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Little Red Riding Hood is a classic fairy tale that has been cherished and retold by generations of readers the world over. The story follows Little Red, a young girl who is sent off to visit her grandmother in the woods with a basket of goodies. Along the way she encounters the big bad wolf, who tricks her into giving away information about where she’s going and what she’s carrying. With this knowledge, he makes his way to her grandmother’s house before her arrival, disguising himself as Grandma in order to catch Little Red off guard. Fortunately for our hero, an observant woodcutter arrives just in time, saving both from particular peril. This timeless story teaches us many lessons about caution, courage, and trusting our instincts – values we can use throughout life! Once upon a time, there was a dear little girl loved by everyone who looked at her, but most of all by her grandmother, and there was nothing that she would not have given to the child. Once, she gave her a little cap of red velvet, which suited her so well that she would never wear anything else. So she was always called Little Red Riding Hood. One day her mother said to her, “Come, Little Red Riding Hood, here is a piece of cake and a bottle of wine. Take them to your grandmother, she is ill and weak, and they will do her good. Set out before it gets hot, and when you are going, walk nicely and quietly and do not run off the path, or you may fall and break the bottle, and then your grandmother will get nothing. And when you go into her room, don’t forget to say good-morning, and don’t peep into every corner before you do it.” continue reading> Setting the Scene: Grandmother’s House Grandmother’s house is where many of us recall fond memories from our childhood. Stepping inside it can take us back to a time when life was simpler and we were free of responsibility. It’s the setting for many classic fairy tales, including Little Red Riding Hood, which has been passed down through the generations since its first publication in 1697. Little Red Riding Hood, with her iconic red cape and basket filled with treats, is thought to have originated as a tale meant to teach children not to stray away from the path or talk to strangers. The story follows Little Red as she visits her grandmother’s house deep in the woods only to find that a menacing wolf has taken her place in bed. Despite this harrowing twist, Grandmother’s House remains an important part of the story – providing an atmosphere that encapsulates childhood innocence and naivety before danger strikes. Meeting the Wolf For centuries, the story of Little Red Riding Hood has captivated children and adults alike. But the untold story of her fateful meeting with a wolf in the woods has long been shrouded in mystery. Now, new evidence sheds light on this classic fairytale – proving that Little Red Riding Hood was far braver than we ever imagined! The tale tells us that Little Red Riding Hood encountered a wolf while making her way to Grandma’s house with a basket of treats. However what really happened during this fateful encounter is unknown. Recent archaeological research suggests that when faced with danger, Red reacted with courage and heroism – ultimately vanquishing the wolf from whence it came! Her bravery is an inspiring reminder to us all that standing up for oneself is sometimes necessary to protect one’s own safety, even in the face of danger. Red Riding Hood Unaware Little Red Riding Hood is one of the most famous fairytales of all time, but few people know the true story behind this classic tale. For centuries, Little Red Riding Hood has been passed down from generation to generation as an innocent fable about a young girl and her journey through the forest. However, beneath the surface lies a much darker moral lesson that has gone unnoticed for far too long. This untold story reveals a hidden warning about straying from one’s path and succumbing to temptation. While Little Red Riding Hood is unaware of the dangers lurking in the woods, she soon learns that trusting strangers can be dangerous and that even those closest to us can lead us astray if we fail to remain vigilant. In this timeless classic, readers are given an important reminder about being mindful of our decisions and remaining aware of our surroundings at all times. The Woodsman to the Rescue The tale of Little Red Riding Hood has long been a favorite among young children, but what about the untold story of the Woodsman who arrived just in time to save her? This classic fairytale comes with an exciting backstory that reveals how the Woodsman saved our beloved heroine from a near-fatal encounter with a wolf. It began when Little Red Riding Hood ventured off into the woods with her basket full of treats. Unbeknownst to her, she had stumbled upon the territory of a particularly ferocious wolf. The animal was ready to pounce until he heard something else in the distance – it was the sound of an axe chopping away at some trees! It was then that our brave Woodsman burst onto the scene and managed to subdue the wolf before any harm could be done. Life Lessons Learned from little red riding hood Little Red Riding Hood has been a beloved fairytale for generations, and continues to captivate audiences of all ages with its timeless lessons about the world around us. The classic story of Little Red Riding Hood can teach us valuable life lessons that transcend beyond its original context. It is an age-old reminder that things are not always as they seem and encourages readers to look deeper into the moral implications behind its characters and plot points. The untold story of Little Red Riding Hood reveals much more than the dangers of speaking to strangers in the woods. Its true message lies within its cautionary tale – a warning against trusting appearances and being mindful in our interactions with others. Through her journey, Little Red learns to be brave and independent; she finds her own inner strength and resourcefulness to outsmart danger before it falls upon her.

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In 1964, Marshall McLuhan, media theorist, stated that when people go behind the wheel, they are transformed into superhumans. While this statement may be a bit exaggerated, we can’t deny technology has the power to make us feel more powerful. Ever since the beginning of the 20th century , speed, power, and technology have captivated artists and became an important part of their creations. However, it was the car itself that evolved to become a true symbol of the new world – a world where opportunities are endless. Throughout the decades, cars have become a central subject in various works of art, but to what do we owe that? Creating the cult of speed The legendary 1901 Nice-Salon-Nice race marks the moment the cult of speed began to develop in modern society, followed two years after by the Paris-Madrid race, which established race drivers as true superhumans. This moment was followed shortly by the apparition of an artistic movement known as Futurism. In a piece written by lead futurist poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, “Manifesto of Futurism”, he celebrates the car as being an important symbol of the modern world. And, by taking a look at what the future holds when it comes to electric cars , we believe his statement is still correct. From that moment on, man and machine became inseparable throughout the art movements of the 20th century. Modern technology, influencing expressionists After modernism came expressionism, which also turned the car into a focal point for many works of art. Painters such as Man Ray and Max Ernst used tires, wheels, and cogs as symbols in their paintings, to emphasize the idea of progression and evolution. In the interwar period, the enthusiasm for cars in art grew even stronger, with cubist painter Francis Picabia becoming known for his impressive collection of cars (120 before his death). Taking cars apart through Pop Art When Pop Art became an influential art current in the ‘60s, the car remained an important source of inspiration, only this time deconstruction became the go-to art process. This marked the era of mass culture, where mass production was but a consumer fetish. Andy Warhol, infamous Pop Artist, put together a famous art series called “Car Crash”, comprised out of images portraying car accidents with victims still trapped inside the vehicles. He based his work on press photos, which were enlarged and played on sensationalism, suggesting the decline of our civilization. Then followed a series of works by various modern artists such as Allan Kaprow and Wolf Vostell, who used cars to express their artistic views. Vostell even went as far as to encase Cadillacs in concrete as part of his work. Cars become the canvas Come the ‘70s, artists took cars to a whole new artistic level and receive licenses to use these cars as their own canvases. The first one to paint a BMW Art Car was Alexander Calder back in 1975, followed by Andy Warhol, Esther Mahlangu, and Roy Liechtenstein. Cars continued to be an artistic motif throughout the ’90s and 2000s as well, with one notable piece of art coming from artist Pipilotti Rist in the form of a video installation. In this installation, a young woman walks down the street and uses a bouquet of flowers to smash the windows of a car.

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Structures / Cathedral of Christ the Light - Mark Sarkisian In the tradition of Northern California Bay Area architecture, the Cathedral incorporates a highly innovative use of modest materials including glued laminated timber, exposed reinforced concrete, high strength steel, aluminum and glass to provide lightness and luminosity into a symbolic form. The geometry of the Cathedral is derived from Vesica Pisces motif and concepts using intersecting circles and spheres to create an efficient structural form. Spherically shaped in plan and section, inner curved and tapered glued laminated wood timber rib members, and outer exterior sloping straight glued laminated rib members, form the framework of the sanctuary superstructure. Douglas Fir was selected as the most appropriate wood species because of its production availability on the West Coast, economic considerations, fire-resistance, strength, stability, consistency and natural architectural appearance. High-strength steel rods and tapering, turned glued-laminated wood struts interconnect the inner and outer ribs forming a hybrid steel-timber braced frame structure providing stability under both vertical and horizontal loading. The Cathedral of Christ the Light replaced the historic St. Francis de Sales Cathedral damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Following an international design competition to replace the damaged Oakland cathedral, construction on the new cathedral complex commenced in 2005. The Cathedral of Christ the Light celebrated its opening dedication on September 25th, 2008. The main Cathedral gravity and lateral structural system consists of a hybrid glued laminated heavy timber superstructure interconnected with tensioned steel rods and timber compression struts supported on a base of reinforced concrete reliquary walls and sanctuary floor substructure. The main Cathedral oculus roof rises 120 feet above the sanctuary floor. Located 4.7km from the Hayward Fault adjacent to Lake Merritt in downtown Oakland, the superstructure rests on a base seismic isolation system consisting of 36 steel double concave friction pendulum isolation bearings. The main Cathedral composes a 1,350-seat sanctuary with side chapels, a baptistery, and dependencies. It is the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Oakland in Oakland, California, and honors its religious and civic obligations to the parish community, ministries, Catholic Diocese and the city. - ACI NorCal Chapter Regional Architecture Award for Use of Concrete (2007) - Treehugger.com Ten of the World's Most Beautiful Green Buildings (2008) - McGraw-Hill Construction Best of the Best Award (2008) - SEAONC Award of Excellence Landmark Structures (2009) - SEAOC Award of Excellence Landmark Structures (2009) - SEAOI Jurors' Favorite Honor Award (2009) - NCSEA Excellence in Structural Engineering Award (2009) - IStructE Award for Community or Residential Structures (2009) - ASCE SF Section Outstanding Architectural Engineering Project of the Year (2009) - Wood Works California Wood Design Award: Landmark Category (2009) - AIA National Honor Award for Architecture (2009) - AIA California Council East Bay Honor Award (2009) - AIA SF Charter Excellence in Architecture: Honor Award, (2009))

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New artificial intelligence tools that write human-like prose and create stunning images have taken the world by storm. But these awe-inspiring technologies are not creating something out of nothing; they’re trained on lots and lots of data, some of which come from works under copyright protection. Now, the writers, artists and others who own the rights to the material used to teach ChatGPT and other generative AI tools want to stop what they see as blatant copyright infringement of mass proportions. With billions of dollars at stake, U.S. courts will most likely have to sort out who owns what, using the 1976 Copyright Act, the same law that has determined who owns much of the content published on the internet. U.S. copyright law seeks to strike a balance between protecting the rights of content creators and fostering creativity and innovation. Among other things, the law gives content creators the exclusive right to reproduce their original work and to prepare derivative works. But it also provides for an exception. Known as “fair use,” it permits the use of copyrighted material without the copyright holder’s permission for content such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching and research. On the one hand, “we want to allow people who have currently invested time, money, creativity to reap the rewards of what they have done,” said Sean O’Connor, a professor of law at George Mason University. “On the other hand, we don’t want to give them such strong rights that we inhibit the next generation of innovation.” Is AI ‘scraping’ fair use? The development of generative AI tools is testing the limits of “fair use,” pitting content creators against technology companies, with the outcome of the dispute promising wide-ranging implications for innovation and society at large. In the 10 months since ChatGPT’s groundbreaking launch, AI companies have faced a rapidly increasing number of lawsuits over content used to train generative AI tools. The plaintiffs are seeking damages and want the courts to end the alleged infringement. In January, three visual artists filed a proposed class-action lawsuit against Stability AI Ltd. and two others in San Francisco, alleging that Stability “scraped” more than 5 billion images from the internet to train its popular image generator Stable Diffusion, without the consent of copyright holders. Stable Diffusion is a “21st-century collage tool” that “remixes the copyrighted works of millions of artists whose work was used as training data,” according to the lawsuit. In February, stock photo company Getty Images filed its own lawsuit against Stability AI in both the United States and Britain, saying the company copied more than 12 million photos from Getty’s collection without permission or compensation. In June, two U.S.-based authors sued OpenAI, the creator of ChatGPT, claiming the company’s training data included nearly 300,000 books pulled from illegal “shadow library” websites that offer copyrighted books. “A large language model’s output is entirely and uniquely reliant on the material in its training dataset,” the lawsuit says. Last month, American comedian and author Sarah Silverman and two other writers sued OpenAI and Meta, the parent company of Facebook, over the same claims, saying their chatbots were trained on books that had been illegally acquired. The lawsuit against OpenAI includes what it describes as “very accurate summaries” of the authors’ books generated by ChatGPT, suggesting the company illegally “copied” and then used them to train the chatbot. The artificial intelligence companies have rejected the allegations and asked the courts to dismiss the lawsuits. In a court filing in April, Stability AI, research lab Midjourney and online art gallery DeviantArt wrote that visual artists who sue “fail to identify a single allegedly infringing output image, let alone one that is substantially similar to any of their copyrighted works.” For its part, OpenAI has defended its use of copyrighted material as “fair use,” saying it pulled the works from publicly available datasets on the internet. The cases are slowly making their way through the courts. It is too early to say how judges will decide. Last month, a federal judge in San Francisco said he was inclined to toss out most of a lawsuit brought by the three artists against Stability AI but indicated that the claim of direct infringement may continue. “The big question is fair use,” said Robert Brauneis, a law professor and co-director of the Intellectual Property Program at George Washington University. “I would not be surprised if some of the courts came out in different ways, that some of the cases said, ‘Yes, fair use.’ And others said, ‘No.’” If the courts are split, the question could eventually go to the Supreme Court, Brauneis said. Assessing copyright claims Training generative AI tools to create new works raises two legal questions: Is the data use authorized? And is the new work it creates “derivative” or “transformative”? The answer is not clear-cut, O’Connor said. “On the one hand, what the supporters of the generative AI models are saying is that they are acting not much differently than we as humans would do,” he said. “When we read books, watch movies, listen to music, and if we are talented, then we use those to train ourselves as models. “The counterargument is that … it is categorically different from what humans do when they learn how to become creative themselves.” While artificial intelligence companies claim their use of the data is fair, O’Connor said they still have to prove that the use was authorized. “I think that’s a very close call, and I think they may lose on that,” he said. On the other hand, the AI models can probably avoid liability for generating content that “seems sort of the style of a current author” but is not the same. “That claim is probably not going to succeed,” O’Connor said. “It will be seen as just a different work.” But Brauneis said content creators have a strong claim: The AI-generated output will likely compete with the original work. Imagine you’re a magazine editor who wants an illustration to accompany an article about a particular bird, Brauneis suggested. You could do one of two things: Commission an artist or ask a generative AI tool like Stable Diffusion to create it for you. After a few attempts with the latter, you’ll probably get an image that you can use. “One of the most important questions to ask about in fair use is, ‘Is this use a substitute, or is it competing with the work of art that is being copied?’” Brauneis said. “And the answer here may be yes. And if it is [competing], that really weighs strongly against fair use.” This is not the first time that technology companies have been sued over their use of copyrighted material. In 2005, the Authors Guild filed a class-action lawsuit against Google and three university libraries over Google’s digital books project, alleging “massive copyright infringement.” In 2014, an appeals court ruled that the project, by then renamed Google Books, was protected under the fair use doctrine. In 2007, Viacom sued both Google and YouTube for allowing users to upload and view copyrighted material owned by Viacom, including complete episodes of TV shows. The case was later settled out of court. For Brauneis, the current “Wild West era of creating AI models” recalls YouTube’s freewheeling early days. “They just wanted to get viewers, and they were willing to take a legal risk to do that,” Brauneis said. “That’s not the way YouTube operates now. YouTube has all sorts of precautions to identify copyrighted content that has not been permitted to be placed on YouTube and then to take it down.” Artificial intelligence companies may make a similar pivot. They may have justified using copyrighted material to test out their technology. But now that their models are working, they “may be willing to sit down and think about how to license content,” Brauneis said.

