Datasets:

deatos

/

fineweb-edu-mini-combined

like 2

Sustainable technologies should be a no-brainer for households and businesses seeking to reduce their carbon footprint and lower their energy bills. However, the expense of installing new technology can be a major disincentive to going green. That is why the British government is helping to pay for renewable energy heating technologies with its $1.39 billion Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI), the world’s first scheme to subsidize low-carbon heating. The ultimate objective of RHI is to decrease dependence on the gas and electricity grids that use fossil fuels. The incentive program has especially significant implications for making London a more sustainable city, because the vast majority of the city’s energy supplies currently come from large power stations located miles away. In addition to coming from carbon-polluting fossil fuels, up to two thirds of this energy is lost before reaching the city. Under RHI, private businesses and households will receive subsidies from the British government for installing renewable energy technologies such as biomass boilers, ground- or water-source heat pumps, and solar thermal equipment. RHI is one of the primary tools for London’s sustainable energy infrastructure plan, which aims to cut 60 percent of the city’s greenhouse gas emissions by 2025. Most of that reduction will be achieved through initiatives to de-carbonize the city’s energy supply and reduce emissions from existing buildings. Indeed, starting in 2016 all major new residential development proposals in London will be required to use energy in such a way that they have zero carbon emissions. London has taken steps to implement RHI and other energy saving strategies by developing technologies such as the interactive web-based London Heat Map . This application helps property developers, landlords, and private investors identify the potential for decentralized energy opportunities in specific areas of London. The map includes data on heating supply, fuel sources, and carbon dioxide emissions for major energy consumers, energy supply plants, and community heating networks where a number of buildings are heated from a central source. Under London’s sustainable infrastructure plan, 25 percent of the city’s energy supply is to be moved off the gas and electricity grid and onto local decentralized systems by 2025. RHI has the potential to transform alternative energy industries by greatly increasing demand for their products. In conjunction with the renewable energy community heating networks being promoted throughout London, RHI will help to pay for infrastructure that may make it possible for entire neighborhoods to run on renewable fuels such as biogas, woodchips, and other alternative fuels. When renewable energy networks such as the London Thames Gateway Heat Network are up and running, they will be capable of locally producing and distributing their own heating and electricity through the groundwater-source heat pumps and solar panels that RHI helps pay for. Eventually, the increasing use of renewable heat technologies will reach an economy of scale that will bring down prices on biomass boilers and ground-source heat pumps. Meanwhile, when it comes to their utility bills, consumers won’t have to wait to see the benefits. Because renewable energy is significantly more efficient—and because much of it will be locally produced and distributed—the cost savings will go directly to the homeowners and businesses that install the new technologies. MORE FROM INSPIRING GLOBAL CITIES

<urn:uuid:279e0fed-9e86-4498-8315-bc281c8aee4f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.theatlanticcities.com/sponsored/inspiring-global-cities/2012/11/going-grid-london/47/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

This certificate will develop your knowledge of the ways in which teachers teach, the curriculum that guides children’s learning experiences, the thinking behind the activities that children do, and the reasoning that underpins professional decision making in schools. In particular, it will give you insights into how best to support children’s learning in the curriculum areas of English, maths and science. However, the module will introduce support approaches that can be used to enhance learning across the whole curriculum. It will also help you to develop suitable practices when working with children as individuals, in small groups and in large groups. Through studying the certificate you should acquire: - knowledge of the nature of today’s primary schools and the structure and content of the curriculum - insights into the ways in which children learn, and what adults can do to promote their learning - an understanding of the principles that underpin primary education policy and classroom practice - an awareness of current theories and research that support primary school practice - insights into issues relating to race equality and social inclusion, and the implications for practice - an appreciation of the complementary nature of home and school learning and the role of parents and the family in children’s education - academic skills related to writing and study, and the presentation of an argument using appropriate forms of evidence - an ability to review your own academic and professional learning and be able to take steps to meet identified training and study needs. The certificate is designed to support you in developing your knowledge and understanding of the different roles and responsibilities undertaken by primary teaching assistants. During your study you will be invited to consider policies, research and approaches to practice, and, in the light of these, to reflect on your own practice. By the end of your study, you should have achieved the following certificate learning outcomes. Knowledge and understanding - an understanding of how children learn and develop and the way in which contexts can support learning - knowledge of the principles underpinning policy and practice in primary schools - an awareness of theories and research that underpin primary practice - knowledge of the curriculum for primary children - knowledge of how policies relating to children’s status, welfare and learning impact on children(and adults) in home, school and other contexts - an understanding of the ways in which ethnicity, religion, caste/class, gender, sexuality and disability impact on children’s development and an awareness of anti discriminatory practice - an understanding of the value of working with parents and carers. - develop and summarise the main points in an argument, present and pursue an argument, drawing on appropriate forms of evidence, current literature and theory, and show evidence of thinking about your practice - draw on different approaches to study that are needed when using a variety of learning resources – reading, listening and note taking, formulating questions and critical thinking. Practical and/or professional skills - demonstrate, through written assignments and an end-of-module assessment (EMA), the experience, knowledge and skills that underpin effective practice in primary schools and apply this to practice - plan, design, implement, monitor, assess activities and experiences to support children’s development and learning - work with colleagues in teams as appropriate and, where relevant, work effectively with other professionals. - show an awareness of different approaches to problem-solving - use information and communication technology to support learning - identify areas for improving your own learning, further training and workplace performance. Teaching, learning and assessment methods The teaching materials comprise 19 study topics, two readers and audiovisual sequences on 2 CD-ROMs. The materials reflect the range of roles Teaching Assistants are involved in and through activities you will be invited to explore aspects of your own thinking and practice in working with children and compare these with those of other practitioners. You will have a tutor who will guide you through the study materials, mark and comment on your written work, and advise and support you where necessary. If you are new to the OU, you will find that your tutor will be particularly concerned to help you with your study methods. Group tutorials that you are encouraged, but not obliged, to attend will be provided and online forums are also available for you to keep in contact with other students taking the module. Where your tutorials are held will depend on the distribution of the students taking the module. There are six tutor-marked assignments (TMAs) and an end-of-module written assessment (EMA). Equal weighting is given to the TMAs and the EMA so you must pass both parts to pass the module.

<urn:uuid:545192f3-4f78-474f-a324-2cc4d0ff55fe>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www3.open.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/qualification/learning-outcome/s11.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Summary: The Law of Demeter is discussed using Java source code examples. Whenever you talk to a good, experienced programmer, they will tell you that "loosely coupled" classes are very important to good software design. The Law of Demeter for functions (or methods, in Java) attempts to minimize coupling between classes in any program. In short, the intent of this "law" is to prevent you from reaching into an object to gain access to a third object's methods. The Law of Demeter is often described this way:

<urn:uuid:6a18e320-5c01-4954-99d4-aa8690e4dd1d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://alvinalexander.com/java/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699881956/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102441-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Access control lists Access control lists, or ACLs, are a finer-grained, more flexible way to control file permissions: who can do what to which files. In Tiger, ACLs are a supplement to the traditional Unix file permissions. Since I've never covered Unix file permissions in a Mac OS X article before, I'd like to do so now. Feel free to skip this section if you already know this stuff. In Unix, each file belongs to a single user and a single group. Unix file permissions control the ability to perform three actions: read from a file, write to a file, and execute a file. For a given file, the permissions allow or deny each of these three actions for the user who owns the file, the group the file belongs to, and everyone else. That's a total of nine permissions: read, write, and execute for owner, group, and other. In the text-based interface of Unix, the actions are traditionally abbreviated by the letters "r", "w", and "x." The file's owner and group are also displayed. Here's an example: The file above belongs to the user "john" and the group "staff." The first character of the permissions string indicates the file type. It is "-" for normal files (as shown above), "d" for directories, "l" for symbolic links, and so on. The example above grants read, write, and execute permissions to the file's owner (john), group (staff), and "everyone else." Here's a more restrictive example: In this example, the owner (john) can read and write to the file, the group staff can only read it, and everyone else cannot read, write, or execute it. The "-" characters within the permissions indicate a lack of a particular right. These permissions are typically implemented as a bit mask, with one bit for each letter in the permissions string. Each cluster of three permission bits can be represented by an octal number: 000 through 111 in binary, which is 0 through 7 in decimal. For example: The file in the example above is said to be in "mode 640." There are actually at least three more permission bits that precede the "owner" bits. These control permission inheritance for directories (often in a vendor-specific way) and the ability of the user executing the file to temporarily assume the identity of the file's owner or group. Thus, the full "mode" string is "0640" in the example above, assuming none of the "extra" three bits are set. You can read more about the display and modification of file permissions by running "man ls" and "man chmod" from the command line. Traditional Unix file permissions are flexible, but it's still not hard to construct scenarios in which they do not offer enough control. For example, imagine trying allow a single user, Bob, to read one of your files. With traditional Unix file permissions, the only way to do it is to make a new group (say, "friends") with just two people in it, you and Bob. Then you'd change the file's group to be your new two-member group, and enable the group read permission. That was awkward, but now imagine that you want to let a third user, Ray, write to the file, but not read it. Now you're stuck. If you put Ray into the "friends" group, he'll be able to read the file. And if you grant write access to the "friends" group, then Bob can write to the file. Since a file can only have one owner and one group, there's nothing you can do. The Unix permission system is not flexible enough to accommodate these needs. Worse, imagine that you want to grant the ability to delete a particular file to a group of users. In traditional Unix permissions, there is no "delete" permission for a single file. The ability to delete a file is controlled by the "write" permission of the parent directory. But you want to allow just this particular file to be deleted, not all files in the same directory. The Unix permission system is not fine-grained enough to accommodate these needs. Enter access control lists. An ACL is an ordered list of rules that control file permissions. Each rule specifies three things: an actor, an action, and whether that action is allowed or denied. A rule is also known as an ACE, or access control entry. To determine whether or not to allow an action, the rules are considered in order. The first rule that is applicable to the current actor and action determines the decision, and no further rules are considered. If none of the rules apply, then the decision is determined by the traditional Unix file permissions. Note that the Unix permissions are not even considered unless none of the ACEs are applicable. It's possible to have a file that "appears" to be readable to everyone, for example, but that actually allows no one to read it, or just allows a single user to read it, and so on. In effect, the Unix file permissions can be totally ignored if the access control list contains rules that apply to all potential actions and actors. (It's actually a bit more complex in the case where multiple actions are requested simultaneously—opening a file for reading and writing, for example. But the overriding rule is the same: ACEs take precedence over Unix permissions.) ACLs can be modified from the command line using the chmod command (run "man chmod" for details) or the Workgroup Manager application in Mac OS X Server. For ACLs to work at all, they must be enabled for a particular volume. The Workgroup Manager application in Mac OS X 10.4 Server can do this, but that application is not included with the normal (non-server) version of Tiger. There is a command-line work-around, however. This command will enable ACLs on the boot volume. % sudo /usr/sbin/fsaclctl -p / -e Here's a brief demonstration of ACLs. Let's start with a file named, appropriately, "file." % touch file % ls -l file -rw------- 1 john admin 0 Mar 31 21:12 file Right now, only the user "john" can read and write the file. Now let's revisit the earlier examples where Unix permissions fell short. With ACLs, they become trivial. - Allow a single user, Bob, to read one of your files. % chmod +a "bob allow read" file - Let Ray write to the file, but not read it. % chmod +a "ray allow write" file - Allow a group of users (say, "staff") to delete the file. % chmod +a "staff allow delete" file You can use the new "-e" option to the "ls" command to show a file's ACL from the command line. % ls -le file -rw------- 1 john admin 0 Mar 31 21:12 file 0: bob allow read 1: ray allow write 2: staff allow delete Note again that the Unix file permissions have not changed. If Bob tries to read, Ray tries to write, or anyone in the "staff" group tries to delete the file, the Unix permissions will not be consulted at all. The chmod command can add or remove ACEs and insert them in specific positions in the ACL. Remember, it is very significant that ACLs are ordered lists; the first rule that matches, "wins." I mentioned the increased granularity of ACLs. This screenshot from the Workgroup Manager application in Tiger Server gives you an idea of what's possible. Workgroup Manager ACL panel (Tiger Server only) Remember, each ACE can allow or deny any of those actions to any user or group, and there can be an unlimited number of ACEs per file (conceptually, if not necessarily practically). ACLs support "static inheritance." This means that the initial ACL for a newly created file may be determined by the ACLs of one or more of the parent directories. This inheritance happens once, at the time the new file is created. If the ACLs of the parents change in the future, the children won't inherit those changes. The one-time nature of the inheritance is what makes it "static." As you might imagine, the opposite system, "dynamic inheritance," is very difficult to manage, with changes to a single directory potentially rippling through existing files and directories below it. Apple definitely made the right choice here. (As one reader pointed out, having support for both forms of inheritence might be even better. But I'd still choose "static" as the default mode.) Tiger also does away with the 16-group limit from Panther and earlier versions of Mac OS X. Now a user can belong to any number of groups. More interestingly, groups can be nested, creating a hierarchy of groups. For example, the "staff" group could encompass all employees, while the "managers" group could be a subset of "staff," and "executives" could be a subset of "managers," and so on. Setting an ACE like "staff allow read" will allow "staff," "managers," and "executives" all to read. Setting an ACE like "managers allow write" will allow "managers" and "executives" to write, but not members of "staff." You get the idea. Needless to say, this is a huge windfall for anyone who has to administer a Mac OS X server. ACLs allow file permissions to more closely match the hierarchy of the organization. ACLs have existed in various forms in many other operating systems over the years. In many ways, Tiger is playing catch-up here. Even classic Mac OS has some file sharing features that are beyond the capabilities of traditional Unix file permissions. The addition of ACLs to Tiger was significantly motivated by the mismatch between Unix permissions and the Windows/Active Directory permissions model. With Tiger, Mac OS X can finally serve files to (and exist as a full peer on) a Windows network. Before leaving this topic, I'd like readers to consider this: where, exactly, does Tiger store all of this new file permission information? Where is the "list of access controls" for each file? Well, where are the Unix file permissions stored? They're in the file system metadata structures, of course, along with the file name, modification date, and so on. ACLs are stored in the same place. But rather than being forced to change the HFS+ volume format in an incompatible way in order to add this new metadata (requiring a complete reformat to use ACLs), the ACLs are stored in (you guessed it) extended attributes on HFS+ volumes. (The ACL attributes are apparently masked out by the extended attribute APIs in Tiger, so you won't be able to see them with the xattr program. They also likely use the reserved "system." namespace prefix for their attribute names.) This is just one fulfillment of the promise of that long-requested, esoteric-sounding feature, "arbitrarily extensible file system metadata." For people who couldn't see past the status quo, the ability to associate arbitrary pieces of data with any file or directory has long seemed interesting, perhaps, but largely pointless. It appeared that Apple itself was in this camp at the dawn of the Mac OS X era. With Tiger, Apple has started to turn the ship around. Even the staunchest critic of the campaign for more, better file system metadata has to admit that it's pretty nice to get all the features of ACLs without having to reformat your disk. In a (mercifully) rarely read rant on the future of Mac OS X, written on December 7th of 2001, I railed against opponents of greatly enhanced file system metadata, and warned of the inevitable future that Apple may not be a part of if it doesn't wake up. Make no mistake, the future of computing will be absolutely lousy with that hateful, performance robbing, compatibility-impairing, complexity-increasing metadata—with or without Apple. To doubt this is to deny the entire history of computing—to think that this, somehow, will play out differently than every single other technology that has come before it. Before moving on with the article, I just want to express my relief that the anti-metadata sentiments publicly expressed by many people, and apparently shared by Apple at the dawn of the Mac OS X era, have been wisely left behind. Steve Jobs visited Xerox PARC in 1979. In an interview in 1995, before Jobs returned to Apple, he had this to say about his first glimpse of the graphical user interface at PARC in 1979. Within ten minutes it was obvious to me that all computers would work like this some day. Many employees at Apple were already onboard the GUI train prior to 1979, and Jobs visited PARC largely thanks to their urging. After the visit, he saw the proverbial light, and the rest is history. I suspect that nothing quite so dramatic or significant has happened in the case of file system metadata, but I don't think it's too far-fetched to imagine a somewhat similar situation. It's not hard to guess which side Apple employees like Dominic Giampaolo come down on, but the wildcard has always been Jobs himself. Convince him of the merits of your ideas and you're home free. Right now, I'm not actually sure that Jobs is fully on the file system metadata bandwagon. In fact, I'm not sure he cares about—or is even aware of—the issue at the implementation level. His job is to worry about the big picture; the smart people he hires are supposed to hash out the technical details. Two things are made clear by Tiger. First, the consensus of Jobs's technical advisers has clearly tipped in favor of the pro-metadata camp. How long ago this happened or how far it has tipped is anyone's guess. Second, Jobs is convinced enough of the merits of this approach that he is, at the very least, not actively thwarting efforts to improve this area of Mac OS X. This may sound like damning with faint praise, but I really am glad to finally see some external sign of a turn around on what I feel is a very important issue. Metadata is the future, and I'm glad to see that Apple's decided to come along for the ride. But wait, there's more...

<urn:uuid:1d7243b1-b0ab-4709-8d94-d16b5fef8970>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://arstechnica.com/apple/2005/04/macosx-10-4/8/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699881956/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102441-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Search for native plants by scientific name, common name or family. If you are not sure what you are looking for, try the Combination Search or our Recommended Species lists. Search native plant database: Bransford, W.D. and Dolphia Coryphantha echinus (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose USDA Symbol: coec USDA Native Status: Native to U.S. Plant CharacteristicsDuration: Perennial Habit: Cactus/Succulent Size Notes: Stems about 4 inches long. Flower: Flowers up to 3 inches across. Petals yellow. Stamens Fruit: Size Class: Bloom InformationBloom Color: Red , Orange , Yellow Bloom Time: Apr , May , Jun , Jul , Aug Bloom Notes: flowers bloom only for a couple of hours in the afternoon TX USDA Native Status: L48(N) Growing ConditionsWater Use: Low Soil Moisture: Dry Drought Tolerance: High Conditions Comments: common a low elevations in limestone soils Recommended Species Lists Find native plant species by state. Each list contains commercially available species suitable for gardens and planned landscapes. Once you have selected a collection, you can browse the collection or search within it using the combination search. View Recommended Species page Record Modified: 2007-01-01 Research By: TWC Staff

<urn:uuid:5c291d8a-7dfb-4c60-813b-6b07d2565f09>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=coec

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699881956/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102441-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Sarah Lundgren, The Brunswick News, Ga. Posted May 28, 2012 Many people dismiss aches and pains as everyday occurrences, especially younger persons. But taking care of the body's joints is important at any age to help avoid problems later on. According to the U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, a study of patients from 2007 to 2009 found that one in five adults in the United States reported having doctor-diagnosed arthritis, one of the biggest culprits of joint problems. Dr. Denny Carter, an orthopedic surgeon at Southeast Georgia Health System in Brunswick, explains just what arthritis is. "Arthritis means the inflammation of a joint. In some forms of arthritis, such as osteoarthritis, the inflammation arises because the smooth covering -- articular cartilage -- on the ends of bones becomes damaged or worn," Carter said. Other forms of arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis, occur when the joint lining becomes inflamed, which, Carter says, is part of a disease process that affects the entire body. While it is primarily a condition that affects the elderly, it is something a person at any age should understand, particularly women. "More than 70 percent of individuals in North America affected by arthritis are over the age of 65," Carter said. "Arthritis is more common in women than men at all ages, and affects all races, ethnic groups and cultures. Children can also be affected by the disease." Understanding arthritis is important for members of younger generations who might not be directly affected, because that is when prevention is best started. Carter suggests several ways to ensure proper care. "Maintaining overall good health and strength with exercise and good nutrition can be helpful in preventing joint disease," he said. "Avoiding obesity is important, because our joints are not designed to handle the extreme pressures caused by being overweight." When exercising, Carter recommends making sure that injuries are taken care of properly. "It is also important to seek treatment following injury to prevent further damage to joints that can lead to joint disease and osteoarthritis," he said. As with many conditions, preventative measures are important as well as early detection. The earlier the problem is detected, the more treatment options might be available or have a greater chance of being successful. This is particularly true in the case of arthritis. "Currently, prevention of arthritis focuses on avoiding joint injury and early diagnosis and treatment," Carter said. "Research clearly demonstrates that early diagnosis and treatment can result in less damage, deformity, disability and even mortality in rheumatoid disease. The treatment of rheumatoid disease is not only more effective but easier when administered early." ©2012 The Brunswick News (Brunswick, Ga.) Visit The Brunswick News (Brunswick, Ga.) at www.thebrunswicknews.com Distributed by MCT Information Services

<urn:uuid:1b40c956-2294-44b2-8912-bb418b502b4b>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.naturalfrontiermarket.net/common/news/news_results.asp?task=Headline&id=13727&storeID=74FDC012E8D140618EB6B4C6234A2B79

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699881956/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102441-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Sometimes the terminology used in the property buying and selling process can be confusing. That's why we have produced a helpful 'jargon buster' to explain what the terms used mean in plain English. This has now been renamed as a 'transfer' which is a document transferring land from the seller to the buyer. This is the legal process of selling and buying land and property in England and Wales. Refers to a promise contained within a Conveyance, Transfer or Deed. A legal document which is signed and witnessed and usually contains an agreement between two or more parties to do something relating to land or property (e.g. to allow someone access over another's land). This has two main meanings (i) all property and assets owned by a deceased person or (ii) when relating to land, it refers to the land they own - either leasehold or freehold. It simply means 'to sign a document'. Outright ownership of land and any buildings on that land without anyone with a superior interest in the land such as a landlord. Is where more than one person owns the particular parcel of land. If one of them dies then the deceased's share passes automatically to the survivor(s) (and 'joint tenancy' means that you hold as a joint tenant). Is a British Governmental organisation created in 1862. The Land Registry is responsible for publicly recording interests in registered land in England and Wales. A contract between a landlord and a tenant most commonly signed by tenants when a property or land is rented out. The alternative to freehold mentioned above. This is where a property reverts back to the owner (i.e. the landlord) when the lease expires so essentially, you rent it for a period of time. If you own a leasehold property, you may have to pay a small amount in 'ground rent' every year. The duration of the Lease that the landlord has granted. Legal Charge or Mortgage They are the same and it is the legal security that a lender takes over a property when lending money. It gives them rights to ultimately sell the property if the money is not repaid. Power of Attorney A Power of Attorney is the written authority given by someone to allow another person to act on their behalf in their absence, illness, infirmity or simply if they are not wishing to be personally involved. Written legal authority given by the State (via the Probate Registry) to Executors named in the deceased's Will. This usually refers to the process of producing your Deeds or your Transfer/Conveyance to the Land Registry who record property ownership. These are the fine print contained within contracts for the sale of land. They are designed to streamline the timetable for a transaction. Subject to Contract This means that the terms are provisionally agreed but without legal effect until a contract is actually signed and 'exchanged'. Until that point, either party can pull out of the deal, and neither will face liability for doing so. Title Deeds or Property Deeds In the case of land not yet registered at the Land Registry, they will comprise a whole series of Conveyances recording the names of the owners of a piece of land. In the case of Registered Land 'Title Deeds' are now a misnomer, as on first registration, all the old unregistered Conveyances would have been replaced with a computer summery (called an Official Copy) the original record of which is then held simply as electronic data centrally on the Land Registry computers. A bit like a licence plate number on a car. If you have registered land, the extent of the land will be edged in red on a plan and the parcel given a unique number which is all that is needed to look up at the Land Registry to track who owns it. Temporary possession of land or property owned by another called a Landlord. A person occupying property or land under tenancy or Lease. Tenants in Common Opposite of Joint Tenants. If more that one person has an interest in land and one of them dies, the ownership would not pass to the surviving party but would pass under their Will into their Estate. Commonly adopted by unmarried couples. A Trust is where Property is held by a trusted person (i.e. a Trustee) for the benefit of possibly them and others (i.e. the Beneficiaries). Usually created for tax reasons or as a way of protecting the property for a spendthrift or unreliable relative/beneficiary. A Will is a legal document which sets out a person's wishes on what happens to their property when they die.

<urn:uuid:a35e2f62-2e3f-4549-b45f-05b95550ce37>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.trethowans.com/site/services_for_you/property/links_and_guides/legal_jargon_buster/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699881956/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102441-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Thomas Woolner (1825-1892) Exhibited at the Royal Academy 1883 (see Woolner 343) Council House, Victoria Square, Birmingham This statue stands facing one of Prince Albert, by John Henry Foley, on the half-landing of the main stairs of Birmingham's grand municipal building or "Council House." The commission for the statue was given to Woolner after Foley died before he could produce the companion piece to Albert (see Read 75; the same thing happened with the statue of John Stuart Mill on the Embankment in London). To complement her spouse, Woolner shows the Queen of an age with Albert, or looking even younger, although by now she was well into her sixties. Carlo Marochetti's effigy of the queen in the mausoleum at Frogmore is similarly matched with Albert, as if time had stood still for her since his death. Photographs, commentary and formatting by Jacqueline Banerjee, 2012. [You may use these images without prior permission for any scholarly or educational purpose as long as you (1) credit the photographer and (2) link your document to this UR, or cite the Victorian Web in a print document. Click on this and the following photographs for larger images.]

<urn:uuid:fed08c59-5a1e-4c2a-8624-229b6ffc4e1f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.victorianweb.org/sculpture/woolner/46.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699881956/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102441-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Lawn and Garden Chemicals The Problem with Pesticides, Herbicides and Fertilizers By Eric Vinje, Planet Natural At one time garden chemicals were championed as the panacea for agricultural shortages and deficits. Pesticides, it was said, were the technological answer to dealing with insects, weeds and other intruders that nature sent the farmer’s way. Herbicides increased yields by decreasing weeds. And chemicals kept soils fertile, making for more vigorous, more productive crops. Over time, we’ve learned that these claims are exaggerated if not completely false But these synthetic products have a down-side, one that threatens the environment and the very future of food production. Chemical fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides poison our waters, our soils, other living creatures and our own bodies. Their effectiveness, touted by big budget, corporate-driven marketing plans, isn’t all it’s cracked up to be. In light of these trade-offs, and the fact that healthy and potentially more effective organic alternatives exist, why should we risk our soils, our water and the health of our children? It’s argued that agricultural chemicals are needed if we’re to supply the world’s exploding population with food. But it’s a false argument, one that ignores the fact that the world already grows more than enough food to feed its billions (see Frances Moore Lappe’s World Hunger: 12 Myths and Food First: Beyond the Myth of Scarcity for a discussion of global food-distribution problems and solutions). Eliminating synthetic fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides to the greatest degree possible and replacing them with practical and effective organic methods will not only benefit the current generation but generations to come. While the billions of tons of chemicals applied to the earth largely serve commercial agriculture, eliminating chemicals from our own lawns and gardens can also make a difference, directly benefiting our families and communities. While most modern herbicides are designed to kill only plants and have little or no toxicity to humans, many still have extreme consequences in the environment, changing habitats in ways that affect insects and wildlife. These consequences extend to water courses where they may kill beneficial aquatic plants and fish. Some herbicides continue to be toxic to animals and plants. One study showed dogs who play in herbicide-treated yards have three-times the risk of cancer. A Swedish study linked herbicides with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma cancer in humans. Paraquat, one of the most widely used herbicides in the world, is so toxic it’s frequently used in third-world countries as a means of suicide. Large, unintentional exposure to paraquat almost always leads to death. Smaller exposures, usually through inhalation, have been linked to lung damage, heart and kidney failure, Parkinson’s disease and eye damage. Controversy exists around the use of herbicides more commonly used by home gardeners, such as, 2,4-D and Roundup. A manufacturer supported review of studies found Roundup safe for use around humans while anti-herbicide groups cite studies that find it affecting human embryonic, placental, and umbilical cells in vitro as well as testosterone development in mice. There was an outcry in 2003 when the Environmental Protection Agency decided not to limit the sale of the weed-killer atrazine amid charges that the chemical industry had undue influence in the decision. The EPA’s own research had shown that atrazine was toxic to some water-borne species in extremely low parts-per-billion. (A few years ago France ordered the withdrawal of atrazine and related weedkillers, saying the chemicals were building up in water supplies and threatening human health.) At Planet Natural, we offer a variety of quality organic weed control products, including barriers, earth-friendly herbicides and weeding tools. All are safe for you, your family and your pets. The overuse of chemical or inorganic fertilizers has serious consequences including the leaching of nitrates into the ground water supply and the introduction of certain contaminants, including cadmium, into the soils. Fertilizer run-off into ponds, lakes and streams over stimulates algae growth, suffocating other aquatic plants, invertebrates and fish. Toxic fertilizers made from industrial waste can bring mercury, lead and arsenic to our soil and water supplies. The last few years have seen efforts to control both nitrogen applications and the use of toxic fertilizers in the U.S. and other western nations. Tip: Slow release, organic lawn fertilizer benefits your soil while providing nutrients for your grass. Not only does it improve soil structure, it encourages beneficial soil microbes that attack pests and diseases. By far, the most damage to the environment and the biggest threat to our health comes from pesticides. It is becoming harder and harder to justify their wide-spread use. We now know that pesticides aren’t as effective as claimed and that they cause more harm than good. And the pests they’re reputed to eliminate? Maybe they aren’t so bad after all, especially if they are managed intelligently. Farmers often accept that using synthetic fertilizers creates a trade-off — high yields of plants with a lot more insect problems. The same companies that manufacture fertilizers have an answer: buy their pesticides and their seeds that are genetically engineered to withstand the pesticides. Pesticides tend to create a vicious circle. The more they are used, the more they are needed. While the costs of pesticides increases, their effectiveness is decreasing — meaning that more and more chemicals are needed to get the job done. As pesticides get more toxic, they are also getting less effective at reducing the pest problem. Could the problem be with the pesticides, not the pests? Recently Ontario, Canada banned lawn and garden pesticides for home use. There is a similar ban in Quebec. As more comes to light about the dangers of pesticides, the more people are realizing that they just don’t have a place in our world. Tip: Using toxic pesticides upsets your garden’s natural balance, harming beneficial insects as well as pests. At Planet Natural, all of our natural pest control products are safe for you, your family and the environment. And they’re effective. Secondary Pest Problems Pesticides do not discriminate; they kill all insects in their path. This means the beneficial insects, such as the ones that prey on harmful insects, are killed right along with the ones you aim to get rid of. Pollinators also fall victim to pesticides. When every original insect is gone, the habitat is wide open for infiltration by other insects. This new, blank-slate habitat has no predators so the secondary insect population explodes and you wind up with a bigger insect issue than in the first place. Now you need more and stronger pesticides. Note: Less than 1% of the insects in the world are considered pests. The other 99% play an integral role in the ecosystem. Pesticides are great for one thing: they aid pests in developing resistance and create stronger bugs. Every time a field or garden is sprayed a few insects who are stronger and more genetically advanced are likely to survive. These survivors mate and create offspring which are more resistant to the pesticide. Because the lifecycle of an insect is so short, and each generation is more resistant than the last, it doesn’t take long for a super bug to develop. The only recourse is to create a stronger and more toxic pesticide. There are many insects around today that are resistant to any insecticide. We’ve created monsters we can’t kill. When it comes down to it, pesticide use is very expensive. There are the original costs of buying the poison and sprayer, plus all the protective gear you need to wear when using it (Farmers spend $2.4 billion each year on insecticides and fungicides; see “Are Pests the Problem — or Pesticides?“). There are other costs, as well. A new load of pesticides has to be trucked in for the secondary pest outbreaks and there is a loss in revenue when the pesticides stop working. We all pay for the government to regulate pesticides and for the legal battles over safety and the environment. The manufacture of these chemicals requires vast quantities of fossil fuels at a time when those costs are at a premium. Pesticides don’t stay where they are put. They soak into the soil, contaminate groundwater and surface streams and drift through the air. The pesticides you use in your garden can end up in lakes and ponds, in your neighbor’s yard and in your house. Many agricultural pesticides are proven neurotoxins as well as likely endocrine disruptors and carcinogens. No one can forget the result of DDT, which is still used in India, North Korea and a few other countries for malaria control. The widespread agricultural use of DDT threatened many birds, including the bald eagle, with extinction. It is highly toxic to fish and shell fish. Mammals were also adversely affected. Cats were especially affected by DDT and its use often resulted in explosions of rodent populations where it was applied because of decimated predator numbers. In humans, DDT is suspected of causing many cancers, especially breast cancer, and adversely affects reproduction. Though not acutely toxic (its slow-building affects accumulate over the years; it is classified as having “chronic toxicity”), DDT persists and accumulates in the environment, collecting in human tissue until it reaches damaging levels. Even its effectiveness against mosquitoes has diminished as the insects have gradually developed resistance to the chemical. Yet its toxicity to humans lives on. A 2002 study in the U.S. found at least half its subjects still had detectable levels of DDT. The U.S. ban on DDT in 1972 is largely credited in saving the bald eagle. DDT isn’t the only pesticide that causes great damage to the ecosystem. Continued pesticide use results in groundwater contamination, death and poisoning of domestic pets and livestock, loss of honeybees and other pollinators, deformed frogs, bird death and fishery losses are all at least partially the result of pesticide use. In California, the pesticides carbofuran (used on alfalfa, grapes and rice) and diazinon are responsible for the majority of bird kills, affecting many species of songbirds, waterfowl and raptors. Controlled studies have shown that when carbofuran is applied to crops, as many as 17 birds die for every five acres treated. Pesticides, along with fertilizers, also produce dead zones in estuaries and bays, areas starved of oxygen and depleted of marine life. Human Health Costs It’s not just the non-human realm that is feeling the brunt of pesticide use. Consider the legacy of DDT. It wasn’t until 2001 that the link between DDT and premature births and low birth weights in humans born in the 1950s and ’60s was discovered. The low amounts of DDT used for malaria control have been shown to cause miscarriage and premature birth, reduced sperm counts, inability to breast feed and increases in infant deaths. Post-DDT pesticides continue to be suspect in everything from cancer to mental retardation. Recently, an Australian toxicologist reported in the journal Science of the Total Environment that pesticides may be responsible for some of the intellectual development problems in children that were previously associated with lead. Studies have found a link between pesticides and Parkinson’s Disease, autism and child cancers, neuroblastoma, leukemia, chronic infections, bronchitis, asthma, sinusitis, infertility, neurological disorders, aggression and depression (see “The Chlordane Pesticide Problem“). Clearly there are a lot of problems with the use of pesticides, herbicides and inorganic fertilizers, but is there a solution? Yes, go organic! The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) found that U.S. farmers’ reliance on synthetic fertilizers and insecticides may be based on an outdated understanding of plant chemistry, and that organic gardening methods can be validated by hard science. Scientists found that corn borer moths laid 18 times as many eggs in corn grown in conventional (fertilized and pesticide-rich) soil as corn grown in organic soil. It appears that the corn grown with large doses of nitrogen, phosphorous and other elements found in synthetic fertilizers produced more sugar and amino acids — which the insects preferred. Growing organically, doesn’t just mean not using synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, it means creating a healthy environment where plants can grow strong and harmful insects and weeds are balanced with beneficial insects and desirable plants. To create a healthy ecosystem within the garden or farm, start with healthy soil. Improving garden soil by adding organic matter (such as compost), balancing the soil pH and using organic fertilizers when needed. Then rotate your crops annually. Make sure your plants get the right amount of water and sunlight and grow what’s best adapted to your region. Consider the Better Pest Management and Integrated Pest Management systems, techniques that look past short term gains (which are often followed by quick losses) to take in the long-term picture for environmental and human health. It might seem counterintuitive at first, but attracting or releasing certain insects into the garden can actually help control other insects. Beneficial insects prey on some harmful garden pests, reducing their population numbers. Predators, parasites and pollinators can all increase the health of your garden.

<urn:uuid:691398cf-8624-4e6f-981d-5125c49ad95e>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://blog.planetnatural.com/garden-chemicals/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703682988/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112802-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Akrotiri (āˌkrōtēˈrē) [key], Akrotiri Sovereign Base Area, or Western Sovereign Base Area, British air force base (2004 est. pop. 6,300), 47 sq mi (123 sq km), located on a peninsula on the SW Cyprus coast; an overseas territory of Great Britain. In addition to the military facilities, whose residents are exclusively military personnel and other British citizens, Akrotiri includes a salt lake and wetlands. Great Britain retains full sovereignty and jurisdiction over Akrotiri and Dhekelia under an arrangement that dates from the establishment of the Republic of Cyprus in 1960. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. More on Akrotiri from Fact Monster: See more Encyclopedia articles on: Cyprus Political Geography

<urn:uuid:05ce15f6-4a9e-4f4c-a406-10cfd6b0574d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/world/akrotiri.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703682988/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112802-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

This version does not have headers. Need headers? Go here. The Arduino Leonardo is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega32u4 (datasheet). It has 20 digital input/output pins (of which 7 can be used as PWM outputs and 12 as analog inputs), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a micro USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Leonardo differs from all preceding boards in that the ATmega32u4 has built-in USB communication, eliminating the need for a secondary processor. This allows the Leonardo to appear to a connected computer as a mouse and keyboard, in addition to a virtual (CDC) serial / COM port. It also has other implications for the behavior of the board; these are detailed on the getting started page. EAGLE files: arduino-leonardo-reference-design.zip The Arduino Leonardo can be powered via the micro USB connection or External (non-USB) power can come either from The board can operate on an external supply of 6 The power pins are as follows: The ATmega32u4 has 32 KB (with 4 KB Each of the 20 digital i/o pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() There are a couple of other pins on the board: See also the mapping between Arduino pins and ATmega32u4 ports. The Leonardo has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega32U4 A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Leonardo's digital pins. The ATmega32U4 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library. The Leonardo appears as a generic keyboard and mouse, and can be programmed to control these input devices using the Keyboard and Mouse classes. The Leonardo can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select "Arduino Leonardo from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your board). For details, see the reference and tutorials. The ATmega32U4 on the Arduino Leonardo comes preburned with a bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the AVR109 protocol. You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these instructions for details. Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an Because of the way the Leonardo handles reset The Leonardo has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's The maximum length and width of the Leonardo PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 Copyright © Powered by Volusion.

<urn:uuid:45e2b51b-1a65-4336-a6a1-60c75cf22791>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.makershed.com/Arduino_Leonardo_WITHOUT_Headers_p/mksp14.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703682988/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112802-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

“Humanistic” mediation: Another approach to manage and settle disputes? Jan 11, 2012 ....Greek tragedy tends to express human pain and grief. So does mediation in a post-modern world that rejects feelings and emotions. Today politic does not address human needs: people move from an established to a negotiated order. This can be expressed through a ritualized practice, inspired from Greek tragedy that comprises the three following phases: - the theoria which is where parties in conflict express their respective grievances; the mediator makes at the end a summary of the parties’ points of views; - the crisis which is the confrontation of the pain of each party; the mediator here encourages the parties to express their emotions and feelings through the “mirror” technique; this is the place where, often, violence takes place between the participants who then, in the presence of the mediator, begin to take some distance from their emotions and, through mutual knowledge, adopt new attitudes; for this purpose, the mediator focuses the discussion at the level of the participants’ own values; - the catharsis which is the overcoming of the pains heard and expressed in the preceding phase: each participant moves from a personal interest to an unselfish (altruistic) level in order to start building up common agreements. In order to reach such a result, communication must govern the mediation process: participants must speak and talk to each other. They have ro express what has been hidden so far. The mediator uses mainly, as useful and powerful tools, silence and mirror. The silence gives the necessary space to each participant to interact and to evidence that the mediator is a simple witness of a situation in which is not a concerned party. The mirror technique consists for the mediator to repeat what has just been expressed, to “mirror” it without any appropriation or characterization. The mediator acts as a catalyst that sends back and forth the problem to the participants in order for the them to have it evacuated. Jacqueline Morineau practices such a model mainly in restorative justice. Regularly, the Paris Prosecution Offices refer cases to her non-profit association, the Centre de médiation et de formation à la médiation (CMFM – www.cmfm.fr), with outstanding results.

