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This re-imagined America the Beautiful began as a work for TTBB choir that eventually outgrew itself and morphed into a full SATB anthem. As I began, I felt that I wanted to give the old words a new melody, even though I am quite fond of the original melody by Samuel A. Ward. But as the project began to unfold, I realized that I also wanted — and needed — to transform the words as well. I felt that the first and fourth stanzas should hold for the most part to the original and well-loved words by Katharine Lee Bates. But the second and third verses presented more angles for development the longer I pondered them. This is an important time we are in — a time of reckoning, of taking stock, of settling imbalances, of naming truths long denied. It is a time of facing our collective past with greater honesty and accountability. This means some of our cultural iconography has to either transform with us, or be left behind as outdated relics. Bates’ original words from verse two present a one-sided depiction of the settling of our country: a movement from east-to-west, led by “pilgrim feet” beating a “thoroughfare of freedom…across the wilderness.” However, in reality, as we know, the North American continent was populated by native Americans from west-to-east, between 10,000 and 15,000 years ago, and of course their trails were the first “thoroughfares across the wilderness.” And, far from “beautiful,” the trauma and tragedy of the conflict between native Americans and European settlers is something that still reverberates centuries later. After many pages of scratched attempts and rhyme lists, I worked out this retelling: O beautiful that ancient feet Beneath the countless stars, Ten thousand years in Beauty walked, Through wilderness unmarred. And fateful then, that sailing fleets A new world sought, and found, And whose bright promise wrought a doom Whose echoes yet resound. May God forgive thy vying strains. Thy pride yet tame with rightful shame, That others’ loss bought selfish gain. Bates’ original verse three praises the “heroes proved in liberating strife” — Revolutionary War heroes. But I felt it was more important to focus on the third founding “strand” of Americans: African-Americans — present well before the founding of the country in 1776. Their story is followed from enslavement through the “liberating strife” of the Civil Rights movement — in which Bates’ original words ring more true, actually, since nonviolence was the chief technique utilized in that movement: O sorrowful for captive feet In chains against their will, Who toiled through centuries of wrong To triumph still: Whose heroes proved so beautiful In claims of lawful rights, Who more than self their country loved, And mercy more than life. May God yet mend thine every flaw, Redeem thy soul and be made whole, Thy liberty in law. For the final verse, I wanted to return to Bates’ original words, inspired by the ideal America of the future (she had attended the World’s Fair before traveling to Colorado and up to Pikes Peak). I added a few lines to her closing section, to more fully name the breadth of origination that our country of immigrants truly has: “America! America! from farthest shores thy people stream.” O beautiful for patriot dream That sees beyond the years Thine alabaster cities gleam Undimmed human tears. From farthest shores thy people stream, The multitude that seek thy good, And share a common dream. God shed His bounteous grace on thee, Thy beauty crown with unity, From sea to shining sea! Tonality, the LA-based choir dedicated to promoting unity, peace, and social justice through choral music, gave the premiere of America the Beautiful in their “Democracy in Action” concert on October 7, 2018, led by Alex Blake.

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|Instructions ...or just type it:| • Select a chapter from the list above and click GO or... • View Chapter 1 Introduction to Ecclesiastes This Book is called Ecclesiastes, or The Preacher, (in Hebrew, Coheleth,) because in it, Solomon, as an excellent preacher, setteth forth the vanity of the things of this world: to withdraw the hearts and affections of men from such empty toys.

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Pool chemicals are added to treated recreational water venues (e.g., pools, hot tubs/spas, and interactive fountains) primarily to protect public health by inactivating pathogens and maximizing the effectiveness of disinfection by controlling pH. However, pool chemicals also can cause injuries when handled or stored improperly. To estimate the number of emergency department (ED) visits for injuries associated with pool chemicals in the United States per year during 2003–2012, CDC analyzed data from the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission's National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS). This report summarizes the results of that analysis. In 2012 alone, an estimated 4,876 persons (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2,821–6,930) visited an ED for injuries associated with pool chemicals. Almost half of the patients were aged <18 years. This report also describes a pool chemical–associated health event that occurred in Minnesota in 2013, which sent seven children and one adult to an ED. An investigation by the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) determined the cause to be poor monitoring of or response to pool chemistry. Pool chemical–associated health events are preventable. CDC's Model Aquatic Health Code (MAHC) is a resource that state and local agencies can use to optimize prevention of injuries and illnesses associated with public treated recreational water venues, including pool chemical–associated health events. NEISS captures data on ED visits for injuries associated with consumer products, including product codes (e.g., pool chemical code: 938); the most severe diagnosis; the most seriously injured body part; incident location; disposition, age, sex, and race/ethnicity of the patient; and two 71-character narrative fields to describe events leading to injury. These data are collected from a nationally representative probability sample of approximately 100 hospitals across the United States, and thus can be used to calculate national estimates. Each case was weighted based on the inverse probability of the hospital being selected, and the weights were summed to produce national estimates; 95% CIs were calculated, accounting for the sample weights and complex sampling design. Rates per 100,000 person-years were calculated using these estimates and U.S. Census Bureau population estimates. In the United States during 2003–2012, the median estimated number of persons visiting an ED for pool chemical–associated injuries per year was 4,247 (range = 3,151–5,216) (Figure). In 2012, an estimated 4,876 persons (95% CI = 2,821–6,930; 1.6 per 100,000 person-years) visited an ED for injuries associated with pool chemicals ( Table ). Almost half (46.9%) of the patients were aged <18 years (an estimated 2,289 persons [95% CI = 965–3,613]; 3.1 per 100,000 person-years). The most frequent diagnosis was poisoning (an estimated 2,167 injuries [95% CI = 1,219–3,116]; 0.7 per 100,000 person-years). Of the 50 actual visits to NEISS-participating EDs resulting in a poisoning diagnosis, 46 (92.0%) stemmed from inhalation of vapors, fumes, or gases rather than ingestion. More than a third (36.1%) of the injuries occurred at a residence. Of the total 109 actual visits to NEISS-participating EDs, 79 (72.5%) occurred over the summer swim season (Saturday of Memorial Day weekend through Labor Day); 47 (43.1%) occurred on a Saturday or Sunday. No deaths were documented. Patients were injured when handling pool chemicals without using personal protective equipment such as goggles (especially while opening containers), when pool chemicals were added to the water just before the patient entered the water (frequently in residential and hotel settings), and when pool chemicals were not secured away from children. Estimated number of emergency department (ED) visits for injuries associated with pool chemicals — United States, National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, 2003–2012 In December 2013, a mother notified MDH that multiple persons had developed rashes and symptoms of respiratory illness after attending a child's birthday party on the previous Saturday in December at an indoor hotel swimming pool and spa. MDH conducted a cohort study and enrolled all 12 party attendees, who were interviewed by telephone using a standardized questionnaire. Eight of the 12 reported developing a raised, red rash all over their body. Ill persons also reported headache, cough, sore throat, vomiting, and difficulty urinating. The eight ill persons reported illness onset 5.5–7.0 hours after first exposure to the swimming pool or spa. All eight ill persons sought medical attention at an ED, where their signs and symptoms were clinically diagnosed as chemical burns. Inspection by an MDH environmental health specialist 2 days after the birthday party revealed free chlorine* levels ≥15–30 ppm in both the swimming pool and spa, exceeding the state limit of 5.0 ppm. The pH was measured at 9.0 in both bodies of water, exceeding the state pH maximum of 8.0. Review of the daily log for the previous 10 days indicated the combined chlorine† level had been 10–17 ppm in the pool and 0.8–8.4 ppm in the spa, exceeding the state limit of 0.5 ppm. No remediation steps were documented. As a result of this outbreak investigation, the hotel installed new automated controllers and liquid chlorine feeders to ensure chemical disinfectant levels were kept within regulatory limits. * Chlorine in water (found as an aqueous mixture of hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite anion) that can serve as an effective disinfectant (also referred to as free available chlorine or residual chlorine). †Chlorine that has reacted with organic or inorganic compounds in the water is no longer an effective disinfectant, and might cause ocular and respiratory irritation. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2014;63(19):427-430. © 2014 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

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among Law-Writers, denote the Buttings or Boundings of a piece of Land ; expressing on what other Lands, Highways, or the like, the several Extremes thereof do abut, or terminate. Thus, in Croke, the Plaintiff is said to fail in his Abbutals, i. e. in setting forth how the Land is bounded. In strictness, 'tis only the extreme Corners are said to abut ; the Sides are said to be adjacent. Latera autem nunquam aiunt Abuttare ; sed terrain proximam adjacere. The Word is apparently form'd of the French abouter , to terminate upon. Tho Camden advances another Etymology.---"They who have wrote of Limits, say, that certain Hillocks of Earth, term'd Botentines, were placed therein, by way of Marks : whence, perhaps, our Buttings, and Boundings."