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Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Learn about this topic in these articles: - In Périgueux …Périgueux is the cathedral of Saint-Front, built in the 12th century on the ruins of the abbey, which burned in 1120. One of the largest in southwestern France, it is built in the shape of a Greek cross, topped by five lofty domes and numerous colonnaded turrets. A Romanesque bell…Read More - In construction: Stone construction …century) and the cathedral of Saint-Front in Périgueux (1120–1150) marked the recovery of the complete range of Roman structural forms.Read More

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"ALL VITAL ORGANS HAVE DIRECT CONNECTION WITH THE SKIN THROUGH ARTERIES, BLOOD VESSELS AND CAPILLARIES AND COLOUR RAYS CAN AFFECT THE ENTIRE BLOOD STREAM THROUGH CIRCULATION AND ELIMINATION OF TOXINS. WHEN COLOURS PIERCE THE BODY, THEY CAN DETECT DEFICIENCIES, TRY TO FEED THE BODY WITH THE REQUIRED ENERGY AND RECHARGE THE CELLS DR A NAVEEN JYOTHI American singer-songwriter Cyndi Lauper sang True Colours to inspire people not to shy away from showing their true individual selves. But colours can not only figuratively reflect one’s nature, even literally they can be indicative of one’s psychological and physical traits and health, say medical experts. In fact, there is a branch of holistic treatment called chromotherapy or colour therapy that uses the visible spectrum of electromagnetic radiation to treat various physical and mental health issues. How does chromotherapy work? "Colours used in chromotherapy are found in the visible colour spectrum (VIBGYOR) and are perceived as wavelengths. It is composed of primary colours red, yellow and blue and colours derived from them (green, orange, violet, indigo). They are placed between the ultraviolet and the infrared ranges of energy or vibrations. For treatment purpose, these colours with their unique wavelengths, when combined with a light source and directed to the affected organs, provide the required healing energy," says Dr A Naveen Jyothi, medical officer at the Telangana State Government’s Nature Cure Hospital (TNCH), where chromotherapy is offered as a mode of treatment along with many other therapies. Explaining further, she says, "As per published medical literature, colours generate electrical impulses and magnetic currents or fields of energy that activate the biochemical and hormonal processes in the body and provide the required stimulants to balance the entire system and organs. Each colour photon has its own wavelength frequency. The body recognizes these waveforms and responds to them. Also the seven chakras (energy flow ducts) in our body are associated with different colours. Each colour gives us a certain amount of energy, manifesting as creativity, motivation, happiness, peaceful sleep etc." "All vital organs have direct connection with the skin through arteries, blood vessels and capillaries and colour rays can affect the entire blood stream through circulation and elimination of toxins. When colours pierce the body, they can detect the deficiencies and try to feed the body with the required energy and recharge the cells," adds the doctor. Treatment through colours There are two methods of treating diseases with colour – Application of light through glasses of different colours, and by external or internal use of colour-charged water. "For treatment, we use seven colours of the spectrum by storing water and oil in bottles of different colours, and exposed to the sun for specified hours. The oil and water are then used to treat various health conditions. We also use a thermolium box with a glass lid made of different colours. The patient is placed inside the box, which is kept under the sun for half an hour. Sunlight trapped by the coloured glasses gets absorbed in the patient’s body, which makes up for a particular colour deficiency in the patient. Each of the seven colours of the light spectrum has a different effect on the human body," explains Dr Naveen Jyothi. Diseases where chromotherapy can help Diabetes, hypertension, hypothyroidism, obesity, acidity, flatulence, heat stroke, sun stroke, headache, dandruff, common cold, cough, flu, leucorrhoea, menstrual irregularities, coccygeal (tailbone) pain, and a variety of psychological issues such as anxiety, stress, depression, etc., can be eased by chromotherapy. The psychology of colours Colours are intricately linked to human psyche and moods and accordingly used to treat certain mental health conditions such as depression, stress & anxiety, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), mood disorders, sleep disorders and so on. Dr Koganti Charan Teja, neuropsychiatrist at KIMS and associate professor at VRK Medical College, says, "The colour yellow is associated with happiness, contentment and positivity as it has been found to slightly enhance the serotonin level (the neurochemical responsible for happy mood). Lighter shades of blue colour are associated with peace, de-stressing and calmness. However, darker or stronger tones of blue are linked to sadness and gloominess. Red can be both a colour of stimulation or excitement and aggression, triggering a fight or flight response." Effects of coloured lights and paints vary "One needs to understand that lights have a different effect than colour or paints. For instance green or blue lights at night (usually those from electronic gadgets) can affect sleep by reducing the sleep-inducing melatonin production, whereas in the morning hours, green light as well as colours make one more alert and energetic by slightly enhancing the cortisol level. Constant exposure to blue and green lights also cause oxidative damage and advance the aging process. However, painting the bedroom walls light blue or light green doesn’t have any negative effect on sleep," clarifies the neuropsychiatrist.

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Mobile Medical Units (MMUs) are regarded as a state-of-the-art healthcare delivery model that could aid in lowering health disparities among vulnerable populations and people with chronic illnesses. In fact, some research has shown that MMUs are more effective when they offer emergency care, carry out preventative health exams, and start the management of chronic illnesses. Ziqitza HealthCare Ltd explains that MMUs can offer specialised, highly effective, and reasonably priced health care that flexibly adapts to the community’s changing needs by opening their doors directly into communities and utilising existing community resources. By providing a suggested package of services in 12 theme areas, including Maternal Health, Child Health, Mental Health, and Community Health, MMU services are intended to meet the technical and service quality standards for a Primary Health Centre. Neonatal and infant health, child and adolescent health, reproductive health and contraceptive services, management of chronic communicable diseases, basic OPD care (acute simple illnesses), management of common non-communicable diseases, and management of common non-communicable diseases these services are offered by MMUs without charge, and they also facilitate referrals. According to Ziqitza Healthcare, mobile medical units are therefore frequently established to ensure accessible healthcare and a decentralised approach to healthcare. Mobile Medical Units have helped to mobilise healthcare to “conduct screenings, basic diagnosis, and occasionally complex medical treatments closer to people’s homes.” These units offer essential services. The same is practically imaginable across all terrains, communities, and socioeconomic groups with little cost and relatively fewer operational bottlenecks. One of the biggest problems facing the Indian government is rural healthcare. Despite the fact that access to healthcare is a fundamental human right, rural India lacks adequate infrastructure, access to necessary medications, and qualified physicians, which is one of the major factors behind the region’s subpar service. By providing mobile health care services in rural areas, Ziqitza has taken the initiative to improve the situation. These units pay particular attention to disease prevention, access to high-quality healthcare, and emergency medical requirements. Ziqitza Rajasthan has experience managing over 150 MMUs in Jammu & Kashmir, Kerala, and Madhya Pradesh, three states with extremely diverse populations. The medical staff at ZHL Rajasthan’s MMUs is trained to identify the symptoms of health-related ailments, perform a basic diagnosis of common diseases, prescribe medication, and refer patients to specialised clinics in the event of additional medical complications. They are also equipped to provide free medical checkups. The availability of these vans made it possible to raise awareness, ensure preventive vaccination, and promote regular medical check-ups among the rural population. The Ziqitza Mobile Medical Unit has the following features: - Remote Access: Making sure that people in remote, underserved areas have access to improved healthcare and all-encompassing care is possible through remote access. - Multi-purpose Diagnostics: A client can get several diagnoses at once in a mobile clinic thanks to the various pieces of equipment that are on board. - Mobility: In addition to these skilled medical professionals, MMU is fully outfitted with its ventilator, cardio monitor, and oxygen cylinder. - Regular examinations: Improving healthcare in remote and rural areas through early detection, innovative treatment, and management of chronic illnesses. A company’s CSR (corporate social responsibility) contribution to rural India can be maximised with the aid of Ziqitza Limited Rajasthan. There is a need to improve the situation and make sure that timely, high-quality healthcare reaches every corner of the nation, where 60% of the population lives in rural areas. Therefore, organisations can band together to improve the situation by establishing mobile healthcare services in rural areas with the aid of Ziqitza Limited, as we have a team of experienced staff members with first-rate healthcare facilities. About Us – Ziqitza HealthCare Limited Ziqitza Limited Rajasthan is a well-known provider of emergency healthcare services in India, having served more than 42 million Indians. Around 2.5 lakh Covid patients received services from Ziqitza ambulance in the previous year. Ziqitza Rajasthan received the Times Social Impact Award, which is ranked #34 in the Global Real Impact Awards. We’re all aware of how bad our roads are and how many accidents occur every day. The 108 ambulances of Ziqitza Healthcare (ZHL Rajasthan), Asia’s largest private emergency medical service provider, have assisted patients from Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Jharkhand, and Sikkim. The 108 Ambulance crew is able to provide free, top-notch care to patients in these states. If you have any additional questions, get in touch with Ziqitza Limited through our website.

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Poodle-dog bush (Eriodictyon parryi) This native plant is known as a "fire follower"--growing densely in areas that burned in a wildfire and often along trails. As you can imagine, we see a lot of poodle-dog bush in Southern California. Poodle-dog bush helps to heal the Earth, as its deep roots hold soil together. This reduces mud and debris from being dislodged after a fire and allows new plants to grow in the area. This plant causes severe irritation similar to or worse than poison oak. Blisters may appear on your skin lasting 2 weeks or more. The plant is covered in sticky hairs, which can dislodge easily and can be passed onto hikers who touch it or brush up against it. The swelling, rash, and itching appear 12 hours to 2 days after contact. Use caution and avoid this plant! It is found in nearly all habitat types that have recently burned including conifer forests, chaparral, oak woodland, and riparian areas. In addition, it: - May have attractive lavender, bell-shaped flowers - Grows at elevations from 3,300-7,500 feet (1000-2,300 meters) - Main stem can be close to 10-feet-tall (3 meters) - Unpleasant strong odor Alerts & Warnings - NEW! Office Updates - Need Info or Passes? - NEW! Closures Due to Tropical Storm Hilary - UPDATED! Forest Service Road Closures - Fire Danger: HIGH - Temporary Closures (Bobcat Fire) - Advisory: Safety by Waterfalls / Streams / Creeks - Driving to the Forest? - Advisory: Hiking at High Elevations - Planning to Camp? (Stay Limits & Dispersed Camping Restrictions)

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Ethical Navigation in Leadership Training Keywords:business ethics, leadership training, dilemma Business leaders frequently face dilemmas, circumstances where whatever course of action they choose, something of important value will be offended. How can an organisation prepare its decision makers for such situations? This article presents a pedagogical approach to dilemma training for business leaders and managers. It has evolved through ten years of experience with human resource development, where ethics has been an integral part of programs designed to help individuals to become excellent in their professional roles. The core element in our approach is The Navigation Wheel, a figure used to keep track of relevant decision factors. Feedback from participants indicates that dilemma training has helped them to recognise the ethical dimension of leadership. They respond that the tools and concepts are highly relevant in relation to the challenges that occur in the working environment they return to after leadership training.

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How to Make Orbital Box Diagrams in Word (6 Steps) By Nicole Schmoll Every atom emits a unique set of discrete wavelengths. These wavelengths, or atomic spectrums, are one way of identifying atoms, much the way a fingerprint can be used to identify a human. Atomic wavelengths are computed and depicted with atomic orbitals. Orbital configurations are used to show how many electrons are in each atomic orbital; orbital box diagrams note how many unpaired electrons there are in an atom and in which direction those electrons are spinning. Orbital box diagrams can be easily constructed in Microsoft Word with text boxes. Open a new Microsoft Word document and save it somewhere you can find it later on your computer. Click the "Insert" tab from the top menu, followed by "Text," "Text Box" and finally "Draw Text Box" to insert a text box into the document. Click on the area of the document where you want to depict your first subshell with your mouse and drag the rectangular shape until it is about 1/2-inch wide. Create the number of text boxes you need from one to five or more depending on the number of boxes needed for your specific electron configuration. Add an "Up" or "Down" arrow, or both, inside of each text box to note the specific spin for unpaired electrons within each subshell. Click within each text box to add arrows to that box. Draw an arrow by clicking on the "Insert" tab from the top menu followed by "Illustrations," "Shapes" and "New Drawing Canvas." Select "Lines" from the "Shapes" menu and make a short line within the text box. Add an arrowhead to the line by clicking on the top or bottom of the line you just created, then clicking "Format" from the top menu followed by "Drawing Tools," "Shape Styles" and "Shape Outline." Click "Arrows" and select the style of arrow head that looks like a simple "V" pointing up or down. Press "Copy" to copy the arrow you just created. Place your cursor inside your other text boxes, one at a time, and press "Paste" to copy the arrow into all your text boxes as needed. Repeat this process for arrows in the other direction until all of your subshells are appropriately noted with the proper unpaired electron spinning directions. Label the atoms with their appropriate letters to the left of each electron configuration and number notations beneath the filled text boxes to complete your orbital box diagram.

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Death is a very sensitive topic and will affect your family at some point, and it’s a subject that few parents know how to talk about with their children. When do you know that you’ve explained too much? When do you know that you’ve answered too little? A lot of parents are always looking for advice on how to talk about death with their little ones – especially after the passing of a loved one. Even if a family has not experienced loss, the presence of ghosts, tombstones, and specters during Halloween celebrations can often trigger a child’s curiosity for the afterlife. With that said, here’s how you can talk about loss with your child. Make sure your answers are fit for your child’s age and maturity. As a parent, the most important thing to do when you’re having these conversations is to consider your child’s age and developmental level. For example, children under the age of three won’t be able to grasp the concept of the finality of death – but it’s still appropriate to give them an explanation. A good explanation that you can give your three year old child would be something like this: “After the funeral, you won’t be able to talk to the person again.” However, for older children over the age of 10, parents can engage in a more in-depth conversation about the causes and meaning of death as part of the life cycle and tie it in with existing cultural beliefs. On the question of why someone died, simply reassure your child that he or she doesn’t need to worry about death now and that it’s part of the life cycle. The goal here is to keep your children focused on the better things in life. Assure them that grief and sadness are normal experiences It’s important to explain the normality of the experience of grief, and you want to assure your kid that it’s okay to feel sad, cry, or miss the person who died. Give your child the assurance that the feelings of sadness will get better. One strategy that I’ve learned to help young children process their feelings of grief is to encourage them to draw pictures of a special time they remember that they spent with the loved one who passed away or writing a letter to that person about how much they’re missed. Consider your religious beliefs before discussing the afterlife Religious beliefs play an important role in helping you explain death, or the concept of it, to a child. If you and your spouse come from different traditions, it’s best to agree on a message that you can give to your children to avoid confusing them. If you come from a religious family, then you may want to use relevant children’s books or religious texts to ease the process. You can tell your children that they’ll see their loved ones in another life if it’s part of your religious belief and that it provides you with a sense of comfort or a purpose of living. If you find it difficult to ease the message of your belief in, then it’s just best to leave it as it is for now with a simple message like: “We will miss them, but their memories will always stay in our hearts”. Discussions of traumatic death should be handled with care. A traumatic loss offers a different grieving experience than a loss as a result of natural causes. In most cases, children who deal with traumatic loss often find themselves asking the question what they could’ve done to prevent the death. In the event of traumatic loss, you have to ensure your child that the loved one’s death was not his or her fault. Books about grief can also be helpful too. I recommend books like Always and Forever, by Alan Durant; Someone Special Died, by Joanne Prestine; and Where Do People Go When They Die, by Mindy Avra Portnoy. Parents should continue to help their children cope and deal with the experience of loss, traumatic or not. It’s a parent’s responsibility to remind the child that they are loved and safe as they go through the grieving process.