<urn:uuid:e377cee7-e331-452c-9cb9-f4dc9d5b33dd>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.restorativejustice.org/RJOB/201chumanistic201d-mediation-another-approach-to-manage-and-settle-disputes

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703682988/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112802-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Throughout history anti-semitism unique manifestation of hatred, intolerance, persecution says Secretary-General in remarks to headquarters seminar Following are Secretary-General Kofi Annan’s opening remarks at the Department of Public Information (DPI) Seminar on Anti-Semitism, in , 21 June: New York Welcome to United Nations Headquarters. In holding this series of seminars, the United Nations is true to one of the most sacred purposes of the world’s peoples in whose name the Organization was founded: “to practise tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbours”. No Muslim, no Jew, no Christian, no Hindu, no Buddhist -- no one who is true to the principles of any of the world’s faiths, no one who claims a cultural, national or religious identity based on values such as truth, decency and justice -- can be neutral in the fight against intolerance. Clearly, our success in this struggle depends on the effort we make to educate ourselves and our children. Intolerance can be unlearnt. Tolerance and mutual respect have to be learnt. Future seminars will deal with other specific groups against whom intolerance is directed in many parts of the world, notably Muslims and migrants -- groups which overlap, but each of which, sadly, encounters prejudice in its own right. Yet anti-Semitism is certainly a good place to start because, throughout history, it has been a unique manifestation of hatred, intolerance and persecution. Anti-Semitism has flourished even in communities where Jews have never lived, and it has been a harbinger of discrimination against others. The rise of anti-Semitism anywhere is a threat to people everywhere. Thus, in fighting anti-Semitism we fight for the future of all humanity. The Shoah, or Holocaust, was the epitome of this evil. in the 1930s was a modern society, at the cutting edge of human technical advance and cultural achievement. Yet the Nazi regime that took power set out to exterminate Jews from the face of the earth. Germany We know -- and yet we still cannot really comprehend -- that six million innocent Jewish men, women and children were murdered, just because they were Jews. That is a crime against humanity which defies imagination. The name “United Nations” was coined to describe the alliance fighting to end that barbarous regime, and our Organization came into being when the world had just learnt the full horror of the concentration and extermination camps. It is therefore rightly said that the United Nations emerged from the ashes of the Holocaust. And a human rights agenda that fails to address anti-Semitism denies its own history. Worldwide revulsion at this terrible genocide was the driving force behind the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. As the Preamble to the Declaration says, “disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind”. And it was no coincidence that, on the day before it adopted the Declaration in 1948, the General Assembly had adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. It is hard to believe that, 60 years after the tragedy of the Holocaust, anti-Semitism is once again rearing its head. But it is clear that we are witnessing an alarming resurgence of this phenomenon in new forms and manifestations. This time, the world must not, cannot be silent. We owe it to ourselves, as well as to our Jewish brothers and sisters, to stand firmly against the particular tide of hatred that anti-Semitism represents. And that means we must be prepared to examine the nature of today’s manifestations of anti-Semitism more closely, which is the purpose of your seminar. Let us acknowledge that the United Nations’ record on anti-Semitism has at times fallen short of our ideals. The General Assembly resolution of 1975, equating Zionism with racism, was an especially unfortunate decision. I am glad that it has since been rescinded. But there remains a need for constant vigilance. So let us actively and uncompromisingly refute those who seek to deny the fact of the Holocaust or its uniqueness, or who continue to spread lies and vile stereotypes about Jews and Judaism. When we seek justice for the Palestinians -- as we must -- let us firmly disavow anyone who tries to use that cause to incite hatred against Jews, in or elsewhere. Israel The human rights machinery of the United Nations has been mobilized in the battle against anti-Semitism, and this must continue. I urge the special rapporteurs on religious freedom and on contemporary racism, working with the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (which has recently strengthened its anti-discrimination unit), to actively explore ways of combating anti-Semitism more effectively in the future. All parts of the Secretariat should be vigilant. And of course -- as always -- we look to our friends in civil society to keep us up to the mark. It is very good to see so many non-governmental organizations represented here today. My friends, next January it will be 60 years since the first of the death camps were liberated by advancing Soviet forces. There could be no more fitting time for member States to take action on the necessity of combating anti-Semitism in all its forms -- action comparable, perhaps, to the resolutions they adopted on apartheid in the past, or the admirable recent resolution of the Commission on Human Rights, which asked the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism to examine the situation of Muslim and Arab peoples in various parts of the world, with special reference to physical assaults and attacks against their places of worship, cultural centres, businesses and properties. Are not Jews entitled to the same degree of concern and protection? [Member States could follow the excellent lead of the Berlin Declaration, recently issued by the Chairman of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Let me remind you that the Declaration condemned without reserve all manifestations of anti-Semitism, and all other acts of intolerance, incitement, harassment, or violence against persons or communities based on ethnic origin or religious belief, wherever they occur. The Declaration also condemned all attacks motivated by anti-Semitism or by any other forms of religious or racial hatred or intolerance, including attacks against synagogues and other religious places, sites and shrines. And it declared unambiguously that international developments or political issues, including those in or elsewhere in the Israel Middle East, never justify anti-Semitism. The Berlin Declaration proclaimed those principles, which I hope the broader membership of the United Nations will adopt. Even more important, it must make sure these principles are put into practice, and carefully monitor its own progress in doing so. The fight against anti-Semitism must be our fight. And Jews everywhere must feel that the United Nations is their home too.]* We must make this vision a reality while we still have survivors of the Holocaust amongst us -- like my dear friend Elie Wiesel, with whom I have the great honour of sharing this platform. We owe them no less. Let me conclude by quoting something Elie wrote, which could make a wonderful mission statement for this series on “Unlearning Intolerance”: “There is divine beauty in learning, just as there is human beauty in tolerance. To learn means to accept the postulate that life did not begin at my birth. Others have been here before me, and I walk in their footsteps. The books I have read were composed by generations of fathers and sons, mothers and daughters, teachers and disciples. I am the sum total of their experiences, their quests. And so are you.” Elie, thank you for that, and for so much else that you have given us. Let me now yield you the floor. * *** * * These paragraphs have been modified to reflect what the Secretary-General intended to say.

<urn:uuid:41886981-f449-4c40-be12-19d7fe136d83>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/sgsm9375.doc.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703682988/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112802-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Learn something new every day More Info... by email A viscous fluid is one which resists movement or the movement of an object through the fluid. All fluids, liquid, gas, or plasma, have some measure of viscosity which can be compared using mathematical formulas or direct measurements of movement. Though all fluids have viscosity, a viscous fluid, in the everyday sense of the term, is one that has a high level of viscosity. These types of fluid may move slowly or not at all, depending on how viscous they are. In general, liquids measure between 1 and 1000 millipascal seconds, which is a common measure of viscosity. Gasses have much smaller viscosity measurements between 0.001 and 0.01 millipascal seconds. At sea level and room temperature, water has a measurement of about 1 millipascal second. This measurement is one of pressure, tensile strength, and movement and indicates the extent to which a fluid resists movement. A more viscous fluid will have a higher value in terms of millipascal seconds, while a less viscous fluid will have a smaller value. The type of matter a fluid is made of is the main determiner of how viscous it is, though other factors, including temperature, will also affect viscosity. In general, liquids will become less viscous as their temperature rises, while gases will become more viscous with an increase in temperature. Gases become more viscous when they are heated because the atoms in the gas move more rapidly as temperature rises, resulting in more collisions between atoms and thus more resistance. Pressure also can affect viscosity, though this is not generally seen in liquids because, unlike gaseous matter, liquid matter is very difficult to compress. A substance that would be referred to as a viscous fluid resists movement to some extent. This means that the fluid does not flow, or flows very slowly when a force, such as gravity is applied to it. It also means that it resists the movement of an object through it. An extremely viscous fluid may have properties that make it behave more like a solid than a liquid. Butter is an example of a fluid with a high viscosity. Though butter does flow at room temperature, it is so resistant to movement that it is difficult to perceive it as a fluid. Heating butter will cause it to become noticeably less viscous. Glass is also a liquid. When glass cools and hardens into a solid-like state, its viscosity approaches infinity, meaning that it no longer flows at all.

<urn:uuid:f6768772-95c9-4378-86a2-7bf84eed3393>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-viscous-fluid.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703682988/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112802-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

May 24, 2013 An insulinoma is a tumor in the pancreas that produces too much insulin. Back to TopAlternative Names Insuloma; Islet cell adenoma Back to TopCauses The pancreas is an organ in the abdomen. The pancreas makes several enzymes and hormones, including the hormone insulin. Insulin's job is to reduce the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood by helping it move into cells. Most of the time when your blood sugar level drops too low, the pancreas stops making insulin until your blood sugar returns to normal. Tumors of the pancreas that produce too much insulin are called insulinomas. Insulinomas keep making insulin, even when your blood sugar drops too low. A high blood insulin level causes a low blood sugar level (hypoglycemia). Hypoglycemia may be mild, leading to symptoms such as anxiety and hunger. Or it can be severe, leading to seizures, coma, and even death. Insulinomas are rare tumors. They usually occur as single, small tumors in adults. These tumors are very rare in children. Most children with high blood insulin levels have many areas of overactive insulin-releasing cells in the pancreas, instead of a single tumor. More than 90% of insulinomas are non-cancerous (benign) tumors. People with the genetic syndrome called multiple endocrine neoplasia type I are at risk of insulinomas and other endocrine tumors. Back to TopExams and Tests After fasting, your blood may be tested for: - Blood C-peptide level - Blood glucose level - Blood insulin level - Drugs that cause the pancreas to release insulin Back to TopTreatment Surgery is the recommended treatment for insulinoma. The tumor is first found by tests or surgery. Medication may be used to get patients stable before surgery. If there is a single tumor, it will be removed. If there are many tumors, part of the pancreas will need to be removed (partial pancreatectomy). At least 15% of the pancreas must be left to produce its enzymes for digestion. This may prevent the surgeon from removing the whole insulinoma tumor. In rare cases, the entire pancreas is removed if there are many insulinomas or they continue to come back. Removing the entire pancreas leads to diabetes because there is no longer any insulin being produced. Insulin injections are then required. If no tumor is found during surgery, or if you are not a candidate for surgery, you may get the drug diazoxide to lower insulin production and prevent hypoglycemia. A diuretic (water pill) is given with this medication to prevent the body from retaining fluid. Octreotide is used to reduce insulin release in some patients. Back to TopOutlook (Prognosis) In most cases, the tumor is non-cancerous (benign), and surgery can cure the disease. But a severe hypoglycemic reaction or the spread of a cancerous tumor to other organs can be life-threatening. Back to TopPossible Complications - Severe hypoglycemic reaction - Spreading of a cancerous tumor (metastasis) - Diabetes if the entire pancreas is removed (rare) Back to TopWhen to Contact a Medical Professional Call your health care provider if you develop any symptoms of insulinoma. Convulsions and decreased consciousness are an emergency -- call 911 or your local emergency number right away. Back to TopReferences Cryer PE. Hypoglycemia. In: Shlomo M, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology . 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011:chap 34. Jensen RT, Norton JA. Endocrine tumors of the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease . 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2010:chap 32. National Cancer Institute: PDQ Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (islet cell tumors) treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Date last modified 11/10/2012. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/pancreatic/HealthProfessional. Accessed January 3, 2013. MOST POPULAR - HEALTH - Well: For a Better Smoothie, Just Add Chia - Well: The Scientific 7-Minute Workout - Well: Can Statins Cut the Benefits of Exercise? - Recipes for Health: Bulking Up Smoothies With Chia Seeds - Well: What's in Your Green Tea? - Recipes for Health: Banana Wild Blueberry Smoothie With Chia Seeds - Well: Disability and Discrimination at the Doctor's Office - Well: Ask Well: White-Coat Hypertension - Abscesses Reported After Steroid Injections - Recipes for Health: Strawberry Muesli Chia Smoothie

<urn:uuid:20517925-f1b4-43ad-8157-5e85f0a1c925>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/insulinoma/overview.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706499548/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121459-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Tests Comparing Two Means Hypothesis testing of sample means can prove to be a confounding undertaking, as there are numerous testing procedures from which we must choose. Selecting the correct one need not be such a daunting task if we examine the source and meaning of our data. One condition that simplifies tests of 2 means is that one general null hypothesis is used for all means comparisons. The assumption that we begin with is that the means of the two populations are equal, or simply put: Now, onto the test procedures.

<urn:uuid:37c04b10-6715-4404-8df6-c6a239e4a5e8>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://mips.stanford.edu/courses/stats_data_analsys/lesson_5/234_7_b.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706499548/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121459-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The art of using manuals Thursday, 8 November 2007, adz Detailed and proper documentation of source code and programs is the milestone of Unix culture, as we may read in “The art of Unix Programming” by Eric Steven Raymond. The first application on Unix was the platform to prepare documents. The platform was used by Bell Labs to prepare patent documents. Effective work with documentation and searching for needed information is the key feature when working on unix-like systems. 1. Local documentation Usually the first and most basic information source about a given program are man pages. The name stands for the English word manual. Man pages are divided into eight parts: - General Commands - System Calls - Special Files - File Formats - Macros and Conventions - Maintenence Commands Each page is divided into the following sections: - head with command name and section’s number - command name and sometimes the names of other commands described on the same page - all the parameters used by the command - short program description - detailed information about each parameter Depending on the command and operating system you can also meet the following sections: - environmental variables - bugs and restrictions - config files To display the man page of a given command you should type man command_name. If the command is described in more than one section you should give the section’s number also. E.g. the first man section includes the open command description while the second section includes the description of the general command open. To see the documentation of the general command you should type man 2 open. When a man page is open you can navigate using your cursor. To get back to the console you should type :q; to find a phrase below you may use /the phrase; to find a phrase above, use ?the phrase; to repeat the last seach, use n. The man command has two interesting parameters that can be used to search the right man section. When you use the command with -a it displays all the pages for a given command, one after another. When you use the command with -w it displays only the number of the section where a given command is described. $ man -w open /usr/share/man/cat2/open.0 /usr/share/man/cat3p/open.0 All sections are divided into sub-catalogues and, as in the example above, the open command appears in the second and third section of man (the example is from OpenBSD 4.1). To search through man pages you may use two commands: whatis and apropos. Whatis is used to give a short explanation of programs and command tasks. $ whatis ls mkdir cat man df ls (1) - list directory contents mkdir (1) - make directories cat (1) - concatenate files and print on the standard output man (1) - an interface to the on-line reference manuals man (7) - macros to format man pages df (1) - report file system disk space usage The apropos command finds a given phrase in the man pages. $ apropos 'list directory' dir (1) - list directory contents ls (1) - list directory contents vdir (1) - list directory contents We can make queries more sophisticated: $ apropos ext3 | grep create mke2fs (8) - create an ext2/ext3 filesystem mkfs.ext2 (8) - create an ext2/ext3 filesystem mkfs.ext3 (8) - create an ext2/ext3 filesystem In the example above I’ve searched through the man pages which might contain information about creating the file system ext3. Since the query apropos ext3 gave a lot of information on output I’ve filtered the output using the grep command. Of course, there’s no restriction on using regular expressions here. Man includes two commands that you may use instead of whatis and apropos. These are -f and -k. There’s a possibility of printing out the man pages that we are interested in — you may use the parameter -t for this. $ man -t ls > ls.ps A PostScript file was created. With the parameter -T, a DeVice Independent (DVI) file would be created. $ man -T ls > ls.dvi Info is a program to view GNU Texinfo format documentation. This kind of formatting is used by the Free Software Foundation. It enables hyper-textual navigation in documents. You may find more about this command in its man page (man info) or using the command info info. You may start viewing the documentation with the command info. The following keys are used to navigate: |l||last visited node| Texinfo documentation has a tree-like structure. The /usr/share/doc/ localisation is the place where you find the documentation in formats other than man and info. Ubuntu users for example may find the book “Dive into Python” there. In Debian Etch there’s a How To documents collection (unfortunately part of them is quite out of date) and in an OpenBSD system you may find “System Manager’s Manual“. The aforementioned books are available during the installation process, where you can choose the misc41.tgz installation set. 2. Documentation on the Internet The Internet offers many sources of help and documentation. We may find Wikipedia pages (more or less official ones), forums, discussion groups, etc. It would be reasonable to start our search with the system’s description, available on the polishlinux.org web page. I’d like to present a couple of web pages about unix-like systems administration. This page was created by the IT market giant IBM. There you may find many articles about unix-like systems administration (on different experience levels), for example articles about software creation. All the articles are free of charge and are available online and in a PDF version. In the case of some of the articles, free of charge registration is required. 2.2. Big Admin Admin’s vortal. It is devoted mainly to Solaris. Articles are free of charge and registration is not required. 2.3. OnLamp, Linuxdevcenter These pages are connected with O’Reilly and O’Reilly Network. On OnLamp you can find articles about Linux, BSD and programming languages like PHP, Python and Perl. The registration is required only if you want to add comments. You pay only for the access to e-books. The Linux Documentation Project is an inititative to create documentation sets for Linux distributions. There you can find many manuals and HOWTO documents, etc. All the documents are distribution-unspecific, free of charge and available in different formats. Translated by Paweł Łupkowski, Proof-read by Jake Conroy Subscribe to RSS feed for this article! Warning: include(0php’): failed to open stream: No such file or directory in /sites/polishlinux.org/wp-content/themes/jakilinuxorg/page.php on line 70 Warning: include(): Failed opening '0php’' for inclusion (include_path='.:/usr/share/pear:/usr/share/php') in /sites/polishlinux.org/wp-content/themes/jakilinuxorg/page.php on line 70

<urn:uuid:f18d2e89-2a98-4a8c-80b2-a5157bb87326>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://polishlinux.org/console/the-art-of-using-manuals/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706499548/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121459-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Oxygen therapy means using an oxygen tank or a machine to breathe in air that contains more oxygen than normal. Oxygen therapy increases the amount of oxygen in the lungs and the bloodstream. A person with a health problem such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may need oxygen therapy if there are signs that the cells of the body are not getting enough oxygen. Oxygen therapy may be given by different methods, including a: eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise To learn more visit Healthwise.org Find out what women really need. Most Popular Topics Pill Identifier on RxList - quick, easy, Find a Local Pharmacy - including 24 hour, pharmacies

<urn:uuid:75487cdd-6fea-4b6e-b99d-09ef91b86be7>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=133936&ref=127303

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706499548/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121459-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

When did the dollar overtake sterling as the leading international currency? Evidence from the bond markets This paper offers new evidence on the emergence of the dollar as the leading international currency, focusing on its role as currency of denomination in global bond markets. We show that the dollar overtook sterling much earlier than commonly supposed, as early as in 1929. Financial market development appears to have been the main factor helping the dollar to surmount sterling’s head start. The finding that a shift from a unipolar to a multipolar international monetary and financial system has happened before suggests that it can happen again. That the shift occurred earlier than commonly believed suggests that the advantages of incumbency are not all they are cracked up to be. And that financial deepening was a key determinant of the dollar’s emergence points to the challenges facing currencies aspiring to international status. You may purchase this paper on-line in .pdf format from SSRN.com ($5) for electronic delivery.

<urn:uuid:775dc952-180c-42a3-8e94-bbbc0c437dae>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.nber.org/papers/w18097

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706499548/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121459-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

American culture is OK with lies told about US foreign policy and where military service fits into our way of life. Somewhere after 911- many patriotic Americans seem to have embraced the idea that “The Troops” are fighting to protect our rights and freedoms- as if the US Armed Forces function as some sort of giant civil rights organization. It turns out “The Troops” were in no hurry to enable all adults to act on their right to vote. US Military operations conducted in the 1940s, 50s & 60s didn’t get the job done. It wasn’t until July of 1971 that 18 year old adults could take delivery on one of the freedoms we hear so much about. If veterans fought for our right to vote- how come women were not allowed to vote at the end of WWI? How about the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984- it stripped the 50 states of the “freedom” to set their own minimum drinking age- where were “The Troops”? Memorial Day 2011- Memorial Day 2009- Still more than 2 weeks away and here is a letter that reminds us of the meaning of this important day. The letter writer and several of those who commented made mention of the troops “fighting for our freedom.” When we were told that our concealed carry permit was void on local, federal National Parks lands- did the Joint Chiefs of Staff send out “The Troops” to restore American rights and freedoms? Any support from The Department of Defense Re: various state’s efforts to legalize marijuana? Are The Joint Chiefs of Staff working to reverse a federal ban on online poker games? Are “The Troops” standing in the way of warrantless searches of homes and apartments? How about Delayed-Notice Search Warrants? How about concealed carry? How about a federal law that requires social security numbers to be submitted for fishing licenses? A totalitarian- guilty until proven innocent scheme to track down dead beat dads- as if digging a bucket of clams has anything to do with child support payments. When the US Armed Forces are sent to Lebanon, Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia, Vietnam, etc.- how is that defending the US Constitution- or our rights and freedoms, or our physical security? When we return from an undeclared war or military conflict without a victory- what becomes of American rights and freedoms? One person wrote: “…spend this Memorial Day honoring those who have defended your right to have an opinion on this matter.” As if we are wards of the state or mindless drones- somehow dependent on people in military uniforms to enable us to think or to have an opinion. If the troops are fighting for American rights and freedoms- why were black people still riding at the back of the bus after the big WWII victory? Freedom isn’t free? If a house is prevented from burning, is it because firefighters protect our rights and freedoms? Think of your local fire dept.- it serves a clear-cut purpose, no need for people to repeat phrases or slogans in order to justify its existence. We don’t claim that firefighters protect our rights and freedoms- as if they are part of some kind of civil rights organization. US foreign policy goals and objectives are mapped out at the very highest levels of government. Ask yourself- is there someone at the table- in those high level planning sessions- who makes sure that military operations overseas include a mission to protect American rights and freedoms? Does someone make sure the mission is to defend the constitution? Is there anyone who verifies that the mission is to protect our physical security? How does the executive branch of government defend the constitution via US foreign policy? If the US Armed Forces are somehow connected to defending the constitution- how did public policy serve up due-process-free assassinations? The US Armed Forces were irrelevant in defending American rights and freedoms, our physical security, & The Constitution on 911. Ditto for all other federal agencies and departments. Post 911 efforts to keep terrorists from visiting the homeland- still unable to keep illegal drugs out. People who question US foreign policy on newspaper websites are told: “You wouldn’t have the freedom to post your nonsense if people were not giving their lives in Iraq and Afghanistan to protect that freedom”, etc. Some will say people in uniform “give” http://www.iwvpa.net/provincecm/ us our freedoms- totally disregarding the concept of natural rights. Others will say we’d be speaking a language or practicing a religion not of our choosing- if not for veterans: The free and well armed people who populate the North American continent could be forced to speak a language not of their choosing? The world’s most modern & powerful military force has had their hands full for years now trying to pacify the locals in the Greater Middle East. We’ve got such a good handle on the situation- National Guard units are doing multiple tours in distant lands- absent any military emergency, draft, or declaration of war. We’re not in the habit of winning decades of undeclared wars overseas- why would we think they have any bearing on the language we choose to speak- or on American rights and freedoms in any sense? Public policy stands in the way of freedom- a situation completely unrelated to military operations in distant lands. Military service is honorable. In some cases, it provides for our physical security. That’s as good as it gets. In terms of American rights and freedoms- The Dept. of Defense has no more say than the Dept. of Agriculture. Best thanks for a veteran- Reach for an honest understanding of US foreign policy.

<urn:uuid:c913c7e5-b7eb-4c6c-bbb6-18634df3057a>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://oakbaystarfish.com/2011/12/15/glorifying-military-servic/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

(Courtesy of Amazon.com) From Publishers Weekly Harvard child psychologist Kindlon, co-author of the bestselling Raising Cain, here gives thoughtful, hands-on advice to parents who want to help their children cope with the stress brought on by the terrorist attacks of 9/11 and other traumas. "The more we understand about how children cope with adversity," Kindlon writes, "the better able we'll be to help our kids face the challenges of an uncertain future." He offers a straightforward overview of the development stages of stress and the various psychological and physical effects stress has on children, and interweaves information from scientific research with vignettes about his daughters' and wife's ways of coping with grief, fear and strife. Models of coping methods come through the personal stories of trauma survivors-those who lived through such dark moments as the Holocaust, the Depression or a polio epidemic. Kindlon emphasizes that children, ultimately, are resilient, but that it's crucial that parents help them "make the best out of bad situations." This practical and informative guide should assist them in doing just that. Kindlon, a child psychologist and the author of Raising Cain (1999), offers this timely exploration of how to help children cope during times of trauma. He begins by examining research on the effects of stress on children. He details the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents, as well as factors from temperament to age that can influence whether or not a child will overreact to pressure. The second section includes stories of how children have coped with stress and how parents have helped them, presenting the human side of the research. The stories include the hardships of the Great Depression, the London blitz during World War II, the Holocaust, and the violence in Colombia. The third section focuses on Kindlon's personal crisis when his wife suffered a setback following surgery and how he employed many of the lessons he learned in researching this book to help his children cope. Every generation of children has to deal with unique challenges and crises. American children today face new realities, from school violence to terrorism, in a world that changed forever on that clear September morning in 2001. Is the generation of children growing up now prepared for hardship, sacrifice, and self-reliance? Here is the essential guide for parents looking for a comprehensive, optimistic strategy for easing the transition from childhood's innocence to the harsh realities of adulthood in the twenty-first century. In Tough Times, Strong Children Dr. Dan Kindlon offers wise and often moving examples of how families and individuals have coped during other periods marred by war, deprivation, and economic upheaval. Through interviews conducted specifically for this book, Kindlon talks to survivors of the Depression; the Blitz; concentration camps; as well as the Troubles in Ireland; and the guerilla war in Colombia. This testimony and these memories demonstrate that parents play a huge role in the way children absorb stress and trauma and how they handle fear and uncertainty. Kindlon examines the roles of humor, bravado, and even denial in making our children feel protected, and yet aware of the world and its dangers as well as joys. Many of the stories in this book inspire us to act courageously for our children when we are afraid, to show them confidence we may not feel, and in the words of a child of World War II, "get on Combining his clinical experience with psychological and biological research, Kindlon explains the process of dealing with adversity and why some children are able to survive and even thrive as adults and others are crippled. He combines hard science with the voices of those who have lived through the worst events of the twentieth century to illustrate the importance of family and extended family; community; a strong belief system; and self-reliance learned from involved parents. Kindlon's good news is that parents can work actively towards empowering and immunizing children against an uncertain future.

<urn:uuid:4d39e8e9-2e6b-4788-ac2e-3884f32fea5d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.dankindlon.com/ToughTimes.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

BMNRI Home > Publications > Abstract: Timber Salvage and Utilization Timber salvage and utilization in the inland northwest. [ Tech Notes No. 8 (PDF, 194k) ] by S. Willits, C. Brunner, and J.J. Morrell This technical note discusses the use of salvage harvest as a tool to accomplish forest restoration objectives in the Blue Mountains. The decline of dead wood is evaluated relative to various forest products, including roundstock, log homes, lumber, veneer, chips, and energy. Although the economics of salvage of dead wood is marginal at best, a proactive policy of identifying suitable sites in advance is necessary to retain product value. The combination of consistent product availability and a proactive policy for identifying appropriate sites in advance probably represents the best hope for using salvage as a component of the forest restoration puzzle.

<urn:uuid:5bc6ae1b-16b0-424d-85cf-9963cbcd040a>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/mdr/past/bmnri/publications/abstract/willits-et-al.shtml

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Definition of Pelvis, male Pelvis, male: The lower part of the abdomen that is located between the hip bones in a male. The male pelvis is more robust, narrower, and taller than the female pelvis. The angle of the male pubic arch and the sacrum are narrower as well. Last Editorial Review: 3/30/2012 Back to MedTerms online medical dictionary A-Z List Need help identifying pills and medications? Get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to your inbox FREE!

<urn:uuid:ac2bf41a-1b68-4aac-9665-e58c264f083f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9040

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

(noun) usually offensive : American Indian Note the “usually offensive” — a warning from one of the more neutral arbitrators of American English, Merriam-Webster. “Redskin” is a pejorative term, and should be used with caution, if at all. And yet that term, and all of its sordid history, comes to play each and every football season as Washington’s team takes to the field. And this week, the Supreme Court refused to involve itself in a 17-year legal battle between the NFL franchise and a group of indigenous Americans who find the use of that mascot, well, offensive. Unfortunately, Native mascots aren’t limited to the professional leagues. Gross stereotypes — “redskins” and “savages” and “squaws” — persist in K-12 environments, too. More than 10 years ago, in the pages of Teaching Tolerance magazine, Barbara Munson, a member of the Oneida Nation, called on schools across the nation to abandon "Indian" team names, mascots and logos in their athletic programs. “We experience it as no less than a mockery of our cultures,” Munson wrote then. “We see objects sacred to us — such as the drum, eagle feathers, face painting and traditional dress — being used not in sacred ceremony, or in any cultural setting, but in another culture's game.” Since then, some progress has been made. Schools, districts and even state boards of education have voluntarily retired caricatures of Native peoples and traditions from their sports fields. Still, hundreds of schools — more than 70 in Virginia alone — continue to hold onto these mascots, choosing to teach children that stereotyping, and cultural appropriation, is a-okay. The Supreme Court’s refusal to involve itself in the NFL dispute may signal to some that the use of Native mascots is perfectly legal. Even if that’s the case, it does not mean the practice is acceptable. This month — American Indian Heritage Month — is a particularly good time to get honest about what’s in a mascot and to recommit ourselves to the abolition of Native mascots both on school campuses and in the professional leagues.

<urn:uuid:d3521933-7b09-4f2b-8c7c-9d1f84ad0da4>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.tolerance.org/print/blog/usually-offensive

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

This is another article discussing my proposed Genealogical Maturity Model (GMM). A year ago I learned some things from Elizabeth Shown Mills. I’m not certain they were the things she was trying to teach me. Nevertheless, I think they are quite valuable. Having grown up with PAF and its special definitions for source and citation, I was having problems understanding Evidence Explained. It took Elizabeth about six weeks to talk me out of the box I was in. The lessons I took away from that discussion were: - Ignoring the aggregated wisdom of past scholarship is unwise, and - Assigning specialized definitions to words is unwise. Accordingly, I’ve tried to avoid special definitions in the GMM wherever possible. Here are definitions for the main terms: source – 1. the origin that supplies information.1 2. “an artifact, book, document, film, person, recording, website, etc., from which information is obtained.”2 citation – 1. “citations are statements in which we identify our source or sources for…particular [information].”3 2. “a citation states where you found [the cited] piece of information.”4 information - 1. “knowledge obtained from investigation.”5 2. “the content of a source—that is, its factual statements or its raw data.”6 evidence – 1. “something that furnishes proof.”7 2. “information that is relevant to the problem.”8 3. analyzed and correlated information assessed to be of sufficient quality.9 4. “the information that we conclude—after careful evaluation—supports or contradicts the statement we would like to make, or are about to make, about an ancestor.”10 conclusion – 1. “a reasoned judgment.”11 2. “a decision [that should be] based on well-reasoned and thoroughly documented evidence gleaned from sound research.”12 Note that the meanings are based on ordinary dictionary definitions and genealogical industry experts. Conclusion tree will have to wait until next time. And since the above terms are largely defined in terms of one another, I’d like to spend some time talking about their interrelationships. 2. Elizabeth Shown Mills, CG, CGL, FNGS, FASG, FUGA, Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace, 2nd ed. [hereinafter, EE2] (Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2009), 828. 3. Mills, EE2, 42. 4. Patricia Law Hatcher, CG, FASG, quoted in The Source, ed. Loretto Dennis Szucs, FUGA, and Sandra Hargreaves Luebking, FUGA, 3rd ed. (Provo, Utah: Ancestry, 2006) p. 24; citing “How Do You Know?” in Producing a Quality Family History (Salt Lake City: Ancestry, 1996), 117. 5. Merriam-Webster, “information.” 6. Mills, EE2, 24. 7. Merriam-Webster, “evidence.” 8. Mills, EE2, 822. 9. Christine Rose,CG, CGL, FASG,, Genealogical Proof Standard: Building a Solid Case (San Jose, California: CR Publications, 2005), 2. 10. The Board for Certification of Genealogists (BCG), The BCG Genealogical Standards Manual, ed. Helen F. M. Leary, CG, CGL, FASG, (Provo, Utah: Ancestry, 2000), 8. 11. Merriam-Webster, “conclusion.” 12. Mills, EE2, 820.

<urn:uuid:64f811e4-a4b8-4ce8-8220-d424eda51bec>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://ancestryinsider.blogspot.com/2009/11/genealogical-maturity-model-definitions.html?showComment=1259678864897

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Ask-A-Linguist Message Details |Subject:||Prepositions preceding modes of transportation| I'm sure this is a useless question, but it has been bothering me since it occurred to me. Why is it we travel ''on'' a bus, ''on'' a train, ''on'' a boat, ''on'' a plane, but ''in'' a car? As we also travel ''in'' cabs and police cruisers, it begs to reason that it has less to do with ownership of the vehicle and more to do with the size of the vehicle. Nevertheless, the original models for automobiles weren't enclosed, to it seems likely that the usage would have favored ''on,'' since the riders were not ''in'' anything. The best reason I can think of is that the usage transferred from the horse-drawn carriage, which some of us still ride ''in'' today, but that only cycles the question further back. Bearing in mind that the modes of transportation at that point would have been the boat, the carriage, forms of animal (primarily horse), and later on the train, it makes sense to be ''on'' a boat and ''on'' a horse, but ''in'' a carriage. But why ''on'' This, however, pushes the question forward yet again -- why, then, do we not ride ''in'' a plane or ''in'' a bus? There is an element of the physicality in preposition choice (precluding riding in a horse, for example). But much of the choice is idiomatic -- it just IS the preposition to use. There are also choices. In English we do travel on a bus, in a bus and by bus; on a train, in a train and by train; on a boat, in a boat and by boat. (But, unless we are on a roof rack, we do NOT travel on a car.) So it's not hard and fast. This makes it all the harder for learners. We might normally travel in a canoe, but there also sit ON kayaks.... |Reply From:||Anthea Fraser Gupta click here to access email|

<urn:uuid:ad2c52d7-c932-463e-ad66-5f41f810ea5f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://linguistlist.org/ask-ling/message-details2.cfm?AsklingID=200477569

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

- Biographies on contemporary figures - Includes information on groundbreaking scientific discoveries - Table of Contents - Further Resources - Published in conjunction with Joseph Henry Press 11/1/05 Science Books & Films As one volume in the Women's Adventures in Science series devoted to the lives of contemporary women scientists, this short biography of a Hispanic sociologist aims to inspire and encourage young people (especially minority youths) to undertake a scientific career. Born to an illegal Mexican immigrant and migrant laborers, Dr. Tienda was able to overcome the hardships of poverty, the death of her mother when she was seven years old, an abusive stepmother (this is a true Cinderella story!), some bad teachers, and a failed marriage. She is currently a professor working in academia and on Hispanic issues in a number of national organizations. The book is lavishly illustrated with many family photographs. It is also very readable. The book's message is that hard work and high motivation can overcome personal and societal obstacles if one values and pursues an education. What isn't adequately described is how determination is not enough without adequate opportunities and the support, both financial and psychological, of people in and out of academia who encourage, mentor, and foster talent. Unfortunately, without those supports, many young people with promise (most in minority groups) go unrecognized, and examples like Dr. Tienda are seen as rare and unique cases of little relevance to one's own personal life.

<urn:uuid:9955656c-72d2-41ff-948e-489060c556fe>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://shop.scholastic.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplayView?productId=94312&langId=-1&storeId=10751&catalogId=10004&sa_campaign=internal_ads/scholastic3_0/search

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

ICWA is a Federal Statute governing the placement of Indian Children who are in any out of home placement, voluntary or involuntary, by any state, county, city or government. The act applies to all public or private agencies that remove or place children. The Indian Child Welfare Act Fact Sheet - ICWA is a preemptory law; when the ICWA and state law are in conflict, ICWA takes precedent over state law. - Congressional findings state that there is no resource more vital to the continued existence to the integrity of Indian tribes than their children and that the United States has a direct interest, as trustee, in protecting Indian children who are members of or are eligible for membership in an Indian tribe. - ICWA was passed in 1978, after Congress held hearings. Congressional findings included that states, exercising their recognized jurisdiction over Indian child custody proceedings through administrative and Judicial bodies, have often failed to recognize the essential tribal relations of Indian people and the cultural and social standards prevailing in Indian communities and families. - Congressional declaration of policy: The Congress hereby declares that it is the policy of this Nation to protect the best interests of Indian children and to promote the stability and security of Indian tribes and families by the establishment of minimum federal standards for the removal of Indian children from their families and the placement of such children in foster or adoptive homes which will reflect the unique values of Indian culture, and by providing for assistance to Indian tribes in the operation of child and family service programs. - The State of Oregon has operated an ICWA program through its child welfare agencies since the ICWA was passed in 1978. The ICWA program's focus is to assist the state in compliance with ICWA. - The State of Oregon has nine federally recognized Indian Tribes located within its boundaries. The State of Oregon has about 40,000 Indians located in the state, with about 12,000 of this population located in the Portland metropolitan area. Another 12,000 individuals are located in the nine federally recognized Indian tribal communities with the rest of the Indian population located through out the state. - There are about 400 Indian children in substitute state care at any one time statewide. - The State of Oregon's DHS meets quarterly with the Indian Tribes of Oregon to assess their needs in child welfare and to work on areas of common interest to both the Tribes of Oregon and DHS. - There are about 2 million individual Indians in the United States, with over 550 federally recognized Indian Tribes nationwide. The ICWA requires states to work with these communities when any of their children come into state care. Through a federal Adoption Opportunities Grant, the Cherokee Nation has created this website which contains profiles of Native American families who have been approved for adoption and are available for placement of Native American children. National Indian Child Welfare Association (NICWA) Serves American Indian tribes throughout the country by helping to strengthen and enhance their capacity to deliver quality child welfare services. Major activities include public policy analysis, community development and information exchange. Oregon Legislative Commission on Indian Services Serves as the main forum in which Indian concerns are considered. Point of access for finding out about state government programs and Indian communities. Oregon Revised Statutes

<urn:uuid:28a2d92e-bfd8-4aee-9939-0d178f8c04f6>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.oregon.gov/dhs/children/pages/icwa.aspx

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The Barn Spider is an orb weaver, a spider that spins its web in a circle-type shape. This orb weaver is about 3/4 inch long with a large round abdomen. It spins a large orb web, hangs its head down in the middle at night and retreats to a nearby crevice during This spider is a dark brown color, with darker markings on the back of the abdomen. Its legs are slightly covered with whitish hairs. Barn Spiders are found all over the eastern part United States. They can be found on porches near lights, in the corners of doorways, in window frames -- anywhere conducive for constructing the large orb web. You can even find them on the sides of cliffs, in caves, and In late afternoon and at night, the barn spider can be seen hanging in the center of its web. During the day, the barn spider will retreat to a nearby crevice only to return to the web the next night. The Barn Spider preys on flying and crawling insects that become entangled in her orb web. The spider will vibrate or sway the web if she senses that prey may be caught in it. The web itself is used to wrap the prey and soon becomes full of holes and ragged. After several days, the spider will eat the web, recycle the silk, and construct a The Barn Spider's shadowy brown coloration helps to camouflage it. During the day it retreats into a crevice near the web. If disturbed while on the web, a barn spider will run to one side, drop off or hide in a crevice.

<urn:uuid:f9646bc4-ae25-459a-9eac-53b92db88f0b>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.spiderroom.info/va_barnspider.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The internet is a large place. Billions of users access and create sites and pages every day. This crowd of the internet is a massive one, and many are designing and utilizing ways to take advantage of the crowd of humanity. Crowdsourcing, crowdfunding, and crowdcreation are all fairly recent frontiers on the horizon of technology. We can see the effectiveness of such ideas through the success of sites such as KickStarter, the AmazingTurk, and a legion of wikis. As far as the future goes, it doesn’t look like the crowd will be slowing down anytime soon. In the Beginning Their Was Wiki Wikipedia. The site is both loved and hated, useful and distracting, collaborative and competitive. Wikipedia is a place where all of human knowledge is written, edited, and re-drafted by somewhat anonymous individuals the world over. On Wikipedia, information is created, destroyed, and refined by millions of contributors. You know what the crazy thing is? It works. Yes, not all information is perfect, but the resource that Wikipedia has become equates into billions of page-views each year. In fact, Wikipedia has become the fifth most popular site on the internet. By leveraging the creative and intellectual prowess of individuals the world over, Wikipedia and its somewhat less popular predecessors revealed to the world the power of the crowd. The Amazing Turk Wikipedia is neither the start nor the ending point of using the crowd of humanity to complete projects and begin new ones. Amazon’s Amazing Turk is a service that pays miniscule amounts of money to individuals who are willing to complete mundane, non-complicated tasks. Thousands of companies have used Amazon’s crowdsourced workforce for research, data collection, and more. The individuals who work on the Amazing Turk site often do so just for fun. The limited amount of money that can be made is somewhat limiting, but does allow for large scale projects to be completed in a speed never before seen. Crowdsourced workforces are popping up elsewhere as well. A KickStart and Forward Want to get a project funded? Want to get a project funded by thousands of prospective customers? KickStarter is to financing projects what Wikipedia is to user curated information. With just a bit of creative content and video, individuals and businesses are able to bring projects to light with the power of millions and billions of internet users. The crowd of the internet can be used to create and edit content, finish immense projects quickly, and even fund new creations. With just a bit of interest and ingenuity, companies can leverage the crowd of humanity to reach new height of creativity and productivity.

<urn:uuid:20fb14a4-480c-446c-9db1-17d8ce16d139>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://digitalmarketer.com/dmblog/how-to-harness-crowd-power/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

“Women who inadvertently become pregnant while taking mefloquine should be reassured that the risk of malformations is low (within background levels) and that use of mefloquine does not indicate therapeutic abortion,” Dr. Patricia Schlagenhauf from University of Zurich Center for Travel Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland told Reuters Health in an email. Dr. Schlagenhauf and colleagues used the F. Hoffmann-La Roche global drug safety database to investigate the safety of the fetus following exposure to mefloquine in the periconception period and during pregnancy. Among 2246 maternal prospective cases, there were 43 birth defects in 978 deliveries (a birth prevalence of 4.39%). There was no specific pattern of malformations. There were 43 other pregnancy-related or perinatal disorders and 889 normal infants. Their duration of mefloquine use was between 6 and 91 days, with most exposures (2139/2246, 95.2%) occurring before conception and/or during the first trimester of pregnancy. All congenital malformations occurred in infants of women exposed during this period. Twelve women who delivered infants with birth defects had relevant medical history, including a history of drug abuse, alcohol use, hypothyroidism, hepatitis B, smoking, preeclampsia, spontaneous abortions, previous miscarriages, family history of epilepsy, or other unspecified mental handicap. There were 2 birth defects and 12 normal infants among the 14 deliveries of 22 prospective both-parent exposure cases. Both birth defects occurred in cases where the exposure was in the periconception period and during the first trimester. The March of Dimes estimates that about 4% of infants annually are born with a major birth defect or congenital malformation. Other organizations have reported prevalences of congenital malformations ranging from 0.8% to 6.5%. “To the best of my knowledge, there are no reliable data on the number of pregnant women to travel to malaria endemic areas but the latest statistics from the US show a 14% increase in imported malaria cases in 2010 and that 41 cases occurred in pregnant women (only 5% of these women used appropriate chemoprophylaxis),” Dr. Schlagenhauf said. “The authors of the US Malaria Surveillance report state ‘Pregnant women traveling to areas in which malaria is endemic are at higher risk for severe malaria and must use appropriate malaria prevention strategies including chemoprophylaxis.’ Malaria prevention recommendations are available online (http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/travelers/drugs.html).” The study was funded by F. Hoffmann-La Roche, which employed all the authors except Dr. Schlagenhauf, who also received research funding, honoraria for speaking at conferences, and consultancy fees from F. Hoffmann-La Roche.

<urn:uuid:8f559717-dab3-4803-861b-7a5fc6b46a58>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.thedoctorschannel.com/view/mefloquine-malaria-prophylaxis-appears-safe-during-pregnancy-2/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

In today’s world of commercial Internet service, it is becoming increasingly important to know how much data you are transmitting and receiving on your network connections. If you are an Internet Service Provider and you charge your customers by volume, this will be essential to your business. If you are a customer of an Internet Service Provider that charges by data volume, you will find it useful to collect your own data to ensure the accuracy of your Internet charges. There are other uses for network accounting that have nothing to do with dollars and bills. If you manage a server that offers a number of different types of network services, it might be useful to you to know exactly how much data is being generated by each one. This sort of information could assist you in making decisions, such as what hardware to buy or how many servers to run. The Linux kernel provides a facility that allows you to collect all sorts of useful information about the network traffic it sees. This facility is called IP accounting.