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The omicron variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which have rapidly spread around the world over the past year, latch onto our cells more tightly, invade them more efficiently, and elude many of the antibodies induced by previous infections and vaccines. These are some of the key findings from a multinational team of researchers reporting todayin the journal Nature. The lead authors of the study were Amin Addetia, a graduate student, and Young-Jun Park, a research scientist, in the laboratory of David Veesler, professor of biochemistry at the University of Washington School of Medicine, and Luca Picolli, director of Humabs BioMed, Bellinzona, Switzerland, and James Brett Case of the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. Veesler, who is also a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator, headed the study. “The omicron variants that have become dominant over the past year, such as BQ.11 and XBB.1.5, have high affinity for the receptor on host cells, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and they are able to fuse with the cell membrane and invade much more efficiently than previous SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants,” Veesler said. Since the 2019 outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China,the virus has continually evolved. New variants of the original strain are constantly emerging. In some cases, these variants have proved to be less fit, thereby limiting their spread. But in other cases, more efficient variants have caused waves of infections and deaths. The first omicron variant, designated BA.1 has been followed by a series of variants, each with mutations that increased their ability to infect and spread. These include variants designated BA.2, BA.4, BA.5, BQ.1.1, XBB and its derivatives XBB.1 and XBB.1.5. They have also been able to reinfect people who had been infected by earlier variants and break through the immune protection of vaccines designed to protect against the earlier variants. These reinfections and breakthrough infections are possible because the new variants can evade antibodies induced by exposure to the earlier variants, Veesler and his colleagues found. Such antibodies, called neutralizing antibodies, prevent infection by rapidly clearing an invading virus before it can become established. However, the researchers also found that previous infection or vaccination did help to generate antibodies that recognized some of the proteins found on newer variants. These antibodies successfully activate immune cells that eradicate infection by killing and eliminating infected cells. This immune response may explain why previous exposure to earlier variants or vaccination against them appears to reduce the risk of serious illness, hospitalization and death with reinfection by a newer variant, Veesler said. Although the neutralizing activity of most antibodies generated against earlier variants was much reduced, the effectiveness of one antibody, called S309, was retained. This antibody targets a region on the virus’ spike protein that tends to remain relatively unchanged from variant to variant, presumably because its role is essential for the virus to function. “S309 still recognizes all these variants and neutralizes them (albeit less efficiently), promotes the cellular response, and protects against disease in animal studies,” Veesler said. The scientists explained one reason why previous infection or vaccination against earlier variants does not protect against infection by new variants as efficiently as with earlier variants: The immune system tends to react by producing antibodies induced by previous variants and cross-reacting with newer variants instead of producing new bespoke antibodies tailored to target the altered proteins on the new variants. Veesler suspects this is due to a phenomenon called immune imprinting in which the immune response to a new infection by a similar virus is heavily influenced by the immune system’s earlier response. This immune imprinting leads it to concentrate on what it knows instead of learning new tricks to tackle the mutations found in the new variant. This phenomenon is one reason why vaccines against new variants should not contain components from older variants that might favor immune imprinting and lead to a less effective immune response, Veesler said. This research was funded in part by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (S10OD032290, T32GM007270); the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DP1AI158186, P01AI167966 and 75N93022C00036); the Burroughs Wellcome Fund; the Swiss Kidney Foundation; and the Research Council of Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Haru, Switzerland. News release written by Michael B. McCarthy

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Four Steps to Calculating Process Costs Process costing focuses on the direct and allocated costs associated with the operation of a given area of the manufacturing flow. Maybe it’s a work center, a cost center, or a specific production line, but what it really represents is an area where you want to determine the unique cost added to the product as a result of traveling through that area. Step 1 – Collect Direct Spending In order to calculate a process cost, the first thing you need is to collect the pools of direct spending at the account or sub-account level. These pools represent dollars that you plan to spend (or actually spend in the case of actual costs) in the area. Typical pools include labor, depreciation, and energy and the information is usually found in the general ledger. Step 2 – Allocate Indirect Spending Next, you need to focus on the spending that occurs outside the manufacturing areas based on the appropriate drivers. Trying to determine the most appropriate driver is sometimes challenging (see Picking the Right Driver Is Important To More Than Just Your Golf Game), but the focus should lie in finding a driver that you are able to measure and capture. Step 3 – Calculate Cost Center Rates Once you’ve pooled the dollars for the production area, you can then calculate rates expressed in dollars per “something”. That something depends on the rate. In most cases, the rate is stated in dollars per machine hour, dollars per batch, or even a simple dollars per unit produced rate. Now, you can keep the rates at the natural cost element or cost pool level so you’re able to use a unique driver for each rate and provides a better view of the composition of the production area. Step 4 – Proper Assignment of Process Rates to Products Finally you can assign costs to the products using the calculated rates. As products move through the production area, you’re able to assign costs at the natural cost element or cost pool level using a different driver for each pool. Comparing the costs associated with a particular machine, department, line or location gives you the information to decide where and how to manufacture products. By calculating process costs, you know how costs are accrued as they pass through your manufacturing process. Like our Facebook page and you can get updates on new blog posts and 3C Software happenings in your news feed.

