnight elevated to civil unrest between protesters and the police . In order to protect the protesters , Leung announced election parade during the riot and refused to leave . People gathered at Mong Kok streets and committed arson at Nathan Road , confronting riot police . Leung and 20 other Hong Kong Indigenous members were later arrested by police at Mong Kok . However , Leung received supports from other political organizations and activists such as Youngspiration , Civic Passion , LegCo councilor Wong Yuk-man , Chin Wan . They helped Leung to set up street election stations , while comparatively , Electoral Affairs Commission claims that wordings such as Autonomy , Independence violated Hong Kong Basic Law , and refused to mail Leungs promotional letter . On 28 February , Leung lost the by-election with 66,524 votes ( 15.3% ) , behind Alvin Yeung ( 160,880 votes ) and Holden Chow ( 150,329 votes ) . Barred from running in 2016 Legislative Council election . After the by-election , Leung decided to participate in the 2016 Hong Kong Legislative Council election . At that time , Leung and Ray Wong were invited to join InterEthnic InterFaith Leadership Conference in Dharamshala , India , organized by 14th Dalai Lama . Leung and Dalai Lama held a meeting at Jokhang for two hours , the latter encourage Hong Kong people to presevere . In July 2016 , Electoral Affairs Commission released new election measures , directed against activists with Hong Kong Independence stance , requiring all candidates to sign declarations to confirm their support to Basic Law , and Hong Kong is an inseparable part of China as stated in the Basic Law . Leung applied to elect for New Territory East District , and initially refused to sign the declaration and asked for Judicial review . On 22 July , Leung received an email from Electoral Affairs Commission , asking clarification on Leungs pro-Independence political stance . For this , Leung and Avery Ng sought judicial review with the High Court , claiming Electoral Affairs Commission has acted in excess of their authority , criticizing HKSAR Governments political censorship . However , the judges ruled that there was no urgency before the end of nomination and refused to approve judicial review immediately . Leung eventually decided to sign the declaration , claiming to support the Hong Kong Basic Law and declaring loyalty to HKSAR , and no longer advocating independence . In the end , six allegedly pro-independence nominees , including Leung and Hong Kong National Party convener Chan Ho-tin , were disqualified by the committee , the reason being the returning officer refused to believe their claims were genuine . On 5 August , Leung and 2,500 pro-independence supporters rallied , claiming it was the first rally supporting Hong Kong Independence . Aftermath . In August 2016 , Leung uploaded a video on Facebook , claiming he had been tracked for a month . Facebook quickly deleted the video and barred Leungs account from posting for 24 hours when Leung attempted to re-upload it . On 15 August , Leung was stalked by Ta Kung Pao reporters . Leung photographed the stalker and conflict occurred in Tai Koo Station , police arrived and filed the case as dispute , later changed to public fighting because the stalker claimed that Leung had assaulted him . Meanwhile , Ta Kung Pao continuously dug information on Leungs background , including his birthplace and ancestry . In September , Leung and Ray Wong participated in Seventh International Conference of Tibet Support Groups , organized in Brussels , Belgium . Leung revealed he would submit an Election petition when the election results were published on Hong Kong Government Gazette , On 7 October , Leung submitted the Election petition on his disqualification . On the other hand , Leung was charged of rioting and inciting riot after the Mong Kok civil unrest . On 18 December 2017 , Hong Kong Indigenous issued a statement , announcing Leung has resigned his membership and spokesperson duty . Imprisonment . On 18 January 2018 , Leung and five other protesters were called in court on riot charges , Leung and Ray Wong were also charged with inciting riots between 8 to 9 February 2016 at Portland Street , Mong Kok , and police assault charges . On 22 January 2018 , Leung pleaded guilty of assault charges , but denied rioting and inciting riot . He was instantly remanded in custody . On 18 May , 9 jurors reached a unanimous verdict that Leung was guilty of rioting and assault charges , but was acquitted on inciting riots . He was later sentenced to 6 years in prison . It is believed that Leungs lengthy sentence was intended to intimidate activists and squelch political protest . On 5 March 2020 , local media reported that Leung had been transferred to a maximum-security prison . Appeal . During the jail time , Leung appealed his charges and sentence , and applied for legal aid and studied a Bachelor of Social Science in Open University of Hong Kong . He is expected to be discharged in January 2022 . Leungs case judgement was rescinded in March 2019 , jurors ruled with 7:2 ratio that Leung was not guilty with rioting . Meanwhile , senators from 11 countries across Europe , America and Asia issued a joint statement , stating their concern over HKSAR Government abusing obsolete colonial-era Public Order Ordinance arresting and charging protesters indiscriminately in order to silence opposite voices , and request to revise the ordinance . Leung pledged a crowdfunding for his appeal on 9 October 2019 , and received over 450,000 Hong Kong dollars in 15 minutes . On 29 April 2020 , Leung lost an appeal against his six-year jail term . Political stance . Leung was educated in Hong Kong . This has shaped his values and deep passions to Hong Kong . He was also inspired by The Social Contract by French thinker , Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Hong Kong City-state by Chin Wan . Leung has identified himself as a radical localist loyal to Hong Kong , promoting localism , and openly support , advocate Hong Kong Independence . He refused to identify himself as a Chinese , asserting Hong Kongs ability to be independent , and is an inevitable trend . Leung initially wanted to incorporate localism ideology into mainstream political agenda , and provide the rights for Hong Kong people to determine their future . He believed his by-election approval rate is an alarm to the government . Another main goal is to de-colonize Hong Kong . Leung also believes that the core values and systems of Hong Kong are slowly corroded by China and anyone can be considered Hong Kong people if he or she is willing to defend Hong Kongs core values , respect Hong Kong culture , and willing to merge and maintain Hong Kongs codes and systems . He also believes localism supporters need a councilor to represent their wills . In accordance with Hong Kong Indigenouss theme Valiant , Leung believes Valiant is a mindset instead of behaviour , also agreeing sometimes it could be associated to violence . However , he agrees more aggressive ways are required to counter the governments unfair , corrupted system , even at the cost of sacrificing ones life . He also mentioned no bottom line does not necessarily mean at all costs . In 2015 , Leung and Ray Wong advocated protesters to use Black bloc strategy to protect each other , yet he did not deny the actions of throwing rocks and arson , during Monk Kok civil unrest . After his disqualification , he believes revolution is the only way out . He also mentioned that to confront an evil government , actions should not be confined with no violence , everything must be done to counter suppression . He expects Hong Kong revolution will require at least 16 years to succeed . In 2017 , Leung decided to temporarily halt pushing independence . In 2018 , Leung revealed his wish for Localist and Democrats to reach a consensus , resolve differences and stand united against the government . In 2019 , Leung wrote an open letter to support Anti-extradition bill protesters , but also implored protesters not to risk their lives and be dominated by hatred . Influences . Edward Leung is a protester after the Umbrella Revolution . Hong Kong Indigenous approves Leungs successful effort to incorporate localism into mainstream political stage During the 2016 by-election , compared to other candidates who condemned protesters violence , Leung was able to garner votes from more radical voters , raising his fame and ultimately his final number of votes had exceeded the expectations of many . This was widely seen as signifying the rise of localism and a strong inspiration in the upcoming Legislative Council election . Leung also claimed that , after the by-election , localism effectively became the third power in Hong Kong Politics , alongside with Pro-democracy groups and Pro-beijing groups . Leungs candidature for the Legco election triggered polar reactions . Also , the HKSAR government , just before the nomination period ended , abruptly requested candidate to sign confirmation , declaring support to Hong Kong Basic Law and promise loyalty to HKSAR . This led to Leungs disqualification . Later Leung was sentenced to 6 years in prison due to participation in the 2016 Mong Kok civil unrest . Tai Kung Pao once commented on Leungs clear mind , quick response , and excellent communication skills , believing HKSAR Government need to treat the by-election results seriously . Former Chief Executive of Hong Kong Leung Chun-Ying criticized Leungs behaviour . Since Leung was born in China , he was once accused of improvising his localist stance . His life and political career were documented in the film Lost in the Fumes in 2017 , an award-winning biographical documentary by Nora Lam . However , no mainstream cinema in Hong Kong was willing to screen the film , renewing fears about self-censorship and suppress of freedom of speech . In November 2019 , Leung was nominated by TIME on its 100 Next as one of the top 100 rising stars predicted to shape the worlds future . TIME commented that although Leung has been jailed since 2016 , Anti-extradition Bill protesters treated him as a spiritual leader . Liberate Hong Kong , revolution of our times slogan was widely used and Lost in the fumes was a highly successful political documentary . The late businessman Stanley Ho and Leung are both HKU alumni . On 27 May 2020 , HKU uploaded several group photographs , dated on 18 February 2014 at Ricci Hall 85th Anniversary with other alumni to show condolences , but Leungs part was found to be intentionally scrapped . This was widely condemned as self-censorship and wiping history in order to be politically correct . HKU responded that their intention was to make the main character Stanley Ho stand out from the crowd . However , by cutting Leung away , Stanley Hos lower body was scrapped and he was not centered in the picture anymore . After wide criticization , HKU replaced with the original photograph after two hours .

/wiki/Vasilios_Koutsianikoulis#P54#0

Vasilios Koutsianikoulis played for which team before Oct 2007?

Vasilios Koutsianikoulis Vasilios Koutsianikoulis ( ; born 9 August 1988 ) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a left winger or an attacking midfielder for Super League 2 club Doxa Drama . He is a left footed winger that can play either on the left or right wing . Club career . Early years . Koutsianikoulis began his football career at his local amateur club Iraklis Chalkis , at the time playing in the Delta Ethniki , the fourth tier of the Greek football league system . His performances drew the attention of Greece U-19 coach Nikos Nioplias , who arranged for his first international call-up as well as sending him on a trial period at his former club OFI in April 2007 . Koutsianikoulis played a single pre-season friendly game with OFI against local rival Ergotelis . As OFI coach at the time Reiner Maurer had second thoughts on signing Koutsianikoulis on his outfit , Ergotelis , who were impressed with his performance during that friendly approached the player and signed him instead . Ergotelis . Koutsianikoulis debuted for Ergotelis during the 2007–08 Superleague season , where he played in a total of 12 matches , 10 of which he came in as a substitute . In total , Koutsianikoulis played 126 minutes , and did not score any goals . His breakout season came the next year , when he became a regular starter . Due to his short stature and agility , Koutsianikoulis demonstrated an impressive ability to evade opposing tackles and beat the defensive line on attacking runs , while his finishing and precise passing to create scoring opportunities for his teammates led the Greek media to dub him the Greek Messi or Messi for the poor , often drawing comparisons between his and the Argentinian super-stars playing style , though Koutsianikoulis himself requested these nicknames and comparisons to be dropped . He impressed with his performance in an uncommon 3−0 club home win against Aris in September 2008 , where he assisted his clubs second goal and posed a continuous threat to the opposing defense . He followed up this performance with 2 goals and one assist in his clubs 2−3 away win vs . Panathinaikos , considered at the time one of the biggest upsets in the Greens history . After scoring one more goal , and consistently performing well vs . reigning champions Olympiacos , Koutsianikoulis was called-up for the Greek National Team by coach Otto Rehhagel , an uncommon call-up for a player not playing in one of the traditional giants of Greek football , and a first for an Ergotelis player . Despite eventually not making any international caps , Koutsianikoulis league performances with Ergotelis ( he finished the season with 4 goals and 6 assists in 27 games ) and rising popularity among Greek fans and press made him a target for all major clubs in Greece . PAOK . During the summer transfer window of 2009 , Ergotelis reportedly received , and declined transfer offers from Olympiacos and Panathinaikos , eventually reaching an agreement with PAOK on May 22 , 2009 . Koutsianikoulis became the most expensive transfer in Ergotelis history , earning his club a transfer fee of a reported €1,2M , as well as a friendly match between the two teams of which all ticket sales income would be paid to Ergotelis . He signed a 4-year contract with PAOK on May 25 , 2009 . Despite high hopes placed on Koutsianikoulis development , and a dream debut in the 2009–10 Superleague opening match vs . Levadiakos , where he scored one goal and delivered two assists in an easy 3−0 home win for his club , his eventual performances did not manage to impress PAOK coach Fernando Santos , who benched him for the majority of games in the 2009–10 season , while fans were frustrated and left to expect more from the Greek Messi . His second year with the club was even more unremarkable , as he played in only 11 matches across all competitions . As PAOK sought to rid themselves of Koutsianikoulis contract , Ergotelis officials , who were still owed money from Koutsianikoulis transfer fee and believed in his talent , reached out to PAOK and arranged for his return to Crete . Return to Ergotelis . In July 2007 , Ergotelis announced the return of Koutsianikoulis in a transfer deal involving a 50% co-ownership of the players rights with PAOK for an undisclosed fee clearing PAOKs debts to Ergotelis , while the players annual contract was estimated at €400K . Koutsianikoulis signed a 4-year contract with his former club and managed to re-establish himself while in Crete , playing in 27 matches and scoring one goal . Ergotelis failed to avoid relegation At the end of the 2011−12 season however , and as the board of directors decided to release many of the clubs players with wealthy contracts , the club pre-maturely terminated Koutsianikoulis contract on mutual consent , all while the player was rumored to be close to a free transfer move to AEK and continue his career in the Superleague . OFI . Reports had linked Koutsianikoulis with both AEK and OFI in the weeks after his release from Ergotelis and it seemed the Athenian club had convinced the Greek youth international to join , despite their well-documented financial troubles . AEK were keen to sign Koutsianikoulis , and confirmed negotiations between club president Thomas Mavros and the players manager in an attempt to strengthen AEKs squad , which had been decimated by the departure of a raft of key players during the summer . Eventually however , Koutsianikoulis chose to move to his former clubs local rival OFI , who had secured the required license from the tax office to partake in the 2012−13 Superelague season . On August 20 , 2012 Koutsianikoulis finally signed a 3-year contract with OFI . He made his debut with the club in August 2012 , during a 0-0 home draw against Skoda Xanthi , and scored his first goal on 29 October 2012 during a 2-2 home draw against Panetolikos . He spent the next three seasons at OFI , making 89 appearances in both the Greek Superelague and the Greek Cup , scoring 8 goals . In 21 March 2015 , OFI withdrew from professional competitions , as the administration failed to meet the clubs pressing financial obligations and criticized the top-flight circuit for “unfair and uneven decisions” against the club . In a symbolic gesture , Koutsianikoulis , along with the other 14 players who still comprised the clubs roster at the time walked on the pitch of the Theodoros Vardinogiannis Stadium on that day ( before match-day 29 ) and waived OFIs fans farewell . As a result of OFIs departure , Koutsianikoulis was released from his contract with the club . In June 2015 , Koutsianikoulis was reported to join Greek Superelague side Veria , under the advise of the clubs Technical Director Zisis Vryzas , with whom Koutsianikoulis had collaborated during his time at PAOK . The deal was however never realized . AEL . After brief flirts with Veria and Trikala , Koutsianikoulis eventually signed a 3-year contract with Football League side AEL on September 3 , 2015 , marking his return to his hometown Larissa . He made 23 appearances for AEL and scored one goal during the 2015−16 Football League season , helping his club win the division title and achieve instant promotion to the Superleague . After returning to the Superleague with AEL , Koutsianikoulis playing time significantly dropped . He made only 7 league appearances during the 2016−17 season , and just one appearance in next years edition of the competition . As a result , Koutsianikoulis contract was terminated by the club on mutual consent in September 2017 . Return to OFI . On 11 September 2017 , Koutsianikoulis returned to OFI , at the time playing in the Football League , signing a one-year contract with the club for an undisclosed fee . On 30 October 2017 he scored his first goal since his return during a 2−1 away win against Panserraikos . Again faced with the clubs recurring financial troubles , Koutsianikoulis raised his game after the departure of several key players in OFIs attempt to return to the Superleague , scoring crucial goals in a 0−2 away win against Panegialios on 13 January 2018 , and a 3−0 home win against fellow promotion contenders Doxa Drama on 17 January 2018 . On 31 March 2018 , he scored with a wonderful strike , curling the ball into the net from distance with the help of a slight deflection , as his club made another huge step towards promotion to the Superleague , defeating 3-0 nearest challengers Panachaiki . At the end of the 2017-18 season , he celebrated the promotion to Superleague . On 28 May 2019 , the team announced that his contract would not be renewed . Olympiacos Volos . On 11 September 2019 , Koutsianikoulis joined Olympiacos Volos as a free transfer for an undisclosed fee . International career . Koutsianikoulis skills during his time with Iraklis Chalki , drew the attention of Greek U−19 coach Nikos Nioplias , who enlisted him in the squad that featured in the 2007 UEFA European U−19 Championship , in which Greece reached the Final . Koutsianikoulis played for one half against Spain during the competition Group stage , and then again in the competition Final , once more against Spain , where the Greeks narrowly lost the title ( 1–0 ) . Aged 20 and already an international with Greece U−21 , Koutsianikoulis shot to prominence in 2008 , during a string of impressive matches with Ergotelis against Aris , Panathinaikos and Olympiacos . His performances were eventually rewarded by Greece head coach Otto Rehhagel , who named Koutsianikoulis in his 20-man squad for an international friendly against Italy on 19 May 2008 at Karaiskakis Stadium in Piraeus . Despite being considered a strong prospect for the national team , Koutsianikoulis was ultimately not fielded during the match , and the eventual decline of his career after his transfer move to PAOK severely hurt his chances for receiving another call-up . Club statistics . Statistics accurate as of 17 November 2019 Honours . Club . - AEL - Football League : 2015–16 - OFI - Football League : 2017–18 International . - Greece U−19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship : Runner-up 2007 Individual . - Greek Young Footballer of the year : 2009

/wiki/Vasilios_Koutsianikoulis#P54#1

Vasilios Koutsianikoulis played for which team between Oct 2008 and Dec 2008?

Vasilios Koutsianikoulis Vasilios Koutsianikoulis ( ; born 9 August 1988 ) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a left winger or an attacking midfielder for Super League 2 club Doxa Drama . He is a left footed winger that can play either on the left or right wing . Club career . Early years . Koutsianikoulis began his football career at his local amateur club Iraklis Chalkis , at the time playing in the Delta Ethniki , the fourth tier of the Greek football league system . His performances drew the attention of Greece U-19 coach Nikos Nioplias , who arranged for his first international call-up as well as sending him on a trial period at his former club OFI in April 2007 . Koutsianikoulis played a single pre-season friendly game with OFI against local rival Ergotelis . As OFI coach at the time Reiner Maurer had second thoughts on signing Koutsianikoulis on his outfit , Ergotelis , who were impressed with his performance during that friendly approached the player and signed him instead . Ergotelis . Koutsianikoulis debuted for Ergotelis during the 2007–08 Superleague season , where he played in a total of 12 matches , 10 of which he came in as a substitute . In total , Koutsianikoulis played 126 minutes , and did not score any goals . His breakout season came the next year , when he became a regular starter . Due to his short stature and agility , Koutsianikoulis demonstrated an impressive ability to evade opposing tackles and beat the defensive line on attacking runs , while his finishing and precise passing to create scoring opportunities for his teammates led the Greek media to dub him the Greek Messi or Messi for the poor , often drawing comparisons between his and the Argentinian super-stars playing style , though Koutsianikoulis himself requested these nicknames and comparisons to be dropped . He impressed with his performance in an uncommon 3−0 club home win against Aris in September 2008 , where he assisted his clubs second goal and posed a continuous threat to the opposing defense . He followed up this performance with 2 goals and one assist in his clubs 2−3 away win vs . Panathinaikos , considered at the time one of the biggest upsets in the Greens history . After scoring one more goal , and consistently performing well vs . reigning champions Olympiacos , Koutsianikoulis was called-up for the Greek National Team by coach Otto Rehhagel , an uncommon call-up for a player not playing in one of the traditional giants of Greek football , and a first for an Ergotelis player . Despite eventually not making any international caps , Koutsianikoulis league performances with Ergotelis ( he finished the season with 4 goals and 6 assists in 27 games ) and rising popularity among Greek fans and press made him a target for all major clubs in Greece . PAOK . During the summer transfer window of 2009 , Ergotelis reportedly received , and declined transfer offers from Olympiacos and Panathinaikos , eventually reaching an agreement with PAOK on May 22 , 2009 . Koutsianikoulis became the most expensive transfer in Ergotelis history , earning his club a transfer fee of a reported €1,2M , as well as a friendly match between the two teams of which all ticket sales income would be paid to Ergotelis . He signed a 4-year contract with PAOK on May 25 , 2009 . Despite high hopes placed on Koutsianikoulis development , and a dream debut in the 2009–10 Superleague opening match vs . Levadiakos , where he scored one goal and delivered two assists in an easy 3−0 home win for his club , his eventual performances did not manage to impress PAOK coach Fernando Santos , who benched him for the majority of games in the 2009–10 season , while fans were frustrated and left to expect more from the Greek Messi . His second year with the club was even more unremarkable , as he played in only 11 matches across all competitions . As PAOK sought to rid themselves of Koutsianikoulis contract , Ergotelis officials , who were still owed money from Koutsianikoulis transfer fee and believed in his talent , reached out to PAOK and arranged for his return to Crete . Return to Ergotelis . In July 2007 , Ergotelis announced the return of Koutsianikoulis in a transfer deal involving a 50% co-ownership of the players rights with PAOK for an undisclosed fee clearing PAOKs debts to Ergotelis , while the players annual contract was estimated at €400K . Koutsianikoulis signed a 4-year contract with his former club and managed to re-establish himself while in Crete , playing in 27 matches and scoring one goal . Ergotelis failed to avoid relegation At the end of the 2011−12 season however , and as the board of directors decided to release many of the clubs players with wealthy contracts , the club pre-maturely terminated Koutsianikoulis contract on mutual consent , all while the player was rumored to be close to a free transfer move to AEK and continue his career in the Superleague . OFI . Reports had linked Koutsianikoulis with both AEK and OFI in the weeks after his release from Ergotelis and it seemed the Athenian club had convinced the Greek youth international to join , despite their well-documented financial troubles . AEK were keen to sign Koutsianikoulis , and confirmed negotiations between club president Thomas Mavros and the players manager in an attempt to strengthen AEKs squad , which had been decimated by the departure of a raft of key players during the summer . Eventually however , Koutsianikoulis chose to move to his former clubs local rival OFI , who had secured the required license from the tax office to partake in the 2012−13 Superelague season . On August 20 , 2012 Koutsianikoulis finally signed a 3-year contract with OFI . He made his debut with the club in August 2012 , during a 0-0 home draw against Skoda Xanthi , and scored his first goal on 29 October 2012 during a 2-2 home draw against Panetolikos . He spent the next three seasons at OFI , making 89 appearances in both the Greek Superelague and the Greek Cup , scoring 8 goals . In 21 March 2015 , OFI withdrew from professional competitions , as the administration failed to meet the clubs pressing financial obligations and criticized the top-flight circuit for “unfair and uneven decisions” against the club . In a symbolic gesture , Koutsianikoulis , along with the other 14 players who still comprised the clubs roster at the time walked on the pitch of the Theodoros Vardinogiannis Stadium on that day ( before match-day 29 ) and waived OFIs fans farewell . As a result of OFIs departure , Koutsianikoulis was released from his contract with the club . In June 2015 , Koutsianikoulis was reported to join Greek Superelague side Veria , under the advise of the clubs Technical Director Zisis Vryzas , with whom Koutsianikoulis had collaborated during his time at PAOK . The deal was however never realized . AEL . After brief flirts with Veria and Trikala , Koutsianikoulis eventually signed a 3-year contract with Football League side AEL on September 3 , 2015 , marking his return to his hometown Larissa . He made 23 appearances for AEL and scored one goal during the 2015−16 Football League season , helping his club win the division title and achieve instant promotion to the Superleague . After returning to the Superleague with AEL , Koutsianikoulis playing time significantly dropped . He made only 7 league appearances during the 2016−17 season , and just one appearance in next years edition of the competition . As a result , Koutsianikoulis contract was terminated by the club on mutual consent in September 2017 . Return to OFI . On 11 September 2017 , Koutsianikoulis returned to OFI , at the time playing in the Football League , signing a one-year contract with the club for an undisclosed fee . On 30 October 2017 he scored his first goal since his return during a 2−1 away win against Panserraikos . Again faced with the clubs recurring financial troubles , Koutsianikoulis raised his game after the departure of several key players in OFIs attempt to return to the Superleague , scoring crucial goals in a 0−2 away win against Panegialios on 13 January 2018 , and a 3−0 home win against fellow promotion contenders Doxa Drama on 17 January 2018 . On 31 March 2018 , he scored with a wonderful strike , curling the ball into the net from distance with the help of a slight deflection , as his club made another huge step towards promotion to the Superleague , defeating 3-0 nearest challengers Panachaiki . At the end of the 2017-18 season , he celebrated the promotion to Superleague . On 28 May 2019 , the team announced that his contract would not be renewed . Olympiacos Volos . On 11 September 2019 , Koutsianikoulis joined Olympiacos Volos as a free transfer for an undisclosed fee . International career . Koutsianikoulis skills during his time with Iraklis Chalki , drew the attention of Greek U−19 coach Nikos Nioplias , who enlisted him in the squad that featured in the 2007 UEFA European U−19 Championship , in which Greece reached the Final . Koutsianikoulis played for one half against Spain during the competition Group stage , and then again in the competition Final , once more against Spain , where the Greeks narrowly lost the title ( 1–0 ) . Aged 20 and already an international with Greece U−21 , Koutsianikoulis shot to prominence in 2008 , during a string of impressive matches with Ergotelis against Aris , Panathinaikos and Olympiacos . His performances were eventually rewarded by Greece head coach Otto Rehhagel , who named Koutsianikoulis in his 20-man squad for an international friendly against Italy on 19 May 2008 at Karaiskakis Stadium in Piraeus . Despite being considered a strong prospect for the national team , Koutsianikoulis was ultimately not fielded during the match , and the eventual decline of his career after his transfer move to PAOK severely hurt his chances for receiving another call-up . Club statistics . Statistics accurate as of 17 November 2019 Honours . Club . - AEL - Football League : 2015–16 - OFI - Football League : 2017–18 International . - Greece U−19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship : Runner-up 2007 Individual . - Greek Young Footballer of the year : 2009

/wiki/Vasilios_Koutsianikoulis#P54#2

Vasilios Koutsianikoulis played for which team in Aug 2010?

Vasilios Koutsianikoulis Vasilios Koutsianikoulis ( ; born 9 August 1988 ) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a left winger or an attacking midfielder for Super League 2 club Doxa Drama . He is a left footed winger that can play either on the left or right wing . Club career . Early years . Koutsianikoulis began his football career at his local amateur club Iraklis Chalkis , at the time playing in the Delta Ethniki , the fourth tier of the Greek football league system . His performances drew the attention of Greece U-19 coach Nikos Nioplias , who arranged for his first international call-up as well as sending him on a trial period at his former club OFI in April 2007 . Koutsianikoulis played a single pre-season friendly game with OFI against local rival Ergotelis . As OFI coach at the time Reiner Maurer had second thoughts on signing Koutsianikoulis on his outfit , Ergotelis , who were impressed with his performance during that friendly approached the player and signed him instead . Ergotelis . Koutsianikoulis debuted for Ergotelis during the 2007–08 Superleague season , where he played in a total of 12 matches , 10 of which he came in as a substitute . In total , Koutsianikoulis played 126 minutes , and did not score any goals . His breakout season came the next year , when he became a regular starter . Due to his short stature and agility , Koutsianikoulis demonstrated an impressive ability to evade opposing tackles and beat the defensive line on attacking runs , while his finishing and precise passing to create scoring opportunities for his teammates led the Greek media to dub him the Greek Messi or Messi for the poor , often drawing comparisons between his and the Argentinian super-stars playing style , though Koutsianikoulis himself requested these nicknames and comparisons to be dropped . He impressed with his performance in an uncommon 3−0 club home win against Aris in September 2008 , where he assisted his clubs second goal and posed a continuous threat to the opposing defense . He followed up this performance with 2 goals and one assist in his clubs 2−3 away win vs . Panathinaikos , considered at the time one of the biggest upsets in the Greens history . After scoring one more goal , and consistently performing well vs . reigning champions Olympiacos , Koutsianikoulis was called-up for the Greek National Team by coach Otto Rehhagel , an uncommon call-up for a player not playing in one of the traditional giants of Greek football , and a first for an Ergotelis player . Despite eventually not making any international caps , Koutsianikoulis league performances with Ergotelis ( he finished the season with 4 goals and 6 assists in 27 games ) and rising popularity among Greek fans and press made him a target for all major clubs in Greece . PAOK . During the summer transfer window of 2009 , Ergotelis reportedly received , and declined transfer offers from Olympiacos and Panathinaikos , eventually reaching an agreement with PAOK on May 22 , 2009 . Koutsianikoulis became the most expensive transfer in Ergotelis history , earning his club a transfer fee of a reported €1,2M , as well as a friendly match between the two teams of which all ticket sales income would be paid to Ergotelis . He signed a 4-year contract with PAOK on May 25 , 2009 . Despite high hopes placed on Koutsianikoulis development , and a dream debut in the 2009–10 Superleague opening match vs . Levadiakos , where he scored one goal and delivered two assists in an easy 3−0 home win for his club , his eventual performances did not manage to impress PAOK coach Fernando Santos , who benched him for the majority of games in the 2009–10 season , while fans were frustrated and left to expect more from the Greek Messi . His second year with the club was even more unremarkable , as he played in only 11 matches across all competitions . As PAOK sought to rid themselves of Koutsianikoulis contract , Ergotelis officials , who were still owed money from Koutsianikoulis transfer fee and believed in his talent , reached out to PAOK and arranged for his return to Crete . Return to Ergotelis . In July 2007 , Ergotelis announced the return of Koutsianikoulis in a transfer deal involving a 50% co-ownership of the players rights with PAOK for an undisclosed fee clearing PAOKs debts to Ergotelis , while the players annual contract was estimated at €400K . Koutsianikoulis signed a 4-year contract with his former club and managed to re-establish himself while in Crete , playing in 27 matches and scoring one goal . Ergotelis failed to avoid relegation At the end of the 2011−12 season however , and as the board of directors decided to release many of the clubs players with wealthy contracts , the club pre-maturely terminated Koutsianikoulis contract on mutual consent , all while the player was rumored to be close to a free transfer move to AEK and continue his career in the Superleague . OFI . Reports had linked Koutsianikoulis with both AEK and OFI in the weeks after his release from Ergotelis and it seemed the Athenian club had convinced the Greek youth international to join , despite their well-documented financial troubles . AEK were keen to sign Koutsianikoulis , and confirmed negotiations between club president Thomas Mavros and the players manager in an attempt to strengthen AEKs squad , which had been decimated by the departure of a raft of key players during the summer . Eventually however , Koutsianikoulis chose to move to his former clubs local rival OFI , who had secured the required license from the tax office to partake in the 2012−13 Superelague season . On August 20 , 2012 Koutsianikoulis finally signed a 3-year contract with OFI . He made his debut with the club in August 2012 , during a 0-0 home draw against Skoda Xanthi , and scored his first goal on 29 October 2012 during a 2-2 home draw against Panetolikos . He spent the next three seasons at OFI , making 89 appearances in both the Greek Superelague and the Greek Cup , scoring 8 goals . In 21 March 2015 , OFI withdrew from professional competitions , as the administration failed to meet the clubs pressing financial obligations and criticized the top-flight circuit for “unfair and uneven decisions” against the club . In a symbolic gesture , Koutsianikoulis , along with the other 14 players who still comprised the clubs roster at the time walked on the pitch of the Theodoros Vardinogiannis Stadium on that day ( before match-day 29 ) and waived OFIs fans farewell . As a result of OFIs departure , Koutsianikoulis was released from his contract with the club . In June 2015 , Koutsianikoulis was reported to join Greek Superelague side Veria , under the advise of the clubs Technical Director Zisis Vryzas , with whom Koutsianikoulis had collaborated during his time at PAOK . The deal was however never realized . AEL . After brief flirts with Veria and Trikala , Koutsianikoulis eventually signed a 3-year contract with Football League side AEL on September 3 , 2015 , marking his return to his hometown Larissa . He made 23 appearances for AEL and scored one goal during the 2015−16 Football League season , helping his club win the division title and achieve instant promotion to the Superleague . After returning to the Superleague with AEL , Koutsianikoulis playing time significantly dropped . He made only 7 league appearances during the 2016−17 season , and just one appearance in next years edition of the competition . As a result , Koutsianikoulis contract was terminated by the club on mutual consent in September 2017 . Return to OFI . On 11 September 2017 , Koutsianikoulis returned to OFI , at the time playing in the Football League , signing a one-year contract with the club for an undisclosed fee . On 30 October 2017 he scored his first goal since his return during a 2−1 away win against Panserraikos . Again faced with the clubs recurring financial troubles , Koutsianikoulis raised his game after the departure of several key players in OFIs attempt to return to the Superleague , scoring crucial goals in a 0−2 away win against Panegialios on 13 January 2018 , and a 3−0 home win against fellow promotion contenders Doxa Drama on 17 January 2018 . On 31 March 2018 , he scored with a wonderful strike , curling the ball into the net from distance with the help of a slight deflection , as his club made another huge step towards promotion to the Superleague , defeating 3-0 nearest challengers Panachaiki . At the end of the 2017-18 season , he celebrated the promotion to Superleague . On 28 May 2019 , the team announced that his contract would not be renewed . Olympiacos Volos . On 11 September 2019 , Koutsianikoulis joined Olympiacos Volos as a free transfer for an undisclosed fee . International career . Koutsianikoulis skills during his time with Iraklis Chalki , drew the attention of Greek U−19 coach Nikos Nioplias , who enlisted him in the squad that featured in the 2007 UEFA European U−19 Championship , in which Greece reached the Final . Koutsianikoulis played for one half against Spain during the competition Group stage , and then again in the competition Final , once more against Spain , where the Greeks narrowly lost the title ( 1–0 ) . Aged 20 and already an international with Greece U−21 , Koutsianikoulis shot to prominence in 2008 , during a string of impressive matches with Ergotelis against Aris , Panathinaikos and Olympiacos . His performances were eventually rewarded by Greece head coach Otto Rehhagel , who named Koutsianikoulis in his 20-man squad for an international friendly against Italy on 19 May 2008 at Karaiskakis Stadium in Piraeus . Despite being considered a strong prospect for the national team , Koutsianikoulis was ultimately not fielded during the match , and the eventual decline of his career after his transfer move to PAOK severely hurt his chances for receiving another call-up . Club statistics . Statistics accurate as of 17 November 2019 Honours . Club . - AEL - Football League : 2015–16 - OFI - Football League : 2017–18 International . - Greece U−19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship : Runner-up 2007 Individual . - Greek Young Footballer of the year : 2009

/wiki/Vasilios_Koutsianikoulis#P54#3

Vasilios Koutsianikoulis played for which team in Sep 2011?

Vasilios Koutsianikoulis Vasilios Koutsianikoulis ( ; born 9 August 1988 ) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a left winger or an attacking midfielder for Super League 2 club Doxa Drama . He is a left footed winger that can play either on the left or right wing . Club career . Early years . Koutsianikoulis began his football career at his local amateur club Iraklis Chalkis , at the time playing in the Delta Ethniki , the fourth tier of the Greek football league system . His performances drew the attention of Greece U-19 coach Nikos Nioplias , who arranged for his first international call-up as well as sending him on a trial period at his former club OFI in April 2007 . Koutsianikoulis played a single pre-season friendly game with OFI against local rival Ergotelis . As OFI coach at the time Reiner Maurer had second thoughts on signing Koutsianikoulis on his outfit , Ergotelis , who were impressed with his performance during that friendly approached the player and signed him instead . Ergotelis . Koutsianikoulis debuted for Ergotelis during the 2007–08 Superleague season , where he played in a total of 12 matches , 10 of which he came in as a substitute . In total , Koutsianikoulis played 126 minutes , and did not score any goals . His breakout season came the next year , when he became a regular starter . Due to his short stature and agility , Koutsianikoulis demonstrated an impressive ability to evade opposing tackles and beat the defensive line on attacking runs , while his finishing and precise passing to create scoring opportunities for his teammates led the Greek media to dub him the Greek Messi or Messi for the poor , often drawing comparisons between his and the Argentinian super-stars playing style , though Koutsianikoulis himself requested these nicknames and comparisons to be dropped . He impressed with his performance in an uncommon 3−0 club home win against Aris in September 2008 , where he assisted his clubs second goal and posed a continuous threat to the opposing defense . He followed up this performance with 2 goals and one assist in his clubs 2−3 away win vs . Panathinaikos , considered at the time one of the biggest upsets in the Greens history . After scoring one more goal , and consistently performing well vs . reigning champions Olympiacos , Koutsianikoulis was called-up for the Greek National Team by coach Otto Rehhagel , an uncommon call-up for a player not playing in one of the traditional giants of Greek football , and a first for an Ergotelis player . Despite eventually not making any international caps , Koutsianikoulis league performances with Ergotelis ( he finished the season with 4 goals and 6 assists in 27 games ) and rising popularity among Greek fans and press made him a target for all major clubs in Greece . PAOK . During the summer transfer window of 2009 , Ergotelis reportedly received , and declined transfer offers from Olympiacos and Panathinaikos , eventually reaching an agreement with PAOK on May 22 , 2009 . Koutsianikoulis became the most expensive transfer in Ergotelis history , earning his club a transfer fee of a reported €1,2M , as well as a friendly match between the two teams of which all ticket sales income would be paid to Ergotelis . He signed a 4-year contract with PAOK on May 25 , 2009 . Despite high hopes placed on Koutsianikoulis development , and a dream debut in the 2009–10 Superleague opening match vs . Levadiakos , where he scored one goal and delivered two assists in an easy 3−0 home win for his club , his eventual performances did not manage to impress PAOK coach Fernando Santos , who benched him for the majority of games in the 2009–10 season , while fans were frustrated and left to expect more from the Greek Messi . His second year with the club was even more unremarkable , as he played in only 11 matches across all competitions . As PAOK sought to rid themselves of Koutsianikoulis contract , Ergotelis officials , who were still owed money from Koutsianikoulis transfer fee and believed in his talent , reached out to PAOK and arranged for his return to Crete . Return to Ergotelis . In July 2007 , Ergotelis announced the return of Koutsianikoulis in a transfer deal involving a 50% co-ownership of the players rights with PAOK for an undisclosed fee clearing PAOKs debts to Ergotelis , while the players annual contract was estimated at €400K . Koutsianikoulis signed a 4-year contract with his former club and managed to re-establish himself while in Crete , playing in 27 matches and scoring one goal . Ergotelis failed to avoid relegation At the end of the 2011−12 season however , and as the board of directors decided to release many of the clubs players with wealthy contracts , the club pre-maturely terminated Koutsianikoulis contract on mutual consent , all while the player was rumored to be close to a free transfer move to AEK and continue his career in the Superleague . OFI . Reports had linked Koutsianikoulis with both AEK and OFI in the weeks after his release from Ergotelis and it seemed the Athenian club had convinced the Greek youth international to join , despite their well-documented financial troubles . AEK were keen to sign Koutsianikoulis , and confirmed negotiations between club president Thomas Mavros and the players manager in an attempt to strengthen AEKs squad , which had been decimated by the departure of a raft of key players during the summer . Eventually however , Koutsianikoulis chose to move to his former clubs local rival OFI , who had secured the required license from the tax office to partake in the 2012−13 Superelague season . On August 20 , 2012 Koutsianikoulis finally signed a 3-year contract with OFI . He made his debut with the club in August 2012 , during a 0-0 home draw against Skoda Xanthi , and scored his first goal on 29 October 2012 during a 2-2 home draw against Panetolikos . He spent the next three seasons at OFI , making 89 appearances in both the Greek Superelague and the Greek Cup , scoring 8 goals . In 21 March 2015 , OFI withdrew from professional competitions , as the administration failed to meet the clubs pressing financial obligations and criticized the top-flight circuit for “unfair and uneven decisions” against the club . In a symbolic gesture , Koutsianikoulis , along with the other 14 players who still comprised the clubs roster at the time walked on the pitch of the Theodoros Vardinogiannis Stadium on that day ( before match-day 29 ) and waived OFIs fans farewell . As a result of OFIs departure , Koutsianikoulis was released from his contract with the club . In June 2015 , Koutsianikoulis was reported to join Greek Superelague side Veria , under the advise of the clubs Technical Director Zisis Vryzas , with whom Koutsianikoulis had collaborated during his time at PAOK . The deal was however never realized . AEL . After brief flirts with Veria and Trikala , Koutsianikoulis eventually signed a 3-year contract with Football League side AEL on September 3 , 2015 , marking his return to his hometown Larissa . He made 23 appearances for AEL and scored one goal during the 2015−16 Football League season , helping his club win the division title and achieve instant promotion to the Superleague . After returning to the Superleague with AEL , Koutsianikoulis playing time significantly dropped . He made only 7 league appearances during the 2016−17 season , and just one appearance in next years edition of the competition . As a result , Koutsianikoulis contract was terminated by the club on mutual consent in September 2017 . Return to OFI . On 11 September 2017 , Koutsianikoulis returned to OFI , at the time playing in the Football League , signing a one-year contract with the club for an undisclosed fee . On 30 October 2017 he scored his first goal since his return during a 2−1 away win against Panserraikos . Again faced with the clubs recurring financial troubles , Koutsianikoulis raised his game after the departure of several key players in OFIs attempt to return to the Superleague , scoring crucial goals in a 0−2 away win against Panegialios on 13 January 2018 , and a 3−0 home win against fellow promotion contenders Doxa Drama on 17 January 2018 . On 31 March 2018 , he scored with a wonderful strike , curling the ball into the net from distance with the help of a slight deflection , as his club made another huge step towards promotion to the Superleague , defeating 3-0 nearest challengers Panachaiki . At the end of the 2017-18 season , he celebrated the promotion to Superleague . On 28 May 2019 , the team announced that his contract would not be renewed . Olympiacos Volos . On 11 September 2019 , Koutsianikoulis joined Olympiacos Volos as a free transfer for an undisclosed fee . International career . Koutsianikoulis skills during his time with Iraklis Chalki , drew the attention of Greek U−19 coach Nikos Nioplias , who enlisted him in the squad that featured in the 2007 UEFA European U−19 Championship , in which Greece reached the Final . Koutsianikoulis played for one half against Spain during the competition Group stage , and then again in the competition Final , once more against Spain , where the Greeks narrowly lost the title ( 1–0 ) . Aged 20 and already an international with Greece U−21 , Koutsianikoulis shot to prominence in 2008 , during a string of impressive matches with Ergotelis against Aris , Panathinaikos and Olympiacos . His performances were eventually rewarded by Greece head coach Otto Rehhagel , who named Koutsianikoulis in his 20-man squad for an international friendly against Italy on 19 May 2008 at Karaiskakis Stadium in Piraeus . Despite being considered a strong prospect for the national team , Koutsianikoulis was ultimately not fielded during the match , and the eventual decline of his career after his transfer move to PAOK severely hurt his chances for receiving another call-up . Club statistics . Statistics accurate as of 17 November 2019 Honours . Club . - AEL - Football League : 2015–16 - OFI - Football League : 2017–18 International . - Greece U−19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship : Runner-up 2007 Individual . - Greek Young Footballer of the year : 2009

/wiki/Vasilios_Koutsianikoulis#P54#4

Vasilios Koutsianikoulis played for which team in Apr 2014?

Vasilios Koutsianikoulis Vasilios Koutsianikoulis ( ; born 9 August 1988 ) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a left winger or an attacking midfielder for Super League 2 club Doxa Drama . He is a left footed winger that can play either on the left or right wing . Club career . Early years . Koutsianikoulis began his football career at his local amateur club Iraklis Chalkis , at the time playing in the Delta Ethniki , the fourth tier of the Greek football league system . His performances drew the attention of Greece U-19 coach Nikos Nioplias , who arranged for his first international call-up as well as sending him on a trial period at his former club OFI in April 2007 . Koutsianikoulis played a single pre-season friendly game with OFI against local rival Ergotelis . As OFI coach at the time Reiner Maurer had second thoughts on signing Koutsianikoulis on his outfit , Ergotelis , who were impressed with his performance during that friendly approached the player and signed him instead . Ergotelis . Koutsianikoulis debuted for Ergotelis during the 2007–08 Superleague season , where he played in a total of 12 matches , 10 of which he came in as a substitute . In total , Koutsianikoulis played 126 minutes , and did not score any goals . His breakout season came the next year , when he became a regular starter . Due to his short stature and agility , Koutsianikoulis demonstrated an impressive ability to evade opposing tackles and beat the defensive line on attacking runs , while his finishing and precise passing to create scoring opportunities for his teammates led the Greek media to dub him the Greek Messi or Messi for the poor , often drawing comparisons between his and the Argentinian super-stars playing style , though Koutsianikoulis himself requested these nicknames and comparisons to be dropped . He impressed with his performance in an uncommon 3−0 club home win against Aris in September 2008 , where he assisted his clubs second goal and posed a continuous threat to the opposing defense . He followed up this performance with 2 goals and one assist in his clubs 2−3 away win vs . Panathinaikos , considered at the time one of the biggest upsets in the Greens history . After scoring one more goal , and consistently performing well vs . reigning champions Olympiacos , Koutsianikoulis was called-up for the Greek National Team by coach Otto Rehhagel , an uncommon call-up for a player not playing in one of the traditional giants of Greek football , and a first for an Ergotelis player . Despite eventually not making any international caps , Koutsianikoulis league performances with Ergotelis ( he finished the season with 4 goals and 6 assists in 27 games ) and rising popularity among Greek fans and press made him a target for all major clubs in Greece . PAOK . During the summer transfer window of 2009 , Ergotelis reportedly received , and declined transfer offers from Olympiacos and Panathinaikos , eventually reaching an agreement with PAOK on May 22 , 2009 . Koutsianikoulis became the most expensive transfer in Ergotelis history , earning his club a transfer fee of a reported €1,2M , as well as a friendly match between the two teams of which all ticket sales income would be paid to Ergotelis . He signed a 4-year contract with PAOK on May 25 , 2009 . Despite high hopes placed on Koutsianikoulis development , and a dream debut in the 2009–10 Superleague opening match vs . Levadiakos , where he scored one goal and delivered two assists in an easy 3−0 home win for his club , his eventual performances did not manage to impress PAOK coach Fernando Santos , who benched him for the majority of games in the 2009–10 season , while fans were frustrated and left to expect more from the Greek Messi . His second year with the club was even more unremarkable , as he played in only 11 matches across all competitions . As PAOK sought to rid themselves of Koutsianikoulis contract , Ergotelis officials , who were still owed money from Koutsianikoulis transfer fee and believed in his talent , reached out to PAOK and arranged for his return to Crete . Return to Ergotelis . In July 2007 , Ergotelis announced the return of Koutsianikoulis in a transfer deal involving a 50% co-ownership of the players rights with PAOK for an undisclosed fee clearing PAOKs debts to Ergotelis , while the players annual contract was estimated at €400K . Koutsianikoulis signed a 4-year contract with his former club and managed to re-establish himself while in Crete , playing in 27 matches and scoring one goal . Ergotelis failed to avoid relegation At the end of the 2011−12 season however , and as the board of directors decided to release many of the clubs players with wealthy contracts , the club pre-maturely terminated Koutsianikoulis contract on mutual consent , all while the player was rumored to be close to a free transfer move to AEK and continue his career in the Superleague . OFI . Reports had linked Koutsianikoulis with both AEK and OFI in the weeks after his release from Ergotelis and it seemed the Athenian club had convinced the Greek youth international to join , despite their well-documented financial troubles . AEK were keen to sign Koutsianikoulis , and confirmed negotiations between club president Thomas Mavros and the players manager in an attempt to strengthen AEKs squad , which had been decimated by the departure of a raft of key players during the summer . Eventually however , Koutsianikoulis chose to move to his former clubs local rival OFI , who had secured the required license from the tax office to partake in the 2012−13 Superelague season . On August 20 , 2012 Koutsianikoulis finally signed a 3-year contract with OFI . He made his debut with the club in August 2012 , during a 0-0 home draw against Skoda Xanthi , and scored his first goal on 29 October 2012 during a 2-2 home draw against Panetolikos . He spent the next three seasons at OFI , making 89 appearances in both the Greek Superelague and the Greek Cup , scoring 8 goals . In 21 March 2015 , OFI withdrew from professional competitions , as the administration failed to meet the clubs pressing financial obligations and criticized the top-flight circuit for “unfair and uneven decisions” against the club . In a symbolic gesture , Koutsianikoulis , along with the other 14 players who still comprised the clubs roster at the time walked on the pitch of the Theodoros Vardinogiannis Stadium on that day ( before match-day 29 ) and waived OFIs fans farewell . As a result of OFIs departure , Koutsianikoulis was released from his contract with the club . In June 2015 , Koutsianikoulis was reported to join Greek Superelague side Veria , under the advise of the clubs Technical Director Zisis Vryzas , with whom Koutsianikoulis had collaborated during his time at PAOK . The deal was however never realized . AEL . After brief flirts with Veria and Trikala , Koutsianikoulis eventually signed a 3-year contract with Football League side AEL on September 3 , 2015 , marking his return to his hometown Larissa . He made 23 appearances for AEL and scored one goal during the 2015−16 Football League season , helping his club win the division title and achieve instant promotion to the Superleague . After returning to the Superleague with AEL , Koutsianikoulis playing time significantly dropped . He made only 7 league appearances during the 2016−17 season , and just one appearance in next years edition of the competition . As a result , Koutsianikoulis contract was terminated by the club on mutual consent in September 2017 . Return to OFI . On 11 September 2017 , Koutsianikoulis returned to OFI , at the time playing in the Football League , signing a one-year contract with the club for an undisclosed fee . On 30 October 2017 he scored his first goal since his return during a 2−1 away win against Panserraikos . Again faced with the clubs recurring financial troubles , Koutsianikoulis raised his game after the departure of several key players in OFIs attempt to return to the Superleague , scoring crucial goals in a 0−2 away win against Panegialios on 13 January 2018 , and a 3−0 home win against fellow promotion contenders Doxa Drama on 17 January 2018 . On 31 March 2018 , he scored with a wonderful strike , curling the ball into the net from distance with the help of a slight deflection , as his club made another huge step towards promotion to the Superleague , defeating 3-0 nearest challengers Panachaiki . At the end of the 2017-18 season , he celebrated the promotion to Superleague . On 28 May 2019 , the team announced that his contract would not be renewed . Olympiacos Volos . On 11 September 2019 , Koutsianikoulis joined Olympiacos Volos as a free transfer for an undisclosed fee . International career . Koutsianikoulis skills during his time with Iraklis Chalki , drew the attention of Greek U−19 coach Nikos Nioplias , who enlisted him in the squad that featured in the 2007 UEFA European U−19 Championship , in which Greece reached the Final . Koutsianikoulis played for one half against Spain during the competition Group stage , and then again in the competition Final , once more against Spain , where the Greeks narrowly lost the title ( 1–0 ) . Aged 20 and already an international with Greece U−21 , Koutsianikoulis shot to prominence in 2008 , during a string of impressive matches with Ergotelis against Aris , Panathinaikos and Olympiacos . His performances were eventually rewarded by Greece head coach Otto Rehhagel , who named Koutsianikoulis in his 20-man squad for an international friendly against Italy on 19 May 2008 at Karaiskakis Stadium in Piraeus . Despite being considered a strong prospect for the national team , Koutsianikoulis was ultimately not fielded during the match , and the eventual decline of his career after his transfer move to PAOK severely hurt his chances for receiving another call-up . Club statistics . Statistics accurate as of 17 November 2019 Honours . Club . - AEL - Football League : 2015–16 - OFI - Football League : 2017–18 International . - Greece U−19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship : Runner-up 2007 Individual . - Greek Young Footballer of the year : 2009

/wiki/Vasilios_Koutsianikoulis#P54#5

Vasilios Koutsianikoulis played for which team after May 2015?

Vasilios Koutsianikoulis Vasilios Koutsianikoulis ( ; born 9 August 1988 ) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a left winger or an attacking midfielder for Super League 2 club Doxa Drama . He is a left footed winger that can play either on the left or right wing . Club career . Early years . Koutsianikoulis began his football career at his local amateur club Iraklis Chalkis , at the time playing in the Delta Ethniki , the fourth tier of the Greek football league system . His performances drew the attention of Greece U-19 coach Nikos Nioplias , who arranged for his first international call-up as well as sending him on a trial period at his former club OFI in April 2007 . Koutsianikoulis played a single pre-season friendly game with OFI against local rival Ergotelis . As OFI coach at the time Reiner Maurer had second thoughts on signing Koutsianikoulis on his outfit , Ergotelis , who were impressed with his performance during that friendly approached the player and signed him instead . Ergotelis . Koutsianikoulis debuted for Ergotelis during the 2007–08 Superleague season , where he played in a total of 12 matches , 10 of which he came in as a substitute . In total , Koutsianikoulis played 126 minutes , and did not score any goals . His breakout season came the next year , when he became a regular starter . Due to his short stature and agility , Koutsianikoulis demonstrated an impressive ability to evade opposing tackles and beat the defensive line on attacking runs , while his finishing and precise passing to create scoring opportunities for his teammates led the Greek media to dub him the Greek Messi or Messi for the poor , often drawing comparisons between his and the Argentinian super-stars playing style , though Koutsianikoulis himself requested these nicknames and comparisons to be dropped . He impressed with his performance in an uncommon 3−0 club home win against Aris in September 2008 , where he assisted his clubs second goal and posed a continuous threat to the opposing defense . He followed up this performance with 2 goals and one assist in his clubs 2−3 away win vs . Panathinaikos , considered at the time one of the biggest upsets in the Greens history . After scoring one more goal , and consistently performing well vs . reigning champions Olympiacos , Koutsianikoulis was called-up for the Greek National Team by coach Otto Rehhagel , an uncommon call-up for a player not playing in one of the traditional giants of Greek football , and a first for an Ergotelis player . Despite eventually not making any international caps , Koutsianikoulis league performances with Ergotelis ( he finished the season with 4 goals and 6 assists in 27 games ) and rising popularity among Greek fans and press made him a target for all major clubs in Greece . PAOK . During the summer transfer window of 2009 , Ergotelis reportedly received , and declined transfer offers from Olympiacos and Panathinaikos , eventually reaching an agreement with PAOK on May 22 , 2009 . Koutsianikoulis became the most expensive transfer in Ergotelis history , earning his club a transfer fee of a reported €1,2M , as well as a friendly match between the two teams of which all ticket sales income would be paid to Ergotelis . He signed a 4-year contract with PAOK on May 25 , 2009 . Despite high hopes placed on Koutsianikoulis development , and a dream debut in the 2009–10 Superleague opening match vs . Levadiakos , where he scored one goal and delivered two assists in an easy 3−0 home win for his club , his eventual performances did not manage to impress PAOK coach Fernando Santos , who benched him for the majority of games in the 2009–10 season , while fans were frustrated and left to expect more from the Greek Messi . His second year with the club was even more unremarkable , as he played in only 11 matches across all competitions . As PAOK sought to rid themselves of Koutsianikoulis contract , Ergotelis officials , who were still owed money from Koutsianikoulis transfer fee and believed in his talent , reached out to PAOK and arranged for his return to Crete . Return to Ergotelis . In July 2007 , Ergotelis announced the return of Koutsianikoulis in a transfer deal involving a 50% co-ownership of the players rights with PAOK for an undisclosed fee clearing PAOKs debts to Ergotelis , while the players annual contract was estimated at €400K . Koutsianikoulis signed a 4-year contract with his former club and managed to re-establish himself while in Crete , playing in 27 matches and scoring one goal . Ergotelis failed to avoid relegation At the end of the 2011−12 season however , and as the board of directors decided to release many of the clubs players with wealthy contracts , the club pre-maturely terminated Koutsianikoulis contract on mutual consent , all while the player was rumored to be close to a free transfer move to AEK and continue his career in the Superleague . OFI . Reports had linked Koutsianikoulis with both AEK and OFI in the weeks after his release from Ergotelis and it seemed the Athenian club had convinced the Greek youth international to join , despite their well-documented financial troubles . AEK were keen to sign Koutsianikoulis , and confirmed negotiations between club president Thomas Mavros and the players manager in an attempt to strengthen AEKs squad , which had been decimated by the departure of a raft of key players during the summer . Eventually however , Koutsianikoulis chose to move to his former clubs local rival OFI , who had secured the required license from the tax office to partake in the 2012−13 Superelague season . On August 20 , 2012 Koutsianikoulis finally signed a 3-year contract with OFI . He made his debut with the club in August 2012 , during a 0-0 home draw against Skoda Xanthi , and scored his first goal on 29 October 2012 during a 2-2 home draw against Panetolikos . He spent the next three seasons at OFI , making 89 appearances in both the Greek Superelague and the Greek Cup , scoring 8 goals . In 21 March 2015 , OFI withdrew from professional competitions , as the administration failed to meet the clubs pressing financial obligations and criticized the top-flight circuit for “unfair and uneven decisions” against the club . In a symbolic gesture , Koutsianikoulis , along with the other 14 players who still comprised the clubs roster at the time walked on the pitch of the Theodoros Vardinogiannis Stadium on that day ( before match-day 29 ) and waived OFIs fans farewell . As a result of OFIs departure , Koutsianikoulis was released from his contract with the club . In June 2015 , Koutsianikoulis was reported to join Greek Superelague side Veria , under the advise of the clubs Technical Director Zisis Vryzas , with whom Koutsianikoulis had collaborated during his time at PAOK . The deal was however never realized . AEL . After brief flirts with Veria and Trikala , Koutsianikoulis eventually signed a 3-year contract with Football League side AEL on September 3 , 2015 , marking his return to his hometown Larissa . He made 23 appearances for AEL and scored one goal during the 2015−16 Football League season , helping his club win the division title and achieve instant promotion to the Superleague . After returning to the Superleague with AEL , Koutsianikoulis playing time significantly dropped . He made only 7 league appearances during the 2016−17 season , and just one appearance in next years edition of the competition . As a result , Koutsianikoulis contract was terminated by the club on mutual consent in September 2017 . Return to OFI . On 11 September 2017 , Koutsianikoulis returned to OFI , at the time playing in the Football League , signing a one-year contract with the club for an undisclosed fee . On 30 October 2017 he scored his first goal since his return during a 2−1 away win against Panserraikos . Again faced with the clubs recurring financial troubles , Koutsianikoulis raised his game after the departure of several key players in OFIs attempt to return to the Superleague , scoring crucial goals in a 0−2 away win against Panegialios on 13 January 2018 , and a 3−0 home win against fellow promotion contenders Doxa Drama on 17 January 2018 . On 31 March 2018 , he scored with a wonderful strike , curling the ball into the net from distance with the help of a slight deflection , as his club made another huge step towards promotion to the Superleague , defeating 3-0 nearest challengers Panachaiki . At the end of the 2017-18 season , he celebrated the promotion to Superleague . On 28 May 2019 , the team announced that his contract would not be renewed . Olympiacos Volos . On 11 September 2019 , Koutsianikoulis joined Olympiacos Volos as a free transfer for an undisclosed fee . International career . Koutsianikoulis skills during his time with Iraklis Chalki , drew the attention of Greek U−19 coach Nikos Nioplias , who enlisted him in the squad that featured in the 2007 UEFA European U−19 Championship , in which Greece reached the Final . Koutsianikoulis played for one half against Spain during the competition Group stage , and then again in the competition Final , once more against Spain , where the Greeks narrowly lost the title ( 1–0 ) . Aged 20 and already an international with Greece U−21 , Koutsianikoulis shot to prominence in 2008 , during a string of impressive matches with Ergotelis against Aris , Panathinaikos and Olympiacos . His performances were eventually rewarded by Greece head coach Otto Rehhagel , who named Koutsianikoulis in his 20-man squad for an international friendly against Italy on 19 May 2008 at Karaiskakis Stadium in Piraeus . Despite being considered a strong prospect for the national team , Koutsianikoulis was ultimately not fielded during the match , and the eventual decline of his career after his transfer move to PAOK severely hurt his chances for receiving another call-up . Club statistics . Statistics accurate as of 17 November 2019 Honours . Club . - AEL - Football League : 2015–16 - OFI - Football League : 2017–18 International . - Greece U−19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship : Runner-up 2007 Individual . - Greek Young Footballer of the year : 2009

/wiki/Scott_Garrett#P69#0

Which school did Scott Garrett go to before Apr 1976?

Scott Garrett Ernest Scott Garrett ( born July 9 , 1959 ) is an American politician who was the U.S . Representative for , serving from 2003 to 2017 . He is a member of the Republican Party . He previously served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1990 to 2003 . Garrett chaired the United States House Financial Services Subcommittee on Capital Markets and Government-Sponsored Enterprises . He lost his reelection bid in 2016 to Democrat Josh Gottheimer , becoming the only incumbent Congressman in New Jersey to be defeated that year . On June 19 , 2017 , President Donald Trump nominated Garrett to become chairman and president of the Export–Import Bank of the United States , a post that requires confirmation by the United States Senate . In a 10–13 vote on December 19 , 2017 , the Senate Banking Committee declined to advance his nomination . Garrett was subsequently hired into an excepted service position at the U.S . Securities and Exchange Commissions Office of General Counsel . Early life , education and career . Garrett earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from Montclair State College in 1981 and a Juris Doctor from Rutgers School of Law–Camden in 1984 . Born in Bergen County in the town of Englewood , Garrett spent much of his life living in North Jersey . He was elected to the New Jersey General Assembly in 1991 , and was re-elected five times , serving from 1992 to 2003 , representing the 24th legislative district , which covered all of Sussex County and several municipalities in Morris and Hunterdon counties . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . Garrett unsuccessfully challenged incumbent Congresswoman Marge Roukema in the 1998 and 2000 Republican primaries , on both occasions running well to the right of the moderate Roukema . In 2002 , Roukema retired and Garrett won a contested five-way primary with 46% of the vote over State Assemblyman David C . Russo and State Senator Gerald Cardinale . Of the three major candidates , Garrett was the only one from the more rural western portion of the district , while Russo and Cardinale were both from Bergen County . Russo and Cardinale split the Bergen County vote , while Garrett dominated his base in the western portion of the district . In the 2002 general election , Garrett faced Democratic candidate Anne Sumers , an ophthalmologist and former Republican . Garrett beat Sumers with 60% of the vote . Garrett was reelected in 2004 with 58% of the vote . In 2006 , Garrett defeated Republican primary opponent Michael Cino . In the November 2006 general election , Garrett defeated Paul Aronsohn , a former employee of the U.S . State Department during the Clinton Administration , to win a third term . Garrett defeated Democrat Dennis Shulman 56%–42% in the 2008 general election . In 2010 , Garrett defeated Tod Theise , receiving 65% of the vote . In 2012 , Garrett defeated Democrat Adam Gussen with 55% of the vote . In 2014 , Garrett defeated Democratic nominee Roy Cho with 55% of the vote . Redistricting after the 2010 census made the 5th slightly more Democratic , pushing it further into Democratic-trending Bergen County . John McCain carried the old 5th with 54 percent of the vote in 2008 , but would have only won the new 5th with 50.5 percent of the vote . 2016 . Garrett ran for re-election in 2016 as the Republican candidate , besting Michael Cino and Peter Vallorosi in the primary . He faced former Clinton administration speechwriter Josh Gottheimer , who was unopposed in the Democratic primary . In an article published by the Center for Responsive Politics , Garrett was revealed to be heavily reliant on the financial sector to fund his campaign . In 2015 , it was reported that Garrett stated he would not pay dues to the NRCC because they had supported openly gay candidates . Gottheimer and national Democratic groups used these comments to attack Garrett as too socially conservative for the district , while Wall Street firms that had donated to Garrett for years reduced their contributions . Gottheimer won the general election on November 8 , 2016 , with 50.5% of the vote to Garretts 47.2% . While Garrett carried three of the four counties in the district , he could not overcome a 33,800-vote deficit in the districts share of Bergen County ; he lost overall by 14,900 votes . Committee assignments . - Committee on the Budget - Committee on Financial Services - Subcommittee on Capital Markets and Government-Sponsored Enterprises ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Insurance , Housing and Community Opportunity Caucus memberships . - Congressional Constitution Caucus ( Chairman ) Legislation . On May 8 , 2013 , Garrett introduced the Budget and Accounting Transparency Act of 2014 ( H.R . 1872 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would modify the budgetary treatment of federal credit programs . The bill would require that the cost of direct loans or loan guarantees be recognized in the federal budget on a fair-value basis using guidelines set forth by the Financial Accounting Standards Board . The bill would also require the federal budget to reflect the net impact of programs administered by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac . The changes made by the bill would mean that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were counted on the budget instead of considered separately and would mean that the debt of those two programs would be included in the national debt . These programs themselves would not be changed , but how they are accounted for in the United States federal budget would be . The goal of the bill is to improve the accuracy of how some programs are accounted for in the federal budget . Tenure . Garrett compiled an unshakably conservative voting record . This was unusual for New Jersey , a state where the brand of Republicanism has traditionally been moderate . He held a lifetime rating of 99.3 from the American Conservative Union . He was one of the most conservative lawmakers ever to represent New Jersey in Congress , and was considered one of the most conservative members of the House . While in Congress , he founded and led the House Constitution Caucus . During his time in Congress , Garrett was a member of the Liberty Caucus . He was a founding member of the Freedom Caucus , which serves as a policy alternative to the Republican Study Committee , and is the only New Jersey representative to have been a member of the Freedom Caucus . Foreign policy . In 2007 , Garrett led nineteen U.S . lawmakers to introduce a bill in the House of Representatives backing United Nations membership for Taiwan . Economic policy . In 2006 , Garrett supported H.R . 4411 , the Goodlatte-Leach Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act . Garrett voted to allow oil and gas drilling off the shore of New Jersey . He voted against making price gouging by oil companies a crime , and against the Further Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Hurricane Katrina Act of 2005 . He was one of four members of the House of Representatives to vote against an extension of unemployment benefits . Garrett voted against the Continuing Appropriations Act , 2014 during the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 . When opponents criticized Garrett for not signing a letter urging the House to provide prompt aid to victims of Hurricane Sandy , Garrett responded by saying he had signed nine other letters seeking aid and had helped sponsor a final bill authorizing money . Education . As a state legislator in 2005 , he proposed public schools include lessons on intelligent design alongside evolution . Garrett said he would not advocate for a law mandating changes to the state curriculum . In July 2007 , Garrett proposed an amendment to strike earmarked money in a spending bill for native Alaskan and Hawaiian educational programs . Congressman Don Young of Alaska defended the funds on the floor of the House , saying , You want my money , my money . Young went on to suggest that Republicans had lost their majority in the 2006 election because some Republicans had challenged spending earmarks . While Garrett did not ask for an official reprimand , other conservative Republicans took exception to Youngs remarks that the funds in question represented his money . Members of the Republican Study Committee gave Garrett a standing ovation later in the day during the groups weekly meeting . LGBT rights . Following the legalization of same-sex marriage in the United States by the Supreme Court of the United States in 2015 , Garrett supported the First Amendment Defense Act , a bill allowing companies to deny service to same-sex weddings due to religious objections . Also in 2015 , Garrett refused to pay GOP campaign arm dues to the National Republican Congressional Committee because he said they were actively recruiting homosexual candidates and had supported gay candidates in the past . Garrett later clarified his remarks , saying that he is opposed to same-sex marriage due to his faith , but that he does not have malice toward any group of people . Regarding his stance opposing gay Republican political candidates , he said that political opponents in the media distorted his views ; while he affirmed that it was everybodys right to run for office , he reiterated his opposition to funding the campaigns of candidates who support same-sex marriage . Suffrage . In 2006 , Garrett was the only congressman from New Jersey to vote against the reauthorization of the Voting Rights Act , citing his opposition to requirements to print non-English ballots . Export-Import Bank nomination . On April 14 , 2017 , President Donald Trump announced that he would nominate Garrett to become chairman and president of the Export–Import Bank of the United States . While in the House of Representatives , Garrett was a critic of the banks existence . On June 19 , 2017 , Trump formally nominated Garrett to the post , which requires confirmation by the United States Senate . Senator Sherrod Brown , the ranking member of the Senate Banking Committee , was surprised by the nomination , saying that he had been led to believe that Trump would not go ahead with choosing Garrett in light of the opposition . Brown predicted that no Democrats would vote for Garrett , and that some Republicans would also be unhappy with [ the nomination ] . The nomination drew opposition from a number of national business organizations , such as the Aerospace Industries Association , the National Association of Manufacturers , and the Business Roundtable . Senator Lindsey Graham of South Carolina was one of the Republicans reported to have concerns with the nomination . The South Carolina Chamber of Commerce opposed Garrett , and Graham said he would try to get the administration to give us a better nominee . The New Jersey Business and Industry Association , the largest business group in Garretts home state , called on him to withdraw from consideration for the post . In August 2017 , Politico reported that Trump would give Garrett a chance to rescue his nomination after privately questioning whether the nomination should proceed . Conservatives opposed to the Ex-Im Bank have ratcheted up pressure on the administration to stick with Garrett’s nomination . Republican U.S . Senator Pat Toomey said : I can tell you there will be Republican senators including myself who will put up quite a fight if his nomination doesnt go forward . On December 19 , 2017 , the Senate Banking Committee voted by a margin of 10-13 not to advance Garretts nomination to the full U.S . Senate . Republican U.S . Senators Mike Rounds and Tim Scott joined all of the Democrats on the committee in voting against Garrett . Trump did not formally withdraw the nomination ; rather it was returned to Trump unconfirmed on January 3 , 2018 under Standing Rules of the United States Senate , Rule XXXI , paragraph 6 . Personal life . Garrett is married and has two adult daughters . They homeschooled their daughters because there was no high school offering a Christian education in their area . Electoral history . Write-in and minor candidate notes : In 2004 , Socialist Party USA candidate Gregory Pason received 574 votes . In 2010 , James Radigan received 336 votes .

/wiki/Scott_Garrett#P69#1

Which school did Scott Garrett go to in 1977?

Scott Garrett Ernest Scott Garrett ( born July 9 , 1959 ) is an American politician who was the U.S . Representative for , serving from 2003 to 2017 . He is a member of the Republican Party . He previously served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1990 to 2003 . Garrett chaired the United States House Financial Services Subcommittee on Capital Markets and Government-Sponsored Enterprises . He lost his reelection bid in 2016 to Democrat Josh Gottheimer , becoming the only incumbent Congressman in New Jersey to be defeated that year . On June 19 , 2017 , President Donald Trump nominated Garrett to become chairman and president of the Export–Import Bank of the United States , a post that requires confirmation by the United States Senate . In a 10–13 vote on December 19 , 2017 , the Senate Banking Committee declined to advance his nomination . Garrett was subsequently hired into an excepted service position at the U.S . Securities and Exchange Commissions Office of General Counsel . Early life , education and career . Garrett earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from Montclair State College in 1981 and a Juris Doctor from Rutgers School of Law–Camden in 1984 . Born in Bergen County in the town of Englewood , Garrett spent much of his life living in North Jersey . He was elected to the New Jersey General Assembly in 1991 , and was re-elected five times , serving from 1992 to 2003 , representing the 24th legislative district , which covered all of Sussex County and several municipalities in Morris and Hunterdon counties . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . Garrett unsuccessfully challenged incumbent Congresswoman Marge Roukema in the 1998 and 2000 Republican primaries , on both occasions running well to the right of the moderate Roukema . In 2002 , Roukema retired and Garrett won a contested five-way primary with 46% of the vote over State Assemblyman David C . Russo and State Senator Gerald Cardinale . Of the three major candidates , Garrett was the only one from the more rural western portion of the district , while Russo and Cardinale were both from Bergen County . Russo and Cardinale split the Bergen County vote , while Garrett dominated his base in the western portion of the district . In the 2002 general election , Garrett faced Democratic candidate Anne Sumers , an ophthalmologist and former Republican . Garrett beat Sumers with 60% of the vote . Garrett was reelected in 2004 with 58% of the vote . In 2006 , Garrett defeated Republican primary opponent Michael Cino . In the November 2006 general election , Garrett defeated Paul Aronsohn , a former employee of the U.S . State Department during the Clinton Administration , to win a third term . Garrett defeated Democrat Dennis Shulman 56%–42% in the 2008 general election . In 2010 , Garrett defeated Tod Theise , receiving 65% of the vote . In 2012 , Garrett defeated Democrat Adam Gussen with 55% of the vote . In 2014 , Garrett defeated Democratic nominee Roy Cho with 55% of the vote . Redistricting after the 2010 census made the 5th slightly more Democratic , pushing it further into Democratic-trending Bergen County . John McCain carried the old 5th with 54 percent of the vote in 2008 , but would have only won the new 5th with 50.5 percent of the vote . 2016 . Garrett ran for re-election in 2016 as the Republican candidate , besting Michael Cino and Peter Vallorosi in the primary . He faced former Clinton administration speechwriter Josh Gottheimer , who was unopposed in the Democratic primary . In an article published by the Center for Responsive Politics , Garrett was revealed to be heavily reliant on the financial sector to fund his campaign . In 2015 , it was reported that Garrett stated he would not pay dues to the NRCC because they had supported openly gay candidates . Gottheimer and national Democratic groups used these comments to attack Garrett as too socially conservative for the district , while Wall Street firms that had donated to Garrett for years reduced their contributions . Gottheimer won the general election on November 8 , 2016 , with 50.5% of the vote to Garretts 47.2% . While Garrett carried three of the four counties in the district , he could not overcome a 33,800-vote deficit in the districts share of Bergen County ; he lost overall by 14,900 votes . Committee assignments . - Committee on the Budget - Committee on Financial Services - Subcommittee on Capital Markets and Government-Sponsored Enterprises ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Insurance , Housing and Community Opportunity Caucus memberships . - Congressional Constitution Caucus ( Chairman ) Legislation . On May 8 , 2013 , Garrett introduced the Budget and Accounting Transparency Act of 2014 ( H.R . 1872 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would modify the budgetary treatment of federal credit programs . The bill would require that the cost of direct loans or loan guarantees be recognized in the federal budget on a fair-value basis using guidelines set forth by the Financial Accounting Standards Board . The bill would also require the federal budget to reflect the net impact of programs administered by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac . The changes made by the bill would mean that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were counted on the budget instead of considered separately and would mean that the debt of those two programs would be included in the national debt . These programs themselves would not be changed , but how they are accounted for in the United States federal budget would be . The goal of the bill is to improve the accuracy of how some programs are accounted for in the federal budget . Tenure . Garrett compiled an unshakably conservative voting record . This was unusual for New Jersey , a state where the brand of Republicanism has traditionally been moderate . He held a lifetime rating of 99.3 from the American Conservative Union . He was one of the most conservative lawmakers ever to represent New Jersey in Congress , and was considered one of the most conservative members of the House . While in Congress , he founded and led the House Constitution Caucus . During his time in Congress , Garrett was a member of the Liberty Caucus . He was a founding member of the Freedom Caucus , which serves as a policy alternative to the Republican Study Committee , and is the only New Jersey representative to have been a member of the Freedom Caucus . Foreign policy . In 2007 , Garrett led nineteen U.S . lawmakers to introduce a bill in the House of Representatives backing United Nations membership for Taiwan . Economic policy . In 2006 , Garrett supported H.R . 4411 , the Goodlatte-Leach Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act . Garrett voted to allow oil and gas drilling off the shore of New Jersey . He voted against making price gouging by oil companies a crime , and against the Further Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Hurricane Katrina Act of 2005 . He was one of four members of the House of Representatives to vote against an extension of unemployment benefits . Garrett voted against the Continuing Appropriations Act , 2014 during the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 . When opponents criticized Garrett for not signing a letter urging the House to provide prompt aid to victims of Hurricane Sandy , Garrett responded by saying he had signed nine other letters seeking aid and had helped sponsor a final bill authorizing money . Education . As a state legislator in 2005 , he proposed public schools include lessons on intelligent design alongside evolution . Garrett said he would not advocate for a law mandating changes to the state curriculum . In July 2007 , Garrett proposed an amendment to strike earmarked money in a spending bill for native Alaskan and Hawaiian educational programs . Congressman Don Young of Alaska defended the funds on the floor of the House , saying , You want my money , my money . Young went on to suggest that Republicans had lost their majority in the 2006 election because some Republicans had challenged spending earmarks . While Garrett did not ask for an official reprimand , other conservative Republicans took exception to Youngs remarks that the funds in question represented his money . Members of the Republican Study Committee gave Garrett a standing ovation later in the day during the groups weekly meeting . LGBT rights . Following the legalization of same-sex marriage in the United States by the Supreme Court of the United States in 2015 , Garrett supported the First Amendment Defense Act , a bill allowing companies to deny service to same-sex weddings due to religious objections . Also in 2015 , Garrett refused to pay GOP campaign arm dues to the National Republican Congressional Committee because he said they were actively recruiting homosexual candidates and had supported gay candidates in the past . Garrett later clarified his remarks , saying that he is opposed to same-sex marriage due to his faith , but that he does not have malice toward any group of people . Regarding his stance opposing gay Republican political candidates , he said that political opponents in the media distorted his views ; while he affirmed that it was everybodys right to run for office , he reiterated his opposition to funding the campaigns of candidates who support same-sex marriage . Suffrage . In 2006 , Garrett was the only congressman from New Jersey to vote against the reauthorization of the Voting Rights Act , citing his opposition to requirements to print non-English ballots . Export-Import Bank nomination . On April 14 , 2017 , President Donald Trump announced that he would nominate Garrett to become chairman and president of the Export–Import Bank of the United States . While in the House of Representatives , Garrett was a critic of the banks existence . On June 19 , 2017 , Trump formally nominated Garrett to the post , which requires confirmation by the United States Senate . Senator Sherrod Brown , the ranking member of the Senate Banking Committee , was surprised by the nomination , saying that he had been led to believe that Trump would not go ahead with choosing Garrett in light of the opposition . Brown predicted that no Democrats would vote for Garrett , and that some Republicans would also be unhappy with [ the nomination ] . The nomination drew opposition from a number of national business organizations , such as the Aerospace Industries Association , the National Association of Manufacturers , and the Business Roundtable . Senator Lindsey Graham of South Carolina was one of the Republicans reported to have concerns with the nomination . The South Carolina Chamber of Commerce opposed Garrett , and Graham said he would try to get the administration to give us a better nominee . The New Jersey Business and Industry Association , the largest business group in Garretts home state , called on him to withdraw from consideration for the post . In August 2017 , Politico reported that Trump would give Garrett a chance to rescue his nomination after privately questioning whether the nomination should proceed . Conservatives opposed to the Ex-Im Bank have ratcheted up pressure on the administration to stick with Garrett’s nomination . Republican U.S . Senator Pat Toomey said : I can tell you there will be Republican senators including myself who will put up quite a fight if his nomination doesnt go forward . On December 19 , 2017 , the Senate Banking Committee voted by a margin of 10-13 not to advance Garretts nomination to the full U.S . Senate . Republican U.S . Senators Mike Rounds and Tim Scott joined all of the Democrats on the committee in voting against Garrett . Trump did not formally withdraw the nomination ; rather it was returned to Trump unconfirmed on January 3 , 2018 under Standing Rules of the United States Senate , Rule XXXI , paragraph 6 . Personal life . Garrett is married and has two adult daughters . They homeschooled their daughters because there was no high school offering a Christian education in their area . Electoral history . Write-in and minor candidate notes : In 2004 , Socialist Party USA candidate Gregory Pason received 574 votes . In 2010 , James Radigan received 336 votes .

/wiki/Scott_Garrett#P69#2

Which school did Scott Garrett go to in Apr 1983?

Scott Garrett Ernest Scott Garrett ( born July 9 , 1959 ) is an American politician who was the U.S . Representative for , serving from 2003 to 2017 . He is a member of the Republican Party . He previously served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1990 to 2003 . Garrett chaired the United States House Financial Services Subcommittee on Capital Markets and Government-Sponsored Enterprises . He lost his reelection bid in 2016 to Democrat Josh Gottheimer , becoming the only incumbent Congressman in New Jersey to be defeated that year . On June 19 , 2017 , President Donald Trump nominated Garrett to become chairman and president of the Export–Import Bank of the United States , a post that requires confirmation by the United States Senate . In a 10–13 vote on December 19 , 2017 , the Senate Banking Committee declined to advance his nomination . Garrett was subsequently hired into an excepted service position at the U.S . Securities and Exchange Commissions Office of General Counsel . Early life , education and career . Garrett earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from Montclair State College in 1981 and a Juris Doctor from Rutgers School of Law–Camden in 1984 . Born in Bergen County in the town of Englewood , Garrett spent much of his life living in North Jersey . He was elected to the New Jersey General Assembly in 1991 , and was re-elected five times , serving from 1992 to 2003 , representing the 24th legislative district , which covered all of Sussex County and several municipalities in Morris and Hunterdon counties . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . Garrett unsuccessfully challenged incumbent Congresswoman Marge Roukema in the 1998 and 2000 Republican primaries , on both occasions running well to the right of the moderate Roukema . In 2002 , Roukema retired and Garrett won a contested five-way primary with 46% of the vote over State Assemblyman David C . Russo and State Senator Gerald Cardinale . Of the three major candidates , Garrett was the only one from the more rural western portion of the district , while Russo and Cardinale were both from Bergen County . Russo and Cardinale split the Bergen County vote , while Garrett dominated his base in the western portion of the district . In the 2002 general election , Garrett faced Democratic candidate Anne Sumers , an ophthalmologist and former Republican . Garrett beat Sumers with 60% of the vote . Garrett was reelected in 2004 with 58% of the vote . In 2006 , Garrett defeated Republican primary opponent Michael Cino . In the November 2006 general election , Garrett defeated Paul Aronsohn , a former employee of the U.S . State Department during the Clinton Administration , to win a third term . Garrett defeated Democrat Dennis Shulman 56%–42% in the 2008 general election . In 2010 , Garrett defeated Tod Theise , receiving 65% of the vote . In 2012 , Garrett defeated Democrat Adam Gussen with 55% of the vote . In 2014 , Garrett defeated Democratic nominee Roy Cho with 55% of the vote . Redistricting after the 2010 census made the 5th slightly more Democratic , pushing it further into Democratic-trending Bergen County . John McCain carried the old 5th with 54 percent of the vote in 2008 , but would have only won the new 5th with 50.5 percent of the vote . 2016 . Garrett ran for re-election in 2016 as the Republican candidate , besting Michael Cino and Peter Vallorosi in the primary . He faced former Clinton administration speechwriter Josh Gottheimer , who was unopposed in the Democratic primary . In an article published by the Center for Responsive Politics , Garrett was revealed to be heavily reliant on the financial sector to fund his campaign . In 2015 , it was reported that Garrett stated he would not pay dues to the NRCC because they had supported openly gay candidates . Gottheimer and national Democratic groups used these comments to attack Garrett as too socially conservative for the district , while Wall Street firms that had donated to Garrett for years reduced their contributions . Gottheimer won the general election on November 8 , 2016 , with 50.5% of the vote to Garretts 47.2% . While Garrett carried three of the four counties in the district , he could not overcome a 33,800-vote deficit in the districts share of Bergen County ; he lost overall by 14,900 votes . Committee assignments . - Committee on the Budget - Committee on Financial Services - Subcommittee on Capital Markets and Government-Sponsored Enterprises ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Insurance , Housing and Community Opportunity Caucus memberships . - Congressional Constitution Caucus ( Chairman ) Legislation . On May 8 , 2013 , Garrett introduced the Budget and Accounting Transparency Act of 2014 ( H.R . 1872 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would modify the budgetary treatment of federal credit programs . The bill would require that the cost of direct loans or loan guarantees be recognized in the federal budget on a fair-value basis using guidelines set forth by the Financial Accounting Standards Board . The bill would also require the federal budget to reflect the net impact of programs administered by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac . The changes made by the bill would mean that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were counted on the budget instead of considered separately and would mean that the debt of those two programs would be included in the national debt . These programs themselves would not be changed , but how they are accounted for in the United States federal budget would be . The goal of the bill is to improve the accuracy of how some programs are accounted for in the federal budget . Tenure . Garrett compiled an unshakably conservative voting record . This was unusual for New Jersey , a state where the brand of Republicanism has traditionally been moderate . He held a lifetime rating of 99.3 from the American Conservative Union . He was one of the most conservative lawmakers ever to represent New Jersey in Congress , and was considered one of the most conservative members of the House . While in Congress , he founded and led the House Constitution Caucus . During his time in Congress , Garrett was a member of the Liberty Caucus . He was a founding member of the Freedom Caucus , which serves as a policy alternative to the Republican Study Committee , and is the only New Jersey representative to have been a member of the Freedom Caucus . Foreign policy . In 2007 , Garrett led nineteen U.S . lawmakers to introduce a bill in the House of Representatives backing United Nations membership for Taiwan . Economic policy . In 2006 , Garrett supported H.R . 4411 , the Goodlatte-Leach Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act . Garrett voted to allow oil and gas drilling off the shore of New Jersey . He voted against making price gouging by oil companies a crime , and against the Further Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Hurricane Katrina Act of 2005 . He was one of four members of the House of Representatives to vote against an extension of unemployment benefits . Garrett voted against the Continuing Appropriations Act , 2014 during the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 . When opponents criticized Garrett for not signing a letter urging the House to provide prompt aid to victims of Hurricane Sandy , Garrett responded by saying he had signed nine other letters seeking aid and had helped sponsor a final bill authorizing money . Education . As a state legislator in 2005 , he proposed public schools include lessons on intelligent design alongside evolution . Garrett said he would not advocate for a law mandating changes to the state curriculum . In July 2007 , Garrett proposed an amendment to strike earmarked money in a spending bill for native Alaskan and Hawaiian educational programs . Congressman Don Young of Alaska defended the funds on the floor of the House , saying , You want my money , my money . Young went on to suggest that Republicans had lost their majority in the 2006 election because some Republicans had challenged spending earmarks . While Garrett did not ask for an official reprimand , other conservative Republicans took exception to Youngs remarks that the funds in question represented his money . Members of the Republican Study Committee gave Garrett a standing ovation later in the day during the groups weekly meeting . LGBT rights . Following the legalization of same-sex marriage in the United States by the Supreme Court of the United States in 2015 , Garrett supported the First Amendment Defense Act , a bill allowing companies to deny service to same-sex weddings due to religious objections . Also in 2015 , Garrett refused to pay GOP campaign arm dues to the National Republican Congressional Committee because he said they were actively recruiting homosexual candidates and had supported gay candidates in the past . Garrett later clarified his remarks , saying that he is opposed to same-sex marriage due to his faith , but that he does not have malice toward any group of people . Regarding his stance opposing gay Republican political candidates , he said that political opponents in the media distorted his views ; while he affirmed that it was everybodys right to run for office , he reiterated his opposition to funding the campaigns of candidates who support same-sex marriage . Suffrage . In 2006 , Garrett was the only congressman from New Jersey to vote against the reauthorization of the Voting Rights Act , citing his opposition to requirements to print non-English ballots . Export-Import Bank nomination . On April 14 , 2017 , President Donald Trump announced that he would nominate Garrett to become chairman and president of the Export–Import Bank of the United States . While in the House of Representatives , Garrett was a critic of the banks existence . On June 19 , 2017 , Trump formally nominated Garrett to the post , which requires confirmation by the United States Senate . Senator Sherrod Brown , the ranking member of the Senate Banking Committee , was surprised by the nomination , saying that he had been led to believe that Trump would not go ahead with choosing Garrett in light of the opposition . Brown predicted that no Democrats would vote for Garrett , and that some Republicans would also be unhappy with [ the nomination ] . The nomination drew opposition from a number of national business organizations , such as the Aerospace Industries Association , the National Association of Manufacturers , and the Business Roundtable . Senator Lindsey Graham of South Carolina was one of the Republicans reported to have concerns with the nomination . The South Carolina Chamber of Commerce opposed Garrett , and Graham said he would try to get the administration to give us a better nominee . The New Jersey Business and Industry Association , the largest business group in Garretts home state , called on him to withdraw from consideration for the post . In August 2017 , Politico reported that Trump would give Garrett a chance to rescue his nomination after privately questioning whether the nomination should proceed . Conservatives opposed to the Ex-Im Bank have ratcheted up pressure on the administration to stick with Garrett’s nomination . Republican U.S . Senator Pat Toomey said : I can tell you there will be Republican senators including myself who will put up quite a fight if his nomination doesnt go forward . On December 19 , 2017 , the Senate Banking Committee voted by a margin of 10-13 not to advance Garretts nomination to the full U.S . Senate . Republican U.S . Senators Mike Rounds and Tim Scott joined all of the Democrats on the committee in voting against Garrett . Trump did not formally withdraw the nomination ; rather it was returned to Trump unconfirmed on January 3 , 2018 under Standing Rules of the United States Senate , Rule XXXI , paragraph 6 . Personal life . Garrett is married and has two adult daughters . They homeschooled their daughters because there was no high school offering a Christian education in their area . Electoral history . Write-in and minor candidate notes : In 2004 , Socialist Party USA candidate Gregory Pason received 574 votes . In 2010 , James Radigan received 336 votes .

/wiki/Barbara_Comstock#P39#0

What position did Barbara Comstock take in Sep 1994?

Barbara Comstock Barbara Jean Comstock ( née Burns ; born June 30 , 1959 ) is an American attorney and politician . As a Republican , she was elected to two terms in Congress representing Virginias 10th congressional district . From 2010 to 2014 , she was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates . She first won election to her seat in 2009 . She has worked in numerous positions for various government agencies , including as chief counsel of the House Government Reform and Oversight Committee , director of public affairs at the Department of Justice , and as a Congressional staffer . In 2019 , she joined the lobbying firm Baker Donelson as a senior advisor . Early life and education . Comstock was born Barbara Jean Burns in Springfield , Massachusetts , on June 30 , 1959 . She is the daughter of Sally Ann Burns , a teacher , and John Ferguson Burns , national manager of polymer sales for Shell Chemicals . Comstock graduated from Westchester High School in Houston , Texas in 1977 . She graduated cum laude from Middlebury College in 1981 . In college , Comstock spent a semester interning for Senator Ted Kennedy . While interning for Kennedy , Comstock , who was raised a Democrat , became a Republican . Years later , she recalled that she had long reckoned herself as a Reagan Democrat , and during her internship she found herself agreeing more with Orrin Hatch of Utah than with Kennedy . She then attended law school at Georgetown University , graduating with a Juris Doctor degree in 1986 . Career . After working as a lawyer in private practice , Comstock served from 1991 to 1995 as a senior aide to Congressman Frank Wolf . Comstock then served as chief investigative counsel and senior counsel for the U.S . House of Representatives Committee on Government Reform from 1995 to 1999 , working as one of Washingtons most prominent anti-Clinton opposition researchers . Comstock worked on behalf of the 2000 presidential campaign of George W . Bush . Her research team built massive stores of paper and electronic data , known as The Gore File , that were a key source of information on the former vice president for GOP publicists and ad-makers . Comstock is credited with writing the Republican playbook defending Bush nominees such as John Ashcroft for U.S . Attorney General . Comstock later served as director of public affairs for the Justice Department from 2002 to 2003 . Comstock and Barbara Olson , the wife of United States Solicitor General Theodore Olson , formed a partnership known to Washington insiders as the Two Barbaras . Barbara Olson died in the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks . She was a founding partner and co-principal of the public relations firm Corallo Comstock . Comstock joined law firm Blank Rome in 2004 . Comstock assisted the defense teams of both Scooter Libby and former House Majority Leader Tom DeLay . In 2005 , Comstock was hired by Dan Glickman to lobby on behalf of the Motion Picture Association of America . In 2008 , Comstock was a consultant on the presidential campaign of Mitt Romney . Comstock is a former Co-Chair of the Executive Committee of the Susan B . Anthony List . Prior to running for office , she was registered as a lobbyist . Virginia House of Delegates . In 2009 , Comstock was elected to a seat in the Virginia House of Delegates . She defeated incumbent Democrat Margaret Vanderhye by 316 votes . While in the state legislature , Comstock was involved in enacting legislation that increased the penalties for teen sex trafficking . Comstocks public relations firm consulted for the Workforce Fairness Institute ( WFI ) , a conservative group advocating on a variety of federal labor policy issues , from 2008 through 2012 . According to a 2014 report by Politico , during her time in the Virginia House of Delegates , Comstock sponsored legislation that advanced WFIs overall public policy objectives . Legislation sponsored by Comstock called for union votes by secret ballot , prevented employers from giving employees information to unions , and prohibited awarding contracts for state-funded construction projects exclusively to unionized firms . Comstocks campaign responded to the report by saying Barbara Comstock disclosed her federal clients under Virginia law as required . Comstock was re-elected to her seat in the Virginia House of Delegates in 2011 and 2013 . When she won a seat in the U.S . Congress in 2014 , she formally resigned her seat in the Virginia House of Delegates and a special election was called to replace her . She was succeeded by Democrat Kathleen Murphy , who had been her opponent in 2013 . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . 2014 . On January 7 , 2014 , Comstock announced her candidacy for the U.S . House of Representatives from Virginias 10th District , following the announcement that incumbent Frank Wolf would retire at the end of the 113th Congress . On April 26 , 2014 , Comstock won the Republican nomination for the U.S . House of Representatives in the 10th District primary , defeating five other candidates and winning approximately 54% of the total vote . Comstock and Republican U.S . Senate candidate Ed Gillespie planned on attending a public meeting of the Northern Shenandoah Valley Tea Party in early August 2014 . After rumors arose that the gathering could be infiltrated by Democrats , both candidates initially moved the meeting to a private location before opting to speak with the group by phone instead . This decision prompted a statement from David Sparkman , chairman of the Tea Party group , who said Im disappointed , I wanted to look these politicians in the eye and take their measure . Comstock received the endorsements of the United States Chamber of Commerce , the National Federation of Independent Business , and both the Virginia Association of Realtors and the National Association of Realtors . On August 28 , 2014 , Comstock received the endorsement of the Virginia Police Benevolent Association ( VAPBA ) . In 2012 , the VAPBA had endorsed the Democratic challenger to Representative Frank Wolf in the same district . Shortly before the 2014 election , Comstocks Democratic opponent , Fairfax County Supervisor John Foust , said that she had never had a “real job.” “Although he claims he was referring to her jobs in partisan politics,” stated the Weekly Standard , “Comstock’s campaign attacked this as a sexist remark.” Comstock herself called the remark “offensive and demeaning.” Comstock won the election on November 4 , 2014 , defeating Democrat John Foust with 56 percent of the vote . 2016 . Comstock faced Democrat LuAnn Bennett , a real estate executive and ex-wife of former Virginia Congressman Jim Moran , in the 2016 election . Given the swing state status of Virginia in the 2016 presidential election , the race was expected to be one of the most heavily contested races in the country . Democratic strategist Ellen Qualls said the 10th District is essentially the swingiest district in the swingiest state . In early October , following the release of the Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape , Comstock called for Donald Trump to drop out of the presidential race . She released a statement that in part said This is disgusting , vile , and disqualifying . No woman should ever be subjected to this type of obscene behavior and it is unbecoming of anybody seeking high office . In light of these comments , Donald Trump should step aside and allow our party to replace him with Mike Pence or another appropriate nominee from the Republican Party . I cannot in good conscience vote for Donald Trump . Comstock won re-election by a margin of 53–47% . In February 2015 , some constituents called for Comstock to host an in-person town hall meeting rather than a tele-town hall conducted via phone . 2018 . In early 2017 , the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee named Comstock and her 10th district seat one of their top targets in the 2018 midterm elections . Hillary Clinton had easily won the 10th in 2016 with 52 percent of the vote to Donald Trumps 42 percent . By May 2017 , five Democrats had announced their candidacy for the Democratic nomination to run against Comstock . In July 2017 , Republican Shak Hill , who ran for the Republican nomination for U.S . Senate in 2014 , announced that he was preparing to mount a primary challenge against Comstock in 2018 . Comstock won the June 12th primary easily . “Republicans in purple districts are leaving Congress in droves,” reported The Washington Post in April 2018 . “So why does Barbara Comstock want to stay?” Her answer was : “Im healthy , my familys healthy , my kids are healthy , I love this job.” Comstock had been named as a potential candidate for the U.S . Senate against incumbent Tim Kaine in the 2018 election but decided not to run against him . In the general election , she ran for re-election against Democratic State Senator Jennifer Wexton in what was considered one of the most competitive House races , given that Clinton and Governor Ralph Northam easily won her district in 2016 and 2017 , respectively . After Democrats made significant gains in Northern Virginia in the 2017 elections , Comstock was the only elected Republican above the county level in much of the district . She was the last Republican to represent a congressional district based in the Washington suburbs . In the November 2018 general election , Comstock was defeated by Wexton , who took 56% of the vote to Comstocks 44% . Committee assignments - Committee on House Administration - Committee on Science , Space and Technology - Subcommittee on Energy - Subcommittee on Research and Technology ( Chair ) - Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure - Subcommittee on Aviation - Subcommittee on Economic Development , Public Buildings and Emergency Management - Subcommittee on Highways and Transit Caucus memberships - Congressional Arts Caucus - Climate Solutions Caucus Political positions . , Comstock had voted with President Trumps position 97.8% of the time and was the second-most partisan Trump supporter versus her districts own voting patterns in the U.S . House . In the 115th United States Congress , she had voted with the Republican Party 94.7% of the time . Comstock was ranked as the 82nd most bipartisan member of the U.S . House of Representatives during the 114th United States Congress in the Bipartisan Index created by The Lugar Center . She was a member of the Republican Main Street Partnership . Vote Smart Political Courage Test . Vote Smart , a non-profit , non-partisan research organization that collects and distributes information on candidates for public office in the United States , researched presidential and congressional candidates public records to determine candidates likely responses on certain key issues . According to Vote Smarts 2016 analysis , Comstock generally supported pro-life legislation , opposes an income tax increase , supported federal spending as a means of promoting economic growth , supported lowering taxes as a means of promoting economic growth , supported the building of the Keystone Pipeline , supported government funding for the development of renewable energy , opposes the federal regulation of greenhouse gas emissions , opposed gun-control legislation , supported repealing the Affordable Care Act , supported requiring immigrants who are unlawfully present to be deported , opposed same-sex marriage , and supported increased American intervention in Iraq and Syria beyond air support . Abortion . Comstock supported a ban on abortion except in cases of rape , incest , or when the mothers life is in danger . In 2011 , Comstock voted in favor of HB 462 , which required women to have transvaginal ultrasounds before receiving an abortion . When opponents pointed out that this would necessitate an internal ultrasound for early-term pregnancies , an amendment was passed to limit the requirement to external ultrasounds only . She also voted in favor of the amendment . She supported making birth control available to women over the counter . Environment . In March 2017 , Comstock signed onto a Republican resolution acknowledging the impact of human activities on global climate . Health care . She was one of twenty Republicans in the House to vote against the American Health Care Act of 2017 ( H.R . 1628 ) , the House Republican bill to repeal and replace the ACA . Internet . Comstock opposed net neutrality . In 2015 , in the wake of a Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) ruling protecting net neutrality , Comstock said that net neutrality is government overreach and robs the internet of its freedom . In March 2017 she voted to reverse a landmark FCC ruling , opening the door for internet service providers to sell customer data . During the preceding election cycle , she accepted $56,457 in donations from corporations in the telecom industry and employees of those corporations . Immigration . In a 2014 election debate , Comstock criticized President Barack Obamas executive orders on immigration ( see Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals , Deferred Action for Parents of Americans ) , calling for immigration-law policy changes to be made via legislation . Comstock also suggested tracking people entering the U.S . like FedEx can track packages coming in here all of the time . Comstock criticized President Donald Trumps 2017 executive order to impose a temporary ban on entry to the U.S . to citizens of seven Muslim-majority countries , saying : The presidents Executive Order [ goes ] beyond the increased vetting actions that Congress has supported on a bipartisan basis and inexplicably applied to Green Card holders . This should be addressed and corrected expeditiously . Comstock supported Trumps proposed border wall on the Southern border . In February 2018 , Comstock “generated national headlines when she rebuked the president during a meeting...at the White House on the dangers of the deadly gang MS-13.” Trump said that “if congressional Democrats would not support a legislative crackdown on dangerous illegal immigrants , he would advocate shutting down the federal government.“ Comstock replied , “We dont need a government shutdown...I think both sides have learned that a government shutdown was bad , it wasnt good for them.” While Comstock described the exchange as a polite conversation,” The Washington Post said that “ [ e ] veryone else called it an extraordinary public scolding of a sitting U.S . president.” In 2018 , the U.S . Senate passed a bill introduced by Comstock which gave the federal government greater latitude in deporting immigrants who were suspected of gang activity . LGBT rights . Comstock opposed same-sex marriage . In 2012 , she voted for legislation that allowed private adoption and foster care agencies to deny adoptions to gay individuals . She supported the nomination of Tracy Thorne-Begland to the Richmond Circuit Court in 2013 , Virginias first openly gay judge . She has voted in favor of legislation to strengthen schools anti-bullying policies . Science . In February 2017 , President Donald Trump signed into law the INSPIRE Women Act , a bill sponsored by Comstock , which compels the director of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) to encourage women and girls to pursue an education in the science , technology , engineering , and mathematics ( STEM ) fields . She supported adult stem cell research . Transportation . In April 2016 , Comstock said she would support legislation introduced by Democrat John Delaney to overhaul the board that oversees the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority , which runs Washingtons Metrorail system . The legislation would have required the next three federal appointments to the authoritys board of directors to be either a certified transit , management , or financial expert . Women . In 2017 “Comstock joined first lady Melania Trump and first daughter Ivanka Trump in the Oval Office as the president signed Comstocks bill , the INSPIRE Women Act , which encouraged women and girls to study math and science as well as pursue aerospace careers.“ In November 2017 , Comstock opposed the Senate candidacy of Roy Moore in Alabama because of sexual abuse allegations . “To date Roy Moore has not provided any credible explanation or response to the detailed allegations,” Comstock said . In November 2017 , Comstock told a House hearing on sexual harassment on Capitol Hill “that she was told about a staffer who quit her job after a lawmaker asked her to bring work material to his house , then exposed himself.” A December 2017 article in the Weekly Standard stated that Comstock had “taken a leading role in pushing for congressional reforms aimed at combatting sexual harassment.” She had “co-sponsored a resolution that , among other small changes , requires all lawmakers and their staff to complete anti-harassment and anti-discrimination training at the start of each session,” but she saw that proposal “as a quick fix , and was looking to make broader , more authoritative changes to the law.” In February 2018 , Comstock told a House subcommittee that women were being pushed out of jobs in science and technology . In May 2018 , Comstock joined with Congresswoman Lois Frankel ( D-FL ) in calling on airlines to address sexual harassment on flights . “Approximately 80 percent of flight attendants are female and they are often objectified on a daily basis by passengers , coworkers , and superiors,” the congresswomen wrote . “It is perhaps not surprising that sexual harassment is prevalent given the industry’s past objectification of flight attendants.” Gun policy . , Comstock had an A rating from the National Rifle Association ( NRA ) . In the 2014 and 2016 election cycles , she received $14,850 in campaign contributions from the NRA . In 2017 , she was one of 213 co-sponsors of legislation seeking to amend the federal criminal code to allow a qualified individual to carry a concealed handgun into or possess a concealed handgun in another state that allows individuals to carry concealed firearms . She voted for H.J.Res 40 , signed into law in February 2017 , which nullifies a rule that implements a plan to provide to the National Instant Criminal History Background Check System the name of an individual who meets certain criteria , including that benefit payments are made through a representative payee because the individual is determined to be mentally incapable of managing them . ( Current law prohibits firearm sale or transfer to and purchase or possession by a person who has been adjudicated as a mental defective. ) In April 2018 , NBC News reported that in the wake of the Parkland shooting and the national movement that has followed , gun control supporters hope they can change that dynamic in the 2018 midterm elections , starting with Comstock’s district in northern Virginia . Several of her Democratic opponents were making gun control centerpieces of their campaigns . Mark Rozell of George Mason University said that demographic changes and current events added up to almost a perfect storm against her . Fairness doctrine . In October 2008 , Comstock and Democratic operative Lanny Davis co-wrote an article in the National Review in which they expressed strong opposition to the call for reinstatement of the Fairness Doctrine . “Historically,” they wrote , “opposition to the Fairness Doctrine has been genuinely a bipartisan issue.” They noted that opponents of the Fairness Doctrine included liberals like Dan Rather and Alan Colmes and right-wingers like Rush Limbaugh and Sean Hannity , and recalled that in 1978 “NBC aired a show on the Holocaust and was sued by a group demanding air time to argue that the Holocaust was a myth . The network had to defend itself for over three years.” They concluded that “we need more speech , not less , and not government regulated speech.” Post-political career . She now regularly appears on MSNBC , Fox News , CNN , and other media outlets as a policy and political commentator . Personal life . She has been married to Elwyn Charles Comstock , whom she had met in high school , since October 9 , 1982 . They have three children together . Comstock received her Juris Doctor from Georgetown University Law Center in 1986 . Among Comstocks close friends is Democrat Donna Brazile , whom Comstock helped when she “couldnt find family and friends caught up in Hurricanes Katrina and Rita,” Comstock said of Brazile , “We dont agree on many issues , but we consider each other to be worthy of respect.” She is also close to retired Supreme Court Justice Anthony M . Kennedy , who when her father was rushed to the hospital went to her parents house to “monitor...the pumpkin bread baking in their kitchen.” Comstock was friends with legal analyst Barbara Olson , who was killed on 9/11 . Another good friend is David N . Bossie , president of Citizens United and Donald Trumps deputy campaign manager . “ [ Trump ] is the hardest-working man Ive ever been around,” Bossie said . “Barbara Comstock is the hardest-working woman Ive ever been around.”

/wiki/Barbara_Comstock#P39#1

What position did Barbara Comstock take in Aug 1995?