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He explores the sun-scorched savannah with a wooden stick in his hand. Silently, he listens for the vibrations of the water. He is a Comboni Missionary dowser who, for thirty-five years has sought the life that flows beneath the ground. He moves slowly with his forked stick in his hands, he stops, moves on again as it is not easy to achieve harmony with the vibrations of water. In the Turkana desert in northern Kenya, the sun is already high in the sky. Brother Dario wears shorts and a T-shirt with a beret on his head and a pair of well-worn sandals on his feet. At last the stick begins to vibrate. He smiles. That is where they must drill. He is quite certain. There is plenty of water there. This year, the drought affecting Kenya could become a humanitarian disaster. The shortage of water has sparked off episodes of violence between the nomadic pastoralists who seek to access and take over the meagre sources of provisions, essential for human survival as well as that of the animals. The emergency is also affecting other countries of the area. According to Red Cross figures, 13 million people are in immediate need of humanitarian aid. Brother Dario Laurencig, 66, Italian, is well aware of what drought means. He still remembers today how his work of water divining began in 1982, just after a terrible drought had brought the local population to its knees in West Pokot. When the humanitarian emergency was over and the aid had been distributed, Brother Dario decided to do what he could so that the shortage of water would not kill again in the future. “ I did not know how to combat drought. Wells were needed. I had not studied geology and I was no hydraulic technician”, the missionary recounts. “However, I remembered having seen, while I was young, the shepherd of my own mountains looking for water using a forked stick. I thought it best to gather some information about water divining and I began to practice it. I must confess that I felt strange with that stick in my hands. But gradually I realised I was developing a sensitivity that helped me find underground streams”. Thirty-five years have gone by since he first found water. Now he can claim to have provided 300 wells in northern Kenya. He recently visited Sudan. “There is an emergency situation there. Already last year I was asked at least twice to go there to look for water. I did not go because of the civil war. The previous year I had gone there to drill a well and set up a solar pump. When I was finished, the rebels did not want to let me go back. The UN had to intervene to evacuate me from there by plane. This year I could not refuse to go, also because there is a bad drought in the whole of east Africa. I found a badly confused situation. Continual attacks by government and rebel troops have cause more than 3million people to flee. Many had to seek refuge in the nearby countries including Kenya. In Juba, the capital, there are no supplies to be found and what there is is extremely expensive. There are long queues of people waiting to buy fuel for vehicles and the roads are almost empty. Most of the shops are closed. Only a few people take the risk of trading for fear of being robbed by the different armies and placing their lives in danger. The few workers still there are mostly immigrants since the locals have been compelled to join the army, and they take things very calmly. However, we succeeded in drilling three wells and to indicate three or four places to drill more. Unfortunately, the only company still present in the capital city (the others have fled) has no fuel to carry out the work”. Back in Kenya, he already had a car at the airport waiting to take him to look for more water. “I have so many requests – the missionary continues – that I can no longer carry out my works. On the other hand, water is essential for life and I believe it takes priority over other commitments. Due to the drought, we have to increase our work this year”. Over the years, Bro. Dario has seen his work recognised by many NGOs, hydrologists and various drilling companies. “In reality, as a missionary, I am happy to see the joy on the faces of the people when the water starts to flow. Water is life. I remember one place west of Lodwar in Turkana. There, fifty metres down, I found water. Soon after the well was drilled, it changed the lives of 300 people. The inhabitants of the area no longer had to dig with their hands in dried-up river beds. They no longer had to walk for tens of kilometres under the burning sun to reach a well. And, even more importantly, they no longer had to fight over the well.” Brother Dario notes a small camel coming to drink at the well. “God has given me this special sensitivity of finding the life that flows underground.” He has spent more than 42 years on African soil. A life to give life by giving water.

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Hyphae represent a hallmark structure of multicellular fungi. The evolutionary origins of hyphae and of the underlying genes are, however, hardly known. By systematically analyzing 72 complete genomes, we here show that hyphae evolved early in fungal evolution probably via diverse genetic changes, including co-option and exaptation of ancient eukaryotic (e.g. phagocytosis-related) genes, the origin of new gene families, gene duplications and alterations of gene structure, among others. Contrary to most multicellular lineages, the origin of filamentous fungi did not correlate with expansions of kinases, receptors or adhesive proteins. Co-option was probably the dominant mechanism for recruiting genes for hypha morphogenesis, while gene duplication was apparently less prevalent, except in transcriptional regulators and cell wall - related genes. We identified 414 novel gene families that show correlated evolution with hyphae and that may have contributed to its evolution. Our results suggest that hyphae represent a unique multicellular organization that evolved by limited fungal-specific innovations and gene duplication but pervasive co-option and modification of ancient eukaryotic functions.

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Two Parallel Paths The short story A Worn Path by Eudora Welty illustrates the journey of an old feeble woman through dangerous terrain in order to get to town and receive charity medicine for her sick young grandson. The short story is rich with symbolisms and metaphors and a reader has many possible themes to extract from it. Although A Worn Path contains many symbols to interpret, this essay will concentrate on a form of comparison through a formalist approach to criticism. The focus will lie on a single, general, metaphoric concept that is presented in the literature and its comparison with a popular biblical teaching; namely Christianity. Phoenix Jackson, during her journey to town, symbolizes the walk of life that Christian believers go through as interpreted through biblical understanding and practice. The first evident comparison that meets the eye is the constant referral to a long journey. In the first page of the story Phoenix Jackson says, “Out of my way, all you foxes, owls, beetles, jack rabbits, coons…I got a long way” (Welty 1). Later in the story, when Old Phoenix meets with a young white male hunter, the man comments about her destination, “Why, that’s too far! That’s as far as I walk when I come out myself, and I get something for my trouble” (Welty 3). Even later, when Aunt Phoenix finally gets to town, the nurse addresses her, “why don’t you just take a seat? We won’t keep you standing after your long trip” (Welty 4). With repeated confirmation from the hunter and the nurse, it really is “a long way” to town. The concept of “a long way” is easily compared with all sorts of biblical principles. Neil D. Isaac, a published critic, consistently compares A Worn Path to a religious pilgrimage. In biblical text there are numerous examples of long journeys which, symbolically interpreted, compare in both hardships and rewards. There is the journey of Abraham into the land of Canaan; the journey of Moses out of Egypt; the journey of Israel from Babylon. Jesus in the book of Mark sent his disciples on a journey “Calling the Twelve to him, he sent them out two by two…for the journey” (Mark 6:7-8). Starting from the Old Testament to the New Testament, the entire bible encompasses the call of a long journey/pilgrimage and similarly with A Worn Path shares both difficulties and rewards (Isaacs 75-81). While the previous paragraph discussed the literal similarities between biblical text and A Worn Path, a long journey can also be interpreted with a spiritual concept. If we examine the story of Israel and the journey they took across the desert to make it into the Promised Land the real biblical significance of that story comes from its relation to human life. Israel had to go through many troubles and trials; wandering the desert for forty years before they were finally able to go to the land flowing with milk and honey. In modern times, this journey symbolizes all the troubles and trials that humans experience before reaching a desired destination. It symbolizes the walk of life through evil and temptations until entrance into the glory of heaven. Another biblical comparison that can be made with A Worn Path is the specific trials and hardships that Old Phoenix went through before reaching the town. One striking example that stands out is the invisible forces that try to stop poor Aunt Phoenix from making her journey. When she was going up the hill she said “Seem like there is chains about my feet, time I get this far” (Welty 1). When she gets to the top of the hill she says “Something always take a hold of me on this hill— pleads I should stay” (Welty 1). Paying attention to the words “seem like” and “something” it is evident that the subject she is referring to is abstract. There are no chains on her feet, but it is very understandable why it can feel like or seem like there is. Logically speaking there is nothing on top of that hill that tells or “pleads” her to stay, but it is reasonably believable that there may be something speculative that is attempting to hold her back. In the bible it says, “For what I do is not the good I want to do; no, the evil I do not want to do—this I keep on doing. Now if I do what I do not want to do, it is no longer I who do it, but it is sin living in me that does it… I see another law at work in the members of my body, waging war against the law of my mind and making me a prisoner of the law of sin at work within my members.” (Romans 7:19-21) These verses explain the spiritual battle inside a person. There are good things a person may want to do, but something always tries to prevent them from doing it. Old Phoenix wants to get to town, but there are things that are holding her back from the inside. Same with every other biblical believer who wants to live a good and sinless life; inside their body is an abstract hypothetical force that tries to corrupt them. On the hill something tells Phoenix Jackson to stay and Welty uses a good figurative word to describe it; “pleads”. According to biblical understanding, the fleshly body always “pleads” with the righteous spirit to succumb to temptation. Despite facing inward temptations and hardships, there are also exterior elements that try to hinder Aunt Phoenix. The thorn bush is a wonderful example. “‘I in the thorny bush,’ she said. ‘Thorns, you doing your appointed work. Never want to let folks pass, no sir. Old eyes thought you was a pretty little green bush’” (Welty 1). The little green bush appeared harmless but then proved to be destructive. The bible says “Do not gaze at wine when it is red, when it sparkles in the cup, when it goes down smoothly! In the end it bites like a snake, and poisons like a viper” (Proverbs 23:31). Another metaphor of how something can appear attractive and harmless but in reality it’s dangerous. The idea of purity is also compared. When Old Phoenix was caught the author writes “It was not possible to allow the dress to tear.” The statement “not possible” is a very strong declaration and it applies to biblical teachings as well. In Revelations it says “Yet you have a few people in Sardis who have not soiled their clothes. They will walk with me, dressed in white, for they are worthy” (Rev. 3:4). This text does not literally refer to clean clothes, but refers to the purity of the spirit. Old Phoenix could not let the dress rip; it was “not possible”. In biblical interpretation a believer can’t soil his clothing, can’t defile his righteousness and integrity because that would mean denial into heaven, denial to walk with God. It’s written “For of this you can be sure: No immoral, impure or greedy person…has any inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and of God” (Ephesians 5:5). In other words, anyone with defiled clothing will not enter heaven. One thing that should be mentioned is the aspect of faith that A Worn Path reflects. When brave Phoenix Jackson finally made it down the hill and out of the thorn bush, she stood in front of a mocking creek and said “Now comes the trial” (Welty 1). The focus point of how she overcomes her trial is trivial, (for this particular analysis anyhow) but what’s significant is that she closes her eyes and steps forward. In a more concrete comparison it is symbolically a leap of faith. Faith is the founding cornerstone in biblical practice, “Without faith it is impossible to please God” (Hebrews 11:6). Without faith you can never succeed when you are face with “the trial”. Apostle Paul addressed the Thessalonian Church during a time of hardship, “Therefore, among God’s churches we boast about your perseverance and faith in all the persecutions and trials you are enduring” (1 Thess. 1:4). Just as Old Aunt Phoenix closed her eyes and went forward through her trial, so do many believers go forward with sole faith on God. One last thing to compare is the free gift of medicine at the end. Phoenix Jackson made it to town and got the medicine for free. Similarly in Christianity salvation is free. It’s written “For it is by grace you have been saved, through faith—and this not from yourselves, it is the gift of God” (Ephesians 2:8). Just like Phoenix received a free gift of medicine, so do believers in the bible receive the free gift of grace from God. Although it’s unknown whether or not Eudora Welty meant to parallel a biblical walk of life in her short story A Worn Path, analyzing the story from such a comparison does yield good fruit. From the start of the long journey and through every small little blunder with the thorn bush, the creek and the log, the black dog, the hunter, the nickel, etc… a comparison can be made with a religious walk of life. Although this essay was unable to address important points such as the black dog who delayed Old Phoenix, the nickel that she stole while God was watching her, hopefully it appropriately illustrated the connection between Old Phoenix Jackson and biblical teachings. There is a clearly visible and very strong parallel that connects the world of A Worn Path and the world of a Christian. Isaacs, D. Neil. “Life for Phoenix”, The Critical Response to Eudora Welty’s Fiction, ed. Laura Champion, Greenwood Press, 1994. 75-81. Print The Holy Bible, New International Version. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 International Bible Society. Print Welty, Eudora. “A Worn Path.” Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. 7th ed. Roberts, Edgar V. and Jacobs, Henry E. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2004. 138-143. Print

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Play it Green is counting down the days until the United Nations Climate Change Conference, COP26, by looking at their Sustainable Development Goals. Today, we talk about Goals 6 and 7, to provide safe water and clean energy to all. Currently, billions of people around the world are living without access to safe drinking water and sanitation services. Lack of access to clean water and safe sanitation services is a huge issue, contributing massively to the spread of disease. In the past 18 months, this has also left many particularly vulnerable to Covid-19. Additionally, while the number of people with access to clean water grew by 2 billion between 2000 and 2020, the stress on our water supply is only increasing. This is, in part, because our water usage is increasing at double the rate of our population. It’s not only water stress that is an issue. There are also challenges because of rising levels of water pollution, the destruction of water ecosystems, and climate-related droughts. With inland and marine wetlands declining by 35% between 1970 and 2015, three times the rate of forest loss, work to protect and restore these areas must be massively accelerated. Efforts towards meeting Goal 7, to provide affordable, sustainable, and reliable energy to all, have made significantly more progress. As of 2019, global access to electricity was at 90%, increasing from 83% nine years prior in 2010. This is promising, but it is estimated by 2030, the year the target is set, 660 million people will still be living without access to electricity. Without it, women and girls have to spend hours fetching water, clinics cannot store vaccines, and people cannot run businesses. Likewise, there has been slow progress towards providing clean cooking solutions, particularly in low-income countries. This affects not only the environment but also human health, with nearly a third of the world’s population being exposed to harmful household air pollution. Another major challenge worldwide is to make our energy use sustainable. The current rate of countries switching to renewable sources such as wind, solar, and hydroelectric is way too slow. Between 2010 and 2018, the share of renewables in total energy consumption only increased from 16.4% to 17.1%. When looking specifically at renewable sources using modern technology, these numbers are even worse, remaining below 11% in 2018. The worlds continued reliance on fossil fuels is damaging our planet, and countries worldwide need to make a concerted effort to invest in sustainable alternatives. It’s not all bad news. Countries around the world are becoming increasingly focused on switching to renewables, with many even committing to new net-zero targets in the run-up to COP26. Additionally, while the main goals may not be met by the 2030 target, many of the key indicators of their progress towards them are trending in a positive direction. For example, one key way to reduce the stress on our water supply is by increasing how efficiently we use it, and so it is measured as a key indicator of progress towards Goal 6. While the goal will not be met, there has been some good news in this specific area, with a rate increase of 10% in just three years between 2015 and 2018. It’s not only world leaders and governments who can make a difference in achieving these targets, either. You can help work towards both of these goals without even having to leave your home. All you have to do is reduce the amount of water and energy you use. This includes switching off a plug when you’re not using it, choosing to airdry your clothes over using a machine, or opting for a quick shower instead of a bath. If we all make some small changes then, together, we can make a difference.