<urn:uuid:0975c211-d35c-4201-a019-268f26d470e3>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://tldp.org/LDP/nag2/x-087-2-accounting.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706890813/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516122130-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The Beardsley Zoo, in Bridgeport, Connecticut, is the only zoo in the state of Connecticut. The beauty of the entire complex, both the park and zoo, is one of the reasons Bridgeport has earned the nickname "The Park City." In 1884, the city contracted Frederick Law Olmsted, famous for creating New York City's Central Park, to create a design for Beardsley Park. Mr. Olmsted's plan was to create a simple, rural park for the residents to enjoy. The City of Bridgeport was also home of Mr. Phineas T. Barnum and his world famous circus. At the time of the Park's creation, Mr. Barnum usually exercised his animals through the streets of Bridgeport, and it was common to see zebras and camels walking up and down the city's Main Street. After Beardsley Park was created, Mr. Barnum and the circus company began exercising the animals there. In 1920, Bridgeport Parks Commissioner, Mr. Wesley Hayes, began a campaign to create a City Zoo within the Park. He requested that the citizens of Bridgeport contribute animals to start the zoo. In the first year there were eighteen exotic birds donated. Barnum and Bailey Circus also donated some of their retired animals to the zoo. In 1997, the Connecticut Zoological Society, a nonprofit support group for the zoo, purchased the zoo from the city and continues to run the zoo as a private, nonprofit institution with assistance from the State of Connecticut and the City of Bridgeport. CONNECTICUT DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND BEARDSLEY ZOO SPONSORING AMNESTY DAY FOR PROHIBITED EXOTIC ANIMALS Mar 25, 2012; HARTFORD, Conn., March 21 -- The Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection issued the following news release: The... Thursday: Gov. Malloy Keynotes Public-Private Partnership Workshop; Keynotes Northeast Energy Efficiency Summit; Speaks at Breast Cancer Fundraiser; Tours Beardsley Zoo Jun 13, 2012; HARTFORD, Conn. -- The following information was released by the office of the governor of Connecticut: On Thursday morning,...

<urn:uuid:7c5098ad-0e61-4035-923f-807534038a55>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.reference.com/browse/Beardsley+Zoo

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696383156/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092623-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

This math activity is perfect for counting on starting from any number. The students sort all the cards with matching pictures, then put the cards in order. Covers the Common Core Standard 1.NBT.1. Count to 120, starting at any number less than 120. In this range, read and write numerals and represent a number of objects with a written numeral.

<urn:uuid:20af7c93-4a0f-4974-88ee-609e5c370c8e>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Santas-Helper-Start-With-Get-To-167153

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696383156/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092623-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Government, UN release two major reports Government, UN release two major reports, the vintage 20th edition of the Global Human Development Report, and a study on Child Poverty and Disparities in Nepal. Kathmandu, 4 November— The 20th anniversary edition of UNDP’s Human Development Report and the National Planning Commission/UNICEF report on Child Poverty and Disparities in Nepal were launched jointly by UNDP and UNICEF today. The Human Development Report 2010 highlights that Nepal is one of the fastest movers in the Human Development Index (HDI) since 1970 and is 3rd among the ‘Top Ten Movers’ list in terms of progress in health and education. Between 1970 and 2010, Nepal’s HDI value increased from 0.210 to 0.428, an increase of 104 per cent, while Nepal’s Gross National Income per capita increased by 94 per cent during the same period. The gap between Nepal’s life expectancy and the global average has narrowed by 87 percent over the past 40 years. Nepal’s impressive progress in health and education can be traced to major public policy efforts such as the ‘Free primary education for all children’ legislation as far back as 1971 and the extension of primary healthcare through community participation, local mobilization of resources and decentralization. However, economic growth has been modest and a lack of employment opportunities has led many Nepalese to seek opportunities abroad. Nepal is still a poor country with an HDI value for 2010 of 0.428—keeping the country in the ‘Low Human Development’ category—ranking 138 out of 169 countries and territories listed. Continuing and multifaceted inequity remains a major reason for Nepal’s low HDI position. According to the Human Development Report 2010, large disparities remain between boys and girls in school attendance as well as in the quality of education between urban and rural areas and across ethnic groups. Major health challenges remain, related to communicable diseases and malnutrition. Large disparities separate regions and groups, with a quasi-feudal oligarchic system and caste based discriminations continuing to marginalize some. UNDP Country Director, Ms. Anne-Isabelle Degryse-Blateau stated, “Nepal needs to learn from its own successes in health and education and apply the same determination to tackle the areas in which it is still lagging behind. Addressing inequalities across gender, regions, groups remains a priority to ensure that no Nepali child, women, youth or person living in remote areas or from any particular groups is left behind, and also to ensure every Nepali can enjoy his or her fundamental rights and can actively participate in moving Nepal out of the Low Human Development Category.” Considerable inequalities are also seen in terms of the Gender Inequality Index. Only 18 per cent of adult women have a secondary or higher level of education compared to 40 per cent of their male counterparts, fewer women work have paid work and for every 100,000 live births, still 281 women die from pregnancy-related causes. But children are seen to be the most affected by poverty and inequity and remain disproportionately poor according to the NPC/UNICEF report on Child Poverty and Disparities. Indicators on malnutrition and sanitation are particularly noticeable. “Malnutrition is a real obstacle to the survival, growth and development of children,” said Gillian Mellsop, UNICEF Representative, “and the serious effects of under-nutrition at a young age can be irreversible, and can ultimately hinder the development status of the whole nation.” Every second child aged under-five (49%) in Nepal is stunted or has a low height for their age – a result of chronic under-nutrition. Over half of Nepal’s children (55.7%) defecate in open spaces. Recent calculations by WHO estimates that about 13,000 children aged under-five years die each year in Nepal from diarrhoeal diseases and a further 13,000 from Acute Respiratory Infections. This mortality is caused by and aggravated by poor sanitation, inadequate personal hygiene and a lack of access to quality water. This year’s HDR has introduced a new indicator, the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), which identifies multiple deprivations in the same households in education, health and standard of living. The MPI implies that individuals living above the income poverty line may still suffer deprivations in education, health and other living conditions (from basic living standards to access to schooling, clean water and health care). According to the report, South Asia is home to the largest population suffering from extreme poverty as measured by the new Multidimensional Poverty Index: 844 million people. In Nepal 65 per cent of the population suffer multiple deprivations while an additional 16 per cent are vulnerable to multiple deprivations. Despite these concerns, the HDR 40 year retrospective assessment in key components of human development reveals that in some basic respects the world is a much better place than it was in 1990 or 1970. Overall, people are healthier, more educated, and wealthier and have more power to appoint and hold their leaders accountable than before. This should become an encouragement for countries to actively and urgently take the required extra steps to reach the 2015 Millennium Development Goals. The ceremony was attended by the Vice Chairman of the National Planning Commission, Dr. Jagadish Chandra Pokharel; UNDP Country Director, Anne-Isabelle Degryse-Blateau: and UNICEF Deputy-Representative Will Parks. For more information on the Global Human Development Report, please contact: email@example.com, Development Communications Officer, UNDP Nepal, Tel: 5523200 ext. 1077 For more information on the Child Poverty and Disparities Report, please contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, Chief of Communication, UNICEF Nepal, Tel: 5523200 ext. 1182

<urn:uuid:be9a018a-ca6e-44fe-98da-46104ee3edad>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.unicef.org/nepal/5476_6567.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696383156/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092623-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

A Review of Play AttentionBy Ashton, Tamarah; Journal of Special Education Technology, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 47-48 Publication Date: Spring 2002 Article reviews Play Attention, which is a educational software program that features games designed to teach a number of skills, including focus, visual tracking, time on task, short-term memory sequencing, and discriminatory processing. The Play Attention system utilizes a technique the author refers to as “Edufeedback,” which is the integration of feedback technology with educational and behavioral modification techniques. The software package comes with a 20-minute training video and an instruction booklet that contains resources materials such as parental permission forms, progress charts, and rating scales for both parents and teachers. The author found that Play Attention is a unique, well-researched system for students with attention difficulties that provides much-needed support for educators and parents. Assistive Products Discussed: PLAY ATTENTION Published by: Exceptional Innovations (Website:http://www.exinn.net) Technology and Media Division (TAM) of the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) (Web Site: http://www.tamcec.org )

<urn:uuid:b90669b3-af59-4e9c-8974-abab0aae3f14>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://abledata.com/abledata.cfm?pageid=160377&ksectionid=160164&atlitid=179370

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700958435/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104238-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

George Bellows (American, 1882–1925): Stag at Sharkey's, 1909 Oil on canvas; 36 1/4 x 48 1/4 in. (92.1 x 122.6 cm) Cleveland Museum of Art George Bellows (1882-1925): Modern American Life LONDON, ENGLAND • Royal Academy of Arts • 16 March - 9 June 2013 |George Bellows (1882–1925) was regarded as one of America's greatest artists when he died, at the age of forty-two, from a ruptured appendix. Bellows's early fame rested on his powerful depictions of boxing matches and gritty scenes of New York City's tenement life, but he also painted cityscapes, seascapes, war scenes, and portraits, and made illustrations and lithographs that addressed many of the social, political, and cultural issues of the day. Featuring some 120 works from Bellows's extensive oeuvre, this loan exhibition is the first comprehensive survey of the artist's career in nearly half a century.| Born and raised in Columbus, Ohio, George Bellows attended Ohio State University, where his athletic talents suggested that he might become a professional baseball player and his illustrations for the student yearbook hinted at an artistic calling. In 1904, before graduating, he moved to New York City to study art with Robert Henri, one of America’s most influential teachers in the period. Bellows would become the leading young member of the Ashcan School artists, all of whom Henri inspired. The Ashcan artists aimed to chronicle the realities of daily life, and Bellows was the boldest and most versatile among them in his choice of subjects, palettes, and techniques. Bellows never traveled abroad, but learned the lessons of European masters—such as El Greco, Francisco de Goya, Édouard Manet, and others who nourished Ashcan realism — by studying their works in museums, including the Metropolitan. When, in 1911, the Metropolitan acquired his canvas Up the Hudson (1908) as its first Ashcan painting, Bellows became one of the youngest artists to be represented in the Museum’s collection. His candid portrayals of New York City, Maine’s rugged coast, boxers in the ring, the atrocities of World War I, friends and family members, and other distinctive themes are among the triumphs of early 20th-century art. The exhibition is organized thematically, within a chronological framework: New York, 1905–1908; Boxers and Portraits, 1907–1909; Penn Station and the Hudson River, 1907–1909; Work and Leisure, 1910–16; The Sea, 1911–17; Bellows’s Process, 1912–16; The War, 1918; Bellows’s Process, 1916–23; Family and Friends, 1914–19; and Late Works, 1920–24. Royal Academy of Arts Website ||Royal Academy of Arts| London W1J 0BD Tel: (44) 20 73 00 59 95

<urn:uuid:ddae1f18-a988-4dfa-81af-419c35076bd3>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://culturekiosque.com/travel/city/london.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700958435/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104238-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

What did people in the New Testament have to do to be “saved”? I was prompted to ask this question by this assertion in a comment in the discussion about the sinlessness of Jesus: Many within the orthodox evangelical world go so far as to say that one can not deny Christ’s deity and experience the personal salvation that He offers. What I have done here is simply look at occurrences of the words “save”, “saved” or “salvation” in the New Testament and highlight what appears to be required of people in order for them to be saved. It is a limited exercise. There will be passages that have a bearing on this question where the salvation terminology is not found—for example, passages that use different word groups, or which speak of people perishing or being destroyed because they have not done something. But I think it will give us a pretty clear idea of what people were expected to do or believe in response to the saving action of God—and more importantly, as I will suggest at the end, of the narrative contexts in which this theme emerged. - The disciples were told that they would have to endure to the end of the tribulation that was coming upon Israel in order to be saved (Matt. 10:22; 24:13). Those who took up their own crosses and lost their lives for Jesus’ sake and for the sake of the good news of the kingdom of God would save their souls (Mk. 8:35). - The sinful woman who anointed Jesus’ feet was “saved” by a “faith” that expressed itself as a concrete expression of love towards Jesus (Lk. 7:47-50). Zacchaeus was saved—restored to the family of Abraham—by his offer to restore what he had defrauded and give half of his goods to the poor (Lk. 19:8-9). - Jews who believed the good news about the coming kingdom of God and its significance for Israel would be saved (Lk. 8:12). Anyone who believed the good news about the coming transformation of the status of God’s people in relation to the nations—that is, the good news of the kingdom of God—and was baptized, would be saved (Mk. 16:16), though this passage may not be part of Mark’s original Gospel. - Only those Jews who sought to follow the narrow path leading to life would be saved (Lk. 13:23-24). For that reason, it would be difficult for the wealthy to be saved from the destruction that was coming upon Israel (Lk. 18:26-27). - Those Jews and the “other sheep” who entered the renewed community of Israel through the door which is Jesus would be saved (Jn. 10:7-9, 16). Those who did not reject Jesus but received the words which he spoke on the Father’s authority would be saved and would enter the life of the age to come (Jn. 12:46-50). - Those Jews who repented of their sins and called on the name of the Lord Jesus, who had been appointed ruler and judge by God (Acts 2:34-36), would be saved from the destruction that was coming upon the “crooked generation” of Jews in Jerusalem (Acts 2:21, 40; 3:23; 4:12). Diaspora Jews would be saved by believing the message that “God has brought to Israel a Saviour, Jesus” (Acts 13:23, 26). - Gentiles were saved by believing the good news that Jesus had been “appointed by God to be judge of the living and the dead” (Acts 10:14, 42). - The Philippian jailer believed in the Lord Jesus and was saved, along with his household (Acts 16:30-31). - Both Jews and Gentiles were saved by believing the good news that Jesus had been made Israel’s king “by his resurrection from the dead” (Rom. 1:1-4, 16). Jews and Gentiles who believed that God raised Jesus from the dead and confessed that this Jesus was now Lord would be saved from the wrath of God which was about to come both upon Israel and upon the nations (Rom. 10:9, 13). Gentiles were saved by believing the good news about God’s Son—that he had been raised from the dead, made Lord, would come to judge and rule the nations, etc.—which was proclaimed to the pagan world (2 Thess. 2:13). - People were saved by holding fast to the word preached to them, that Jesus died for the sins of God’s people and was raised on the third day, according to the scriptures, embodying the restoration of God’s people (1 Cor. 15:1-5; cf. Hos. 6:1-2). - Gentiles were saved—that is, incorporated into the restored people of God—not by works of the Law but “by faith”, as a response to the gift of God (Eph. 1:13; 2:8-9, 19-22). - The Philippians were told to keep working out their own salvation, “holding fast to the word of life”, until the “day of Christ” (Phil. 2:12-16). Women would be “saved through childbearing” (1 Tim. 2:15). Timothy would save both himself and his audience by the consistency and integrity of his behaviour and teaching (1 Tim. 4:13-16). - The troubled Jewish Christians addressed in the Letter to the Hebrews would be saved by drawing near to God through Jesus (Heb. 7:25). They would be saved by faithfully waiting for Jesus to appear again to deliver them (Heb. 9:28). - People were saved by demonstrating the validity of their faith by means of good works (James 2:14). - People were saved by the act of being baptized as an “appeal to God… through the resurrection of Jesus Christ”, who has been given authority over all powers (1 Pet. 3:21-22). What can we learn from this? Basically that salvation in the New Testament is eschatological. People needed to be saved because God was about to judge first his own people and then the pagan nations. People were saved by believing that the death and resurrection of Jesus constituted a decisive moment in this narrative of eschatological transformation. His death was an atonement for the sins of the people of God, including the sins of those Gentiles who were to be incorporated into the “household of God”. Through his resurrection Jesus was given authority as Lord to rule over the renewed people of God and judge the nations (cf. Acts 17:31). Initial belief, however, was not enough. Salvation meant endurance through the coming crisis of political upheaval and persecution. Only those who persevered in the face of great discouragement and suffering would be saved and attain the life of the age to come. So I can see that people were saved by believing that Jesus had been given authority to rule and judge—an authority that would otherwise have been reserved for God alone. I do not see that people were saved by believing in the deity of Christ, but perhaps that is to be found in one of the passages that has been overlooked. In any case, this does not mean that the “orthodox evangelical world” is wrong to insist that people must confess the deity of Christ in order to be saved. It’s just that this does not appear to have been a necessary criterion in the New Testament.

<urn:uuid:a9ecf26a-7a46-46c5-a455-4deb05deab78>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.postost.net/comment/2277

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700958435/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104238-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Airborne contact dermatitis Allergic contact dermatitis to aerosol substances can produce an eruption on exposed skin that resembles a photodermatitis. Involvement of typically sun-spared areas such as upper eyelids or submental areas suggests airborne contact dermatitis. Typically, relatively sheltered areas are spared. A careful history is necessary to delineate it from other causes of eruptions of exposed skin. Patch testing to contact allergens is indicated. - Removal of the offending allergen, followed by topical mid-strength topical steroids is quite effective. - Chronic allergic contact dermatitis of the face can lead to thickening of the skin, requiring more potent topical steroids. - Close follow-up is necessary when potent topical steroids are used or atrophy may occur. Back to Skin Care Glossary - A Index | Back to Skin Care Glossary Index

<urn:uuid:c42f74b6-5df0-474c-b26e-9968dadb4a94>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.skincareguide.com/gl/a/airborne_contact.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700958435/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104238-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Speech and language disorders caused by illness or injury may impair expression, comprehension, sound production and articulation. Difficulties with swallowing may also occur, especially following stroke, laryngeal cancer, head injury or Parkinson’s disease. The inability to swallow or to communicate is extremely frustrating, but those functions can be restored through an aggressive therapy program. Because the greatest progress is made early on in the treatment of these disorders, the therapist works quickly and thoroughly with any patient requiring speech therapy. Difficulties overcome through speech therapy include aphasia, apraxia, dysphagia, and other articulation disorders, and expressive and receptive language disorders. The rehabilitation process centers on restoring as much of the original ability to communicate as possible. In summary, Speech/Language Pathologists focus on effective communication, cognitive skill, and swallowing abilities through: assistive communication devices, muscle retraining, diet modifications and specialized feeding techniques.

<urn:uuid:fab307ac-c49a-47eb-bfd2-3ae201770789>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.millersmerrymanor.com/speech-therapy

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704392896/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113952-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Chinese carrier is a 'city at sea' sans aircraft With restaurants, bars, post office, and even a supermarket, China's first aircraft carrier -- the Liaoning -- is literally like a "city at sea". But the carrier has no aircraft. With 10 decks below the main deck, and nine levels of island-style superstructures above the main deck, the Liaoning looks like some giant 20-storey building, reported People's Daily. The aircraft carrier measures over 300 metres in length and over 70 metres in width. The distance from the keel, which is shaped like a bird's breastbone, to the top of the mainmast is over 60 metres. But the carrier has no aircraft on the flight deck, though the Liaoning is fully equipped for aircraft takeoff and landing. Modern carrier-based aircraft take off in mainly three ways -- catapult assisted takeoff, ski-jump takeoff, and vertical takeoff. The Liaoning can carry fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters as designed. According to military expert Li Li, in the short term the Liaoning is to be mainly used for scientific research and the training of aircraft carrier pilots. Li said a new generation of carrier pilots and military officers would be trained on the Liaoning, China's first ever aircraft carrier.

<urn:uuid:f125520e-4b4f-4376-8e5a-507d81c4bbcf>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.newkerala.com/news/newsplus/worldnews-82696.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704392896/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113952-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Today, sports eyewear can be spotted on almost anyone who picks up a ball, bat, racquet or stick — whether they play in the major leagues or the Little League. Fortunately, coaches, parents and players now realize that wearing protective eyewear for sports pays off in several ways. The risk of eye damage is reduced or eliminated, and the player's performance is enhanced by the fact that they see well. In fact, many clubs today do not permit their members to participate without wearing proper eye gear. Initially, there was some resistance by children to "looking funny" when they wore protective eyewear. Today, sports goggles are an accepted part of everyday life, much the way bike helmets have become the norm. In addition, both children and adults like the image that wearing protective eyewear gives them: it shows they mean business on the playing field. If you're not wearing protective eyewear, consider this... Prevent Blindness America reports that hospital emergency rooms treat 40,000 eye injuries every year that are sports-related. Sports such as racquetball, tennis and badminton may seem relatively harmless, but they involve objects moving at 60 miles per hour or faster. During a typical game, a racquetball can travel between 60 and 200 miles per hour. Another potential danger is that the racquets themselves move at high speed in a confined space and often make contact with one another. Flying objects aren't the only hazard. Many eye injuries come from pokes and jabs by fingers and elbows, particularly in games where players are in close contact with each other. Basketball, for example, has an extremely high rate of eye injury. These are great reasons to wear protective eyewear. Another aspect has to do with performance. It used to be common for people with mild to moderate prescriptions to simply participate in sports without wearing their glasses or contacts. But sharp vision is a vital ingredient to performing well in nearly every sport, and participating in sports when you have less than 20/20 vision is counterproductive. Features to look for Prescription glasses, sunglasses and even on-the-job industrial safety glasses don’t provide adequate protection for sports use. Sports goggles are made in a variety of shapes and sizes. Some are even designed to fit in helmets used for football, hockey and baseball. Sports goggles should allow the use of helmets when the sport calls for it. Lenses in sports eyewear are usually made of polycarbonate. Since polycarbonate is such an impact-resistant lens material, it works well to protect eyes from fast-moving objects. Polycarbonate lenses also have built-in ultraviolet (UV) protection and are coated to be scratch resistant — valuable properties for outdoor sports. Polycarbonate is the material of choice for sports lenses, but the eyewear frame plays just as important a role. Different sports require different types of frames, which has led to development of sport-specific frames. Sport frames are constructed of highly impact-resistant plastic or polycarbonate, and most come with rubber padding to cushion the frame where it comes in contact with your head and the bridge of your nose. Some sports styles are contoured, wrapping slightly around the face. This type of goggle works well for biking, hang-gliding, and sailing. Contact lens wearers especially benefit from the wraparound style, which shields your eyes from wind and dust. A note about handball goggles At one time, handball goggles for those with no need for vision correction were simply goggles with small openings in place of lenses. It was eventually recognized that the high speed of handballs compressed the ball enough to protrude through the opening and cause serious eye damage. All goggles worn for handball and racquetball should include impact-resistant polycarbonate lenses for adequate protection during these sports. Sport goggles must be properly fit to the individual wearer. This is particularly important with children, because there is a temptation to purchase a larger goggle than what is needed today so the youngster has "room to grow." Some growing room is acceptable, since sports goggles are made to be somewhat flexible in their width adjustment. If the frames are oversize, however, they will not protect the way they were designed, leaving a potential for damage when there is impact to the head or the face. It's a risk not worth taking. By the same token, permitting a youngster to continue wearing goggles that he or she has outgrown can be just as dangerous. First, the frames will be uncomfortable, tempting the child to take them off. Secondly, the frames may obstruct peripheral vision, leading to poor performance with a potential for impact from unseen sources to one side or another. Review the fit of your youngsters' sports eyewear each year to ensure that they are still providing proper protection and are fitting comfortably. Make sure the padding inside the sides of the goggle rests flush with the face and the eyes are centered in the lens area. For more information on sports eyewear, visit All About Vision®. Article ©2008 Access Media Group LLC. All rights reserved. Reproduction other than for one-time personal use is strictly prohibited.

<urn:uuid:8c782cce-6a0b-4a39-853d-cea5d18d877f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.uptownoptometry.com/articles/sports_protective.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704392896/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113952-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Strengthening the prevention of oral cancer: the WHO perspective Community Dentistry Oral Epidemiology 2005; 33: 397–9 - Blackwell Munksgaard, 2005 Cancer is one of the major threats to public health in the developed world and increasingly in the developing world. In developed countries cancer is the second most common cause of death. According to the World Health Report 2004 (1), cancer accounted for 7.1 million deaths in 2003 and it is estimated the overall number of new cases will rise by 50% in the next 20 years (2). Oropharyngeal cancer is more common in developing than developed countries (3, 4). The prevalence of oral cancer is particularly high among men, the eighth most common cancer worldwide. Incidence rates for oral cancer vary in men from 1 to 10 cases per 100 000 population in many countries. In south-central Asia, cancer of the oral cavity ranks among the three most common types of cancer. In India, the age standardized incidence rate of oral cancer is 12.6 per 100 000 population. It is noteworthy that sharp increases in the incidence rates of oral/pharyngeal cancers have been reported for several countries and regions such as Denmark, France, Germany, Scotland, central and eastern Europe and to a lesser extent Australia, Japan, New Zealand and the USA (3, 4). The cancer epidemic in developed countries, and increasingly in developing countries, is due to the combined effect of the ageing of populations, and the high or increasing levels of prevalence of cancer risk factors. It has been estimated that 43% of cancer deaths worldwide are due to tobacco, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and infections (3). Tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption have been estimated to account for about 90% of cancers in the oral cavity; the oral cancer risk increases when tobacco is used in combination with alcohol or areca nut (5). The evidence that smokeless tobacco causes oral cancer was confirmed recently by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (6).

<urn:uuid:0c970c56-3279-4352-b61e-e0f21670f7cd>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.who.int/oral_health/publications/CDOE05_vol33_397_9/en/index.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704392896/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113952-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Search for native plants by scientific name, common name or family. If you are not sure what you are looking for, try the Combination Search or our Recommended Species lists. Search native plant database: Marcus, Joseph A. Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. ex Bureau Trumpet creeper, Trumpet vine, Common trumpet creeper, Cow vine Synonyms: Bignonia radicans, Tecoma radicans USDA Symbol: CARA2 USDA Native Status: Native to U.S. A high-climbing, aggressively colonizing woody vine to 35 ft., climbing or scrambling over everything in its path by aerial rootlets. The pinnately compound leaves with 4 to 6 pairs of leaflets and a terminal one on an axis up to 12 inches long. Leaflets dark green on the upper surface, lighter on the lower, broadly to narrowly ovate, with coarse teeth, an elongate tip, and a rounded to wedge shaped base, the blade extending along the petiolule (leaflet stem) to its base. Flowers showy, waxy, broadly trumpet shaped, up to 3 1/2 inches long, orange to reddish orange, clustered at the ends of branches, appearing throughout the summer. Fruit a pod up to 6 inches long with 2 ridges running lengthwise, tapering more gradually to the base than to the tip, and roughly round in cross section. Native to eastern North America as far north as New York and Ontario, this vine is often cultivated for its attractive, reddish orange flowers and can escape cultivation, sometimes colonizing so densely it seems a nuisance, particularly in the southeast, where its invasive qualities have earned it the names Hellvine and Devils Shoestring. Its rapid colonization by suckers and layering makes it useful for erosion control, however, and its magnificent flowers never fail to attract Ruby-throated Hummingbirds within its range. Adapted to eastern forests, Trumpet creeper grows tall with support. It climbs by means of aerial rootlets, which, like English Ivy, can damage wood, stone, and brick. To keep it in check, plant it near concrete or an area that you can mow; mowing down the suckers will discourage them. Fairly drought tolerant within its range. Blooms most in full sun. Bloom InformationBloom Color: Red , Orange , Yellow Bloom Time: Jun , Jul , Aug , Sep Bloom Notes: Usually reddish orange. Yellow cultivars have been produced. AL , AR , CO , CT , DC , DE , FL , GA , IA , IL , IN , KS , KY , LA , MA , MD , MI , MO , MS , NC , ND , NE , NH , NJ , NY , OH , OK , PA , RI , SC , SD , TN , TX , UT , VA , WI , WV Canada: ON Native Distribution: Eastern North America from Ontario and NY down to FL and eastern TX, northwest to the Dakotas Native Habitat: In trees of moist woods or along fence rows in old fields. USDA Native Status: L48(N), CAN(N) Growing ConditionsWater Use: Low Light Requirement: Sun Soil Moisture: Dry , Moist Soil pH: Circumneutral (pH 6.8-7.2) CaCO3 Tolerance: Low Drought Tolerance: High Cold Tolerant: yes Heat Tolerant: yes Soil Description: Various well-drained soils. Sandy, Sandy Loam, Medium Loam, Clay Loam, Clay, Limestone-based, Caliche type Conditions Comments: Blooms most in full sun. The plant is frequently cultivated because of its large clusters of attractive, bright red flowers. Several cultivars have been developed, including yellow-flowered varieties and a cross with the Asian species, Campsis grandiflora , which has broader flowers but is less hardy than our native species. Use Wildlife: Pollinated by hummingbirds and long tongued bees. Warning: of this plant can cause skin irritation on contact. Conspicuous Flowers: Hummingbirds Larval Host: Sphinx Moth (Paratraea plebeja ) Nectar Source: Butterflies and Moths of North America (BAMONA) is a larval host and/or nectar source for: Root Cuttings , Seeds , Semi-hardwood Cuttings Description: Take 3-4 inch, new growth semi-hardwood cuttings from May through October. Root cuttings of strong parts of current seasons root growth also used, but require more treatment. Seed Collection: Gather ripe capsules when they turn brown but before they dry and split open (between 2-3 months after flowering). Remove seeds from pod, air dry, and store in sealed, refrigerated containers. Seed Treatment: Stratify 30-60 days at 41-50 degrees. Commercially Avail: To keep lush during droughts, water deeply on occasion. Mow to keep it from expanding beyond defined areas. Cut back branches to two buds in the winter to encourage bushier growth and more blooms. Mr. Smarty Plants says Toxicity and invasiveness of Scarlet Wisteria May 04, 2007 I recently purchased seeds for Scarlet Wisteria (Chinese rattlebox tree). I spoke to a neighbor about this and she warned me not to plant them as they were poisonous to hummingbirds. Can you clarify... view the full question and answer Herbarium Specimen(s)NPSOT 0457 Collected Jun 15, 1987 in Bexar County by Harry Cliffe * Available Online from Wildflower Center Store Bibliography* Bringing Nature Home: How You Can Sustain Wildlife with Native Plants (2009) Tallamy, Douglas W. Bibref 1186 - Field Guide to Moths of Eastern North America (2005) Covell, C.V., Jr. Bibref 1185 - Field Guide to Western Butterflies (Peterson Field Guides) (1999) Opler, P.A. and A.B. Wright Bibref 481 - How to Grow Native Plants of Texas and the Southwest: Revised and Updated Edition (2001) Nokes, J. Bibref 355 - Landscaping with Native Plants of Texas and the Southwest (1991) Miller, G. O. Bibref 354 - Native & Naturalized Woody Plants of Austin & the Hill Country (1981) Lynch, D. Bibref 841 - Native Alternatives to Invasive Plants (2006) Burrell, C. C. Bibref 318 - Native Texas Plants: Landscaping Region by Region (2002) Wasowski, S. & A. Wasowski Bibref 248 - Texas Wildflowers: A Field Guide (1984) Loughmiller, C. & L. Loughmiller Bibref 291 - Texas Wildscapes: Gardening for Wildlife (1999) Damude, N. & K.C. Bender* The Midwestern Native Garden: Native Alternatives to Nonnative Flowers and Plants An Illustrated Guide (2011) Adelman, Charlotte and Schwartz, Bernard L. Search More Titles in Bibliography Recommended Species Lists Find native plant species by state. Each list contains commercially available species suitable for gardens and planned landscapes. Once you have selected a collection, you can browse the collection or search within it using the combination search. View Recommended Species page Record Modified: 2012-12-07 Research By: TWC Staff, GDG

<urn:uuid:7d99c7ad-bc71-4e3b-b68d-f2ed8eb19a56>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=CARA2

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707435344/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123035-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The Mercury diagram is probably the best example of an ancient “figure-plan” used for three centuries to organize the sacred spaces of Angkor Proper. The ecliptic longitude of Mercury on 22 / 04 / 967, probably determined at the beginning of Angkorian history (9th century) as explained elsewhere, was “engraved” in the Khmer soil by linking the highest neighbouring sacred hill (Phnom Bok) to a particular location used as the observer of the inner planets. The observer location was determined by the intersection of the “Prime Meridian” of Angkor, that of Phnom Bakheng (another sacred hill near the centre of Angkor ) with a solar apsides line (22/04) drawn from the centre of the Bakong temple, the principal monument of the first Khmer capital in the Angkor region (near today’s Roluos). Moreover, this observer (called “ancient observer of Angkor Thom”) was located at distances from the sacred hills (Phnom Bakheng and Phnom Dei) and from the Bakong temple which are integers of two Khmer units: - the krta yuga (abbreviated here as KY) defined by Mannikka (1996) as equal to 752.4576 m - the Khmer arcminute (abbreviated here as kam) defined by the authors as equal to 1881.144 m Although the centre of the Mercury “Midnight” diagram was the observer, the key location of the diagram was the central tower of the Takeo temple. We’ll see that several dimensions of Takeo were determined by the Midnight parameters of Mercury. When we fix the centre of the Manda epicycle of Mercury on the tower, the centre of the Sighra epicycle lies (in accordance with the rules of epicycle theory) on the parallel of the observer, which is by convention, also the parallel of the Sun. The radius of the Manda epicycle determined the size of the external enclosure of Takeo: the former was equal to a quarter of the latter’s perimeter. The Mercury diagram was later corroborated by a number of structures constructed by the Khmer Kings during the 11th and 12th centuries : - During the 11th century, the Phimeanakas temple was built on the geographical parallel tangent to the northern limit of the Manda epicycle (previous diagram). - Early in the 12th century, the king Suryavarman II built the magnificent temple of Angkor Wat and used the north-west corner of its terrace as the observer location of a Moon-Sun diagram. During the same period, he built the small twin temples of Thomannon and Chau Say Tevoda, one on either side of the east-west axis of the Victory Gate of Angkor Thom; (although this gate, in its present state, was erected later it was probably built on the location of a more ancient structure). - During the second half of the 12th century, the king Jaryavarman VII constructed the Krol Ko temple, near the northern bank of his North Baray, on the continuation of the loxodrome (line of constant bearing) from the Angkor Wat terrace corner to Takeo. We have discovered that the centre of the Takeo lies at the vertex of a right angle whose sides are formed from lines running from the north-west corner of the naga terrace of Angkor Wat and the centre of the Thommanon temple to the Takeo. AAt first sight, this plan might be mistaken for a non-astronomical construction, but we have determined that there is an underlying Mercury “Midnight” ratio: the parallel of the Victory Gate determines the Mercury Sighra epicycle radius to deferent radius ratio, expressed as the separation distances between the parallels of the twin temples. The same king also built the Ta Prohm temple to the south of the older (circa 900 AD) East Baray. Now, the loxodrome from Krol Ko to Ta Prohm is precisely tangent to the Sighra epicycle of Mercury. The loxodrome running from the centre of Ta Prohm to Mercury (-91.545°) is perpendicular to the loxodrome running through the observer and the centre of the Sun’s epicycle (-1.571°) and probably parallel to the temple's axis. More simply, the loxodrome from Ta Prohm to Mercury is perpendicular to the main axis of the East Baray ( between -1.5° and -1.6°) - Jaryavarman VII (or one of his predecessors) built the eastern enclosure of his city (Angkor Thom) midway between the western bank of the East Baray (more precisely its western shoreline) and the meridian of another huge hydraulic construction, the Great North Channel. The length of each side of the Takeo’s upper platform (47 m) was determined, (circa 1000 AD) by the product of the distance from the platform’s centre to the western bank of the East Baray (603 m), with the Mercury equant eccentricity. 603 x 2 x 0.0389 = 46.9 Furthermore the diameter of the Manda epicycle (221.14 m), divided by the distance (603m) = 0.3667. Diameter of deferent / 603 = Sighra ratio / Manda ratio Jayavarman VII therefore appears (as late as the 12th century) to have considered the site of the western bank an important location in his city’s planning. We have discovered that the azimuth (i.e. ecliptic longitude) of Mercury from the observer location was determined by a loxodrome running from the observer of Angkor Thom to a particular point located on the Phnom Bok’s crest (error = 0.1°). We’ll see this location, which is one of the main “crossroads” of the planetary diagrams, was used as the observer of the outer planets of the hinterland. The Mercury loxodrome runs through a giant Linga erected near to the crest of Phnom Bok. The Linga and its platform were proportioned on the “Midnight” eccentricity for Mercury. The location of this Linga shows the goal of the Khmer was to include natural structures in their diagrams. A circle whose centre is located on the Linga and crossing the centre of the Phnom Dei temple runs indeed at 31 m from the centre of the Phnom Bakheng temple and precisely through the intersection of the latter’s meridian with the crest (a location labeled “Bakheng summit” here above). The radius of this circle is 14379 m long (22.93 X 360 phyeam). It is worth noting the Phnom Bok temple was built at 23.03X360 phyeam from the Bakong temple (centre to centre).

<urn:uuid:b5297b47-f983-405b-bdef-6f6d42aab9e0>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.ancientcartography.net/mercury.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697380733/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516094300-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a term that describes a baby who is not growing at the normal rate inside the uterus. These babies usually have a low weight at birth. No. About one-third of the babies who are small at birth have IUGR. The rest of them don't have IUGR--they're just smaller than normal. Just like there are different sizes of infants, children and adults, there are also different sizes of babies in the uterus. Small babies tend to run in families. The parents or other children in the family may have been small when they were born, too. Babies who have IUGR are more likely to have certain health problems (both during pregnancy and after birth). Problems include: Your baby will probably catch up in size and have a normal height by about 2 years of age. IUGR has various causes. The most common cause is a problem in the placenta (the tissue that carries oxygen, food and blood to the baby). Birth defects and genetic disorders can also cause IUGR. If the mother has an infection, high blood pressure, kidney disease, heart disease or sickle cell anemia, or is smoking, drinking alcohol or abusing drugs, her baby might develop IUGR. Sometimes a prescribed medicine that the mother is taking causes IUGR. Most of the causes of IUGR are beyond your control. Usually, nothing the mother did causes IUGR in her baby. But if you smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol or abuse drugs, you can cause IUGR in your baby. Generally, no. IUGR usually doesn't occur in another pregnancy. But in some women, it does happen again. Women who have another pregnancy affected by IUGR usually have an illness, such as hypertension, that causes IUGR. Good control of illnesses before and during pregnancy lowers the risk of having another baby with IUGR. During your pregnancy, your doctor will do tests to find out if your baby is growing normally. The main test for checking a baby's growth in the uterus is an ultrasound. The ultrasound exam lets your doctor see your baby in your uterus with an instrument that is moved across your abdomen. While you are having an ultrasound exam, your doctor will measure the size of your baby's head, abdomen and legs. These measurements will tell you and your doctor if your baby is growing normally. Your doctor will also find out the amount of amniotic fluid in your uterus. In some babies who have IUGR, the amount of amniotic fluid is low. If your baby is small, ultrasound exams may be done more often than usual to check your baby's health. One test is fetal monitoring. It's a way to check your baby's health inside your uterus. Straps are put over your uterus as you lie down for about 30 minutes. You will hear your baby's heartbeat as it is recorded. Your doctor can look at the recording and see if your baby's heartbeat is normal. You might also have an amniocentesis. A needle is put through your skin into your uterus. A few teaspoons of amniotic fluid are withdrawn in the needle. The fluid is tested to see if it shows the cause of the IUGR. The amniotic fluid can detect infection and some chromosomal abnormalities that can cause genetic problems. The best way to help your baby is to keep all of your prenatal visits with your doctor. You should also monitor how often your baby moves and kicks. A baby who moves around often is usually healthy. A baby who doesn't move very often or who stops moving may be sick. If you notice your baby isn't moving as much, call your doctor. Another way you can help your baby is to take good care of your body. Eat plenty of healthy foods and take in the recommended amount of calories for a pregnant woman. Rest will help you feel better and it may even help your baby grow. Try to get 8 hours of sleep (or more) each night. An hour or 2 of rest in the afternoon is also good for you. Finally, if you smoke, drink alcohol or use drugs, stop now. These things can hurt your baby. This may be all that is needed to improve your baby's health, as well as your own. Maybe not. The time of delivery depends on how well your baby is doing. Sometimes, babies with IUGR keep on growing in the uterus. If your baby keeps gaining some weight, an early delivery may not be needed. But if your baby is not growing at all or has other problems, your doctor may decide that an early delivery could help. In this case, your doctor may want to induce labor. Your baby's heart rate and movements will be closely watched to help you and your doctor make this decision. If there are no signs of problems with your baby during labor, a vaginal delivery is okay. Some babies with IUGR are weak. The stress of labor and delivery may be too much for a weak baby. If your baby has problems during labor, a cesarean section (also called a C-section) may be safer. Probably, especially if your baby was born early. Babies who are small at birth need to stay in the hospital until they can breathe and feed normally. After your baby is born, the doctor will check your baby's weight to make sure the baby is growing. Generally, babies stay in the hospital until they weigh about 5 pounds and can breathe and feed normally. Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Identification and Management by David Peleg, M.D., Collen M. Kennedy, M.D., and Stephen K. Hunter, M.D., PH.D. (American Family Physician August 01, 1998, http://www.aafp.org/afp/980800ap/peleg.html) Written by familydoctor.org editorial staff

<urn:uuid:9c44a5a9-5748-47aa-982b-c0887a613c99>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://familydoctor.org/familydoctor/en/diseases-conditions/intrauterine-growth-restriction.printerview.all.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701459211/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105059-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

What are the three most important words in the history of telephone communication? No, no, no. Don’t be silly. The answer is not “Watson, come here.” Sure, those were the first words uttered by Alexander Graham Bell to his assistant Mr. Watson, but there are three words that matter even more, especially to Georgians, when it is concerning coast-to-coast communication. On January 25, 1915 a group of men sat huddled around what we would consider today to be crude form of the telephone in the Jekyll Island Club off the coast of Georgia. In New York City a group of men including Alexander Graham Bell sat around a second phone. A third group sat with Bell’s assistant Thomas A. Watson in San Francisco while President Woodrow Wilson was ready to congratulate AT&T president Theodore Vail from the Oval Office of the White House. An army of 1,500 AT&T employees stood at the ready from Jekyll Island, to Washington D.C. to New York, and across to San Francisco for any problem that might arise, and it’s a good thing too. Along the 4,500 mile line a pesky tree fell over the lines at some point, but it was soon removed and the line was reconnected. Theodore Vail had his entire reputation and the success or failure of AT&T riding on his shoulders that day. At a point when it looked like AT&T would be going out of business and phone calls were limited to a 2,000 mile distance he make a huge prediction much like President Kennedy’s prediction regarding the United States reaching the Moon. Theodore Vail declared that coast-to-coast communication would occur and soon. Of course all of Vail’s friends and colleagues had complete confidence in him. The Jekyll Island Blog quotes publisher B.C. Forbes….”What Woolworth was to the five-and ten, what McCormick was to the harvester, Vail is to the telephone. Bell invented it, but Vail put it on the map.” Actually, a Newsday article advises that AT&T had completed the construction of the first transcontinental phone line when the last pole was erected in Wendover, Utah on June 27, 1914, and the first trancontinental call could have been made then. However, the company waited until the Panama Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco to open before the important call was made. So, you might be wondering why such a momentous event took place on one of Georgia’s barrier islands. It’s very simple. Since 1886 members of the Jekyll Island Club had owned Jekyll Island using it as a winter hunting and vacation spot. Members included J.P. Morgan, Joseph Pulitzer, George Macy, Edwin Gould, Marshall Field, William Rockefeller, William Vanderbilt, Frank Goodyear, and of course, Theodore Vail. These business giants and their families enjoyed their island, their very large club, and their cottages (many were 8,000 plus square feet) for many years. W hen they were all present the members of the club represented over one-sixth of the world’s wealth at that time. Besides sunning, hunting, and supping the club members talked business. In fact, Jekyll Island is the location where the ideas behind the Federal Reserve Bank were hatched. Actually though Vail had intended on leaving Jekyll Island in time to be in New York for the all important call, however, he injured his leg and was unable to make the trip. When the big moment came on January 25, 1915 Alexander Graham Bell placed the call to Watson and said, “Mr. Watson, come here. I want you,” which of course was a reinactment of the first ever call made on March 10, 1876. A Newsday article regarding the transcontinental phone call advises Mr. Watson joked and stated it would take him “a week” to come here since “here” was in New York and he was in San Francisco. The words “Hello, Jekyll Island,” also sounded across the phone lines as Mr. Vail was hailed and congratulations flew across both ends of the line, and President Wilson offered his words of pride to Bell and Vail. The all important Jekyll Island Club survived for a bit longer as the playground of the rich, but during World War II and the increase of income taxes the club members began to come to the island less and less. The property was finally condemed by the State of Georgia for $675,000 in 1946. The island was then turned into a state park for all to enjoy. The club building is still on the island and is open as a resort. The “cottages” are still intact and can be toured. The magic of Jekyll is that the majority of the island is still natural and undeveloped; however, there are some who are attempting to change this. Make sure you check out my related posts listed below. Related Posts: Jekyll Island Development: What's Your Opinion? A Shameful Part of Georgia's History

<urn:uuid:229a6def-aef5-49a0-86a4-9a2d461c5328>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://mymindisongeorgia.blogspot.com/2008/01/hello-jekyll-island.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701459211/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105059-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Recover lost or deleted files If you can't find a file you are looking for, it might have been saved in or moved to a different folder than the one you expected, or the file might have been sent to the Recycle Bin. You can start looking for the file by using the Search folder, though you can also look for the file by inspecting folders where you think the file is likely to be. Try one of these options: Search using all or part of the file name, if you can remember it, or using any tag or file property that will help distinguish it from other files on your computer. For more information, see Find a file or folder. These are the most likely places to look for lost or deleted files: The default save location of the program you used to create the file Open the program you used to create the file. Click the File menu, and then click Save As. This opens the location where the file was probably saved.