Barbara Comstock Barbara Jean Comstock ( née Burns ; born June 30 , 1959 ) is an American attorney and politician . As a Republican , she was elected to two terms in Congress representing Virginias 10th congressional district . From 2010 to 2014 , she was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates . She first won election to her seat in 2009 . She has worked in numerous positions for various government agencies , including as chief counsel of the House Government Reform and Oversight Committee , director of public affairs at the Department of Justice , and as a Congressional staffer . In 2019 , she joined the lobbying firm Baker Donelson as a senior advisor . Early life and education . Comstock was born Barbara Jean Burns in Springfield , Massachusetts , on June 30 , 1959 . She is the daughter of Sally Ann Burns , a teacher , and John Ferguson Burns , national manager of polymer sales for Shell Chemicals . Comstock graduated from Westchester High School in Houston , Texas in 1977 . She graduated cum laude from Middlebury College in 1981 . In college , Comstock spent a semester interning for Senator Ted Kennedy . While interning for Kennedy , Comstock , who was raised a Democrat , became a Republican . Years later , she recalled that she had long reckoned herself as a Reagan Democrat , and during her internship she found herself agreeing more with Orrin Hatch of Utah than with Kennedy . She then attended law school at Georgetown University , graduating with a Juris Doctor degree in 1986 . Career . After working as a lawyer in private practice , Comstock served from 1991 to 1995 as a senior aide to Congressman Frank Wolf . Comstock then served as chief investigative counsel and senior counsel for the U.S . House of Representatives Committee on Government Reform from 1995 to 1999 , working as one of Washingtons most prominent anti-Clinton opposition researchers . Comstock worked on behalf of the 2000 presidential campaign of George W . Bush . Her research team built massive stores of paper and electronic data , known as The Gore File , that were a key source of information on the former vice president for GOP publicists and ad-makers . Comstock is credited with writing the Republican playbook defending Bush nominees such as John Ashcroft for U.S . Attorney General . Comstock later served as director of public affairs for the Justice Department from 2002 to 2003 . Comstock and Barbara Olson , the wife of United States Solicitor General Theodore Olson , formed a partnership known to Washington insiders as the Two Barbaras . Barbara Olson died in the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks . She was a founding partner and co-principal of the public relations firm Corallo Comstock . Comstock joined law firm Blank Rome in 2004 . Comstock assisted the defense teams of both Scooter Libby and former House Majority Leader Tom DeLay . In 2005 , Comstock was hired by Dan Glickman to lobby on behalf of the Motion Picture Association of America . In 2008 , Comstock was a consultant on the presidential campaign of Mitt Romney . Comstock is a former Co-Chair of the Executive Committee of the Susan B . Anthony List . Prior to running for office , she was registered as a lobbyist . Virginia House of Delegates . In 2009 , Comstock was elected to a seat in the Virginia House of Delegates . She defeated incumbent Democrat Margaret Vanderhye by 316 votes . While in the state legislature , Comstock was involved in enacting legislation that increased the penalties for teen sex trafficking . Comstocks public relations firm consulted for the Workforce Fairness Institute ( WFI ) , a conservative group advocating on a variety of federal labor policy issues , from 2008 through 2012 . According to a 2014 report by Politico , during her time in the Virginia House of Delegates , Comstock sponsored legislation that advanced WFIs overall public policy objectives . Legislation sponsored by Comstock called for union votes by secret ballot , prevented employers from giving employees information to unions , and prohibited awarding contracts for state-funded construction projects exclusively to unionized firms . Comstocks campaign responded to the report by saying Barbara Comstock disclosed her federal clients under Virginia law as required . Comstock was re-elected to her seat in the Virginia House of Delegates in 2011 and 2013 . When she won a seat in the U.S . Congress in 2014 , she formally resigned her seat in the Virginia House of Delegates and a special election was called to replace her . She was succeeded by Democrat Kathleen Murphy , who had been her opponent in 2013 . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . 2014 . On January 7 , 2014 , Comstock announced her candidacy for the U.S . House of Representatives from Virginias 10th District , following the announcement that incumbent Frank Wolf would retire at the end of the 113th Congress . On April 26 , 2014 , Comstock won the Republican nomination for the U.S . House of Representatives in the 10th District primary , defeating five other candidates and winning approximately 54% of the total vote . Comstock and Republican U.S . Senate candidate Ed Gillespie planned on attending a public meeting of the Northern Shenandoah Valley Tea Party in early August 2014 . After rumors arose that the gathering could be infiltrated by Democrats , both candidates initially moved the meeting to a private location before opting to speak with the group by phone instead . This decision prompted a statement from David Sparkman , chairman of the Tea Party group , who said Im disappointed , I wanted to look these politicians in the eye and take their measure . Comstock received the endorsements of the United States Chamber of Commerce , the National Federation of Independent Business , and both the Virginia Association of Realtors and the National Association of Realtors . On August 28 , 2014 , Comstock received the endorsement of the Virginia Police Benevolent Association ( VAPBA ) . In 2012 , the VAPBA had endorsed the Democratic challenger to Representative Frank Wolf in the same district . Shortly before the 2014 election , Comstocks Democratic opponent , Fairfax County Supervisor John Foust , said that she had never had a “real job.” “Although he claims he was referring to her jobs in partisan politics,” stated the Weekly Standard , “Comstock’s campaign attacked this as a sexist remark.” Comstock herself called the remark “offensive and demeaning.” Comstock won the election on November 4 , 2014 , defeating Democrat John Foust with 56 percent of the vote . 2016 . Comstock faced Democrat LuAnn Bennett , a real estate executive and ex-wife of former Virginia Congressman Jim Moran , in the 2016 election . Given the swing state status of Virginia in the 2016 presidential election , the race was expected to be one of the most heavily contested races in the country . Democratic strategist Ellen Qualls said the 10th District is essentially the swingiest district in the swingiest state . In early October , following the release of the Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape , Comstock called for Donald Trump to drop out of the presidential race . She released a statement that in part said This is disgusting , vile , and disqualifying . No woman should ever be subjected to this type of obscene behavior and it is unbecoming of anybody seeking high office . In light of these comments , Donald Trump should step aside and allow our party to replace him with Mike Pence or another appropriate nominee from the Republican Party . I cannot in good conscience vote for Donald Trump . Comstock won re-election by a margin of 53–47% . In February 2015 , some constituents called for Comstock to host an in-person town hall meeting rather than a tele-town hall conducted via phone . 2018 . In early 2017 , the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee named Comstock and her 10th district seat one of their top targets in the 2018 midterm elections . Hillary Clinton had easily won the 10th in 2016 with 52 percent of the vote to Donald Trumps 42 percent . By May 2017 , five Democrats had announced their candidacy for the Democratic nomination to run against Comstock . In July 2017 , Republican Shak Hill , who ran for the Republican nomination for U.S . Senate in 2014 , announced that he was preparing to mount a primary challenge against Comstock in 2018 . Comstock won the June 12th primary easily . “Republicans in purple districts are leaving Congress in droves,” reported The Washington Post in April 2018 . “So why does Barbara Comstock want to stay?” Her answer was : “Im healthy , my familys healthy , my kids are healthy , I love this job.” Comstock had been named as a potential candidate for the U.S . Senate against incumbent Tim Kaine in the 2018 election but decided not to run against him . In the general election , she ran for re-election against Democratic State Senator Jennifer Wexton in what was considered one of the most competitive House races , given that Clinton and Governor Ralph Northam easily won her district in 2016 and 2017 , respectively . After Democrats made significant gains in Northern Virginia in the 2017 elections , Comstock was the only elected Republican above the county level in much of the district . She was the last Republican to represent a congressional district based in the Washington suburbs . In the November 2018 general election , Comstock was defeated by Wexton , who took 56% of the vote to Comstocks 44% . Committee assignments - Committee on House Administration - Committee on Science , Space and Technology - Subcommittee on Energy - Subcommittee on Research and Technology ( Chair ) - Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure - Subcommittee on Aviation - Subcommittee on Economic Development , Public Buildings and Emergency Management - Subcommittee on Highways and Transit Caucus memberships - Congressional Arts Caucus - Climate Solutions Caucus Political positions . , Comstock had voted with President Trumps position 97.8% of the time and was the second-most partisan Trump supporter versus her districts own voting patterns in the U.S . House . In the 115th United States Congress , she had voted with the Republican Party 94.7% of the time . Comstock was ranked as the 82nd most bipartisan member of the U.S . House of Representatives during the 114th United States Congress in the Bipartisan Index created by The Lugar Center . She was a member of the Republican Main Street Partnership . Vote Smart Political Courage Test . Vote Smart , a non-profit , non-partisan research organization that collects and distributes information on candidates for public office in the United States , researched presidential and congressional candidates public records to determine candidates likely responses on certain key issues . According to Vote Smarts 2016 analysis , Comstock generally supported pro-life legislation , opposes an income tax increase , supported federal spending as a means of promoting economic growth , supported lowering taxes as a means of promoting economic growth , supported the building of the Keystone Pipeline , supported government funding for the development of renewable energy , opposes the federal regulation of greenhouse gas emissions , opposed gun-control legislation , supported repealing the Affordable Care Act , supported requiring immigrants who are unlawfully present to be deported , opposed same-sex marriage , and supported increased American intervention in Iraq and Syria beyond air support . Abortion . Comstock supported a ban on abortion except in cases of rape , incest , or when the mothers life is in danger . In 2011 , Comstock voted in favor of HB 462 , which required women to have transvaginal ultrasounds before receiving an abortion . When opponents pointed out that this would necessitate an internal ultrasound for early-term pregnancies , an amendment was passed to limit the requirement to external ultrasounds only . She also voted in favor of the amendment . She supported making birth control available to women over the counter . Environment . In March 2017 , Comstock signed onto a Republican resolution acknowledging the impact of human activities on global climate . Health care . She was one of twenty Republicans in the House to vote against the American Health Care Act of 2017 ( H.R . 1628 ) , the House Republican bill to repeal and replace the ACA . Internet . Comstock opposed net neutrality . In 2015 , in the wake of a Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) ruling protecting net neutrality , Comstock said that net neutrality is government overreach and robs the internet of its freedom . In March 2017 she voted to reverse a landmark FCC ruling , opening the door for internet service providers to sell customer data . During the preceding election cycle , she accepted $56,457 in donations from corporations in the telecom industry and employees of those corporations . Immigration . In a 2014 election debate , Comstock criticized President Barack Obamas executive orders on immigration ( see Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals , Deferred Action for Parents of Americans ) , calling for immigration-law policy changes to be made via legislation . Comstock also suggested tracking people entering the U.S . like FedEx can track packages coming in here all of the time . Comstock criticized President Donald Trumps 2017 executive order to impose a temporary ban on entry to the U.S . to citizens of seven Muslim-majority countries , saying : The presidents Executive Order [ goes ] beyond the increased vetting actions that Congress has supported on a bipartisan basis and inexplicably applied to Green Card holders . This should be addressed and corrected expeditiously . Comstock supported Trumps proposed border wall on the Southern border . In February 2018 , Comstock “generated national headlines when she rebuked the president during a meeting...at the White House on the dangers of the deadly gang MS-13.” Trump said that “if congressional Democrats would not support a legislative crackdown on dangerous illegal immigrants , he would advocate shutting down the federal government.“ Comstock replied , “We dont need a government shutdown...I think both sides have learned that a government shutdown was bad , it wasnt good for them.” While Comstock described the exchange as a polite conversation,” The Washington Post said that “ [ e ] veryone else called it an extraordinary public scolding of a sitting U.S . president.” In 2018 , the U.S . Senate passed a bill introduced by Comstock which gave the federal government greater latitude in deporting immigrants who were suspected of gang activity . LGBT rights . Comstock opposed same-sex marriage . In 2012 , she voted for legislation that allowed private adoption and foster care agencies to deny adoptions to gay individuals . She supported the nomination of Tracy Thorne-Begland to the Richmond Circuit Court in 2013 , Virginias first openly gay judge . She has voted in favor of legislation to strengthen schools anti-bullying policies . Science . In February 2017 , President Donald Trump signed into law the INSPIRE Women Act , a bill sponsored by Comstock , which compels the director of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) to encourage women and girls to pursue an education in the science , technology , engineering , and mathematics ( STEM ) fields . She supported adult stem cell research . Transportation . In April 2016 , Comstock said she would support legislation introduced by Democrat John Delaney to overhaul the board that oversees the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority , which runs Washingtons Metrorail system . The legislation would have required the next three federal appointments to the authoritys board of directors to be either a certified transit , management , or financial expert . Women . In 2017 “Comstock joined first lady Melania Trump and first daughter Ivanka Trump in the Oval Office as the president signed Comstocks bill , the INSPIRE Women Act , which encouraged women and girls to study math and science as well as pursue aerospace careers.“ In November 2017 , Comstock opposed the Senate candidacy of Roy Moore in Alabama because of sexual abuse allegations . “To date Roy Moore has not provided any credible explanation or response to the detailed allegations,” Comstock said . In November 2017 , Comstock told a House hearing on sexual harassment on Capitol Hill “that she was told about a staffer who quit her job after a lawmaker asked her to bring work material to his house , then exposed himself.” A December 2017 article in the Weekly Standard stated that Comstock had “taken a leading role in pushing for congressional reforms aimed at combatting sexual harassment.” She had “co-sponsored a resolution that , among other small changes , requires all lawmakers and their staff to complete anti-harassment and anti-discrimination training at the start of each session,” but she saw that proposal “as a quick fix , and was looking to make broader , more authoritative changes to the law.” In February 2018 , Comstock told a House subcommittee that women were being pushed out of jobs in science and technology . In May 2018 , Comstock joined with Congresswoman Lois Frankel ( D-FL ) in calling on airlines to address sexual harassment on flights . “Approximately 80 percent of flight attendants are female and they are often objectified on a daily basis by passengers , coworkers , and superiors,” the congresswomen wrote . “It is perhaps not surprising that sexual harassment is prevalent given the industry’s past objectification of flight attendants.” Gun policy . , Comstock had an A rating from the National Rifle Association ( NRA ) . In the 2014 and 2016 election cycles , she received $14,850 in campaign contributions from the NRA . In 2017 , she was one of 213 co-sponsors of legislation seeking to amend the federal criminal code to allow a qualified individual to carry a concealed handgun into or possess a concealed handgun in another state that allows individuals to carry concealed firearms . She voted for H.J.Res 40 , signed into law in February 2017 , which nullifies a rule that implements a plan to provide to the National Instant Criminal History Background Check System the name of an individual who meets certain criteria , including that benefit payments are made through a representative payee because the individual is determined to be mentally incapable of managing them . ( Current law prohibits firearm sale or transfer to and purchase or possession by a person who has been adjudicated as a mental defective. ) In April 2018 , NBC News reported that in the wake of the Parkland shooting and the national movement that has followed , gun control supporters hope they can change that dynamic in the 2018 midterm elections , starting with Comstock’s district in northern Virginia . Several of her Democratic opponents were making gun control centerpieces of their campaigns . Mark Rozell of George Mason University said that demographic changes and current events added up to almost a perfect storm against her . Fairness doctrine . In October 2008 , Comstock and Democratic operative Lanny Davis co-wrote an article in the National Review in which they expressed strong opposition to the call for reinstatement of the Fairness Doctrine . “Historically,” they wrote , “opposition to the Fairness Doctrine has been genuinely a bipartisan issue.” They noted that opponents of the Fairness Doctrine included liberals like Dan Rather and Alan Colmes and right-wingers like Rush Limbaugh and Sean Hannity , and recalled that in 1978 “NBC aired a show on the Holocaust and was sued by a group demanding air time to argue that the Holocaust was a myth . The network had to defend itself for over three years.” They concluded that “we need more speech , not less , and not government regulated speech.” Post-political career . She now regularly appears on MSNBC , Fox News , CNN , and other media outlets as a policy and political commentator . Personal life . She has been married to Elwyn Charles Comstock , whom she had met in high school , since October 9 , 1982 . They have three children together . Comstock received her Juris Doctor from Georgetown University Law Center in 1986 . Among Comstocks close friends is Democrat Donna Brazile , whom Comstock helped when she “couldnt find family and friends caught up in Hurricanes Katrina and Rita,” Comstock said of Brazile , “We dont agree on many issues , but we consider each other to be worthy of respect.” She is also close to retired Supreme Court Justice Anthony M . Kennedy , who when her father was rushed to the hospital went to her parents house to “monitor...the pumpkin bread baking in their kitchen.” Comstock was friends with legal analyst Barbara Olson , who was killed on 9/11 . Another good friend is David N . Bossie , president of Citizens United and Donald Trumps deputy campaign manager . “ [ Trump ] is the hardest-working man Ive ever been around,” Bossie said . “Barbara Comstock is the hardest-working woman Ive ever been around.”

/wiki/Barbara_Comstock#P39#2

What position did Barbara Comstock take between Apr 2002 and Jun 2002?

Barbara Comstock Barbara Jean Comstock ( née Burns ; born June 30 , 1959 ) is an American attorney and politician . As a Republican , she was elected to two terms in Congress representing Virginias 10th congressional district . From 2010 to 2014 , she was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates . She first won election to her seat in 2009 . She has worked in numerous positions for various government agencies , including as chief counsel of the House Government Reform and Oversight Committee , director of public affairs at the Department of Justice , and as a Congressional staffer . In 2019 , she joined the lobbying firm Baker Donelson as a senior advisor . Early life and education . Comstock was born Barbara Jean Burns in Springfield , Massachusetts , on June 30 , 1959 . She is the daughter of Sally Ann Burns , a teacher , and John Ferguson Burns , national manager of polymer sales for Shell Chemicals . Comstock graduated from Westchester High School in Houston , Texas in 1977 . She graduated cum laude from Middlebury College in 1981 . In college , Comstock spent a semester interning for Senator Ted Kennedy . While interning for Kennedy , Comstock , who was raised a Democrat , became a Republican . Years later , she recalled that she had long reckoned herself as a Reagan Democrat , and during her internship she found herself agreeing more with Orrin Hatch of Utah than with Kennedy . She then attended law school at Georgetown University , graduating with a Juris Doctor degree in 1986 . Career . After working as a lawyer in private practice , Comstock served from 1991 to 1995 as a senior aide to Congressman Frank Wolf . Comstock then served as chief investigative counsel and senior counsel for the U.S . House of Representatives Committee on Government Reform from 1995 to 1999 , working as one of Washingtons most prominent anti-Clinton opposition researchers . Comstock worked on behalf of the 2000 presidential campaign of George W . Bush . Her research team built massive stores of paper and electronic data , known as The Gore File , that were a key source of information on the former vice president for GOP publicists and ad-makers . Comstock is credited with writing the Republican playbook defending Bush nominees such as John Ashcroft for U.S . Attorney General . Comstock later served as director of public affairs for the Justice Department from 2002 to 2003 . Comstock and Barbara Olson , the wife of United States Solicitor General Theodore Olson , formed a partnership known to Washington insiders as the Two Barbaras . Barbara Olson died in the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks . She was a founding partner and co-principal of the public relations firm Corallo Comstock . Comstock joined law firm Blank Rome in 2004 . Comstock assisted the defense teams of both Scooter Libby and former House Majority Leader Tom DeLay . In 2005 , Comstock was hired by Dan Glickman to lobby on behalf of the Motion Picture Association of America . In 2008 , Comstock was a consultant on the presidential campaign of Mitt Romney . Comstock is a former Co-Chair of the Executive Committee of the Susan B . Anthony List . Prior to running for office , she was registered as a lobbyist . Virginia House of Delegates . In 2009 , Comstock was elected to a seat in the Virginia House of Delegates . She defeated incumbent Democrat Margaret Vanderhye by 316 votes . While in the state legislature , Comstock was involved in enacting legislation that increased the penalties for teen sex trafficking . Comstocks public relations firm consulted for the Workforce Fairness Institute ( WFI ) , a conservative group advocating on a variety of federal labor policy issues , from 2008 through 2012 . According to a 2014 report by Politico , during her time in the Virginia House of Delegates , Comstock sponsored legislation that advanced WFIs overall public policy objectives . Legislation sponsored by Comstock called for union votes by secret ballot , prevented employers from giving employees information to unions , and prohibited awarding contracts for state-funded construction projects exclusively to unionized firms . Comstocks campaign responded to the report by saying Barbara Comstock disclosed her federal clients under Virginia law as required . Comstock was re-elected to her seat in the Virginia House of Delegates in 2011 and 2013 . When she won a seat in the U.S . Congress in 2014 , she formally resigned her seat in the Virginia House of Delegates and a special election was called to replace her . She was succeeded by Democrat Kathleen Murphy , who had been her opponent in 2013 . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . 2014 . On January 7 , 2014 , Comstock announced her candidacy for the U.S . House of Representatives from Virginias 10th District , following the announcement that incumbent Frank Wolf would retire at the end of the 113th Congress . On April 26 , 2014 , Comstock won the Republican nomination for the U.S . House of Representatives in the 10th District primary , defeating five other candidates and winning approximately 54% of the total vote . Comstock and Republican U.S . Senate candidate Ed Gillespie planned on attending a public meeting of the Northern Shenandoah Valley Tea Party in early August 2014 . After rumors arose that the gathering could be infiltrated by Democrats , both candidates initially moved the meeting to a private location before opting to speak with the group by phone instead . This decision prompted a statement from David Sparkman , chairman of the Tea Party group , who said Im disappointed , I wanted to look these politicians in the eye and take their measure . Comstock received the endorsements of the United States Chamber of Commerce , the National Federation of Independent Business , and both the Virginia Association of Realtors and the National Association of Realtors . On August 28 , 2014 , Comstock received the endorsement of the Virginia Police Benevolent Association ( VAPBA ) . In 2012 , the VAPBA had endorsed the Democratic challenger to Representative Frank Wolf in the same district . Shortly before the 2014 election , Comstocks Democratic opponent , Fairfax County Supervisor John Foust , said that she had never had a “real job.” “Although he claims he was referring to her jobs in partisan politics,” stated the Weekly Standard , “Comstock’s campaign attacked this as a sexist remark.” Comstock herself called the remark “offensive and demeaning.” Comstock won the election on November 4 , 2014 , defeating Democrat John Foust with 56 percent of the vote . 2016 . Comstock faced Democrat LuAnn Bennett , a real estate executive and ex-wife of former Virginia Congressman Jim Moran , in the 2016 election . Given the swing state status of Virginia in the 2016 presidential election , the race was expected to be one of the most heavily contested races in the country . Democratic strategist Ellen Qualls said the 10th District is essentially the swingiest district in the swingiest state . In early October , following the release of the Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape , Comstock called for Donald Trump to drop out of the presidential race . She released a statement that in part said This is disgusting , vile , and disqualifying . No woman should ever be subjected to this type of obscene behavior and it is unbecoming of anybody seeking high office . In light of these comments , Donald Trump should step aside and allow our party to replace him with Mike Pence or another appropriate nominee from the Republican Party . I cannot in good conscience vote for Donald Trump . Comstock won re-election by a margin of 53–47% . In February 2015 , some constituents called for Comstock to host an in-person town hall meeting rather than a tele-town hall conducted via phone . 2018 . In early 2017 , the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee named Comstock and her 10th district seat one of their top targets in the 2018 midterm elections . Hillary Clinton had easily won the 10th in 2016 with 52 percent of the vote to Donald Trumps 42 percent . By May 2017 , five Democrats had announced their candidacy for the Democratic nomination to run against Comstock . In July 2017 , Republican Shak Hill , who ran for the Republican nomination for U.S . Senate in 2014 , announced that he was preparing to mount a primary challenge against Comstock in 2018 . Comstock won the June 12th primary easily . “Republicans in purple districts are leaving Congress in droves,” reported The Washington Post in April 2018 . “So why does Barbara Comstock want to stay?” Her answer was : “Im healthy , my familys healthy , my kids are healthy , I love this job.” Comstock had been named as a potential candidate for the U.S . Senate against incumbent Tim Kaine in the 2018 election but decided not to run against him . In the general election , she ran for re-election against Democratic State Senator Jennifer Wexton in what was considered one of the most competitive House races , given that Clinton and Governor Ralph Northam easily won her district in 2016 and 2017 , respectively . After Democrats made significant gains in Northern Virginia in the 2017 elections , Comstock was the only elected Republican above the county level in much of the district . She was the last Republican to represent a congressional district based in the Washington suburbs . In the November 2018 general election , Comstock was defeated by Wexton , who took 56% of the vote to Comstocks 44% . Committee assignments - Committee on House Administration - Committee on Science , Space and Technology - Subcommittee on Energy - Subcommittee on Research and Technology ( Chair ) - Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure - Subcommittee on Aviation - Subcommittee on Economic Development , Public Buildings and Emergency Management - Subcommittee on Highways and Transit Caucus memberships - Congressional Arts Caucus - Climate Solutions Caucus Political positions . , Comstock had voted with President Trumps position 97.8% of the time and was the second-most partisan Trump supporter versus her districts own voting patterns in the U.S . House . In the 115th United States Congress , she had voted with the Republican Party 94.7% of the time . Comstock was ranked as the 82nd most bipartisan member of the U.S . House of Representatives during the 114th United States Congress in the Bipartisan Index created by The Lugar Center . She was a member of the Republican Main Street Partnership . Vote Smart Political Courage Test . Vote Smart , a non-profit , non-partisan research organization that collects and distributes information on candidates for public office in the United States , researched presidential and congressional candidates public records to determine candidates likely responses on certain key issues . According to Vote Smarts 2016 analysis , Comstock generally supported pro-life legislation , opposes an income tax increase , supported federal spending as a means of promoting economic growth , supported lowering taxes as a means of promoting economic growth , supported the building of the Keystone Pipeline , supported government funding for the development of renewable energy , opposes the federal regulation of greenhouse gas emissions , opposed gun-control legislation , supported repealing the Affordable Care Act , supported requiring immigrants who are unlawfully present to be deported , opposed same-sex marriage , and supported increased American intervention in Iraq and Syria beyond air support . Abortion . Comstock supported a ban on abortion except in cases of rape , incest , or when the mothers life is in danger . In 2011 , Comstock voted in favor of HB 462 , which required women to have transvaginal ultrasounds before receiving an abortion . When opponents pointed out that this would necessitate an internal ultrasound for early-term pregnancies , an amendment was passed to limit the requirement to external ultrasounds only . She also voted in favor of the amendment . She supported making birth control available to women over the counter . Environment . In March 2017 , Comstock signed onto a Republican resolution acknowledging the impact of human activities on global climate . Health care . She was one of twenty Republicans in the House to vote against the American Health Care Act of 2017 ( H.R . 1628 ) , the House Republican bill to repeal and replace the ACA . Internet . Comstock opposed net neutrality . In 2015 , in the wake of a Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) ruling protecting net neutrality , Comstock said that net neutrality is government overreach and robs the internet of its freedom . In March 2017 she voted to reverse a landmark FCC ruling , opening the door for internet service providers to sell customer data . During the preceding election cycle , she accepted $56,457 in donations from corporations in the telecom industry and employees of those corporations . Immigration . In a 2014 election debate , Comstock criticized President Barack Obamas executive orders on immigration ( see Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals , Deferred Action for Parents of Americans ) , calling for immigration-law policy changes to be made via legislation . Comstock also suggested tracking people entering the U.S . like FedEx can track packages coming in here all of the time . Comstock criticized President Donald Trumps 2017 executive order to impose a temporary ban on entry to the U.S . to citizens of seven Muslim-majority countries , saying : The presidents Executive Order [ goes ] beyond the increased vetting actions that Congress has supported on a bipartisan basis and inexplicably applied to Green Card holders . This should be addressed and corrected expeditiously . Comstock supported Trumps proposed border wall on the Southern border . In February 2018 , Comstock “generated national headlines when she rebuked the president during a meeting...at the White House on the dangers of the deadly gang MS-13.” Trump said that “if congressional Democrats would not support a legislative crackdown on dangerous illegal immigrants , he would advocate shutting down the federal government.“ Comstock replied , “We dont need a government shutdown...I think both sides have learned that a government shutdown was bad , it wasnt good for them.” While Comstock described the exchange as a polite conversation,” The Washington Post said that “ [ e ] veryone else called it an extraordinary public scolding of a sitting U.S . president.” In 2018 , the U.S . Senate passed a bill introduced by Comstock which gave the federal government greater latitude in deporting immigrants who were suspected of gang activity . LGBT rights . Comstock opposed same-sex marriage . In 2012 , she voted for legislation that allowed private adoption and foster care agencies to deny adoptions to gay individuals . She supported the nomination of Tracy Thorne-Begland to the Richmond Circuit Court in 2013 , Virginias first openly gay judge . She has voted in favor of legislation to strengthen schools anti-bullying policies . Science . In February 2017 , President Donald Trump signed into law the INSPIRE Women Act , a bill sponsored by Comstock , which compels the director of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) to encourage women and girls to pursue an education in the science , technology , engineering , and mathematics ( STEM ) fields . She supported adult stem cell research . Transportation . In April 2016 , Comstock said she would support legislation introduced by Democrat John Delaney to overhaul the board that oversees the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority , which runs Washingtons Metrorail system . The legislation would have required the next three federal appointments to the authoritys board of directors to be either a certified transit , management , or financial expert . Women . In 2017 “Comstock joined first lady Melania Trump and first daughter Ivanka Trump in the Oval Office as the president signed Comstocks bill , the INSPIRE Women Act , which encouraged women and girls to study math and science as well as pursue aerospace careers.“ In November 2017 , Comstock opposed the Senate candidacy of Roy Moore in Alabama because of sexual abuse allegations . “To date Roy Moore has not provided any credible explanation or response to the detailed allegations,” Comstock said . In November 2017 , Comstock told a House hearing on sexual harassment on Capitol Hill “that she was told about a staffer who quit her job after a lawmaker asked her to bring work material to his house , then exposed himself.” A December 2017 article in the Weekly Standard stated that Comstock had “taken a leading role in pushing for congressional reforms aimed at combatting sexual harassment.” She had “co-sponsored a resolution that , among other small changes , requires all lawmakers and their staff to complete anti-harassment and anti-discrimination training at the start of each session,” but she saw that proposal “as a quick fix , and was looking to make broader , more authoritative changes to the law.” In February 2018 , Comstock told a House subcommittee that women were being pushed out of jobs in science and technology . In May 2018 , Comstock joined with Congresswoman Lois Frankel ( D-FL ) in calling on airlines to address sexual harassment on flights . “Approximately 80 percent of flight attendants are female and they are often objectified on a daily basis by passengers , coworkers , and superiors,” the congresswomen wrote . “It is perhaps not surprising that sexual harassment is prevalent given the industry’s past objectification of flight attendants.” Gun policy . , Comstock had an A rating from the National Rifle Association ( NRA ) . In the 2014 and 2016 election cycles , she received $14,850 in campaign contributions from the NRA . In 2017 , she was one of 213 co-sponsors of legislation seeking to amend the federal criminal code to allow a qualified individual to carry a concealed handgun into or possess a concealed handgun in another state that allows individuals to carry concealed firearms . She voted for H.J.Res 40 , signed into law in February 2017 , which nullifies a rule that implements a plan to provide to the National Instant Criminal History Background Check System the name of an individual who meets certain criteria , including that benefit payments are made through a representative payee because the individual is determined to be mentally incapable of managing them . ( Current law prohibits firearm sale or transfer to and purchase or possession by a person who has been adjudicated as a mental defective. ) In April 2018 , NBC News reported that in the wake of the Parkland shooting and the national movement that has followed , gun control supporters hope they can change that dynamic in the 2018 midterm elections , starting with Comstock’s district in northern Virginia . Several of her Democratic opponents were making gun control centerpieces of their campaigns . Mark Rozell of George Mason University said that demographic changes and current events added up to almost a perfect storm against her . Fairness doctrine . In October 2008 , Comstock and Democratic operative Lanny Davis co-wrote an article in the National Review in which they expressed strong opposition to the call for reinstatement of the Fairness Doctrine . “Historically,” they wrote , “opposition to the Fairness Doctrine has been genuinely a bipartisan issue.” They noted that opponents of the Fairness Doctrine included liberals like Dan Rather and Alan Colmes and right-wingers like Rush Limbaugh and Sean Hannity , and recalled that in 1978 “NBC aired a show on the Holocaust and was sued by a group demanding air time to argue that the Holocaust was a myth . The network had to defend itself for over three years.” They concluded that “we need more speech , not less , and not government regulated speech.” Post-political career . She now regularly appears on MSNBC , Fox News , CNN , and other media outlets as a policy and political commentator . Personal life . She has been married to Elwyn Charles Comstock , whom she had met in high school , since October 9 , 1982 . They have three children together . Comstock received her Juris Doctor from Georgetown University Law Center in 1986 . Among Comstocks close friends is Democrat Donna Brazile , whom Comstock helped when she “couldnt find family and friends caught up in Hurricanes Katrina and Rita,” Comstock said of Brazile , “We dont agree on many issues , but we consider each other to be worthy of respect.” She is also close to retired Supreme Court Justice Anthony M . Kennedy , who when her father was rushed to the hospital went to her parents house to “monitor...the pumpkin bread baking in their kitchen.” Comstock was friends with legal analyst Barbara Olson , who was killed on 9/11 . Another good friend is David N . Bossie , president of Citizens United and Donald Trumps deputy campaign manager . “ [ Trump ] is the hardest-working man Ive ever been around,” Bossie said . “Barbara Comstock is the hardest-working woman Ive ever been around.”

/wiki/Barbara_Comstock#P39#3

What position did Barbara Comstock take between Apr 2010 and Feb 2011?

Barbara Comstock Barbara Jean Comstock ( née Burns ; born June 30 , 1959 ) is an American attorney and politician . As a Republican , she was elected to two terms in Congress representing Virginias 10th congressional district . From 2010 to 2014 , she was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates . She first won election to her seat in 2009 . She has worked in numerous positions for various government agencies , including as chief counsel of the House Government Reform and Oversight Committee , director of public affairs at the Department of Justice , and as a Congressional staffer . In 2019 , she joined the lobbying firm Baker Donelson as a senior advisor . Early life and education . Comstock was born Barbara Jean Burns in Springfield , Massachusetts , on June 30 , 1959 . She is the daughter of Sally Ann Burns , a teacher , and John Ferguson Burns , national manager of polymer sales for Shell Chemicals . Comstock graduated from Westchester High School in Houston , Texas in 1977 . She graduated cum laude from Middlebury College in 1981 . In college , Comstock spent a semester interning for Senator Ted Kennedy . While interning for Kennedy , Comstock , who was raised a Democrat , became a Republican . Years later , she recalled that she had long reckoned herself as a Reagan Democrat , and during her internship she found herself agreeing more with Orrin Hatch of Utah than with Kennedy . She then attended law school at Georgetown University , graduating with a Juris Doctor degree in 1986 . Career . After working as a lawyer in private practice , Comstock served from 1991 to 1995 as a senior aide to Congressman Frank Wolf . Comstock then served as chief investigative counsel and senior counsel for the U.S . House of Representatives Committee on Government Reform from 1995 to 1999 , working as one of Washingtons most prominent anti-Clinton opposition researchers . Comstock worked on behalf of the 2000 presidential campaign of George W . Bush . Her research team built massive stores of paper and electronic data , known as The Gore File , that were a key source of information on the former vice president for GOP publicists and ad-makers . Comstock is credited with writing the Republican playbook defending Bush nominees such as John Ashcroft for U.S . Attorney General . Comstock later served as director of public affairs for the Justice Department from 2002 to 2003 . Comstock and Barbara Olson , the wife of United States Solicitor General Theodore Olson , formed a partnership known to Washington insiders as the Two Barbaras . Barbara Olson died in the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks . She was a founding partner and co-principal of the public relations firm Corallo Comstock . Comstock joined law firm Blank Rome in 2004 . Comstock assisted the defense teams of both Scooter Libby and former House Majority Leader Tom DeLay . In 2005 , Comstock was hired by Dan Glickman to lobby on behalf of the Motion Picture Association of America . In 2008 , Comstock was a consultant on the presidential campaign of Mitt Romney . Comstock is a former Co-Chair of the Executive Committee of the Susan B . Anthony List . Prior to running for office , she was registered as a lobbyist . Virginia House of Delegates . In 2009 , Comstock was elected to a seat in the Virginia House of Delegates . She defeated incumbent Democrat Margaret Vanderhye by 316 votes . While in the state legislature , Comstock was involved in enacting legislation that increased the penalties for teen sex trafficking . Comstocks public relations firm consulted for the Workforce Fairness Institute ( WFI ) , a conservative group advocating on a variety of federal labor policy issues , from 2008 through 2012 . According to a 2014 report by Politico , during her time in the Virginia House of Delegates , Comstock sponsored legislation that advanced WFIs overall public policy objectives . Legislation sponsored by Comstock called for union votes by secret ballot , prevented employers from giving employees information to unions , and prohibited awarding contracts for state-funded construction projects exclusively to unionized firms . Comstocks campaign responded to the report by saying Barbara Comstock disclosed her federal clients under Virginia law as required . Comstock was re-elected to her seat in the Virginia House of Delegates in 2011 and 2013 . When she won a seat in the U.S . Congress in 2014 , she formally resigned her seat in the Virginia House of Delegates and a special election was called to replace her . She was succeeded by Democrat Kathleen Murphy , who had been her opponent in 2013 . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . 2014 . On January 7 , 2014 , Comstock announced her candidacy for the U.S . House of Representatives from Virginias 10th District , following the announcement that incumbent Frank Wolf would retire at the end of the 113th Congress . On April 26 , 2014 , Comstock won the Republican nomination for the U.S . House of Representatives in the 10th District primary , defeating five other candidates and winning approximately 54% of the total vote . Comstock and Republican U.S . Senate candidate Ed Gillespie planned on attending a public meeting of the Northern Shenandoah Valley Tea Party in early August 2014 . After rumors arose that the gathering could be infiltrated by Democrats , both candidates initially moved the meeting to a private location before opting to speak with the group by phone instead . This decision prompted a statement from David Sparkman , chairman of the Tea Party group , who said Im disappointed , I wanted to look these politicians in the eye and take their measure . Comstock received the endorsements of the United States Chamber of Commerce , the National Federation of Independent Business , and both the Virginia Association of Realtors and the National Association of Realtors . On August 28 , 2014 , Comstock received the endorsement of the Virginia Police Benevolent Association ( VAPBA ) . In 2012 , the VAPBA had endorsed the Democratic challenger to Representative Frank Wolf in the same district . Shortly before the 2014 election , Comstocks Democratic opponent , Fairfax County Supervisor John Foust , said that she had never had a “real job.” “Although he claims he was referring to her jobs in partisan politics,” stated the Weekly Standard , “Comstock’s campaign attacked this as a sexist remark.” Comstock herself called the remark “offensive and demeaning.” Comstock won the election on November 4 , 2014 , defeating Democrat John Foust with 56 percent of the vote . 2016 . Comstock faced Democrat LuAnn Bennett , a real estate executive and ex-wife of former Virginia Congressman Jim Moran , in the 2016 election . Given the swing state status of Virginia in the 2016 presidential election , the race was expected to be one of the most heavily contested races in the country . Democratic strategist Ellen Qualls said the 10th District is essentially the swingiest district in the swingiest state . In early October , following the release of the Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape , Comstock called for Donald Trump to drop out of the presidential race . She released a statement that in part said This is disgusting , vile , and disqualifying . No woman should ever be subjected to this type of obscene behavior and it is unbecoming of anybody seeking high office . In light of these comments , Donald Trump should step aside and allow our party to replace him with Mike Pence or another appropriate nominee from the Republican Party . I cannot in good conscience vote for Donald Trump . Comstock won re-election by a margin of 53–47% . In February 2015 , some constituents called for Comstock to host an in-person town hall meeting rather than a tele-town hall conducted via phone . 2018 . In early 2017 , the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee named Comstock and her 10th district seat one of their top targets in the 2018 midterm elections . Hillary Clinton had easily won the 10th in 2016 with 52 percent of the vote to Donald Trumps 42 percent . By May 2017 , five Democrats had announced their candidacy for the Democratic nomination to run against Comstock . In July 2017 , Republican Shak Hill , who ran for the Republican nomination for U.S . Senate in 2014 , announced that he was preparing to mount a primary challenge against Comstock in 2018 . Comstock won the June 12th primary easily . “Republicans in purple districts are leaving Congress in droves,” reported The Washington Post in April 2018 . “So why does Barbara Comstock want to stay?” Her answer was : “Im healthy , my familys healthy , my kids are healthy , I love this job.” Comstock had been named as a potential candidate for the U.S . Senate against incumbent Tim Kaine in the 2018 election but decided not to run against him . In the general election , she ran for re-election against Democratic State Senator Jennifer Wexton in what was considered one of the most competitive House races , given that Clinton and Governor Ralph Northam easily won her district in 2016 and 2017 , respectively . After Democrats made significant gains in Northern Virginia in the 2017 elections , Comstock was the only elected Republican above the county level in much of the district . She was the last Republican to represent a congressional district based in the Washington suburbs . In the November 2018 general election , Comstock was defeated by Wexton , who took 56% of the vote to Comstocks 44% . Committee assignments - Committee on House Administration - Committee on Science , Space and Technology - Subcommittee on Energy - Subcommittee on Research and Technology ( Chair ) - Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure - Subcommittee on Aviation - Subcommittee on Economic Development , Public Buildings and Emergency Management - Subcommittee on Highways and Transit Caucus memberships - Congressional Arts Caucus - Climate Solutions Caucus Political positions . , Comstock had voted with President Trumps position 97.8% of the time and was the second-most partisan Trump supporter versus her districts own voting patterns in the U.S . House . In the 115th United States Congress , she had voted with the Republican Party 94.7% of the time . Comstock was ranked as the 82nd most bipartisan member of the U.S . House of Representatives during the 114th United States Congress in the Bipartisan Index created by The Lugar Center . She was a member of the Republican Main Street Partnership . Vote Smart Political Courage Test . Vote Smart , a non-profit , non-partisan research organization that collects and distributes information on candidates for public office in the United States , researched presidential and congressional candidates public records to determine candidates likely responses on certain key issues . According to Vote Smarts 2016 analysis , Comstock generally supported pro-life legislation , opposes an income tax increase , supported federal spending as a means of promoting economic growth , supported lowering taxes as a means of promoting economic growth , supported the building of the Keystone Pipeline , supported government funding for the development of renewable energy , opposes the federal regulation of greenhouse gas emissions , opposed gun-control legislation , supported repealing the Affordable Care Act , supported requiring immigrants who are unlawfully present to be deported , opposed same-sex marriage , and supported increased American intervention in Iraq and Syria beyond air support . Abortion . Comstock supported a ban on abortion except in cases of rape , incest , or when the mothers life is in danger . In 2011 , Comstock voted in favor of HB 462 , which required women to have transvaginal ultrasounds before receiving an abortion . When opponents pointed out that this would necessitate an internal ultrasound for early-term pregnancies , an amendment was passed to limit the requirement to external ultrasounds only . She also voted in favor of the amendment . She supported making birth control available to women over the counter . Environment . In March 2017 , Comstock signed onto a Republican resolution acknowledging the impact of human activities on global climate . Health care . She was one of twenty Republicans in the House to vote against the American Health Care Act of 2017 ( H.R . 1628 ) , the House Republican bill to repeal and replace the ACA . Internet . Comstock opposed net neutrality . In 2015 , in the wake of a Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) ruling protecting net neutrality , Comstock said that net neutrality is government overreach and robs the internet of its freedom . In March 2017 she voted to reverse a landmark FCC ruling , opening the door for internet service providers to sell customer data . During the preceding election cycle , she accepted $56,457 in donations from corporations in the telecom industry and employees of those corporations . Immigration . In a 2014 election debate , Comstock criticized President Barack Obamas executive orders on immigration ( see Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals , Deferred Action for Parents of Americans ) , calling for immigration-law policy changes to be made via legislation . Comstock also suggested tracking people entering the U.S . like FedEx can track packages coming in here all of the time . Comstock criticized President Donald Trumps 2017 executive order to impose a temporary ban on entry to the U.S . to citizens of seven Muslim-majority countries , saying : The presidents Executive Order [ goes ] beyond the increased vetting actions that Congress has supported on a bipartisan basis and inexplicably applied to Green Card holders . This should be addressed and corrected expeditiously . Comstock supported Trumps proposed border wall on the Southern border . In February 2018 , Comstock “generated national headlines when she rebuked the president during a meeting...at the White House on the dangers of the deadly gang MS-13.” Trump said that “if congressional Democrats would not support a legislative crackdown on dangerous illegal immigrants , he would advocate shutting down the federal government.“ Comstock replied , “We dont need a government shutdown...I think both sides have learned that a government shutdown was bad , it wasnt good for them.” While Comstock described the exchange as a polite conversation,” The Washington Post said that “ [ e ] veryone else called it an extraordinary public scolding of a sitting U.S . president.” In 2018 , the U.S . Senate passed a bill introduced by Comstock which gave the federal government greater latitude in deporting immigrants who were suspected of gang activity . LGBT rights . Comstock opposed same-sex marriage . In 2012 , she voted for legislation that allowed private adoption and foster care agencies to deny adoptions to gay individuals . She supported the nomination of Tracy Thorne-Begland to the Richmond Circuit Court in 2013 , Virginias first openly gay judge . She has voted in favor of legislation to strengthen schools anti-bullying policies . Science . In February 2017 , President Donald Trump signed into law the INSPIRE Women Act , a bill sponsored by Comstock , which compels the director of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) to encourage women and girls to pursue an education in the science , technology , engineering , and mathematics ( STEM ) fields . She supported adult stem cell research . Transportation . In April 2016 , Comstock said she would support legislation introduced by Democrat John Delaney to overhaul the board that oversees the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority , which runs Washingtons Metrorail system . The legislation would have required the next three federal appointments to the authoritys board of directors to be either a certified transit , management , or financial expert . Women . In 2017 “Comstock joined first lady Melania Trump and first daughter Ivanka Trump in the Oval Office as the president signed Comstocks bill , the INSPIRE Women Act , which encouraged women and girls to study math and science as well as pursue aerospace careers.“ In November 2017 , Comstock opposed the Senate candidacy of Roy Moore in Alabama because of sexual abuse allegations . “To date Roy Moore has not provided any credible explanation or response to the detailed allegations,” Comstock said . In November 2017 , Comstock told a House hearing on sexual harassment on Capitol Hill “that she was told about a staffer who quit her job after a lawmaker asked her to bring work material to his house , then exposed himself.” A December 2017 article in the Weekly Standard stated that Comstock had “taken a leading role in pushing for congressional reforms aimed at combatting sexual harassment.” She had “co-sponsored a resolution that , among other small changes , requires all lawmakers and their staff to complete anti-harassment and anti-discrimination training at the start of each session,” but she saw that proposal “as a quick fix , and was looking to make broader , more authoritative changes to the law.” In February 2018 , Comstock told a House subcommittee that women were being pushed out of jobs in science and technology . In May 2018 , Comstock joined with Congresswoman Lois Frankel ( D-FL ) in calling on airlines to address sexual harassment on flights . “Approximately 80 percent of flight attendants are female and they are often objectified on a daily basis by passengers , coworkers , and superiors,” the congresswomen wrote . “It is perhaps not surprising that sexual harassment is prevalent given the industry’s past objectification of flight attendants.” Gun policy . , Comstock had an A rating from the National Rifle Association ( NRA ) . In the 2014 and 2016 election cycles , she received $14,850 in campaign contributions from the NRA . In 2017 , she was one of 213 co-sponsors of legislation seeking to amend the federal criminal code to allow a qualified individual to carry a concealed handgun into or possess a concealed handgun in another state that allows individuals to carry concealed firearms . She voted for H.J.Res 40 , signed into law in February 2017 , which nullifies a rule that implements a plan to provide to the National Instant Criminal History Background Check System the name of an individual who meets certain criteria , including that benefit payments are made through a representative payee because the individual is determined to be mentally incapable of managing them . ( Current law prohibits firearm sale or transfer to and purchase or possession by a person who has been adjudicated as a mental defective. ) In April 2018 , NBC News reported that in the wake of the Parkland shooting and the national movement that has followed , gun control supporters hope they can change that dynamic in the 2018 midterm elections , starting with Comstock’s district in northern Virginia . Several of her Democratic opponents were making gun control centerpieces of their campaigns . Mark Rozell of George Mason University said that demographic changes and current events added up to almost a perfect storm against her . Fairness doctrine . In October 2008 , Comstock and Democratic operative Lanny Davis co-wrote an article in the National Review in which they expressed strong opposition to the call for reinstatement of the Fairness Doctrine . “Historically,” they wrote , “opposition to the Fairness Doctrine has been genuinely a bipartisan issue.” They noted that opponents of the Fairness Doctrine included liberals like Dan Rather and Alan Colmes and right-wingers like Rush Limbaugh and Sean Hannity , and recalled that in 1978 “NBC aired a show on the Holocaust and was sued by a group demanding air time to argue that the Holocaust was a myth . The network had to defend itself for over three years.” They concluded that “we need more speech , not less , and not government regulated speech.” Post-political career . She now regularly appears on MSNBC , Fox News , CNN , and other media outlets as a policy and political commentator . Personal life . She has been married to Elwyn Charles Comstock , whom she had met in high school , since October 9 , 1982 . They have three children together . Comstock received her Juris Doctor from Georgetown University Law Center in 1986 . Among Comstocks close friends is Democrat Donna Brazile , whom Comstock helped when she “couldnt find family and friends caught up in Hurricanes Katrina and Rita,” Comstock said of Brazile , “We dont agree on many issues , but we consider each other to be worthy of respect.” She is also close to retired Supreme Court Justice Anthony M . Kennedy , who when her father was rushed to the hospital went to her parents house to “monitor...the pumpkin bread baking in their kitchen.” Comstock was friends with legal analyst Barbara Olson , who was killed on 9/11 . Another good friend is David N . Bossie , president of Citizens United and Donald Trumps deputy campaign manager . “ [ Trump ] is the hardest-working man Ive ever been around,” Bossie said . “Barbara Comstock is the hardest-working woman Ive ever been around.”

/wiki/Barbara_Comstock#P39#4

What position did Barbara Comstock take between Jun 2018 and Jul 2018?

Barbara Comstock Barbara Jean Comstock ( née Burns ; born June 30 , 1959 ) is an American attorney and politician . As a Republican , she was elected to two terms in Congress representing Virginias 10th congressional district . From 2010 to 2014 , she was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates . She first won election to her seat in 2009 . She has worked in numerous positions for various government agencies , including as chief counsel of the House Government Reform and Oversight Committee , director of public affairs at the Department of Justice , and as a Congressional staffer . In 2019 , she joined the lobbying firm Baker Donelson as a senior advisor . Early life and education . Comstock was born Barbara Jean Burns in Springfield , Massachusetts , on June 30 , 1959 . She is the daughter of Sally Ann Burns , a teacher , and John Ferguson Burns , national manager of polymer sales for Shell Chemicals . Comstock graduated from Westchester High School in Houston , Texas in 1977 . She graduated cum laude from Middlebury College in 1981 . In college , Comstock spent a semester interning for Senator Ted Kennedy . While interning for Kennedy , Comstock , who was raised a Democrat , became a Republican . Years later , she recalled that she had long reckoned herself as a Reagan Democrat , and during her internship she found herself agreeing more with Orrin Hatch of Utah than with Kennedy . She then attended law school at Georgetown University , graduating with a Juris Doctor degree in 1986 . Career . After working as a lawyer in private practice , Comstock served from 1991 to 1995 as a senior aide to Congressman Frank Wolf . Comstock then served as chief investigative counsel and senior counsel for the U.S . House of Representatives Committee on Government Reform from 1995 to 1999 , working as one of Washingtons most prominent anti-Clinton opposition researchers . Comstock worked on behalf of the 2000 presidential campaign of George W . Bush . Her research team built massive stores of paper and electronic data , known as The Gore File , that were a key source of information on the former vice president for GOP publicists and ad-makers . Comstock is credited with writing the Republican playbook defending Bush nominees such as John Ashcroft for U.S . Attorney General . Comstock later served as director of public affairs for the Justice Department from 2002 to 2003 . Comstock and Barbara Olson , the wife of United States Solicitor General Theodore Olson , formed a partnership known to Washington insiders as the Two Barbaras . Barbara Olson died in the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks . She was a founding partner and co-principal of the public relations firm Corallo Comstock . Comstock joined law firm Blank Rome in 2004 . Comstock assisted the defense teams of both Scooter Libby and former House Majority Leader Tom DeLay . In 2005 , Comstock was hired by Dan Glickman to lobby on behalf of the Motion Picture Association of America . In 2008 , Comstock was a consultant on the presidential campaign of Mitt Romney . Comstock is a former Co-Chair of the Executive Committee of the Susan B . Anthony List . Prior to running for office , she was registered as a lobbyist . Virginia House of Delegates . In 2009 , Comstock was elected to a seat in the Virginia House of Delegates . She defeated incumbent Democrat Margaret Vanderhye by 316 votes . While in the state legislature , Comstock was involved in enacting legislation that increased the penalties for teen sex trafficking . Comstocks public relations firm consulted for the Workforce Fairness Institute ( WFI ) , a conservative group advocating on a variety of federal labor policy issues , from 2008 through 2012 . According to a 2014 report by Politico , during her time in the Virginia House of Delegates , Comstock sponsored legislation that advanced WFIs overall public policy objectives . Legislation sponsored by Comstock called for union votes by secret ballot , prevented employers from giving employees information to unions , and prohibited awarding contracts for state-funded construction projects exclusively to unionized firms . Comstocks campaign responded to the report by saying Barbara Comstock disclosed her federal clients under Virginia law as required . Comstock was re-elected to her seat in the Virginia House of Delegates in 2011 and 2013 . When she won a seat in the U.S . Congress in 2014 , she formally resigned her seat in the Virginia House of Delegates and a special election was called to replace her . She was succeeded by Democrat Kathleen Murphy , who had been her opponent in 2013 . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . 2014 . On January 7 , 2014 , Comstock announced her candidacy for the U.S . House of Representatives from Virginias 10th District , following the announcement that incumbent Frank Wolf would retire at the end of the 113th Congress . On April 26 , 2014 , Comstock won the Republican nomination for the U.S . House of Representatives in the 10th District primary , defeating five other candidates and winning approximately 54% of the total vote . Comstock and Republican U.S . Senate candidate Ed Gillespie planned on attending a public meeting of the Northern Shenandoah Valley Tea Party in early August 2014 . After rumors arose that the gathering could be infiltrated by Democrats , both candidates initially moved the meeting to a private location before opting to speak with the group by phone instead . This decision prompted a statement from David Sparkman , chairman of the Tea Party group , who said Im disappointed , I wanted to look these politicians in the eye and take their measure . Comstock received the endorsements of the United States Chamber of Commerce , the National Federation of Independent Business , and both the Virginia Association of Realtors and the National Association of Realtors . On August 28 , 2014 , Comstock received the endorsement of the Virginia Police Benevolent Association ( VAPBA ) . In 2012 , the VAPBA had endorsed the Democratic challenger to Representative Frank Wolf in the same district . Shortly before the 2014 election , Comstocks Democratic opponent , Fairfax County Supervisor John Foust , said that she had never had a “real job.” “Although he claims he was referring to her jobs in partisan politics,” stated the Weekly Standard , “Comstock’s campaign attacked this as a sexist remark.” Comstock herself called the remark “offensive and demeaning.” Comstock won the election on November 4 , 2014 , defeating Democrat John Foust with 56 percent of the vote . 2016 . Comstock faced Democrat LuAnn Bennett , a real estate executive and ex-wife of former Virginia Congressman Jim Moran , in the 2016 election . Given the swing state status of Virginia in the 2016 presidential election , the race was expected to be one of the most heavily contested races in the country . Democratic strategist Ellen Qualls said the 10th District is essentially the swingiest district in the swingiest state . In early October , following the release of the Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape , Comstock called for Donald Trump to drop out of the presidential race . She released a statement that in part said This is disgusting , vile , and disqualifying . No woman should ever be subjected to this type of obscene behavior and it is unbecoming of anybody seeking high office . In light of these comments , Donald Trump should step aside and allow our party to replace him with Mike Pence or another appropriate nominee from the Republican Party . I cannot in good conscience vote for Donald Trump . Comstock won re-election by a margin of 53–47% . In February 2015 , some constituents called for Comstock to host an in-person town hall meeting rather than a tele-town hall conducted via phone . 2018 . In early 2017 , the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee named Comstock and her 10th district seat one of their top targets in the 2018 midterm elections . Hillary Clinton had easily won the 10th in 2016 with 52 percent of the vote to Donald Trumps 42 percent . By May 2017 , five Democrats had announced their candidacy for the Democratic nomination to run against Comstock . In July 2017 , Republican Shak Hill , who ran for the Republican nomination for U.S . Senate in 2014 , announced that he was preparing to mount a primary challenge against Comstock in 2018 . Comstock won the June 12th primary easily . “Republicans in purple districts are leaving Congress in droves,” reported The Washington Post in April 2018 . “So why does Barbara Comstock want to stay?” Her answer was : “Im healthy , my familys healthy , my kids are healthy , I love this job.” Comstock had been named as a potential candidate for the U.S . Senate against incumbent Tim Kaine in the 2018 election but decided not to run against him . In the general election , she ran for re-election against Democratic State Senator Jennifer Wexton in what was considered one of the most competitive House races , given that Clinton and Governor Ralph Northam easily won her district in 2016 and 2017 , respectively . After Democrats made significant gains in Northern Virginia in the 2017 elections , Comstock was the only elected Republican above the county level in much of the district . She was the last Republican to represent a congressional district based in the Washington suburbs . In the November 2018 general election , Comstock was defeated by Wexton , who took 56% of the vote to Comstocks 44% . Committee assignments - Committee on House Administration - Committee on Science , Space and Technology - Subcommittee on Energy - Subcommittee on Research and Technology ( Chair ) - Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure - Subcommittee on Aviation - Subcommittee on Economic Development , Public Buildings and Emergency Management - Subcommittee on Highways and Transit Caucus memberships - Congressional Arts Caucus - Climate Solutions Caucus Political positions . , Comstock had voted with President Trumps position 97.8% of the time and was the second-most partisan Trump supporter versus her districts own voting patterns in the U.S . House . In the 115th United States Congress , she had voted with the Republican Party 94.7% of the time . Comstock was ranked as the 82nd most bipartisan member of the U.S . House of Representatives during the 114th United States Congress in the Bipartisan Index created by The Lugar Center . She was a member of the Republican Main Street Partnership . Vote Smart Political Courage Test . Vote Smart , a non-profit , non-partisan research organization that collects and distributes information on candidates for public office in the United States , researched presidential and congressional candidates public records to determine candidates likely responses on certain key issues . According to Vote Smarts 2016 analysis , Comstock generally supported pro-life legislation , opposes an income tax increase , supported federal spending as a means of promoting economic growth , supported lowering taxes as a means of promoting economic growth , supported the building of the Keystone Pipeline , supported government funding for the development of renewable energy , opposes the federal regulation of greenhouse gas emissions , opposed gun-control legislation , supported repealing the Affordable Care Act , supported requiring immigrants who are unlawfully present to be deported , opposed same-sex marriage , and supported increased American intervention in Iraq and Syria beyond air support . Abortion . Comstock supported a ban on abortion except in cases of rape , incest , or when the mothers life is in danger . In 2011 , Comstock voted in favor of HB 462 , which required women to have transvaginal ultrasounds before receiving an abortion . When opponents pointed out that this would necessitate an internal ultrasound for early-term pregnancies , an amendment was passed to limit the requirement to external ultrasounds only . She also voted in favor of the amendment . She supported making birth control available to women over the counter . Environment . In March 2017 , Comstock signed onto a Republican resolution acknowledging the impact of human activities on global climate . Health care . She was one of twenty Republicans in the House to vote against the American Health Care Act of 2017 ( H.R . 1628 ) , the House Republican bill to repeal and replace the ACA . Internet . Comstock opposed net neutrality . In 2015 , in the wake of a Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) ruling protecting net neutrality , Comstock said that net neutrality is government overreach and robs the internet of its freedom . In March 2017 she voted to reverse a landmark FCC ruling , opening the door for internet service providers to sell customer data . During the preceding election cycle , she accepted $56,457 in donations from corporations in the telecom industry and employees of those corporations . Immigration . In a 2014 election debate , Comstock criticized President Barack Obamas executive orders on immigration ( see Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals , Deferred Action for Parents of Americans ) , calling for immigration-law policy changes to be made via legislation . Comstock also suggested tracking people entering the U.S . like FedEx can track packages coming in here all of the time . Comstock criticized President Donald Trumps 2017 executive order to impose a temporary ban on entry to the U.S . to citizens of seven Muslim-majority countries , saying : The presidents Executive Order [ goes ] beyond the increased vetting actions that Congress has supported on a bipartisan basis and inexplicably applied to Green Card holders . This should be addressed and corrected expeditiously . Comstock supported Trumps proposed border wall on the Southern border . In February 2018 , Comstock “generated national headlines when she rebuked the president during a meeting...at the White House on the dangers of the deadly gang MS-13.” Trump said that “if congressional Democrats would not support a legislative crackdown on dangerous illegal immigrants , he would advocate shutting down the federal government.“ Comstock replied , “We dont need a government shutdown...I think both sides have learned that a government shutdown was bad , it wasnt good for them.” While Comstock described the exchange as a polite conversation,” The Washington Post said that “ [ e ] veryone else called it an extraordinary public scolding of a sitting U.S . president.” In 2018 , the U.S . Senate passed a bill introduced by Comstock which gave the federal government greater latitude in deporting immigrants who were suspected of gang activity . LGBT rights . Comstock opposed same-sex marriage . In 2012 , she voted for legislation that allowed private adoption and foster care agencies to deny adoptions to gay individuals . She supported the nomination of Tracy Thorne-Begland to the Richmond Circuit Court in 2013 , Virginias first openly gay judge . She has voted in favor of legislation to strengthen schools anti-bullying policies . Science . In February 2017 , President Donald Trump signed into law the INSPIRE Women Act , a bill sponsored by Comstock , which compels the director of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) to encourage women and girls to pursue an education in the science , technology , engineering , and mathematics ( STEM ) fields . She supported adult stem cell research . Transportation . In April 2016 , Comstock said she would support legislation introduced by Democrat John Delaney to overhaul the board that oversees the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority , which runs Washingtons Metrorail system . The legislation would have required the next three federal appointments to the authoritys board of directors to be either a certified transit , management , or financial expert . Women . In 2017 “Comstock joined first lady Melania Trump and first daughter Ivanka Trump in the Oval Office as the president signed Comstocks bill , the INSPIRE Women Act , which encouraged women and girls to study math and science as well as pursue aerospace careers.“ In November 2017 , Comstock opposed the Senate candidacy of Roy Moore in Alabama because of sexual abuse allegations . “To date Roy Moore has not provided any credible explanation or response to the detailed allegations,” Comstock said . In November 2017 , Comstock told a House hearing on sexual harassment on Capitol Hill “that she was told about a staffer who quit her job after a lawmaker asked her to bring work material to his house , then exposed himself.” A December 2017 article in the Weekly Standard stated that Comstock had “taken a leading role in pushing for congressional reforms aimed at combatting sexual harassment.” She had “co-sponsored a resolution that , among other small changes , requires all lawmakers and their staff to complete anti-harassment and anti-discrimination training at the start of each session,” but she saw that proposal “as a quick fix , and was looking to make broader , more authoritative changes to the law.” In February 2018 , Comstock told a House subcommittee that women were being pushed out of jobs in science and technology . In May 2018 , Comstock joined with Congresswoman Lois Frankel ( D-FL ) in calling on airlines to address sexual harassment on flights . “Approximately 80 percent of flight attendants are female and they are often objectified on a daily basis by passengers , coworkers , and superiors,” the congresswomen wrote . “It is perhaps not surprising that sexual harassment is prevalent given the industry’s past objectification of flight attendants.” Gun policy . , Comstock had an A rating from the National Rifle Association ( NRA ) . In the 2014 and 2016 election cycles , she received $14,850 in campaign contributions from the NRA . In 2017 , she was one of 213 co-sponsors of legislation seeking to amend the federal criminal code to allow a qualified individual to carry a concealed handgun into or possess a concealed handgun in another state that allows individuals to carry concealed firearms . She voted for H.J.Res 40 , signed into law in February 2017 , which nullifies a rule that implements a plan to provide to the National Instant Criminal History Background Check System the name of an individual who meets certain criteria , including that benefit payments are made through a representative payee because the individual is determined to be mentally incapable of managing them . ( Current law prohibits firearm sale or transfer to and purchase or possession by a person who has been adjudicated as a mental defective. ) In April 2018 , NBC News reported that in the wake of the Parkland shooting and the national movement that has followed , gun control supporters hope they can change that dynamic in the 2018 midterm elections , starting with Comstock’s district in northern Virginia . Several of her Democratic opponents were making gun control centerpieces of their campaigns . Mark Rozell of George Mason University said that demographic changes and current events added up to almost a perfect storm against her . Fairness doctrine . In October 2008 , Comstock and Democratic operative Lanny Davis co-wrote an article in the National Review in which they expressed strong opposition to the call for reinstatement of the Fairness Doctrine . “Historically,” they wrote , “opposition to the Fairness Doctrine has been genuinely a bipartisan issue.” They noted that opponents of the Fairness Doctrine included liberals like Dan Rather and Alan Colmes and right-wingers like Rush Limbaugh and Sean Hannity , and recalled that in 1978 “NBC aired a show on the Holocaust and was sued by a group demanding air time to argue that the Holocaust was a myth . The network had to defend itself for over three years.” They concluded that “we need more speech , not less , and not government regulated speech.” Post-political career . She now regularly appears on MSNBC , Fox News , CNN , and other media outlets as a policy and political commentator . Personal life . She has been married to Elwyn Charles Comstock , whom she had met in high school , since October 9 , 1982 . They have three children together . Comstock received her Juris Doctor from Georgetown University Law Center in 1986 . Among Comstocks close friends is Democrat Donna Brazile , whom Comstock helped when she “couldnt find family and friends caught up in Hurricanes Katrina and Rita,” Comstock said of Brazile , “We dont agree on many issues , but we consider each other to be worthy of respect.” She is also close to retired Supreme Court Justice Anthony M . Kennedy , who when her father was rushed to the hospital went to her parents house to “monitor...the pumpkin bread baking in their kitchen.” Comstock was friends with legal analyst Barbara Olson , who was killed on 9/11 . Another good friend is David N . Bossie , president of Citizens United and Donald Trumps deputy campaign manager . “ [ Trump ] is the hardest-working man Ive ever been around,” Bossie said . “Barbara Comstock is the hardest-working woman Ive ever been around.”

/wiki/Herbert_Schultze#P241#0

What was the military branch of Herbert Schultze in Jul 1933?

Herbert Schultze Herbert Emil Schultze ( 24 July 1909 – 3 June 1987 ) , was a German U-boat ( submarine ) commander of the Kriegsmarine ( the German navy in World War II ) . He commanded for eight patrols during the early part of the war , sinking of shipping . Schultze was a recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knights Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Legally it was Nazi Germanys highest military decoration at the time of its presentation to Herbert Schultze , although the later higher ranked Swords and Diamonds grades to the Knights Cross had already been awarded in June and July 1941 . Early life and career . Schultze was born in Kiel . He joined the Reichsmarine on 1 April 1930 as a member of Crew 30 ( the incoming class of 1930 ) . He underwent basic military training in the 2nd department of the standing ship division of the Baltic Sea in Stralsund ( 1 April 1930 – 30 June 1930 ) . Schultze was then transferred to the training ship Niobe ( 1 July 1930 – 9 October 1930 ) , attaining the rank of Seekadett ( midshipman ) on 9 October 1930 . Following a 14-month stay onboard the cruiser Emden ( 10 October 1930 – 4 January 1932 ) , he advanced in rank to Fähnrich zur See ( officer cadet ) on 1 January 1932 . Schultze then underwent a number of officer training courses at the Naval Academy at Mürwik before transferring to the light cruiser Leipzig ( 2 October 1933 – 7 October 1934 ) . During this assignment , he was promoted to Oberfähnrich zur See ( senior midshipman ) on 1 April 1934 and to Leutnant zur See ( acting sub-lieutenant ) on 1 October 1934 . He also served aboard the cruiser with other future U-boat aces , including Heinrich Lehmann-Willenbrock . In May 1937 , now an Oberleutnant zur See , Schultze transferred to the U-boat force , taking command of the Type IIA U-boat on 31 January 1938 . U-2 was assigned to the U-Bootschulflottille ( U-boat school flotilla ) ; he spent the next year and a half training with the sub . On 22 April 1939 Schultze commissioned , a Type VIIB U-boat . U-48 was later to become the most successful submarine of the war . She was assigned to the 7th U-boat Flotilla , and spent the next four months in training . On 1 June 1939 Schultze was promoted to Kapitänleutnant . World War II . On 19 August 1939 , on the eve of World War II , Schultze took U-48 out on her first patrol . On this patrol , which took U-48 to the North Atlantic , southwest of Ireland and to the Rockall Bank before returning to Kiel on 17 September , Leutnant zur See Reinhard Suhren served as 1st watch officer . U-48s 2nd watch officer on this patrol was Leutnant zur See Otto Ites . He was at sea when the war started on 1 September 1939 . On 11 September 1939 he sank the British freighter Firby . After the sinking he sent the plain language radio message cq - cq- cq - transmit to Mr . Churchill . I have sunk the British steamer Firby . Posit 59.40 North and 13.50 West . Save the crew , if you please . German submarine . This message , addressed to the First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill directly . Schultze and his crew had already sunk Royal Sceptre on 5 September and Winkleigh three days later for a combined total of . Schultze intercepted the freighter Browning some time later and ordered to pick up survivors from Royal Sceptre . Schultzes cease-fire action was on the provision that the British crew did not use their radios to report him . After returning to base , Schultze gave an interview to William L . Shirer , an American reporter , on 29 September 1939 . The patrol yielded of shipping . The second patrol began on 4 October and ended 21 days later . During the sortie he sank in 22 days . From 12–17 October 1939 , Schultze sank five ships . Tanker Emile Miguet ( ) , Heronspool Louisiane , Sneaton and Clan Chisholm . Schultze abided by prize law in all but the sinking of Clan Chisholm which sailed in convoy HG 3 . Nine men were killed aboard Schultzes first eight victims . During the attack he ordered the stern torpedo fired at a destroyer—probably HMS Escort—with no result . A number of the ships were photographed during their sinking by the German crew . Schultzes third patrol lasted from 20 November to 20 December . The boat sank . Over 8 and 9 December Schultze intercepted Brandon ( ) and San Alberto and the Germaine for on 15 December . The patrol lasted only seven days . Upon Schultzes departure from the Atlantic Ocean on 19 December there were no U-boats in the sea for five days . Knights Cross . In January 1940 B-Dienst intercepted British naval signals suggesting Ark Royal was a en route through the English Channel . Schultze was ordered to take up position at the Western end with two other boats—U-26 and U-37—and sink her . They were ordered to take up their stations on 12 February . Schultze , believing the other boats were joining him to attack a convoy he was shadowing , decided to stay with the convoy and ignored the orders of Befehlshaber der U-Boote ( BdU ) . He proceeded to expend all but one torpedo and missed the carrier which docked in Portsmouth unmolested . Schultze received a mild reprimand by Dönitz . Schultzes fourth patrol yielded four more ships from 10–17 February 1940 . Two Dutch ships and one Finnish ship accompanied the Sultan Star , sunk on 14 February 1940 . Schultze was awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross for his successes on 2 March . He had sunk of shipping . On 9 April 1940 the Kriegsmarine executed Operation Weserübung . In support of the invasions of Norway and Denmark U-48 carried out combat operations against warships . On 14 April Schultze attacked the battleship Warspite but the torpedoes failed . U-25 made attacks against the battleship in Vestfjorden without success , and probably due to torpedo failure . In a third attack , U-47 commanded by Günther Prien attempted to sink the battleship but failed for the same reason . The widespread mechanical failures of torpedoes at this stage of the war threatened morale . Detailed reports were made to Dönitz . On 20 May 1940 Schultze handed command of U-48 over to Hans Rudolf Rösing due to illness stemming from a stomach and kidney disorder . Schultze was sent to a naval hospital to recuperate . From October 1940 Schultze became part of the naval staff of the 7th U-boat Flotilla , at St Nazaire , in France . On 17 December 1940 Schultze resumed command of U-48 , relieving Heinrich Bleichrodt . His resumption of combat operations coincided with the period known as the First Happy Time . In the midst of his next patrol—6 February 1941—Hitler issued Directive 23 . The order singled out the British sea lanes as a priority target for the navy and Luftwaffe . On 20 January 1941 Schultze began his sixth patrol which ended on 17 February . Nicolas Angelos , a ship , was sunk from convoy OB 279 on 1 February and Nailsea Lass , followed from convoy SLS 64 23 days later . The convoy was attacked by Admiral Hipper and several other U-boats . A seventh patrol from 17 March–8 April 1941 resulted in four sinkings . Schultze intercepted HX 115 on 29 March and sank three ships . The Hylton , Germanic , , and Limbourg , . The detached Beaverdale was sunk on 2 April which increased the tally by . In Schultzes eighth and penultimate patrol from 22 May–17 June 1941 , he sank five ships . On 3 June Inversuir from convoy OB 327 , on the 5th Wellfield from convoy OB 328 , and on the 6th and 8th Tregarthen and then Pendrecht from convoy OB 329 . Empire Dew from convoy OG 64 was Schultzes final victim . Ashore . Schultze was thus awarded the Oak Leaves to his Knights Cross on 12 June 1941 . The presentation was made on 30 June 1941 by Hitler at the Führer Headquarter Wolfsschanze ( Wolfs Lair ) in Rastenburg ( now Kętrzyn in Poland ) . On 27 July 1941 Schultze left U-48 to take command of the 3rd U-boat Flotilla operating from La Rochelle , also in France . He served in this capacity until March 1942 , when he was assigned to the staff of Marinegruppe Nord as Admiral Staff Officer for U-boats . He was assigned to the staff of Admiral Karl Dönitz in December 1942 . On 1 April 1943 he was promoted to Korvettenkapitän . In March 1944 he was assigned as commander of Department II , Marineschule Mürwik , where he served to the end of the war . Post-war . In August 1945 he was employed by the Allies as commander of the Naval Academy at Mürwik near Flensburg and the Heinz Krey-bearing . In November 1945 , now a civilian , he took the job of manager of the naval facilities in Flensburg-Mürwik until October 1946 . On 2 July 1956 , Schultze joined the Bundesmarine of West Germany and served in a string of staff positions . His first disposition was commander of the 3rd Ship Home Department . He served in this capacity from 2 July 1956 to 15 February 1959 . He then served as Staff Officer Personnel ( A1 ) on the command staff of the naval base , was commander of convoy ships , teaching group leaders at the Naval Academy and head of the volunteer adoption headquarters of the Navy until his retirement on 30 September 1968 with the rank of Kapitän zur See . Schultze died on 3 June 1987 in London . Summary of military career . Ships attacked . As commander of , Schultze is credited with the sinking of 26 ships for a total of , further damaging three ships of and damaging one further ship of . Awards . - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th Class ( 2 October 1936 ) - Olympic Games Decoration ( 20 April 1937 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 25 September 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 27 October 1939 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves - Knights Cross on 1 March 1940 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-48 - 15th Oak Leaves on 12 June 1941 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-48 - Croce di Guerra with Swords ( 14 October 1941 ) - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 25 October 1939 ) - with Diamonds ( 15 July 1941 ) Promotions . Reichsmarine - Offiziersanwärter ( officer cadet ) – 1 April 1930 - Seekadett ( naval cadet ) – 9 October 1930 - Fähnrich zur See ( midshipman ) – 1 January 1932 - Oberfähnrich zur See ( senior midshipman ) – 1 April 1934 - Leutnant zur See ( acting sub-lieutenant ) – 1 October 1934 Kriegsmarine - Oberleutnant zur See ( sub-lieutenant ) – 1 June 1936 - Kapitänleutnant ( captain lieutenant/lieutenant ) – 1 June 1939 - Korvettenkapitän ( corvette captain/lieutenant commander ) – 18 March 1943 , effective as of 1 April 1943 Bundesmarine - Fregattenkapitän ( frigate captain/commander ) - 1 November 1956 , effective as of 2 July 1956 - Kapitän zur See ( captain at sea/captain ) - 1 July 1966

/wiki/Herbert_Schultze#P241#1

What was the military branch of Herbert Schultze in Jul 1935?

Herbert Schultze Herbert Emil Schultze ( 24 July 1909 – 3 June 1987 ) , was a German U-boat ( submarine ) commander of the Kriegsmarine ( the German navy in World War II ) . He commanded for eight patrols during the early part of the war , sinking of shipping . Schultze was a recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knights Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Legally it was Nazi Germanys highest military decoration at the time of its presentation to Herbert Schultze , although the later higher ranked Swords and Diamonds grades to the Knights Cross had already been awarded in June and July 1941 . Early life and career . Schultze was born in Kiel . He joined the Reichsmarine on 1 April 1930 as a member of Crew 30 ( the incoming class of 1930 ) . He underwent basic military training in the 2nd department of the standing ship division of the Baltic Sea in Stralsund ( 1 April 1930 – 30 June 1930 ) . Schultze was then transferred to the training ship Niobe ( 1 July 1930 – 9 October 1930 ) , attaining the rank of Seekadett ( midshipman ) on 9 October 1930 . Following a 14-month stay onboard the cruiser Emden ( 10 October 1930 – 4 January 1932 ) , he advanced in rank to Fähnrich zur See ( officer cadet ) on 1 January 1932 . Schultze then underwent a number of officer training courses at the Naval Academy at Mürwik before transferring to the light cruiser Leipzig ( 2 October 1933 – 7 October 1934 ) . During this assignment , he was promoted to Oberfähnrich zur See ( senior midshipman ) on 1 April 1934 and to Leutnant zur See ( acting sub-lieutenant ) on 1 October 1934 . He also served aboard the cruiser with other future U-boat aces , including Heinrich Lehmann-Willenbrock . In May 1937 , now an Oberleutnant zur See , Schultze transferred to the U-boat force , taking command of the Type IIA U-boat on 31 January 1938 . U-2 was assigned to the U-Bootschulflottille ( U-boat school flotilla ) ; he spent the next year and a half training with the sub . On 22 April 1939 Schultze commissioned , a Type VIIB U-boat . U-48 was later to become the most successful submarine of the war . She was assigned to the 7th U-boat Flotilla , and spent the next four months in training . On 1 June 1939 Schultze was promoted to Kapitänleutnant . World War II . On 19 August 1939 , on the eve of World War II , Schultze took U-48 out on her first patrol . On this patrol , which took U-48 to the North Atlantic , southwest of Ireland and to the Rockall Bank before returning to Kiel on 17 September , Leutnant zur See Reinhard Suhren served as 1st watch officer . U-48s 2nd watch officer on this patrol was Leutnant zur See Otto Ites . He was at sea when the war started on 1 September 1939 . On 11 September 1939 he sank the British freighter Firby . After the sinking he sent the plain language radio message cq - cq- cq - transmit to Mr . Churchill . I have sunk the British steamer Firby . Posit 59.40 North and 13.50 West . Save the crew , if you please . German submarine . This message , addressed to the First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill directly . Schultze and his crew had already sunk Royal Sceptre on 5 September and Winkleigh three days later for a combined total of . Schultze intercepted the freighter Browning some time later and ordered to pick up survivors from Royal Sceptre . Schultzes cease-fire action was on the provision that the British crew did not use their radios to report him . After returning to base , Schultze gave an interview to William L . Shirer , an American reporter , on 29 September 1939 . The patrol yielded of shipping . The second patrol began on 4 October and ended 21 days later . During the sortie he sank in 22 days . From 12–17 October 1939 , Schultze sank five ships . Tanker Emile Miguet ( ) , Heronspool Louisiane , Sneaton and Clan Chisholm . Schultze abided by prize law in all but the sinking of Clan Chisholm which sailed in convoy HG 3 . Nine men were killed aboard Schultzes first eight victims . During the attack he ordered the stern torpedo fired at a destroyer—probably HMS Escort—with no result . A number of the ships were photographed during their sinking by the German crew . Schultzes third patrol lasted from 20 November to 20 December . The boat sank . Over 8 and 9 December Schultze intercepted Brandon ( ) and San Alberto and the Germaine for on 15 December . The patrol lasted only seven days . Upon Schultzes departure from the Atlantic Ocean on 19 December there were no U-boats in the sea for five days . Knights Cross . In January 1940 B-Dienst intercepted British naval signals suggesting Ark Royal was a en route through the English Channel . Schultze was ordered to take up position at the Western end with two other boats—U-26 and U-37—and sink her . They were ordered to take up their stations on 12 February . Schultze , believing the other boats were joining him to attack a convoy he was shadowing , decided to stay with the convoy and ignored the orders of Befehlshaber der U-Boote ( BdU ) . He proceeded to expend all but one torpedo and missed the carrier which docked in Portsmouth unmolested . Schultze received a mild reprimand by Dönitz . Schultzes fourth patrol yielded four more ships from 10–17 February 1940 . Two Dutch ships and one Finnish ship accompanied the Sultan Star , sunk on 14 February 1940 . Schultze was awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross for his successes on 2 March . He had sunk of shipping . On 9 April 1940 the Kriegsmarine executed Operation Weserübung . In support of the invasions of Norway and Denmark U-48 carried out combat operations against warships . On 14 April Schultze attacked the battleship Warspite but the torpedoes failed . U-25 made attacks against the battleship in Vestfjorden without success , and probably due to torpedo failure . In a third attack , U-47 commanded by Günther Prien attempted to sink the battleship but failed for the same reason . The widespread mechanical failures of torpedoes at this stage of the war threatened morale . Detailed reports were made to Dönitz . On 20 May 1940 Schultze handed command of U-48 over to Hans Rudolf Rösing due to illness stemming from a stomach and kidney disorder . Schultze was sent to a naval hospital to recuperate . From October 1940 Schultze became part of the naval staff of the 7th U-boat Flotilla , at St Nazaire , in France . On 17 December 1940 Schultze resumed command of U-48 , relieving Heinrich Bleichrodt . His resumption of combat operations coincided with the period known as the First Happy Time . In the midst of his next patrol—6 February 1941—Hitler issued Directive 23 . The order singled out the British sea lanes as a priority target for the navy and Luftwaffe . On 20 January 1941 Schultze began his sixth patrol which ended on 17 February . Nicolas Angelos , a ship , was sunk from convoy OB 279 on 1 February and Nailsea Lass , followed from convoy SLS 64 23 days later . The convoy was attacked by Admiral Hipper and several other U-boats . A seventh patrol from 17 March–8 April 1941 resulted in four sinkings . Schultze intercepted HX 115 on 29 March and sank three ships . The Hylton , Germanic , , and Limbourg , . The detached Beaverdale was sunk on 2 April which increased the tally by . In Schultzes eighth and penultimate patrol from 22 May–17 June 1941 , he sank five ships . On 3 June Inversuir from convoy OB 327 , on the 5th Wellfield from convoy OB 328 , and on the 6th and 8th Tregarthen and then Pendrecht from convoy OB 329 . Empire Dew from convoy OG 64 was Schultzes final victim . Ashore . Schultze was thus awarded the Oak Leaves to his Knights Cross on 12 June 1941 . The presentation was made on 30 June 1941 by Hitler at the Führer Headquarter Wolfsschanze ( Wolfs Lair ) in Rastenburg ( now Kętrzyn in Poland ) . On 27 July 1941 Schultze left U-48 to take command of the 3rd U-boat Flotilla operating from La Rochelle , also in France . He served in this capacity until March 1942 , when he was assigned to the staff of Marinegruppe Nord as Admiral Staff Officer for U-boats . He was assigned to the staff of Admiral Karl Dönitz in December 1942 . On 1 April 1943 he was promoted to Korvettenkapitän . In March 1944 he was assigned as commander of Department II , Marineschule Mürwik , where he served to the end of the war . Post-war . In August 1945 he was employed by the Allies as commander of the Naval Academy at Mürwik near Flensburg and the Heinz Krey-bearing . In November 1945 , now a civilian , he took the job of manager of the naval facilities in Flensburg-Mürwik until October 1946 . On 2 July 1956 , Schultze joined the Bundesmarine of West Germany and served in a string of staff positions . His first disposition was commander of the 3rd Ship Home Department . He served in this capacity from 2 July 1956 to 15 February 1959 . He then served as Staff Officer Personnel ( A1 ) on the command staff of the naval base , was commander of convoy ships , teaching group leaders at the Naval Academy and head of the volunteer adoption headquarters of the Navy until his retirement on 30 September 1968 with the rank of Kapitän zur See . Schultze died on 3 June 1987 in London . Summary of military career . Ships attacked . As commander of , Schultze is credited with the sinking of 26 ships for a total of , further damaging three ships of and damaging one further ship of . Awards . - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th Class ( 2 October 1936 ) - Olympic Games Decoration ( 20 April 1937 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 25 September 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 27 October 1939 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves - Knights Cross on 1 March 1940 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-48 - 15th Oak Leaves on 12 June 1941 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-48 - Croce di Guerra with Swords ( 14 October 1941 ) - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 25 October 1939 ) - with Diamonds ( 15 July 1941 ) Promotions . Reichsmarine - Offiziersanwärter ( officer cadet ) – 1 April 1930 - Seekadett ( naval cadet ) – 9 October 1930 - Fähnrich zur See ( midshipman ) – 1 January 1932 - Oberfähnrich zur See ( senior midshipman ) – 1 April 1934 - Leutnant zur See ( acting sub-lieutenant ) – 1 October 1934 Kriegsmarine - Oberleutnant zur See ( sub-lieutenant ) – 1 June 1936 - Kapitänleutnant ( captain lieutenant/lieutenant ) – 1 June 1939 - Korvettenkapitän ( corvette captain/lieutenant commander ) – 18 March 1943 , effective as of 1 April 1943 Bundesmarine - Fregattenkapitän ( frigate captain/commander ) - 1 November 1956 , effective as of 2 July 1956 - Kapitän zur See ( captain at sea/captain ) - 1 July 1966

/wiki/Herbert_Schultze#P241#2

What was the military branch of Herbert Schultze in late 1950s?

Herbert Schultze Herbert Emil Schultze ( 24 July 1909 – 3 June 1987 ) , was a German U-boat ( submarine ) commander of the Kriegsmarine ( the German navy in World War II ) . He commanded for eight patrols during the early part of the war , sinking of shipping . Schultze was a recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knights Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Legally it was Nazi Germanys highest military decoration at the time of its presentation to Herbert Schultze , although the later higher ranked Swords and Diamonds grades to the Knights Cross had already been awarded in June and July 1941 . Early life and career . Schultze was born in Kiel . He joined the Reichsmarine on 1 April 1930 as a member of Crew 30 ( the incoming class of 1930 ) . He underwent basic military training in the 2nd department of the standing ship division of the Baltic Sea in Stralsund ( 1 April 1930 – 30 June 1930 ) . Schultze was then transferred to the training ship Niobe ( 1 July 1930 – 9 October 1930 ) , attaining the rank of Seekadett ( midshipman ) on 9 October 1930 . Following a 14-month stay onboard the cruiser Emden ( 10 October 1930 – 4 January 1932 ) , he advanced in rank to Fähnrich zur See ( officer cadet ) on 1 January 1932 . Schultze then underwent a number of officer training courses at the Naval Academy at Mürwik before transferring to the light cruiser Leipzig ( 2 October 1933 – 7 October 1934 ) . During this assignment , he was promoted to Oberfähnrich zur See ( senior midshipman ) on 1 April 1934 and to Leutnant zur See ( acting sub-lieutenant ) on 1 October 1934 . He also served aboard the cruiser with other future U-boat aces , including Heinrich Lehmann-Willenbrock . In May 1937 , now an Oberleutnant zur See , Schultze transferred to the U-boat force , taking command of the Type IIA U-boat on 31 January 1938 . U-2 was assigned to the U-Bootschulflottille ( U-boat school flotilla ) ; he spent the next year and a half training with the sub . On 22 April 1939 Schultze commissioned , a Type VIIB U-boat . U-48 was later to become the most successful submarine of the war . She was assigned to the 7th U-boat Flotilla , and spent the next four months in training . On 1 June 1939 Schultze was promoted to Kapitänleutnant . World War II . On 19 August 1939 , on the eve of World War II , Schultze took U-48 out on her first patrol . On this patrol , which took U-48 to the North Atlantic , southwest of Ireland and to the Rockall Bank before returning to Kiel on 17 September , Leutnant zur See Reinhard Suhren served as 1st watch officer . U-48s 2nd watch officer on this patrol was Leutnant zur See Otto Ites . He was at sea when the war started on 1 September 1939 . On 11 September 1939 he sank the British freighter Firby . After the sinking he sent the plain language radio message cq - cq- cq - transmit to Mr . Churchill . I have sunk the British steamer Firby . Posit 59.40 North and 13.50 West . Save the crew , if you please . German submarine . This message , addressed to the First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill directly . Schultze and his crew had already sunk Royal Sceptre on 5 September and Winkleigh three days later for a combined total of . Schultze intercepted the freighter Browning some time later and ordered to pick up survivors from Royal Sceptre . Schultzes cease-fire action was on the provision that the British crew did not use their radios to report him . After returning to base , Schultze gave an interview to William L . Shirer , an American reporter , on 29 September 1939 . The patrol yielded of shipping . The second patrol began on 4 October and ended 21 days later . During the sortie he sank in 22 days . From 12–17 October 1939 , Schultze sank five ships . Tanker Emile Miguet ( ) , Heronspool Louisiane , Sneaton and Clan Chisholm . Schultze abided by prize law in all but the sinking of Clan Chisholm which sailed in convoy HG 3 . Nine men were killed aboard Schultzes first eight victims . During the attack he ordered the stern torpedo fired at a destroyer—probably HMS Escort—with no result . A number of the ships were photographed during their sinking by the German crew . Schultzes third patrol lasted from 20 November to 20 December . The boat sank . Over 8 and 9 December Schultze intercepted Brandon ( ) and San Alberto and the Germaine for on 15 December . The patrol lasted only seven days . Upon Schultzes departure from the Atlantic Ocean on 19 December there were no U-boats in the sea for five days . Knights Cross . In January 1940 B-Dienst intercepted British naval signals suggesting Ark Royal was a en route through the English Channel . Schultze was ordered to take up position at the Western end with two other boats—U-26 and U-37—and sink her . They were ordered to take up their stations on 12 February . Schultze , believing the other boats were joining him to attack a convoy he was shadowing , decided to stay with the convoy and ignored the orders of Befehlshaber der U-Boote ( BdU ) . He proceeded to expend all but one torpedo and missed the carrier which docked in Portsmouth unmolested . Schultze received a mild reprimand by Dönitz . Schultzes fourth patrol yielded four more ships from 10–17 February 1940 . Two Dutch ships and one Finnish ship accompanied the Sultan Star , sunk on 14 February 1940 . Schultze was awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross for his successes on 2 March . He had sunk of shipping . On 9 April 1940 the Kriegsmarine executed Operation Weserübung . In support of the invasions of Norway and Denmark U-48 carried out combat operations against warships . On 14 April Schultze attacked the battleship Warspite but the torpedoes failed . U-25 made attacks against the battleship in Vestfjorden without success , and probably due to torpedo failure . In a third attack , U-47 commanded by Günther Prien attempted to sink the battleship but failed for the same reason . The widespread mechanical failures of torpedoes at this stage of the war threatened morale . Detailed reports were made to Dönitz . On 20 May 1940 Schultze handed command of U-48 over to Hans Rudolf Rösing due to illness stemming from a stomach and kidney disorder . Schultze was sent to a naval hospital to recuperate . From October 1940 Schultze became part of the naval staff of the 7th U-boat Flotilla , at St Nazaire , in France . On 17 December 1940 Schultze resumed command of U-48 , relieving Heinrich Bleichrodt . His resumption of combat operations coincided with the period known as the First Happy Time . In the midst of his next patrol—6 February 1941—Hitler issued Directive 23 . The order singled out the British sea lanes as a priority target for the navy and Luftwaffe . On 20 January 1941 Schultze began his sixth patrol which ended on 17 February . Nicolas Angelos , a ship , was sunk from convoy OB 279 on 1 February and Nailsea Lass , followed from convoy SLS 64 23 days later . The convoy was attacked by Admiral Hipper and several other U-boats . A seventh patrol from 17 March–8 April 1941 resulted in four sinkings . Schultze intercepted HX 115 on 29 March and sank three ships . The Hylton , Germanic , , and Limbourg , . The detached Beaverdale was sunk on 2 April which increased the tally by . In Schultzes eighth and penultimate patrol from 22 May–17 June 1941 , he sank five ships . On 3 June Inversuir from convoy OB 327 , on the 5th Wellfield from convoy OB 328 , and on the 6th and 8th Tregarthen and then Pendrecht from convoy OB 329 . Empire Dew from convoy OG 64 was Schultzes final victim . Ashore . Schultze was thus awarded the Oak Leaves to his Knights Cross on 12 June 1941 . The presentation was made on 30 June 1941 by Hitler at the Führer Headquarter Wolfsschanze ( Wolfs Lair ) in Rastenburg ( now Kętrzyn in Poland ) . On 27 July 1941 Schultze left U-48 to take command of the 3rd U-boat Flotilla operating from La Rochelle , also in France . He served in this capacity until March 1942 , when he was assigned to the staff of Marinegruppe Nord as Admiral Staff Officer for U-boats . He was assigned to the staff of Admiral Karl Dönitz in December 1942 . On 1 April 1943 he was promoted to Korvettenkapitän . In March 1944 he was assigned as commander of Department II , Marineschule Mürwik , where he served to the end of the war . Post-war . In August 1945 he was employed by the Allies as commander of the Naval Academy at Mürwik near Flensburg and the Heinz Krey-bearing . In November 1945 , now a civilian , he took the job of manager of the naval facilities in Flensburg-Mürwik until October 1946 . On 2 July 1956 , Schultze joined the Bundesmarine of West Germany and served in a string of staff positions . His first disposition was commander of the 3rd Ship Home Department . He served in this capacity from 2 July 1956 to 15 February 1959 . He then served as Staff Officer Personnel ( A1 ) on the command staff of the naval base , was commander of convoy ships , teaching group leaders at the Naval Academy and head of the volunteer adoption headquarters of the Navy until his retirement on 30 September 1968 with the rank of Kapitän zur See . Schultze died on 3 June 1987 in London . Summary of military career . Ships attacked . As commander of , Schultze is credited with the sinking of 26 ships for a total of , further damaging three ships of and damaging one further ship of . Awards . - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th Class ( 2 October 1936 ) - Olympic Games Decoration ( 20 April 1937 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 25 September 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 27 October 1939 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves - Knights Cross on 1 March 1940 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-48 - 15th Oak Leaves on 12 June 1941 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-48 - Croce di Guerra with Swords ( 14 October 1941 ) - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 25 October 1939 ) - with Diamonds ( 15 July 1941 ) Promotions . Reichsmarine - Offiziersanwärter ( officer cadet ) – 1 April 1930 - Seekadett ( naval cadet ) – 9 October 1930 - Fähnrich zur See ( midshipman ) – 1 January 1932 - Oberfähnrich zur See ( senior midshipman ) – 1 April 1934 - Leutnant zur See ( acting sub-lieutenant ) – 1 October 1934 Kriegsmarine - Oberleutnant zur See ( sub-lieutenant ) – 1 June 1936 - Kapitänleutnant ( captain lieutenant/lieutenant ) – 1 June 1939 - Korvettenkapitän ( corvette captain/lieutenant commander ) – 18 March 1943 , effective as of 1 April 1943 Bundesmarine - Fregattenkapitän ( frigate captain/commander ) - 1 November 1956 , effective as of 2 July 1956 - Kapitän zur See ( captain at sea/captain ) - 1 July 1966

/wiki/William_Windom_(actor)#P26#0

Who was the spouse of William Windom (actor) before Jul 1950?

William Windom ( actor ) William Windom ( September 28 , 1923 – August 16 , 2012 ) was an American actor . He played a wide variety of roles in both film and television during a near 60-year career , but is perhaps best known for his role as cartoonist John Monroe in the short-lived comedy My World and Welcome to It ( 1969–1970 ) winning him a Primetime Emmy Award , and his recurring role as Dr . Seth Hazlitt starring alongside Angela Lansbury in Murder , She Wrote ( 1984-1996 ) . Windom was also known for his prolific work in television appearing in such shows as Star Trek , The Twilight Zone , Columbo , Gunsmoke , , Magnum , P.I. , Newhart , and L.A . Law . He also provided the voice for Uncle Chuck in DiC Entertainments animated series Sonic the Hedgehog ( 1993-1994 ) Windom also appeared in feature films such as the Academy Award-winning To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1962 ) , The Detective ( 1968 ) , and Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) and in several John Hughes films , Planes , Trains and Automobiles ( 1987 ) , Shes Having a Baby ( 1988 ) , and Uncle Buck ( 1989 ) , and Clint Eastwoods True Crime ( 1999 ) . Early life . Windom was born in Manhattan , New York , the son of Isobel Wells ( née Peckham ) and Paul Windom , an architect . He was the great-grandson of the United States Secretary of the Treasury of the same name , whom the actor physically resembled . He attended Williams College before enlisting in the U.S . Army . He participated in the Army Specialized Training Program where he studied at The Citadel , Antioch College and the University of Kentucky . Windom then became a paratrooper with Company B , 1st Battalion 508th Parachute Infantry Regiment , 82nd Airborne Division . While stationed in Frankfurt during the Allied occupation of Germany he enrolled in Biarritz American University in France and became involved in drama . Career . During his early screen career in the 1950s , Windom appeared in TV series including Omnibus and Robert Montgomery Presents , and continued his guest-starring roles in series during the 1960s such as the Five Characters in Search of an Exit 1961 episode of The Twilight Zone , that he claimed was his West Coast television debut . He played The Major , one of the five characters who are in an unidentified place , which is revealed at the end of the episode . He reported some years later that Richard Widmark was originally offered the role , but when Widmark learned that the pay was only to be $1,000 for the week , he turned it down . Actress Susan Harrison , who played The Ballerina , got first billing , while Windom got second . Windom said that Murray Matheson , who played The Clown , should have received billing ahead of both of them . His first leading role in television came in the sitcom The Farmers Daughter ( 1963–1966 ) - a series about a young Minnesota woman ( played by Inger Stevens ) who becomes the housekeeper for a widowed congressman ( Windom ) - which ran for three seasons . Windoms first role in film was alongside Gregory Peck in the Oscar-winning To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1962 ) as Horace Gilmer - the prosecutor of Tom Robinson ( Brock Peters ) - to Pecks defence lawyer Atticus Finch . He continued in American television appearances including The Donna Reed Show , Gunsmoke and ( playing Commodore Matt Decker , commander of the doomed USS Constellation in the popular 1967 episode , a role he would reprise nearly 40 years later for ) . He played a recurring role ( 3 episodes ) in The Invaders in 1967 . In 1968 , Windom starred alongside Peter Falk and Gene Barry in the TV movie Prescription : Murder , the pilot for the TV series Columbo . He would guest star in another edition of the series ( entitled Short Fuse ) in 1972 . In 1971 he played a supporting role along side Jimmy Stewart , George Kennedy and Kurt Russell in the Columbia production Fools Parade . Windom starred with Frank Sinatra in the film The Detective ( 1968 ) , playing a homophobic killer , a role that received great reviews from The New York Times . The following year , he had the lead role as cartoonist John Monroe in the sitcom My World and Welcome to It . Although the series only aired for one season , he won the 1970 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series . After the cancellation of the series , Windom toured the country for a time in a one-man Thurber show . After the run was completed , he filmed the pilot for a new series Is There a Doctor in the House ? with Rosemary Forsyth . The pilot was written with both actors in mind for the two starring roles , and while it was well received by the critics and in viewership ratings in both its first run and a re-run in the summer of 1971 , it was not picked up for a series . After a host of roles in film , TV movies and guest appearances in TV series during the 1970s and 1980s , Windom joined the series Murder , She Wrote in 1985 as Dr . Seth Hazlitt . His initial appearance was in October 1985 . ( He had previously appeared as a guest star playing another character in April 1985. ) The producers enjoyed his work , and consequently invited him to return at the beginning of the second season to take on the role permanently . Windom briefly left the show in 1990 to work on the first television version of Parenthood ( based on the 1989 film of the same name ) , playing the role of patriarch Frank Buckman ( played by Jason Robards in the film and , later , Craig T . Nelson in the second TV version ) . The show was ultimately canceled after 12 episodes and Windom returned to Murder , She Wrote as a semi-regular for the remainder of the run of that series . In all , Windom appeared in 53 episodes of Murder , She Wrote , second only to the shows main star , Angela Lansbury . Windom continued to appear in film and TV guest roles during the 1990s and 2000s , with appearances in the films Sommersby ( 1993 ) , Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) , and Clint Eastwoods True Crime ( 1999 ) , and episodes of series including Ally McBeal ( 2000 ) and The District ( 2001 ) , before making his final acting appearance in the 2005 drama Yesterdays Dreams . Personal life . William Windom would say he was married more than once , because saying he was married 5 times made him sound fickle . None of the marriages ended due to fidelity issues . Bill married his first wife , Carol Keyser , in New York in August 1947 . They worked together and he also worked for her father selling insurance for 3 years . They divorced in December 1955 . He didnt walk down the aisle again until 1958 with actress Barbara Joyce . They married in Edgartown , MA . She was 6 years older than Bill . However , he soon moved to California and remained there for work . Bill said the marriage lasted just 3 years but the divorce was not finalized until 1963 . A few weeks later , he married his third wife Barbara Clare . She was the granddaughter of MGM founder Louis B . Mayer and 11 years Bills junior . Bill became stepfather to Barbaras two daughters from a previous marriage . His first child , Rachel , was born in 1964 . Bill and Barbara divorced in 1968 . In August 1969 he married his fourth wife Jacqulyn D . Hopkins , 19 years his junior . They had two daughters , Heather Juliet in 1970 and Hope Teresa in 1973 . In 1974 , Bill met Patricia ( Fehrle ) Tunder while shooting a TV movie ; she was working for the production company . Almost a year later , he filed for divorce from Jacqulyn in July 1975 . Bill and Patricia , 12 years his junior , married the end of 1975 on New Years Eve . In 1978 Bill welcomed his final child , a son named Rebel Russell . Windom was a tournament chess player , a sailor , a tennis player and a life member of the USCF . Death . Windom died on August 16 , 2012 , at the age of 88 at his home in Woodacre , California from congestive heart failure . He was survived by his wife , Patricia Tunder Windom , four of his children – Rachel , Heather Juliet , Hope Teresa and Rebel Russell – two stepdaughters , Maggie and Debora , three granddaughters and one grandson . External links . - The William Windom Tribute Site

/wiki/William_Windom_(actor)#P26#1

Who was the spouse of William Windom (actor) between Nov 1961 and Sep 1962?

William Windom ( actor ) William Windom ( September 28 , 1923 – August 16 , 2012 ) was an American actor . He played a wide variety of roles in both film and television during a near 60-year career , but is perhaps best known for his role as cartoonist John Monroe in the short-lived comedy My World and Welcome to It ( 1969–1970 ) winning him a Primetime Emmy Award , and his recurring role as Dr . Seth Hazlitt starring alongside Angela Lansbury in Murder , She Wrote ( 1984-1996 ) . Windom was also known for his prolific work in television appearing in such shows as Star Trek , The Twilight Zone , Columbo , Gunsmoke , , Magnum , P.I. , Newhart , and L.A . Law . He also provided the voice for Uncle Chuck in DiC Entertainments animated series Sonic the Hedgehog ( 1993-1994 ) Windom also appeared in feature films such as the Academy Award-winning To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1962 ) , The Detective ( 1968 ) , and Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) and in several John Hughes films , Planes , Trains and Automobiles ( 1987 ) , Shes Having a Baby ( 1988 ) , and Uncle Buck ( 1989 ) , and Clint Eastwoods True Crime ( 1999 ) . Early life . Windom was born in Manhattan , New York , the son of Isobel Wells ( née Peckham ) and Paul Windom , an architect . He was the great-grandson of the United States Secretary of the Treasury of the same name , whom the actor physically resembled . He attended Williams College before enlisting in the U.S . Army . He participated in the Army Specialized Training Program where he studied at The Citadel , Antioch College and the University of Kentucky . Windom then became a paratrooper with Company B , 1st Battalion 508th Parachute Infantry Regiment , 82nd Airborne Division . While stationed in Frankfurt during the Allied occupation of Germany he enrolled in Biarritz American University in France and became involved in drama . Career . During his early screen career in the 1950s , Windom appeared in TV series including Omnibus and Robert Montgomery Presents , and continued his guest-starring roles in series during the 1960s such as the Five Characters in Search of an Exit 1961 episode of The Twilight Zone , that he claimed was his West Coast television debut . He played The Major , one of the five characters who are in an unidentified place , which is revealed at the end of the episode . He reported some years later that Richard Widmark was originally offered the role , but when Widmark learned that the pay was only to be $1,000 for the week , he turned it down . Actress Susan Harrison , who played The Ballerina , got first billing , while Windom got second . Windom said that Murray Matheson , who played The Clown , should have received billing ahead of both of them . His first leading role in television came in the sitcom The Farmers Daughter ( 1963–1966 ) - a series about a young Minnesota woman ( played by Inger Stevens ) who becomes the housekeeper for a widowed congressman ( Windom ) - which ran for three seasons . Windoms first role in film was alongside Gregory Peck in the Oscar-winning To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1962 ) as Horace Gilmer - the prosecutor of Tom Robinson ( Brock Peters ) - to Pecks defence lawyer Atticus Finch . He continued in American television appearances including The Donna Reed Show , Gunsmoke and ( playing Commodore Matt Decker , commander of the doomed USS Constellation in the popular 1967 episode , a role he would reprise nearly 40 years later for ) . He played a recurring role ( 3 episodes ) in The Invaders in 1967 . In 1968 , Windom starred alongside Peter Falk and Gene Barry in the TV movie Prescription : Murder , the pilot for the TV series Columbo . He would guest star in another edition of the series ( entitled Short Fuse ) in 1972 . In 1971 he played a supporting role along side Jimmy Stewart , George Kennedy and Kurt Russell in the Columbia production Fools Parade . Windom starred with Frank Sinatra in the film The Detective ( 1968 ) , playing a homophobic killer , a role that received great reviews from The New York Times . The following year , he had the lead role as cartoonist John Monroe in the sitcom My World and Welcome to It . Although the series only aired for one season , he won the 1970 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series . After the cancellation of the series , Windom toured the country for a time in a one-man Thurber show . After the run was completed , he filmed the pilot for a new series Is There a Doctor in the House ? with Rosemary Forsyth . The pilot was written with both actors in mind for the two starring roles , and while it was well received by the critics and in viewership ratings in both its first run and a re-run in the summer of 1971 , it was not picked up for a series . After a host of roles in film , TV movies and guest appearances in TV series during the 1970s and 1980s , Windom joined the series Murder , She Wrote in 1985 as Dr . Seth Hazlitt . His initial appearance was in October 1985 . ( He had previously appeared as a guest star playing another character in April 1985. ) The producers enjoyed his work , and consequently invited him to return at the beginning of the second season to take on the role permanently . Windom briefly left the show in 1990 to work on the first television version of Parenthood ( based on the 1989 film of the same name ) , playing the role of patriarch Frank Buckman ( played by Jason Robards in the film and , later , Craig T . Nelson in the second TV version ) . The show was ultimately canceled after 12 episodes and Windom returned to Murder , She Wrote as a semi-regular for the remainder of the run of that series . In all , Windom appeared in 53 episodes of Murder , She Wrote , second only to the shows main star , Angela Lansbury . Windom continued to appear in film and TV guest roles during the 1990s and 2000s , with appearances in the films Sommersby ( 1993 ) , Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) , and Clint Eastwoods True Crime ( 1999 ) , and episodes of series including Ally McBeal ( 2000 ) and The District ( 2001 ) , before making his final acting appearance in the 2005 drama Yesterdays Dreams . Personal life . William Windom would say he was married more than once , because saying he was married 5 times made him sound fickle . None of the marriages ended due to fidelity issues . Bill married his first wife , Carol Keyser , in New York in August 1947 . They worked together and he also worked for her father selling insurance for 3 years . They divorced in December 1955 . He didnt walk down the aisle again until 1958 with actress Barbara Joyce . They married in Edgartown , MA . She was 6 years older than Bill . However , he soon moved to California and remained there for work . Bill said the marriage lasted just 3 years but the divorce was not finalized until 1963 . A few weeks later , he married his third wife Barbara Clare . She was the granddaughter of MGM founder Louis B . Mayer and 11 years Bills junior . Bill became stepfather to Barbaras two daughters from a previous marriage . His first child , Rachel , was born in 1964 . Bill and Barbara divorced in 1968 . In August 1969 he married his fourth wife Jacqulyn D . Hopkins , 19 years his junior . They had two daughters , Heather Juliet in 1970 and Hope Teresa in 1973 . In 1974 , Bill met Patricia ( Fehrle ) Tunder while shooting a TV movie ; she was working for the production company . Almost a year later , he filed for divorce from Jacqulyn in July 1975 . Bill and Patricia , 12 years his junior , married the end of 1975 on New Years Eve . In 1978 Bill welcomed his final child , a son named Rebel Russell . Windom was a tournament chess player , a sailor , a tennis player and a life member of the USCF . Death . Windom died on August 16 , 2012 , at the age of 88 at his home in Woodacre , California from congestive heart failure . He was survived by his wife , Patricia Tunder Windom , four of his children – Rachel , Heather Juliet , Hope Teresa and Rebel Russell – two stepdaughters , Maggie and Debora , three granddaughters and one grandson . External links . - The William Windom Tribute Site

/wiki/William_Windom_(actor)#P26#2

Who was the spouse of William Windom (actor) between Sep 1963 and Jul 1965?

William Windom ( actor ) William Windom ( September 28 , 1923 – August 16 , 2012 ) was an American actor . He played a wide variety of roles in both film and television during a near 60-year career , but is perhaps best known for his role as cartoonist John Monroe in the short-lived comedy My World and Welcome to It ( 1969–1970 ) winning him a Primetime Emmy Award , and his recurring role as Dr . Seth Hazlitt starring alongside Angela Lansbury in Murder , She Wrote ( 1984-1996 ) . Windom was also known for his prolific work in television appearing in such shows as Star Trek , The Twilight Zone , Columbo , Gunsmoke , , Magnum , P.I. , Newhart , and L.A . Law . He also provided the voice for Uncle Chuck in DiC Entertainments animated series Sonic the Hedgehog ( 1993-1994 ) Windom also appeared in feature films such as the Academy Award-winning To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1962 ) , The Detective ( 1968 ) , and Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) and in several John Hughes films , Planes , Trains and Automobiles ( 1987 ) , Shes Having a Baby ( 1988 ) , and Uncle Buck ( 1989 ) , and Clint Eastwoods True Crime ( 1999 ) . Early life . Windom was born in Manhattan , New York , the son of Isobel Wells ( née Peckham ) and Paul Windom , an architect . He was the great-grandson of the United States Secretary of the Treasury of the same name , whom the actor physically resembled . He attended Williams College before enlisting in the U.S . Army . He participated in the Army Specialized Training Program where he studied at The Citadel , Antioch College and the University of Kentucky . Windom then became a paratrooper with Company B , 1st Battalion 508th Parachute Infantry Regiment , 82nd Airborne Division . While stationed in Frankfurt during the Allied occupation of Germany he enrolled in Biarritz American University in France and became involved in drama . Career . During his early screen career in the 1950s , Windom appeared in TV series including Omnibus and Robert Montgomery Presents , and continued his guest-starring roles in series during the 1960s such as the Five Characters in Search of an Exit 1961 episode of The Twilight Zone , that he claimed was his West Coast television debut . He played The Major , one of the five characters who are in an unidentified place , which is revealed at the end of the episode . He reported some years later that Richard Widmark was originally offered the role , but when Widmark learned that the pay was only to be $1,000 for the week , he turned it down . Actress Susan Harrison , who played The Ballerina , got first billing , while Windom got second . Windom said that Murray Matheson , who played The Clown , should have received billing ahead of both of them . His first leading role in television came in the sitcom The Farmers Daughter ( 1963–1966 ) - a series about a young Minnesota woman ( played by Inger Stevens ) who becomes the housekeeper for a widowed congressman ( Windom ) - which ran for three seasons . Windoms first role in film was alongside Gregory Peck in the Oscar-winning To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1962 ) as Horace Gilmer - the prosecutor of Tom Robinson ( Brock Peters ) - to Pecks defence lawyer Atticus Finch . He continued in American television appearances including The Donna Reed Show , Gunsmoke and ( playing Commodore Matt Decker , commander of the doomed USS Constellation in the popular 1967 episode , a role he would reprise nearly 40 years later for ) . He played a recurring role ( 3 episodes ) in The Invaders in 1967 . In 1968 , Windom starred alongside Peter Falk and Gene Barry in the TV movie Prescription : Murder , the pilot for the TV series Columbo . He would guest star in another edition of the series ( entitled Short Fuse ) in 1972 . In 1971 he played a supporting role along side Jimmy Stewart , George Kennedy and Kurt Russell in the Columbia production Fools Parade . Windom starred with Frank Sinatra in the film The Detective ( 1968 ) , playing a homophobic killer , a role that received great reviews from The New York Times . The following year , he had the lead role as cartoonist John Monroe in the sitcom My World and Welcome to It . Although the series only aired for one season , he won the 1970 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series . After the cancellation of the series , Windom toured the country for a time in a one-man Thurber show . After the run was completed , he filmed the pilot for a new series Is There a Doctor in the House ? with Rosemary Forsyth . The pilot was written with both actors in mind for the two starring roles , and while it was well received by the critics and in viewership ratings in both its first run and a re-run in the summer of 1971 , it was not picked up for a series . After a host of roles in film , TV movies and guest appearances in TV series during the 1970s and 1980s , Windom joined the series Murder , She Wrote in 1985 as Dr . Seth Hazlitt . His initial appearance was in October 1985 . ( He had previously appeared as a guest star playing another character in April 1985. ) The producers enjoyed his work , and consequently invited him to return at the beginning of the second season to take on the role permanently . Windom briefly left the show in 1990 to work on the first television version of Parenthood ( based on the 1989 film of the same name ) , playing the role of patriarch Frank Buckman ( played by Jason Robards in the film and , later , Craig T . Nelson in the second TV version ) . The show was ultimately canceled after 12 episodes and Windom returned to Murder , She Wrote as a semi-regular for the remainder of the run of that series . In all , Windom appeared in 53 episodes of Murder , She Wrote , second only to the shows main star , Angela Lansbury . Windom continued to appear in film and TV guest roles during the 1990s and 2000s , with appearances in the films Sommersby ( 1993 ) , Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) , and Clint Eastwoods True Crime ( 1999 ) , and episodes of series including Ally McBeal ( 2000 ) and The District ( 2001 ) , before making his final acting appearance in the 2005 drama Yesterdays Dreams . Personal life . William Windom would say he was married more than once , because saying he was married 5 times made him sound fickle . None of the marriages ended due to fidelity issues . Bill married his first wife , Carol Keyser , in New York in August 1947 . They worked together and he also worked for her father selling insurance for 3 years . They divorced in December 1955 . He didnt walk down the aisle again until 1958 with actress Barbara Joyce . They married in Edgartown , MA . She was 6 years older than Bill . However , he soon moved to California and remained there for work . Bill said the marriage lasted just 3 years but the divorce was not finalized until 1963 . A few weeks later , he married his third wife Barbara Clare . She was the granddaughter of MGM founder Louis B . Mayer and 11 years Bills junior . Bill became stepfather to Barbaras two daughters from a previous marriage . His first child , Rachel , was born in 1964 . Bill and Barbara divorced in 1968 . In August 1969 he married his fourth wife Jacqulyn D . Hopkins , 19 years his junior . They had two daughters , Heather Juliet in 1970 and Hope Teresa in 1973 . In 1974 , Bill met Patricia ( Fehrle ) Tunder while shooting a TV movie ; she was working for the production company . Almost a year later , he filed for divorce from Jacqulyn in July 1975 . Bill and Patricia , 12 years his junior , married the end of 1975 on New Years Eve . In 1978 Bill welcomed his final child , a son named Rebel Russell . Windom was a tournament chess player , a sailor , a tennis player and a life member of the USCF . Death . Windom died on August 16 , 2012 , at the age of 88 at his home in Woodacre , California from congestive heart failure . He was survived by his wife , Patricia Tunder Windom , four of his children – Rachel , Heather Juliet , Hope Teresa and Rebel Russell – two stepdaughters , Maggie and Debora , three granddaughters and one grandson . External links . - The William Windom Tribute Site

/wiki/William_Windom_(actor)#P26#3

Who was the spouse of William Windom (actor) in early 1970s?

William Windom ( actor ) William Windom ( September 28 , 1923 – August 16 , 2012 ) was an American actor . He played a wide variety of roles in both film and television during a near 60-year career , but is perhaps best known for his role as cartoonist John Monroe in the short-lived comedy My World and Welcome to It ( 1969–1970 ) winning him a Primetime Emmy Award , and his recurring role as Dr . Seth Hazlitt starring alongside Angela Lansbury in Murder , She Wrote ( 1984-1996 ) . Windom was also known for his prolific work in television appearing in such shows as Star Trek , The Twilight Zone , Columbo , Gunsmoke , , Magnum , P.I. , Newhart , and L.A . Law . He also provided the voice for Uncle Chuck in DiC Entertainments animated series Sonic the Hedgehog ( 1993-1994 ) Windom also appeared in feature films such as the Academy Award-winning To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1962 ) , The Detective ( 1968 ) , and Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) and in several John Hughes films , Planes , Trains and Automobiles ( 1987 ) , Shes Having a Baby ( 1988 ) , and Uncle Buck ( 1989 ) , and Clint Eastwoods True Crime ( 1999 ) . Early life . Windom was born in Manhattan , New York , the son of Isobel Wells ( née Peckham ) and Paul Windom , an architect . He was the great-grandson of the United States Secretary of the Treasury of the same name , whom the actor physically resembled . He attended Williams College before enlisting in the U.S . Army . He participated in the Army Specialized Training Program where he studied at The Citadel , Antioch College and the University of Kentucky . Windom then became a paratrooper with Company B , 1st Battalion 508th Parachute Infantry Regiment , 82nd Airborne Division . While stationed in Frankfurt during the Allied occupation of Germany he enrolled in Biarritz American University in France and became involved in drama . Career . During his early screen career in the 1950s , Windom appeared in TV series including Omnibus and Robert Montgomery Presents , and continued his guest-starring roles in series during the 1960s such as the Five Characters in Search of an Exit 1961 episode of The Twilight Zone , that he claimed was his West Coast television debut . He played The Major , one of the five characters who are in an unidentified place , which is revealed at the end of the episode . He reported some years later that Richard Widmark was originally offered the role , but when Widmark learned that the pay was only to be $1,000 for the week , he turned it down . Actress Susan Harrison , who played The Ballerina , got first billing , while Windom got second . Windom said that Murray Matheson , who played The Clown , should have received billing ahead of both of them . His first leading role in television came in the sitcom The Farmers Daughter ( 1963–1966 ) - a series about a young Minnesota woman ( played by Inger Stevens ) who becomes the housekeeper for a widowed congressman ( Windom ) - which ran for three seasons . Windoms first role in film was alongside Gregory Peck in the Oscar-winning To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1962 ) as Horace Gilmer - the prosecutor of Tom Robinson ( Brock Peters ) - to Pecks defence lawyer Atticus Finch . He continued in American television appearances including The Donna Reed Show , Gunsmoke and ( playing Commodore Matt Decker , commander of the doomed USS Constellation in the popular 1967 episode , a role he would reprise nearly 40 years later for ) . He played a recurring role ( 3 episodes ) in The Invaders in 1967 . In 1968 , Windom starred alongside Peter Falk and Gene Barry in the TV movie Prescription : Murder , the pilot for the TV series Columbo . He would guest star in another edition of the series ( entitled Short Fuse ) in 1972 . In 1971 he played a supporting role along side Jimmy Stewart , George Kennedy and Kurt Russell in the Columbia production Fools Parade . Windom starred with Frank Sinatra in the film The Detective ( 1968 ) , playing a homophobic killer , a role that received great reviews from The New York Times . The following year , he had the lead role as cartoonist John Monroe in the sitcom My World and Welcome to It . Although the series only aired for one season , he won the 1970 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series . After the cancellation of the series , Windom toured the country for a time in a one-man Thurber show . After the run was completed , he filmed the pilot for a new series Is There a Doctor in the House ? with Rosemary Forsyth . The pilot was written with both actors in mind for the two starring roles , and while it was well received by the critics and in viewership ratings in both its first run and a re-run in the summer of 1971 , it was not picked up for a series . After a host of roles in film , TV movies and guest appearances in TV series during the 1970s and 1980s , Windom joined the series Murder , She Wrote in 1985 as Dr . Seth Hazlitt . His initial appearance was in October 1985 . ( He had previously appeared as a guest star playing another character in April 1985. ) The producers enjoyed his work , and consequently invited him to return at the beginning of the second season to take on the role permanently . Windom briefly left the show in 1990 to work on the first television version of Parenthood ( based on the 1989 film of the same name ) , playing the role of patriarch Frank Buckman ( played by Jason Robards in the film and , later , Craig T . Nelson in the second TV version ) . The show was ultimately canceled after 12 episodes and Windom returned to Murder , She Wrote as a semi-regular for the remainder of the run of that series . In all , Windom appeared in 53 episodes of Murder , She Wrote , second only to the shows main star , Angela Lansbury . Windom continued to appear in film and TV guest roles during the 1990s and 2000s , with appearances in the films Sommersby ( 1993 ) , Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) , and Clint Eastwoods True Crime ( 1999 ) , and episodes of series including Ally McBeal ( 2000 ) and The District ( 2001 ) , before making his final acting appearance in the 2005 drama Yesterdays Dreams . Personal life . William Windom would say he was married more than once , because saying he was married 5 times made him sound fickle . None of the marriages ended due to fidelity issues . Bill married his first wife , Carol Keyser , in New York in August 1947 . They worked together and he also worked for her father selling insurance for 3 years . They divorced in December 1955 . He didnt walk down the aisle again until 1958 with actress Barbara Joyce . They married in Edgartown , MA . She was 6 years older than Bill . However , he soon moved to California and remained there for work . Bill said the marriage lasted just 3 years but the divorce was not finalized until 1963 . A few weeks later , he married his third wife Barbara Clare . She was the granddaughter of MGM founder Louis B . Mayer and 11 years Bills junior . Bill became stepfather to Barbaras two daughters from a previous marriage . His first child , Rachel , was born in 1964 . Bill and Barbara divorced in 1968 . In August 1969 he married his fourth wife Jacqulyn D . Hopkins , 19 years his junior . They had two daughters , Heather Juliet in 1970 and Hope Teresa in 1973 . In 1974 , Bill met Patricia ( Fehrle ) Tunder while shooting a TV movie ; she was working for the production company . Almost a year later , he filed for divorce from Jacqulyn in July 1975 . Bill and Patricia , 12 years his junior , married the end of 1975 on New Years Eve . In 1978 Bill welcomed his final child , a son named Rebel Russell . Windom was a tournament chess player , a sailor , a tennis player and a life member of the USCF . Death . Windom died on August 16 , 2012 , at the age of 88 at his home in Woodacre , California from congestive heart failure . He was survived by his wife , Patricia Tunder Windom , four of his children – Rachel , Heather Juliet , Hope Teresa and Rebel Russell – two stepdaughters , Maggie and Debora , three granddaughters and one grandson . External links . - The William Windom Tribute Site

/wiki/William_Windom_(actor)#P26#4

Who was the spouse of William Windom (actor) in late 1970s?