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Landfill management is a critical aspect of waste disposal that requires careful planning and implementation. In the context of the Department of Public Works, effective garbage collection plays an essential role in maintaining cleanliness and ensuring public health within communities. This article aims to provide a comprehensive guide on landfill management, focusing specifically on the practices adopted by the Department of Public Works. To illustrate the importance of proper landfill management, let us consider a hypothetical case study. Imagine a densely populated urban area where inadequate waste disposal methods have led to overflowing landfills and unsightly littered streets. The situation has caused not only aesthetic concerns but also raised significant public health risks due to the potential spread of diseases from unmanaged waste. By understanding and implementing efficient landfill management strategies, such as regular garbage collection schedules and appropriate segregation techniques, departments like the one responsible for public works can address these challenges effectively. In this article, we will delve into various aspects related to landfill management within the framework of the Department of Public Works. We will explore best practices for garbage collection, including scheduling systems, waste segregation methods, recycling initiatives, and community engagement programs. Additionally, we will examine the role of technology in modernizing landfill management processes and discuss potential challenges faced by public works departments in managing growing amounts of waste and finding sustainable solutions for waste disposal. One of the key components of efficient landfill management is establishing a well-structured garbage collection system. This involves designing and implementing regular collection schedules that cater to the specific needs of different areas within the community. By adhering to a consistent schedule, public works departments can ensure that waste does not accumulate and overload landfills, leading to environmental and health hazards. Another important aspect is waste segregation, which involves categorizing different types of waste into separate bins or containers. This allows for proper disposal and potential recycling or reusing of certain materials. Adopting a comprehensive waste segregation program helps minimize the amount of waste ending up in landfills and promotes environmentally friendly practices. Recycling initiatives play a crucial role in reducing landfill usage and preserving natural resources. The Department of Public Works should collaborate with local recycling facilities to establish convenient drop-off points or implement curbside recycling programs. Educating residents about the importance of recycling and providing clear instructions on how to participate effectively are essential steps towards achieving successful recycling initiatives. Community engagement programs are vital in fostering an environment where residents actively participate in landfill management efforts. Public works departments can organize educational campaigns, workshops, or events to raise awareness about proper waste disposal practices and promote community involvement. Encouraging residents to take responsibility for their own waste generation habits can have a significant impact on reducing landfill loads. Technology also plays an increasingly significant role in modernizing landfill management processes. Implementing smart monitoring systems can help track landfill capacity, optimize collection routes, and detect any potential issues such as leaks or gas emissions promptly. Utilizing data-driven approaches enables better planning and decision-making regarding landfill operations. However, public works departments often face challenges when managing growing amounts of waste. Limited financial resources may hinder the implementation of advanced technologies or expansion of infrastructure necessary for effective landfill management. Additionally, changing regulations and compliance requirements further complicate the task at hand. In conclusion, effective landfill management is crucial for maintaining cleanliness, preserving public health, and ensuring sustainable waste disposal practices within communities. By adopting best practices such as regular garbage collection schedules, waste segregation methods, recycling initiatives, community engagement programs, and leveraging technology, public works departments can successfully address these challenges and contribute to a cleaner and healthier environment for all. Understanding landfill management Understanding landfill management is crucial in the efficient operation of waste disposal systems. One example that highlights the importance of effective landfill management involves a hypothetical town experiencing rapid population growth and an increase in waste generation. As the amount of garbage being generated surpasses the capacity of existing landfills, it becomes necessary for authorities to implement proper management strategies. To fully comprehend landfill management, it is essential to consider its different components. Firstly, sorting and categorizing waste plays a pivotal role in ensuring optimal utilization of available resources. By separating recyclable materials from non-recyclable ones, municipalities can reduce the strain on landfills while promoting sustainable practices. Furthermore, monitoring and controlling landfill operations are vital aspects that require careful attention. Regular inspections help identify potential environmental hazards such as leachate leakage or gas emissions, which could negatively impact surrounding ecosystems and public health. Implementing appropriate measures to mitigate these risks safeguards both natural environments and human well-being. In addition to these responsibilities, community education and involvement also play a significant role in successful landfill management. Educating citizens about responsible waste disposal practices fosters awareness and encourages participation in recycling programs. This engagement establishes a sense of shared responsibility within the community, leading to a more sustainable approach towards waste management overall. - Landfill mismanagement contributes to pollution and poses serious health risks. - Inefficient waste disposal methods can harm wildlife habitats and ecosystems. - Adequate landfill maintenance preserves clean air quality for local communities. - Responsible landfill practices contribute to achieving long-term sustainability goals. Additionally, incorporating a table with three columns (factors contributing to improper landfill management) and four rows (environmental consequences) further emphasizes the negative impacts associated with inadequate waste disposal methods: |Factors Contributing to Improper Landfill Management||Environmental Consequences| |Insufficient funding and resources||Soil contamination| |Lack of public awareness and education||Groundwater pollution| |Inadequate monitoring and regulation||Air pollution| |Limited recycling infrastructure||Habitat destruction| Consequently, it is clear that understanding landfill management goes beyond mere waste disposal. It involves sorting waste, monitoring operations, educating the community, and implementing sustainable practices to ensure a cleaner environment for all. In transitioning to the subsequent section about the responsibilities of the Department of Public Works, we must recognize their integral role in effective landfill management. By assuming these responsibilities, the department can contribute significantly towards achieving environmentally-friendly waste management systems. Responsibilities of the Department of Public Works Landfill Management in the Context of Department of Public Works: A Guide to Garbage Collection Understanding landfill management is crucial for the effective functioning of the Department of Public Works. By examining the processes involved and exploring various responsibilities, it becomes evident how waste disposal impacts both local communities and the environment. To illustrate this connection, let’s consider a hypothetical case study involving a municipality struggling with landfill capacity issues. As waste accumulation surpasses available space, the Department of Public Works faces challenges in managing garbage collection efficiently. This situation highlights the need for comprehensive landfill management strategies that address not only current needs but also long-term sustainability goals. In order to tackle these challenges effectively, several key responsibilities fall under the purview of the Department of Public Works: - Landfill site selection: The department must carefully choose appropriate locations for landfills, taking into account factors such as proximity to residential areas, environmental impact assessments, and zoning regulations. - Waste segregation and recycling programs: Implementing initiatives that encourage residents to separate recyclable materials from general waste reduces strain on landfills while promoting sustainable practices within the community. - Monitoring landfill operations: Regular inspections ensure compliance with safety standards and identify potential issues related to leachate management, methane gas emissions, or soil contamination. - Collaboration with stakeholders: Engaging with relevant parties like environmental agencies, community organizations, and waste management companies fosters cooperation and enables innovative solutions to emerging challenges. Emphasizing the importance of responsible landfill management requires an emotional appeal that emphasizes its broader implications. Consider this list: - Reduced pollution levels leading to cleaner air and water - Preservation of natural habitats and biodiversity - Enhanced public health outcomes through proper waste disposal - Long-term economic benefits through resource recovery initiatives Additionally, incorporating a table can provide visual reinforcement by displaying data related to landfill management metrics (e.g., waste diversion rate or landfill lifespan). Here is an example: |Metric||Current Year||Previous Year||Target| |Waste Diversion Rate||45%||38%||50% by 2023| |Landfill Lifespan||7 years||10 years||N/A| |Recycling Rate||30%||25%||40% by 2025| By acknowledging the importance of responsible landfill management and outlining the Department of Public Works’ responsibilities, we set the stage for implementing effective waste disposal strategies. Implementing effective waste disposal strategies To ensure proper waste management, the Department of Public Works must implement effective waste disposal strategies. One example of a successful implementation is the case study of City X, where innovative measures were taken to address their growing landfill issue. City X faced a significant challenge with limited landfill space and increasing waste generation. To tackle this problem, the Department of Public Works implemented several key strategies: - Improving Recycling Infrastructure: The city invested in expanding its recycling infrastructure by setting up more collection points and introducing curbside recycling programs. This initiative aimed to encourage residents to sort their recyclables properly, reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills. - Promoting Composting Practices: City X initiated an awareness campaign promoting composting practices among residents and businesses. By diverting organic waste from landfills into compost facilities, the city not only reduced landfill usage but also produced valuable compost material for local agriculture. - Implementing Waste-to-Energy Programs: Recognizing the potential value in converting non-recyclable waste into energy, City X introduced waste-to-energy programs. These initiatives involved utilizing advanced technologies to produce electricity or heat from municipal solid waste, minimizing dependence on traditional fossil fuel sources. - Enforcing Strict Regulations: The Department of Public Works established stringent regulations regarding waste management practices within the city limits. Through regular inspections and penalties for violations, they ensured that individuals and businesses complied with proper waste disposal guidelines. The impact of these strategies was remarkable: landfill capacity increased significantly due to reduced waste volumes being sent there for disposal. Additionally, pollution levels decreased as recycling rates improved and less waste was incinerated or left unmanaged. By implementing these effective strategies, cities like City X can reduce their reliance on landfills while simultaneously addressing environmental concerns associated with improper garbage disposal. Moving forward into the next section about “Promoting recycling and waste reduction,” we will explore further initiatives undertaken by the Department of Public Works to achieve sustainable waste management practices. Promoting recycling and waste reduction Having discussed the implementation of effective waste disposal strategies, it is crucial to now shift our focus towards promoting recycling and waste reduction. By adopting these practices, we can significantly minimize the amount of waste that ends up in landfills and contribute to a more sustainable future. One example of successful waste reduction efforts can be seen in the city of Greenville. In an effort to combat excessive waste generation, the Department of Public Works collaborated with local businesses and community organizations to implement a comprehensive recycling program. As a result, the city saw a 30% decrease in landfill contributions over a span of just six months. To effectively promote recycling and reduce waste, several key approaches should be considered: - Education campaigns: Raising public awareness about the importance of recycling through informative campaigns can encourage individuals to adopt responsible waste management habits. - Incentive programs: Offering rewards or discounts for those who actively participate in recycling initiatives can serve as motivation for individuals to change their behaviors. - Infrastructure improvements: Investing in infrastructure such as additional recycling bins throughout communities or implementing convenient drop-off locations can make recycling more accessible and convenient for residents. - Collaboration with businesses: Partnering with local businesses encourages them to incorporate sustainable practices into their operations while also providing opportunities for innovative solutions. Emotional bullet point list (Markdown format): - Recycling reduces pollution caused by manufacturing processes - Waste reduction helps conserve natural resources for future generations - Proper disposal reduces health risks associated with improper handling of hazardous materials - Recycled products often require less energy compared to producing new items Emotional table (Markdown format): |Environmental||Protects ecosystems and wildlife habitats||Preservation of forests| |Economic||Creates jobs within the recycling industry||Employment opportunities| |Social||Enhances community pride and engagement||Sense of belonging| |Health||Reduces exposure to harmful substances||Improved well-being| In conclusion, promoting recycling and waste reduction is a crucial step in sustainable landfill management. By adopting strategies such as education campaigns, incentive programs, infrastructure improvements, and collaboration with businesses, we can make significant progress towards reducing our impact on the environment. Recycling not only benefits the planet by conserving resources and reducing pollution but also has positive economic, social, and health implications for communities. Monitoring landfill operations Building upon the importance of promoting recycling and waste reduction, effective monitoring of landfill operations is crucial in ensuring proper management of garbage collection. By implementing robust monitoring systems, the Department of Public Works can track and evaluate various aspects of landfill operations to minimize environmental impact. To illustrate the significance of monitoring landfill operations, let us consider a hypothetical case study involving an urban area that experienced a surge in population growth. As a result, the volume of waste generated increased significantly, posing challenges for efficient waste disposal. Through diligent monitoring, authorities were able to identify specific areas where waste accumulation was high and take prompt action to address these concerns. This proactive approach not only reduced pollution but also prevented potential health hazards associated with improperly managed landfills. Monitoring landfill operations involves several key components aimed at identifying and rectifying issues promptly. To ensure effective oversight, it is essential to implement regular inspections by trained personnel who possess expertise in assessing waste composition, leachate levels, gas emissions, and other critical factors impacting the environment. Additionally, employing advanced technologies such as remote sensors and drones enables real-time data collection on temperature variations within landfills or any signs of leakage or overflow. - Decreased air pollution due to proper decomposition processes. - Reduced risk of groundwater contamination leading to improved public health. - Preservation of natural habitats through responsible waste management practices. - Enhanced quality of life for residents by preventing unpleasant odors or pests associated with poorly maintained landfills. In order to facilitate comprehensive tracking and analysis throughout landfill operations, utilizing tables proves invaluable. The following table outlines key parameters monitored during garbage collection: |Waste Composition||Identifies recyclable materials||Manual sorting| |Leachate Levels||Prevents groundwater contamination||Regular sampling and analysis| |Gas Emissions||Minimizes air pollution||Continuous monitoring stations| |Overflow Detection||Avoids environmental hazards||Remote sensors or drones| By effectively monitoring landfill operations, the Department of Public Works can ensure that waste management practices remain environmentally responsible. This proactive approach not only enhances public health but also fosters sustainable development in the community. Transitioning into the subsequent section about “Addressing environmental concerns,” it is crucial to explore additional measures that go beyond monitoring alone to mitigate potential ecological risks associated with landfills. Addressing environmental concerns Section H2: Monitoring Landfill Operations Building upon the importance of effective landfill management, this section will delve into the crucial aspect of monitoring landfill operations. By closely observing and evaluating various aspects within a landfill, authorities can ensure compliance with regulations and identify potential areas for improvement. To illustrate the significance of monitoring landfill operations, consider the following hypothetical case study. In City X, a municipal landfill has been in operation for several years. As part of their commitment to sustainable waste management practices, the Department of Public Works regularly monitors key parameters such as waste deposition rates, gas emissions, leachate generation, and overall site maintenance. This proactive approach not only enables early detection of issues but also facilitates timely intervention to mitigate any adverse environmental impacts. When it comes to overseeing landfill operations effectively, attention must be paid to specific parameters that reflect the health and safety conditions of both the environment and nearby communities. The following bullet point list outlines some essential factors that should be monitored: - Waste Deposition Rates: Regularly measuring and analyzing incoming waste volumes enable authorities to assess whether current disposal rates align with projections or if adjustments are necessary. - Gas Emissions: Continuous monitoring helps gauge methane levels emitted by decomposing organic matter within landfills. Proper control measures can then be implemented to minimize greenhouse gas emissions. - Leachate Generation: Tracking leachate production aids in determining how efficiently liquid is being managed at the site. Any increase may indicate potential risks to groundwater contamination. - Site Maintenance: Periodic inspections focusing on erosion control measures, cover soil stability, proper drainage systems, and general upkeep help ensure optimal functioning of the landfill. Table – Environmental Concerns Associated with Landfill Operations: The table below highlights four major environmental concerns associated with poor landfill management practices: |Air Pollution||Release of harmful gases (e.g., methane) contributing to climate change and poor air quality| |Water Contamination||Leachate seepage into groundwater sources, contaminating drinking water supplies| |Soil Degradation||Improper waste disposal leading to soil erosion, loss of fertile land, and reduced biodiversity| |Negative Health Effects||Exposure to toxins released from decomposing waste, resulting in adverse health conditions| Effective monitoring of landfill operations is imperative for ensuring the long-term sustainability of waste management practices. By closely observing key parameters such as waste deposition rates, gas emissions, leachate generation, and site maintenance, authorities can promptly address any concerns that may arise. Failure to monitor these aspects adequately can lead to severe environmental consequences, including air pollution, water contamination, soil degradation, and negative impacts on public health. Through proactive monitoring efforts and timely intervention when necessary, departments of public works can play a vital role in mitigating potential risks associated with landfill operations.