<urn:uuid:5cee9b92-b5d0-4d68-b40f-4b7a9dab4da9>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://windows.microsoft.com/en-SG/windows-vista/Recover-lost-or-deleted-files

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701459211/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105059-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The record of an Ethiopian eunuch and Philip meeting on a road to Gaza ignites the imagination. Why was this Ethiopian eunuch traveling on this road? Tradition relates that Ethiopia was founded by the great-grandson of Noah. It has been identified by various names: Abyssinia, Kush and Axum. The empire of Axum lasted from the first through the late 13th century AD. Israel’s religion and influence were already felt across this vast area. Much earlier, the queen of Sheba had visited the wise King Solomon in order to “test him with hard questions” and to tell him “all that was on her mind” (1 Kings 10:2). Some believe that the Falasha Jews of Ethiopia are direct descendants from Solomon’s time. A long history binds Israel and this region together.

<urn:uuid:0e80ca71-8f22-4bf0-a2c8-5b2afcd14b9a>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.christiancentury.org/article/2009-05/kairos-moments

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701459211/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105059-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Many of us grew up in a time or place where no one thought twice about drinking water straight from the tap. Nowadays, however, the problems with drinking water are well documented. Our bodies are over 70% water, so there is no question that harmful substances in our water adversely affect our health. These contaminants not only affect taste and odor, but can interrupt the balance of our body's natural functions. Some of the offending substances include: In the 1890's, chlorine began to be used experimentally to combat water-borne diseases such as cholera and typhoid. It quickly gained wide acceptance due to its low cost and high efficiency in killing disease pathogens in the water. Chlorine allowed population centers to spring up and thrive without epidemic outbreaks. Chlorine is a known poison, however, and the safety of drinking this poison over the long term (i.e. your lifetime) is highly uncertain. The greatest danger chlorine poses to health is through its reaction with water-borne decaying organic matter like leaves, bark, and sediment, which creates a family of highly toxic chemicals called trihalomethanes (THM’s). THM’s are extremely carcinogenic, even in minute amounts. These byproducts of chlorine disinfection have also been linked to potential... - Damaging effects to your cardiovascular system. - Harmful impacts to your respiratory system. - Unhealthy functioning of your renal system. - Disruptions to your central nervous system. - Weakening of your immune system. There are many studies linking elevated levels of chlorine with early miscarriage and birth defects, as well as an increase in bowel and colon cancer. Chlorine can also cause chronic fatigue, dermatitis, and autoimmune disease. Chloramine, a combination of ammonia and chlorine, is a disinfecting agent used in some municipal water treatment plants, because it tends to remain longer in the water distribution system than chlorine. Chloramines have been linked to respiratory tract damage and eye irritation in swimming pools. There are many studies that associate chlorinated drinking water with bladder and colon cancer, but the number of cases was much higher in communities using chloramine. There are also limited studies showing an increase in deaths from pneumonia and influenza in communities using chloramine. Chloramine does not dissipate in the open air, because of the ammonia. This makes chloramine much more difficult to remove from drinking water than chlorine. Regular filtration methods, including reverse osmosis systems, are ineffective on ammonia; it requires a more specialized filter and longer contact time. Chloramine is also extremely toxic to fish. A spill of chloramine treated water from a broken water main in Vancouver led to the decimation of baby salmon. The resulting outrage of concerned citizens led to the removal of chloramine as a secondary disinfection agent. Many people are unaware that chloramine is being used in treating their drinking water, and that their filtration system may not be equipped to remove it. In 1972, British Columbia was considering mandatory fluoridation. They gave the job of researching and reporting the topic to Richard Foulkes, M.D. Dr. Foulkes wrote a 1900 page report recommending legislation to make fluoride mandatory in Canada. Based on that work, Canada began to fluoridate. Then something happened. Little by little, Foulkes found the statistics that his researchers had based their findings on were largely falsified. It took Foulkes several years to uncover the truth, but in 1992, he shocked the country by backing down from his original recommendation: "I now hold a different view. ...the fluoridation of community water supplies can no longer be held to be either safe or effective in the reduction of dental caries....Therefore, the practice should be abandoned." - Foulkes, 1992. Many cities in Canada listened and stopped fluoridating. To read a firsthand story about lies, greed and disregard for human health and crooked deals between government and industry, see Dr. Foulkes' research. Another pro-fluoridation Canadian scientist, Dr. Hardy Limeback, changed his tune when he learned that 30-60% of Canadian children now have visible signs of overexposure to fluoride, something called "dental fluorosis." In a Toronto Star interview with Michael Downey, Dr. Limeback said: "Children under three should never use fluoridated toothpaste. Or drink fluoridated water." Research has found ill effects from fluoride at concentrations even less than the standard 1 PPM that exists in most city water. Those effects include: - Accumulation in your bones, causing them to be brittle and easily fractured. - Inactivation of some of your enzyme systems. - Disruption of your immune system, causing it to attack normal working tissues in your body. - Acceleration of the aging process. - Causing cellular and genetic damage. - Damage to your tooth enamel by hardening the outer surface. Only about 2% of the population of Europe is subjected to fluoridated water. If fluoridation is as safe and effective as the American Dental Association says it is, why do most European countries, who have studied the issue, refuse to treat their water with fluoride? If you are on a municipal system with chlorine or chloramine, theoretically you are protected against bacteria. However, if the chlorine level is not high enough from the municipal source all the way to your tap, bacteria can re-infect the water at any point. The piping system (whether the main lines or your in-house plumbing) is always subject to bacterial growth. If you are on a spring or a well without chlorine, you are vulnerable to bacterial contamination. Even the purest sources cannot prevent occasional contamination from animals either dying or defecating in the water, or from neighboring pollution (i.e. septic tanks) traveling from an adjoining aquifer. Again, the pipes themselves are a source of bacteria. Many periodically test their well or spring source for assurance of good water quality. There are problems, however, with testing: First, the test is only applicable at the time of sampling. Bacteria can bloom (when conditions are right) hours, days, or weeks after the testing, and therefore remain undetected. Second, testing can be very expensive. The basic ones test levels of bacteria, sediment and decaying organic matter, and total dissolved solids (mineral levels such as calcium, magnesium, iron, and sulfur). With additional testing, the price goes up per item. Lead, asbestos, and specific chemical contaminants are more difficult and therefore much more expensive to test. Lead is a toxin that accumulates and remains in tissue permanently. Its effect is in relation to body weight; therefore, an exposed adult can fend off the toxic effects for some time, whereas young children may experience brain and developmental damage quickly and permanently. Lead piping and solder in the distribution system are the main sources of lead pollution. The Boston Globe estimates that 98% of all households have lead in their plumbing. Houses older than 20 years and less than five years are most at risk. Also, houses in areas of soft water tend to corrode the lead from the pipes more readily. Asbestos is another potential carcinogen that can come either from naturally occurring asbestos (such as in areas that have a lot of serpentine rock) or from asbestos-lined water pipes. Thousands of miles of these pipes were laid throughout the U.S. in the 1950's and have yet to be replaced. Asbestos is so small that it is unfeasible to remove it at the water treatment plant. Chemicals are, for the most part, odorless, colorless, tasteless, and undetectable. Some of the most dangerous chemicals are present only in trace amounts (parts per billion) but are highly toxic even at these minute levels. Sources are usually industrial, like leaking underground fuel tanks, or commercial solvents such as trichloroethane. These leaking toxins end up in the groundwater or in the municipal supply through breaks or cracks in water mains. The majority of these toxins are volatile organic contaminants (VOC's), such as plastics, paints, thinners, and petroleum products. A recent study of groundwater contamination in Alberta showed pesticide residues at 98% of the sites tested. The most prevalent was the herbicide dioxin (2,4-D). Another common herbicide is lindane, used as a defoliant in modern logging operation and found in many wild and rural areas. Chemicals used in insect eradication and control such as malathion and DDT are also present in drinking water. Other contaminants include artificial sweeteners that are not being filtered out of the waste water and consequently ending up in municipal drinking water. ("The Bitter Side of Artificial Sweeteners" - Mercola.com) Last, (but not the least of our worries) are microscopic worms, parasites, and protozoa. The biggest offenders are giardia and cryptosporidia, which cause serious diarrhea, dehydration, and intestinal disorders - even death in people with compromised immune systems. Water experts estimate that over 63% of water problems in the Unites States today are directly caused by giardia and cryptosporidia. When the environment becomes inhospitable (in the presence of chlorine, for example), either of these parasites can go into the cystic form (hard and impermeable). The cyst is chlorine resistant and very hard to kill. Municipal utilities cannot completely remove these cysts. They have been found in most major municipal water systems in the U.S. Milwaukee had a huge outbreak of cryptosporidia in 1993 that killed over 100 people. San Francisco has repeatedly tested positive for giardia in its chlorinated water that travels hundreds of miles from the Sierra Mountains. If you think bottled water is the way to go, perhaps you are not aware of the many drawbacks and expenses compared to having an easily installed and maintained home filter. Here are some of the hidden dangers and costs of bottled water: - Up to 40% of bottled water is actually tap water that may or may not have received additional treatment and filtering. - Bottled water can contain chlorine and fluoride. - A 4-year study released by the Natural Resources Defense Council found 1/3 of the water bottles tested contained chemicals and bacteria. - The typical plastic used for bottled water is polyethylene terephthalate (PET). This material potentially leaches antimony and other toxic chemicals into the water (especially in the case of reverse osmosis, which makes the water more reactive). - Bottled water is expensive - if you apply the costs of bottled water toward the purchase of a filtration system, it will pay for itself in only 8-14 months. The Environmental Protection Agency regulates public water supplies, but has no authority over bottled water. For example, there are no specific requirements regarding proximity of bottled water sources to industrial facilities or waste dumps. In addition to all the personal considerations, there is a huge strain placed on the environment to produce and distribute bottled water around the world -- an estimated 50 billion plastic bottles each year! Why support something so damaging, so expensive, and so potentially risky, when a simple, satisfying, superior alternative is at your fingertips with Harvest Haven water filtration systems? ("Is Bottled Water Really Pure?" - Mercola.com) Federal, provincial, and local authorities may strive to insure we get the best water possible, but they cannot undo the damage to our water sources that has taken place over decades of ignorance and abuse. In many cases they have been sold a bill of goods and do not recognize the dangers of the chemicals they add to the water. We must take personal responsibility for the safety of our water. It starts at your kitchen tap. Removing all contaminants at the tap is the most logical, efficient and economical solution to have pure water.

<urn:uuid:12b32772-eb57-4ece-b5a7-dba693925d17>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.harvesthaven.com/water/waterfiltration/whyfiltration.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701459211/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105059-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), sometimes called juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or juvenile chronic arthritis, is a childhood disease that causes inflamed, swollen joints that are often stiff and painful. Symptoms common to all forms of JIA include joint pain, a disturbance in the way a child walks (abnormal gait), and joint stiffness that lasts longer than 1 hour in the The cause of JIA is not well understood. Most experts believe it is caused by a combination of factors, including an overly active immune There are several types of JIA. Each type is based on how many joints are affected during the first 6 months of active disease, whether the child has other symptoms, and which parts of the body are affected. Several types of JIA can also include serious eye inflammation. June 5, 2012 Susan C. Kim, MD - Pediatrics & John Pope, MD - Pediatrics How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions. To learn more visit Healthwise.org © 1995-2013 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. © 2010 Hill Physicians Medical Group, Inc.; PO Box 5080; San Ramon, CA

<urn:uuid:4ff66067-13b2-4dd5-bc3f-7e8596b8010f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.hillphysicians.com/Kbase/Default.aspx?id=uh1906

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701459211/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105059-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Since Labor Day first became a federal holiday in 1894, the first Monday of September has been set apart to celebrate and value in American society the role of our workers and their work by providing, ironically and fittingly, a day off to rest and enjoy the fruits of one’s labor. It also affords a tremendous opportunity to reflect on the deeper meaning of our work, which the language of faith provides. Many people have come to feel that work is a result of the brokenness of things, and that if the world functioned the way it was supposed to, life would be like a long vacation. The Jewish and Christian scriptures offer a very different vision of work, however, one in which our work has a central role to play in the world from it’s very beginning. Even before the world became broken, humankind was to make something of the world on God’s behalf, in no small part through the labor of our hands. As we read in the Bible, “The Lord God took the man and put him in the garden of Eden to work it and to keep it.” (Genesis 2.15) After this comes the biblical account of the fall of man, and all that was made good was twisted, but not irrecoverably. Work became harder, attended by “the sweat of our brow,” but the work itself it still good. Our work in the world was designed to be and continues to be how God does God’s work in the world. Taking one example among dozens, God cares about people having enough to eat and not going hungry. Simply, if a person does not have enough food to eat, it is very hard for them to live into God's designs and desires for them, and hunger is no small problem, even in America. In Virginia’s Shenandoah Valley, one in five children live in situations of what is technically called “food insecurity,” or the more simple term, “hungry.” Nationally, one in four children in the United States lives hungry, and Washington, D.C., has some of our country’s highest rates of food insecurity and malnutrition among children. While food banks and soup kitchens are one way people and their children get food, there’s a much more basic and far-reaching way that God enables food to get into stomachs, one that involves thousands of people who work. A lot of different sorts of jobs are required to get food on the table: obviously farmers, but also truckers, grocers, butchers, railroad and transport workers, immigrant laborers, workers in food processing plants, policy makers, journalists covering food issues, and many more. There are the people who package it, people who try to provide food for those who do not have enough food, people who work at the food banks. There are the cooks and chefs, and moms and dads who prepare and provide food for their kids. This is just one example of how God uses people to take care of the needs of others through their work, paid and unpaid, so that others can flourish. For any of these professions, a good and deep answer to the ubiquitous question “What do you do?” would be “I help feed people.” This example helps us realize that are a lot of jobs in which there is an immense amount of dignity because the work itself plays a part in helping another flourish through the provision of food, shelter, clothing, medical care, education, a just society, effective government, religious freedom, the possibility of meaningful work, access to the arts, freedom and other things required for a society where individuals can flourish, where others can can live into God's design for them. As the noted author Richard Foster observes, “Work places us into the stream of divine action. We are ‘subcreators,’ as JRR Tolkien reminds us.” It should not be terribly surprising then that the Hebrew word for “work,” avodah, can also be translated as “worship.” When we work well for the sake of others, it’s one of the ways we worship God. We live into our design, and into the image of the One who made us, who, we’re told, also was a worker. Reflecting on the deeper meaning of our work through the lens of faith, then, can have a profound impact on how we approach our jobs. It’s the difference between “I’ve got to go to work” and “I get to go to work,” and that’s a big difference. A worthy exercise on this Labor Day, amidst the resting and the celebrating, would be to take a few minutes of reflection on the deeper meaning of one’s labor, and how one’s faith shapes our understanding of the value of our jobs. We ask, “How is my job creating good in the world?” or “How is my job helping fix what is broken in the world?” I guarantee, if we take a few minutes on the Monday that is Labor Day to find compelling answers to those questions, we’ll return to our labor Tuesday with a lot more passion to get down to work, and do our work well, for our sake, for the sake of others, and for God’s sake.

<urn:uuid:ea68a597-6040-482e-98e8-191fe3759387>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/labor-day-a-time-for-reflection-on-the-value-and-spiritual-meaning-of-work/2012/08/31/e28c9420-f14d-11e1-a612-3cfc842a6d89_story.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701459211/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105059-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

This study sought to carry out primary ecophysiological experiments - cold tolerance - on the springtail Gressitacantha terranova. Bulk collections were made using aspirators and paintbrushes from under rocks in the foothills surrounding Gondwana Station, to assay for and isolate an antifreeze protein. Samples were also collected for investigation of genetic variation (DNA isolated and patterns of variation analysed) across an altitudinal transect. A portion of collected animals were assayed for cold tolerance (critical thermal minima and crystallisation temperature) using cold stage microscopy and PicoLoggers. An alcohol bath was used to control cooling of samples. This is the first study of its kind in Antarctic Collembola.

<urn:uuid:0c3e33c4-0a7b-4943-b6f2-eff066a16307>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://gcmd.nasa.gov/KeywordSearch/Metadata.do?Portal=amd_nz&KeywordPath=%5BKeyword%3D'genetic+variation'%5D&OrigMetadataNode=GCMD&EntryId=K066_2007_2008_NZ_1&MetadataView=Full&MetadataType=0&lbnode=mdlb5

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704713110/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114513-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

In the 1910s and 1920s the urban sprawl around Glasgow, including the towns Clydebank, Greenock, and Paisley were centres of working class radicalism. This era, known as 'Red Clydeside' involved strikes and other forms of labour unrest as well as opposition to the First World War and rent strikes. After the end of the war the Clydeside trades unions organised a campaign for the reduction of the working week to forty hours from fifty-four to improve conditions and create jobs for the returning troops who swelled the ranks of the unemployed. The Scottish Trade Union Congress and the Clyde Workers' Committee called a strike and organised a large rally on 31st January 1919 in George Square, Glasgow. A crowd of between sixty- and ninety-thousand gathered to hear the result of a meeting between of strike leaders and the Lord Provost. During the meeting scuffles broke out between the strikers and the police. Various causes have been attributed to the outbreak of violence including an unprovoked baton charge by the police, and the continued use of trams through the square during the meeting. Whatever the cause, the delegation themselves became caught up in the pitched battles when they left the meeting to attempt to calm the strikers. Police attacks on the crowd, which included women and children, were met with the retaliation of strikers and their improvised weaponry that included stones, bottle and iron railings. Running battles continued for hours through central Glasgow in what became known as 'Bloody Friday.' In the aftermath, not only did the authorities arrest the leaders of the strike, but they also sent around 10,000 English soldiers to Glasgow along with a number of tanks. The authorities confined Scottish troops to their barracks for fear that they may join their fellow Scots in open revolt. Since it was only fourteen months since the Bolshevik revolution in Russia, the Coalition government may have feared that a similar insurrection was in the offing. Ten days after the riot, the strike leaders called off the action after securing a 47-hour week. Those who the police took into custody faced trial at the High Court of Justiciary in Edinburgh, which found them guilty. Manny Shinwell, William Gallacher and David Kirkwood each served several months in prison with each later being elected as Members of Parliament.The University of Strathclyde website hosts a number of pages dedicated to Red Clydeside: A history of the labour movement in Glasgow 1910-1932. London Corresponding Society founded: 25th January 1792 Peterloo Massacre: 16th August 1819 Haymarket Affair: 4th May 1886

<urn:uuid:101df9ff-9b3e-4448-9a69-38765e82a55a>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://modernhistorian.blogspot.com/2012_01_01_archive.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704713110/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114513-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

A log cabin is a house built from wooden logs. They were first built in Norway, but are usually associated with the woods areas of the United States. Abraham Lincoln was born in a log cabin, and that is the basis for the toy "Lincoln Logs". Log Cabins have also been a symbol in American politics, as some Presidents said they were born in log cabins to make them seem closer to the people." A group of Republicans who dislike some of the stands of the Republican Party call themselves "Log Cabin Republicans".. - Log Cabins in America:The Finnish Experience, National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places Lesson Plan, accessed 2 Jul 2008 - Lepore, Jill. "BOUND FOR GLORY: Writing campaign lives", The New Yorker, 20 October 2008. - Log Cabin's Guerriero Talks Aggressive Strategy

<urn:uuid:a756b205-9624-4e28-9b6a-5c9dd4cc3e91>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_cabin

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704713110/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114513-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

|Australian Journal of Educational Technology 1999, 15(3), 257-272. This paper examines the relationship between the independent learner and computer based learning resources, which continue to be integral to educational delivery, especially in the training sector. To place interactivity in context, the first part of the discussion focuses on the major dimensions of interactivity and the different ways they have been characterised in computer based learning environments. These dimensions demonstrate the many ways that interactivity can be interpreted and the critical role that design and development plays in creating effective interactive encounters. The second part of the paper reviews the way storytelling structures and narrative have been promoted as effective strategies for enhancing comprehension and engagement in computer based learning applications. The way in which the interactivity and narrative are linked becomes critical to achieving this outcome. Extending the use of a narrative within interactive media to include elements of performance and theatre, the third part of the discussion proposes that by conceptualising the learner as actor, a form of learner-designer communication can be established. Integrating this approach with elements of conversational and communication theory provides a context in which the learner-computer interface is transcended by that of learner and designer. Enabling this form of communication with the independent learner is suggested as a means to enhance computer based learning environments. In contrast interactivity is portrayed as the distinguishing factor of the new media, with the assumption that "interactivity in a computer product means that the user, not the designer, controls the sequence, the pace, and most importantly, what to look at and what to ignore" (Kristof & Satran, 1995:35). This implies to some extent that the value of the material is based on the user's motivation and objectives. However, Holmes (1995:1-2) identifies that the structure or design of the material is equally critical and that the interactivity embodied within a computer is dependent on that design: Interactivity is the ability of a new media program, web site, kiosk or multimedia presentation, to allow its user to control the content in some manner ... Interactivity must involve, engage, and motivate the user to explore the product ... Bad interactivity happens. The user can be frustrated by muddled organization, too much information or poor instructions ... Interactive properties of new media should provide opportunities for the user: exploration, discovery, and collaboration. Well conceived interactivity knows its audience, understands their knowledge base, and uses terms and phrases that are commonly understood by the audience. Good interactivity also takes into account the situation of the audience.Examining this perception reveals a number of major factors - first the user must be able to control the application and the application must be designed to engage the user; second the user must have some freedom and third the application must be designed for a specific audience. Interactivity, at least from this perspective, is partly about what the user does and part about how the application is designed. However, this perspective is at odds with the notion of the individual learner - are designers able to create applications that will match each member of a target group? In proposing a nascent theory of interactivity Jaspers (1991) identified different levels ranging from the linear (information delivery) to the communicative (student initiated). However, the success of such a theory was dependent on the relationship between designer and developer and the perceived role of the learner. Emphasising the benefits of a learner centred environment the problematic and contradictory nature of interactivity was noted: In fact, the expression of interactive delivery is contradicto in terminis from the viewpoint of interaction and emancipation. Delivery implies a unidirectional relationship. In full interaction there can be no one sided relation; the student is not just at the end of a chain but also at its beginning. (Jaspers (1991:21)To what extent the learner can play a proactive role while working with computer based learning resources becomes critical to the success of such applications and is considered in the final part of this paper. A related issue concerns developing a common understanding of interactivity. Schwier & Misanchuk (1993) refer to the levels defined in the literature as arbitrary and non-descriptive. Aldrich, Rogers & Scaife (1998) refer to interactivity as ubiquitous and Plowman (1996b) considers the excesses of physical interactions as gratuitous. The confused state of interactivity was also acknowledged in the following: Though lauded by many for its ability to handle user inputs, there is little consensus with regard to the design of human computer interactions. Indeed, disagreement even exists about the meaning of the terms interactive as applied to emerging technologies. Researchers have described fundamentally different perspectives on the roles of interactions, ranging from facilitating lesson navigation to supporting encoding of specific lesson content ... Research on interaction methods may be among the most critical ... The domain of possibilities has broadened substantially, yet little research has been advanced which might guide their design. (Hannafin, Hannafin, Hooper, Rieber & Kini, 1996:385)A critical approach to assessing interactivity was presented by Rose (1999) who, given the various taxonomies of interactivity coupled with an apparent lack of denotative value, set about a deconstruction of established understandings. Critical of the "good" versus "bad" mentality that pervades the field (active not passive, learner control not program control, constructivism not instructivism, hypermedia not linear delivery), Rose (1999:45) presented an interesting scenario that contradicts many perceptions of interactive environments: Texts addressing the subject of interactivity ... privilege representations of highly motivated learners exploring the wonderful worlds of interactive instructional programs and making exciting discoveries. However, it is by virtue of a deconstructive reading that we can begin to see the shadowy figure of the disavowed other lurking behind these wide eyed adventurers: the shadow of a child sitting mesmerised and immobile before the computer, only her index finger on the mouse moving occasionally as a stream of images passes in a more or less predetermined sequence before her eyes.Focusing explicitly on control Rose (1999) observed that although the words "learner control" have been interpreted as control by the learner, while grammatical comparisons (for example crowd control, weight control) tend to imply the opposite - control of the learner! The conclusion provides reinforcement for maintaining and extending research into making interactive learning work better: That the field of educational computing is in need ... of internal critique is surely suggested by the fact that the very quality which is said to make computers unique and to justify their instructional use continues to defy definition. (Rose, 1999:48).There remains a paradox of interactivity. On the one hand it is portrayed as an integral and critical component of computer based applications and on the other as ill defined, deceptive and difficult if not impossible to implement. Is interactivity the hero or villain of achieving success through computer based learning? To address this question the following dimensions of interactivity demonstrate its multi-faceted nature and the issues that are essential to consistently implementing effective interactions within computer based structures. However, the value of the control provided to the learner is dependent of the consequences of the learner actions and the extent to which the application responds or adapts to the individual learner's actions. Interactive lessons are those in which the learner actively or overtly responds to information presented by the technology, which in turn adapts to the learner, a process more commonly referred to as feedback. The point is that interactive lessons require at least the appearance of two way communication. (Jonassen 1985:7)In this instance the adaptive capacity of the program is viewed in terms of a combination of the learner response and computer feedback, which in turn provides a form of communication. This process of question-response-feedback has been perceived by many writers as the essence of interactivity for computer based learning. For example, Steinberg (1991:100) observes that "question-response-feedback sequences help learners attain higher cognitive skills as well as factual information" and links the two elements of control and adaptation to the mechanics of interacting with the system (navigation) and the acquisition of knowledge and skills (learning). These descriptions identify two major components of interactivity - those which are program initiated and tell the learner what to do and those which are learner initiated, such as requests for help, information or explanation. This balance is also perceived as a means to achieve the goal of emulating human-human interaction in the computer medium, and thereby enhancing participation in the learning process. Interactivity, or instructional features that promote active learning, provides critical support for increases in learning and retention in all educational activities ... Interaction implies active learner participation in the learning process ... an essential condition for effective learning ... failure to build interactivity into your program will reduce learning and retention.This comment reflects a shift in emphasis from the overt nature of interactivity to the extent to which internal learning is facilitated. In providing a set of guidelines for interactivity, Fenrich (1997) suggests the following set of options: To provide a context for meaningful learning, Hannafin (1989) identified a set of five interactive functions (navigation, query, verification, elaboration, procedural control) and suggested a set of engaging activities to support these functions - fault free questions, queries, real time responding, notetaking, predicting/hypothesising, hypertext and cooperative dialogue. Although published over a decade ago the conclusions provide a useful guide for understanding interactivity: It is no longer adequate to simply describe interactions in terms of either input technology employed or the physical characteristics of the responses made. ... We need a richer understanding of the psychological requirements associated with instructional tasks and responses, and a sense for how to extend design science beyond the methods that have evolved through the years. (Hannafin, 1989:178)Interactivity and meaningful learning has also been considered in terms of the schema model of human memory, where information is perceived as being stored in a web of interconnected nodes. "The strength of knowledge relies not simply on the number of nodes that exist, but more on the quality and number of interconnections between the nodes" Parrish (1996:2). Interactivity that encourages deeper cognitive processing (Craik & Lockhart, 1972) will potentially lead to these interconnections being built. When considered in relation to computer enhanced learning, distance is an issue. While learner and computer are in close physical proximity, the extent to which there is distance (or lack of communication) between teacher, content and learner will diminish the effectiveness of the interactions. The extent to which communication or conversation between learner and designer can be integrated into a computer based medium has been analysed by Laurillard (1993), in which a conversational framework is used to identify the teacher-learner relationships. Enabling these concepts in the computer based medium is the challenge addressed within this paper. Storytelling and narrative lie at the heart of all successful communication. Crude, explicit, button pushing interaction breaks the spell of engagement and makes it hard to present complex information that unfolds in careful sequence.In this scenario the difference between the overt interactions are explicitly compared with the potential of narrative. The challenge confronting educational technology developers is the production of computer based environments that engage the learner in effective instructional communication without the interactivity interfering with the overall process. Identifying the concepts of storytelling and narrative as critical determinants of communication have been shown to provide a context to enable the potential of interactive learning environments. Since interactive interfaces ought to foster ... coordination between improvisation and planning we need to discover better theories of what is involved in the dynamic control of inquiry, line of thought, and action more generally. We need to discover more open ended models of coherence and narrative structure. Kirsh (1997:81)Interactivity is portrayed as the crucial element of the new technology and yet recent research has demonstrated that there is still much to understand about the ways in which the interactive process facilities access to technology, especially in the context of computer based learning applications. Plowman (1996a:102-103) states, disruption of the narrative is strongest at the foci of interactivity ... (which) should be considered in terms of how they can be integrated into the overall narrative and how they can be used as a way of stimulating interest in the unfolding narrative ... by considering the interrelationship of narrative, linearity and interactivity and their design implications we can help learners to make sense of interactive multimedia.The extent to which the interactions implemented are disruptive or constructive is an area that has received little attention to date but one that may provide some new guidelines for designers. As a concept, narrative can be viewed as a linear storyline or in terms of how the story is told, the way it is received, what meanings it can have and the specific social, cultural, gendered and technological context in which it is told (Plowman, 1996a; Humphreys, 1997b). But in what ways might narrative assist meaning, reduce the impact of interactive interference and provide the necessary framework to promote learning amongst diverse groups of learners? Plowman (1996a:92) suggests that: Narrative coherence is identified here with a lack of redundancy and a fixed sequence. Interactive multimedia (IMM) programmes challenge these traditional definitions of narrative because it can be suspended or altered at discrete decision points, the foci of interactivity, and a rearrangement of discrete elements gives rise to new text and new meanings. While the concepts of wholeness, unity and coherence of meanings are not fashionable in a post-modern world, in educational multimedia... the notion of multiple interpretations has different implications, particularly for comprehension and cognition.While "narrative isn't just a shaping device: it helps us think, remember, communicate, and make sense of ourselves and the world" (Plowman, 1996a:3), when considered in terms of interactive environments, its perceived advantages are through enhancing comprehension and understanding: Narrative structure is fundamental to comprehension to the extent that when it is clearly absent from certain forms of multimedia (it) can seriously undermine comprehension of the material. (Laurillard, 1998:231). Framework which accommodates the audience or user into the process of engagement with interactive media in ways that narrative theory finds difficult... Interactivity produces for the user of media a different relationship to story. This shift in relationship may be able to be framed as a shift from narrative, as an experience of recounting a story, to play, as an experience of enacting a story. Humpherys (1997:9,11)A focus on either narrative or play as structures to enhance engagement implies that the interactivity provided must be integrated to enable reinforcement of the specific learning objectives and to maintain the user's participation in the story. It is our challenge therefore to develop applications that minimise the potential for interactive interference. By considering the concept of interactivity, narrative and play in association with the links between the designer and learner, the following section presents a model to potentially enhance the communication between learner and designer within computer based environments. The association of education with theatre is by no means novel: As we develop as persons, we develop a sophistication and sensitivity to what is the "proper" role behaviour for various groups we must meet ... We are in a sense able to predict the consequences of various behaviour alternatives on others without actually performing them, and can select the best role and performance ... This process is seen as "dramatic rehearsal" ... and is as complex as the relationship of actor and audience on stage. Hodgkinson (1967:3)In the context of education and social change, these concepts of performance, roles, identity and cues provide a focus for the learning environment. "As on stage, we are constantly sending out signals to those around us telling them how we wish to behave ... education at all levels is constantly faced with the problem of correcting misunderstood or unintentional cues" (Hodgkinson, 1967:22). To what extent therefore do computer based learning applications provide learners with a set of confusing cues, and in what way are learners allowed to play a role when working with educational technology? If, as Hodgkinson (1967) argues, being unaware of role playing can damage educational goals, it may be that the concept of roles, cues, theatre and performance hold clues as to making computer based learning work better. Laurel (1990), who proposed the computer as theatre, also identifies the importance of human agency in human-computer interaction. Using this analogy, it is possible to extend the narrative and play concept to that of theatre and the role of the learner from observer or participant to actor: By explicitly casting the language learner as actor (or other), a more playful and reflexive context for taking performative risks becomes possible. At the same time, the learner is pressed to assume responsibility for communicative acts that involve skill building at multiple levels of performance (phonological, kinetic, pragmatic), and that include but go beyond propositional knowledge. (Quinn, 1997:1).If the learner is to become and actor, then the structure of the application can be perceived as a performance. Trognazzini (1999) identifies magicians and illusionists as performers and that, in the same way that their act must be believable, so must interactive software have the same elements of acceptance: I propose that there is a "threshold of believability," a point at which careful design and meticulous attention to detail have been sufficient to arouse in the spectator or user a belief that the illusion is real. The exact point will vary by person and even by mood, so we must exceed it sufficiently to ensure believability.If the learner believes the illusion created by the educational environment then the interactions will become integral to that illusion rather than as external controls to an environment being observed. Playing a role, being an actor in the learning process is not only about making choices but becoming part of the narrative, story or performance. To date, many computer based learning resources have placed the learner as observer (passive or active) in much the same way as members of an audience at a performance. However, this separation of actor and audience provides an essentially uni-directional communication - from stage to audience. If the learner were to take a position on stage, what might that mean for computer based learning and how might it be implemented? Designers might extend the concepts proposed by Hannafin & Peck (1988) to create scenarios in which the learner has an opportunity to participate. This would involve the learner being asked how familiar they are with the application and the extent to which they would like orientation to the application. The tour should allow the user to ask questions for clarification, in much the same way that an actor and director peruse the script and work through a series of rehearsals. Once comfortable with the location and prepared for "opening night", learners need to be made familiar with the controls (the stage, props and other actors) - not in their use but in their purpose - and the relevance of their appearance on the display (location on the stage). By using a narrative or story to define the performance in which the learner is participating, a logical and meaningful series of interactions can be employed. An argument against such design structures is that they are too expensive or too difficult to implement, but this is not necessarily the case. If computer based learning resources continue to be used then it is important that they be effective. To date this has not been achieved consistently, so if more effective resource can be structured then the initial costs will be outweighed by the benefits. Similarly, as technology is developing so rapidly the creation of what now appear to be complex environments will become components of the development software. The integration of the learner into the overall process may provide an environment in which the communication is focused on learner and teacher (designer) rather than learner and computer (content). Laurillard (1993) proposed the discursive, adaptive, interactive and reflective elements of education media in relation to effective teacher-learner communications. Continuing to develop the way in which people work with computers in learning contexts will provide the means by which these elements will continue to be successfully integrated into computer based environments. Conceptualising the learner as actor may provide a means to achieve this. One of the first mottos I heard when beginning my career in this field was "you're only limited by your imagination". My vision is one of a learner integrated, engaged and achieving in a computer based environment - imagining a learner on stage, playing a critical role in the narrative is how that vision might be realised. The success of computer based learning will be through interactivity as a manifestation of communication between designer and learner. If the designer can develop their ideas into a performance into which the learner is actor and interactivity the stage, then the illusion, magic and engagement so eagerly sought after might well be achieved. Craik, F. & Lockhart, R. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 11, 671-684. Gilbert, L. & Moore, D.R. (1998). Building interactivity into web courses: Tools for social and instructional interaction. Educational Technology, 38(3), 29-35. Hannafin, M.J. (1989). Interaction strategies and emerging instructional technologies: Psychological perspectives. Canadian Journal of Educational Communication, 18(3), 167-179. Hannafin, M.J. & Peck, K.L. (1988). The Design, Development, and Evaluation of Instructional Software. New York: Macmillan Publishing. Hannafin, M.J., Hannafin, K.M., Hooper, S.R., Rieber , L.P. & Kini, A.S. (1996). Research on and research with emerging technologies, in D.H. Jonassen (Ed.), Handbook of Research for Educational Communications and Technology. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. Heath, J. (1995). When interactive media is not truly interactive. Active Learning, 3. http://www.cti.ac.uk/publ/actlea/issue3/heath/index.html [2 Dec 1999]. Hodgkinson, H.L. (1967). Education, Interaction and Social Change. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Holmes, M. (1995). Interactivity primer: Exploring the essence of good interactivity. http://www.multimediator.com/publications/write014.shtml [2 Dec 1999]. Humpherys, S. (1997). Audience engagement with interactive multimedia: An overview of four research projects. http://www.ngapartji.com.au/research/rosebud/research/audience_engagement.html [28 July 1998]. International Forum of Educational Technology & Society (1999). Transactional distance theory as a foundation for developing innovative and reactive instruction. http://ifets.ieee.org/discussions/discuss.html [2 Dec 1999]. Iuppa, N.V. (1984). A Practical Guide to Interactive Video Design. White Plains, NY: Knowledge Industry Publications. Jaspers, F. (1991). Interactivity or instruction? A reaction to Merrill. Educational Technology, 31(3), 21-24). Kirsch, D. (1997). Interactivity and multimedia interfaces. Instructional Science, 25(2), 79-96. Kristof, R. & Satran, A. (1995). Interactivity by design: Creating and Communicating with New Media. Mountain View, CA: Adobe Press. Laurel, B. (1991). Computers as Theatre. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley. Laurillard, D. (1993). Rethinking University Teaching: A Framework for the Effective Use of Educational Technology. London: Routledge. Laurillard, D. (1998). Multimedia and the learner's experience of narrative. Computers & Education, 31, 229-242. Moore, M.G. (1989). Editorial: Three types of interaction. The American Journal of Distance Education, 3(2), 1-7. Outing, S. (1998). What exactly is 'interactivity'? http://www.mediainfo.com/ephome/news/newshtm/stop/st120498.htm [2 Dec 1999]. Parrish, P. (1996). Interactivity in computer-aided learning (CAL). http://www.comet.ucar.edu/pub_html/npi/interac3.html [2 Dec 1999]. Plowman, L. (1996a). Narrative, linearity and interactivity: Making sense of interactive multimedia. British Journal of Educational Technology, 27(2), 92-105. Plowman, L. (1996b). Designing interactive media for schools: A review based on contextual observation. Information Design Journal, 8(3), 258-266. Rhodes, D.M. & Azbell, J.W. (1985). Designing interactive video instruction professionally. Training and Development Journal, December, 31-33. Rose, E. (1999). Deconstructing interactivity in educational computing. Educational Technology, 39(1), 43-49. Schaffer, L.C. & Hannafin, M.J. (1986). The effects of progressive interactivity on learning from interactive video. Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 34(2), 89-96. Schmeck, R.R. (1988). An introduction to strategies and styles of learning. In R.R. Schmeck (Ed), Learning Strategies and Learning Styles. New York: Plenum Press. Schwier, R. & Misanchuk, E. (1993). Interactive Multimedia Instruction. Englwood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications. Steinberg, E.R. (1991). Computer-Assisted Instruction: A Synthesis of Theory, Practice, and Technology. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Summers, J.A. (1990). Effect of interactivity upon student achievement, completion intervals, and affective perceptions. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 19(1), 53-57. Trognazzini, B. (1999). Magic and software design. http://www.asktog.com/papers/magic.html [2 Dec 1999]. Weller, H.G. (1988). Interactivity in microcomputer-based instruction: Its essential components and how it can be enhanced. Educational Technology, 28(2), 23-27. Whitby, M. (1993). Is interactive dead? http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/1.01/interactive.html [2 Dec 1999]. |Author: Rod Sims, School of Multimedia and Information Technology, Southern Cross University. Email: email@example.com Please cite as: Sims, R. (1999). Interactivity on stage: Strategies for learner-designer communication. Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 15(3), 257-272. http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet15/sims.html

<urn:uuid:42517f98-c981-4b0a-aa1a-fa047f22904f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet15/sims.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704713110/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114513-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The Atlantic reports on new research exploring how smart phones affect the way people perceive and act in public space. Smart phones, the piece argues, "combine numerous spheres: your social network, your email, your news source, your live personal conversations," and hence are more distracting and appealing than traditional old pre-smart phones (which we all thought were bad enough). Tali Hatuka, who heads the Laboratory for Contemporary Urban Design at Tel Aviv University... and colleague Eran Toch have been studying smart-phone users relative to their old-school, flip-phone counterparts. And the difference between the two groups is surprisingly stark, with serious implications for the future of public space in cities and the often-uncelebrated role that sociologists say they play. “It’s very interesting to see that some of the basic ideas of public spaces are conceived totally differently by smart-phone users,” Hatuka says. The ubiquitous smart phone may even degrade the way we recognize, memorize and move through cities. She and Toch have given lengthy surveys to both smart-phone and traditional cell-phone users, quizzing them about their own behavior – where, when and how they use phones – and how they feel about the behavior of others. Smart-phone users, for starters, are much more commonly under the illusion that they have privacy even when walking down a public sidewalk. They’re less skittish about having personal conversations in public. They’re more detached from their physical surroundings. They’re more likely to violate social norms about having disruptive, private phone conversations (and less likely to feel guilty about this).... In their surveys, Hatuka and Toch also asked what sounded like some pretty silly questions about what people remembered of the public spaces they’d visited just 10 minutes earlier: what did those places and the people there look like? Smart-phone users couldn’t remember much at all, which is another of way saying that they weren’t paying attention in the first place. This suggests, Hatuka says, that the ubiquitous smart phone may even degrade the way we recognize, memorize and move through cities. But paradoxically, if they effectively distract us from out surroundings, they also can provide us with enough information about our locations to make it unnecessary for us to deal with our fellow citizens: Five years ago, if you didn’t know how to get somewhere in the city, you’d probably stop to ask a stranger. Now, Google Maps can get you there. “So no one is asking anything,” Hatuka says. “This kind of stranger communication is a vital thing for a society. The communication of strangers was always one of the key roles of public spaces, observing and exchanging with the other. Because smart phones are supplying so many of these services, this kind of exchange with the stranger is just diminished to almost zero.” So the result is a greater ability to complete a task (i.e., get from point A to point B in an unfamiliar space in a short amount of time) but a degraded capacity to remember anything about that space, or to make the kinds of unexpected discoveries that travelers usually cherish.