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The Heart Health Paradox Content on the Endless Health blog is for informational purposes only and should not be interpreted as medical advice. Always consult with a healthcare professional for medical concerns; our products and posts are not replacements for personalized medical care. Individual reactions to our products and recommendations may differ. Assertions on our blog are based on peer-reviewed scientific research from trusted medical and governmental sources. When in doubt, seek expert medical guidance. Why is heart disease so prevalent if it is preventable? We identified three problems contributing to this paradox; People don’t know they are personally at risk, people have limited knowledge about the most important atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) biomarkers, and lack of motivation to reduce risk factors that inhibit heart health progress. Heart disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide, despite the fact that a staggering 80% of cases are preventable1. The paradox lies in why a condition that can be prevented still claims a life every 33 seconds in the United States.2 In this blog, we will delve into the three biggest problems that hinder people from achieving heart health mastery even when it is extremely preventable and provide steps to take to protect your most vital organ. Top Three Reasons 1. People don’t know they are personally at risk 2. People have limited knowledge about the most important atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) biomarkers 3. Lack of motivation to reduce risk factors that inhibit heart health progress Since the 1950s, cardiovascular disease has been the leading cause of death for Americans… So why hasn't it been resolved? If you're like most people, when you receive your lab results after visiting your doctor, you might feel uncertain about how to take appropriate action. For instance, you might notice that your LDL/A1C levels are higher than normal, but you may be unsure how to effectively lower these numbers. You might wonder what specific changes you need to make and how to begin implementing them. Well, you're not alone. This gap of knowledge from results to action has continued America's heart health epidemic…. Let's find out why. Problem 1→ people don't know they, personally, are at risk today. About half of all Americans (47%) have at least 1 of 3 key risk factors for heart disease: high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or smoking.3 Understanding the risk factors for heart disease is crucial for prevention. Factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, smoking, obesity, diabetes, a sedentary lifestyle, stress, and a family history of heart disease can significantly increase the chances of developing heart problems. Identifying an individual's specific risk factors allows one to take targeted action toward mitigating them. A Cleveland Clinic Population Study Revealed 4: 90% of heart disease is due to modifiable/controllable risk factors, only 8% of Americans know that. Many individuals postpone taking charge of their heart health until after experiencing their first cardiovascular episode, however, by that point, the health damage has already been done, and the effects of heart disease can be irreversible. LDL and ApoB, two critical biomarkers for assessing heart health, exhibit a gradual increase in an individual's 20s, 30s, and 40s. A study performed by the American Heart Association stated that the risk of cardiovascular events associated with ApoB particles is greater in younger compared to older individuals.5 As these levels accumulate over time, it can silently progress towards Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) and pose a heightened risk of early heart attacks. As one ages, elevated levels of LDL and ApoB can place individuals in greater danger of developing ASCVD. However, if an individual finds out they are at risk early by cautiously and consistently monitoring their vital biomarkers, they can avoid the common progression of heart disease as they age. The prevention of atherosclerotic-related heart disease lies within anyone's grasp. Individuals possess a significant degree of control when it comes to modifying health behaviors and mitigating the risk factors involved. By taking proactive steps to understand the root causes and adopting healthy lifestyle, one can significantly reduce their chances of developing heart disease. The answer to achieving optimal heart health is you. Problem 2 → Limited Knowledge of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) Biomarkers Acquiring knowledge and understanding of key biomarkers pertaining to heart health is crucial information that you should possess. Merely having access to personal health data is insufficient; comprehending its significance and the implications it holds for your body is equally important. By grasping these key cardiovascular biomarkers, individuals can make well-informed decisions regarding their lifestyle, healthcare choices, and overall well-being: Traditional Screenings Are Not Enough Most people have a perception that if they have a low LDL cholesterol which is referred to as "bad" cholesterol, then they shouldn't worry about plaque forming and that they are “heart disease free,”owever, knowing your LDL level is just one tool in accessing your heart health, there are more biomarkers you should know as standard practice. Did you know research found that: LDL-C: is an imperfect predictor and many individuals with normal LDL-C levels develop CVD6 Know your ApoB and A1C! What is ApoB (Apolipoprotein B)? ApoB is a protein found on the surface of all plaque-forming cholesterol particles. It is responsible for binding to receptors like LDL and facilitating the transport of cholesterol into cells. Measuring ApoB provides a more accurate assessment of the number of LDL particles in the blood compared to measuring LDL cholesterol alone. The number of particles is directly correlated with potential risk for atherosclerosis which leads to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although ApoB provides valuable insights into heart health, it is currently considered an ancillary test rather than a standard component of an annual lipid panel, and many doctors are still not familiar with it. However, its implications can significantly enhance individuals' understanding of their cardiovascular well-being and should be tested regularly by all individuals. What is A1C? A1C is a test that tells you how your blood sugar has been doing on average for the past two to three months. It measures the amount of glucose (sugar) attached to the protein called hemoglobin in your red blood cells. This test is especially helpful for people with diabetes to keep track of their long-term blood sugar control. It gives you an idea of how well you're managing your blood sugar over time. Elevated A1C levels indicate poor glucose control and an increased risk of developing diabetes-related complications, including atherosclerotic heart disease (ASCVD). All the above biomarkers of cardiovascular disease can be monitored and controlled. But all require you to know and understand their role early in relation to your heart health. Regular monitoring is essential to gauge progress towards achieving your goal of heart health, as most LDL and ApoB changes can be observed within a 3-4 month timeframe. While many individuals undergo annual testing, maintaining a consistent testing schedule allows us to track improvements and identify specific adjustments needed in our diet, exercise routine, and lifestyle factors. By adopting a proactive approach and testing regularly, we can effectively assess our cardiovascular health and make informed decisions to optimize our well-being. Learn more about each of the biomarkers, here, and how to get tested. Problem 3→ Lack of Motivation to Address Risk Factors That Promote Heart Health Americans eat dangerous diets: Almost half of U.S. adults, or 46%, have a poor-quality diet as defined by the American Heart Association11 Diet plays a crucial role in maintaining cardiovascular health. By adopting a heart-healthy diet, one can significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and promote a healthier heart. However, the American diet falls short of meeting the standards necessary to prevent the promotion of atherosclerosis; instead, it facilitates it. In a study done by the CDC, 12.3% and 10.0% of surveyed adults met fruit and vegetable intake recommendations, indicating a concerning gap in consuming essential nutrients.12 However, ultra-processed foods comprised a staggering 57.9% of energy intake, emphasizing the prevalence of unhealthy dietary choices in the American diet.13 Understanding the impact of dietary choices on our health is crucial, and researchers have identified two dietary patterns that play a key role in shaping our eating habits at a population level— prudent and Western diet. Prudent diets emphasize the consumption of foods like fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, fish, and poultry. These all provide essential nutrients and promote well-being. On the other hand, Western diet is characterized by a high consumption of processed meat, french fries, desserts, sugary beverages, red meat, and high-fat dairy, all of which are proven to have adverse effects on our health due to the high levels of saturated fats, ultra-proccesed foods, and refined carbohydrates . In a comprehensive meta-analysis of 22 cohort studies, it was discovered that individuals who closely adhered to a prudent diet experienced a remarkably 31% lower risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) compared to those with the lowest adherence. In contrast, following Western diet pattern was associated with a worrisome 14% increase in ASCVD risk.14 These findings demonstrate the significant impact that dietary choices can have on our cardiovascular health. Check out our article on the most heart healthiest diet and take a look at some sample recipes. Only 28% of adults, regardless of rural-urban classification and region, met the combined aerobic and muscle strengthening guidelines, according to the CDC. 15 Americans are immensely inactive. Numerous extensive studies have established a clear correlation between increased physical activity and a decreased risk of mortality. Furthermore, regular physical exercise has been found to have a modest positive impact on life expectancy, primarily by significantly reducing the likelihood of developing CVD and respiratory diseases.16 According to Dr. Kerry Stewart, the director of Clinical and Research Exercise Physiology at Johns Hopkins Bayview, “One of the key benefits of exercise is that it helps to control or modify any of the risk factors for heart disease.” Exercise has multiple long-term health benefits, including lowering your blood pressure, lessening your risk of developing diabetes, and helping you maintain healthy body weight, all of which lower your risk of developing cardiovascular disease.17 How You Can Start Being Heart Healthier Today Becoming heart-healthy is just like any goal. It takes an action plan with steps, goals, and milestones. It can be infeasible to switch all parts of one's life in one day, however, a gradual plan towards becoming heart healthier will pave the way to a heart-healthier future. Join the Endless Health Heart Health Blog to discover actionable steps, valuable tips, tricks, and expert advice on how to embark on your journey towards better heart health. Each day, strive for that 1% improvement, and gradually foster a healthier lifestyle and a stronger heart. 1. Cardiovascular diseases: Avoiding heart attacks and strokes. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/cardiovascular-diseases-avoiding-heart-attacks-and-strokes. 2. CDC. Heart disease facts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/facts.htm (2023). 3. CDC. Know your risk for heart disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/risk_factors.htm (2023). 4. Wheeler, T. Cleveland Clinic survey: Most Americans don’t know heart disease is leading cause of death in women. Cleveland Clinic Newsroom https://newsroom.clevelandclinic.org/2020/01/30/cleveland-clinic-survey-most-americans-dont-know-heart-disease-is-leading-cause-of-death-in-women/ (2020). 5. Sniderman, A. D. et al. Age and Cardiovascular Risk Attributable to Apolipoprotein B, Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol or Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 5, (2016). 6. Behbodikhah, J. et al. Apolipoprotein B and Cardiovascular Disease: Biomarker and Potential Therapeutic Target. Metabolites 11, (2021). 7. The American heart association diet and lifestyle recommendations. www.heart.org https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/nutrition-basics/aha-diet-and-lifestyle-recommendations. 8. Heart health. Harvard Health https://www.health.harvard.edu/topics/heart-health. 9. 7 Strategies to Live a Heart-healthy lifestyle. https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/infographic/hearthealth.htm (2023). 10. Top strategies to prevent heart disease. Mayo Clinic https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/in-depth/heart-disease-prevention/art-20046502 (2022). 11. Rehm, C. D., Peñalvo, J. L., Afshin, A. & Mozaffarian, D. Dietary Intake Among US Adults, 1999-2012. JAMA 315, 2542–2553 (2016). 12. Lee, S. H., Moore, L. V., Park, S., Harris, D. M. & Blanck, H. M. Adults Meeting Fruit and Vegetable Intake Recommendations - United States, 2019. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 71, 1–9 (2022). 13. Martínez Steele, E. et al. Ultra-processed foods and added sugars in the US diet: evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 6, e009892 (2016). 14. Yu, E., Malik, V. S. & Hu, F. B. Cardiovascular Disease Prevention by Diet Modification: JACC Health Promotion Series. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 72, 914–926 (2018). 15. Abildso, C. G., Daily, S. M., Umstattd Meyer, M. R., Perry, C. K. & Eyler, A. Prevalence of Meeting Aerobic, Muscle-Strengthening, and Combined Physical Activity Guidelines During Leisure Time Among Adults, by Rural-Urban Classification and Region - United States, 2020. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 72, 85–89 (2023). 16. Nystoriak, M. A. & Bhatnagar, A. Cardiovascular Effects and Benefits of Exercise. Front Cardiovasc Med 5, 135 (2018). 17. Exercise and the heart. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/exercise-and-the-heart (2023).

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Under the equal pay provisions of the Equality Act 2010, men and women in the same employment who are performing equal work should receive equal pay. This makes equal work the foundation of an equal pay audit – and it’s vital that everyone involved understands this concept. There are three kinds of equal work. Your audit needs to make sure each kind is considered and you need to be aware of some of the key issues to look out for. Like work means work that involves similar tasks requiring similar skills, and where any differences in the work are not of practical importance. Job titles are the most common indicator of like work, but they can also be misleading. You need to review the job titles in your system early in your audit to ensure that the same, or very similar, titles really do indicate like work. Work rated as equivalent Work rated as equivalent is work that has been rated under a fair job evaluation scheme as being of equal value in terms of how demanding it is. Employees are likely to be doing work rated as equivalent where they have similar, but not necessarily the same, job evaluation scores and are in the same grade. If you have a grading structure, you can use grades as a starting point for comparing the pay of men and women. But if your organisation uses broad grade bands, narrower points within the bands may need to be selected. Look carefully at jobs just above and below grade boundaries, especially if they’re dominated by women or men. These could easily be rated as equivalent, even though they’re in different grades. Remember that grading which isn’t based on analytical, gender neutral job evaluation won’t provide you with an effective defence against equal pay claims. For more information see the Job Evaluation page. Work of equal value Work of equal value is work which is not the same and is not rated as equivalent, but is of equal value in terms of factors such as effort, skill and decision-making. Jobs that may be entirely different in content might be considered work of equal value when the demands made on the employees doing them are assessed. The golden rule is not to assume that different types of jobs (e.g. manual/ administrative, academic/ non-academic) can’t be of equal value. While some employment tribunal cases have considered the question ‘what is equal?’ the answer really lies in the application of fair analytical job evaluation. This is the most reliable way of assessing whether jobs are of equal value. If you don’t use analytical job evaluation, you need to find an alternative means of checking whether employees are doing work of equal value. It’s important to recognise that these alternative estimates of equal value are not as reliable as analytical job evaluation and that your organisation may therefore still be vulnerable to equal pay claims. While every effort has been made to ensure that this advice is accurate and up to date, it does not guarantee that you could successfully defend an equal pay claim. Only the courts or tribunals can give authoritative interpretations of the law. Last updated: 19 Feb 2019

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Algae Holds Promise for Nuclear Clean Up “Algae Holds Promise for Nuclear Clean-Up: Organisms Ability to Distinguish Strontium from Calcium Could Help in Dealing with Nuclear Waste.” Article by Richard A. Lovett. March 2011. - Crescent-shaped C. moniliferum caught Krejci’s eye because if its unusual ability to remove strontium from water. - The organism had no particular interest in strontium; it mostly collects barium. But strontium is midway between calcium and barium in size and properties, so any of it that happens to be around gets crystallized as well. - Gija Geme an Associate Professor of Chemistry urged Krejci’s team not to spend too much time trying to discover precisely why the algae does what it does before they start testing the process with nuclear wastes.