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Diamond is a typical super-hard material with very high thermal conductivity. This makes is highly suited to heat dissipation from electronic microchips. The stability of its chemical lattice structure, however, means it has no free-electrons and a high melting point, making machining of diamond difficult. In this study, a micro-energy w-EDM (wire-Electric Discharge Machining) power source with dual-capacitance is designed for using high-frequency spark erosion to precisely cut boron-doped nano-polycrystalline diamond (B-NPD) material. The power source design consists of a dual-capacitance circuit, a programmable logic circuit (PLC), and a metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET). By utilizing a high-frequency switching dual-capacitance circuit, each capacitor has enough charge/discharge time to create a micro-energy pulse train of uniform iso-pulse on-time (τon) and iso-pulse peak current (Ip). Material removal occurs rapidly so that micro-quantities of diamond are readily removed to reduce the probability of thermal damage and graphitization. The technique allowed successful machining of a highly consistent plate-finned diamond heat-sink array and trapezoid-pillar diamond heat-sink array. Furthermore, manufacturing using the designed low-energy power-source is highly efficient. To estimate machining efficiency in terms of the content of charge per unit volume per unit of time in diamond cutting, “Charge Density (CD)” is proposed and examined as an evaluation criterion. The following are all discussed in detail: work frequency, work capacitance, wire-electrode number and short-circuiting percentage, heat-erosion on fins of different thicknesses, and fin efficiency. |頁（從 - 到）||1267-1283| |期刊||International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing - Green Technology| |出版狀態||已發佈 - 2022 9月| ASJC Scopus subject areas

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The article analyses appropriate Russian history schoolbooks used in Middle and High school with the methods of Discourse analysis and Corpus linguistics analysis to find out how China is being presented in Russian history schoolbooks and what image of China is being presented in Russian schoolbooks. The following methods include Corpus linguistics analysis, which also includes content analysis, to search the keywords associated with China and Discourse analysis based on Critical Discourse analysis and van Dijk’s microdiscourse and macrodiscourse framework. The article states that school textbook discourse has a deep impact on audiences with an official image of absolute authority, hence, it is an important foundation for how people construct, perceive and interpret the world. Based on this, the article takes Russian history textbooks as a starting point, and specifically addresses the following issue: how is the image of China presented in Russian history schoolbooks? According to the analysis, we can see a positive image of China in Russian history textbooks, which manifests itself in the structure of the microdiscourse. However, if we look at the general picture of mentioning China in textbooks, we can notice that China is mentioned relatively little. We believe that this phenomenon is associated with the picture of the world that is formed in textbooks - it is rather Eurocentric. The world today is facing major changes unseen in a whole century, and historical changes are also taking place in the international system and world structure. In the historical stream of a constantly changing international situation, building a community with a common future for humanity is an important step in the modern world. A community with a common future between Russia and China is an important part of building a community with a common future for humankind. Russia is China's largest neighbour, that’s why the development of Russian-Chinese relations is an important part of development peace and prosperity in the whole Asia-Pacific region. At the same time, research on neighbouring countries has become popular in academic circles. Having that said, there’s no doubt in the huge importance of studying modern China as much as Russia in the concept of regional studies, which can benefit not only both mentioned countries but also the whole world due to a better understanding of processes taking place in Russia and China. Both China and Russia are two large countries with a centuries-old history and culture, a huge market and a huge development potential. Not only that, faced with various dangers around the world, the governments of the two countries have expressed a desire to support each other and provide the necessary assistance. Thus, it is very important nowadays to study what processes are going on in both countries. This article considers school textbooks as the result of a mutual compromise between political, economic, cultural activities. With the content and form presented in the textbooks, we can see how the real world, described in the textbook, works. Understanding the presentation of ideology in Russian textbooks will help us to understand how Russia sees China, specifically to the subject of this article. The huge impact of language analysis approach to political fields is presented by Hu and Hu (2021), who described political communication linguistics as not a simple superposition of the existing studies of politics, communication, and linguistics, but a new theoretical paradigm based on the redefinition of “politics”, “communication” and “language”. According to Anderson (1991), the process of the “self-discovery” of a country is considered to be the process of building an “imaginary community” of people based on social facts (Goswami, 2020). As a tool for the transfer of national knowledge by the state’s ideology, textbooks have become the most authoritative carrier of information in the process of self-knowledge of the “community of the imagination”. Apple (2012) sees schooling as a form of social control. According to Apple (2012), though textbooks pretend to teach neutral, legitimate knowledge, they are often used as ideological tools to promote a certain belief system and legitimize an established political and social order. Through the content of the textbook and the listed structural system, we can see what kind of world official institutions are trying to describe and shape the impression of students. Research-based on Russian textbooks will contribute to a full understanding of Russia's “self-awareness” and will foster equal dialogue and people-to-people connections between different countries. Chinese linguists studied the connections of particular text’s discourse and the image of a country, for example, Hu and Hu (2018) researched neologisms in Chinese languages connected to new social phenomena in China. Gan et al. (2019) analyzed the differences between English versions of Wikipedia on a description of Kunming “3.1” Event and London “6.3” Event. Russian linguists also researched discourse impact on a country’s image (Grenaderova, 2019). In this article, Russian history schoolbooks are used as a starting point for studying the cognitive framework presented in textbooks from the side of describing China. Studying the peculiarities of Russian textbooks has to describe the problems of Russian history textbooks and school history textbooks in the old days. Donskoy (1992) remarked: “The specificity of the study time at school leaves a certain imprint on the content and style of the methodological system” (p. 254). The influence of time and historical age on school textbooks is undeniable, and it manifests itself in various forms. This is the direct influence of national politics on the content of history education. The article takes Russian history textbooks as a starting point, and specifically addresses the following issue: how is the image of China presented in Russian history schoolbooks? Purpose of the Studу As a kind of “hegemonic narrative”, school textbook discourse has a deep impact on audiences with an official image of absolute authority, hence, it is an important foundation for how people construct, perceive and interpret the world. Research-based on Russian textbooks is a prerequisite for achieving equal dialogue and interpersonal ties between China and Russia. With the disintegration of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, the Russian education system has undergone major changes, the result of which was the decision to abolish the unified school textbook system (Zajda, 2017). For each subject, a system for publishing multiple versions of textbooks for each level of education has emerged. The de-monopoly of the educational book publishing market has led to the emergence of many publishing houses specializing in education. The Russian state controls the quality of textbooks. Based on professional knowledge, textbooks are given a “recommended” or “approved” seal. Only in this case, the textbook can be used in schools or higher education institutions. Textbooks with prescribed signs constitute the federal list that is updated every year. Until recently, the evaluation of textbooks was carried out by the Federal Expert Committee, and now this function has been partially transferred to the Russian Academy of Sciences. The State Education Policy Department is also involved in the quality control of textbooks. “Federal textbook list” is a list approved by the state government. The list of federal school textbooks includes textbooks recommended for teaching. According to this list, regional authorities have the right to fill the school library's resources at the cost of the national budget. At the end of 2018, the Russian Minister of Education Olga Vasilyeva approved a new list of textbooks in which the title was reduced from 1370 to 863. The new list includes publications that have received additional professional training. As a result, the “Enlightenment” publishing house became the leader in submitting titles in the federal textbook list, with a total of 573 titles. This article is focused on researching modern Russian history schoolbooks, published by “Ventana-Graf” publishing house, which are included in the Federal textbook list of the 2021 year and provided by “LECTA” software. These textbooks include two subjects: Russian history and Common history (which describes the history of the world). The list of analyzed school textbooks: - “Russian history”, grade 6,7,8 Vovina V. G., Baranov P. A., etc., Ventana-Graf, 2019; - “Russian history”, grade 10， Part One，Part Two, Izmozik V. S., Zhuravleva O. N., Rudnik S. N., Ventana-Graf, 2019; - “Global history. Medieval history”, grade 6, Iskrovskaya L. V., Fedorov S. E., Zemlyanitsin V. A., Ventana-Graf，2020; - “Global history. Modern history”, grade 7, 8, 9, Noskov V. V., Andreevskaya T. P., Ventana-Graf, 2020. - “Global history. New history”, grade10, Heifetz V. L., Fedorov O. D., etc., Ventana-Graf, 2019. The core theory for this study is based on discourse analysis, which is multimodal and can be used for a huge number of different texts, such as news (Wang et al., 2021), schoolbooks etc. The relationship between discourse, power and ideology has always been the focus of critical discourse analysis. Critical discourse analysis regards discourse as a kind of social practice, and its purpose is to reveal the ideology and power relations behind language use through detailed language analysis and to study the relationship between discourse and social and cultural development in different fields. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) appeared in the 1980s as an approach toward the amalgamation of language studies and social theory. Fairclough perceived the social interactivity between language and social cognition in the process of producing and interpreting texts as forms of social practice conditioned by linguistic and non-linguistic (cultural, economic, political and affective etc.) elements (Naimah, 2021). The three-dimensional analysis framework proposed by Fairclough is a theoretical paradigm of critical discourse analysis. He regards discourse as a mode of behaviour, divided into three dimensions: text, discursive practice and social practice. Based on the three-dimensional model, Fairclough proposed three steps of discourse analysis: describe (analyse the formal and structural characteristics of the text), interpret （analyze the relationship between the text and the practice process of discourse and explain (analyze the relationship between the discourse practice process and its social context) (Lanchukorn & Pattamawan, 2017). Critical discourse analysis aims to examine the relationship between discourse and ideology and power, from the perspective of language to study social issues such as race, gender, and discrimination, and to reveal the social meaning expressed by language through the analysis of language structure. Discourse analyses referred to as social studies has become very popular due to their ability to detect the influence of a particular text on people (e.g., narratives of journalism (Molek-Kozakowska, 2018)). Van Dijk developed discourse analysis as a sub-discipline of applied linguistics and as a method of linguistic research, which has the characteristics of crossing various disciplines and takes social reality as the research orientation and is committed to exploring the social structure and society behind the discourse facts. According to Van Dijk's (1980) description of discourse, discourse can be divided into macrostructure and microstructure. The macrostructure is a general description of the main content of the discourse, which is established by the recipient in the process of understanding. Macrostructure is a series of macro propositions, that is, discourse propositions formed according to certain rules. The microstructure of discourse is to divide discourse into the smallest components that are meaningful to the level of discourse (Van Dijk, 1980). According to the theory listed above, adding the mentioned concepts of Political textbooks studies (M. W. Apple, B. Anderson), this article uses methods divided into two categories: methods of critical discourse analysis and Corpus linguistics methods. Critical discourse analysis includes content analysis that is aimed to count all the topic-related nouns in the textbook. Then, the paragraphs related to the nouns are analysed according to van Dijk’s macrostructure model (in common – how often is this topic mentioned in the book) and microstructure model (what exactly the textbook “says” about the topic). In this field, the Corpus linguistics methods are perfect to see the structure of the text (Sánchez Ramos, 2020). The software provided by Corpus linguists (in the case of this article – Lancsbox and MyStem) can efficiently analyse the number of particular words and get the whole context of their usage (Zaini et al., 2021). With help of Lancsbox software, we examined the number of “China” and “Chinese” words mentioned in Russian history schoolbooks. Then we examined the related words with the following results (see Table 1): Nouns are the first category of co-occurring words. High-frequency nouns reflect the object of the text, that is, people, things or events. Since the content of history textbooks is related to the particularity of history and international relations, we will analyse it in terms of three categories: military, politics, and culture. From the co-occurrence words in textbooks, it can be seen that the frequency of Chinese-related words is at most the words belonging to military discourse. Relevant Chinese military discourse appeared in foreign history textbooks of: “The Emperor of the Song Dynasty was forced to wage an uninterrupted struggle with external enemies. In 1351, China broke out an uprising against Mongolian rule. In 1368, the rebels occupied Beijing. China regained its independence”. “The Japanese commander Hideyoshi Toyotomi took advantage of the decline of the Ming Dynasty and decided to conquer China and sent envoys to Goryeo to organize a joint campaign against China”. “At the beginning of this century, the Manchus established their state in the Songhua River basin, and then they seized southern Manchuria to the coast of the Yellow Sea, placing southern Mongolia and North Korea under their rule. In April 1644, they occupied Beijing and overthrew it… The battle failed, and the Manchus entered Beijing on June 6, 1644. A new era began in Chinese history…The struggle with the Manchus led to the rise of Chinese philosophy, politics, and historical thinking”. “After the capture of Beijing, it took the Manchus nearly 40 years to capture the rest of China with the help of Chinese officials and military leaders. It was not until 1681 that the Manchus suppressed the last hotbed of resistance in mainland China for two years. Later, with the help of the Dutch, they occupied Taiwan and completed the conquest of the entire country. Throughout the eighteenth century, the Chinese made two more attempts to rebuild their nation-state in Taiwan”. “In 1897, when international competition in the Far East was intensifying, the Kaiser dispatched a fleet... to provoke other powers to seize Chinese naval bases. Germany’s sudden appearance in the Far East’s political arena accelerated China’s division of spheres of influence, leading to a Chinese uprising against all foreigners. It was suppressed by the Eight-Power Allied Forces under the command of a German general. William II warned his army: «Don't have mercy, don't take prisoners!”. “The main target of British trade is opium produced in Indian poppy plantations. Narcotic opium has long been used in religious ceremonies in China, but since the beginning of smuggling in the United Kingdom, it has been widely used. The spread of opium has become a national issue. The Chinese complained that opium “consumed our wealth and increased the power of the barbarians”. In the capital, additional agreements were signed to further expand the rights of foreigners in China. In the course of these events, Russian diplomacy made China recognize the borders along the Amur River and divide Primorsky Territory into it through the port of Vladivostok. The disintegration of traditional Chinese society and the threat of national-territorial division gave birth to a reform and revival movement in China, which first appeared after the defeat of the war with France. The reformers demanded, “change the existing order and take root in the hearts of the people”. The reform movement after the Anti-Japanese War was particularly fierce, but the reform of “removing the old and expanding the new” started in 1898 was immediately suppressed by Cixi and was supported by Army Commander Yuan Shikai’. “…Chiang Kai-shek signed an anti-Japanese agreement with the Chinese Communists. The Soviet Union secretly sent military advisers, pilots and military equipment to China”. ‘In the summer of 1937, the Japanese Kwantung Army invaded China. The outbreak of hostilities meant that the Japanese economy turned to the basis of war, militarism rose sharply, and the government’s authoritarianism increased. In the 1920s, China’s most important task was still unified and free from imperialism, solving the problem of China's land-lost peasants, and modernizing the industrial base. Anti-imperialist demonstrations have taken place all over China”. Based on the discourse analysis of the above text, it can be noted that the rhetorical techniques used in these passages indicate that the Chinese phenomenon is not a phenomenon of an aggressor country, but a country that defends against foreign attacks. At the same time, Russia's role in participating in the Opium War is not hidden, but it emphasizes the assistance of the Soviet Union in China's anti-Japanese struggle (in the “anti-fascist” discourse). However, in describing the conflict between the Soviet Union and China, the discourse has changed: “In Asia, the differences with China have deepened. During China's “Cultural Revolution”, China's provocations on the Soviet border became more and more common. In 1969, two areas of the Soviet-Chinese border were armed conflicts: in Uzbekistan. Damansky Island and Kazakhstan region on the Suri River. Soviet leaders worried about the threat of a large-scale war with China. The Soviet Union spent a lot of money on strengthening its borders. The restoration of relations with China only occurred in the 1980s”. Regarding the armed conflict between Russia and China, it must be mentioned that the description is short-lived. These events have no distinctive ideological colour but are presented as historical facts. For example, only the upper paragraph in the textbook is about the Damanskiy Island incident, although it contains the words “provocation from China”, but in the context of the entire textbook, little attention is paid to this conflict. In the political category, the discourse on Sino-Russian relations in textbooks has a positive attitude. At the same time, the influence of Japan and the United States on China has been described in a negative way, e.g.: “President Bush publicly abandoned the idea of a “superpower” and called for a return to solve the problem through multilateral efforts. However, the Americans are “firmly trapped” in Afghanistan and Iraq and continue to conflict with China on economic issues”. “In 2005, Japan-China relations deteriorated sharply. This was because Tokyo supported the United States on the Taiwan issue, and China continued to treat Taiwan as its territory. The new Japanese history textbook defended the imperial aggression on the eve and during the World War and was regarded as to insult China and North Korea. Thousands of anti-Japanese demonstrations in China destroyed the offices of several Japanese companies and diplomatic missions. The Chinese authorities do not bear any responsibility for this. Prime Minister Koizumi had to give others for his country again apologize for the “suffering” caused by the nation”. “China occupies a solid position in the world economy (the second-largest economy in the world) and international politics. The Chinese authorities, which still do not recognize Taiwan, no longer insist on using military means to resolve the issue of secession. In 1997, the Chinese successfully regained Hong Kong, which was previously ruled by the British. In 1999, the Chinese flag flew over Macau, which was once a Portuguese colony. The border disputes with Russia and India were resolved. In 2005, China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) and successfully hosted the 29th Summer Olympics in the summer of 2008, in which Chinese athletes won first place (October 2017). Since March 2013, he has also served as the Chairman of China. Xi Jinping has established himself as a tough fighter against corruption. The Constitution of the Communist Party of China embodies the “One Belt, One Road” initiative-the establishment of three economic corridors, linking China with Europe, Central Asia, Russia, and the Mediterranean and Persian Gulf countries”. “At the beginning of the 21st century, China-Russia relations have made significant progress. In 2001, the two sides signed an agreement on good-neighbourly friendship and cooperation. Moscow and Beijing have a common view on combating religious extremism, separatism and international terrorism. China supports Action taken by the Russian government in Chechnya. In 2005, 2007 and 2014, Moscow and Beijing conducted joint military anti-terrorism exercises. On May 21, 2014, Russian President Putin and President Xi Jinping signed a landmark contract for the supply of natural gas to China in Shanghai between Natural Gas Industry Corporation and China National Petroleum Corporation. The total price of the 30-year contract is 400 billion U.S. dollars. To fulfil the contract, the “Siberian Power” natural gas pipeline with a length of 4,800 kilometres will be built. The cooperation between the two countries has entered a new stage”. The above example is a comprehensive description of modern Sino-Russian relations and the modern international situation of the world. How are the earlier related Chinese historical events described? “Another important diplomatic event during the reign of Princess Sofia was the signing of the Treaty of Nerchinsk with China in 1689. The Amur region agreed to establish a border along the Argon River and the Stanovoi Mountains (at the same time, the eastern section of the border did not clear geographical indications). Therefore, Russia and China have established a peaceful relationship for a long time, and the gradual expansion of trade has promoted the maintenance of this relationship”. “A special relationship has formed between China and Russia. The interests of the two countries were as early as the 17th century. They collided in the Amur River Basin. After completing the conquest of China, Kangxi fought several battles against Russian settlements. Under the threat of force, he forced the Moscow Embassy to sign the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689, according to which the Russians ceded the land they developed in the Amur Valley. However, the same Kangxi allowed the establishment of a Russian mission in Beijing in 1715. The Orthodox Mission has played a special role in the development of Russia-China relations. When no foreign powers had the right to station diplomatic representatives in the Chinese capital, the two countries maintained informal contacts through it. The agreements signed in 1727 and 1728 confirmed that in addition to the border between Russia and Mongolia occupied by the Manchus, the Russian-Chinese-Thai trade terms through the border town of Kyakhta were also determined, which will continue after the Europeans “closed” to China”. “In the Far East, the task of Russian diplomats is to establish borders and trade relations with other countries. The result of their activities is the treaty delineating the border between Russia and China in the Far East. According to the treaty signed with China in 1858-1860, a border was established along the Amur River, and the Ussuri Territory, located between the Ussuri River and the Sea of Japan, on the right tributary of the Amur River, leads to Russia. In 1860, Vladivostok was established - Russia's outpost in the Far East”. “By the beginning of the 19th century, China was still a country isolated from the outside world, and its power belonged to the Qing Dynasty. All contact with foreigners was limited to strictly controlled trade through the port of Guangzhou and the city of Kyakhta on the Russian border”. In this short article, it is worth pointing out the description of Russia’s behaviour: The first thing is to put forward the things done by other countries, emphasizing the destructiveness and harm of these things, but Russia’s role is only limited to “making diplomacy”. The characteristic of these examples is that discourses related to Russia remain neutral, but discourses related to other countries are composed of phrases such as “influence” and “pressure”. This context has a derogatory influence and regards the mentioned countries as an aggressor. However, there is an exception to this description: “Russia took advantage of China's weakness, imposed an alliance agreement on it, and obtained concessions to build a Middle East railway through Manchuria”. At the same time, a neutral discourse appeared: “Russians living in Siberia gradually developed trade relations with China. Chinese came to Tobolsk to participate in fairs, trading silk, gems, porcelain, coloured pottery, tea and other commodities. At the same time, in China in the early 17th century the Manchu emperor in power watched dissatisfiedly as the power of the Russian tsar first spread throughout Siberia and then began to establish his own country. In the Transbaikal and Amur regions”. But there are relatively few such facts mentioned in textbooks. Nouns such as “culture”, “life”, “Confucianism”, “society”, and “language” describe the cultural aspects mentioned. Compared with other categories, they appear less, but in foreign history textbooks, they concentrate on specific short essays describing China. “During the Song Dynasty, China invented gunpowder and compasses, and developed printing (through stereotype printing), which all illustrate the development of social education in China”. “Confucianism has dominated the spiritual life of China since ancient times”. “China, which has a thousand-year civilization, has become the cradle of Far Eastern culture. This is a China-cantered special world that has been isolated from other centres of civilization for a long time”. “Japan owes it to the cultural influence that penetrated Japan from China and South Korea, mainly Confucianism and Buddhism”. “The religious meaning of Zen that also comes from China is especially popular in Japan”. “The Ming Dynasty was the heyday of the production of porcelain art products. The manufacture of porcelain became an exclusive affair of the country and was carried out under strict government control. Another characteristic of the Ming Dynasty is the prosperity of Chinese architecture and related crafts. New cities were built, countless palaces, temples, bridges, canals, fortifications. Under the rule of the Ming emperor, China completed the Great Wall on the northern border and rebuilt the Grand Canal connecting China’s largest river, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River”. “Kangxi personally formulated the code of conduct for his subjects; he imitated Chinese literary classics and wrote poems. His famous sayings were dotted on the walls of urban buildings and were recited by schools. New palaces were built in the Forbidden City in Beijing and the Mausoleum of Bogdi Khan in Mukden, the capital of Manzhouli. The city walls were restored and rebuilt, and the walls were decorated with monumental gates. The architecture of the Qing Dynasty generally followed the old style. The pattern is different from the grand scale and gorgeous decoration. The construction of etiquette promoted the development of applied art. During that period, the art of stone carving reached the highest perfection”. According to the above analysis, we can see a positive image of China in Russian history textbooks, which manifests itself in the structure of the microdiscourse. However, this study does not include a full-scale analysis of history textbooks. If we look at the general picture of mentioning China in textbooks, we can notice that China is mentioned relatively little. We believe that this phenomenon is associated with the picture of the world that is formed in textbooks - it is more Eurocentric. At the same time, a positive image of China is being formed based on the current political agenda. Putting together these two theses, we can highlight the problem of the lack of full-scale information about China in general and about the Asian region in particular in Russian history textbooks. The small number of references to China weakly correlates with the political agenda of cooperating with China, which is being created in Russia. Anderson, B. R. (1991). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Rev. and extended ed. Verso. Apple, M. W. (2012). Education and power. Routledge. Donskoy, G. M. (1992). «Celyj mir ulozhit' nastranice...» Uchebnikistorii - otzamysla do izdanijaidal'she. Knigadljauchitelja. [“Whole world put in one page…” History schoolbook – from concept to publishing and so on]. Prosveshhenie. Gan, L., Guan, Y., & Fei, J. (2019). “Ethnic Conflicts” and “Terrorist Attack”: Digital Discourse Frameworks in Wikipedia: Taking Kunming “3. 1” Event and London “6. 3” Event as Examples. Xinwenyuchuanboyanjiu. [In Chinese]. Goswami, M. (2020). Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (1983). Public culture, 32(2), 441-448. Grenaderova, O. L. (2019). Jazykovye sredstva formirovanija polozhitel'nogo imidzha strany (na materiale portugal'skogo diplomaticheskogo diskursa). [Linguistic means of forming a positive image of the country (based on the material of the Portuguese diplomatic discourse)]. Filologicheskie nauki v MGIMO, 3(19), 14-20. Hu, F., & Hu, Y. (2018). Zuowei “shijian” de liuxingyuyu Zhongguo “shizijiashenfentixi” de benglie — cong “wanyuanhu” yongfa de xingshuaikangaigekaifang 40 nian de fazhan. [Buzzwords as "Events" and the Breakup of China's "Cross Identity System"——From the rise and fall of the usage of "ten thousand households" to see the development of the 40 years of opening up reformations]. Jiangxi shifandaxuexuebao (zhexueshehuikexueban), 51 (05), 14-23. Hu, F., & Hu, Y. (2021). Zhengzhichuanboyuyanxue de luojiqidian. [The logical starting point of political communication linguistics]. Shehuikexue, (01), 17-26. Lanchukorn, S., & Pattamawan, J. (2017). Applying Critical Discourse Analysis as a conceptual framework for investigating gender stereotypes in political media discourse. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 38 (2), 136-142. Molek-Kozakowska, K. (2018). Popularity-driven science journalism and climate change: A critical discourse analysis of the unsaid. Discourse, Context & Media, 21, 73-81. Naimah, A. (2021). Ideological representation of fear and hope in online newspaper reports on COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. Heliyon, 7(4). Sánchez Ramos, M. del Mar. (2020). Teaching English for Medical Translation: A Corpus-Based Approach. Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research, 8, 25-40. Van Dijk, T. A. (1980). Makrostruktury. Mezhdisciplinarnoe issledovanie global'nyh struktur diskursa, vzaimodejstvija i poznanija. [Macrostructures. An interdisciplinary study of the global structures of discourse, interaction and cognition]. Nal'dvijk. Wang, G., Wu, X., & Li, Q. (2021). A bibliometric study of news discourse analysis (1988‒2020). Discourse & Communication, Zaini, M., Anida, S., Mazura, M., Zulkifli, O., Husna, F., & Al-Muhsin, M. (2021). House building tips (HBT) corpus dataset as a resource to discover Malay architectural ingenuity and identity. Data in Brief, 36. Zajda, J. (2017). Globalisation and National Identity in History Textbooks. The Russian Federation. Springer. About this article 03 June 2022 Print ISBN (optional) Cite this article as: Spiridonov, E. G., & Spiridonova, A. V. (2022). The Image Of China Presented In Russian History Schoolbooks. In N. G. Bogachenko (Ed.), AmurCon 2021: International Scientific Conference, vol 126. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences (pp. 925-935). European Publisher. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2022.06.102