<urn:uuid:f1699c18-7bf1-4d87-917b-4007a05d048a>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.contemplativecomputing.org/2012/06/the-enabling-distracting-alienating-use-of-smart-phones-in-public-spaces.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704713110/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114513-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

I’m thinking through this, but let’s give something some thought… I wonder if looking at the war as a sectional crisis has presented a problem (especially in terms of “historical memory”) in not only defining the people within those sections but understanding just how complex the history of the war really is. The geographical borders laid out for us on a map show it as a sectional crisis. Yet, with the exception of the border states (and, of course, Delaware), slavery defined that map, but not necessarily all of the people within those boundaries. While people can clearly see that the nation, at least geographically, was divided, I wonder how many are actually unable to see that the people within those areas were divided. A fine example, I think, is the way that some want to say that the “Southern perspective of the war” equates to the “Confederate perspective of the war.” That’s simply a gross distortion of the facts as it does not include the perspectives of slaves, free blacks, Southern Unionists, disillusioned Confederates, disaffected Confederates, or the generally indifferent Southern residents. Of course, telling just the “Confederate perspective” of the war as an element of the “Southern perspective” would not be all that easy either (another argument for another time). So, seriously, does seeing the war as a sectional conflict (perhaps like taking a document at face value) make it more difficult to explain the complexities of the war?

<urn:uuid:cf16261c-80fb-4e5a-8f31-f36813071739>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://cenantua.wordpress.com/2009/04/20/is-defining-the-war-as-a-sectional-crisis-problematic/?like=1&source=post_flair&_wpnonce=eb9f8a7f00

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708142388/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516124222-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Legendary Four-handed Buddha Pagoda By Hoang Tham Crossing immense golden paddy fields from Long Xuyen City, tourists will arrive in Nui Sap Township (Thoai Son District). Traveling some 10km, they will reach Oc Eo Township, which is considered the cradle of Oc Eo culture and civilization by archaeologists. |Four-handed Buddha Pagoda in Oc Eo Township, An Giang Province| Oc Eo culture is a common name of the civilization of the legendary Kingdom of Funan in the southern region. After some 1,500 years of natural and historical vicissitudes, the culture has fallen into oblivion. In Oc Eo Township, there is a pagoda often called Chùa Pht Bn Tay (Four-handed Buddha Pagoda) or Linh Sn C T (Linh Son Ancient Pagoda) by local people. From Oc Eo Market following an asphalted road southeastern of Ba The Mountain, tourists will see the entrance of the pagoda on the mountain slope, with two porcelain lion statues welcoming guests. Climbing the multistairs, tourists will enter the main three-door gate of the pagoda. On either side of the gate are four parallel sentences and four lines of Chinese characters promoting the dharma. Entering the yard, tourists seem to be lost in a peaceful space with tall shade trees and breezes, and the rustling of dry leaves on the ground. The main hall of Linh Son Pagoda in Oc Eo worships a four-handed Buddha statue. The statue was made of black stone with a rotund appearance and open eyes performing yogic meditation posture. The Buddha wears an indigo-blue dress and a hat like that of a Tibetan Lama, and holds a scarce objects in all his four hands. The upper right hand holds a necklace, the upper left hand exorcises by clasping, the lower right hand holds a small bell, and the lower left hand holds a pearl. According to legends and the master monk of the pagoda Thich Thien Tri, in 1913, when the French authority built roads and Ba The police station at the foot of the mountain, locals found an intact black-stone statue, which has four hands and is 1.7m tall, buried two meters underground. Local Khmer people had strong young men carry the statue up the mountain to worship, as they believed that it was the statue of Neata Phrom, the God of Mountain. But they could not do so because the statue was too heavy. They then asked local elders to set up an altar and pray, and the statue was easily carried to where it is now. Two schist steles, each being 1.8m tall, 80cm wide and 20cm thick, were also found. The steles were curved with ancient characters that no one could read. Locals then built Linh Son Pagoda to worship the four-handed Buddha. According to researchers, this four-handed Buddha is in fact the statue of Vishnu with the seven-headed God Snake of Nga. The ancient scripts carved on the steles have not yet been deciphered, but they are considered to have the same origin with Brahmi scripts used by Indian people between the second and the sixth centuries A.D. At the back of the pagoda, near Nam Linh Son archaeological site, is a four-branch Dipterocarpus alatus which is almost 50 meters tall. Locals call it cây Bn Ngón (four-fingered tree), considering them the fingers of Buddha.

<urn:uuid:69ae4aa8-d53c-46f7-beab-a2491713384a>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://en.baomoi.com/Home/travel/english.thesaigontimes.vn/Legendary-Fourhanded-Buddha-Pagoda/245418.epi

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708142388/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516124222-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

John H. Kenney and the B & O Railroad Curtis Bay Coal Pier Baltimore and Ohio Magazine May, 1951 Cover Story on the "New $5M Ore Pier" | John H. Kenney was born in Baltimore, in 1870. He was a resident of Curtis Bay, and began his long career with the Curtis Bay branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in June, 1901, as a day laborer. He became foreman in 1903, and in 1914 became general foreman. In 1918, and during World War I, Mr. Kenney was assistant superintendent. These were busy times for transportation and Mr. Kenney earned the high regard of his fellow workers in the handling of the work done at this branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. He was "on the job" when the Curtis Bay Coal Pier was shattering all world records for the speedy loading of coal Segment: B&O Coal in the 1940s — from the 1946 promotional film, "Meeting The Challenge" View of the Curtis Bay Coal Pier from Prudence Street, Looking East Down Cypress Street This page last updated October 13, 2009. |Written and Edited by||Transcribed by|

<urn:uuid:e0e691b2-ab8c-4b7d-ab66-ffc043c17fe4>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.curtisbay.com/bcb_hist/b-o_coal.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708142388/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516124222-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

long2 S1 W1 for a long time: Have you been waiting long? Reform of the law is long overdue. long established traditions used to ask and talk about particular amounts of time: How long will it take to get there? Try to keep going for as long as possible. It took me longer than I thought it would. at a time that is a long time before or after a particular time long before/after something This all happened long before you were born. He should have left her long ago. It wasn't long before (=soon) Lisa arrived. 4 [usually in questions and negatives] for a long time: Have you known them for long? I haven't seen her for so long that I've forgotten what she looks like. used to say that one thing can happen or be true only if another thing happens or is true: You can go out to play as long as you stay in the back yard. used to say that one thing will continue to happen or be true if another thing happens or is true at the same time: As long as we keep playing well, we'll keep winning games. used to talk about something continuing for the amount of time that you want, need, or is possible: You can stay for as long as you want. She tried to stay awake for as long as she could. The fruit should be left on the tree as long as possible. used when something used to happen or be true in the past but does not happen or is not true now: The extra workers won't be needed any longer. It's no longer a secret. soon or in a short time: Before long a large crowd had gathered outside the building. It's likely that the law will be abolished before long. used to say that someone or something will be ready, will be back, will happen etc soon: Wait here - I won't be long. Dinner won't be long. during all of the day etc 11 spoken especially American English used to show support for a person, idea, principle, or nation: Long live the King!

<urn:uuid:e040bc70-22af-4d23-8189-87f02eea87a8>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/long_2

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708142388/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516124222-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Search for native plants by scientific name, common name or family. If you are not sure what you are looking for, try the Combination Search or our Recommended Species lists. Search native plant database: Marcus, Joseph A. Halesia diptera Ellis Two-wing silverbell, Silver bell, Two-winged silverbell, Snowdrop tree, American snowdrop tree USDA Symbol: HADI3 USDA Native Status: Native to U.S. A small, rounded tree or shrub, two-winged silverbell or American snowdrop tree is usually multi-stemmed or low-branched. The plant grows 3–15 feet high and has alternate leaves 2–7 inches long and half as wide, with distinct veins. Deciduous leaves are dark-yellow-green in summer, changing to yellow in fall. The white, tubular flowers hang on long, pendulous pedicels and are about 1 inch across and consist of 4 waxy petals with a tight cluster of stamens in the center, looking somewhat like a white candle in a white candle holder. A two-winged fruit cures tan for fall. The bark of young trees is striped and becomes furrowed in an interesting pattern with age. The common and scientific names both refer to the two-winged fruit. This immature sour green fruit is consumed by wildlife, including squirrels. Bloom InformationBloom Color: White Bloom Time: Mar , Apr , May AL , AR , FL , GA , LA , MS , SC , TX Native Distribution: SC to AR, s. to FL & TX Native Habitat: Rich woods; swamp margins USDA Native Status: L48(N) Growing ConditionsWater Use: Medium Light Requirement: Part Shade Soil Moisture: Dry Soil pH: Acidic (pH<6.8) Soil Description: Rich, well-drained soils. Sandy, Sandy Loam, Medium Loam, Acid-based Conditions Comments: This species blooms 1-2 weeks later than H. carolina. Though not drought-tolerant, this species seems to adapt to other cultural extremes. A common variety, var. magniflora, is more heavily flowered and drought-tolerant than the species. or shrub Conspicuous Flowers: Cuttings are difficult to root; those that do root should not be transplanted until growth flushes the following spring. Seeds require a period of after-ripening followed by cold, moist stratification. Seed Collection: from early fall to early winter. Air dry to prevent molding or rotting. Store in sealed, refrigerated containers. Commercially Avail: From the National Organizations Directory According to the species list provided by Affiliate Organizations, this plant is either on display or available from the following: Delaware Nature Society - Hockessin, DECrosby Arboretum - Picayune, MS Recommended Species Lists Find native plant species by state. Each list contains commercially available species suitable for gardens and planned landscapes. Once you have selected a collection, you can browse the collection or search within it using the combination search. View Recommended Species page Record Modified: 2011-03-18 Research By: TWC Staff

<urn:uuid:88462149-812d-45ed-bb06-81fa2f08f970>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=HADI3

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708142388/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516124222-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

It looks like a fairytale dance. You feel like you're flying. And when done at its best, this dance can leave you as breathless as a marathon footrace! No dance captures the aura of romance, elegance, and graceful movement better than Viennese Waltz. This was the original Waltz style – before modern variations, including the standard ballroom Waltz in 3/4 time. The first ballroom dance done in "closed position," the Viennese Waltz originated in Germany and Austria during the late 18th century. Right rotating figures, alternating with left rotating figures, were the main patterns, enabling couples to progress around the ballroom perimeter. In later decades other figures were added, gradually modernizing the dance as it's done today. One of the more advanced patterns involves a series of "flekerls," steps that require precise coordination as couples rapidly rotate in place near the center of the dance floor, away from line-of-dance. When done right, flekerls feel and look great, but the footwork is tricky and it's definitely not for beginners. Unlike the "English Waltz" or "Slow Waltz," which are danced at around 90 beats per minute, the Viennese Waltz is danced twice as fast – around 180 beats per minute. Practicing or performing this dance can be quite a workout! Because it's one of the most challenging Ballroom dances, the Viennese Waltz can often make or break results in a dance competition. Despite the unrelenting tempo, dancers are expected to assume and maintain proper posture, frame, head position, balance, and footwork. Mistakes are easily spotted and there is little, if any, time to recover from incorrect steps or incomplete patterns. When beginners ask to learn "Waltz," sometimes they are unknowingly referring to a Viennese Waltz seen on "Dancing with the Stars" or in a motion picture. They may have been impressed by the choreography, period costumes or grand ballrooms reproduced on movie sets. But to execute this dance properly and safely dancers must start with fundamentals at a manageable pace. Our studio instructors suggest new dancers begin with one of the slower smooth styles, like American Waltz (the type of Waltz often seen at weddings). A solid frame, a reliable sense of balance, and stamina for aerobic activity are essential before tackling the Viennese. It's well worth the wait. In fact, some dancers enjoy this style so much, they schedule European vacations to intersect the "Viennese Ball Season" (January through February). They dance their nights away in historic Viennese ballrooms. For dedicated dancers who love classic smooth dancing, what could be more romantic than that? If you're new to Ballroom and decide to start dance instruction now, you might find a perfect reason for a trip to Vienna early next year! Hope to see you on the dance floor! Cheryl Burke Dance Studios are located in two California locations: Mountain View and Laguna Niguel. For more information, see cherylburkedance.com and click on "Contact Us" or see our Facebook pages. © 2012, Cheryl Burke Dance, LLC. All rights reserved.

<urn:uuid:8d613f84-ed8d-40d1-830b-b727bf3528b3>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://mountainview.patch.com/groups/cheryl-burkes-blog/p/bp--viennese-waltz-history-romanceand-a-real-workout

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697974692/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095254-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The Victory of Humility by: Dr. Marcellino D'Ambrosio Palm Sunday in most Christian Churches involves the distribution of palms and a commemoration of Jesus' entry in Jerusalem amidst shouts of Hosanna. But what is the meaning of his ride into Jerusalem on the back of a donkey? Palm Sunday -- When a conquering hero of the ancient world rode into town in triumph, it was in a regal chariot or on the back of a stately stallion. Legions of soldiers accompanied him in the victory procession. Triumphal arches, festooned with relief sculptures, were often erected to immortalize his valiant victory. After driving out demons, healing the sick, and raising the dead, it was time for the King of Kings to enter the Holy City. But to do so, he rode not on the back of a warhorse, but a donkey. His companions accompanied him brandishing not swords, but palm branches. The monument to his victory, erected a week later, was not an arch, but a crucifix. His earthly beginning was frightfully humble. And his earthly end would be no different. The wood of the manger prefigured the wood of the cross. From beginning to end, the details are humiliating. No room in the inn. Born amidst the stench of a stable. Hunted by Herod’s henchmen. Growing up in a far-flung province of the Roman Empire--Galilee, the land where the country accent is so thick, you can cut it with a knife. How it that the high priest’s servant-girl knew Peter was a disciple of Jesus? His hillbilly accent gave him away (Matthew 26:73). Jesus disciples were not cultured, learned men of ability. They were drawn from the low-life of a backwater region… When one of his closest companions offered to betray him, he did not require millions. Jesus’ worth was reckoned to be no more than the Old Testament “book value” for a slave--thirty pieces of silver (Ex 21;32). When he was finally handed over to the Romans, he was not given the punishment meted out to Roman citizens. Beheading was the quick, dignified way to execute someone of any standing. Instead Jesus was given punishments reserved only for slaves and rebellious members of subjugated peoples – flagellation and crucifixion. These two penalties were not just about the pain, but about the humiliation. In first century Palestine, men and women typically covered themselves from head to toe, even in the scorching heat. A crucified man was stripped naked and put on display for all to see. But this is not primary a story of violence and humiliation. The events of Holy Week are much more about love and humility. That’s why on Passion Sunday we read the powerful words of Paul’s letter from the Philippians (2:6-11). Though the Divine Word was God, dwelling in the serene heights of heavenly glory, he freely plunged to the depths of human misery, joining himself to our frail nature, entering into our turbulent world. As if this act of humility were not enough, he further humbled himself, accepting the status of a slave. His act of stooping down to wash the feet of his disciples (Jn 13) was a parable of his whole human existence, for this act was regarded as so undignified that not even Israelite slaves could be compelled to do it. But that’s just it. Jesus was not compelled to do it. He willingly lowered himself in his birth, in his ministry, in his death. No one took his life from him. He freely laid down his own life (Jn 10:18). Others did not have the chance to humble him; he humbled himself. It had to be so. The Second Adam had to undo the damage caused by the first. What was the sin our first parents? They disobeyed because they wanted to know what God knew, to be like God, to exalt themselves over God (Gen 3). They were bitten by the Serpent, and injected with the deadly venom of Pride. The antidote, the anti-venom could only be humility. The foot-washing, donkey-riding New Adam would crush the head of the deadly serpent by means of loving, humble obedience. The first-born of many brothers lowered himself to the dust from which the First Adam has been made–indeed humility comes from the word “humus.” But God responded to his humility by exalting him far above Caesars, kings, and even Hollywood stars. And he invites us to share his glory with him. But first we must walk on his road to glory, the royal road of the cross. For more on Palm Sunday, be sure to read: Palm Sunday, Passion Sunday by Dr. Marcellino D'Ambrosio Victory of Humility - Palm Sunday He Comes in Humility by St. Andrew of Crete Obessed with Passion by Dr. Marcellino D'Ambrosio Follow Us - Join us on Facebook Join us on Twitter Be a part of the “new springtime” of evangelization! Your tax-deductible gift helps us use TV, radio, and the web to proclaim the message without compromise but in language even the young can understand. Click here to donate now. This Palm Sunday article first appeared in Our Sunday Visitor as a reflection on the readings for Passion/Palm Sunday, Cycle A (Matthew 21:1-11, Isaiah 50:4-7; Ps 22; Philippians 2:6-11; Matthew 27:14-27:66) and is reproduced here by permission of the author. Click here to download and print Victory of Humility - Palm Sunday! For more Catholic resources to feed your faith, visit the Crossroads Initiative Homepage. To sign up for our free weekly e-mail with Dr. D'Ambrosio's commentary on the Sunday readings, liturgical feasts such as Palm Sunday, updates on where Dr. D will be speaking, a chance to WIN a FREE CD and MORE, CLICK HERE! Palm Sunday - Victory of Humility by Dr. Marcellino D'Ambrosio is featured in the Lent and Holy Week and the Passion of the Christ sections of The Crossroads Initiative Library. I Believe - The Heart of Catholic Faith First given as a Lenten retreat, this is an awesome 4 session program to revitalize your faith and prepare you for the joy of Easter. Great for individuals or families or small groups. The workbook is a treasure of discussion questions, devotions and spiritual exercises that can serve as an easy-to-follow roadmap through the Lent or Holy Week that will break you out of stale patterns and enrich both your prayer and your understanding of the central truths of the Catholic faith, empowering you to share that faith with others. The Passion - (CD) The Meaning of the Movie - Dr. Marcellino D'Ambrosio What is The Passion about? Why did Mel Gibson release the movie on Ash Wednesday? The Passion - The Meaning of the Movie, a 45 minute talk will answer these and many questions. A Guide to the Passion of The Christ - Millions of have seen the epic film The Passion of The Christ—it’s a personal call for each of us to encounter the person and love of Jesus Christ through considerations of his freely-accepted sufferings and death. Co-Authored by Marcellino D'Ambrosio, Ph.D. it answers 100 questions about the Passion of Christ. Call today for delivery by Easter! 1 for $6.95 The Handbook for Catholic Moms Drawing from the deep tradition of the Catholic faith, Lisa Hendey coaches Catholic moms in how to care for themselves—heart, mind, body, and soul—so that they can better love and care for their families, their neighbors, and their Church. With warmth and wisdom, Hendey creates an environment where Catholic moms can reflect peacefully upon often-competitive topics like parenting style, types of schooling, and working outside the home. By sharing her own story, Hendey inspires readers to better balance their own needs with the demands of family life and faith commitment. BioLean® of the BioLean® Weight Management System - free-shipping Ephedra-free BioLean®, of the BioLean® Weight Management System, is an excellent natural choice to help jump-start your healthy lifestyle. The great thing about BioLean® is that is can help reduce body fat even while promoting the development of lean muscle mass --the only path to long-term, healthy weight loss.

<urn:uuid:aa374bab-4e61-40d2-adb9-aa8ea8102f25>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.crossroadsinitiative.com/library_article/480/Victory_of_Humility.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697974692/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095254-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Plants are everywhere. They come in all shapes, sizes, colors, and textures. They are a relaxing part of nature. Plants thrive in well-tended lawns and pristine natural environments. It should come as no surprise that plants are a multi-billion dollar industry. Horticulture is the interaction between plants and people. It is both an art and a science. It can be a career, a lifestyle, or a seasonal job. Horticulturists work on improving, cultivating, and using plants, flowers, trees, and shrubs. It's a hands-on job where you'll get dirt in under your fingernails and breath in fresh air every day. Horticulture has its roots in the science of botany. Botany is the study of plants, while horticulture is the interaction of plants and people. Botanists discover where and how plants grow, how much sun and water they need, why plants do what they do, and how plants can be used by humans. In horticulture, people take that information and apply it. Horticulture includes landscaping, gardening, types of farming, and even therapy. It's a field that is hands-on with fruits, nuts, veggies, flowers, trees, shrubs, turf, and herbs. Everyday is different. One job may be to lead tours through exhibits at botanical garden, another might involve digging a drainage ditch or planting flowers outside the Post Office. All horticulturists need to love and appreciate plants. They might grow flowers, sell trees, trim branches, maintain golf courses, parks, sports fields, install irrigation, build walkways, plant trees, lay grass, remove snow, breed plants, make wine, garden, perform horticultural therapy, design landscapes, aerate lawns, mow grass, cut down diseased trees, or cultivate vegetables. The work depends on the job, but the goal is to ensure the upkeep of gardens and landscapes around the world. The one thing all horticulture jobs have in common is working with plants. They have many job titles like arborist, landscape architect, landscape contractor, nursery worker, groundskeeper, greenskeeper, horticultural therapist, fruit grower, winemaker, florist, vegetable grower, aquascaper, urban forester, or crop inspector. All of these jobs involve plants and that's why horticulture encompasses so many different careers. In order to pursue a career in horticulture, you need to have vast knowledge of everything green. This may include knowledge of botany, biology, entomology, chemistry, genetics, physiology, garden design, plants, or forestry. Many people involved in horticulture go to school for botany, biology, landscape architecture, and of course horticulture. There are many specialties in the world of horticulture... - Arboriculture - Planting caring, removing, and growing trees and shrubs. - Floriculture - Growing beautiful flowers and selling them to excited people. - Landscape horticulture - Dealing with all aspects of landscaping. - Olericulture - Growing vegetables - Pomology - Producing and marketing fruits. - Viticulture - Growing and developing on grapes. - Oenology - Developing wine and winemaking. - Post-harvest physiology - Ensuring quality. Many people start the horticultural journey as a hobby. If they truly love it, they can find certifications for their niche and work their way up to management. There is also lots of seasonal work to be done when the weather is nice, fruits are ripe, leaves are falling, and the soil is soft. Horticulture jobs exist all over the world. There are careers available in orchards, parks, greenhouses, botanical gardens, seed nurseries, golf courses, sod farms, garden centers, landscaping companies, gardens, and aquariums. Industry, government, universities, and private individuals all have a need for horticulture experts. Horticulture takes place in backyard gardens, commercial fruit growing operations, and professional landscaping. The planning, the process, and the final results of horticulture make it a rewarding field. The fresh air, the plants, the environment, the demand, and the salary make it an excellent career choice. If you're interested, get involved today. American Horticultural Society American Society for Horticultural Science Global Horticulture Initiative Horticultural Research Institute International Society for Horticultural Science National Junior Horticultural Association

<urn:uuid:8eaa1685-eb17-4d2e-94aa-c63fc3a27366>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.jobmonkey.com/horticulture/employment.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697974692/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095254-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Hilary Putnam is one of the most versatile philosophers of our time. He has written more than 20 books and more than 300 articles, on subjects ranging from mathematical logic to religion. The work that is being rewarded with the 2011 Rolf Schock Prize in Logic and Philosophy belongs to the interface between philosophy of language, philosophy of science and metaphysics. In particular, it concerns the semantics for two sorts of linguistic expressions: theoretical terms in science, like ‘atom’ and ‘energy’, and everyday words for ‘natural kinds’, like ‘gold’ and ‘water’. The starting point is Willard Van Orman Quine’s critique of the distinction between analytic and synthetic propositions. The former are said to be true by virtue of their meaning, while the truth of the latter also depends on the world. Thus, ‘all bachelors ride bicycles’ is synthetic, while ‘all bachelors are unmarried’ is analytic. Unlike Quine, Putnam held fast to this example of analyticity: anyone who denies the proposition must be using one of the words to mean something other than we do. But for theoretical terms, no clear-cut distinction is possible. These terms are associated with clusters of natural laws. If we reject all statements of laws concerning energy, we have undoubtedly changed the meaning of the term ‘energy’; but for a change to take place it is unclear which, or how many, statements we must reject. Accordingly, the meaning of theoretical terms can be preserved when a theory is modified. This revision of semantics makes, in turn, scientific realism possible: the new theory deals with the same phenomena as the old one. Putnam subsequently combined these views with meaning externalism. The meaning of ‘natural kind’ terms, such as ‘water’, is determined by language users’ surroundings and not by the stereotypical characteristics they associate with the term, such as quenching thirst and flowing in rivers. On another planet outwardly just like ours, and perceived as such by its inhabitants, a substance other than H2O – XYZ, say – could have these characteristics instead. For speakers on this Twin Earth, ‘water’ would mean ‘XYZ’, while we should truthfully deny that there is any water on their planet. The conclusion is that ‘meanings just ain’t in the head’. Hilary Whitehall Putnam was born in Chicago in 1926. After studies at the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University, he received his PhD in 1951 from the University of California, Los Angeles, with Hans Reichenbach and Rudolf Carnap as his supervisors. In 1965, after a long residence at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), he moved to Harvard where, in 1976, he was appointed as Walter Beverly Pearson Professor of Mathematical Logic. Today, he is Cogan University Professor Emeritus at Harvard University. Putnam is a past President of the American Philosophical Association (Eastern Division), the Philosophy of Science Association and the Association for Symbolic Logic. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy (the UK’s national academy for the humanities and social sciences) and the French Académie de Sciences Morales et Politiques. He is married to Ruth Anna Putnam.

<urn:uuid:dff9896b-0365-41f5-ac0c-d254a1dd9f3b>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.rolfschockprizes.se/engelskasidor/home/laureates2011/logicandphilosophy.55_en.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697974692/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095254-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

- St Andrews I also cover Edinburgh and the Lothians Renewable Energy - The Future! Solar Thermal Hot Water Solar Photovolactic Panels Ground Source Heat Pumps With the ever increasing energy costs there has not been a better time to invest in the ever increasing range of renewable products on the market, often there can be grants available and can often be found on the following sites: Some renewables offer Feed In Tariffs which could see you earn an guaranteed income from the government for the next 25 years tax free. A modern solar heating system designed for domestic use can significatly reduce your heating bills by helping a conventional boiler or immersion heater to provide you and your family with hot water. Photovoltaic solar panels, sometimes referred to as Solar PV, are the primary solution for households and businesses to generate solar electricity. The direct grants have been replaced since April 2010 by the new government backed feed-in tariff (FIT) scheme with which you have the ability to earn back money by feeding unused electricity generated back into the national grid as well as earn money for the power that you actually use. Ofgem are administering this scheme and the electricity suppliers themselves are responsible for paying the reward back to the customers. It is possible for a well sited solar PV installation to earn a tax free income of £700 as well as saving around £140 a year on the household electricity bill meaning that the system could pay for itself in less than half of its expected lifetime leaving you to reap the financial rewards as this scheme has been guaranteed by the UK Government for 25 years. Currently if your solar photovoltaic panels were installed by an accredited installer you can earn up to 44.3p p/kWh for the power you export to the national grid and up to 41.3p p/kWh for the electricity that you use. How are the government paying for this you might ask well the answer is simple they will be raising the funds by increasing electricity prices to the standard customer in a hope for individuals to act as quickly as possible to convert to renewable solar energy whilst it makes financial sense. Renewable energy from the earth: Ground source heat pumps transfer stored thermal energy from the earth into water heating systems cleanly, efficiently and renewably. The Baxi GeofloTM ground source heat pumps are single phase units suitable fordomestic properties and available in outputs ranging from 4kW to 20kW TM ground source heat pumps are single phase units suitable fordomestic properties and available in outputs ranging from 4kW to 20kW. Any of these installations adding underfloor heating will greatly reduce your energy costs and help our enviroment. Underfloor heating (ufh) is widely used in northern Europe and has in recent years become quite popular in the UK, both for new builds and updating existing property. As with most things, there are various factors for and against ufh and whether underfloor heating is the choice for you depends largely on your lifestyle. In this article we try to set out the advantages and drawbacks so that you can make a choice based on knowledge. With an underfloor heating system, the floor itself becomes the heat emitter and the heating of the room is from the floor up, unlike radiators in a normal central heating system where the emitters are mounted on the wall and the room is, effectively, heated from the ceiling downwards. Both electric and water based underfloor heating systems are available, they are almost identical apart from obviously, that one uses electric heating cable while the other circulated heated water through a pipe. Water based ufh uses water heated to a lower temperature than conventional water central heating (typically 50°C rather than 60°C plus), which makes it ideal for use with a high efficiency condensing boilers; the lower operating temperature also makes it more suitable for use with heat pumps or solar water heaters. The water temperature to the heating pipe is controlled by mixing the water in the pipe with hot water from the boiler to achieve the required temperature, this is then passed to a manifold for distribution to the various zones. Normally an existing conventional boiler will suit ufh, however it may be necessary to fit a higher rated pump as the back pressure may be greater than in a conventional radiator type central heating system. We supply and fit Underfloor heating from the following manufacturers: Whether it be in a new build, renovation or retro-fit there is an underfloor heating system to suite any installation. Please get in touch for a free no obligation quotation for any of the above services or products.