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Your contraception guide Intrauterine system (IUS) Open all pages about Your contraception guide An IUS is a small, T-shaped plastic device that's put into your womb (uterus) by a doctor or nurse. It releases the hormone progestogen to stop you getting pregnant and lasts for 3 to 5 years, depending on the brand. - When inserted correctly, it's more than 99% effective. - It can be taken out at any time by a specially trained doctor or nurse. It's possible to get pregnant straight after it's removed. - It can make your periods lighter, shorter or stop altogether, so it may help people who have heavy or painful periods. - It can be used by people who cannot use combined contraception (such as the combined pill) – for example, those who have migraines. - Once the IUS is in place, you do not have to think about it. - Some people may experience side effects, such as mood swings, skin problems or breast tenderness. - There's a small risk of getting an infection after it's been fitted. - It can be uncomfortable when the IUS is put in, but you can take painkillers after, if you need to. - The IUS can be fitted at any time during your monthly menstrual cycle, as long as you're not pregnant. - The IUS does not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), so you may need to use condoms as well. The IUS is similar to the intrauterine device (IUD), but instead of releasing copper like the IUD, it releases the hormone progestogen into the womb. It thickens the cervical mucus, which makes it more difficult for sperm to move through the cervix, and thins the lining of the womb so an egg is less likely to be able to implant itself. For some people, it can also prevent the release of an egg each month (ovulation), but most people continue to ovulate. If you're 45 or older when you have the IUS fitted, it can be left in until you reach the menopause or no longer need contraception. An IUS can be fitted any time in your menstrual cycle, as long as you're not pregnant. If it's fitted in the first 7 days of your cycle, you'll be protected against pregnancy straight away. If it's fitted at any other time, use additional contraception, such as condoms, for 7 days afterwards. Before your IUS is fitted, a GP or nurse will check inside your vagina to check the position and size of your womb. You may be tested for any existing infections, such as STIs, and be given antibiotics. The appointment takes about 15 to 20 minutes, and fitting the IUS should take no longer than 5 minutes: - the vagina is held open, like it is during cervical screening (a smear test) - the IUS is inserted through the cervix and into the womb Having an IUS fitted can be uncomfortable, and some people might find it painful, but you can have a local anaesthetic to help. Discuss this with your GP or nurse beforehand. Let the person fitting your IUS know if you feel any pain or discomfort while you are having it fitted. You can ask to stop at any time. You can also take painkillers after having an IUS fitted if you need to. You may also get period-type cramps afterwards, but painkillers can ease the cramps. Once your IUS is fitted, you may be advised to get it checked by a GP after 3 to 6 weeks to make sure everything is fine. Tell the GP if you have any problems after this initial check or you want to have it removed. See a GP if you or your partner are at risk of getting an STI, as this can lead to infection in the pelvis. You may have an infection if you have: - pain or tenderness in your lower abdomen - a high temperature - abnormal or smelly discharge An IUS has 2 thin threads that hang down a little way from your womb into the top of your vagina. The GP or nurse that fits your IUS will teach you how to feel for these threads and check that the IUS is still in place. Check your IUS is in place a few times in the first month and then after each period, at regular intervals. It's very unlikely that your IUS will come out, but if you cannot feel the threads or think it's moved, you may not be protected against pregnancy. See a GP or nurse straight away and use additional contraception, such as condoms, until your IUS has been checked. If you've had sex recently, you may need emergency contraception. Your partner should not be able to feel your IUS during sex. If they can, see a GP or nurse for a check-up. Your IUS can be removed at any time by a trained doctor or nurse. If you're not having another IUS put in and do not want to become pregnant, use additional contraception, such as condoms, for 7 days before you have it removed. It's possible to get pregnant as soon as the IUS has been taken out. Most people with a womb can use an IUS. A GP or nurse will ask about your medical history to check if an IUS is suitable contraception for you. The IUS may not be suitable if you have: - breast cancer, or have had it in the past 5 years - cervical cancer or womb (uterus) cancer - liver disease - unexplained bleeding between periods or after sex - arterial disease or a history of serious heart disease or stroke - an untreated sexually transmitted infection (STI) or pelvic infection - problems with your womb or cervix Using an IUS after giving birth An IUS can usually be fitted from 4 weeks after giving birth (vaginal or caesarean). You'll need to use alternative contraception after the birth until the IUS is put in. In some cases, an IUS can be fitted within 48 hours of giving birth. It's safe to use an IUS when you're breastfeeding, and it will not affect your milk supply. Using an IUS after a miscarriage or abortion An IUS can be fitted by an experienced GP or nurse straight after an abortion or miscarriage. You'll be protected against pregnancy immediately. - It works for 5 years or 3 years, depending on the brand. - It's one of the most effective forms of contraception available in the UK. - It does not interrupt sex. - Your periods can become lighter, shorter and less painful – they may stop completely after the first year of use. - It's safe to use an IUS if you're breastfeeding. - It's not affected by other medicines. - It may be a good option if you cannot take the hormone oestrogen, which is used in the combined contraceptive pill. - It's possible to get pregnant as soon as the IUS is removed. - There's no evidence that an IUS will increase the risk of cervical cancer, womb (uterus) cancer or ovarian cancer. - Your periods may become irregular or stop completely, which may not be suitable for some people. - Some people experience headaches, acne and breast tenderness after having the IUS fitted, but these usually settle with time. - Some people experience changes in mood. - An uncommon side effect of the IUS is that some people can develop small fluid-filled cysts on the ovaries – these usually disappear without treatment. - An IUS does not protect you against STIs, so you may need to use condoms as well. - If you get an infection when you have an IUS fitted, it could lead to a pelvic infection if it's not treated. - Most people who stop using an IUS do so because of vaginal bleeding and pain, although this is less common. There's a very small chance of getting a pelvic infection in the first few weeks after the IUS has been inserted. You may be advised to have a check for any existing infections before an IUS is fitted. See a GP if you've had an IUS fitted and you: - have pain or tenderness in your lower abdomen - have a high temperature - have abnormal or smelly discharge There's a small chance that the IUS can be rejected (expelled) by the womb or it can move (displacement). If this happens, it's usually soon after it's been fitted. You'll be taught how to check that your IUS is in place. Damage to the womb In rare cases, an IUS can make a hole in the womb when it's put in. This may be painful, although there may not be any symptoms. If the GP or nurse fitting your IUS is experienced, the risk is extremely low. See a GP straight away if you’ve had an IUS fitted and you: - have pain in your lower abdomen - cannot feel the threads of your IUS - have changes in bleeding You may need surgery to remove the IUS. If the IUS fails and you become pregnant, there's also an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy. You can get the IUS for free, even if you're under 16, from: - contraception clinics - sexual health or genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics - GP surgeries - some young people's services Contraception services are free and confidential, including for people under the age of 16. If you're under 16 and want contraception, the doctor, nurse or pharmacist will not tell your parents or carer as long as they believe you fully understand the information you're given and the decisions you're making. Doctors and nurses work under strict guidelines when dealing with people under 16. They'll encourage you to consider telling your parents, but they will not make you. The only time a professional might want to tell someone else is if they believe you're at risk of harm, such as abuse. The risk would need to be serious, and they would usually discuss this with you first. Page last reviewed: 17/03/2021 Next review due: 17/03/2024

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Cornaro, located in the village of Piombino Dese about 30km from Venice, is a masterwork of Palladio's middle period. One prominent magazine has included the Villa in a list of 10 of the world's most important buildings ("Top Ten Buildings," Town & Country). Others have cited it as "possibly Andrea Palladio's most influential work" (Mitrovic and Wassell). in 1552-3 for Giorgio Cornaro, younger son of a wealthy Venetian family, Villa Cornaro introduced to Western architecture the two-story projecting portico-loggia motif. Palladio's device influenced Western architecture for hundreds of years, becoming a recurrent feature in Georgian, Adam and Colonial American architecture. impact of the motif can be ascribed to two primary factors. First, it anticipated the change in the concept of residences, away from the fortress and toward comfort, function, and interaction with surroundings. Second, the double portico-loggia motif was striking, flexible and subject to infinite elaboration and permutation by subsequent generations of architects. Among those utilizing the device was Thomas Jefferson, who selected Villa Cornaro as his initial model for Monticello. important, however, is the exquisite harmony of the Villa's interior spaces. The living area of the Villa's central core forms a square within which are arranged six repetitions of an elegant standard module. module, exemplified by the two rooms to the left and right of the entrance hall, is 16 Trevisan feet in width by 27 Trevisan feet in length, creating a ratio of 6 to 10, the "perfect" numbers of Renaissance architecture. The sum of those numbers was deemed "most perfect" and, as indicated, was used by Palladio as the width of the module. Palladio repeated the module on the east and west sides of the Villa, where the module is divided into a square room of 16 x 16 feet and a smaller room beyond. The central grand salon comprises two of the modules placed side by side. The 9-room floor plan of the piano nobile is exactly repeated in a second piano nobile above, with four mezzanine rooms between. is unique among extant Palladian works for the extent of its original tile and terrazzo floors and original exterior intonaco (the stucco-like material covering the brick substructure of Palladio's country villas). The south facade bears surviving graffiti recording Cornaro family births in the 1600s, numerous family deaths and honors, and a note from a cousin recording his 1690 flight to Piombino from Venice to avoid "contagion." In 1588 the son of the Villa's original patron commissioned the six statues by Camillo Mariani that decorate the grand salon. The statues, which fill niches that were part of Palladio's original design, represent an innovation in Renaissance sculpture: a private family portrait gallery with full-figure statues of prominent members instead of mere busts. The family pantheon includes Doge Marco Cornaro and Caterina Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus. The walls of Villa Cornaro remained in white for many years to accommodate the magnificent painting collection of the early owners. In 1716 Andrea Cornaro, the great great grandson of Giorgio Cornaro, launched a new decorative program. He commissioned Mattia Bortoloni, a young student of Antonio Balestra, to execute a large cycle of 104 fresco panels within a system of stucco putti and frames created by Bortolo Cabianca of Venice. The frescos in six rooms of the piano nobile feature scenes from the Old Testament; in two rooms of the second floor the frescos depict New Testament scenes. The Biblical theme and the specific subjects of the individual frescos were designated by Andrea Cornaro himself. Bortoloni, then 21 years old, utilized the newly evolving "light manner," one of the first extensive fresco demonstrations of that style in the Veneto. The subjects of the frescos appear to have been selected to portray themes of freemasonry, a conclusion strengthened by the apparent use of Masonic symbols in the frescos on the eastern walls of the principal frescoed rooms. Thus the frescos may be one of the earliest examples of Masonic art in Italy. (See Gable, Villa Cornaro in the Enlightenment: Adapting a Palladian Villa to Eighteenth-Century Ideals (Boglewood, 2013). Cornaro remained in the Cornaro family for 253 years, then passed through three other families as a private residence until 1951. After a difficult period in the 1950s and 60s when it was used as a parochial kindergarten and then stood vacant, Villa Cornaro returned to private ownership in 1969 and was restored over a period of 20 years by an American couple from Greenwich, Connecticut USA. From 1989 to 2017 Villa Cornaro was the spring and autumn residence of Mr. and Mrs. Carl I. Gable of Atlanta, Georgia, USA, whose experiences are recounted in Palladian Days: Finding a New Life in a Venetian Country House (Knopf, 2005). The Villa is now owned by the seventh family in its more than 470-year history. Piombino Dese (Padua District). Accessible by car or train. is 30km northwest of Venice (about 40 minutes by car or train). The villa is two blocks from the Piombino Dese train station. Open to groups by appointment (Email email@example.com; telephone 049/936-5017)