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Many parents are looking for solutions and ways to improve their Toddler’s Speaking Skills. Do you know? Even before your child speaks his first word, his speaking skills start getting developed. It’s up to us (parents) how we want to develop and build their speaking skills and vocabulary. Do you remember your Baby’s First words like Baba, Mama, Dada, etc? Those are the starting few words in a toddler’s own Small Vocabulary, Importance of Vocabulary is not only for Better Communications but it will also help in Baby’s Brain Development. By the time your child is 2 years old, he or she will start using small but complete words like dad, mom, dog, ball, milk, toy, eats, dodo etc, depending on his interest and liking, e.g. if he likes to play with the ball then he will speak ball very clearly which I can tell from my experience as my 2 years old daughter use to speak ball very clearly as she was and is very fond of balls. Is There Any Particular Age to develop Toddler’s Speaking Skills (Speaking Skills Develops)? We should always speak normal (just like a grown-up kid) with our baby from birth itself, as baby’s brains are always in learning mode and more we communicate with them will make them understand language, tone, and words quickly and very early. As far as deciding the right age to start focusing on vocabulary development is concerned, no one can say that as it varies from kids to kids. As soon as you notice that your child is started using small words like mama, daddy, cat, dog then that is the best time to start, which normally happens as soon as babies hit 24 month mark. 10 Powerful Ways to Improve Your Toddlers Speaking Skills 1 # Speak Clearly and Correctly As we know our kids are more monkey than humans when it comes to copying they imitate what they see their parents are doing, same goes for your speaking .when your child hears you speak they will try to imitate that in the same tone and pronunciation. Therefore, it’s a duty for all parents’ to speak clearly and correctly around their child. Wrong pronunciation and tone around them will make them adopt the same. 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These interactive gadgets will help and encourage them in developing their speaking skills. 4 # Speak the same things at Different Places While trying to develop the speaking skills of toddlers you should try teaching the same words at many different places, for example, if you are trying to teach shape’s name (triangle, square, arrow, etc). Then you should practice while he is playing with his toys of different shapes, also you should practice it by showing him different shapes of boxes in a mall or stones in the playground. This will help him recognize shapes and their respective words correctly and which will help him speak/ learn that word forever. 5 #Try to Have Long Conversations Try to have a sensible and meaningful conversation with your child. Once you are complete with your sentences wait and hear what your toddler has to say. Good conversation with your child means a good start in developing his speaking skills. Engage your toddler in a long conversation and in between encourages him to repeat the words after you. We must have noticed in playschools and playing area that some kids are very talkative while others are very quiet, in most of the cases this is credited to their parents and their behavior around their kids. Parents who engage regularly in meaningful communication with their kids find their kids showing similar behavior with other kids/elders. 6 # Allow Him to Speak in His Own Language Toddlers communicate in their own language so we should not stop and interrupt them when they are telling you something and trying to strike a conversation in their own cute language. These conversations will build their confidence and encourage them to speak even more in the future with you and with others. 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You just need to be a little patient while teaching those big words, try breaking the word into 2/3 pieces and speak very slowly in the first few tries, you will be surprised just over 2/3 attempts how quickly your kiddo grasps it and repeats after you. 8 # Allow your Toddler to Play and have a Conversation with Bigger Children Little older kids are always a big help in fast development and learning of younger kids As young kids want to do the same things and want to speak just like they see those older kids are speaking. So they start learning words and speaking very quickly, we would have noticed that toddlers with older siblings are quicker and better in their speaking and overall development as they are learning from their older siblings all the time as compared to kids with siblings. We should encourage the interaction of toddlers with little older kids when we say older means age different should not be more than 2 years as higher age difference may not help much as much older kids may not attract the attention of these toddlers. 9 # Give your Maximum Time Nothing will work if you are not spending Quality Time with Your Toddler. You & only you are the best trainers to develop your Toddler’s Speaking Skills. Whenever you are interacting with him, be it while feeding, playing, changing diapers, in the car, the at the playground, try and speak loudly & slowly about things around him an example, red cycle, blue car, brown book, big toy etc, so that he knows that something new is there which he needs to learn and speak. 10 # Loudly Read Books to your Toddler Reading is the best habit a Toddler can adopt from his parent, it plays a very important role in his overall development. Toddlers are too small to read for themselves, but they love to see the picture in books and they love to identify characters like Mickey Mouse, Disney, Goofy, Pluto, Rabbits, and Lion. Make book reading a daily routine which will encourage toddlers to ask for that particular book with his favorite animals, also he will repeat after you and speak aloud the names of the characters in book-like birds, tree, apple, dog, etc.