<urn:uuid:8a2f04d6-b37a-4b78-94e5-4457f7134909>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.seanbrownplumbingandheating.co.uk/Renewable-Energy.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697974692/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095254-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole. Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines. OCR for page 43 Materials in a New Era: Proceedings of the 1999 Solid State Sciences Committee Forum IV. Materials R&D—A Vision of the Scientific Frontier The Science of Modern Technology Paul Peercy SEMI/SEMATECH Electronic, Optical, and Magnetic Materials and Phenomena We have seen numerous important unexpected discoveries in all areas of condensed-matter and materials physics in the decade since Physics Through the Nineties was published. Although these scientific discoveries are extremely impressive, perhaps equally impressive are the technological advances based on our ever-increasing understanding of the basic physics of materials along with our increasing ability to tailor the composition and structure of materials in a cost-effective manner. Today's technological revolution would not be possible without the continuing increase in our scientific understanding of materials and phenomena, along with the processing and synthesis required for high-volume, low-cost manufacturing. This article examines selected examples of the scientific and technological impact of electronic, optical, and magnetic materials and phenomena. Technology based on electronic, optical, and magnetic materials is driving the information age through revolutions in computing and communications. With the miniaturization made possible by the invention of the transistor and the integrated circuit (IC), enormous computing and communication capabilities are becoming readily available worldwide. These technological capabilities enabled the Information Age and are fundamentally changing how we live, interact, and transact business. These technologies provide an excellent demonstration of the strong interdependence and interplay of science and technology. They have greatly expanded the tools and capabilities available to scientists and engineers in all areas of research and development, ranging from basic physics and materials research to other areas of physics and to such diverse fields as medicine and biotechnology. Incorporation of major scientific and technological advances into new products can take decades and often follows unpredictable paths. Selected technologies supported by the foundations of electronic, photonic, and magnetic phenomena and materials are illustrated in Figure 1 . These technologies have enabled breakthrough technologies in virtually every sector of the national economy. The two-way interplay between foundations and technology is a major driving force in this field. The most recent fundamental advances and technological discoveries have yet to realize their potential. Figure 1. Examples of how major scientific and technological advances have an impact on new products. The Science of Information Age Technology The predominant semiconductor technology today is the silicon-based integrated circuit. The silicon integrated circuit is the engine that drives the information revolution. For the past 30 years, the technology has been dominated by Moore's law—the statement that the density of transistors on a silicon integrated circuit doubles about every 18 months. The relentless reduction in transistor size and increase in circuit density have provided the increased functionality per unit cost that underlies the information revolution. Today's computing and communications capability would not be possible without the phenomenal 25 to 30 percent per year exponential growth in capability per unit cost since the introduction of the integrated circuit in about NOTE: This article was prepared from written material provided to the Solid State Sciences Committee by the speaker. OCR for page 44 Materials in a New Era: Proceedings of the 1999 Solid State Sciences Committee Forum 1960. That sustained rate of progress has resulted in low-cost volume manufacturing of high-density memories with 64 million bits of memory on a chip and complex, high-performance logic chips with ~10 million transistors on a chip. This trend is projected to continue for the next several years. If the silicon integrated circuit is the engine that powers the computing and communications revolution, optical fibers are the highways for the Information Age. Although fiber optics is a relatively recent entrant in the high technology arena, the impact of this technology is enormous and growing. It is now the preferred technology for transmission of information over long distances. There are already approximately 30 million km of fiber installed in the United States and an estimated 100 million km installed worldwide. Due in part to the faster than exponential growth of connections to the Internet, the installation of optical fiber worldwide is occurring at an accelerated rate of over 20 million km per year—more than 2,000 km/h, or around Mach 2. In addition, the rate of information transmission down a single fiber is increasing exponentially at a rate of a factor of 100 every decade. Transmission in excess of 1 terabit per second has been demonstrated in the research laboratory, and the time lag between laboratory demonstration and commercial system deployment is about 5 years. Compound semiconductor diode lasers provide the laser photons that are the vehicles that transport information along the optical information highways. Semiconductor diode lasers are also at the heart of optical storage and compact disk technology. In addition to their use in very-high-performance microelectronics applications, compound semiconductors have proven to be an extremely fertile field for advancing our understanding of fundamental physical phenomena. Exploiting decades of basic research, we are now beginning to be able to understand and control all aspects of compound semiconductor structures, from mechanical through electronic to optical, and to grow devices and structures with atomic layer control, in a few specific materials systems. This capability allows the manufacture of high-performance, high-reliability, compound semiconductor diode lasers that can be modulated at gigahertz frequencies to send information over the fiber-optical networks. High-speed semiconductor-based detectors receive and decode this information. These same materials provide the billions of light-emitting diodes sold annually for displays, free-space or short-range high-speed communication, and other applications. In addition, very-high-speed, low-power compound semiconductor electronics play a major role in wireless communication, especially for portable units and satellite systems. Another key enabler of the information revolution is low-cost, low-power, high-density information storage that keeps pace with the exponential growth of computing and communication capability. Both magnetic and optical storage are in wide use. Very recently, the highest-performance magnetic storage/readout devices have begun to rely on giant magnetoresistance (GMR), a phenomenon that was discovered by building on more than a century of research in magnetic materials. Although Lord Kelvin discovered magnetoresistance in 1856, it was not until the early 1990s that commercial products using this technology were introduced. In the last decade, the condensed-matter and materials understanding converged with advances in our ability to deposit materials with atomic-level control to produce the GMR heads that were introduced in workstations in late 1997. It is hoped that, with additional research and development, spin valve and colossal magnetoresistance technology may be understood and applied to workstations of the future. This increased understanding, provided in part by our increased computational ability arising from the increasing power of silicon ICs, coupled with atomic-level control of materials, led to exponential growth in the storage density of magnetic materials analogous to Moore' s law for transistor density in silicon ICs. Future Directions and Research Priorities Numerous outstanding scientific and technological research needs have been identified in electronic, photonic, and magnetic materials and phenomena. If those needs are met, it is anticipated that these technology areas will continue to follow their historical exponential growth in capability per unit cost for the next few years. Silicon integrated circuits are expected to follow Moore's law at least until the limits of optical lithography are reached, transmission bandwidth of optical fibers is expected to grow exponentially with advances in optical technology and the development of soliton propagation, and storage density in magnetic media is expected to grow exponentially with the maturation of GMR and development of colossal magnetoresistance in the not too distant future. Although these changes will have a major impact on computing and communications over the next few years, it is clear that extensive research will be required to produce new concepts and that new approaches must be developed OCR for page 45 Materials in a New Era: Proceedings of the 1999 Solid State Sciences Committee Forum to reduce research concepts to practice if these industries are to maintain their historical growth rate over the long term. Continued research is needed to advance the fundamental understanding of materials and phenomena in all areas. More than a century of research in magnetic materials and phenomena has given us an understanding of many aspects of magnetism, but we still lack a comprehensive first-principles understanding of magnetism. By comparison, the technology underlying optical communication is very young. The past few years have seen enormous scientific and technological advances in optical structures, devices, and systems. New concepts such as photonic lattices, which are expected to have significant technological impact, are emerging. We have every reason to believe that this field will continue to advance rapidly with commensurate impact on communications and computing. As device and feature sizes continue to shrink in integrated circuits, scaling will encounter fundamental physical limits. The feature sizes at which these limits will be encountered and their implications are not understood. Extensive research is needed to develop interconnect technologies that go beyond normal metal and dielectrics in the relatively near term. Longer term, technologies are needed to replace today 's Si field-effect transistors. One approach that bears investigation is quantum state switching and logic as devices and structures move further into the quantum mechanical regime. A major future direction is nanostructures and artificially structured materials, which was a general theme in all three areas. In all cases, artificially structured materials with properties not available in nature revealed unexpected new scientific phenomena and led to important technological applications. As sizes continue to decrease, new synthesis and processing technologies will be required. A particularly promising area is self-assembled materials. We need to expand research in self-assembled materials to address such questions as how to controllably create the desired one-, two-, and three-dimensional structures. As our scientific understanding increases and synthesis and processing of organic materials systems mature, these materials are expected to increase in importance for optoelectronic, and perhaps electronic, applications. Many of the recent technological advances are the result of strong interdisciplinary efforts as research results from complementary fields are harvested at the interface between the fields. This is expected to be the case for organic materials; increased interdisciplinary efforts, for example between CMMP, chemistry, and biology, offer the promise of equally impressive advances in biotechnology. Conclusion In conclusion, we identify a few major scientific and technological questions that are still outstanding and call attention to research and development priorities. Selected Major Unresolved Scientific and Technology Questions What technology will replace normal metals and dielectrics for interconnect in silicon ICs as speed continues to increase? What is beyond today's field-effect transistorbased Si technology? Can we create an all-optical communications/computing network Can we understand magnetism on the mesoscales and nanoscales needed to continue to advance technology? Can we fabricate devices with 100 percent spinpolarized current injection? Priorities Advance synthesis and processing techniques, including nanostructures and self-assembled one-, two-, and three-dimensional structures; Pursue quantum state logic; Exploit physics and materials science for low-cost manufacturing; Pursue the physics and chemistry of organic and other complex materials for optical, electrical, and magnetic applications; Develop techniques to magnetically detect individual electron and nuclear spins with atomic-scale resolution; and Increase partnerships and cross-education/communications among industry, university, and government laboratories. OCR for page 46 Materials in a New Era: Proceedings of the 1999 Solid State Sciences Committee Forum Novel Quantum Phenomena in Condensed-Matter Systems Steven M. Girvin Indiana University The various quantum Hall effects (QHEs) are arguably some of the most remarkable many-body phenomena discovered in the second half of the 20th century, comparable in intellectual importance to superconductivity and superfluidity. They are an extremely rich set of phenomena with deep and truly fundamental theoretical implications. The fractional effect, for which the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded, has yielded fractional charge, spin, and statistics, as well as unprecedented order parameters. There are beautiful connections with a variety of different topological and conformal field theories studied as formal models in particle theory, each here made manifest by the twist of an experimental knob. Where else but in condensedmatter physics can an experimentalist change the number of flavors of relativistic chiral Fermions or set by hand the Chem-Simons coupling that controls the mixing angle for charge and flux in 2+1D electrodynamics? Because of recent technological advances in molecular beam epitaxy and the fabrication of artificial structures, the field continues to advance with new discoveries even well into the second decade of its existence. Experiments in the field were limited for many years to simple transport measurements that indirectly determine charge gaps. However recent advances have led to many successful new optical, acoustic, microwave, specific heat, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probes, which continue to advance our knowledge as well as raise intriguing new puzzles. The QHE takes place in a two-dimensional electron gas subjected to a high magnetic field. In essence, it is a result of commensuration between the number of electrons, N, and the number of flux quanta, NΦ, in the applied magnetic field. The electrons undergo a series of condensations into new states with highly nontrivial properties whenever the filling factor ν = N/NΦ takes on simple rational values. The original experimental manifestation of the effect was the observation of an energy gap yielding dissipationless transport (at zero temperature) much like in a superconductor. The Hall conductivity in this dissipationless state is universal, given by σxy = ve2/h independent of microscopic details. As a result of this, it is possible to make a high-precision determination of the fine structure constant and to realize a highly reproducible quantum mechanical unit of electrical resistance, now used by standards laboratories around the world to maintain the ohm. The integer quantum Hall effect owes its origin to an excitation gap associated with the discrete kinetic energy levels (Landau levels) in a magnetic field. The fractional quantum Hall effect has its origins in very different physics of strong Coulomb correlations, which produce a Mott-insulator-like excitation gap. In some ways, however, this gap is more like that in a super-conductor, because it is not tied to a periodic lattice potential. This permits uniform charge flow of the incompressible electron liquid and hence a quantized Hall conductivity. The microscopic correlations leading to the excitation gap are captured in a revolutionary wave function developed by R.B. Laughlin that describes an incompressible quantum liquid. The charged quasi particle excitations in this system are “anyons” carrying fractional statistics intermediate between bosons and Fermions and carrying fractional charge. This sharp fractional charge, which despite its bizarre nature has always been on solid theoretical ground, has recently been directly observed two different ways. The first is an equilibrium thermodynamic measurement using an ultrasensitive electrometer built from quantum dots. The second is a dynamical measurement using exquisitely sensitive detection of the shot noise for quasi particles tunneling across a quantum Hall device. Quantum mechanics allows for the possibility of fractional average charge in both a trivial way and a highly nontrivial way. As an example of the former, consider a system of three protons forming an equilateral triangle and one electron tunneling among the 1S atomic bound states on the different protons. The electronic ground state is a symmetric linear superposition of quantum amplitudes to be in each of the three different 1S orbitals. In this trivial case, the mean electron number for a given orbital is 1/3. This, however, is a result of statistical fluctuations because a measurement will yield electron number 0 two-thirds of the time and electron number 1 one-third of the time. These fluctuations occur on a very slow time scale and are associated with the fact that the electronic spectrum NOTE: This article was prepared from written material provided to the Solid State Sciences Committee by the speaker. OCR for page 47 Materials in a New Era: Proceedings of the 1999 Solid State Sciences Committee Forum consists of three very nearly degenerate states corresponding to the different orthogonal combinations of the three atomic orbitals. The ν = 1/3 QHE has charge 1/3 quasi particles but is profoundly different from the trivial scenario just described. An electron added to a ν = 1/3 system breaks up into three charge 1/3 quasi particles. If the locations of the quasi particles are pinned by (say) an impurity potential, the excitation gap still remains robust and the resulting ground state is nondegenerate. This means that a quasi particle is not a place (like the proton above) where an extra electron spends one-third of its time. The lack of degeneracy implies that the location of the quasi particle completely specifies the state of the system, that is, implies that these are fundamental elementary particles with charge 1/3. Because there is a finite gap, this charge is a sharp quantum observable that does not fluctuate (for frequencies below the gap scale). The message here is that the charge of the quasi particles is sharp to the observers as long as the gap energy scale is considered large. If the gap were 10 GeV instead of 10 K, we (living at room temperature) would have no trouble accepting the concept of fractional charge. Magnetic Order of Spins and Pseudospins At certain filling factors (ν = 1, in particular) quantum Hall systems exhibit spontaneous magnetic order. For reasons peculiar to the band structure of the GaAs host semiconductor, the external magnetic field couples exceptionally strongly to the orbital motion (giving a large Landau level splitting) and exceptionally weakly to the spin degrees of freedom (giving a very small Zeeman gap). The resulting low-energy spin degrees of freedom of this ferromagnet have some rather novel properties that have recently begun to be probed by NMR, specific heat, and other measurements. Because the lowest spin state of the lowest Landau is completely filled at ν = 1, the only way to add charge is with reversed spin. However, because the exchange energy is large and prefers locally parallel spins (and because the Zeeman energy is small), it is cheaper to partially turn over several spins forming a smooth topological spin “texture.” Because this is an itinerant magnet with a quantized Hall conductivity, it turns out that this texture (called a skyrmion by analogy with the corresponding object in the Skyrme model of nuclear physics) accommodates precisely one extra unit of charge. NMR Knight shift measurements have confirmed the prediction that each charge added (or removed) from the ν = 1 state flips over several (~ 4 to 30 depending on the pressure) spins. In the presence of skyrmions, the ferromagnetic order is no longer collinear, leading to the possibility of additional low-energy spin wave modes, which remain gapless even in the presence of the Zeeman field (somewhat analogous to an antiferromagnet). These low-frequency spin fluctuations have been indirectly observed through a dramatic enhancement of the nuclear spin relaxation rate 1/T1. In fact, under some conditions T1 becomes so short that the nuclei come into thermal equilibrium with the lattice via interactions with the inversion layer electrons. This has recently been observed experimentally through an enormous enhancement of the specific heat by more than five orders of magnitude. Spin is not the only internal degree of freedom that can spontaneously order. There has been considerable recent progress experimentally in overcoming technical difficulties in the MBE fabrication of high-quality multiple-well systems. It is now possible for example to make a pair of identical electron gases in quantum wells separated by a distance (~ 100 Å) comparable to the electron spacing within a single quantum well. Under these conditions, strong interlayer correlations can be expected. One of the peculiarities of quantum mechanics is that, even in the absence of tunneling between the layers, it is possible for the electrons to be in a coherent state in which their layer index is uncertain. To understand the implications of this, we can define a pseudospin that is up if the electron is in the first layer and down if it is in the second. Spontaneous interlayer coherence corresponds to spontaneous pseudospin magnetization lying in the XY plane (corresponding to a coherent mixture of pseudospin up and down). If the total filling factor for the two layers is ν = 1, then the Coulomb exchange energy will strongly favor this magnetic order just as it does for real spins as discussed above. This long-range transverse order has been observed experimentally through the strong response of the system to a weak magnetic field applied in the plane of the electron gases in the presence of weak tunneling between the layers. Another interesting aspect of two-layer systems is that, despite their extreme proximity, it is possible to make separate electrical contact to each layer and perform drag experiments in which current in one layer induces a voltage in the other due to Coulomb or phonon-mediated interactions. Stacking together many quantum wells gives an artificial three-dimensional structure analogous to certain OCR for page 48 Materials in a New Era: Proceedings of the 1999 Solid State Sciences Committee Forum organic Bechgaard salts in which the QHE has been observed. There is recent growing interest in the bulk and edge (“surface”) states of such three-dimensional systems and with the nature of possible Anderson localization transitions. These phenomena and numerous others, which cannot be mentioned because of space limitations, have provided a wonderful testing ground for our understanding of strongly correlated quantum ground states that do not fit into the old framework of Landau's Fermi liquid picture. As such, they are providing valuable hints on how to think about other strongly correlated systems such as heavy Fermion materials and high-temperature superconductors. Nonequilibrium Physics James S. Langer University of California, Santa Barbara Nonequilibrium physics is concerned with systems that are not in mechanical or thermal equilibrium with their surroundings. Examples include flowing fluids under pressure gradients, solids deforming or fracturing under external stresses, and quantum systems driven by magnetic fields. These systems often lead to very familiar patterns such as snowflakes, dendritic microstructures in alloys, or chaotic motions in turbulent fluids. Many of these are familiar phenomena governed by well-understood equations of motion (e.g., the Navier Stokes equation), but in some of the most interesting cases, the implications of these equations are not understood. The Brinkman report (Physics Through the 1990s, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1986) recognized the significance of the emerging field of nonequilibrium physics but missed some of the most important topics of current research such as friction, fracture, and granular materials. Notable progress has been made in the last decade regarding patterns in convecting and vibrating fluids, reaction-diffusion systems, aggregation, and membrane morphology. The patterns observed in nonequilibrium systems are especially sensitive to small perturbations. Weather phenomena are a prime example. Long-range weather forecasting requires precise characterization of current and past weather conditions. As such characterization becomes more detailed, it is possible to predict future patterns with increasing accuracy. One task of nonequilibrium physics is quantifying the relationship between precision and predictability. In spite of decades of study, the origin of ductility in materials remains a key unsolved problem of nonequilibrium physics. Traditional explanations based on dislocations do not explain observations such as ductility in glassy materials. We lack a good theory of ductile yielding in situations where stresses and strains vary rapidly in space and time. One of the most important recent observations is that fast brittle cracks undergo materials-specific instabilities leading to roughness on the fracture surface. Stick-slip friction is also observed on large scales, for example, in earthquake dynamics. The nature of these processes, including the issue of lubricated friction, is a key problem of nonequilibrium physics. Granular materials are an example of a familiar class of materials of considerable industrial importance that have escaped scrutiny by physicists until recently. These materials are highly inelastic in their interactions. When granular materials cohere slightly, they can behave like viscous fluids as in saturated soil. If the coherence is strong, then we have sandstone or concrete, which behaves more like ordinary solids. If complex dynamics are added, we have foams or dense colloidal suspensions. The nature of lubrication is also relevant to these problems. These and many other open problems show that the frontiers of physics include many very familiar phenomena. In many cases, these problems are of great importance to materials properties and industrial processes. OCR for page 49 Materials in a New Era: Proceedings of the 1999 Solid State Sciences Committee Forum Soft Condensed Matter V. Adrian Parsegian National Institutes of Health Adrian Parsegian opened his remarks on soft condensed matter research with the question, “When was American poetry born?” He quoted William Saroyan's response, “When people not trained in poetry began writing it.” No one can imagine Walt Whitman's poetry being written in England or anywhere except America. It was “an instantaneous flop” because people did not think it was even “poetry.” The clear implication for the field of condensed-matter and materials physics is that soft materials physics will flourish only after much initial skepticism and even resistance are overcome. Advancing our understanding of soft materials requires an unprecedented combination of traditionally distinct, and noninteracting, fields. One of the greatest challenges is the simple recognition and appreciation of the disparate skills required for attacking problems with relentlessly increasing levels of complexity. For example, as the genome project unfolds, uncovering seemingly endless genetic information, synthetic chemists and physicists face the daunting task of producing and understanding the complex interactions that govern biological function occurring at length scales ranging from atomic to supramolecular dimensions. Such problems may not succumb to the conventional reductire methods familiar to most physicists. Modern instrumentation such as third-and even fourth-generation synchrotrons, high-flux neutron sources, and high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers provide powerful means for exploring these issues. However, are these potent tools the key to uncovering the secrets of biology? “What constitutes understanding in this business?” asks Parsegian, adding, “An explanation that satisfies the physicist may be thoroughly irrelevant to the gene therapist.” Established approaches toward education and funding and even attitudes about industrial interactions must change if the physics community is to have a demonstrable and meaningful impact on this burgeoning field. Many of the macroscopic properties of soft materials are foreign to the condensed-matter physicist. Softness is substituted for hardness as a desirable property; malleability, extensibility, and compliance replace stiffness and shape retention; and fragility is often more valuable than durability. These themes are stimulating a new type of physics that relies on the same bedrock principles enumerated in elementary physics education but must be augmented by the targeted interdisciplinary studies of medicine, food, polymers, and many others. The field of polymers provides a bridge between conventional physics and the biologically oriented sciences and engineering. Both natural and synthetic macromolecules offer numerous research and development opportunities. Polysaccharides and milk proteins are identified by Parsegian as examples of ubiquitous and naturally occurring macromolecules that may be formulated into novel items of commerce for use in foods and environmentally benign—even biodegradable—plastics. Advances in synthetic chemistry during the past decade have greatly expanded our ability to tailor molecular architecture, even in the simplest of polymers known as polyolefins, prepared from just carbon and hydrogen. This class of synthetic polymers makes up roughly 60 percent of the entire synthetic polymer market. Yet the commercial consequences of varying the number and length of side branches, grafts, and block sequencing on the melt flow properties, crystallization kinetics, and ultimate mechanical properties are just now being realized. Dendrimers, precisely and highly branched giant molecules that can assume a nearly perfect spherical topology, offer fresh strategies for manipulating polymer rheology and may provide ideal substrates for delivering drugs to the human body. Parsegian noted that polyelectrolytes are an especially important class of materials, since almost all forms of biologically relevant matter contain macro-molecules with some degree of ionic charging. Yet polyelectrolytes present some of the toughest challenges to condensed matter physics, convoluting electrostatic interactions, self-avoiding chain statistics, and traditional solution thermodynamics with self-assembly into higher-order structures that rely on tertiary and quaternary interactions. Application of physics to biological problems is not a new phenomenon. Physicists have made significant contributions to the field of protein folding for nearly 35 years. In fact, physicists have defined the “language” of the field and created exquisite tools for simulating and even “watching” individual molecules. For example, optical tweezers techniques permit quantification of the force versus extension relationship of indi- OCR for page 50 Materials in a New Era: Proceedings of the 1999 Solid State Sciences Committee Forum vidual biomolecules such as DNA. These studies are not yet the clinical analysis of protein-folding and prionrelated illnesses such as Alzheimer 's and “Mad Cow” disease. “Why are physicists frequently off the biological radar screen? “ asks Parsegian. “In large part they are seen as insular and parochial,” is the response he has received to this question. He points out key differences in how physicists approach problemsolving through a simple example—understanding the force required to separate two interacting biomolecules, as might be encountered in cell adhesion. This delicate problem depends on the time scale of the experiment as much as the force applied and the displacement measured. Given enough time, the molecules will disengage without any applied force. Physicists must resist the temptation to connect or reconfigure anything biological into a conventional, solved, physics problem, in this case treating the biomolecular interactions with traditional static intermolecular potentials. Rectifying these shortcomings, that is, making physics visible and relevant to the biological sciences, will require education on the part of biologists as well as physicists. Biologists and medical researchers must understand the utility and importance of physics to their work. For example, the sophisticated instrumentation that is often the source of so many scientific revelations (e.g., three-dimensional NMR and x-ray imaging) often comes from fundamental advances in physics. Medical doctors and researchers should understand the origins of their equipment and appreciate the underlying principles of operation. Parsegian offered an assortment of recommendations for improving the current situation. Basic research, which fuels practical developments in industry and medicine, would benefit from the following innovations: (1) grant mechanisms that encourage interdisciplinary work; (2) special grants that circumvent the double jeopardy of being judged both as a biologist and a physicist; (3) fellowships for physicists, including theorists, to work in biological laboratories; and (4) maximized contact between university researchers and industrial scientists, especially those from the chemical, medical, and pharmaceutical industries. Changes in education were also prescribed. New physics courses must be developed that are targeted at biologists; and physicists should be trained in chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Introductory physics courses must begin to emphasize soft systems in addition to the traditional curriculum. There should be “bilingual” textbooks, aimed at both physicists and biologists. Summer schools with laboratories for scientists at all stages of their careers and interdisciplinary workshops can be established. In short, the field of physics should spread itself out from the confines of physics departments, while broadening its horizons to encompass the emerging exciting world of soft matter. Fractional Charges and Other Tales from Flatland Horst Störmer Bell Laboratories and Columbia University Flatland is two-dimensional space. In nature it is found at surfaces or at interfaces. The quantum Hall effect (QHE) and fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) are properties of electrons confined to the interface region of semiconductor quantum wells. The electrons can move along the two-dimensional surface of the interface but are confined in the third direction. A Nobel prize was awarded to Klaus von Klitzing in 1985 for the discovery of the QHE, and Störmer, D.C. Tsui, and Robert Laughlin shared the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of the FQHE. This research area continues to be interesting, with many new ideas and discoveries. E.H. Hall discovered in 1878 a transverse voltage Vxy when a magnetic field B is imposed perpendicular (z-direction) to the direction of electrical current. The voltage is proportional to the current Ix in the layer. The ratio Vxy/Ix = Rxy defines the transverse resistance. The QHE is the observation of plateaus in the transverse resistance when measured as a function of magnetic field. These plateaus occur when Landau levels are completely filled with electrons. During these plateaus, the longitudinal resistance (RXX = VXX/Ix) appears to vanish: It actually declines to a very small value. The plateaus have a value of resistance that are multiples of the fundamental value h/e2 = 258120, where h is Planck's constant and e is the unit of charge. The plateaus have the same value in each sample. They have become the new international standard of resistance. Störmer, Tsui, and Gossard continued the measurements of the Hall effect to very high values of mag- OCR for page 51 Materials in a New Era: Proceedings of the 1999 Solid State Sciences Committee Forum netic field. They discovered additional plateaus in the transverse resistance. These plateaus occur at values that imply that the Landau levels are fractionally occupied: 1/3, 2/5, and so on. The experiments continue, with samples of increasing purity, at lower temperature, and with higher magnetic field. Low-temperature values of the mobility in GaAs/AlGaAs wells are now μ = 2 × 107 cm2/(Vs). The mean-free-path of the electrons is on the order of 100 × 10−6 m. In these recent measurements, the list of fractions is quite large, with unlikely numbers such as 5/23 appearing. Why are there fractions? The two-dimensional gas of electrons becomes highly correlated. It is difficult to imagine a many-body system that is as simple and as profound. At these high values of magnetic field, the electrons have circular orbits, due to the field, which have a small radius. The separation between electrons is much longer then the diameter of the orbits. The electrons are becoming localized into a kind of Wigner crystal. However, they have unusual motion, because they have no kinetics. Their correlation is entirely due to their mutual Coulomb interaction. The fractions indicate the existence of highly correlated states that occur at these fractional fillings. The topic is fascinating to theoretical physicists, who try to explain the origin of all of these states. The most important fraction is 1/3. It was discovered first and has a large plateau in the Hall resistance. Each quantum of flux can be considered to be a vortex in the plane. For the 1/3 state, there are three vortices for each electron. The three vortices get attached to the electron and form a quasi particle called a “composite.” For the 1/3 state, it is a “composite Boson,” and the collective state is due to a Bose-Einstein condensation of these quasi particles. Noise measurements in the resistivity confirm that the charge on the current carriers is actually e/3. The excitation energy to excite an electron out of the correlated state is ∆E = 10 K in temperature units. This energy is large, because the experiments are performed at a small fraction of a degree. At the fraction 1/2, the quasi particles are “composite Fermions,” which cannot form a condensate. There are no plateaus at this fraction, although it is speculated that the Fermions form a superfluid state akin to the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer state in a superconductor. This pairing of Fermions is thought to explain the features of the 5/2 state in particular. For fractions written as the ratio of two integers q/p, even values of p are composite Fermions and odd values of p denote composite Bosons. New fractions continue to be discovered. The graph of the transverse resistance appears to be a “devil's staircase” of an infinite number of steps of irregular width. Physicists have always been fascinated by the highly correlated electron gas. There is no more highly correlated system of electrons than is found in the FQHE. OCR for page 52 Materials in a New Era: Proceedings of the 1999 Solid State Sciences Committee Forum This page in the original is blank. Representative terms from entire chapter:

<urn:uuid:7229536e-a64d-40a0-b796-f5155a17ac9b>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=9737&page=43

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701852492/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105732-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

||This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2012)| A racing slick (also known as a "slick tire") is a type of tire that has no tread or a smooth tread, used mostly in auto racing. The first production "slick tire" was developed by M&H Tires in the early 1950s for use in drag racing. By eliminating any grooves cut into the tread, such tires provide the largest possible contact patch to the road, and maximize traction for any given tire dimension. Slick tires are used on road or oval track racing, where steering and braking require maximum traction from each wheel , but are typically used on only the driven (powered) wheels in drag racing, where the only concern is maximum traction to put power to the ground. Slick tires are not suitable for use on common road vehicles, which must be able to operate in all weather conditions. They are used in auto racing where competitors can choose different tires based on the weather conditions and can often change tires during a race. Slick tires provide far more traction than grooved tires on dry roads, due to their greater contact area but typically have far less traction than grooved tires under wet conditions. Wet roads severely diminish the traction because of aquaplaning due to water trapped between the tire contact area and the road surface. Grooved tires are designed to remove water from the contact area through the grooves, thereby maintaining traction even in wet conditions. Since there is no tread, slick tire tread does not deform too much under load. The reduced deformation allows the tire to be constructed of softer compounds without excessive overheating and blistering. The softer rubber gives greater adhesion to the road surface, but it also has a lower treadwear rating; i.e. it wears out much more quickly than the harder rubber tires used for driving on the streets. It is not uncommon for drivers in some auto sports to wear out multiple sets of tires during a single day's driving. In Formula One, slick tires were not used from the 1998 to 2008 seasons. Dry weather tires with mandatory circumferential grooves intended to reduce total grip and reduce cornering speeds were used, and were still often referred to as "slicks" as the grooves were not intended to disperse water and could not be used effectively in wet conditions. Slick tires were reintroduced from the 2009 season. Drag racing slicks The first drag racing slick was developed by a company called M&H Tires (Marvin & Harry Tires) in the early 1950s. It was the only company in the world that produced and sold original drag racing tires. Later, competitors stole or reverse-engineered molds, and began making their own tires.[original research?] Drag racing slicks vary in size, from slicks used on motorcycles to very wide ones used on Top Fuel Dragsters. For "closed wheel" cars, often the car must be modified merely to account for the size of the slick, raising the body on the rear springs for the height of narrower slicks, and/or replacing the rear wheel housings with very wide "tubs" and narrowing the rear axle to allow room for the wider varieties of tires. Open wheel dragsters are freed from any such constraint, and can go to enormous tire sizes (the opposite of tripodal which are quite minuscule). Some use very low pressures to maximize the tread contact area, producing the typical sidewall appearance which leads to their being termed "wrinklewall" slicks. Inner tubes are typically used, to ensure that the air does not suddenly leak catastrophically as the tire deforms under the stress of launching. "Wrinklewall" slicks are now specifically designed for the special requirements of drag racing, being constructed in such a way as to allow the sidewall to be twisted by the torque applied at launch, softening the initial start and thus reducing the chances of breaking traction. As speed builds, the centrifugal force generated by the tire's rotation "unwraps" the sidewall, returning the energy to the car's acceleration. Additionally, it causes the tires to expand radially, increasing their diameter and effectively creating a taller gear ratio, allowing a higher top speed with the same transmission gearing. Cheater slicks Since completely slick tires are outlawed on most roads due to their inability to handle wet pavement, the "cheater slick" became a popular item in the hot rod world in the 1960s; a typical slick type tire, but engraved with the absolute minimal amount of tread grooves required to satisfy legal requirements. Since then, however, tire development has progressed greatly, so that today's hot rod street cars typically use wide, grooved tires which perform better than the slicks of the past; while the cheater slicks available today, both for nostalgic appearance of street cars and for competition use in classes where DOT approved street tires are required, have followed their own line of development, diverging from true slick tire construction to become a distinct tire design in themselves. R compound tires (grooved slicks) The development in cheater slick technology has affected the development of tires for racing series other than drag racing as well. When other forms of auto racing similarly instituted classes which require DOT approved street tires, some manufacturers similarly began to market tires which superficially resembled their high performance street tires, but with the least tread permissible and with very soft, sticky rubber, intended specifically for competition because the soft tread would wear too quickly for street use. These became known, loosely, as R compound tires. With additional years of progress, this class of tire has in its turn followed its own line of development, to the point where they have little in common with true street tires of the same brand. Ironically, this has led to new classes of racing which require not only DOT approval, but also a minimum treadwear rating, in an effort to eliminate the R compound tires from competition and require "true" street tires. Bicycle tires In contrast, many bicycle tires made for street use are slick. Aquaplaning does not present a problem for bicycles due to their narrower width, higher pressure, lower speed, and circular cross section (due to the need to lean the bicycle in turns), the bicycle tire can penetrate the water layer to contact the road much more easily; in practice, grooved bicycle tires do not outperform slick tires on wet roads. However, many low and medium performance bicycle tires have substantial tread depth, because the bicycles are designed with off-road excursions in mind, in dirt, gravel, or sand the tread provides significantly improved traction. In addition, high performance bicycle tires, although designed for road use only, often have a very fine tread pattern, which appears to provide no difference in performance versus a slick tire and is only there for marketing purposes and as a tire-wear indicator. This is clear not only from direct testing of tires, but also from the fact that the texture of the road is itself coarser than the supposed "tread" on these tires. Some grooveless designs have small "holes" or dimples embedded in the tread as a tire-wear indicator. This is similar to automobile tire-wear indicator bars, which contact the road when the tire is worn to a low tread amount, making the tire noisy on the road. - "V-STEEL SMOOTH TREAD-MS". Bridgestone. Retrieved 2012-01-31. - "Why a Smooth Tread on Road Tires?". Michelin. Retrieved 2012-01-31. - Jobst Brandt. "Tires with smooth tread". Retrieved 2012-01-31. - Christopher Neiger. "Why doesn't NASCAR race in the rain?". HowStuffWorks. Retrieved 2012-01-31. "NASCAR tires have a completely smooth tread." - Sheldon Brown's Tire Page

<urn:uuid:68fae98f-f3d5-44f3-8611-819c4518064d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slick_tyre

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701852492/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105732-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Western Digital's Raptors in RAID-0: Are two drives better than one?by Anand Lal Shimpi on July 1, 2004 12:00 PM EST - Posted in Doubling Theoretical Performance: RAID-0For those of you who are already familiar with RAID and how it works, go ahead and skip to the benchmarks; these next two pages are designed to serve as brief introductions to the two most common forms of RAID on the desktop: RAID-0 and RAID-1. Otherwise known as striping, RAID-0 is the only performance-enhancing form of RAID that we'll be talking about in this article. The premise behind striping is simple. Data being written to a drive is split into "stripes", generally 16 - 256KB in size, with each stripe being written to a different drive in the array. For example, say we were dealing with a 2-drive RAID-0 array with a stripe size of 128KB and we wanted to write 256KB of data; drive 0 would get the first 128KB of data written to it, and drive 1 would get the remaining 128KB. Writing to a single hard disk Writing to a two-disk RAID-0 array Here, you can see that the write performance of RAID-0 can be almost double that of a single drive, since twice as much data gets written at the same time. The higher write performance is obtained at the expense of some controller overhead, since the RAID controller has to handle splitting up data into stripes before sending it to the drives themselves - but with modern day microprocessors being as fast as they are, the overhead is usually thought of as negligible. Reading works the exact same way, but in reverse. Say that we want to read that same 256KB of data back; we pull one stripe from drive 0 and the other stripe from drive 1. The read is now completed in half the time, theoretically doubling performance. We are careful to use the word "theoretical" because the performance advantages of RAID-0 disappear quickly if we're not dealing in ideal situations like the ones we just described. If too large of a stripe size is used, then the performance advantages of RAID-0 can be lost, while too small of a stripe size could result in excess overhead, reducing the performance improvement of the striped array. We have seen in the past that for most desktop applications, the largest stripe size that a desktop RAID controller will offer is usually the best choice for performance. With Intel's ICH5/6, that translates into a 128KB stripe size, which for our comparison is what we decided to go with. The other stripe size options didn't offer any better performance for our desktop test suite. The main downside to RAID-0, other than cost, is reliability. The size of a RAID-0 array is the sum of all of its members; so, two 100GB drives in a RAID-0 array will give you one array with a 200GB total capacity. Unfortunately, if you lose any one of the drives in the array, all of your data is lost and isn't recoverable. Since two drives are working in tandem and are both necessary to hold your data, you effectively halve the mean time between failure by moving to a two-drive RAID-0 array.

<urn:uuid:b14491da-64eb-46de-bfca-3fa7451d1c49>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.anandtech.com/Show/Index/1371?cPage=7&all=False&sort=0&page=2

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701852492/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105732-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Develop and promote a learner- and learning-focused educational environment. Educational leaders must have the ability to: - Evaluate the key aspects of organizational climate and the factors that influence climate. - Apply current research to the development and improvement of the educational environment. - Create and monitor a positive learning environment for all staff and students. - Provide appropriate accommodations. - Provide opportunity for diverse learners. - Leverage opportunities provided by diversity. Educational leaders must have the knowledge and ability to promote the success of all learners by promoting a positive institutional culture, providing an effective instructional program, applying best practice to learning, and designing comprehensive professional growth plans for staff (NPBEA, 2002). Educational leaders must have the ability and knowledge to: - Lead and assess a learning culture: develop, implement, measure, and assess strategies and results. - Assess and improve culture and climate collaboratively. - Examine the elements of a learner-centered and learning-centered environment. - Consider physical, social, and psychological aspects of learning as they design instruction. - Support innovation and teamwork. - Create and monitor a positive working environment. - Plan for student support. - Promote non-egocentric, non-sociocentric thinking for self and others. - Promote the significance of diversity and respond to the needs of diverse learners, staff, and faculty. - Promote and believe in principles of equity and diversity. Learner- and learning-focused instructional design and teaching is based on what is known about learning and cognition. The fundamental premise is successful learners, successful learning. Both learner satisfaction and learning outcomes are enhanced in a learner/learning-focused environment. "These key concepts describe the conditions that lead to learning, identify teaching practices and learning activities that create such conditions, and support the design of effective learning environments" (Educause Learning Initiative, 2009). Weimer (2002, p.3) reminds us that "the oracle, the locus and ownership of knowledge, should reside in each student, and our principal goals as teachers must be to help our students discover the most important and enduring answers to life's problems within themselves." Learner/learning-focused means that teachers may not take credit for all of intelligent insights in their classrooms. The learner-focused teacher considers redesigning the teacher, rather than redesigning the course (Weimer). A school that adopts and lives by these principles centers attention on learners rather than on teaching, curriculum, instruction or administration of the school. In a learner-centered school, education is done "with" instead of "to" students. Students feel connected in a learner-centered school; the student, his classmates and his teachers are "partners" in the learning process. These principles emphasize the active and reflective nature of learning and learners. From this perspective, educational practice will be most likely to improve when the educational system is redesigned with the primary focus on the learner. (Center for Development & Learning, November 1997) Learner- and learning-focused educational environments adhere to the following principles developed by the American Psychological Association (APA, 2009). Mastery of Competency 9 is demonstrated through understanding and application of these principles: COGNITIVE AND METACOGNITIVE FACTORS - Nature of the learning process. - The learning of complex subject matter is most effective when it is an intentional process of constructing meaning from information and experience. - Goals of the learning process. - The successful learner, over time and with support and instructional guidance, can create meaningful, coherent representations of knowledge. - Construction of knowledge. - The successful learner can link new information with existing knowledge in meaningful ways. - Strategic thinking. - The successful learner can create and use a repertoire of thinking and reasoning strategies to achieve complex learning goals. - Thinking about thinking. - Higher order strategies for selecting and monitoring mental operations facilitate creative and critical thinking. - Context of learning. - Learning is influenced by environmental factors, including culture, technology, and instructional practices. MOTIVATIONAL AND AFFECTIVE FACTORS - Motivational and emotional influences on learning. - What and how much is learned is influenced by the learner's motivation. Motivation to learn, in turn, is influenced by the individual's emotional states, beliefs, interests and goals, and habits of thinking. - Intrinsic motivation to learn. - The learner's creativity, higher order thinking, and natural curiosity all contribute to motivation to learn. Intrinsic motivation is stimulated by tasks of optimal novelty and difficulty, relevant to personal interests, and providing for personal choice and control. - Effects of motivation on effort. - Acquisition of complex knowledge and skills requires extended learner effort and guided practice. Without learners' motivation to learn, the willingness to exert this effort is unlikely without coercion. DEVELOPMENTAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS - Developmental influences on learning. - As individuals develop, there are different opportunities and constraints for learning. Learning is most effective when differential development within and across physical, intellectual, emotional, and social domains is taken into account. - Social influences on learning. - Learning is influenced by social interactions, interpersonal relations, and communication with others. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES FACTORS - Individual differences in learning. - Learners have different strategies, approaches, and capabilities for learning that are a function of prior experience and heredity. - Learning and diversity. - Learning is most effective when differences in learners' linguistic, cultural, and social backgrounds are taken into account. - Standards and assessment. - Setting appropriately high and challenging standards and assessing the learner as well as learning progress-including diagnostic, process, and outcome assessment-are integral parts of the learning process. (APA, 2009) American Psychological Association. (2009). Learner-centered psychological principles. Retrieved January 10, 2009, from American Psychological Association Web site: http://www.apa.org/ed/lcp2/lcp14.asp Center for Development & Learning. (1997). Learner-centered pyschological principles: A framewordk for school reform. Retrieved January 10, 2009, from Center for Development & Learning Web site: http://www.cdl.org/resource-library/articles/learner_centered.php Educause. (2009). Learner-centered concepts. Retrieved January 10, 2009, from Educause Learning Initiative Web site: http://www.educause.edu/ELI/Archives/LearnerCenteredConcepts/940?time=1231613270 National Policy Board for Educational Administration. (2002). Standards for advanced programs in educational leadership: For principals, superintendents, curriculum developers, and supervisors. Retrieved January 7, 2009, from National Policy Board for Educational Administration Web site: http://www.npbea.org/ELCC/ELCCStandards%20_5-02.pdf Weimer, M. (2002). Learner-centered teaching: Five key changes to practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Expert ViewVideo presentation of Jim Wold Associate Dean, School of Education. Select this control to begin playing the video.

<urn:uuid:e9112962-d90a-41a2-b667-92be594ee40a>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.capella.edu/EdDProgramGuide/comp_9.asp

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701852492/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105732-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

If you work on multiple computers, you probably use a USB drive to take your favorite portable software with you. Portable application suites like PortableApps.com, CodySafe, or Lupo PenSuite, each have a main menu providing access to the programs installed into the suite. However, there may be reasons why you need to create shortcuts to programs on your USB drive. You may be using a program that does not integrate into the suite’s main menu. Or, you may not be using an official portable application suite at all, and just placing portable software in a folder on your USB drive. Maybe you prefer using shortcuts on the root of the USB drive, like a portable desktop. Whatever your reason, you can’t just create a shortcut to an application on the USB drive and place it in the root of the drive. The shortcut will always refer to the full path of the application, including the drive letter. Different computers assign different drive letters to USB flash drives, so you would have to change the drive letter for your shortcuts when it changes. You can assign a static drive letter to the USB drive. However, if you would rather not do that, there is a way to create shortcuts to programs on a USB drive using relative paths. Because Windows does not support relative paths in shortcuts, we will show you how to create a “shortcut” on the root of a USB drive by creating a batch (.bat) file and converting it to an executable (.exe) file. To create the batch file, open a text editor, such as Notepad, and enter the full path, including the name of the executable file, to the program for which you want to create a shortcut. However, make this a relative path by leaving out the drive letter and the first backslash. Also, surround the path with quotes. We will use the free icon extraction program, BeCyIconGrabber, as an example. The image below shows an example of the relative full path to the program on our USB flash drive. In the text editor, save the file as a .bat file in a location of your choosing. We saved our file to a special directory on our USB flash drive. NOTE: It doesn’t matter too much where you save the batch file. The location of the final executable file is what matters. You can put an icon on your shortcut by extracting the icon from the program’s .exe file and adding it to the executable file you will create for your shortcut. To extract the icon from the program file, see our article about using a free tool to extract high quality icons from files. You should end up with an icon (.ico) file as shown below. To convert your batch file into an executable file, download the free program Bat To Exe Converter. The program does not need to be installed. Simply extract the files from the .zip file and double-click on the .exe file to run the program. On the Bat To Exe Converter program window, click the browse (…) button to the right of the Batch file edit box. On the Select the batch file dialog box, navigate to the folder in which you saved your .bat file, select the file, and click Open. Now, we need to specify the name and location of the resulting .exe file. By default, the same location as the batch file is entered as the save location. However, we didn’t save our batch file on the root of our USB flash drive, but we want to save the executable shortcut file on the root. To change the location, click the browse (…) button to the right of the Save as edit box. NOTE: You can also type the paths and filenames in the edit boxes directly, instead of using the browse buttons. On the Save as dialog box, navigate to the root of the USB flash drive, and enter a filename for the shortcut in the File name edit box. Click Save. To run the batch file “invisibly,” with no console window opening in the background, select the Invisible application option in the Visibility box. To add the icon you extracted to the .exe shortcut file, click the Versioninformations tab and then click the browse (…) button to the right of the Icon file edit box. On the Select the icon file dialog box, navigate to the folder where you saved the extracted .ico file, select it, and click Open. The path to the icon file is entered into the Icon file edit box. Click Compile to create your .exe shortcut file. To close Bat To Exe Converter, click the X button in the upper, right corner of the dialog box. The new .exe shortcut file is available on the root of your USB flash drive. Double-click it to run the program. Here is the BeCyIconGrabber program opened from our converted batch file. Now you can easily create shortcuts to programs on your USB flash drive that will work no matter what drive letter is assigned to your drive on any Windows computer. Lori Kaufman is a freelance technical writer who likes to write geeky how-to articles to help make people's lives easier through the use of technology. She loves watching and reading mysteries and is an avid Doctor Who fan. - Published 03/28/12

<urn:uuid:9c7e2512-dfbe-4d86-900f-3129996c6561>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.howtogeek.com/109788/how-to-create-shortcuts-to-programs-on-usb-drives/?showcomments=1

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701852492/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105732-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

<communications, history> A historical term for communication, either wired or wireless, using Morse code. The term is used in contrast with telephony meaning voice transmission. Telegraphy is sometimes (somewhat incorrectly) referred to as "continuous wave" or CW transmission. Try this search on Wikipedia, OneLook, Google Nearby terms: Telecommunications Industry Association « telecommuting « teledildonics « telegraphy » telematics » TelEnet » TELEPAC

<urn:uuid:fddd03c6-dde4-4035-bb63-c1b1729bfc7f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://foldoc.org/telegraphy

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705195219/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115315-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

When you were a child, what was your favorite outdoor activity? I grew up on a rural island in Puget Sound. We spent countless hours on the beach playing. Driftwood and large rocks were made into secret hideaways. Oyster and clam shells were dishes and kelp turned into musical instruments or whips. My children built sandcastles and rock forts trying to keep the water at bay on the incoming tide. When the tide was too high to be on the beach, we roamed the woods looking for edible berries and nuts to eat. Our son played hide and seek in the tall ferns with his dog. They only way you could find the pair were to watch the tops of the ferns moving. Today, with all of our electronic gadgets for entertainment, it is easy to let the devices entertain us. Too many children spend hours inside, forgetting there is an outside waiting to engage them. To encourage children to get outside more, we need to design special places where they can play, explore and use their imagination. These spaces do not have to be large nor do they have to take up the entire yard. It needs to be a place where children use their imagination to create fun, magic and memories to last a lifetime. Using items found in nature and reclaimed materials are a great way to teach children about the outdoors and conservation. Children have great imaginations so get them involved in the design process and let them help to hunt down the materials to be used. Here are a few ideas to get you started on your outdoor space: • Plant trees, shrubs and flowers that have color, smell good, encourage touching and have edible fruit. • 5’ x 10’ concrete-reinforcing wire can be used to make tunnels that lead to tepees and secret hideaways created using thin branches such as willow or bamboo. Plants such as beans, gourds, cucumbers, miniature pumpkins, morning glories, or hops can twist and wind to the top to create a hidden space for reading, napping, or just laying there and daydreaming. • Bigger branches from trees can be used for climbing and balancing. Stumps can be used to create tables and chairs or a means to jump away from the imaginary alligators in the moat. If you are resourceful, you can find spools from utility companies to use for play. • There are plenty of rocks in Central Oregon and they can be incorporated into play areas where children can climb. Use the rocks to create a border for a sandbox. Have fun with your imagination and design and you too can have a Deschutes forest or Smith Rock playground in your backyard. If you are lucky, maybe the children will let you play with them in their special space.

<urn:uuid:feac2366-f4fe-4bb5-8572-51a1e3524f2e>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.akumalsands.com/blog/?p=261

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705195219/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115315-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Tuesday 21 May Southern viscacha (Lagidium viscacia) What’s the World’s Favourite Species?Find out here. Southern viscacha fact file - Find out more - Print factsheet Southern viscacha description The southern viscacha is one of three South American rodent species commonly referred to as mountain viscachas (3) (4). In common with its two congeners, the southern viscacha looks remarkably like a long-tailed rabbit (3). Soft dense fur covers its body, from the tips of its elongate ears to the end of its long, curled tail (2) (3). The forelimbs are relatively short, while the contrastingly long and muscular hind-limbs enable it run and jump with ease (3) (4). The colour of its fur varies seasonally and with age, but generally the upperparts are grey to brown, with tints of cream and black, while the under-parts are pale yellow or tan (2). - Also known as - southern mountain viscacha. Top - Species belonging to the same genus. - The state of being pregnant; the period from conception to birth. - IUCN Red List (November, 2008) - Eisenberg, J.F. (1989) Mammals of the Neotropics. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. - Nowak, R.M. (1999) Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. - Macdonald, D. (2001) The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press, Oxford. - Tirado, C., Cortés, A. and Bozinovic, F. (2007) Metabolic rate, thermoregulation and water balance in Lagidium viscacia inhabiting the arid Andean plateau. Journal of Thermal Biology, 32: 220 - 226. - view the contents of, and Material on, the website; - download and retain copies of the Material on their personal systems in digital form in low resolution for their own personal use; - teachers, lecturers and students may incorporate the Material in their educational material (including, but not limited to, their lesson plans, presentations, worksheets and projects) in hard copy and digital format for use within a registered educational establishment, provided that the integrity of the Material is maintained and that copyright ownership and authorship is appropriately acknowledged by the End User. Southern viscacha biology During the day, the southern viscacha emerges from the clefts and crevices it colonises, to forage for food, and bask on rocky perches in the sun (1) (3) (4). It runs and leaps amongst the rocks with incredible agility, and eats a wide variety of plants including grasses, mosses, and lichens (3) (4). Like all mountain viscachas, the southern viscacha is a gregarious species that forms small to very large colonies, comprising one or more family groups (4) (5). The timing of the breeding season is not documented for this species, but the gestation period has been estimated at 120 to 140 days, with just a single young born at a time. The young is born fully haired with its eyes open, and is normally weaned after eight weeks, and reaches sexual maturity at around a year (3).Top Southern viscacha rangeTop Southern viscacha habitatTop Southern viscacha status Classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List (1).Top Southern viscacha threats Although the southern viscacha is locally hunted for its meat and fur, it is still a very common species, and is not thought to be declining at a rate to warrant significant concern (1).Top Southern viscacha conservation There are currently no known conservation measures in place for the southern viscacha, but it does occur in several protected areas. Although hunting is not currently considered a major threat to this species, it needs to be monitored in case it starts to have a severe impact on the population (1).Top AuthenticationThis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. If you are able to help please contact: email@example.comTop MyARKive offers the scrapbook feature to signed-up members, allowing you to organize your favourite ARKive images and videos and share them with friends. Terms and Conditions of Use of Materials Copyright in this website and materials contained on this website (Material) belongs to Wildscreen or its licensors. Visitors to this website (End Users) are entitled to: End Users shall not copy or otherwise extract, alter or manipulate Material other than as permitted in these Terms and Conditions of Use of Materials. Additional use of flagged material Green flagged material Certain Material on this website (Licence 4 Material) displays a green flag next to the Material and is available for not-for-profit conservation or educational use. This material may be used by End Users, who are individuals or organisations that are in our opinion not-for-profit, for their not-for-profit conservation or not-for-profit educational purposes. Low resolution, watermarked images may be copied from this website by such End Users for such purposes. If you require high resolution or non-watermarked versions of the Material, please contact Wildscreen with details of your proposed use. Creative commons material Certain Material on this website has been licensed to Wildscreen under a Creative Commons Licence. These images are clearly marked with the Creative Commons buttons and may be used by End Users only in the way allowed by the specific Creative Commons Licence under which they have been submitted. Please see http://creativecommons.org for details. Any other use Please contact the copyright owners directly (copyright and contact details are shown for each media item) to negotiate terms and conditions for any use of Material other than those expressly permitted above. Please note that many of the contributors to ARKive are commercial operators and may request a fee for such use. Save as permitted above, no person or organisation is permitted to incorporate any copyright material from this website into any other work or publication in any format (this includes but is not limited to: websites, Apps, CDs, DVDs, intranets, extranets, signage, digital communications or on printed materials for external or other distribution). Use of the Material for promotional, administrative or for-profit purposes is not permitted.