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Well, traditionally the answer is today in 1464. According to some versions of the story Edward IV happened upon Elizabeth Grey (née Woodville) under an oak tree near her family home in Northamptonshire where she played the damsel in distress card and petitioned the king for help in reclaiming her son’s inheritance. Taken by her beauty, Edward tried to make her his mistress and when she refused, he married her, kept it to himself for five months and then dramatically announced it at court when his cousin and first councilor, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, was pressuring him to marry King Louis XI of France’s sister-in-law. But there are some problems with this narrative. First, the whole oak tree imagery is a bit over the top. Second, the date of May 1 or “May Day” is very romantic, but the very fact that it is romantic should raise some eyebrows. Third, there is clear indication from events in the summer of 1464 that there was no plan to present Elizabeth as queen. And four, it is unlikely that Edward and Elizabeth only met for the first time that year. Continue reading “When Did Edward IV Marry Elizabeth Woodville?”

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To achieve a successful harvest, it’s important to understand both how a marijuana plant works and what it needs. All sorts of chemical and physical processes take place inside a marijuana plant to let it grow and flower. In this course, I will precisely explain how the metabolism of a plant works and what the plant needs to grow optimally and flower. Because, if you understand what a marijuana plant uses water, light and CO2 for, you’ll also know how much you should give your plant, and you will also identify possible problems more quickly. Converting light into energy Just like humans and animals, a marijuana plant needs energy to grow and flower. A plant takes its energy from sunlight by catching it with its leaves. The leaves contain chlorophyll to absorb the sunlight. You can compare the leaves to large solar collectors. Luckily, there are manufacturers that developed special grow bulbs and flowering bulbs since we’re growing indoors. These lights are not specifically for growing marijuana; instead, they are for all fruits and vegetables, that are cultivated in greenhouses. During cloudy days or in the winter, these bulbs can provide a greenhouse with additional light. It’s best to use an MH lamp during the growing phase and an HPS lamp during the flowering phase. Besides light, a plant also needs water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) to create energy. This process is called photosynthesis. The light starts the following chemical reaction in the plant: Light + carbon dioxide + water sugars + oxygen The arrow in the middle indicates that the reaction can go both ways. The arrow to the right means that the CO2 and water are converted into sugars during the daylight period. The plant takes the energy required from the light, through chlorophyll in the leaves. The leftover oxygen is a waste product and is removed through the leaves. This is called the carbon assimilation process. The longer energy is available, the longer the factory can run and the plant can grow or flower. You control the lighting period with your lamps, and there never has to be a shortage of water or nutrient. It would, therefore, be obvious to keep the darkness period as short as possible, or even skip it. It’s however not that easy. At night, other necessary processes take place, such as the production of proteins. The energy required for this uses the same chemical reaction, only from the right to the left. Buy Fast Growing Seeds - Easy to grow - Germination guaranteed - Well rounded experience - Grow guide available The energy stored in the sugars and the oxygen are converted into water vapor and CO2. This is called dissimilation, or the respiration of the plant. The plant uses this energy to create products such as proteins that aren’t formed during the assimilation during the daytime. For this reason, a marijuana plant needs a day period and a night period. Research determined that a day period of 18 hours is optimal during the growth, and is also the maximum duration. In fact, it’s mimicking the longest day of the summer, when the plant experiences its most critical growing period. During the flowering stage, the day period shouldn’t last longer than 12 hours. In this case, the fall is mimicked, when the plant experiences its all-important flowering period. Lighting your plant for more than 12 hours could, therefore, cause the plant to go back into the growing stage. So you only have to make sure that there’s enough light, water, carbon dioxide and nutrients available to your plants. Download my free marijuana grow guide and start growing high quality marijuana strains Absorption of nutrients The absorption of water (and the nutrients that are dissolved in it) takes place through the roots of a plant in a process called osmosis. Osmosis is a physical process in which substances from one fluid, separated by a semi-permeable wall (the plant cell), can be transported to another fluid. This takes place from the side with the highest concentration of nutrients to the side with the lowest concentration. The movement of ions is referred to as osmotic pressure. The same principle applies to a marijuana plant, which consists of about 80% water. The type and the amount of substances on both sides of the wall of the cell are therefore important. We’ll keep it simple and assume that the liquids in the plant (and in the water outside the plant) only contain N (nitrogen), P (phosphor) and K (potassium). If the marijuana plant uses nitrogen ions, the concentration in the plant is lower than the concentration in the water outside the plant. New nitrogen ions will be sucked in from the water. If the plant has sufficient potassium ions – the concentration level on both sides of the cellular wall is the same – the K-molecules won’t move and stay where they are. If the plant has many more P-ions than the water outside the plant, the phosphor will be sucked out of the plant, creating a deficit in the plant. Transportation of nutrients The salts and oxygen in the nutrient water put a pressure on the roots while the water with the nutrients wants to go in. This process is further increased by the evaporation of water through the leaves, creating an under pressure in the plant. The high pressure on the roots and the suction force in the leaves enable the plant to transport water and nutrients upwards in the plant. Even if all the right nutrients are available in the water, a humidity that’s too high can decrease the evaporation (suction power) in the leaves. The plant will absorb fewer nutrients because of this. The availability of water and nutrients and the humidity of the air around the marijuana plant, therefore, determine whether a plant can send the nutrients to where they’re needed. Temperature can have the same effect. The evaporation of water through the stomata in the leaves has another function. Heat is required for evaporation to take place. If the temperature gets too high, the plant can open its stomata to evaporate more water and lower the heat. This can occur if the lamp is placed too closely above the plants. When it’s cold, the weed plant retains warmth by closing the stomata to evaporate less water. This mechanism has no direct influence on the growth or the flowering of the plant but does help to keep the factory running optimally. Everything works together very closely in the metabolism of the plant. If you make sure you have the right temperature in your growing room and you keep it constant, the plant won’t have to sweat as much and it can use its energy for more important things. Converting nutrients into building materials During the assimilation, nutrients in the marijuana plant are converted into energy and building materials. These building materials are necessary for maintaining existing plant cells and creating cells. During its growth, a plant mainly produces leaf and stem cells. The plant needs slightly different raw materials for these than for making flower cells. This explains why you use different fertilizers during the growing and the flowering phase. Like all chemical processes, temperature influences the rate at which processes take place. This is no different for marijuana plants: too warm means they’ll burn and too cold means they won’t sufficiently start the process. Buy Cannabis Nutrients - Grow kit - Plant protector - Grow guide available For assimilation, which takes place during the day, weed plants thrive at temperatures between 70 and 77 degrees. At night, during dissimilation, temperatures around 60 degrees will do fine. You can find much background information on how osmosis, photosynthesis, stomata and many other things work in the category Plant biology. If you understand what processes take place inside your plant, you’ll also understand the needs of your plants. Read these articles if you have the time.