William Windom ( actor ) William Windom ( September 28 , 1923 – August 16 , 2012 ) was an American actor . He played a wide variety of roles in both film and television during a near 60-year career , but is perhaps best known for his role as cartoonist John Monroe in the short-lived comedy My World and Welcome to It ( 1969–1970 ) winning him a Primetime Emmy Award , and his recurring role as Dr . Seth Hazlitt starring alongside Angela Lansbury in Murder , She Wrote ( 1984-1996 ) . Windom was also known for his prolific work in television appearing in such shows as Star Trek , The Twilight Zone , Columbo , Gunsmoke , , Magnum , P.I. , Newhart , and L.A . Law . He also provided the voice for Uncle Chuck in DiC Entertainments animated series Sonic the Hedgehog ( 1993-1994 ) Windom also appeared in feature films such as the Academy Award-winning To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1962 ) , The Detective ( 1968 ) , and Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) and in several John Hughes films , Planes , Trains and Automobiles ( 1987 ) , Shes Having a Baby ( 1988 ) , and Uncle Buck ( 1989 ) , and Clint Eastwoods True Crime ( 1999 ) . Early life . Windom was born in Manhattan , New York , the son of Isobel Wells ( née Peckham ) and Paul Windom , an architect . He was the great-grandson of the United States Secretary of the Treasury of the same name , whom the actor physically resembled . He attended Williams College before enlisting in the U.S . Army . He participated in the Army Specialized Training Program where he studied at The Citadel , Antioch College and the University of Kentucky . Windom then became a paratrooper with Company B , 1st Battalion 508th Parachute Infantry Regiment , 82nd Airborne Division . While stationed in Frankfurt during the Allied occupation of Germany he enrolled in Biarritz American University in France and became involved in drama . Career . During his early screen career in the 1950s , Windom appeared in TV series including Omnibus and Robert Montgomery Presents , and continued his guest-starring roles in series during the 1960s such as the Five Characters in Search of an Exit 1961 episode of The Twilight Zone , that he claimed was his West Coast television debut . He played The Major , one of the five characters who are in an unidentified place , which is revealed at the end of the episode . He reported some years later that Richard Widmark was originally offered the role , but when Widmark learned that the pay was only to be $1,000 for the week , he turned it down . Actress Susan Harrison , who played The Ballerina , got first billing , while Windom got second . Windom said that Murray Matheson , who played The Clown , should have received billing ahead of both of them . His first leading role in television came in the sitcom The Farmers Daughter ( 1963–1966 ) - a series about a young Minnesota woman ( played by Inger Stevens ) who becomes the housekeeper for a widowed congressman ( Windom ) - which ran for three seasons . Windoms first role in film was alongside Gregory Peck in the Oscar-winning To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1962 ) as Horace Gilmer - the prosecutor of Tom Robinson ( Brock Peters ) - to Pecks defence lawyer Atticus Finch . He continued in American television appearances including The Donna Reed Show , Gunsmoke and ( playing Commodore Matt Decker , commander of the doomed USS Constellation in the popular 1967 episode , a role he would reprise nearly 40 years later for ) . He played a recurring role ( 3 episodes ) in The Invaders in 1967 . In 1968 , Windom starred alongside Peter Falk and Gene Barry in the TV movie Prescription : Murder , the pilot for the TV series Columbo . He would guest star in another edition of the series ( entitled Short Fuse ) in 1972 . In 1971 he played a supporting role along side Jimmy Stewart , George Kennedy and Kurt Russell in the Columbia production Fools Parade . Windom starred with Frank Sinatra in the film The Detective ( 1968 ) , playing a homophobic killer , a role that received great reviews from The New York Times . The following year , he had the lead role as cartoonist John Monroe in the sitcom My World and Welcome to It . Although the series only aired for one season , he won the 1970 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series . After the cancellation of the series , Windom toured the country for a time in a one-man Thurber show . After the run was completed , he filmed the pilot for a new series Is There a Doctor in the House ? with Rosemary Forsyth . The pilot was written with both actors in mind for the two starring roles , and while it was well received by the critics and in viewership ratings in both its first run and a re-run in the summer of 1971 , it was not picked up for a series . After a host of roles in film , TV movies and guest appearances in TV series during the 1970s and 1980s , Windom joined the series Murder , She Wrote in 1985 as Dr . Seth Hazlitt . His initial appearance was in October 1985 . ( He had previously appeared as a guest star playing another character in April 1985. ) The producers enjoyed his work , and consequently invited him to return at the beginning of the second season to take on the role permanently . Windom briefly left the show in 1990 to work on the first television version of Parenthood ( based on the 1989 film of the same name ) , playing the role of patriarch Frank Buckman ( played by Jason Robards in the film and , later , Craig T . Nelson in the second TV version ) . The show was ultimately canceled after 12 episodes and Windom returned to Murder , She Wrote as a semi-regular for the remainder of the run of that series . In all , Windom appeared in 53 episodes of Murder , She Wrote , second only to the shows main star , Angela Lansbury . Windom continued to appear in film and TV guest roles during the 1990s and 2000s , with appearances in the films Sommersby ( 1993 ) , Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) , and Clint Eastwoods True Crime ( 1999 ) , and episodes of series including Ally McBeal ( 2000 ) and The District ( 2001 ) , before making his final acting appearance in the 2005 drama Yesterdays Dreams . Personal life . William Windom would say he was married more than once , because saying he was married 5 times made him sound fickle . None of the marriages ended due to fidelity issues . Bill married his first wife , Carol Keyser , in New York in August 1947 . They worked together and he also worked for her father selling insurance for 3 years . They divorced in December 1955 . He didnt walk down the aisle again until 1958 with actress Barbara Joyce . They married in Edgartown , MA . She was 6 years older than Bill . However , he soon moved to California and remained there for work . Bill said the marriage lasted just 3 years but the divorce was not finalized until 1963 . A few weeks later , he married his third wife Barbara Clare . She was the granddaughter of MGM founder Louis B . Mayer and 11 years Bills junior . Bill became stepfather to Barbaras two daughters from a previous marriage . His first child , Rachel , was born in 1964 . Bill and Barbara divorced in 1968 . In August 1969 he married his fourth wife Jacqulyn D . Hopkins , 19 years his junior . They had two daughters , Heather Juliet in 1970 and Hope Teresa in 1973 . In 1974 , Bill met Patricia ( Fehrle ) Tunder while shooting a TV movie ; she was working for the production company . Almost a year later , he filed for divorce from Jacqulyn in July 1975 . Bill and Patricia , 12 years his junior , married the end of 1975 on New Years Eve . In 1978 Bill welcomed his final child , a son named Rebel Russell . Windom was a tournament chess player , a sailor , a tennis player and a life member of the USCF . Death . Windom died on August 16 , 2012 , at the age of 88 at his home in Woodacre , California from congestive heart failure . He was survived by his wife , Patricia Tunder Windom , four of his children – Rachel , Heather Juliet , Hope Teresa and Rebel Russell – two stepdaughters , Maggie and Debora , three granddaughters and one grandson . External links . - The William Windom Tribute Site

/wiki/Tubby_Smith#P6087#0

Tubby Smith was the coach of which team before Jul 1991?

Tubby Smith Orlando Henry Tubby Smith ( born June 30 , 1951 ) is an American college basketball coach . He is the mens basketball coach at High Point University , his alma mater . Smith previously served in the same role at the University of Tulsa , the University of Georgia , the University of Kentucky , the University of Minnesota , Texas Tech University , and the University of Memphis . With Kentucky , he coached the Wildcats to the 1998 NCAA championship . In his 28 years as a head coach , Smith has achieved 26 winning seasons . In 2005 , he joined Roy Williams , Nolan Richardson , Denny Crum , and Jim Boeheim as the only head coaches to win 365 games in 15 seasons or fewer . With Texas Techs invitation to the 2016 NCAA Tournament , Smith became only the second coach in history to lead five different teams to the NCAA tournament . Smiths three sons are following in their fathers coaching footsteps . G.G . Smith , who played for his father at the University of Georgia , was formerly the head coach at Loyola ( Md ) , and is currently the associate head coach at High Point . His middle son Saul Smith played for his father at the University of Kentucky and was an assistant coach for his father at Memphis . Brian , his youngest son , was a point guard at Ole Miss and is the head coach at Saint John Paul II Academy in Boca Raton , Florida . Early years . Smith was born in Scotland , Maryland , in Saint Marys County , the sixth of 17 children born to sharecroppers Guffrie and Parthenia Smith . His large family accounts for his unusual nickname . Of all the Smith children , Tubby was most fond of staying in the galvanized washtub where the children were bathed . Smith says he tried to shake the moniker several times , but it stuck incessantly . He recalls that a 10th grade teacher who didnt tolerate nicknames was the last person to call him by his proper name , Orlando . After having a scholarship offer from the University of Maryland rescinded , Smith enrolled at High Point College ( now High Point University ) , graduating in 1973 . He played under three head coaches at High Point , including future boss J . D . Barnett . He lettered four times and was an all-conference performer as a senior . Smith earned a Bachelor of Science degree in health and physical education while at High Point , and also met his future wife , Donna , who was the homecoming queen . In 1973 , Smith began his coaching career with four years at his high school alma mater – Great Mills High School in Great Mills , Maryland , compiling a 46–36 record . His next stop was Hoke County High School in Raeford , North Carolina , where he recorded a 28–18 mark in two seasons . Assistant coaching positions . VCU . Smith began as assistant coach at Virginia Commonwealth University under his former High Point coach J . D . Barnett . From 1979 to 1986 , VCU amassed a 144–64 record , winning three Sun Belt Conference Championships . Smith took two important things away from his experience as an assistant coach for the Rams . First , under Barnett , Smith learned the principles of the ball-line defense , a hallmark of Smiths teams throughout his head coaching career . Second was a relationship with fellow assistant David Hobbs , an assistant and associate head coach under Smith during his tenure at the University of Kentucky . South Carolina . Smith left Virginia Commonwealth in 1986 to join George Feltons staff at the University of South Carolina . Felton remembered Smith from having recruited one of his players while Smith was at Hoke High School . During Smiths three years , the Gamecocks were 53–35 . Later , roles would be reversed , with Smith bringing Felton in as an assistant coach at Kentucky . Kentucky . Smith joined the University of Kentucky under then head coach Rick Pitino , who had the challenge of rebuilding a UK program that had been rocked by NCAA probation and player defections . With only eight scholarship student-athletes , none taller than 6–7 , the staff molded the Cats into winners once again , exceeding expectations to record a 14–14 mark . The following year , with Smith promoted to associate coach and UK still on probation , the Wildcats earned a 22–6 record , a final ranking of ninth in the AP poll , and an SEC-best 14–4 record . Smith wasnt the only soon-to-be high-profile name on Pitinos coaching staff at Kentucky . Future head coaches Ralph Willard , Herb Sendek , Billy Donovan , and Bernadette Locke-Mattox were all Smiths colleagues . Head coaching career . Tulsa . From 1991 to 1995 , Smith led the Tulsa Golden Hurricane mens basketball to a 79–43 record . Rebuilding the basketball program his first two years , he then led the team to two consecutive Missouri Valley Conference regular season titles and two appearances in the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Tournament in 1994 and 1995 . Smiths 1994 Tulsa team upset UCLA in the tourneys first round before knocking off Oklahoma State . In 95 , the Golden Hurricane defeated Big Ten team Illinois to open March Madness . Georgia . On March 29 , 1995 , Smith accepted the head coaching job at the University of Georgia , becoming the schools first African-American head coach . In two seasons , he led the Bulldogs to a 45–19 record , including the first back-to-back seasons of 20 wins or more in school history . His teams achieved a Sweet 16 finish in the 1996 NCAA Tournament and lost in the first round of the 1997 NCAA Tournament . The Bulldogs defeated Clemson to open the 96 tournament before upsetting the top-seeded Purdue Boilermakers . Kentucky . Tubby Smith was introduced as the Wildcats 20th head coach on May 12 , 1997 , charged with the task of replacing popular coach Rick Pitino , who left to become the head coach of the NBAs Boston Celtics . The Wildcats were at the top of the basketball world at the time , having won a national title in 1996 and played in the national title game in 1997 . The team Smith inherited had seven players from the Arizona loss and five from the 1996 championship team . In his first season at UK , he coached the Wildcats to their seventh NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Championship , including a come-from-behind victory against Duke in the Elite Eight . His 1998 national championship is unique in modern times , as being the only team in over twenty years to win without a first-team All-American or future NBA lottery pick . ( see 1998 NCAA Tournament ) . Smiths teams , known primarily for a defense-oriented slower style of play coined Tubbyball , received mixed reviews among Kentucky fans who have historically enjoyed a faster , higher-scoring style of play under previous coaches . Smith was also known for using the ball line defense . Smith led Kentucky to one national championship in 1998 , a perfect 16–0 regular season conference record in 2003 , five SEC regular season championships ( 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2005 ) and five SEC Tournament titles ( 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 ) . Smith led the Wildcats to six Sweet Sixteen appearances ( 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 ) and four Elite Eight appearances ( 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2005 ) in his ten seasons . He totaled 100 wins quicker than any other Wildcat coach except Hall of Fame member Adolph Rupp and current Wildcat coach John Calipari , reaching the plateau in 130 games . Smith was named National Coach of the Year in 2003 and SEC Coach of the Year in 1998 , 2003 , and 2005 . Smith came under considerable pressure from many UK fans late in his tenure . Many thought that his recruiting was subpar , as he regularly struggled to land top recruits . Kentucky fans also became impatient that his teams never reached another Final Four during his tenure . Some UK fans went as far as to place for sale signs on his front lawn . Smith did come just a double overtime loss short of a Final Four appearance in 2005 , losing to Tom Izzos Michigan State Spartans . Smiths Kentucky teams also lost in the regional finals of both the 1999 and 2003 NCAA tournaments . Smith also had five double digit loss seasons ( which led to his critics nicknaming him Ten-Loss Tubby ) , which caused the pressure to ramp up on him . On March 22 , 2007 , Smith resigned his position of UK head coach to accept the head coach position at the University of Minnesota . In his ten seasons at Kentucky , Smith led UK to an overall record of 263–83 , for a winning percentage of .760 . In contrast , the coach Kentucky selected to succeed him , Billy Gillispie , went 40–27 for a winning percentage of .597 , and missed the NCAAs in his second year . In 2013 , Smith was elected to the UK Athletic Hall of Fame . Minnesota . Smith was hired as the new mens head coach of the University of Minnesota on March 22 , 2007 . He replaced Dan Monson , who resigned from Minnesota on November 30 , 2006 and Jim Molinari , who served as the interim coach following Monsons resignation . Coach Smith joined Minnesota on the heels of several disappointing seasons for the Gophers , who had made the NCAA Tournament only once since Monsons hiring in 1999 . In Smiths first season , the team improved from 8–22 in 2006–07 to 20–14 in 2007–08 , and reached the Big Ten Tournament semifinals after defeating second-seeded Indiana . In the 2008–09 season , Smith led Minnesota to a record of 22–11 and a bid to the NCAA tournament , where the team was eliminated in the opening round . In the 2009–10 season , Smiths team struggled throughout the year with off court issues and close losses . However , in the Big Ten Tournament , Smith guided the team to win three games in three days to advance to Minnesotas first ever appearance in the Big Ten championship game . Though it lost that game , the teams run vaulted it into the NCAA tournament for the second consecutive year , where it again lost in the first round . In 2008 , Smith had the highest salary of any state employee in Minnesota . The 2010–11 Gophers struggled to maintain the programs momentum , however , finishing 17–14 overall and 6–12 in league play ( 9th place ) . Following the season , Smith cited injuries as a major factor for the teams disappointing season . The 2011–12 Gophers were 19–14 overall and 6–12 in conference play at the conclusion of the regular season . After earning a bid to play in the NIT , the Gophers won four consecutive games before losing in the NIT championship game to Stanford . They concluded the season with a 23–15 overall record , which tied for the most wins in a season in school history . In July 2012 , Smith signed a three-year extension with Minnesota . However , on March 25 , 2013 , Smith was relieved of his head coaching duties following a Round of 32 loss in the NCAA Tournament to Florida . He was replaced by Richard Pitino , whose father Rick , coincidentally , Smith had replaced at Kentucky . Texas Tech . On April 1 , 2013 , Texas Tech announced that Smith would be hired , and he was introduced as the new mens basketball coach on April 2 , 2013 . He replaced Billy Gillispie ( who ironically replaced Smith after he left Kentucky in 2007 ) , who resigned from Texas Tech on September 20 , 2012 and Chris Walker , who served as the interim coach following Gillispies resignation . Texas Tech had failed to make the NCAA tournament in the 7 years prior to Smiths hire at the school . Tubby Smiths first season ( 2013–2014 ) proved to be a challenge . The Red Raiders led by Jaye Crockett started the season 8–5 in non conference only to fade during Big 12 play finishing with a 6–12 conference mark . Although the team faded down the stretch , it showed that it could compete with the upper teams in the Big 12 as the Red Raiders won two games against ranked competition and lost many close games . The team finished with a 14–18 record overall and 9th in the 10 team Big 12 . This season marked Smiths first losing season as a head coach in his career and proved that the rebuilding job in Lubbock was massive . Smiths second season started with Smith attempting to improve the Red Raiders talent level . Smith added Keenan Evans , Justin Gray , Norense Odiase , and Zach Smith in the offseason in the hopes of improving a depleted Red Raider team . The season ended up being a massive disappointment as the Red Raiders got worse than the 2013–2014 season and finished 13–19 with only 3 victories coming in the Big 12 . Although , the season was labeled a massive disappointment , Smith led the Red Raiders to their first victory over a top 25 team since the 2009 season with a January 15 , 2014 upset over the #9 Iowa State Cyclones . Although the season started with plenty of promise , the Red Raiders finished a mediocre season with a first round Big 12 tournament exit against the Texas Longhorns . The 2015–16 season proved to be Smiths best , his 3rd season at Texas Tech , the Red Raiders started the season with a 12–7 record and a 2–6 record in the Big 12 . The Red Raiders eventually led a turnaround and won 3 straight games against ranked opponents for the first time in school history . The season featured young stars Evans , Gray , Odiase , and Smith as well as senior leaders Devaugntah Williams and Toddrick Gotcher . The team proved to be well balanced and efficient on both sides of the ball . The Red Raiders made good use of Smiths ball line defense . The Red Raiders would close out the 2015–16 regular season by winning 6 of their last 8 games and finishing with an overall 19–12 record with a 9–9 record in Big 12 play . The turnaround was the biggest in the Big 12 with the Red Raiders completing a six-game improvement from the year prior in arguably the toughest conference in the country . On March 13 , 2016 , the Red Raiders were selected to participate in the 2016 NCAA Tournament . Smith was named the Big 12 Coach of the Year for orchestrating the turnaround . On March 8 , Smith was named as the Sporting News Coach of the Year for his rebuilding effort . Memphis . On April 14 , 2016 , Smith accepted the head coaching position at Memphis , replacing former Memphis coach Josh Pastner who took the job at Georgia Tech . In April 2017 six of the top eight scorers transferred out of the program . Smith compiled a 22–13 record in his second year at Memphis , improving upon a 19–13 record in his first year . He was fired from the position on March 14 , 2018 . High Point . On March 25 , 2018 , it was first reported by Jeff Goodman of ESPN that Smith was on the verge of finalizing a contract to become the next head coach at his alma mater , High Point University . He was officially named head coach on March 27 , 2018 . Smith is an active donor at HPU , contributing to the funding of a new arena that is being built expected to be ready for the 2020 season . National team career . Smith was selected to help coach the United States mens national basketball team at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney . He served as an assistant to then-Houston Rockets coach Rudy Tomjanovich as the Americans captured the gold medal . Other leadership . Smith was inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa - The National Leadership Honor Society in 2001 at the University of Kentucky . Smith serves on the NCAA Committee to study basketball issues , joining Dukes Mike Krzyzewski and former Oregon head coach Ernie Kent . He serves on the National Association of Basketball Coaches Board of Directors and in June 2000 , spoke at a Congressional hearing on the issue of gambling in college sports . Tubby Smith and his wife , Donna , gave $1 million to High Point University , Tubby Smiths alma mater , for the building of a new basketball arena and conference center . High Point University announced in February 2017 that it will name the basketball court in their honor . Personal life . When he coached at Kentucky , Smith was very active in the Lexington community . The Tubby Smith Foundation , which he established to assist underprivileged children , raised over $1.5 million in five years . Smith and his wife , Donna , are still active with The TSF in Lexington even though they no longer live in the area . Also , several community centers in the greater Lexington area bear the moniker Tubbys Klubhouse due to his work within the centers .

/wiki/Tubby_Smith#P6087#1

Tubby Smith was the coach of which team in Sep 1995?

Tubby Smith Orlando Henry Tubby Smith ( born June 30 , 1951 ) is an American college basketball coach . He is the mens basketball coach at High Point University , his alma mater . Smith previously served in the same role at the University of Tulsa , the University of Georgia , the University of Kentucky , the University of Minnesota , Texas Tech University , and the University of Memphis . With Kentucky , he coached the Wildcats to the 1998 NCAA championship . In his 28 years as a head coach , Smith has achieved 26 winning seasons . In 2005 , he joined Roy Williams , Nolan Richardson , Denny Crum , and Jim Boeheim as the only head coaches to win 365 games in 15 seasons or fewer . With Texas Techs invitation to the 2016 NCAA Tournament , Smith became only the second coach in history to lead five different teams to the NCAA tournament . Smiths three sons are following in their fathers coaching footsteps . G.G . Smith , who played for his father at the University of Georgia , was formerly the head coach at Loyola ( Md ) , and is currently the associate head coach at High Point . His middle son Saul Smith played for his father at the University of Kentucky and was an assistant coach for his father at Memphis . Brian , his youngest son , was a point guard at Ole Miss and is the head coach at Saint John Paul II Academy in Boca Raton , Florida . Early years . Smith was born in Scotland , Maryland , in Saint Marys County , the sixth of 17 children born to sharecroppers Guffrie and Parthenia Smith . His large family accounts for his unusual nickname . Of all the Smith children , Tubby was most fond of staying in the galvanized washtub where the children were bathed . Smith says he tried to shake the moniker several times , but it stuck incessantly . He recalls that a 10th grade teacher who didnt tolerate nicknames was the last person to call him by his proper name , Orlando . After having a scholarship offer from the University of Maryland rescinded , Smith enrolled at High Point College ( now High Point University ) , graduating in 1973 . He played under three head coaches at High Point , including future boss J . D . Barnett . He lettered four times and was an all-conference performer as a senior . Smith earned a Bachelor of Science degree in health and physical education while at High Point , and also met his future wife , Donna , who was the homecoming queen . In 1973 , Smith began his coaching career with four years at his high school alma mater – Great Mills High School in Great Mills , Maryland , compiling a 46–36 record . His next stop was Hoke County High School in Raeford , North Carolina , where he recorded a 28–18 mark in two seasons . Assistant coaching positions . VCU . Smith began as assistant coach at Virginia Commonwealth University under his former High Point coach J . D . Barnett . From 1979 to 1986 , VCU amassed a 144–64 record , winning three Sun Belt Conference Championships . Smith took two important things away from his experience as an assistant coach for the Rams . First , under Barnett , Smith learned the principles of the ball-line defense , a hallmark of Smiths teams throughout his head coaching career . Second was a relationship with fellow assistant David Hobbs , an assistant and associate head coach under Smith during his tenure at the University of Kentucky . South Carolina . Smith left Virginia Commonwealth in 1986 to join George Feltons staff at the University of South Carolina . Felton remembered Smith from having recruited one of his players while Smith was at Hoke High School . During Smiths three years , the Gamecocks were 53–35 . Later , roles would be reversed , with Smith bringing Felton in as an assistant coach at Kentucky . Kentucky . Smith joined the University of Kentucky under then head coach Rick Pitino , who had the challenge of rebuilding a UK program that had been rocked by NCAA probation and player defections . With only eight scholarship student-athletes , none taller than 6–7 , the staff molded the Cats into winners once again , exceeding expectations to record a 14–14 mark . The following year , with Smith promoted to associate coach and UK still on probation , the Wildcats earned a 22–6 record , a final ranking of ninth in the AP poll , and an SEC-best 14–4 record . Smith wasnt the only soon-to-be high-profile name on Pitinos coaching staff at Kentucky . Future head coaches Ralph Willard , Herb Sendek , Billy Donovan , and Bernadette Locke-Mattox were all Smiths colleagues . Head coaching career . Tulsa . From 1991 to 1995 , Smith led the Tulsa Golden Hurricane mens basketball to a 79–43 record . Rebuilding the basketball program his first two years , he then led the team to two consecutive Missouri Valley Conference regular season titles and two appearances in the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Tournament in 1994 and 1995 . Smiths 1994 Tulsa team upset UCLA in the tourneys first round before knocking off Oklahoma State . In 95 , the Golden Hurricane defeated Big Ten team Illinois to open March Madness . Georgia . On March 29 , 1995 , Smith accepted the head coaching job at the University of Georgia , becoming the schools first African-American head coach . In two seasons , he led the Bulldogs to a 45–19 record , including the first back-to-back seasons of 20 wins or more in school history . His teams achieved a Sweet 16 finish in the 1996 NCAA Tournament and lost in the first round of the 1997 NCAA Tournament . The Bulldogs defeated Clemson to open the 96 tournament before upsetting the top-seeded Purdue Boilermakers . Kentucky . Tubby Smith was introduced as the Wildcats 20th head coach on May 12 , 1997 , charged with the task of replacing popular coach Rick Pitino , who left to become the head coach of the NBAs Boston Celtics . The Wildcats were at the top of the basketball world at the time , having won a national title in 1996 and played in the national title game in 1997 . The team Smith inherited had seven players from the Arizona loss and five from the 1996 championship team . In his first season at UK , he coached the Wildcats to their seventh NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Championship , including a come-from-behind victory against Duke in the Elite Eight . His 1998 national championship is unique in modern times , as being the only team in over twenty years to win without a first-team All-American or future NBA lottery pick . ( see 1998 NCAA Tournament ) . Smiths teams , known primarily for a defense-oriented slower style of play coined Tubbyball , received mixed reviews among Kentucky fans who have historically enjoyed a faster , higher-scoring style of play under previous coaches . Smith was also known for using the ball line defense . Smith led Kentucky to one national championship in 1998 , a perfect 16–0 regular season conference record in 2003 , five SEC regular season championships ( 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2005 ) and five SEC Tournament titles ( 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 ) . Smith led the Wildcats to six Sweet Sixteen appearances ( 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 ) and four Elite Eight appearances ( 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2005 ) in his ten seasons . He totaled 100 wins quicker than any other Wildcat coach except Hall of Fame member Adolph Rupp and current Wildcat coach John Calipari , reaching the plateau in 130 games . Smith was named National Coach of the Year in 2003 and SEC Coach of the Year in 1998 , 2003 , and 2005 . Smith came under considerable pressure from many UK fans late in his tenure . Many thought that his recruiting was subpar , as he regularly struggled to land top recruits . Kentucky fans also became impatient that his teams never reached another Final Four during his tenure . Some UK fans went as far as to place for sale signs on his front lawn . Smith did come just a double overtime loss short of a Final Four appearance in 2005 , losing to Tom Izzos Michigan State Spartans . Smiths Kentucky teams also lost in the regional finals of both the 1999 and 2003 NCAA tournaments . Smith also had five double digit loss seasons ( which led to his critics nicknaming him Ten-Loss Tubby ) , which caused the pressure to ramp up on him . On March 22 , 2007 , Smith resigned his position of UK head coach to accept the head coach position at the University of Minnesota . In his ten seasons at Kentucky , Smith led UK to an overall record of 263–83 , for a winning percentage of .760 . In contrast , the coach Kentucky selected to succeed him , Billy Gillispie , went 40–27 for a winning percentage of .597 , and missed the NCAAs in his second year . In 2013 , Smith was elected to the UK Athletic Hall of Fame . Minnesota . Smith was hired as the new mens head coach of the University of Minnesota on March 22 , 2007 . He replaced Dan Monson , who resigned from Minnesota on November 30 , 2006 and Jim Molinari , who served as the interim coach following Monsons resignation . Coach Smith joined Minnesota on the heels of several disappointing seasons for the Gophers , who had made the NCAA Tournament only once since Monsons hiring in 1999 . In Smiths first season , the team improved from 8–22 in 2006–07 to 20–14 in 2007–08 , and reached the Big Ten Tournament semifinals after defeating second-seeded Indiana . In the 2008–09 season , Smith led Minnesota to a record of 22–11 and a bid to the NCAA tournament , where the team was eliminated in the opening round . In the 2009–10 season , Smiths team struggled throughout the year with off court issues and close losses . However , in the Big Ten Tournament , Smith guided the team to win three games in three days to advance to Minnesotas first ever appearance in the Big Ten championship game . Though it lost that game , the teams run vaulted it into the NCAA tournament for the second consecutive year , where it again lost in the first round . In 2008 , Smith had the highest salary of any state employee in Minnesota . The 2010–11 Gophers struggled to maintain the programs momentum , however , finishing 17–14 overall and 6–12 in league play ( 9th place ) . Following the season , Smith cited injuries as a major factor for the teams disappointing season . The 2011–12 Gophers were 19–14 overall and 6–12 in conference play at the conclusion of the regular season . After earning a bid to play in the NIT , the Gophers won four consecutive games before losing in the NIT championship game to Stanford . They concluded the season with a 23–15 overall record , which tied for the most wins in a season in school history . In July 2012 , Smith signed a three-year extension with Minnesota . However , on March 25 , 2013 , Smith was relieved of his head coaching duties following a Round of 32 loss in the NCAA Tournament to Florida . He was replaced by Richard Pitino , whose father Rick , coincidentally , Smith had replaced at Kentucky . Texas Tech . On April 1 , 2013 , Texas Tech announced that Smith would be hired , and he was introduced as the new mens basketball coach on April 2 , 2013 . He replaced Billy Gillispie ( who ironically replaced Smith after he left Kentucky in 2007 ) , who resigned from Texas Tech on September 20 , 2012 and Chris Walker , who served as the interim coach following Gillispies resignation . Texas Tech had failed to make the NCAA tournament in the 7 years prior to Smiths hire at the school . Tubby Smiths first season ( 2013–2014 ) proved to be a challenge . The Red Raiders led by Jaye Crockett started the season 8–5 in non conference only to fade during Big 12 play finishing with a 6–12 conference mark . Although the team faded down the stretch , it showed that it could compete with the upper teams in the Big 12 as the Red Raiders won two games against ranked competition and lost many close games . The team finished with a 14–18 record overall and 9th in the 10 team Big 12 . This season marked Smiths first losing season as a head coach in his career and proved that the rebuilding job in Lubbock was massive . Smiths second season started with Smith attempting to improve the Red Raiders talent level . Smith added Keenan Evans , Justin Gray , Norense Odiase , and Zach Smith in the offseason in the hopes of improving a depleted Red Raider team . The season ended up being a massive disappointment as the Red Raiders got worse than the 2013–2014 season and finished 13–19 with only 3 victories coming in the Big 12 . Although , the season was labeled a massive disappointment , Smith led the Red Raiders to their first victory over a top 25 team since the 2009 season with a January 15 , 2014 upset over the #9 Iowa State Cyclones . Although the season started with plenty of promise , the Red Raiders finished a mediocre season with a first round Big 12 tournament exit against the Texas Longhorns . The 2015–16 season proved to be Smiths best , his 3rd season at Texas Tech , the Red Raiders started the season with a 12–7 record and a 2–6 record in the Big 12 . The Red Raiders eventually led a turnaround and won 3 straight games against ranked opponents for the first time in school history . The season featured young stars Evans , Gray , Odiase , and Smith as well as senior leaders Devaugntah Williams and Toddrick Gotcher . The team proved to be well balanced and efficient on both sides of the ball . The Red Raiders made good use of Smiths ball line defense . The Red Raiders would close out the 2015–16 regular season by winning 6 of their last 8 games and finishing with an overall 19–12 record with a 9–9 record in Big 12 play . The turnaround was the biggest in the Big 12 with the Red Raiders completing a six-game improvement from the year prior in arguably the toughest conference in the country . On March 13 , 2016 , the Red Raiders were selected to participate in the 2016 NCAA Tournament . Smith was named the Big 12 Coach of the Year for orchestrating the turnaround . On March 8 , Smith was named as the Sporting News Coach of the Year for his rebuilding effort . Memphis . On April 14 , 2016 , Smith accepted the head coaching position at Memphis , replacing former Memphis coach Josh Pastner who took the job at Georgia Tech . In April 2017 six of the top eight scorers transferred out of the program . Smith compiled a 22–13 record in his second year at Memphis , improving upon a 19–13 record in his first year . He was fired from the position on March 14 , 2018 . High Point . On March 25 , 2018 , it was first reported by Jeff Goodman of ESPN that Smith was on the verge of finalizing a contract to become the next head coach at his alma mater , High Point University . He was officially named head coach on March 27 , 2018 . Smith is an active donor at HPU , contributing to the funding of a new arena that is being built expected to be ready for the 2020 season . National team career . Smith was selected to help coach the United States mens national basketball team at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney . He served as an assistant to then-Houston Rockets coach Rudy Tomjanovich as the Americans captured the gold medal . Other leadership . Smith was inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa - The National Leadership Honor Society in 2001 at the University of Kentucky . Smith serves on the NCAA Committee to study basketball issues , joining Dukes Mike Krzyzewski and former Oregon head coach Ernie Kent . He serves on the National Association of Basketball Coaches Board of Directors and in June 2000 , spoke at a Congressional hearing on the issue of gambling in college sports . Tubby Smith and his wife , Donna , gave $1 million to High Point University , Tubby Smiths alma mater , for the building of a new basketball arena and conference center . High Point University announced in February 2017 that it will name the basketball court in their honor . Personal life . When he coached at Kentucky , Smith was very active in the Lexington community . The Tubby Smith Foundation , which he established to assist underprivileged children , raised over $1.5 million in five years . Smith and his wife , Donna , are still active with The TSF in Lexington even though they no longer live in the area . Also , several community centers in the greater Lexington area bear the moniker Tubbys Klubhouse due to his work within the centers .

/wiki/Tubby_Smith#P6087#2

Tubby Smith was the coach of which team in late 1990s?

Tubby Smith Orlando Henry Tubby Smith ( born June 30 , 1951 ) is an American college basketball coach . He is the mens basketball coach at High Point University , his alma mater . Smith previously served in the same role at the University of Tulsa , the University of Georgia , the University of Kentucky , the University of Minnesota , Texas Tech University , and the University of Memphis . With Kentucky , he coached the Wildcats to the 1998 NCAA championship . In his 28 years as a head coach , Smith has achieved 26 winning seasons . In 2005 , he joined Roy Williams , Nolan Richardson , Denny Crum , and Jim Boeheim as the only head coaches to win 365 games in 15 seasons or fewer . With Texas Techs invitation to the 2016 NCAA Tournament , Smith became only the second coach in history to lead five different teams to the NCAA tournament . Smiths three sons are following in their fathers coaching footsteps . G.G . Smith , who played for his father at the University of Georgia , was formerly the head coach at Loyola ( Md ) , and is currently the associate head coach at High Point . His middle son Saul Smith played for his father at the University of Kentucky and was an assistant coach for his father at Memphis . Brian , his youngest son , was a point guard at Ole Miss and is the head coach at Saint John Paul II Academy in Boca Raton , Florida . Early years . Smith was born in Scotland , Maryland , in Saint Marys County , the sixth of 17 children born to sharecroppers Guffrie and Parthenia Smith . His large family accounts for his unusual nickname . Of all the Smith children , Tubby was most fond of staying in the galvanized washtub where the children were bathed . Smith says he tried to shake the moniker several times , but it stuck incessantly . He recalls that a 10th grade teacher who didnt tolerate nicknames was the last person to call him by his proper name , Orlando . After having a scholarship offer from the University of Maryland rescinded , Smith enrolled at High Point College ( now High Point University ) , graduating in 1973 . He played under three head coaches at High Point , including future boss J . D . Barnett . He lettered four times and was an all-conference performer as a senior . Smith earned a Bachelor of Science degree in health and physical education while at High Point , and also met his future wife , Donna , who was the homecoming queen . In 1973 , Smith began his coaching career with four years at his high school alma mater – Great Mills High School in Great Mills , Maryland , compiling a 46–36 record . His next stop was Hoke County High School in Raeford , North Carolina , where he recorded a 28–18 mark in two seasons . Assistant coaching positions . VCU . Smith began as assistant coach at Virginia Commonwealth University under his former High Point coach J . D . Barnett . From 1979 to 1986 , VCU amassed a 144–64 record , winning three Sun Belt Conference Championships . Smith took two important things away from his experience as an assistant coach for the Rams . First , under Barnett , Smith learned the principles of the ball-line defense , a hallmark of Smiths teams throughout his head coaching career . Second was a relationship with fellow assistant David Hobbs , an assistant and associate head coach under Smith during his tenure at the University of Kentucky . South Carolina . Smith left Virginia Commonwealth in 1986 to join George Feltons staff at the University of South Carolina . Felton remembered Smith from having recruited one of his players while Smith was at Hoke High School . During Smiths three years , the Gamecocks were 53–35 . Later , roles would be reversed , with Smith bringing Felton in as an assistant coach at Kentucky . Kentucky . Smith joined the University of Kentucky under then head coach Rick Pitino , who had the challenge of rebuilding a UK program that had been rocked by NCAA probation and player defections . With only eight scholarship student-athletes , none taller than 6–7 , the staff molded the Cats into winners once again , exceeding expectations to record a 14–14 mark . The following year , with Smith promoted to associate coach and UK still on probation , the Wildcats earned a 22–6 record , a final ranking of ninth in the AP poll , and an SEC-best 14–4 record . Smith wasnt the only soon-to-be high-profile name on Pitinos coaching staff at Kentucky . Future head coaches Ralph Willard , Herb Sendek , Billy Donovan , and Bernadette Locke-Mattox were all Smiths colleagues . Head coaching career . Tulsa . From 1991 to 1995 , Smith led the Tulsa Golden Hurricane mens basketball to a 79–43 record . Rebuilding the basketball program his first two years , he then led the team to two consecutive Missouri Valley Conference regular season titles and two appearances in the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Tournament in 1994 and 1995 . Smiths 1994 Tulsa team upset UCLA in the tourneys first round before knocking off Oklahoma State . In 95 , the Golden Hurricane defeated Big Ten team Illinois to open March Madness . Georgia . On March 29 , 1995 , Smith accepted the head coaching job at the University of Georgia , becoming the schools first African-American head coach . In two seasons , he led the Bulldogs to a 45–19 record , including the first back-to-back seasons of 20 wins or more in school history . His teams achieved a Sweet 16 finish in the 1996 NCAA Tournament and lost in the first round of the 1997 NCAA Tournament . The Bulldogs defeated Clemson to open the 96 tournament before upsetting the top-seeded Purdue Boilermakers . Kentucky . Tubby Smith was introduced as the Wildcats 20th head coach on May 12 , 1997 , charged with the task of replacing popular coach Rick Pitino , who left to become the head coach of the NBAs Boston Celtics . The Wildcats were at the top of the basketball world at the time , having won a national title in 1996 and played in the national title game in 1997 . The team Smith inherited had seven players from the Arizona loss and five from the 1996 championship team . In his first season at UK , he coached the Wildcats to their seventh NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Championship , including a come-from-behind victory against Duke in the Elite Eight . His 1998 national championship is unique in modern times , as being the only team in over twenty years to win without a first-team All-American or future NBA lottery pick . ( see 1998 NCAA Tournament ) . Smiths teams , known primarily for a defense-oriented slower style of play coined Tubbyball , received mixed reviews among Kentucky fans who have historically enjoyed a faster , higher-scoring style of play under previous coaches . Smith was also known for using the ball line defense . Smith led Kentucky to one national championship in 1998 , a perfect 16–0 regular season conference record in 2003 , five SEC regular season championships ( 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2005 ) and five SEC Tournament titles ( 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 ) . Smith led the Wildcats to six Sweet Sixteen appearances ( 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 ) and four Elite Eight appearances ( 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2005 ) in his ten seasons . He totaled 100 wins quicker than any other Wildcat coach except Hall of Fame member Adolph Rupp and current Wildcat coach John Calipari , reaching the plateau in 130 games . Smith was named National Coach of the Year in 2003 and SEC Coach of the Year in 1998 , 2003 , and 2005 . Smith came under considerable pressure from many UK fans late in his tenure . Many thought that his recruiting was subpar , as he regularly struggled to land top recruits . Kentucky fans also became impatient that his teams never reached another Final Four during his tenure . Some UK fans went as far as to place for sale signs on his front lawn . Smith did come just a double overtime loss short of a Final Four appearance in 2005 , losing to Tom Izzos Michigan State Spartans . Smiths Kentucky teams also lost in the regional finals of both the 1999 and 2003 NCAA tournaments . Smith also had five double digit loss seasons ( which led to his critics nicknaming him Ten-Loss Tubby ) , which caused the pressure to ramp up on him . On March 22 , 2007 , Smith resigned his position of UK head coach to accept the head coach position at the University of Minnesota . In his ten seasons at Kentucky , Smith led UK to an overall record of 263–83 , for a winning percentage of .760 . In contrast , the coach Kentucky selected to succeed him , Billy Gillispie , went 40–27 for a winning percentage of .597 , and missed the NCAAs in his second year . In 2013 , Smith was elected to the UK Athletic Hall of Fame . Minnesota . Smith was hired as the new mens head coach of the University of Minnesota on March 22 , 2007 . He replaced Dan Monson , who resigned from Minnesota on November 30 , 2006 and Jim Molinari , who served as the interim coach following Monsons resignation . Coach Smith joined Minnesota on the heels of several disappointing seasons for the Gophers , who had made the NCAA Tournament only once since Monsons hiring in 1999 . In Smiths first season , the team improved from 8–22 in 2006–07 to 20–14 in 2007–08 , and reached the Big Ten Tournament semifinals after defeating second-seeded Indiana . In the 2008–09 season , Smith led Minnesota to a record of 22–11 and a bid to the NCAA tournament , where the team was eliminated in the opening round . In the 2009–10 season , Smiths team struggled throughout the year with off court issues and close losses . However , in the Big Ten Tournament , Smith guided the team to win three games in three days to advance to Minnesotas first ever appearance in the Big Ten championship game . Though it lost that game , the teams run vaulted it into the NCAA tournament for the second consecutive year , where it again lost in the first round . In 2008 , Smith had the highest salary of any state employee in Minnesota . The 2010–11 Gophers struggled to maintain the programs momentum , however , finishing 17–14 overall and 6–12 in league play ( 9th place ) . Following the season , Smith cited injuries as a major factor for the teams disappointing season . The 2011–12 Gophers were 19–14 overall and 6–12 in conference play at the conclusion of the regular season . After earning a bid to play in the NIT , the Gophers won four consecutive games before losing in the NIT championship game to Stanford . They concluded the season with a 23–15 overall record , which tied for the most wins in a season in school history . In July 2012 , Smith signed a three-year extension with Minnesota . However , on March 25 , 2013 , Smith was relieved of his head coaching duties following a Round of 32 loss in the NCAA Tournament to Florida . He was replaced by Richard Pitino , whose father Rick , coincidentally , Smith had replaced at Kentucky . Texas Tech . On April 1 , 2013 , Texas Tech announced that Smith would be hired , and he was introduced as the new mens basketball coach on April 2 , 2013 . He replaced Billy Gillispie ( who ironically replaced Smith after he left Kentucky in 2007 ) , who resigned from Texas Tech on September 20 , 2012 and Chris Walker , who served as the interim coach following Gillispies resignation . Texas Tech had failed to make the NCAA tournament in the 7 years prior to Smiths hire at the school . Tubby Smiths first season ( 2013–2014 ) proved to be a challenge . The Red Raiders led by Jaye Crockett started the season 8–5 in non conference only to fade during Big 12 play finishing with a 6–12 conference mark . Although the team faded down the stretch , it showed that it could compete with the upper teams in the Big 12 as the Red Raiders won two games against ranked competition and lost many close games . The team finished with a 14–18 record overall and 9th in the 10 team Big 12 . This season marked Smiths first losing season as a head coach in his career and proved that the rebuilding job in Lubbock was massive . Smiths second season started with Smith attempting to improve the Red Raiders talent level . Smith added Keenan Evans , Justin Gray , Norense Odiase , and Zach Smith in the offseason in the hopes of improving a depleted Red Raider team . The season ended up being a massive disappointment as the Red Raiders got worse than the 2013–2014 season and finished 13–19 with only 3 victories coming in the Big 12 . Although , the season was labeled a massive disappointment , Smith led the Red Raiders to their first victory over a top 25 team since the 2009 season with a January 15 , 2014 upset over the #9 Iowa State Cyclones . Although the season started with plenty of promise , the Red Raiders finished a mediocre season with a first round Big 12 tournament exit against the Texas Longhorns . The 2015–16 season proved to be Smiths best , his 3rd season at Texas Tech , the Red Raiders started the season with a 12–7 record and a 2–6 record in the Big 12 . The Red Raiders eventually led a turnaround and won 3 straight games against ranked opponents for the first time in school history . The season featured young stars Evans , Gray , Odiase , and Smith as well as senior leaders Devaugntah Williams and Toddrick Gotcher . The team proved to be well balanced and efficient on both sides of the ball . The Red Raiders made good use of Smiths ball line defense . The Red Raiders would close out the 2015–16 regular season by winning 6 of their last 8 games and finishing with an overall 19–12 record with a 9–9 record in Big 12 play . The turnaround was the biggest in the Big 12 with the Red Raiders completing a six-game improvement from the year prior in arguably the toughest conference in the country . On March 13 , 2016 , the Red Raiders were selected to participate in the 2016 NCAA Tournament . Smith was named the Big 12 Coach of the Year for orchestrating the turnaround . On March 8 , Smith was named as the Sporting News Coach of the Year for his rebuilding effort . Memphis . On April 14 , 2016 , Smith accepted the head coaching position at Memphis , replacing former Memphis coach Josh Pastner who took the job at Georgia Tech . In April 2017 six of the top eight scorers transferred out of the program . Smith compiled a 22–13 record in his second year at Memphis , improving upon a 19–13 record in his first year . He was fired from the position on March 14 , 2018 . High Point . On March 25 , 2018 , it was first reported by Jeff Goodman of ESPN that Smith was on the verge of finalizing a contract to become the next head coach at his alma mater , High Point University . He was officially named head coach on March 27 , 2018 . Smith is an active donor at HPU , contributing to the funding of a new arena that is being built expected to be ready for the 2020 season . National team career . Smith was selected to help coach the United States mens national basketball team at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney . He served as an assistant to then-Houston Rockets coach Rudy Tomjanovich as the Americans captured the gold medal . Other leadership . Smith was inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa - The National Leadership Honor Society in 2001 at the University of Kentucky . Smith serves on the NCAA Committee to study basketball issues , joining Dukes Mike Krzyzewski and former Oregon head coach Ernie Kent . He serves on the National Association of Basketball Coaches Board of Directors and in June 2000 , spoke at a Congressional hearing on the issue of gambling in college sports . Tubby Smith and his wife , Donna , gave $1 million to High Point University , Tubby Smiths alma mater , for the building of a new basketball arena and conference center . High Point University announced in February 2017 that it will name the basketball court in their honor . Personal life . When he coached at Kentucky , Smith was very active in the Lexington community . The Tubby Smith Foundation , which he established to assist underprivileged children , raised over $1.5 million in five years . Smith and his wife , Donna , are still active with The TSF in Lexington even though they no longer live in the area . Also , several community centers in the greater Lexington area bear the moniker Tubbys Klubhouse due to his work within the centers .

/wiki/Tubby_Smith#P6087#3

Tubby Smith was the coach of which team between Jan 2007 and Oct 2010?

Tubby Smith Orlando Henry Tubby Smith ( born June 30 , 1951 ) is an American college basketball coach . He is the mens basketball coach at High Point University , his alma mater . Smith previously served in the same role at the University of Tulsa , the University of Georgia , the University of Kentucky , the University of Minnesota , Texas Tech University , and the University of Memphis . With Kentucky , he coached the Wildcats to the 1998 NCAA championship . In his 28 years as a head coach , Smith has achieved 26 winning seasons . In 2005 , he joined Roy Williams , Nolan Richardson , Denny Crum , and Jim Boeheim as the only head coaches to win 365 games in 15 seasons or fewer . With Texas Techs invitation to the 2016 NCAA Tournament , Smith became only the second coach in history to lead five different teams to the NCAA tournament . Smiths three sons are following in their fathers coaching footsteps . G.G . Smith , who played for his father at the University of Georgia , was formerly the head coach at Loyola ( Md ) , and is currently the associate head coach at High Point . His middle son Saul Smith played for his father at the University of Kentucky and was an assistant coach for his father at Memphis . Brian , his youngest son , was a point guard at Ole Miss and is the head coach at Saint John Paul II Academy in Boca Raton , Florida . Early years . Smith was born in Scotland , Maryland , in Saint Marys County , the sixth of 17 children born to sharecroppers Guffrie and Parthenia Smith . His large family accounts for his unusual nickname . Of all the Smith children , Tubby was most fond of staying in the galvanized washtub where the children were bathed . Smith says he tried to shake the moniker several times , but it stuck incessantly . He recalls that a 10th grade teacher who didnt tolerate nicknames was the last person to call him by his proper name , Orlando . After having a scholarship offer from the University of Maryland rescinded , Smith enrolled at High Point College ( now High Point University ) , graduating in 1973 . He played under three head coaches at High Point , including future boss J . D . Barnett . He lettered four times and was an all-conference performer as a senior . Smith earned a Bachelor of Science degree in health and physical education while at High Point , and also met his future wife , Donna , who was the homecoming queen . In 1973 , Smith began his coaching career with four years at his high school alma mater – Great Mills High School in Great Mills , Maryland , compiling a 46–36 record . His next stop was Hoke County High School in Raeford , North Carolina , where he recorded a 28–18 mark in two seasons . Assistant coaching positions . VCU . Smith began as assistant coach at Virginia Commonwealth University under his former High Point coach J . D . Barnett . From 1979 to 1986 , VCU amassed a 144–64 record , winning three Sun Belt Conference Championships . Smith took two important things away from his experience as an assistant coach for the Rams . First , under Barnett , Smith learned the principles of the ball-line defense , a hallmark of Smiths teams throughout his head coaching career . Second was a relationship with fellow assistant David Hobbs , an assistant and associate head coach under Smith during his tenure at the University of Kentucky . South Carolina . Smith left Virginia Commonwealth in 1986 to join George Feltons staff at the University of South Carolina . Felton remembered Smith from having recruited one of his players while Smith was at Hoke High School . During Smiths three years , the Gamecocks were 53–35 . Later , roles would be reversed , with Smith bringing Felton in as an assistant coach at Kentucky . Kentucky . Smith joined the University of Kentucky under then head coach Rick Pitino , who had the challenge of rebuilding a UK program that had been rocked by NCAA probation and player defections . With only eight scholarship student-athletes , none taller than 6–7 , the staff molded the Cats into winners once again , exceeding expectations to record a 14–14 mark . The following year , with Smith promoted to associate coach and UK still on probation , the Wildcats earned a 22–6 record , a final ranking of ninth in the AP poll , and an SEC-best 14–4 record . Smith wasnt the only soon-to-be high-profile name on Pitinos coaching staff at Kentucky . Future head coaches Ralph Willard , Herb Sendek , Billy Donovan , and Bernadette Locke-Mattox were all Smiths colleagues . Head coaching career . Tulsa . From 1991 to 1995 , Smith led the Tulsa Golden Hurricane mens basketball to a 79–43 record . Rebuilding the basketball program his first two years , he then led the team to two consecutive Missouri Valley Conference regular season titles and two appearances in the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Tournament in 1994 and 1995 . Smiths 1994 Tulsa team upset UCLA in the tourneys first round before knocking off Oklahoma State . In 95 , the Golden Hurricane defeated Big Ten team Illinois to open March Madness . Georgia . On March 29 , 1995 , Smith accepted the head coaching job at the University of Georgia , becoming the schools first African-American head coach . In two seasons , he led the Bulldogs to a 45–19 record , including the first back-to-back seasons of 20 wins or more in school history . His teams achieved a Sweet 16 finish in the 1996 NCAA Tournament and lost in the first round of the 1997 NCAA Tournament . The Bulldogs defeated Clemson to open the 96 tournament before upsetting the top-seeded Purdue Boilermakers . Kentucky . Tubby Smith was introduced as the Wildcats 20th head coach on May 12 , 1997 , charged with the task of replacing popular coach Rick Pitino , who left to become the head coach of the NBAs Boston Celtics . The Wildcats were at the top of the basketball world at the time , having won a national title in 1996 and played in the national title game in 1997 . The team Smith inherited had seven players from the Arizona loss and five from the 1996 championship team . In his first season at UK , he coached the Wildcats to their seventh NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Championship , including a come-from-behind victory against Duke in the Elite Eight . His 1998 national championship is unique in modern times , as being the only team in over twenty years to win without a first-team All-American or future NBA lottery pick . ( see 1998 NCAA Tournament ) . Smiths teams , known primarily for a defense-oriented slower style of play coined Tubbyball , received mixed reviews among Kentucky fans who have historically enjoyed a faster , higher-scoring style of play under previous coaches . Smith was also known for using the ball line defense . Smith led Kentucky to one national championship in 1998 , a perfect 16–0 regular season conference record in 2003 , five SEC regular season championships ( 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2005 ) and five SEC Tournament titles ( 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 ) . Smith led the Wildcats to six Sweet Sixteen appearances ( 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 ) and four Elite Eight appearances ( 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2005 ) in his ten seasons . He totaled 100 wins quicker than any other Wildcat coach except Hall of Fame member Adolph Rupp and current Wildcat coach John Calipari , reaching the plateau in 130 games . Smith was named National Coach of the Year in 2003 and SEC Coach of the Year in 1998 , 2003 , and 2005 . Smith came under considerable pressure from many UK fans late in his tenure . Many thought that his recruiting was subpar , as he regularly struggled to land top recruits . Kentucky fans also became impatient that his teams never reached another Final Four during his tenure . Some UK fans went as far as to place for sale signs on his front lawn . Smith did come just a double overtime loss short of a Final Four appearance in 2005 , losing to Tom Izzos Michigan State Spartans . Smiths Kentucky teams also lost in the regional finals of both the 1999 and 2003 NCAA tournaments . Smith also had five double digit loss seasons ( which led to his critics nicknaming him Ten-Loss Tubby ) , which caused the pressure to ramp up on him . On March 22 , 2007 , Smith resigned his position of UK head coach to accept the head coach position at the University of Minnesota . In his ten seasons at Kentucky , Smith led UK to an overall record of 263–83 , for a winning percentage of .760 . In contrast , the coach Kentucky selected to succeed him , Billy Gillispie , went 40–27 for a winning percentage of .597 , and missed the NCAAs in his second year . In 2013 , Smith was elected to the UK Athletic Hall of Fame . Minnesota . Smith was hired as the new mens head coach of the University of Minnesota on March 22 , 2007 . He replaced Dan Monson , who resigned from Minnesota on November 30 , 2006 and Jim Molinari , who served as the interim coach following Monsons resignation . Coach Smith joined Minnesota on the heels of several disappointing seasons for the Gophers , who had made the NCAA Tournament only once since Monsons hiring in 1999 . In Smiths first season , the team improved from 8–22 in 2006–07 to 20–14 in 2007–08 , and reached the Big Ten Tournament semifinals after defeating second-seeded Indiana . In the 2008–09 season , Smith led Minnesota to a record of 22–11 and a bid to the NCAA tournament , where the team was eliminated in the opening round . In the 2009–10 season , Smiths team struggled throughout the year with off court issues and close losses . However , in the Big Ten Tournament , Smith guided the team to win three games in three days to advance to Minnesotas first ever appearance in the Big Ten championship game . Though it lost that game , the teams run vaulted it into the NCAA tournament for the second consecutive year , where it again lost in the first round . In 2008 , Smith had the highest salary of any state employee in Minnesota . The 2010–11 Gophers struggled to maintain the programs momentum , however , finishing 17–14 overall and 6–12 in league play ( 9th place ) . Following the season , Smith cited injuries as a major factor for the teams disappointing season . The 2011–12 Gophers were 19–14 overall and 6–12 in conference play at the conclusion of the regular season . After earning a bid to play in the NIT , the Gophers won four consecutive games before losing in the NIT championship game to Stanford . They concluded the season with a 23–15 overall record , which tied for the most wins in a season in school history . In July 2012 , Smith signed a three-year extension with Minnesota . However , on March 25 , 2013 , Smith was relieved of his head coaching duties following a Round of 32 loss in the NCAA Tournament to Florida . He was replaced by Richard Pitino , whose father Rick , coincidentally , Smith had replaced at Kentucky . Texas Tech . On April 1 , 2013 , Texas Tech announced that Smith would be hired , and he was introduced as the new mens basketball coach on April 2 , 2013 . He replaced Billy Gillispie ( who ironically replaced Smith after he left Kentucky in 2007 ) , who resigned from Texas Tech on September 20 , 2012 and Chris Walker , who served as the interim coach following Gillispies resignation . Texas Tech had failed to make the NCAA tournament in the 7 years prior to Smiths hire at the school . Tubby Smiths first season ( 2013–2014 ) proved to be a challenge . The Red Raiders led by Jaye Crockett started the season 8–5 in non conference only to fade during Big 12 play finishing with a 6–12 conference mark . Although the team faded down the stretch , it showed that it could compete with the upper teams in the Big 12 as the Red Raiders won two games against ranked competition and lost many close games . The team finished with a 14–18 record overall and 9th in the 10 team Big 12 . This season marked Smiths first losing season as a head coach in his career and proved that the rebuilding job in Lubbock was massive . Smiths second season started with Smith attempting to improve the Red Raiders talent level . Smith added Keenan Evans , Justin Gray , Norense Odiase , and Zach Smith in the offseason in the hopes of improving a depleted Red Raider team . The season ended up being a massive disappointment as the Red Raiders got worse than the 2013–2014 season and finished 13–19 with only 3 victories coming in the Big 12 . Although , the season was labeled a massive disappointment , Smith led the Red Raiders to their first victory over a top 25 team since the 2009 season with a January 15 , 2014 upset over the #9 Iowa State Cyclones . Although the season started with plenty of promise , the Red Raiders finished a mediocre season with a first round Big 12 tournament exit against the Texas Longhorns . The 2015–16 season proved to be Smiths best , his 3rd season at Texas Tech , the Red Raiders started the season with a 12–7 record and a 2–6 record in the Big 12 . The Red Raiders eventually led a turnaround and won 3 straight games against ranked opponents for the first time in school history . The season featured young stars Evans , Gray , Odiase , and Smith as well as senior leaders Devaugntah Williams and Toddrick Gotcher . The team proved to be well balanced and efficient on both sides of the ball . The Red Raiders made good use of Smiths ball line defense . The Red Raiders would close out the 2015–16 regular season by winning 6 of their last 8 games and finishing with an overall 19–12 record with a 9–9 record in Big 12 play . The turnaround was the biggest in the Big 12 with the Red Raiders completing a six-game improvement from the year prior in arguably the toughest conference in the country . On March 13 , 2016 , the Red Raiders were selected to participate in the 2016 NCAA Tournament . Smith was named the Big 12 Coach of the Year for orchestrating the turnaround . On March 8 , Smith was named as the Sporting News Coach of the Year for his rebuilding effort . Memphis . On April 14 , 2016 , Smith accepted the head coaching position at Memphis , replacing former Memphis coach Josh Pastner who took the job at Georgia Tech . In April 2017 six of the top eight scorers transferred out of the program . Smith compiled a 22–13 record in his second year at Memphis , improving upon a 19–13 record in his first year . He was fired from the position on March 14 , 2018 . High Point . On March 25 , 2018 , it was first reported by Jeff Goodman of ESPN that Smith was on the verge of finalizing a contract to become the next head coach at his alma mater , High Point University . He was officially named head coach on March 27 , 2018 . Smith is an active donor at HPU , contributing to the funding of a new arena that is being built expected to be ready for the 2020 season . National team career . Smith was selected to help coach the United States mens national basketball team at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney . He served as an assistant to then-Houston Rockets coach Rudy Tomjanovich as the Americans captured the gold medal . Other leadership . Smith was inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa - The National Leadership Honor Society in 2001 at the University of Kentucky . Smith serves on the NCAA Committee to study basketball issues , joining Dukes Mike Krzyzewski and former Oregon head coach Ernie Kent . He serves on the National Association of Basketball Coaches Board of Directors and in June 2000 , spoke at a Congressional hearing on the issue of gambling in college sports . Tubby Smith and his wife , Donna , gave $1 million to High Point University , Tubby Smiths alma mater , for the building of a new basketball arena and conference center . High Point University announced in February 2017 that it will name the basketball court in their honor . Personal life . When he coached at Kentucky , Smith was very active in the Lexington community . The Tubby Smith Foundation , which he established to assist underprivileged children , raised over $1.5 million in five years . Smith and his wife , Donna , are still active with The TSF in Lexington even though they no longer live in the area . Also , several community centers in the greater Lexington area bear the moniker Tubbys Klubhouse due to his work within the centers .

/wiki/Tubby_Smith#P6087#4

Tubby Smith was the coach of which team between Feb 2016 and Sep 2017?

Tubby Smith Orlando Henry Tubby Smith ( born June 30 , 1951 ) is an American college basketball coach . He is the mens basketball coach at High Point University , his alma mater . Smith previously served in the same role at the University of Tulsa , the University of Georgia , the University of Kentucky , the University of Minnesota , Texas Tech University , and the University of Memphis . With Kentucky , he coached the Wildcats to the 1998 NCAA championship . In his 28 years as a head coach , Smith has achieved 26 winning seasons . In 2005 , he joined Roy Williams , Nolan Richardson , Denny Crum , and Jim Boeheim as the only head coaches to win 365 games in 15 seasons or fewer . With Texas Techs invitation to the 2016 NCAA Tournament , Smith became only the second coach in history to lead five different teams to the NCAA tournament . Smiths three sons are following in their fathers coaching footsteps . G.G . Smith , who played for his father at the University of Georgia , was formerly the head coach at Loyola ( Md ) , and is currently the associate head coach at High Point . His middle son Saul Smith played for his father at the University of Kentucky and was an assistant coach for his father at Memphis . Brian , his youngest son , was a point guard at Ole Miss and is the head coach at Saint John Paul II Academy in Boca Raton , Florida . Early years . Smith was born in Scotland , Maryland , in Saint Marys County , the sixth of 17 children born to sharecroppers Guffrie and Parthenia Smith . His large family accounts for his unusual nickname . Of all the Smith children , Tubby was most fond of staying in the galvanized washtub where the children were bathed . Smith says he tried to shake the moniker several times , but it stuck incessantly . He recalls that a 10th grade teacher who didnt tolerate nicknames was the last person to call him by his proper name , Orlando . After having a scholarship offer from the University of Maryland rescinded , Smith enrolled at High Point College ( now High Point University ) , graduating in 1973 . He played under three head coaches at High Point , including future boss J . D . Barnett . He lettered four times and was an all-conference performer as a senior . Smith earned a Bachelor of Science degree in health and physical education while at High Point , and also met his future wife , Donna , who was the homecoming queen . In 1973 , Smith began his coaching career with four years at his high school alma mater – Great Mills High School in Great Mills , Maryland , compiling a 46–36 record . His next stop was Hoke County High School in Raeford , North Carolina , where he recorded a 28–18 mark in two seasons . Assistant coaching positions . VCU . Smith began as assistant coach at Virginia Commonwealth University under his former High Point coach J . D . Barnett . From 1979 to 1986 , VCU amassed a 144–64 record , winning three Sun Belt Conference Championships . Smith took two important things away from his experience as an assistant coach for the Rams . First , under Barnett , Smith learned the principles of the ball-line defense , a hallmark of Smiths teams throughout his head coaching career . Second was a relationship with fellow assistant David Hobbs , an assistant and associate head coach under Smith during his tenure at the University of Kentucky . South Carolina . Smith left Virginia Commonwealth in 1986 to join George Feltons staff at the University of South Carolina . Felton remembered Smith from having recruited one of his players while Smith was at Hoke High School . During Smiths three years , the Gamecocks were 53–35 . Later , roles would be reversed , with Smith bringing Felton in as an assistant coach at Kentucky . Kentucky . Smith joined the University of Kentucky under then head coach Rick Pitino , who had the challenge of rebuilding a UK program that had been rocked by NCAA probation and player defections . With only eight scholarship student-athletes , none taller than 6–7 , the staff molded the Cats into winners once again , exceeding expectations to record a 14–14 mark . The following year , with Smith promoted to associate coach and UK still on probation , the Wildcats earned a 22–6 record , a final ranking of ninth in the AP poll , and an SEC-best 14–4 record . Smith wasnt the only soon-to-be high-profile name on Pitinos coaching staff at Kentucky . Future head coaches Ralph Willard , Herb Sendek , Billy Donovan , and Bernadette Locke-Mattox were all Smiths colleagues . Head coaching career . Tulsa . From 1991 to 1995 , Smith led the Tulsa Golden Hurricane mens basketball to a 79–43 record . Rebuilding the basketball program his first two years , he then led the team to two consecutive Missouri Valley Conference regular season titles and two appearances in the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Tournament in 1994 and 1995 . Smiths 1994 Tulsa team upset UCLA in the tourneys first round before knocking off Oklahoma State . In 95 , the Golden Hurricane defeated Big Ten team Illinois to open March Madness . Georgia . On March 29 , 1995 , Smith accepted the head coaching job at the University of Georgia , becoming the schools first African-American head coach . In two seasons , he led the Bulldogs to a 45–19 record , including the first back-to-back seasons of 20 wins or more in school history . His teams achieved a Sweet 16 finish in the 1996 NCAA Tournament and lost in the first round of the 1997 NCAA Tournament . The Bulldogs defeated Clemson to open the 96 tournament before upsetting the top-seeded Purdue Boilermakers . Kentucky . Tubby Smith was introduced as the Wildcats 20th head coach on May 12 , 1997 , charged with the task of replacing popular coach Rick Pitino , who left to become the head coach of the NBAs Boston Celtics . The Wildcats were at the top of the basketball world at the time , having won a national title in 1996 and played in the national title game in 1997 . The team Smith inherited had seven players from the Arizona loss and five from the 1996 championship team . In his first season at UK , he coached the Wildcats to their seventh NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Championship , including a come-from-behind victory against Duke in the Elite Eight . His 1998 national championship is unique in modern times , as being the only team in over twenty years to win without a first-team All-American or future NBA lottery pick . ( see 1998 NCAA Tournament ) . Smiths teams , known primarily for a defense-oriented slower style of play coined Tubbyball , received mixed reviews among Kentucky fans who have historically enjoyed a faster , higher-scoring style of play under previous coaches . Smith was also known for using the ball line defense . Smith led Kentucky to one national championship in 1998 , a perfect 16–0 regular season conference record in 2003 , five SEC regular season championships ( 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2005 ) and five SEC Tournament titles ( 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 ) . Smith led the Wildcats to six Sweet Sixteen appearances ( 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 ) and four Elite Eight appearances ( 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2005 ) in his ten seasons . He totaled 100 wins quicker than any other Wildcat coach except Hall of Fame member Adolph Rupp and current Wildcat coach John Calipari , reaching the plateau in 130 games . Smith was named National Coach of the Year in 2003 and SEC Coach of the Year in 1998 , 2003 , and 2005 . Smith came under considerable pressure from many UK fans late in his tenure . Many thought that his recruiting was subpar , as he regularly struggled to land top recruits . Kentucky fans also became impatient that his teams never reached another Final Four during his tenure . Some UK fans went as far as to place for sale signs on his front lawn . Smith did come just a double overtime loss short of a Final Four appearance in 2005 , losing to Tom Izzos Michigan State Spartans . Smiths Kentucky teams also lost in the regional finals of both the 1999 and 2003 NCAA tournaments . Smith also had five double digit loss seasons ( which led to his critics nicknaming him Ten-Loss Tubby ) , which caused the pressure to ramp up on him . On March 22 , 2007 , Smith resigned his position of UK head coach to accept the head coach position at the University of Minnesota . In his ten seasons at Kentucky , Smith led UK to an overall record of 263–83 , for a winning percentage of .760 . In contrast , the coach Kentucky selected to succeed him , Billy Gillispie , went 40–27 for a winning percentage of .597 , and missed the NCAAs in his second year . In 2013 , Smith was elected to the UK Athletic Hall of Fame . Minnesota . Smith was hired as the new mens head coach of the University of Minnesota on March 22 , 2007 . He replaced Dan Monson , who resigned from Minnesota on November 30 , 2006 and Jim Molinari , who served as the interim coach following Monsons resignation . Coach Smith joined Minnesota on the heels of several disappointing seasons for the Gophers , who had made the NCAA Tournament only once since Monsons hiring in 1999 . In Smiths first season , the team improved from 8–22 in 2006–07 to 20–14 in 2007–08 , and reached the Big Ten Tournament semifinals after defeating second-seeded Indiana . In the 2008–09 season , Smith led Minnesota to a record of 22–11 and a bid to the NCAA tournament , where the team was eliminated in the opening round . In the 2009–10 season , Smiths team struggled throughout the year with off court issues and close losses . However , in the Big Ten Tournament , Smith guided the team to win three games in three days to advance to Minnesotas first ever appearance in the Big Ten championship game . Though it lost that game , the teams run vaulted it into the NCAA tournament for the second consecutive year , where it again lost in the first round . In 2008 , Smith had the highest salary of any state employee in Minnesota . The 2010–11 Gophers struggled to maintain the programs momentum , however , finishing 17–14 overall and 6–12 in league play ( 9th place ) . Following the season , Smith cited injuries as a major factor for the teams disappointing season . The 2011–12 Gophers were 19–14 overall and 6–12 in conference play at the conclusion of the regular season . After earning a bid to play in the NIT , the Gophers won four consecutive games before losing in the NIT championship game to Stanford . They concluded the season with a 23–15 overall record , which tied for the most wins in a season in school history . In July 2012 , Smith signed a three-year extension with Minnesota . However , on March 25 , 2013 , Smith was relieved of his head coaching duties following a Round of 32 loss in the NCAA Tournament to Florida . He was replaced by Richard Pitino , whose father Rick , coincidentally , Smith had replaced at Kentucky . Texas Tech . On April 1 , 2013 , Texas Tech announced that Smith would be hired , and he was introduced as the new mens basketball coach on April 2 , 2013 . He replaced Billy Gillispie ( who ironically replaced Smith after he left Kentucky in 2007 ) , who resigned from Texas Tech on September 20 , 2012 and Chris Walker , who served as the interim coach following Gillispies resignation . Texas Tech had failed to make the NCAA tournament in the 7 years prior to Smiths hire at the school . Tubby Smiths first season ( 2013–2014 ) proved to be a challenge . The Red Raiders led by Jaye Crockett started the season 8–5 in non conference only to fade during Big 12 play finishing with a 6–12 conference mark . Although the team faded down the stretch , it showed that it could compete with the upper teams in the Big 12 as the Red Raiders won two games against ranked competition and lost many close games . The team finished with a 14–18 record overall and 9th in the 10 team Big 12 . This season marked Smiths first losing season as a head coach in his career and proved that the rebuilding job in Lubbock was massive . Smiths second season started with Smith attempting to improve the Red Raiders talent level . Smith added Keenan Evans , Justin Gray , Norense Odiase , and Zach Smith in the offseason in the hopes of improving a depleted Red Raider team . The season ended up being a massive disappointment as the Red Raiders got worse than the 2013–2014 season and finished 13–19 with only 3 victories coming in the Big 12 . Although , the season was labeled a massive disappointment , Smith led the Red Raiders to their first victory over a top 25 team since the 2009 season with a January 15 , 2014 upset over the #9 Iowa State Cyclones . Although the season started with plenty of promise , the Red Raiders finished a mediocre season with a first round Big 12 tournament exit against the Texas Longhorns . The 2015–16 season proved to be Smiths best , his 3rd season at Texas Tech , the Red Raiders started the season with a 12–7 record and a 2–6 record in the Big 12 . The Red Raiders eventually led a turnaround and won 3 straight games against ranked opponents for the first time in school history . The season featured young stars Evans , Gray , Odiase , and Smith as well as senior leaders Devaugntah Williams and Toddrick Gotcher . The team proved to be well balanced and efficient on both sides of the ball . The Red Raiders made good use of Smiths ball line defense . The Red Raiders would close out the 2015–16 regular season by winning 6 of their last 8 games and finishing with an overall 19–12 record with a 9–9 record in Big 12 play . The turnaround was the biggest in the Big 12 with the Red Raiders completing a six-game improvement from the year prior in arguably the toughest conference in the country . On March 13 , 2016 , the Red Raiders were selected to participate in the 2016 NCAA Tournament . Smith was named the Big 12 Coach of the Year for orchestrating the turnaround . On March 8 , Smith was named as the Sporting News Coach of the Year for his rebuilding effort . Memphis . On April 14 , 2016 , Smith accepted the head coaching position at Memphis , replacing former Memphis coach Josh Pastner who took the job at Georgia Tech . In April 2017 six of the top eight scorers transferred out of the program . Smith compiled a 22–13 record in his second year at Memphis , improving upon a 19–13 record in his first year . He was fired from the position on March 14 , 2018 . High Point . On March 25 , 2018 , it was first reported by Jeff Goodman of ESPN that Smith was on the verge of finalizing a contract to become the next head coach at his alma mater , High Point University . He was officially named head coach on March 27 , 2018 . Smith is an active donor at HPU , contributing to the funding of a new arena that is being built expected to be ready for the 2020 season . National team career . Smith was selected to help coach the United States mens national basketball team at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney . He served as an assistant to then-Houston Rockets coach Rudy Tomjanovich as the Americans captured the gold medal . Other leadership . Smith was inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa - The National Leadership Honor Society in 2001 at the University of Kentucky . Smith serves on the NCAA Committee to study basketball issues , joining Dukes Mike Krzyzewski and former Oregon head coach Ernie Kent . He serves on the National Association of Basketball Coaches Board of Directors and in June 2000 , spoke at a Congressional hearing on the issue of gambling in college sports . Tubby Smith and his wife , Donna , gave $1 million to High Point University , Tubby Smiths alma mater , for the building of a new basketball arena and conference center . High Point University announced in February 2017 that it will name the basketball court in their honor . Personal life . When he coached at Kentucky , Smith was very active in the Lexington community . The Tubby Smith Foundation , which he established to assist underprivileged children , raised over $1.5 million in five years . Smith and his wife , Donna , are still active with The TSF in Lexington even though they no longer live in the area . Also , several community centers in the greater Lexington area bear the moniker Tubbys Klubhouse due to his work within the centers .

/wiki/Tubby_Smith#P6087#5

Tubby Smith was the coach of which team in Mar 2018?

Tubby Smith Orlando Henry Tubby Smith ( born June 30 , 1951 ) is an American college basketball coach . He is the mens basketball coach at High Point University , his alma mater . Smith previously served in the same role at the University of Tulsa , the University of Georgia , the University of Kentucky , the University of Minnesota , Texas Tech University , and the University of Memphis . With Kentucky , he coached the Wildcats to the 1998 NCAA championship . In his 28 years as a head coach , Smith has achieved 26 winning seasons . In 2005 , he joined Roy Williams , Nolan Richardson , Denny Crum , and Jim Boeheim as the only head coaches to win 365 games in 15 seasons or fewer . With Texas Techs invitation to the 2016 NCAA Tournament , Smith became only the second coach in history to lead five different teams to the NCAA tournament . Smiths three sons are following in their fathers coaching footsteps . G.G . Smith , who played for his father at the University of Georgia , was formerly the head coach at Loyola ( Md ) , and is currently the associate head coach at High Point . His middle son Saul Smith played for his father at the University of Kentucky and was an assistant coach for his father at Memphis . Brian , his youngest son , was a point guard at Ole Miss and is the head coach at Saint John Paul II Academy in Boca Raton , Florida . Early years . Smith was born in Scotland , Maryland , in Saint Marys County , the sixth of 17 children born to sharecroppers Guffrie and Parthenia Smith . His large family accounts for his unusual nickname . Of all the Smith children , Tubby was most fond of staying in the galvanized washtub where the children were bathed . Smith says he tried to shake the moniker several times , but it stuck incessantly . He recalls that a 10th grade teacher who didnt tolerate nicknames was the last person to call him by his proper name , Orlando . After having a scholarship offer from the University of Maryland rescinded , Smith enrolled at High Point College ( now High Point University ) , graduating in 1973 . He played under three head coaches at High Point , including future boss J . D . Barnett . He lettered four times and was an all-conference performer as a senior . Smith earned a Bachelor of Science degree in health and physical education while at High Point , and also met his future wife , Donna , who was the homecoming queen . In 1973 , Smith began his coaching career with four years at his high school alma mater – Great Mills High School in Great Mills , Maryland , compiling a 46–36 record . His next stop was Hoke County High School in Raeford , North Carolina , where he recorded a 28–18 mark in two seasons . Assistant coaching positions . VCU . Smith began as assistant coach at Virginia Commonwealth University under his former High Point coach J . D . Barnett . From 1979 to 1986 , VCU amassed a 144–64 record , winning three Sun Belt Conference Championships . Smith took two important things away from his experience as an assistant coach for the Rams . First , under Barnett , Smith learned the principles of the ball-line defense , a hallmark of Smiths teams throughout his head coaching career . Second was a relationship with fellow assistant David Hobbs , an assistant and associate head coach under Smith during his tenure at the University of Kentucky . South Carolina . Smith left Virginia Commonwealth in 1986 to join George Feltons staff at the University of South Carolina . Felton remembered Smith from having recruited one of his players while Smith was at Hoke High School . During Smiths three years , the Gamecocks were 53–35 . Later , roles would be reversed , with Smith bringing Felton in as an assistant coach at Kentucky . Kentucky . Smith joined the University of Kentucky under then head coach Rick Pitino , who had the challenge of rebuilding a UK program that had been rocked by NCAA probation and player defections . With only eight scholarship student-athletes , none taller than 6–7 , the staff molded the Cats into winners once again , exceeding expectations to record a 14–14 mark . The following year , with Smith promoted to associate coach and UK still on probation , the Wildcats earned a 22–6 record , a final ranking of ninth in the AP poll , and an SEC-best 14–4 record . Smith wasnt the only soon-to-be high-profile name on Pitinos coaching staff at Kentucky . Future head coaches Ralph Willard , Herb Sendek , Billy Donovan , and Bernadette Locke-Mattox were all Smiths colleagues . Head coaching career . Tulsa . From 1991 to 1995 , Smith led the Tulsa Golden Hurricane mens basketball to a 79–43 record . Rebuilding the basketball program his first two years , he then led the team to two consecutive Missouri Valley Conference regular season titles and two appearances in the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Tournament in 1994 and 1995 . Smiths 1994 Tulsa team upset UCLA in the tourneys first round before knocking off Oklahoma State . In 95 , the Golden Hurricane defeated Big Ten team Illinois to open March Madness . Georgia . On March 29 , 1995 , Smith accepted the head coaching job at the University of Georgia , becoming the schools first African-American head coach . In two seasons , he led the Bulldogs to a 45–19 record , including the first back-to-back seasons of 20 wins or more in school history . His teams achieved a Sweet 16 finish in the 1996 NCAA Tournament and lost in the first round of the 1997 NCAA Tournament . The Bulldogs defeated Clemson to open the 96 tournament before upsetting the top-seeded Purdue Boilermakers . Kentucky . Tubby Smith was introduced as the Wildcats 20th head coach on May 12 , 1997 , charged with the task of replacing popular coach Rick Pitino , who left to become the head coach of the NBAs Boston Celtics . The Wildcats were at the top of the basketball world at the time , having won a national title in 1996 and played in the national title game in 1997 . The team Smith inherited had seven players from the Arizona loss and five from the 1996 championship team . In his first season at UK , he coached the Wildcats to their seventh NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Championship , including a come-from-behind victory against Duke in the Elite Eight . His 1998 national championship is unique in modern times , as being the only team in over twenty years to win without a first-team All-American or future NBA lottery pick . ( see 1998 NCAA Tournament ) . Smiths teams , known primarily for a defense-oriented slower style of play coined Tubbyball , received mixed reviews among Kentucky fans who have historically enjoyed a faster , higher-scoring style of play under previous coaches . Smith was also known for using the ball line defense . Smith led Kentucky to one national championship in 1998 , a perfect 16–0 regular season conference record in 2003 , five SEC regular season championships ( 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2005 ) and five SEC Tournament titles ( 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 ) . Smith led the Wildcats to six Sweet Sixteen appearances ( 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 ) and four Elite Eight appearances ( 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2005 ) in his ten seasons . He totaled 100 wins quicker than any other Wildcat coach except Hall of Fame member Adolph Rupp and current Wildcat coach John Calipari , reaching the plateau in 130 games . Smith was named National Coach of the Year in 2003 and SEC Coach of the Year in 1998 , 2003 , and 2005 . Smith came under considerable pressure from many UK fans late in his tenure . Many thought that his recruiting was subpar , as he regularly struggled to land top recruits . Kentucky fans also became impatient that his teams never reached another Final Four during his tenure . Some UK fans went as far as to place for sale signs on his front lawn . Smith did come just a double overtime loss short of a Final Four appearance in 2005 , losing to Tom Izzos Michigan State Spartans . Smiths Kentucky teams also lost in the regional finals of both the 1999 and 2003 NCAA tournaments . Smith also had five double digit loss seasons ( which led to his critics nicknaming him Ten-Loss Tubby ) , which caused the pressure to ramp up on him . On March 22 , 2007 , Smith resigned his position of UK head coach to accept the head coach position at the University of Minnesota . In his ten seasons at Kentucky , Smith led UK to an overall record of 263–83 , for a winning percentage of .760 . In contrast , the coach Kentucky selected to succeed him , Billy Gillispie , went 40–27 for a winning percentage of .597 , and missed the NCAAs in his second year . In 2013 , Smith was elected to the UK Athletic Hall of Fame . Minnesota . Smith was hired as the new mens head coach of the University of Minnesota on March 22 , 2007 . He replaced Dan Monson , who resigned from Minnesota on November 30 , 2006 and Jim Molinari , who served as the interim coach following Monsons resignation . Coach Smith joined Minnesota on the heels of several disappointing seasons for the Gophers , who had made the NCAA Tournament only once since Monsons hiring in 1999 . In Smiths first season , the team improved from 8–22 in 2006–07 to 20–14 in 2007–08 , and reached the Big Ten Tournament semifinals after defeating second-seeded Indiana . In the 2008–09 season , Smith led Minnesota to a record of 22–11 and a bid to the NCAA tournament , where the team was eliminated in the opening round . In the 2009–10 season , Smiths team struggled throughout the year with off court issues and close losses . However , in the Big Ten Tournament , Smith guided the team to win three games in three days to advance to Minnesotas first ever appearance in the Big Ten championship game . Though it lost that game , the teams run vaulted it into the NCAA tournament for the second consecutive year , where it again lost in the first round . In 2008 , Smith had the highest salary of any state employee in Minnesota . The 2010–11 Gophers struggled to maintain the programs momentum , however , finishing 17–14 overall and 6–12 in league play ( 9th place ) . Following the season , Smith cited injuries as a major factor for the teams disappointing season . The 2011–12 Gophers were 19–14 overall and 6–12 in conference play at the conclusion of the regular season . After earning a bid to play in the NIT , the Gophers won four consecutive games before losing in the NIT championship game to Stanford . They concluded the season with a 23–15 overall record , which tied for the most wins in a season in school history . In July 2012 , Smith signed a three-year extension with Minnesota . However , on March 25 , 2013 , Smith was relieved of his head coaching duties following a Round of 32 loss in the NCAA Tournament to Florida . He was replaced by Richard Pitino , whose father Rick , coincidentally , Smith had replaced at Kentucky . Texas Tech . On April 1 , 2013 , Texas Tech announced that Smith would be hired , and he was introduced as the new mens basketball coach on April 2 , 2013 . He replaced Billy Gillispie ( who ironically replaced Smith after he left Kentucky in 2007 ) , who resigned from Texas Tech on September 20 , 2012 and Chris Walker , who served as the interim coach following Gillispies resignation . Texas Tech had failed to make the NCAA tournament in the 7 years prior to Smiths hire at the school . Tubby Smiths first season ( 2013–2014 ) proved to be a challenge . The Red Raiders led by Jaye Crockett started the season 8–5 in non conference only to fade during Big 12 play finishing with a 6–12 conference mark . Although the team faded down the stretch , it showed that it could compete with the upper teams in the Big 12 as the Red Raiders won two games against ranked competition and lost many close games . The team finished with a 14–18 record overall and 9th in the 10 team Big 12 . This season marked Smiths first losing season as a head coach in his career and proved that the rebuilding job in Lubbock was massive . Smiths second season started with Smith attempting to improve the Red Raiders talent level . Smith added Keenan Evans , Justin Gray , Norense Odiase , and Zach Smith in the offseason in the hopes of improving a depleted Red Raider team . The season ended up being a massive disappointment as the Red Raiders got worse than the 2013–2014 season and finished 13–19 with only 3 victories coming in the Big 12 . Although , the season was labeled a massive disappointment , Smith led the Red Raiders to their first victory over a top 25 team since the 2009 season with a January 15 , 2014 upset over the #9 Iowa State Cyclones . Although the season started with plenty of promise , the Red Raiders finished a mediocre season with a first round Big 12 tournament exit against the Texas Longhorns . The 2015–16 season proved to be Smiths best , his 3rd season at Texas Tech , the Red Raiders started the season with a 12–7 record and a 2–6 record in the Big 12 . The Red Raiders eventually led a turnaround and won 3 straight games against ranked opponents for the first time in school history . The season featured young stars Evans , Gray , Odiase , and Smith as well as senior leaders Devaugntah Williams and Toddrick Gotcher . The team proved to be well balanced and efficient on both sides of the ball . The Red Raiders made good use of Smiths ball line defense . The Red Raiders would close out the 2015–16 regular season by winning 6 of their last 8 games and finishing with an overall 19–12 record with a 9–9 record in Big 12 play . The turnaround was the biggest in the Big 12 with the Red Raiders completing a six-game improvement from the year prior in arguably the toughest conference in the country . On March 13 , 2016 , the Red Raiders were selected to participate in the 2016 NCAA Tournament . Smith was named the Big 12 Coach of the Year for orchestrating the turnaround . On March 8 , Smith was named as the Sporting News Coach of the Year for his rebuilding effort . Memphis . On April 14 , 2016 , Smith accepted the head coaching position at Memphis , replacing former Memphis coach Josh Pastner who took the job at Georgia Tech . In April 2017 six of the top eight scorers transferred out of the program . Smith compiled a 22–13 record in his second year at Memphis , improving upon a 19–13 record in his first year . He was fired from the position on March 14 , 2018 . High Point . On March 25 , 2018 , it was first reported by Jeff Goodman of ESPN that Smith was on the verge of finalizing a contract to become the next head coach at his alma mater , High Point University . He was officially named head coach on March 27 , 2018 . Smith is an active donor at HPU , contributing to the funding of a new arena that is being built expected to be ready for the 2020 season . National team career . Smith was selected to help coach the United States mens national basketball team at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney . He served as an assistant to then-Houston Rockets coach Rudy Tomjanovich as the Americans captured the gold medal . Other leadership . Smith was inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa - The National Leadership Honor Society in 2001 at the University of Kentucky . Smith serves on the NCAA Committee to study basketball issues , joining Dukes Mike Krzyzewski and former Oregon head coach Ernie Kent . He serves on the National Association of Basketball Coaches Board of Directors and in June 2000 , spoke at a Congressional hearing on the issue of gambling in college sports . Tubby Smith and his wife , Donna , gave $1 million to High Point University , Tubby Smiths alma mater , for the building of a new basketball arena and conference center . High Point University announced in February 2017 that it will name the basketball court in their honor . Personal life . When he coached at Kentucky , Smith was very active in the Lexington community . The Tubby Smith Foundation , which he established to assist underprivileged children , raised over $1.5 million in five years . Smith and his wife , Donna , are still active with The TSF in Lexington even though they no longer live in the area . Also , several community centers in the greater Lexington area bear the moniker Tubbys Klubhouse due to his work within the centers .

/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili#P39#0

Which position did Salome Zourabichvili hold in Nov 2003?

Salome Zourabichvili Salome Zourabichvili ( , ; born 18 March 1952 ) is a French–Georgian politician and former diplomat who currently serves as the fifth President of Georgia , in office since December 2018 . She is the first woman to be elected as Georgias president , a position she will occupy for a term of six years . As a result of constitutional changes coming into effect in 2024 , Zourabichvili is expected to be Georgias last popularly elected president ; all future heads of state are to be elected indirectly by a parliamentary college of electors . Zourabichvili was born in Paris into a family of Georgian immigrants . She joined the French diplomatic service in the 1970s and went on to occupy a variety of senior diplomatic positions for three decades . From 2003 to 2004 , she served as the Ambassador of France to Georgia . In 2004 , by mutual agreement between France and Georgia , she accepted Georgian nationality and became the Foreign Minister of Georgia . During her tenure at the Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( MFA ) , she negotiated a treaty that led to the withdrawal of Russian forces from the undisputed parts of the Georgian mainland . She has also served at the UN Security Council’s Iran Sanctions Committee as the Coordinator of the Panel of Experts . After a falling out with Georgias then President Mikheil Saakashvili , in 2006 Zourabichvili founded The Way of Georgia political party , which she led until 2010 . Ultimately , she was elected to the Georgian Parliament in 2016 as an independent ; she vacated her parliamentary seat after being sworn in as President . During the 2018 Georgian presidential election , Zourabichvili ran as an independent candidate and was supported by the governing Georgian Dream party . She prevailed in a run-off vote against Grigol Vashadze . Early life and education . Zourabichvili was born in Paris into a family of Georgian political emigrants . Her father , Levan ( 1906–1975 ) , was an engineer and served as a chairman of the Georgian Diaspora in Paris . He was the grandson of Niko Nikoladze , a prominent Georgian social democrat from the late nineteenth century , scion of noble Nikoladze family and a member of meore dasi , a collection of Georgian liberal intelligentsia . Her mother , Zeinab Kedia ( 1921–2016 ) , was related by marriage to Noe Ramishvili , the first prime minister of the Democratic Republic of Georgia . Zourabichvili has one brother , Otar . She attended some of the most prestigious French schools , such as Institut dÉtudes Politiques de Paris ( Sciences Po ) , and began a masters program at Columbia University in New York in the academic year of 1972–1973 , taking courses with Zbigniew Brzezinski . Zourabichvili is a cousin of Hélène Carrère dEncausse , a distinguished Franco-Georgian historian who serves as the head of the Académie française . Career . Career in diplomacy . Zourabichvili abandoned her studies and joined the French foreign service in 1974 , becoming a career diplomat with postings to Rome , the United Nations , Brussels , Washington , etc . The first time Zourabichvili visited Georgia was in 1986 during a break from her job at the French Embassy in Washington . Salomé Zourabichvili was Head of the Division of International and Strategic Issues of National Defence General Secretariat of France in 2001–2003 . She was appointed the Ambassador of France to Georgia in 2003 . Minister of Foreign Affairs , 2004–2005 . President Mikhail Saakashvili of Georgia nominated her as Minister of Foreign Affairs in his new government . Zourabichvili became the first woman to be appointed to this post in Georgia on 18 March 2004 . Zourabichvili was the Coordinator of the Panel of Experts assisting the UN Security Council’s Iran Sanctions Committee . As foreign minister of Georgia , Zourabichvili was the main negotiator of the agreement for the withdrawal of Russian military bases from the territory of Georgia , which was signed with Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov on 19 May 2005 . During her tenure as Foreign Minister , the New Group of Friends of Georgia was created , bringing together Ukraine , Lithuania , Latvia , Estonia , Romania , Bulgaria , the Czech Republic and Poland to help Georgias aspirations towards NATO and foster European integration . Zourabichvili was sacked by Prime Minister Zurab Nogaideli late on 19 October 2005 after a series of disputes with members of Parliament . She had also been heavily criticized by a number of Georgian ambassadors . Shortly before her dismissal was announced , Zourabichvili resigned from the French foreign service , which had continued to pay her a salary while she was minister , and announced that she would remain in Georgia to go into politics . Political career . In November 2005 , Zourabichvili set up the organization Salomé Zourabichvili’s Movement . In January 2006 she announced the establishment of a new political party Georgias Way , criticizing the countrys de facto one-party system . Although Zourabichvili enjoyed some degree of reputation in Georgia she was long unable to establish herself in the political field . At the city council elections in Tbilisi on 5 October 2006 , only 2.77% of the constituency voted for her party . Six months before , an opinion poll conducted by the Georgian weekly Kviris Palitra suggested that she would garner 23.1% of the votes at presidential elections . Since October 2007 , her party was part of the United Opposition alliance which nominated Zourabichvili as a Prospective Prime Minister in case of their candidate Levan Gachechiladzes victory in the January 2008 presidential election . As part of a 2009 campaign of the Georgian opposition to force President Mikheil Saakashvili to resign , Zourabichvili led a protest march together with three other prominent opposition figures – Nino Burjanadze , David Gamkrelidze and Eka Beselia – in Tbilisi on 26 March 2009 . On 12 November 2010 , Zourabichvili announced her withdrawal from the leadership of Georgias Way . She was succeeded by Kakha Seturidze . After a two-year leave from politics , she publicly endorsed Georgian Dream ahead of the 2013 presidential elections . Shortly after , Georgias Central Election Commission refused to register her as a presidential candidate due to her dual Georgian-French citizenship . In the 8 October 2016 parliamentary elections Zourabichvili won a seat as an independent , representing the Mtatsminda district of Tbilisi . She became MP on 18 November . During her term as MP , She was Deputy chairwoman of parliamentary committee on Diaspora and Caucasus Issues . Presidency . In August 2018 , Zourabichvili announced that she would participate in Georgian presidential elections . While she was officially independent , her campaign was heavily supported by Georgian Dream . Her main opponent in the election , Grigol Vashadze , was backed by Mikheil Saakashvili . The pre-election campaign was marred by a highly polarized political environment . International observers assessed the elections as competitive and free , stressing that one side enjoyed an undue advantage and the negative character of the campaign on both sides undermined the process , while the misuse of administrative resources blurred the line between party and state . In the first round , final results showed Zourabichvili with just 38.7 percent of the vote , one percentage point ahead of Vashadze , forcing a run-off . Zourabichvili won the 2nd round of the 2018 Georgian presidential election , becoming President-elect . She was inaugurated as President of Georgia on 16 December 2018 , with the ceremony performed in Telavi . As President , Zourabichvili inherited a new Constitution that entered into force the day of her inauguration and which significantly removed several powers from the Presidency , concentrating them within Parliament and the Prime Ministers Office . However , this did not stop her from using her position to call for historically-important decisions , including a new investigation into the controversial death of Zviad Gamsakhurdia , the countrys first President , in 1993 . Residence and funding . Salomé Zourabichvili announced during the presidential campaign that if elected , she would not work from the Avlabari Presidential Palace opened in 2009 , with Mikheil Saakashvili in office . She met with the fourth President after elections in the Avlabari Palace , but her administration has been moved into the Orbeliani Palace on Atoneli street in Central Tbilisi . On December 18 , 2018 she visited the Atoneli residence for the first time . Media met her at the entrance , emphasising the fact that she walked to the office . Besides moving to the smaller residence , Zourabichvilis office faced a significant budgetary cutback . According to the 2019 budget , funding for the presidential administration is being reduced by just over ₾ 3.5 million . As a result , the vast majority of former employees were fired with only 60 of them remaining in administration . Changes have also led to abolishing the presidential fund which amounted ₾5 million and funded scholarships , educational programs and various other projects . This decision has been widely criticized with Giorgi Margvelashvili and Maka Chichua campaigning for it to remain . Political positions . Womens rights and equality . As the first popularly elected woman president of Georgia , Zourabichvili has advocated for womens rights and equality through social media and from political tribunes . She has organised a number of meetings and attended conferences aiming for the empowerment of women and young girls . On October 5th 2019 , she hosted a meeting of women leaders from Georgia , Belgium and France , later saying on Twitter : The role of women in our society is crucial and their contribution to our political , cultural , entrepreneurial and educational circles is key to our development . LGBTQ rights . Amid the controversy around the 2019 Tbilisi Pride Parade , Zourabichvili said : “I am everyone’s president , regardless of sexual orientation or religious affiliation . No human should be discriminated against . I must also emphasize that our country is dealing with enough controversies and doesn’t need any further provocation from any side of the LGBTQ debate . This comment was met with criticism by LGBTQ organizations across the country , as well as some members of the civil society . Tbilisi Pride co-founder Tamaz Sozashvili wrote : How can she consider peaceful citizens and aggressive fundamentalists as equal sides ? She made no response to the criticism . Monarchy . In course of the 2008 Georgian presidential election , Zourabichvili and many other opposition politicians voiced support for the establishment of a constitutional monarchy under the Bagrationi dynasty , which the Patriarch of Georgia , Ilia II , had advocated . Personal life . Salomé Zourabichvili was married to the Georgian journalist Janri Kashia ( 1939–2012 ) . She has two children , Kethevane and Teimuraz , from her first marriage to Iranian-American economist Nicolas Gorjestani . Zourabichvili is the cousin of French historian Hélène Carrère dEncausse . Besides Georgian and French , she is also fluent in English , and is conversational in German and Italian . Works . - Salomé Zourabichvili ( 2006 ) . Une femme pour deux pays . Grasset , - Salomé Zourabichvili ( 2007 ) . Fermer Yalta , Cahiers de Chaillot , Institut de sécurité de lUnion européenne - Salomé Zourabichvili ( 2008 ) . Les cicatrices des Nations : LEurope malade de ses frontières . Bourin , - Salomé Zourabichvili ( 2009 ) . La tragédie géorgienne . Grasset - Salomé Zourabichvili ( 2011 ) . lexigence démocratique . Bourin éditeu

/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili#P39#1

Which position did Salome Zourabichvili hold in Jul 2004?

Salome Zourabichvili Salome Zourabichvili ( , ; born 18 March 1952 ) is a French–Georgian politician and former diplomat who currently serves as the fifth President of Georgia , in office since December 2018 . She is the first woman to be elected as Georgias president , a position she will occupy for a term of six years . As a result of constitutional changes coming into effect in 2024 , Zourabichvili is expected to be Georgias last popularly elected president ; all future heads of state are to be elected indirectly by a parliamentary college of electors . Zourabichvili was born in Paris into a family of Georgian immigrants . She joined the French diplomatic service in the 1970s and went on to occupy a variety of senior diplomatic positions for three decades . From 2003 to 2004 , she served as the Ambassador of France to Georgia . In 2004 , by mutual agreement between France and Georgia , she accepted Georgian nationality and became the Foreign Minister of Georgia . During her tenure at the Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( MFA ) , she negotiated a treaty that led to the withdrawal of Russian forces from the undisputed parts of the Georgian mainland . She has also served at the UN Security Council’s Iran Sanctions Committee as the Coordinator of the Panel of Experts . After a falling out with Georgias then President Mikheil Saakashvili , in 2006 Zourabichvili founded The Way of Georgia political party , which she led until 2010 . Ultimately , she was elected to the Georgian Parliament in 2016 as an independent ; she vacated her parliamentary seat after being sworn in as President . During the 2018 Georgian presidential election , Zourabichvili ran as an independent candidate and was supported by the governing Georgian Dream party . She prevailed in a run-off vote against Grigol Vashadze . Early life and education . Zourabichvili was born in Paris into a family of Georgian political emigrants . Her father , Levan ( 1906–1975 ) , was an engineer and served as a chairman of the Georgian Diaspora in Paris . He was the grandson of Niko Nikoladze , a prominent Georgian social democrat from the late nineteenth century , scion of noble Nikoladze family and a member of meore dasi , a collection of Georgian liberal intelligentsia . Her mother , Zeinab Kedia ( 1921–2016 ) , was related by marriage to Noe Ramishvili , the first prime minister of the Democratic Republic of Georgia . Zourabichvili has one brother , Otar . She attended some of the most prestigious French schools , such as Institut dÉtudes Politiques de Paris ( Sciences Po ) , and began a masters program at Columbia University in New York in the academic year of 1972–1973 , taking courses with Zbigniew Brzezinski . Zourabichvili is a cousin of Hélène Carrère dEncausse , a distinguished Franco-Georgian historian who serves as the head of the Académie française . Career . Career in diplomacy . Zourabichvili abandoned her studies and joined the French foreign service in 1974 , becoming a career diplomat with postings to Rome , the United Nations , Brussels , Washington , etc . The first time Zourabichvili visited Georgia was in 1986 during a break from her job at the French Embassy in Washington . Salomé Zourabichvili was Head of the Division of International and Strategic Issues of National Defence General Secretariat of France in 2001–2003 . She was appointed the Ambassador of France to Georgia in 2003 . Minister of Foreign Affairs , 2004–2005 . President Mikhail Saakashvili of Georgia nominated her as Minister of Foreign Affairs in his new government . Zourabichvili became the first woman to be appointed to this post in Georgia on 18 March 2004 . Zourabichvili was the Coordinator of the Panel of Experts assisting the UN Security Council’s Iran Sanctions Committee . As foreign minister of Georgia , Zourabichvili was the main negotiator of the agreement for the withdrawal of Russian military bases from the territory of Georgia , which was signed with Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov on 19 May 2005 . During her tenure as Foreign Minister , the New Group of Friends of Georgia was created , bringing together Ukraine , Lithuania , Latvia , Estonia , Romania , Bulgaria , the Czech Republic and Poland to help Georgias aspirations towards NATO and foster European integration . Zourabichvili was sacked by Prime Minister Zurab Nogaideli late on 19 October 2005 after a series of disputes with members of Parliament . She had also been heavily criticized by a number of Georgian ambassadors . Shortly before her dismissal was announced , Zourabichvili resigned from the French foreign service , which had continued to pay her a salary while she was minister , and announced that she would remain in Georgia to go into politics . Political career . In November 2005 , Zourabichvili set up the organization Salomé Zourabichvili’s Movement . In January 2006 she announced the establishment of a new political party Georgias Way , criticizing the countrys de facto one-party system . Although Zourabichvili enjoyed some degree of reputation in Georgia she was long unable to establish herself in the political field . At the city council elections in Tbilisi on 5 October 2006 , only 2.77% of the constituency voted for her party . Six months before , an opinion poll conducted by the Georgian weekly Kviris Palitra suggested that she would garner 23.1% of the votes at presidential elections . Since October 2007 , her party was part of the United Opposition alliance which nominated Zourabichvili as a Prospective Prime Minister in case of their candidate Levan Gachechiladzes victory in the January 2008 presidential election . As part of a 2009 campaign of the Georgian opposition to force President Mikheil Saakashvili to resign , Zourabichvili led a protest march together with three other prominent opposition figures – Nino Burjanadze , David Gamkrelidze and Eka Beselia – in Tbilisi on 26 March 2009 . On 12 November 2010 , Zourabichvili announced her withdrawal from the leadership of Georgias Way . She was succeeded by Kakha Seturidze . After a two-year leave from politics , she publicly endorsed Georgian Dream ahead of the 2013 presidential elections . Shortly after , Georgias Central Election Commission refused to register her as a presidential candidate due to her dual Georgian-French citizenship . In the 8 October 2016 parliamentary elections Zourabichvili won a seat as an independent , representing the Mtatsminda district of Tbilisi . She became MP on 18 November . During her term as MP , She was Deputy chairwoman of parliamentary committee on Diaspora and Caucasus Issues . Presidency . In August 2018 , Zourabichvili announced that she would participate in Georgian presidential elections . While she was officially independent , her campaign was heavily supported by Georgian Dream . Her main opponent in the election , Grigol Vashadze , was backed by Mikheil Saakashvili . The pre-election campaign was marred by a highly polarized political environment . International observers assessed the elections as competitive and free , stressing that one side enjoyed an undue advantage and the negative character of the campaign on both sides undermined the process , while the misuse of administrative resources blurred the line between party and state . In the first round , final results showed Zourabichvili with just 38.7 percent of the vote , one percentage point ahead of Vashadze , forcing a run-off . Zourabichvili won the 2nd round of the 2018 Georgian presidential election , becoming President-elect . She was inaugurated as President of Georgia on 16 December 2018 , with the ceremony performed in Telavi . As President , Zourabichvili inherited a new Constitution that entered into force the day of her inauguration and which significantly removed several powers from the Presidency , concentrating them within Parliament and the Prime Ministers Office . However , this did not stop her from using her position to call for historically-important decisions , including a new investigation into the controversial death of Zviad Gamsakhurdia , the countrys first President , in 1993 . Residence and funding . Salomé Zourabichvili announced during the presidential campaign that if elected , she would not work from the Avlabari Presidential Palace opened in 2009 , with Mikheil Saakashvili in office . She met with the fourth President after elections in the Avlabari Palace , but her administration has been moved into the Orbeliani Palace on Atoneli street in Central Tbilisi . On December 18 , 2018 she visited the Atoneli residence for the first time . Media met her at the entrance , emphasising the fact that she walked to the office . Besides moving to the smaller residence , Zourabichvilis office faced a significant budgetary cutback . According to the 2019 budget , funding for the presidential administration is being reduced by just over ₾ 3.5 million . As a result , the vast majority of former employees were fired with only 60 of them remaining in administration . Changes have also led to abolishing the presidential fund which amounted ₾5 million and funded scholarships , educational programs and various other projects . This decision has been widely criticized with Giorgi Margvelashvili and Maka Chichua campaigning for it to remain . Political positions . Womens rights and equality . As the first popularly elected woman president of Georgia , Zourabichvili has advocated for womens rights and equality through social media and from political tribunes . She has organised a number of meetings and attended conferences aiming for the empowerment of women and young girls . On October 5th 2019 , she hosted a meeting of women leaders from Georgia , Belgium and France , later saying on Twitter : The role of women in our society is crucial and their contribution to our political , cultural , entrepreneurial and educational circles is key to our development . LGBTQ rights . Amid the controversy around the 2019 Tbilisi Pride Parade , Zourabichvili said : “I am everyone’s president , regardless of sexual orientation or religious affiliation . No human should be discriminated against . I must also emphasize that our country is dealing with enough controversies and doesn’t need any further provocation from any side of the LGBTQ debate . This comment was met with criticism by LGBTQ organizations across the country , as well as some members of the civil society . Tbilisi Pride co-founder Tamaz Sozashvili wrote : How can she consider peaceful citizens and aggressive fundamentalists as equal sides ? She made no response to the criticism . Monarchy . In course of the 2008 Georgian presidential election , Zourabichvili and many other opposition politicians voiced support for the establishment of a constitutional monarchy under the Bagrationi dynasty , which the Patriarch of Georgia , Ilia II , had advocated . Personal life . Salomé Zourabichvili was married to the Georgian journalist Janri Kashia ( 1939–2012 ) . She has two children , Kethevane and Teimuraz , from her first marriage to Iranian-American economist Nicolas Gorjestani . Zourabichvili is the cousin of French historian Hélène Carrère dEncausse . Besides Georgian and French , she is also fluent in English , and is conversational in German and Italian . Works . - Salomé Zourabichvili ( 2006 ) . Une femme pour deux pays . Grasset , - Salomé Zourabichvili ( 2007 ) . Fermer Yalta , Cahiers de Chaillot , Institut de sécurité de lUnion européenne - Salomé Zourabichvili ( 2008 ) . Les cicatrices des Nations : LEurope malade de ses frontières . Bourin , - Salomé Zourabichvili ( 2009 ) . La tragédie géorgienne . Grasset - Salomé Zourabichvili ( 2011 ) . lexigence démocratique . Bourin éditeu

/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili#P39#2

Which position did Salome Zourabichvili hold in Oct 2009?