<urn:uuid:b227515a-59e1-44cc-adaf-bd6fbd851156>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.arkive.org/southern-viscacha/lagidium-viscacia/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705195219/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115315-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The Status of Children: A Story of Emerging Rights This chapter focuses on the gradual extension of rights to children and young people. One source of emerging rights is the United States Constitution, with its Bill of Rights and especially its Fourteenth Amendment. It influences children’s status indirectly, by placing limits on the powers of state legislatures and courts to invade the privacy and autonomy of the family. But the Constitution does not tell the whole story. As central as the Constitution may be to American law, no one source of law provides a comprehensive picture of children’s status in the United States. In fact, laws on custody, emancipation, and family life are the province of state courts and legislatures, rather than the federal Congress or federal courts. One standardising influence on the development of children’s law is federal spending to ‘promote the general welfare’. Federal programs on child welfare, child support, health care, and adoption often condition eligibility for funds on changes in state laws and policies. Another standardising force is the work of organisations that create and disseminate model laws. Oxford Scholarship Online requires a subscription or purchase to access the full text of books within the service. Public users can however freely search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter. If you think you should have access to this title, please contact your librarian.

<urn:uuid:bccf267e-50a1-45bf-9e3d-fc7a441c01b8>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198268208.001.0001/acprof-9780198268208-chapter-19

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705195219/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115315-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Develop your analytical and logical reasoning skills through the study of classical mathematical thought. As we enter the 21st century, there is an increasing demand for mathematicians in the workforce, especially women. The mathematician of today no longer sits behind a desk doing tedious calculations: She may be developing a mathematical model of a biological or chemical system, writing a computer program to control a large industrial process, piecing together animated computer graphics, or teaching a high school algebra class. Careers involving mathematics enable women to pursue a variety of challenging, rewarding, and lucrative positions at salaries well above those job fields traditionally occupied by women. Students who major in math are some of the best and brightest students at Cedar Crest, and they include many students who are combining mathematics with a major in another discipline, such as business, education, the sciences or the arts. As a math major at Cedar Crest College, you will find a curriculum designed to provide you with a broad-based mathematical foundation, as well as invaluable life skills, such as a greater ability to think analytically and solve problems. At our liberal arts college, you will be encouraged to apply these math-based skills to a wide variety of disciplines, including those in seemingly unrelated fields. Advanced mathematics courses will further strengthen your knowledge and prepare you to succeed in a variety of future endeavors, including: - A math-related career in business, education, science or industry - Graduate studies in mathematics, the sciences, business or another field - A pre-professional test or examination such as those given by the Actuarial Society - Using math-related critical thinking and problem-solving skills in everyday life Recent graduates of the mathematics program at Cedar Crest College have gone on to employment in Wall Street, CIGNA HealthCare, IBM Corporation, Pentamation Enterprises, Software Consulting Services, education, and the banking industry. Also, many of our graduates have continued their studies in graduate programs at respected institutions such as Lehigh University and the University of Tennessee. The Cedar Crest College Advantage Flexible degree planning Cedar Crest College encourages students of any major to add a mathematics major or minor to their degree. Chemistry majors may easily dual major in math simply by adding a few courses. Unique course offerings We offer customized “special topics” courses based upon student interest. We also offer specialized math courses designed for dual-major students, including those majoring in business, health care or education. A balanced approach Our well-rounded curriculum will better prepare you for a wide array of future pursuits. Here, you will learn applied mathematics, which is used in industry, science, and health care, as well as theoretical mathematics, such as modern algebra and number theory. Flexible, customized scheduling Our faculty members work closely with upper-level students to schedule required courses, sometimes offering private sessions or rescheduling classes to accommodate students’ busy schedules. Experienced, dedicated faculty Our faculty members are experts in their field and have real-world experience. Many of our professors hold doctoral degrees, and our department chair is certified to teach mathematics in secondary education. All faculty members take pride in mentoring students throughout their studies. Valuable networking opportunities Many of our math majors attend meetings of EPaDel, the local chapter of the Math Association of America. There, students are able to network with math students from other learning institutions. The mathematics program emphasizes creative engagement in mathematical thinking and confident problem solving, skills widely recognized as critical in confronting our national and global challenges. The course of study stresses analytical and logical reasoning skills based on classical mathematical thought. Grounded in the liberal arts, the curriculum stresses an understanding of the nature and structure of mathematics, its processes, and applications. Courses in this major are designed to develop in the student critical thinking skills and the ability to apply them to problems within various disciplines as well as cross-disciplinary problems. The B.S. in mathematics is a versatile and empowering degree, enabling the graduate to work in a wide variety of career areas in satisfying, challenging positions, and at salaries well above those job fields traditionally occupied by women. A mathematics major can lead to graduate study in mathematics, but also prepares a student for programs in law, finance, and medicine. Despite dramatic increases in the number of women studying sciences and technology, mathematics remains a disciplinary stronghold, an area in which women are still vastly underrepresented. The department is strongly committed to the goal of increasing the participation of women in mathematics and mathematics education, and affirms the importance of this goal for a women’s college.

<urn:uuid:02901231-eaac-460e-a9ca-14d5f604c7bf>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.cedarcrest.edu/ca/academics/mathematics/index.shtm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708766848/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125246-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Take one wee step to conserving Scotland's mountains The National Trust for Scotland is proud to care for 76,000 hectares of spectacular Scottish countryside. We have 7 National Nature Reserves, 45 Sites of Special Scientific Interest, 46 Munros and over 400 miles of upland footpaths to look after. A key part of our conservation work is done through path repair projects, which protect our mountain landscapes from erosion. When thousands of people use the same path it can become worn and rough, then when you add Scotland's famous climate, fragile surface vegetation can simply wash away. The result can be disastrous as large barren scars appear on the landscape, but we're dedicated to repairing those scars, conserving the land and still ensuring people can use access the mountains. It's a huge job, that's why we could really use your help. Support Scotland's mountains at www.oneweestep.org To find out how you can take one wee step to conserving Scotland's mountains visit our new . From here you can get closer to our mountain conservation work by watching videos of our team in action, discover volunteering opportunities, donate to our Footpath Fund and even win a holiday in A few simple tips to help conserve Scotland's Mountains We've got some great tips that will help to conserve Scotland's mountains for the The Trust cares for land at Glencoe, Kintail, Mar Lodge Estate, Ben Lomond, Ben Lawers, West Affic and Goatfell. Help protect them by following some simple tips: Always stick to the footpath. The vegetation surrounding the footpaths is very sensitive to large boots! If you need a break from walking on the stone, have a seat and take in the view. Use walking poles with rubber caps. The point of a pole pierces the vegetation. It can even dig in and dislodge stone. This allows water into the path base, leaving it exposed to water and 'frost heave' - the lifting of a path surface by frost forming within the Please do not drop litter, even fruit peelings. Although they will biodegrade, it takes a very long time. And placing them under rocks only slows the process down - so the rule is, if you bring it in with you, take it back out. If you spot someone else's rubbish then please try and take that too. You can help the paths in many simple ways. The cross-drains and water bars often get filled up with stone and silt, so if you're willing you can drag your heel through the drain to clear the stone, or even lift it out by hand. Just make sure the exit is clear, although be aware that any removed stone will roll downhill, so check first that there is no one below! When these bars and drains block, the water simply flows over them and erodes the path surface below, and although we try to keep them clear, every bit of help helps! Camping on the mountains can be a fantastic experience, but please be aware of the fire risks and remove all signs of your visit when leaving. Restrict camping to one night, use stable portable cooking equipment (ie no open fires), and please take all rubbish home. If you see people working on our paths on the hill, please heed any advice they may give you. This is especially important if there is a helicopter lift planned. We always try to keep the sites open but please be patient if you experience a slight delay: it will only be to keep you safe.

<urn:uuid:283a513a-449f-4731-a4e1-80f5257781ae>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.mwis.org.uk/one_wee_step.php

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708766848/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125246-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

In general, a metamorphic rock is coarser and has a higher density and lower porosity than the rock from which it was formed. Under low grade metamorphic conditions, the original rocks may only compact, as in the formation of slate from shale. High grade metamorphism changes the rock so completely that the source rock often cannot be readily identified.Foliation Alteration of rock texture by metamorphism commonly results in a rearrangement of mineral particles into a parallel alignment, called foliation, as a result of directed stress. Foliation, called banding or layering, is probably the single most characteristic property of metamorphic rocks. For example, slate is a metamorphic rock in which there has been little recrystallization of fine-grained sedimentary shale, but mineral realignment gives the rock a tendency to break along smooth planes termed slaty cleavage. Further higher-grade metamorphic conditions lead to a foliation called schistosity, resulting in schists, formed when tabular minerals, such as hornblende, graphite, mica, or talc are aligned and tightly packed in a parallel fashion. High grade metamorphism can segregate minerals, thereby forming bands. This foliation is called gneissic layering and forms gneiss from such rock as granite. Foliation does not always occur during metamorphism.Changes in Chemical Constituents Chemical changes occurring during metamorphism also can rearrange the chemical constituents into assemblages stable in their new environment, thus often forming new minerals of essentially the same chemical composition as those occurring in the rock prior to metamorphism. For example, hornblende can be changed into garnet or pyroxene. The mineral composition of rocks may also be altered by the addition of new elements or by the removal of elements formerly present through the action of circulating liquids or gases or by recrystallization under pressure. Contact metamorphism occurs when local rocks are metamorphosed by the heat from an igneous intrusion, such as limestone turning to marble along the contact zone. Some of the changes that occur in the older rock are due simply to the heat radiated from the igneous mass and to the pressures it creates. More extensive alterations are produced by the fluids and gases given off by the igneous mass; metamorphism of this type rarely causes foliation. Rocks around hot springs, or mineral-rich water, both of which are common along active plate boundary ridges (see plate tectonics), are often changed by hydrothermal metamorphism (or metasomatism), which may, for example, transform granite into china clay; black smokers, which occur along mid-ocean ridges, are the exit vents for extensive hydrothermal systems that alter basalts and can deposit mounds of metalliferous sediments on the seafloor. Metamorphic rocks that develop by shearing and crushing of the rock at low temperature are called cataclastic and are usually associated with the mechanical forces, especially pressure, involved in faulting (see fault).Regional Metamorphism Metamorphism on a grander scale, called regional metamorphism, accompanies mountain-building activity. These metamorphic rocks pervade regions that have been subjected to intense pressures and temperatures during the development of mountain chains along boundaries between crustal plates. Large scale, intense regional metamorphism is particularly great in the "roots" of these mountains, which were at considerable depths when the pressures forming the mountains were active. These kinds of metamorphic rocks are most commonly exposed in old mountain chains, like the Blue Ridge Mts., that have substantially eroded away over time, leaving only disturbed structure and regional metamorphic rocks. Mineralogic and structural changes in solid rocks caused by physical conditions different from those under which the rocks originally formed. Changes produced by surface conditions such as compaction are usually excluded. The most important agents of metamorphism are temperature (from 300°–2,200°F, or 150°–1200°C), pressure (from 10 to several hundred kilobars, or 150,000 to several million lbs. per sq in.), and stress. Dynamic metamorphism results from mechanical deformation with little long-term temperature change. Contact metamorphism results from increases in temperature with minor differential stress, is highly localized, and may occur relatively quickly. Regional metamorphism results from the general increase, usually correlated, of temperature and pressure over a large area and a long period of time, as in mountain-building processes. Seealso metamorphic rock. Learn more about metamorphism with a free trial on Britannica.com. Metamorphism produced with increasing pressure and temperature conditions is known as prograde metamorphism. Conversely, decreasing temperatures and pressure characterize retrograde metamorphism. The upper boundary of metamorphic conditions is related to the onset of melting processes in the rock. The maximum temperature for metamorphism is typically between 700 - 900°C, depending on the pressure and on the composition of the rock. Migmatites are rocks formed at this upper limit, which contain pods and veins of material that has started to melt but has not fully segregated from the refractory residue. Since the 1980s, it has been recognized that rarely, rocks are dry enough, and of a refractory enough composition, to record without melting "ultrahigh" metamorphic temperatures of 900 - 1100°C. Metamorphic facies are recognizable terranes or zones with an equilibrium assemblage of key minerals that were in equilibrium under specific range of temperature and pressure during a metamorphic event. The facies are named after the metamorphic rock formed under those facies conditions from basalt. Facies relationships were first described by Eskola (1920). Low grade ------------------- Intermediate --------------------- High grade Contact metamorphism is greater adjacent to the intrusion and dissipates with distance from the contact. The size of the aureole depends on the heat of the intrusive, its size, and the temperature difference with the wall rocks. Dikes generally have small aureoles with minimal metamorphism whereas large ultramafic intrusions can have significantly thick and well-developed contact metamorphism. The metamorphic grade of an aureole is measured by the peak metamorphic mineral which forms in the aureole. This is usually related to the metamorphic temperatures of pelitic or alumonisilicate rocks and the minerals they form. The metamorphic grades of aureoles are andalusite hornfels, sillimanite hornfels, pyroxene hornfels. Magmatic fluids coming from the intrusive rock may also take part in the metamorphic reactions. Extensive addition of magmatic fluids can significantly modify the chemistry of the affected rocks. In this case the metamorphism grades into metasomatism. If the intruded rock is rich in carbonate the result is a skarn. Fluorine-rich magmatic waters which leave a cooling granite may often form greisens within and adjacent to the contact of the granite. Metasomatic altered aureoles can localize the deposition of metallic ore minerals and thus are of economic interest. The textures of dynamic metamorphic zones are dependent on the depth at which they were formed, as the confining pressure determines the deformation mechanisms which predominate. Within depths less than 5km, dynamic metamorphism is not often produced because the confining pressure is too low to produce frictional heat. Instead, a zone of breccia or cataclasite is formed, with the rock milled and broken into random fragments. This generally forms a mélange. At depth, the angular breccias transit into a ductile shear texture and into mylonite zones. Within the depth range of 5-10km pseudotachylite is formed, as the confining pressure is enough to prevent brecciation and milling and thus energy is focused into discrete fault planes. The frictional heating in this case may melt the rock to form pseudotachylite glass or mylonite, and adjacent to these zones, result in growth of new mineral assemblages. Within the depth range of 10-20km, deformation is governed by ductile deformation conditions and hence frictional heating is dispersed throughout shear zones, resulting in a weaker thermal imprint and distributed deformation. Here, deformation forms mylonite, with dynamothermal metamorphism observed rarely as the growth of porphyroblasts in mylonite zones. Overthrusting may juxtapose hot lower crustal rocks against cooler mid and upper crust blocks, resulting in conductive heat transfer and localised contact metamorphism of the cooler blocks adjacent to the hotter blocks, and often retrograde metamorphism in the hotter blocks. The metamorphic assemblages in this case are diagnostic of the depth and temperature and the throw of the fault and can also be dated to give an age of the thrusting. Metamorphism is further divided into prograde and retrograde metamorphism. Prograde metamorphism involves the change of mineral assemblages (paragenesis) with increasing temperature and (usually) pressure conditions. These are solid state dehydration reactions, and involve the loss of volatiles such as water or carbon dioxide. Prograde metamorphism results in a rock representing the maximum pressure and temperature experienced. These rocks often return to the surface without undergoing retrograde metamorphism , where the mineral assemblages would become more stable under lower pressures and temperatures. Retrograde metamorphism involves the reconstitution of a rock under decreasing temperatures (and usually pressures) where revolatisation occurs; allowing the mineral assemblages formed in prograde metamorphism to return to more stable minerals at the lower pressures. This is a relatively uncommon process, because volatiles must be present for retrograde metamorphism to occur. Most metamorphic rocks return to the surface as a representation of the maximum pressures and temperatures they have undergone. Winter J.D., 2001. An introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice-Hall Inc. , 695 pages. ISBN 0-13-240342-0. 1.2 Ga Thermal Metamorphism in the Albany-Fraser Orogen of Western Australia: Consequence of Collision or Regional Heating by Dyke Swarms? Jan 01, 2003; Abstract: Compressive fabrics in the Late Palaeoproterozoic Mount Barren Group of the Albany-Fraser Orogen, southwestern... The Nature and Origin of the Barrovian Metamorphism, Scotland: ^Sup 40^ar/ ^sup 39^ar Apparent Age Patterns and the Duration of Metamorphism in the Biotite Zone Jan 01, 2011; Abstract: A geochronological traverse across the Barrovian metamorphic series, Scotland, shows ^sup 40^Ar/^sup 39^Ar apparent age... P-T Constraints and Timing of Barrovian Metamorphism in the Shetland Islands, Scottish Caledonides: Implications for the Structural Setting of the Unst Ophiolite Dec 01, 2011; Abstract: An integrated in situ monazite laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and metamorphic equilibria...

<urn:uuid:a10a0177-6ae1-472b-b732-47d2ff32e833>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.reference.com/browse/metamorphism

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708766848/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125246-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

BOOK I: INTRODUCTION View of the Aztec Civilization ANCIENT MEXICO- ITS CLIMATE AND ITS PRODUCTS- ITS PRIMITIVE RACES- AZTEC EMPIRE THE country of the ancient Mexicans, or Aztecs as they were called, formed but a very small part of the extensive territories comprehended in the modern republic of Mexico. Its boundaries cannot be defined with certainty. They were much enlarged in the latter days of the empire, when they may be considered as reaching from about the eighteenth degree north to the twenty-first on the Atlantic; and from the fourteenth to the nineteenth, including a very narrow strip, on the Pacific. In its greatest breadth, it could not exceed five degrees and a half, dwindling, as it approached its south-eastern limits, to less than two. It covered, probably, less than sixteen thousand square leagues. Yet, such is the remarkable formation of this country, that though not more than twice as large as New England, it presented every variety of climate, and was capable of yielding nearly every fruit found between the equator and the Arctic circle. All along the Atlantic the country is bordered by a broad tract, called the tierra caliente, or hot region, which has the usual high temperature of equinoctial lands. Parched and sandy plains are intermingled with others of exuberant fertility, almost impervious from thickets of aromatic shrubs and wild flowers, in the midst of which tower up trees of that magnificent growth which is found only within the tropics. In this wilderness of sweets lurks the fatal malaria, engendered, probably, by the decomposition of rank vegetable substances in a hot and humid soil. The season of the bilious fever,- vomito, as it is called,- which scourges these coasts, continues from the spring to the autumnal equinox, when it is checked by the cold winds that descend from Hudson's Bay. These winds in the winter season frequently freshen into tempests, and, sweeping down the Atlantic coast and the winding Gulf of Mexico, burst with the fury of a hurricane on its unprotected shores, and on the neighbouring West India islands. Such are the mighty spells with which Nature has surrounded this land of enchantment, as if to guard the golden treasures locked up within its bosom. The genius and enterprise of man have proved more potent than her spells. After passing some twenty leagues across this burning region, the traveller finds himself rising into a purer atmosphere. His limbs recover their elasticity. He breathes more freely, for his senses are not now oppressed by the sultry heats and intoxicating perfumes of the valley. The aspect of nature, too, has changed, and his eye no longer revels among the gay variety of colours with which the landscape was painted there. The vanilla, the indigo, and the flowering cocoa-groves disappear as he advances. The sugar-cane and the glossy-leaved banana still accompany him; and, when he has ascended about four thousand feet, he sees in the unchanging verdure, and the rich foliage of the liquid-amber tree, that he has reached the height where clouds and mists settle, in their passage from the Mexican Gulf. This is the region of perpetual humidity; but he welcomes it with pleasure, as announcing his escape from the influence of the deadly vomito. He has entered the tierra templada, or temperate region, whose character resembles that of the temperate zone of the globe. The features of the scenery become grand, and even terrible. His road sweeps along the base of mighty mountains, once gleaming with volcanic fires, and still resplendent in their mantles of snow, which serve as beacons to the mariner, for many a league at sea. All around he beholds traces of their ancient combustion, as his road passes along vast tracts of lava, bristling in the innumerable fantastic forms into which the fiery torrent has been thrown by the obstacles in its career. Perhaps, at the same moment, as he casts his eye down some steep slope, or almost unfathomable ravine, on the margin of the road, he sees their depths glowing with the rich blooms and enamelled vegetation of the tropics. Such are the singular contrasts presented, at the same time, to the senses, in this picturesque region! Still pressing upwards, the traveller mounts into other climates favourable to other kinds of cultivation. The yellow maize, or Indian corn, as we usually call it, has continued to follow him up from the lowest level; but he now first sees fields of wheat, and the other European grains, brought into the country by the conquerors. Mingled with them he views the plantations of the aloe or maguey (agave Americana), applied to such various and important uses by the Aztecs. The oaks now acquire a sturdier growth, and the dark forests of pine announce that he has entered the tierra fria, or cold region, the third and last of the great natural terraces into which the country is divided. When he has climbed to the height of between seven and eight thousand feet, the weary traveller sets his foot on the summit of the Cordillera of the Andes,- the colossal range that, after traversing South America and the Isthmus of Darien, spreads out, as it enters Mexico, into that vast sheet of tableland which maintains an elevation of more than six thousand feet, for the distance of nearly two hundred leagues, until it gradually declines in the higher latitudes of the north. Across this mountain rampart a chain of volcanic hills stretches, in a westerly direction, of still more stupendous dimensions, forming, indeed, some of the highest land on the globe. Their peaks, entering the limits of perpetual snow, diffuse a grateful coolness over the elevated plateaus below; for these last, though termed "cold," enjoy a climate, the mean temperature of which is not lower than that of the central parts of Italy. The air is exceedingly dry; the soil, though naturally good, is rarely clothed with the luxuriant vegetation of the lower regions. It frequently, indeed, has a parched and barren aspect, owing partly to the greater evaporation which takes place on these lofty plains, through the diminished pressure of the atmosphere; and partly, no doubt, to the want of trees to shelter the soil from the fierce influence of the summer sun. In the time of the Aztecs, the tableland was thickly covered with larch, oak, cypress, and other forest trees, the extraordinary dimensions of some of which, remaining to the present day, show that the curse of barrenness in later times is chargeable more on man than on nature. Indeed the early Spaniards made as indiscriminate war on the forests as did our Puritan ancestors, though with much less reason. After once conquering the country, they had no lurking ambush to fear from the submissive semi-civilised Indian, and were not, like our forefathers, obliged to keep watch and ward for a century. This spoliation of the ground, however, is said to have been pleasing to their imaginations, as it reminded them of the plains of their own Castile,- the tableland of Europe; where the nakedness of the landscape forms the burden of every traveller's lament, who visits that country. Midway across the continent, somewhat nearer the Pacific than the Atlantic ocean, at an elevation of nearly seven thousand five hundred feet, is the celebrated Valley of Mexico. It is of an oval form, about sixty-seven leagues in circumference, and is encompassed by a towering rampart of porphyritic rock, which nature seems to have provided, though ineffectually, to protect it from invasion. The soil, once carpeted with a beautiful verdure and thickly sprinkled with stately trees, is often bare, and, in many places, white with the incrustation of salts, caused by the draining of the waters. Five lakes are spread over the Valley, occupying one tenth of its surface. On the opposite borders of the largest of these basins, much shrunk in its dimensions since the days of the Aztecs, stood the cities of Mexico and Tezcuco, the capitals of the two most potent and flourishing states of Anahuac, whose history, with that of the mysterious races that preceded them in the country, exhibits some of the nearest approaches to civilisation to be met with anciently on the North American continent. Of these races the most conspicuous were the Toltecs. Advancing from a northerly direction, but from what region is uncertain, they entered the territory of Anahuac, probably before the close of the seventh century. Of course, little can be gleaned, with certainty, respecting a people whose written records have perished, and who are known to us only through the traditionary legends of the nations that succeeded them. By the general agreement of these, however, the Toltecs were well instructed in agriculture, and many of the most useful mechanic arts; were nice workers of metals; invented the complex arrangement of time adopted by the Aztecs; and, in short, were the true fountains of the civilisation which distinguished this part of the continent in later times. They established their capital at Tula, north of the Mexican Valley, and the remains of extensive buildings were to be discerned there at the time of the Conquest. The noble ruins of religious and other edifices, still to be seen in various parts of New Spain, are referred to this people, whose name, Toltec, has passed into a synonym for architect. Their shadowy history reminds us of those primitive races, who preceded the ancient Egyptians in the march of civilisation; fragments of whose monuments, as they are seen at this day, incorporated with the buildings of the Egyptians themselves, give to these latter the appearance of almost modern constructions. After a period of four centuries, the Toltecs, who had extended their sway over the remotest borders of Anahuac, having been greatly reduced, it is said, by famine, pestilence, and unsuccessful wars, disappeared from the land as silently and mysteriously as they had entered it. A few of them still lingered behind, but much the greater number, probably, spread over the region of Central America and the neighbouring isles; and the traveller now speculates on the majestic ruins of Mitla and Palenque as possibly the work of this extraordinary people. After the lapse of another hundred years, a numerous and rude tribe, called the Chichemecs, entered the deserted country from the regions of the far North-west. They were speedily followed by other races, of higher civilisation, perhaps of the same family with the Toltecs, whose language they appear to have spoken. The most noted of these were the Aztecs, or Mexicans, and the Acolhuans. The latter, better known in later times by the name of Tezcucans, from their capital, Tezcuco, on the eastern border of the Mexican lake, were peculiarly fitted, by their comparatively mild religion and manners, for receiving the tincture of civilisation which could be derived from the few Toltecs that still remained in the country. This, in their turn, they communicated to the barbarous Chichemees, a large portion of whom became amalgamated with the new settlers as one nation. Availing themselves of the strength derived, not only from the increase of numbers, but from their own superior refinement, the Acolhuans gradually stretched their empire over the ruder tribes in the north; while their capital was filled with a numerous population, busily employed in many of the more useful and even elegant arts of a civilised community. In this palmy state, they were suddenly assaulted by a warlike neighbour, the Tepanecs, their own kindred, and inhabitants of the same valley as themselves. Their provinces were overrun, their armies beaten, their king assassinated, and the flourishing city of Tezcuco became the prize of the victor. From this abject condition the uncommon abilities of the young prince Nezahualcoyotl, the rightful heir to the crown, backed by the efficient aid of his Mexican allies, at length redeemed the state, and opened to it a new career of prosperity, even more brilliant than the former. The Mexicans, with whom our history is principally concerned, came also, as we have seen, from the remote regions of the north,- the populous hive of nations in the New World, as it has been in the Old. They arrived on the borders of Anahuac towards the beginning of the thirteenth century, some time after the occupation of the land by the kindred races. For a long time they did not establish themselves in any permanent residence; but continued shifting their quarters to different parts of the Mexican Valley, enduring all the casualties and hardships of a migratory life. On one occasion, they were enslaved by a more powerful tribe; but their ferocity soon made them formidable to their masters. After a series of wanderings and adventures, which need not shrink from comparison with the most extravagant legends of the heroic ages of antiquity, they at length halted on the south-western borders of the principal lake, in the year 1325. They there beheld, perched on the stem of a prickly pear, which shot out from the crevice of a rock that was washed by the waves, a royal eagle of extraordinary size and beauty, with a serpent in his talons, and his broad wings open to the rising sun. They hailed the auspicious omen, announced by an oracle as indicating the site of their future city, and laid its foundations by sinking piles into the shallows; for the low marshes were half buried under water. On these they erected their light fabrics of reeds and rushes; and sought a precarious subsistence from fishing, and from the wild fowl which frequented the waters, as well as from the cultivation of such simple vegetables as they could raise on their floating gardens. The place was called Tenochtitlan, though only known to Europeans by its other name of Mexico, derived from their war-god, Mexitli. The legend of its foundation is still further commemorated by the device of the eagle and the cactus, which form the arms of the modern Mexican republic. Such were the humble beginnings of the Venice of the Western World. The forlorn condition of the new settlers was made still worse by domestic feuds. A part of the citizens seceded from the main body, and formed a separate community on the neighbouring marshes. Thus divided, it was long before they could aspire to the acquisition of territory on the main land. They gradually increased, however, in numbers, and strengthened themselves yet more by various improvements in their polity and military discipline, while they established a reputation for courage as well as cruelty in war, which made their name terrible throughout the Valley. In the early part of the fifteenth century, nearly a hundred years from the foundation of the city, an event took place which created an entire revolution in the circumstances, and, to some extent, in the character of the Aztecs. This was the subversion of the Tezcucan monarchy by the Tepanecs, already noticed. When the oppressive conduct of the victors had at length aroused a spirit of resistance, its prince, Nezahualcoyotl, succeeded, after incredible perils and escapes, in mustering such a force, as, with the aid of the Mexicans, placed him on a level with his enemies. In two successive battles these were defeated with great slaughter, their chief slain, and their territory, by one of those sudden reverses which characterise the wars of petty states, passed into the hands of the conquerors. It was awarded to Mexico, in return for its important services. Then was formed that remarkable league, which, indeed, has no parallel in history. It was agreed between the states of Mexico, Tezcuco, and the neighbouring little kingdom of Tlacopan, that they should mutually support each other in their wars, offensive and defensive, and that, in the distribution of the spoil, one fifth should be assigned to Tlacopan, and the remainder be divided, in what proportions is uncertain, between the other powers. The Tezcucan writers claim an equal share for their nation with the Aztecs. But this does not seem to be warranted by the immense increase of territory subsequently appropriated by the latter. And we may account for any advantage conceded to them by the treaty, on the supposition, that however inferior they may have been originally, they were, at the time of making it, in a more prosperous condition than their allies, broken and dispirited by long oppression. What is more extraordinary than the treaty itself, however, is the fidelity with which it was maintained. During a century of uninterrupted warfare that ensued, no instance occurred where the parties quarrelled over the division of the spoil, which so often makes shipwreck of similar confederacies among civilised states. The allies for some time found sufficient occupation for their arms in their own valley; but they soon overleaped its rocky ramparts, and by the middle of the fifteenth century, under the first Montezuma, had spread down the sides of the tableland to the borders of the Gulf of Mexico. Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital, gave evidence of the public prosperity. Its frail tenements were supplanted by solid structures of stone and lime. Its population rapidly increased. Its old feuds were healed. The citizens who had seceded were again brought under a common government with the body, and the quarter they occupied was permanently connected with the parent city; the dimensions of which, covering the same ground, were much larger than those of the modern capital. Fortunately, the throne was filled by a succession of able princes, who knew how to profit by their enlarged resources and by the martial enthusiasm of the nation. Year after year saw them return, loaded with the spoils of conquered cities, and with throngs of devoted captives, to their capital. No state was able long to resist the accumulated strength of the confederates. At the beginning of the sixteenth century, just before the arrival of the Spaniard, the Aztec dominion reached across the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific; and, under the bold and bloody Ahuitzotl, its arms had been carried far over the limits already noticed as defining its permanent territory, into the farthest corners of Guatemala and Nicaragua. This extent of empire, however limited in comparison with that of many other states, is truly wonderful, considering it as the acquisition of a people whose whole population and resources had so recently been comprised within the walls of their own petty city; and considering, moreover, that the conquered territory was thickly settled by various races, bred to arms like the Mexicans, and little inferior to them in social organisation. The history of the Aztecs suggests some strong points of resemblance to that of the ancient Romans, not only in their military successes, but in the policy which led to them. 1. Extensive indeed, if we may trust Archbishop Lorenzana, who tells us, "It is doubtful if the country of New Spain does not border on Tartary and Greenland;--by the way of California, on the former, and by New Mexico, on the latter!" Historia de Nueva España, (México, 1770,) p. 38, nota. 2. I have conformed to the limits fixed by Clavigero. He has, probably, examined the subject with more thoroughness and fidelity than most of his countrymen, who differ from him, and who assign a more liberal extent to the monarchy. (See his Storia Antica del Messico, (Cesena, 1780,) dissert. 7.) The Abbé, however, has not informed his readers on what frail foundations his conclusions rest. The extent of the Aztec empoire is to be gathered from the writings of historians since the arrival of the Spaniards, and from the picture-rolls of tribute paid by the conquered cities; both sources extremely vague and defective. See the MSS. of the Mendoza collection, in Lord Kingsborough's magnificent publication (Antiquities of Mexico, comprising Facsimiles of Ancient Paintings and Hieroglyphics, together with the Monuments of New Spain. London, 1830). The difficulty of the inquiry is much increased by the fact of the conquests having been made, as will be seen hereafter, by the united arms of three powers, so that it is not always easy to tell to which party they eventually belonged. The affair is involved in so much uncertainty, that Clavigero, notwithstanding the positive assertions in his text, has not ventured, in his map, to define the precise limits of the empire, either towards the north, where it mingles with the Tezcucan empire, or towards the south, where, indeed, he has fallen into the egregious blunder of asserting, that, while the Mexican territory reached to the fourteenth degree, it did not include any portion of Guatemala. (See tom. I. p. 29, and tom. IV. dissert. 7.) The tezcucan chronicler, Ixtlilxochitl, puts in a sturdy claim for the paramount empire of his own nation. Historia Chichemeca, MS., cap. 39, 53, et alibi. 3. Eighteen to twenty thousand, according to Humboldt, who considers the mexican territory ot have been the same with that occupied by the modern intendancies of Mexico, Puebla, Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, and Valladolid. (Essai Politique sur le Royaume de Nouvell Espagne, (Paris, 1825,) tom. I. p. 196.) This last, however, was all, or nearly all, included in the rival kingdom of Mechoacan, as he himself more correctly states in another part of his work. Comp. tom. II. p. 164. 4. The traveller, who enters the country across the dreary sand-hills of Vera Cruz, will hardly recognise the truth of the above description. He must look for it in other parts of the tierra caliente. Of recent tourists, no one has given a more gorgeous picture of the impressions made on his senses by these sunny regions than Latrobe, who came on shore at Tampico; (Rambler in Mexico, (New York, 1836) chap. 1;) a traveller, it may be added, whose descriptions of a man and nature, in our own country, where we can judge, are distinguished by a sobriety and fairness that entitle him to confidence in his delineation of other countries. 5. This long extent of country varies in elevation from 5570 to 8856 feet,--equal to the height of the passes of Mount Cenis, or the Great St. Bernard. The table-land stretches still three hundred leagues further, before it declines to a level of 2624 feet. Humboldt, Essai Politique, tom. I. pp. 157, 255. 6. About 62° Fahrenheit, or 17° Réaumur. (Humboldt, Essai Politique, tom I. p. 273.) The more elevated plateaus of the table-land, as the Valley of Toluca, about 8500 feet above the sea, have a stern climate, in which the thermometer, during a great part of the day, rarely rises beyond 45° F. Idem, (loc. cit.,) and Malte-Brun, (Universal Geography, Eng. Trans., book 83,) who is, indeed, in this part of his work, but an echo of the former writer. 7. The elevation of the Castiles, according to the authority repeatedly cited, is about 350 toises, or 2100 feet above the ocean. (Humboldt's Dissertation, apud Laborde, Itinéraire Descriptif de l'Espagne, (Paris, 1827,) tom. I. p. 5.) It is rare to find plains in Europe of so great a height. 8. Archbishop Lorenzana estimates the circuit of the Valley at ninety leagues, correcting at the same time the statement of Corté, which puts it at seventy, very near the truth, as appears from the result of M. de Humboldt's measurement, cited in the text. Its length is about eighteen leagues, by twelve and a half in breadth. (Humboldt, Essai Politique, tom. II. p. 29.--Lorenzana, Hist. de Neuva España, p. 101.) Humboldt's map of the Valley of Mexico forms the third in his "Atlas Geographique et Physique," and, like all the others in the collection, will be found of inestimable value to the traveller, the geologist, and the historian. 9. Humboldt, Essai Politique, tom. II. pp. 29, 44-49.--Malte Brun, book 85. This latter geographer assigns only 6700 feet for the level of the Valley, contradicting himself, (Comp. book 83,) or rather, Humboldt, to whose pages he helps himself, plenis manibus, somewhat too liberally, indeed, for the scanty references at the bottom of his page. 10. Torquemada accounts, in part, for this diminution, by supposing, that, as God permitted the waters, which once covered the whole earth, to subside, after mankind had been nearly exterminated for their iniquities, so he allowed the waters of the Mexican lake to subside in token of good-will and reconciliation, after the idolatrous races of the land had been destroyed by the Spaniards! (Monarchía Indiana, (Madrid, 1723,) tom. I. p. 309.) Quite as probable, if not as orthodox an explanation, may be found in the active evaporation of these upper regions, and in the fact of an immense drain having been constructed, during the lifetime of the good father, to reduce the waters of the principal lake, and protect the capital from inundation. 11. Anahuac, according to Humboldt, comprehended only the country between the 14th and 21st degrees of N. latitude. (Essai Politique, tom. I. p. 197.) According to Clavigero, it included nearly all since known as New Spain. (Stor. del Messico, tom. I. p. 27.) Veytia uses it, also, as synonymous with New Spain. (Historia Antigua de Méjico, (Méjico, 1836,) tom. I. cap. 12) The first of these writers probably allows too little, as the latter do too much, for its boundaries. Ixtlilxochitl says it extended four hundred leagues south of the Otomie country. (Hist. Chichemeca, MS., cap. 73.) The word Anahuac signifies near the water. It was, probably, first applied to the country around the lakes in the Mexican Valley, and gradually extended to the remoter regions occupied by the Aztecs, and the other semicivilized races. Or, possibly, the name may have been intended, as Veytia suggests, (Hist. Antig., lib. 1, cap. 1) to denote the land between the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific. 12. Clavigero talks of Boturini's having written "on the faith of the Toltec historians." (Stor. del Messico, tom. I. p. 128.) But that scholar does not pretend to have ever met with a Toltec manuscript, himself, and had heard of only one in the possession of Ixtlilxochitl. (See his Idea de una Nueva Historia de la América Septentrional, (Madrid, 1746,) p. 110.) The latter writer tells us, that his account of the Toltec and Chichemec races was "derived from interpretation," (probably, of the Texcucan paintings,) "and from the traditions of old men"; poor authority for events which had passed, centuries before. Indeed, he acknowledges that their narratives were so full of absurdity and falsehood, that he was obliged to reject nine-tenths of them. (See his Relaciones, MS., no. 5.) The cause of truth would not have suffered much, probably, if he had rejected nine-tenths of the remainder. 13. Ixtlilxochitl, Hist. Chich., MS., cap. 2.--Idem, Relaciones, MS., no. 2.--Sahagun, Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España, (México, 1829,) lib. 10, cap. 29.--Veytia, Hist. Antig., lib. 1, cap. 27. 14. Sahagun, Hist. de Nueva España, lib. 10, cap. 29. 15. Idem, ubi supra.--Torquemada, Monarch. Ind., lib. 1, cap. 14. 16. Description de l'Egypte, (Paris, 1809,) Antiquités, tom. I. cap. 1. Veytia has traced the migrations of the Toltecs with sufficient industry, scarcely rewarded by the necessarily doubtful credit of the results. Hist. Antig., lib. 2, cap. 21-33. 17. Ixtlilxochitl, Hist. Chich. MS., cap. 73. 18. Veytia, Hist. Antig., lib. 1, cap. 33.--Ixtlilxochitl, Hist. Chich., MS., cap. 3.--Idem, Relaciones, MS., no. 4, 5.--Father Torquemada--perhaps misinterpreting the Texcucan hieroglyphics--has accounted for this mysterious disappearance of the Toltecs, by such fee-faw-fum stories of giants and demons, as show his appetite for the marvellous was fully equal to that of any of his calling. See his Monarch. Ind., lib. 1, cap. 14. 19. Texcuco signifies "place of detention"; as several of the tribes who successively occupied Anahuac were said to have halted some time at the spot. Ixtlilxochitl, Hist. Chich., MS., cap. 10. 20. The historian speaks, in one page, of the Chichemecs' burrowing in caves, or, at best, in cabins of straw;--and, in the next, talks gravely of their señoras, infantas, and caballeros! Ibid., cap. 9, et seq.--Veytia, Hist. Antig., lib. 2. cap. 1-10.--Camargo, Historia de Tlascala, MS. 21. Ixtlilxochitl, Hist. Chich. MS., cap. 9-20.--Veytia, Hist. Antig., lib. 2, cap. 29-54. 22. These were the Colhuans, not Acolhuans, with whom Humboldt, and most writers since, have confounded them. See his Essai Politique, tom. I. p. 414, II. p. 37. 23. Clavigero gives good reasons for preferring the etymology of Mexico above noticed, to various others. (See his Stor. del Messico, tom. I. p. 168, nota.) The name Tenochtitlan signifies tunal (a cactus) on a stone. Esplicacion de la Col. de Mendoza, apud Antiq. of Mexico, vol. IV. 24. "Datur hæc venia antiquitati," says Livy, "ut, miscendo humana divinis, primordia urbium augustiora faciat." Hist., Præf.--See, for the above paragraph, Col. de Mendoza, plate 1, apud Antiq. of Mexico, vol. I.,--Ixtlilxochitl, Hist. Chich., MS., cap. 10,--Toribio, Historia de los Indios. MS., Part 3, cap. 8,--Veytia, Hist. Antig., lib. 2, cap. 15.--Clavigero, after a laborious examination, assigns the following dates to some of the prominent events noticed in the text. No two authorities agree on them; and this is not strange, considering that Clavigero--the most inquisitive of all--does not always agree with himself. (Compare his dates for the coming of the Acolhuans; tom. I. p. 147, and tom. IV. dissert. 2.)-- See his dissert. 2, sec. 12. In the last date, the one of most importance, he is confimed by the learned Veytia, who differs from him in all the others. Hist. Antig., lib. 2, cap. 15. 25. The loyal Tezcucan chronicler slaims the supreme dignity for his own sovereign, if not the greatest share of the spoil, by this imperial compact. (Hist. Chich., cap. 32.) Torquemada, on the other hand, claims one half of all the conquered lands for Mexico. (Monarch. Ind., lib. 2, cap. 40.) All agree in assigning only one fifth to Tlacopan; and Veytia (Hist. Antig., lib. 3, cap. 3) and Zurita (Rapport sur lex Différentes Classes de Chefs de la Nouvelle Espagne, trad. de Ternaux, (Paris, 1840,) p. 11), both very competent crtitcs, acquiesce in an equal division between the two principal states in the confederacy. An ode, still extant, of Nezahualcoyotl, in its Castilian version, bears testimony to the singular union of the three powers. 26. See the plans of the ancient and modern capital, in Bullocks' "Mexico," first edition. The original of the ancient map was obtained by that traveller from the collection of the unfortunate Boturini; if, as seems probable, it is the one indicated on page 13 of his Catalogue, I find no warrant for Mr. Bullock's statement, that it was the same prepared for Cortés by the order of Montezuma. 27. Clavigero, Stor. del Messico, tom. I. lib. 2.--Torquemada, Monarch. Ind., tom. I. lib. 2.--Boturini, Idea, p. 146.--Col. of Mendoza, Part 1, and Codex Telleriano-Remensis, apud Antiq. of Mexico, vols. I., VI.