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Analysis of the marriage and ascendancy structure of Abraham's Horite people reveals that the rulers had two wives. The first was a half-sister, as was Sarah to Abraham. The second wife was usually a patrilineal cousin, as was Keturah to Abraham. The wives maintained households in separate settlements on a north-south axis. Sarah resided in Hebron, at the northern edge of Abraham's territory in Edom. Keturah, of the royal line of Sheba, resided at Beersheba to the south. Both Hebron and Beersheba were in the territory that the Greeks called Idumea, which is Edom, the land of red people. Alice C. Linsley According to Genesis 25:1, Keturah is described as Abraham’s wife. The word here in Hebrew is ishshah, which means woman or wife. However, according to I Chronicles 1:32, Keturah was Abraham’s concubine. The Hebrew here is piylegesh or piyegesh meaning concubine. Keturah can’t be both a wife and concubine, so which is she? I Chronicles reflects a time long after the events described and is not consistent with the overwhelming evidence that Keturah was a wife. The confusion may be due to the Chronicles' post-exilic reading of Genesis 25:6: "To the sons of his concubines Abraham made grants during his lifetime, sending them away from his son Isaac..." It was the custom to sent away sons who would rule. Abraham was himself one of these sent-away sons. So were Moses and Jacob. Keturah was Abraham's second wife which means that she was his patrilineal cousin who he married at a later age. Analysis of the marriage and ascendency pattern of Abraham’s people makes it clear that Keturah was a wife. Rulers among Abraham’s Kushite people had two wives. The first wife was the wife of the man's youth and his half-sister (as was Sarah to Abraham). The second wife was a patrilineal cousin or niece (as was Keturah to Abraham). The name "Ketu-rah" refers to the Ketu division of the Jebusites. The Jebusites had two main divisions: the Nago-Jebu and the Ketu-Jebu. Of the Ketu-Jebu there is a good deal of information in Genesis. This division resided in Palestine and Arabia. Abraham payed tribute to the Ketu-Jebu priest Melchizedek, who was the ruler of the Jebusite city of Salem (Jerusalem). Ketu-rah was of this division of Jebu, as evidenced by her name. She resided at Beer-Sheba, which took its name from the great patriarch Sheba who controlled the well there. (Beer means well.) Ketu-rah's firstborn son was Joktan, the progentior of the Joktanite clans of Arabia. So the clans of Jebu, Sheba and Joktan are related, but what was their western boundary? It appears from historical records that it was in Nigeria at the confluence of the Niger and Benue rivers which in the time of Abraham's ancestors were very great rivers. Abraham and Keturah are descendants of Sheba, the great grandson of Ham. They are also descendants of Shem, as the lines of Shem and Ham intermarried. Sheba was a contemporary of Eber, Shem's great grandson. Eber’s son Joktan married a daughter of Sheba. We know this because Joktan’s first-born son was named Sheba, after his cousin bride’s father. This naming prerogative of the cousin bride was already a custom in the time of Lamech (Gen. 4). Lamech’s daughter Naamah married her patrilineal cousin Methuselah and named their firstborn son Lamech after her father. Lamech the Younger would ascend to the throne of his maternal grandfather. Keturah likewise named her first-born son Joktan, after her father. So Abraham had two first-born sons by his wives: Isaac and Joktan. He also had firstborn sons by his two concubines Masek and Hagar. By Masek he had Eliezar and by Hagar he had Ishmael. Contrary to common belief, Ishmael was not Abraham's firstborn. The assumption that Keturah was a concubine runs contrary to the biblical information about her relationship to Abraham and her status. Instead, we should recognize that Keturah and Sarah were wives whose firstborns sons would rule over different territories. Hagar and Masek were Abraham's concubines whose subordinate status we can discern from studying Jacob's relationship to Bilhah and Zilpah and the subordinate status of their sons to the firstborn sons of Rachel (Joseph) and Leah (Reu-ben). The Pattern of Keturah Parallels the Pattern of Naamah According to Gen. 10:24-30, Keturah’s father had a brother named Peleg. The text makes much of the implications of Peleg’s name which means “division”, “because it was in his time that the earth was divided” (Gen. 10:25). There are different possible explanations for this division, but the most likely is that expressed in the pattern of genealogical information. The daughter of Sheba who married Joktan and named her firstborn son Sheba is the last bride named of Ham’s line. In this respect she parallels Naamah, the last bride named of Cain’s line. Keturah’s father was Joktan and her paternal uncle was Peleg, who is said to be the “first” son. This means that Joktan, like Abraham, was not to receive the rights of primogeniture by which he would become chief after his father’s death. So Joktan, Abraham’s firstborn by Ketu-rah, would not be chief after his death. That would fall to Isaac, the son of Sarah. Nevertheless the Joktanites would become a powerful presence in the Sinai and by their skills and generosity would enable the Israelites to come out of Egypt and survive in the wilderness. Genesis 10: 26 tells us that Joktan had 13 sons. Almodad appears to be the first-born, as his name is listed first. If Joktan followed the pattern of his fathers, his two wives would have maintained separate households on a north-south axis. This may be the meaning of the sites mentioned in Gen. 10:30: Mesha and Sephar, although “sephar,’ which means “numbering,” might refer to the cosmology of Abraham’s people rather than to a specific location. Some of the descendants of Joktan and Sheba hold an annual autumn feast at an oasis in the wilderness to celebrate the date harvest. This is the one time of the year that women and men may dance together. The date palm (“tamar”) is a symbol of prosperity and fertility. The ‘Id el-Tamar is a festival when the unmarried check out the pool of available matches. As is the custom from time immemorial, wife selection takes place at a well or an oasis. The Evidence of the Well Wells and oases are where boy meets girl in the Bible. There are several incidents of wives being found at wells. Abraham’s servant found Rebecca at a well. Moses met Zipporah, his future wife, at a Midianite well. In none of these stories is the woman a concubine. Keturah could not have been a concubine because Abraham met her at the well of Sheba (Beer-Sheba) according to the pattern of wives. The Horite priests among Abraham's people established their shrines near rivers and wells. They needed the water to sustain their flocks and it was from these flocks and herds that they selected animals to sacrifice. The evidence of the Bible indicates that the rulers among Abaham's people married the daughters of priests. Moses married Zipporah, the daughter of a priest named Jethro. He was of the clan of Midian. Midian was another son born to Abraham by Ketu-rah. Abraham had nine sons, according to the Septuagint. Here is a list of sons: Sarah, daughter of Terah (Gen. 20:12) Hagar the Egyptian (Sarah’s handmaid) Yismael (Ishmael) was Egyptian, since ethnicity was traced through the mother and Hagar was Egyptian. Tracing ethnicity through the mother rather than the father is still required to establish Jewish identity today. This pattern is recognized in Egypt as well, which is why the Egyptian government has made it illegal for Egyptian men to marry Jewish women. Ketu-rah, daughter of Joktan (Gen. 25) Joktan – Keturah’s firstborn son Masek (Keturah’s handmaid) Eliezar of Damascus

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Mount Jiuhua | Jǐuhuá Shān | 九华山 Mount Jiuhua is a breathtakingly beautiful mountain located in Anhui province of China. It is one of the four sacred mountains of Buddhism and is considered to be an important pilgrimage site for Buddhists around the world. The mountain is known for its stunning scenery, peaceful atmosphere, and spiritual significance. The mountain has a rich history that dates back to the Tang Dynasty. It is home to many ancient temples and pagodas that were built during the Tang, Song, Ming, and Qing dynasties. The most famous temple on the mountain is the Huacheng Temple, which was built in the Tang Dynasty and has been restored many times over the years. Mount Jiuhua is also known for its natural beauty. The mountain is surrounded by lush forests, clear streams, and cascading waterfalls. The mountain is home to many rare plant and animal species, including the Jiuhua Snow Lotus, which can only be found on the mountain. The mountain has many hiking trails that lead to its peaks and temples. The trails are well-maintained and offer stunning views of the surrounding landscape. The most popular trail is the Golden Summit Trail, which leads to the highest peak on the mountain. The trail is challenging but rewarding, and once you reach the summit, you will be rewarded with panoramic views of the surrounding mountains and valleys. In addition to hiking, Mount Jiuhua is also a popular destination for meditation and spiritual retreats. The mountain’s peaceful atmosphere and spiritual significance make it an ideal place to reflect and connect with nature. Many visitors come to the mountain to study Buddhism and learn from the monks who live in the mountain’s temples. In conclusion, Mount Jiuhua is a must-visit destination for anyone who loves nature, history, and spirituality. The mountain’s stunning scenery, rich history, and spiritual significance make it a truly unique and unforgettable experience. Whether you are a hiker, a spiritual seeker, or just someone who loves to travel, Mount Jiuhua is a destination you won’t want to miss. Mountain Range: Wuyi Shan, East China Parents: Wuyi Shan Elevation: 4,400 feet / 1,341 meters Prominence: 761 feet / 232 meters Isolation: 28.06 miles / 45.16 kilometers Nearest Higher Neighbor (NHN): Danxia Feng Fun Fact: It is believed that the mountain also got its name official name after the poet Li Bai wrote of it: “Sailing down the Jiujiang River the other day, I saw the Jiuhua Peaks in the distance. Looking like a heavenly river hanging in heaven, Its green water embroidering cotton rose hibiscuses.” Flora and Fauna Mount Jiuhua is a magnificent mountain range located in the Anhui province of China. It is a popular tourist destination and a sacred site for Buddhists, with over 90 temples and monasteries scattered throughout the area. But what makes Mount Jiuhua truly unique is its rich and diverse flora and fauna. The mountain is home to a wide variety of plant species, with over 2,000 different types of plants identified so far. These include rare and endangered species such as the Chinese dove tree, the Chinese yew, and the Chinese fir. The mountain is also covered in lush forests of bamboo, pine, and maple, creating a breathtaking landscape that is truly a sight to behold. But it’s not just the plant life that makes Mount Jiuhua so special. The mountain is also home to a diverse range of animal species, including many that are rare and endangered. These include the Chinese giant salamander, the clouded leopard, and the Chinese pangolin. The mountain is also a popular spot for birdwatchers, with over 200 different species of birds recorded in the area. Exploring the flora and fauna of Mount Jiuhua is an unforgettable experience. Visitors can take guided tours of the mountain’s many nature trails, where they can spot rare birds and animals, as well as learn about the area’s unique plant life. The mountain is also home to several nature reserves and protected areas, where visitors can see some of the most rare and endangered species up close. Overall, Mount Jiuhua’s rich and diverse flora and fauna make it a truly special place. Whether you’re a nature lover, a birdwatcher, or just looking for a unique and unforgettable travel experience, this mountain has something for everyone.