Salome Zourabichvili Salome Zourabichvili ( , ; born 18 March 1952 ) is a French–Georgian politician and former diplomat who currently serves as the fifth President of Georgia , in office since December 2018 . She is the first woman to be elected as Georgias president , a position she will occupy for a term of six years . As a result of constitutional changes coming into effect in 2024 , Zourabichvili is expected to be Georgias last popularly elected president ; all future heads of state are to be elected indirectly by a parliamentary college of electors . Zourabichvili was born in Paris into a family of Georgian immigrants . She joined the French diplomatic service in the 1970s and went on to occupy a variety of senior diplomatic positions for three decades . From 2003 to 2004 , she served as the Ambassador of France to Georgia . In 2004 , by mutual agreement between France and Georgia , she accepted Georgian nationality and became the Foreign Minister of Georgia . During her tenure at the Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( MFA ) , she negotiated a treaty that led to the withdrawal of Russian forces from the undisputed parts of the Georgian mainland . She has also served at the UN Security Council’s Iran Sanctions Committee as the Coordinator of the Panel of Experts . After a falling out with Georgias then President Mikheil Saakashvili , in 2006 Zourabichvili founded The Way of Georgia political party , which she led until 2010 . Ultimately , she was elected to the Georgian Parliament in 2016 as an independent ; she vacated her parliamentary seat after being sworn in as President . During the 2018 Georgian presidential election , Zourabichvili ran as an independent candidate and was supported by the governing Georgian Dream party . She prevailed in a run-off vote against Grigol Vashadze . Early life and education . Zourabichvili was born in Paris into a family of Georgian political emigrants . Her father , Levan ( 1906–1975 ) , was an engineer and served as a chairman of the Georgian Diaspora in Paris . He was the grandson of Niko Nikoladze , a prominent Georgian social democrat from the late nineteenth century , scion of noble Nikoladze family and a member of meore dasi , a collection of Georgian liberal intelligentsia . Her mother , Zeinab Kedia ( 1921–2016 ) , was related by marriage to Noe Ramishvili , the first prime minister of the Democratic Republic of Georgia . Zourabichvili has one brother , Otar . She attended some of the most prestigious French schools , such as Institut dÉtudes Politiques de Paris ( Sciences Po ) , and began a masters program at Columbia University in New York in the academic year of 1972–1973 , taking courses with Zbigniew Brzezinski . Zourabichvili is a cousin of Hélène Carrère dEncausse , a distinguished Franco-Georgian historian who serves as the head of the Académie française . Career . Career in diplomacy . Zourabichvili abandoned her studies and joined the French foreign service in 1974 , becoming a career diplomat with postings to Rome , the United Nations , Brussels , Washington , etc . The first time Zourabichvili visited Georgia was in 1986 during a break from her job at the French Embassy in Washington . Salomé Zourabichvili was Head of the Division of International and Strategic Issues of National Defence General Secretariat of France in 2001–2003 . She was appointed the Ambassador of France to Georgia in 2003 . Minister of Foreign Affairs , 2004–2005 . President Mikhail Saakashvili of Georgia nominated her as Minister of Foreign Affairs in his new government . Zourabichvili became the first woman to be appointed to this post in Georgia on 18 March 2004 . Zourabichvili was the Coordinator of the Panel of Experts assisting the UN Security Council’s Iran Sanctions Committee . As foreign minister of Georgia , Zourabichvili was the main negotiator of the agreement for the withdrawal of Russian military bases from the territory of Georgia , which was signed with Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov on 19 May 2005 . During her tenure as Foreign Minister , the New Group of Friends of Georgia was created , bringing together Ukraine , Lithuania , Latvia , Estonia , Romania , Bulgaria , the Czech Republic and Poland to help Georgias aspirations towards NATO and foster European integration . Zourabichvili was sacked by Prime Minister Zurab Nogaideli late on 19 October 2005 after a series of disputes with members of Parliament . She had also been heavily criticized by a number of Georgian ambassadors . Shortly before her dismissal was announced , Zourabichvili resigned from the French foreign service , which had continued to pay her a salary while she was minister , and announced that she would remain in Georgia to go into politics . Political career . In November 2005 , Zourabichvili set up the organization Salomé Zourabichvili’s Movement . In January 2006 she announced the establishment of a new political party Georgias Way , criticizing the countrys de facto one-party system . Although Zourabichvili enjoyed some degree of reputation in Georgia she was long unable to establish herself in the political field . At the city council elections in Tbilisi on 5 October 2006 , only 2.77% of the constituency voted for her party . Six months before , an opinion poll conducted by the Georgian weekly Kviris Palitra suggested that she would garner 23.1% of the votes at presidential elections . Since October 2007 , her party was part of the United Opposition alliance which nominated Zourabichvili as a Prospective Prime Minister in case of their candidate Levan Gachechiladzes victory in the January 2008 presidential election . As part of a 2009 campaign of the Georgian opposition to force President Mikheil Saakashvili to resign , Zourabichvili led a protest march together with three other prominent opposition figures – Nino Burjanadze , David Gamkrelidze and Eka Beselia – in Tbilisi on 26 March 2009 . On 12 November 2010 , Zourabichvili announced her withdrawal from the leadership of Georgias Way . She was succeeded by Kakha Seturidze . After a two-year leave from politics , she publicly endorsed Georgian Dream ahead of the 2013 presidential elections . Shortly after , Georgias Central Election Commission refused to register her as a presidential candidate due to her dual Georgian-French citizenship . In the 8 October 2016 parliamentary elections Zourabichvili won a seat as an independent , representing the Mtatsminda district of Tbilisi . She became MP on 18 November . During her term as MP , She was Deputy chairwoman of parliamentary committee on Diaspora and Caucasus Issues . Presidency . In August 2018 , Zourabichvili announced that she would participate in Georgian presidential elections . While she was officially independent , her campaign was heavily supported by Georgian Dream . Her main opponent in the election , Grigol Vashadze , was backed by Mikheil Saakashvili . The pre-election campaign was marred by a highly polarized political environment . International observers assessed the elections as competitive and free , stressing that one side enjoyed an undue advantage and the negative character of the campaign on both sides undermined the process , while the misuse of administrative resources blurred the line between party and state . In the first round , final results showed Zourabichvili with just 38.7 percent of the vote , one percentage point ahead of Vashadze , forcing a run-off . Zourabichvili won the 2nd round of the 2018 Georgian presidential election , becoming President-elect . She was inaugurated as President of Georgia on 16 December 2018 , with the ceremony performed in Telavi . As President , Zourabichvili inherited a new Constitution that entered into force the day of her inauguration and which significantly removed several powers from the Presidency , concentrating them within Parliament and the Prime Ministers Office . However , this did not stop her from using her position to call for historically-important decisions , including a new investigation into the controversial death of Zviad Gamsakhurdia , the countrys first President , in 1993 . Residence and funding . Salomé Zourabichvili announced during the presidential campaign that if elected , she would not work from the Avlabari Presidential Palace opened in 2009 , with Mikheil Saakashvili in office . She met with the fourth President after elections in the Avlabari Palace , but her administration has been moved into the Orbeliani Palace on Atoneli street in Central Tbilisi . On December 18 , 2018 she visited the Atoneli residence for the first time . Media met her at the entrance , emphasising the fact that she walked to the office . Besides moving to the smaller residence , Zourabichvilis office faced a significant budgetary cutback . According to the 2019 budget , funding for the presidential administration is being reduced by just over ₾ 3.5 million . As a result , the vast majority of former employees were fired with only 60 of them remaining in administration . Changes have also led to abolishing the presidential fund which amounted ₾5 million and funded scholarships , educational programs and various other projects . This decision has been widely criticized with Giorgi Margvelashvili and Maka Chichua campaigning for it to remain . Political positions . Womens rights and equality . As the first popularly elected woman president of Georgia , Zourabichvili has advocated for womens rights and equality through social media and from political tribunes . She has organised a number of meetings and attended conferences aiming for the empowerment of women and young girls . On October 5th 2019 , she hosted a meeting of women leaders from Georgia , Belgium and France , later saying on Twitter : The role of women in our society is crucial and their contribution to our political , cultural , entrepreneurial and educational circles is key to our development . LGBTQ rights . Amid the controversy around the 2019 Tbilisi Pride Parade , Zourabichvili said : “I am everyone’s president , regardless of sexual orientation or religious affiliation . No human should be discriminated against . I must also emphasize that our country is dealing with enough controversies and doesn’t need any further provocation from any side of the LGBTQ debate . This comment was met with criticism by LGBTQ organizations across the country , as well as some members of the civil society . Tbilisi Pride co-founder Tamaz Sozashvili wrote : How can she consider peaceful citizens and aggressive fundamentalists as equal sides ? She made no response to the criticism . Monarchy . In course of the 2008 Georgian presidential election , Zourabichvili and many other opposition politicians voiced support for the establishment of a constitutional monarchy under the Bagrationi dynasty , which the Patriarch of Georgia , Ilia II , had advocated . Personal life . Salomé Zourabichvili was married to the Georgian journalist Janri Kashia ( 1939–2012 ) . She has two children , Kethevane and Teimuraz , from her first marriage to Iranian-American economist Nicolas Gorjestani . Zourabichvili is the cousin of French historian Hélène Carrère dEncausse . Besides Georgian and French , she is also fluent in English , and is conversational in German and Italian . Works . - Salomé Zourabichvili ( 2006 ) . Une femme pour deux pays . Grasset , - Salomé Zourabichvili ( 2007 ) . Fermer Yalta , Cahiers de Chaillot , Institut de sécurité de lUnion européenne - Salomé Zourabichvili ( 2008 ) . Les cicatrices des Nations : LEurope malade de ses frontières . Bourin , - Salomé Zourabichvili ( 2009 ) . La tragédie géorgienne . Grasset - Salomé Zourabichvili ( 2011 ) . lexigence démocratique . Bourin éditeu

/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili#P39#3

Which position did Salome Zourabichvili hold between Feb 2017 and May 2017?

Salome Zourabichvili Salome Zourabichvili ( , ; born 18 March 1952 ) is a French–Georgian politician and former diplomat who currently serves as the fifth President of Georgia , in office since December 2018 . She is the first woman to be elected as Georgias president , a position she will occupy for a term of six years . As a result of constitutional changes coming into effect in 2024 , Zourabichvili is expected to be Georgias last popularly elected president ; all future heads of state are to be elected indirectly by a parliamentary college of electors . Zourabichvili was born in Paris into a family of Georgian immigrants . She joined the French diplomatic service in the 1970s and went on to occupy a variety of senior diplomatic positions for three decades . From 2003 to 2004 , she served as the Ambassador of France to Georgia . In 2004 , by mutual agreement between France and Georgia , she accepted Georgian nationality and became the Foreign Minister of Georgia . During her tenure at the Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( MFA ) , she negotiated a treaty that led to the withdrawal of Russian forces from the undisputed parts of the Georgian mainland . She has also served at the UN Security Council’s Iran Sanctions Committee as the Coordinator of the Panel of Experts . After a falling out with Georgias then President Mikheil Saakashvili , in 2006 Zourabichvili founded The Way of Georgia political party , which she led until 2010 . Ultimately , she was elected to the Georgian Parliament in 2016 as an independent ; she vacated her parliamentary seat after being sworn in as President . During the 2018 Georgian presidential election , Zourabichvili ran as an independent candidate and was supported by the governing Georgian Dream party . She prevailed in a run-off vote against Grigol Vashadze . Early life and education . Zourabichvili was born in Paris into a family of Georgian political emigrants . Her father , Levan ( 1906–1975 ) , was an engineer and served as a chairman of the Georgian Diaspora in Paris . He was the grandson of Niko Nikoladze , a prominent Georgian social democrat from the late nineteenth century , scion of noble Nikoladze family and a member of meore dasi , a collection of Georgian liberal intelligentsia . Her mother , Zeinab Kedia ( 1921–2016 ) , was related by marriage to Noe Ramishvili , the first prime minister of the Democratic Republic of Georgia . Zourabichvili has one brother , Otar . She attended some of the most prestigious French schools , such as Institut dÉtudes Politiques de Paris ( Sciences Po ) , and began a masters program at Columbia University in New York in the academic year of 1972–1973 , taking courses with Zbigniew Brzezinski . Zourabichvili is a cousin of Hélène Carrère dEncausse , a distinguished Franco-Georgian historian who serves as the head of the Académie française . Career . Career in diplomacy . Zourabichvili abandoned her studies and joined the French foreign service in 1974 , becoming a career diplomat with postings to Rome , the United Nations , Brussels , Washington , etc . The first time Zourabichvili visited Georgia was in 1986 during a break from her job at the French Embassy in Washington . Salomé Zourabichvili was Head of the Division of International and Strategic Issues of National Defence General Secretariat of France in 2001–2003 . She was appointed the Ambassador of France to Georgia in 2003 . Minister of Foreign Affairs , 2004–2005 . President Mikhail Saakashvili of Georgia nominated her as Minister of Foreign Affairs in his new government . Zourabichvili became the first woman to be appointed to this post in Georgia on 18 March 2004 . Zourabichvili was the Coordinator of the Panel of Experts assisting the UN Security Council’s Iran Sanctions Committee . As foreign minister of Georgia , Zourabichvili was the main negotiator of the agreement for the withdrawal of Russian military bases from the territory of Georgia , which was signed with Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov on 19 May 2005 . During her tenure as Foreign Minister , the New Group of Friends of Georgia was created , bringing together Ukraine , Lithuania , Latvia , Estonia , Romania , Bulgaria , the Czech Republic and Poland to help Georgias aspirations towards NATO and foster European integration . Zourabichvili was sacked by Prime Minister Zurab Nogaideli late on 19 October 2005 after a series of disputes with members of Parliament . She had also been heavily criticized by a number of Georgian ambassadors . Shortly before her dismissal was announced , Zourabichvili resigned from the French foreign service , which had continued to pay her a salary while she was minister , and announced that she would remain in Georgia to go into politics . Political career . In November 2005 , Zourabichvili set up the organization Salomé Zourabichvili’s Movement . In January 2006 she announced the establishment of a new political party Georgias Way , criticizing the countrys de facto one-party system . Although Zourabichvili enjoyed some degree of reputation in Georgia she was long unable to establish herself in the political field . At the city council elections in Tbilisi on 5 October 2006 , only 2.77% of the constituency voted for her party . Six months before , an opinion poll conducted by the Georgian weekly Kviris Palitra suggested that she would garner 23.1% of the votes at presidential elections . Since October 2007 , her party was part of the United Opposition alliance which nominated Zourabichvili as a Prospective Prime Minister in case of their candidate Levan Gachechiladzes victory in the January 2008 presidential election . As part of a 2009 campaign of the Georgian opposition to force President Mikheil Saakashvili to resign , Zourabichvili led a protest march together with three other prominent opposition figures – Nino Burjanadze , David Gamkrelidze and Eka Beselia – in Tbilisi on 26 March 2009 . On 12 November 2010 , Zourabichvili announced her withdrawal from the leadership of Georgias Way . She was succeeded by Kakha Seturidze . After a two-year leave from politics , she publicly endorsed Georgian Dream ahead of the 2013 presidential elections . Shortly after , Georgias Central Election Commission refused to register her as a presidential candidate due to her dual Georgian-French citizenship . In the 8 October 2016 parliamentary elections Zourabichvili won a seat as an independent , representing the Mtatsminda district of Tbilisi . She became MP on 18 November . During her term as MP , She was Deputy chairwoman of parliamentary committee on Diaspora and Caucasus Issues . Presidency . In August 2018 , Zourabichvili announced that she would participate in Georgian presidential elections . While she was officially independent , her campaign was heavily supported by Georgian Dream . Her main opponent in the election , Grigol Vashadze , was backed by Mikheil Saakashvili . The pre-election campaign was marred by a highly polarized political environment . International observers assessed the elections as competitive and free , stressing that one side enjoyed an undue advantage and the negative character of the campaign on both sides undermined the process , while the misuse of administrative resources blurred the line between party and state . In the first round , final results showed Zourabichvili with just 38.7 percent of the vote , one percentage point ahead of Vashadze , forcing a run-off . Zourabichvili won the 2nd round of the 2018 Georgian presidential election , becoming President-elect . She was inaugurated as President of Georgia on 16 December 2018 , with the ceremony performed in Telavi . As President , Zourabichvili inherited a new Constitution that entered into force the day of her inauguration and which significantly removed several powers from the Presidency , concentrating them within Parliament and the Prime Ministers Office . However , this did not stop her from using her position to call for historically-important decisions , including a new investigation into the controversial death of Zviad Gamsakhurdia , the countrys first President , in 1993 . Residence and funding . Salomé Zourabichvili announced during the presidential campaign that if elected , she would not work from the Avlabari Presidential Palace opened in 2009 , with Mikheil Saakashvili in office . She met with the fourth President after elections in the Avlabari Palace , but her administration has been moved into the Orbeliani Palace on Atoneli street in Central Tbilisi . On December 18 , 2018 she visited the Atoneli residence for the first time . Media met her at the entrance , emphasising the fact that she walked to the office . Besides moving to the smaller residence , Zourabichvilis office faced a significant budgetary cutback . According to the 2019 budget , funding for the presidential administration is being reduced by just over ₾ 3.5 million . As a result , the vast majority of former employees were fired with only 60 of them remaining in administration . Changes have also led to abolishing the presidential fund which amounted ₾5 million and funded scholarships , educational programs and various other projects . This decision has been widely criticized with Giorgi Margvelashvili and Maka Chichua campaigning for it to remain . Political positions . Womens rights and equality . As the first popularly elected woman president of Georgia , Zourabichvili has advocated for womens rights and equality through social media and from political tribunes . She has organised a number of meetings and attended conferences aiming for the empowerment of women and young girls . On October 5th 2019 , she hosted a meeting of women leaders from Georgia , Belgium and France , later saying on Twitter : The role of women in our society is crucial and their contribution to our political , cultural , entrepreneurial and educational circles is key to our development . LGBTQ rights . Amid the controversy around the 2019 Tbilisi Pride Parade , Zourabichvili said : “I am everyone’s president , regardless of sexual orientation or religious affiliation . No human should be discriminated against . I must also emphasize that our country is dealing with enough controversies and doesn’t need any further provocation from any side of the LGBTQ debate . This comment was met with criticism by LGBTQ organizations across the country , as well as some members of the civil society . Tbilisi Pride co-founder Tamaz Sozashvili wrote : How can she consider peaceful citizens and aggressive fundamentalists as equal sides ? She made no response to the criticism . Monarchy . In course of the 2008 Georgian presidential election , Zourabichvili and many other opposition politicians voiced support for the establishment of a constitutional monarchy under the Bagrationi dynasty , which the Patriarch of Georgia , Ilia II , had advocated . Personal life . Salomé Zourabichvili was married to the Georgian journalist Janri Kashia ( 1939–2012 ) . She has two children , Kethevane and Teimuraz , from her first marriage to Iranian-American economist Nicolas Gorjestani . Zourabichvili is the cousin of French historian Hélène Carrère dEncausse . Besides Georgian and French , she is also fluent in English , and is conversational in German and Italian . Works . - Salomé Zourabichvili ( 2006 ) . Une femme pour deux pays . Grasset , - Salomé Zourabichvili ( 2007 ) . Fermer Yalta , Cahiers de Chaillot , Institut de sécurité de lUnion européenne - Salomé Zourabichvili ( 2008 ) . Les cicatrices des Nations : LEurope malade de ses frontières . Bourin , - Salomé Zourabichvili ( 2009 ) . La tragédie géorgienne . Grasset - Salomé Zourabichvili ( 2011 ) . lexigence démocratique . Bourin éditeu

/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili#P39#4

Which position did Salome Zourabichvili hold after Feb 2019?

Salome Zourabichvili Salome Zourabichvili ( , ; born 18 March 1952 ) is a French–Georgian politician and former diplomat who currently serves as the fifth President of Georgia , in office since December 2018 . She is the first woman to be elected as Georgias president , a position she will occupy for a term of six years . As a result of constitutional changes coming into effect in 2024 , Zourabichvili is expected to be Georgias last popularly elected president ; all future heads of state are to be elected indirectly by a parliamentary college of electors . Zourabichvili was born in Paris into a family of Georgian immigrants . She joined the French diplomatic service in the 1970s and went on to occupy a variety of senior diplomatic positions for three decades . From 2003 to 2004 , she served as the Ambassador of France to Georgia . In 2004 , by mutual agreement between France and Georgia , she accepted Georgian nationality and became the Foreign Minister of Georgia . During her tenure at the Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( MFA ) , she negotiated a treaty that led to the withdrawal of Russian forces from the undisputed parts of the Georgian mainland . She has also served at the UN Security Council’s Iran Sanctions Committee as the Coordinator of the Panel of Experts . After a falling out with Georgias then President Mikheil Saakashvili , in 2006 Zourabichvili founded The Way of Georgia political party , which she led until 2010 . Ultimately , she was elected to the Georgian Parliament in 2016 as an independent ; she vacated her parliamentary seat after being sworn in as President . During the 2018 Georgian presidential election , Zourabichvili ran as an independent candidate and was supported by the governing Georgian Dream party . She prevailed in a run-off vote against Grigol Vashadze . Early life and education . Zourabichvili was born in Paris into a family of Georgian political emigrants . Her father , Levan ( 1906–1975 ) , was an engineer and served as a chairman of the Georgian Diaspora in Paris . He was the grandson of Niko Nikoladze , a prominent Georgian social democrat from the late nineteenth century , scion of noble Nikoladze family and a member of meore dasi , a collection of Georgian liberal intelligentsia . Her mother , Zeinab Kedia ( 1921–2016 ) , was related by marriage to Noe Ramishvili , the first prime minister of the Democratic Republic of Georgia . Zourabichvili has one brother , Otar . She attended some of the most prestigious French schools , such as Institut dÉtudes Politiques de Paris ( Sciences Po ) , and began a masters program at Columbia University in New York in the academic year of 1972–1973 , taking courses with Zbigniew Brzezinski . Zourabichvili is a cousin of Hélène Carrère dEncausse , a distinguished Franco-Georgian historian who serves as the head of the Académie française . Career . Career in diplomacy . Zourabichvili abandoned her studies and joined the French foreign service in 1974 , becoming a career diplomat with postings to Rome , the United Nations , Brussels , Washington , etc . The first time Zourabichvili visited Georgia was in 1986 during a break from her job at the French Embassy in Washington . Salomé Zourabichvili was Head of the Division of International and Strategic Issues of National Defence General Secretariat of France in 2001–2003 . She was appointed the Ambassador of France to Georgia in 2003 . Minister of Foreign Affairs , 2004–2005 . President Mikhail Saakashvili of Georgia nominated her as Minister of Foreign Affairs in his new government . Zourabichvili became the first woman to be appointed to this post in Georgia on 18 March 2004 . Zourabichvili was the Coordinator of the Panel of Experts assisting the UN Security Council’s Iran Sanctions Committee . As foreign minister of Georgia , Zourabichvili was the main negotiator of the agreement for the withdrawal of Russian military bases from the territory of Georgia , which was signed with Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov on 19 May 2005 . During her tenure as Foreign Minister , the New Group of Friends of Georgia was created , bringing together Ukraine , Lithuania , Latvia , Estonia , Romania , Bulgaria , the Czech Republic and Poland to help Georgias aspirations towards NATO and foster European integration . Zourabichvili was sacked by Prime Minister Zurab Nogaideli late on 19 October 2005 after a series of disputes with members of Parliament . She had also been heavily criticized by a number of Georgian ambassadors . Shortly before her dismissal was announced , Zourabichvili resigned from the French foreign service , which had continued to pay her a salary while she was minister , and announced that she would remain in Georgia to go into politics . Political career . In November 2005 , Zourabichvili set up the organization Salomé Zourabichvili’s Movement . In January 2006 she announced the establishment of a new political party Georgias Way , criticizing the countrys de facto one-party system . Although Zourabichvili enjoyed some degree of reputation in Georgia she was long unable to establish herself in the political field . At the city council elections in Tbilisi on 5 October 2006 , only 2.77% of the constituency voted for her party . Six months before , an opinion poll conducted by the Georgian weekly Kviris Palitra suggested that she would garner 23.1% of the votes at presidential elections . Since October 2007 , her party was part of the United Opposition alliance which nominated Zourabichvili as a Prospective Prime Minister in case of their candidate Levan Gachechiladzes victory in the January 2008 presidential election . As part of a 2009 campaign of the Georgian opposition to force President Mikheil Saakashvili to resign , Zourabichvili led a protest march together with three other prominent opposition figures – Nino Burjanadze , David Gamkrelidze and Eka Beselia – in Tbilisi on 26 March 2009 . On 12 November 2010 , Zourabichvili announced her withdrawal from the leadership of Georgias Way . She was succeeded by Kakha Seturidze . After a two-year leave from politics , she publicly endorsed Georgian Dream ahead of the 2013 presidential elections . Shortly after , Georgias Central Election Commission refused to register her as a presidential candidate due to her dual Georgian-French citizenship . In the 8 October 2016 parliamentary elections Zourabichvili won a seat as an independent , representing the Mtatsminda district of Tbilisi . She became MP on 18 November . During her term as MP , She was Deputy chairwoman of parliamentary committee on Diaspora and Caucasus Issues . Presidency . In August 2018 , Zourabichvili announced that she would participate in Georgian presidential elections . While she was officially independent , her campaign was heavily supported by Georgian Dream . Her main opponent in the election , Grigol Vashadze , was backed by Mikheil Saakashvili . The pre-election campaign was marred by a highly polarized political environment . International observers assessed the elections as competitive and free , stressing that one side enjoyed an undue advantage and the negative character of the campaign on both sides undermined the process , while the misuse of administrative resources blurred the line between party and state . In the first round , final results showed Zourabichvili with just 38.7 percent of the vote , one percentage point ahead of Vashadze , forcing a run-off . Zourabichvili won the 2nd round of the 2018 Georgian presidential election , becoming President-elect . She was inaugurated as President of Georgia on 16 December 2018 , with the ceremony performed in Telavi . As President , Zourabichvili inherited a new Constitution that entered into force the day of her inauguration and which significantly removed several powers from the Presidency , concentrating them within Parliament and the Prime Ministers Office . However , this did not stop her from using her position to call for historically-important decisions , including a new investigation into the controversial death of Zviad Gamsakhurdia , the countrys first President , in 1993 . Residence and funding . Salomé Zourabichvili announced during the presidential campaign that if elected , she would not work from the Avlabari Presidential Palace opened in 2009 , with Mikheil Saakashvili in office . She met with the fourth President after elections in the Avlabari Palace , but her administration has been moved into the Orbeliani Palace on Atoneli street in Central Tbilisi . On December 18 , 2018 she visited the Atoneli residence for the first time . Media met her at the entrance , emphasising the fact that she walked to the office . Besides moving to the smaller residence , Zourabichvilis office faced a significant budgetary cutback . According to the 2019 budget , funding for the presidential administration is being reduced by just over ₾ 3.5 million . As a result , the vast majority of former employees were fired with only 60 of them remaining in administration . Changes have also led to abolishing the presidential fund which amounted ₾5 million and funded scholarships , educational programs and various other projects . This decision has been widely criticized with Giorgi Margvelashvili and Maka Chichua campaigning for it to remain . Political positions . Womens rights and equality . As the first popularly elected woman president of Georgia , Zourabichvili has advocated for womens rights and equality through social media and from political tribunes . She has organised a number of meetings and attended conferences aiming for the empowerment of women and young girls . On October 5th 2019 , she hosted a meeting of women leaders from Georgia , Belgium and France , later saying on Twitter : The role of women in our society is crucial and their contribution to our political , cultural , entrepreneurial and educational circles is key to our development . LGBTQ rights . Amid the controversy around the 2019 Tbilisi Pride Parade , Zourabichvili said : “I am everyone’s president , regardless of sexual orientation or religious affiliation . No human should be discriminated against . I must also emphasize that our country is dealing with enough controversies and doesn’t need any further provocation from any side of the LGBTQ debate . This comment was met with criticism by LGBTQ organizations across the country , as well as some members of the civil society . Tbilisi Pride co-founder Tamaz Sozashvili wrote : How can she consider peaceful citizens and aggressive fundamentalists as equal sides ? She made no response to the criticism . Monarchy . In course of the 2008 Georgian presidential election , Zourabichvili and many other opposition politicians voiced support for the establishment of a constitutional monarchy under the Bagrationi dynasty , which the Patriarch of Georgia , Ilia II , had advocated . Personal life . Salomé Zourabichvili was married to the Georgian journalist Janri Kashia ( 1939–2012 ) . She has two children , Kethevane and Teimuraz , from her first marriage to Iranian-American economist Nicolas Gorjestani . Zourabichvili is the cousin of French historian Hélène Carrère dEncausse . Besides Georgian and French , she is also fluent in English , and is conversational in German and Italian . Works . - Salomé Zourabichvili ( 2006 ) . Une femme pour deux pays . Grasset , - Salomé Zourabichvili ( 2007 ) . Fermer Yalta , Cahiers de Chaillot , Institut de sécurité de lUnion européenne - Salomé Zourabichvili ( 2008 ) . Les cicatrices des Nations : LEurope malade de ses frontières . Bourin , - Salomé Zourabichvili ( 2009 ) . La tragédie géorgienne . Grasset - Salomé Zourabichvili ( 2011 ) . lexigence démocratique . Bourin éditeu

/wiki/Mike_Leach_(American_football_coach)#P286#0

Who coached the team Mike Leach (American football coach) in Jan 2001?

Mike Leach ( American football coach ) Michael Charles Leach ( born March 9 , 1961 ) is an American college football coach who is currently the head coach at Mississippi State University . He was previously the head coach at Texas Tech University from 2000 to 2009 , where he became the winningest coach in school history , and at Washington State University from 2012 to 2019 , where he recorded the third-most wins of any coach in school history . Leach is known for building potent offenses , directing passing-oriented teams in a spread offense system known as the air raid offense , which Leach developed with Hal Mumme when Mumme was head coach and Leach was offensive coordinator at Iowa Wesleyan , Valdosta State , and Kentucky in the 1990s . Leachs offenses with Mumme , and later as a head coach himself , have broken numerous school and NCAA records . Early life and education . Born to Frank and Sandra Leach in Susanville , California , Leach claims Cody , Wyoming , as his hometown . He was raised a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints . He graduated from Cody High School in 1979 and then attended Brigham Young University ( BYU ) in Provo , Utah , where he closely followed the exploits of the football team . Led by head coach LaVell Edwards , offensive coordinator Norm Chow , and quarterbacks Marc Wilson , Jim McMahon , and Steve Young , BYU played a pass-oriented offense , which was uncommon in college football at that time . Leach graduated in 1983 with a bachelors degree in American studies . In 1986 , Leach earned a Juris Doctor from Pepperdine University School of Law in Malibu , California . He is also one of the most prominent graduates of the United States Sports Academy in Daphne , Alabama , from which he earned a Masters of Sports Science in sports coaching in 1988 . Coaching career . Early coaching career . Leach began his coaching career as an assistant at Cal Poly ( 1987 ) and College of the Desert ( 1988 ) . He also served as head coach of the Pori Bears in the American Football Association of Finland in 1989 . Also in 1989 , he joined Hal Mummes staff at Iowa Wesleyan University as offensive coordinator . The pair spent three seasons there before moving to Valdosta State ( 1992–1996 ) and then Kentucky ( 1997–1998 ) . The partnership was known for the development of the air raid offense , which allowed their teams to rank highly in offensive statistics and set numerous records . Kentucky quarterback Tim Couch became a No . 1 overall NFL draft pick . For the 1999 season , Leach joined the Oklahoma staff under head coach Bob Stoops . Oklahomas offense , which had ranked 11th in the Big 12 Conference in 1998 , improved under Leach to first in the conference in 1999 . Texas Tech . After one year at Oklahoma , Leach was hired as head coach of the Texas Tech Red Raiders , another Big 12 member . The Leach-coached Red Raiders best finishes came with three nine-win seasons in 2002 , 2005 , and 2007 and an 11-win season in 2008 . In 2002 , Tech swept its in-state conference rivals Baylor , Texas , and Texas A&M for the first time since 1997 and then defeated Clemson , 55–15 , in the Tangerine Bowl . It was the Red Raiders first postseason win since 1995 when they beat the Air Force Falcons in the Copper Bowl . In 2005 , the Red Raiders opened their season with a 6–0 record , their best start since 1998 . Leach built a strong passing offense at Tech , where the Red Raiders led the NCAA in passing yardage for four years in a row . He inserted Kliff Kingsbury at quarterback for three years . Kingsbury broke the NCAA records for completions in a career . Kingsbury was succeeded at the position by B . J . Symons , who produced the most passing yards in a season in NCAA history . Sonny Cumbie followed , leading the Red Raiders to an upset of the then-4th ranked California in the Holiday Bowl . Cody Hodges succeeded Cumbie , and subsequently lead the NCAA in passing . Graham Harrell , the first non-senior starting QB since Kingsbury , struggled early in the 2006 season . However , he showed steady improvement beginning with the game against Iowa State and ended the season with a record-setting comeback victory over the Minnesota Golden Gophers . Harrell also set NCAA records for passes completed in a season and career amongst others . Under Mike Leach , Texas Tech was known for its high-scoring offense and come-from-behind victories . A 70–35 win over TCU in 2004 began with TCU leading 21–0 with eight minutes remaining in the second quarter . Before Techs scoring drives started , a TCU defensive back was caught mouthing into a TV camera , They arent going to score . Later in the season , Texas Tech beat Nebraska , 70–10 , forcing the Cornhuskers to give up more points in a single game than they had before in their 114-year history . In 2005 , the Red Raiders were losing to Kansas State , 13–10 , late in the second quarter but won the game 59–20 . Also in 2005 , Tech had a halftime lead of 14–10 over Texas A&M . By the end of the game , they increased the margin to 56–17 . It was the Aggies worst loss to the Red Raiders in the 64-year-old series . Mike Leach was chosen to coach the South team during the 2007 inaugural Inta Juice North-South All-Star Classic game . At the end of the 2008 season , Leach was 76–39 with the Red Raiders , including 7–2 against the Texas A&M Aggies and 2–7 against the Texas Longhorns . With a 5–4 record , he is the all-time winningest coach in postseason play in Tech football history . Leach was one of only sixteen active college football coaches who had never had a losing season after he left Texas Tech . This was followed by a 3–9 season in his seminal year with Washington State . Of those , he is among nine who have been a head coach for at least five seasons . In February 2009 , Leach signed a three-year contract extension with Texas Tech that would pay him at least $2.5 million per year if he stayed in place through 2013 . Leachs guaranteed compensation would have been $1.6 million in 2006 , $1.65 million in 2007 , $1.75 million in 2008 , $1.85 million in 2009 and $2.15 million in 2010 . 2007 Texas game controversy . During his post-game press conference after the 2007 loss against Texas , Leach used most of his time to rail against the officiating crew for what he felt were bad calls . He speculated that the officials may have favored Texas because the head official lived in Austin , because they were incompetent , or possibly because the conference wanted Texas to appear in a BCS bowl because of the increased appearance fees that such a bowl generates for the conference . Jim Vertuno of the Associated Press wrote Leach was upset officials disallowed two Tech touchdowns in the third quarter . The first was overruled when video replay clearly showed the receiver let the ball hit the ground . On the next play , a touchdown pass was negated by a holding penalty . Leach also wanted , but didnt get , a flag for roughing the quarterback . The Lubbock Avalanche-Journal reported , Big 12 policy prohibits coaches from commenting publicly about game officials , so Leachs actions leave him open to reprimand , fine or worse . ESPN reported , Big 12 official spokesman Bob Burda did not immediately respond to telephone messages seeking comment . Leachs rant will likely draw a fine from the league and possibly a suspension . On November 13 , 2007 , the Big 12 fined Leach $10,000 , the largest fine in Big 12 history . Leach also received a reprimand and was warned that further violations could result in suspension . In a Big 12 coaches conference call that day , Leach added that he did not regret making any of the comments . Leach announced that he would appeal the fine . Tech alumni and fans began raising money to aid Leach in paying the penalty in the event that it was upheld . Optionally , the proceeds raised could be used charitably . So , just before Christmas 2007 , Leach requested that the nearly $5,000 raised to that point be spent on 400 hams to be given free to families in Lubbock , Texas . Future donations were to go to the university or athletic department . Following the 2008 Gator Bowl , in which Virginia scored twice on penalties against Tech for intentional grounding in the end zone , Leach joked , I felt like we had a back there on the one safety , but I dont comment on officiating . I just give out hams is what I do . 2008 season . Leach , along with players Graham Harrell and Michael Crabtree were featured on the cover of the 2008 edition of Dave Campbells Texas Football . The magazine predicted that the 2008 Red Raider football team would be the best in Texas and would challenge for the Big 12 South title . Following a 9–0 beginning to the season , including a win over the undefeated #1 Texas Longhorns , Texas Tech Athletic Director Gerald Myers announced that the university would renegotiate Leachs contract following the conclusion of the football regular season and give him an extension . The Red Raiders ended the 2008 regular season with 11 wins and 1 loss , the best in school history . The season also marked the first win over a #1 ranked team . Tech , along with Oklahoma and Texas , shared the Big 12 Conference South division title . On December 2 , 2008 , the Associated Press named Leach the Big 12 Coach of the Year . He received 16 votes for the honor by the agencys panel , while Texas Mack Brown got 4 . He won co-Coach of the Year honors from the Big 12 coaches ; Oklahomas Bob Stoops received the same recognition for the same season . The Dallas Morning News named him Coach of the Year as well . He garnered the 2008 George Munger Award , which is given annually to the top college coach of the year by the Maxwell Football Club . After much controversy about how the tie-breaker should be handled between Texas , Oklahoma , and Texas Tech fans , the Red Raiders ended up being left out of the BCS because of a rule that states only two teams from each conference could enter BCS play per season . Oklahoma won the tie-breaker on account of their higher BCS ranking , ultimately losing to Florida in the national championship . Texas Tech also ended up losing that year in the Cotton Bowl to Ole Miss 47–34 . Leach interviewed for the University of Washington head coaching job , which was vacated by Tyrone Willingham . ESPN reported that Leach withdrew his name from the coaching search following his interview . Auburn , where Tommy Tuberville resigned , had also been rumored to have contacted Leach . In an interview with the Associated Press , Tech quarterback Graham Harrell stated that there was a great chance Leach could leave . Harrell noted that Leach might leave for a newer challenge . After Leach withdrew his name from consideration for the Washington job , Harrell retracted his statements and believed Leach would remain the Red Raiders coach . Tech athletic director Gerald Myers had indicated that he would give a raise to Leach before Techs bowl game , which he later negotiated . Leach and the university settled on a 5-year extension worth $12.7 million after months of negotiations over the clauses of the contract . 2009 season . On October 31 , 2009 , after the Red Raiders win over Kansas , Leach tied his predecessor Spike Dykes as the all-time winningest coach in Texas Techs 85-year football history . On November 21 , 2009 , Leach passed Dykes for first all-time on the schools wins list with a win over Oklahoma . Firing . On December 28 , 2009 , Leach was suspended indefinitely by Texas Tech pending investigation of alleged inappropriate treatment of Adam James , son of former SMU and New England Patriots running back ( and former ESPN college football analyst ) Craig James . On December 16 , James suffered a concussion . He was examined the next day , and told not to practice that afternoon due to the concussion . According to a James family source , Leach ordered him to stand in the equipment room near the Raiders practice facility . According to the Lubbock Avalanche-Journal , school officials claim they gave Leach an ultimatum to apologize to James in writing by December 28 or Leach would be suspended . His attorney , Ted Liggett , disputed the characterization of events as reported by the university and other news sources , and said that James had been treated reasonably in light of his condition . Leach immediately sought an injunction that would allow him to coach in the 2010 Alamo Bowl . However , on December 30 , Texas Tech fired Leach , calling his refusal to apologize to James a defiant act of insubordination . This was the day before Leach was reportedly owed an $800,000 tenure bonus and over $1,700,000 for contractual guaranteed income for 2009 . Texas Tech lawyers handed a termination letter to Liggett just minutes before the two sides were to appear in a Lubbock courtroom for a hearing . Liggett was also told that Leach would not be allowed to coach in the Alamo Bowl regardless of how the hearing turned out . School officials later said that other incidents had come to light during its investigation of Leach , but declined to elaborate . Defensive coordinator Ruffin McNeill was named interim head coach and led the team during their appearance in the Alamo Bowl . In a statement , Leach said that he believed the firing was motivated in part by simmering acrimony over the contract negotiations . He also said he planned to sue Texas Tech for wrongful termination . On December 31 , Leach spoke with The New York Times in his first interview since being fired from Texas Tech . He said that he did not know where James had been taken , having only ordered him taken out of the light . He claimed the controversy stemmed from Craig James constant lobbying for more playing time for his son , whom he characterized as lazy and feeling entitled . On January 8 , 2010 , Leach formally filed suit against Texas Tech for wrongful termination and other claims . He claimed that school officials not only fired him without cause , but issued defamatory statements in a willful attempt to keep him from being hired elsewhere . During a deposition for the case obtained by the Lubbock Avalanche-Journal , Adam James admitted under oath that he found the closet incident funny . In May 2010 , District Judge Bill Sowder dismissed all but one of Leachs claims on the grounds of sovereign immunity , but he allowed Leachs claim for breach of contract to proceed , finding that Texas Tech had waived its immunity on this claim by its conduct . The judge also dismissed Leachs claims against three university administrators . Both parties took steps to appeal the decision , although Leachs attorneys said they would drop their appeal if Texas Tech would do likewise and allow the breach of contract claim to proceed to a jury trial . Early in 2011 , Texas 7th Court of Appeals ruled that Texas Tech was immune from Leachs claim of breach of contract but that Leach can claim non-monetary reparations . Leachs attorney Paul Dobrowski announced his intention to appeal to the Supreme Court of Texas . In February 2012 , The Texas Supreme Court denied Leachs petition for review . After that denial , Texas Tech attorney Dicky Gregg stated As weve said from the beginning , we were right on the law and the facts , and the ( Texas ) Supreme Court has just held that we were correct on the law . Friday Night Lights series creator Peter Berg has hinted that he has written a movie script for the characters from the TV series that is based on Leachs firing from Texas Tech . On August 6 , Judge Sowder issued a summary judgement dismissing Leachs lawsuits against ESPN , Spaeth Communications , and Craig James . Leachs attorneys indicated they would appeal . Post-Texas Tech . In August 2010 , Leach joined CBS College Sports Network , where he worked as a color analyst with play-by-play announcer Roger Twibell . In 2010 , Leach joined host Jack Arute to co-host College Football Playbook on SiriusXM College Sports Nation Channel 91 , which airs weekdays 12 pm – 3 pm ET . In 2011 , Leach released an autobiographical book , Swing Your Sword : Leading the Charge in Football and in Life , through Diversion Books . The book debuted at #6 on The New York Times Best Seller list . Leach was considered by many in the national media to be a candidate for the head coaching vacancies at University of Miami , University of Maryland , and University of Minnesota following the 2010 regular season . After at least two interviews at Maryland , he was considered the frontrunner for that job until the administration decided instead to hire Randy Edsall away from UConn . Leach was mentioned in connection with a number of other vacancies in head-coaching positions during 2011 , including Washington State , Arizona , Ole Miss , Kansas , Penn State , and Tulane . Washington State . Leach agreed to terms with Washington State on November 30 , 2011 and began coaching for the 2012 season . His five-year rollover contract made Leach the fourth-highest paid coach in the Pac-12 . On December 5 , 2019 , Leach received a contract extension through 2024 . 2012 season . Leachs first season in Pullman was a controversial one . Washington State was 3–9 overall and 1–8 in Pac-12 play ; the lone wins were against FCS Eastern Washington , UNLV , and an upset of rival Washington in the Apple Cup in Pullman . On November 10 , more allegations of player abuse erupted when star wide receiver Marquess Wilson quit the team citing physical , emotional and verbal abuse by the coaching staff . Immediately after the allegations were made , university president Elson Floyd issued a statement indicating that he had requested investigations into the alleged incident ( s ) from both the WSU Athletic Department and the Pac-12 Conference . The investigations determined that the claims made against Leach were without merit , and Wilson later recanted the allegations . Leach received a 2-year contract extension on November 18 , 2013 after leading the Washington State Cougars to their best record since 2006 . 2013 season . Leach led WSU to a 6–6 regular season in 2013 that had them bowl eligible for the first time in a decade . They were led on offense by Connor Halliday , who set school and conference records for passing . The Cougars defeated USC , California , Arizona , and Utah for a conference record . Invited to the New Mexico Bowl in Albuquerque , Wazzu led most of the game , but lost to the Colorado State Rams . Down by sixteen points with under three minutes to play , the Rams mounted an all-time great comeback , winning with a field goal as time expired in regulation . The Cougars led the nation in passing offense and total offense and Leach was awarded a pay raise for the Cougars 2013 performance . 2014 season . The 2014 season saw the Cougars regress to a record . The Cougars defeated Portland State Utah and Oregon State 2015 season . In 2015 , despite a season-opening loss to FCS school Portland State , the Cougars had their breakthrough season of the Leach era with a record , in the Pac-12 . The Cougars were invited to the Sun Bowl in El Paso , Texas , where they beat the Miami Hurricanes This was the best Cougar record since the 2003 team went 2016 season . WSU began the 2016 season with two losses , but rallied off eight consecutive wins before dropping their final two games . The success of their season , led by Luke Falk at quarterback , landed them in the Holiday Bowl in San Diego where they lost to Minnesota of the Big Ten . WSU finished in the Pac-12 , with notable wins over Oregon and #15 Stanford . It was the Cougars best conference finish in thirteen seasons , but the bowl loss gave WSU an overall record of 2017 season . Washington State was in the Pac-12 in 2017 . They were again invited to the Holiday Bowl where they lost to Michigan State and finished overall . 2018 season . Leach recruited graduate transfer Gardner Minshew at quarterback in time for the 2018 season and it paid big dividends . The Cougars won a school record-tying ten games , the first time they had won that many in the regular season since the Rose Bowl year of 2002 . They also surged as high as seventh in major polling and went into the Apple Cup with a chance to clinch the Pac-12 North title and a shot at the Rose Bowl , but lost 28–15 to rival Washington in the snow in Pullman , a sixth consecutive loss to the Huskies . The Cougars were invited to the Alamo Bowl in San Antonio to play the Iowa State Cyclones of They won 28–26 for a school record 11th win . Mississippi State . 2020 . On January 9 , 2020 , Leach agreed to be the head coach of the Mississippi State Bulldogs . His contract is reported to pay him $5 million annually . The season started with a 44–34 upset victory over no . 6 LSU , who had won the CFP National Championship the previous season . The team would struggle the rest of the season , winning only two more games , 24–17 over Vanderbilt and 51–32 over Missouri , finishing the regular season at 3–7 . Despite the losing record , the Bulldogs were invited to the Armed Forces Bowl , as the NCAA waived bowl eligibility requirements due to the COVID-19 pandemic . Mississippi State faced off against no . 24 Tulsa , defeating the Golden Hurricane 28–26 to finish with an overall record of 4–7 . Achievements . Kentucky . - Four NCAA , 42 SEC , and 116 school records broken as Kentuckys offensive coordinator Texas Tech . - 10 consecutive winning seasons - 8 consecutive seasons with at least 8 wins - 4 seasons with at least 9 wins - 1 season with 11 wins - 9 consecutive bowl appearances - 5 bowl wins ( most by any individual coach in the history of the program ) - 4 seasons completed with team ranked in the Top 25 - 19–11 record against in-state conference rivals Baylor , Texas , and Texas A&M - 53–11 record at Jones AT&T Stadium , home of the Texas Tech Red Raider football team - 2008 AP Big 12 Coach of the Year - 2008 Big 12 Coach of the Year - Coached 1 Fred Biletnikoff Award ( Best Wide Receiver ) winner : Michael Crabtree ( two-time winner ) - Coached 1 Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award ( Best Senior Quarterback ) winner : Graham Harrell - Coached 1 Mosi Tatupu Award ( Best Kick Returner ) winner : Wes Welker - Coached 3 Sammy Baugh Trophy ( Outstanding Quarterback ) winners : Kliff Kingsbury , B.J . Symons , and Graham Harrell - More than 150 NCAA , Big 12 and school records broken as Texas Techs head coach - All-time winningest football coach in Texas Tech history Washington State . - 2015 Pac-12 Coach of the Year - 2018 Pac-12 Coach of the Year - 4 consecutive winning seasons - First coach to win 11 games in a season at WSU - Coached 1 Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award ( Best Senior Quarterback ) winner : Gardner Minshew II - 1 top 10 finish - 2 bowl wins Mississippi State . - First head coach to win against a Top 10 in coaching debut . - Broke SEC and school record in passing yards in a single game . Coaching tree . Although he did not play college football , Leach played wide receiver under John McDougall , the longtime coach at Cody High School in Cody , Wyoming . Under Coach MacDougall , Cody played in two top division state championships while Leach was a student , winning one in 1976 in triple overtime against legendary coach John Detis Laramie Plainsmen . Head coaches under whom Mike Leach served : - Lyle Setencich : Cal Poly ( 1987 ) - Hal Mumme : Iowa Wesleyan University ( 1989–1991 ) , Valdosta State ( 1992–1996 ) , Kentucky ( 1997–1998 ) - Bob Stoops : Oklahoma ( 1999 ) Assistant coaches under Leach who became college head coaches : - Art Briles : Houston Cougars ( 2003–2007 ) , Baylor Bears ( 2008–2015 ) - Jeff Choate : Montana State Bobcats ( 2016–present ) - Sonny Dykes : Louisiana Tech Bulldogs ( 2010–2012 ) , California Golden Bears ( 2013–2016 ) , SMU Mustangs ( 2018–present ) - Greg McMackin : Hawaii Warriors ( 2008–2011 ) - Ruffin McNeill : East Carolina Pirates ( 2010–2015 ) - Dana Holgorsen : West Virginia Mountaineers ( 2011–2018 ) , Houston Cougars ( 2019–present ) - Seth Littrell : North Texas Mean Green ( 2016–present ) - Lincoln Riley : Oklahoma Sooners ( 2017–present ) Graduate assistants under Leach who became college head coaches : - Dave Aranda : Baylor Bears ( 2020–present ) Players under Leach who became college or NFL head coaches : - Kliff Kingsbury : Texas Tech ( 2013–2018 ) , Arizona Cardinals ( 2019–present ) - Neal Brown : Troy Trojans ( 2015–2018 ) , West Virginia Mountaineers ( 2019–present ) - Seth Littrell : North Texas Mean Green ( 2016–present ) - Josh Heupel : UCF Knights ( 2018–present ) - Eric Morris : Incarnate Word Cardinals ( 2018–present ) Personal life . Leach is married with four children . Leach is atypical among NCAA Division I head coaches in that he did not play college football . He is one of nine such current head coaches , eight of them in FBS . The others are Manny Diaz of the Miami Hurricanes , Eliah Drinkwitz at Missouri , David Cutcliffe at Duke , Sonny Dykes at SMU , Ryan Silverfield at Memphis , Bill Clark at UAB , Hugh Freeze at Liberty , and the only FCS coach of the group , Bobby Hauck at Montana . Famous among fans for his fascination with 18th-century pirates such as Blackbeard and Calico Jack , Leach has lectured his players on the history of pirates , and told them before games to swing their swords . His office has been described as a museum of pirate paraphernalia . In particular , Leach admires the teamwork exhibited by pirates . Leachs affinity for pirates came to bear in a cameo he made on the TV series Friday Night Lights . In the shows fourth season , he portrays a random loon at a gas station who implores a despondent coach Eric Taylor to swing your sword and find your inner pirate . Leach spends time during each off-season pursuing non-sport interests . Besides pirates , he has studied topics such as Native American leader Geronimo , American pioneer Daniel Boone , grizzly bears , chimpanzees , whales , and American artist Jackson Pollock . During the spring of 2019 , Leach co-taught a five-week seminar at Washington State , Insurgent Warfare and Football Strategies , alongside Washington politician Michael Baumgartner . Leachs social media presence has come under widespread criticism . In 2018 , the posting of fake videos critical of President Barack Obama led to multiple Washington State donors to alter future giving plans . The 2020 posting of a meme featuring a noose led to player criticism and transfers . External links . - Mississippi State profile - Washington State profile

/wiki/Mike_Leach_(American_football_coach)#P286#1

Who coached the team Mike Leach (American football coach) in Apr 2014?

Mike Leach ( American football coach ) Michael Charles Leach ( born March 9 , 1961 ) is an American college football coach who is currently the head coach at Mississippi State University . He was previously the head coach at Texas Tech University from 2000 to 2009 , where he became the winningest coach in school history , and at Washington State University from 2012 to 2019 , where he recorded the third-most wins of any coach in school history . Leach is known for building potent offenses , directing passing-oriented teams in a spread offense system known as the air raid offense , which Leach developed with Hal Mumme when Mumme was head coach and Leach was offensive coordinator at Iowa Wesleyan , Valdosta State , and Kentucky in the 1990s . Leachs offenses with Mumme , and later as a head coach himself , have broken numerous school and NCAA records . Early life and education . Born to Frank and Sandra Leach in Susanville , California , Leach claims Cody , Wyoming , as his hometown . He was raised a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints . He graduated from Cody High School in 1979 and then attended Brigham Young University ( BYU ) in Provo , Utah , where he closely followed the exploits of the football team . Led by head coach LaVell Edwards , offensive coordinator Norm Chow , and quarterbacks Marc Wilson , Jim McMahon , and Steve Young , BYU played a pass-oriented offense , which was uncommon in college football at that time . Leach graduated in 1983 with a bachelors degree in American studies . In 1986 , Leach earned a Juris Doctor from Pepperdine University School of Law in Malibu , California . He is also one of the most prominent graduates of the United States Sports Academy in Daphne , Alabama , from which he earned a Masters of Sports Science in sports coaching in 1988 . Coaching career . Early coaching career . Leach began his coaching career as an assistant at Cal Poly ( 1987 ) and College of the Desert ( 1988 ) . He also served as head coach of the Pori Bears in the American Football Association of Finland in 1989 . Also in 1989 , he joined Hal Mummes staff at Iowa Wesleyan University as offensive coordinator . The pair spent three seasons there before moving to Valdosta State ( 1992–1996 ) and then Kentucky ( 1997–1998 ) . The partnership was known for the development of the air raid offense , which allowed their teams to rank highly in offensive statistics and set numerous records . Kentucky quarterback Tim Couch became a No . 1 overall NFL draft pick . For the 1999 season , Leach joined the Oklahoma staff under head coach Bob Stoops . Oklahomas offense , which had ranked 11th in the Big 12 Conference in 1998 , improved under Leach to first in the conference in 1999 . Texas Tech . After one year at Oklahoma , Leach was hired as head coach of the Texas Tech Red Raiders , another Big 12 member . The Leach-coached Red Raiders best finishes came with three nine-win seasons in 2002 , 2005 , and 2007 and an 11-win season in 2008 . In 2002 , Tech swept its in-state conference rivals Baylor , Texas , and Texas A&M for the first time since 1997 and then defeated Clemson , 55–15 , in the Tangerine Bowl . It was the Red Raiders first postseason win since 1995 when they beat the Air Force Falcons in the Copper Bowl . In 2005 , the Red Raiders opened their season with a 6–0 record , their best start since 1998 . Leach built a strong passing offense at Tech , where the Red Raiders led the NCAA in passing yardage for four years in a row . He inserted Kliff Kingsbury at quarterback for three years . Kingsbury broke the NCAA records for completions in a career . Kingsbury was succeeded at the position by B . J . Symons , who produced the most passing yards in a season in NCAA history . Sonny Cumbie followed , leading the Red Raiders to an upset of the then-4th ranked California in the Holiday Bowl . Cody Hodges succeeded Cumbie , and subsequently lead the NCAA in passing . Graham Harrell , the first non-senior starting QB since Kingsbury , struggled early in the 2006 season . However , he showed steady improvement beginning with the game against Iowa State and ended the season with a record-setting comeback victory over the Minnesota Golden Gophers . Harrell also set NCAA records for passes completed in a season and career amongst others . Under Mike Leach , Texas Tech was known for its high-scoring offense and come-from-behind victories . A 70–35 win over TCU in 2004 began with TCU leading 21–0 with eight minutes remaining in the second quarter . Before Techs scoring drives started , a TCU defensive back was caught mouthing into a TV camera , They arent going to score . Later in the season , Texas Tech beat Nebraska , 70–10 , forcing the Cornhuskers to give up more points in a single game than they had before in their 114-year history . In 2005 , the Red Raiders were losing to Kansas State , 13–10 , late in the second quarter but won the game 59–20 . Also in 2005 , Tech had a halftime lead of 14–10 over Texas A&M . By the end of the game , they increased the margin to 56–17 . It was the Aggies worst loss to the Red Raiders in the 64-year-old series . Mike Leach was chosen to coach the South team during the 2007 inaugural Inta Juice North-South All-Star Classic game . At the end of the 2008 season , Leach was 76–39 with the Red Raiders , including 7–2 against the Texas A&M Aggies and 2–7 against the Texas Longhorns . With a 5–4 record , he is the all-time winningest coach in postseason play in Tech football history . Leach was one of only sixteen active college football coaches who had never had a losing season after he left Texas Tech . This was followed by a 3–9 season in his seminal year with Washington State . Of those , he is among nine who have been a head coach for at least five seasons . In February 2009 , Leach signed a three-year contract extension with Texas Tech that would pay him at least $2.5 million per year if he stayed in place through 2013 . Leachs guaranteed compensation would have been $1.6 million in 2006 , $1.65 million in 2007 , $1.75 million in 2008 , $1.85 million in 2009 and $2.15 million in 2010 . 2007 Texas game controversy . During his post-game press conference after the 2007 loss against Texas , Leach used most of his time to rail against the officiating crew for what he felt were bad calls . He speculated that the officials may have favored Texas because the head official lived in Austin , because they were incompetent , or possibly because the conference wanted Texas to appear in a BCS bowl because of the increased appearance fees that such a bowl generates for the conference . Jim Vertuno of the Associated Press wrote Leach was upset officials disallowed two Tech touchdowns in the third quarter . The first was overruled when video replay clearly showed the receiver let the ball hit the ground . On the next play , a touchdown pass was negated by a holding penalty . Leach also wanted , but didnt get , a flag for roughing the quarterback . The Lubbock Avalanche-Journal reported , Big 12 policy prohibits coaches from commenting publicly about game officials , so Leachs actions leave him open to reprimand , fine or worse . ESPN reported , Big 12 official spokesman Bob Burda did not immediately respond to telephone messages seeking comment . Leachs rant will likely draw a fine from the league and possibly a suspension . On November 13 , 2007 , the Big 12 fined Leach $10,000 , the largest fine in Big 12 history . Leach also received a reprimand and was warned that further violations could result in suspension . In a Big 12 coaches conference call that day , Leach added that he did not regret making any of the comments . Leach announced that he would appeal the fine . Tech alumni and fans began raising money to aid Leach in paying the penalty in the event that it was upheld . Optionally , the proceeds raised could be used charitably . So , just before Christmas 2007 , Leach requested that the nearly $5,000 raised to that point be spent on 400 hams to be given free to families in Lubbock , Texas . Future donations were to go to the university or athletic department . Following the 2008 Gator Bowl , in which Virginia scored twice on penalties against Tech for intentional grounding in the end zone , Leach joked , I felt like we had a back there on the one safety , but I dont comment on officiating . I just give out hams is what I do . 2008 season . Leach , along with players Graham Harrell and Michael Crabtree were featured on the cover of the 2008 edition of Dave Campbells Texas Football . The magazine predicted that the 2008 Red Raider football team would be the best in Texas and would challenge for the Big 12 South title . Following a 9–0 beginning to the season , including a win over the undefeated #1 Texas Longhorns , Texas Tech Athletic Director Gerald Myers announced that the university would renegotiate Leachs contract following the conclusion of the football regular season and give him an extension . The Red Raiders ended the 2008 regular season with 11 wins and 1 loss , the best in school history . The season also marked the first win over a #1 ranked team . Tech , along with Oklahoma and Texas , shared the Big 12 Conference South division title . On December 2 , 2008 , the Associated Press named Leach the Big 12 Coach of the Year . He received 16 votes for the honor by the agencys panel , while Texas Mack Brown got 4 . He won co-Coach of the Year honors from the Big 12 coaches ; Oklahomas Bob Stoops received the same recognition for the same season . The Dallas Morning News named him Coach of the Year as well . He garnered the 2008 George Munger Award , which is given annually to the top college coach of the year by the Maxwell Football Club . After much controversy about how the tie-breaker should be handled between Texas , Oklahoma , and Texas Tech fans , the Red Raiders ended up being left out of the BCS because of a rule that states only two teams from each conference could enter BCS play per season . Oklahoma won the tie-breaker on account of their higher BCS ranking , ultimately losing to Florida in the national championship . Texas Tech also ended up losing that year in the Cotton Bowl to Ole Miss 47–34 . Leach interviewed for the University of Washington head coaching job , which was vacated by Tyrone Willingham . ESPN reported that Leach withdrew his name from the coaching search following his interview . Auburn , where Tommy Tuberville resigned , had also been rumored to have contacted Leach . In an interview with the Associated Press , Tech quarterback Graham Harrell stated that there was a great chance Leach could leave . Harrell noted that Leach might leave for a newer challenge . After Leach withdrew his name from consideration for the Washington job , Harrell retracted his statements and believed Leach would remain the Red Raiders coach . Tech athletic director Gerald Myers had indicated that he would give a raise to Leach before Techs bowl game , which he later negotiated . Leach and the university settled on a 5-year extension worth $12.7 million after months of negotiations over the clauses of the contract . 2009 season . On October 31 , 2009 , after the Red Raiders win over Kansas , Leach tied his predecessor Spike Dykes as the all-time winningest coach in Texas Techs 85-year football history . On November 21 , 2009 , Leach passed Dykes for first all-time on the schools wins list with a win over Oklahoma . Firing . On December 28 , 2009 , Leach was suspended indefinitely by Texas Tech pending investigation of alleged inappropriate treatment of Adam James , son of former SMU and New England Patriots running back ( and former ESPN college football analyst ) Craig James . On December 16 , James suffered a concussion . He was examined the next day , and told not to practice that afternoon due to the concussion . According to a James family source , Leach ordered him to stand in the equipment room near the Raiders practice facility . According to the Lubbock Avalanche-Journal , school officials claim they gave Leach an ultimatum to apologize to James in writing by December 28 or Leach would be suspended . His attorney , Ted Liggett , disputed the characterization of events as reported by the university and other news sources , and said that James had been treated reasonably in light of his condition . Leach immediately sought an injunction that would allow him to coach in the 2010 Alamo Bowl . However , on December 30 , Texas Tech fired Leach , calling his refusal to apologize to James a defiant act of insubordination . This was the day before Leach was reportedly owed an $800,000 tenure bonus and over $1,700,000 for contractual guaranteed income for 2009 . Texas Tech lawyers handed a termination letter to Liggett just minutes before the two sides were to appear in a Lubbock courtroom for a hearing . Liggett was also told that Leach would not be allowed to coach in the Alamo Bowl regardless of how the hearing turned out . School officials later said that other incidents had come to light during its investigation of Leach , but declined to elaborate . Defensive coordinator Ruffin McNeill was named interim head coach and led the team during their appearance in the Alamo Bowl . In a statement , Leach said that he believed the firing was motivated in part by simmering acrimony over the contract negotiations . He also said he planned to sue Texas Tech for wrongful termination . On December 31 , Leach spoke with The New York Times in his first interview since being fired from Texas Tech . He said that he did not know where James had been taken , having only ordered him taken out of the light . He claimed the controversy stemmed from Craig James constant lobbying for more playing time for his son , whom he characterized as lazy and feeling entitled . On January 8 , 2010 , Leach formally filed suit against Texas Tech for wrongful termination and other claims . He claimed that school officials not only fired him without cause , but issued defamatory statements in a willful attempt to keep him from being hired elsewhere . During a deposition for the case obtained by the Lubbock Avalanche-Journal , Adam James admitted under oath that he found the closet incident funny . In May 2010 , District Judge Bill Sowder dismissed all but one of Leachs claims on the grounds of sovereign immunity , but he allowed Leachs claim for breach of contract to proceed , finding that Texas Tech had waived its immunity on this claim by its conduct . The judge also dismissed Leachs claims against three university administrators . Both parties took steps to appeal the decision , although Leachs attorneys said they would drop their appeal if Texas Tech would do likewise and allow the breach of contract claim to proceed to a jury trial . Early in 2011 , Texas 7th Court of Appeals ruled that Texas Tech was immune from Leachs claim of breach of contract but that Leach can claim non-monetary reparations . Leachs attorney Paul Dobrowski announced his intention to appeal to the Supreme Court of Texas . In February 2012 , The Texas Supreme Court denied Leachs petition for review . After that denial , Texas Tech attorney Dicky Gregg stated As weve said from the beginning , we were right on the law and the facts , and the ( Texas ) Supreme Court has just held that we were correct on the law . Friday Night Lights series creator Peter Berg has hinted that he has written a movie script for the characters from the TV series that is based on Leachs firing from Texas Tech . On August 6 , Judge Sowder issued a summary judgement dismissing Leachs lawsuits against ESPN , Spaeth Communications , and Craig James . Leachs attorneys indicated they would appeal . Post-Texas Tech . In August 2010 , Leach joined CBS College Sports Network , where he worked as a color analyst with play-by-play announcer Roger Twibell . In 2010 , Leach joined host Jack Arute to co-host College Football Playbook on SiriusXM College Sports Nation Channel 91 , which airs weekdays 12 pm – 3 pm ET . In 2011 , Leach released an autobiographical book , Swing Your Sword : Leading the Charge in Football and in Life , through Diversion Books . The book debuted at #6 on The New York Times Best Seller list . Leach was considered by many in the national media to be a candidate for the head coaching vacancies at University of Miami , University of Maryland , and University of Minnesota following the 2010 regular season . After at least two interviews at Maryland , he was considered the frontrunner for that job until the administration decided instead to hire Randy Edsall away from UConn . Leach was mentioned in connection with a number of other vacancies in head-coaching positions during 2011 , including Washington State , Arizona , Ole Miss , Kansas , Penn State , and Tulane . Washington State . Leach agreed to terms with Washington State on November 30 , 2011 and began coaching for the 2012 season . His five-year rollover contract made Leach the fourth-highest paid coach in the Pac-12 . On December 5 , 2019 , Leach received a contract extension through 2024 . 2012 season . Leachs first season in Pullman was a controversial one . Washington State was 3–9 overall and 1–8 in Pac-12 play ; the lone wins were against FCS Eastern Washington , UNLV , and an upset of rival Washington in the Apple Cup in Pullman . On November 10 , more allegations of player abuse erupted when star wide receiver Marquess Wilson quit the team citing physical , emotional and verbal abuse by the coaching staff . Immediately after the allegations were made , university president Elson Floyd issued a statement indicating that he had requested investigations into the alleged incident ( s ) from both the WSU Athletic Department and the Pac-12 Conference . The investigations determined that the claims made against Leach were without merit , and Wilson later recanted the allegations . Leach received a 2-year contract extension on November 18 , 2013 after leading the Washington State Cougars to their best record since 2006 . 2013 season . Leach led WSU to a 6–6 regular season in 2013 that had them bowl eligible for the first time in a decade . They were led on offense by Connor Halliday , who set school and conference records for passing . The Cougars defeated USC , California , Arizona , and Utah for a conference record . Invited to the New Mexico Bowl in Albuquerque , Wazzu led most of the game , but lost to the Colorado State Rams . Down by sixteen points with under three minutes to play , the Rams mounted an all-time great comeback , winning with a field goal as time expired in regulation . The Cougars led the nation in passing offense and total offense and Leach was awarded a pay raise for the Cougars 2013 performance . 2014 season . The 2014 season saw the Cougars regress to a record . The Cougars defeated Portland State Utah and Oregon State 2015 season . In 2015 , despite a season-opening loss to FCS school Portland State , the Cougars had their breakthrough season of the Leach era with a record , in the Pac-12 . The Cougars were invited to the Sun Bowl in El Paso , Texas , where they beat the Miami Hurricanes This was the best Cougar record since the 2003 team went 2016 season . WSU began the 2016 season with two losses , but rallied off eight consecutive wins before dropping their final two games . The success of their season , led by Luke Falk at quarterback , landed them in the Holiday Bowl in San Diego where they lost to Minnesota of the Big Ten . WSU finished in the Pac-12 , with notable wins over Oregon and #15 Stanford . It was the Cougars best conference finish in thirteen seasons , but the bowl loss gave WSU an overall record of 2017 season . Washington State was in the Pac-12 in 2017 . They were again invited to the Holiday Bowl where they lost to Michigan State and finished overall . 2018 season . Leach recruited graduate transfer Gardner Minshew at quarterback in time for the 2018 season and it paid big dividends . The Cougars won a school record-tying ten games , the first time they had won that many in the regular season since the Rose Bowl year of 2002 . They also surged as high as seventh in major polling and went into the Apple Cup with a chance to clinch the Pac-12 North title and a shot at the Rose Bowl , but lost 28–15 to rival Washington in the snow in Pullman , a sixth consecutive loss to the Huskies . The Cougars were invited to the Alamo Bowl in San Antonio to play the Iowa State Cyclones of They won 28–26 for a school record 11th win . Mississippi State . 2020 . On January 9 , 2020 , Leach agreed to be the head coach of the Mississippi State Bulldogs . His contract is reported to pay him $5 million annually . The season started with a 44–34 upset victory over no . 6 LSU , who had won the CFP National Championship the previous season . The team would struggle the rest of the season , winning only two more games , 24–17 over Vanderbilt and 51–32 over Missouri , finishing the regular season at 3–7 . Despite the losing record , the Bulldogs were invited to the Armed Forces Bowl , as the NCAA waived bowl eligibility requirements due to the COVID-19 pandemic . Mississippi State faced off against no . 24 Tulsa , defeating the Golden Hurricane 28–26 to finish with an overall record of 4–7 . Achievements . Kentucky . - Four NCAA , 42 SEC , and 116 school records broken as Kentuckys offensive coordinator Texas Tech . - 10 consecutive winning seasons - 8 consecutive seasons with at least 8 wins - 4 seasons with at least 9 wins - 1 season with 11 wins - 9 consecutive bowl appearances - 5 bowl wins ( most by any individual coach in the history of the program ) - 4 seasons completed with team ranked in the Top 25 - 19–11 record against in-state conference rivals Baylor , Texas , and Texas A&M - 53–11 record at Jones AT&T Stadium , home of the Texas Tech Red Raider football team - 2008 AP Big 12 Coach of the Year - 2008 Big 12 Coach of the Year - Coached 1 Fred Biletnikoff Award ( Best Wide Receiver ) winner : Michael Crabtree ( two-time winner ) - Coached 1 Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award ( Best Senior Quarterback ) winner : Graham Harrell - Coached 1 Mosi Tatupu Award ( Best Kick Returner ) winner : Wes Welker - Coached 3 Sammy Baugh Trophy ( Outstanding Quarterback ) winners : Kliff Kingsbury , B.J . Symons , and Graham Harrell - More than 150 NCAA , Big 12 and school records broken as Texas Techs head coach - All-time winningest football coach in Texas Tech history Washington State . - 2015 Pac-12 Coach of the Year - 2018 Pac-12 Coach of the Year - 4 consecutive winning seasons - First coach to win 11 games in a season at WSU - Coached 1 Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award ( Best Senior Quarterback ) winner : Gardner Minshew II - 1 top 10 finish - 2 bowl wins Mississippi State . - First head coach to win against a Top 10 in coaching debut . - Broke SEC and school record in passing yards in a single game . Coaching tree . Although he did not play college football , Leach played wide receiver under John McDougall , the longtime coach at Cody High School in Cody , Wyoming . Under Coach MacDougall , Cody played in two top division state championships while Leach was a student , winning one in 1976 in triple overtime against legendary coach John Detis Laramie Plainsmen . Head coaches under whom Mike Leach served : - Lyle Setencich : Cal Poly ( 1987 ) - Hal Mumme : Iowa Wesleyan University ( 1989–1991 ) , Valdosta State ( 1992–1996 ) , Kentucky ( 1997–1998 ) - Bob Stoops : Oklahoma ( 1999 ) Assistant coaches under Leach who became college head coaches : - Art Briles : Houston Cougars ( 2003–2007 ) , Baylor Bears ( 2008–2015 ) - Jeff Choate : Montana State Bobcats ( 2016–present ) - Sonny Dykes : Louisiana Tech Bulldogs ( 2010–2012 ) , California Golden Bears ( 2013–2016 ) , SMU Mustangs ( 2018–present ) - Greg McMackin : Hawaii Warriors ( 2008–2011 ) - Ruffin McNeill : East Carolina Pirates ( 2010–2015 ) - Dana Holgorsen : West Virginia Mountaineers ( 2011–2018 ) , Houston Cougars ( 2019–present ) - Seth Littrell : North Texas Mean Green ( 2016–present ) - Lincoln Riley : Oklahoma Sooners ( 2017–present ) Graduate assistants under Leach who became college head coaches : - Dave Aranda : Baylor Bears ( 2020–present ) Players under Leach who became college or NFL head coaches : - Kliff Kingsbury : Texas Tech ( 2013–2018 ) , Arizona Cardinals ( 2019–present ) - Neal Brown : Troy Trojans ( 2015–2018 ) , West Virginia Mountaineers ( 2019–present ) - Seth Littrell : North Texas Mean Green ( 2016–present ) - Josh Heupel : UCF Knights ( 2018–present ) - Eric Morris : Incarnate Word Cardinals ( 2018–present ) Personal life . Leach is married with four children . Leach is atypical among NCAA Division I head coaches in that he did not play college football . He is one of nine such current head coaches , eight of them in FBS . The others are Manny Diaz of the Miami Hurricanes , Eliah Drinkwitz at Missouri , David Cutcliffe at Duke , Sonny Dykes at SMU , Ryan Silverfield at Memphis , Bill Clark at UAB , Hugh Freeze at Liberty , and the only FCS coach of the group , Bobby Hauck at Montana . Famous among fans for his fascination with 18th-century pirates such as Blackbeard and Calico Jack , Leach has lectured his players on the history of pirates , and told them before games to swing their swords . His office has been described as a museum of pirate paraphernalia . In particular , Leach admires the teamwork exhibited by pirates . Leachs affinity for pirates came to bear in a cameo he made on the TV series Friday Night Lights . In the shows fourth season , he portrays a random loon at a gas station who implores a despondent coach Eric Taylor to swing your sword and find your inner pirate . Leach spends time during each off-season pursuing non-sport interests . Besides pirates , he has studied topics such as Native American leader Geronimo , American pioneer Daniel Boone , grizzly bears , chimpanzees , whales , and American artist Jackson Pollock . During the spring of 2019 , Leach co-taught a five-week seminar at Washington State , Insurgent Warfare and Football Strategies , alongside Washington politician Michael Baumgartner . Leachs social media presence has come under widespread criticism . In 2018 , the posting of fake videos critical of President Barack Obama led to multiple Washington State donors to alter future giving plans . The 2020 posting of a meme featuring a noose led to player criticism and transfers . External links . - Mississippi State profile - Washington State profile

/wiki/Mike_Leach_(American_football_coach)#P286#2

Who coached the team Mike Leach (American football coach) between Aug 2020 and Sep 2020?

Mike Leach ( American football coach ) Michael Charles Leach ( born March 9 , 1961 ) is an American college football coach who is currently the head coach at Mississippi State University . He was previously the head coach at Texas Tech University from 2000 to 2009 , where he became the winningest coach in school history , and at Washington State University from 2012 to 2019 , where he recorded the third-most wins of any coach in school history . Leach is known for building potent offenses , directing passing-oriented teams in a spread offense system known as the air raid offense , which Leach developed with Hal Mumme when Mumme was head coach and Leach was offensive coordinator at Iowa Wesleyan , Valdosta State , and Kentucky in the 1990s . Leachs offenses with Mumme , and later as a head coach himself , have broken numerous school and NCAA records . Early life and education . Born to Frank and Sandra Leach in Susanville , California , Leach claims Cody , Wyoming , as his hometown . He was raised a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints . He graduated from Cody High School in 1979 and then attended Brigham Young University ( BYU ) in Provo , Utah , where he closely followed the exploits of the football team . Led by head coach LaVell Edwards , offensive coordinator Norm Chow , and quarterbacks Marc Wilson , Jim McMahon , and Steve Young , BYU played a pass-oriented offense , which was uncommon in college football at that time . Leach graduated in 1983 with a bachelors degree in American studies . In 1986 , Leach earned a Juris Doctor from Pepperdine University School of Law in Malibu , California . He is also one of the most prominent graduates of the United States Sports Academy in Daphne , Alabama , from which he earned a Masters of Sports Science in sports coaching in 1988 . Coaching career . Early coaching career . Leach began his coaching career as an assistant at Cal Poly ( 1987 ) and College of the Desert ( 1988 ) . He also served as head coach of the Pori Bears in the American Football Association of Finland in 1989 . Also in 1989 , he joined Hal Mummes staff at Iowa Wesleyan University as offensive coordinator . The pair spent three seasons there before moving to Valdosta State ( 1992–1996 ) and then Kentucky ( 1997–1998 ) . The partnership was known for the development of the air raid offense , which allowed their teams to rank highly in offensive statistics and set numerous records . Kentucky quarterback Tim Couch became a No . 1 overall NFL draft pick . For the 1999 season , Leach joined the Oklahoma staff under head coach Bob Stoops . Oklahomas offense , which had ranked 11th in the Big 12 Conference in 1998 , improved under Leach to first in the conference in 1999 . Texas Tech . After one year at Oklahoma , Leach was hired as head coach of the Texas Tech Red Raiders , another Big 12 member . The Leach-coached Red Raiders best finishes came with three nine-win seasons in 2002 , 2005 , and 2007 and an 11-win season in 2008 . In 2002 , Tech swept its in-state conference rivals Baylor , Texas , and Texas A&M for the first time since 1997 and then defeated Clemson , 55–15 , in the Tangerine Bowl . It was the Red Raiders first postseason win since 1995 when they beat the Air Force Falcons in the Copper Bowl . In 2005 , the Red Raiders opened their season with a 6–0 record , their best start since 1998 . Leach built a strong passing offense at Tech , where the Red Raiders led the NCAA in passing yardage for four years in a row . He inserted Kliff Kingsbury at quarterback for three years . Kingsbury broke the NCAA records for completions in a career . Kingsbury was succeeded at the position by B . J . Symons , who produced the most passing yards in a season in NCAA history . Sonny Cumbie followed , leading the Red Raiders to an upset of the then-4th ranked California in the Holiday Bowl . Cody Hodges succeeded Cumbie , and subsequently lead the NCAA in passing . Graham Harrell , the first non-senior starting QB since Kingsbury , struggled early in the 2006 season . However , he showed steady improvement beginning with the game against Iowa State and ended the season with a record-setting comeback victory over the Minnesota Golden Gophers . Harrell also set NCAA records for passes completed in a season and career amongst others . Under Mike Leach , Texas Tech was known for its high-scoring offense and come-from-behind victories . A 70–35 win over TCU in 2004 began with TCU leading 21–0 with eight minutes remaining in the second quarter . Before Techs scoring drives started , a TCU defensive back was caught mouthing into a TV camera , They arent going to score . Later in the season , Texas Tech beat Nebraska , 70–10 , forcing the Cornhuskers to give up more points in a single game than they had before in their 114-year history . In 2005 , the Red Raiders were losing to Kansas State , 13–10 , late in the second quarter but won the game 59–20 . Also in 2005 , Tech had a halftime lead of 14–10 over Texas A&M . By the end of the game , they increased the margin to 56–17 . It was the Aggies worst loss to the Red Raiders in the 64-year-old series . Mike Leach was chosen to coach the South team during the 2007 inaugural Inta Juice North-South All-Star Classic game . At the end of the 2008 season , Leach was 76–39 with the Red Raiders , including 7–2 against the Texas A&M Aggies and 2–7 against the Texas Longhorns . With a 5–4 record , he is the all-time winningest coach in postseason play in Tech football history . Leach was one of only sixteen active college football coaches who had never had a losing season after he left Texas Tech . This was followed by a 3–9 season in his seminal year with Washington State . Of those , he is among nine who have been a head coach for at least five seasons . In February 2009 , Leach signed a three-year contract extension with Texas Tech that would pay him at least $2.5 million per year if he stayed in place through 2013 . Leachs guaranteed compensation would have been $1.6 million in 2006 , $1.65 million in 2007 , $1.75 million in 2008 , $1.85 million in 2009 and $2.15 million in 2010 . 2007 Texas game controversy . During his post-game press conference after the 2007 loss against Texas , Leach used most of his time to rail against the officiating crew for what he felt were bad calls . He speculated that the officials may have favored Texas because the head official lived in Austin , because they were incompetent , or possibly because the conference wanted Texas to appear in a BCS bowl because of the increased appearance fees that such a bowl generates for the conference . Jim Vertuno of the Associated Press wrote Leach was upset officials disallowed two Tech touchdowns in the third quarter . The first was overruled when video replay clearly showed the receiver let the ball hit the ground . On the next play , a touchdown pass was negated by a holding penalty . Leach also wanted , but didnt get , a flag for roughing the quarterback . The Lubbock Avalanche-Journal reported , Big 12 policy prohibits coaches from commenting publicly about game officials , so Leachs actions leave him open to reprimand , fine or worse . ESPN reported , Big 12 official spokesman Bob Burda did not immediately respond to telephone messages seeking comment . Leachs rant will likely draw a fine from the league and possibly a suspension . On November 13 , 2007 , the Big 12 fined Leach $10,000 , the largest fine in Big 12 history . Leach also received a reprimand and was warned that further violations could result in suspension . In a Big 12 coaches conference call that day , Leach added that he did not regret making any of the comments . Leach announced that he would appeal the fine . Tech alumni and fans began raising money to aid Leach in paying the penalty in the event that it was upheld . Optionally , the proceeds raised could be used charitably . So , just before Christmas 2007 , Leach requested that the nearly $5,000 raised to that point be spent on 400 hams to be given free to families in Lubbock , Texas . Future donations were to go to the university or athletic department . Following the 2008 Gator Bowl , in which Virginia scored twice on penalties against Tech for intentional grounding in the end zone , Leach joked , I felt like we had a back there on the one safety , but I dont comment on officiating . I just give out hams is what I do . 2008 season . Leach , along with players Graham Harrell and Michael Crabtree were featured on the cover of the 2008 edition of Dave Campbells Texas Football . The magazine predicted that the 2008 Red Raider football team would be the best in Texas and would challenge for the Big 12 South title . Following a 9–0 beginning to the season , including a win over the undefeated #1 Texas Longhorns , Texas Tech Athletic Director Gerald Myers announced that the university would renegotiate Leachs contract following the conclusion of the football regular season and give him an extension . The Red Raiders ended the 2008 regular season with 11 wins and 1 loss , the best in school history . The season also marked the first win over a #1 ranked team . Tech , along with Oklahoma and Texas , shared the Big 12 Conference South division title . On December 2 , 2008 , the Associated Press named Leach the Big 12 Coach of the Year . He received 16 votes for the honor by the agencys panel , while Texas Mack Brown got 4 . He won co-Coach of the Year honors from the Big 12 coaches ; Oklahomas Bob Stoops received the same recognition for the same season . The Dallas Morning News named him Coach of the Year as well . He garnered the 2008 George Munger Award , which is given annually to the top college coach of the year by the Maxwell Football Club . After much controversy about how the tie-breaker should be handled between Texas , Oklahoma , and Texas Tech fans , the Red Raiders ended up being left out of the BCS because of a rule that states only two teams from each conference could enter BCS play per season . Oklahoma won the tie-breaker on account of their higher BCS ranking , ultimately losing to Florida in the national championship . Texas Tech also ended up losing that year in the Cotton Bowl to Ole Miss 47–34 . Leach interviewed for the University of Washington head coaching job , which was vacated by Tyrone Willingham . ESPN reported that Leach withdrew his name from the coaching search following his interview . Auburn , where Tommy Tuberville resigned , had also been rumored to have contacted Leach . In an interview with the Associated Press , Tech quarterback Graham Harrell stated that there was a great chance Leach could leave . Harrell noted that Leach might leave for a newer challenge . After Leach withdrew his name from consideration for the Washington job , Harrell retracted his statements and believed Leach would remain the Red Raiders coach . Tech athletic director Gerald Myers had indicated that he would give a raise to Leach before Techs bowl game , which he later negotiated . Leach and the university settled on a 5-year extension worth $12.7 million after months of negotiations over the clauses of the contract . 2009 season . On October 31 , 2009 , after the Red Raiders win over Kansas , Leach tied his predecessor Spike Dykes as the all-time winningest coach in Texas Techs 85-year football history . On November 21 , 2009 , Leach passed Dykes for first all-time on the schools wins list with a win over Oklahoma . Firing . On December 28 , 2009 , Leach was suspended indefinitely by Texas Tech pending investigation of alleged inappropriate treatment of Adam James , son of former SMU and New England Patriots running back ( and former ESPN college football analyst ) Craig James . On December 16 , James suffered a concussion . He was examined the next day , and told not to practice that afternoon due to the concussion . According to a James family source , Leach ordered him to stand in the equipment room near the Raiders practice facility . According to the Lubbock Avalanche-Journal , school officials claim they gave Leach an ultimatum to apologize to James in writing by December 28 or Leach would be suspended . His attorney , Ted Liggett , disputed the characterization of events as reported by the university and other news sources , and said that James had been treated reasonably in light of his condition . Leach immediately sought an injunction that would allow him to coach in the 2010 Alamo Bowl . However , on December 30 , Texas Tech fired Leach , calling his refusal to apologize to James a defiant act of insubordination . This was the day before Leach was reportedly owed an $800,000 tenure bonus and over $1,700,000 for contractual guaranteed income for 2009 . Texas Tech lawyers handed a termination letter to Liggett just minutes before the two sides were to appear in a Lubbock courtroom for a hearing . Liggett was also told that Leach would not be allowed to coach in the Alamo Bowl regardless of how the hearing turned out . School officials later said that other incidents had come to light during its investigation of Leach , but declined to elaborate . Defensive coordinator Ruffin McNeill was named interim head coach and led the team during their appearance in the Alamo Bowl . In a statement , Leach said that he believed the firing was motivated in part by simmering acrimony over the contract negotiations . He also said he planned to sue Texas Tech for wrongful termination . On December 31 , Leach spoke with The New York Times in his first interview since being fired from Texas Tech . He said that he did not know where James had been taken , having only ordered him taken out of the light . He claimed the controversy stemmed from Craig James constant lobbying for more playing time for his son , whom he characterized as lazy and feeling entitled . On January 8 , 2010 , Leach formally filed suit against Texas Tech for wrongful termination and other claims . He claimed that school officials not only fired him without cause , but issued defamatory statements in a willful attempt to keep him from being hired elsewhere . During a deposition for the case obtained by the Lubbock Avalanche-Journal , Adam James admitted under oath that he found the closet incident funny . In May 2010 , District Judge Bill Sowder dismissed all but one of Leachs claims on the grounds of sovereign immunity , but he allowed Leachs claim for breach of contract to proceed , finding that Texas Tech had waived its immunity on this claim by its conduct . The judge also dismissed Leachs claims against three university administrators . Both parties took steps to appeal the decision , although Leachs attorneys said they would drop their appeal if Texas Tech would do likewise and allow the breach of contract claim to proceed to a jury trial . Early in 2011 , Texas 7th Court of Appeals ruled that Texas Tech was immune from Leachs claim of breach of contract but that Leach can claim non-monetary reparations . Leachs attorney Paul Dobrowski announced his intention to appeal to the Supreme Court of Texas . In February 2012 , The Texas Supreme Court denied Leachs petition for review . After that denial , Texas Tech attorney Dicky Gregg stated As weve said from the beginning , we were right on the law and the facts , and the ( Texas ) Supreme Court has just held that we were correct on the law . Friday Night Lights series creator Peter Berg has hinted that he has written a movie script for the characters from the TV series that is based on Leachs firing from Texas Tech . On August 6 , Judge Sowder issued a summary judgement dismissing Leachs lawsuits against ESPN , Spaeth Communications , and Craig James . Leachs attorneys indicated they would appeal . Post-Texas Tech . In August 2010 , Leach joined CBS College Sports Network , where he worked as a color analyst with play-by-play announcer Roger Twibell . In 2010 , Leach joined host Jack Arute to co-host College Football Playbook on SiriusXM College Sports Nation Channel 91 , which airs weekdays 12 pm – 3 pm ET . In 2011 , Leach released an autobiographical book , Swing Your Sword : Leading the Charge in Football and in Life , through Diversion Books . The book debuted at #6 on The New York Times Best Seller list . Leach was considered by many in the national media to be a candidate for the head coaching vacancies at University of Miami , University of Maryland , and University of Minnesota following the 2010 regular season . After at least two interviews at Maryland , he was considered the frontrunner for that job until the administration decided instead to hire Randy Edsall away from UConn . Leach was mentioned in connection with a number of other vacancies in head-coaching positions during 2011 , including Washington State , Arizona , Ole Miss , Kansas , Penn State , and Tulane . Washington State . Leach agreed to terms with Washington State on November 30 , 2011 and began coaching for the 2012 season . His five-year rollover contract made Leach the fourth-highest paid coach in the Pac-12 . On December 5 , 2019 , Leach received a contract extension through 2024 . 2012 season . Leachs first season in Pullman was a controversial one . Washington State was 3–9 overall and 1–8 in Pac-12 play ; the lone wins were against FCS Eastern Washington , UNLV , and an upset of rival Washington in the Apple Cup in Pullman . On November 10 , more allegations of player abuse erupted when star wide receiver Marquess Wilson quit the team citing physical , emotional and verbal abuse by the coaching staff . Immediately after the allegations were made , university president Elson Floyd issued a statement indicating that he had requested investigations into the alleged incident ( s ) from both the WSU Athletic Department and the Pac-12 Conference . The investigations determined that the claims made against Leach were without merit , and Wilson later recanted the allegations . Leach received a 2-year contract extension on November 18 , 2013 after leading the Washington State Cougars to their best record since 2006 . 2013 season . Leach led WSU to a 6–6 regular season in 2013 that had them bowl eligible for the first time in a decade . They were led on offense by Connor Halliday , who set school and conference records for passing . The Cougars defeated USC , California , Arizona , and Utah for a conference record . Invited to the New Mexico Bowl in Albuquerque , Wazzu led most of the game , but lost to the Colorado State Rams . Down by sixteen points with under three minutes to play , the Rams mounted an all-time great comeback , winning with a field goal as time expired in regulation . The Cougars led the nation in passing offense and total offense and Leach was awarded a pay raise for the Cougars 2013 performance . 2014 season . The 2014 season saw the Cougars regress to a record . The Cougars defeated Portland State Utah and Oregon State 2015 season . In 2015 , despite a season-opening loss to FCS school Portland State , the Cougars had their breakthrough season of the Leach era with a record , in the Pac-12 . The Cougars were invited to the Sun Bowl in El Paso , Texas , where they beat the Miami Hurricanes This was the best Cougar record since the 2003 team went 2016 season . WSU began the 2016 season with two losses , but rallied off eight consecutive wins before dropping their final two games . The success of their season , led by Luke Falk at quarterback , landed them in the Holiday Bowl in San Diego where they lost to Minnesota of the Big Ten . WSU finished in the Pac-12 , with notable wins over Oregon and #15 Stanford . It was the Cougars best conference finish in thirteen seasons , but the bowl loss gave WSU an overall record of 2017 season . Washington State was in the Pac-12 in 2017 . They were again invited to the Holiday Bowl where they lost to Michigan State and finished overall . 2018 season . Leach recruited graduate transfer Gardner Minshew at quarterback in time for the 2018 season and it paid big dividends . The Cougars won a school record-tying ten games , the first time they had won that many in the regular season since the Rose Bowl year of 2002 . They also surged as high as seventh in major polling and went into the Apple Cup with a chance to clinch the Pac-12 North title and a shot at the Rose Bowl , but lost 28–15 to rival Washington in the snow in Pullman , a sixth consecutive loss to the Huskies . The Cougars were invited to the Alamo Bowl in San Antonio to play the Iowa State Cyclones of They won 28–26 for a school record 11th win . Mississippi State . 2020 . On January 9 , 2020 , Leach agreed to be the head coach of the Mississippi State Bulldogs . His contract is reported to pay him $5 million annually . The season started with a 44–34 upset victory over no . 6 LSU , who had won the CFP National Championship the previous season . The team would struggle the rest of the season , winning only two more games , 24–17 over Vanderbilt and 51–32 over Missouri , finishing the regular season at 3–7 . Despite the losing record , the Bulldogs were invited to the Armed Forces Bowl , as the NCAA waived bowl eligibility requirements due to the COVID-19 pandemic . Mississippi State faced off against no . 24 Tulsa , defeating the Golden Hurricane 28–26 to finish with an overall record of 4–7 . Achievements . Kentucky . - Four NCAA , 42 SEC , and 116 school records broken as Kentuckys offensive coordinator Texas Tech . - 10 consecutive winning seasons - 8 consecutive seasons with at least 8 wins - 4 seasons with at least 9 wins - 1 season with 11 wins - 9 consecutive bowl appearances - 5 bowl wins ( most by any individual coach in the history of the program ) - 4 seasons completed with team ranked in the Top 25 - 19–11 record against in-state conference rivals Baylor , Texas , and Texas A&M - 53–11 record at Jones AT&T Stadium , home of the Texas Tech Red Raider football team - 2008 AP Big 12 Coach of the Year - 2008 Big 12 Coach of the Year - Coached 1 Fred Biletnikoff Award ( Best Wide Receiver ) winner : Michael Crabtree ( two-time winner ) - Coached 1 Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award ( Best Senior Quarterback ) winner : Graham Harrell - Coached 1 Mosi Tatupu Award ( Best Kick Returner ) winner : Wes Welker - Coached 3 Sammy Baugh Trophy ( Outstanding Quarterback ) winners : Kliff Kingsbury , B.J . Symons , and Graham Harrell - More than 150 NCAA , Big 12 and school records broken as Texas Techs head coach - All-time winningest football coach in Texas Tech history Washington State . - 2015 Pac-12 Coach of the Year - 2018 Pac-12 Coach of the Year - 4 consecutive winning seasons - First coach to win 11 games in a season at WSU - Coached 1 Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award ( Best Senior Quarterback ) winner : Gardner Minshew II - 1 top 10 finish - 2 bowl wins Mississippi State . - First head coach to win against a Top 10 in coaching debut . - Broke SEC and school record in passing yards in a single game . Coaching tree . Although he did not play college football , Leach played wide receiver under John McDougall , the longtime coach at Cody High School in Cody , Wyoming . Under Coach MacDougall , Cody played in two top division state championships while Leach was a student , winning one in 1976 in triple overtime against legendary coach John Detis Laramie Plainsmen . Head coaches under whom Mike Leach served : - Lyle Setencich : Cal Poly ( 1987 ) - Hal Mumme : Iowa Wesleyan University ( 1989–1991 ) , Valdosta State ( 1992–1996 ) , Kentucky ( 1997–1998 ) - Bob Stoops : Oklahoma ( 1999 ) Assistant coaches under Leach who became college head coaches : - Art Briles : Houston Cougars ( 2003–2007 ) , Baylor Bears ( 2008–2015 ) - Jeff Choate : Montana State Bobcats ( 2016–present ) - Sonny Dykes : Louisiana Tech Bulldogs ( 2010–2012 ) , California Golden Bears ( 2013–2016 ) , SMU Mustangs ( 2018–present ) - Greg McMackin : Hawaii Warriors ( 2008–2011 ) - Ruffin McNeill : East Carolina Pirates ( 2010–2015 ) - Dana Holgorsen : West Virginia Mountaineers ( 2011–2018 ) , Houston Cougars ( 2019–present ) - Seth Littrell : North Texas Mean Green ( 2016–present ) - Lincoln Riley : Oklahoma Sooners ( 2017–present ) Graduate assistants under Leach who became college head coaches : - Dave Aranda : Baylor Bears ( 2020–present ) Players under Leach who became college or NFL head coaches : - Kliff Kingsbury : Texas Tech ( 2013–2018 ) , Arizona Cardinals ( 2019–present ) - Neal Brown : Troy Trojans ( 2015–2018 ) , West Virginia Mountaineers ( 2019–present ) - Seth Littrell : North Texas Mean Green ( 2016–present ) - Josh Heupel : UCF Knights ( 2018–present ) - Eric Morris : Incarnate Word Cardinals ( 2018–present ) Personal life . Leach is married with four children . Leach is atypical among NCAA Division I head coaches in that he did not play college football . He is one of nine such current head coaches , eight of them in FBS . The others are Manny Diaz of the Miami Hurricanes , Eliah Drinkwitz at Missouri , David Cutcliffe at Duke , Sonny Dykes at SMU , Ryan Silverfield at Memphis , Bill Clark at UAB , Hugh Freeze at Liberty , and the only FCS coach of the group , Bobby Hauck at Montana . Famous among fans for his fascination with 18th-century pirates such as Blackbeard and Calico Jack , Leach has lectured his players on the history of pirates , and told them before games to swing their swords . His office has been described as a museum of pirate paraphernalia . In particular , Leach admires the teamwork exhibited by pirates . Leachs affinity for pirates came to bear in a cameo he made on the TV series Friday Night Lights . In the shows fourth season , he portrays a random loon at a gas station who implores a despondent coach Eric Taylor to swing your sword and find your inner pirate . Leach spends time during each off-season pursuing non-sport interests . Besides pirates , he has studied topics such as Native American leader Geronimo , American pioneer Daniel Boone , grizzly bears , chimpanzees , whales , and American artist Jackson Pollock . During the spring of 2019 , Leach co-taught a five-week seminar at Washington State , Insurgent Warfare and Football Strategies , alongside Washington politician Michael Baumgartner . Leachs social media presence has come under widespread criticism . In 2018 , the posting of fake videos critical of President Barack Obama led to multiple Washington State donors to alter future giving plans . The 2020 posting of a meme featuring a noose led to player criticism and transfers . External links . - Mississippi State profile - Washington State profile

/wiki/Che_Wilson#P54#0

Which team did Che Wilson play for between Nov 1998 and Sep 1999?

Che Wilson Che Christian Aaron Clay Wilson ( born 17 January 1979 , in Ely ) is an English retired professional footballer having played for Norwich City , Bristol Rovers and Southend United . Career . Wilson , a right footed left back , started his career with Norwich City for whom he made 25 appearances , becoming a cult hero with fans . He joined Bristol Rovers in 2000 , where he remained two seasons . While at Rovers , his oldest sister gained notoriety as the woman inside the suit of Bristol Rovers matchday mascot , Captain Gas . ( He has one other younger sister also ) In 2002 , he joined Cambridge City , where he remained for less than a month before joining Southend United . After a slow start getting into the squad , Wilson was a permanent place on the Southend team sheet , with some solid displays . He is not well known for his goal scoring , but during the 2005–06 season he put a goal past promotion rivals Brentford in a 4–1 win , and also netted in the 3–0 win against Colchester United at Layer Road . Wilson was at the club since the 2003–04 season , and played in both Football League Trophy finals and the play-off final , making over 100 appearances for the club . He signed for Brentford in a one-month loan deal on 16 January 2007 . He played four games for Brentford before returning to Southend at the end of his one-month loan period . He joined Rotherham United on loan in March 2008 . Wilson was released by Southend United at the end of the 2007–08 season . During that season , he suffered from a serious achilles tendon injury which required major surgery and numerous bouts of rehabilitation . After two years and two operations , he then experienced a major problem with the other Achilles tendon which , after medical advice , forced him to retire from professional football . Since retiring from the professional game , Wilson studied for his coaching badges and holds the UEFA A licence and was head coach of Cambridge University for four seasons . He also coached at Ipswich Town academy under Roy Keane . Alongside this , Wilson has also completed a BSc ( Hons ) degree in Sport Science at Anglia Ruskin University in Cambridge . Due to some time off between studies , Wilson signed for New Zealand side Richmond Athletic for the 2011 Nelson Pine Industries First Division season and has since returned to England . Wilson completed a masters degree at Loughborough University in Sports Biomechanics in August 2014 . He is currently the Head Of Football at the University Of Bath . Alongside his current role , Che is studying a Doctorate in Sport Coaching at Cardiff Metropolitan University . Honours . Promotions . - 2004–05 : League Two Playoff Winner ( promotion to League One ) – Southend United - 2005–06 : League One Champion ( promotion to The Championship ) – Southend United External links . - Cambridge University profile - Career information at ex-canaries.co.uk

/wiki/Che_Wilson#P54#1

Which team did Che Wilson play for in Mar 2000?

Che Wilson Che Christian Aaron Clay Wilson ( born 17 January 1979 , in Ely ) is an English retired professional footballer having played for Norwich City , Bristol Rovers and Southend United . Career . Wilson , a right footed left back , started his career with Norwich City for whom he made 25 appearances , becoming a cult hero with fans . He joined Bristol Rovers in 2000 , where he remained two seasons . While at Rovers , his oldest sister gained notoriety as the woman inside the suit of Bristol Rovers matchday mascot , Captain Gas . ( He has one other younger sister also ) In 2002 , he joined Cambridge City , where he remained for less than a month before joining Southend United . After a slow start getting into the squad , Wilson was a permanent place on the Southend team sheet , with some solid displays . He is not well known for his goal scoring , but during the 2005–06 season he put a goal past promotion rivals Brentford in a 4–1 win , and also netted in the 3–0 win against Colchester United at Layer Road . Wilson was at the club since the 2003–04 season , and played in both Football League Trophy finals and the play-off final , making over 100 appearances for the club . He signed for Brentford in a one-month loan deal on 16 January 2007 . He played four games for Brentford before returning to Southend at the end of his one-month loan period . He joined Rotherham United on loan in March 2008 . Wilson was released by Southend United at the end of the 2007–08 season . During that season , he suffered from a serious achilles tendon injury which required major surgery and numerous bouts of rehabilitation . After two years and two operations , he then experienced a major problem with the other Achilles tendon which , after medical advice , forced him to retire from professional football . Since retiring from the professional game , Wilson studied for his coaching badges and holds the UEFA A licence and was head coach of Cambridge University for four seasons . He also coached at Ipswich Town academy under Roy Keane . Alongside this , Wilson has also completed a BSc ( Hons ) degree in Sport Science at Anglia Ruskin University in Cambridge . Due to some time off between studies , Wilson signed for New Zealand side Richmond Athletic for the 2011 Nelson Pine Industries First Division season and has since returned to England . Wilson completed a masters degree at Loughborough University in Sports Biomechanics in August 2014 . He is currently the Head Of Football at the University Of Bath . Alongside his current role , Che is studying a Doctorate in Sport Coaching at Cardiff Metropolitan University . Honours . Promotions . - 2004–05 : League Two Playoff Winner ( promotion to League One ) – Southend United - 2005–06 : League One Champion ( promotion to The Championship ) – Southend United External links . - Cambridge University profile - Career information at ex-canaries.co.uk

/wiki/Che_Wilson#P54#2

Which team did Che Wilson play for in Oct 2003?

Che Wilson Che Christian Aaron Clay Wilson ( born 17 January 1979 , in Ely ) is an English retired professional footballer having played for Norwich City , Bristol Rovers and Southend United . Career . Wilson , a right footed left back , started his career with Norwich City for whom he made 25 appearances , becoming a cult hero with fans . He joined Bristol Rovers in 2000 , where he remained two seasons . While at Rovers , his oldest sister gained notoriety as the woman inside the suit of Bristol Rovers matchday mascot , Captain Gas . ( He has one other younger sister also ) In 2002 , he joined Cambridge City , where he remained for less than a month before joining Southend United . After a slow start getting into the squad , Wilson was a permanent place on the Southend team sheet , with some solid displays . He is not well known for his goal scoring , but during the 2005–06 season he put a goal past promotion rivals Brentford in a 4–1 win , and also netted in the 3–0 win against Colchester United at Layer Road . Wilson was at the club since the 2003–04 season , and played in both Football League Trophy finals and the play-off final , making over 100 appearances for the club . He signed for Brentford in a one-month loan deal on 16 January 2007 . He played four games for Brentford before returning to Southend at the end of his one-month loan period . He joined Rotherham United on loan in March 2008 . Wilson was released by Southend United at the end of the 2007–08 season . During that season , he suffered from a serious achilles tendon injury which required major surgery and numerous bouts of rehabilitation . After two years and two operations , he then experienced a major problem with the other Achilles tendon which , after medical advice , forced him to retire from professional football . Since retiring from the professional game , Wilson studied for his coaching badges and holds the UEFA A licence and was head coach of Cambridge University for four seasons . He also coached at Ipswich Town academy under Roy Keane . Alongside this , Wilson has also completed a BSc ( Hons ) degree in Sport Science at Anglia Ruskin University in Cambridge . Due to some time off between studies , Wilson signed for New Zealand side Richmond Athletic for the 2011 Nelson Pine Industries First Division season and has since returned to England . Wilson completed a masters degree at Loughborough University in Sports Biomechanics in August 2014 . He is currently the Head Of Football at the University Of Bath . Alongside his current role , Che is studying a Doctorate in Sport Coaching at Cardiff Metropolitan University . Honours . Promotions . - 2004–05 : League Two Playoff Winner ( promotion to League One ) – Southend United - 2005–06 : League One Champion ( promotion to The Championship ) – Southend United External links . - Cambridge University profile - Career information at ex-canaries.co.uk

/wiki/Gunston_Hall#P1435#0

Which site was the heritage designation of Gunston Hall between Sep 1962 and Jul 1966?

Gunston Hall Gunston Hall is an 18th-century Georgian mansion near the Potomac River in Mason Neck , Virginia , United States . Built between 1755 and 1759 as the main residence and headquarters of a 5,500-acre ( 22 km² ) plantation , the house was the home of the United States Founding Father George Mason . The home is located not far from George Washingtons home . The interior of the house and its design was mostly the work of William Buckland , a carpenter/joiner and indentured servant from England . Buckland later went on to design several notable buildings in Virginia and Maryland . Both he and William Bernard Sears , another indentured servant , are believed to have created the ornate woodwork and interior carving . Gunstons interior design combines elements of rococo , chinoiserie , and Gothic styles , an unusual contrast to the tendency for simple decoration in Virginia at this time . Although chinoiserie was popular in Britain , Gunston Hall is the only house known to have had this decoration in colonial America . In 1792 , Thomas Jefferson went to Gunston Hall to attend George Masons death bed ; after his death later that year , the house remained in use as a private residence for many years . In 1868 , it was purchased by noted abolitionist and civil war Colonel Edward Daniels . It is now a museum owned by the Commonwealth of Virginia and open to the public . The home and grounds were designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960 for their association with Mason . History . Naming . The Masons came from Gunstone in South Staffordshire and like many others in that area supported the Crown during the 1642-1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms . After Royalist defeat at Worcester in 1651 , Philip Mason I emigrated to Virginia , along with his cousin Gerard Fowke , whose family home was Gunstone Hall and which gave its name to George Masons building . One of his distant relatives was Lieutenant General Thomas Fowke ( 1690-1765 ) , who fought at the Battle of Prestonpans during the 1745 Jacobite Rising . Construction . William Buckland signed an indenture with Thomson Mason , George Masons brother , on 4 August 1755 , four months after he finished as an apprentice from April 1748 to April 1755 . In exchange for free passage to Virginia , room and board , and a yearly salary of twenty pounds sterling , Buckland agreed to act as a carpenter and joiner for the Masons for four years . In November , when Buckland arrived , the exterior walls of Gunston Hall were probably complete . Buckland probably did design the portico overlooking the garden , in addition to much of the interior . The various carvings in the mansion were probably the combined work of William Buckland and William Bernard Sears . Buckland most likely provided designs for the carvings , but Sears most likely carved the wood . Buckland and Sears probably worked on much of the original furniture together . At the time , it was not uncommon for English architects to design furniture as well as buildings . Later history . The mansion stayed in the Mason family until 1867 . From 1868 to 1891 , it was owned by Edward Daniels , a Virginia newspaper publisher and Reconstruction Era politician , who was a former Union cavalry officer and ardent abolitionist . In 1912 , it was bought by retired Marshall Field & Company executive , Louis Hertle , whose second wife , Eleanor Daughaday , was a member of The National Society of The Colonial Dames of America . They set about restoring the mansion to its original plan and hosted many prominent guests . In 1949 , Hertle in his will gave the property to the Commonwealth of Virginia as a museum to be run by The National Society of The Colonial Dames of America . Architecture . First floor . The front of the house faces northwest . The first floor of the house is divided in two by a central passage , leading from a door in the northwest to a door in the southeast , with a staircase running up on the northeast side . On the northeast side of the central passage is the primary chamber ( or bedroom ) in the front , and the little parlor in the back . Between the primary chamber and the little parlor is a smaller passage , leading to a service staircase and a small , side stairway . The Gunston Hall Plantation official website says that on the southwest side of the house is a parlor in the front and a dining room in the back . However , the Historic American Buildings Survey says that on the southwest side of the house the dining room is in the front and a palladian room is in the back . The central passage is lined by six symmetrical Doric-style pilasters . A double arch , with a carved pine cone , divides the front of the passage from the back . In the front , there are four doors placed opposite one another , although one is a fake door for symmetry . The front of the hall is covered in wallpaper , while the back has raised painted paneling . The primary chamber was a private room and was less ornate than the public rooms . Toward the end of Masons life , it was painted in emerald green , which was considered a desirable color . The windows had pocket shutters , and are believed to be the only windows in the house to have curtains during Masons lifetime . The little parlor was private and decorated plainly . The walls were painted a neutral grey . Above the fireplace was a split pediment overmantel ( a rectangle , and a partial triangle above that ) . During Masons lifetime , the rectangle contained either a painting or a mirror . On either side of the fireplace are deep-shelved beaufats ( niches ) to store and display the tableware , with doors to secure valuable possessions . The western room ( called the parlor or the dining room ) was a public , ornately decorated room . The walls are painted a yellow ocher , and the woodwork is Chinese-style . The wall of the fireplace has a mantel decorated with fretwork , pagoda-like scalloped moldings , as well as canopies topped by pine cone finials . Above the doors are similar canopies , which might have displayed Chinese porcelain vases or ceramic figures . The two long windows are topped by scalloped pediments , decorated with fretwork . During Masons lifetime , three of the walls were probably wallpapered . During the 18th century , chinoese ( Chinese-style ) design was popular in Great Britain , however the Gunston Hall museum does not know of any other rooms in colonial America with this type of coordinated chinoiserie woodwork . The southern room ( called the dining room or the palladian room ) , was public , and was the most elaborately decorated in the house . The classical woodwork shows touches of the fashionable rococo design . The fireplace wall has an ornate chimney breast . On either side of the fireplace are beaufats , these ones with shallower shelves than in the little parlour , and no doors . Classical broken pediments top the chimney breast and the beaufats . The floor was made of carefully matched blind-doweled planks , an expensive feature . Egg-and-dart carved patterns surround the black-walnut entry doors . During Masons lifetime , painted or decorated paper covered the thin pine paneling on the walls . The two windows look out onto Masons garden . Second floor . Unlike other 18th-century houses of Gunston Halls stature , the layout of the second floor is entirely dissimilar to the floor below . A narrow passage runs sideways through the upper level , leading to seven bedchambers and a storage room . At the top of the main stairway is a tri-part arch with fluted pillars , separating the passageway from a small gallery overlooking the staircase . The smaller service staircase comes up opposite the storage room . Of the bedchambers , only the four corner rooms have fireplaces . Their fireplaces and surrounds did have some architectural detail . The corner rooms had two or three windows each , while the inner chambers only had one window each . The walls of the corner bedchambers were painted with more expensive shades , such as Prussian blue or verdigris . The attic was accessible through one of the inner bedrooms . The storage closet , or lumber room , had no exterior window , but instead received light from a window to the stairwell , as there was an exterior window above the staircase landing . Basement . Gunston Hall has a basement , which has a main passage and four rooms like the floor above it . Three staircases lead down to the basement . The basement contains four brick arched chimney supports , and nine small windows . In 1975 , a cast iron stove was excavated from the basement . The style of the stove suggests it is from the 18th or early 19th century . Around 1986 , a shallow subsurface perimeter drainage system was built about four feet ( 1.2 m ) away from the foundation walls , due to an excess ground moisture . This significantly reduced standing water in the basement . Porches . The front porch of Gunston Hall is William Bucklands most individualistic design , according to Great Georgian Houses of America , as copied by the Historic American Buildings Survey . The classical lines of the porch exactly follow those of a Roman medal of the Temple of Tyche in Eumeneia , Asia Minor , only engraved once . It is possible Buckland saw the medal or heard it discussed while apprenticing with his uncle , a bookshop owner . The porch is also quite similar to the porch of Honington Hall , near Oxford . It is possible the Honington Hall porch inspired Buckland . Garden and outbuildings . The garden was located behind the house , or on the southern side . The garden was grown above a man-made level platform where there used to be a hill , and was exactly one acre ( about 4000 sq m ) in area . A gravel path runs from the back of the house to the southern edge , and was twelve feet ( 3.7 m ) wide during Masons time period , the same width as the central passage in the house and the portico . Today , the path is narrower , crowded by boxwoods that are now about 250 years old . The path ends in an overlook extending out from the steep edge of the garden . From here , the Potomac river can be seen . The Gunston Hall museum website says that the view was more impressive during Masons time , when the trees were cleared . The garden was most likely broken into four rectangles , with additional gravel paths running through and around it . To give the illusion from the house of all rectangles being the same size , the rectangles closer to the house were probably shorter than the rectangles farther away . The outbuildings at Gunston Hall are reconstructed . They include a kitchen , dairy , smokehouse , and laundry . They are believed to represent typical support buildings of an 18th-century plantation household . George Mason owned about 90 slaves , but the places they lived have not been located . Visitors center and museum shop . At the visitors center , there is an 11-minute film entitled George Mason and the Bill of Rights . The exhibit covers Masons political career , personal life , and 18th century plantation culture . Gunston Hall is open from 9:30 a.m . to 5 p.m . EST , except for the holidays Thanksgiving , Christmas , and New Years Day . A 45-minute tour is offered every half hour , with the last tour starting at 4:30 p.m . The museum shop sells souvenirs such as books , gift items , soap , food , and toys . The museum shops stated purpose is to educate todays citizens about 18th century life in Virginia . Other Mason plantations . George Masons other plantations included Hollin Hall , Woodbridge , Lexington , and Masons Island . His son , John Mason , lived in Clermont for part of his life . The Gunston Hall plantation was essentially a small village in which more than a hundred people lived . George Mason gave Hollin Hall to his third son , Thomson Mason , through deeds of gift in 1781 and 1786 . The land , as given , totaled 676 acres ( 2.7 km² ) . Hollin Hall is about three miles ( 4.8 km ) southwest of Alexandria . Late in the 18th century , it was near George Washingtons Mount Vernon . Thomson Mason was the first member of the Mason family to live here . Before , the land was rented out to tenants . Woodbridge Plantation used to be on the Occoquan River across from Colchester . There was a ferry there . George Mason willed the land to Thomas Mason , his youngest son , in 1792 . Lexington Plantation was originally part of the Gunston Hall Plantation land . Lexington was given to George Masons first son , George Mason V . The mansion of Lexington Plantation was probably not built until after George Mason V returned from a trip to Europe in 1783 . George Mason III bought Barbadoes Island from Francis Hammersly in 1717 , and the island came to be known as Masons Island . George Mason gave the island to his fourth son John Mason in 1792 . Since John Mason always referred to the island as Analostan Island it came to be known by that name . During the 1790s , John ordered a summer home built there . After financial troubles , the bank foreclosed the island and Johns Georgetown property in 1833 . John Mason then moved to Clermont , a 320-acre ( 1.3 km² ) property he had recently acquired , where he spent the rest of his life . Commemorative and namesake . Gunston Hall , home of George Mason , was commemorated on a 3-cent stamp for the 200th anniversary on June 12 , 1958 . The view shows the riverfront side of the classic mid-Georgian brick home . George Mason was author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights , which served as the basis of the first ten amendments to the Federal Constitution . Gunston Hall was the namesake of the USS Gunston Hall ( LSD-5 ) launched in 1943 , and the USS Gunston Hall ( LSD-44 ) launched in 1987 . Gunston Hall is also the namesake for Gunston Elementary School , in Lorton , Virginia , Gunston Middle School in Arlington , Virginia , as well as Gunston , a former athletic mascot for George Mason University .