<urn:uuid:977c9f41-f331-4585-984f-d9012afe4e1f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/PRESCOTT/bk01_ch01.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708766848/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125246-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Doug's Comments On Marrying Feathers Marrying feathers is the process of uniting sections from differently colored wing flight quills, tails or flank feathers. To produce married wings you need to have a matched pair (one from each side of the bird) of feathers for each color you require. In order to produce the married wing decide on the number of barbules required for each color to produce a wing of the proper width for the size of fly you are tying. Take your first color and cut out a group of about ten to fifteen barbules. Cut out a similar width of the second color. Even the tips of the two sections and hold the butts of the sections close together between the thumb and first finger of your right hand. With the thumb and first finger of your left hand, gently stroke the feather sections upward, making the sections adhere to each other. Take similar sections from all left-hand feathers and form the other wing. Slide the two sections together so that the barbules lock together. If you try to marry barbules from opposite sides of the feather you will find that they do not truly interlock and will separate easily). To separate off the required width of the second color counts up the number of barbules required and slide a darning needle along the joint just above the last barbule required. This will separate off the required width. Repeat the process with any other colors required. Finally when all colors have been married adjust the width of the first color using your needle. You will find it fairly easy to marry larger widths of feather but if you try this with only one or two barbules you will have difficulty. a layer of white thread along the shank of the streamer hook from behind the eye of the hook to the bend. (2) Tie in the married tail with 3 loose lops to prevent the married sections from separating. Continue to tie in the tail with tighter wraps. (3) Tie in the white floss and silver ribbing. (4) Wrap the thread toward the eye. (5) Wrap the floss to form the body to the mid section. (6) Tie in the mid fin with the same technique that was used for the tail. Make sure that the fin points in the down direction. (7) Continue to wrap the floss to form the mid section to the eye, and secure with the (8) Carefully wrap the tinsel with five wraps to form the ribbing, and secure it near the eye (9) Attach the yellow calf's tail underwing so it extends to just above the bend of (10)Attach the two grizzly hackle wings flanked with the two olive hackle wings. This step can also be done Rangeley style by cementing the grizzly and olive hackles before attaching. (11)Tie in and finish with a black head.

<urn:uuid:97bde13a-050c-447e-af31-7f61612afbee>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://globalflyfisher.com/streamers/fish/brooktrout/saball.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698207393/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095647-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

1,000 - 5,000 downloadsAdd this app to your lists Nonograms, also known as Hanjie, Paint by Numbers, or Griddlers, are picture logic puzzles in which cells in a grid have to be colored or left blank according to numbers given at the side of the grid to reveal a hidden picture. In this puzzle type, the numbers measure how many unbroken lines of filled-in squares there are in any given row or column. For example, a clue of "4 8 3" would mean there are sets of four, eight, and three filled squares, in that order, with at least one blank square between successive groups.These puzzles are often black and white but can also have some colors. If they are colored, the number clues will also be colored in order to indicate the color of the squares. Two differently colored numbers may or may not have a space in between them. For example, a black four followed by a red two could mean four black spaces, some empty spaces, and two red spaces, or it could simply mean four black spaces followed immediately by two red ones.

<urn:uuid:9ea6f324-9da9-429f-bccb-e89a774b1f45>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.appszoom.com/android_games/brain_puzzle/nonogram_crlhu.html?nav=related

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698207393/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095647-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Related BLS programs | Related articles July 1992, Vol. 115, No. 7 Reconciling conflicting data on jobs for college graduates Daniel E. Hecker Since the early 1970's, the data suggest a growing proportion of college graduates are in jobs that usually do not require at least a bachelor's degree. Bureau of Labor Statistics analysis of data related to the employment of college graduates indicates that there are more jobseekers with college degrees than there are openings in jobs requiring a degree.1 News reports and surveys by government agencies and private organizations on the employment patterns of recent college graduates support this conclusion. BLS projects that this divergence will continue through 2005.2 In contrast to this apparent mismatch of jobs and jobseekers, articles in research and popular journals in recent years have pointed out that since 1979, earnings of college graduates have increased sharply relative to earnings of high school graduates. Some analysts have interpreted this to mean that employers were forced to bid up the wages of college graduates in order to fill vacant jobs-an action likely to occur only when there is a shortage of graduates. Analysis of earnings data by educational level clearly confirm a sharp rise in earnings for college graduates relative to those of high school graduates during the 1980's. However, this article concludes that the relative earnings increase for college graduates was the result of a worsening job market for male high school graduates, not because of a shortage of workers with college degrees. This excerpt is from an article published in the July 1992 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. The full text of the article is available in Adobe Acrobat's Portable Document Format (PDF). See How to view a PDF file for more information. Read abstract Download full text in PDF (622K) 1 See Jon Sargent and Janet Pfleeger, "The Job Outlook for College Graduates to the Year 2000," Occupational Outlook Quarterly, Summer 1990. Previous analyses the outlook for college graduates was published in the Winter 1979 and Summer 1982, 1984, 1986 and 1988 issues of Quarterly. 2 See Kristina J. Shelley, "The future of jobs for college graduates," page 13, this issue. The future of jobs for college graduates. July 1992. Within Monthly Labor Review Online: Welcome | Current Issue | Index | Subscribe | Archives Exit Monthly Labor Review Online: BLS Home | Publications & Research Papers

<urn:uuid:ba45d96d-634b-4ce4-a0ed-2b313f09bea2>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1992/07/art1exc.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698207393/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095647-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Georgia Museum of Natural History The museum is located in the Natural History Building on the east campus of the University of Georgia. It is a young museum, recognized in 1978 by former university president Fred Davison. In 1999 the Georgia General Assembly designated it the Georgia Museum of Natural History. It is supported by a membership organization, the Friends of the Georgia Museum of Natural History. The museum is a consortium of fourteen affiliated collections: anthropology, arthropods (mites and insects), botany, economic geology, herpetology, ichthyology, invertebrates (primarily mollusks), mammalogy, mineralogy, mycology, ornithology, paleontology, palynology, and zooarchaeology. The museum's mission is to collect and preserve evidence of the cultural and natural heritage of Georgia and beyond, to encourage scholarship and service relating to the collections, to foster stewardship of the heritage of the people of Georgia, and to instruct people in their cultural and natural heritage. Some vital statistics about the collections are as follows. The oldest bird specimen from outside the United States is a white wagtail, collected in the Netherlands in 1870. A black-billed cuckoo is the oldest American bird, collected in Connecticut in 1878. The oldest bird from Georgia is a swamp sparrow collected in 1891. The largest specimen is a complete right-whale skeleton. Some of the smallest specimens are in the mycology collection. For example, Coccidiascus legeri is a single-celled, yeastlike parasite that inhabits the gut of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. The cells are fifteen to twenty microns long. It is known only from Georgia, though the original description was done in 1913 on materials in France. The largest collection is archaeology, with more than three million artifacts. The zoology and botany collections contain endangered or extinct plants and animals. The collections grow by more than 25,000 specimens each year. Providing technical service to state, federal, and private resource management agencies and firms is a major activity for most of the collections. The collections are also important research and teaching tools for faculty and students at the University of Georgia and elsewhere. The museum provides academic support to University of Georgia graduate and undergraduate students through the Joshua Laerm Academic Support Fund. The museum offers a number of public programs. These include special events, exploration kits, Web sites, traveling exhibits, tours, and other activities. The museum does not have an exhibition hall. Elizabeth J. Reitz, Georgia Museum of Natural History, University of Georgia A project of the Georgia Humanities Council, in partnership with the University of Georgia Press, the University System of Georgia/GALILEO, and the Office of the Governor.

<urn:uuid:a9695def-0e34-4bad-b0a3-262c401a81f3>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-712&pid=s-85

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698207393/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095647-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Fewer Americans are getting screened for cancer. Researchers in Miami found the number of people who underwent preventive screenings during the last decade decreased significantly. The study found people were not getting screened for breast, cervical and prostate cancer as often as the government says they should. The only exception was colorectal cancer screenings. The authors think rising health insurance costs and conflicting opinions about some of the guidelines may have lead to the decline. An MRI is an effective way to screen patient's for Alzheimer's disease, according to a new study from the University of Pennsylvania. Researchers found the test was accurate 75% of the time. They say testing a patient's spinal fluid with a lumbar puncture is even more accurate, but an MRI is non-invasive and costs less. Researchers say for the 25% of cases that are borderline, a lumbar test would be advisable. And - kindness may be the key to prevent bullying. A new study of 9 to 11 year olds found children who were assigned to perform acts of kindness - like sharing their lunch or giving their moms a hug-- reported increased feelings of happiness. Classmates were also more likely to choose them to work on school projects. Researchers say the more a child has acceptance from his or her peers, the less likely he or she will be bullied.

<urn:uuid:36828354-93a5-4342-a4c6-f3c9e4b72d1a>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.ktvn.com/story/20441827/cancer-screenings-mris-acts-of-kindness

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698207393/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095647-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

L. Q. C. Lamar (1825-1893) Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar was a U.S. representative and senator from Mississippi, a Confederate officer, Confederate diplomat, and an associate justice of the Supreme Court. Lamar was elected as a Democrat for two terms in Congress (1857-60). He was a lieutenant colonel in the Confederate Army. Lamar entered the diplomatic service of the Confederacy in 1862 and was sent on special missions to Russia, France, and England. He was elected to Congress again (1873-77) and elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate (1877-85). President Cleveland appointed him associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1888 to 1893. - 1878 circa 5 years - Original Format: - Cabinet Card - Mathew Brady - download hi-res watermarked image - Ambassadors & Diplomats - Confederacy & Confederate Army - Lawyers & Judges - House of Representatives - Supreme Court All Licensed images are available for download as jpeg files at 300 dpi of original size. If your project requires an image at higher resolution, please contact us (be sure to include item number). Custom requests may require an additional charge.

<urn:uuid:8d6e052c-f19a-4237-b01e-38857a0b757e>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.picturehistory.com/product/id/16791

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698207393/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095647-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Contents: W.A. Collins, Foreword: Contextualizing Middle Childhood: Beyond 1984. C.R. Cooper, C.T. García Coll, W.T. Bartko, H. Davis, C. Chatman, Editors' Introduction. Part I:How Adults and Children, Through Their Perceptions and Actions, Connect Resources Across Family, School, and Community Contexts. H.B. Weiss, E. Dearing, E. Mayer, H. Kreider, K. McCartney, Family Educational Involvement: Who Can Afford It and What Does It Afford? J.A. Fredricks, S. Simpkins, J.S. Eccles, Family Socialization, Gender, and Participation in Sports and Instrumental Music. B. Thorne, Unpacking School Lunchtime: Structure, Practice, and the Negotiation of Differences. W.T. Bartko, The Contexts and Significance of Children's Everyday Experiences and Activities: A Commentary. Part II:How Low-Income Families and Children and Their Teachers Interpret and Use Contexts as Resources for Creating Pathways Through Childhood. D. Stipek, Children as Unwitting Agents in Their Developmental Pathways. E.D. Lowe, T.S. Weisner, S. Geis, A.C. Huston, Child-Care Instability and the Effort to Sustain a Working Daily Routine: Evidence From the New Hope Ethnographic Study of Low-Income Families. P. Blumenfeld, J. Modell, W.T. Bartko, W.G. Secada, J.A. Fredricks, J. Friedel, A. Paris, School Engagement of Inner-City Students During Middle Childhood. W.G. Secada, The Mediation of Contextual Resources. Part III:How Immigration Affects Children's Emerging Identities in Their Family, School, and Community Contexts. C.R. Cooper, C.T. García Coll, B. Thorne, M.F. Orellana, Beyond Demographic Categories: How Immigration, Ethnicity, and "Race" Matter for Children's Emerging Identities and Pathways Through School. C.T. García Coll, L.A. Szalacha, N. Palacios, Children of Dominican, Portuguese, and Cambodian Immigrant Families: Academic Attitudes and Pathways During Middle Childhood. C.R. Cooper, E. Domínguez, S. Rosas, Soledad's Dream: How Immigrant Children Bridge Their Multiple Worlds and Build Pathways to College. A.J. Fuligni, J. Alvarez, M. Bachman, D.N. Ruble, Family Obligation and the Academic Motivation of Young Children From Immigrant Families. V.C. McLoyd, Pathways to Academic Achievement Among Children From Immigrant Families: A Commentary. J.J. Goodnow, Contexts, Diversity, Pathways: Advances and Next Steps. A. Prout, Reflections on Childhood, Diversity, Pathways, and Context. C.R. Cooper, H. Davis, Epilogue: Mapping Concepts of Contexts, Diversity, and Pathways Across Disciplines.

<urn:uuid:af6c9d55-ca03-4729-8e02-4254a484c02d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.psypress.com/books/details/9780805851991/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698207393/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095647-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

How The Sweet Potato Crossed The Pacific Way Before The Europeans Did Filed by KOSU News in World News. January 23, 2013 When it comes to spreading food around the world, Christopher Columbus and his European compatriots get most of the credit. Yes, they introduced some quintessential ingredients into European and Asian cuisine. Who could imagine Italian food without the tomato? Or Indian and Chinese dishes without the spicy kick of chili peppers? But anthropologists think that a few foods made the 5,000-mile trek across the Pacific Ocean long before Columbus landed in the New World. And their proof is in the potato — the sweet potato. By analyzing the DNA of 1,245 sweet potato varieties from Asia and the Americas, researchers have found a genetic smoking gun that proves the root vegetable made it all the way to Polynesia from the Andes — nearly 400 years before Inca gold was a twinkle in Ferdinand and Isabella’s eyes. The findings, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, offer more evidence that ancient Polynesians may have interacted with people in South America long before the Europeans stepped foot on the continent. “There’s been many kinds of evidence – linguistic and archaeological – for contact between these two people,” Caroline Rouiller, an evolutionary biologist at the Center for Functional and Evolutionary Ecology in France who led the study, tells The Salt. “But the sweet potato is the most compelling.” Sweet potatoes originated in Central and South America. But archaeologists have found prehistoric remnants of sweet potato in Polynesia from about A.D. 1000 to A.D. 1100, according to radiocarbon dating. They’ve hypothesized that those ancient samples came from the western coast of South America. Among the clues: One Polynesian word for sweet potato — “kuumala” — resembles “kumara,” or “cumal,” the words for the vegetable in Quechua, a language spoken by Andean natives. But until now, there was little genetic proof for this theory of how the tater traveled. Part of the reason why is that modern sweet potatoes are a genetic muddle — a hybrid of different cultivars that Europeans helped spread around the globe — so it’s hard to decipher their origins from their DNA. Rouiller got around this problem by turning to dried sweet potato remains kept in a London museum. Capt. James Cook’s crew picked up the vegetables in Polynesia back in 1769, before all this interbreeding took off. Examining the genetic blueprint of Cook’s sweet potatoes allowed Rouiller and her colleagues to trace the root’s evolution all the way back to Ecuador and Peru. So how did the sweet potato make the ocean voyage? Its seeds could have possibly hitched a ride on seaweed or gotten lodged in the wing of a bird. But Pat Kirch, an archeologist at the University of Berkeley, California, thinks the Polynesians were well-equipped to sail right across the Pacific to South America and pick up a potato. “There’s a lot of evidence accumulating over the last 10 years that the Polynesians made landfall in South America,” he says. “We think they had sophisticated, double-hulled canoes — like very large catamarans — which could carry 80 or more people and be out to sea for months.” But Polynesians didn’t just grab the potatoes and head home. There are clues that they may have introduced chickens to the continent while they were at it. “In recent years, there is this baffling evidence that there were chickens in western Peru before Columbus,” Charles C. Mann, the author of the book 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, tells The Salt. But the claims have been disputed, he says, because the chicken bones date back to sometime between 1300 and 1400. “This is like three minutes before Columbus arrives,” Mann jokes. “It’s kind of weird that it’s right before the Europeans got there.” Nevertheless, Mann thinks the sweet potato research offers exciting evidence of contact between Polynesians and people in South America. “It would be a mind-boggling voyage,” he says. “Suppose you started some place in Easter Island. It’s incredible to think that you could go all the way to South America. This is scurvy time. It’s a long journey and incredibly dangerous. You’d have to be completely insane — which people are.” Insane? Maybe. Then again, you never know the lengths a person will go to for some sweet potato fries. [Copyright 2013 NPR]

<urn:uuid:88edd7c3-4917-481e-b883-5f94a6b5b652>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://kosu.org/2013/01/how-the-sweet-potato-crossed-the-pacific-way-before-the-europeans-did/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702448584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516110728-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

(NEW YORK) -- Doctors have long warned us how tanning beds raise the risk of skin cancer. Now, a new study suggests tanning parlors are fighting back, with dangerous misinformation. The study, published in the journal Pediatrics, found out how you can get burned by some shady claims. For the study, researchers at Washington University surveyed 243 tanning salons in the state of Missouri. They found that 43 percent claimed there are no risks to indoor tanning. A whopping 65 percent said they would allow children as young as 10 or 12 to tan, in direct defiance of established medical advice. And only 19 percent of the salons surveyed advocated the use of sunscreen. Not one facility asked if potential customers had skin cancer or took light-sensitive medications. And just 22 percent followed the U.S. Food and Drug Administration guideline that clients should have a skin exam before tanning. On the plus side, 85 percent did say customers had to wear eye protection, but when customers expressed concerns about getting "raccoon eyes," over half allowed them to tan with no eye protection at all. While none of the misinformation and bad advice given by the tanning salons is illegal, Missouri is one of 17 states without statewide tanning regulations. Due to the known risks of UV rays and tanning -- increased skin cancer, eye damage, premature skin aging -- the authors are calling for state legislation of tanning beds as "medical devices," and enforcement of current FDA regulations. Copyright 2013 ABC News Radio

<urn:uuid:1300ce70-2345-4727-9d32-5377ffa7ebc0>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.945thehawkradio.com/common/more.php?m=58&ts=1369259462&article=C58DA89E809F11E286DEFEFDADE6840A&mode=2

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702448584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516110728-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Charles Hardin Holley (September 7, 1936 – February 3, 1959), known professionally as Buddy Holly, was an American singer-songwriter and a pioneer of rock and roll. Although his success lasted only a year and a half before his death in an airplane crash, Holly is described by critic Bruce Eder as "the single most influential creative force in early rock and roll." His works and innovations inspired and influenced contemporary and later musicians, notably The Beatles, Elvis Costello, The Rolling Stones, Don McLean, Bob Dylan, Steve Winwood, and Eric Clapton, and exerted a profound influence on popular music. Holly was one of the inaugural inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Holly No. 13 among "The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time". Buddy Holly and The Crickets - Peggy Sue The 'Peggy Sue' who inspired Buddy Holly's song of that name describes growing up in Lubbock Texas and we see Buddy Holly and The Crickets play. This entry is from Wikipedia, the user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors and is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. If you find the biography content factually incorrect, defamatory or highly offensive you can edit this article at Wikipedia. Find out more about our use of this data. Reviewed by Sean Egan One of popular music’s most innovative and inspired artists. Reviewed by Chris Jones His sphere of influence still endures and grows. Rave on, Buddy...

<urn:uuid:cbc49695-f57e-4ae7-b166-d52cffd18c4d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/d352f5dd-3023-4565-a7bb-52396bf8821d

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702448584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516110728-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Coastal ecosystems are vulnerable to habitat loss from impacts such as boat groundings, extreme wind events, and declining water quality. Habitat restoration offers a way to regain ecosystem services lost as a result of acute or chronic injuries. NCCOS develops and evaluates methods and tools to guide restoration of impacted habitats. When coral reef or seagrass beds are damaged by boats in NOAA managed areas, the responsible party can be asked to pay for damages. We respond to injuries and refine restoration techniques for coral reef, seagrass, and coastal intertidal habitats. We develop approaches to assess restoration success and habitat recovery, and have established national and international guidelines on conservation and restoration of seagrasses. Management agencies use NCCOS habitat recovery models and protocols to determine recovery trajectories, claims costs and restoration strategies. NCCOS scientists also deliver expert witness testimony in federal court in support of the Department of Justice and NOAA's General Council. We also help practitioners develop monitoring programs that can determine if a restoration project is on track and gauge how well a restoration site is functioning. Science-Based Restoration Monitoring of Coastal Habitats provides technical assistance, outlines necessary steps, and provides useful tools for the development and implementation of sound scientific monitoring of coastal restoration efforts.

<urn:uuid:6df99e2a-06a1-4c99-8adc-5c37866e7de4>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.coastalscience.noaa.gov/research/scem/restoration

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702448584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516110728-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Published in July of 2012. The Violinist's Thumb does for DNA what Sam Kean's first book, The Disappearing Spoon, did for the periodic table. He is able to transform what could be difficult and dry scientific concepts into compelling narratives driven by a series of larger than life personalities. This form of science writing may not work for everyone, as the reader needs to bring a healthy dose of curiosity as well as some patience as Kean unwinds his stories. But if you are willing to follow Kean through his (many) diversions, you will come away with a rich understanding of both the science of DNA, as well as the path in which the great genetic discoveries were made. The task of telling the scientific story behind our genes, and the historical story of how the science of genetics came into existence, must have seemed daunting to Kean. For the most part he succeeds in both efforts. I finished The Violinist's Thumb with a clearer picture of the biology of DNA and the role that genetics plays in explaining behavior. My grasp of the timeline of our major genetic discoveries, from Mendel to Darwin to Watson and Crick to Venter is on more solid ground. The story of Mendel's garden to the human genome project is perhaps the most important scientific narrative of the modern world, and the success of The Violinist's Thumb in placing both the science and the history into an accessible and entertaining one-volume format should be applauded. Whenever I read a terrific nonfiction book aimed at non-specialists, particularly a science book, I always wonder (and ask you) about what place these books could and should have within our curriculum. I have no doubt that a book like The Violinist's Thumb would encourage some people who never thought that studying biology and genetics would be interesting to change their minds. Science majors would benefit from understanding the history of the disciplines in which they are studying. But who would assign reading like The Violinist's Thumb? In how many biology courses could enough time be made to have everyone read and discuss the entire book? Would a non-academic book, written by a journalist rather than a historian or social scientist, make it on to the syllabi of our history or sociology of science courses? Do you have some examples of when popular science writing has made it into our coursework? What are you reading?

<urn:uuid:8b968f05-0e99-4ff7-8fa1-d809d2dd5327>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/technology-and-learning/recommendation-and-some-questions-about-violinists-thumb

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702448584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516110728-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The Academic's Role The Academic's Role (accessible teaching and learning) How does one interpret the word "reasonable"? The general interpretation is what would be reasonably expected from the establishment concerned taking into consideration the financial resources of the establishment as a whole and the time constraints of the individuals concerned. Back to Top Making Word documents more accessible Nowadays, any information that is imparted to either the public, or within UCL should be made as accessible and as usable as possible. This includes signage, information on the web, handouts, leaflets, booklets etc. Handouts created in Word Printing handouts on off-white paper will considerable help colour sensitive users and dyslexics as it removes the glare of black text on white. Font size should be no smaller than 12 points but according to the latest research it is not thought that the style of font will affect reading of hard copies. However, it is now commonly thought that a sans serif font such as Arial or in particular Verdana are far easier to read when viewing on screen. Long documents should have a Table of Contents added so that students can see at a glance the structure of the contents. This will not only help dyslexics who respond better to learning in small chunks, but ALL students will find this will enhance their absorption of the material they are reading. There are other functions in Word that will make learning easier, e.g. cross-references, an index. Additionally, all handouts should be made available electronically, in order that disabled students, such as those with dyslexia or who are visually impaired, are able to customise documents to their own requirements. For example, they can change the background and the font colour to avoid the glare caused by black text on white. They can also change the line spacing, the font, the size of font and modify the styles of the original document. So you might ask yourself what is left for the originator to do? In point of fact the one thing that will really contribute to making an electronic version of a Word document more usable is to ensure that it is easy to navigate. So how is this done? The answer is to use an appropriate hierarchy of styles so that the user can navigate the document using Document Map view. In order to do this all headings should have a style allotted to them in the relevant hierarchy, i.e. Heading 1 for the main headings, heading 2 for the sub-headings and heading 3 for the sub-sub-headings and so on. Body text should be set to Normal with only the occasional emphasis using italics or bold, never underlining to avoid confusion with hyperlinks. Word has built in styles The option arrow in the Style box in the Formatting toolbar with all the default styles available, e.g. Heading 1, 2 and 3 and Normal. The Clear Formatting option will attribute text with Normal style. All you have to do is… Place the cursor within the heading text, select the appropriate heading from the Style box within the Formatting toolbar. You can change the default heading styles if you wish by clicking on the relevant style in the Styles and Formatting Task Pane and clicking on the Modify… option. Once you have attributed the various heading styles within the document it should then be possible to view those headings in Document Map view. To access Document Map View you will need to go the View menu and select Document Map. The entire document, no matter how many pages can be quickly navigated by clicking on the various headings. By doing this not only will you be helping students who are experiencing fine motor difficilties and would find it difficult to scroll through many pages, but those students who have been diagnosed as dyslexic. All this will the added benefit that everyone will find it easier to identify the structure of the document and navigate quickly to pertinent sections. By adopting styles and a Table of Contents (TOC) you will have created a Word document which if converted to a PDF will then also be accessible in that format as well. Back to Top Making PowerPoint presentations more accessible All students would benefit from having the speaker’s notes added to each slide which is a built-in function within PowerPoint. One would then have to ask the question as to how many academics would have the time to ‘write up’ their annotations. However, if notes in the form of a crib sheet are already available then it is a simple case of copying them to the notes section of the relevant slides. If no notes are available then the very least the originator, or the person responsible for publishing the PowerPoint presentation, should do is copy all the text from each slide and paste it into the relevant Notes section. This is necessary because if a vision impaired user is “listening” to the presentation through specialist software the actual slides become graphics when either Impatica is used or the presentation is converted to a PowerPoint show. All you have to do is… Adjust the PowerPoint Screen so that the Notes area is in view by dragging on the grey bar between the slide window and the Notes window. Print Notes Pages Paste text into the area where “Click to add notes” is displayed prior to any text appearing in the Notes window. You can format this text using bullets and numbering just as you can within Word. The Notes pages can then be printed/published/downloaded separately. The secret to making PDFs more accessible is to ensure that prior to conversion the original document was made accessible.

<urn:uuid:5d8c56d7-e954-4072-a180-f5c4a3f050f5>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/isd/common/accessibility/academics_role

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702448584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516110728-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Throughout your life, you will have two sets of teeth: primary (baby) teeth and secondary (permanent) teeth. At age 6-8 months, the primary teeth appear; all 20 are in place by age 3. Permanent teeth will begin to grow around age 6, and except for wisdom teeth, are all present between ages 12 and 14. The next teeth to grow in are the 12-year molars and finally the wisdom teeth. Wisdom teeth typically begin breaking through from age 17 and on. The total number of permanent teeth is 32, though few people have room for all 32 teeth. This is why wisdom teeth are usually removed. Your front teeth are called incisors. The sharp “fang-like” teeth are canines. The next side teeth are referred to as pre-molars or bicuspids, and the back teeth are molars. Your permanent teeth are the ones you keep for life, so it is vital that they are brushed and flossed regularly and that periodic check-ups by a dentist are followed.

<urn:uuid:5a71cbfa-b75f-4af9-8446-754dec48a3dd>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://drcoakley.com/Patientinfo/AboutTeeth.aspx

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705559639/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115919-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

A crisis that shook French politics and society to their foundations. In December 1894 Captain Alfred Dreyfus (b. 1859, d. 1935), a Jewish officer from Alsace on the General Staff of the French Army, was convicted of treason by a military court for passing on military secrets to the Germans. Since the leaking of information continued, the new chief of the French intelligence service, Colonel Picquart, established that the culprit was not Dreyfus, but one Commandant Esterházy. The army refused to reopen the case, and Picquart received a posting to Tunisia. His successor began to manufacture evidence to prove Dreyfus's guilt, but meanwhile so many questions had been raised in public that a trial of Esterházy became inevitable. The latter's acquittal in a farcical trial spurred the famous novelist Émile Zola into action. He attacked the army's actions against Dreyfus in an open letter under the title J'accuse (‘I accuse’) on 13 December 1898. Yet it was not until a change of President (Loubet for Faure) and of Prime Minister (Waldeck‐Rousseau for Dupuy) that a retrial became possible. In August 1899, Dreyfus was still found guilty, but ‘with extenuating circumstances’, and his sentence was reduced to ten years. In response, Dreyfus received a presidential pardon, but it was not until 1906 that he was fully rehabilitated and reinstated in the army. The affair revealed the deep anti‐Semitism that permeated every social strata in France and led to widespread disturbances at the height of the affair, in 1898. For the following decades, it polarized French society, which had just begun to overcome its political divisions, into a right wing hostile to the Republic and supported by popular Catholicism, which rallied around anti‐Semitism, and a left wing which had (generally) advocated Dreyfus's acquittal, and which rallied behind the Republic.

<urn:uuid:76a41d52-bad5-4f78-a16d-3486ce521dc7>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095731213

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705559639/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115919-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Karl KautskyArticle Free Pass Karl Kautsky, (born October 16, 1854, Prague, Bohemia [now Czech Republic]—died October 17, 1938, Amsterdam, Netherlands), Marxist theorist and a leader of the German Social Democratic Party. After the death of Friedrich Engels in 1895, Kautsky inherited the role of the intellectual and political conscience of German Marxism. Having joined the Austrian Social Democrats while a student at the University of Vienna, Kautsky became a Marxist when he went to Zürich, Switzerland (1880), and came under the influence of the political theorist Eduard Bernstein. In London he met Engels, with whom he maintained a close friendship until the latter’s death. In 1883 Kautsky founded and edited the Marxist review Neue Zeit, publishing it in Zürich, London, Berlin, and Vienna until 1917. In 1891 the Social Democrats adopted his Erfurt Program, which committed the party to an evolutionary form of Marxism that rejected both the radicalism of Rosa Luxemburg and the evolutionary socialist doctrines of Bernstein. Kautsky served as the German Social Democrats’ authority on Marxism until World War I, when he joined the minority Independent Social Democrats in their opposition to the war. Although he had earlier defended the revolutionary ambitions of Marxism against the reformism of Bernstein, after the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, Kautsky increasingly became isolated from the Independents by his opposition both to violent revolution and to minority socialist dictatorships. The Russian revolution led by Vladimir Lenin was not the revolution he sought, and Kautsky was the target of one of Lenin’s most venomous polemics. After many Independents joined the Communist Party, the remaining Independents and the majority branch of the German Social Democratic Party reunited, a result for which Kautsky had laboured. After 1918 he edited the German Foreign Office’s archives, publishing secret documents regarding the origins of the war. He engaged in literary activities in Vienna from 1924 until 1938, when the German occupation of Austria forced him to flee. His major works include The Economic Doctrines of Karl Marx (1887), Thomas More and His Utopia (1888), and many articles in Neue Zeit. What made you want to look up "Karl Kautsky"? Please share what surprised you most...

<urn:uuid:4a43a206-7d9f-4599-a04d-593e44ed2ab1>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/313494/Karl-Kautsky

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705559639/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115919-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

© 2005-2012 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). All rights reserved worldwide. After treatment for cancer ends, talk with your child’s doctor about developing a follow-up care plan. This plan may include regular physical examinations and/or medical tests to monitor your child’s recovery for the coming months and years. All children treated for cancer should have life-long, follow-up care. Many of the current treatments that are effective in curing childhood cancer are associated with short-term and long-term side effects, including cognitive (thought-process) and developmental side effects. These side effects can appear or change as a child grows older. As most children with cancer are cured, the schedule of follow-up care is based on the dosage and specific drugs used in treatment, as well as the dosage of radiation therapy. Recommendations for follow-up care according to the risk of possible late effects of treatment have been developed by the Children’s Oncology Group and can be found at www.survivorshipguidelines.org. Based on the type of treatment the child received, the doctor will determine what examinations and tests are needed to check for long-term side effects and the possibility of secondary cancers. Your child’s doctor can recommend the necessary screening tests. Follow-up care should also address the child’s quality of life, including any developmental or emotional concerns. Learn more about childhood cancer survivorship. The child’s family is encouraged to organize and keep a record of the child’s medical information. That way, as the child enters adulthood, he or she has a clear, written history of the diagnosis, the treatment given, and the doctor’s recommendations about the schedule for follow-up care. The doctor’s office can help you create this. This information will be valuable to doctors who care for your child during his or her lifetime. ASCO offers cancer treatment summary forms to help keep track of the cancer treatment your child received and develop a survivorship care plan once treatment is completed. Children who have had cancer can also enhance the quality of their future by following established guidelines for good health into and through adulthood, including not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet, and participating in regular physical activity. Talk with the doctor about developing a plan that is best for your child’s needs. Learn more about the next steps to take in survivorship. Find out more about common terms used after cancer treatment is complete.

<urn:uuid:f5012c15-e22e-4e44-a52d-2b651d7d9fed>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/childhood-cancer/after-treatment

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705559639/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115919-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Exploring Humanitarian Law (EHL) is a teacher curriculum produced by the International Committee of the Red Cross in association with the Education Development Center and in collaboration with the American Red Cross. The EHL curriculum meets the National Social Studies Standards for high school and it is integrated as part of basic education in secondary school curricula across the world. The primary intention of EHL is to help young people embrace the principles of humanity in their daily lives and in the way they assess events at home and abroad. In particular, outcomes should take account of positive changes in levels of: The EHL curriculum is periodically updated. For the most recent version, please download the PDF version of this module.

<urn:uuid:aef90d57-c782-427e-94a5-887f22cad067>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://ehl.redcross.org/curriculum/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709037764/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125717-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

|• City Council|| |• City Manager||Ronald Bowman| Boerne (// BUR-nee) is a city in and the county seat of Kendall County, Texas, United States, within the Texas Hill Country. Boerne was named in honor of a Jewish German author and publicist, and its population was 10,471 in the 2010 census. The city is noted for the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case City of Boerne v. Flores. Founded in 1849 as Tusculum, the name was changed to Boerne when the town was platted in 1852. Boerne is the home of the Guadalupe Valley Poetry Celebration, a regional poetry festival that benefits the Boerne Public Library. Boerne came into being as an off-shoot of the Texas Hill Country Free Thinker Latin Settlements, resulting from the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states. Those who came were Forty-Eighters, intellectual liberal abolitionists who enjoyed conversing in Latin and who believed in utopian ideals that guaranteed basic human rights to all. They reveled in passionate conversations about science, philosophy, literature, and music The Free Thinkers first settled Castell, Bettina, Leningen. and Schoenburg in Llano County. These experimental communities were supported by the Adelsverein for one year. The communities eventually failed due to lack of finances after the Adelsverein funding expired, and conflict of structure and authorities. Many of the pioneers from these communities moved to Sisterdale, Boerne and Comfort. In 1849, a group of Free Thinker German colonists from Bettina camped on the north side of Cibolo Creek, about a mile west of the site of present Boerne. They named their new community after Cicero's Tusculum home in ancient Rome. In 1852, John James and Gustav Theissen, who helped settle Sisterdale, platted the townsite, renamed it in honor of German author Karl Ludwig Börne, with the Anglicized spelling of Boerne. The town was not incorporated until 1909. August Staffell was the original postmaster in 1856. The 1870 limestone courthouse, second oldest in Texas, was designed by architects Philip Zoeller and J. F. Stendebach, and stands directly across the street from the current 1998 courthouse designed by architects Rehler Vaughn & Koone, Inc. In the late 1870s, retired British army officers, including Glynn Turquand and Captain Egremont Shearburn, played one of the first polo matches in the United States in Boerne. The polo ground is still visible on Balcones Ranch, bought by Captain Turquand in 1878. Boerne's robust environment encouraged the health resort industry. Sisters of the Incarnate Word founded the St. Mary's Sanitarium in 1896 for pulmonary patients; Dr. W.E. Wright contracted with the Veterans Administration in 1919 to provide care for World War I veterans suffering from lung ailments; the William L. Sill Tuberculosis Resort operated northwest of Boerne; and Mrs. Adolph (Emilie) Lex opened her home to recovering patients, eventually converting two rooms into operating rooms. Karl Degener organized the Boerne Gesang Verein (singing club) and the Boerne Village Band in 1860. The family and descendants of Sisterdale resident Baron Ottmar von Behr have included three generations of directors of the Boerne Village Band, and four generations of musicians. The band is billed as "Oldest Continuously Organized German Band in the World outside Germany", and in 1998 the Federal Republic of Germany recognized the Boerne Village Band for its contribution to the German heritage in Texas and America. Darmstadt Society of Forty Some of the early settlers in Boerne migrated from the collapsed Fisher-Miller Land Grant experimental colonies of the Darmstadt Society of Forty. Boerne is located at Coordinates: . According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.1 square miles (16 km2), of which 5.8 square miles (15 km2) is land and 0.3 square miles (0.78 km2) (4.74%) is water. The town is 30 miles (48 km) northwest of Downtown San Antonio. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,178 people, 2,292 households, and 1,613 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,061.1 people per square mile (409.9/km2). There were 2,466 housing units at an average density of 423.5 per square mile (163.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.76% White, 0.36% African American, 0.37% Native American, 0.16% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 3.29% from other races, and 1.05% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 19.44% of the population. There were 2,292 households out of which 36.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.0% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.6% were non-families. 25.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.10. In the city the population was spread out with 26.0% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 84.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.1 males. The median income for a household in the city was $42,009, and the median income for a family was $50,903. Males had a median income of $35,039 versus $25,773 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,251. About 6.5% of families and 9.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.5% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over. - "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-06-07. - Scharf, Edwin E. "Freethinkers of the Early Texas Hill Country". Freethinkers Association of Central Texas. Retrieved 11 May 2010. Freethinkers Association of Central Texas - Kennedy, Ira. "German Intellectuals on the Texas Frontier". TexFiles. Retrieved 11 May 2010. TexFiles - "Castell, Texas". Texas Escapes - Blueprints For Travel, LLC. Retrieved 11 May 2010. Texas Escapes - Blueprints For Travel, LLC. - "Bettina, Texas - Vanished Sister to Castell". Castell, Texas. Retrieved 11 May 2010. - Brister, Louis E.: Leiningen, Prince Carl from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 30 April 2010. Texas State Historical Association - Brister, Louis E.: Adelsverein from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 11 May 2010. Texas State Historical Association - Scharf, Edwin E. "Freethinkers of the Early Texas Hill Country". Free Thinkers Association of Texas. Retrieved 11 May 2010. - "Cimetière du Père Lachaise, Grave of Karl Ludwig Börne". Find A Grave. Retrieved 11 May 2010. - "Börne, Karl Ludwig". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 11 May 2010. - "Boerne Postmasters". Jim Wheat. Retrieved 11 May 2010.Jim Wheat - "Kendall County Courthouses". Texas Escapes - Blueprints For Travel, LLC. Retrieved 11 May 2010. Texas Escapes - Blueprints For Travel, LLC. - Horace A. Laffaye, Polo in Britain: A History, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2012, p. 69 - "St. Mary's Sanitarium". Kendall County TxGenWeb Project. Retrieved 11 May 2010. - "Dr. Wright's Sanitorium". Kendall County TxGenWeb Project. Retrieved 11 May 2010. - "William L. Sill Tuberculosis Resort". Kendall County TxGenWeb Project. Retrieved 11 May 2010. - "Lex Sanitarium". Kendall County TxGenWeb Project. Retrieved 11 May 2010. - "Boerne Village Band". Texas Music History Online. Retrieved 11 May 2010. Texas Music History Online - von Behr musicians from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 11 May 2010. Texas State Historical Association - "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23. - "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31. - City of Boerne - Boerne Chamber of Commerce - Boerne Berges Fest - Boerne Convention & Visitors Bureau - Boerne Public Library - Cascade Caverns - Cibolo Nature Center - Boerne from the Handbook of Texas Online

<urn:uuid:e9a75e17-847f-4413-9d19-d3b6c5a77a28>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boerne,_Texas

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709037764/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125717-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

How Our Growth-Hungry Economy Has Devastated the Planet -- And How We Can Change Course Stay up to date with the latest headlines via email. The following is an excerpt from Enough is Enough: Building a Sustainable Economy in a World of Finite Resources by Rob Dietz and Dan O'Neill (Berrett-Koehler, 2013). To appreciate why an economy based on enough is worth striving for, it is useful to examine the failings of an economy that forever chases more. It’s no secret that the dominant economic philosophy of modernity is more—more people and more production, more money and more consumption. Employees try to earn more income, business managers try to report more revenue on the balance sheet, and politicians try to ensure that the economy churns out more goods and services. On the surface, more seems like a good idea. For an employee, more money can mean financial security; for a business manager, more revenue can result in a promotion; and for a politician, more national income can generate votes in the next election. But if you dig beneath the surface, you begin to uncover the fatal flaws of more. The main problem with pursuing never-ending growth stems from the fact that the economy is a subsystem of the biosphere. All of the inputs to the economy come from the environment, and all of the wastes produced by it return to the environment. As the economy expands, it consumes more materials and energy, and emits more wastes. But since we live on a finite planet, this process can’t go on forever. Like an inner tube inside a tire, the subsystem can only grow so large compared to the system that contains it. The size of the economy is typically measured using gross domestic product (GDP). GDP is the total amount of money spent on all final goods and services produced within a country over the course of a year. Since one person’s spending is another person’s income, GDP is also the total income of everyone in the country. GDP functions as an indicator of the overall level of economic activity—of money changing hands. Economic growth, as reported in the media at least, refers to GDP growth, which is equivalent to an increase in the amount of money changing hands. A helpful place to turn for a long-term perspective on GDP growth is the work of economic historian Angus Maddison. During his distinguished career, Maddison compiled a remarkable data series on population and GDP starting in the year 1 c.e. and running to 2008. For most of human history, the size of the economy was small compared to the size of the biosphere. But over the last hundred years or so, this balance has changed remarkably owing to the increase in the number of people in the world and the growth in each person’s consumption of goods and services. Between 1900 and 2008, world population increased from 1.5 billion to 6.8 billion people—more than a factor-of-four increase. At the same time, GDP per capita increased from $1,260 to $7,600—a factor-of-six increase. The result is that world GDP increased by an astounding factor of more than twenty-five over the last century, from about $2 trillion to $51 trillion (and this is after adjusting for inflation). On its own, an increase in GDP would not be a problem, except that economic activity is tied very closely to energy and resource use. As GDP increases, the economy requires more energy and resources, and produces more wastes. While Maddison’s work provides a picture of the phenomenal growth of GDP, the work of ecological economists provides a picture of the growth in material and energy use that has accompanied it. As a result of GDP growth, humanity now uses eleven times as much energy, and eight times the weight of material resources every year as it did only a century ago. And most of this increase has occurred in the last fifty years.

<urn:uuid:aa020c09-4d67-4186-b264-b0cd8d6aec68>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.alternet.org/environment/how-our-growth-hungry-economy-has-devastated-planet-and-how-we-can-change-course?qt-best_of_the_week=1

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709037764/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125717-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en