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Your shining teeth make your smile beautiful. To make sure you keep your shining teeth, it is crucial for you to take care of them daily to maintain their shine, or they will lose their shine over time and snatch the quality of your smile. Here are some easy steps to protect your natural teeth. Brush Your Teeth before Going to Bed Brushing your teeth before going to bed will remove plaque and bacteria from your teeth. Neglecting it may over time result in tooth decay.Always remember to brush your teeth at least twice a day; once in the morning and then again at night before going to bed. Keep Your Toothbrush Clean You must protect your toothbrush from bacteria exposure by putting your toothbrush in a safe place for it. When your toothbrush is exposed to bacteria, that could possibly reach your mouth. You are brushing your mouth to get rid of plaque and bacteria, so don’t expose your mouth to new bacteria. Change Your Brush after Getting Over an Illness You should change your brush four times a year. If you are getting over a sickness, such as flu, cold, and cough, you must change your toothbrush. Clean Your Tongue Cleaning your tongue daily is as important as brushing your teeth daily because ignoring cleaning your tongue can result in plaque buildup and bad breath. You should gently clean your tongue with a quality tongue-cleaner after brushing your teeth. Like brushing, flossing is also crucial for your teeth. Flossing removes food particles trapped between your teeth and help avoid bacteria between the teeth. However, unlike brushing, flossing should be done once a day, before going to bed. Remember first a few times, you may notice bleeding gums while flossing, but you should not feel scared at all since it is normal. Gradually, it will stop. One more thing, it would be better for you to learn the flossing technique from a dentist in Surrey. Use a therapeutic mouthwash A therapeutic mouthwash will reduce plaque and the speed with that tarter develop. Also, it helps you remove food particles trapped in your mouth. Besides, it will help you avoid several serious oral health concerns. But, don’t assume a therapeutic mouthwash can be a substitute for brushing or flossing. Drink Gallons of Water Drinking a sufficient amount of water help you avoid dry mouth and ensure saliva is produced at a high rate. Washing away leftover food, Saliva protects your teeth from decaying. Also, it helps you swallow foods properly and keeps your teeth strong by washing them with fluoride, phosphate, and calcium. Eat Healthy Foods You must avoid ready-to-eat foods. Instead, you should look at delicious foods full of nutrients. We know this will be difficult, but you should do it for your teeth and overall health. Along with following these mentioned suggestions, visit your dentist Surrey to have your teeth examined. They will check your teeth and recommend the best ways to have healthy teeth and gums. One more thing, do ask when you should visit them next, and don’t skip your appointment. However, in general, if you have healthy teeth and gums, you should visit twice a year oral health inspection.

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Kenneth Hubbard on 15 May 1957, was the pilot of the Valiant jet bomber that dropped Britain’s first H-bomb off Malden Island in the South Pacific during the Christmas Island test series, code-named “Operation Grapple”. Hubbard’s task, with his crew, was to drop an H-bomb from the plane, flying at Mach 0.76, height 45,000ft. The bomb, code-named “Short Granite”, exploded at 8,000ft at a precise point 1.5 miles off Malden Island. A time delay and predetermined flight plan took the Valiant 9.15 nautical miles away from the site of the bomb burst. The explosion output was somewhat less than the designed capability. Contingency plans were put in place should the bomb-release mechanism fail, as the aircraft would not be able to return to the main base at Christmas Island because of the risk to 3,000 personnel. Below are the co-pilots of the 4 Valiant bombers which flew to Christmas Island, with Flying Officer Robert L Beeson wearing an A.F.0210. watch strap. The IWM caption reads : Four Valiant bombers of No 49 Squadron (Wing Commander K G Hubbard OBE DFC) Royal Air Force Bomber Command, based at RAF Wittering, Northants, left in March (1957) for Christmas Island in the Pacific to take part in Britain’s nuclear tests later in the year. The Valiants have been treated with anti-thermal radiation (anti-flash) paint and the cockpit windows have been fitted with shields to protect the crews from glare. The co-pilots of the four valiants (left to right): Flight Lieutenant D W Briggs, DFC (of Lealholme, Whitby, Yorkshire); Flying Officer Michael A Pringl (of Irthlingborough, Northants); Flight Lieutenant R Howard (of Newton-le-Willows, Lancashire) and Flying Officer Robert L Beeson (of Porbrook, near Portsmouth)

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- Family Solanaceae - Solanum tuberosum - Do not use the aerial parts of the plant as they are poisonous. - Some people may be sensitive or allergic to the Nightshade Family of plants. - Do not drink the juice of more than one large potato per day. Native to Chile, Bolivia, and Peru, the potato plant has been developed into hundreds of varieties that grow around the world today. The perennial grows to about three feet in height, producing branching stems with compound leaves, white or purple flowers, green berries, and swollen tubers, which are harvested in the fall to early spring. Many different potato species and varieties have been cultivated by the Quechua and Aymara peoples of the central Andes. By the early 16th century, the potato was introduced into Europe by the Spanish, who found them in the New World. However, it was not until the 18th century that it became a staple foot in Europe. Although potato water has no established medicinal benefits, it does make a good silver cleaner. - heals internally and externally - vitamins A, B, C, and K - minerals (especially potassium) - atropine alkaloids (trace amounts) The main therapeutic use of the potato is for healing wounds. Internally, potato juice is taken to treat peptic ulcers, bringing relief from pain and acidity. Externally, poultices are made from the mashed pulp and applied to painful joints, headaches, backaches, skin rashes and inflammations, hemorrhoids, and to draw out foreign objects such as slivers. Potato skins are used in India to treat swollen gums and to heal burns. The root of the Brazilian, S. insidiosum, is used as a diuretic and stomach-supporting remedy.

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- Automotive Services - About Us - Contact Us Your car’s steering and suspension systems are crucial for driving. Modern steering and suspension systems are managed by a network of computers that relay important information to the various working sections, including road conditions. A severe pothole can force your car to hit it with several tons of force, which can cause significant damage. The car’s steering and suspension system parts keep the vehicle in one piece and provide a somewhat stable ride. With the use of steering systems, a vehicle can be directed in a specified direction without the driver having to do a lot of effort. If you have ever driven a car with a bad steering system, you might recall how difficult it was to turn the wheel. It is simple to spin the steering wheel in the desired direction in a vehicle that is operating at peak performance. The conventional, or linkage, system and the rack and pinion system are the two most popular forms of steering systems. You guessed it—a rack and a pinion—are used in rack and pinion steering. A rack is a linear gear that moves as a result of the spinning of the pinion, a circular gear. The driver turns the steering wheel, enabling the pinion connected to the steering shaft to rotate. The rack is attached to a tie rod that is attached to the wheel, which in turn will cause the wheel of the vehicle to revolve as it travels along the road. A worm gear is affixed to the end of the steering shaft in conventional steering, which is also more commonly referred to as linkage or worm gear steering. When the driver twists the steering shaft, a worm gear connected to a sector gear that rotates as the worm gear’s teeth move along it is turned. Considering how steering and suspension function is essential before discussing potential steering and suspension issues your car can experience. Both reciprocating ball steering and rack and rack steering are available in vehicle design. All four wheels revolve simultaneously thanks to reciprocating ball steering, which operates through a network of links and arms. The steering wheel and steering column are moved via a steering box connected to the wheel’s movement functions. In rack and pinion steering, the steering wheel and steering column are attached to a rack, which drives a piston as the wheels turn. The suspension system joins the body of your car to the wheels using a number of shocks. The system ensures your wheels are in contact with the ground and gives you a comfortable ride when driving the car. In order to reduce the impact of the road as you drive, the suspension system uses several parts, such as springs, shocks, and struts. Your steering system is not one of those parts that can swiftly deteriorate without any notice. When something is problematic, it will nearly always give you plenty of advance notice. Pay attention to the warning indicators. Ignoring them could lead to a system failure, which would have an effect on you and the other drivers on the road. There are several steering issues that you need to be aware of. 1. Rotating the wheel is difficult This is one of the first things you’ll notice, especially if you have power steering. The steering fluid, which aids in giving you easy control over how easily the wheel turns, may be leaking. 2. The steering wheel vibrates Driving the car causes the wheel to pulse or vibrate. It’s a good idea to let a skilled mechanic evaluate your car because it may be a steering wheel issue or an alignment problem. 3. The steering wheel is loose This is typically brought on by a worn steering rack that can no longer maintain its position. 4. Vehicle diverges off course or pulls to one side Your vehicle’s deteriorated components won’t keep it on the road without your additional assistance. Therefore, don’t ignore steering and suspension repairs and maintenance. By performing routine maintenance, you can often make repairs before they become larger and save money in the process. Services for repairing and maintaining all aspects of your vehicle are offered at The Auto Station in Burlington.