/wiki/Gunston_Hall#P1435#1

Which site was the heritage designation of Gunston Hall in late 1960s?

Gunston Hall Gunston Hall is an 18th-century Georgian mansion near the Potomac River in Mason Neck , Virginia , United States . Built between 1755 and 1759 as the main residence and headquarters of a 5,500-acre ( 22 km² ) plantation , the house was the home of the United States Founding Father George Mason . The home is located not far from George Washingtons home . The interior of the house and its design was mostly the work of William Buckland , a carpenter/joiner and indentured servant from England . Buckland later went on to design several notable buildings in Virginia and Maryland . Both he and William Bernard Sears , another indentured servant , are believed to have created the ornate woodwork and interior carving . Gunstons interior design combines elements of rococo , chinoiserie , and Gothic styles , an unusual contrast to the tendency for simple decoration in Virginia at this time . Although chinoiserie was popular in Britain , Gunston Hall is the only house known to have had this decoration in colonial America . In 1792 , Thomas Jefferson went to Gunston Hall to attend George Masons death bed ; after his death later that year , the house remained in use as a private residence for many years . In 1868 , it was purchased by noted abolitionist and civil war Colonel Edward Daniels . It is now a museum owned by the Commonwealth of Virginia and open to the public . The home and grounds were designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960 for their association with Mason . History . Naming . The Masons came from Gunstone in South Staffordshire and like many others in that area supported the Crown during the 1642-1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms . After Royalist defeat at Worcester in 1651 , Philip Mason I emigrated to Virginia , along with his cousin Gerard Fowke , whose family home was Gunstone Hall and which gave its name to George Masons building . One of his distant relatives was Lieutenant General Thomas Fowke ( 1690-1765 ) , who fought at the Battle of Prestonpans during the 1745 Jacobite Rising . Construction . William Buckland signed an indenture with Thomson Mason , George Masons brother , on 4 August 1755 , four months after he finished as an apprentice from April 1748 to April 1755 . In exchange for free passage to Virginia , room and board , and a yearly salary of twenty pounds sterling , Buckland agreed to act as a carpenter and joiner for the Masons for four years . In November , when Buckland arrived , the exterior walls of Gunston Hall were probably complete . Buckland probably did design the portico overlooking the garden , in addition to much of the interior . The various carvings in the mansion were probably the combined work of William Buckland and William Bernard Sears . Buckland most likely provided designs for the carvings , but Sears most likely carved the wood . Buckland and Sears probably worked on much of the original furniture together . At the time , it was not uncommon for English architects to design furniture as well as buildings . Later history . The mansion stayed in the Mason family until 1867 . From 1868 to 1891 , it was owned by Edward Daniels , a Virginia newspaper publisher and Reconstruction Era politician , who was a former Union cavalry officer and ardent abolitionist . In 1912 , it was bought by retired Marshall Field & Company executive , Louis Hertle , whose second wife , Eleanor Daughaday , was a member of The National Society of The Colonial Dames of America . They set about restoring the mansion to its original plan and hosted many prominent guests . In 1949 , Hertle in his will gave the property to the Commonwealth of Virginia as a museum to be run by The National Society of The Colonial Dames of America . Architecture . First floor . The front of the house faces northwest . The first floor of the house is divided in two by a central passage , leading from a door in the northwest to a door in the southeast , with a staircase running up on the northeast side . On the northeast side of the central passage is the primary chamber ( or bedroom ) in the front , and the little parlor in the back . Between the primary chamber and the little parlor is a smaller passage , leading to a service staircase and a small , side stairway . The Gunston Hall Plantation official website says that on the southwest side of the house is a parlor in the front and a dining room in the back . However , the Historic American Buildings Survey says that on the southwest side of the house the dining room is in the front and a palladian room is in the back . The central passage is lined by six symmetrical Doric-style pilasters . A double arch , with a carved pine cone , divides the front of the passage from the back . In the front , there are four doors placed opposite one another , although one is a fake door for symmetry . The front of the hall is covered in wallpaper , while the back has raised painted paneling . The primary chamber was a private room and was less ornate than the public rooms . Toward the end of Masons life , it was painted in emerald green , which was considered a desirable color . The windows had pocket shutters , and are believed to be the only windows in the house to have curtains during Masons lifetime . The little parlor was private and decorated plainly . The walls were painted a neutral grey . Above the fireplace was a split pediment overmantel ( a rectangle , and a partial triangle above that ) . During Masons lifetime , the rectangle contained either a painting or a mirror . On either side of the fireplace are deep-shelved beaufats ( niches ) to store and display the tableware , with doors to secure valuable possessions . The western room ( called the parlor or the dining room ) was a public , ornately decorated room . The walls are painted a yellow ocher , and the woodwork is Chinese-style . The wall of the fireplace has a mantel decorated with fretwork , pagoda-like scalloped moldings , as well as canopies topped by pine cone finials . Above the doors are similar canopies , which might have displayed Chinese porcelain vases or ceramic figures . The two long windows are topped by scalloped pediments , decorated with fretwork . During Masons lifetime , three of the walls were probably wallpapered . During the 18th century , chinoese ( Chinese-style ) design was popular in Great Britain , however the Gunston Hall museum does not know of any other rooms in colonial America with this type of coordinated chinoiserie woodwork . The southern room ( called the dining room or the palladian room ) , was public , and was the most elaborately decorated in the house . The classical woodwork shows touches of the fashionable rococo design . The fireplace wall has an ornate chimney breast . On either side of the fireplace are beaufats , these ones with shallower shelves than in the little parlour , and no doors . Classical broken pediments top the chimney breast and the beaufats . The floor was made of carefully matched blind-doweled planks , an expensive feature . Egg-and-dart carved patterns surround the black-walnut entry doors . During Masons lifetime , painted or decorated paper covered the thin pine paneling on the walls . The two windows look out onto Masons garden . Second floor . Unlike other 18th-century houses of Gunston Halls stature , the layout of the second floor is entirely dissimilar to the floor below . A narrow passage runs sideways through the upper level , leading to seven bedchambers and a storage room . At the top of the main stairway is a tri-part arch with fluted pillars , separating the passageway from a small gallery overlooking the staircase . The smaller service staircase comes up opposite the storage room . Of the bedchambers , only the four corner rooms have fireplaces . Their fireplaces and surrounds did have some architectural detail . The corner rooms had two or three windows each , while the inner chambers only had one window each . The walls of the corner bedchambers were painted with more expensive shades , such as Prussian blue or verdigris . The attic was accessible through one of the inner bedrooms . The storage closet , or lumber room , had no exterior window , but instead received light from a window to the stairwell , as there was an exterior window above the staircase landing . Basement . Gunston Hall has a basement , which has a main passage and four rooms like the floor above it . Three staircases lead down to the basement . The basement contains four brick arched chimney supports , and nine small windows . In 1975 , a cast iron stove was excavated from the basement . The style of the stove suggests it is from the 18th or early 19th century . Around 1986 , a shallow subsurface perimeter drainage system was built about four feet ( 1.2 m ) away from the foundation walls , due to an excess ground moisture . This significantly reduced standing water in the basement . Porches . The front porch of Gunston Hall is William Bucklands most individualistic design , according to Great Georgian Houses of America , as copied by the Historic American Buildings Survey . The classical lines of the porch exactly follow those of a Roman medal of the Temple of Tyche in Eumeneia , Asia Minor , only engraved once . It is possible Buckland saw the medal or heard it discussed while apprenticing with his uncle , a bookshop owner . The porch is also quite similar to the porch of Honington Hall , near Oxford . It is possible the Honington Hall porch inspired Buckland . Garden and outbuildings . The garden was located behind the house , or on the southern side . The garden was grown above a man-made level platform where there used to be a hill , and was exactly one acre ( about 4000 sq m ) in area . A gravel path runs from the back of the house to the southern edge , and was twelve feet ( 3.7 m ) wide during Masons time period , the same width as the central passage in the house and the portico . Today , the path is narrower , crowded by boxwoods that are now about 250 years old . The path ends in an overlook extending out from the steep edge of the garden . From here , the Potomac river can be seen . The Gunston Hall museum website says that the view was more impressive during Masons time , when the trees were cleared . The garden was most likely broken into four rectangles , with additional gravel paths running through and around it . To give the illusion from the house of all rectangles being the same size , the rectangles closer to the house were probably shorter than the rectangles farther away . The outbuildings at Gunston Hall are reconstructed . They include a kitchen , dairy , smokehouse , and laundry . They are believed to represent typical support buildings of an 18th-century plantation household . George Mason owned about 90 slaves , but the places they lived have not been located . Visitors center and museum shop . At the visitors center , there is an 11-minute film entitled George Mason and the Bill of Rights . The exhibit covers Masons political career , personal life , and 18th century plantation culture . Gunston Hall is open from 9:30 a.m . to 5 p.m . EST , except for the holidays Thanksgiving , Christmas , and New Years Day . A 45-minute tour is offered every half hour , with the last tour starting at 4:30 p.m . The museum shop sells souvenirs such as books , gift items , soap , food , and toys . The museum shops stated purpose is to educate todays citizens about 18th century life in Virginia . Other Mason plantations . George Masons other plantations included Hollin Hall , Woodbridge , Lexington , and Masons Island . His son , John Mason , lived in Clermont for part of his life . The Gunston Hall plantation was essentially a small village in which more than a hundred people lived . George Mason gave Hollin Hall to his third son , Thomson Mason , through deeds of gift in 1781 and 1786 . The land , as given , totaled 676 acres ( 2.7 km² ) . Hollin Hall is about three miles ( 4.8 km ) southwest of Alexandria . Late in the 18th century , it was near George Washingtons Mount Vernon . Thomson Mason was the first member of the Mason family to live here . Before , the land was rented out to tenants . Woodbridge Plantation used to be on the Occoquan River across from Colchester . There was a ferry there . George Mason willed the land to Thomas Mason , his youngest son , in 1792 . Lexington Plantation was originally part of the Gunston Hall Plantation land . Lexington was given to George Masons first son , George Mason V . The mansion of Lexington Plantation was probably not built until after George Mason V returned from a trip to Europe in 1783 . George Mason III bought Barbadoes Island from Francis Hammersly in 1717 , and the island came to be known as Masons Island . George Mason gave the island to his fourth son John Mason in 1792 . Since John Mason always referred to the island as Analostan Island it came to be known by that name . During the 1790s , John ordered a summer home built there . After financial troubles , the bank foreclosed the island and Johns Georgetown property in 1833 . John Mason then moved to Clermont , a 320-acre ( 1.3 km² ) property he had recently acquired , where he spent the rest of his life . Commemorative and namesake . Gunston Hall , home of George Mason , was commemorated on a 3-cent stamp for the 200th anniversary on June 12 , 1958 . The view shows the riverfront side of the classic mid-Georgian brick home . George Mason was author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights , which served as the basis of the first ten amendments to the Federal Constitution . Gunston Hall was the namesake of the USS Gunston Hall ( LSD-5 ) launched in 1943 , and the USS Gunston Hall ( LSD-44 ) launched in 1987 . Gunston Hall is also the namesake for Gunston Elementary School , in Lorton , Virginia , Gunston Middle School in Arlington , Virginia , as well as Gunston , a former athletic mascot for George Mason University .

/wiki/Gunston_Hall#P1435#2

Which site was the heritage designation of Gunston Hall before Oct 1953?

Gunston Hall Gunston Hall is an 18th-century Georgian mansion near the Potomac River in Mason Neck , Virginia , United States . Built between 1755 and 1759 as the main residence and headquarters of a 5,500-acre ( 22 km² ) plantation , the house was the home of the United States Founding Father George Mason . The home is located not far from George Washingtons home . The interior of the house and its design was mostly the work of William Buckland , a carpenter/joiner and indentured servant from England . Buckland later went on to design several notable buildings in Virginia and Maryland . Both he and William Bernard Sears , another indentured servant , are believed to have created the ornate woodwork and interior carving . Gunstons interior design combines elements of rococo , chinoiserie , and Gothic styles , an unusual contrast to the tendency for simple decoration in Virginia at this time . Although chinoiserie was popular in Britain , Gunston Hall is the only house known to have had this decoration in colonial America . In 1792 , Thomas Jefferson went to Gunston Hall to attend George Masons death bed ; after his death later that year , the house remained in use as a private residence for many years . In 1868 , it was purchased by noted abolitionist and civil war Colonel Edward Daniels . It is now a museum owned by the Commonwealth of Virginia and open to the public . The home and grounds were designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960 for their association with Mason . History . Naming . The Masons came from Gunstone in South Staffordshire and like many others in that area supported the Crown during the 1642-1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms . After Royalist defeat at Worcester in 1651 , Philip Mason I emigrated to Virginia , along with his cousin Gerard Fowke , whose family home was Gunstone Hall and which gave its name to George Masons building . One of his distant relatives was Lieutenant General Thomas Fowke ( 1690-1765 ) , who fought at the Battle of Prestonpans during the 1745 Jacobite Rising . Construction . William Buckland signed an indenture with Thomson Mason , George Masons brother , on 4 August 1755 , four months after he finished as an apprentice from April 1748 to April 1755 . In exchange for free passage to Virginia , room and board , and a yearly salary of twenty pounds sterling , Buckland agreed to act as a carpenter and joiner for the Masons for four years . In November , when Buckland arrived , the exterior walls of Gunston Hall were probably complete . Buckland probably did design the portico overlooking the garden , in addition to much of the interior . The various carvings in the mansion were probably the combined work of William Buckland and William Bernard Sears . Buckland most likely provided designs for the carvings , but Sears most likely carved the wood . Buckland and Sears probably worked on much of the original furniture together . At the time , it was not uncommon for English architects to design furniture as well as buildings . Later history . The mansion stayed in the Mason family until 1867 . From 1868 to 1891 , it was owned by Edward Daniels , a Virginia newspaper publisher and Reconstruction Era politician , who was a former Union cavalry officer and ardent abolitionist . In 1912 , it was bought by retired Marshall Field & Company executive , Louis Hertle , whose second wife , Eleanor Daughaday , was a member of The National Society of The Colonial Dames of America . They set about restoring the mansion to its original plan and hosted many prominent guests . In 1949 , Hertle in his will gave the property to the Commonwealth of Virginia as a museum to be run by The National Society of The Colonial Dames of America . Architecture . First floor . The front of the house faces northwest . The first floor of the house is divided in two by a central passage , leading from a door in the northwest to a door in the southeast , with a staircase running up on the northeast side . On the northeast side of the central passage is the primary chamber ( or bedroom ) in the front , and the little parlor in the back . Between the primary chamber and the little parlor is a smaller passage , leading to a service staircase and a small , side stairway . The Gunston Hall Plantation official website says that on the southwest side of the house is a parlor in the front and a dining room in the back . However , the Historic American Buildings Survey says that on the southwest side of the house the dining room is in the front and a palladian room is in the back . The central passage is lined by six symmetrical Doric-style pilasters . A double arch , with a carved pine cone , divides the front of the passage from the back . In the front , there are four doors placed opposite one another , although one is a fake door for symmetry . The front of the hall is covered in wallpaper , while the back has raised painted paneling . The primary chamber was a private room and was less ornate than the public rooms . Toward the end of Masons life , it was painted in emerald green , which was considered a desirable color . The windows had pocket shutters , and are believed to be the only windows in the house to have curtains during Masons lifetime . The little parlor was private and decorated plainly . The walls were painted a neutral grey . Above the fireplace was a split pediment overmantel ( a rectangle , and a partial triangle above that ) . During Masons lifetime , the rectangle contained either a painting or a mirror . On either side of the fireplace are deep-shelved beaufats ( niches ) to store and display the tableware , with doors to secure valuable possessions . The western room ( called the parlor or the dining room ) was a public , ornately decorated room . The walls are painted a yellow ocher , and the woodwork is Chinese-style . The wall of the fireplace has a mantel decorated with fretwork , pagoda-like scalloped moldings , as well as canopies topped by pine cone finials . Above the doors are similar canopies , which might have displayed Chinese porcelain vases or ceramic figures . The two long windows are topped by scalloped pediments , decorated with fretwork . During Masons lifetime , three of the walls were probably wallpapered . During the 18th century , chinoese ( Chinese-style ) design was popular in Great Britain , however the Gunston Hall museum does not know of any other rooms in colonial America with this type of coordinated chinoiserie woodwork . The southern room ( called the dining room or the palladian room ) , was public , and was the most elaborately decorated in the house . The classical woodwork shows touches of the fashionable rococo design . The fireplace wall has an ornate chimney breast . On either side of the fireplace are beaufats , these ones with shallower shelves than in the little parlour , and no doors . Classical broken pediments top the chimney breast and the beaufats . The floor was made of carefully matched blind-doweled planks , an expensive feature . Egg-and-dart carved patterns surround the black-walnut entry doors . During Masons lifetime , painted or decorated paper covered the thin pine paneling on the walls . The two windows look out onto Masons garden . Second floor . Unlike other 18th-century houses of Gunston Halls stature , the layout of the second floor is entirely dissimilar to the floor below . A narrow passage runs sideways through the upper level , leading to seven bedchambers and a storage room . At the top of the main stairway is a tri-part arch with fluted pillars , separating the passageway from a small gallery overlooking the staircase . The smaller service staircase comes up opposite the storage room . Of the bedchambers , only the four corner rooms have fireplaces . Their fireplaces and surrounds did have some architectural detail . The corner rooms had two or three windows each , while the inner chambers only had one window each . The walls of the corner bedchambers were painted with more expensive shades , such as Prussian blue or verdigris . The attic was accessible through one of the inner bedrooms . The storage closet , or lumber room , had no exterior window , but instead received light from a window to the stairwell , as there was an exterior window above the staircase landing . Basement . Gunston Hall has a basement , which has a main passage and four rooms like the floor above it . Three staircases lead down to the basement . The basement contains four brick arched chimney supports , and nine small windows . In 1975 , a cast iron stove was excavated from the basement . The style of the stove suggests it is from the 18th or early 19th century . Around 1986 , a shallow subsurface perimeter drainage system was built about four feet ( 1.2 m ) away from the foundation walls , due to an excess ground moisture . This significantly reduced standing water in the basement . Porches . The front porch of Gunston Hall is William Bucklands most individualistic design , according to Great Georgian Houses of America , as copied by the Historic American Buildings Survey . The classical lines of the porch exactly follow those of a Roman medal of the Temple of Tyche in Eumeneia , Asia Minor , only engraved once . It is possible Buckland saw the medal or heard it discussed while apprenticing with his uncle , a bookshop owner . The porch is also quite similar to the porch of Honington Hall , near Oxford . It is possible the Honington Hall porch inspired Buckland . Garden and outbuildings . The garden was located behind the house , or on the southern side . The garden was grown above a man-made level platform where there used to be a hill , and was exactly one acre ( about 4000 sq m ) in area . A gravel path runs from the back of the house to the southern edge , and was twelve feet ( 3.7 m ) wide during Masons time period , the same width as the central passage in the house and the portico . Today , the path is narrower , crowded by boxwoods that are now about 250 years old . The path ends in an overlook extending out from the steep edge of the garden . From here , the Potomac river can be seen . The Gunston Hall museum website says that the view was more impressive during Masons time , when the trees were cleared . The garden was most likely broken into four rectangles , with additional gravel paths running through and around it . To give the illusion from the house of all rectangles being the same size , the rectangles closer to the house were probably shorter than the rectangles farther away . The outbuildings at Gunston Hall are reconstructed . They include a kitchen , dairy , smokehouse , and laundry . They are believed to represent typical support buildings of an 18th-century plantation household . George Mason owned about 90 slaves , but the places they lived have not been located . Visitors center and museum shop . At the visitors center , there is an 11-minute film entitled George Mason and the Bill of Rights . The exhibit covers Masons political career , personal life , and 18th century plantation culture . Gunston Hall is open from 9:30 a.m . to 5 p.m . EST , except for the holidays Thanksgiving , Christmas , and New Years Day . A 45-minute tour is offered every half hour , with the last tour starting at 4:30 p.m . The museum shop sells souvenirs such as books , gift items , soap , food , and toys . The museum shops stated purpose is to educate todays citizens about 18th century life in Virginia . Other Mason plantations . George Masons other plantations included Hollin Hall , Woodbridge , Lexington , and Masons Island . His son , John Mason , lived in Clermont for part of his life . The Gunston Hall plantation was essentially a small village in which more than a hundred people lived . George Mason gave Hollin Hall to his third son , Thomson Mason , through deeds of gift in 1781 and 1786 . The land , as given , totaled 676 acres ( 2.7 km² ) . Hollin Hall is about three miles ( 4.8 km ) southwest of Alexandria . Late in the 18th century , it was near George Washingtons Mount Vernon . Thomson Mason was the first member of the Mason family to live here . Before , the land was rented out to tenants . Woodbridge Plantation used to be on the Occoquan River across from Colchester . There was a ferry there . George Mason willed the land to Thomas Mason , his youngest son , in 1792 . Lexington Plantation was originally part of the Gunston Hall Plantation land . Lexington was given to George Masons first son , George Mason V . The mansion of Lexington Plantation was probably not built until after George Mason V returned from a trip to Europe in 1783 . George Mason III bought Barbadoes Island from Francis Hammersly in 1717 , and the island came to be known as Masons Island . George Mason gave the island to his fourth son John Mason in 1792 . Since John Mason always referred to the island as Analostan Island it came to be known by that name . During the 1790s , John ordered a summer home built there . After financial troubles , the bank foreclosed the island and Johns Georgetown property in 1833 . John Mason then moved to Clermont , a 320-acre ( 1.3 km² ) property he had recently acquired , where he spent the rest of his life . Commemorative and namesake . Gunston Hall , home of George Mason , was commemorated on a 3-cent stamp for the 200th anniversary on June 12 , 1958 . The view shows the riverfront side of the classic mid-Georgian brick home . George Mason was author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights , which served as the basis of the first ten amendments to the Federal Constitution . Gunston Hall was the namesake of the USS Gunston Hall ( LSD-5 ) launched in 1943 , and the USS Gunston Hall ( LSD-44 ) launched in 1987 . Gunston Hall is also the namesake for Gunston Elementary School , in Lorton , Virginia , Gunston Middle School in Arlington , Virginia , as well as Gunston , a former athletic mascot for George Mason University .

/wiki/Karl_Arnold#P39#0

Which position did Karl Arnold hold in Nov 1947?

Karl Arnold Karl Arnold ( 21 March 1901 – 29 June 1958 ) was a German politician . He was Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1947 to 1956 . Early life and education . Arnold was born in Herrlishöfen in Württemberg on 21 March 1901 . He was trained as shoemaker and later ( 1920/21 ) studied at the Soziale Hochschule Leohaus , Munich . From 1920 onwards , Arnold worked as functionary of the movement of Christian workers . In 1924 , he became secretary of the Christian workers union for the Düsseldorf region . He was elected in the town council of Düsseldorf for the Centre Party in 1929 . In 1933 , Arnold was co-owner of a sanitary installation shop in Düsseldorf . The Gestapo observed and hunted him in the following years because of his political activities . In 1944 , he was jailed by the Gestapo . Career . After World War II , Arnold became politically active again . In 1945 , he was co-founder of the local Christian-Democratic Party in Düsseldorf , which became part of the CDU later in 1945 . Also in 1945 , the Düsseldorf chapter of the united workers union was founded , presided by Arnold . On 29 January 1946 Arnold was named mayor of Düsseldorf and later elected in the first free elections ( 26 October 1946 ) . In December 1946 , Arnold became deputy minister-president of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia and in 1947 he was elected minister-president . Until 1950 he presided over a coalition of CDU , Centre Party , SPD and ( briefly ) the Communist Party . He considered himself a christian socialist . The only in-parliament-party he did not let enter the government was the FDP , whose North-Rhine Westphalian branch had a particular nationalist bent . On 7 September 1949 , he was elected as the first president of the Bundesrat of Germany , the representation of German states at the federal level . From 1950 to 1956 , Arnold was elected minister-president for North Rhine-Westphalia twice again , governing with the help of conservative parties and the Free Democrats . Important acts of his government were the foundation of the North Rhine-Westphalian broadcasting system ( today : Westdeutscher Rundfunk ) and the German system of workers union influence in steel and coal industries . On 20 February 1956 , the FDP switched coalition affiliation to the SPD , ending the Arnold government in North Rhine-Westphalia . In 1957 , he was elected into the German Bundestag ( with a 72% majority in his constituency ) . He was member of the Bundestag until 29 June 1958 , when he died of a heart attack . Personal life . In 1928 , Arnold married Liesel Joeres . Arnold was a Catholic and a member of the German branch of the lay Catholic organization Catholic Action . Further reading . - Uertz , Rudolf ( 2004 ) . Karl Arnold . Christliche Demokraten gegen Hitler : Aus Verfolgung und Widerstand zur Union . Ed . Buchstab , Günter ; Kaff , Brigitte ; Kleinmann , Hans-Otto . Freiburg , Germany : Herder , 2004 . 81–89 . Print . - Biography of Arnold at the German Historic Museum , German

/wiki/Karl_Arnold#P39#1

Which position did Karl Arnold hold between Feb 1949 and Apr 1949?

Karl Arnold Karl Arnold ( 21 March 1901 – 29 June 1958 ) was a German politician . He was Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1947 to 1956 . Early life and education . Arnold was born in Herrlishöfen in Württemberg on 21 March 1901 . He was trained as shoemaker and later ( 1920/21 ) studied at the Soziale Hochschule Leohaus , Munich . From 1920 onwards , Arnold worked as functionary of the movement of Christian workers . In 1924 , he became secretary of the Christian workers union for the Düsseldorf region . He was elected in the town council of Düsseldorf for the Centre Party in 1929 . In 1933 , Arnold was co-owner of a sanitary installation shop in Düsseldorf . The Gestapo observed and hunted him in the following years because of his political activities . In 1944 , he was jailed by the Gestapo . Career . After World War II , Arnold became politically active again . In 1945 , he was co-founder of the local Christian-Democratic Party in Düsseldorf , which became part of the CDU later in 1945 . Also in 1945 , the Düsseldorf chapter of the united workers union was founded , presided by Arnold . On 29 January 1946 Arnold was named mayor of Düsseldorf and later elected in the first free elections ( 26 October 1946 ) . In December 1946 , Arnold became deputy minister-president of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia and in 1947 he was elected minister-president . Until 1950 he presided over a coalition of CDU , Centre Party , SPD and ( briefly ) the Communist Party . He considered himself a christian socialist . The only in-parliament-party he did not let enter the government was the FDP , whose North-Rhine Westphalian branch had a particular nationalist bent . On 7 September 1949 , he was elected as the first president of the Bundesrat of Germany , the representation of German states at the federal level . From 1950 to 1956 , Arnold was elected minister-president for North Rhine-Westphalia twice again , governing with the help of conservative parties and the Free Democrats . Important acts of his government were the foundation of the North Rhine-Westphalian broadcasting system ( today : Westdeutscher Rundfunk ) and the German system of workers union influence in steel and coal industries . On 20 February 1956 , the FDP switched coalition affiliation to the SPD , ending the Arnold government in North Rhine-Westphalia . In 1957 , he was elected into the German Bundestag ( with a 72% majority in his constituency ) . He was member of the Bundestag until 29 June 1958 , when he died of a heart attack . Personal life . In 1928 , Arnold married Liesel Joeres . Arnold was a Catholic and a member of the German branch of the lay Catholic organization Catholic Action . Further reading . - Uertz , Rudolf ( 2004 ) . Karl Arnold . Christliche Demokraten gegen Hitler : Aus Verfolgung und Widerstand zur Union . Ed . Buchstab , Günter ; Kaff , Brigitte ; Kleinmann , Hans-Otto . Freiburg , Germany : Herder , 2004 . 81–89 . Print . - Biography of Arnold at the German Historic Museum , German

/wiki/Karl_Arnold#P39#2

Which position did Karl Arnold hold between Oct 1950 and Dec 1952?

Karl Arnold Karl Arnold ( 21 March 1901 – 29 June 1958 ) was a German politician . He was Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1947 to 1956 . Early life and education . Arnold was born in Herrlishöfen in Württemberg on 21 March 1901 . He was trained as shoemaker and later ( 1920/21 ) studied at the Soziale Hochschule Leohaus , Munich . From 1920 onwards , Arnold worked as functionary of the movement of Christian workers . In 1924 , he became secretary of the Christian workers union for the Düsseldorf region . He was elected in the town council of Düsseldorf for the Centre Party in 1929 . In 1933 , Arnold was co-owner of a sanitary installation shop in Düsseldorf . The Gestapo observed and hunted him in the following years because of his political activities . In 1944 , he was jailed by the Gestapo . Career . After World War II , Arnold became politically active again . In 1945 , he was co-founder of the local Christian-Democratic Party in Düsseldorf , which became part of the CDU later in 1945 . Also in 1945 , the Düsseldorf chapter of the united workers union was founded , presided by Arnold . On 29 January 1946 Arnold was named mayor of Düsseldorf and later elected in the first free elections ( 26 October 1946 ) . In December 1946 , Arnold became deputy minister-president of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia and in 1947 he was elected minister-president . Until 1950 he presided over a coalition of CDU , Centre Party , SPD and ( briefly ) the Communist Party . He considered himself a christian socialist . The only in-parliament-party he did not let enter the government was the FDP , whose North-Rhine Westphalian branch had a particular nationalist bent . On 7 September 1949 , he was elected as the first president of the Bundesrat of Germany , the representation of German states at the federal level . From 1950 to 1956 , Arnold was elected minister-president for North Rhine-Westphalia twice again , governing with the help of conservative parties and the Free Democrats . Important acts of his government were the foundation of the North Rhine-Westphalian broadcasting system ( today : Westdeutscher Rundfunk ) and the German system of workers union influence in steel and coal industries . On 20 February 1956 , the FDP switched coalition affiliation to the SPD , ending the Arnold government in North Rhine-Westphalia . In 1957 , he was elected into the German Bundestag ( with a 72% majority in his constituency ) . He was member of the Bundestag until 29 June 1958 , when he died of a heart attack . Personal life . In 1928 , Arnold married Liesel Joeres . Arnold was a Catholic and a member of the German branch of the lay Catholic organization Catholic Action . Further reading . - Uertz , Rudolf ( 2004 ) . Karl Arnold . Christliche Demokraten gegen Hitler : Aus Verfolgung und Widerstand zur Union . Ed . Buchstab , Günter ; Kaff , Brigitte ; Kleinmann , Hans-Otto . Freiburg , Germany : Herder , 2004 . 81–89 . Print . - Biography of Arnold at the German Historic Museum , German

/wiki/Karl_Arnold#P39#3

Which position did Karl Arnold hold after Dec 1957?

Karl Arnold Karl Arnold ( 21 March 1901 – 29 June 1958 ) was a German politician . He was Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1947 to 1956 . Early life and education . Arnold was born in Herrlishöfen in Württemberg on 21 March 1901 . He was trained as shoemaker and later ( 1920/21 ) studied at the Soziale Hochschule Leohaus , Munich . From 1920 onwards , Arnold worked as functionary of the movement of Christian workers . In 1924 , he became secretary of the Christian workers union for the Düsseldorf region . He was elected in the town council of Düsseldorf for the Centre Party in 1929 . In 1933 , Arnold was co-owner of a sanitary installation shop in Düsseldorf . The Gestapo observed and hunted him in the following years because of his political activities . In 1944 , he was jailed by the Gestapo . Career . After World War II , Arnold became politically active again . In 1945 , he was co-founder of the local Christian-Democratic Party in Düsseldorf , which became part of the CDU later in 1945 . Also in 1945 , the Düsseldorf chapter of the united workers union was founded , presided by Arnold . On 29 January 1946 Arnold was named mayor of Düsseldorf and later elected in the first free elections ( 26 October 1946 ) . In December 1946 , Arnold became deputy minister-president of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia and in 1947 he was elected minister-president . Until 1950 he presided over a coalition of CDU , Centre Party , SPD and ( briefly ) the Communist Party . He considered himself a christian socialist . The only in-parliament-party he did not let enter the government was the FDP , whose North-Rhine Westphalian branch had a particular nationalist bent . On 7 September 1949 , he was elected as the first president of the Bundesrat of Germany , the representation of German states at the federal level . From 1950 to 1956 , Arnold was elected minister-president for North Rhine-Westphalia twice again , governing with the help of conservative parties and the Free Democrats . Important acts of his government were the foundation of the North Rhine-Westphalian broadcasting system ( today : Westdeutscher Rundfunk ) and the German system of workers union influence in steel and coal industries . On 20 February 1956 , the FDP switched coalition affiliation to the SPD , ending the Arnold government in North Rhine-Westphalia . In 1957 , he was elected into the German Bundestag ( with a 72% majority in his constituency ) . He was member of the Bundestag until 29 June 1958 , when he died of a heart attack . Personal life . In 1928 , Arnold married Liesel Joeres . Arnold was a Catholic and a member of the German branch of the lay Catholic organization Catholic Action . Further reading . - Uertz , Rudolf ( 2004 ) . Karl Arnold . Christliche Demokraten gegen Hitler : Aus Verfolgung und Widerstand zur Union . Ed . Buchstab , Günter ; Kaff , Brigitte ; Kleinmann , Hans-Otto . Freiburg , Germany : Herder , 2004 . 81–89 . Print . - Biography of Arnold at the German Historic Museum , German

/wiki/Michelle_Bachelet#P39#0

What position did Michelle Bachelet take between Jul 2001 and Sep 2001?

Michelle Bachelet Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria ( ; born 29 September 1951 ) is a Chilean politician who has served as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights since 2018 . She also previously served as President of Chile from 2006 to 2010 and 2014 to 2018 for the Socialist Party of Chile , she is the first woman to hold the Chilean presidency . After leaving the presidency in 2010 and while not immediately reelectable , she was appointed the first executive director of the newly created United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women . In December 2013 , Bachelet was reelected with over 62% of the vote , bettering the 54% she obtained in 2006 . She was the first President of Chile to be reelected since 1932 . Bachelet , a physician who has studied military strategy at university level , was Health Minister and Defense Minister under her predecessor , Ricardo Lagos . She is a separated mother of three and describes herself as an agnostic . She speaks English fluently , as well as some German and Portuguese . Family background . Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria is the second child of archaeologist Ángela Jeria Gómez ( 1926–2020 ) and Air Force Brigadier General Alberto Bachelet Martínez ( 1923–1974 ) . Bachelets paternal great-great-grandfather , Louis-Joseph Bachelet Lapierre , was a French wine merchant from Chassagne-Montrachet who immigrated to Chile with his Parisian wife , Françoise Jeanne Beault , in 1860 ; he was hired as a wine-making expert by the Subercaseaux vineyards in Santiago . Bachelet Lapierres son , Germán , was born in Santiago in 1862 , and in 1891 married Luisa Brandt Cadot , a Chilean of French and Swiss descent , giving birth in 1894 to Alberto Bachelet Brandt . Bachelets maternal great-grandfather , Máximo Jeria Chacón , of Spanish ( Basque region ) and Greek heritage , was the first person to receive a degree in agronomic engineering in Chile and founded several agronomy schools in the country . He married Lely Johnson , the daughter of an English physician working in Chile . Their son , Máximo Jeria Johnson , married Ángela Gómez Zamora . Their union produced five children , the fourth of whom is Bachelets mother . Early life and career . Childhood years . Bachelet was born in La Cisterna , a middle-class suburb of Santiago . She was named after French actress Michèle Morgan . Bachelet spent many of her childhood years traveling around her native Chile , moving with her family from one military base to another . She lived and attended primary schools in , among other places , Quintero , Antofagasta , and San Bernardo . In 1962 , she moved with her family to the United States , where her father was assigned to the military mission at the Chilean Embassy in Washington D.C . Her family lived for almost two years in Bethesda , Maryland , where she attended Western Junior High School and learned to speak English fluently . Returning to Chile in 1964 , she graduated in 1969 from Liceo Nº 1 Javiera Carrera , a prestigious girls public high school , finishing near the top of her class . There she was class president , a member of the choir and volleyball teams , and part of a theater group and a band , Las Clap Clap , which she co-founded and which toured around several school festivals . In 1970 , after obtaining a relatively high score on the university admission test , she entered medical school at the University of Chile , where she was selected in the 113th position ( out of 160 admitted applicants ) . She originally intended to study sociology or economics , but was prevailed upon by her father to study medicine instead . She has said she opted for medicine because it was a concrete way of helping people cope with pain and a way to contribute to improve health in Chile . Detention and exile . Facing growing food shortages , the government of Salvador Allende placed Bachelets father in charge of the Food Distribution Office . When General Augusto Pinochet suddenly came to power via the 11 September 1973 coup détat , Bachelets father was detained at the Air War Academy on charges of treason . Following months of daily torture at Santiagos Public Prison , he suffered a cardiac arrest that resulted in his death on 12 March 1974 . In early January 1975 , Bachelet and her mother were detained at their apartment by two DINA agents , who blindfolded them and drove them to Villa Grimaldi , a notorious secret detention center in Santiago , where they were separated and subjected to interrogation and torture . In 2013 , Bachelet revealed she had been interrogated by DINA chief Manuel Contreras there . Some days later , Bachelet was transferred to Cuatro Álamos ( Four Poplars ) detention center , where she was held until the end of January . Thanks to the assistance of Roberto Kozak , Bachelet was able to go into exile in Australia , where her older brother , Alberto , had moved in 1969 . Of her torture , Bachelet said , in 2004 , that it was nothing in comparison to what others suffered . She was yelled at using abusive language , shaken , and both she and her mother were threatened with the killing of the other . She was never tortured with electricity , but she did see it done to other prisoners . In May 1975 Bachelet left Australia and later moved to East Germany , to an apartment assigned to her by the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) government in Am Stern , Potsdam ; her mother joined her a month later , living separately in Leipzig . In October 1976 , she began working at a communal clinic in the Babelsberg neighborhood , as a preparatory step to continuing her medical studies at an East German university . During this period , she met architect Jorge Leopoldo Dávalos Cartes , another Chilean exile , whom she married in 1977 . In January 1978 she went to Leipzig to learn German at the Karl Marx Universitys Herder Institute ( now the University of Leipzig ) . Her first child with Dávalos , Jorge Alberto Sebastián , was born there in June 1978 . She returned to Potsdam in September 1978 to continue her medical studies at the Humboldt University of Berlin for two years . Five months after enrolling as a student , however , she obtained authorization to return to her country . Return to Chile . After four years in exile , Bachelet returned to Chile in 1979 . Her medical school credits from the GDR were not transferred , forcing her to resume her studies where she had left off before fleeing the country . She graduated as physician-surgeon on 7 January 1983 . She wished to work in the public sector wherever attention was most needed , applying for a position as general practitioner ; her petition was rejected by the military government on political grounds . Instead , owing to her academic performance and published papers , she earned a scholarship from the Chilean Medical Chamber to specialize in pediatrics and public health at the University of Chiles Roberto del Río Childrens Hospital ( 1983–86 ) . She completed the program with excellent grades but for financial reasons did not obtain her certification . During this time she also worked at PIDEE ( Protection of Children Injured by States of Emergency Foundation ) , a non-governmental organization helping children of the tortured and missing in Santiago and Chillán . She was head of the foundations Medical Department between 1986 and 1990 . Some time after her second child with Dávalos , Francisca Valentina , was born in February 1984 , she and her husband legally separated . Between 1985 and 1987 , Bachelet had a romantic relationship with Alex Vojkovic Trier , an engineer and spokesman for the Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front , an armed group that , among other activities , attempted to assassinate Pinochet in 1986 . The affair was a minor issue during her presidential campaign , during which she argued that she never supported any of Vojkovics activities . After Chile made a transition to democracy in 1990 , Bachelet worked for the Ministry of Healths West Santiago Health Service and was a consultant for the Pan-American Health Organization , the World Health Organization and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit . While working for the National AIDS Commission ( Conasida ) she became romantically involved with Aníbal Hernán Henríquez Marich , a fellow physician – and right-wing Pinochet supporter – who fathered her third child , Sofía Catalina , in December 1992 ; their relationship ended a few years later . Between March 1994 and July 1997 , Bachelet worked as Senior Assistant to the Deputy Health Minister . Driven by an interest in civil-military relations , in 1996 Bachelet began studies in military strategy at the National Academy of Political and Strategic Studies ( ANEPE ) in Chile , obtaining first place in her class . Her student achievement earned her a presidential scholarship , permitting her to continue her studies in the United States at the Inter-American Defense College in Washington , D.C. , completing a Continental Defense Course in 1998 . That same year she returned to Chile to work for the Defense Ministry as Senior Assistant to the Defense Minister . She subsequently graduated from a Masters program in military science at the Chilean Armys War Academy . Early political career . Involvement in politics . In her first year as a university student ( 1970 ) , Bachelet became a member of the Socialist Youth ( then presided by future deputy and later disappeared physician Carlos Lorca , who has been cited as her political mentor ) , and was an active supporter of the Popular Unity . In the immediate aftermath of the coup , she and her mother worked as couriers for the underground Socialist Party directorate that was trying to organize a resistance movement ; eventually almost all of them were captured and disappeared . Following her return from exile she became politically active during the second half of the 1980s , fighting – though not on the front line – for the re-establishment of democracy in Chile . In 1995 she became part of the partys Central Committee , and from 1998 until 2000 she was an active member of the Political Commission . In 1996 Bachelet ran against future presidential adversary Joaquín Lavín for the mayorship of Las Condes , a wealthy Santiago suburb and a right-wing stronghold . Lavín won the 22-candidate election with nearly 78% of the vote , while she finished fourth with 2.35% . At the 1999 presidential primary of the Concertación , Chiles governing coalition from 1990 to 2010 , she worked for Ricardo Lagoss nomination , heading the Santiago electoral zone . Minister of Health . On 11 March 2000 , Bachelet – virtually unknown at the time – was appointed Minister of Health by President Ricardo Lagos . She began an in-depth study of the public health-care system that led to the AUGE plan a few years later . She was also given the task of eliminating waiting lists in the saturated public hospital system within the first 100 days of Lagoss government . She reduced waiting lists by 90% , but was unable to eliminate them completely and offered her resignation , which was promptly rejected by the President . She authorized free distribution of the morning-after pill for victims of sexual abuse , generating controversy . Minister of National Defense . On 7 January 2002 , she was appointed Minister of National Defense , becoming the first woman to hold this post in a Latin American country and one of the few in the world . While Minister of Defense she promoted reconciliatory gestures between the military and victims of the dictatorship , culminating in the historic 2003 declaration by General Juan Emilio Cheyre , head of the army , that never again would the military subvert democracy in Chile . She also oversaw a reform of the military pension system and continued with the process of modernization of the Chilean armed forces with the purchasing of new military equipment , while engaging in international peace operations . A moment which has been cited as key to Bachelets chances to the presidency came in mid-2002 during a flood in northern Santiago where she , as Defense Minister , led a rescue operation on top of an amphibious tank , wearing a cloak and military cap . 2005–2006 presidential election . In late 2004 , following a surge of her popularity in opinion polls , Bachelet was considered the only politician of the Coalition of Parties for Democracy ( Concertación de los Partidos por la Democracia ; CPD ) able to defeat Joaquín Lavín , and she was asked to become the Socialists candidate for the presidency . At first hesitant to accept the nomination as it was never one of her goals , she finally agreed because she felt she could not disappoint her supporters . On 1 October of that year she was freed from her government post in order to begin her campaign and to help the CPD at the municipal elections held later that month . On 28 January 2005 she was named the Socialist Partys candidate for president . An open primary scheduled for July 2005 to define the sole presidential candidate of the CPD was canceled after Bachelets only rival , Christian Democrat Soledad Alvear , a cabinet member in the first three CPD administrations , pulled out early due to a lack of support within her own party and in opinion polls . In the December 2005 election , Bachelet faced the center-right candidate Sebastián Piñera ( RN ) , the right-wing candidate Joaquín Lavín ( UDI ) and the leftist candidate Tomás Hirsch ( JPM ) . As the opinion polls had forecast , she failed to obtain the absolute majority needed to win the election outright , winning 46% of the vote . In the runoff election on 15 January 2006 , Bachelet faced Piñera , and won the presidency with 53.5% of the vote , thus becoming her countrys first female elected president and the first woman who was not the wife of a previous head of state or political leader to reach the presidency of a Latin American nation in a direct election . On 30 January 2006 , after being declared President-elect by the Elections Qualifying Court ( Tricel ) , Bachelet announced her cabinet of ministers , which was unprecedentedly composed of an equal number of men and women , as was promised during her campaign . In keeping with the Coalitions internal balance of power she named seven ministers from the Christian Democrat Party ( PDC ) , five from the Party for Democracy ( PPD ) , four from the Socialist Party ( PS ) , one from the Social Democrat Radical Party ( PRSD ) and three without party affiliation . First presidency ( 2006–2010 ) . First days . Bachelet was sworn in as President of the Republic of Chile on 11 March 2006 in a ceremony held in a plenary session of the National Congress in Valparaíso attended by many foreign heads of states and delegates . Much of Bachelets first three months as president were spent working on 36 measures she had promised during her campaign to implement during her first 100 days in office . They ranged from simple presidential decrees , such as providing free health care for older patients , to complex bills to reform the social security system and the electoral system . For her first state visit , Bachelet chose Argentina , arriving in Buenos Aires on 21 March . There she met with president Néstor Kirchner , with whom she signed strategic agreements on energy and infrastructure , including the possibility of launching a bidding process to operate the Transandine Railway . Domestic affairs . Social policies . In March 2006 Bachelet created an advisory committee to reform the pension system , which was headed by former budget director Mario Marcel . The commission issued its final report in July 2006 , and in March 2008 Bachelet signed the bill into law . The new legislation established a Basic Solidarity Pension ( PBS ) and a Solidarity Pension Contribution ( APS ) , guaranteeing a minimum pension for the 60% poorest segment of the population , regardless of their contribution history . The reform also grants a bonus to female pensioners for every child born alive . In October 2006 Bachelet enacted legislation to protect subcontracted employees , which would benefit an estimated 1.2 million workers . In June 2009 she introduced pay equality legislation , guaranteeing equal pay for equal work in the private sector , regardless of gender . In September 2009 Bachelet signed the Chile Grows with You plan into law , providing comprehensive social services to vulnerable children from ages zero to six . That law also established a social welfare management framework called the Intersectoral Social Protection System , made up of subsystems such as Chile Solidario and Chile Grows with You . Between 2008 and 2010 the Bachelet administration delivered a so-called literary briefcase ( a box of books including encyclopedias , dictionaries , poetry works and books for both children and adults ) to the 400,000 poorest families with children attending primary school from first to fourth grade . In March 2009 , Bachelet launched the I Choose my PC program , awarding free computers to poor seventh-graders with excellent academic performance attending government-subsidized schools . During 2009 and 2010 Bachelet delivered maternity packages to all babies born in public hospitals , which are about 80% of total births . In January 2010 , Bachelet promulgated a law allowing the distribution of Emergency contraception pills in public and private health centers , including to persons under 14 , without parental consent . The law also requires high schools to add a sexual education program to their curriculum . Student protests . Bachelets first political crisis came in late April 2006 , when massive high school student demonstrations – unseen in three decades – broke out throughout the country , demanding better public education . In June 2006 , she sought to dampen the student protests by setting up an 81-member advisory committee , including education experts from all political backgrounds , representatives of ethnic groups , parents , teachers , students , school owners , university rectors , people from diverse religious denominations , etc . Its purpose was to propose changes to the countrys educational system and serve as a forum to share ideas and views . The committee issued its final report in December 2006 . In August 2009 , she signed the education reform bill into law , which created two new regulatory bodies : a Superintendency on Education and a Quality Agency . Transantiago . During her presidency Bachelet opened 18 new subway stations in Santiago , nine in 2006 , one in 2009 and eight in 2010 . In December 2009 Bachelet announced the construction of a new subway line in Santiago , to be operational by 2014 ( the date was later changed to mid-2016 ) . In February 2007 Santiagos transport system was radically altered with the introduction of Transantiago , designed under the previous administration . The system was nearly unanimously condemned by the media , the users and the opposition , significantly damaging her popularity , and leading to the sacking of her Transport minister . On her decision not to abort the plans start , she said in April 2007 she was given erroneous information which caused her to act against her instincts . In September 2008 , Chiles Constitutional Court declared a US$400 million loan by the Inter-American Development Bank to fund the transport system unconstitutional . Bachelet – who had been forced to ask for the loan after Congress had refused to approve funds for the beleaguered program in November 2007 – made use of an emergency clause in the Constitution that grants funds equivalent to 2% of the fiscal budget . In November 2008 , she invoked the emergency clause again after Congress denied once again funds for the system for 2009 . 2010 earthquake . On 27 February 2010 , in the last week of summer vacations and less than two weeks before Bachelets term expired , Chile was ravaged by an 8.8-magnitude earthquake that killed more than 500 people , toppled apartment buildings and bridges and triggered tsunamis that wiped away entire fishing villages . Bachelet and the government were criticized for a slow response to the disaster , which hit on a Saturday at 3:34 am . and left most of the country without electricity , phone or Internet access . Bachelet declared a state of catastrophe and on Sunday afternoon sent military troops to the most affected areas in an effort to quell scenes of looting and arson . She imposed night curfews in the most affected cities . She was criticized for not deploying the troops fast enough . Human rights . In January 2009 Bachelet opened the Museum of Memory in Santiago , documenting the horrors of Pinochets 16-and-a-half-year dictatorship . In November she promulgated a law ( submitted to Congress during the previous administration ) creating the National Institute for Human Rights , with the goal of protecting and promoting human rights in the country . The law also allowed for the reopening of the Rettig and Valech commissions for 18 months . She used her power as president to send a bill to legalize gay marriages , and sponsored a reproductive rights bill , On 10 August 2018 the outgoing UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein warmly welcomed the UN General Assembly’s appointment of Michelle Bachelet to succeed him . He said that She has all the attributes – courage , perseverance , passion , and a deep commitment to human rights Other legislation passed . In August 2008 , Bachelet signed a freedom of information bill into law , which became effective in April 2009 . In January 2010 , Bachelet enacted a law creating the Ministry for the Environment . The new legislation also created the Environmental Evaluation Service and the Superintendency for the Environment . Half of the ministries in her first government were occupied by women ; in her successors team , Sebastián Piñera , 18% were . Economy . Bachelet was widely credited for resisting calls from politicians from her own coalition to spend the huge copper revenues to close the countrys income gap . Instead in 2007 she created the Economic and Social Stabilization Fund , a sovereign wealth fund which accumulates fiscal surpluses which are above 1% of GDP . This allowed her to finance new social policies and provide economic stimulus packages when the 2008 financial crisis hit the country . During Bachelets four years in office the economy grew at an average of 3.3% ( 2.3% in per capita terms ) , with a high of 5.7% in 2006 and a negative growth of −1.0% in 2009 due to the global financial crisis . The minimum wage increased an average of 2% per year in real terms ( the lowest of any president since 1990 ) , while unemployment hovered between seven and eight percent during her first three years and rose to nearly 11% during 2009 . Inflation averaged 4.5% during her term , reaching close to 9% during 2008 due to an increase in food prices . Absolute poverty fell from 13.7% in November 2006 to 11.5% in November 2009 . Political issues . Bachelet began her term with an unprecedented absolute majority in both chambers of Congress – before appointed senators were eliminated in the 2005 constitutional reforms the CPD never had a majority in the Senate – but she was soon faced with internal opposition from a number of dissatisfied lawmakers from both chambers of Congress , the so-called díscolos ( disobedient , ungovernable ) , which jeopardized the coalitions narrow and historic congressional majority on a number of key executive-sponsored bills during much of her first two years in office , and forced her to negotiate with a right-wing opposition she saw as obstructionist . During 2007 the CPD lost its absolute majority in both chambers of Congress , as several senators and deputies from that coalition became independent . In December 2006 , Pinochet died . Bachelet decided not to grant him a state funeral , an honour bestowed upon constitutionally elected Chilean presidents , but a military funeral as former commander-in-chief of the Army appointed by President Salvador Allende . She also refused to declare an official national day of mourning , but did authorize flags at military barracks to fly at half staff . Pinochets coffin was also allowed to be draped in a Chilean flag . Bachelet did not attend his funeral , saying it would be a violation of [ her ] conscience , and sent Defense Minister Vivianne Blanlot . In April 2008 , Bachelets Education Minister , Yasna Provoste , was impeached by Congress for her handling of a scandal involving mismanagement of school subsidies . Her conviction was the first for a sitting minister in 36 years . Foreign relations . Argentina . During her first year in office Bachelet faced continuing problems from neighbors Argentina and Peru . In July 2006 she sent a letter of protest to Argentine president Néstor Kirchner after his government issued a decree increasing export tariffs on natural gas to Chile , which was considered by Bachelet to be a violation of a tacit bilateral agreement . A month later a long-standing border dispute resurfaced after Argentina published some tourist maps showing contested territory in the south – the Southern Patagonian Ice Field ( Campo de Hielo Patagónico Sur ) – as Argentine , violating an agreement not to define a border over the area . Peru . In early 2007 , Peru accused Chile of unilaterally redefining their shared sea boundary in a section of a law passed by Congress that detailed the borders of the new administrative region of Arica and Parinacota . The impasse was resolved by the Chilean Constitutional Tribunal , which declared that section unconstitutional . In March 2007 , the Chilean state-owned and independent public broadcaster Televisión Nacional de Chile ( TVN ) canceled the broadcast of a documentary about the War of the Pacific after a cautionary call was made to the stations’ board of directors by Chilean Foreign Relations Minister Alejandro Foxley , apparently acting on demands made by the Peruvian ambassador to Chile ; the show was finally broadcast in late May of that year . In August 2007 the Chilean government filed a formal diplomatic protest with Peru and summoned home its ambassador after Peru published an official map claiming a part of the Pacific Ocean that Chile considers its sovereign territory . Peru said this was just another step in its plans to bring the dispute to the International Court of Justice in The Hague . In January 2008 Peru asked the court to consider the dispute , prompting Bachelet to summon home the Chilean ambassador in Lima for consultations . UN voting deadlock . Chiles 16 October 2006 vote in the United Nations Security Council election – with Venezuela and Guatemala deadlocked in a bid for the two-year , non-permanent Latin American and Caribbean seat on the Security Council – developed into a major ideological issue in the country and was seen as a test for Bachelet . The governing coalition was divided between the Socialists , who supported a vote for Venezuela , and the Christian Democrats , who strongly opposed it . The day before the vote the president announced ( through her spokesman ) that Chile would abstain , citing a lack of regional consensus on a single candidate , ending months of speculation . In March 2007 Chiles ambassador to Venezuela , Claudio Huepe , revealed in an interview with teleSUR that Bachelet personally told him that she initially wanted to vote for Venezuela , but then there were a series of circumstances that forced me to abstain . The government quickly recalled Huepe and accepted his resignation . Unasur . In May 2008 , Bachelet became the first President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations ( Unasur ) and in September she called for an urgent summit after Bolivian President Evo Morales warned of a possible coup attempt against him . The presidents of Bolivia , Ecuador , Uruguay , Argentina , Paraguay , Brazil and Colombia , and the Secretary-General of the Organization of American States , met with Bachelet at the La Moneda Palace in Santiago , where they agreed to send two commissions to Bolivia : one to mediate between the executive and the opposition , and another to investigate the killings in Pando Department . Cuba visit . In February 2009 , Bachelet visited Cuba and met with Fidel Castro . There she urged the United States to put an end to the embargo . No Chilean head of state had visited the country in 37 years . The meeting with Castro backfired when Castro wrote a day later that the fascist and vengeful Chilean oligarchy is the same which more than 100 years ago robbed Bolivia of its access to the Pacific and of copper-rich lands in a humiliating war . Progressive Leaders summit . In March 2009 , Bachelet hosted in Viña del Mar the Progressive Leaders Summit , meeting with U.S . Vice President Joe Biden , British Prime Minister Gordon Brown , Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero and presidents Tabaré Vázquez of Uruguay , Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva of Brazil and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of Argentina . The meeting garnered some media interest because it took place six days before the highly anticipated G-20 Summit in London . Trade . Continuing the coalitions free-trade strategy , in August 2006 Bachelet promulgated a free trade agreement with the Peoples Republic of China ( signed under the previous administration of Ricardo Lagos ) , the first Chinese free-trade agreement with a Latin American nation ; similar deals with Japan and India were promulgated in August 2007 . In October 2006 , Bachelet promulgated a multilateral trade deal with New Zealand , Singapore and Brunei , the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership ( P4 ) , also signed under Lagoss presidency . She held free-trade talks with other countries , including Australia , Vietnam , Turkey and Malaysia . Regionally , she signed bilateral free trade agreements with Panama , Peru and Colombia . Other policies . In October 2007 , Bachelet granted amnesty to undocumented migrants from other Latin American countries . The measure was expected to benefit around 15,000 Peruvians and 2,000 Bolivians . In December 2007 she signed in Bolivia a trilateral agreement with the presidents of Brazil and Bolivia to complete and improve a 4,700 km road to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans , via Arica and Iquique in Chile and Santos in Brazil . In May 2008 , following months of intense lobbying , Chile was elected as member of the United Nations Human Rights Council , obtaining the largest vote among Latin American countries . In December 2009 Chile became the first country in South America , and the second in Latin America after Mexico , to receive an invitation to join the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) . Bachelet signed the accession agreement in January 2010 , but it formally became a member in May 2010 , after she had left office . Popularity . Bachelet enjoyed an approval rating above 50% for her first three months in office , during the so-called honeymoon period . Her popularity fell during the student protests that year , hovering in the mid-40s . In July she had a disastrous public relations incident when a group of residents she was visiting in the southern city of Chiguayante who were affected by a landslide berated her publicly on television , accusing her of using their tragedy to boost her falling popularity . One woman demanded that she leave the scene so rescue efforts could continue . In July , after only four months in office , Bachelet was forced to reshuffle her cabinet , in what was the fastest ministerial adjustment since 1990 . Bachelets popularity dipped further in her second year , reaching a low of 35% approval , 46% disapproval in September 2007 . This fall was mainly attributed to the Transantiago fiasco . That same month she had a second negative incident when a group of earthquake and tsunami victims she was visiting in the southern region of Aisén received her bearing black flags and accused her of showing up late . The city mayor , who told Bachelet to go to hell , later apologized . Over the following 12 months , however , Bachelets approval ratings did not improve . At the onset of the global financial crisis in September 2008 Bachelets popularity was at 42% , but gradually her job approval ratings began to rise . When she left office in March 2010 her popular support was at a record 84% , according to conservative polling institute Adimark GfK . The Chilean Constitution does not allow a president to serve two consecutive terms and Bachelet endorsed Christian Democratic Party candidate Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle for the December 2009 election . Political interregnum . In April 2010 , Bachelet inaugurated her own think-tank , Fundación Dialoga . Its headquarters are located in Providencia , a suburb of Santiago . Bachelet is a member of the Club of Madrid , the worlds largest forum of former heads of state and government . Since 2010 she has also been a member of the Inter-American Dialogue , the leading think tank on Western Hemisphere relations and affairs , and served as the organizations co-chair . On 14 September 2010 , Bachelet was appointed head of the newly created United Nations body UN Women by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon . She took office on 19 September 2010 . On 15 March 2013 she announced her resignation . 2013 presidential election . On 27 March 2013 , Bachelet announced that she would seek a second term as President of Chile in the 2013 elections . The well-respected CEP released a poll in May 2012 suggesting that 51% of voters wished to see her become the next president , far ahead of any other would-be candidate . On 30 June 2013 , Bachelet became the Nueva Mayorías candidate for president after she won a four-way primary election with the support of five center and left parties ( PS , PPD , PC , IC , MAS ) and 73% of the vote . In the 17 November 2013 presidential election , Bachelet fell short of the absolute majority needed for an outright win . In the runoff election , held on 15 December of that year , she beat former senator and Minister of Labor Evelyn Matthei with over 62% of the vote ; turnout was significantly lower than in the first round . Second presidency ( 2014–2018 ) . Bachelet was sworn in as President of the Republic of Chile for a second time on 11 March 2014 at the National Congress in Valparaíso . Isabel Allende , daughter of former President Salvador Allende , as the newly elected President of the Senate , administered the affirmation of office to Bachelet , the first time in the countrys history both parties involved were women . Domestic policies . Education reform . Among one of Bachelets main campaign promises for the 2013 election was the introduction of free university education in Chile and the end of profit-making educational institutions , as a response to the 2011–13 Chilean student protests . The intention was that revenue from the increase in corporate tax rate by 2017 would be used to fund free education . The proposals were criticized and quickly became unpopular due to the opposition from students who felt that the proposals did not go far enough in removing profit making . Opposition parties , lower middle class voters and certain members of Bachelets New Majority coalition attacked the proposals as the law that would prevent individuals from earning profits on public resources would not address making improvements in quality of education . In 2015 , the Chile Constitutional Court rejected large portions of Bachelets plan to offer free college education to half of the nations poorest students on grounds that requiring them to attend certain schools participating in the program could be considered discrimination . However , what remained of the plan allowed Bachelet to send 200,000 students from low-income families to college free of cost . In January 2018 , the Chilean Senate passed a law guaranteeing free education which was supported by conservative opposition parties as well , allowing the poorest 60% of students to study for free and doubled state funding for public universities . The new legislation created a higher education Superintendent empowered to supervise and penalize institutions which do not provide quality of education or have for-profit operations . Tax reform . In September 2014 , the Chilean Congress passed Bachelets tax reform proposal which aimed to increase revenue by 3% of gross domestic product . Measures included in the reform were : - increased corporate tax rate from 20% to 25% or 27% - the maximum tax bracket for personal income tax lowered to 35 percent from 40 percent starting in 2018 - increased excise taxes for sweetened beverages , alcohol and tobacco - Green taxes including a tax on carbon emissions for thermoelectric plants bigger than 50 MW and a tax on the import of diesel vehicles with higher cylinder capacity , excluding work vehicles - measures against tax evasion Critics blamed tax reforms for complexity driving away investment and blamed for the slowdown of the Chilean economy during Bachelets second period in office . However , Bachelets supporters argue that falling copper prices were more to blame for the economic slowdown . They argue that economic forecasts of faster growth in conjunction with rising copper prices and exports from 2018 onwards ( after Bachelets term ) suggest that the tax reforms did not negatively affect the economy . Others , such as MIT-trained economist and academic Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel , have found that Chiles overall terms of trade under Bachelets second term worsened only marginally compared to those of her predecessor Sebastián Piñera , due in part to a lower cost of key imports like petroleum . Consequently , he concludes that Bachelets reforms and governance likely were instrumental in causing a period of dampened growth throughout her presidency . Environmental policy . After Easter Islands Rapa Nui inhabitants voted 73% in favor of establishing a conservation zone , Michelle Bachelet designated a new 720,000 square kilometer protection area in September 2017 , protecting at least 142 endemic marine species , including 27 threatened with extinction . Five new national parks in the Patagonia region were created under a presidential decree , covering 10 million acres in January 2018 , including 1 million acres of land contributed by conservationist Kris Tompkins . On 9 March 2018 , Bachelet created nine marine reserves to protect biodiversity with her final presidential decree , increasing the area of the sea under state protection from 4.2 percent to 42.4 percent . The measure is expected to benefit marine life in approximately 1.4 million square kilometers . Civil unions and same-sex marriage . When Michelle Bachelet again took office of President in March 2014 , she made passing Piñeras civil union bill a priority . The name of the bill was changed to Civil Union Pact ( Pacto de Unión Civil ) on 17 December , and Congress reiterated their intention to hold the final vote by January 2015 . On 6 January 2015 , a provision recognizing foreign marriages as civil unions was approved in the Constitutional Committee while the child adoption clause was turned down . The bill went to a final vote before both the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies as it was amended . On 13 January , the full Chamber of Deputies reinserted the adoption provision . On 20 January 2015 , the Chamber approved the bill on a vote of 86 to 23 with 2 abstentions . On 27 January , the Senate rejected all the Chambers amendments , so the bill was headed to the joint committee of both houses . The committee reached the agreement in regard to the text of the bill and changed its name to Civil Union Agreement ( Acuerdo de Unión Civil ) the same day . The bill was passed in both houses on 28 January 2015 . Several lawmakers asked the Chilean Constitutional Court to verify the bills constitutionality , which was upheld by the court in a ruling released on 6 April 2015 . The bill was signed into law by President Bachelet on 13 April 2015 . It was published in the Official Gazette on 21 April 2015 and took effect on 22 October 2015 . Chiles civil union provisions enable couples to claim pension benefits and inherit property if their civil partner dies as well as more easily co-own property and make medical decisions for one another . The Government estimated at the time of the law going into effect that some two million Chilean couples cohabiting could have their unions legally recognized . In the day following the law going into effect , approximately 1,600 couples signed up to register their unions . On 1 December 2016 , the Chamber of Deputies unanimously approved ( except for 6 abstentions ) a bill to give couples who enter in a civil union five days off , like what married couples have . The bill was approved by the Senate in October 2017 , in a unanimous 15–0 vote . Womens rights and abortion . A new Ministry for Women and Gender Inequality was formed , replacing the National Womens Service in June 2016 which aimed to formulate policies against abuse of women and gender inequality . Claudia Pascual was appointed as the first ever Minister for Women and Gender Inequality . The Chilean Congress approved Bachelets abortion legalization bill in some circumstances in July 2017 , but was subjected to challenge in the Constitutional Court . Later , Chiles total abortion ban implemented under the Pinochet regime in 1989 was lifted in August 2017 after the Constitutional Court voted 6–4 to allow the procedure under some circumstances : in cases of pregnancy as a result of rape ( up to 12 weeks ) , if the fetus endangers the mothers life , or if the fetus is not viable . Prior to this , Chile was one of only four nations in the Americas that had a total ban on abortions , the others being El Salvador , Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic . Constitutional and political reform . The Chilean Congress passed Bachelets proposed abolishment of the binomial voting system introduced by the Augusto Pinochet regime and restoring proportional representation for election to both chambers of the Chilean Congress and requirements that 40% of candidates nominated are female in January 2015 . The new system took effect from the 2017 elections , increasing the members of the Chamber of Deputies from 120 to 155 seats and the Senate from 38 seats to 43 seats in 2017 and 50 seats in 2021 . As a result , the 2017 election saw the end of the dominance of Bachelets New Majority and conservative coalitions and increased number of new political parties represented in Congress . Following revelations that President Bachelets son and daughter in-law were caught in an influence-peddling scandal , she appointed a Presidential Advisory Council on Conflicts of Interest , Influence Peddling , and Corruption ( known as the Engel Commission ) headed by economist Eduardo Engel . Subsequently , reforms recommended by the commission were implemented which included , ability to remove politicians from office if found guilty for transparency and election spending limits violations with disqualification for two subsequent elections and constitutional autonomy to Chiles electoral service ( SERVEL ) , giving it complete independence from the government to more effectively oversee electoral processes and the functioning of politics in general . In 2016 , overseas voting rights for Chilean women and men living outside the country were introduced , allowing Chilean citizens who live abroad to exercise their right to vote beginning from the 2017 elections . Foreign policy . Trade . On 8 March 2018 , three days before Bachelet left office , the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership ( CPTPP ) multilateral trade agreement was signed in Santiago with Chile and 10 other signatory countries in the Asia Pacific region , following renegotiation of the original Trans-Pacific Partnership ( TPP ) which was signed in February 2016 . The TPP was renegotiated into the CPTPP following the United States withdrawal from the original TPP in January 2017 . Popularity . In September 2015 , Bachelets approval rating was 24% , compared to 72% disapproval . Chileans support for her dropped sharply after revelations of corruption scandals such as the Caval scandal , which involved her son and daughter-in-law accepting millions of dollars in the form of a loan from Vice-Chairman of the Banco de Chile Andrónico Luksic Craig . The couples company ( Caval ) used the money to purchase land and resell it at a $5 million profit after repaying the loan . Bachelet maintains that she was unaware of her familys actions and found out about the agreement between Luksic and her daughter-in-law through the press . By August 2016 , Bachelets approval rating dropped to 15% , the lowest for any President since the return of free elections in 1990 , and in March 2017 , Bachelets approval rating remained low , at about 23% . Bachelet left office in March 2018 with an approval rating at 39% according to Adimark , in contrast to the 84% rating when she left office in 2010 . UN High Commissioner for Human Rights ( 2018 ) . On 10 September 2018 , Bachelet urged China to allow observers into Xinjiang and expressed concern about the situation there . She said that : ’’The UN rights group had shown that Uyghurs and other Muslims are being detained in camps across Xinjiang and I expect discussions with Chinese officials to begin soon’’ . China called for Bachelet to respect its sovereignty . In September 2018 , Bachelet criticized Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen . She has called on Saudi Arabia to hold accountable those responsible for airstrikes on civilians in Yemen . On 5 October 2019 , Bachelet said she was “troubled” by Hong Kong’s increasingly violent pro-democracy protests , and stressed that any measures to quell the unrest must be grounded in law . She also stated that Freedom of peaceful assembly … should be enjoyed without restriction to the greatest extent possible . But on the other hand , we cannot accept people who use masks to provoke violence . Regarding the November 2019 Iranian protests , Nasrin Sotoudeh a jailed Iranian lawyer , asked Bachelet to administrate an independent investigation into the alleged atrocities committed by the Iranian security forces in the uprising . On 9 October 2020 , Bachelet expressed concern about the suffering of civilians during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan . In January 2021 , in preparation for the 2021 spring session of the UN Human Rights Council , Bachelet has issued a hard hitting report on Sri Lanka . The report severely criticizes the failure of the current Sri Lankan government to address documented accusations of grave and numerous human rights crimes perpetrated during and after the Civil war in Sri Lanka , even though the war ended in 2009 . Media and educational Honours . Awards and media recognition . - Ranked 17th most powerful women in the world by Forbes magazine in 2006 ( she was No . 22 in 2009 , No . 25 in 2008 , and No . 27 in 2007. ) As of 2014 , she was ranked 25th . - Defense of Freedom and Democracy Award by Ramón Rubial Foundation ( January 2007 ) . - Ranked worlds 15th most influential person by TIME magazine in 2008 . - Shalom Award by the World Jewish Congress ( June 2008 ) . - Maximum Leadership Award ( Argentina , October 2008 ) . - Global Trailblazer Award by Vital Voices ( October 2008 ) . - South American Football Honorary Order of Merit in the Extraordinary Great Collar degree by CONMEBOL in July 2009 . She is the first woman to receive such recognition . - Keys to the City of Lisbon ( December 2009 ) - Woman of the Bicentenary at the 2010 Energy of Woman Awards by Chilectra ( April 2010 ) . - Federation of Progressive Womens International Prize ( Spain , November 2010 ) . - Keys to the City of Miami ( November 2010 ) . - The Association of Bi-National Chambers of Commerce in Floridas 2010 Award for Leadership in Global Trade ( November 2010 ) . - Member , Inter-American Dialogue ( since 2010 ) - Washington Office on Latin Americas Human Rights Award ( November 2010 ) . - Womens eNews Newsmaker of the Decade Award ( May 2011 ) . - Ministry of Defense of Argentinas first Generala Juana Azurduy Award ( April 2012 ) . - Eisenhower Fellowshipss Eisenhower Medal for Leadership and Service ( May 2012 ) . - 2012 – 10 Most Influential Ibero American Intellectuals of the year – Foreign Policy magazine Honorary degrees . - University of Brasilia ( April 2006 ) . - Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala ( May 2007 ) . - University of Essex ( April 2008 ) . - Pompeu Fabra University ( May 2010 ) . - National University of Córdoba ( June 2010 ) . - Catholic University of Córdoba ( June 2010 ) . - Universidad Internacional Menéndez Pelayo ( September 2010 ) . - Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo ( November 2010 ) . - ( November 2010 ) . - Columbia University ( May 2012 ) . - Freiberg University of Mining and Technology ( October 2014 ) . - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven ( June 2015 ) . - University of Évora ( March 2017 ) . International Honours . National honours . - Grand Master ( 2006-2010/2014-2018 ) and Collar of the Order of Bernardo OHiggins - Grand Master ( 2006-2010/2014-2018 ) and Collar of the Order of Merit Foreign honours . - Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia , Australia ( 5 October 2012 ) . - Grand Collar of the National Order of San Lorenzo , Equador ( 2010 ) - Grand Cross with Chain of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary , Hungary ( 2008 ) - Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic , Italy ( 9 October 2007 ) . - Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose of Finland ( 2007 ) - Grand Cross with Golden Chain of the Order of Vytautas the Great , Lithuania ( 23 July 2008 ) . - Honorary Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm , Malaysia ( 2009 ) - Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle , Mexico ( 2007 ) - Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion , The Netherlands ( 25 May 2009 ) - Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry , Portugal ( 7 November 2007 ) - Grand Cross of the Order of Christ , Portugal ( 1 December 2009 ) - Grand Collar of the Order of Liberty , Portugal ( 30 March 2017 ) - Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic , Spain ( 26 February 2010 ) . - Collar of the Order of Charles III , Spain ( 30 October 2014 ) . - Member of Royal Order of the Seraphim , Sweden ( 10 May 2016 ) . Received on her state visit to Sweden . - Collar of the Order of the Liberator - Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( 2006 ) . Documentaries . - Michelle Bachelet – Symbol des neuen Chile ( Ebbo Demant/SWR , 2004 ) - La hija del General [ The Generals Daughter ] ( María Elena Wood/2006 ) Publications . - Bachelet , Michelle . 2002 . Los estudios comparados y la relación civil-militar . Reflexiones tras una década de consolidación democrática en Chile , Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad , 17 ( 4 ) : 29–35 . External links . - Official presidential campaign site - Biography by CIDOB Foundation - The woman taking Chiles top job ( BBC News ) - The unexpected travails of the woman who would be president ( The Economist , 8 December 2005 ) - Bachelets citizens democracy ( The Economist , 10 March 2006 ) - With a New Leader , Chile Seems to Shuck Its Strait Laces ( The New York Times , 8 March 2006 ) - Welcome Madam Chilean President to Washington ( Council on Hemispheric Affairs , 7 June 2006 )

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What position did Michelle Bachelet take between Jul 2002 and Jan 2004?

Michelle Bachelet Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria ( ; born 29 September 1951 ) is a Chilean politician who has served as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights since 2018 . She also previously served as President of Chile from 2006 to 2010 and 2014 to 2018 for the Socialist Party of Chile , she is the first woman to hold the Chilean presidency . After leaving the presidency in 2010 and while not immediately reelectable , she was appointed the first executive director of the newly created United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women . In December 2013 , Bachelet was reelected with over 62% of the vote , bettering the 54% she obtained in 2006 . She was the first President of Chile to be reelected since 1932 . Bachelet , a physician who has studied military strategy at university level , was Health Minister and Defense Minister under her predecessor , Ricardo Lagos . She is a separated mother of three and describes herself as an agnostic . She speaks English fluently , as well as some German and Portuguese . Family background . Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria is the second child of archaeologist Ángela Jeria Gómez ( 1926–2020 ) and Air Force Brigadier General Alberto Bachelet Martínez ( 1923–1974 ) . Bachelets paternal great-great-grandfather , Louis-Joseph Bachelet Lapierre , was a French wine merchant from Chassagne-Montrachet who immigrated to Chile with his Parisian wife , Françoise Jeanne Beault , in 1860 ; he was hired as a wine-making expert by the Subercaseaux vineyards in Santiago . Bachelet Lapierres son , Germán , was born in Santiago in 1862 , and in 1891 married Luisa Brandt Cadot , a Chilean of French and Swiss descent , giving birth in 1894 to Alberto Bachelet Brandt . Bachelets maternal great-grandfather , Máximo Jeria Chacón , of Spanish ( Basque region ) and Greek heritage , was the first person to receive a degree in agronomic engineering in Chile and founded several agronomy schools in the country . He married Lely Johnson , the daughter of an English physician working in Chile . Their son , Máximo Jeria Johnson , married Ángela Gómez Zamora . Their union produced five children , the fourth of whom is Bachelets mother . Early life and career . Childhood years . Bachelet was born in La Cisterna , a middle-class suburb of Santiago . She was named after French actress Michèle Morgan . Bachelet spent many of her childhood years traveling around her native Chile , moving with her family from one military base to another . She lived and attended primary schools in , among other places , Quintero , Antofagasta , and San Bernardo . In 1962 , she moved with her family to the United States , where her father was assigned to the military mission at the Chilean Embassy in Washington D.C . Her family lived for almost two years in Bethesda , Maryland , where she attended Western Junior High School and learned to speak English fluently . Returning to Chile in 1964 , she graduated in 1969 from Liceo Nº 1 Javiera Carrera , a prestigious girls public high school , finishing near the top of her class . There she was class president , a member of the choir and volleyball teams , and part of a theater group and a band , Las Clap Clap , which she co-founded and which toured around several school festivals . In 1970 , after obtaining a relatively high score on the university admission test , she entered medical school at the University of Chile , where she was selected in the 113th position ( out of 160 admitted applicants ) . She originally intended to study sociology or economics , but was prevailed upon by her father to study medicine instead . She has said she opted for medicine because it was a concrete way of helping people cope with pain and a way to contribute to improve health in Chile . Detention and exile . Facing growing food shortages , the government of Salvador Allende placed Bachelets father in charge of the Food Distribution Office . When General Augusto Pinochet suddenly came to power via the 11 September 1973 coup détat , Bachelets father was detained at the Air War Academy on charges of treason . Following months of daily torture at Santiagos Public Prison , he suffered a cardiac arrest that resulted in his death on 12 March 1974 . In early January 1975 , Bachelet and her mother were detained at their apartment by two DINA agents , who blindfolded them and drove them to Villa Grimaldi , a notorious secret detention center in Santiago , where they were separated and subjected to interrogation and torture . In 2013 , Bachelet revealed she had been interrogated by DINA chief Manuel Contreras there . Some days later , Bachelet was transferred to Cuatro Álamos ( Four Poplars ) detention center , where she was held until the end of January . Thanks to the assistance of Roberto Kozak , Bachelet was able to go into exile in Australia , where her older brother , Alberto , had moved in 1969 . Of her torture , Bachelet said , in 2004 , that it was nothing in comparison to what others suffered . She was yelled at using abusive language , shaken , and both she and her mother were threatened with the killing of the other . She was never tortured with electricity , but she did see it done to other prisoners . In May 1975 Bachelet left Australia and later moved to East Germany , to an apartment assigned to her by the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) government in Am Stern , Potsdam ; her mother joined her a month later , living separately in Leipzig . In October 1976 , she began working at a communal clinic in the Babelsberg neighborhood , as a preparatory step to continuing her medical studies at an East German university . During this period , she met architect Jorge Leopoldo Dávalos Cartes , another Chilean exile , whom she married in 1977 . In January 1978 she went to Leipzig to learn German at the Karl Marx Universitys Herder Institute ( now the University of Leipzig ) . Her first child with Dávalos , Jorge Alberto Sebastián , was born there in June 1978 . She returned to Potsdam in September 1978 to continue her medical studies at the Humboldt University of Berlin for two years . Five months after enrolling as a student , however , she obtained authorization to return to her country . Return to Chile . After four years in exile , Bachelet returned to Chile in 1979 . Her medical school credits from the GDR were not transferred , forcing her to resume her studies where she had left off before fleeing the country . She graduated as physician-surgeon on 7 January 1983 . She wished to work in the public sector wherever attention was most needed , applying for a position as general practitioner ; her petition was rejected by the military government on political grounds . Instead , owing to her academic performance and published papers , she earned a scholarship from the Chilean Medical Chamber to specialize in pediatrics and public health at the University of Chiles Roberto del Río Childrens Hospital ( 1983–86 ) . She completed the program with excellent grades but for financial reasons did not obtain her certification . During this time she also worked at PIDEE ( Protection of Children Injured by States of Emergency Foundation ) , a non-governmental organization helping children of the tortured and missing in Santiago and Chillán . She was head of the foundations Medical Department between 1986 and 1990 . Some time after her second child with Dávalos , Francisca Valentina , was born in February 1984 , she and her husband legally separated . Between 1985 and 1987 , Bachelet had a romantic relationship with Alex Vojkovic Trier , an engineer and spokesman for the Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front , an armed group that , among other activities , attempted to assassinate Pinochet in 1986 . The affair was a minor issue during her presidential campaign , during which she argued that she never supported any of Vojkovics activities . After Chile made a transition to democracy in 1990 , Bachelet worked for the Ministry of Healths West Santiago Health Service and was a consultant for the Pan-American Health Organization , the World Health Organization and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit . While working for the National AIDS Commission ( Conasida ) she became romantically involved with Aníbal Hernán Henríquez Marich , a fellow physician – and right-wing Pinochet supporter – who fathered her third child , Sofía Catalina , in December 1992 ; their relationship ended a few years later . Between March 1994 and July 1997 , Bachelet worked as Senior Assistant to the Deputy Health Minister . Driven by an interest in civil-military relations , in 1996 Bachelet began studies in military strategy at the National Academy of Political and Strategic Studies ( ANEPE ) in Chile , obtaining first place in her class . Her student achievement earned her a presidential scholarship , permitting her to continue her studies in the United States at the Inter-American Defense College in Washington , D.C. , completing a Continental Defense Course in 1998 . That same year she returned to Chile to work for the Defense Ministry as Senior Assistant to the Defense Minister . She subsequently graduated from a Masters program in military science at the Chilean Armys War Academy . Early political career . Involvement in politics . In her first year as a university student ( 1970 ) , Bachelet became a member of the Socialist Youth ( then presided by future deputy and later disappeared physician Carlos Lorca , who has been cited as her political mentor ) , and was an active supporter of the Popular Unity . In the immediate aftermath of the coup , she and her mother worked as couriers for the underground Socialist Party directorate that was trying to organize a resistance movement ; eventually almost all of them were captured and disappeared . Following her return from exile she became politically active during the second half of the 1980s , fighting – though not on the front line – for the re-establishment of democracy in Chile . In 1995 she became part of the partys Central Committee , and from 1998 until 2000 she was an active member of the Political Commission . In 1996 Bachelet ran against future presidential adversary Joaquín Lavín for the mayorship of Las Condes , a wealthy Santiago suburb and a right-wing stronghold . Lavín won the 22-candidate election with nearly 78% of the vote , while she finished fourth with 2.35% . At the 1999 presidential primary of the Concertación , Chiles governing coalition from 1990 to 2010 , she worked for Ricardo Lagoss nomination , heading the Santiago electoral zone . Minister of Health . On 11 March 2000 , Bachelet – virtually unknown at the time – was appointed Minister of Health by President Ricardo Lagos . She began an in-depth study of the public health-care system that led to the AUGE plan a few years later . She was also given the task of eliminating waiting lists in the saturated public hospital system within the first 100 days of Lagoss government . She reduced waiting lists by 90% , but was unable to eliminate them completely and offered her resignation , which was promptly rejected by the President . She authorized free distribution of the morning-after pill for victims of sexual abuse , generating controversy . Minister of National Defense . On 7 January 2002 , she was appointed Minister of National Defense , becoming the first woman to hold this post in a Latin American country and one of the few in the world . While Minister of Defense she promoted reconciliatory gestures between the military and victims of the dictatorship , culminating in the historic 2003 declaration by General Juan Emilio Cheyre , head of the army , that never again would the military subvert democracy in Chile . She also oversaw a reform of the military pension system and continued with the process of modernization of the Chilean armed forces with the purchasing of new military equipment , while engaging in international peace operations . A moment which has been cited as key to Bachelets chances to the presidency came in mid-2002 during a flood in northern Santiago where she , as Defense Minister , led a rescue operation on top of an amphibious tank , wearing a cloak and military cap . 2005–2006 presidential election . In late 2004 , following a surge of her popularity in opinion polls , Bachelet was considered the only politician of the Coalition of Parties for Democracy ( Concertación de los Partidos por la Democracia ; CPD ) able to defeat Joaquín Lavín , and she was asked to become the Socialists candidate for the presidency . At first hesitant to accept the nomination as it was never one of her goals , she finally agreed because she felt she could not disappoint her supporters . On 1 October of that year she was freed from her government post in order to begin her campaign and to help the CPD at the municipal elections held later that month . On 28 January 2005 she was named the Socialist Partys candidate for president . An open primary scheduled for July 2005 to define the sole presidential candidate of the CPD was canceled after Bachelets only rival , Christian Democrat Soledad Alvear , a cabinet member in the first three CPD administrations , pulled out early due to a lack of support within her own party and in opinion polls . In the December 2005 election , Bachelet faced the center-right candidate Sebastián Piñera ( RN ) , the right-wing candidate Joaquín Lavín ( UDI ) and the leftist candidate Tomás Hirsch ( JPM ) . As the opinion polls had forecast , she failed to obtain the absolute majority needed to win the election outright , winning 46% of the vote . In the runoff election on 15 January 2006 , Bachelet faced Piñera , and won the presidency with 53.5% of the vote , thus becoming her countrys first female elected president and the first woman who was not the wife of a previous head of state or political leader to reach the presidency of a Latin American nation in a direct election . On 30 January 2006 , after being declared President-elect by the Elections Qualifying Court ( Tricel ) , Bachelet announced her cabinet of ministers , which was unprecedentedly composed of an equal number of men and women , as was promised during her campaign . In keeping with the Coalitions internal balance of power she named seven ministers from the Christian Democrat Party ( PDC ) , five from the Party for Democracy ( PPD ) , four from the Socialist Party ( PS ) , one from the Social Democrat Radical Party ( PRSD ) and three without party affiliation . First presidency ( 2006–2010 ) . First days . Bachelet was sworn in as President of the Republic of Chile on 11 March 2006 in a ceremony held in a plenary session of the National Congress in Valparaíso attended by many foreign heads of states and delegates . Much of Bachelets first three months as president were spent working on 36 measures she had promised during her campaign to implement during her first 100 days in office . They ranged from simple presidential decrees , such as providing free health care for older patients , to complex bills to reform the social security system and the electoral system . For her first state visit , Bachelet chose Argentina , arriving in Buenos Aires on 21 March . There she met with president Néstor Kirchner , with whom she signed strategic agreements on energy and infrastructure , including the possibility of launching a bidding process to operate the Transandine Railway . Domestic affairs . Social policies . In March 2006 Bachelet created an advisory committee to reform the pension system , which was headed by former budget director Mario Marcel . The commission issued its final report in July 2006 , and in March 2008 Bachelet signed the bill into law . The new legislation established a Basic Solidarity Pension ( PBS ) and a Solidarity Pension Contribution ( APS ) , guaranteeing a minimum pension for the 60% poorest segment of the population , regardless of their contribution history . The reform also grants a bonus to female pensioners for every child born alive . In October 2006 Bachelet enacted legislation to protect subcontracted employees , which would benefit an estimated 1.2 million workers . In June 2009 she introduced pay equality legislation , guaranteeing equal pay for equal work in the private sector , regardless of gender . In September 2009 Bachelet signed the Chile Grows with You plan into law , providing comprehensive social services to vulnerable children from ages zero to six . That law also established a social welfare management framework called the Intersectoral Social Protection System , made up of subsystems such as Chile Solidario and Chile Grows with You . Between 2008 and 2010 the Bachelet administration delivered a so-called literary briefcase ( a box of books including encyclopedias , dictionaries , poetry works and books for both children and adults ) to the 400,000 poorest families with children attending primary school from first to fourth grade . In March 2009 , Bachelet launched the I Choose my PC program , awarding free computers to poor seventh-graders with excellent academic performance attending government-subsidized schools . During 2009 and 2010 Bachelet delivered maternity packages to all babies born in public hospitals , which are about 80% of total births . In January 2010 , Bachelet promulgated a law allowing the distribution of Emergency contraception pills in public and private health centers , including to persons under 14 , without parental consent . The law also requires high schools to add a sexual education program to their curriculum . Student protests . Bachelets first political crisis came in late April 2006 , when massive high school student demonstrations – unseen in three decades – broke out throughout the country , demanding better public education . In June 2006 , she sought to dampen the student protests by setting up an 81-member advisory committee , including education experts from all political backgrounds , representatives of ethnic groups , parents , teachers , students , school owners , university rectors , people from diverse religious denominations , etc . Its purpose was to propose changes to the countrys educational system and serve as a forum to share ideas and views . The committee issued its final report in December 2006 . In August 2009 , she signed the education reform bill into law , which created two new regulatory bodies : a Superintendency on Education and a Quality Agency . Transantiago . During her presidency Bachelet opened 18 new subway stations in Santiago , nine in 2006 , one in 2009 and eight in 2010 . In December 2009 Bachelet announced the construction of a new subway line in Santiago , to be operational by 2014 ( the date was later changed to mid-2016 ) . In February 2007 Santiagos transport system was radically altered with the introduction of Transantiago , designed under the previous administration . The system was nearly unanimously condemned by the media , the users and the opposition , significantly damaging her popularity , and leading to the sacking of her Transport minister . On her decision not to abort the plans start , she said in April 2007 she was given erroneous information which caused her to act against her instincts . In September 2008 , Chiles Constitutional Court declared a US$400 million loan by the Inter-American Development Bank to fund the transport system unconstitutional . Bachelet – who had been forced to ask for the loan after Congress had refused to approve funds for the beleaguered program in November 2007 – made use of an emergency clause in the Constitution that grants funds equivalent to 2% of the fiscal budget . In November 2008 , she invoked the emergency clause again after Congress denied once again funds for the system for 2009 . 2010 earthquake . On 27 February 2010 , in the last week of summer vacations and less than two weeks before Bachelets term expired , Chile was ravaged by an 8.8-magnitude earthquake that killed more than 500 people , toppled apartment buildings and bridges and triggered tsunamis that wiped away entire fishing villages . Bachelet and the government were criticized for a slow response to the disaster , which hit on a Saturday at 3:34 am . and left most of the country without electricity , phone or Internet access . Bachelet declared a state of catastrophe and on Sunday afternoon sent military troops to the most affected areas in an effort to quell scenes of looting and arson . She imposed night curfews in the most affected cities . She was criticized for not deploying the troops fast enough . Human rights . In January 2009 Bachelet opened the Museum of Memory in Santiago , documenting the horrors of Pinochets 16-and-a-half-year dictatorship . In November she promulgated a law ( submitted to Congress during the previous administration ) creating the National Institute for Human Rights , with the goal of protecting and promoting human rights in the country . The law also allowed for the reopening of the Rettig and Valech commissions for 18 months . She used her power as president to send a bill to legalize gay marriages , and sponsored a reproductive rights bill , On 10 August 2018 the outgoing UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein warmly welcomed the UN General Assembly’s appointment of Michelle Bachelet to succeed him . He said that She has all the attributes – courage , perseverance , passion , and a deep commitment to human rights Other legislation passed . In August 2008 , Bachelet signed a freedom of information bill into law , which became effective in April 2009 . In January 2010 , Bachelet enacted a law creating the Ministry for the Environment . The new legislation also created the Environmental Evaluation Service and the Superintendency for the Environment . Half of the ministries in her first government were occupied by women ; in her successors team , Sebastián Piñera , 18% were . Economy . Bachelet was widely credited for resisting calls from politicians from her own coalition to spend the huge copper revenues to close the countrys income gap . Instead in 2007 she created the Economic and Social Stabilization Fund , a sovereign wealth fund which accumulates fiscal surpluses which are above 1% of GDP . This allowed her to finance new social policies and provide economic stimulus packages when the 2008 financial crisis hit the country . During Bachelets four years in office the economy grew at an average of 3.3% ( 2.3% in per capita terms ) , with a high of 5.7% in 2006 and a negative growth of −1.0% in 2009 due to the global financial crisis . The minimum wage increased an average of 2% per year in real terms ( the lowest of any president since 1990 ) , while unemployment hovered between seven and eight percent during her first three years and rose to nearly 11% during 2009 . Inflation averaged 4.5% during her term , reaching close to 9% during 2008 due to an increase in food prices . Absolute poverty fell from 13.7% in November 2006 to 11.5% in November 2009 . Political issues . Bachelet began her term with an unprecedented absolute majority in both chambers of Congress – before appointed senators were eliminated in the 2005 constitutional reforms the CPD never had a majority in the Senate – but she was soon faced with internal opposition from a number of dissatisfied lawmakers from both chambers of Congress , the so-called díscolos ( disobedient , ungovernable ) , which jeopardized the coalitions narrow and historic congressional majority on a number of key executive-sponsored bills during much of her first two years in office , and forced her to negotiate with a right-wing opposition she saw as obstructionist . During 2007 the CPD lost its absolute majority in both chambers of Congress , as several senators and deputies from that coalition became independent . In December 2006 , Pinochet died . Bachelet decided not to grant him a state funeral , an honour bestowed upon constitutionally elected Chilean presidents , but a military funeral as former commander-in-chief of the Army appointed by President Salvador Allende . She also refused to declare an official national day of mourning , but did authorize flags at military barracks to fly at half staff . Pinochets coffin was also allowed to be draped in a Chilean flag . Bachelet did not attend his funeral , saying it would be a violation of [ her ] conscience , and sent Defense Minister Vivianne Blanlot . In April 2008 , Bachelets Education Minister , Yasna Provoste , was impeached by Congress for her handling of a scandal involving mismanagement of school subsidies . Her conviction was the first for a sitting minister in 36 years . Foreign relations . Argentina . During her first year in office Bachelet faced continuing problems from neighbors Argentina and Peru . In July 2006 she sent a letter of protest to Argentine president Néstor Kirchner after his government issued a decree increasing export tariffs on natural gas to Chile , which was considered by Bachelet to be a violation of a tacit bilateral agreement . A month later a long-standing border dispute resurfaced after Argentina published some tourist maps showing contested territory in the south – the Southern Patagonian Ice Field ( Campo de Hielo Patagónico Sur ) – as Argentine , violating an agreement not to define a border over the area . Peru . In early 2007 , Peru accused Chile of unilaterally redefining their shared sea boundary in a section of a law passed by Congress that detailed the borders of the new administrative region of Arica and Parinacota . The impasse was resolved by the Chilean Constitutional Tribunal , which declared that section unconstitutional . In March 2007 , the Chilean state-owned and independent public broadcaster Televisión Nacional de Chile ( TVN ) canceled the broadcast of a documentary about the War of the Pacific after a cautionary call was made to the stations’ board of directors by Chilean Foreign Relations Minister Alejandro Foxley , apparently acting on demands made by the Peruvian ambassador to Chile ; the show was finally broadcast in late May of that year . In August 2007 the Chilean government filed a formal diplomatic protest with Peru and summoned home its ambassador after Peru published an official map claiming a part of the Pacific Ocean that Chile considers its sovereign territory . Peru said this was just another step in its plans to bring the dispute to the International Court of Justice in The Hague . In January 2008 Peru asked the court to consider the dispute , prompting Bachelet to summon home the Chilean ambassador in Lima for consultations . UN voting deadlock . Chiles 16 October 2006 vote in the United Nations Security Council election – with Venezuela and Guatemala deadlocked in a bid for the two-year , non-permanent Latin American and Caribbean seat on the Security Council – developed into a major ideological issue in the country and was seen as a test for Bachelet . The governing coalition was divided between the Socialists , who supported a vote for Venezuela , and the Christian Democrats , who strongly opposed it . The day before the vote the president announced ( through her spokesman ) that Chile would abstain , citing a lack of regional consensus on a single candidate , ending months of speculation . In March 2007 Chiles ambassador to Venezuela , Claudio Huepe , revealed in an interview with teleSUR that Bachelet personally told him that she initially wanted to vote for Venezuela , but then there were a series of circumstances that forced me to abstain . The government quickly recalled Huepe and accepted his resignation . Unasur . In May 2008 , Bachelet became the first President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations ( Unasur ) and in September she called for an urgent summit after Bolivian President Evo Morales warned of a possible coup attempt against him . The presidents of Bolivia , Ecuador , Uruguay , Argentina , Paraguay , Brazil and Colombia , and the Secretary-General of the Organization of American States , met with Bachelet at the La Moneda Palace in Santiago , where they agreed to send two commissions to Bolivia : one to mediate between the executive and the opposition , and another to investigate the killings in Pando Department . Cuba visit . In February 2009 , Bachelet visited Cuba and met with Fidel Castro . There she urged the United States to put an end to the embargo . No Chilean head of state had visited the country in 37 years . The meeting with Castro backfired when Castro wrote a day later that the fascist and vengeful Chilean oligarchy is the same which more than 100 years ago robbed Bolivia of its access to the Pacific and of copper-rich lands in a humiliating war . Progressive Leaders summit . In March 2009 , Bachelet hosted in Viña del Mar the Progressive Leaders Summit , meeting with U.S . Vice President Joe Biden , British Prime Minister Gordon Brown , Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero and presidents Tabaré Vázquez of Uruguay , Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva of Brazil and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of Argentina . The meeting garnered some media interest because it took place six days before the highly anticipated G-20 Summit in London . Trade . Continuing the coalitions free-trade strategy , in August 2006 Bachelet promulgated a free trade agreement with the Peoples Republic of China ( signed under the previous administration of Ricardo Lagos ) , the first Chinese free-trade agreement with a Latin American nation ; similar deals with Japan and India were promulgated in August 2007 . In October 2006 , Bachelet promulgated a multilateral trade deal with New Zealand , Singapore and Brunei , the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership ( P4 ) , also signed under Lagoss presidency . She held free-trade talks with other countries , including Australia , Vietnam , Turkey and Malaysia . Regionally , she signed bilateral free trade agreements with Panama , Peru and Colombia . Other policies . In October 2007 , Bachelet granted amnesty to undocumented migrants from other Latin American countries . The measure was expected to benefit around 15,000 Peruvians and 2,000 Bolivians . In December 2007 she signed in Bolivia a trilateral agreement with the presidents of Brazil and Bolivia to complete and improve a 4,700 km road to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans , via Arica and Iquique in Chile and Santos in Brazil . In May 2008 , following months of intense lobbying , Chile was elected as member of the United Nations Human Rights Council , obtaining the largest vote among Latin American countries . In December 2009 Chile became the first country in South America , and the second in Latin America after Mexico , to receive an invitation to join the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) . Bachelet signed the accession agreement in January 2010 , but it formally became a member in May 2010 , after she had left office . Popularity . Bachelet enjoyed an approval rating above 50% for her first three months in office , during the so-called honeymoon period . Her popularity fell during the student protests that year , hovering in the mid-40s . In July she had a disastrous public relations incident when a group of residents she was visiting in the southern city of Chiguayante who were affected by a landslide berated her publicly on television , accusing her of using their tragedy to boost her falling popularity . One woman demanded that she leave the scene so rescue efforts could continue . In July , after only four months in office , Bachelet was forced to reshuffle her cabinet , in what was the fastest ministerial adjustment since 1990 . Bachelets popularity dipped further in her second year , reaching a low of 35% approval , 46% disapproval in September 2007 . This fall was mainly attributed to the Transantiago fiasco . That same month she had a second negative incident when a group of earthquake and tsunami victims she was visiting in the southern region of Aisén received her bearing black flags and accused her of showing up late . The city mayor , who told Bachelet to go to hell , later apologized . Over the following 12 months , however , Bachelets approval ratings did not improve . At the onset of the global financial crisis in September 2008 Bachelets popularity was at 42% , but gradually her job approval ratings began to rise . When she left office in March 2010 her popular support was at a record 84% , according to conservative polling institute Adimark GfK . The Chilean Constitution does not allow a president to serve two consecutive terms and Bachelet endorsed Christian Democratic Party candidate Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle for the December 2009 election . Political interregnum . In April 2010 , Bachelet inaugurated her own think-tank , Fundación Dialoga . Its headquarters are located in Providencia , a suburb of Santiago . Bachelet is a member of the Club of Madrid , the worlds largest forum of former heads of state and government . Since 2010 she has also been a member of the Inter-American Dialogue , the leading think tank on Western Hemisphere relations and affairs , and served as the organizations co-chair . On 14 September 2010 , Bachelet was appointed head of the newly created United Nations body UN Women by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon . She took office on 19 September 2010 . On 15 March 2013 she announced her resignation . 2013 presidential election . On 27 March 2013 , Bachelet announced that she would seek a second term as President of Chile in the 2013 elections . The well-respected CEP released a poll in May 2012 suggesting that 51% of voters wished to see her become the next president , far ahead of any other would-be candidate . On 30 June 2013 , Bachelet became the Nueva Mayorías candidate for president after she won a four-way primary election with the support of five center and left parties ( PS , PPD , PC , IC , MAS ) and 73% of the vote . In the 17 November 2013 presidential election , Bachelet fell short of the absolute majority needed for an outright win . In the runoff election , held on 15 December of that year , she beat former senator and Minister of Labor Evelyn Matthei with over 62% of the vote ; turnout was significantly lower than in the first round . Second presidency ( 2014–2018 ) . Bachelet was sworn in as President of the Republic of Chile for a second time on 11 March 2014 at the National Congress in Valparaíso . Isabel Allende , daughter of former President Salvador Allende , as the newly elected President of the Senate , administered the affirmation of office to Bachelet , the first time in the countrys history both parties involved were women . Domestic policies . Education reform . Among one of Bachelets main campaign promises for the 2013 election was the introduction of free university education in Chile and the end of profit-making educational institutions , as a response to the 2011–13 Chilean student protests . The intention was that revenue from the increase in corporate tax rate by 2017 would be used to fund free education . The proposals were criticized and quickly became unpopular due to the opposition from students who felt that the proposals did not go far enough in removing profit making . Opposition parties , lower middle class voters and certain members of Bachelets New Majority coalition attacked the proposals as the law that would prevent individuals from earning profits on public resources would not address making improvements in quality of education . In 2015 , the Chile Constitutional Court rejected large portions of Bachelets plan to offer free college education to half of the nations poorest students on grounds that requiring them to attend certain schools participating in the program could be considered discrimination . However , what remained of the plan allowed Bachelet to send 200,000 students from low-income families to college free of cost . In January 2018 , the Chilean Senate passed a law guaranteeing free education which was supported by conservative opposition parties as well , allowing the poorest 60% of students to study for free and doubled state funding for public universities . The new legislation created a higher education Superintendent empowered to supervise and penalize institutions which do not provide quality of education or have for-profit operations . Tax reform . In September 2014 , the Chilean Congress passed Bachelets tax reform proposal which aimed to increase revenue by 3% of gross domestic product . Measures included in the reform were : - increased corporate tax rate from 20% to 25% or 27% - the maximum tax bracket for personal income tax lowered to 35 percent from 40 percent starting in 2018 - increased excise taxes for sweetened beverages , alcohol and tobacco - Green taxes including a tax on carbon emissions for thermoelectric plants bigger than 50 MW and a tax on the import of diesel vehicles with higher cylinder capacity , excluding work vehicles - measures against tax evasion Critics blamed tax reforms for complexity driving away investment and blamed for the slowdown of the Chilean economy during Bachelets second period in office . However , Bachelets supporters argue that falling copper prices were more to blame for the economic slowdown . They argue that economic forecasts of faster growth in conjunction with rising copper prices and exports from 2018 onwards ( after Bachelets term ) suggest that the tax reforms did not negatively affect the economy . Others , such as MIT-trained economist and academic Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel , have found that Chiles overall terms of trade under Bachelets second term worsened only marginally compared to those of her predecessor Sebastián Piñera , due in part to a lower cost of key imports like petroleum . Consequently , he concludes that Bachelets reforms and governance likely were instrumental in causing a period of dampened growth throughout her presidency . Environmental policy . After Easter Islands Rapa Nui inhabitants voted 73% in favor of establishing a conservation zone , Michelle Bachelet designated a new 720,000 square kilometer protection area in September 2017 , protecting at least 142 endemic marine species , including 27 threatened with extinction . Five new national parks in the Patagonia region were created under a presidential decree , covering 10 million acres in January 2018 , including 1 million acres of land contributed by conservationist Kris Tompkins . On 9 March 2018 , Bachelet created nine marine reserves to protect biodiversity with her final presidential decree , increasing the area of the sea under state protection from 4.2 percent to 42.4 percent . The measure is expected to benefit marine life in approximately 1.4 million square kilometers . Civil unions and same-sex marriage . When Michelle Bachelet again took office of President in March 2014 , she made passing Piñeras civil union bill a priority . The name of the bill was changed to Civil Union Pact ( Pacto de Unión Civil ) on 17 December , and Congress reiterated their intention to hold the final vote by January 2015 . On 6 January 2015 , a provision recognizing foreign marriages as civil unions was approved in the Constitutional Committee while the child adoption clause was turned down . The bill went to a final vote before both the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies as it was amended . On 13 January , the full Chamber of Deputies reinserted the adoption provision . On 20 January 2015 , the Chamber approved the bill on a vote of 86 to 23 with 2 abstentions . On 27 January , the Senate rejected all the Chambers amendments , so the bill was headed to the joint committee of both houses . The committee reached the agreement in regard to the text of the bill and changed its name to Civil Union Agreement ( Acuerdo de Unión Civil ) the same day . The bill was passed in both houses on 28 January 2015 . Several lawmakers asked the Chilean Constitutional Court to verify the bills constitutionality , which was upheld by the court in a ruling released on 6 April 2015 . The bill was signed into law by President Bachelet on 13 April 2015 . It was published in the Official Gazette on 21 April 2015 and took effect on 22 October 2015 . Chiles civil union provisions enable couples to claim pension benefits and inherit property if their civil partner dies as well as more easily co-own property and make medical decisions for one another . The Government estimated at the time of the law going into effect that some two million Chilean couples cohabiting could have their unions legally recognized . In the day following the law going into effect , approximately 1,600 couples signed up to register their unions . On 1 December 2016 , the Chamber of Deputies unanimously approved ( except for 6 abstentions ) a bill to give couples who enter in a civil union five days off , like what married couples have . The bill was approved by the Senate in October 2017 , in a unanimous 15–0 vote . Womens rights and abortion . A new Ministry for Women and Gender Inequality was formed , replacing the National Womens Service in June 2016 which aimed to formulate policies against abuse of women and gender inequality . Claudia Pascual was appointed as the first ever Minister for Women and Gender Inequality . The Chilean Congress approved Bachelets abortion legalization bill in some circumstances in July 2017 , but was subjected to challenge in the Constitutional Court . Later , Chiles total abortion ban implemented under the Pinochet regime in 1989 was lifted in August 2017 after the Constitutional Court voted 6–4 to allow the procedure under some circumstances : in cases of pregnancy as a result of rape ( up to 12 weeks ) , if the fetus endangers the mothers life , or if the fetus is not viable . Prior to this , Chile was one of only four nations in the Americas that had a total ban on abortions , the others being El Salvador , Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic . Constitutional and political reform . The Chilean Congress passed Bachelets proposed abolishment of the binomial voting system introduced by the Augusto Pinochet regime and restoring proportional representation for election to both chambers of the Chilean Congress and requirements that 40% of candidates nominated are female in January 2015 . The new system took effect from the 2017 elections , increasing the members of the Chamber of Deputies from 120 to 155 seats and the Senate from 38 seats to 43 seats in 2017 and 50 seats in 2021 . As a result , the 2017 election saw the end of the dominance of Bachelets New Majority and conservative coalitions and increased number of new political parties represented in Congress . Following revelations that President Bachelets son and daughter in-law were caught in an influence-peddling scandal , she appointed a Presidential Advisory Council on Conflicts of Interest , Influence Peddling , and Corruption ( known as the Engel Commission ) headed by economist Eduardo Engel . Subsequently , reforms recommended by the commission were implemented which included , ability to remove politicians from office if found guilty for transparency and election spending limits violations with disqualification for two subsequent elections and constitutional autonomy to Chiles electoral service ( SERVEL ) , giving it complete independence from the government to more effectively oversee electoral processes and the functioning of politics in general . In 2016 , overseas voting rights for Chilean women and men living outside the country were introduced , allowing Chilean citizens who live abroad to exercise their right to vote beginning from the 2017 elections . Foreign policy . Trade . On 8 March 2018 , three days before Bachelet left office , the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership ( CPTPP ) multilateral trade agreement was signed in Santiago with Chile and 10 other signatory countries in the Asia Pacific region , following renegotiation of the original Trans-Pacific Partnership ( TPP ) which was signed in February 2016 . The TPP was renegotiated into the CPTPP following the United States withdrawal from the original TPP in January 2017 . Popularity . In September 2015 , Bachelets approval rating was 24% , compared to 72% disapproval . Chileans support for her dropped sharply after revelations of corruption scandals such as the Caval scandal , which involved her son and daughter-in-law accepting millions of dollars in the form of a loan from Vice-Chairman of the Banco de Chile Andrónico Luksic Craig . The couples company ( Caval ) used the money to purchase land and resell it at a $5 million profit after repaying the loan . Bachelet maintains that she was unaware of her familys actions and found out about the agreement between Luksic and her daughter-in-law through the press . By August 2016 , Bachelets approval rating dropped to 15% , the lowest for any President since the return of free elections in 1990 , and in March 2017 , Bachelets approval rating remained low , at about 23% . Bachelet left office in March 2018 with an approval rating at 39% according to Adimark , in contrast to the 84% rating when she left office in 2010 . UN High Commissioner for Human Rights ( 2018 ) . On 10 September 2018 , Bachelet urged China to allow observers into Xinjiang and expressed concern about the situation there . She said that : ’’The UN rights group had shown that Uyghurs and other Muslims are being detained in camps across Xinjiang and I expect discussions with Chinese officials to begin soon’’ . China called for Bachelet to respect its sovereignty . In September 2018 , Bachelet criticized Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen . She has called on Saudi Arabia to hold accountable those responsible for airstrikes on civilians in Yemen . On 5 October 2019 , Bachelet said she was “troubled” by Hong Kong’s increasingly violent pro-democracy protests , and stressed that any measures to quell the unrest must be grounded in law . She also stated that Freedom of peaceful assembly … should be enjoyed without restriction to the greatest extent possible . But on the other hand , we cannot accept people who use masks to provoke violence . Regarding the November 2019 Iranian protests , Nasrin Sotoudeh a jailed Iranian lawyer , asked Bachelet to administrate an independent investigation into the alleged atrocities committed by the Iranian security forces in the uprising . On 9 October 2020 , Bachelet expressed concern about the suffering of civilians during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan . In January 2021 , in preparation for the 2021 spring session of the UN Human Rights Council , Bachelet has issued a hard hitting report on Sri Lanka . The report severely criticizes the failure of the current Sri Lankan government to address documented accusations of grave and numerous human rights crimes perpetrated during and after the Civil war in Sri Lanka , even though the war ended in 2009 . Media and educational Honours . Awards and media recognition . - Ranked 17th most powerful women in the world by Forbes magazine in 2006 ( she was No . 22 in 2009 , No . 25 in 2008 , and No . 27 in 2007. ) As of 2014 , she was ranked 25th . - Defense of Freedom and Democracy Award by Ramón Rubial Foundation ( January 2007 ) . - Ranked worlds 15th most influential person by TIME magazine in 2008 . - Shalom Award by the World Jewish Congress ( June 2008 ) . - Maximum Leadership Award ( Argentina , October 2008 ) . - Global Trailblazer Award by Vital Voices ( October 2008 ) . - South American Football Honorary Order of Merit in the Extraordinary Great Collar degree by CONMEBOL in July 2009 . She is the first woman to receive such recognition . - Keys to the City of Lisbon ( December 2009 ) - Woman of the Bicentenary at the 2010 Energy of Woman Awards by Chilectra ( April 2010 ) . - Federation of Progressive Womens International Prize ( Spain , November 2010 ) . - Keys to the City of Miami ( November 2010 ) . - The Association of Bi-National Chambers of Commerce in Floridas 2010 Award for Leadership in Global Trade ( November 2010 ) . - Member , Inter-American Dialogue ( since 2010 ) - Washington Office on Latin Americas Human Rights Award ( November 2010 ) . - Womens eNews Newsmaker of the Decade Award ( May 2011 ) . - Ministry of Defense of Argentinas first Generala Juana Azurduy Award ( April 2012 ) . - Eisenhower Fellowshipss Eisenhower Medal for Leadership and Service ( May 2012 ) . - 2012 – 10 Most Influential Ibero American Intellectuals of the year – Foreign Policy magazine Honorary degrees . - University of Brasilia ( April 2006 ) . - Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala ( May 2007 ) . - University of Essex ( April 2008 ) . - Pompeu Fabra University ( May 2010 ) . - National University of Córdoba ( June 2010 ) . - Catholic University of Córdoba ( June 2010 ) . - Universidad Internacional Menéndez Pelayo ( September 2010 ) . - Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo ( November 2010 ) . - ( November 2010 ) . - Columbia University ( May 2012 ) . - Freiberg University of Mining and Technology ( October 2014 ) . - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven ( June 2015 ) . - University of Évora ( March 2017 ) . International Honours . National honours . - Grand Master ( 2006-2010/2014-2018 ) and Collar of the Order of Bernardo OHiggins - Grand Master ( 2006-2010/2014-2018 ) and Collar of the Order of Merit Foreign honours . - Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia , Australia ( 5 October 2012 ) . - Grand Collar of the National Order of San Lorenzo , Equador ( 2010 ) - Grand Cross with Chain of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary , Hungary ( 2008 ) - Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic , Italy ( 9 October 2007 ) . - Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose of Finland ( 2007 ) - Grand Cross with Golden Chain of the Order of Vytautas the Great , Lithuania ( 23 July 2008 ) . - Honorary Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm , Malaysia ( 2009 ) - Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle , Mexico ( 2007 ) - Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion , The Netherlands ( 25 May 2009 ) - Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry , Portugal ( 7 November 2007 ) - Grand Cross of the Order of Christ , Portugal ( 1 December 2009 ) - Grand Collar of the Order of Liberty , Portugal ( 30 March 2017 ) - Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic , Spain ( 26 February 2010 ) . - Collar of the Order of Charles III , Spain ( 30 October 2014 ) . - Member of Royal Order of the Seraphim , Sweden ( 10 May 2016 ) . Received on her state visit to Sweden . - Collar of the Order of the Liberator - Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( 2006 ) . Documentaries . - Michelle Bachelet – Symbol des neuen Chile ( Ebbo Demant/SWR , 2004 ) - La hija del General [ The Generals Daughter ] ( María Elena Wood/2006 ) Publications . - Bachelet , Michelle . 2002 . Los estudios comparados y la relación civil-militar . Reflexiones tras una década de consolidación democrática en Chile , Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad , 17 ( 4 ) : 29–35 . External links . - Official presidential campaign site - Biography by CIDOB Foundation - The woman taking Chiles top job ( BBC News ) - The unexpected travails of the woman who would be president ( The Economist , 8 December 2005 ) - Bachelets citizens democracy ( The Economist , 10 March 2006 ) - With a New Leader , Chile Seems to Shuck Its Strait Laces ( The New York Times , 8 March 2006 ) - Welcome Madam Chilean President to Washington ( Council on Hemispheric Affairs , 7 June 2006 )

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What position did Michelle Bachelet take between Oct 2006 and Feb 2007?