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Cochise County Courthouse |US state :||Arizona| |Administrative headquarters :||Bisbee| |Residents :||131,346 (2010)| |Population density :||8.2 inhabitants / km 2| |Total area :||16,107 km²| |Water surface :||128 km²| |Website : www.co.cochise.az.us| The name of the county formed on February 1, 1881 goes back to Cochise , one of the most famous leaders of the Chiricahua - Apaches during the Indian Wars of the 19th century, who lived in an Indian reservation in the area from 1871 and died here in 1874. 86 buildings and sites in the county are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) (as of May 2, 2020), including Fort Huachuca , the Tombstone Historic District , the Phelps Dodge General Office Building and five other properties have National status Historic Landmarks . |growth of population| According to the 2000 census , Cochise County's population was 117,755. There were 43,893 households and 30,768 families. The population density was 7 people per square kilometer. The racial the population was composed of 76.66% White, 4.52% African American, 1.15% Native American, 1.65% Asian, 0.26% Pacific Islander, and 12.05% other races Groups; 3.72% were from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 30.69% percent of the population. Of the 43,893 households, 32.00% percent had children and adolescents under the age of 18 living with them. 55.10% percent were married couples living together, 11.10% percent were single mothers, 29.90% percent were non-families. 25.30% are single households and 10.10% have someone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.07. For the entire county, the population was composed of 26.30% of residents under 18 years of age, 9.30% between 18 and 24 years of age, 26.00% between 25 and 44 years of age, and 23.70% between 45 and 64 years of age 14.70% were 65 years of age or over. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 101.60 males, and for every 100 females aged 18 and over there were 101.20 males. The median income for a household in the 32,105 USD , and the median income for a family was 38,005 USD. Males had a median income of $ 30,533 versus $ 22,252 for females. The per capita income was $ 15,988. 17.70% of the population and 13.50% of families are below the poverty line. 25.80% of them are under 18 years of age and 10.40% are 65 years of age or older. Places in Cochise County There are seven parishes in Cochise County, including six cities and one town . For statistical purposes, the US Census Bureau maintains 14 census-designated places that are subordinate to the county and are not self-governing. Like the Unincorporated Communities, these are unincorporated areas. - GNIS-ID: 25442. Retrieved on February 22, 2011 (English). - Charles Curry Aiken, Joseph Nathan Kane: The American Counties: Origins of County Names, Dates of Creation, Area, and Population Data, 1950-2010 . 6th edition. Scarecrow Press, Lanham 2013, ISBN 978-0-8108-8762-6 , p. 64. - Listing of National Historic Landmarks by State: Arizona. National Park Service , accessed May 2, 2020. Search mask database in the National Register Information System. National Park Service , accessed May 2, 2020. Weekly List on the National Register Information System. National Park Service , accessed May 2, 2020. Listing of National Historic Landmarks by State: Arizona. National Park Service , accessed May 2, 2020. - Extract from Census.gov . Retrieved February 28, 2011 - Excerpt from factfinder.census.gov.Retrieved February 28, 2011 - Extract from census.gov.Retrieved March 31, 2012

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KAREN A. WEYLER, Empowering Words: Outsiders and Authorship in Early America (Athens: U of Georgia P, 2013), 311 pp. Reviewed by Philipp Schweighauser Amerikastudien / American Studies 59.3 (2014) In Empowering Words: Outsiders and Authorship in Early America, Karen A. Weyler gives a fascinating account of non-elites’ strategies—primarily collaborative writing and sponsorship by patrons and editors—to get their texts published during the radical expansion of American print culture from 1760 to 1815. Weyler’s book focuses on “those Americans without the advantages of an elite education, social class, or connections, who relied largely on their own labor for subsistence” (4) and “experienced significant constraints on their liberty and labor” (5). For many of the laborers, near-illiterates, slaves, indentured servants, unenfranchised, and women, whose texts Weyler considers, gaining access to print would have been impossible without elite support, first and foremost because most of them were poorly educated and could not write. In eighteenth-century America, “nonelite individuals often read reasonably well without being able to write much beyond their name, if that,” but their immersion in oral culture in many cases ensured that “being unable to write did not mean that one was unfamiliar with the rhetorical tropes or commonly expressed religious sentiments of the time” (7). Weyler sums up her observations concerning different degrees of literacy in an early statement that amounts to the book’s main thesis: “Participation in early American literary culture did not require functional literacy but rather a functional understanding of literacy and how it operated in Anglo-American culture” (8; emphasis in orig.). What enables Weyler to trace the history of this highly heterogeneous group’s textual production is extensive archival research on ephemeral media (pamphlets, broadsides, newspapers), where outsiders published their captivity narratives, poems, formal addresses, and essays. Her inquiry takes us into hitherto unexplored territory not only in social terms but also in geographical terms, in her forages into archives outside of New England centers of cultural production. In methodological terms, Weyler usefully draws on what Jerome McGann calls ‘materialist hermeneutics,’ a recent approach that brings together the kind of text-based interpretation that literary scholars are most familiar with and book historians’ alertness to the materiality of texts. Chapter one (“Mourning New England: Phillis Wheatley and the Broadside Elegy”) is devoted to a well-known writer who has a secure place in U.S. literary histories. In focusing on Phillis Wheatley’s early work rather than on her celebrated Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral (1773), Weyler is able to sketch in great detail the strategies that allowed Wheatley to become the first African American to publish a book of poetry. These strategies included her participation in evangelical networks (which prominently included her mistress Susannah Wheatley), her recourse to the popular genre of the elegy, and her choice to publish her poems in the cheap and widely disseminated medium of the broadside. Crucial to Wheatley’s rise to fame was her 1770 broadside publication of a patriotic elegy on the famous English evangelist George Whitefield, which Weyler describes as “a watershed moment in American print history” (28). The chapter ends with a discussion of racist ‘Bobalition’ broadsides that distorted African-American dialect to comic effect to ridicule what its anonymous authors perceived as Wheatley’s pretensions to learning and gentility. Weyler rightly notes that, vicious as they are, these responses also testify to Wheatley’s powerful presence in the pre-revolutionary public sphere. Weyler’s approach in this chapter is also highly instructive because it allows us to reconsider why it was Wheatley who made her mark rather than other contemporaneous African-American writers (e.g., Jupiter Hammon, Benjamin Banneker, and Prince Hall) or any of the other ten Whitefield elegists. The second chapter (“An ‘Englishman under English Colours’: Briton Hammon, John Marrant, and the Fungibility of Christian Faith”) focuses on two black men, Briton Hammon and John Marrant, whose accounts of their captivities found their way into print thanks to their (in Marrant’s case troubled) affiliation with evangelical individuals and institutions. The chapter begins with a useful recapitulation of the strategies that Wheatley made use of to get her texts published: “sophisticated mastery of the English language, support from powerful patrons, carefully planned literacy events, emphasis on her evangelical faith, deployment of the wildly popular Christian elegy, and use of the inexpensive medium of the broadside and later a poetry collection” (77). Turning to Hammon and Marrant, Weyler notes that the relative obscurity of these writers in their own time as well as our own has much to do with the fact that several of the strategies Wheatley employed simply were not available to them. In the case of Hammon’s Narrative of the Uncommon Sufferings, and Surprizing Deliverance of Briton Hammon, a Negro Man (1760), Weyler reasons that, given proscriptions against teaching slaves writing skills, he could probably read but not write, which makes it likely that his narrative is an “as-told-to story” (87). Weyler situates Hammon’s text, which narrates both his Indian and his Spanish captivity, in the context of the French and Indian Wars (1755-1763). During these wars, many British colonial subjects were captured by Native American tribes, which in turn led to a resurging popular interest in captivity narratives that “fanned anti-French, anti-Catholic, and anti-Indian sentiment” (82). In styling himself a Protestant Englishman, Hammon’s narrative could tap into that sentiment, highlighting his moral and cultural superiority over both his Indian and his Catholic Spanish captors while de-emphasizing the color of his skin in contradistinction to the editor’s titular addition of “a Negro Man.” Unlike Hammon, Marrant could write. But his own captivity narrative A Narrative of the Lord’s Wonderful Dealings with John Marrant, a Black (1785) entered the world of print in ways that powerfully testify to the constraints elite sponsorship and collaboration imposed on non-elite writers. The publication history of Marrant’s Narrative is more complex than Hammond’s because two texts based on his life story preceded it: an early version of the Narrative penned by the Methodist minister William Aldridge in 1785 and the English poet Samuel Whitchurch’s narrative poem The Negro Convert of the same year. Both these texts are based on the conversion narrative Marrant delivered when he was ordained a minister in the evangelical Huntingdon Connexion. It was only in the fourth, revised and expanded edition of the Narrative, published later in the same year, that Marrant was able to regain control of his life’s story. Most significantly, Marrant counters Aldridge’s and especially Whitchurch’s emphasis on his race by foregrounding his Christian piety and his proselytizing among his Cherokee captors. In a more aggressive vein, Marrant also adds a passage in which he contrasts his Cherokee captors’ benevolence with the white savagery he encountered on a southern plantation, thus reminding his evangelical patrons and Anglo audience of white Christians’ sins. The book’s third chapter (“‘Common, Plain, Every Day Talk’ from ‘An Uncommon Quarter’: Samson Occom and the Language of the Execution Sermon”) explores the lives and work of two Native American authors: Patience Boston, who worked with Reverend Samuel Moody to produce a conversion narrative that was published after her execution for the murder of a white child, and the much better-known Mohegan Reverend Samson Occom, whose A Sermon Preached at the Execution of Moses Paul, an Indian (1772) mediates a more distinctly Native American voice that draws on but is not easily contained by the discourses of Christian morality and the law. In bringing these two very different figures together, Weyler illustrates both the constraining and enabling power of evangelical networks for Native American writers. As with Wheatley, Weyler takes into account Occom’s “literacy events” (114) prior to his most famous publication, in particular his “A Short Narrative of My Life” (which was, however, published only posthumously). Turning to Occom’s Sermon, she shows how, more so than Wheatley but similar to other minority writers of the era, he speaks both as an individual and a representative of his ethnic community even as his variation on the “Dying Indian speech” (128) liberally draws on the established genres of the execution sermon and the deathbed confession. In doing so, Occom inscribes both himself and the condemned murderer into a Christian community that believes in the possibility of salvation and redemption for even the greatest of sinners, whatever ethnic community they may belong to. And along the way, Occom subtly reminds his white audience of its own sins: the history of colonial exploitation and racial discrimination that pushed Moses Paul into alcoholism and crime. Boston’s agency as co-author of A Faithful Narrative of the Wicked Life and Remarkable Conversion of Patience Boston Alias Samson (1738) was far more constrained than Occom’s since her confession and conversion narrative was written by Reverend Samuel Moody, who ensured that her voice was safely contained within evangelical discourse. Boston was “forced to surrender final authority over [her] words in order to grasp limited agency as [a] speaking subjec[t]” (122). Her narrative also testifies to the costs of literacy for some non-elite subjects: both Boston and her third child were bound out to a religious white family. Boston learned to read there but this enabled her neither to escape a life of deprivation, alcoholism, and crime nor to take charge of her own life story: “Sometimes [native literacy] is instead a dark thread running through the tapestry of eighteenth-century literacy studies, outlining the cultural dislocation and despair of displaced people living as outsiders in their own homeland, forcibly included in the provincial polity and struggling to retain their sovereignty” (125). Deborah Sampson’s enlisting of white writers and artists in her successful attempt to clear her name at the court of public opinion is the focus of Weyler’s fourth chapter (“Becoming ‘The American Heroine’: Deborah Sampson, Collaboration, and Performance”). Sampson fought disguised as a man during the American Revolution, an action that qualified as a punishable offence. It was the combined force of Herman Mann’s fictional biography The Female Review (1797), Philip Freneau’s poem “On Deborah Gannett” (1797), Joseph Stone’s portrait of her (c. 1797) as well as the public oration she gave on various occasions dressed as a soldier that shaped Sampson’s public image as an overzealous but righteous patriot in whom female virtue (chastity) and male virtues (courage, honor, duty) converged. Her strategic use of literacy and public performances of gender not only helped her avoid being sentenced for her illegal cross-dressing but also ensured that she received back pay and an invalid pension for her military service: “Sampson exercised her agency not in writing but by persuading more powerful men to write about her—a process that enabled her celebrity and compels us to reconsider the nature of collaboration” (147; emphasis in orig.). In her fifth chapter (“‘To Proceed With Spirit’: Clementia Rind and the Virginia Gazette”), Weyler considers the career of Clementia Rind, owner of a print shop and the editor of the Virginia Gazette, to make the argument that many editors of the period should be reconsidered as writers in their own right given the amount of text that they wrote (e.g. editorials, short news items, obituaries) and the significant changes they made to the writings they selected for publication. This is perhaps the weakest point made in Empowering Words since it is based less on a sustained argument and redefinition of the public functions of editors than on the desire to move neglected female actors back into the historical narrative: “if we broaden our understanding of authorship to include the intellectual labor of editing a paper for a wide-ranging audience, we suddenly find that we have many more southern women ‘authors’” (193). While I fully sympathize with the overall project, I am not so sure it requires us to rename editors “authors.” After all, Weyler emphasizes Rind’s considerable influence on the eve of the American Revolution as editor of a widely read newspaper when she labels her “the center of the flow of information in and out of Williamsburg” (181). At the same time, this chapter gives us a very good sense of the formidable economic and physical demands that colonial printing and editing imposed, particularly for a widowed woman like Rind, who had to support three children with the print shop she inherited from her husband William in 1773. The sixth and final chapter of Empowering Words (“When Barbers Wrote Books: Mechanic Societies and Authorship”) invites us to reconsider what counts as a cultural institution in post-revolutionary America. Focusing on mechanic societies’ active support of its members’ social uplift, she allows us to appreciate the cultural work done by formal addresses penned and given by barbers, farmers, and printers to “dignify the labor of the artisan, celebrate his national economic importance, and argue for public education, firmly locating the mechanic in the national imaginary” (206). These mechanic societies represented the economic, social, and cultural interests of its members; accordingly, writers from their ranks strove to fashion and consolidate a collective and decidedly secular public identity different from that of merchants and the landowning classes. Weyler’s account focuses on formal addresses delivered at mechanic societies’ meetings by three individuals: “the barber (and later civic leader) John Howland, the farmer-turned-printer (and later editor and politician) Joseph Buckingham, and [the] printer-turned-politician Benjamin Russell” (206). After the events, their speeches were published as handsome pamphlets directed at a public well beyond their societies’ confines. Weyler shows how the written dissemination of Howland’s, Buckingham’s, and Russell’s speeches helped them launch public careers in which they continued to fight for their class interests and strove further to consolidate artisans’ place in the nation, for instance, by advocating, as Howland would go on to do, free public education. In her succinct conclusion, Weyler reminds us once more not to limit our literary-historical inquiries to the expensive medium of the book. In focusing on cheaper and more widely available ephemera such as broadsides, pamphlets, and newspapers, she develops a more encompassing and more democratic understanding of literacy and authorship that future scholars can profitably draw on to excavate yet further neglected writers, texts, and genres. Not only that: Weyler’s change of focus also sheds new light on firmly established writers such as Frederick Douglass and Harriet Wilson, who continued to rely on elites’ support even after they had become famous. Empowering Words has whetted this reader’s appetite and he hopes for more scholarly work in this vein and of this high quality. Basel, Philipp Schweighauser

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Economic and social development is a process of improving economic and social health and quality of life. It is attained simply by implementing targeted goals. However , the process will not be easy. It requires lots of money and effort. Even so, it can be done. This post will discuss a few of the ways in which this development can be achieved. Economic development calls for the advertising of regional businesses and entrepreneurs. In addition, it includes the introduction of community solutions and system. It aims to develop a lasting community through targeted coverages. There are many methods to economic development, but the main goal is to increase economic and social wellbeing. The United States Department of Commerce’s Economic Advancement Administration may be the only government agency focused entirely for this goal. The agency can be led by the Assistant Admin of Commerce for Monetary Development. Economical developers are in charge of for producing marketing strategies and attraction advertisments to attract businesses to a neighborhood. These approaches can be targeted towards a specific industry sector or market. By creating a strong organization environment, economical developers can easily improve the standard of living of residents. They also support small enterprises by offering entry to capital and incubator space. They can present technical assistance and help them enter fresh markets. Economical development is an important factor in the well-being of any nation. see here It encourages economic development through higher productivity. In addition, it provides chances for people coming from all public groups to get certain rights and benefits. Moreover, economical development can improve the california’s ability to deal with the economy and modern culture.