Michelle Bachelet Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria ( ; born 29 September 1951 ) is a Chilean politician who has served as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights since 2018 . She also previously served as President of Chile from 2006 to 2010 and 2014 to 2018 for the Socialist Party of Chile , she is the first woman to hold the Chilean presidency . After leaving the presidency in 2010 and while not immediately reelectable , she was appointed the first executive director of the newly created United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women . In December 2013 , Bachelet was reelected with over 62% of the vote , bettering the 54% she obtained in 2006 . She was the first President of Chile to be reelected since 1932 . Bachelet , a physician who has studied military strategy at university level , was Health Minister and Defense Minister under her predecessor , Ricardo Lagos . She is a separated mother of three and describes herself as an agnostic . She speaks English fluently , as well as some German and Portuguese . Family background . Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria is the second child of archaeologist Ángela Jeria Gómez ( 1926–2020 ) and Air Force Brigadier General Alberto Bachelet Martínez ( 1923–1974 ) . Bachelets paternal great-great-grandfather , Louis-Joseph Bachelet Lapierre , was a French wine merchant from Chassagne-Montrachet who immigrated to Chile with his Parisian wife , Françoise Jeanne Beault , in 1860 ; he was hired as a wine-making expert by the Subercaseaux vineyards in Santiago . Bachelet Lapierres son , Germán , was born in Santiago in 1862 , and in 1891 married Luisa Brandt Cadot , a Chilean of French and Swiss descent , giving birth in 1894 to Alberto Bachelet Brandt . Bachelets maternal great-grandfather , Máximo Jeria Chacón , of Spanish ( Basque region ) and Greek heritage , was the first person to receive a degree in agronomic engineering in Chile and founded several agronomy schools in the country . He married Lely Johnson , the daughter of an English physician working in Chile . Their son , Máximo Jeria Johnson , married Ángela Gómez Zamora . Their union produced five children , the fourth of whom is Bachelets mother . Early life and career . Childhood years . Bachelet was born in La Cisterna , a middle-class suburb of Santiago . She was named after French actress Michèle Morgan . Bachelet spent many of her childhood years traveling around her native Chile , moving with her family from one military base to another . She lived and attended primary schools in , among other places , Quintero , Antofagasta , and San Bernardo . In 1962 , she moved with her family to the United States , where her father was assigned to the military mission at the Chilean Embassy in Washington D.C . Her family lived for almost two years in Bethesda , Maryland , where she attended Western Junior High School and learned to speak English fluently . Returning to Chile in 1964 , she graduated in 1969 from Liceo Nº 1 Javiera Carrera , a prestigious girls public high school , finishing near the top of her class . There she was class president , a member of the choir and volleyball teams , and part of a theater group and a band , Las Clap Clap , which she co-founded and which toured around several school festivals . In 1970 , after obtaining a relatively high score on the university admission test , she entered medical school at the University of Chile , where she was selected in the 113th position ( out of 160 admitted applicants ) . She originally intended to study sociology or economics , but was prevailed upon by her father to study medicine instead . She has said she opted for medicine because it was a concrete way of helping people cope with pain and a way to contribute to improve health in Chile . Detention and exile . Facing growing food shortages , the government of Salvador Allende placed Bachelets father in charge of the Food Distribution Office . When General Augusto Pinochet suddenly came to power via the 11 September 1973 coup détat , Bachelets father was detained at the Air War Academy on charges of treason . Following months of daily torture at Santiagos Public Prison , he suffered a cardiac arrest that resulted in his death on 12 March 1974 . In early January 1975 , Bachelet and her mother were detained at their apartment by two DINA agents , who blindfolded them and drove them to Villa Grimaldi , a notorious secret detention center in Santiago , where they were separated and subjected to interrogation and torture . In 2013 , Bachelet revealed she had been interrogated by DINA chief Manuel Contreras there . Some days later , Bachelet was transferred to Cuatro Álamos ( Four Poplars ) detention center , where she was held until the end of January . Thanks to the assistance of Roberto Kozak , Bachelet was able to go into exile in Australia , where her older brother , Alberto , had moved in 1969 . Of her torture , Bachelet said , in 2004 , that it was nothing in comparison to what others suffered . She was yelled at using abusive language , shaken , and both she and her mother were threatened with the killing of the other . She was never tortured with electricity , but she did see it done to other prisoners . In May 1975 Bachelet left Australia and later moved to East Germany , to an apartment assigned to her by the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) government in Am Stern , Potsdam ; her mother joined her a month later , living separately in Leipzig . In October 1976 , she began working at a communal clinic in the Babelsberg neighborhood , as a preparatory step to continuing her medical studies at an East German university . During this period , she met architect Jorge Leopoldo Dávalos Cartes , another Chilean exile , whom she married in 1977 . In January 1978 she went to Leipzig to learn German at the Karl Marx Universitys Herder Institute ( now the University of Leipzig ) . Her first child with Dávalos , Jorge Alberto Sebastián , was born there in June 1978 . She returned to Potsdam in September 1978 to continue her medical studies at the Humboldt University of Berlin for two years . Five months after enrolling as a student , however , she obtained authorization to return to her country . Return to Chile . After four years in exile , Bachelet returned to Chile in 1979 . Her medical school credits from the GDR were not transferred , forcing her to resume her studies where she had left off before fleeing the country . She graduated as physician-surgeon on 7 January 1983 . She wished to work in the public sector wherever attention was most needed , applying for a position as general practitioner ; her petition was rejected by the military government on political grounds . Instead , owing to her academic performance and published papers , she earned a scholarship from the Chilean Medical Chamber to specialize in pediatrics and public health at the University of Chiles Roberto del Río Childrens Hospital ( 1983–86 ) . She completed the program with excellent grades but for financial reasons did not obtain her certification . During this time she also worked at PIDEE ( Protection of Children Injured by States of Emergency Foundation ) , a non-governmental organization helping children of the tortured and missing in Santiago and Chillán . She was head of the foundations Medical Department between 1986 and 1990 . Some time after her second child with Dávalos , Francisca Valentina , was born in February 1984 , she and her husband legally separated . Between 1985 and 1987 , Bachelet had a romantic relationship with Alex Vojkovic Trier , an engineer and spokesman for the Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front , an armed group that , among other activities , attempted to assassinate Pinochet in 1986 . The affair was a minor issue during her presidential campaign , during which she argued that she never supported any of Vojkovics activities . After Chile made a transition to democracy in 1990 , Bachelet worked for the Ministry of Healths West Santiago Health Service and was a consultant for the Pan-American Health Organization , the World Health Organization and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit . While working for the National AIDS Commission ( Conasida ) she became romantically involved with Aníbal Hernán Henríquez Marich , a fellow physician – and right-wing Pinochet supporter – who fathered her third child , Sofía Catalina , in December 1992 ; their relationship ended a few years later . Between March 1994 and July 1997 , Bachelet worked as Senior Assistant to the Deputy Health Minister . Driven by an interest in civil-military relations , in 1996 Bachelet began studies in military strategy at the National Academy of Political and Strategic Studies ( ANEPE ) in Chile , obtaining first place in her class . Her student achievement earned her a presidential scholarship , permitting her to continue her studies in the United States at the Inter-American Defense College in Washington , D.C. , completing a Continental Defense Course in 1998 . That same year she returned to Chile to work for the Defense Ministry as Senior Assistant to the Defense Minister . She subsequently graduated from a Masters program in military science at the Chilean Armys War Academy . Early political career . Involvement in politics . In her first year as a university student ( 1970 ) , Bachelet became a member of the Socialist Youth ( then presided by future deputy and later disappeared physician Carlos Lorca , who has been cited as her political mentor ) , and was an active supporter of the Popular Unity . In the immediate aftermath of the coup , she and her mother worked as couriers for the underground Socialist Party directorate that was trying to organize a resistance movement ; eventually almost all of them were captured and disappeared . Following her return from exile she became politically active during the second half of the 1980s , fighting – though not on the front line – for the re-establishment of democracy in Chile . In 1995 she became part of the partys Central Committee , and from 1998 until 2000 she was an active member of the Political Commission . In 1996 Bachelet ran against future presidential adversary Joaquín Lavín for the mayorship of Las Condes , a wealthy Santiago suburb and a right-wing stronghold . Lavín won the 22-candidate election with nearly 78% of the vote , while she finished fourth with 2.35% . At the 1999 presidential primary of the Concertación , Chiles governing coalition from 1990 to 2010 , she worked for Ricardo Lagoss nomination , heading the Santiago electoral zone . Minister of Health . On 11 March 2000 , Bachelet – virtually unknown at the time – was appointed Minister of Health by President Ricardo Lagos . She began an in-depth study of the public health-care system that led to the AUGE plan a few years later . She was also given the task of eliminating waiting lists in the saturated public hospital system within the first 100 days of Lagoss government . She reduced waiting lists by 90% , but was unable to eliminate them completely and offered her resignation , which was promptly rejected by the President . She authorized free distribution of the morning-after pill for victims of sexual abuse , generating controversy . Minister of National Defense . On 7 January 2002 , she was appointed Minister of National Defense , becoming the first woman to hold this post in a Latin American country and one of the few in the world . While Minister of Defense she promoted reconciliatory gestures between the military and victims of the dictatorship , culminating in the historic 2003 declaration by General Juan Emilio Cheyre , head of the army , that never again would the military subvert democracy in Chile . She also oversaw a reform of the military pension system and continued with the process of modernization of the Chilean armed forces with the purchasing of new military equipment , while engaging in international peace operations . A moment which has been cited as key to Bachelets chances to the presidency came in mid-2002 during a flood in northern Santiago where she , as Defense Minister , led a rescue operation on top of an amphibious tank , wearing a cloak and military cap . 2005–2006 presidential election . In late 2004 , following a surge of her popularity in opinion polls , Bachelet was considered the only politician of the Coalition of Parties for Democracy ( Concertación de los Partidos por la Democracia ; CPD ) able to defeat Joaquín Lavín , and she was asked to become the Socialists candidate for the presidency . At first hesitant to accept the nomination as it was never one of her goals , she finally agreed because she felt she could not disappoint her supporters . On 1 October of that year she was freed from her government post in order to begin her campaign and to help the CPD at the municipal elections held later that month . On 28 January 2005 she was named the Socialist Partys candidate for president . An open primary scheduled for July 2005 to define the sole presidential candidate of the CPD was canceled after Bachelets only rival , Christian Democrat Soledad Alvear , a cabinet member in the first three CPD administrations , pulled out early due to a lack of support within her own party and in opinion polls . In the December 2005 election , Bachelet faced the center-right candidate Sebastián Piñera ( RN ) , the right-wing candidate Joaquín Lavín ( UDI ) and the leftist candidate Tomás Hirsch ( JPM ) . As the opinion polls had forecast , she failed to obtain the absolute majority needed to win the election outright , winning 46% of the vote . In the runoff election on 15 January 2006 , Bachelet faced Piñera , and won the presidency with 53.5% of the vote , thus becoming her countrys first female elected president and the first woman who was not the wife of a previous head of state or political leader to reach the presidency of a Latin American nation in a direct election . On 30 January 2006 , after being declared President-elect by the Elections Qualifying Court ( Tricel ) , Bachelet announced her cabinet of ministers , which was unprecedentedly composed of an equal number of men and women , as was promised during her campaign . In keeping with the Coalitions internal balance of power she named seven ministers from the Christian Democrat Party ( PDC ) , five from the Party for Democracy ( PPD ) , four from the Socialist Party ( PS ) , one from the Social Democrat Radical Party ( PRSD ) and three without party affiliation . First presidency ( 2006–2010 ) . First days . Bachelet was sworn in as President of the Republic of Chile on 11 March 2006 in a ceremony held in a plenary session of the National Congress in Valparaíso attended by many foreign heads of states and delegates . Much of Bachelets first three months as president were spent working on 36 measures she had promised during her campaign to implement during her first 100 days in office . They ranged from simple presidential decrees , such as providing free health care for older patients , to complex bills to reform the social security system and the electoral system . For her first state visit , Bachelet chose Argentina , arriving in Buenos Aires on 21 March . There she met with president Néstor Kirchner , with whom she signed strategic agreements on energy and infrastructure , including the possibility of launching a bidding process to operate the Transandine Railway . Domestic affairs . Social policies . In March 2006 Bachelet created an advisory committee to reform the pension system , which was headed by former budget director Mario Marcel . The commission issued its final report in July 2006 , and in March 2008 Bachelet signed the bill into law . The new legislation established a Basic Solidarity Pension ( PBS ) and a Solidarity Pension Contribution ( APS ) , guaranteeing a minimum pension for the 60% poorest segment of the population , regardless of their contribution history . The reform also grants a bonus to female pensioners for every child born alive . In October 2006 Bachelet enacted legislation to protect subcontracted employees , which would benefit an estimated 1.2 million workers . In June 2009 she introduced pay equality legislation , guaranteeing equal pay for equal work in the private sector , regardless of gender . In September 2009 Bachelet signed the Chile Grows with You plan into law , providing comprehensive social services to vulnerable children from ages zero to six . That law also established a social welfare management framework called the Intersectoral Social Protection System , made up of subsystems such as Chile Solidario and Chile Grows with You . Between 2008 and 2010 the Bachelet administration delivered a so-called literary briefcase ( a box of books including encyclopedias , dictionaries , poetry works and books for both children and adults ) to the 400,000 poorest families with children attending primary school from first to fourth grade . In March 2009 , Bachelet launched the I Choose my PC program , awarding free computers to poor seventh-graders with excellent academic performance attending government-subsidized schools . During 2009 and 2010 Bachelet delivered maternity packages to all babies born in public hospitals , which are about 80% of total births . In January 2010 , Bachelet promulgated a law allowing the distribution of Emergency contraception pills in public and private health centers , including to persons under 14 , without parental consent . The law also requires high schools to add a sexual education program to their curriculum . Student protests . Bachelets first political crisis came in late April 2006 , when massive high school student demonstrations – unseen in three decades – broke out throughout the country , demanding better public education . In June 2006 , she sought to dampen the student protests by setting up an 81-member advisory committee , including education experts from all political backgrounds , representatives of ethnic groups , parents , teachers , students , school owners , university rectors , people from diverse religious denominations , etc . Its purpose was to propose changes to the countrys educational system and serve as a forum to share ideas and views . The committee issued its final report in December 2006 . In August 2009 , she signed the education reform bill into law , which created two new regulatory bodies : a Superintendency on Education and a Quality Agency . Transantiago . During her presidency Bachelet opened 18 new subway stations in Santiago , nine in 2006 , one in 2009 and eight in 2010 . In December 2009 Bachelet announced the construction of a new subway line in Santiago , to be operational by 2014 ( the date was later changed to mid-2016 ) . In February 2007 Santiagos transport system was radically altered with the introduction of Transantiago , designed under the previous administration . The system was nearly unanimously condemned by the media , the users and the opposition , significantly damaging her popularity , and leading to the sacking of her Transport minister . On her decision not to abort the plans start , she said in April 2007 she was given erroneous information which caused her to act against her instincts . In September 2008 , Chiles Constitutional Court declared a US$400 million loan by the Inter-American Development Bank to fund the transport system unconstitutional . Bachelet – who had been forced to ask for the loan after Congress had refused to approve funds for the beleaguered program in November 2007 – made use of an emergency clause in the Constitution that grants funds equivalent to 2% of the fiscal budget . In November 2008 , she invoked the emergency clause again after Congress denied once again funds for the system for 2009 . 2010 earthquake . On 27 February 2010 , in the last week of summer vacations and less than two weeks before Bachelets term expired , Chile was ravaged by an 8.8-magnitude earthquake that killed more than 500 people , toppled apartment buildings and bridges and triggered tsunamis that wiped away entire fishing villages . Bachelet and the government were criticized for a slow response to the disaster , which hit on a Saturday at 3:34 am . and left most of the country without electricity , phone or Internet access . Bachelet declared a state of catastrophe and on Sunday afternoon sent military troops to the most affected areas in an effort to quell scenes of looting and arson . She imposed night curfews in the most affected cities . She was criticized for not deploying the troops fast enough . Human rights . In January 2009 Bachelet opened the Museum of Memory in Santiago , documenting the horrors of Pinochets 16-and-a-half-year dictatorship . In November she promulgated a law ( submitted to Congress during the previous administration ) creating the National Institute for Human Rights , with the goal of protecting and promoting human rights in the country . The law also allowed for the reopening of the Rettig and Valech commissions for 18 months . She used her power as president to send a bill to legalize gay marriages , and sponsored a reproductive rights bill , On 10 August 2018 the outgoing UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein warmly welcomed the UN General Assembly’s appointment of Michelle Bachelet to succeed him . He said that She has all the attributes – courage , perseverance , passion , and a deep commitment to human rights Other legislation passed . In August 2008 , Bachelet signed a freedom of information bill into law , which became effective in April 2009 . In January 2010 , Bachelet enacted a law creating the Ministry for the Environment . The new legislation also created the Environmental Evaluation Service and the Superintendency for the Environment . Half of the ministries in her first government were occupied by women ; in her successors team , Sebastián Piñera , 18% were . Economy . Bachelet was widely credited for resisting calls from politicians from her own coalition to spend the huge copper revenues to close the countrys income gap . Instead in 2007 she created the Economic and Social Stabilization Fund , a sovereign wealth fund which accumulates fiscal surpluses which are above 1% of GDP . This allowed her to finance new social policies and provide economic stimulus packages when the 2008 financial crisis hit the country . During Bachelets four years in office the economy grew at an average of 3.3% ( 2.3% in per capita terms ) , with a high of 5.7% in 2006 and a negative growth of −1.0% in 2009 due to the global financial crisis . The minimum wage increased an average of 2% per year in real terms ( the lowest of any president since 1990 ) , while unemployment hovered between seven and eight percent during her first three years and rose to nearly 11% during 2009 . Inflation averaged 4.5% during her term , reaching close to 9% during 2008 due to an increase in food prices . Absolute poverty fell from 13.7% in November 2006 to 11.5% in November 2009 . Political issues . Bachelet began her term with an unprecedented absolute majority in both chambers of Congress – before appointed senators were eliminated in the 2005 constitutional reforms the CPD never had a majority in the Senate – but she was soon faced with internal opposition from a number of dissatisfied lawmakers from both chambers of Congress , the so-called díscolos ( disobedient , ungovernable ) , which jeopardized the coalitions narrow and historic congressional majority on a number of key executive-sponsored bills during much of her first two years in office , and forced her to negotiate with a right-wing opposition she saw as obstructionist . During 2007 the CPD lost its absolute majority in both chambers of Congress , as several senators and deputies from that coalition became independent . In December 2006 , Pinochet died . Bachelet decided not to grant him a state funeral , an honour bestowed upon constitutionally elected Chilean presidents , but a military funeral as former commander-in-chief of the Army appointed by President Salvador Allende . She also refused to declare an official national day of mourning , but did authorize flags at military barracks to fly at half staff . Pinochets coffin was also allowed to be draped in a Chilean flag . Bachelet did not attend his funeral , saying it would be a violation of [ her ] conscience , and sent Defense Minister Vivianne Blanlot . In April 2008 , Bachelets Education Minister , Yasna Provoste , was impeached by Congress for her handling of a scandal involving mismanagement of school subsidies . Her conviction was the first for a sitting minister in 36 years . Foreign relations . Argentina . During her first year in office Bachelet faced continuing problems from neighbors Argentina and Peru . In July 2006 she sent a letter of protest to Argentine president Néstor Kirchner after his government issued a decree increasing export tariffs on natural gas to Chile , which was considered by Bachelet to be a violation of a tacit bilateral agreement . A month later a long-standing border dispute resurfaced after Argentina published some tourist maps showing contested territory in the south – the Southern Patagonian Ice Field ( Campo de Hielo Patagónico Sur ) – as Argentine , violating an agreement not to define a border over the area . Peru . In early 2007 , Peru accused Chile of unilaterally redefining their shared sea boundary in a section of a law passed by Congress that detailed the borders of the new administrative region of Arica and Parinacota . The impasse was resolved by the Chilean Constitutional Tribunal , which declared that section unconstitutional . In March 2007 , the Chilean state-owned and independent public broadcaster Televisión Nacional de Chile ( TVN ) canceled the broadcast of a documentary about the War of the Pacific after a cautionary call was made to the stations’ board of directors by Chilean Foreign Relations Minister Alejandro Foxley , apparently acting on demands made by the Peruvian ambassador to Chile ; the show was finally broadcast in late May of that year . In August 2007 the Chilean government filed a formal diplomatic protest with Peru and summoned home its ambassador after Peru published an official map claiming a part of the Pacific Ocean that Chile considers its sovereign territory . Peru said this was just another step in its plans to bring the dispute to the International Court of Justice in The Hague . In January 2008 Peru asked the court to consider the dispute , prompting Bachelet to summon home the Chilean ambassador in Lima for consultations . UN voting deadlock . Chiles 16 October 2006 vote in the United Nations Security Council election – with Venezuela and Guatemala deadlocked in a bid for the two-year , non-permanent Latin American and Caribbean seat on the Security Council – developed into a major ideological issue in the country and was seen as a test for Bachelet . The governing coalition was divided between the Socialists , who supported a vote for Venezuela , and the Christian Democrats , who strongly opposed it . The day before the vote the president announced ( through her spokesman ) that Chile would abstain , citing a lack of regional consensus on a single candidate , ending months of speculation . In March 2007 Chiles ambassador to Venezuela , Claudio Huepe , revealed in an interview with teleSUR that Bachelet personally told him that she initially wanted to vote for Venezuela , but then there were a series of circumstances that forced me to abstain . The government quickly recalled Huepe and accepted his resignation . Unasur . In May 2008 , Bachelet became the first President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations ( Unasur ) and in September she called for an urgent summit after Bolivian President Evo Morales warned of a possible coup attempt against him . The presidents of Bolivia , Ecuador , Uruguay , Argentina , Paraguay , Brazil and Colombia , and the Secretary-General of the Organization of American States , met with Bachelet at the La Moneda Palace in Santiago , where they agreed to send two commissions to Bolivia : one to mediate between the executive and the opposition , and another to investigate the killings in Pando Department . Cuba visit . In February 2009 , Bachelet visited Cuba and met with Fidel Castro . There she urged the United States to put an end to the embargo . No Chilean head of state had visited the country in 37 years . The meeting with Castro backfired when Castro wrote a day later that the fascist and vengeful Chilean oligarchy is the same which more than 100 years ago robbed Bolivia of its access to the Pacific and of copper-rich lands in a humiliating war . Progressive Leaders summit . In March 2009 , Bachelet hosted in Viña del Mar the Progressive Leaders Summit , meeting with U.S . Vice President Joe Biden , British Prime Minister Gordon Brown , Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero and presidents Tabaré Vázquez of Uruguay , Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva of Brazil and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of Argentina . The meeting garnered some media interest because it took place six days before the highly anticipated G-20 Summit in London . Trade . Continuing the coalitions free-trade strategy , in August 2006 Bachelet promulgated a free trade agreement with the Peoples Republic of China ( signed under the previous administration of Ricardo Lagos ) , the first Chinese free-trade agreement with a Latin American nation ; similar deals with Japan and India were promulgated in August 2007 . In October 2006 , Bachelet promulgated a multilateral trade deal with New Zealand , Singapore and Brunei , the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership ( P4 ) , also signed under Lagoss presidency . She held free-trade talks with other countries , including Australia , Vietnam , Turkey and Malaysia . Regionally , she signed bilateral free trade agreements with Panama , Peru and Colombia . Other policies . In October 2007 , Bachelet granted amnesty to undocumented migrants from other Latin American countries . The measure was expected to benefit around 15,000 Peruvians and 2,000 Bolivians . In December 2007 she signed in Bolivia a trilateral agreement with the presidents of Brazil and Bolivia to complete and improve a 4,700 km road to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans , via Arica and Iquique in Chile and Santos in Brazil . In May 2008 , following months of intense lobbying , Chile was elected as member of the United Nations Human Rights Council , obtaining the largest vote among Latin American countries . In December 2009 Chile became the first country in South America , and the second in Latin America after Mexico , to receive an invitation to join the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) . Bachelet signed the accession agreement in January 2010 , but it formally became a member in May 2010 , after she had left office . Popularity . Bachelet enjoyed an approval rating above 50% for her first three months in office , during the so-called honeymoon period . Her popularity fell during the student protests that year , hovering in the mid-40s . In July she had a disastrous public relations incident when a group of residents she was visiting in the southern city of Chiguayante who were affected by a landslide berated her publicly on television , accusing her of using their tragedy to boost her falling popularity . One woman demanded that she leave the scene so rescue efforts could continue . In July , after only four months in office , Bachelet was forced to reshuffle her cabinet , in what was the fastest ministerial adjustment since 1990 . Bachelets popularity dipped further in her second year , reaching a low of 35% approval , 46% disapproval in September 2007 . This fall was mainly attributed to the Transantiago fiasco . That same month she had a second negative incident when a group of earthquake and tsunami victims she was visiting in the southern region of Aisén received her bearing black flags and accused her of showing up late . The city mayor , who told Bachelet to go to hell , later apologized . Over the following 12 months , however , Bachelets approval ratings did not improve . At the onset of the global financial crisis in September 2008 Bachelets popularity was at 42% , but gradually her job approval ratings began to rise . When she left office in March 2010 her popular support was at a record 84% , according to conservative polling institute Adimark GfK . The Chilean Constitution does not allow a president to serve two consecutive terms and Bachelet endorsed Christian Democratic Party candidate Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle for the December 2009 election . Political interregnum . In April 2010 , Bachelet inaugurated her own think-tank , Fundación Dialoga . Its headquarters are located in Providencia , a suburb of Santiago . Bachelet is a member of the Club of Madrid , the worlds largest forum of former heads of state and government . Since 2010 she has also been a member of the Inter-American Dialogue , the leading think tank on Western Hemisphere relations and affairs , and served as the organizations co-chair . On 14 September 2010 , Bachelet was appointed head of the newly created United Nations body UN Women by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon . She took office on 19 September 2010 . On 15 March 2013 she announced her resignation . 2013 presidential election . On 27 March 2013 , Bachelet announced that she would seek a second term as President of Chile in the 2013 elections . The well-respected CEP released a poll in May 2012 suggesting that 51% of voters wished to see her become the next president , far ahead of any other would-be candidate . On 30 June 2013 , Bachelet became the Nueva Mayorías candidate for president after she won a four-way primary election with the support of five center and left parties ( PS , PPD , PC , IC , MAS ) and 73% of the vote . In the 17 November 2013 presidential election , Bachelet fell short of the absolute majority needed for an outright win . In the runoff election , held on 15 December of that year , she beat former senator and Minister of Labor Evelyn Matthei with over 62% of the vote ; turnout was significantly lower than in the first round . Second presidency ( 2014–2018 ) . Bachelet was sworn in as President of the Republic of Chile for a second time on 11 March 2014 at the National Congress in Valparaíso . Isabel Allende , daughter of former President Salvador Allende , as the newly elected President of the Senate , administered the affirmation of office to Bachelet , the first time in the countrys history both parties involved were women . Domestic policies . Education reform . Among one of Bachelets main campaign promises for the 2013 election was the introduction of free university education in Chile and the end of profit-making educational institutions , as a response to the 2011–13 Chilean student protests . The intention was that revenue from the increase in corporate tax rate by 2017 would be used to fund free education . The proposals were criticized and quickly became unpopular due to the opposition from students who felt that the proposals did not go far enough in removing profit making . Opposition parties , lower middle class voters and certain members of Bachelets New Majority coalition attacked the proposals as the law that would prevent individuals from earning profits on public resources would not address making improvements in quality of education . In 2015 , the Chile Constitutional Court rejected large portions of Bachelets plan to offer free college education to half of the nations poorest students on grounds that requiring them to attend certain schools participating in the program could be considered discrimination . However , what remained of the plan allowed Bachelet to send 200,000 students from low-income families to college free of cost . In January 2018 , the Chilean Senate passed a law guaranteeing free education which was supported by conservative opposition parties as well , allowing the poorest 60% of students to study for free and doubled state funding for public universities . The new legislation created a higher education Superintendent empowered to supervise and penalize institutions which do not provide quality of education or have for-profit operations . Tax reform . In September 2014 , the Chilean Congress passed Bachelets tax reform proposal which aimed to increase revenue by 3% of gross domestic product . Measures included in the reform were : - increased corporate tax rate from 20% to 25% or 27% - the maximum tax bracket for personal income tax lowered to 35 percent from 40 percent starting in 2018 - increased excise taxes for sweetened beverages , alcohol and tobacco - Green taxes including a tax on carbon emissions for thermoelectric plants bigger than 50 MW and a tax on the import of diesel vehicles with higher cylinder capacity , excluding work vehicles - measures against tax evasion Critics blamed tax reforms for complexity driving away investment and blamed for the slowdown of the Chilean economy during Bachelets second period in office . However , Bachelets supporters argue that falling copper prices were more to blame for the economic slowdown . They argue that economic forecasts of faster growth in conjunction with rising copper prices and exports from 2018 onwards ( after Bachelets term ) suggest that the tax reforms did not negatively affect the economy . Others , such as MIT-trained economist and academic Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel , have found that Chiles overall terms of trade under Bachelets second term worsened only marginally compared to those of her predecessor Sebastián Piñera , due in part to a lower cost of key imports like petroleum . Consequently , he concludes that Bachelets reforms and governance likely were instrumental in causing a period of dampened growth throughout her presidency . Environmental policy . After Easter Islands Rapa Nui inhabitants voted 73% in favor of establishing a conservation zone , Michelle Bachelet designated a new 720,000 square kilometer protection area in September 2017 , protecting at least 142 endemic marine species , including 27 threatened with extinction . Five new national parks in the Patagonia region were created under a presidential decree , covering 10 million acres in January 2018 , including 1 million acres of land contributed by conservationist Kris Tompkins . On 9 March 2018 , Bachelet created nine marine reserves to protect biodiversity with her final presidential decree , increasing the area of the sea under state protection from 4.2 percent to 42.4 percent . The measure is expected to benefit marine life in approximately 1.4 million square kilometers . Civil unions and same-sex marriage . When Michelle Bachelet again took office of President in March 2014 , she made passing Piñeras civil union bill a priority . The name of the bill was changed to Civil Union Pact ( Pacto de Unión Civil ) on 17 December , and Congress reiterated their intention to hold the final vote by January 2015 . On 6 January 2015 , a provision recognizing foreign marriages as civil unions was approved in the Constitutional Committee while the child adoption clause was turned down . The bill went to a final vote before both the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies as it was amended . On 13 January , the full Chamber of Deputies reinserted the adoption provision . On 20 January 2015 , the Chamber approved the bill on a vote of 86 to 23 with 2 abstentions . On 27 January , the Senate rejected all the Chambers amendments , so the bill was headed to the joint committee of both houses . The committee reached the agreement in regard to the text of the bill and changed its name to Civil Union Agreement ( Acuerdo de Unión Civil ) the same day . The bill was passed in both houses on 28 January 2015 . Several lawmakers asked the Chilean Constitutional Court to verify the bills constitutionality , which was upheld by the court in a ruling released on 6 April 2015 . The bill was signed into law by President Bachelet on 13 April 2015 . It was published in the Official Gazette on 21 April 2015 and took effect on 22 October 2015 . Chiles civil union provisions enable couples to claim pension benefits and inherit property if their civil partner dies as well as more easily co-own property and make medical decisions for one another . The Government estimated at the time of the law going into effect that some two million Chilean couples cohabiting could have their unions legally recognized . In the day following the law going into effect , approximately 1,600 couples signed up to register their unions . On 1 December 2016 , the Chamber of Deputies unanimously approved ( except for 6 abstentions ) a bill to give couples who enter in a civil union five days off , like what married couples have . The bill was approved by the Senate in October 2017 , in a unanimous 15–0 vote . Womens rights and abortion . A new Ministry for Women and Gender Inequality was formed , replacing the National Womens Service in June 2016 which aimed to formulate policies against abuse of women and gender inequality . Claudia Pascual was appointed as the first ever Minister for Women and Gender Inequality . The Chilean Congress approved Bachelets abortion legalization bill in some circumstances in July 2017 , but was subjected to challenge in the Constitutional Court . Later , Chiles total abortion ban implemented under the Pinochet regime in 1989 was lifted in August 2017 after the Constitutional Court voted 6–4 to allow the procedure under some circumstances : in cases of pregnancy as a result of rape ( up to 12 weeks ) , if the fetus endangers the mothers life , or if the fetus is not viable . Prior to this , Chile was one of only four nations in the Americas that had a total ban on abortions , the others being El Salvador , Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic . Constitutional and political reform . The Chilean Congress passed Bachelets proposed abolishment of the binomial voting system introduced by the Augusto Pinochet regime and restoring proportional representation for election to both chambers of the Chilean Congress and requirements that 40% of candidates nominated are female in January 2015 . The new system took effect from the 2017 elections , increasing the members of the Chamber of Deputies from 120 to 155 seats and the Senate from 38 seats to 43 seats in 2017 and 50 seats in 2021 . As a result , the 2017 election saw the end of the dominance of Bachelets New Majority and conservative coalitions and increased number of new political parties represented in Congress . Following revelations that President Bachelets son and daughter in-law were caught in an influence-peddling scandal , she appointed a Presidential Advisory Council on Conflicts of Interest , Influence Peddling , and Corruption ( known as the Engel Commission ) headed by economist Eduardo Engel . Subsequently , reforms recommended by the commission were implemented which included , ability to remove politicians from office if found guilty for transparency and election spending limits violations with disqualification for two subsequent elections and constitutional autonomy to Chiles electoral service ( SERVEL ) , giving it complete independence from the government to more effectively oversee electoral processes and the functioning of politics in general . In 2016 , overseas voting rights for Chilean women and men living outside the country were introduced , allowing Chilean citizens who live abroad to exercise their right to vote beginning from the 2017 elections . Foreign policy . Trade . On 8 March 2018 , three days before Bachelet left office , the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership ( CPTPP ) multilateral trade agreement was signed in Santiago with Chile and 10 other signatory countries in the Asia Pacific region , following renegotiation of the original Trans-Pacific Partnership ( TPP ) which was signed in February 2016 . The TPP was renegotiated into the CPTPP following the United States withdrawal from the original TPP in January 2017 . Popularity . In September 2015 , Bachelets approval rating was 24% , compared to 72% disapproval . Chileans support for her dropped sharply after revelations of corruption scandals such as the Caval scandal , which involved her son and daughter-in-law accepting millions of dollars in the form of a loan from Vice-Chairman of the Banco de Chile Andrónico Luksic Craig . The couples company ( Caval ) used the money to purchase land and resell it at a $5 million profit after repaying the loan . Bachelet maintains that she was unaware of her familys actions and found out about the agreement between Luksic and her daughter-in-law through the press . By August 2016 , Bachelets approval rating dropped to 15% , the lowest for any President since the return of free elections in 1990 , and in March 2017 , Bachelets approval rating remained low , at about 23% . Bachelet left office in March 2018 with an approval rating at 39% according to Adimark , in contrast to the 84% rating when she left office in 2010 . UN High Commissioner for Human Rights ( 2018 ) . On 10 September 2018 , Bachelet urged China to allow observers into Xinjiang and expressed concern about the situation there . She said that : ’’The UN rights group had shown that Uyghurs and other Muslims are being detained in camps across Xinjiang and I expect discussions with Chinese officials to begin soon’’ . China called for Bachelet to respect its sovereignty . In September 2018 , Bachelet criticized Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen . She has called on Saudi Arabia to hold accountable those responsible for airstrikes on civilians in Yemen . On 5 October 2019 , Bachelet said she was “troubled” by Hong Kong’s increasingly violent pro-democracy protests , and stressed that any measures to quell the unrest must be grounded in law . She also stated that Freedom of peaceful assembly … should be enjoyed without restriction to the greatest extent possible . But on the other hand , we cannot accept people who use masks to provoke violence . Regarding the November 2019 Iranian protests , Nasrin Sotoudeh a jailed Iranian lawyer , asked Bachelet to administrate an independent investigation into the alleged atrocities committed by the Iranian security forces in the uprising . On 9 October 2020 , Bachelet expressed concern about the suffering of civilians during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan . In January 2021 , in preparation for the 2021 spring session of the UN Human Rights Council , Bachelet has issued a hard hitting report on Sri Lanka . The report severely criticizes the failure of the current Sri Lankan government to address documented accusations of grave and numerous human rights crimes perpetrated during and after the Civil war in Sri Lanka , even though the war ended in 2009 . Media and educational Honours . Awards and media recognition . - Ranked 17th most powerful women in the world by Forbes magazine in 2006 ( she was No . 22 in 2009 , No . 25 in 2008 , and No . 27 in 2007. ) As of 2014 , she was ranked 25th . - Defense of Freedom and Democracy Award by Ramón Rubial Foundation ( January 2007 ) . - Ranked worlds 15th most influential person by TIME magazine in 2008 . - Shalom Award by the World Jewish Congress ( June 2008 ) . - Maximum Leadership Award ( Argentina , October 2008 ) . - Global Trailblazer Award by Vital Voices ( October 2008 ) . - South American Football Honorary Order of Merit in the Extraordinary Great Collar degree by CONMEBOL in July 2009 . She is the first woman to receive such recognition . - Keys to the City of Lisbon ( December 2009 ) - Woman of the Bicentenary at the 2010 Energy of Woman Awards by Chilectra ( April 2010 ) . - Federation of Progressive Womens International Prize ( Spain , November 2010 ) . - Keys to the City of Miami ( November 2010 ) . - The Association of Bi-National Chambers of Commerce in Floridas 2010 Award for Leadership in Global Trade ( November 2010 ) . - Member , Inter-American Dialogue ( since 2010 ) - Washington Office on Latin Americas Human Rights Award ( November 2010 ) . - Womens eNews Newsmaker of the Decade Award ( May 2011 ) . - Ministry of Defense of Argentinas first Generala Juana Azurduy Award ( April 2012 ) . - Eisenhower Fellowshipss Eisenhower Medal for Leadership and Service ( May 2012 ) . - 2012 – 10 Most Influential Ibero American Intellectuals of the year – Foreign Policy magazine Honorary degrees . - University of Brasilia ( April 2006 ) . - Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala ( May 2007 ) . - University of Essex ( April 2008 ) . - Pompeu Fabra University ( May 2010 ) . - National University of Córdoba ( June 2010 ) . - Catholic University of Córdoba ( June 2010 ) . - Universidad Internacional Menéndez Pelayo ( September 2010 ) . - Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo ( November 2010 ) . - ( November 2010 ) . - Columbia University ( May 2012 ) . - Freiberg University of Mining and Technology ( October 2014 ) . - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven ( June 2015 ) . - University of Évora ( March 2017 ) . International Honours . National honours . - Grand Master ( 2006-2010/2014-2018 ) and Collar of the Order of Bernardo OHiggins - Grand Master ( 2006-2010/2014-2018 ) and Collar of the Order of Merit Foreign honours . - Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia , Australia ( 5 October 2012 ) . - Grand Collar of the National Order of San Lorenzo , Equador ( 2010 ) - Grand Cross with Chain of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary , Hungary ( 2008 ) - Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic , Italy ( 9 October 2007 ) . - Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose of Finland ( 2007 ) - Grand Cross with Golden Chain of the Order of Vytautas the Great , Lithuania ( 23 July 2008 ) . - Honorary Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm , Malaysia ( 2009 ) - Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle , Mexico ( 2007 ) - Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion , The Netherlands ( 25 May 2009 ) - Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry , Portugal ( 7 November 2007 ) - Grand Cross of the Order of Christ , Portugal ( 1 December 2009 ) - Grand Collar of the Order of Liberty , Portugal ( 30 March 2017 ) - Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic , Spain ( 26 February 2010 ) . - Collar of the Order of Charles III , Spain ( 30 October 2014 ) . - Member of Royal Order of the Seraphim , Sweden ( 10 May 2016 ) . Received on her state visit to Sweden . - Collar of the Order of the Liberator - Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( 2006 ) . Documentaries . - Michelle Bachelet – Symbol des neuen Chile ( Ebbo Demant/SWR , 2004 ) - La hija del General [ The Generals Daughter ] ( María Elena Wood/2006 ) Publications . - Bachelet , Michelle . 2002 . Los estudios comparados y la relación civil-militar . Reflexiones tras una década de consolidación democrática en Chile , Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad , 17 ( 4 ) : 29–35 . External links . - Official presidential campaign site - Biography by CIDOB Foundation - The woman taking Chiles top job ( BBC News ) - The unexpected travails of the woman who would be president ( The Economist , 8 December 2005 ) - Bachelets citizens democracy ( The Economist , 10 March 2006 ) - With a New Leader , Chile Seems to Shuck Its Strait Laces ( The New York Times , 8 March 2006 ) - Welcome Madam Chilean President to Washington ( Council on Hemispheric Affairs , 7 June 2006 )

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What position did Michelle Bachelet take between Feb 2009 and Jun 2009?

Michelle Bachelet Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria ( ; born 29 September 1951 ) is a Chilean politician who has served as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights since 2018 . She also previously served as President of Chile from 2006 to 2010 and 2014 to 2018 for the Socialist Party of Chile , she is the first woman to hold the Chilean presidency . After leaving the presidency in 2010 and while not immediately reelectable , she was appointed the first executive director of the newly created United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women . In December 2013 , Bachelet was reelected with over 62% of the vote , bettering the 54% she obtained in 2006 . She was the first President of Chile to be reelected since 1932 . Bachelet , a physician who has studied military strategy at university level , was Health Minister and Defense Minister under her predecessor , Ricardo Lagos . She is a separated mother of three and describes herself as an agnostic . She speaks English fluently , as well as some German and Portuguese . Family background . Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria is the second child of archaeologist Ángela Jeria Gómez ( 1926–2020 ) and Air Force Brigadier General Alberto Bachelet Martínez ( 1923–1974 ) . Bachelets paternal great-great-grandfather , Louis-Joseph Bachelet Lapierre , was a French wine merchant from Chassagne-Montrachet who immigrated to Chile with his Parisian wife , Françoise Jeanne Beault , in 1860 ; he was hired as a wine-making expert by the Subercaseaux vineyards in Santiago . Bachelet Lapierres son , Germán , was born in Santiago in 1862 , and in 1891 married Luisa Brandt Cadot , a Chilean of French and Swiss descent , giving birth in 1894 to Alberto Bachelet Brandt . Bachelets maternal great-grandfather , Máximo Jeria Chacón , of Spanish ( Basque region ) and Greek heritage , was the first person to receive a degree in agronomic engineering in Chile and founded several agronomy schools in the country . He married Lely Johnson , the daughter of an English physician working in Chile . Their son , Máximo Jeria Johnson , married Ángela Gómez Zamora . Their union produced five children , the fourth of whom is Bachelets mother . Early life and career . Childhood years . Bachelet was born in La Cisterna , a middle-class suburb of Santiago . She was named after French actress Michèle Morgan . Bachelet spent many of her childhood years traveling around her native Chile , moving with her family from one military base to another . She lived and attended primary schools in , among other places , Quintero , Antofagasta , and San Bernardo . In 1962 , she moved with her family to the United States , where her father was assigned to the military mission at the Chilean Embassy in Washington D.C . Her family lived for almost two years in Bethesda , Maryland , where she attended Western Junior High School and learned to speak English fluently . Returning to Chile in 1964 , she graduated in 1969 from Liceo Nº 1 Javiera Carrera , a prestigious girls public high school , finishing near the top of her class . There she was class president , a member of the choir and volleyball teams , and part of a theater group and a band , Las Clap Clap , which she co-founded and which toured around several school festivals . In 1970 , after obtaining a relatively high score on the university admission test , she entered medical school at the University of Chile , where she was selected in the 113th position ( out of 160 admitted applicants ) . She originally intended to study sociology or economics , but was prevailed upon by her father to study medicine instead . She has said she opted for medicine because it was a concrete way of helping people cope with pain and a way to contribute to improve health in Chile . Detention and exile . Facing growing food shortages , the government of Salvador Allende placed Bachelets father in charge of the Food Distribution Office . When General Augusto Pinochet suddenly came to power via the 11 September 1973 coup détat , Bachelets father was detained at the Air War Academy on charges of treason . Following months of daily torture at Santiagos Public Prison , he suffered a cardiac arrest that resulted in his death on 12 March 1974 . In early January 1975 , Bachelet and her mother were detained at their apartment by two DINA agents , who blindfolded them and drove them to Villa Grimaldi , a notorious secret detention center in Santiago , where they were separated and subjected to interrogation and torture . In 2013 , Bachelet revealed she had been interrogated by DINA chief Manuel Contreras there . Some days later , Bachelet was transferred to Cuatro Álamos ( Four Poplars ) detention center , where she was held until the end of January . Thanks to the assistance of Roberto Kozak , Bachelet was able to go into exile in Australia , where her older brother , Alberto , had moved in 1969 . Of her torture , Bachelet said , in 2004 , that it was nothing in comparison to what others suffered . She was yelled at using abusive language , shaken , and both she and her mother were threatened with the killing of the other . She was never tortured with electricity , but she did see it done to other prisoners . In May 1975 Bachelet left Australia and later moved to East Germany , to an apartment assigned to her by the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) government in Am Stern , Potsdam ; her mother joined her a month later , living separately in Leipzig . In October 1976 , she began working at a communal clinic in the Babelsberg neighborhood , as a preparatory step to continuing her medical studies at an East German university . During this period , she met architect Jorge Leopoldo Dávalos Cartes , another Chilean exile , whom she married in 1977 . In January 1978 she went to Leipzig to learn German at the Karl Marx Universitys Herder Institute ( now the University of Leipzig ) . Her first child with Dávalos , Jorge Alberto Sebastián , was born there in June 1978 . She returned to Potsdam in September 1978 to continue her medical studies at the Humboldt University of Berlin for two years . Five months after enrolling as a student , however , she obtained authorization to return to her country . Return to Chile . After four years in exile , Bachelet returned to Chile in 1979 . Her medical school credits from the GDR were not transferred , forcing her to resume her studies where she had left off before fleeing the country . She graduated as physician-surgeon on 7 January 1983 . She wished to work in the public sector wherever attention was most needed , applying for a position as general practitioner ; her petition was rejected by the military government on political grounds . Instead , owing to her academic performance and published papers , she earned a scholarship from the Chilean Medical Chamber to specialize in pediatrics and public health at the University of Chiles Roberto del Río Childrens Hospital ( 1983–86 ) . She completed the program with excellent grades but for financial reasons did not obtain her certification . During this time she also worked at PIDEE ( Protection of Children Injured by States of Emergency Foundation ) , a non-governmental organization helping children of the tortured and missing in Santiago and Chillán . She was head of the foundations Medical Department between 1986 and 1990 . Some time after her second child with Dávalos , Francisca Valentina , was born in February 1984 , she and her husband legally separated . Between 1985 and 1987 , Bachelet had a romantic relationship with Alex Vojkovic Trier , an engineer and spokesman for the Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front , an armed group that , among other activities , attempted to assassinate Pinochet in 1986 . The affair was a minor issue during her presidential campaign , during which she argued that she never supported any of Vojkovics activities . After Chile made a transition to democracy in 1990 , Bachelet worked for the Ministry of Healths West Santiago Health Service and was a consultant for the Pan-American Health Organization , the World Health Organization and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit . While working for the National AIDS Commission ( Conasida ) she became romantically involved with Aníbal Hernán Henríquez Marich , a fellow physician – and right-wing Pinochet supporter – who fathered her third child , Sofía Catalina , in December 1992 ; their relationship ended a few years later . Between March 1994 and July 1997 , Bachelet worked as Senior Assistant to the Deputy Health Minister . Driven by an interest in civil-military relations , in 1996 Bachelet began studies in military strategy at the National Academy of Political and Strategic Studies ( ANEPE ) in Chile , obtaining first place in her class . Her student achievement earned her a presidential scholarship , permitting her to continue her studies in the United States at the Inter-American Defense College in Washington , D.C. , completing a Continental Defense Course in 1998 . That same year she returned to Chile to work for the Defense Ministry as Senior Assistant to the Defense Minister . She subsequently graduated from a Masters program in military science at the Chilean Armys War Academy . Early political career . Involvement in politics . In her first year as a university student ( 1970 ) , Bachelet became a member of the Socialist Youth ( then presided by future deputy and later disappeared physician Carlos Lorca , who has been cited as her political mentor ) , and was an active supporter of the Popular Unity . In the immediate aftermath of the coup , she and her mother worked as couriers for the underground Socialist Party directorate that was trying to organize a resistance movement ; eventually almost all of them were captured and disappeared . Following her return from exile she became politically active during the second half of the 1980s , fighting – though not on the front line – for the re-establishment of democracy in Chile . In 1995 she became part of the partys Central Committee , and from 1998 until 2000 she was an active member of the Political Commission . In 1996 Bachelet ran against future presidential adversary Joaquín Lavín for the mayorship of Las Condes , a wealthy Santiago suburb and a right-wing stronghold . Lavín won the 22-candidate election with nearly 78% of the vote , while she finished fourth with 2.35% . At the 1999 presidential primary of the Concertación , Chiles governing coalition from 1990 to 2010 , she worked for Ricardo Lagoss nomination , heading the Santiago electoral zone . Minister of Health . On 11 March 2000 , Bachelet – virtually unknown at the time – was appointed Minister of Health by President Ricardo Lagos . She began an in-depth study of the public health-care system that led to the AUGE plan a few years later . She was also given the task of eliminating waiting lists in the saturated public hospital system within the first 100 days of Lagoss government . She reduced waiting lists by 90% , but was unable to eliminate them completely and offered her resignation , which was promptly rejected by the President . She authorized free distribution of the morning-after pill for victims of sexual abuse , generating controversy . Minister of National Defense . On 7 January 2002 , she was appointed Minister of National Defense , becoming the first woman to hold this post in a Latin American country and one of the few in the world . While Minister of Defense she promoted reconciliatory gestures between the military and victims of the dictatorship , culminating in the historic 2003 declaration by General Juan Emilio Cheyre , head of the army , that never again would the military subvert democracy in Chile . She also oversaw a reform of the military pension system and continued with the process of modernization of the Chilean armed forces with the purchasing of new military equipment , while engaging in international peace operations . A moment which has been cited as key to Bachelets chances to the presidency came in mid-2002 during a flood in northern Santiago where she , as Defense Minister , led a rescue operation on top of an amphibious tank , wearing a cloak and military cap . 2005–2006 presidential election . In late 2004 , following a surge of her popularity in opinion polls , Bachelet was considered the only politician of the Coalition of Parties for Democracy ( Concertación de los Partidos por la Democracia ; CPD ) able to defeat Joaquín Lavín , and she was asked to become the Socialists candidate for the presidency . At first hesitant to accept the nomination as it was never one of her goals , she finally agreed because she felt she could not disappoint her supporters . On 1 October of that year she was freed from her government post in order to begin her campaign and to help the CPD at the municipal elections held later that month . On 28 January 2005 she was named the Socialist Partys candidate for president . An open primary scheduled for July 2005 to define the sole presidential candidate of the CPD was canceled after Bachelets only rival , Christian Democrat Soledad Alvear , a cabinet member in the first three CPD administrations , pulled out early due to a lack of support within her own party and in opinion polls . In the December 2005 election , Bachelet faced the center-right candidate Sebastián Piñera ( RN ) , the right-wing candidate Joaquín Lavín ( UDI ) and the leftist candidate Tomás Hirsch ( JPM ) . As the opinion polls had forecast , she failed to obtain the absolute majority needed to win the election outright , winning 46% of the vote . In the runoff election on 15 January 2006 , Bachelet faced Piñera , and won the presidency with 53.5% of the vote , thus becoming her countrys first female elected president and the first woman who was not the wife of a previous head of state or political leader to reach the presidency of a Latin American nation in a direct election . On 30 January 2006 , after being declared President-elect by the Elections Qualifying Court ( Tricel ) , Bachelet announced her cabinet of ministers , which was unprecedentedly composed of an equal number of men and women , as was promised during her campaign . In keeping with the Coalitions internal balance of power she named seven ministers from the Christian Democrat Party ( PDC ) , five from the Party for Democracy ( PPD ) , four from the Socialist Party ( PS ) , one from the Social Democrat Radical Party ( PRSD ) and three without party affiliation . First presidency ( 2006–2010 ) . First days . Bachelet was sworn in as President of the Republic of Chile on 11 March 2006 in a ceremony held in a plenary session of the National Congress in Valparaíso attended by many foreign heads of states and delegates . Much of Bachelets first three months as president were spent working on 36 measures she had promised during her campaign to implement during her first 100 days in office . They ranged from simple presidential decrees , such as providing free health care for older patients , to complex bills to reform the social security system and the electoral system . For her first state visit , Bachelet chose Argentina , arriving in Buenos Aires on 21 March . There she met with president Néstor Kirchner , with whom she signed strategic agreements on energy and infrastructure , including the possibility of launching a bidding process to operate the Transandine Railway . Domestic affairs . Social policies . In March 2006 Bachelet created an advisory committee to reform the pension system , which was headed by former budget director Mario Marcel . The commission issued its final report in July 2006 , and in March 2008 Bachelet signed the bill into law . The new legislation established a Basic Solidarity Pension ( PBS ) and a Solidarity Pension Contribution ( APS ) , guaranteeing a minimum pension for the 60% poorest segment of the population , regardless of their contribution history . The reform also grants a bonus to female pensioners for every child born alive . In October 2006 Bachelet enacted legislation to protect subcontracted employees , which would benefit an estimated 1.2 million workers . In June 2009 she introduced pay equality legislation , guaranteeing equal pay for equal work in the private sector , regardless of gender . In September 2009 Bachelet signed the Chile Grows with You plan into law , providing comprehensive social services to vulnerable children from ages zero to six . That law also established a social welfare management framework called the Intersectoral Social Protection System , made up of subsystems such as Chile Solidario and Chile Grows with You . Between 2008 and 2010 the Bachelet administration delivered a so-called literary briefcase ( a box of books including encyclopedias , dictionaries , poetry works and books for both children and adults ) to the 400,000 poorest families with children attending primary school from first to fourth grade . In March 2009 , Bachelet launched the I Choose my PC program , awarding free computers to poor seventh-graders with excellent academic performance attending government-subsidized schools . During 2009 and 2010 Bachelet delivered maternity packages to all babies born in public hospitals , which are about 80% of total births . In January 2010 , Bachelet promulgated a law allowing the distribution of Emergency contraception pills in public and private health centers , including to persons under 14 , without parental consent . The law also requires high schools to add a sexual education program to their curriculum . Student protests . Bachelets first political crisis came in late April 2006 , when massive high school student demonstrations – unseen in three decades – broke out throughout the country , demanding better public education . In June 2006 , she sought to dampen the student protests by setting up an 81-member advisory committee , including education experts from all political backgrounds , representatives of ethnic groups , parents , teachers , students , school owners , university rectors , people from diverse religious denominations , etc . Its purpose was to propose changes to the countrys educational system and serve as a forum to share ideas and views . The committee issued its final report in December 2006 . In August 2009 , she signed the education reform bill into law , which created two new regulatory bodies : a Superintendency on Education and a Quality Agency . Transantiago . During her presidency Bachelet opened 18 new subway stations in Santiago , nine in 2006 , one in 2009 and eight in 2010 . In December 2009 Bachelet announced the construction of a new subway line in Santiago , to be operational by 2014 ( the date was later changed to mid-2016 ) . In February 2007 Santiagos transport system was radically altered with the introduction of Transantiago , designed under the previous administration . The system was nearly unanimously condemned by the media , the users and the opposition , significantly damaging her popularity , and leading to the sacking of her Transport minister . On her decision not to abort the plans start , she said in April 2007 she was given erroneous information which caused her to act against her instincts . In September 2008 , Chiles Constitutional Court declared a US$400 million loan by the Inter-American Development Bank to fund the transport system unconstitutional . Bachelet – who had been forced to ask for the loan after Congress had refused to approve funds for the beleaguered program in November 2007 – made use of an emergency clause in the Constitution that grants funds equivalent to 2% of the fiscal budget . In November 2008 , she invoked the emergency clause again after Congress denied once again funds for the system for 2009 . 2010 earthquake . On 27 February 2010 , in the last week of summer vacations and less than two weeks before Bachelets term expired , Chile was ravaged by an 8.8-magnitude earthquake that killed more than 500 people , toppled apartment buildings and bridges and triggered tsunamis that wiped away entire fishing villages . Bachelet and the government were criticized for a slow response to the disaster , which hit on a Saturday at 3:34 am . and left most of the country without electricity , phone or Internet access . Bachelet declared a state of catastrophe and on Sunday afternoon sent military troops to the most affected areas in an effort to quell scenes of looting and arson . She imposed night curfews in the most affected cities . She was criticized for not deploying the troops fast enough . Human rights . In January 2009 Bachelet opened the Museum of Memory in Santiago , documenting the horrors of Pinochets 16-and-a-half-year dictatorship . In November she promulgated a law ( submitted to Congress during the previous administration ) creating the National Institute for Human Rights , with the goal of protecting and promoting human rights in the country . The law also allowed for the reopening of the Rettig and Valech commissions for 18 months . She used her power as president to send a bill to legalize gay marriages , and sponsored a reproductive rights bill , On 10 August 2018 the outgoing UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein warmly welcomed the UN General Assembly’s appointment of Michelle Bachelet to succeed him . He said that She has all the attributes – courage , perseverance , passion , and a deep commitment to human rights Other legislation passed . In August 2008 , Bachelet signed a freedom of information bill into law , which became effective in April 2009 . In January 2010 , Bachelet enacted a law creating the Ministry for the Environment . The new legislation also created the Environmental Evaluation Service and the Superintendency for the Environment . Half of the ministries in her first government were occupied by women ; in her successors team , Sebastián Piñera , 18% were . Economy . Bachelet was widely credited for resisting calls from politicians from her own coalition to spend the huge copper revenues to close the countrys income gap . Instead in 2007 she created the Economic and Social Stabilization Fund , a sovereign wealth fund which accumulates fiscal surpluses which are above 1% of GDP . This allowed her to finance new social policies and provide economic stimulus packages when the 2008 financial crisis hit the country . During Bachelets four years in office the economy grew at an average of 3.3% ( 2.3% in per capita terms ) , with a high of 5.7% in 2006 and a negative growth of −1.0% in 2009 due to the global financial crisis . The minimum wage increased an average of 2% per year in real terms ( the lowest of any president since 1990 ) , while unemployment hovered between seven and eight percent during her first three years and rose to nearly 11% during 2009 . Inflation averaged 4.5% during her term , reaching close to 9% during 2008 due to an increase in food prices . Absolute poverty fell from 13.7% in November 2006 to 11.5% in November 2009 . Political issues . Bachelet began her term with an unprecedented absolute majority in both chambers of Congress – before appointed senators were eliminated in the 2005 constitutional reforms the CPD never had a majority in the Senate – but she was soon faced with internal opposition from a number of dissatisfied lawmakers from both chambers of Congress , the so-called díscolos ( disobedient , ungovernable ) , which jeopardized the coalitions narrow and historic congressional majority on a number of key executive-sponsored bills during much of her first two years in office , and forced her to negotiate with a right-wing opposition she saw as obstructionist . During 2007 the CPD lost its absolute majority in both chambers of Congress , as several senators and deputies from that coalition became independent . In December 2006 , Pinochet died . Bachelet decided not to grant him a state funeral , an honour bestowed upon constitutionally elected Chilean presidents , but a military funeral as former commander-in-chief of the Army appointed by President Salvador Allende . She also refused to declare an official national day of mourning , but did authorize flags at military barracks to fly at half staff . Pinochets coffin was also allowed to be draped in a Chilean flag . Bachelet did not attend his funeral , saying it would be a violation of [ her ] conscience , and sent Defense Minister Vivianne Blanlot . In April 2008 , Bachelets Education Minister , Yasna Provoste , was impeached by Congress for her handling of a scandal involving mismanagement of school subsidies . Her conviction was the first for a sitting minister in 36 years . Foreign relations . Argentina . During her first year in office Bachelet faced continuing problems from neighbors Argentina and Peru . In July 2006 she sent a letter of protest to Argentine president Néstor Kirchner after his government issued a decree increasing export tariffs on natural gas to Chile , which was considered by Bachelet to be a violation of a tacit bilateral agreement . A month later a long-standing border dispute resurfaced after Argentina published some tourist maps showing contested territory in the south – the Southern Patagonian Ice Field ( Campo de Hielo Patagónico Sur ) – as Argentine , violating an agreement not to define a border over the area . Peru . In early 2007 , Peru accused Chile of unilaterally redefining their shared sea boundary in a section of a law passed by Congress that detailed the borders of the new administrative region of Arica and Parinacota . The impasse was resolved by the Chilean Constitutional Tribunal , which declared that section unconstitutional . In March 2007 , the Chilean state-owned and independent public broadcaster Televisión Nacional de Chile ( TVN ) canceled the broadcast of a documentary about the War of the Pacific after a cautionary call was made to the stations’ board of directors by Chilean Foreign Relations Minister Alejandro Foxley , apparently acting on demands made by the Peruvian ambassador to Chile ; the show was finally broadcast in late May of that year . In August 2007 the Chilean government filed a formal diplomatic protest with Peru and summoned home its ambassador after Peru published an official map claiming a part of the Pacific Ocean that Chile considers its sovereign territory . Peru said this was just another step in its plans to bring the dispute to the International Court of Justice in The Hague . In January 2008 Peru asked the court to consider the dispute , prompting Bachelet to summon home the Chilean ambassador in Lima for consultations . UN voting deadlock . Chiles 16 October 2006 vote in the United Nations Security Council election – with Venezuela and Guatemala deadlocked in a bid for the two-year , non-permanent Latin American and Caribbean seat on the Security Council – developed into a major ideological issue in the country and was seen as a test for Bachelet . The governing coalition was divided between the Socialists , who supported a vote for Venezuela , and the Christian Democrats , who strongly opposed it . The day before the vote the president announced ( through her spokesman ) that Chile would abstain , citing a lack of regional consensus on a single candidate , ending months of speculation . In March 2007 Chiles ambassador to Venezuela , Claudio Huepe , revealed in an interview with teleSUR that Bachelet personally told him that she initially wanted to vote for Venezuela , but then there were a series of circumstances that forced me to abstain . The government quickly recalled Huepe and accepted his resignation . Unasur . In May 2008 , Bachelet became the first President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations ( Unasur ) and in September she called for an urgent summit after Bolivian President Evo Morales warned of a possible coup attempt against him . The presidents of Bolivia , Ecuador , Uruguay , Argentina , Paraguay , Brazil and Colombia , and the Secretary-General of the Organization of American States , met with Bachelet at the La Moneda Palace in Santiago , where they agreed to send two commissions to Bolivia : one to mediate between the executive and the opposition , and another to investigate the killings in Pando Department . Cuba visit . In February 2009 , Bachelet visited Cuba and met with Fidel Castro . There she urged the United States to put an end to the embargo . No Chilean head of state had visited the country in 37 years . The meeting with Castro backfired when Castro wrote a day later that the fascist and vengeful Chilean oligarchy is the same which more than 100 years ago robbed Bolivia of its access to the Pacific and of copper-rich lands in a humiliating war . Progressive Leaders summit . In March 2009 , Bachelet hosted in Viña del Mar the Progressive Leaders Summit , meeting with U.S . Vice President Joe Biden , British Prime Minister Gordon Brown , Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero and presidents Tabaré Vázquez of Uruguay , Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva of Brazil and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of Argentina . The meeting garnered some media interest because it took place six days before the highly anticipated G-20 Summit in London . Trade . Continuing the coalitions free-trade strategy , in August 2006 Bachelet promulgated a free trade agreement with the Peoples Republic of China ( signed under the previous administration of Ricardo Lagos ) , the first Chinese free-trade agreement with a Latin American nation ; similar deals with Japan and India were promulgated in August 2007 . In October 2006 , Bachelet promulgated a multilateral trade deal with New Zealand , Singapore and Brunei , the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership ( P4 ) , also signed under Lagoss presidency . She held free-trade talks with other countries , including Australia , Vietnam , Turkey and Malaysia . Regionally , she signed bilateral free trade agreements with Panama , Peru and Colombia . Other policies . In October 2007 , Bachelet granted amnesty to undocumented migrants from other Latin American countries . The measure was expected to benefit around 15,000 Peruvians and 2,000 Bolivians . In December 2007 she signed in Bolivia a trilateral agreement with the presidents of Brazil and Bolivia to complete and improve a 4,700 km road to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans , via Arica and Iquique in Chile and Santos in Brazil . In May 2008 , following months of intense lobbying , Chile was elected as member of the United Nations Human Rights Council , obtaining the largest vote among Latin American countries . In December 2009 Chile became the first country in South America , and the second in Latin America after Mexico , to receive an invitation to join the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) . Bachelet signed the accession agreement in January 2010 , but it formally became a member in May 2010 , after she had left office . Popularity . Bachelet enjoyed an approval rating above 50% for her first three months in office , during the so-called honeymoon period . Her popularity fell during the student protests that year , hovering in the mid-40s . In July she had a disastrous public relations incident when a group of residents she was visiting in the southern city of Chiguayante who were affected by a landslide berated her publicly on television , accusing her of using their tragedy to boost her falling popularity . One woman demanded that she leave the scene so rescue efforts could continue . In July , after only four months in office , Bachelet was forced to reshuffle her cabinet , in what was the fastest ministerial adjustment since 1990 . Bachelets popularity dipped further in her second year , reaching a low of 35% approval , 46% disapproval in September 2007 . This fall was mainly attributed to the Transantiago fiasco . That same month she had a second negative incident when a group of earthquake and tsunami victims she was visiting in the southern region of Aisén received her bearing black flags and accused her of showing up late . The city mayor , who told Bachelet to go to hell , later apologized . Over the following 12 months , however , Bachelets approval ratings did not improve . At the onset of the global financial crisis in September 2008 Bachelets popularity was at 42% , but gradually her job approval ratings began to rise . When she left office in March 2010 her popular support was at a record 84% , according to conservative polling institute Adimark GfK . The Chilean Constitution does not allow a president to serve two consecutive terms and Bachelet endorsed Christian Democratic Party candidate Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle for the December 2009 election . Political interregnum . In April 2010 , Bachelet inaugurated her own think-tank , Fundación Dialoga . Its headquarters are located in Providencia , a suburb of Santiago . Bachelet is a member of the Club of Madrid , the worlds largest forum of former heads of state and government . Since 2010 she has also been a member of the Inter-American Dialogue , the leading think tank on Western Hemisphere relations and affairs , and served as the organizations co-chair . On 14 September 2010 , Bachelet was appointed head of the newly created United Nations body UN Women by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon . She took office on 19 September 2010 . On 15 March 2013 she announced her resignation . 2013 presidential election . On 27 March 2013 , Bachelet announced that she would seek a second term as President of Chile in the 2013 elections . The well-respected CEP released a poll in May 2012 suggesting that 51% of voters wished to see her become the next president , far ahead of any other would-be candidate . On 30 June 2013 , Bachelet became the Nueva Mayorías candidate for president after she won a four-way primary election with the support of five center and left parties ( PS , PPD , PC , IC , MAS ) and 73% of the vote . In the 17 November 2013 presidential election , Bachelet fell short of the absolute majority needed for an outright win . In the runoff election , held on 15 December of that year , she beat former senator and Minister of Labor Evelyn Matthei with over 62% of the vote ; turnout was significantly lower than in the first round . Second presidency ( 2014–2018 ) . Bachelet was sworn in as President of the Republic of Chile for a second time on 11 March 2014 at the National Congress in Valparaíso . Isabel Allende , daughter of former President Salvador Allende , as the newly elected President of the Senate , administered the affirmation of office to Bachelet , the first time in the countrys history both parties involved were women . Domestic policies . Education reform . Among one of Bachelets main campaign promises for the 2013 election was the introduction of free university education in Chile and the end of profit-making educational institutions , as a response to the 2011–13 Chilean student protests . The intention was that revenue from the increase in corporate tax rate by 2017 would be used to fund free education . The proposals were criticized and quickly became unpopular due to the opposition from students who felt that the proposals did not go far enough in removing profit making . Opposition parties , lower middle class voters and certain members of Bachelets New Majority coalition attacked the proposals as the law that would prevent individuals from earning profits on public resources would not address making improvements in quality of education . In 2015 , the Chile Constitutional Court rejected large portions of Bachelets plan to offer free college education to half of the nations poorest students on grounds that requiring them to attend certain schools participating in the program could be considered discrimination . However , what remained of the plan allowed Bachelet to send 200,000 students from low-income families to college free of cost . In January 2018 , the Chilean Senate passed a law guaranteeing free education which was supported by conservative opposition parties as well , allowing the poorest 60% of students to study for free and doubled state funding for public universities . The new legislation created a higher education Superintendent empowered to supervise and penalize institutions which do not provide quality of education or have for-profit operations . Tax reform . In September 2014 , the Chilean Congress passed Bachelets tax reform proposal which aimed to increase revenue by 3% of gross domestic product . Measures included in the reform were : - increased corporate tax rate from 20% to 25% or 27% - the maximum tax bracket for personal income tax lowered to 35 percent from 40 percent starting in 2018 - increased excise taxes for sweetened beverages , alcohol and tobacco - Green taxes including a tax on carbon emissions for thermoelectric plants bigger than 50 MW and a tax on the import of diesel vehicles with higher cylinder capacity , excluding work vehicles - measures against tax evasion Critics blamed tax reforms for complexity driving away investment and blamed for the slowdown of the Chilean economy during Bachelets second period in office . However , Bachelets supporters argue that falling copper prices were more to blame for the economic slowdown . They argue that economic forecasts of faster growth in conjunction with rising copper prices and exports from 2018 onwards ( after Bachelets term ) suggest that the tax reforms did not negatively affect the economy . Others , such as MIT-trained economist and academic Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel , have found that Chiles overall terms of trade under Bachelets second term worsened only marginally compared to those of her predecessor Sebastián Piñera , due in part to a lower cost of key imports like petroleum . Consequently , he concludes that Bachelets reforms and governance likely were instrumental in causing a period of dampened growth throughout her presidency . Environmental policy . After Easter Islands Rapa Nui inhabitants voted 73% in favor of establishing a conservation zone , Michelle Bachelet designated a new 720,000 square kilometer protection area in September 2017 , protecting at least 142 endemic marine species , including 27 threatened with extinction . Five new national parks in the Patagonia region were created under a presidential decree , covering 10 million acres in January 2018 , including 1 million acres of land contributed by conservationist Kris Tompkins . On 9 March 2018 , Bachelet created nine marine reserves to protect biodiversity with her final presidential decree , increasing the area of the sea under state protection from 4.2 percent to 42.4 percent . The measure is expected to benefit marine life in approximately 1.4 million square kilometers . Civil unions and same-sex marriage . When Michelle Bachelet again took office of President in March 2014 , she made passing Piñeras civil union bill a priority . The name of the bill was changed to Civil Union Pact ( Pacto de Unión Civil ) on 17 December , and Congress reiterated their intention to hold the final vote by January 2015 . On 6 January 2015 , a provision recognizing foreign marriages as civil unions was approved in the Constitutional Committee while the child adoption clause was turned down . The bill went to a final vote before both the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies as it was amended . On 13 January , the full Chamber of Deputies reinserted the adoption provision . On 20 January 2015 , the Chamber approved the bill on a vote of 86 to 23 with 2 abstentions . On 27 January , the Senate rejected all the Chambers amendments , so the bill was headed to the joint committee of both houses . The committee reached the agreement in regard to the text of the bill and changed its name to Civil Union Agreement ( Acuerdo de Unión Civil ) the same day . The bill was passed in both houses on 28 January 2015 . Several lawmakers asked the Chilean Constitutional Court to verify the bills constitutionality , which was upheld by the court in a ruling released on 6 April 2015 . The bill was signed into law by President Bachelet on 13 April 2015 . It was published in the Official Gazette on 21 April 2015 and took effect on 22 October 2015 . Chiles civil union provisions enable couples to claim pension benefits and inherit property if their civil partner dies as well as more easily co-own property and make medical decisions for one another . The Government estimated at the time of the law going into effect that some two million Chilean couples cohabiting could have their unions legally recognized . In the day following the law going into effect , approximately 1,600 couples signed up to register their unions . On 1 December 2016 , the Chamber of Deputies unanimously approved ( except for 6 abstentions ) a bill to give couples who enter in a civil union five days off , like what married couples have . The bill was approved by the Senate in October 2017 , in a unanimous 15–0 vote . Womens rights and abortion . A new Ministry for Women and Gender Inequality was formed , replacing the National Womens Service in June 2016 which aimed to formulate policies against abuse of women and gender inequality . Claudia Pascual was appointed as the first ever Minister for Women and Gender Inequality . The Chilean Congress approved Bachelets abortion legalization bill in some circumstances in July 2017 , but was subjected to challenge in the Constitutional Court . Later , Chiles total abortion ban implemented under the Pinochet regime in 1989 was lifted in August 2017 after the Constitutional Court voted 6–4 to allow the procedure under some circumstances : in cases of pregnancy as a result of rape ( up to 12 weeks ) , if the fetus endangers the mothers life , or if the fetus is not viable . Prior to this , Chile was one of only four nations in the Americas that had a total ban on abortions , the others being El Salvador , Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic . Constitutional and political reform . The Chilean Congress passed Bachelets proposed abolishment of the binomial voting system introduced by the Augusto Pinochet regime and restoring proportional representation for election to both chambers of the Chilean Congress and requirements that 40% of candidates nominated are female in January 2015 . The new system took effect from the 2017 elections , increasing the members of the Chamber of Deputies from 120 to 155 seats and the Senate from 38 seats to 43 seats in 2017 and 50 seats in 2021 . As a result , the 2017 election saw the end of the dominance of Bachelets New Majority and conservative coalitions and increased number of new political parties represented in Congress . Following revelations that President Bachelets son and daughter in-law were caught in an influence-peddling scandal , she appointed a Presidential Advisory Council on Conflicts of Interest , Influence Peddling , and Corruption ( known as the Engel Commission ) headed by economist Eduardo Engel . Subsequently , reforms recommended by the commission were implemented which included , ability to remove politicians from office if found guilty for transparency and election spending limits violations with disqualification for two subsequent elections and constitutional autonomy to Chiles electoral service ( SERVEL ) , giving it complete independence from the government to more effectively oversee electoral processes and the functioning of politics in general . In 2016 , overseas voting rights for Chilean women and men living outside the country were introduced , allowing Chilean citizens who live abroad to exercise their right to vote beginning from the 2017 elections . Foreign policy . Trade . On 8 March 2018 , three days before Bachelet left office , the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership ( CPTPP ) multilateral trade agreement was signed in Santiago with Chile and 10 other signatory countries in the Asia Pacific region , following renegotiation of the original Trans-Pacific Partnership ( TPP ) which was signed in February 2016 . The TPP was renegotiated into the CPTPP following the United States withdrawal from the original TPP in January 2017 . Popularity . In September 2015 , Bachelets approval rating was 24% , compared to 72% disapproval . Chileans support for her dropped sharply after revelations of corruption scandals such as the Caval scandal , which involved her son and daughter-in-law accepting millions of dollars in the form of a loan from Vice-Chairman of the Banco de Chile Andrónico Luksic Craig . The couples company ( Caval ) used the money to purchase land and resell it at a $5 million profit after repaying the loan . Bachelet maintains that she was unaware of her familys actions and found out about the agreement between Luksic and her daughter-in-law through the press . By August 2016 , Bachelets approval rating dropped to 15% , the lowest for any President since the return of free elections in 1990 , and in March 2017 , Bachelets approval rating remained low , at about 23% . Bachelet left office in March 2018 with an approval rating at 39% according to Adimark , in contrast to the 84% rating when she left office in 2010 . UN High Commissioner for Human Rights ( 2018 ) . On 10 September 2018 , Bachelet urged China to allow observers into Xinjiang and expressed concern about the situation there . She said that : ’’The UN rights group had shown that Uyghurs and other Muslims are being detained in camps across Xinjiang and I expect discussions with Chinese officials to begin soon’’ . China called for Bachelet to respect its sovereignty . In September 2018 , Bachelet criticized Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen . She has called on Saudi Arabia to hold accountable those responsible for airstrikes on civilians in Yemen . On 5 October 2019 , Bachelet said she was “troubled” by Hong Kong’s increasingly violent pro-democracy protests , and stressed that any measures to quell the unrest must be grounded in law . She also stated that Freedom of peaceful assembly … should be enjoyed without restriction to the greatest extent possible . But on the other hand , we cannot accept people who use masks to provoke violence . Regarding the November 2019 Iranian protests , Nasrin Sotoudeh a jailed Iranian lawyer , asked Bachelet to administrate an independent investigation into the alleged atrocities committed by the Iranian security forces in the uprising . On 9 October 2020 , Bachelet expressed concern about the suffering of civilians during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan . In January 2021 , in preparation for the 2021 spring session of the UN Human Rights Council , Bachelet has issued a hard hitting report on Sri Lanka . The report severely criticizes the failure of the current Sri Lankan government to address documented accusations of grave and numerous human rights crimes perpetrated during and after the Civil war in Sri Lanka , even though the war ended in 2009 . Media and educational Honours . Awards and media recognition . - Ranked 17th most powerful women in the world by Forbes magazine in 2006 ( she was No . 22 in 2009 , No . 25 in 2008 , and No . 27 in 2007. ) As of 2014 , she was ranked 25th . - Defense of Freedom and Democracy Award by Ramón Rubial Foundation ( January 2007 ) . - Ranked worlds 15th most influential person by TIME magazine in 2008 . - Shalom Award by the World Jewish Congress ( June 2008 ) . - Maximum Leadership Award ( Argentina , October 2008 ) . - Global Trailblazer Award by Vital Voices ( October 2008 ) . - South American Football Honorary Order of Merit in the Extraordinary Great Collar degree by CONMEBOL in July 2009 . She is the first woman to receive such recognition . - Keys to the City of Lisbon ( December 2009 ) - Woman of the Bicentenary at the 2010 Energy of Woman Awards by Chilectra ( April 2010 ) . - Federation of Progressive Womens International Prize ( Spain , November 2010 ) . - Keys to the City of Miami ( November 2010 ) . - The Association of Bi-National Chambers of Commerce in Floridas 2010 Award for Leadership in Global Trade ( November 2010 ) . - Member , Inter-American Dialogue ( since 2010 ) - Washington Office on Latin Americas Human Rights Award ( November 2010 ) . - Womens eNews Newsmaker of the Decade Award ( May 2011 ) . - Ministry of Defense of Argentinas first Generala Juana Azurduy Award ( April 2012 ) . - Eisenhower Fellowshipss Eisenhower Medal for Leadership and Service ( May 2012 ) . - 2012 – 10 Most Influential Ibero American Intellectuals of the year – Foreign Policy magazine Honorary degrees . - University of Brasilia ( April 2006 ) . - Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala ( May 2007 ) . - University of Essex ( April 2008 ) . - Pompeu Fabra University ( May 2010 ) . - National University of Córdoba ( June 2010 ) . - Catholic University of Córdoba ( June 2010 ) . - Universidad Internacional Menéndez Pelayo ( September 2010 ) . - Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo ( November 2010 ) . - ( November 2010 ) . - Columbia University ( May 2012 ) . - Freiberg University of Mining and Technology ( October 2014 ) . - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven ( June 2015 ) . - University of Évora ( March 2017 ) . International Honours . National honours . - Grand Master ( 2006-2010/2014-2018 ) and Collar of the Order of Bernardo OHiggins - Grand Master ( 2006-2010/2014-2018 ) and Collar of the Order of Merit Foreign honours . - Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia , Australia ( 5 October 2012 ) . - Grand Collar of the National Order of San Lorenzo , Equador ( 2010 ) - Grand Cross with Chain of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary , Hungary ( 2008 ) - Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic , Italy ( 9 October 2007 ) . - Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose of Finland ( 2007 ) - Grand Cross with Golden Chain of the Order of Vytautas the Great , Lithuania ( 23 July 2008 ) . - Honorary Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm , Malaysia ( 2009 ) - Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle , Mexico ( 2007 ) - Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion , The Netherlands ( 25 May 2009 ) - Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry , Portugal ( 7 November 2007 ) - Grand Cross of the Order of Christ , Portugal ( 1 December 2009 ) - Grand Collar of the Order of Liberty , Portugal ( 30 March 2017 ) - Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic , Spain ( 26 February 2010 ) . - Collar of the Order of Charles III , Spain ( 30 October 2014 ) . - Member of Royal Order of the Seraphim , Sweden ( 10 May 2016 ) . Received on her state visit to Sweden . - Collar of the Order of the Liberator - Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( 2006 ) . Documentaries . - Michelle Bachelet – Symbol des neuen Chile ( Ebbo Demant/SWR , 2004 ) - La hija del General [ The Generals Daughter ] ( María Elena Wood/2006 ) Publications . - Bachelet , Michelle . 2002 . Los estudios comparados y la relación civil-militar . Reflexiones tras una década de consolidación democrática en Chile , Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad , 17 ( 4 ) : 29–35 . External links . - Official presidential campaign site - Biography by CIDOB Foundation - The woman taking Chiles top job ( BBC News ) - The unexpected travails of the woman who would be president ( The Economist , 8 December 2005 ) - Bachelets citizens democracy ( The Economist , 10 March 2006 ) - With a New Leader , Chile Seems to Shuck Its Strait Laces ( The New York Times , 8 March 2006 ) - Welcome Madam Chilean President to Washington ( Council on Hemispheric Affairs , 7 June 2006 )

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What position did Michelle Bachelet take in Jul 2012?

Michelle Bachelet Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria ( ; born 29 September 1951 ) is a Chilean politician who has served as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights since 2018 . She also previously served as President of Chile from 2006 to 2010 and 2014 to 2018 for the Socialist Party of Chile , she is the first woman to hold the Chilean presidency . After leaving the presidency in 2010 and while not immediately reelectable , she was appointed the first executive director of the newly created United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women . In December 2013 , Bachelet was reelected with over 62% of the vote , bettering the 54% she obtained in 2006 . She was the first President of Chile to be reelected since 1932 . Bachelet , a physician who has studied military strategy at university level , was Health Minister and Defense Minister under her predecessor , Ricardo Lagos . She is a separated mother of three and describes herself as an agnostic . She speaks English fluently , as well as some German and Portuguese . Family background . Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria is the second child of archaeologist Ángela Jeria Gómez ( 1926–2020 ) and Air Force Brigadier General Alberto Bachelet Martínez ( 1923–1974 ) . Bachelets paternal great-great-grandfather , Louis-Joseph Bachelet Lapierre , was a French wine merchant from Chassagne-Montrachet who immigrated to Chile with his Parisian wife , Françoise Jeanne Beault , in 1860 ; he was hired as a wine-making expert by the Subercaseaux vineyards in Santiago . Bachelet Lapierres son , Germán , was born in Santiago in 1862 , and in 1891 married Luisa Brandt Cadot , a Chilean of French and Swiss descent , giving birth in 1894 to Alberto Bachelet Brandt . Bachelets maternal great-grandfather , Máximo Jeria Chacón , of Spanish ( Basque region ) and Greek heritage , was the first person to receive a degree in agronomic engineering in Chile and founded several agronomy schools in the country . He married Lely Johnson , the daughter of an English physician working in Chile . Their son , Máximo Jeria Johnson , married Ángela Gómez Zamora . Their union produced five children , the fourth of whom is Bachelets mother . Early life and career . Childhood years . Bachelet was born in La Cisterna , a middle-class suburb of Santiago . She was named after French actress Michèle Morgan . Bachelet spent many of her childhood years traveling around her native Chile , moving with her family from one military base to another . She lived and attended primary schools in , among other places , Quintero , Antofagasta , and San Bernardo . In 1962 , she moved with her family to the United States , where her father was assigned to the military mission at the Chilean Embassy in Washington D.C . Her family lived for almost two years in Bethesda , Maryland , where she attended Western Junior High School and learned to speak English fluently . Returning to Chile in 1964 , she graduated in 1969 from Liceo Nº 1 Javiera Carrera , a prestigious girls public high school , finishing near the top of her class . There she was class president , a member of the choir and volleyball teams , and part of a theater group and a band , Las Clap Clap , which she co-founded and which toured around several school festivals . In 1970 , after obtaining a relatively high score on the university admission test , she entered medical school at the University of Chile , where she was selected in the 113th position ( out of 160 admitted applicants ) . She originally intended to study sociology or economics , but was prevailed upon by her father to study medicine instead . She has said she opted for medicine because it was a concrete way of helping people cope with pain and a way to contribute to improve health in Chile . Detention and exile . Facing growing food shortages , the government of Salvador Allende placed Bachelets father in charge of the Food Distribution Office . When General Augusto Pinochet suddenly came to power via the 11 September 1973 coup détat , Bachelets father was detained at the Air War Academy on charges of treason . Following months of daily torture at Santiagos Public Prison , he suffered a cardiac arrest that resulted in his death on 12 March 1974 . In early January 1975 , Bachelet and her mother were detained at their apartment by two DINA agents , who blindfolded them and drove them to Villa Grimaldi , a notorious secret detention center in Santiago , where they were separated and subjected to interrogation and torture . In 2013 , Bachelet revealed she had been interrogated by DINA chief Manuel Contreras there . Some days later , Bachelet was transferred to Cuatro Álamos ( Four Poplars ) detention center , where she was held until the end of January . Thanks to the assistance of Roberto Kozak , Bachelet was able to go into exile in Australia , where her older brother , Alberto , had moved in 1969 . Of her torture , Bachelet said , in 2004 , that it was nothing in comparison to what others suffered . She was yelled at using abusive language , shaken , and both she and her mother were threatened with the killing of the other . She was never tortured with electricity , but she did see it done to other prisoners . In May 1975 Bachelet left Australia and later moved to East Germany , to an apartment assigned to her by the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) government in Am Stern , Potsdam ; her mother joined her a month later , living separately in Leipzig . In October 1976 , she began working at a communal clinic in the Babelsberg neighborhood , as a preparatory step to continuing her medical studies at an East German university . During this period , she met architect Jorge Leopoldo Dávalos Cartes , another Chilean exile , whom she married in 1977 . In January 1978 she went to Leipzig to learn German at the Karl Marx Universitys Herder Institute ( now the University of Leipzig ) . Her first child with Dávalos , Jorge Alberto Sebastián , was born there in June 1978 . She returned to Potsdam in September 1978 to continue her medical studies at the Humboldt University of Berlin for two years . Five months after enrolling as a student , however , she obtained authorization to return to her country . Return to Chile . After four years in exile , Bachelet returned to Chile in 1979 . Her medical school credits from the GDR were not transferred , forcing her to resume her studies where she had left off before fleeing the country . She graduated as physician-surgeon on 7 January 1983 . She wished to work in the public sector wherever attention was most needed , applying for a position as general practitioner ; her petition was rejected by the military government on political grounds . Instead , owing to her academic performance and published papers , she earned a scholarship from the Chilean Medical Chamber to specialize in pediatrics and public health at the University of Chiles Roberto del Río Childrens Hospital ( 1983–86 ) . She completed the program with excellent grades but for financial reasons did not obtain her certification . During this time she also worked at PIDEE ( Protection of Children Injured by States of Emergency Foundation ) , a non-governmental organization helping children of the tortured and missing in Santiago and Chillán . She was head of the foundations Medical Department between 1986 and 1990 . Some time after her second child with Dávalos , Francisca Valentina , was born in February 1984 , she and her husband legally separated . Between 1985 and 1987 , Bachelet had a romantic relationship with Alex Vojkovic Trier , an engineer and spokesman for the Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front , an armed group that , among other activities , attempted to assassinate Pinochet in 1986 . The affair was a minor issue during her presidential campaign , during which she argued that she never supported any of Vojkovics activities . After Chile made a transition to democracy in 1990 , Bachelet worked for the Ministry of Healths West Santiago Health Service and was a consultant for the Pan-American Health Organization , the World Health Organization and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit . While working for the National AIDS Commission ( Conasida ) she became romantically involved with Aníbal Hernán Henríquez Marich , a fellow physician – and right-wing Pinochet supporter – who fathered her third child , Sofía Catalina , in December 1992 ; their relationship ended a few years later . Between March 1994 and July 1997 , Bachelet worked as Senior Assistant to the Deputy Health Minister . Driven by an interest in civil-military relations , in 1996 Bachelet began studies in military strategy at the National Academy of Political and Strategic Studies ( ANEPE ) in Chile , obtaining first place in her class . Her student achievement earned her a presidential scholarship , permitting her to continue her studies in the United States at the Inter-American Defense College in Washington , D.C. , completing a Continental Defense Course in 1998 . That same year she returned to Chile to work for the Defense Ministry as Senior Assistant to the Defense Minister . She subsequently graduated from a Masters program in military science at the Chilean Armys War Academy . Early political career . Involvement in politics . In her first year as a university student ( 1970 ) , Bachelet became a member of the Socialist Youth ( then presided by future deputy and later disappeared physician Carlos Lorca , who has been cited as her political mentor ) , and was an active supporter of the Popular Unity . In the immediate aftermath of the coup , she and her mother worked as couriers for the underground Socialist Party directorate that was trying to organize a resistance movement ; eventually almost all of them were captured and disappeared . Following her return from exile she became politically active during the second half of the 1980s , fighting – though not on the front line – for the re-establishment of democracy in Chile . In 1995 she became part of the partys Central Committee , and from 1998 until 2000 she was an active member of the Political Commission . In 1996 Bachelet ran against future presidential adversary Joaquín Lavín for the mayorship of Las Condes , a wealthy Santiago suburb and a right-wing stronghold . Lavín won the 22-candidate election with nearly 78% of the vote , while she finished fourth with 2.35% . At the 1999 presidential primary of the Concertación , Chiles governing coalition from 1990 to 2010 , she worked for Ricardo Lagoss nomination , heading the Santiago electoral zone . Minister of Health . On 11 March 2000 , Bachelet – virtually unknown at the time – was appointed Minister of Health by President Ricardo Lagos . She began an in-depth study of the public health-care system that led to the AUGE plan a few years later . She was also given the task of eliminating waiting lists in the saturated public hospital system within the first 100 days of Lagoss government . She reduced waiting lists by 90% , but was unable to eliminate them completely and offered her resignation , which was promptly rejected by the President . She authorized free distribution of the morning-after pill for victims of sexual abuse , generating controversy . Minister of National Defense . On 7 January 2002 , she was appointed Minister of National Defense , becoming the first woman to hold this post in a Latin American country and one of the few in the world . While Minister of Defense she promoted reconciliatory gestures between the military and victims of the dictatorship , culminating in the historic 2003 declaration by General Juan Emilio Cheyre , head of the army , that never again would the military subvert democracy in Chile . She also oversaw a reform of the military pension system and continued with the process of modernization of the Chilean armed forces with the purchasing of new military equipment , while engaging in international peace operations . A moment which has been cited as key to Bachelets chances to the presidency came in mid-2002 during a flood in northern Santiago where she , as Defense Minister , led a rescue operation on top of an amphibious tank , wearing a cloak and military cap . 2005–2006 presidential election . In late 2004 , following a surge of her popularity in opinion polls , Bachelet was considered the only politician of the Coalition of Parties for Democracy ( Concertación de los Partidos por la Democracia ; CPD ) able to defeat Joaquín Lavín , and she was asked to become the Socialists candidate for the presidency . At first hesitant to accept the nomination as it was never one of her goals , she finally agreed because she felt she could not disappoint her supporters . On 1 October of that year she was freed from her government post in order to begin her campaign and to help the CPD at the municipal elections held later that month . On 28 January 2005 she was named the Socialist Partys candidate for president . An open primary scheduled for July 2005 to define the sole presidential candidate of the CPD was canceled after Bachelets only rival , Christian Democrat Soledad Alvear , a cabinet member in the first three CPD administrations , pulled out early due to a lack of support within her own party and in opinion polls . In the December 2005 election , Bachelet faced the center-right candidate Sebastián Piñera ( RN ) , the right-wing candidate Joaquín Lavín ( UDI ) and the leftist candidate Tomás Hirsch ( JPM ) . As the opinion polls had forecast , she failed to obtain the absolute majority needed to win the election outright , winning 46% of the vote . In the runoff election on 15 January 2006 , Bachelet faced Piñera , and won the presidency with 53.5% of the vote , thus becoming her countrys first female elected president and the first woman who was not the wife of a previous head of state or political leader to reach the presidency of a Latin American nation in a direct election . On 30 January 2006 , after being declared President-elect by the Elections Qualifying Court ( Tricel ) , Bachelet announced her cabinet of ministers , which was unprecedentedly composed of an equal number of men and women , as was promised during her campaign . In keeping with the Coalitions internal balance of power she named seven ministers from the Christian Democrat Party ( PDC ) , five from the Party for Democracy ( PPD ) , four from the Socialist Party ( PS ) , one from the Social Democrat Radical Party ( PRSD ) and three without party affiliation . First presidency ( 2006–2010 ) . First days . Bachelet was sworn in as President of the Republic of Chile on 11 March 2006 in a ceremony held in a plenary session of the National Congress in Valparaíso attended by many foreign heads of states and delegates . Much of Bachelets first three months as president were spent working on 36 measures she had promised during her campaign to implement during her first 100 days in office . They ranged from simple presidential decrees , such as providing free health care for older patients , to complex bills to reform the social security system and the electoral system . For her first state visit , Bachelet chose Argentina , arriving in Buenos Aires on 21 March . There she met with president Néstor Kirchner , with whom she signed strategic agreements on energy and infrastructure , including the possibility of launching a bidding process to operate the Transandine Railway . Domestic affairs . Social policies . In March 2006 Bachelet created an advisory committee to reform the pension system , which was headed by former budget director Mario Marcel . The commission issued its final report in July 2006 , and in March 2008 Bachelet signed the bill into law . The new legislation established a Basic Solidarity Pension ( PBS ) and a Solidarity Pension Contribution ( APS ) , guaranteeing a minimum pension for the 60% poorest segment of the population , regardless of their contribution history . The reform also grants a bonus to female pensioners for every child born alive . In October 2006 Bachelet enacted legislation to protect subcontracted employees , which would benefit an estimated 1.2 million workers . In June 2009 she introduced pay equality legislation , guaranteeing equal pay for equal work in the private sector , regardless of gender . In September 2009 Bachelet signed the Chile Grows with You plan into law , providing comprehensive social services to vulnerable children from ages zero to six . That law also established a social welfare management framework called the Intersectoral Social Protection System , made up of subsystems such as Chile Solidario and Chile Grows with You . Between 2008 and 2010 the Bachelet administration delivered a so-called literary briefcase ( a box of books including encyclopedias , dictionaries , poetry works and books for both children and adults ) to the 400,000 poorest families with children attending primary school from first to fourth grade . In March 2009 , Bachelet launched the I Choose my PC program , awarding free computers to poor seventh-graders with excellent academic performance attending government-subsidized schools . During 2009 and 2010 Bachelet delivered maternity packages to all babies born in public hospitals , which are about 80% of total births . In January 2010 , Bachelet promulgated a law allowing the distribution of Emergency contraception pills in public and private health centers , including to persons under 14 , without parental consent . The law also requires high schools to add a sexual education program to their curriculum . Student protests . Bachelets first political crisis came in late April 2006 , when massive high school student demonstrations – unseen in three decades – broke out throughout the country , demanding better public education . In June 2006 , she sought to dampen the student protests by setting up an 81-member advisory committee , including education experts from all political backgrounds , representatives of ethnic groups , parents , teachers , students , school owners , university rectors , people from diverse religious denominations , etc . Its purpose was to propose changes to the countrys educational system and serve as a forum to share ideas and views . The committee issued its final report in December 2006 . In August 2009 , she signed the education reform bill into law , which created two new regulatory bodies : a Superintendency on Education and a Quality Agency . Transantiago . During her presidency Bachelet opened 18 new subway stations in Santiago , nine in 2006 , one in 2009 and eight in 2010 . In December 2009 Bachelet announced the construction of a new subway line in Santiago , to be operational by 2014 ( the date was later changed to mid-2016 ) . In February 2007 Santiagos transport system was radically altered with the introduction of Transantiago , designed under the previous administration . The system was nearly unanimously condemned by the media , the users and the opposition , significantly damaging her popularity , and leading to the sacking of her Transport minister . On her decision not to abort the plans start , she said in April 2007 she was given erroneous information which caused her to act against her instincts . In September 2008 , Chiles Constitutional Court declared a US$400 million loan by the Inter-American Development Bank to fund the transport system unconstitutional . Bachelet – who had been forced to ask for the loan after Congress had refused to approve funds for the beleaguered program in November 2007 – made use of an emergency clause in the Constitution that grants funds equivalent to 2% of the fiscal budget . In November 2008 , she invoked the emergency clause again after Congress denied once again funds for the system for 2009 . 2010 earthquake . On 27 February 2010 , in the last week of summer vacations and less than two weeks before Bachelets term expired , Chile was ravaged by an 8.8-magnitude earthquake that killed more than 500 people , toppled apartment buildings and bridges and triggered tsunamis that wiped away entire fishing villages . Bachelet and the government were criticized for a slow response to the disaster , which hit on a Saturday at 3:34 am . and left most of the country without electricity , phone or Internet access . Bachelet declared a state of catastrophe and on Sunday afternoon sent military troops to the most affected areas in an effort to quell scenes of looting and arson . She imposed night curfews in the most affected cities . She was criticized for not deploying the troops fast enough . Human rights . In January 2009 Bachelet opened the Museum of Memory in Santiago , documenting the horrors of Pinochets 16-and-a-half-year dictatorship . In November she promulgated a law ( submitted to Congress during the previous administration ) creating the National Institute for Human Rights , with the goal of protecting and promoting human rights in the country . The law also allowed for the reopening of the Rettig and Valech commissions for 18 months . She used her power as president to send a bill to legalize gay marriages , and sponsored a reproductive rights bill , On 10 August 2018 the outgoing UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein warmly welcomed the UN General Assembly’s appointment of Michelle Bachelet to succeed him . He said that She has all the attributes – courage , perseverance , passion , and a deep commitment to human rights Other legislation passed . In August 2008 , Bachelet signed a freedom of information bill into law , which became effective in April 2009 . In January 2010 , Bachelet enacted a law creating the Ministry for the Environment . The new legislation also created the Environmental Evaluation Service and the Superintendency for the Environment . Half of the ministries in her first government were occupied by women ; in her successors team , Sebastián Piñera , 18% were . Economy . Bachelet was widely credited for resisting calls from politicians from her own coalition to spend the huge copper revenues to close the countrys income gap . Instead in 2007 she created the Economic and Social Stabilization Fund , a sovereign wealth fund which accumulates fiscal surpluses which are above 1% of GDP . This allowed her to finance new social policies and provide economic stimulus packages when the 2008 financial crisis hit the country . During Bachelets four years in office the economy grew at an average of 3.3% ( 2.3% in per capita terms ) , with a high of 5.7% in 2006 and a negative growth of −1.0% in 2009 due to the global financial crisis . The minimum wage increased an average of 2% per year in real terms ( the lowest of any president since 1990 ) , while unemployment hovered between seven and eight percent during her first three years and rose to nearly 11% during 2009 . Inflation averaged 4.5% during her term , reaching close to 9% during 2008 due to an increase in food prices . Absolute poverty fell from 13.7% in November 2006 to 11.5% in November 2009 . Political issues . Bachelet began her term with an unprecedented absolute majority in both chambers of Congress – before appointed senators were eliminated in the 2005 constitutional reforms the CPD never had a majority in the Senate – but she was soon faced with internal opposition from a number of dissatisfied lawmakers from both chambers of Congress , the so-called díscolos ( disobedient , ungovernable ) , which jeopardized the coalitions narrow and historic congressional majority on a number of key executive-sponsored bills during much of her first two years in office , and forced her to negotiate with a right-wing opposition she saw as obstructionist . During 2007 the CPD lost its absolute majority in both chambers of Congress , as several senators and deputies from that coalition became independent . In December 2006 , Pinochet died . Bachelet decided not to grant him a state funeral , an honour bestowed upon constitutionally elected Chilean presidents , but a military funeral as former commander-in-chief of the Army appointed by President Salvador Allende . She also refused to declare an official national day of mourning , but did authorize flags at military barracks to fly at half staff . Pinochets coffin was also allowed to be draped in a Chilean flag . Bachelet did not attend his funeral , saying it would be a violation of [ her ] conscience , and sent Defense Minister Vivianne Blanlot . In April 2008 , Bachelets Education Minister , Yasna Provoste , was impeached by Congress for her handling of a scandal involving mismanagement of school subsidies . Her conviction was the first for a sitting minister in 36 years . Foreign relations . Argentina . During her first year in office Bachelet faced continuing problems from neighbors Argentina and Peru . In July 2006 she sent a letter of protest to Argentine president Néstor Kirchner after his government issued a decree increasing export tariffs on natural gas to Chile , which was considered by Bachelet to be a violation of a tacit bilateral agreement . A month later a long-standing border dispute resurfaced after Argentina published some tourist maps showing contested territory in the south – the Southern Patagonian Ice Field ( Campo de Hielo Patagónico Sur ) – as Argentine , violating an agreement not to define a border over the area . Peru . In early 2007 , Peru accused Chile of unilaterally redefining their shared sea boundary in a section of a law passed by Congress that detailed the borders of the new administrative region of Arica and Parinacota . The impasse was resolved by the Chilean Constitutional Tribunal , which declared that section unconstitutional . In March 2007 , the Chilean state-owned and independent public broadcaster Televisión Nacional de Chile ( TVN ) canceled the broadcast of a documentary about the War of the Pacific after a cautionary call was made to the stations’ board of directors by Chilean Foreign Relations Minister Alejandro Foxley , apparently acting on demands made by the Peruvian ambassador to Chile ; the show was finally broadcast in late May of that year . In August 2007 the Chilean government filed a formal diplomatic protest with Peru and summoned home its ambassador after Peru published an official map claiming a part of the Pacific Ocean that Chile considers its sovereign territory . Peru said this was just another step in its plans to bring the dispute to the International Court of Justice in The Hague . In January 2008 Peru asked the court to consider the dispute , prompting Bachelet to summon home the Chilean ambassador in Lima for consultations . UN voting deadlock . Chiles 16 October 2006 vote in the United Nations Security Council election – with Venezuela and Guatemala deadlocked in a bid for the two-year , non-permanent Latin American and Caribbean seat on the Security Council – developed into a major ideological issue in the country and was seen as a test for Bachelet . The governing coalition was divided between the Socialists , who supported a vote for Venezuela , and the Christian Democrats , who strongly opposed it . The day before the vote the president announced ( through her spokesman ) that Chile would abstain , citing a lack of regional consensus on a single candidate , ending months of speculation . In March 2007 Chiles ambassador to Venezuela , Claudio Huepe , revealed in an interview with teleSUR that Bachelet personally told him that she initially wanted to vote for Venezuela , but then there were a series of circumstances that forced me to abstain . The government quickly recalled Huepe and accepted his resignation . Unasur . In May 2008 , Bachelet became the first President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations ( Unasur ) and in September she called for an urgent summit after Bolivian President Evo Morales warned of a possible coup attempt against him . The presidents of Bolivia , Ecuador , Uruguay , Argentina , Paraguay , Brazil and Colombia , and the Secretary-General of the Organization of American States , met with Bachelet at the La Moneda Palace in Santiago , where they agreed to send two commissions to Bolivia : one to mediate between the executive and the opposition , and another to investigate the killings in Pando Department . Cuba visit . In February 2009 , Bachelet visited Cuba and met with Fidel Castro . There she urged the United States to put an end to the embargo . No Chilean head of state had visited the country in 37 years . The meeting with Castro backfired when Castro wrote a day later that the fascist and vengeful Chilean oligarchy is the same which more than 100 years ago robbed Bolivia of its access to the Pacific and of copper-rich lands in a humiliating war . Progressive Leaders summit . In March 2009 , Bachelet hosted in Viña del Mar the Progressive Leaders Summit , meeting with U.S . Vice President Joe Biden , British Prime Minister Gordon Brown , Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero and presidents Tabaré Vázquez of Uruguay , Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva of Brazil and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of Argentina . The meeting garnered some media interest because it took place six days before the highly anticipated G-20 Summit in London . Trade . Continuing the coalitions free-trade strategy , in August 2006 Bachelet promulgated a free trade agreement with the Peoples Republic of China ( signed under the previous administration of Ricardo Lagos ) , the first Chinese free-trade agreement with a Latin American nation ; similar deals with Japan and India were promulgated in August 2007 . In October 2006 , Bachelet promulgated a multilateral trade deal with New Zealand , Singapore and Brunei , the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership ( P4 ) , also signed under Lagoss presidency . She held free-trade talks with other countries , including Australia , Vietnam , Turkey and Malaysia . Regionally , she signed bilateral free trade agreements with Panama , Peru and Colombia . Other policies . In October 2007 , Bachelet granted amnesty to undocumented migrants from other Latin American countries . The measure was expected to benefit around 15,000 Peruvians and 2,000 Bolivians . In December 2007 she signed in Bolivia a trilateral agreement with the presidents of Brazil and Bolivia to complete and improve a 4,700 km road to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans , via Arica and Iquique in Chile and Santos in Brazil . In May 2008 , following months of intense lobbying , Chile was elected as member of the United Nations Human Rights Council , obtaining the largest vote among Latin American countries . In December 2009 Chile became the first country in South America , and the second in Latin America after Mexico , to receive an invitation to join the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) . Bachelet signed the accession agreement in January 2010 , but it formally became a member in May 2010 , after she had left office . Popularity . Bachelet enjoyed an approval rating above 50% for her first three months in office , during the so-called honeymoon period . Her popularity fell during the student protests that year , hovering in the mid-40s . In July she had a disastrous public relations incident when a group of residents she was visiting in the southern city of Chiguayante who were affected by a landslide berated her publicly on television , accusing her of using their tragedy to boost her falling popularity . One woman demanded that she leave the scene so rescue efforts could continue . In July , after only four months in office , Bachelet was forced to reshuffle her cabinet , in what was the fastest ministerial adjustment since 1990 . Bachelets popularity dipped further in her second year , reaching a low of 35% approval , 46% disapproval in September 2007 . This fall was mainly attributed to the Transantiago fiasco . That same month she had a second negative incident when a group of earthquake and tsunami victims she was visiting in the southern region of Aisén received her bearing black flags and accused her of showing up late . The city mayor , who told Bachelet to go to hell , later apologized . Over the following 12 months , however , Bachelets approval ratings did not improve . At the onset of the global financial crisis in September 2008 Bachelets popularity was at 42% , but gradually her job approval ratings began to rise . When she left office in March 2010 her popular support was at a record 84% , according to conservative polling institute Adimark GfK . The Chilean Constitution does not allow a president to serve two consecutive terms and Bachelet endorsed Christian Democratic Party candidate Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle for the December 2009 election . Political interregnum . In April 2010 , Bachelet inaugurated her own think-tank , Fundación Dialoga . Its headquarters are located in Providencia , a suburb of Santiago . Bachelet is a member of the Club of Madrid , the worlds largest forum of former heads of state and government . Since 2010 she has also been a member of the Inter-American Dialogue , the leading think tank on Western Hemisphere relations and affairs , and served as the organizations co-chair . On 14 September 2010 , Bachelet was appointed head of the newly created United Nations body UN Women by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon . She took office on 19 September 2010 . On 15 March 2013 she announced her resignation . 2013 presidential election . On 27 March 2013 , Bachelet announced that she would seek a second term as President of Chile in the 2013 elections . The well-respected CEP released a poll in May 2012 suggesting that 51% of voters wished to see her become the next president , far ahead of any other would-be candidate . On 30 June 2013 , Bachelet became the Nueva Mayorías candidate for president after she won a four-way primary election with the support of five center and left parties ( PS , PPD , PC , IC , MAS ) and 73% of the vote . In the 17 November 2013 presidential election , Bachelet fell short of the absolute majority needed for an outright win . In the runoff election , held on 15 December of that year , she beat former senator and Minister of Labor Evelyn Matthei with over 62% of the vote ; turnout was significantly lower than in the first round . Second presidency ( 2014–2018 ) . Bachelet was sworn in as President of the Republic of Chile for a second time on 11 March 2014 at the National Congress in Valparaíso . Isabel Allende , daughter of former President Salvador Allende , as the newly elected President of the Senate , administered the affirmation of office to Bachelet , the first time in the countrys history both parties involved were women . Domestic policies . Education reform . Among one of Bachelets main campaign promises for the 2013 election was the introduction of free university education in Chile and the end of profit-making educational institutions , as a response to the 2011–13 Chilean student protests . The intention was that revenue from the increase in corporate tax rate by 2017 would be used to fund free education . The proposals were criticized and quickly became unpopular due to the opposition from students who felt that the proposals did not go far enough in removing profit making . Opposition parties , lower middle class voters and certain members of Bachelets New Majority coalition attacked the proposals as the law that would prevent individuals from earning profits on public resources would not address making improvements in quality of education . In 2015 , the Chile Constitutional Court rejected large portions of Bachelets plan to offer free college education to half of the nations poorest students on grounds that requiring them to attend certain schools participating in the program could be considered discrimination . However , what remained of the plan allowed Bachelet to send 200,000 students from low-income families to college free of cost . In January 2018 , the Chilean Senate passed a law guaranteeing free education which was supported by conservative opposition parties as well , allowing the poorest 60% of students to study for free and doubled state funding for public universities . The new legislation created a higher education Superintendent empowered to supervise and penalize institutions which do not provide quality of education or have for-profit operations . Tax reform . In September 2014 , the Chilean Congress passed Bachelets tax reform proposal which aimed to increase revenue by 3% of gross domestic product . Measures included in the reform were : - increased corporate tax rate from 20% to 25% or 27% - the maximum tax bracket for personal income tax lowered to 35 percent from 40 percent starting in 2018 - increased excise taxes for sweetened beverages , alcohol and tobacco - Green taxes including a tax on carbon emissions for thermoelectric plants bigger than 50 MW and a tax on the import of diesel vehicles with higher cylinder capacity , excluding work vehicles - measures against tax evasion Critics blamed tax reforms for complexity driving away investment and blamed for the slowdown of the Chilean economy during Bachelets second period in office . However , Bachelets supporters argue that falling copper prices were more to blame for the economic slowdown . They argue that economic forecasts of faster growth in conjunction with rising copper prices and exports from 2018 onwards ( after Bachelets term ) suggest that the tax reforms did not negatively affect the economy . Others , such as MIT-trained economist and academic Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel , have found that Chiles overall terms of trade under Bachelets second term worsened only marginally compared to those of her predecessor Sebastián Piñera , due in part to a lower cost of key imports like petroleum . Consequently , he concludes that Bachelets reforms and governance likely were instrumental in causing a period of dampened growth throughout her presidency . Environmental policy . After Easter Islands Rapa Nui inhabitants voted 73% in favor of establishing a conservation zone , Michelle Bachelet designated a new 720,000 square kilometer protection area in September 2017 , protecting at least 142 endemic marine species , including 27 threatened with extinction . Five new national parks in the Patagonia region were created under a presidential decree , covering 10 million acres in January 2018 , including 1 million acres of land contributed by conservationist Kris Tompkins . On 9 March 2018 , Bachelet created nine marine reserves to protect biodiversity with her final presidential decree , increasing the area of the sea under state protection from 4.2 percent to 42.4 percent . The measure is expected to benefit marine life in approximately 1.4 million square kilometers . Civil unions and same-sex marriage . When Michelle Bachelet again took office of President in March 2014 , she made passing Piñeras civil union bill a priority . The name of the bill was changed to Civil Union Pact ( Pacto de Unión Civil ) on 17 December , and Congress reiterated their intention to hold the final vote by January 2015 . On 6 January 2015 , a provision recognizing foreign marriages as civil unions was approved in the Constitutional Committee while the child adoption clause was turned down . The bill went to a final vote before both the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies as it was amended . On 13 January , the full Chamber of Deputies reinserted the adoption provision . On 20 January 2015 , the Chamber approved the bill on a vote of 86 to 23 with 2 abstentions . On 27 January , the Senate rejected all the Chambers amendments , so the bill was headed to the joint committee of both houses . The committee reached the agreement in regard to the text of the bill and changed its name to Civil Union Agreement ( Acuerdo de Unión Civil ) the same day . The bill was passed in both houses on 28 January 2015 . Several lawmakers asked the Chilean Constitutional Court to verify the bills constitutionality , which was upheld by the court in a ruling released on 6 April 2015 . The bill was signed into law by President Bachelet on 13 April 2015 . It was published in the Official Gazette on 21 April 2015 and took effect on 22 October 2015 . Chiles civil union provisions enable couples to claim pension benefits and inherit property if their civil partner dies as well as more easily co-own property and make medical decisions for one another . The Government estimated at the time of the law going into effect that some two million Chilean couples cohabiting could have their unions legally recognized . In the day following the law going into effect , approximately 1,600 couples signed up to register their unions . On 1 December 2016 , the Chamber of Deputies unanimously approved ( except for 6 abstentions ) a bill to give couples who enter in a civil union five days off , like what married couples have . The bill was approved by the Senate in October 2017 , in a unanimous 15–0 vote . Womens rights and abortion . A new Ministry for Women and Gender Inequality was formed , replacing the National Womens Service in June 2016 which aimed to formulate policies against abuse of women and gender inequality . Claudia Pascual was appointed as the first ever Minister for Women and Gender Inequality . The Chilean Congress approved Bachelets abortion legalization bill in some circumstances in July 2017 , but was subjected to challenge in the Constitutional Court . Later , Chiles total abortion ban implemented under the Pinochet regime in 1989 was lifted in August 2017 after the Constitutional Court voted 6–4 to allow the procedure under some circumstances : in cases of pregnancy as a result of rape ( up to 12 weeks ) , if the fetus endangers the mothers life , or if the fetus is not viable . Prior to this , Chile was one of only four nations in the Americas that had a total ban on abortions , the others being El Salvador , Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic . Constitutional and political reform . The Chilean Congress passed Bachelets proposed abolishment of the binomial voting system introduced by the Augusto Pinochet regime and restoring proportional representation for election to both chambers of the Chilean Congress and requirements that 40% of candidates nominated are female in January 2015 . The new system took effect from the 2017 elections , increasing the members of the Chamber of Deputies from 120 to 155 seats and the Senate from 38 seats to 43 seats in 2017 and 50 seats in 2021 . As a result , the 2017 election saw the end of the dominance of Bachelets New Majority and conservative coalitions and increased number of new political parties represented in Congress . Following revelations that President Bachelets son and daughter in-law were caught in an influence-peddling scandal , she appointed a Presidential Advisory Council on Conflicts of Interest , Influence Peddling , and Corruption ( known as the Engel Commission ) headed by economist Eduardo Engel . Subsequently , reforms recommended by the commission were implemented which included , ability to remove politicians from office if found guilty for transparency and election spending limits violations with disqualification for two subsequent elections and constitutional autonomy to Chiles electoral service ( SERVEL ) , giving it complete independence from the government to more effectively oversee electoral processes and the functioning of politics in general . In 2016 , overseas voting rights for Chilean women and men living outside the country were introduced , allowing Chilean citizens who live abroad to exercise their right to vote beginning from the 2017 elections . Foreign policy . Trade . On 8 March 2018 , three days before Bachelet left office , the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership ( CPTPP ) multilateral trade agreement was signed in Santiago with Chile and 10 other signatory countries in the Asia Pacific region , following renegotiation of the original Trans-Pacific Partnership ( TPP ) which was signed in February 2016 . The TPP was renegotiated into the CPTPP following the United States withdrawal from the original TPP in January 2017 . Popularity . In September 2015 , Bachelets approval rating was 24% , compared to 72% disapproval . Chileans support for her dropped sharply after revelations of corruption scandals such as the Caval scandal , which involved her son and daughter-in-law accepting millions of dollars in the form of a loan from Vice-Chairman of the Banco de Chile Andrónico Luksic Craig . The couples company ( Caval ) used the money to purchase land and resell it at a $5 million profit after repaying the loan . Bachelet maintains that she was unaware of her familys actions and found out about the agreement between Luksic and her daughter-in-law through the press . By August 2016 , Bachelets approval rating dropped to 15% , the lowest for any President since the return of free elections in 1990 , and in March 2017 , Bachelets approval rating remained low , at about 23% . Bachelet left office in March 2018 with an approval rating at 39% according to Adimark , in contrast to the 84% rating when she left office in 2010 . UN High Commissioner for Human Rights ( 2018 ) . On 10 September 2018 , Bachelet urged China to allow observers into Xinjiang and expressed concern about the situation there . She said that : ’’The UN rights group had shown that Uyghurs and other Muslims are being detained in camps across Xinjiang and I expect discussions with Chinese officials to begin soon’’ . China called for Bachelet to respect its sovereignty . In September 2018 , Bachelet criticized Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen . She has called on Saudi Arabia to hold accountable those responsible for airstrikes on civilians in Yemen . On 5 October 2019 , Bachelet said she was “troubled” by Hong Kong’s increasingly violent pro-democracy protests , and stressed that any measures to quell the unrest must be grounded in law . She also stated that Freedom of peaceful assembly … should be enjoyed without restriction to the greatest extent possible . But on the other hand , we cannot accept people who use masks to provoke violence . Regarding the November 2019 Iranian protests , Nasrin Sotoudeh a jailed Iranian lawyer , asked Bachelet to administrate an independent investigation into the alleged atrocities committed by the Iranian security forces in the uprising . On 9 October 2020 , Bachelet expressed concern about the suffering of civilians during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan . In January 2021 , in preparation for the 2021 spring session of the UN Human Rights Council , Bachelet has issued a hard hitting report on Sri Lanka . The report severely criticizes the failure of the current Sri Lankan government to address documented accusations of grave and numerous human rights crimes perpetrated during and after the Civil war in Sri Lanka , even though the war ended in 2009 . Media and educational Honours . Awards and media recognition . - Ranked 17th most powerful women in the world by Forbes magazine in 2006 ( she was No . 22 in 2009 , No . 25 in 2008 , and No . 27 in 2007. ) As of 2014 , she was ranked 25th . - Defense of Freedom and Democracy Award by Ramón Rubial Foundation ( January 2007 ) . - Ranked worlds 15th most influential person by TIME magazine in 2008 . - Shalom Award by the World Jewish Congress ( June 2008 ) . - Maximum Leadership Award ( Argentina , October 2008 ) . - Global Trailblazer Award by Vital Voices ( October 2008 ) . - South American Football Honorary Order of Merit in the Extraordinary Great Collar degree by CONMEBOL in July 2009 . She is the first woman to receive such recognition . - Keys to the City of Lisbon ( December 2009 ) - Woman of the Bicentenary at the 2010 Energy of Woman Awards by Chilectra ( April 2010 ) . - Federation of Progressive Womens International Prize ( Spain , November 2010 ) . - Keys to the City of Miami ( November 2010 ) . - The Association of Bi-National Chambers of Commerce in Floridas 2010 Award for Leadership in Global Trade ( November 2010 ) . - Member , Inter-American Dialogue ( since 2010 ) - Washington Office on Latin Americas Human Rights Award ( November 2010 ) . - Womens eNews Newsmaker of the Decade Award ( May 2011 ) . - Ministry of Defense of Argentinas first Generala Juana Azurduy Award ( April 2012 ) . - Eisenhower Fellowshipss Eisenhower Medal for Leadership and Service ( May 2012 ) . - 2012 – 10 Most Influential Ibero American Intellectuals of the year – Foreign Policy magazine Honorary degrees . - University of Brasilia ( April 2006 ) . - Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala ( May 2007 ) . - University of Essex ( April 2008 ) . - Pompeu Fabra University ( May 2010 ) . - National University of Córdoba ( June 2010 ) . - Catholic University of Córdoba ( June 2010 ) . - Universidad Internacional Menéndez Pelayo ( September 2010 ) . - Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo ( November 2010 ) . - ( November 2010 ) . - Columbia University ( May 2012 ) . - Freiberg University of Mining and Technology ( October 2014 ) . - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven ( June 2015 ) . - University of Évora ( March 2017 ) . International Honours . National honours . - Grand Master ( 2006-2010/2014-2018 ) and Collar of the Order of Bernardo OHiggins - Grand Master ( 2006-2010/2014-2018 ) and Collar of the Order of Merit Foreign honours . - Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia , Australia ( 5 October 2012 ) . - Grand Collar of the National Order of San Lorenzo , Equador ( 2010 ) - Grand Cross with Chain of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary , Hungary ( 2008 ) - Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic , Italy ( 9 October 2007 ) . - Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose of Finland ( 2007 ) - Grand Cross with Golden Chain of the Order of Vytautas the Great , Lithuania ( 23 July 2008 ) . - Honorary Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm , Malaysia ( 2009 ) - Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle , Mexico ( 2007 ) - Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion , The Netherlands ( 25 May 2009 ) - Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry , Portugal ( 7 November 2007 ) - Grand Cross of the Order of Christ , Portugal ( 1 December 2009 ) - Grand Collar of the Order of Liberty , Portugal ( 30 March 2017 ) - Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic , Spain ( 26 February 2010 ) . - Collar of the Order of Charles III , Spain ( 30 October 2014 ) . - Member of Royal Order of the Seraphim , Sweden ( 10 May 2016 ) . Received on her state visit to Sweden . - Collar of the Order of the Liberator - Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( 2006 ) . Documentaries . - Michelle Bachelet – Symbol des neuen Chile ( Ebbo Demant/SWR , 2004 ) - La hija del General [ The Generals Daughter ] ( María Elena Wood/2006 ) Publications . - Bachelet , Michelle . 2002 . Los estudios comparados y la relación civil-militar . Reflexiones tras una década de consolidación democrática en Chile , Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad , 17 ( 4 ) : 29–35 . External links . - Official presidential campaign site - Biography by CIDOB Foundation - The woman taking Chiles top job ( BBC News ) - The unexpected travails of the woman who would be president ( The Economist , 8 December 2005 ) - Bachelets citizens democracy ( The Economist , 10 March 2006 ) - With a New Leader , Chile Seems to Shuck Its Strait Laces ( The New York Times , 8 March 2006 ) - Welcome Madam Chilean President to Washington ( Council on Hemispheric Affairs , 7 June 2006 )

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What position did Michelle Bachelet take in Mar 2018?

Michelle Bachelet Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria ( ; born 29 September 1951 ) is a Chilean politician who has served as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights since 2018 . She also previously served as President of Chile from 2006 to 2010 and 2014 to 2018 for the Socialist Party of Chile , she is the first woman to hold the Chilean presidency . After leaving the presidency in 2010 and while not immediately reelectable , she was appointed the first executive director of the newly created United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women . In December 2013 , Bachelet was reelected with over 62% of the vote , bettering the 54% she obtained in 2006 . She was the first President of Chile to be reelected since 1932 . Bachelet , a physician who has studied military strategy at university level , was Health Minister and Defense Minister under her predecessor , Ricardo Lagos . She is a separated mother of three and describes herself as an agnostic . She speaks English fluently , as well as some German and Portuguese . Family background . Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria is the second child of archaeologist Ángela Jeria Gómez ( 1926–2020 ) and Air Force Brigadier General Alberto Bachelet Martínez ( 1923–1974 ) . Bachelets paternal great-great-grandfather , Louis-Joseph Bachelet Lapierre , was a French wine merchant from Chassagne-Montrachet who immigrated to Chile with his Parisian wife , Françoise Jeanne Beault , in 1860 ; he was hired as a wine-making expert by the Subercaseaux vineyards in Santiago . Bachelet Lapierres son , Germán , was born in Santiago in 1862 , and in 1891 married Luisa Brandt Cadot , a Chilean of French and Swiss descent , giving birth in 1894 to Alberto Bachelet Brandt . Bachelets maternal great-grandfather , Máximo Jeria Chacón , of Spanish ( Basque region ) and Greek heritage , was the first person to receive a degree in agronomic engineering in Chile and founded several agronomy schools in the country . He married Lely Johnson , the daughter of an English physician working in Chile . Their son , Máximo Jeria Johnson , married Ángela Gómez Zamora . Their union produced five children , the fourth of whom is Bachelets mother . Early life and career . Childhood years . Bachelet was born in La Cisterna , a middle-class suburb of Santiago . She was named after French actress Michèle Morgan . Bachelet spent many of her childhood years traveling around her native Chile , moving with her family from one military base to another . She lived and attended primary schools in , among other places , Quintero , Antofagasta , and San Bernardo . In 1962 , she moved with her family to the United States , where her father was assigned to the military mission at the Chilean Embassy in Washington D.C . Her family lived for almost two years in Bethesda , Maryland , where she attended Western Junior High School and learned to speak English fluently . Returning to Chile in 1964 , she graduated in 1969 from Liceo Nº 1 Javiera Carrera , a prestigious girls public high school , finishing near the top of her class . There she was class president , a member of the choir and volleyball teams , and part of a theater group and a band , Las Clap Clap , which she co-founded and which toured around several school festivals . In 1970 , after obtaining a relatively high score on the university admission test , she entered medical school at the University of Chile , where she was selected in the 113th position ( out of 160 admitted applicants ) . She originally intended to study sociology or economics , but was prevailed upon by her father to study medicine instead . She has said she opted for medicine because it was a concrete way of helping people cope with pain and a way to contribute to improve health in Chile . Detention and exile . Facing growing food shortages , the government of Salvador Allende placed Bachelets father in charge of the Food Distribution Office . When General Augusto Pinochet suddenly came to power via the 11 September 1973 coup détat , Bachelets father was detained at the Air War Academy on charges of treason . Following months of daily torture at Santiagos Public Prison , he suffered a cardiac arrest that resulted in his death on 12 March 1974 . In early January 1975 , Bachelet and her mother were detained at their apartment by two DINA agents , who blindfolded them and drove them to Villa Grimaldi , a notorious secret detention center in Santiago , where they were separated and subjected to interrogation and torture . In 2013 , Bachelet revealed she had been interrogated by DINA chief Manuel Contreras there . Some days later , Bachelet was transferred to Cuatro Álamos ( Four Poplars ) detention center , where she was held until the end of January . Thanks to the assistance of Roberto Kozak , Bachelet was able to go into exile in Australia , where her older brother , Alberto , had moved in 1969 . Of her torture , Bachelet said , in 2004 , that it was nothing in comparison to what others suffered . She was yelled at using abusive language , shaken , and both she and her mother were threatened with the killing of the other . She was never tortured with electricity , but she did see it done to other prisoners . In May 1975 Bachelet left Australia and later moved to East Germany , to an apartment assigned to her by the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) government in Am Stern , Potsdam ; her mother joined her a month later , living separately in Leipzig . In October 1976 , she began working at a communal clinic in the Babelsberg neighborhood , as a preparatory step to continuing her medical studies at an East German university . During this period , she met architect Jorge Leopoldo Dávalos Cartes , another Chilean exile , whom she married in 1977 . In January 1978 she went to Leipzig to learn German at the Karl Marx Universitys Herder Institute ( now the University of Leipzig ) . Her first child with Dávalos , Jorge Alberto Sebastián , was born there in June 1978 . She returned to Potsdam in September 1978 to continue her medical studies at the Humboldt University of Berlin for two years . Five months after enrolling as a student , however , she obtained authorization to return to her country . Return to Chile . After four years in exile , Bachelet returned to Chile in 1979 . Her medical school credits from the GDR were not transferred , forcing her to resume her studies where she had left off before fleeing the country . She graduated as physician-surgeon on 7 January 1983 . She wished to work in the public sector wherever attention was most needed , applying for a position as general practitioner ; her petition was rejected by the military government on political grounds . Instead , owing to her academic performance and published papers , she earned a scholarship from the Chilean Medical Chamber to specialize in pediatrics and public health at the University of Chiles Roberto del Río Childrens Hospital ( 1983–86 ) . She completed the program with excellent grades but for financial reasons did not obtain her certification . During this time she also worked at PIDEE ( Protection of Children Injured by States of Emergency Foundation ) , a non-governmental organization helping children of the tortured and missing in Santiago and Chillán . She was head of the foundations Medical Department between 1986 and 1990 . Some time after her second child with Dávalos , Francisca Valentina , was born in February 1984 , she and her husband legally separated . Between 1985 and 1987 , Bachelet had a romantic relationship with Alex Vojkovic Trier , an engineer and spokesman for the Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front , an armed group that , among other activities , attempted to assassinate Pinochet in 1986 . The affair was a minor issue during her presidential campaign , during which she argued that she never supported any of Vojkovics activities . After Chile made a transition to democracy in 1990 , Bachelet worked for the Ministry of Healths West Santiago Health Service and was a consultant for the Pan-American Health Organization , the World Health Organization and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit . While working for the National AIDS Commission ( Conasida ) she became romantically involved with Aníbal Hernán Henríquez Marich , a fellow physician – and right-wing Pinochet supporter – who fathered her third child , Sofía Catalina , in December 1992 ; their relationship ended a few years later . Between March 1994 and July 1997 , Bachelet worked as Senior Assistant to the Deputy Health Minister . Driven by an interest in civil-military relations , in 1996 Bachelet began studies in military strategy at the National Academy of Political and Strategic Studies ( ANEPE ) in Chile , obtaining first place in her class . Her student achievement earned her a presidential scholarship , permitting her to continue her studies in the United States at the Inter-American Defense College in Washington , D.C. , completing a Continental Defense Course in 1998 . That same year she returned to Chile to work for the Defense Ministry as Senior Assistant to the Defense Minister . She subsequently graduated from a Masters program in military science at the Chilean Armys War Academy . Early political career . Involvement in politics . In her first year as a university student ( 1970 ) , Bachelet became a member of the Socialist Youth ( then presided by future deputy and later disappeared physician Carlos Lorca , who has been cited as her political mentor ) , and was an active supporter of the Popular Unity . In the immediate aftermath of the coup , she and her mother worked as couriers for the underground Socialist Party directorate that was trying to organize a resistance movement ; eventually almost all of them were captured and disappeared . Following her return from exile she became politically active during the second half of the 1980s , fighting – though not on the front line – for the re-establishment of democracy in Chile . In 1995 she became part of the partys Central Committee , and from 1998 until 2000 she was an active member of the Political Commission . In 1996 Bachelet ran against future presidential adversary Joaquín Lavín for the mayorship of Las Condes , a wealthy Santiago suburb and a right-wing stronghold . Lavín won the 22-candidate election with nearly 78% of the vote , while she finished fourth with 2.35% . At the 1999 presidential primary of the Concertación , Chiles governing coalition from 1990 to 2010 , she worked for Ricardo Lagoss nomination , heading the Santiago electoral zone . Minister of Health . On 11 March 2000 , Bachelet – virtually unknown at the time – was appointed Minister of Health by President Ricardo Lagos . She began an in-depth study of the public health-care system that led to the AUGE plan a few years later . She was also given the task of eliminating waiting lists in the saturated public hospital system within the first 100 days of Lagoss government . She reduced waiting lists by 90% , but was unable to eliminate them completely and offered her resignation , which was promptly rejected by the President . She authorized free distribution of the morning-after pill for victims of sexual abuse , generating controversy . Minister of National Defense . On 7 January 2002 , she was appointed Minister of National Defense , becoming the first woman to hold this post in a Latin American country and one of the few in the world . While Minister of Defense she promoted reconciliatory gestures between the military and victims of the dictatorship , culminating in the historic 2003 declaration by General Juan Emilio Cheyre , head of the army , that never again would the military subvert democracy in Chile . She also oversaw a reform of the military pension system and continued with the process of modernization of the Chilean armed forces with the purchasing of new military equipment , while engaging in international peace operations . A moment which has been cited as key to Bachelets chances to the presidency came in mid-2002 during a flood in northern Santiago where she , as Defense Minister , led a rescue operation on top of an amphibious tank , wearing a cloak and military cap . 2005–2006 presidential election . In late 2004 , following a surge of her popularity in opinion polls , Bachelet was considered the only politician of the Coalition of Parties for Democracy ( Concertación de los Partidos por la Democracia ; CPD ) able to defeat Joaquín Lavín , and she was asked to become the Socialists candidate for the presidency . At first hesitant to accept the nomination as it was never one of her goals , she finally agreed because she felt she could not disappoint her supporters . On 1 October of that year she was freed from her government post in order to begin her campaign and to help the CPD at the municipal elections held later that month . On 28 January 2005 she was named the Socialist Partys candidate for president . An open primary scheduled for July 2005 to define the sole presidential candidate of the CPD was canceled after Bachelets only rival , Christian Democrat Soledad Alvear , a cabinet member in the first three CPD administrations , pulled out early due to a lack of support within her own party and in opinion polls . In the December 2005 election , Bachelet faced the center-right candidate Sebastián Piñera ( RN ) , the right-wing candidate Joaquín Lavín ( UDI ) and the leftist candidate Tomás Hirsch ( JPM ) . As the opinion polls had forecast , she failed to obtain the absolute majority needed to win the election outright , winning 46% of the vote . In the runoff election on 15 January 2006 , Bachelet faced Piñera , and won the presidency with 53.5% of the vote , thus becoming her countrys first female elected president and the first woman who was not the wife of a previous head of state or political leader to reach the presidency of a Latin American nation in a direct election . On 30 January 2006 , after being declared President-elect by the Elections Qualifying Court ( Tricel ) , Bachelet announced her cabinet of ministers , which was unprecedentedly composed of an equal number of men and women , as was promised during her campaign . In keeping with the Coalitions internal balance of power she named seven ministers from the Christian Democrat Party ( PDC ) , five from the Party for Democracy ( PPD ) , four from the Socialist Party ( PS ) , one from the Social Democrat Radical Party ( PRSD ) and three without party affiliation . First presidency ( 2006–2010 ) . First days . Bachelet was sworn in as President of the Republic of Chile on 11 March 2006 in a ceremony held in a plenary session of the National Congress in Valparaíso attended by many foreign heads of states and delegates . Much of Bachelets first three months as president were spent working on 36 measures she had promised during her campaign to implement during her first 100 days in office . They ranged from simple presidential decrees , such as providing free health care for older patients , to complex bills to reform the social security system and the electoral system . For her first state visit , Bachelet chose Argentina , arriving in Buenos Aires on 21 March . There she met with president Néstor Kirchner , with whom she signed strategic agreements on energy and infrastructure , including the possibility of launching a bidding process to operate the Transandine Railway . Domestic affairs . Social policies . In March 2006 Bachelet created an advisory committee to reform the pension system , which was headed by former budget director Mario Marcel . The commission issued its final report in July 2006 , and in March 2008 Bachelet signed the bill into law . The new legislation established a Basic Solidarity Pension ( PBS ) and a Solidarity Pension Contribution ( APS ) , guaranteeing a minimum pension for the 60% poorest segment of the population , regardless of their contribution history . The reform also grants a bonus to female pensioners for every child born alive . In October 2006 Bachelet enacted legislation to protect subcontracted employees , which would benefit an estimated 1.2 million workers . In June 2009 she introduced pay equality legislation , guaranteeing equal pay for equal work in the private sector , regardless of gender . In September 2009 Bachelet signed the Chile Grows with You plan into law , providing comprehensive social services to vulnerable children from ages zero to six . That law also established a social welfare management framework called the Intersectoral Social Protection System , made up of subsystems such as Chile Solidario and Chile Grows with You . Between 2008 and 2010 the Bachelet administration delivered a so-called literary briefcase ( a box of books including encyclopedias , dictionaries , poetry works and books for both children and adults ) to the 400,000 poorest families with children attending primary school from first to fourth grade . In March 2009 , Bachelet launched the I Choose my PC program , awarding free computers to poor seventh-graders with excellent academic performance attending government-subsidized schools . During 2009 and 2010 Bachelet delivered maternity packages to all babies born in public hospitals , which are about 80% of total births . In January 2010 , Bachelet promulgated a law allowing the distribution of Emergency contraception pills in public and private health centers , including to persons under 14 , without parental consent . The law also requires high schools to add a sexual education program to their curriculum . Student protests . Bachelets first political crisis came in late April 2006 , when massive high school student demonstrations – unseen in three decades – broke out throughout the country , demanding better public education . In June 2006 , she sought to dampen the student protests by setting up an 81-member advisory committee , including education experts from all political backgrounds , representatives of ethnic groups , parents , teachers , students , school owners , university rectors , people from diverse religious denominations , etc . Its purpose was to propose changes to the countrys educational system and serve as a forum to share ideas and views . The committee issued its final report in December 2006 . In August 2009 , she signed the education reform bill into law , which created two new regulatory bodies : a Superintendency on Education and a Quality Agency . Transantiago . During her presidency Bachelet opened 18 new subway stations in Santiago , nine in 2006 , one in 2009 and eight in 2010 . In December 2009 Bachelet announced the construction of a new subway line in Santiago , to be operational by 2014 ( the date was later changed to mid-2016 ) . In February 2007 Santiagos transport system was radically altered with the introduction of Transantiago , designed under the previous administration . The system was nearly unanimously condemned by the media , the users and the opposition , significantly damaging her popularity , and leading to the sacking of her Transport minister . On her decision not to abort the plans start , she said in April 2007 she was given erroneous information which caused her to act against her instincts . In September 2008 , Chiles Constitutional Court declared a US$400 million loan by the Inter-American Development Bank to fund the transport system unconstitutional . Bachelet – who had been forced to ask for the loan after Congress had refused to approve funds for the beleaguered program in November 2007 – made use of an emergency clause in the Constitution that grants funds equivalent to 2% of the fiscal budget . In November 2008 , she invoked the emergency clause again after Congress denied once again funds for the system for 2009 . 2010 earthquake . On 27 February 2010 , in the last week of summer vacations and less than two weeks before Bachelets term expired , Chile was ravaged by an 8.8-magnitude earthquake that killed more than 500 people , toppled apartment buildings and bridges and triggered tsunamis that wiped away entire fishing villages . Bachelet and the government were criticized for a slow response to the disaster , which hit on a Saturday at 3:34 am . and left most of the country without electricity , phone or Internet access . Bachelet declared a state of catastrophe and on Sunday afternoon sent military troops to the most affected areas in an effort to quell scenes of looting and arson . She imposed night curfews in the most affected cities . She was criticized for not deploying the troops fast enough . Human rights . In January 2009 Bachelet opened the Museum of Memory in Santiago , documenting the horrors of Pinochets 16-and-a-half-year dictatorship . In November she promulgated a law ( submitted to Congress during the previous administration ) creating the National Institute for Human Rights , with the goal of protecting and promoting human rights in the country . The law also allowed for the reopening of the Rettig and Valech commissions for 18 months . She used her power as president to send a bill to legalize gay marriages , and sponsored a reproductive rights bill , On 10 August 2018 the outgoing UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein warmly welcomed the UN General Assembly’s appointment of Michelle Bachelet to succeed him . He said that She has all the attributes – courage , perseverance , passion , and a deep commitment to human rights Other legislation passed . In August 2008 , Bachelet signed a freedom of information bill into law , which became effective in April 2009 . In January 2010 , Bachelet enacted a law creating the Ministry for the Environment . The new legislation also created the Environmental Evaluation Service and the Superintendency for the Environment . Half of the ministries in her first government were occupied by women ; in her successors team , Sebastián Piñera , 18% were . Economy . Bachelet was widely credited for resisting calls from politicians from her own coalition to spend the huge copper revenues to close the countrys income gap . Instead in 2007 she created the Economic and Social Stabilization Fund , a sovereign wealth fund which accumulates fiscal surpluses which are above 1% of GDP . This allowed her to finance new social policies and provide economic stimulus packages when the 2008 financial crisis hit the country . During Bachelets four years in office the economy grew at an average of 3.3% ( 2.3% in per capita terms ) , with a high of 5.7% in 2006 and a negative growth of −1.0% in 2009 due to the global financial crisis . The minimum wage increased an average of 2% per year in real terms ( the lowest of any president since 1990 ) , while unemployment hovered between seven and eight percent during her first three years and rose to nearly 11% during 2009 . Inflation averaged 4.5% during her term , reaching close to 9% during 2008 due to an increase in food prices . Absolute poverty fell from 13.7% in November 2006 to 11.5% in November 2009 . Political issues . Bachelet began her term with an unprecedented absolute majority in both chambers of Congress – before appointed senators were eliminated in the 2005 constitutional reforms the CPD never had a majority in the Senate – but she was soon faced with internal opposition from a number of dissatisfied lawmakers from both chambers of Congress , the so-called díscolos ( disobedient , ungovernable ) , which jeopardized the coalitions narrow and historic congressional majority on a number of key executive-sponsored bills during much of her first two years in office , and forced her to negotiate with a right-wing opposition she saw as obstructionist . During 2007 the CPD lost its absolute majority in both chambers of Congress , as several senators and deputies from that coalition became independent . In December 2006 , Pinochet died . Bachelet decided not to grant him a state funeral , an honour bestowed upon constitutionally elected Chilean presidents , but a military funeral as former commander-in-chief of the Army appointed by President Salvador Allende . She also refused to declare an official national day of mourning , but did authorize flags at military barracks to fly at half staff . Pinochets coffin was also allowed to be draped in a Chilean flag . Bachelet did not attend his funeral , saying it would be a violation of [ her ] conscience , and sent Defense Minister Vivianne Blanlot . In April 2008 , Bachelets Education Minister , Yasna Provoste , was impeached by Congress for her handling of a scandal involving mismanagement of school subsidies . Her conviction was the first for a sitting minister in 36 years . Foreign relations . Argentina . During her first year in office Bachelet faced continuing problems from neighbors Argentina and Peru . In July 2006 she sent a letter of protest to Argentine president Néstor Kirchner after his government issued a decree increasing export tariffs on natural gas to Chile , which was considered by Bachelet to be a violation of a tacit bilateral agreement . A month later a long-standing border dispute resurfaced after Argentina published some tourist maps showing contested territory in the south – the Southern Patagonian Ice Field ( Campo de Hielo Patagónico Sur ) – as Argentine , violating an agreement not to define a border over the area . Peru . In early 2007 , Peru accused Chile of unilaterally redefining their shared sea boundary in a section of a law passed by Congress that detailed the borders of the new administrative region of Arica and Parinacota . The impasse was resolved by the Chilean Constitutional Tribunal , which declared that section unconstitutional . In March 2007 , the Chilean state-owned and independent public broadcaster Televisión Nacional de Chile ( TVN ) canceled the broadcast of a documentary about the War of the Pacific after a cautionary call was made to the stations’ board of directors by Chilean Foreign Relations Minister Alejandro Foxley , apparently acting on demands made by the Peruvian ambassador to Chile ; the show was finally broadcast in late May of that year . In August 2007 the Chilean government filed a formal diplomatic protest with Peru and summoned home its ambassador after Peru published an official map claiming a part of the Pacific Ocean that Chile considers its sovereign territory . Peru said this was just another step in its plans to bring the dispute to the International Court of Justice in The Hague . In January 2008 Peru asked the court to consider the dispute , prompting Bachelet to summon home the Chilean ambassador in Lima for consultations . UN voting deadlock . Chiles 16 October 2006 vote in the United Nations Security Council election – with Venezuela and Guatemala deadlocked in a bid for the two-year , non-permanent Latin American and Caribbean seat on the Security Council – developed into a major ideological issue in the country and was seen as a test for Bachelet . The governing coalition was divided between the Socialists , who supported a vote for Venezuela , and the Christian Democrats , who strongly opposed it . The day before the vote the president announced ( through her spokesman ) that Chile would abstain , citing a lack of regional consensus on a single candidate , ending months of speculation . In March 2007 Chiles ambassador to Venezuela , Claudio Huepe , revealed in an interview with teleSUR that Bachelet personally told him that she initially wanted to vote for Venezuela , but then there were a series of circumstances that forced me to abstain . The government quickly recalled Huepe and accepted his resignation . Unasur . In May 2008 , Bachelet became the first President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations ( Unasur ) and in September she called for an urgent summit after Bolivian President Evo Morales warned of a possible coup attempt against him . The presidents of Bolivia , Ecuador , Uruguay , Argentina , Paraguay , Brazil and Colombia , and the Secretary-General of the Organization of American States , met with Bachelet at the La Moneda Palace in Santiago , where they agreed to send two commissions to Bolivia : one to mediate between the executive and the opposition , and another to investigate the killings in Pando Department . Cuba visit . In February 2009 , Bachelet visited Cuba and met with Fidel Castro . There she urged the United States to put an end to the embargo . No Chilean head of state had visited the country in 37 years . The meeting with Castro backfired when Castro wrote a day later that the fascist and vengeful Chilean oligarchy is the same which more than 100 years ago robbed Bolivia of its access to the Pacific and of copper-rich lands in a humiliating war . Progressive Leaders summit . In March 2009 , Bachelet hosted in Viña del Mar the Progressive Leaders Summit , meeting with U.S . Vice President Joe Biden , British Prime Minister Gordon Brown , Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero and presidents Tabaré Vázquez of Uruguay , Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva of Brazil and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of Argentina . The meeting garnered some media interest because it took place six days before the highly anticipated G-20 Summit in London . Trade . Continuing the coalitions free-trade strategy , in August 2006 Bachelet promulgated a free trade agreement with the Peoples Republic of China ( signed under the previous administration of Ricardo Lagos ) , the first Chinese free-trade agreement with a Latin American nation ; similar deals with Japan and India were promulgated in August 2007 . In October 2006 , Bachelet promulgated a multilateral trade deal with New Zealand , Singapore and Brunei , the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership ( P4 ) , also signed under Lagoss presidency . She held free-trade talks with other countries , including Australia , Vietnam , Turkey and Malaysia . Regionally , she signed bilateral free trade agreements with Panama , Peru and Colombia . Other policies . In October 2007 , Bachelet granted amnesty to undocumented migrants from other Latin American countries . The measure was expected to benefit around 15,000 Peruvians and 2,000 Bolivians . In December 2007 she signed in Bolivia a trilateral agreement with the presidents of Brazil and Bolivia to complete and improve a 4,700 km road to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans , via Arica and Iquique in Chile and Santos in Brazil . In May 2008 , following months of intense lobbying , Chile was elected as member of the United Nations Human Rights Council , obtaining the largest vote among Latin American countries . In December 2009 Chile became the first country in South America , and the second in Latin America after Mexico , to receive an invitation to join the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) . Bachelet signed the accession agreement in January 2010 , but it formally became a member in May 2010 , after she had left office . Popularity . Bachelet enjoyed an approval rating above 50% for her first three months in office , during the so-called honeymoon period . Her popularity fell during the student protests that year , hovering in the mid-40s . In July she had a disastrous public relations incident when a group of residents she was visiting in the southern city of Chiguayante who were affected by a landslide berated her publicly on television , accusing her of using their tragedy to boost her falling popularity . One woman demanded that she leave the scene so rescue efforts could continue . In July , after only four months in office , Bachelet was forced to reshuffle her cabinet , in what was the fastest ministerial adjustment since 1990 . Bachelets popularity dipped further in her second year , reaching a low of 35% approval , 46% disapproval in September 2007 . This fall was mainly attributed to the Transantiago fiasco . That same month she had a second negative incident when a group of earthquake and tsunami victims she was visiting in the southern region of Aisén received her bearing black flags and accused her of showing up late . The city mayor , who told Bachelet to go to hell , later apologized . Over the following 12 months , however , Bachelets approval ratings did not improve . At the onset of the global financial crisis in September 2008 Bachelets popularity was at 42% , but gradually her job approval ratings began to rise . When she left office in March 2010 her popular support was at a record 84% , according to conservative polling institute Adimark GfK . The Chilean Constitution does not allow a president to serve two consecutive terms and Bachelet endorsed Christian Democratic Party candidate Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle for the December 2009 election . Political interregnum . In April 2010 , Bachelet inaugurated her own think-tank , Fundación Dialoga . Its headquarters are located in Providencia , a suburb of Santiago . Bachelet is a member of the Club of Madrid , the worlds largest forum of former heads of state and government . Since 2010 she has also been a member of the Inter-American Dialogue , the leading think tank on Western Hemisphere relations and affairs , and served as the organizations co-chair . On 14 September 2010 , Bachelet was appointed head of the newly created United Nations body UN Women by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon . She took office on 19 September 2010 . On 15 March 2013 she announced her resignation . 2013 presidential election . On 27 March 2013 , Bachelet announced that she would seek a second term as President of Chile in the 2013 elections . The well-respected CEP released a poll in May 2012 suggesting that 51% of voters wished to see her become the next president , far ahead of any other would-be candidate . On 30 June 2013 , Bachelet became the Nueva Mayorías candidate for president after she won a four-way primary election with the support of five center and left parties ( PS , PPD , PC , IC , MAS ) and 73% of the vote . In the 17 November 2013 presidential election , Bachelet fell short of the absolute majority needed for an outright win . In the runoff election , held on 15 December of that year , she beat former senator and Minister of Labor Evelyn Matthei with over 62% of the vote ; turnout was significantly lower than in the first round . Second presidency ( 2014–2018 ) . Bachelet was sworn in as President of the Republic of Chile for a second time on 11 March 2014 at the National Congress in Valparaíso . Isabel Allende , daughter of former President Salvador Allende , as the newly elected President of the Senate , administered the affirmation of office to Bachelet , the first time in the countrys history both parties involved were women . Domestic policies . Education reform . Among one of Bachelets main campaign promises for the 2013 election was the introduction of free university education in Chile and the end of profit-making educational institutions , as a response to the 2011–13 Chilean student protests . The intention was that revenue from the increase in corporate tax rate by 2017 would be used to fund free education . The proposals were criticized and quickly became unpopular due to the opposition from students who felt that the proposals did not go far enough in removing profit making . Opposition parties , lower middle class voters and certain members of Bachelets New Majority coalition attacked the proposals as the law that would prevent individuals from earning profits on public resources would not address making improvements in quality of education . In 2015 , the Chile Constitutional Court rejected large portions of Bachelets plan to offer free college education to half of the nations poorest students on grounds that requiring them to attend certain schools participating in the program could be considered discrimination . However , what remained of the plan allowed Bachelet to send 200,000 students from low-income families to college free of cost . In January 2018 , the Chilean Senate passed a law guaranteeing free education which was supported by conservative opposition parties as well , allowing the poorest 60% of students to study for free and doubled state funding for public universities . The new legislation created a higher education Superintendent empowered to supervise and penalize institutions which do not provide quality of education or have for-profit operations . Tax reform . In September 2014 , the Chilean Congress passed Bachelets tax reform proposal which aimed to increase revenue by 3% of gross domestic product . Measures included in the reform were : - increased corporate tax rate from 20% to 25% or 27% - the maximum tax bracket for personal income tax lowered to 35 percent from 40 percent starting in 2018 - increased excise taxes for sweetened beverages , alcohol and tobacco - Green taxes including a tax on carbon emissions for thermoelectric plants bigger than 50 MW and a tax on the import of diesel vehicles with higher cylinder capacity , excluding work vehicles - measures against tax evasion Critics blamed tax reforms for complexity driving away investment and blamed for the slowdown of the Chilean economy during Bachelets second period in office . However , Bachelets supporters argue that falling copper prices were more to blame for the economic slowdown . They argue that economic forecasts of faster growth in conjunction with rising copper prices and exports from 2018 onwards ( after Bachelets term ) suggest that the tax reforms did not negatively affect the economy . Others , such as MIT-trained economist and academic Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel , have found that Chiles overall terms of trade under Bachelets second term worsened only marginally compared to those of her predecessor Sebastián Piñera , due in part to a lower cost of key imports like petroleum . Consequently , he concludes that Bachelets reforms and governance likely were instrumental in causing a period of dampened growth throughout her presidency . Environmental policy . After Easter Islands Rapa Nui inhabitants voted 73% in favor of establishing a conservation zone , Michelle Bachelet designated a new 720,000 square kilometer protection area in September 2017 , protecting at least 142 endemic marine species , including 27 threatened with extinction . Five new national parks in the Patagonia region were created under a presidential decree , covering 10 million acres in January 2018 , including 1 million acres of land contributed by conservationist Kris Tompkins . On 9 March 2018 , Bachelet created nine marine reserves to protect biodiversity with her final presidential decree , increasing the area of the sea under state protection from 4.2 percent to 42.4 percent . The measure is expected to benefit marine life in approximately 1.4 million square kilometers . Civil unions and same-sex marriage . When Michelle Bachelet again took office of President in March 2014 , she made passing Piñeras civil union bill a priority . The name of the bill was changed to Civil Union Pact ( Pacto de Unión Civil ) on 17 December , and Congress reiterated their intention to hold the final vote by January 2015 . On 6 January 2015 , a provision recognizing foreign marriages as civil unions was approved in the Constitutional Committee while the child adoption clause was turned down . The bill went to a final vote before both the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies as it was amended . On 13 January , the full Chamber of Deputies reinserted the adoption provision . On 20 January 2015 , the Chamber approved the bill on a vote of 86 to 23 with 2 abstentions . On 27 January , the Senate rejected all the Chambers amendments , so the bill was headed to the joint committee of both houses . The committee reached the agreement in regard to the text of the bill and changed its name to Civil Union Agreement ( Acuerdo de Unión Civil ) the same day . The bill was passed in both houses on 28 January 2015 . Several lawmakers asked the Chilean Constitutional Court to verify the bills constitutionality , which was upheld by the court in a ruling released on 6 April 2015 . The bill was signed into law by President Bachelet on 13 April 2015 . It was published in the Official Gazette on 21 April 2015 and took effect on 22 October 2015 . Chiles civil union provisions enable couples to claim pension benefits and inherit property if their civil partner dies as well as more easily co-own property and make medical decisions for one another . The Government estimated at the time of the law going into effect that some two million Chilean couples cohabiting could have their unions legally recognized . In the day following the law going into effect , approximately 1,600 couples signed up to register their unions . On 1 December 2016 , the Chamber of Deputies unanimously approved ( except for 6 abstentions ) a bill to give couples who enter in a civil union five days off , like what married couples have . The bill was approved by the Senate in October 2017 , in a unanimous 15–0 vote . Womens rights and abortion . A new Ministry for Women and Gender Inequality was formed , replacing the National Womens Service in June 2016 which aimed to formulate policies against abuse of women and gender inequality . Claudia Pascual was appointed as the first ever Minister for Women and Gender Inequality . The Chilean Congress approved Bachelets abortion legalization bill in some circumstances in July 2017 , but was subjected to challenge in the Constitutional Court . Later , Chiles total abortion ban implemented under the Pinochet regime in 1989 was lifted in August 2017 after the Constitutional Court voted 6–4 to allow the procedure under some circumstances : in cases of pregnancy as a result of rape ( up to 12 weeks ) , if the fetus endangers the mothers life , or if the fetus is not viable . Prior to this , Chile was one of only four nations in the Americas that had a total ban on abortions , the others being El Salvador , Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic . Constitutional and political reform . The Chilean Congress passed Bachelets proposed abolishment of the binomial voting system introduced by the Augusto Pinochet regime and restoring proportional representation for election to both chambers of the Chilean Congress and requirements that 40% of candidates nominated are female in January 2015 . The new system took effect from the 2017 elections , increasing the members of the Chamber of Deputies from 120 to 155 seats and the Senate from 38 seats to 43 seats in 2017 and 50 seats in 2021 . As a result , the 2017 election saw the end of the dominance of Bachelets New Majority and conservative coalitions and increased number of new political parties represented in Congress . Following revelations that President Bachelets son and daughter in-law were caught in an influence-peddling scandal , she appointed a Presidential Advisory Council on Conflicts of Interest , Influence Peddling , and Corruption ( known as the Engel Commission ) headed by economist Eduardo Engel . Subsequently , reforms recommended by the commission were implemented which included , ability to remove politicians from office if found guilty for transparency and election spending limits violations with disqualification for two subsequent elections and constitutional autonomy to Chiles electoral service ( SERVEL ) , giving it complete independence from the government to more effectively oversee electoral processes and the functioning of politics in general . In 2016 , overseas voting rights for Chilean women and men living outside the country were introduced , allowing Chilean citizens who live abroad to exercise their right to vote beginning from the 2017 elections . Foreign policy . Trade . On 8 March 2018 , three days before Bachelet left office , the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership ( CPTPP ) multilateral trade agreement was signed in Santiago with Chile and 10 other signatory countries in the Asia Pacific region , following renegotiation of the original Trans-Pacific Partnership ( TPP ) which was signed in February 2016 . The TPP was renegotiated into the CPTPP following the United States withdrawal from the original TPP in January 2017 . Popularity . In September 2015 , Bachelets approval rating was 24% , compared to 72% disapproval . Chileans support for her dropped sharply after revelations of corruption scandals such as the Caval scandal , which involved her son and daughter-in-law accepting millions of dollars in the form of a loan from Vice-Chairman of the Banco de Chile Andrónico Luksic Craig . The couples company ( Caval ) used the money to purchase land and resell it at a $5 million profit after repaying the loan . Bachelet maintains that she was unaware of her familys actions and found out about the agreement between Luksic and her daughter-in-law through the press . By August 2016 , Bachelets approval rating dropped to 15% , the lowest for any President since the return of free elections in 1990 , and in March 2017 , Bachelets approval rating remained low , at about 23% . Bachelet left office in March 2018 with an approval rating at 39% according to Adimark , in contrast to the 84% rating when she left office in 2010 . UN High Commissioner for Human Rights ( 2018 ) . On 10 September 2018 , Bachelet urged China to allow observers into Xinjiang and expressed concern about the situation there . She said that : ’’The UN rights group had shown that Uyghurs and other Muslims are being detained in camps across Xinjiang and I expect discussions with Chinese officials to begin soon’’ . China called for Bachelet to respect its sovereignty . In September 2018 , Bachelet criticized Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen . She has called on Saudi Arabia to hold accountable those responsible for airstrikes on civilians in Yemen . On 5 October 2019 , Bachelet said she was “troubled” by Hong Kong’s increasingly violent pro-democracy protests , and stressed that any measures to quell the unrest must be grounded in law . She also stated that Freedom of peaceful assembly … should be enjoyed without restriction to the greatest extent possible . But on the other hand , we cannot accept people who use masks to provoke violence . Regarding the November 2019 Iranian protests , Nasrin Sotoudeh a jailed Iranian lawyer , asked Bachelet to administrate an independent investigation into the alleged atrocities committed by the Iranian security forces in the uprising . On 9 October 2020 , Bachelet expressed concern about the suffering of civilians during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan . In January 2021 , in preparation for the 2021 spring session of the UN Human Rights Council , Bachelet has issued a hard hitting report on Sri Lanka . The report severely criticizes the failure of the current Sri Lankan government to address documented accusations of grave and numerous human rights crimes perpetrated during and after the Civil war in Sri Lanka , even though the war ended in 2009 . Media and educational Honours . Awards and media recognition . - Ranked 17th most powerful women in the world by Forbes magazine in 2006 ( she was No . 22 in 2009 , No . 25 in 2008 , and No . 27 in 2007. ) As of 2014 , she was ranked 25th . - Defense of Freedom and Democracy Award by Ramón Rubial Foundation ( January 2007 ) . - Ranked worlds 15th most influential person by TIME magazine in 2008 . - Shalom Award by the World Jewish Congress ( June 2008 ) . - Maximum Leadership Award ( Argentina , October 2008 ) . - Global Trailblazer Award by Vital Voices ( October 2008 ) . - South American Football Honorary Order of Merit in the Extraordinary Great Collar degree by CONMEBOL in July 2009 . She is the first woman to receive such recognition . - Keys to the City of Lisbon ( December 2009 ) - Woman of the Bicentenary at the 2010 Energy of Woman Awards by Chilectra ( April 2010 ) . - Federation of Progressive Womens International Prize ( Spain , November 2010 ) . - Keys to the City of Miami ( November 2010 ) . - The Association of Bi-National Chambers of Commerce in Floridas 2010 Award for Leadership in Global Trade ( November 2010 ) . - Member , Inter-American Dialogue ( since 2010 ) - Washington Office on Latin Americas Human Rights Award ( November 2010 ) . - Womens eNews Newsmaker of the Decade Award ( May 2011 ) . - Ministry of Defense of Argentinas first Generala Juana Azurduy Award ( April 2012 ) . - Eisenhower Fellowshipss Eisenhower Medal for Leadership and Service ( May 2012 ) . - 2012 – 10 Most Influential Ibero American Intellectuals of the year – Foreign Policy magazine Honorary degrees . - University of Brasilia ( April 2006 ) . - Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala ( May 2007 ) . - University of Essex ( April 2008 ) . - Pompeu Fabra University ( May 2010 ) . - National University of Córdoba ( June 2010 ) . - Catholic University of Córdoba ( June 2010 ) . - Universidad Internacional Menéndez Pelayo ( September 2010 ) . - Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo ( November 2010 ) . - ( November 2010 ) . - Columbia University ( May 2012 ) . - Freiberg University of Mining and Technology ( October 2014 ) . - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven ( June 2015 ) . - University of Évora ( March 2017 ) . International Honours . National honours . - Grand Master ( 2006-2010/2014-2018 ) and Collar of the Order of Bernardo OHiggins - Grand Master ( 2006-2010/2014-2018 ) and Collar of the Order of Merit Foreign honours . - Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia , Australia ( 5 October 2012 ) . - Grand Collar of the National Order of San Lorenzo , Equador ( 2010 ) - Grand Cross with Chain of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary , Hungary ( 2008 ) - Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic , Italy ( 9 October 2007 ) . - Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose of Finland ( 2007 ) - Grand Cross with Golden Chain of the Order of Vytautas the Great , Lithuania ( 23 July 2008 ) . - Honorary Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm , Malaysia ( 2009 ) - Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle , Mexico ( 2007 ) - Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion , The Netherlands ( 25 May 2009 ) - Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry , Portugal ( 7 November 2007 ) - Grand Cross of the Order of Christ , Portugal ( 1 December 2009 ) - Grand Collar of the Order of Liberty , Portugal ( 30 March 2017 ) - Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic , Spain ( 26 February 2010 ) . - Collar of the Order of Charles III , Spain ( 30 October 2014 ) . - Member of Royal Order of the Seraphim , Sweden ( 10 May 2016 ) . Received on her state visit to Sweden . - Collar of the Order of the Liberator - Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( 2006 ) . Documentaries . - Michelle Bachelet – Symbol des neuen Chile ( Ebbo Demant/SWR , 2004 ) - La hija del General [ The Generals Daughter ] ( María Elena Wood/2006 ) Publications . - Bachelet , Michelle . 2002 . Los estudios comparados y la relación civil-militar . Reflexiones tras una década de consolidación democrática en Chile , Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad , 17 ( 4 ) : 29–35 . External links . - Official presidential campaign site - Biography by CIDOB Foundation - The woman taking Chiles top job ( BBC News ) - The unexpected travails of the woman who would be president ( The Economist , 8 December 2005 ) - Bachelets citizens democracy ( The Economist , 10 March 2006 ) - With a New Leader , Chile Seems to Shuck Its Strait Laces ( The New York Times , 8 March 2006 ) - Welcome Madam Chilean President to Washington ( Council on Hemispheric Affairs , 7 June 2006 )

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What position did Michelle Bachelet take after Sep 2019?

Michelle Bachelet Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria ( ; born 29 September 1951 ) is a Chilean politician who has served as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights since 2018 . She also previously served as President of Chile from 2006 to 2010 and 2014 to 2018 for the Socialist Party of Chile , she is the first woman to hold the Chilean presidency . After leaving the presidency in 2010 and while not immediately reelectable , she was appointed the first executive director of the newly created United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women . In December 2013 , Bachelet was reelected with over 62% of the vote , bettering the 54% she obtained in 2006 . She was the first President of Chile to be reelected since 1932 . Bachelet , a physician who has studied military strategy at university level , was Health Minister and Defense Minister under her predecessor , Ricardo Lagos . She is a separated mother of three and describes herself as an agnostic . She speaks English fluently , as well as some German and Portuguese . Family background . Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria is the second child of archaeologist Ángela Jeria Gómez ( 1926–2020 ) and Air Force Brigadier General Alberto Bachelet Martínez ( 1923–1974 ) . Bachelets paternal great-great-grandfather , Louis-Joseph Bachelet Lapierre , was a French wine merchant from Chassagne-Montrachet who immigrated to Chile with his Parisian wife , Françoise Jeanne Beault , in 1860 ; he was hired as a wine-making expert by the Subercaseaux vineyards in Santiago . Bachelet Lapierres son , Germán , was born in Santiago in 1862 , and in 1891 married Luisa Brandt Cadot , a Chilean of French and Swiss descent , giving birth in 1894 to Alberto Bachelet Brandt . Bachelets maternal great-grandfather , Máximo Jeria Chacón , of Spanish ( Basque region ) and Greek heritage , was the first person to receive a degree in agronomic engineering in Chile and founded several agronomy schools in the country . He married Lely Johnson , the daughter of an English physician working in Chile . Their son , Máximo Jeria Johnson , married Ángela Gómez Zamora . Their union produced five children , the fourth of whom is Bachelets mother . Early life and career . Childhood years . Bachelet was born in La Cisterna , a middle-class suburb of Santiago . She was named after French actress Michèle Morgan . Bachelet spent many of her childhood years traveling around her native Chile , moving with her family from one military base to another . She lived and attended primary schools in , among other places , Quintero , Antofagasta , and San Bernardo . In 1962 , she moved with her family to the United States , where her father was assigned to the military mission at the Chilean Embassy in Washington D.C . Her family lived for almost two years in Bethesda , Maryland , where she attended Western Junior High School and learned to speak English fluently . Returning to Chile in 1964 , she graduated in 1969 from Liceo Nº 1 Javiera Carrera , a prestigious girls public high school , finishing near the top of her class . There she was class president , a member of the choir and volleyball teams , and part of a theater group and a band , Las Clap Clap , which she co-founded and which toured around several school festivals . In 1970 , after obtaining a relatively high score on the university admission test , she entered medical school at the University of Chile , where she was selected in the 113th position ( out of 160 admitted applicants ) . She originally intended to study sociology or economics , but was prevailed upon by her father to study medicine instead . She has said she opted for medicine because it was a concrete way of helping people cope with pain and a way to contribute to improve health in Chile . Detention and exile . Facing growing food shortages , the government of Salvador Allende placed Bachelets father in charge of the Food Distribution Office . When General Augusto Pinochet suddenly came to power via the 11 September 1973 coup détat , Bachelets father was detained at the Air War Academy on charges of treason . Following months of daily torture at Santiagos Public Prison , he suffered a cardiac arrest that resulted in his death on 12 March 1974 . In early January 1975 , Bachelet and her mother were detained at their apartment by two DINA agents , who blindfolded them and drove them to Villa Grimaldi , a notorious secret detention center in Santiago , where they were separated and subjected to interrogation and torture . In 2013 , Bachelet revealed she had been interrogated by DINA chief Manuel Contreras there . Some days later , Bachelet was transferred to Cuatro Álamos ( Four Poplars ) detention center , where she was held until the end of January . Thanks to the assistance of Roberto Kozak , Bachelet was able to go into exile in Australia , where her older brother , Alberto , had moved in 1969 . Of her torture , Bachelet said , in 2004 , that it was nothing in comparison to what others suffered . She was yelled at using abusive language , shaken , and both she and her mother were threatened with the killing of the other . She was never tortured with electricity , but she did see it done to other prisoners . In May 1975 Bachelet left Australia and later moved to East Germany , to an apartment assigned to her by the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) government in Am Stern , Potsdam ; her mother joined her a month later , living separately in Leipzig . In October 1976 , she began working at a communal clinic in the Babelsberg neighborhood , as a preparatory step to continuing her medical studies at an East German university . During this period , she met architect Jorge Leopoldo Dávalos Cartes , another Chilean exile , whom she married in 1977 . In January 1978 she went to Leipzig to learn German at the Karl Marx Universitys Herder Institute ( now the University of Leipzig ) . Her first child with Dávalos , Jorge Alberto Sebastián , was born there in June 1978 . She returned to Potsdam in September 1978 to continue her medical studies at the Humboldt University of Berlin for two years . Five months after enrolling as a student , however , she obtained authorization to return to her country . Return to Chile . After four years in exile , Bachelet returned to Chile in 1979 . Her medical school credits from the GDR were not transferred , forcing her to resume her studies where she had left off before fleeing the country . She graduated as physician-surgeon on 7 January 1983 . She wished to work in the public sector wherever attention was most needed , applying for a position as general practitioner ; her petition was rejected by the military government on political grounds . Instead , owing to her academic performance and published papers , she earned a scholarship from the Chilean Medical Chamber to specialize in pediatrics and public health at the University of Chiles Roberto del Río Childrens Hospital ( 1983–86 ) . She completed the program with excellent grades but for financial reasons did not obtain her certification . During this time she also worked at PIDEE ( Protection of Children Injured by States of Emergency Foundation ) , a non-governmental organization helping children of the tortured and missing in Santiago and Chillán . She was head of the foundations Medical Department between 1986 and 1990 . Some time after her second child with Dávalos , Francisca Valentina , was born in February 1984 , she and her husband legally separated . Between 1985 and 1987 , Bachelet had a romantic relationship with Alex Vojkovic Trier , an engineer and spokesman for the Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front , an armed group that , among other activities , attempted to assassinate Pinochet in 1986 . The affair was a minor issue during her presidential campaign , during which she argued that she never supported any of Vojkovics activities . After Chile made a transition to democracy in 1990 , Bachelet worked for the Ministry of Healths West Santiago Health Service and was a consultant for the Pan-American Health Organization , the World Health Organization and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit . While working for the National AIDS Commission ( Conasida ) she became romantically involved with Aníbal Hernán Henríquez Marich , a fellow physician – and right-wing Pinochet supporter – who fathered her third child , Sofía Catalina , in December 1992 ; their relationship ended a few years later . Between March 1994 and July 1997 , Bachelet worked as Senior Assistant to the Deputy Health Minister . Driven by an interest in civil-military relations , in 1996 Bachelet began studies in military strategy at the National Academy of Political and Strategic Studies ( ANEPE ) in Chile , obtaining first place in her class . Her student achievement earned her a presidential scholarship , permitting her to continue her studies in the United States at the Inter-American Defense College in Washington , D.C. , completing a Continental Defense Course in 1998 . That same year she returned to Chile to work for the Defense Ministry as Senior Assistant to the Defense Minister . She subsequently graduated from a Masters program in military science at the Chilean Armys War Academy . Early political career . Involvement in politics . In her first year as a university student ( 1970 ) , Bachelet became a member of the Socialist Youth ( then presided by future deputy and later disappeared physician Carlos Lorca , who has been cited as her political mentor ) , and was an active supporter of the Popular Unity . In the immediate aftermath of the coup , she and her mother worked as couriers for the underground Socialist Party directorate that was trying to organize a resistance movement ; eventually almost all of them were captured and disappeared . Following her return from exile she became politically active during the second half of the 1980s , fighting – though not on the front line – for the re-establishment of democracy in Chile . In 1995 she became part of the partys Central Committee , and from 1998 until 2000 she was an active member of the Political Commission . In 1996 Bachelet ran against future presidential adversary Joaquín Lavín for the mayorship of Las Condes , a wealthy Santiago suburb and a right-wing stronghold . Lavín won the 22-candidate election with nearly 78% of the vote , while she finished fourth with 2.35% . At the 1999 presidential primary of the Concertación , Chiles governing coalition from 1990 to 2010 , she worked for Ricardo Lagoss nomination , heading the Santiago electoral zone . Minister of Health . On 11 March 2000 , Bachelet – virtually unknown at the time – was appointed Minister of Health by President Ricardo Lagos . She began an in-depth study of the public health-care system that led to the AUGE plan a few years later . She was also given the task of eliminating waiting lists in the saturated public hospital system within the first 100 days of Lagoss government . She reduced waiting lists by 90% , but was unable to eliminate them completely and offered her resignation , which was promptly rejected by the President . She authorized free distribution of the morning-after pill for victims of sexual abuse , generating controversy . Minister of National Defense . On 7 January 2002 , she was appointed Minister of National Defense , becoming the first woman to hold this post in a Latin American country and one of the few in the world . While Minister of Defense she promoted reconciliatory gestures between the military and victims of the dictatorship , culminating in the historic 2003 declaration by General Juan Emilio Cheyre , head of the army , that never again would the military subvert democracy in Chile . She also oversaw a reform of the military pension system and continued with the process of modernization of the Chilean armed forces with the purchasing of new military equipment , while engaging in international peace operations . A moment which has been cited as key to Bachelets chances to the presidency came in mid-2002 during a flood in northern Santiago where she , as Defense Minister , led a rescue operation on top of an amphibious tank , wearing a cloak and military cap . 2005–2006 presidential election . In late 2004 , following a surge of her popularity in opinion polls , Bachelet was considered the only politician of the Coalition of Parties for Democracy ( Concertación de los Partidos por la Democracia ; CPD ) able to defeat Joaquín Lavín , and she was asked to become the Socialists candidate for the presidency . At first hesitant to accept the nomination as it was never one of her goals , she finally agreed because she felt she could not disappoint her supporters . On 1 October of that year she was freed from her government post in order to begin her campaign and to help the CPD at the municipal elections held later that month . On 28 January 2005 she was named the Socialist Partys candidate for president . An open primary scheduled for July 2005 to define the sole presidential candidate of the CPD was canceled after Bachelets only rival , Christian Democrat Soledad Alvear , a cabinet member in the first three CPD administrations , pulled out early due to a lack of support within her own party and in opinion polls . In the December 2005 election , Bachelet faced the center-right candidate Sebastián Piñera ( RN ) , the right-wing candidate Joaquín Lavín ( UDI ) and the leftist candidate Tomás Hirsch ( JPM ) . As the opinion polls had forecast , she failed to obtain the absolute majority needed to win the election outright , winning 46% of the vote . In the runoff election on 15 January 2006 , Bachelet faced Piñera , and won the presidency with 53.5% of the vote , thus becoming her countrys first female elected president and the first woman who was not the wife of a previous head of state or political leader to reach the presidency of a Latin American nation in a direct election . On 30 January 2006 , after being declared President-elect by the Elections Qualifying Court ( Tricel ) , Bachelet announced her cabinet of ministers , which was unprecedentedly composed of an equal number of men and women , as was promised during her campaign . In keeping with the Coalitions internal balance of power she named seven ministers from the Christian Democrat Party ( PDC ) , five from the Party for Democracy ( PPD ) , four from the Socialist Party ( PS ) , one from the Social Democrat Radical Party ( PRSD ) and three without party affiliation . First presidency ( 2006–2010 ) . First days . Bachelet was sworn in as President of the Republic of Chile on 11 March 2006 in a ceremony held in a plenary session of the National Congress in Valparaíso attended by many foreign heads of states and delegates . Much of Bachelets first three months as president were spent working on 36 measures she had promised during her campaign to implement during her first 100 days in office . They ranged from simple presidential decrees , such as providing free health care for older patients , to complex bills to reform the social security system and the electoral system . For her first state visit , Bachelet chose Argentina , arriving in Buenos Aires on 21 March . There she met with president Néstor Kirchner , with whom she signed strategic agreements on energy and infrastructure , including the possibility of launching a bidding process to operate the Transandine Railway . Domestic affairs . Social policies . In March 2006 Bachelet created an advisory committee to reform the pension system , which was headed by former budget director Mario Marcel . The commission issued its final report in July 2006 , and in March 2008 Bachelet signed the bill into law . The new legislation established a Basic Solidarity Pension ( PBS ) and a Solidarity Pension Contribution ( APS ) , guaranteeing a minimum pension for the 60% poorest segment of the population , regardless of their contribution history . The reform also grants a bonus to female pensioners for every child born alive . In October 2006 Bachelet enacted legislation to protect subcontracted employees , which would benefit an estimated 1.2 million workers . In June 2009 she introduced pay equality legislation , guaranteeing equal pay for equal work in the private sector , regardless of gender . In September 2009 Bachelet signed the Chile Grows with You plan into law , providing comprehensive social services to vulnerable children from ages zero to six . That law also established a social welfare management framework called the Intersectoral Social Protection System , made up of subsystems such as Chile Solidario and Chile Grows with You . Between 2008 and 2010 the Bachelet administration delivered a so-called literary briefcase ( a box of books including encyclopedias , dictionaries , poetry works and books for both children and adults ) to the 400,000 poorest families with children attending primary school from first to fourth grade . In March 2009 , Bachelet launched the I Choose my PC program , awarding free computers to poor seventh-graders with excellent academic performance attending government-subsidized schools . During 2009 and 2010 Bachelet delivered maternity packages to all babies born in public hospitals , which are about 80% of total births . In January 2010 , Bachelet promulgated a law allowing the distribution of Emergency contraception pills in public and private health centers , including to persons under 14 , without parental consent . The law also requires high schools to add a sexual education program to their curriculum . Student protests . Bachelets first political crisis came in late April 2006 , when massive high school student demonstrations – unseen in three decades – broke out throughout the country , demanding better public education . In June 2006 , she sought to dampen the student protests by setting up an 81-member advisory committee , including education experts from all political backgrounds , representatives of ethnic groups , parents , teachers , students , school owners , university rectors , people from diverse religious denominations , etc . Its purpose was to propose changes to the countrys educational system and serve as a forum to share ideas and views . The committee issued its final report in December 2006 . In August 2009 , she signed the education reform bill into law , which created two new regulatory bodies : a Superintendency on Education and a Quality Agency . Transantiago . During her presidency Bachelet opened 18 new subway stations in Santiago , nine in 2006 , one in 2009 and eight in 2010 . In December 2009 Bachelet announced the construction of a new subway line in Santiago , to be operational by 2014 ( the date was later changed to mid-2016 ) . In February 2007 Santiagos transport system was radically altered with the introduction of Transantiago , designed under the previous administration . The system was nearly unanimously condemned by the media , the users and the opposition , significantly damaging her popularity , and leading to the sacking of her Transport minister . On her decision not to abort the plans start , she said in April 2007 she was given erroneous information which caused her to act against her instincts . In September 2008 , Chiles Constitutional Court declared a US$400 million loan by the Inter-American Development Bank to fund the transport system unconstitutional . Bachelet – who had been forced to ask for the loan after Congress had refused to approve funds for the beleaguered program in November 2007 – made use of an emergency clause in the Constitution that grants funds equivalent to 2% of the fiscal budget . In November 2008 , she invoked the emergency clause again after Congress denied once again funds for the system for 2009 . 2010 earthquake . On 27 February 2010 , in the last week of summer vacations and less than two weeks before Bachelets term expired , Chile was ravaged by an 8.8-magnitude earthquake that killed more than 500 people , toppled apartment buildings and bridges and triggered tsunamis that wiped away entire fishing villages . Bachelet and the government were criticized for a slow response to the disaster , which hit on a Saturday at 3:34 am . and left most of the country without electricity , phone or Internet access . Bachelet declared a state of catastrophe and on Sunday afternoon sent military troops to the most affected areas in an effort to quell scenes of looting and arson . She imposed night curfews in the most affected cities . She was criticized for not deploying the troops fast enough . Human rights . In January 2009 Bachelet opened the Museum of Memory in Santiago , documenting the horrors of Pinochets 16-and-a-half-year dictatorship . In November she promulgated a law ( submitted to Congress during the previous administration ) creating the National Institute for Human Rights , with the goal of protecting and promoting human rights in the country . The law also allowed for the reopening of the Rettig and Valech commissions for 18 months . She used her power as president to send a bill to legalize gay marriages , and sponsored a reproductive rights bill , On 10 August 2018 the outgoing UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein warmly welcomed the UN General Assembly’s appointment of Michelle Bachelet to succeed him . He said that She has all the attributes – courage , perseverance , passion , and a deep commitment to human rights Other legislation passed . In August 2008 , Bachelet signed a freedom of information bill into law , which became effective in April 2009 . In January 2010 , Bachelet enacted a law creating the Ministry for the Environment . The new legislation also created the Environmental Evaluation Service and the Superintendency for the Environment . Half of the ministries in her first government were occupied by women ; in her successors team , Sebastián Piñera , 18% were . Economy . Bachelet was widely credited for resisting calls from politicians from her own coalition to spend the huge copper revenues to close the countrys income gap . Instead in 2007 she created the Economic and Social Stabilization Fund , a sovereign wealth fund which accumulates fiscal surpluses which are above 1% of GDP . This allowed her to finance new social policies and provide economic stimulus packages when the 2008 financial crisis hit the country . During Bachelets four years in office the economy grew at an average of 3.3% ( 2.3% in per capita terms ) , with a high of 5.7% in 2006 and a negative growth of −1.0% in 2009 due to the global financial crisis . The minimum wage increased an average of 2% per year in real terms ( the lowest of any president since 1990 ) , while unemployment hovered between seven and eight percent during her first three years and rose to nearly 11% during 2009 . Inflation averaged 4.5% during her term , reaching close to 9% during 2008 due to an increase in food prices . Absolute poverty fell from 13.7% in November 2006 to 11.5% in November 2009 . Political issues . Bachelet began her term with an unprecedented absolute majority in both chambers of Congress – before appointed senators were eliminated in the 2005 constitutional reforms the CPD never had a majority in the Senate – but she was soon faced with internal opposition from a number of dissatisfied lawmakers from both chambers of Congress , the so-called díscolos ( disobedient , ungovernable ) , which jeopardized the coalitions narrow and historic congressional majority on a number of key executive-sponsored bills during much of her first two years in office , and forced her to negotiate with a right-wing opposition she saw as obstructionist . During 2007 the CPD lost its absolute majority in both chambers of Congress , as several senators and deputies from that coalition became independent . In December 2006 , Pinochet died . Bachelet decided not to grant him a state funeral , an honour bestowed upon constitutionally elected Chilean presidents , but a military funeral as former commander-in-chief of the Army appointed by President Salvador Allende . She also refused to declare an official national day of mourning , but did authorize flags at military barracks to fly at half staff . Pinochets coffin was also allowed to be draped in a Chilean flag . Bachelet did not attend his funeral , saying it would be a violation of [ her ] conscience , and sent Defense Minister Vivianne Blanlot . In April 2008 , Bachelets Education Minister , Yasna Provoste , was impeached by Congress for her handling of a scandal involving mismanagement of school subsidies . Her conviction was the first for a sitting minister in 36 years . Foreign relations . Argentina . During her first year in office Bachelet faced continuing problems from neighbors Argentina and Peru . In July 2006 she sent a letter of protest to Argentine president Néstor Kirchner after his government issued a decree increasing export tariffs on natural gas to Chile , which was considered by Bachelet to be a violation of a tacit bilateral agreement . A month later a long-standing border dispute resurfaced after Argentina published some tourist maps showing contested territory in the south – the Southern Patagonian Ice Field ( Campo de Hielo Patagónico Sur ) – as Argentine , violating an agreement not to define a border over the area . Peru . In early 2007 , Peru accused Chile of unilaterally redefining their shared sea boundary in a section of a law passed by Congress that detailed the borders of the new administrative region of Arica and Parinacota . The impasse was resolved by the Chilean Constitutional Tribunal , which declared that section unconstitutional . In March 2007 , the Chilean state-owned and independent public broadcaster Televisión Nacional de Chile ( TVN ) canceled the broadcast of a documentary about the War of the Pacific after a cautionary call was made to the stations’ board of directors by Chilean Foreign Relations Minister Alejandro Foxley , apparently acting on demands made by the Peruvian ambassador to Chile ; the show was finally broadcast in late May of that year . In August 2007 the Chilean government filed a formal diplomatic protest with Peru and summoned home its ambassador after Peru published an official map claiming a part of the Pacific Ocean that Chile considers its sovereign territory . Peru said this was just another step in its plans to bring the dispute to the International Court of Justice in The Hague . In January 2008 Peru asked the court to consider the dispute , prompting Bachelet to summon home the Chilean ambassador in Lima for consultations . UN voting deadlock . Chiles 16 October 2006 vote in the United Nations Security Council election – with Venezuela and Guatemala deadlocked in a bid for the two-year , non-permanent Latin American and Caribbean seat on the Security Council – developed into a major ideological issue in the country and was seen as a test for Bachelet . The governing coalition was divided between the Socialists , who supported a vote for Venezuela , and the Christian Democrats , who strongly opposed it . The day before the vote the president announced ( through her spokesman ) that Chile would abstain , citing a lack of regional consensus on a single candidate , ending months of speculation . In March 2007 Chiles ambassador to Venezuela , Claudio Huepe , revealed in an interview with teleSUR that Bachelet personally told him that she initially wanted to vote for Venezuela , but then there were a series of circumstances that forced me to abstain . The government quickly recalled Huepe and accepted his resignation . Unasur . In May 2008 , Bachelet became the first President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations ( Unasur ) and in September she called for an urgent summit after Bolivian President Evo Morales warned of a possible coup attempt against him . The presidents of Bolivia , Ecuador , Uruguay , Argentina , Paraguay , Brazil and Colombia , and the Secretary-General of the Organization of American States , met with Bachelet at the La Moneda Palace in Santiago , where they agreed to send two commissions to Bolivia : one to mediate between the executive and the opposition , and another to investigate the killings in Pando Department . Cuba visit . In February 2009 , Bachelet visited Cuba and met with Fidel Castro . There she urged the United States to put an end to the embargo . No Chilean head of state had visited the country in 37 years . The meeting with Castro backfired when Castro wrote a day later that the fascist and vengeful Chilean oligarchy is the same which more than 100 years ago robbed Bolivia of its access to the Pacific and of copper-rich lands in a humiliating war . Progressive Leaders summit . In March 2009 , Bachelet hosted in Viña del Mar the Progressive Leaders Summit , meeting with U.S . Vice President Joe Biden , British Prime Minister Gordon Brown , Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero and presidents Tabaré Vázquez of Uruguay , Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva of Brazil and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of Argentina . The meeting garnered some media interest because it took place six days before the highly anticipated G-20 Summit in London . Trade . Continuing the coalitions free-trade strategy , in August 2006 Bachelet promulgated a free trade agreement with the Peoples Republic of China ( signed under the previous administration of Ricardo Lagos ) , the first Chinese free-trade agreement with a Latin American nation ; similar deals with Japan and India were promulgated in August 2007 . In October 2006 , Bachelet promulgated a multilateral trade deal with New Zealand , Singapore and Brunei , the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership ( P4 ) , also signed under Lagoss presidency . She held free-trade talks with other countries , including Australia , Vietnam , Turkey and Malaysia . Regionally , she signed bilateral free trade agreements with Panama , Peru and Colombia . Other policies . In October 2007 , Bachelet granted amnesty to undocumented migrants from other Latin American countries . The measure was expected to benefit around 15,000 Peruvians and 2,000 Bolivians . In December 2007 she signed in Bolivia a trilateral agreement with the presidents of Brazil and Bolivia to complete and improve a 4,700 km road to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans , via Arica and Iquique in Chile and Santos in Brazil . In May 2008 , following months of intense lobbying , Chile was elected as member of the United Nations Human Rights Council , obtaining the largest vote among Latin American countries . In December 2009 Chile became the first country in South America , and the second in Latin America after Mexico , to receive an invitation to join the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) . Bachelet signed the accession agreement in January 2010 , but it formally became a member in May 2010 , after she had left office . Popularity . Bachelet enjoyed an approval rating above 50% for her first three months in office , during the so-called honeymoon period . Her popularity fell during the student protests that year , hovering in the mid-40s . In July she had a disastrous public relations incident when a group of residents she was visiting in the southern city of Chiguayante who were affected by a landslide berated her publicly on television , accusing her of using their tragedy to boost her falling popularity . One woman demanded that she leave the scene so rescue efforts could continue . In July , after only four months in office , Bachelet was forced to reshuffle her cabinet , in what was the fastest ministerial adjustment since 1990 . Bachelets popularity dipped further in her second year , reaching a low of 35% approval , 46% disapproval in September 2007 . This fall was mainly attributed to the Transantiago fiasco . That same month she had a second negative incident when a group of earthquake and tsunami victims she was visiting in the southern region of Aisén received her bearing black flags and accused her of showing up late . The city mayor , who told Bachelet to go to hell , later apologized . Over the following 12 months , however , Bachelets approval ratings did not improve . At the onset of the global financial crisis in September 2008 Bachelets popularity was at 42% , but gradually her job approval ratings began to rise . When she left office in March 2010 her popular support was at a record 84% , according to conservative polling institute Adimark GfK . The Chilean Constitution does not allow a president to serve two consecutive terms and Bachelet endorsed Christian Democratic Party candidate Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle for the December 2009 election . Political interregnum . In April 2010 , Bachelet inaugurated her own think-tank , Fundación Dialoga . Its headquarters are located in Providencia , a suburb of Santiago . Bachelet is a member of the Club of Madrid , the worlds largest forum of former heads of state and government . Since 2010 she has also been a member of the Inter-American Dialogue , the leading think tank on Western Hemisphere relations and affairs , and served as the organizations co-chair . On 14 September 2010 , Bachelet was appointed head of the newly created United Nations body UN Women by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon . She took office on 19 September 2010 . On 15 March 2013 she announced her resignation . 2013 presidential election . On 27 March 2013 , Bachelet announced that she would seek a second term as President of Chile in the 2013 elections . The well-respected CEP released a poll in May 2012 suggesting that 51% of voters wished to see her become the next president , far ahead of any other would-be candidate . On 30 June 2013 , Bachelet became the Nueva Mayorías candidate for president after she won a four-way primary election with the support of five center and left parties ( PS , PPD , PC , IC , MAS ) and 73% of the vote . In the 17 November 2013 presidential election , Bachelet fell short of the absolute majority needed for an outright win . In the runoff election , held on 15 December of that year , she beat former senator and Minister of Labor Evelyn Matthei with over 62% of the vote ; turnout was significantly lower than in the first round . Second presidency ( 2014–2018 ) . Bachelet was sworn in as President of the Republic of Chile for a second time on 11 March 2014 at the National Congress in Valparaíso . Isabel Allende , daughter of former President Salvador Allende , as the newly elected President of the Senate , administered the affirmation of office to Bachelet , the first time in the countrys history both parties involved were women . Domestic policies . Education reform . Among one of Bachelets main campaign promises for the 2013 election was the introduction of free university education in Chile and the end of profit-making educational institutions , as a response to the 2011–13 Chilean student protests . The intention was that revenue from the increase in corporate tax rate by 2017 would be used to fund free education . The proposals were criticized and quickly became unpopular due to the opposition from students who felt that the proposals did not go far enough in removing profit making . Opposition parties , lower middle class voters and certain members of Bachelets New Majority coalition attacked the proposals as the law that would prevent individuals from earning profits on public resources would not address making improvements in quality of education . In 2015 , the Chile Constitutional Court rejected large portions of Bachelets plan to offer free college education to half of the nations poorest students on grounds that requiring them to attend certain schools participating in the program could be considered discrimination . However , what remained of the plan allowed Bachelet to send 200,000 students from low-income families to college free of cost . In January 2018 , the Chilean Senate passed a law guaranteeing free education which was supported by conservative opposition parties as well , allowing the poorest 60% of students to study for free and doubled state funding for public universities . The new legislation created a higher education Superintendent empowered to supervise and penalize institutions which do not provide quality of education or have for-profit operations . Tax reform . In September 2014 , the Chilean Congress passed Bachelets tax reform proposal which aimed to increase revenue by 3% of gross domestic product . Measures included in the reform were : - increased corporate tax rate from 20% to 25% or 27% - the maximum tax bracket for personal income tax lowered to 35 percent from 40 percent starting in 2018 - increased excise taxes for sweetened beverages , alcohol and tobacco - Green taxes including a tax on carbon emissions for thermoelectric plants bigger than 50 MW and a tax on the import of diesel vehicles with higher cylinder capacity , excluding work vehicles - measures against tax evasion Critics blamed tax reforms for complexity driving away investment and blamed for the slowdown of the Chilean economy during Bachelets second period in office . However , Bachelets supporters argue that falling copper prices were more to blame for the economic slowdown . They argue that economic forecasts of faster growth in conjunction with rising copper prices and exports from 2018 onwards ( after Bachelets term ) suggest that the tax reforms did not negatively affect the economy . Others , such as MIT-trained economist and academic Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel , have found that Chiles overall terms of trade under Bachelets second term worsened only marginally compared to those of her predecessor Sebastián Piñera , due in part to a lower cost of key imports like petroleum . Consequently , he concludes that Bachelets reforms and governance likely were instrumental in causing a period of dampened growth throughout her presidency . Environmental policy . After Easter Islands Rapa Nui inhabitants voted 73% in favor of establishing a conservation zone , Michelle Bachelet designated a new 720,000 square kilometer protection area in September 2017 , protecting at least 142 endemic marine species , including 27 threatened with extinction . Five new national parks in the Patagonia region were created under a presidential decree , covering 10 million acres in January 2018 , including 1 million acres of land contributed by conservationist Kris Tompkins . On 9 March 2018 , Bachelet created nine marine reserves to protect biodiversity with her final presidential decree , increasing the area of the sea under state protection from 4.2 percent to 42.4 percent . The measure is expected to benefit marine life in approximately 1.4 million square kilometers . Civil unions and same-sex marriage . When Michelle Bachelet again took office of President in March 2014 , she made passing Piñeras civil union bill a priority . The name of the bill was changed to Civil Union Pact ( Pacto de Unión Civil ) on 17 December , and Congress reiterated their intention to hold the final vote by January 2015 . On 6 January 2015 , a provision recognizing foreign marriages as civil unions was approved in the Constitutional Committee while the child adoption clause was turned down . The bill went to a final vote before both the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies as it was amended . On 13 January , the full Chamber of Deputies reinserted the adoption provision . On 20 January 2015 , the Chamber approved the bill on a vote of 86 to 23 with 2 abstentions . On 27 January , the Senate rejected all the Chambers amendments , so the bill was headed to the joint committee of both houses . The committee reached the agreement in regard to the text of the bill and changed its name to Civil Union Agreement ( Acuerdo de Unión Civil ) the same day . The bill was passed in both houses on 28 January 2015 . Several lawmakers asked the Chilean Constitutional Court to verify the bills constitutionality , which was upheld by the court in a ruling released on 6 April 2015 . The bill was signed into law by President Bachelet on 13 April 2015 . It was published in the Official Gazette on 21 April 2015 and took effect on 22 October 2015 . Chiles civil union provisions enable couples to claim pension benefits and inherit property if their civil partner dies as well as more easily co-own property and make medical decisions for one another . The Government estimated at the time of the law going into effect that some two million Chilean couples cohabiting could have their unions legally recognized . In the day following the law going into effect , approximately 1,600 couples signed up to register their unions . On 1 December 2016 , the Chamber of Deputies unanimously approved ( except for 6 abstentions ) a bill to give couples who enter in a civil union five days off , like what married couples have . The bill was approved by the Senate in October 2017 , in a unanimous 15–0 vote . Womens rights and abortion . A new Ministry for Women and Gender Inequality was formed , replacing the National Womens Service in June 2016 which aimed to formulate policies against abuse of women and gender inequality . Claudia Pascual was appointed as the first ever Minister for Women and Gender Inequality . The Chilean Congress approved Bachelets abortion legalization bill in some circumstances in July 2017 , but was subjected to challenge in the Constitutional Court . Later , Chiles total abortion ban implemented under the Pinochet regime in 1989 was lifted in August 2017 after the Constitutional Court voted 6–4 to allow the procedure under some circumstances : in cases of pregnancy as a result of rape ( up to 12 weeks ) , if the fetus endangers the mothers life , or if the fetus is not viable . Prior to this , Chile was one of only four nations in the Americas that had a total ban on abortions , the others being El Salvador , Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic . Constitutional and political reform . The Chilean Congress passed Bachelets proposed abolishment of the binomial voting system introduced by the Augusto Pinochet regime and restoring proportional representation for election to both chambers of the Chilean Congress and requirements that 40% of candidates nominated are female in January 2015 . The new system took effect from the 2017 elections , increasing the members of the Chamber of Deputies from 120 to 155 seats and the Senate from 38 seats to 43 seats in 2017 and 50 seats in 2021 . As a result , the 2017 election saw the end of the dominance of Bachelets New Majority and conservative coalitions and increased number of new political parties represented in Congress . Following revelations that President Bachelets son and daughter in-law were caught in an influence-peddling scandal , she appointed a Presidential Advisory Council on Conflicts of Interest , Influence Peddling , and Corruption ( known as the Engel Commission ) headed by economist Eduardo Engel . Subsequently , reforms recommended by the commission were implemented which included , ability to remove politicians from office if found guilty for transparency and election spending limits violations with disqualification for two subsequent elections and constitutional autonomy to Chiles electoral service ( SERVEL ) , giving it complete independence from the government to more effectively oversee electoral processes and the functioning of politics in general . In 2016 , overseas voting rights for Chilean women and men living outside the country were introduced , allowing Chilean citizens who live abroad to exercise their right to vote beginning from the 2017 elections . Foreign policy . Trade . On 8 March 2018 , three days before Bachelet left office , the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership ( CPTPP ) multilateral trade agreement was signed in Santiago with Chile and 10 other signatory countries in the Asia Pacific region , following renegotiation of the original Trans-Pacific Partnership ( TPP ) which was signed in February 2016 . The TPP was renegotiated into the CPTPP following the United States withdrawal from the original TPP in January 2017 . Popularity . In September 2015 , Bachelets approval rating was 24% , compared to 72% disapproval . Chileans support for her dropped sharply after revelations of corruption scandals such as the Caval scandal , which involved her son and daughter-in-law accepting millions of dollars in the form of a loan from Vice-Chairman of the Banco de Chile Andrónico Luksic Craig . The couples company ( Caval ) used the money to purchase land and resell it at a $5 million profit after repaying the loan . Bachelet maintains that she was unaware of her familys actions and found out about the agreement between Luksic and her daughter-in-law through the press . By August 2016 , Bachelets approval rating dropped to 15% , the lowest for any President since the return of free elections in 1990 , and in March 2017 , Bachelets approval rating remained low , at about 23% . Bachelet left office in March 2018 with an approval rating at 39% according to Adimark , in contrast to the 84% rating when she left office in 2010 . UN High Commissioner for Human Rights ( 2018 ) . On 10 September 2018 , Bachelet urged China to allow observers into Xinjiang and expressed concern about the situation there . She said that : ’’The UN rights group had shown that Uyghurs and other Muslims are being detained in camps across Xinjiang and I expect discussions with Chinese officials to begin soon’’ . China called for Bachelet to respect its sovereignty . In September 2018 , Bachelet criticized Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen . She has called on Saudi Arabia to hold accountable those responsible for airstrikes on civilians in Yemen . On 5 October 2019 , Bachelet said she was “troubled” by Hong Kong’s increasingly violent pro-democracy protests , and stressed that any measures to quell the unrest must be grounded in law . She also stated that Freedom of peaceful assembly … should be enjoyed without restriction to the greatest extent possible . But on the other hand , we cannot accept people who use masks to provoke violence . Regarding the November 2019 Iranian protests , Nasrin Sotoudeh a jailed Iranian lawyer , asked Bachelet to administrate an independent investigation into the alleged atrocities committed by the Iranian security forces in the uprising . On 9 October 2020 , Bachelet expressed concern about the suffering of civilians during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan . In January 2021 , in preparation for the 2021 spring session of the UN Human Rights Council , Bachelet has issued a hard hitting report on Sri Lanka . The report severely criticizes the failure of the current Sri Lankan government to address documented accusations of grave and numerous human rights crimes perpetrated during and after the Civil war in Sri Lanka , even though the war ended in 2009 . Media and educational Honours . Awards and media recognition . - Ranked 17th most powerful women in the world by Forbes magazine in 2006 ( she was No . 22 in 2009 , No . 25 in 2008 , and No . 27 in 2007. ) As of 2014 , she was ranked 25th . - Defense of Freedom and Democracy Award by Ramón Rubial Foundation ( January 2007 ) . - Ranked worlds 15th most influential person by TIME magazine in 2008 . - Shalom Award by the World Jewish Congress ( June 2008 ) . - Maximum Leadership Award ( Argentina , October 2008 ) . - Global Trailblazer Award by Vital Voices ( October 2008 ) . - South American Football Honorary Order of Merit in the Extraordinary Great Collar degree by CONMEBOL in July 2009 . She is the first woman to receive such recognition . - Keys to the City of Lisbon ( December 2009 ) - Woman of the Bicentenary at the 2010 Energy of Woman Awards by Chilectra ( April 2010 ) . - Federation of Progressive Womens International Prize ( Spain , November 2010 ) . - Keys to the City of Miami ( November 2010 ) . - The Association of Bi-National Chambers of Commerce in Floridas 2010 Award for Leadership in Global Trade ( November 2010 ) . - Member , Inter-American Dialogue ( since 2010 ) - Washington Office on Latin Americas Human Rights Award ( November 2010 ) . - Womens eNews Newsmaker of the Decade Award ( May 2011 ) . - Ministry of Defense of Argentinas first Generala Juana Azurduy Award ( April 2012 ) . - Eisenhower Fellowshipss Eisenhower Medal for Leadership and Service ( May 2012 ) . - 2012 – 10 Most Influential Ibero American Intellectuals of the year – Foreign Policy magazine Honorary degrees . - University of Brasilia ( April 2006 ) . - Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala ( May 2007 ) . - University of Essex ( April 2008 ) . - Pompeu Fabra University ( May 2010 ) . - National University of Córdoba ( June 2010 ) . - Catholic University of Córdoba ( June 2010 ) . - Universidad Internacional Menéndez Pelayo ( September 2010 ) . - Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo ( November 2010 ) . - ( November 2010 ) . - Columbia University ( May 2012 ) . - Freiberg University of Mining and Technology ( October 2014 ) . - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven ( June 2015 ) . - University of Évora ( March 2017 ) . International Honours . National honours . - Grand Master ( 2006-2010/2014-2018 ) and Collar of the Order of Bernardo OHiggins - Grand Master ( 2006-2010/2014-2018 ) and Collar of the Order of Merit Foreign honours . - Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia , Australia ( 5 October 2012 ) . - Grand Collar of the National Order of San Lorenzo , Equador ( 2010 ) - Grand Cross with Chain of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary , Hungary ( 2008 ) - Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic , Italy ( 9 October 2007 ) . - Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose of Finland ( 2007 ) - Grand Cross with Golden Chain of the Order of Vytautas the Great , Lithuania ( 23 July 2008 ) . - Honorary Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm , Malaysia ( 2009 ) - Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle , Mexico ( 2007 ) - Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion , The Netherlands ( 25 May 2009 ) - Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry , Portugal ( 7 November 2007 ) - Grand Cross of the Order of Christ , Portugal ( 1 December 2009 ) - Grand Collar of the Order of Liberty , Portugal ( 30 March 2017 ) - Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic , Spain ( 26 February 2010 ) . - Collar of the Order of Charles III , Spain ( 30 October 2014 ) . - Member of Royal Order of the Seraphim , Sweden ( 10 May 2016 ) . Received on her state visit to Sweden . - Collar of the Order of the Liberator - Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( 2006 ) . Documentaries . - Michelle Bachelet – Symbol des neuen Chile ( Ebbo Demant/SWR , 2004 ) - La hija del General [ The Generals Daughter ] ( María Elena Wood/2006 ) Publications . - Bachelet , Michelle . 2002 . Los estudios comparados y la relación civil-militar . Reflexiones tras una década de consolidación democrática en Chile , Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad , 17 ( 4 ) : 29–35 . External links . - Official presidential campaign site - Biography by CIDOB Foundation - The woman taking Chiles top job ( BBC News ) - The unexpected travails of the woman who would be president ( The Economist , 8 December 2005 ) - Bachelets citizens democracy ( The Economist , 10 March 2006 ) - With a New Leader , Chile Seems to Shuck Its Strait Laces ( The New York Times , 8 March 2006 ) - Welcome Madam Chilean President to Washington ( Council on Hemispheric Affairs , 7 June 2006 )

/wiki/Connie_Morella#P69#0

Which school did Connie Morella go to in Jul 1947?

Connie Morella Constance Morella ( ; née Albanese ; born February 12 , 1931 ) is an American politician and diplomat . She represented in the United States House of Representatives from 1987 to 2003 . She served as Permanent Representative from the U.S . to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) from 2003 to 2007 . She is on American Universitys faculty as an Ambassador in Residence for the Women & Politics Institute . She was appointed to the American Battle Monuments Commission ( ABMC ) by President Barack Obama in 2010 . Early life . She was born Constance Albanese in Somerville , Massachusetts . After graduating from Somerville High School in 1948 , she attended Boston University , where she earned an Associate of Arts in 1950 and a Bachelor of Arts in 1954 . Although she was raised in a family of blue-collar Democrats , she became a Republican after meeting Anthony C . Morella , who had worked for liberal Republicans John Lindsay , Nelson Rockefeller , Charles Mathias , and others . After they wed , the couple moved to Bethesda , Maryland . After Connie Morellas sister died of cancer , Tony and Connie Morella adopted her six children to join their own three children . Morella became a secondary school teacher in the Montgomery County , Maryland public schools from 1957 to 1961 . She graduated from American University with an M.A . in 1967 and was an instructor there from 1968 to 1970 , when she became a professor at Montgomery College in Rockville , Maryland . She continued to teach until 1985 , then her political career gradually displaced her educational one . Political career . In 1971 Morella was appointed as a founding member to the Montgomery County Commission for Women , an advisory womens advocacy body , and she was elected its president in 1973 . She became active in the League of Women Voters . In 1974 , she ran for the Maryland House of Delegates from the 16th District ( Bethesda ) , but did not win . She ran again in 1978 , winning the seat and receiving more votes than the three previous incumbents . She was reelected for an additional term , before running for United States Congress . Congressional career . In 1986 , Morella ran for the open Congressional seat in Marylands 8th congressional district . The district was being vacated by Democrat Michael Barnes , who was running for the Democratic nomination to the U.S . Senate . Morellas opponent in the general election was State Senator Stewart Bainum , a multimillionaire business executive who consistently outpolled her throughout most of the campaign . A major turning point came when Morella unexpectedly won endorsements from The Baltimore Sun and The Washington Post , an unusual feat for a Republican candidate in the race for an open Congressional seat in Maryland . Many analysts credit the endorsements for Morellas narrow victory in November . She was the first woman to hold this seat . Although a Republican in an area that had become heavily Democratic , she proved highly popular among her constituents and won re-election seven times , serving until 2002 . Morella opposes her partys positions on abortion , gun control , gay rights , and the environmental movement , voted for government funding of contraceptives and needle exchange programs for drug addicts , and favored the legalization of medical marijuana . She received some support from organized labor and opposed many tax cuts . Morella , however , voted against President Clintons 1993 budget , as all other Congressional Republicans did . She voted against declaring English the official language of the United States and , in 1996 , against a bill overwhelmingly approved by Congress and signed by President Bill Clinton to combat illegal immigration . In 1996 , Morella was one of only five Republicans to vote against the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act . In 1998 , she was one of only three Republicans to vote against renaming the Washington National Airport the Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport . Morella was the only Republican in the entire Congress to have voted against approving the use of military force in Iraq in 1991 and again in 2002 . She was active in human rights , womens health , and domestic violence issues in Congress , and served on the Science and Government Reform Committees . Morella was U.S . representative to the 1994 U.N . International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo and co-chair of the Congressional delegation to the 1995 U.N . Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing . Among the legislation she sponsored were the 1992 Battered Womens Testimony Act , which provided funds for indigent women to hire expert testimony in domestic abuse cases , and the Judicial Training Act , which funded programs to educate judges about domestic violence , especially in child custody cases . Morella came under greater pressure after her party took control of the House in 1994 Congressional elections . Although she signed the Contract with America developed by Newt Gingrich , she had a mixed record supporting the subsequent Republican majority in Congress . She did not openly challenge the new House leadership until 1997 when she voted present for Speaker of the House instead of for the incumbent , Newt Gingrich . In 1998 , she was one of four Republicans , along with Amo Houghton and Peter T . King of New York and Chris Shays of Connecticut , to oppose all four articles of impeachment against Clinton during the Lewinsky scandal . As a Republican representing an affluent Democratic district in an increasingly Democratic state , Morella faced a succession of increasingly strong Democratic challengers . While she managed to fend them all off , even in the big Democratic years of 1992 , 1996 , and 1998 , the low popularity of the Republican-controlled Congress gradually undermined her . She tried to portray herself as giving her district a place at the table , but over time , Morellas Democratic opponents claimed that a vote for Morella was a vote to keep Tom DeLay and other Republicans unpopular to district voters in power . It was taken for granted that Morella would be succeeded by a Democrat if she retired . It was also taken for granted that if Morella retired or was defeated in an election , Republicans would have great difficulty taking back the seat . Electoral challenges . Maryland Senate President Thomas V . Mike Miller stated that he intended to draw Morellas district out from under her after her relatively narrow reelection in 2000 . The Democrats controlled both the State Legislature and the Governors Office in 2000 , thus controlling the redistricting for the 2000 Census . Staffers from Senate President Miller , House Speaker Cas Taylor , and Governor Parris Glendening drew new maps to gerrymander out Morella and fellow moderate Republican Bob Ehrlich . One proposal went so far as to divide her district in two , effectively giving one to State Senator Chris Van Hollen and forcing Morella to run against popular Delegate and Kennedy political family member Mark Shriver . The final redistricting plan was less ambitious but still made the already heavily Democratic 8th district even more Democratic . It restored a heavily Democratic spur of eastern Montgomery County removed in the 1990 redistricting and added nine precincts in Prince Georges County from Al Wynns heavily Democratic . Although it forced Van Hollen and Shriver to run against each other in an expensive primary , Van Hollen defeated Morella in 2002 with 52 percent of the vote to Morellas 47 percent ( Morella would have narrowly won re-election in her previous district , according to election returns ) . Proving just how Democratic this new district is , the Republicans have only put up nominal challengers in the 8th since Morellas defeat ; none of them have ever won more than 40 percent of the vote . In 2013 , Morella signed an amicus curiae brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the Hollingsworth v . Perry case . Ambassador to the OECD . President George W . Bush appointed her United States Permanent Representative to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) on July 11 , 2003 . She was unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate on July 31 and sworn in on October 8 of that year , becoming the first former member of Congress to serve as ambassador to the OECD . She is an honorary board member of the National Organization of Italian American Women who declared Morella a Feminina Excelente . She officially served as Ambassador from August 1 , 2003 to August 6 , 2007 . In November 2007 , she was succeeded by Christopher Egan , son of Richard Egan . Awards and honors . Morella has received honorary doctorates from American University , 1988 ; Norwich University , 1989 ; Dickinson College , 1989 ; Mt . Vernon College , 1995 ; University of Maryland University College , 1996 ; University of Maryland , 1997 ; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , 1997 ; Elizabethtown College , 1999 ; Washington College , 2000 ; and National Labor College , 2004 . Her numerous awards and recognitions include induction into the Maryland Womens Hall of Fame , the Ron Brown Standards Leadership Award , and public service awards from the American Medical Association , the American Bar Association , and the Hubert H . Humphrey Civil Rights Award from the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights for selfless and devoted service in the cause of equality . The Republic of Italy awarded her the Medal of the Legion of Merit . She received the Foremother Award by The National Center for Health Research in 2008 . In 2013 , she was awarded the Knight Commanders Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany for putting energy and enthusiasm into growing the Congressional Study Group on Germany , which is the oldest and most active parliamentary exchange involving Congress and the legislative branch of another country during her tenure as President of the United States Association of Former Members of Congress . In 2016 , she was conferred with Imperial Decorations by the Japanese government . For her contributions to deepen the U.S.-Japan alliance in the U.S . Congress , she was awarded with the Order of the Rising Sun , Gold and Silver Star . On April 14 , 2018 , the Bethesda Library branch of the Montgomery County Public Libraries system was renamed the Connie Morella Library . Electoral history . <nowiki>*</nowiki>Write-in and minor candidate notes : In 1996 , write-ins received 379 votes . In 2000 , Lih Young received 77 votes ; write-ins received 275 votes ; and Scott Walker received 19 votes .

/wiki/Connie_Morella#P69#1

Which school did Connie Morella go to in 1948?

Connie Morella Constance Morella ( ; née Albanese ; born February 12 , 1931 ) is an American politician and diplomat . She represented in the United States House of Representatives from 1987 to 2003 . She served as Permanent Representative from the U.S . to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) from 2003 to 2007 . She is on American Universitys faculty as an Ambassador in Residence for the Women & Politics Institute . She was appointed to the American Battle Monuments Commission ( ABMC ) by President Barack Obama in 2010 . Early life . She was born Constance Albanese in Somerville , Massachusetts . After graduating from Somerville High School in 1948 , she attended Boston University , where she earned an Associate of Arts in 1950 and a Bachelor of Arts in 1954 . Although she was raised in a family of blue-collar Democrats , she became a Republican after meeting Anthony C . Morella , who had worked for liberal Republicans John Lindsay , Nelson Rockefeller , Charles Mathias , and others . After they wed , the couple moved to Bethesda , Maryland . After Connie Morellas sister died of cancer , Tony and Connie Morella adopted her six children to join their own three children . Morella became a secondary school teacher in the Montgomery County , Maryland public schools from 1957 to 1961 . She graduated from American University with an M.A . in 1967 and was an instructor there from 1968 to 1970 , when she became a professor at Montgomery College in Rockville , Maryland . She continued to teach until 1985 , then her political career gradually displaced her educational one . Political career . In 1971 Morella was appointed as a founding member to the Montgomery County Commission for Women , an advisory womens advocacy body , and she was elected its president in 1973 . She became active in the League of Women Voters . In 1974 , she ran for the Maryland House of Delegates from the 16th District ( Bethesda ) , but did not win . She ran again in 1978 , winning the seat and receiving more votes than the three previous incumbents . She was reelected for an additional term , before running for United States Congress . Congressional career . In 1986 , Morella ran for the open Congressional seat in Marylands 8th congressional district . The district was being vacated by Democrat Michael Barnes , who was running for the Democratic nomination to the U.S . Senate . Morellas opponent in the general election was State Senator Stewart Bainum , a multimillionaire business executive who consistently outpolled her throughout most of the campaign . A major turning point came when Morella unexpectedly won endorsements from The Baltimore Sun and The Washington Post , an unusual feat for a Republican candidate in the race for an open Congressional seat in Maryland . Many analysts credit the endorsements for Morellas narrow victory in November . She was the first woman to hold this seat . Although a Republican in an area that had become heavily Democratic , she proved highly popular among her constituents and won re-election seven times , serving until 2002 . Morella opposes her partys positions on abortion , gun control , gay rights , and the environmental movement , voted for government funding of contraceptives and needle exchange programs for drug addicts , and favored the legalization of medical marijuana . She received some support from organized labor and opposed many tax cuts . Morella , however , voted against President Clintons 1993 budget , as all other Congressional Republicans did . She voted against declaring English the official language of the United States and , in 1996 , against a bill overwhelmingly approved by Congress and signed by President Bill Clinton to combat illegal immigration . In 1996 , Morella was one of only five Republicans to vote against the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act . In 1998 , she was one of only three Republicans to vote against renaming the Washington National Airport the Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport . Morella was the only Republican in the entire Congress to have voted against approving the use of military force in Iraq in 1991 and again in 2002 . She was active in human rights , womens health , and domestic violence issues in Congress , and served on the Science and Government Reform Committees . Morella was U.S . representative to the 1994 U.N . International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo and co-chair of the Congressional delegation to the 1995 U.N . Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing . Among the legislation she sponsored were the 1992 Battered Womens Testimony Act , which provided funds for indigent women to hire expert testimony in domestic abuse cases , and the Judicial Training Act , which funded programs to educate judges about domestic violence , especially in child custody cases . Morella came under greater pressure after her party took control of the House in 1994 Congressional elections . Although she signed the Contract with America developed by Newt Gingrich , she had a mixed record supporting the subsequent Republican majority in Congress . She did not openly challenge the new House leadership until 1997 when she voted present for Speaker of the House instead of for the incumbent , Newt Gingrich . In 1998 , she was one of four Republicans , along with Amo Houghton and Peter T . King of New York and Chris Shays of Connecticut , to oppose all four articles of impeachment against Clinton during the Lewinsky scandal . As a Republican representing an affluent Democratic district in an increasingly Democratic state , Morella faced a succession of increasingly strong Democratic challengers . While she managed to fend them all off , even in the big Democratic years of 1992 , 1996 , and 1998 , the low popularity of the Republican-controlled Congress gradually undermined her . She tried to portray herself as giving her district a place at the table , but over time , Morellas Democratic opponents claimed that a vote for Morella was a vote to keep Tom DeLay and other Republicans unpopular to district voters in power . It was taken for granted that Morella would be succeeded by a Democrat if she retired . It was also taken for granted that if Morella retired or was defeated in an election , Republicans would have great difficulty taking back the seat . Electoral challenges . Maryland Senate President Thomas V . Mike Miller stated that he intended to draw Morellas district out from under her after her relatively narrow reelection in 2000 . The Democrats controlled both the State Legislature and the Governors Office in 2000 , thus controlling the redistricting for the 2000 Census . Staffers from Senate President Miller , House Speaker Cas Taylor , and Governor Parris Glendening drew new maps to gerrymander out Morella and fellow moderate Republican Bob Ehrlich . One proposal went so far as to divide her district in two , effectively giving one to State Senator Chris Van Hollen and forcing Morella to run against popular Delegate and Kennedy political family member Mark Shriver . The final redistricting plan was less ambitious but still made the already heavily Democratic 8th district even more Democratic . It restored a heavily Democratic spur of eastern Montgomery County removed in the 1990 redistricting and added nine precincts in Prince Georges County from Al Wynns heavily Democratic . Although it forced Van Hollen and Shriver to run against each other in an expensive primary , Van Hollen defeated Morella in 2002 with 52 percent of the vote to Morellas 47 percent ( Morella would have narrowly won re-election in her previous district , according to election returns ) . Proving just how Democratic this new district is , the Republicans have only put up nominal challengers in the 8th since Morellas defeat ; none of them have ever won more than 40 percent of the vote . In 2013 , Morella signed an amicus curiae brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the Hollingsworth v . Perry case . Ambassador to the OECD . President George W . Bush appointed her United States Permanent Representative to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) on July 11 , 2003 . She was unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate on July 31 and sworn in on October 8 of that year , becoming the first former member of Congress to serve as ambassador to the OECD . She is an honorary board member of the National Organization of Italian American Women who declared Morella a Feminina Excelente . She officially served as Ambassador from August 1 , 2003 to August 6 , 2007 . In November 2007 , she was succeeded by Christopher Egan , son of Richard Egan . Awards and honors . Morella has received honorary doctorates from American University , 1988 ; Norwich University , 1989 ; Dickinson College , 1989 ; Mt . Vernon College , 1995 ; University of Maryland University College , 1996 ; University of Maryland , 1997 ; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , 1997 ; Elizabethtown College , 1999 ; Washington College , 2000 ; and National Labor College , 2004 . Her numerous awards and recognitions include induction into the Maryland Womens Hall of Fame , the Ron Brown Standards Leadership Award , and public service awards from the American Medical Association , the American Bar Association , and the Hubert H . Humphrey Civil Rights Award from the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights for selfless and devoted service in the cause of equality . The Republic of Italy awarded her the Medal of the Legion of Merit . She received the Foremother Award by The National Center for Health Research in 2008 . In 2013 , she was awarded the Knight Commanders Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany for putting energy and enthusiasm into growing the Congressional Study Group on Germany , which is the oldest and most active parliamentary exchange involving Congress and the legislative branch of another country during her tenure as President of the United States Association of Former Members of Congress . In 2016 , she was conferred with Imperial Decorations by the Japanese government . For her contributions to deepen the U.S.-Japan alliance in the U.S . Congress , she was awarded with the Order of the Rising Sun , Gold and Silver Star . On April 14 , 2018 , the Bethesda Library branch of the Montgomery County Public Libraries system was renamed the Connie Morella Library . Electoral history . <nowiki>*</nowiki>Write-in and minor candidate notes : In 1996 , write-ins received 379 votes . In 2000 , Lih Young received 77 votes ; write-ins received 275 votes ; and Scott Walker received 19 votes .

/wiki/Connie_Morella#P69#2

Which school did Connie Morella go to after Oct 1954?