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Unveiling of fossil Phanerotinus Cristatus Tuam Library, High Street, Tuam, Co. Galway This very rare giant fossil snail dating from the Carboniferous Period around 340 million years ago, was spotted in a wall in Tuam by Galway based Chartered Surveyor and geological enthusiast Brendan Arrigan in 2017, and it was subsequently rescued for safe keeping. The Tuam find is also special in having both pieces of the rock that was originally split by a stonemason to expose both the fossil itself and also the counterpart impression. Worldwide, only 15 of these unusually large fossils have ever been discovered to date, and they are only to be found in a band of limestone stretching between Ireland and Britain. Phanerotinus cristatus was a gigantic snail with spiny flanges around the outside. It lived on the sea floor at a time when Ireland was situated close to the equator and covered by a warm tropical sea. The unveiling will take place at Tuam Library on Monday 30th September at 2pm by Cllr. Jimmy McClearn, Cathaoirleach of the county of Galway and Seán Canny TD, Minister of State Community Development, Natural Resources & Digital Development. The ceremony will be open to the public and will include a welcome from Koen Verbruggen, Director of Geological Survey Ireland, short talks by Brendan Arrigan about finding and rescuing the fossil, and by Matthew Parkes, geological curator in the Natural History Museum, putting the find into the context of a Geological Heritage Audit of County Galway. The fossil will be placed at Galway County Council Office, High Street, Tuam on public display in Tuam for a period of time and also at a branch of the National Museum of Ireland in Dublin.

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Earlier this year, International Monetary Fund’s Chief, Christine Lagarde and Norway's Prime Minister Erna Solberg, in a joint paper, stated, “Raising women's participation in the labor force to the same level as men can boost India's GDP by 27 percent.” Now, according to a recent study conducted by McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) found that India could add $770 billion to its GDP annually in 2025, or 18% above business-as-usual GDP by realizing gender parity. The Power of Parity: Advancing Women’s Equality in Asia Pacific, a research done by MGI, studied the economic cost of gender inequality and related issues. The study highlighted that advancing gender equality in the Asia-Pacific could add $4.5 trillion (a 12% increase in the business trajectory) to the region’s collective GDP by 2025. In absolute terms, at $2.6 trillion (a 13% increase) China would benefit the most. But in relative terms, India would get the most significant boost by addressing gender inequality that would add $770 billion (an 18% increase) to GDP. Currently, Indian women contribute 18% to the GDP. In contrast, in China, women commit 41% to the GDP and constitute 44% of the workforce, and in Singapore, these figures are 39% and 45%, respectively. In the Asia-Pacific region, women contribute 36% to GDP and make up 37% of the workforce, which is similar to the global figures of 36% and 39%. On gender equality at work, the six countries remotest from gender parity are Bangladesh, India, Japan, Nepal, Pakistan and South Korea. However, the entire region is facing the issue of the low participation of women in leadership positions. The only country that has achieved a female-to-male ratio of close to 1.00 on leadership indicator was the Philippines. Across the Asia Pacific region, the report estimates that 58% of the opportunity ($4.5 trillion) would come from boosting the female labor force participation ratio, 17% from raising the number of hours women work and the remaining 25% from more women working in higher productivity sectors.

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Currently, Git is one of the most popular version control systems among developers. You can use it to track changes in your projects and coordinate the work of multiple developers. Open-source projects also frequently use Git on platforms such as GitHub and Bitbucket. If you want to use it in your projects you need to learn a handful of Git commands that later you can run from a command line tool (CLI). Git has a great documentation and has a relatively flat learning curve as well. In this article, I will show you the most frequently used Git commands for things like staging and committing changes, checking the status of your repository, creating a connection with a remote repository, and more. If you want to learn Git in-depth also take a look at the Pro Git handbook that contains everything you may want to know on the subject. Most developers use Git from the command line, as it’s much faster. However, it’s only possible if you know the Git commands you need to use. However, Git also has several GUI clients you can use if you rather work with a graphical interface. You can download the Git command line tool for the three major operating systems, Windows, Linux, and Mac, from Git’s official website. Most Important Git Commands 1. Configure Git After installing Git, the best thing to do is to configure Git on the global level, so later you won’t have to bother with that. For a basic configuration, there are only two Git commands you need to use—one registers the author’s name and another one their email. From then on, Git will save all the changes you make with these credentials. git config --global user.name "Jane Doe" git config --global user.email firstname.lastname@example.org The first line configures the name, while the second line configures the email address of the author. 2. Initialize a Git Repository After you installed the Git CLI on your system, navigate to the folder you want to use as a Git project folder (also called repository or repo). When you are inside the folder, type the following line into the command line: Now, your Git repo is initialized, which means Git has begun to track all changes you make in this folder. If you take a look at your File Manager you will find a new folder inside, called .git. This is the hidden folder where Git stores its configurations. 3. Check the Status of the Repo You can check the status of your Git repository at any time with the following command: There are three states in which files inside your Git project folder can reside: In the Git terminology, files are staged after you add them to the staging area, the place where you store the files you later want to commit. They are committed after a current snapshot of them was saved into the local database stored in the .git folder. And, they are modified after you made some changes to them but not yet committed those changes. 4. Stage Files You can add files to your staging area by typing the following command into your command line: git add index.html style.css images This command stages the style.css files and the images folder. You can simply add all the files and folders you want to track after the git add command. If you want to stage all unstaged files and folders in your working directory you can also use the following shorthand: git add . If you have a huge working directory it can also be a good solution to add all files at once and remove the few you don’t want to stage. 5. Unstage Files You can also easily remove files from your staging area: git rm --cached index.html style.css If you want to remove folders as well you also need to add the -r flag to the command: git rm --cached -r images The command above removes the images folder from the staging area. Don’t worry that you miss something, Git has helpful error messages and it’s easy to revert anything back. To remove all files and folders from the staging area at once, you can use the following shorthand as well: git rm --cached -r . This is the same dot notation you need to use when you want to add files to the staging area in bulk. 6. Commit Staged Files You can save a current snapshot of your staging area at any time in the development process. The current snapshot you save is called a commit and you can return to it whenever you want. git commit -m "Initial commit" The above command commits the current state of your staging area. Note that you always need to add a commit message as well. I used “Initial commit” in the example which is a good message for the first commit. To make your Git repo usable, it’s best to always use a commit message that accurately and briefly describes the changes you made since the last commit. 7. Show Unstaged Changes in Detail If you want to see all the changes that have been made in the Git repo you can quickly list them out by typing the following command into the command line: This command doesn’t only return the file names but also the changes in their contents (in text format). The git diff command marks the additions with a +++ sign at the beginning of the line, while removals with a 8. Display Your Entire Commit History Git also allows you to display your entire commit history at any time during the development process. To do so, you can use the following command: The log contains the ID, author, date, and message of each commit. 9. Clone a Remote Repo Using Git together with GitHub or another online repository is one of Git’s most frequent use cases. You can create a local copy of a remote Git repo by cloning it to your machine: git clone https://www.github.com/your-online-repo Before you perform the cloning, navigate to the folder where you want Git to save the new repo. 10. Create Connection to a Remote Repo You can’t only copy a remote repo to your machine but also do the process in reverse. To copy a local repo onto an online server such as GitHub’s, first you need to create a connection to the remote repo, then push the local repo up to the server. git remote add origin https://www.github.com/your-online-repo With the above command, you can connect the remote repo to your local copy. In the future, you don’t have to type the full URL but you can refer it using the origin name (you can use another name as well). You can also verify the new remote URL with the following command: git remote -v It doesn’t do much, just returns the newly registered URL so that you can check it. 11. Push Local Changes to Remote Repo After you created the connection between the local and remote repos, you can push the changes online by using the following command: git push origin master origin keyword stands for the remote repo while master stands for the local repo. If you are not on the master branch you need to use the name of that branch. It’s easy to find out which branch you are on, as the command line displays the name of the branch next to the name of the repo. Git may ask for your GitHub username and password before performing the push. 12. Fetch Recent Changes in Remote Repo If you already have the connection with a remote repo and just want to get the changes others have made you don’t need to clone the repo again. Instead, you can simply fetch the changes with the following command: git fetch origin git fetch command just grabs the changes but doesn’t merge them into your local repo. If you registered another name for the remote repo (instead of origin) use that name. 13. Merge the Fetched Changes When you are sure that everything is okay with the changes you have fetched from the remote repository, you can merge the fetches into your local repository. To do so, you can use the following command: git merge origin/master For merging, you always need to add the name of the branch you want to merge. For instance, in the above command, origin/master refers to the master branch of the origin (remote) repository. Don’t forget that before merging, you always need to fetch the changes by using the git fetch command. Working with Git has some learning curve but it’s still worth learning, especially since modern web development is hardly possible without a reliable version control system. To learn more, take a look at our article about how you can save time while using the Unix Terminal. And, if you are still not sure why you should use GitHub we also collected its main advantages for you.

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Refer to at least three of the learning resources for the week in your response to one or more of the questions below. Include specific examples from your life, history, the news, or the media. - What does it mean to you to say that “the personal is the political?” - What are some of the ways women can gain political power? Why is it important for women to have a voice in government and policy? Why is it important that women exercise their right to vote? - What reasons does Susan B. Anthony give in “Constitutional Argument” for why women need to be acknowledged as citizens with equal rights (including the right to vote) under the constitution? - Should women be considered as a voting group? What are the arguments for and against thinking about women as a single constituency? - What do you think would be the most effective way to move more women into political office, particularly on the national level? - Did this reading help you gain a different understanding of the term “body politics?” How are women’s bodies politicized? - How are gender roles and expectations connected to violence against women? What role do governments and political organizations have in finding solutions? - Why is reproductive choice such a controversial political issue? Do you think the fact that most issues of reproductive choice center on women and women’s bodies have contributed to the belief that government has a role to play in managing reproductive choice? Are there any aspects of male health or sexuality that are equally politicized? Should it be a political issue at all? - Margaret Sanger’s campaign to legalize birth control was met with sometimes violent protest by those who objected that she was essentially promoting lewd behavior. Why do you think people were so strongly against her campaign? What were people worried would happen if women gained access to birth control? - Like Margaret Sanger, feminism (and Women’s Studies) has traditionally supported a pro-choice position on abortion. Do you agree with this position? What would a pro-life feminist position look like? below are links to use from classroom material: "Place your order now for a similar assignment and have exceptional work written by our team of experts, guaranteeing you A results."

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Ideology is defined as a set of shared beliefs within a group, such as a nation or social class. This body of beliefs influences the way individuals think, act and view the world. Review a selection of political and cultural ideology examples to develop a deeper understanding and answer the question, "What is ideology?" There are many different ideologies, as any system of beliefs shared by a group of people can be described as an ideology. The term is most often used to describe the common principles of certain political beliefs or parties, as well as beliefs that are unique to certain cultures or belief structures. Most people subscribe to multiple ideologies. For example, a person who follows a particular religion and identifies with a political party has beliefs consistent with at least two ideologies. Political parties embody a range of ideals covering government, economics, education, healthcare, foreign policy, and more. The ways that political parties differ from each other are referred to as ideological differences. Political ideology impacts one's beliefs about the role of government in society. - Classical liberalism is a capitalistic ideology that stands for a limited government with political freedom, civil liberties and laissez-faire economic policies. - Social or modern liberalism is liberalism that emphasizes social justice and economic issues while ensuring both individual freedom and the common good. - Conservatism is a political ideology that emphasizes preserving traditional social institutions and values. This ideology also seeks small, or limited, government. - Social democracy emphasizes representative democracy paired with redistribution of wealth to fund social justice and economic welfare programs. - Neo-liberalism embodies free trade, privatization, deregulation, laissez-faire economic policies, low taxes, and minimal government spending. - Marxism is a political and economic ideology focused on achieving a classless society. The idea is to eliminate class struggles by emphasizing the common good. - Bolshevist ideology focused on establishing a dictatorship of the proletariat (the working class). This radical Marxist faction ruled Soviet Russia under Lenin. - Leninism focused on a proletariat dictatorship based on Vladimir Lenin’s theories of government. This ideology was a precursor to Communism. - Communist ideology promotes collective/public ownership of property, with the government maintaining ownership of the means of production and transportation. - Named for Leon Trotsky, the Trotskyism ideology advocated for a worldwide revolution of the working class. It sought to overthrow capitalism in every country. - Stalinism is Joseph Stalin's totalitarian ideology where dissent of any type is not tolerated. A Stalinist economic system combines elements of Marxism and Leninism. - Maoism is a form of communism that was once used in China under the leadership of former president Mao Zedong. It was grounded in Marxist and Leninism. Not surprisingly, there is also a wide variety of cultural and social ideologies. Review some examples of culture to get an idea of the many different ideologies that exist. As you consider these ideologies, think about the many ways culture impacts people's actions and beliefs. - Many people and groups within society are very focused on environmental protection and related activism. This has led to an ideology of environmentalism. - People who subscribe to a racist ideology tend to believe that their race is superior to other races. This can lead to bigotry, bias and hatred on the basis of race. - Feminism as an ideology advocates for equality for women economically, socially and politically. It also deals with the rights of women, including reproductive rights. - As an ideology, individualism focuses on the inherent worth of each individual. It emphasizes acceptance, freedom and self-sufficiency. - Those who subscribe to the ideology of anti-intellectualism minimize, or even scorn, the validity or importance of facts, data and academic expertise. - Equality of opportunity is an ideology that seeks a level playing field where no person's opportunities in life are limited by prejudice or discrimination. - The work ethic ideology is a set of beliefs that focus on the moral virtue of diligence with regard to work. The idea is that hard work strengthens character. - Religions are all ideologies; beliefs vary within each one. Some believers strictly follow all the tenets while others may choose the ones they feel are most important. - A matriarchal ideology is one in which women have most of the power in society, which is female-dominated. Women hold key roles in government and elsewhere. - A patriarchal ideology is one that leads to a male-dominated society, in which men are the primary holders of power within all aspects of society. So, now you have examples of different ideologies specific to politics, culture and society. Think about some of your own beliefs and principles to determine your personal ideologies. Does this give you a different perspective? Now that you're familiar with several ideology examples, spend some time investigating related topics. Start by exploring cultural lag examples and their impact on society. This may shed some light on how and why ideological beliefs evolve over time.

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