Connie Morella Constance Morella ( ; née Albanese ; born February 12 , 1931 ) is an American politician and diplomat . She represented in the United States House of Representatives from 1987 to 2003 . She served as Permanent Representative from the U.S . to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) from 2003 to 2007 . She is on American Universitys faculty as an Ambassador in Residence for the Women & Politics Institute . She was appointed to the American Battle Monuments Commission ( ABMC ) by President Barack Obama in 2010 . Early life . She was born Constance Albanese in Somerville , Massachusetts . After graduating from Somerville High School in 1948 , she attended Boston University , where she earned an Associate of Arts in 1950 and a Bachelor of Arts in 1954 . Although she was raised in a family of blue-collar Democrats , she became a Republican after meeting Anthony C . Morella , who had worked for liberal Republicans John Lindsay , Nelson Rockefeller , Charles Mathias , and others . After they wed , the couple moved to Bethesda , Maryland . After Connie Morellas sister died of cancer , Tony and Connie Morella adopted her six children to join their own three children . Morella became a secondary school teacher in the Montgomery County , Maryland public schools from 1957 to 1961 . She graduated from American University with an M.A . in 1967 and was an instructor there from 1968 to 1970 , when she became a professor at Montgomery College in Rockville , Maryland . She continued to teach until 1985 , then her political career gradually displaced her educational one . Political career . In 1971 Morella was appointed as a founding member to the Montgomery County Commission for Women , an advisory womens advocacy body , and she was elected its president in 1973 . She became active in the League of Women Voters . In 1974 , she ran for the Maryland House of Delegates from the 16th District ( Bethesda ) , but did not win . She ran again in 1978 , winning the seat and receiving more votes than the three previous incumbents . She was reelected for an additional term , before running for United States Congress . Congressional career . In 1986 , Morella ran for the open Congressional seat in Marylands 8th congressional district . The district was being vacated by Democrat Michael Barnes , who was running for the Democratic nomination to the U.S . Senate . Morellas opponent in the general election was State Senator Stewart Bainum , a multimillionaire business executive who consistently outpolled her throughout most of the campaign . A major turning point came when Morella unexpectedly won endorsements from The Baltimore Sun and The Washington Post , an unusual feat for a Republican candidate in the race for an open Congressional seat in Maryland . Many analysts credit the endorsements for Morellas narrow victory in November . She was the first woman to hold this seat . Although a Republican in an area that had become heavily Democratic , she proved highly popular among her constituents and won re-election seven times , serving until 2002 . Morella opposes her partys positions on abortion , gun control , gay rights , and the environmental movement , voted for government funding of contraceptives and needle exchange programs for drug addicts , and favored the legalization of medical marijuana . She received some support from organized labor and opposed many tax cuts . Morella , however , voted against President Clintons 1993 budget , as all other Congressional Republicans did . She voted against declaring English the official language of the United States and , in 1996 , against a bill overwhelmingly approved by Congress and signed by President Bill Clinton to combat illegal immigration . In 1996 , Morella was one of only five Republicans to vote against the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act . In 1998 , she was one of only three Republicans to vote against renaming the Washington National Airport the Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport . Morella was the only Republican in the entire Congress to have voted against approving the use of military force in Iraq in 1991 and again in 2002 . She was active in human rights , womens health , and domestic violence issues in Congress , and served on the Science and Government Reform Committees . Morella was U.S . representative to the 1994 U.N . International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo and co-chair of the Congressional delegation to the 1995 U.N . Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing . Among the legislation she sponsored were the 1992 Battered Womens Testimony Act , which provided funds for indigent women to hire expert testimony in domestic abuse cases , and the Judicial Training Act , which funded programs to educate judges about domestic violence , especially in child custody cases . Morella came under greater pressure after her party took control of the House in 1994 Congressional elections . Although she signed the Contract with America developed by Newt Gingrich , she had a mixed record supporting the subsequent Republican majority in Congress . She did not openly challenge the new House leadership until 1997 when she voted present for Speaker of the House instead of for the incumbent , Newt Gingrich . In 1998 , she was one of four Republicans , along with Amo Houghton and Peter T . King of New York and Chris Shays of Connecticut , to oppose all four articles of impeachment against Clinton during the Lewinsky scandal . As a Republican representing an affluent Democratic district in an increasingly Democratic state , Morella faced a succession of increasingly strong Democratic challengers . While she managed to fend them all off , even in the big Democratic years of 1992 , 1996 , and 1998 , the low popularity of the Republican-controlled Congress gradually undermined her . She tried to portray herself as giving her district a place at the table , but over time , Morellas Democratic opponents claimed that a vote for Morella was a vote to keep Tom DeLay and other Republicans unpopular to district voters in power . It was taken for granted that Morella would be succeeded by a Democrat if she retired . It was also taken for granted that if Morella retired or was defeated in an election , Republicans would have great difficulty taking back the seat . Electoral challenges . Maryland Senate President Thomas V . Mike Miller stated that he intended to draw Morellas district out from under her after her relatively narrow reelection in 2000 . The Democrats controlled both the State Legislature and the Governors Office in 2000 , thus controlling the redistricting for the 2000 Census . Staffers from Senate President Miller , House Speaker Cas Taylor , and Governor Parris Glendening drew new maps to gerrymander out Morella and fellow moderate Republican Bob Ehrlich . One proposal went so far as to divide her district in two , effectively giving one to State Senator Chris Van Hollen and forcing Morella to run against popular Delegate and Kennedy political family member Mark Shriver . The final redistricting plan was less ambitious but still made the already heavily Democratic 8th district even more Democratic . It restored a heavily Democratic spur of eastern Montgomery County removed in the 1990 redistricting and added nine precincts in Prince Georges County from Al Wynns heavily Democratic . Although it forced Van Hollen and Shriver to run against each other in an expensive primary , Van Hollen defeated Morella in 2002 with 52 percent of the vote to Morellas 47 percent ( Morella would have narrowly won re-election in her previous district , according to election returns ) . Proving just how Democratic this new district is , the Republicans have only put up nominal challengers in the 8th since Morellas defeat ; none of them have ever won more than 40 percent of the vote . In 2013 , Morella signed an amicus curiae brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the Hollingsworth v . Perry case . Ambassador to the OECD . President George W . Bush appointed her United States Permanent Representative to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) on July 11 , 2003 . She was unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate on July 31 and sworn in on October 8 of that year , becoming the first former member of Congress to serve as ambassador to the OECD . She is an honorary board member of the National Organization of Italian American Women who declared Morella a Feminina Excelente . She officially served as Ambassador from August 1 , 2003 to August 6 , 2007 . In November 2007 , she was succeeded by Christopher Egan , son of Richard Egan . Awards and honors . Morella has received honorary doctorates from American University , 1988 ; Norwich University , 1989 ; Dickinson College , 1989 ; Mt . Vernon College , 1995 ; University of Maryland University College , 1996 ; University of Maryland , 1997 ; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , 1997 ; Elizabethtown College , 1999 ; Washington College , 2000 ; and National Labor College , 2004 . Her numerous awards and recognitions include induction into the Maryland Womens Hall of Fame , the Ron Brown Standards Leadership Award , and public service awards from the American Medical Association , the American Bar Association , and the Hubert H . Humphrey Civil Rights Award from the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights for selfless and devoted service in the cause of equality . The Republic of Italy awarded her the Medal of the Legion of Merit . She received the Foremother Award by The National Center for Health Research in 2008 . In 2013 , she was awarded the Knight Commanders Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany for putting energy and enthusiasm into growing the Congressional Study Group on Germany , which is the oldest and most active parliamentary exchange involving Congress and the legislative branch of another country during her tenure as President of the United States Association of Former Members of Congress . In 2016 , she was conferred with Imperial Decorations by the Japanese government . For her contributions to deepen the U.S.-Japan alliance in the U.S . Congress , she was awarded with the Order of the Rising Sun , Gold and Silver Star . On April 14 , 2018 , the Bethesda Library branch of the Montgomery County Public Libraries system was renamed the Connie Morella Library . Electoral history . <nowiki>*</nowiki>Write-in and minor candidate notes : In 1996 , write-ins received 379 votes . In 2000 , Lih Young received 77 votes ; write-ins received 275 votes ; and Scott Walker received 19 votes .

/wiki/Marshall_Clagett#P463#0

Marshall Clagett became a member of what organization or association in 1956?

Marshall Clagett Marshall Clagett ( January 23 , 1916 , Washington , D.C . – October 21 , 2005 , Princeton , New Jersey ) was an American historian of science who specialized in medieval science . John Murdoch describes him as a distinguished medievalist who was the last member of a triumvirate [ with Henry Guerlac and I . Bernard Cohen , who ] … established the history of science as a recognized discipline within American universities while Edward Grant ranks him among the greatest historians and scholars of the twentieth century . Career . Clagett began his undergraduate education in 1933 at the California Institute of Technology . In 1935 he transferred to George Washington University , there completing his bachelors degree and in 1937 his masters degree . He then studied history at Columbia University with Lynn Thorndike , receiving his Ph.D . in 1941 . After obtaining his degree he entered the US Navy as an ensign and , having served in the Pacific and on Okinawa , was discharged in 1946 with the rank of lieutenant commander . After one year at Columbia University as an instructor in history and the history of science , Clagett joined the University of Wisconsins Department of History of Science , eventually becoming Vilas Research Professor there . From 1959 to 1964 , he was also director of the Universitys Institute for Research in the Humanities . At Wisconsin he organized an influential conference on Critical Problems in the History of Science and edited the resulting seminal volume of papers . Clagett held two visiting appointments ( 1958–59 and 1963 ) at the School of Historical Studies of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton , New Jersey and in 1964 he was appointed permanently to the faculty of the School of Historical Studies . He wrote more than a dozen volumes on the history of science , many of them focusing on the role of mathematics in natural philosophy and on pure mathematics . Clagett became Professor Emeritus in 1986 , continued research and writing , completing three of the planned four volumes of Ancient Egyptian Science . Honors . He was honored with the following prizes : - 1960 , the Pfizer Award of the History of Science Society for his Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages ; - 1969 , the Charles Homer Haskins Medal of the Medieval Academy of America ; - 1980 , the George Sarton Medal of the History of Science Society ; - 1981 , the John Frederick Lewis Prize of the American Philosophical Society , and the Alexandre Koyré Medal of the International Academy of the History of Science , for his Archimedes in the Middle Ages ; - 1989 , the Lewis Prize again for Ancient Egyptian Science , Vol . I ; - 1995 , one of two newly created Giovanni Dondi dallOrologio European Prizes in the History of Science , Technology , and Industry , given in recognition of a lifetime of scholarship in the history of science ; - 1996 , the 35th annual International Galileo Galilei Prize , given by the Award Foundation of the Italian Rotary for outstanding contributions by a foreign scholar to the study and diffusion of Italian culture . A fellow of the Medieval Academy of America and past president of the History of Science Society , he was a member and former vice president of the American Philosophical Society . He was also a member of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Medizin , Naturwissenschaft und Technik , and the International Academy of the History of Science , which he served as vice president from 1968 to 1971 . Selected publications . - 1953 - Medieval Latin Translations from the Arabic of the Elements of Euclid , with Special Emphasis on the Versions of Adelard of Bath , Isis 44 : 16–42 . - 1955 - Greek Science in Antiquity . New York : Abelard-Schuman , 1955 , Revised edition , New York : Collier Books , 1963 . - 1959 - The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages . Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin Press . - 1959 - ( ed. ) Critical Problems in the History of Science . Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin Press . - 1959 - The Impact of Archimedes on Medieval Science , Isis 50 : 419–429 . Reprinted in The Scientific Enterprise in Antiquity and the Middle Ages , ed . Michael H . Shank , Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2000 , pp . 337–347 . - 1961 - ( ed . with Gaines Post and Robert Reynolds ) Twelfth-Century Europe and the Foundations of Modern Society . Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin Press . - 1964-84 - Archimedes in the Middle Ages , 5 vols in 10 tomes . Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin Press , 1964 ; Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society , 1967–1984 . - 1968 - Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions . Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin Press . - 1989-99 - Ancient Egyptian Science : A Source Book , 3 vols . Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society .

/wiki/Marshall_Clagett#P463#1

Marshall Clagett became a member of what organization or association in 1961?

Marshall Clagett Marshall Clagett ( January 23 , 1916 , Washington , D.C . – October 21 , 2005 , Princeton , New Jersey ) was an American historian of science who specialized in medieval science . John Murdoch describes him as a distinguished medievalist who was the last member of a triumvirate [ with Henry Guerlac and I . Bernard Cohen , who ] … established the history of science as a recognized discipline within American universities while Edward Grant ranks him among the greatest historians and scholars of the twentieth century . Career . Clagett began his undergraduate education in 1933 at the California Institute of Technology . In 1935 he transferred to George Washington University , there completing his bachelors degree and in 1937 his masters degree . He then studied history at Columbia University with Lynn Thorndike , receiving his Ph.D . in 1941 . After obtaining his degree he entered the US Navy as an ensign and , having served in the Pacific and on Okinawa , was discharged in 1946 with the rank of lieutenant commander . After one year at Columbia University as an instructor in history and the history of science , Clagett joined the University of Wisconsins Department of History of Science , eventually becoming Vilas Research Professor there . From 1959 to 1964 , he was also director of the Universitys Institute for Research in the Humanities . At Wisconsin he organized an influential conference on Critical Problems in the History of Science and edited the resulting seminal volume of papers . Clagett held two visiting appointments ( 1958–59 and 1963 ) at the School of Historical Studies of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton , New Jersey and in 1964 he was appointed permanently to the faculty of the School of Historical Studies . He wrote more than a dozen volumes on the history of science , many of them focusing on the role of mathematics in natural philosophy and on pure mathematics . Clagett became Professor Emeritus in 1986 , continued research and writing , completing three of the planned four volumes of Ancient Egyptian Science . Honors . He was honored with the following prizes : - 1960 , the Pfizer Award of the History of Science Society for his Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages ; - 1969 , the Charles Homer Haskins Medal of the Medieval Academy of America ; - 1980 , the George Sarton Medal of the History of Science Society ; - 1981 , the John Frederick Lewis Prize of the American Philosophical Society , and the Alexandre Koyré Medal of the International Academy of the History of Science , for his Archimedes in the Middle Ages ; - 1989 , the Lewis Prize again for Ancient Egyptian Science , Vol . I ; - 1995 , one of two newly created Giovanni Dondi dallOrologio European Prizes in the History of Science , Technology , and Industry , given in recognition of a lifetime of scholarship in the history of science ; - 1996 , the 35th annual International Galileo Galilei Prize , given by the Award Foundation of the Italian Rotary for outstanding contributions by a foreign scholar to the study and diffusion of Italian culture . A fellow of the Medieval Academy of America and past president of the History of Science Society , he was a member and former vice president of the American Philosophical Society . He was also a member of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Medizin , Naturwissenschaft und Technik , and the International Academy of the History of Science , which he served as vice president from 1968 to 1971 . Selected publications . - 1953 - Medieval Latin Translations from the Arabic of the Elements of Euclid , with Special Emphasis on the Versions of Adelard of Bath , Isis 44 : 16–42 . - 1955 - Greek Science in Antiquity . New York : Abelard-Schuman , 1955 , Revised edition , New York : Collier Books , 1963 . - 1959 - The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages . Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin Press . - 1959 - ( ed. ) Critical Problems in the History of Science . Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin Press . - 1959 - The Impact of Archimedes on Medieval Science , Isis 50 : 419–429 . Reprinted in The Scientific Enterprise in Antiquity and the Middle Ages , ed . Michael H . Shank , Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2000 , pp . 337–347 . - 1961 - ( ed . with Gaines Post and Robert Reynolds ) Twelfth-Century Europe and the Foundations of Modern Society . Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin Press . - 1964-84 - Archimedes in the Middle Ages , 5 vols in 10 tomes . Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin Press , 1964 ; Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society , 1967–1984 . - 1968 - Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions . Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin Press . - 1989-99 - Ancient Egyptian Science : A Source Book , 3 vols . Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society .

/wiki/Marshall_Clagett#P463#2

Marshall Clagett became a member of what organization or association in 1960?

Marshall Clagett Marshall Clagett ( January 23 , 1916 , Washington , D.C . – October 21 , 2005 , Princeton , New Jersey ) was an American historian of science who specialized in medieval science . John Murdoch describes him as a distinguished medievalist who was the last member of a triumvirate [ with Henry Guerlac and I . Bernard Cohen , who ] … established the history of science as a recognized discipline within American universities while Edward Grant ranks him among the greatest historians and scholars of the twentieth century . Career . Clagett began his undergraduate education in 1933 at the California Institute of Technology . In 1935 he transferred to George Washington University , there completing his bachelors degree and in 1937 his masters degree . He then studied history at Columbia University with Lynn Thorndike , receiving his Ph.D . in 1941 . After obtaining his degree he entered the US Navy as an ensign and , having served in the Pacific and on Okinawa , was discharged in 1946 with the rank of lieutenant commander . After one year at Columbia University as an instructor in history and the history of science , Clagett joined the University of Wisconsins Department of History of Science , eventually becoming Vilas Research Professor there . From 1959 to 1964 , he was also director of the Universitys Institute for Research in the Humanities . At Wisconsin he organized an influential conference on Critical Problems in the History of Science and edited the resulting seminal volume of papers . Clagett held two visiting appointments ( 1958–59 and 1963 ) at the School of Historical Studies of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton , New Jersey and in 1964 he was appointed permanently to the faculty of the School of Historical Studies . He wrote more than a dozen volumes on the history of science , many of them focusing on the role of mathematics in natural philosophy and on pure mathematics . Clagett became Professor Emeritus in 1986 , continued research and writing , completing three of the planned four volumes of Ancient Egyptian Science . Honors . He was honored with the following prizes : - 1960 , the Pfizer Award of the History of Science Society for his Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages ; - 1969 , the Charles Homer Haskins Medal of the Medieval Academy of America ; - 1980 , the George Sarton Medal of the History of Science Society ; - 1981 , the John Frederick Lewis Prize of the American Philosophical Society , and the Alexandre Koyré Medal of the International Academy of the History of Science , for his Archimedes in the Middle Ages ; - 1989 , the Lewis Prize again for Ancient Egyptian Science , Vol . I ; - 1995 , one of two newly created Giovanni Dondi dallOrologio European Prizes in the History of Science , Technology , and Industry , given in recognition of a lifetime of scholarship in the history of science ; - 1996 , the 35th annual International Galileo Galilei Prize , given by the Award Foundation of the Italian Rotary for outstanding contributions by a foreign scholar to the study and diffusion of Italian culture . A fellow of the Medieval Academy of America and past president of the History of Science Society , he was a member and former vice president of the American Philosophical Society . He was also a member of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Medizin , Naturwissenschaft und Technik , and the International Academy of the History of Science , which he served as vice president from 1968 to 1971 . Selected publications . - 1953 - Medieval Latin Translations from the Arabic of the Elements of Euclid , with Special Emphasis on the Versions of Adelard of Bath , Isis 44 : 16–42 . - 1955 - Greek Science in Antiquity . New York : Abelard-Schuman , 1955 , Revised edition , New York : Collier Books , 1963 . - 1959 - The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages . Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin Press . - 1959 - ( ed. ) Critical Problems in the History of Science . Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin Press . - 1959 - The Impact of Archimedes on Medieval Science , Isis 50 : 419–429 . Reprinted in The Scientific Enterprise in Antiquity and the Middle Ages , ed . Michael H . Shank , Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2000 , pp . 337–347 . - 1961 - ( ed . with Gaines Post and Robert Reynolds ) Twelfth-Century Europe and the Foundations of Modern Society . Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin Press . - 1964-84 - Archimedes in the Middle Ages , 5 vols in 10 tomes . Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin Press , 1964 ; Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society , 1967–1984 . - 1968 - Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions . Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin Press . - 1989-99 - Ancient Egyptian Science : A Source Book , 3 vols . Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society .

/wiki/Otto_von_Bülow#P5096#0

Which crew did Otto von Bülow belong to in Sep 1930?

Otto von Bülow Otto von Bülow ( 16 October 1911 – 5 January 2006 ) was a German U-boat commander in World War II , and a captain in the Bundesmarine . He was a recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany . Family . Bülow was born in Wilhelmshaven as the son of Captain Otto von Bülow ( 1874–1930 ) and Johanna Meyer ( 1883–1937 ) . He was descended from the Bülow family , an old aristocratic family from Mecklenburg . On 5 June 1937 he married Helga Christiansen ( born 2 April 1914 in Rødding , Denmark , then a part of Germany ) . Bülow was the chairman ( 1970–1988 ) and afterwards honorary chairman of the Bülow Family Association . Military career . Bülow joined the Kriegsmarine on 1 April 1930 , and completed his basic training in Stralsund . His first assignment was on the Niobe , a German training ship , from July until October 1930 . He then served on the Light Cruiser Emden until the start of 1932 . He then went back to Stralsund for more training , and between 1932 and 1933 he trained at the Naval Academy Mürwik . In 1933 he was stationed on the battleship Deutschland , where he was Battery commander . He later served on the Emden , the , and later on a landbased assignment in Pillau until 1940 . In April 1940 Bülow transferred to the U-boat service , and completed his training on 11 November 1940 . He was posted as commander of the in the 21st U-boat Flotilla . On 6 August 1941 he took command of in the 6th U-boat Flotilla . He sank 15 ships whilst in U-404 , including a Royal Navy destroyer ( ) , and damaged 2 other ships . He received the Knights Cross on 20 October 1942 , and in April , 1943 , the Knights Cross with Oak Leaves for the assumed sinking of . On 1 September 1943 he was reassigned as commander of the 23rd U-boat Flotilla based in Danzig . In May 1945 , Bülow was taken prisoner by the British , and was released in August of that year . In 1956 he joined the Bundeswehr and was the garrison chief of Bremerhaven . He received command of the German Destroyer Z-6 in 1962 . In 1963 , he became commander of the 3rd Destroyer Squadron . Before he retired in 1970 he was the garrison chief of Hamburg for five years . He died in Wohltorf . Summary of career . Awards . - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) 2nd Class ( 6 April 1942 ) & 1st Class ( 6 April 1942 ) - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th Class - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) with Diamonds ( April 1943 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves - Knights Cross on 20 October 1942 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-404 - 234th Oak Leaves on 26 April 1943 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-404 - War Merit Cross 2nd Class ( 20 April 1944 ) - Officers Cross , Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Ranks achieved . - Kriegsmarine : Korvettenkapitän ( Corvette Captain ) , effective as of 1 June 1943 - Bundesmarine : Kapitän zur See ( Captain at Sea ) on 1 October 1962

/wiki/Otto_von_Bülow#P5096#1

Which crew did Otto von Bülow belong to between Nov 1931 and Dec 1931?

Otto von Bülow Otto von Bülow ( 16 October 1911 – 5 January 2006 ) was a German U-boat commander in World War II , and a captain in the Bundesmarine . He was a recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany . Family . Bülow was born in Wilhelmshaven as the son of Captain Otto von Bülow ( 1874–1930 ) and Johanna Meyer ( 1883–1937 ) . He was descended from the Bülow family , an old aristocratic family from Mecklenburg . On 5 June 1937 he married Helga Christiansen ( born 2 April 1914 in Rødding , Denmark , then a part of Germany ) . Bülow was the chairman ( 1970–1988 ) and afterwards honorary chairman of the Bülow Family Association . Military career . Bülow joined the Kriegsmarine on 1 April 1930 , and completed his basic training in Stralsund . His first assignment was on the Niobe , a German training ship , from July until October 1930 . He then served on the Light Cruiser Emden until the start of 1932 . He then went back to Stralsund for more training , and between 1932 and 1933 he trained at the Naval Academy Mürwik . In 1933 he was stationed on the battleship Deutschland , where he was Battery commander . He later served on the Emden , the , and later on a landbased assignment in Pillau until 1940 . In April 1940 Bülow transferred to the U-boat service , and completed his training on 11 November 1940 . He was posted as commander of the in the 21st U-boat Flotilla . On 6 August 1941 he took command of in the 6th U-boat Flotilla . He sank 15 ships whilst in U-404 , including a Royal Navy destroyer ( ) , and damaged 2 other ships . He received the Knights Cross on 20 October 1942 , and in April , 1943 , the Knights Cross with Oak Leaves for the assumed sinking of . On 1 September 1943 he was reassigned as commander of the 23rd U-boat Flotilla based in Danzig . In May 1945 , Bülow was taken prisoner by the British , and was released in August of that year . In 1956 he joined the Bundeswehr and was the garrison chief of Bremerhaven . He received command of the German Destroyer Z-6 in 1962 . In 1963 , he became commander of the 3rd Destroyer Squadron . Before he retired in 1970 he was the garrison chief of Hamburg for five years . He died in Wohltorf . Summary of career . Awards . - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) 2nd Class ( 6 April 1942 ) & 1st Class ( 6 April 1942 ) - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th Class - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) with Diamonds ( April 1943 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves - Knights Cross on 20 October 1942 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-404 - 234th Oak Leaves on 26 April 1943 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-404 - War Merit Cross 2nd Class ( 20 April 1944 ) - Officers Cross , Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Ranks achieved . - Kriegsmarine : Korvettenkapitän ( Corvette Captain ) , effective as of 1 June 1943 - Bundesmarine : Kapitän zur See ( Captain at Sea ) on 1 October 1962

/wiki/Otto_von_Bülow#P5096#2

Which crew did Otto von Bülow belong to in Dec 1933?

Otto von Bülow Otto von Bülow ( 16 October 1911 – 5 January 2006 ) was a German U-boat commander in World War II , and a captain in the Bundesmarine . He was a recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany . Family . Bülow was born in Wilhelmshaven as the son of Captain Otto von Bülow ( 1874–1930 ) and Johanna Meyer ( 1883–1937 ) . He was descended from the Bülow family , an old aristocratic family from Mecklenburg . On 5 June 1937 he married Helga Christiansen ( born 2 April 1914 in Rødding , Denmark , then a part of Germany ) . Bülow was the chairman ( 1970–1988 ) and afterwards honorary chairman of the Bülow Family Association . Military career . Bülow joined the Kriegsmarine on 1 April 1930 , and completed his basic training in Stralsund . His first assignment was on the Niobe , a German training ship , from July until October 1930 . He then served on the Light Cruiser Emden until the start of 1932 . He then went back to Stralsund for more training , and between 1932 and 1933 he trained at the Naval Academy Mürwik . In 1933 he was stationed on the battleship Deutschland , where he was Battery commander . He later served on the Emden , the , and later on a landbased assignment in Pillau until 1940 . In April 1940 Bülow transferred to the U-boat service , and completed his training on 11 November 1940 . He was posted as commander of the in the 21st U-boat Flotilla . On 6 August 1941 he took command of in the 6th U-boat Flotilla . He sank 15 ships whilst in U-404 , including a Royal Navy destroyer ( ) , and damaged 2 other ships . He received the Knights Cross on 20 October 1942 , and in April , 1943 , the Knights Cross with Oak Leaves for the assumed sinking of . On 1 September 1943 he was reassigned as commander of the 23rd U-boat Flotilla based in Danzig . In May 1945 , Bülow was taken prisoner by the British , and was released in August of that year . In 1956 he joined the Bundeswehr and was the garrison chief of Bremerhaven . He received command of the German Destroyer Z-6 in 1962 . In 1963 , he became commander of the 3rd Destroyer Squadron . Before he retired in 1970 he was the garrison chief of Hamburg for five years . He died in Wohltorf . Summary of career . Awards . - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) 2nd Class ( 6 April 1942 ) & 1st Class ( 6 April 1942 ) - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th Class - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) with Diamonds ( April 1943 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves - Knights Cross on 20 October 1942 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-404 - 234th Oak Leaves on 26 April 1943 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-404 - War Merit Cross 2nd Class ( 20 April 1944 ) - Officers Cross , Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Ranks achieved . - Kriegsmarine : Korvettenkapitän ( Corvette Captain ) , effective as of 1 June 1943 - Bundesmarine : Kapitän zur See ( Captain at Sea ) on 1 October 1962

/wiki/Otto_von_Bülow#P5096#3

Which crew did Otto von Bülow belong to in Jul 1941?

Otto von Bülow Otto von Bülow ( 16 October 1911 – 5 January 2006 ) was a German U-boat commander in World War II , and a captain in the Bundesmarine . He was a recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany . Family . Bülow was born in Wilhelmshaven as the son of Captain Otto von Bülow ( 1874–1930 ) and Johanna Meyer ( 1883–1937 ) . He was descended from the Bülow family , an old aristocratic family from Mecklenburg . On 5 June 1937 he married Helga Christiansen ( born 2 April 1914 in Rødding , Denmark , then a part of Germany ) . Bülow was the chairman ( 1970–1988 ) and afterwards honorary chairman of the Bülow Family Association . Military career . Bülow joined the Kriegsmarine on 1 April 1930 , and completed his basic training in Stralsund . His first assignment was on the Niobe , a German training ship , from July until October 1930 . He then served on the Light Cruiser Emden until the start of 1932 . He then went back to Stralsund for more training , and between 1932 and 1933 he trained at the Naval Academy Mürwik . In 1933 he was stationed on the battleship Deutschland , where he was Battery commander . He later served on the Emden , the , and later on a landbased assignment in Pillau until 1940 . In April 1940 Bülow transferred to the U-boat service , and completed his training on 11 November 1940 . He was posted as commander of the in the 21st U-boat Flotilla . On 6 August 1941 he took command of in the 6th U-boat Flotilla . He sank 15 ships whilst in U-404 , including a Royal Navy destroyer ( ) , and damaged 2 other ships . He received the Knights Cross on 20 October 1942 , and in April , 1943 , the Knights Cross with Oak Leaves for the assumed sinking of . On 1 September 1943 he was reassigned as commander of the 23rd U-boat Flotilla based in Danzig . In May 1945 , Bülow was taken prisoner by the British , and was released in August of that year . In 1956 he joined the Bundeswehr and was the garrison chief of Bremerhaven . He received command of the German Destroyer Z-6 in 1962 . In 1963 , he became commander of the 3rd Destroyer Squadron . Before he retired in 1970 he was the garrison chief of Hamburg for five years . He died in Wohltorf . Summary of career . Awards . - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) 2nd Class ( 6 April 1942 ) & 1st Class ( 6 April 1942 ) - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th Class - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) with Diamonds ( April 1943 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves - Knights Cross on 20 October 1942 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-404 - 234th Oak Leaves on 26 April 1943 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-404 - War Merit Cross 2nd Class ( 20 April 1944 ) - Officers Cross , Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Ranks achieved . - Kriegsmarine : Korvettenkapitän ( Corvette Captain ) , effective as of 1 June 1943 - Bundesmarine : Kapitän zur See ( Captain at Sea ) on 1 October 1962

/wiki/Allan_Nielsen#P54#0

Which team did Allan Nielsen play for before Jun 1989?

Allan Nielsen Allan Nielsen ( born 13 March 1971 ) is a Danish former professional football player whose most notable period of football was four years at English Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur with whom he won the 1999 League Cup , scoring the winning goal . He was also an integral part of the Denmark national football team from 1996 to 2001 , playing a total of 44 matches and scoring seven goals . He competed for Denmark in the international 1996 European Championship ( Euro 1996 ) , 1998 FIFA World Cup and Euro 2000 tournaments . Biography . Nielsen was born in Esbjerg , Denmark . Having never played a senior match , he moved abroad in 1989 to play for German Bundesliga team Bayern Munich at the age of 18 . In his three years at the club , he played only six minutes in a single game in May 1991 , as he came on as a substitute in a 7–3 win against Hertha Berlin . Failing to break through at Bayern Munich , he left the club in the summer 1991 . Nielsen initially signed a three-year contract with FC Sion in June 1991 , but he never played a game for the club . He swiftly moved back to Denmark , to play with Odense BK in the Danish Superliga championship , where he debuted in September 1991 . At Odense , he was a part of the team that won the 1993 Danish Cup and he was then brought to league rivals FC Copenhagen in 1994 . He played a single season for the club , where he was team captain , before he moved to main rivals Brøndby IF in 1995 . In his year at Brøndby , the club won the 1995–96 Danish Superliga championship , and Nielsen was named Brøndby IF 1995 Player of the Year . He was called up for the Danish national team under national manager Richard Møller Nielsen . Nielsen made his debut against Armenia on 16 August 1995 . He came on as a substitute and following 45 seconds on the pitch , he scored the second goal in Denmarks 2–0 win . He was called up to represent Denmark at the Euro 96 tournament hosted by England , where he scored one goal in his only match , the 3–0 win against Turkey . After Euro 1996 , Brøndby received a transfer fee of £1.65 million , when Nielsen moved to England to play for FA Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur . He played nearly 100 league matches for Tottenham , and he was a pivotal player when the club won the 1999 League Cup . In the final minute , he scored a diving header to give Tottenham a 1–0 win against Leicester City , and Nielsen was subsequently honoured as Man of the Match . Following controversies with Tottenham manager George Graham , Nielsen moved down a league in March 2000 , when he was loaned out to Wolverhampton Wanderers in the English First Division in a three-month deal . During his time at Tottenham , he represented the Danish national team in five games at the 1998 FIFA World Cup , scoring a single goal against South Africa , as well as in two games at the Euro 2000 tournament . He permanently moved away from Tottenham after Euro 2000 , in July 2000 , to play for English First Division team Watford . He was signed by Watford manager Graham Taylor for £2.5million , which at the time was the highest fee the club had ever paid for a player . After three seasons at the club , Nielsen returned to Denmark in 2003 for Superliga relegation battlers Herfølge Boldklub in a role as player/assistant coach . Following a bad first half of the 2003–04 season , head coach Johnny Petersen was fired and Nielsen was promoted to player/coach , in a coaching partnership with former national team player and Esbjerg native Michael Schjønberg . They managed to finish just above the relegation zone at the end of the season . For the subsequent 2004–05 season , Nielsen decided to focus exclusively on coaching , but to no avail as Herfølge was relegated , and he announced his coaching days were over . Today he works as coach at Viborg Sports College . Street Football . Nielsen has bought the rights for the Monta brand in Denmark and arranges Street Football events . Honours . Club . - Odense - Danish Cup : 1992–93 - Brøndby - Danish Superliga : 1995–96 - Tottenham - League Cup : 1998–99 Individual . - Alan Hardaker Trophy : 1999 - Danish Player of the Year : 1996 External links . - Danish national team profile

/wiki/Allan_Nielsen#P54#1

Which team did Allan Nielsen play for between Nov 1992 and Dec 1992?

Allan Nielsen Allan Nielsen ( born 13 March 1971 ) is a Danish former professional football player whose most notable period of football was four years at English Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur with whom he won the 1999 League Cup , scoring the winning goal . He was also an integral part of the Denmark national football team from 1996 to 2001 , playing a total of 44 matches and scoring seven goals . He competed for Denmark in the international 1996 European Championship ( Euro 1996 ) , 1998 FIFA World Cup and Euro 2000 tournaments . Biography . Nielsen was born in Esbjerg , Denmark . Having never played a senior match , he moved abroad in 1989 to play for German Bundesliga team Bayern Munich at the age of 18 . In his three years at the club , he played only six minutes in a single game in May 1991 , as he came on as a substitute in a 7–3 win against Hertha Berlin . Failing to break through at Bayern Munich , he left the club in the summer 1991 . Nielsen initially signed a three-year contract with FC Sion in June 1991 , but he never played a game for the club . He swiftly moved back to Denmark , to play with Odense BK in the Danish Superliga championship , where he debuted in September 1991 . At Odense , he was a part of the team that won the 1993 Danish Cup and he was then brought to league rivals FC Copenhagen in 1994 . He played a single season for the club , where he was team captain , before he moved to main rivals Brøndby IF in 1995 . In his year at Brøndby , the club won the 1995–96 Danish Superliga championship , and Nielsen was named Brøndby IF 1995 Player of the Year . He was called up for the Danish national team under national manager Richard Møller Nielsen . Nielsen made his debut against Armenia on 16 August 1995 . He came on as a substitute and following 45 seconds on the pitch , he scored the second goal in Denmarks 2–0 win . He was called up to represent Denmark at the Euro 96 tournament hosted by England , where he scored one goal in his only match , the 3–0 win against Turkey . After Euro 1996 , Brøndby received a transfer fee of £1.65 million , when Nielsen moved to England to play for FA Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur . He played nearly 100 league matches for Tottenham , and he was a pivotal player when the club won the 1999 League Cup . In the final minute , he scored a diving header to give Tottenham a 1–0 win against Leicester City , and Nielsen was subsequently honoured as Man of the Match . Following controversies with Tottenham manager George Graham , Nielsen moved down a league in March 2000 , when he was loaned out to Wolverhampton Wanderers in the English First Division in a three-month deal . During his time at Tottenham , he represented the Danish national team in five games at the 1998 FIFA World Cup , scoring a single goal against South Africa , as well as in two games at the Euro 2000 tournament . He permanently moved away from Tottenham after Euro 2000 , in July 2000 , to play for English First Division team Watford . He was signed by Watford manager Graham Taylor for £2.5million , which at the time was the highest fee the club had ever paid for a player . After three seasons at the club , Nielsen returned to Denmark in 2003 for Superliga relegation battlers Herfølge Boldklub in a role as player/assistant coach . Following a bad first half of the 2003–04 season , head coach Johnny Petersen was fired and Nielsen was promoted to player/coach , in a coaching partnership with former national team player and Esbjerg native Michael Schjønberg . They managed to finish just above the relegation zone at the end of the season . For the subsequent 2004–05 season , Nielsen decided to focus exclusively on coaching , but to no avail as Herfølge was relegated , and he announced his coaching days were over . Today he works as coach at Viborg Sports College . Street Football . Nielsen has bought the rights for the Monta brand in Denmark and arranges Street Football events . Honours . Club . - Odense - Danish Cup : 1992–93 - Brøndby - Danish Superliga : 1995–96 - Tottenham - League Cup : 1998–99 Individual . - Alan Hardaker Trophy : 1999 - Danish Player of the Year : 1996 External links . - Danish national team profile

/wiki/Allan_Nielsen#P54#2

Which team did Allan Nielsen play for between Apr 1994 and Aug 1994?

Allan Nielsen Allan Nielsen ( born 13 March 1971 ) is a Danish former professional football player whose most notable period of football was four years at English Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur with whom he won the 1999 League Cup , scoring the winning goal . He was also an integral part of the Denmark national football team from 1996 to 2001 , playing a total of 44 matches and scoring seven goals . He competed for Denmark in the international 1996 European Championship ( Euro 1996 ) , 1998 FIFA World Cup and Euro 2000 tournaments . Biography . Nielsen was born in Esbjerg , Denmark . Having never played a senior match , he moved abroad in 1989 to play for German Bundesliga team Bayern Munich at the age of 18 . In his three years at the club , he played only six minutes in a single game in May 1991 , as he came on as a substitute in a 7–3 win against Hertha Berlin . Failing to break through at Bayern Munich , he left the club in the summer 1991 . Nielsen initially signed a three-year contract with FC Sion in June 1991 , but he never played a game for the club . He swiftly moved back to Denmark , to play with Odense BK in the Danish Superliga championship , where he debuted in September 1991 . At Odense , he was a part of the team that won the 1993 Danish Cup and he was then brought to league rivals FC Copenhagen in 1994 . He played a single season for the club , where he was team captain , before he moved to main rivals Brøndby IF in 1995 . In his year at Brøndby , the club won the 1995–96 Danish Superliga championship , and Nielsen was named Brøndby IF 1995 Player of the Year . He was called up for the Danish national team under national manager Richard Møller Nielsen . Nielsen made his debut against Armenia on 16 August 1995 . He came on as a substitute and following 45 seconds on the pitch , he scored the second goal in Denmarks 2–0 win . He was called up to represent Denmark at the Euro 96 tournament hosted by England , where he scored one goal in his only match , the 3–0 win against Turkey . After Euro 1996 , Brøndby received a transfer fee of £1.65 million , when Nielsen moved to England to play for FA Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur . He played nearly 100 league matches for Tottenham , and he was a pivotal player when the club won the 1999 League Cup . In the final minute , he scored a diving header to give Tottenham a 1–0 win against Leicester City , and Nielsen was subsequently honoured as Man of the Match . Following controversies with Tottenham manager George Graham , Nielsen moved down a league in March 2000 , when he was loaned out to Wolverhampton Wanderers in the English First Division in a three-month deal . During his time at Tottenham , he represented the Danish national team in five games at the 1998 FIFA World Cup , scoring a single goal against South Africa , as well as in two games at the Euro 2000 tournament . He permanently moved away from Tottenham after Euro 2000 , in July 2000 , to play for English First Division team Watford . He was signed by Watford manager Graham Taylor for £2.5million , which at the time was the highest fee the club had ever paid for a player . After three seasons at the club , Nielsen returned to Denmark in 2003 for Superliga relegation battlers Herfølge Boldklub in a role as player/assistant coach . Following a bad first half of the 2003–04 season , head coach Johnny Petersen was fired and Nielsen was promoted to player/coach , in a coaching partnership with former national team player and Esbjerg native Michael Schjønberg . They managed to finish just above the relegation zone at the end of the season . For the subsequent 2004–05 season , Nielsen decided to focus exclusively on coaching , but to no avail as Herfølge was relegated , and he announced his coaching days were over . Today he works as coach at Viborg Sports College . Street Football . Nielsen has bought the rights for the Monta brand in Denmark and arranges Street Football events . Honours . Club . - Odense - Danish Cup : 1992–93 - Brøndby - Danish Superliga : 1995–96 - Tottenham - League Cup : 1998–99 Individual . - Alan Hardaker Trophy : 1999 - Danish Player of the Year : 1996 External links . - Danish national team profile

/wiki/Allan_Nielsen#P54#3

Which team did Allan Nielsen play for in Mar 1995?

Allan Nielsen Allan Nielsen ( born 13 March 1971 ) is a Danish former professional football player whose most notable period of football was four years at English Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur with whom he won the 1999 League Cup , scoring the winning goal . He was also an integral part of the Denmark national football team from 1996 to 2001 , playing a total of 44 matches and scoring seven goals . He competed for Denmark in the international 1996 European Championship ( Euro 1996 ) , 1998 FIFA World Cup and Euro 2000 tournaments . Biography . Nielsen was born in Esbjerg , Denmark . Having never played a senior match , he moved abroad in 1989 to play for German Bundesliga team Bayern Munich at the age of 18 . In his three years at the club , he played only six minutes in a single game in May 1991 , as he came on as a substitute in a 7–3 win against Hertha Berlin . Failing to break through at Bayern Munich , he left the club in the summer 1991 . Nielsen initially signed a three-year contract with FC Sion in June 1991 , but he never played a game for the club . He swiftly moved back to Denmark , to play with Odense BK in the Danish Superliga championship , where he debuted in September 1991 . At Odense , he was a part of the team that won the 1993 Danish Cup and he was then brought to league rivals FC Copenhagen in 1994 . He played a single season for the club , where he was team captain , before he moved to main rivals Brøndby IF in 1995 . In his year at Brøndby , the club won the 1995–96 Danish Superliga championship , and Nielsen was named Brøndby IF 1995 Player of the Year . He was called up for the Danish national team under national manager Richard Møller Nielsen . Nielsen made his debut against Armenia on 16 August 1995 . He came on as a substitute and following 45 seconds on the pitch , he scored the second goal in Denmarks 2–0 win . He was called up to represent Denmark at the Euro 96 tournament hosted by England , where he scored one goal in his only match , the 3–0 win against Turkey . After Euro 1996 , Brøndby received a transfer fee of £1.65 million , when Nielsen moved to England to play for FA Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur . He played nearly 100 league matches for Tottenham , and he was a pivotal player when the club won the 1999 League Cup . In the final minute , he scored a diving header to give Tottenham a 1–0 win against Leicester City , and Nielsen was subsequently honoured as Man of the Match . Following controversies with Tottenham manager George Graham , Nielsen moved down a league in March 2000 , when he was loaned out to Wolverhampton Wanderers in the English First Division in a three-month deal . During his time at Tottenham , he represented the Danish national team in five games at the 1998 FIFA World Cup , scoring a single goal against South Africa , as well as in two games at the Euro 2000 tournament . He permanently moved away from Tottenham after Euro 2000 , in July 2000 , to play for English First Division team Watford . He was signed by Watford manager Graham Taylor for £2.5million , which at the time was the highest fee the club had ever paid for a player . After three seasons at the club , Nielsen returned to Denmark in 2003 for Superliga relegation battlers Herfølge Boldklub in a role as player/assistant coach . Following a bad first half of the 2003–04 season , head coach Johnny Petersen was fired and Nielsen was promoted to player/coach , in a coaching partnership with former national team player and Esbjerg native Michael Schjønberg . They managed to finish just above the relegation zone at the end of the season . For the subsequent 2004–05 season , Nielsen decided to focus exclusively on coaching , but to no avail as Herfølge was relegated , and he announced his coaching days were over . Today he works as coach at Viborg Sports College . Street Football . Nielsen has bought the rights for the Monta brand in Denmark and arranges Street Football events . Honours . Club . - Odense - Danish Cup : 1992–93 - Brøndby - Danish Superliga : 1995–96 - Tottenham - League Cup : 1998–99 Individual . - Alan Hardaker Trophy : 1999 - Danish Player of the Year : 1996 External links . - Danish national team profile

/wiki/Allan_Nielsen#P54#4

Which team did Allan Nielsen play for between Apr 1996 and Sep 1996?

Allan Nielsen Allan Nielsen ( born 13 March 1971 ) is a Danish former professional football player whose most notable period of football was four years at English Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur with whom he won the 1999 League Cup , scoring the winning goal . He was also an integral part of the Denmark national football team from 1996 to 2001 , playing a total of 44 matches and scoring seven goals . He competed for Denmark in the international 1996 European Championship ( Euro 1996 ) , 1998 FIFA World Cup and Euro 2000 tournaments . Biography . Nielsen was born in Esbjerg , Denmark . Having never played a senior match , he moved abroad in 1989 to play for German Bundesliga team Bayern Munich at the age of 18 . In his three years at the club , he played only six minutes in a single game in May 1991 , as he came on as a substitute in a 7–3 win against Hertha Berlin . Failing to break through at Bayern Munich , he left the club in the summer 1991 . Nielsen initially signed a three-year contract with FC Sion in June 1991 , but he never played a game for the club . He swiftly moved back to Denmark , to play with Odense BK in the Danish Superliga championship , where he debuted in September 1991 . At Odense , he was a part of the team that won the 1993 Danish Cup and he was then brought to league rivals FC Copenhagen in 1994 . He played a single season for the club , where he was team captain , before he moved to main rivals Brøndby IF in 1995 . In his year at Brøndby , the club won the 1995–96 Danish Superliga championship , and Nielsen was named Brøndby IF 1995 Player of the Year . He was called up for the Danish national team under national manager Richard Møller Nielsen . Nielsen made his debut against Armenia on 16 August 1995 . He came on as a substitute and following 45 seconds on the pitch , he scored the second goal in Denmarks 2–0 win . He was called up to represent Denmark at the Euro 96 tournament hosted by England , where he scored one goal in his only match , the 3–0 win against Turkey . After Euro 1996 , Brøndby received a transfer fee of £1.65 million , when Nielsen moved to England to play for FA Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur . He played nearly 100 league matches for Tottenham , and he was a pivotal player when the club won the 1999 League Cup . In the final minute , he scored a diving header to give Tottenham a 1–0 win against Leicester City , and Nielsen was subsequently honoured as Man of the Match . Following controversies with Tottenham manager George Graham , Nielsen moved down a league in March 2000 , when he was loaned out to Wolverhampton Wanderers in the English First Division in a three-month deal . During his time at Tottenham , he represented the Danish national team in five games at the 1998 FIFA World Cup , scoring a single goal against South Africa , as well as in two games at the Euro 2000 tournament . He permanently moved away from Tottenham after Euro 2000 , in July 2000 , to play for English First Division team Watford . He was signed by Watford manager Graham Taylor for £2.5million , which at the time was the highest fee the club had ever paid for a player . After three seasons at the club , Nielsen returned to Denmark in 2003 for Superliga relegation battlers Herfølge Boldklub in a role as player/assistant coach . Following a bad first half of the 2003–04 season , head coach Johnny Petersen was fired and Nielsen was promoted to player/coach , in a coaching partnership with former national team player and Esbjerg native Michael Schjønberg . They managed to finish just above the relegation zone at the end of the season . For the subsequent 2004–05 season , Nielsen decided to focus exclusively on coaching , but to no avail as Herfølge was relegated , and he announced his coaching days were over . Today he works as coach at Viborg Sports College . Street Football . Nielsen has bought the rights for the Monta brand in Denmark and arranges Street Football events . Honours . Club . - Odense - Danish Cup : 1992–93 - Brøndby - Danish Superliga : 1995–96 - Tottenham - League Cup : 1998–99 Individual . - Alan Hardaker Trophy : 1999 - Danish Player of the Year : 1996 External links . - Danish national team profile

/wiki/Allan_Nielsen#P54#5

Which team did Allan Nielsen play for after Mar 2003?

Allan Nielsen Allan Nielsen ( born 13 March 1971 ) is a Danish former professional football player whose most notable period of football was four years at English Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur with whom he won the 1999 League Cup , scoring the winning goal . He was also an integral part of the Denmark national football team from 1996 to 2001 , playing a total of 44 matches and scoring seven goals . He competed for Denmark in the international 1996 European Championship ( Euro 1996 ) , 1998 FIFA World Cup and Euro 2000 tournaments . Biography . Nielsen was born in Esbjerg , Denmark . Having never played a senior match , he moved abroad in 1989 to play for German Bundesliga team Bayern Munich at the age of 18 . In his three years at the club , he played only six minutes in a single game in May 1991 , as he came on as a substitute in a 7–3 win against Hertha Berlin . Failing to break through at Bayern Munich , he left the club in the summer 1991 . Nielsen initially signed a three-year contract with FC Sion in June 1991 , but he never played a game for the club . He swiftly moved back to Denmark , to play with Odense BK in the Danish Superliga championship , where he debuted in September 1991 . At Odense , he was a part of the team that won the 1993 Danish Cup and he was then brought to league rivals FC Copenhagen in 1994 . He played a single season for the club , where he was team captain , before he moved to main rivals Brøndby IF in 1995 . In his year at Brøndby , the club won the 1995–96 Danish Superliga championship , and Nielsen was named Brøndby IF 1995 Player of the Year . He was called up for the Danish national team under national manager Richard Møller Nielsen . Nielsen made his debut against Armenia on 16 August 1995 . He came on as a substitute and following 45 seconds on the pitch , he scored the second goal in Denmarks 2–0 win . He was called up to represent Denmark at the Euro 96 tournament hosted by England , where he scored one goal in his only match , the 3–0 win against Turkey . After Euro 1996 , Brøndby received a transfer fee of £1.65 million , when Nielsen moved to England to play for FA Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur . He played nearly 100 league matches for Tottenham , and he was a pivotal player when the club won the 1999 League Cup . In the final minute , he scored a diving header to give Tottenham a 1–0 win against Leicester City , and Nielsen was subsequently honoured as Man of the Match . Following controversies with Tottenham manager George Graham , Nielsen moved down a league in March 2000 , when he was loaned out to Wolverhampton Wanderers in the English First Division in a three-month deal . During his time at Tottenham , he represented the Danish national team in five games at the 1998 FIFA World Cup , scoring a single goal against South Africa , as well as in two games at the Euro 2000 tournament . He permanently moved away from Tottenham after Euro 2000 , in July 2000 , to play for English First Division team Watford . He was signed by Watford manager Graham Taylor for £2.5million , which at the time was the highest fee the club had ever paid for a player . After three seasons at the club , Nielsen returned to Denmark in 2003 for Superliga relegation battlers Herfølge Boldklub in a role as player/assistant coach . Following a bad first half of the 2003–04 season , head coach Johnny Petersen was fired and Nielsen was promoted to player/coach , in a coaching partnership with former national team player and Esbjerg native Michael Schjønberg . They managed to finish just above the relegation zone at the end of the season . For the subsequent 2004–05 season , Nielsen decided to focus exclusively on coaching , but to no avail as Herfølge was relegated , and he announced his coaching days were over . Today he works as coach at Viborg Sports College . Street Football . Nielsen has bought the rights for the Monta brand in Denmark and arranges Street Football events . Honours . Club . - Odense - Danish Cup : 1992–93 - Brøndby - Danish Superliga : 1995–96 - Tottenham - League Cup : 1998–99 Individual . - Alan Hardaker Trophy : 1999 - Danish Player of the Year : 1996 External links . - Danish national team profile

/wiki/George_Strickland_Kingston#P39#0

Which position did George Strickland Kingston hold before Dec 1853?

George Strickland Kingston Sir George Strickland Kingston ( 23 August 1807 – 26 November 1880 ) arrived in South Australia on the in 1836 . He was the Deputy Surveyor to William Light , engaged to survey the new colony of South Australia . Kingston was also the first Speaker of the South Australian House of Assembly . Early life . Kingston was born in Bandon , County Cork , Ireland , one of five children of George Kingston and Hester Holland . Stricklands father owned a lumberyard , a tenement ( Kingston Buildings ) , and was credited with being involved in the three canal plans for Bandon . Strickland emigrated to England and was employed in Birmingham in 1832 . He subsequently took an active part in promoting the South Australian Act in 1834 and helped to lobby successfully for its passage through the House of Commons . Deputy Surveyor , South Australia Colony . Kingston was appointed deputy surveyor to the new province and sailed with most of the surveying party in the Cygnet in March 1836 . Because he detoured to Rio de Janeiro for supplies the Cygnet did not arrive at Nepean Bay until 11 September 1836 , nearly a month after Colonel William Light , who was therefore left short-handed at a critical time . However it was Kingston , John Morphett and Lieutenant W.G . Field who found the River Torrens . Kingstons ability as a surveyor was frequently questioned and his lack of qualifications and blunders in the survey of Adelaide caused Light to have some of his work re-surveyed by Assistant Surveyors Boyle Travers Finniss and George Owen Ormsby . Completion of the survey of the city was delayed for a fortnight because of his mistakes . However it was he who was spared to return to England in August 1837 to ask for reinforcements for the Survey Department . The colonisation commissioners sent him back next June with orders unpalatable to Light , who resigned with all but three of his staff . Kingston resigned soon after Governor George Gawlers arrival in October 1838 and Ormsby , one of the best , if not the very best , on the staff of Col . Light , was put in temporary charge of the survey , with directions to proceed with the utmost despatch . Later career . Kingston established himself as a civil engineer , architect and surveyor , and in 1840 the Adelaide Municipal Council briefly engaged him as town surveyor . He was later engaged as inspector of public works and , buildings . Among his works still standing are the south-eastern corner of Government House ( 1839 ) , the original section of the Adelaide Gaol ( 1840 ) , Cummins House at Camden Park ( 1841 ) and Kingston Historical House ( 1840 , 1851 ) . He also designed the first monument to Colonel Light in Light Square ( 1843 ) . He designed Whites Rooms , Adelaides first public entertainment venue . On 10 July 1851 , Kingston was sworn in as a member of South Australias first elected parliament and held his seat in the Legislative Council until 2 February 1857 . On 9 March 1857 , Kingston was elected to the newly established House of Assembly and became the first Speaker on 22 April 1857 . Kingston held this position until 22 March 1860 and again from 31 March 1865 until his death on 26 November 1880 . Kingston represented The Burra and Clare from 9 March 1857 to 22 March 1860 and Stanley from 6 May 1861 until his death . Kingston was prominent in forming the South Australian Mining Association to keep the mineral wealth of the colony from overseas speculators . With Edward Stephens , he investigated copper finds at Burra in 1845 , and then played a leading role in the snobs party to defeat the nobs for the mine . An original shareholder , he was appointed surveyor and architect of the mining association but it was William Jacob who carried out the Burra special survey of 20,000 acres ( 8094 ha ) . In April 1848 he was elected a director , deputy-chairman in October 1856 and chairman from 1857 until his death . In its first five years the monster mine paid fifteen dividends each of 200 per cent . In 1858 Kingston was part of the team who surveyed the namesake town of Kingston , later renamed Kingston SE as a part of a private real estate development . Other Interests . Kingston was interested in the Volunteer movement and was once captain of the East Adelaide Rifles . He was also a founding member and later Master of The South Australian Lodge of Friendship and of the Statistical Society , keeping a valuable register of Adelaides rainfall from 1839–1879 . Kingston was also one of the founding members of the Freemasons South Australian Lodge of Friendship No . 613 ( under a Warrant or Charter of Constitution which was issued at Adelphi , London , England on 22 October 1834 ) . The original Lodge to which Kingston belonged was Irish Lodge No 81 . Kingston was the first Senior Warden of the new South Australian Lodge and on 14 August 1838 , Kingston was elected Master . He was a member of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society and its president from 1859 to 1860 . Kingston was knighted in 1870 . He died in 1880 aboard the RMS Malwa on his way to India and was buried at sea . Personal life . Kingston married three times , being widowed in his first two marriages . He married his first wife Henrietta Ann McDonough in 1829 ; she died ten years later and their only child died soon after childbirth . Six children were born to his second wife , Ludovina Catherina da Silva Cameron ( daughter of soldier Charles Cameron ( 1779–1827 ) ) , after their marriage on 10 April 1841 . She died ten years later and Kingston married widow Emma Lipson ( 1816–1876 ) , daughter of Thomas Lipson R.N. , South Australias first harbourmaster , on 4 December 1856 ( no children resulted from this marriage ) . - His youngest daughter , Charlotte Julian Kingston ( 11 September 1845 – 20 May 1913 ) married Hubert Giles ( 21 October 1842 – 11 August 1901 ) , son of William Giles , on 17 March 1880 . - Strickland Gough Pat Kingston ( 1848–1897 ) married Kathleen Pittar Stanton in 1879 . In 1894 she founded Yoothamurra School in Glenelg . - His youngest son , Charles Cameron Kingston ( 22 October 1850 – 11 May 1908 ) was Premier of South Australia from 1893 to 1899 . Memorials . Kingstons name has been applied to the following places in South Australia - Hundred of Kingston , Mount Kingston near Lake Eyre , Kingston Park ( a suburb of Adelaide ) and the township of Kingston SE . The township of Kingston-on-Murray was named after his son , Sir Charles Cameron Kingston . List of buildings attributed to Sir George Strickland Kingston . - Ayers House , Adelaide - Old Adelaide Gaol , Adelaide - Original Treasury Building , Victoria Square , Adelaide - Government House , Adelaide - Customs House , Glenelg - Cummins House , 23 Sheoak Avenue , Novar Gardens , South Australia - Colonel William Light Monument , Light Square , Adelaide ( demolished 1905 ) - Kingston Historical House , Brighton - Residential Cottage Home , 3 Market Street , Burra Further reading . - Langmead , Donald George Strickland Kingston : Pioneer and Architect , PhD thesis , Flinders University , 1983 ( More comprehensive than Accidental Architect , below. ) - Langmead , Donald Accidental Architect : the Life and Times of George Strickland Kingston , Darlinghurst ; Crossing Press , 1994 - Sansom , P History of the First Fifty Years of the South Australian Lodge of Friendship from 1834 to 1884 , Adelaide , 1886

/wiki/George_Strickland_Kingston#P39#1

Which position did George Strickland Kingston hold in Mar 1857?

George Strickland Kingston Sir George Strickland Kingston ( 23 August 1807 – 26 November 1880 ) arrived in South Australia on the in 1836 . He was the Deputy Surveyor to William Light , engaged to survey the new colony of South Australia . Kingston was also the first Speaker of the South Australian House of Assembly . Early life . Kingston was born in Bandon , County Cork , Ireland , one of five children of George Kingston and Hester Holland . Stricklands father owned a lumberyard , a tenement ( Kingston Buildings ) , and was credited with being involved in the three canal plans for Bandon . Strickland emigrated to England and was employed in Birmingham in 1832 . He subsequently took an active part in promoting the South Australian Act in 1834 and helped to lobby successfully for its passage through the House of Commons . Deputy Surveyor , South Australia Colony . Kingston was appointed deputy surveyor to the new province and sailed with most of the surveying party in the Cygnet in March 1836 . Because he detoured to Rio de Janeiro for supplies the Cygnet did not arrive at Nepean Bay until 11 September 1836 , nearly a month after Colonel William Light , who was therefore left short-handed at a critical time . However it was Kingston , John Morphett and Lieutenant W.G . Field who found the River Torrens . Kingstons ability as a surveyor was frequently questioned and his lack of qualifications and blunders in the survey of Adelaide caused Light to have some of his work re-surveyed by Assistant Surveyors Boyle Travers Finniss and George Owen Ormsby . Completion of the survey of the city was delayed for a fortnight because of his mistakes . However it was he who was spared to return to England in August 1837 to ask for reinforcements for the Survey Department . The colonisation commissioners sent him back next June with orders unpalatable to Light , who resigned with all but three of his staff . Kingston resigned soon after Governor George Gawlers arrival in October 1838 and Ormsby , one of the best , if not the very best , on the staff of Col . Light , was put in temporary charge of the survey , with directions to proceed with the utmost despatch . Later career . Kingston established himself as a civil engineer , architect and surveyor , and in 1840 the Adelaide Municipal Council briefly engaged him as town surveyor . He was later engaged as inspector of public works and , buildings . Among his works still standing are the south-eastern corner of Government House ( 1839 ) , the original section of the Adelaide Gaol ( 1840 ) , Cummins House at Camden Park ( 1841 ) and Kingston Historical House ( 1840 , 1851 ) . He also designed the first monument to Colonel Light in Light Square ( 1843 ) . He designed Whites Rooms , Adelaides first public entertainment venue . On 10 July 1851 , Kingston was sworn in as a member of South Australias first elected parliament and held his seat in the Legislative Council until 2 February 1857 . On 9 March 1857 , Kingston was elected to the newly established House of Assembly and became the first Speaker on 22 April 1857 . Kingston held this position until 22 March 1860 and again from 31 March 1865 until his death on 26 November 1880 . Kingston represented The Burra and Clare from 9 March 1857 to 22 March 1860 and Stanley from 6 May 1861 until his death . Kingston was prominent in forming the South Australian Mining Association to keep the mineral wealth of the colony from overseas speculators . With Edward Stephens , he investigated copper finds at Burra in 1845 , and then played a leading role in the snobs party to defeat the nobs for the mine . An original shareholder , he was appointed surveyor and architect of the mining association but it was William Jacob who carried out the Burra special survey of 20,000 acres ( 8094 ha ) . In April 1848 he was elected a director , deputy-chairman in October 1856 and chairman from 1857 until his death . In its first five years the monster mine paid fifteen dividends each of 200 per cent . In 1858 Kingston was part of the team who surveyed the namesake town of Kingston , later renamed Kingston SE as a part of a private real estate development . Other Interests . Kingston was interested in the Volunteer movement and was once captain of the East Adelaide Rifles . He was also a founding member and later Master of The South Australian Lodge of Friendship and of the Statistical Society , keeping a valuable register of Adelaides rainfall from 1839–1879 . Kingston was also one of the founding members of the Freemasons South Australian Lodge of Friendship No . 613 ( under a Warrant or Charter of Constitution which was issued at Adelphi , London , England on 22 October 1834 ) . The original Lodge to which Kingston belonged was Irish Lodge No 81 . Kingston was the first Senior Warden of the new South Australian Lodge and on 14 August 1838 , Kingston was elected Master . He was a member of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society and its president from 1859 to 1860 . Kingston was knighted in 1870 . He died in 1880 aboard the RMS Malwa on his way to India and was buried at sea . Personal life . Kingston married three times , being widowed in his first two marriages . He married his first wife Henrietta Ann McDonough in 1829 ; she died ten years later and their only child died soon after childbirth . Six children were born to his second wife , Ludovina Catherina da Silva Cameron ( daughter of soldier Charles Cameron ( 1779–1827 ) ) , after their marriage on 10 April 1841 . She died ten years later and Kingston married widow Emma Lipson ( 1816–1876 ) , daughter of Thomas Lipson R.N. , South Australias first harbourmaster , on 4 December 1856 ( no children resulted from this marriage ) . - His youngest daughter , Charlotte Julian Kingston ( 11 September 1845 – 20 May 1913 ) married Hubert Giles ( 21 October 1842 – 11 August 1901 ) , son of William Giles , on 17 March 1880 . - Strickland Gough Pat Kingston ( 1848–1897 ) married Kathleen Pittar Stanton in 1879 . In 1894 she founded Yoothamurra School in Glenelg . - His youngest son , Charles Cameron Kingston ( 22 October 1850 – 11 May 1908 ) was Premier of South Australia from 1893 to 1899 . Memorials . Kingstons name has been applied to the following places in South Australia - Hundred of Kingston , Mount Kingston near Lake Eyre , Kingston Park ( a suburb of Adelaide ) and the township of Kingston SE . The township of Kingston-on-Murray was named after his son , Sir Charles Cameron Kingston . List of buildings attributed to Sir George Strickland Kingston . - Ayers House , Adelaide - Old Adelaide Gaol , Adelaide - Original Treasury Building , Victoria Square , Adelaide - Government House , Adelaide - Customs House , Glenelg - Cummins House , 23 Sheoak Avenue , Novar Gardens , South Australia - Colonel William Light Monument , Light Square , Adelaide ( demolished 1905 ) - Kingston Historical House , Brighton - Residential Cottage Home , 3 Market Street , Burra Further reading . - Langmead , Donald George Strickland Kingston : Pioneer and Architect , PhD thesis , Flinders University , 1983 ( More comprehensive than Accidental Architect , below. ) - Langmead , Donald Accidental Architect : the Life and Times of George Strickland Kingston , Darlinghurst ; Crossing Press , 1994 - Sansom , P History of the First Fifty Years of the South Australian Lodge of Friendship from 1834 to 1884 , Adelaide , 1886

/wiki/George_Strickland_Kingston#P39#2

Which position did George Strickland Kingston hold in late 1850s?

George Strickland Kingston Sir George Strickland Kingston ( 23 August 1807 – 26 November 1880 ) arrived in South Australia on the in 1836 . He was the Deputy Surveyor to William Light , engaged to survey the new colony of South Australia . Kingston was also the first Speaker of the South Australian House of Assembly . Early life . Kingston was born in Bandon , County Cork , Ireland , one of five children of George Kingston and Hester Holland . Stricklands father owned a lumberyard , a tenement ( Kingston Buildings ) , and was credited with being involved in the three canal plans for Bandon . Strickland emigrated to England and was employed in Birmingham in 1832 . He subsequently took an active part in promoting the South Australian Act in 1834 and helped to lobby successfully for its passage through the House of Commons . Deputy Surveyor , South Australia Colony . Kingston was appointed deputy surveyor to the new province and sailed with most of the surveying party in the Cygnet in March 1836 . Because he detoured to Rio de Janeiro for supplies the Cygnet did not arrive at Nepean Bay until 11 September 1836 , nearly a month after Colonel William Light , who was therefore left short-handed at a critical time . However it was Kingston , John Morphett and Lieutenant W.G . Field who found the River Torrens . Kingstons ability as a surveyor was frequently questioned and his lack of qualifications and blunders in the survey of Adelaide caused Light to have some of his work re-surveyed by Assistant Surveyors Boyle Travers Finniss and George Owen Ormsby . Completion of the survey of the city was delayed for a fortnight because of his mistakes . However it was he who was spared to return to England in August 1837 to ask for reinforcements for the Survey Department . The colonisation commissioners sent him back next June with orders unpalatable to Light , who resigned with all but three of his staff . Kingston resigned soon after Governor George Gawlers arrival in October 1838 and Ormsby , one of the best , if not the very best , on the staff of Col . Light , was put in temporary charge of the survey , with directions to proceed with the utmost despatch . Later career . Kingston established himself as a civil engineer , architect and surveyor , and in 1840 the Adelaide Municipal Council briefly engaged him as town surveyor . He was later engaged as inspector of public works and , buildings . Among his works still standing are the south-eastern corner of Government House ( 1839 ) , the original section of the Adelaide Gaol ( 1840 ) , Cummins House at Camden Park ( 1841 ) and Kingston Historical House ( 1840 , 1851 ) . He also designed the first monument to Colonel Light in Light Square ( 1843 ) . He designed Whites Rooms , Adelaides first public entertainment venue . On 10 July 1851 , Kingston was sworn in as a member of South Australias first elected parliament and held his seat in the Legislative Council until 2 February 1857 . On 9 March 1857 , Kingston was elected to the newly established House of Assembly and became the first Speaker on 22 April 1857 . Kingston held this position until 22 March 1860 and again from 31 March 1865 until his death on 26 November 1880 . Kingston represented The Burra and Clare from 9 March 1857 to 22 March 1860 and Stanley from 6 May 1861 until his death . Kingston was prominent in forming the South Australian Mining Association to keep the mineral wealth of the colony from overseas speculators . With Edward Stephens , he investigated copper finds at Burra in 1845 , and then played a leading role in the snobs party to defeat the nobs for the mine . An original shareholder , he was appointed surveyor and architect of the mining association but it was William Jacob who carried out the Burra special survey of 20,000 acres ( 8094 ha ) . In April 1848 he was elected a director , deputy-chairman in October 1856 and chairman from 1857 until his death . In its first five years the monster mine paid fifteen dividends each of 200 per cent . In 1858 Kingston was part of the team who surveyed the namesake town of Kingston , later renamed Kingston SE as a part of a private real estate development . Other Interests . Kingston was interested in the Volunteer movement and was once captain of the East Adelaide Rifles . He was also a founding member and later Master of The South Australian Lodge of Friendship and of the Statistical Society , keeping a valuable register of Adelaides rainfall from 1839–1879 . Kingston was also one of the founding members of the Freemasons South Australian Lodge of Friendship No . 613 ( under a Warrant or Charter of Constitution which was issued at Adelphi , London , England on 22 October 1834 ) . The original Lodge to which Kingston belonged was Irish Lodge No 81 . Kingston was the first Senior Warden of the new South Australian Lodge and on 14 August 1838 , Kingston was elected Master . He was a member of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society and its president from 1859 to 1860 . Kingston was knighted in 1870 . He died in 1880 aboard the RMS Malwa on his way to India and was buried at sea . Personal life . Kingston married three times , being widowed in his first two marriages . He married his first wife Henrietta Ann McDonough in 1829 ; she died ten years later and their only child died soon after childbirth . Six children were born to his second wife , Ludovina Catherina da Silva Cameron ( daughter of soldier Charles Cameron ( 1779–1827 ) ) , after their marriage on 10 April 1841 . She died ten years later and Kingston married widow Emma Lipson ( 1816–1876 ) , daughter of Thomas Lipson R.N. , South Australias first harbourmaster , on 4 December 1856 ( no children resulted from this marriage ) . - His youngest daughter , Charlotte Julian Kingston ( 11 September 1845 – 20 May 1913 ) married Hubert Giles ( 21 October 1842 – 11 August 1901 ) , son of William Giles , on 17 March 1880 . - Strickland Gough Pat Kingston ( 1848–1897 ) married Kathleen Pittar Stanton in 1879 . In 1894 she founded Yoothamurra School in Glenelg . - His youngest son , Charles Cameron Kingston ( 22 October 1850 – 11 May 1908 ) was Premier of South Australia from 1893 to 1899 . Memorials . Kingstons name has been applied to the following places in South Australia - Hundred of Kingston , Mount Kingston near Lake Eyre , Kingston Park ( a suburb of Adelaide ) and the township of Kingston SE . The township of Kingston-on-Murray was named after his son , Sir Charles Cameron Kingston . List of buildings attributed to Sir George Strickland Kingston . - Ayers House , Adelaide - Old Adelaide Gaol , Adelaide - Original Treasury Building , Victoria Square , Adelaide - Government House , Adelaide - Customs House , Glenelg - Cummins House , 23 Sheoak Avenue , Novar Gardens , South Australia - Colonel William Light Monument , Light Square , Adelaide ( demolished 1905 ) - Kingston Historical House , Brighton - Residential Cottage Home , 3 Market Street , Burra Further reading . - Langmead , Donald George Strickland Kingston : Pioneer and Architect , PhD thesis , Flinders University , 1983 ( More comprehensive than Accidental Architect , below. ) - Langmead , Donald Accidental Architect : the Life and Times of George Strickland Kingston , Darlinghurst ; Crossing Press , 1994 - Sansom , P History of the First Fifty Years of the South Australian Lodge of Friendship from 1834 to 1884 , Adelaide , 1886

/wiki/George_Strickland_Kingston#P39#3

Which position did George Strickland Kingston hold in Apr 1862?

George Strickland Kingston Sir George Strickland Kingston ( 23 August 1807 – 26 November 1880 ) arrived in South Australia on the in 1836 . He was the Deputy Surveyor to William Light , engaged to survey the new colony of South Australia . Kingston was also the first Speaker of the South Australian House of Assembly . Early life . Kingston was born in Bandon , County Cork , Ireland , one of five children of George Kingston and Hester Holland . Stricklands father owned a lumberyard , a tenement ( Kingston Buildings ) , and was credited with being involved in the three canal plans for Bandon . Strickland emigrated to England and was employed in Birmingham in 1832 . He subsequently took an active part in promoting the South Australian Act in 1834 and helped to lobby successfully for its passage through the House of Commons . Deputy Surveyor , South Australia Colony . Kingston was appointed deputy surveyor to the new province and sailed with most of the surveying party in the Cygnet in March 1836 . Because he detoured to Rio de Janeiro for supplies the Cygnet did not arrive at Nepean Bay until 11 September 1836 , nearly a month after Colonel William Light , who was therefore left short-handed at a critical time . However it was Kingston , John Morphett and Lieutenant W.G . Field who found the River Torrens . Kingstons ability as a surveyor was frequently questioned and his lack of qualifications and blunders in the survey of Adelaide caused Light to have some of his work re-surveyed by Assistant Surveyors Boyle Travers Finniss and George Owen Ormsby . Completion of the survey of the city was delayed for a fortnight because of his mistakes . However it was he who was spared to return to England in August 1837 to ask for reinforcements for the Survey Department . The colonisation commissioners sent him back next June with orders unpalatable to Light , who resigned with all but three of his staff . Kingston resigned soon after Governor George Gawlers arrival in October 1838 and Ormsby , one of the best , if not the very best , on the staff of Col . Light , was put in temporary charge of the survey , with directions to proceed with the utmost despatch . Later career . Kingston established himself as a civil engineer , architect and surveyor , and in 1840 the Adelaide Municipal Council briefly engaged him as town surveyor . He was later engaged as inspector of public works and , buildings . Among his works still standing are the south-eastern corner of Government House ( 1839 ) , the original section of the Adelaide Gaol ( 1840 ) , Cummins House at Camden Park ( 1841 ) and Kingston Historical House ( 1840 , 1851 ) . He also designed the first monument to Colonel Light in Light Square ( 1843 ) . He designed Whites Rooms , Adelaides first public entertainment venue . On 10 July 1851 , Kingston was sworn in as a member of South Australias first elected parliament and held his seat in the Legislative Council until 2 February 1857 . On 9 March 1857 , Kingston was elected to the newly established House of Assembly and became the first Speaker on 22 April 1857 . Kingston held this position until 22 March 1860 and again from 31 March 1865 until his death on 26 November 1880 . Kingston represented The Burra and Clare from 9 March 1857 to 22 March 1860 and Stanley from 6 May 1861 until his death . Kingston was prominent in forming the South Australian Mining Association to keep the mineral wealth of the colony from overseas speculators . With Edward Stephens , he investigated copper finds at Burra in 1845 , and then played a leading role in the snobs party to defeat the nobs for the mine . An original shareholder , he was appointed surveyor and architect of the mining association but it was William Jacob who carried out the Burra special survey of 20,000 acres ( 8094 ha ) . In April 1848 he was elected a director , deputy-chairman in October 1856 and chairman from 1857 until his death . In its first five years the monster mine paid fifteen dividends each of 200 per cent . In 1858 Kingston was part of the team who surveyed the namesake town of Kingston , later renamed Kingston SE as a part of a private real estate development . Other Interests . Kingston was interested in the Volunteer movement and was once captain of the East Adelaide Rifles . He was also a founding member and later Master of The South Australian Lodge of Friendship and of the Statistical Society , keeping a valuable register of Adelaides rainfall from 1839–1879 . Kingston was also one of the founding members of the Freemasons South Australian Lodge of Friendship No . 613 ( under a Warrant or Charter of Constitution which was issued at Adelphi , London , England on 22 October 1834 ) . The original Lodge to which Kingston belonged was Irish Lodge No 81 . Kingston was the first Senior Warden of the new South Australian Lodge and on 14 August 1838 , Kingston was elected Master . He was a member of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society and its president from 1859 to 1860 . Kingston was knighted in 1870 . He died in 1880 aboard the RMS Malwa on his way to India and was buried at sea . Personal life . Kingston married three times , being widowed in his first two marriages . He married his first wife Henrietta Ann McDonough in 1829 ; she died ten years later and their only child died soon after childbirth . Six children were born to his second wife , Ludovina Catherina da Silva Cameron ( daughter of soldier Charles Cameron ( 1779–1827 ) ) , after their marriage on 10 April 1841 . She died ten years later and Kingston married widow Emma Lipson ( 1816–1876 ) , daughter of Thomas Lipson R.N. , South Australias first harbourmaster , on 4 December 1856 ( no children resulted from this marriage ) . - His youngest daughter , Charlotte Julian Kingston ( 11 September 1845 – 20 May 1913 ) married Hubert Giles ( 21 October 1842 – 11 August 1901 ) , son of William Giles , on 17 March 1880 . - Strickland Gough Pat Kingston ( 1848–1897 ) married Kathleen Pittar Stanton in 1879 . In 1894 she founded Yoothamurra School in Glenelg . - His youngest son , Charles Cameron Kingston ( 22 October 1850 – 11 May 1908 ) was Premier of South Australia from 1893 to 1899 . Memorials . Kingstons name has been applied to the following places in South Australia - Hundred of Kingston , Mount Kingston near Lake Eyre , Kingston Park ( a suburb of Adelaide ) and the township of Kingston SE . The township of Kingston-on-Murray was named after his son , Sir Charles Cameron Kingston . List of buildings attributed to Sir George Strickland Kingston . - Ayers House , Adelaide - Old Adelaide Gaol , Adelaide - Original Treasury Building , Victoria Square , Adelaide - Government House , Adelaide - Customs House , Glenelg - Cummins House , 23 Sheoak Avenue , Novar Gardens , South Australia - Colonel William Light Monument , Light Square , Adelaide ( demolished 1905 ) - Kingston Historical House , Brighton - Residential Cottage Home , 3 Market Street , Burra Further reading . - Langmead , Donald George Strickland Kingston : Pioneer and Architect , PhD thesis , Flinders University , 1983 ( More comprehensive than Accidental Architect , below. ) - Langmead , Donald Accidental Architect : the Life and Times of George Strickland Kingston , Darlinghurst ; Crossing Press , 1994 - Sansom , P History of the First Fifty Years of the South Australian Lodge of Friendship from 1834 to 1884 , Adelaide , 1886

/wiki/George_Strickland_Kingston#P39#4

Which position did George Strickland Kingston hold after Oct 1874?

George Strickland Kingston Sir George Strickland Kingston ( 23 August 1807 – 26 November 1880 ) arrived in South Australia on the in 1836 . He was the Deputy Surveyor to William Light , engaged to survey the new colony of South Australia . Kingston was also the first Speaker of the South Australian House of Assembly . Early life . Kingston was born in Bandon , County Cork , Ireland , one of five children of George Kingston and Hester Holland . Stricklands father owned a lumberyard , a tenement ( Kingston Buildings ) , and was credited with being involved in the three canal plans for Bandon . Strickland emigrated to England and was employed in Birmingham in 1832 . He subsequently took an active part in promoting the South Australian Act in 1834 and helped to lobby successfully for its passage through the House of Commons . Deputy Surveyor , South Australia Colony . Kingston was appointed deputy surveyor to the new province and sailed with most of the surveying party in the Cygnet in March 1836 . Because he detoured to Rio de Janeiro for supplies the Cygnet did not arrive at Nepean Bay until 11 September 1836 , nearly a month after Colonel William Light , who was therefore left short-handed at a critical time . However it was Kingston , John Morphett and Lieutenant W.G . Field who found the River Torrens . Kingstons ability as a surveyor was frequently questioned and his lack of qualifications and blunders in the survey of Adelaide caused Light to have some of his work re-surveyed by Assistant Surveyors Boyle Travers Finniss and George Owen Ormsby . Completion of the survey of the city was delayed for a fortnight because of his mistakes . However it was he who was spared to return to England in August 1837 to ask for reinforcements for the Survey Department . The colonisation commissioners sent him back next June with orders unpalatable to Light , who resigned with all but three of his staff . Kingston resigned soon after Governor George Gawlers arrival in October 1838 and Ormsby , one of the best , if not the very best , on the staff of Col . Light , was put in temporary charge of the survey , with directions to proceed with the utmost despatch . Later career . Kingston established himself as a civil engineer , architect and surveyor , and in 1840 the Adelaide Municipal Council briefly engaged him as town surveyor . He was later engaged as inspector of public works and , buildings . Among his works still standing are the south-eastern corner of Government House ( 1839 ) , the original section of the Adelaide Gaol ( 1840 ) , Cummins House at Camden Park ( 1841 ) and Kingston Historical House ( 1840 , 1851 ) . He also designed the first monument to Colonel Light in Light Square ( 1843 ) . He designed Whites Rooms , Adelaides first public entertainment venue . On 10 July 1851 , Kingston was sworn in as a member of South Australias first elected parliament and held his seat in the Legislative Council until 2 February 1857 . On 9 March 1857 , Kingston was elected to the newly established House of Assembly and became the first Speaker on 22 April 1857 . Kingston held this position until 22 March 1860 and again from 31 March 1865 until his death on 26 November 1880 . Kingston represented The Burra and Clare from 9 March 1857 to 22 March 1860 and Stanley from 6 May 1861 until his death . Kingston was prominent in forming the South Australian Mining Association to keep the mineral wealth of the colony from overseas speculators . With Edward Stephens , he investigated copper finds at Burra in 1845 , and then played a leading role in the snobs party to defeat the nobs for the mine . An original shareholder , he was appointed surveyor and architect of the mining association but it was William Jacob who carried out the Burra special survey of 20,000 acres ( 8094 ha ) . In April 1848 he was elected a director , deputy-chairman in October 1856 and chairman from 1857 until his death . In its first five years the monster mine paid fifteen dividends each of 200 per cent . In 1858 Kingston was part of the team who surveyed the namesake town of Kingston , later renamed Kingston SE as a part of a private real estate development . Other Interests . Kingston was interested in the Volunteer movement and was once captain of the East Adelaide Rifles . He was also a founding member and later Master of The South Australian Lodge of Friendship and of the Statistical Society , keeping a valuable register of Adelaides rainfall from 1839–1879 . Kingston was also one of the founding members of the Freemasons South Australian Lodge of Friendship No . 613 ( under a Warrant or Charter of Constitution which was issued at Adelphi , London , England on 22 October 1834 ) . The original Lodge to which Kingston belonged was Irish Lodge No 81 . Kingston was the first Senior Warden of the new South Australian Lodge and on 14 August 1838 , Kingston was elected Master . He was a member of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society and its president from 1859 to 1860 . Kingston was knighted in 1870 . He died in 1880 aboard the RMS Malwa on his way to India and was buried at sea . Personal life . Kingston married three times , being widowed in his first two marriages . He married his first wife Henrietta Ann McDonough in 1829 ; she died ten years later and their only child died soon after childbirth . Six children were born to his second wife , Ludovina Catherina da Silva Cameron ( daughter of soldier Charles Cameron ( 1779–1827 ) ) , after their marriage on 10 April 1841 . She died ten years later and Kingston married widow Emma Lipson ( 1816–1876 ) , daughter of Thomas Lipson R.N. , South Australias first harbourmaster , on 4 December 1856 ( no children resulted from this marriage ) . - His youngest daughter , Charlotte Julian Kingston ( 11 September 1845 – 20 May 1913 ) married Hubert Giles ( 21 October 1842 – 11 August 1901 ) , son of William Giles , on 17 March 1880 . - Strickland Gough Pat Kingston ( 1848–1897 ) married Kathleen Pittar Stanton in 1879 . In 1894 she founded Yoothamurra School in Glenelg . - His youngest son , Charles Cameron Kingston ( 22 October 1850 – 11 May 1908 ) was Premier of South Australia from 1893 to 1899 . Memorials . Kingstons name has been applied to the following places in South Australia - Hundred of Kingston , Mount Kingston near Lake Eyre , Kingston Park ( a suburb of Adelaide ) and the township of Kingston SE . The township of Kingston-on-Murray was named after his son , Sir Charles Cameron Kingston . List of buildings attributed to Sir George Strickland Kingston . - Ayers House , Adelaide - Old Adelaide Gaol , Adelaide - Original Treasury Building , Victoria Square , Adelaide - Government House , Adelaide - Customs House , Glenelg - Cummins House , 23 Sheoak Avenue , Novar Gardens , South Australia - Colonel William Light Monument , Light Square , Adelaide ( demolished 1905 ) - Kingston Historical House , Brighton - Residential Cottage Home , 3 Market Street , Burra Further reading . - Langmead , Donald George Strickland Kingston : Pioneer and Architect , PhD thesis , Flinders University , 1983 ( More comprehensive than Accidental Architect , below. ) - Langmead , Donald Accidental Architect : the Life and Times of George Strickland Kingston , Darlinghurst ; Crossing Press , 1994 - Sansom , P History of the First Fifty Years of the South Australian Lodge of Friendship from 1834 to 1884 , Adelaide , 1886

/wiki/Savvas_Poursaitidis#P54#0

Which team did Savvas Poursaitidis play for in Jul 1994?

Savvas Poursaitidis Savvas Poursaitidis ( , born 23 June 1976 ) is a former professional footballer who was appointed manager of Cypriot First Division club APOEL in January 2021 . Poursaitidis played football , mainly as a right back , in his native Greece from 1994 to 2002 before moving to Cyprus where his playing career continued for a further ten years . In 2009 he received Cypriot citizenship and represented that country at international level . In 2016 , he began his senior managerial career , also in Cyprus . Early life . Savvas Poursaitidis was born in Eleftheroupoli , in the Kavala district of Greece . He has a twin brother , Sakis , and his parents kept a taverna in Orfani . Club career . Poursaitidis started his senior career at Doxa Drama . He also played for Veria , Olympiacos and Skoda Xanthi in Greece . Later , he moved to Cyprus to play for Digenis Morphou , Ethnikos Achna , Anorthosis and APOEL . APOEL . APOEL signed Poursaitidis in June 2008 , after the player was released from Anorthosis as a result from a failure in negotiations with his former club to renew his contract . In his first year with APOEL he continued to impress Cypriot football fans with his high level performances . In the end , he helped APOEL to be crowned champions after one unsuccessful season . The next season ( 2009–10 ) Poursaitidis helped APOEL to achieve the greatest success in its history and reach the UEFA Champions League group stage . He appeared in five group stage matches with APOEL . After he won the championship again in 2010–11 with APOEL , the Board of Directors renewed his contract , as they recognized that Poursaitidis was one of the key players that contributed greatly towards winning the Championship . In summer 2011 , he appeared in nine 2011–12 UEFA Champions League matches for APOEL , in the clubs surprising run to the quarter-finals of the competition . In May 2012 , Poursaitidis decided to retire from professional football , ending his four-year successful spell with the club . International career . In August 2009 he gained Cypriot nationality and made his debut with Cyprus national team in March 2010 in a friendly match against Iceland . He made 12 appearances with the national team . Scouting career . On 31 July 2012 , after retiring from his football career , Poursaitides became Chief Scout in APOELs newly created Scouting Department . On 7 June 2013 , APOEL announced that the club were not renewing his contract . Managerial career . Poursaitidis started his managerial career on 23 October 2016 , when he was appointed as the manager of the Cypriot First Division side Anagennisi Deryneia . On 25 January 2017 , after only three months in charge , he left the team to take over as the manager of Doxa Katokopias . On 30 April 2017 he left the team . He later became the manager of Nea Salamis Famagusta . He was appointed manager of APOEL in January 2021 . Honours . Olympiacos - Superleague Greece : 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - Greek Cup : 1998–99 Anorthosis Famagusta - Cypriot First Division : 2004–05 , 2007–08 - Cypriot Cup : 2006–07 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2007 APOEL - Cypriot First Division : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2008 , 2009 , 2011

/wiki/Savvas_Poursaitidis#P54#1

Which team did Savvas Poursaitidis play for between Jun 1997 and Oct 1997?

Savvas Poursaitidis Savvas Poursaitidis ( , born 23 June 1976 ) is a former professional footballer who was appointed manager of Cypriot First Division club APOEL in January 2021 . Poursaitidis played football , mainly as a right back , in his native Greece from 1994 to 2002 before moving to Cyprus where his playing career continued for a further ten years . In 2009 he received Cypriot citizenship and represented that country at international level . In 2016 , he began his senior managerial career , also in Cyprus . Early life . Savvas Poursaitidis was born in Eleftheroupoli , in the Kavala district of Greece . He has a twin brother , Sakis , and his parents kept a taverna in Orfani . Club career . Poursaitidis started his senior career at Doxa Drama . He also played for Veria , Olympiacos and Skoda Xanthi in Greece . Later , he moved to Cyprus to play for Digenis Morphou , Ethnikos Achna , Anorthosis and APOEL . APOEL . APOEL signed Poursaitidis in June 2008 , after the player was released from Anorthosis as a result from a failure in negotiations with his former club to renew his contract . In his first year with APOEL he continued to impress Cypriot football fans with his high level performances . In the end , he helped APOEL to be crowned champions after one unsuccessful season . The next season ( 2009–10 ) Poursaitidis helped APOEL to achieve the greatest success in its history and reach the UEFA Champions League group stage . He appeared in five group stage matches with APOEL . After he won the championship again in 2010–11 with APOEL , the Board of Directors renewed his contract , as they recognized that Poursaitidis was one of the key players that contributed greatly towards winning the Championship . In summer 2011 , he appeared in nine 2011–12 UEFA Champions League matches for APOEL , in the clubs surprising run to the quarter-finals of the competition . In May 2012 , Poursaitidis decided to retire from professional football , ending his four-year successful spell with the club . International career . In August 2009 he gained Cypriot nationality and made his debut with Cyprus national team in March 2010 in a friendly match against Iceland . He made 12 appearances with the national team . Scouting career . On 31 July 2012 , after retiring from his football career , Poursaitides became Chief Scout in APOELs newly created Scouting Department . On 7 June 2013 , APOEL announced that the club were not renewing his contract . Managerial career . Poursaitidis started his managerial career on 23 October 2016 , when he was appointed as the manager of the Cypriot First Division side Anagennisi Deryneia . On 25 January 2017 , after only three months in charge , he left the team to take over as the manager of Doxa Katokopias . On 30 April 2017 he left the team . He later became the manager of Nea Salamis Famagusta . He was appointed manager of APOEL in January 2021 . Honours . Olympiacos - Superleague Greece : 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - Greek Cup : 1998–99 Anorthosis Famagusta - Cypriot First Division : 2004–05 , 2007–08 - Cypriot Cup : 2006–07 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2007 APOEL - Cypriot First Division : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2008 , 2009 , 2011

/wiki/Savvas_Poursaitidis#P54#2

Which team did Savvas Poursaitidis play for in Jan 1998?

Savvas Poursaitidis Savvas Poursaitidis ( , born 23 June 1976 ) is a former professional footballer who was appointed manager of Cypriot First Division club APOEL in January 2021 . Poursaitidis played football , mainly as a right back , in his native Greece from 1994 to 2002 before moving to Cyprus where his playing career continued for a further ten years . In 2009 he received Cypriot citizenship and represented that country at international level . In 2016 , he began his senior managerial career , also in Cyprus . Early life . Savvas Poursaitidis was born in Eleftheroupoli , in the Kavala district of Greece . He has a twin brother , Sakis , and his parents kept a taverna in Orfani . Club career . Poursaitidis started his senior career at Doxa Drama . He also played for Veria , Olympiacos and Skoda Xanthi in Greece . Later , he moved to Cyprus to play for Digenis Morphou , Ethnikos Achna , Anorthosis and APOEL . APOEL . APOEL signed Poursaitidis in June 2008 , after the player was released from Anorthosis as a result from a failure in negotiations with his former club to renew his contract . In his first year with APOEL he continued to impress Cypriot football fans with his high level performances . In the end , he helped APOEL to be crowned champions after one unsuccessful season . The next season ( 2009–10 ) Poursaitidis helped APOEL to achieve the greatest success in its history and reach the UEFA Champions League group stage . He appeared in five group stage matches with APOEL . After he won the championship again in 2010–11 with APOEL , the Board of Directors renewed his contract , as they recognized that Poursaitidis was one of the key players that contributed greatly towards winning the Championship . In summer 2011 , he appeared in nine 2011–12 UEFA Champions League matches for APOEL , in the clubs surprising run to the quarter-finals of the competition . In May 2012 , Poursaitidis decided to retire from professional football , ending his four-year successful spell with the club . International career . In August 2009 he gained Cypriot nationality and made his debut with Cyprus national team in March 2010 in a friendly match against Iceland . He made 12 appearances with the national team . Scouting career . On 31 July 2012 , after retiring from his football career , Poursaitides became Chief Scout in APOELs newly created Scouting Department . On 7 June 2013 , APOEL announced that the club were not renewing his contract . Managerial career . Poursaitidis started his managerial career on 23 October 2016 , when he was appointed as the manager of the Cypriot First Division side Anagennisi Deryneia . On 25 January 2017 , after only three months in charge , he left the team to take over as the manager of Doxa Katokopias . On 30 April 2017 he left the team . He later became the manager of Nea Salamis Famagusta . He was appointed manager of APOEL in January 2021 . Honours . Olympiacos - Superleague Greece : 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - Greek Cup : 1998–99 Anorthosis Famagusta - Cypriot First Division : 2004–05 , 2007–08 - Cypriot Cup : 2006–07 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2007 APOEL - Cypriot First Division : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2008 , 2009 , 2011

/wiki/Savvas_Poursaitidis#P54#3

Which team did Savvas Poursaitidis play for in Dec 2000?

Savvas Poursaitidis Savvas Poursaitidis ( , born 23 June 1976 ) is a former professional footballer who was appointed manager of Cypriot First Division club APOEL in January 2021 . Poursaitidis played football , mainly as a right back , in his native Greece from 1994 to 2002 before moving to Cyprus where his playing career continued for a further ten years . In 2009 he received Cypriot citizenship and represented that country at international level . In 2016 , he began his senior managerial career , also in Cyprus . Early life . Savvas Poursaitidis was born in Eleftheroupoli , in the Kavala district of Greece . He has a twin brother , Sakis , and his parents kept a taverna in Orfani . Club career . Poursaitidis started his senior career at Doxa Drama . He also played for Veria , Olympiacos and Skoda Xanthi in Greece . Later , he moved to Cyprus to play for Digenis Morphou , Ethnikos Achna , Anorthosis and APOEL . APOEL . APOEL signed Poursaitidis in June 2008 , after the player was released from Anorthosis as a result from a failure in negotiations with his former club to renew his contract . In his first year with APOEL he continued to impress Cypriot football fans with his high level performances . In the end , he helped APOEL to be crowned champions after one unsuccessful season . The next season ( 2009–10 ) Poursaitidis helped APOEL to achieve the greatest success in its history and reach the UEFA Champions League group stage . He appeared in five group stage matches with APOEL . After he won the championship again in 2010–11 with APOEL , the Board of Directors renewed his contract , as they recognized that Poursaitidis was one of the key players that contributed greatly towards winning the Championship . In summer 2011 , he appeared in nine 2011–12 UEFA Champions League matches for APOEL , in the clubs surprising run to the quarter-finals of the competition . In May 2012 , Poursaitidis decided to retire from professional football , ending his four-year successful spell with the club . International career . In August 2009 he gained Cypriot nationality and made his debut with Cyprus national team in March 2010 in a friendly match against Iceland . He made 12 appearances with the national team . Scouting career . On 31 July 2012 , after retiring from his football career , Poursaitides became Chief Scout in APOELs newly created Scouting Department . On 7 June 2013 , APOEL announced that the club were not renewing his contract . Managerial career . Poursaitidis started his managerial career on 23 October 2016 , when he was appointed as the manager of the Cypriot First Division side Anagennisi Deryneia . On 25 January 2017 , after only three months in charge , he left the team to take over as the manager of Doxa Katokopias . On 30 April 2017 he left the team . He later became the manager of Nea Salamis Famagusta . He was appointed manager of APOEL in January 2021 . Honours . Olympiacos - Superleague Greece : 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - Greek Cup : 1998–99 Anorthosis Famagusta - Cypriot First Division : 2004–05 , 2007–08 - Cypriot Cup : 2006–07 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2007 APOEL - Cypriot First Division : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2008 , 2009 , 2011

/wiki/Savvas_Poursaitidis#P54#4

Which team did Savvas Poursaitidis play for in Feb 2002?

Savvas Poursaitidis Savvas Poursaitidis ( , born 23 June 1976 ) is a former professional footballer who was appointed manager of Cypriot First Division club APOEL in January 2021 . Poursaitidis played football , mainly as a right back , in his native Greece from 1994 to 2002 before moving to Cyprus where his playing career continued for a further ten years . In 2009 he received Cypriot citizenship and represented that country at international level . In 2016 , he began his senior managerial career , also in Cyprus . Early life . Savvas Poursaitidis was born in Eleftheroupoli , in the Kavala district of Greece . He has a twin brother , Sakis , and his parents kept a taverna in Orfani . Club career . Poursaitidis started his senior career at Doxa Drama . He also played for Veria , Olympiacos and Skoda Xanthi in Greece . Later , he moved to Cyprus to play for Digenis Morphou , Ethnikos Achna , Anorthosis and APOEL . APOEL . APOEL signed Poursaitidis in June 2008 , after the player was released from Anorthosis as a result from a failure in negotiations with his former club to renew his contract . In his first year with APOEL he continued to impress Cypriot football fans with his high level performances . In the end , he helped APOEL to be crowned champions after one unsuccessful season . The next season ( 2009–10 ) Poursaitidis helped APOEL to achieve the greatest success in its history and reach the UEFA Champions League group stage . He appeared in five group stage matches with APOEL . After he won the championship again in 2010–11 with APOEL , the Board of Directors renewed his contract , as they recognized that Poursaitidis was one of the key players that contributed greatly towards winning the Championship . In summer 2011 , he appeared in nine 2011–12 UEFA Champions League matches for APOEL , in the clubs surprising run to the quarter-finals of the competition . In May 2012 , Poursaitidis decided to retire from professional football , ending his four-year successful spell with the club . International career . In August 2009 he gained Cypriot nationality and made his debut with Cyprus national team in March 2010 in a friendly match against Iceland . He made 12 appearances with the national team . Scouting career . On 31 July 2012 , after retiring from his football career , Poursaitides became Chief Scout in APOELs newly created Scouting Department . On 7 June 2013 , APOEL announced that the club were not renewing his contract . Managerial career . Poursaitidis started his managerial career on 23 October 2016 , when he was appointed as the manager of the Cypriot First Division side Anagennisi Deryneia . On 25 January 2017 , after only three months in charge , he left the team to take over as the manager of Doxa Katokopias . On 30 April 2017 he left the team . He later became the manager of Nea Salamis Famagusta . He was appointed manager of APOEL in January 2021 . Honours . Olympiacos - Superleague Greece : 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - Greek Cup : 1998–99 Anorthosis Famagusta - Cypriot First Division : 2004–05 , 2007–08 - Cypriot Cup : 2006–07 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2007 APOEL - Cypriot First Division : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2008 , 2009 , 2011

/wiki/Savvas_Poursaitidis#P54#5

Which team did Savvas Poursaitidis play for between Dec 2003 and 2004?

Savvas Poursaitidis Savvas Poursaitidis ( , born 23 June 1976 ) is a former professional footballer who was appointed manager of Cypriot First Division club APOEL in January 2021 . Poursaitidis played football , mainly as a right back , in his native Greece from 1994 to 2002 before moving to Cyprus where his playing career continued for a further ten years . In 2009 he received Cypriot citizenship and represented that country at international level . In 2016 , he began his senior managerial career , also in Cyprus . Early life . Savvas Poursaitidis was born in Eleftheroupoli , in the Kavala district of Greece . He has a twin brother , Sakis , and his parents kept a taverna in Orfani . Club career . Poursaitidis started his senior career at Doxa Drama . He also played for Veria , Olympiacos and Skoda Xanthi in Greece . Later , he moved to Cyprus to play for Digenis Morphou , Ethnikos Achna , Anorthosis and APOEL . APOEL . APOEL signed Poursaitidis in June 2008 , after the player was released from Anorthosis as a result from a failure in negotiations with his former club to renew his contract . In his first year with APOEL he continued to impress Cypriot football fans with his high level performances . In the end , he helped APOEL to be crowned champions after one unsuccessful season . The next season ( 2009–10 ) Poursaitidis helped APOEL to achieve the greatest success in its history and reach the UEFA Champions League group stage . He appeared in five group stage matches with APOEL . After he won the championship again in 2010–11 with APOEL , the Board of Directors renewed his contract , as they recognized that Poursaitidis was one of the key players that contributed greatly towards winning the Championship . In summer 2011 , he appeared in nine 2011–12 UEFA Champions League matches for APOEL , in the clubs surprising run to the quarter-finals of the competition . In May 2012 , Poursaitidis decided to retire from professional football , ending his four-year successful spell with the club . International career . In August 2009 he gained Cypriot nationality and made his debut with Cyprus national team in March 2010 in a friendly match against Iceland . He made 12 appearances with the national team . Scouting career . On 31 July 2012 , after retiring from his football career , Poursaitides became Chief Scout in APOELs newly created Scouting Department . On 7 June 2013 , APOEL announced that the club were not renewing his contract . Managerial career . Poursaitidis started his managerial career on 23 October 2016 , when he was appointed as the manager of the Cypriot First Division side Anagennisi Deryneia . On 25 January 2017 , after only three months in charge , he left the team to take over as the manager of Doxa Katokopias . On 30 April 2017 he left the team . He later became the manager of Nea Salamis Famagusta . He was appointed manager of APOEL in January 2021 . Honours . Olympiacos - Superleague Greece : 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - Greek Cup : 1998–99 Anorthosis Famagusta - Cypriot First Division : 2004–05 , 2007–08 - Cypriot Cup : 2006–07 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2007 APOEL - Cypriot First Division : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2008 , 2009 , 2011

/wiki/Savvas_Poursaitidis#P54#6

Which team did Savvas Poursaitidis play for in Apr 2005?

Savvas Poursaitidis Savvas Poursaitidis ( , born 23 June 1976 ) is a former professional footballer who was appointed manager of Cypriot First Division club APOEL in January 2021 . Poursaitidis played football , mainly as a right back , in his native Greece from 1994 to 2002 before moving to Cyprus where his playing career continued for a further ten years . In 2009 he received Cypriot citizenship and represented that country at international level . In 2016 , he began his senior managerial career , also in Cyprus . Early life . Savvas Poursaitidis was born in Eleftheroupoli , in the Kavala district of Greece . He has a twin brother , Sakis , and his parents kept a taverna in Orfani . Club career . Poursaitidis started his senior career at Doxa Drama . He also played for Veria , Olympiacos and Skoda Xanthi in Greece . Later , he moved to Cyprus to play for Digenis Morphou , Ethnikos Achna , Anorthosis and APOEL . APOEL . APOEL signed Poursaitidis in June 2008 , after the player was released from Anorthosis as a result from a failure in negotiations with his former club to renew his contract . In his first year with APOEL he continued to impress Cypriot football fans with his high level performances . In the end , he helped APOEL to be crowned champions after one unsuccessful season . The next season ( 2009–10 ) Poursaitidis helped APOEL to achieve the greatest success in its history and reach the UEFA Champions League group stage . He appeared in five group stage matches with APOEL . After he won the championship again in 2010–11 with APOEL , the Board of Directors renewed his contract , as they recognized that Poursaitidis was one of the key players that contributed greatly towards winning the Championship . In summer 2011 , he appeared in nine 2011–12 UEFA Champions League matches for APOEL , in the clubs surprising run to the quarter-finals of the competition . In May 2012 , Poursaitidis decided to retire from professional football , ending his four-year successful spell with the club . International career . In August 2009 he gained Cypriot nationality and made his debut with Cyprus national team in March 2010 in a friendly match against Iceland . He made 12 appearances with the national team . Scouting career . On 31 July 2012 , after retiring from his football career , Poursaitides became Chief Scout in APOELs newly created Scouting Department . On 7 June 2013 , APOEL announced that the club were not renewing his contract . Managerial career . Poursaitidis started his managerial career on 23 October 2016 , when he was appointed as the manager of the Cypriot First Division side Anagennisi Deryneia . On 25 January 2017 , after only three months in charge , he left the team to take over as the manager of Doxa Katokopias . On 30 April 2017 he left the team . He later became the manager of Nea Salamis Famagusta . He was appointed manager of APOEL in January 2021 . Honours . Olympiacos - Superleague Greece : 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - Greek Cup : 1998–99 Anorthosis Famagusta - Cypriot First Division : 2004–05 , 2007–08 - Cypriot Cup : 2006–07 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2007 APOEL - Cypriot First Division : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2008 , 2009 , 2011

/wiki/Savvas_Poursaitidis#P54#7

Which team did Savvas Poursaitidis play for between Jul 2008 and Feb 2009?

Savvas Poursaitidis Savvas Poursaitidis ( , born 23 June 1976 ) is a former professional footballer who was appointed manager of Cypriot First Division club APOEL in January 2021 . Poursaitidis played football , mainly as a right back , in his native Greece from 1994 to 2002 before moving to Cyprus where his playing career continued for a further ten years . In 2009 he received Cypriot citizenship and represented that country at international level . In 2016 , he began his senior managerial career , also in Cyprus . Early life . Savvas Poursaitidis was born in Eleftheroupoli , in the Kavala district of Greece . He has a twin brother , Sakis , and his parents kept a taverna in Orfani . Club career . Poursaitidis started his senior career at Doxa Drama . He also played for Veria , Olympiacos and Skoda Xanthi in Greece . Later , he moved to Cyprus to play for Digenis Morphou , Ethnikos Achna , Anorthosis and APOEL . APOEL . APOEL signed Poursaitidis in June 2008 , after the player was released from Anorthosis as a result from a failure in negotiations with his former club to renew his contract . In his first year with APOEL he continued to impress Cypriot football fans with his high level performances . In the end , he helped APOEL to be crowned champions after one unsuccessful season . The next season ( 2009–10 ) Poursaitidis helped APOEL to achieve the greatest success in its history and reach the UEFA Champions League group stage . He appeared in five group stage matches with APOEL . After he won the championship again in 2010–11 with APOEL , the Board of Directors renewed his contract , as they recognized that Poursaitidis was one of the key players that contributed greatly towards winning the Championship . In summer 2011 , he appeared in nine 2011–12 UEFA Champions League matches for APOEL , in the clubs surprising run to the quarter-finals of the competition . In May 2012 , Poursaitidis decided to retire from professional football , ending his four-year successful spell with the club . International career . In August 2009 he gained Cypriot nationality and made his debut with Cyprus national team in March 2010 in a friendly match against Iceland . He made 12 appearances with the national team . Scouting career . On 31 July 2012 , after retiring from his football career , Poursaitides became Chief Scout in APOELs newly created Scouting Department . On 7 June 2013 , APOEL announced that the club were not renewing his contract . Managerial career . Poursaitidis started his managerial career on 23 October 2016 , when he was appointed as the manager of the Cypriot First Division side Anagennisi Deryneia . On 25 January 2017 , after only three months in charge , he left the team to take over as the manager of Doxa Katokopias . On 30 April 2017 he left the team . He later became the manager of Nea Salamis Famagusta . He was appointed manager of APOEL in January 2021 . Honours . Olympiacos - Superleague Greece : 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - Greek Cup : 1998–99 Anorthosis Famagusta - Cypriot First Division : 2004–05 , 2007–08 - Cypriot Cup : 2006–07 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2007 APOEL - Cypriot First Division : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2008 , 2009 , 2011

/wiki/Théâtre_Historique#P466#0

Who occupied Théâtre Historique in late 1840s?

Théâtre Historique The Théâtre Historique , a former Parisian theatre located on the boulevard du Temple , was built in 1846 for the French novelist and dramatist Alexandre Dumas . Plays adapted by Dumas from his historical novels were mostly performed , and , although the theatre survived the 1848 Revolution , it suffered increasing financial difficulty and closed at the end of 1850 . In September 1851 the building was taken over by the Opéra National and renamed again in 1852 to Théâtre Lyrique . In 1863 , during Haussmanns renovation of Paris , it was demolished to make way for the Place de la République . The name Théâtre Historique was revived by some other companies in the late 1870s and early 1890s . Founding . Dumas tells the story behind the founding of the Théâtre Historique in his 1867 memoir Histoire de mes bêtes . His drama adapted from his novel The Three Musketeers had premiered on 27 October 1845 on the boulevard du Temple at the Théâtre de lAmbigu-Comique . On that occasion Dumas met the 21-year-old Duke of Montpensier , youngest son of the French king , Louis-Philippe . The Duke invited Dumas to his box at the end of the performance , and during their conversation , he offered to use his influence to help Dumas obtain a license to open a theatre . The Duke first approached the Minister of the Interior , Tanneguy Duchâtel , who declined saying that Paris already had enough theatres . The Duke then went directly to his father . By 14 March 1846 the privilège was assigned to Hippolyte Hostein ( former stage manager of the Ambigu-Comique ) , who had been designated by Dumas as the director of the new theatre . The license granted the right to present prose dramas and comedies , as well as lyric choral works for two months of each year . A company was formed on 24 March composed of Dumas , M . Védel ( pseudonym of Alexandre Poulet , former director of the Comédie-Française ) , the banker Auguste-Armand Bourgoin ( son of a celebrated actress ) , M . Ardoin ( principal proprietor of the Passage Jouffroy ) , and Hostein . Within a month the company purchased two sites on the boulevard du Temple , near its intersection with the rue du Faubourg du Temple : the former Hôtel Foulon and a small café-bar , the Epi-Scié , next to the Cirque Olympique . Together , the two sites cost about 600,000 francs . Work began almost immediately under the direction of the architect Pierre-Anne Dedreux and the architectural ( and stage set ) decorator-painter Charles Séchan . Building design . The awkward site , wedged between two buildings at the front , and wide at the back on the rue des Fossés du Temple , required great skill in adapting it to its new purpose . The facade on the boulevard du Temple was unusually tall and narrow , not more than in width . The entrance was flanked by two pairs of engaged fluted Ionic columns on a high base with two broad sculptured bands on the lower portion of each column . Two facing caryatides , presenting in profile to the boulevard and representing the muses of Tragedy and Comedy , supported the flat architrave at the front of a semicircular entryway with four equally spaced Ionic columns delimiting the curvature of the inside doorway . Above the entablature of the entrance was an unusual semicircular Corinthian balcony enclosed at the front by a thin balustrade surmounted with four lampposts . At the top of the two double-width flat pilasters bracketing the balcony were masks of Tragedy and Comedy , below which were engraved the names of six playwrights : on the left , Corneille , Racine , and Molière ; and on the right , Shakspere ( in 19th-century spelling ) , Schiller , and Lope de Vega . The balcony was covered with a semidome above a semicircular frieze . Both the cupola and the frieze were painted in fresco by Joseph Guichard . The central group of figures in the cupola represented Poetry , leading Comedy by the hand , and Tragedy , each carrying their respective attributes , the comic mask and the poniard . Below these to the right were Aeschylus , Sophocles , Euripides , Seneca , Shakespeare , Corneille , Racine , Voltaire , Schiller , Talma , Nourrit , Gluck , and Méhul , and to the left , Aristophanes , Menander , Plautus , Terence , Molière , Goethe , Lope de Vega , Cervantes , Regnard , Marivaux , Mlle Mars , Mozart , and Grétry . The panels in the frieze portrayed the Temple of Bacchus and scenes from Medea , Phèdre , Othello , Cinna , Le Misanthrope , Le Bourgeois gentilhomme , Faust , Mahomet , William Tell , and LAvare . Flanking the semidome on the front were pairs of figures representing on the left , Corneilles Cid and Chimène , and on the right , Shakespeares Hamlet and Ophelia . The central figure in the break in the circular pediment represented the Genius of Modern Art . All of the sculpture was the work of , also known for his sculpture work at the Fontaine Louvois . The entrance vestibule ( marked A in the plan ) was as narrow as the facade , only long and high . A foyer , located on the floor above the vestibule , provided access to the exterior balcony and was surprisingly warm with tones of white-gold enhanced with the dark red of the velvet coverings of the divans and chairs , and light from elaborate chandeliers of a fantastic and capricious design . The shape of the auditorium was quite different from most Parisian theatres of the time , being an ellipse the long axis of which was aligned parallel to the stage rather than perpendicular to it . This arrangement was reminiscent of Pallidios 16th-century theatre , the Teatro Olimpico , in Vicenza . The long axis , from the back of the boxes on one side to the other , was in length , while the short axis was . The exceptional width of the opening to the stage , at , was considered advantageous to the presentation of spectacle , while the shape of the house favored excellent sight lines and good acoustics , since it brought most of the spectators closer to the stage . The striking oval ceiling was designed and painted by Charles Séchan , Jules Diéterle and Édouard Desplechin . The scene in the center depicted Apollo on his chariot pulled by four horses , followed by Aurora , the Hours , the Muses , and Arts and Sciences , among others . Two chandeliers were suspended at opposite ends of this central oval , which was unlike most other Parisian theatres , where typically a single chandelier hung from the center of the ceiling and sometimes obstructed views of the stage from the galleries . Surrounding the scene with Apollo were painted in perspective a balustrade topped by a colonnade of double Corinthian columns . The colonnade was interrupted at the midpoints between the vertices by four thrones occupied by the muses of Painting , Comedy , Music , and Tragedy . The theatre was designed to accommodate two divergent types of audience , that of the working class common to the boulevard du Temple and that of the most brilliant society of Paris , on whom the directors of the theatre depended as their patrons . What was desired , therefore , was a building so arranged that the élite of Parisian society might find every provision for their comfort without in any way trenching upon that of the ordinary public of the theatres of the Boulevard . Three large balconies were flanked either side by Corinthian pavilions with two levels of stage boxes crowned with highly ornamented circular pediments . The lower box on the left ( C in the plan ) was especially luxurious and was originally intended for the use of the Duke of Montpensier . It was connected by a short passageway to an adjoining circular salon ( also C ) . The first tier was fronted with a balustrade and included dress-circle seating ( B ) in front of rows of boxes , each with its own small private sitting room behind it . Two large amphitheatres ( one of which is marked D ) extended back from the second and third tier balconies , providing a large number of less expensive seats . Finally , above the third tier , were two small lateral balconies , sometimes referred to as the gods . The capacity of the house was said to be about 2,000 . Name . Originally the theatre was supposed to be named after its primary patron , the Duke of Montpensier , but his father Louis-Philippe did not think it proper that a theatre should be named after his son . Dumas proposed Théâtre Européen as an alternative , but this triggered dissension among the other parties involved , and it was eventually decided that the name would be disrespectful of the Théâtre Français . Védel finally proposed Théâtre Historique , which was considered particularly appropriate as the repertory was to consist mainly of dramatizations of Dumass historical romances . This name was ratified by the government minister on 23 December 1846 . By this time Dumas had already departed on a trip to Spain , to attend the wedding of the Duke of Montpensier to the Queen of Spains fourteen-year-old sister , Luisa Fernanda , on 10 October , and then to North Africa , to gather material for writing a travel book intended to advertise the newly acquired French colonies in that region ( a project that had been initiated by the Minister of Education , Narcisse Achille de Salvandy ) . This left Hostein to assemble a company and begin preparations for the first productions , and when Dumas returned in January , these were already well underway . Opening . The opening , on 20 February 1847 with Dumass play adapted from his novel La Reine Margot , was an eagerly awaited event , and the duke and his new bride were also expected to attend . The audience for the galleries began forming queues 24 hours ahead , even though it was the middle of winter . It helped , however , there were soup-sellers and bakers with bread hot from the ovens , and bundles of straw which could be purchased by those who wished to lie down .