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How climate defines the traits of plant rootsLeipzig/Jena/Wyoming/Wageningen. The specific traits of a plant determine the environmental conditions under which this plant prevails. A new study led by the University of Wyoming (UW) together with the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig University (UL), the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC) and Wageningen University & Research (WUR) published in Nature Ecology and Evolution sheds light on this relationship with a focus on roots – and challenges the nature of ecological trade-offs. Plant roots generally remain hidden belowground, but their role for the distribution of plants should not be underestimated: Roots are essential for water and nutrient uptake, yet little is known about the influence of root traits on species distributions. To investigate this relationship, an international team of researchers analysed the root trait database GRooT, based on the TRY Plant Trait Database hosted at the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, and the vegetation database sPlot, each being the largest database of its kind. The work was facilitated by iDiv’s synthesis centre sDiv, which supports collaboration of scientists from different countries and disciplines. Temperature and water supply define root traits The researchers analysed several root traits: the specific root length and root diameter on the one hand, and the root tissue density and root nitrogen content on the other hand and compared them to the environmental conditions under which these plants occur. The researchers found that in forests, species with relatively thick fine roots and high root tissue density were more likely to occur in warm climates while species with more delicate and longer fine roots and low root tissue density were found more often in cold climates – a classical trade-off. By contrast, forest species with large-diameter roots and high root tissue density were more commonly associated with dry climates, but species with the opposite trait values were not associated with wet climates. Instead, a diversity of root traits occurred in warm or wet climates. Root traits challenge the nature of ecological trade-offs Ecological theory is built on trade-offs where trait differences among species evolved as adaptations to different environments, but you cannot have it all: an organism can be good in certain things at the cost of something else. For plants, this means that low trait values (e.g. low specific root length in this study) are associated with advantages under certain climate conditions, whereas high trait values (e.g. high specific root length) confer benefits under opposing conditions. However, certain root traits did not follow this general theory but were associated with unidirectional benefits: there is a benefit for high trait values in certain environmental conditions, but no benefit of low trait values in other conditions. “We were surprised at how common these unidirectional benefits were in roots compared to classical trade-offs,” says first author Daniel Laughlin, plant ecologist from the University of Wyoming. “This challenges our understanding of how traits drive species distributions, which we have been puzzled by as a scientific community,” adds last author Alexandra Weigelt, plant ecologist at Leipzig University and member of iDiv. This suggests that unidirectional benefits might be more widespread than previously thought. Unidirectional benefits were consistently associated with the more extreme cold and dry climates that are more resource-limited than warm and wet climates. By contrast, warm and wet climates were associated with a larger diversity of root traits. “We believe that our work helps to understand the trait combinations that are possible in certain climate zones. This is important knowledge for ecosystem restoration in a changing world,” says Liesje Mommer, plant ecologist at the University of Wageningen. (adopted from Kati Kietzmann, iDiv) Daniel C. Laughlin, Liesje Mommer…, Francesco Maria Sabatini, Helge Bruelheide, …, Nathaly R. Guerrero-Ramírez, …, Jens Kattge, …, Fons van der Plas, …, Jürgen Dengler, …, Alexandra Weigelt (2021). Root traits explain plant species distributions along climatic gradients yet challenge the nature of ecological trade-offs. Nature Ecology and Evolution, DOI: DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01471-7 Contact at MPI-BGC Dr. Jens Kattge

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First Aid for Seizures in Water For many people, the scariest aspect of epilepsy is not knowing when or where a seizure will occur. In certain situations, a loss of consciousness is especially dangerous and emergency care must go beyond the routine procedures. A seizure in water is one of these life-threatening situations. Here are steps to follow if someone is having a seizure in water: - Support the person in the water with the head tilted so the face and head stay above the surface. - Remove the person from the water as quickly as possible. - Check to see whether the person is breathing. If not, begin CPR immediately. - Call an ambulance. Even if the person appears to be fully recovered, he or she should have a full medical checkup. Inhaling water can cause lung or heart damage. Epilepsy centers provide you with a team of specialists to help you diagnose your epilepsy and explore treatment options. Find in-depth information on anti-seizure medications so you know what to ask your doctor. Epilepsy and Seizures 24/7 Helpline Call our Epilepsy and Seizures 24/7 Helpline and talk with an epilepsy information specialist or submit a question online. Tools & Resources Get information, tips, and more to help you manage your epilepsy.

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A word paper, also called a rough draft, is a study newspaper written by college students on an academic term, usually accounting for approximately half of a total grade. Webster’s Dictionary defines it as”an intensive analysis of a specified subject, the writing of that is thought to be an expression of the pupil’s own opinion on a subject”. Most often, this is an essay that’s necessary by a professor, normally in the first year of college. It is supposed to be read academic essay writer in front of other students to demonstrate that the student’s understanding of that subject. There are a range of distinct kinds of term papers. The most common kind used in college and graduate colleges is a literature term paper, sometimes known as a scholarly essay. Literature paper states the thesis of the whole paper, using various citation styles – including near, medium, open, and alternative. But a scholarly term paper may also have an introduction, an argument, a description of the study method, and a conclusion. One of the most important aspects of writing term papers is the invention of a summary. A summary is a list of the primary points of your document and the supporting data needed to support your statements. To be able to write a good outline, you must first start by writing your main thesis statement. This may be an explanation for why you’re studying a particular area, together with examples of everything you’ve heard, or an explanation of the research procedure. Conducting research is the next step in writing a term paper. Your introduction should clearly state what you’re doing, providing the reader with a synopsis of your main thesis statement. The research you conduct should be supported by cited sources. What’s more, your introduction should tell the reader how you’ll be using your findings when your job is finished. A literature review is most often included in the debut. Your title page is the final element of your term paper. It’s your call to action and also the point at which you summarize all the significant points of your job. Your title page should convey your intent, i.e., what you expect to accomplish by studying the newspaper. It also needs to provide the reader with a basic summary of your research methodology. Adding a bibliography at the end of your title page will reinforce your own work and reinforce the key points you made during the paper. Writing term papers can be a tedious job for a few. If you find yourself unsure about what to write or uncertain about the structure you need to follow, consulting a reputable research paper advisor is highly recommended. These consultants offer sound guidance on the best way to approach all the subject areas outlined above. For example, if you are writing a term paper on economic concept, they will probably advise you to conduct extensive research in the many economic concepts out there before writing your paper. They are also able to assist you in assembling the different parts of information and research accessible to best illustrate your arguments from the manner best possible.

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Sorry this is such a silly question, but I can't seem to understand this. In the third diagram here it shows a pull-up resistor. I understand that when the switch S1 is closed, current is pulled down to ground and assumes a value of 0. This doesn't short because of the resistor limiting the current. My question is: When the switch is open and the current is flowing into the input pin of the device, how does it pick up that this is a high value and not a low value? Wouldn't the resistor limit it to the extent that it would be .0005 A and so it would barely register with the device? EDIT: Also, I am just looking at the pull-down resistor case on the same page. Why does the first switch not short when it is directly connected to VCC, there is no resistor, and the switch is open? Isn't this a no-no? I can't really grasp what is going on with the pull-down resistor.

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Even at 4,500 years old, the Great Pyramid of Giza is still revealing new secrets. On Thursday, Egyptian officials announced the discovery of a hidden corridor above the pyramid’s entrance. Measuring 30 feet long, the passage could serve as a jumping-off point for additional research into the mysterious inner chambers. According to a new study published in the journal Nature Communications, the pyramid has been undergoing noninvasive scans since 2015. Through an international partnership known as ScanPyramids, researchers from around the world have been using cosmic-ray imaging and infrared thermography to map out what lies behind the sand-beaten stones of the exterior. These scans have revealed several voids, including the 30-foot passage, which lies just behind a chevron-shaped configuration of stones not far from where today’s tourists enter the pyramid. A video released by ScanPyramids offers a glimpse into the mapping process and shows where this newly discovered corridor lies. After learning of the void, researchers used an endoscope to collect images of the corridor on February 24. “The first pictures taken with the endoscope seem to show there is nothing, but we cannot see all the room precisely yet,” Sébastien Procureur, lead author of the study and a physicist with the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, tells Live Science’s Owen Jarus. The Great Pyramid was built around 2560 B.C.E. under Khufu, a pharaoh of Egypt’s Old Kingdom. Mysteries and intrigue have always surrounded his life and death. The Greek historian Herodotus’ portrait of an oppressive and cruel ruler clashes with Egyptian beliefs about his wisdom. Myths persist about Khufu’s funding and motivation for the creation of the Great Pyramid. As Mike Dash wrote for Smithsonian magazine in 2011, the reasons for the elaborate system of chambers and passageways, the most complex of any pyramid, remain unknown. The structure is the only one of its time built with tunnels high above ground level. In 2017, researchers discovered another mysterious void in the pyramid. That chamber measures 98 feet long, and many questions about its purpose remain. Narrowing down what it wasn’t used for may be an easier task. For example, Mohamed Ismail, a spokesman for the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities, dismissed the idea that it could be any sort of hidden or forgotten burial chamber. “If there is another burial chamber, there would have been an entrance to it,” Ismail told Cassandra Santiago and Sarah El Sirgany of CNN in 2017. Mostafa Waziri, head of Egypt’s Supreme Council of Antiquities, thinks that the newly discovered corridor likely helped distribute weight within the massive structure, per Reuters’ Aidan Lewis. After all, the pyramid was made with 2.3 million stone blocks, each weighing an average of more than two tons. Reg Clark, an Egyptologist at Swansea University in Wales who is not connected to the study, echoed the idea that this chamber was purely logistical. “Many of these structural innovations in the pyramids … were developed for pragmatic reasons by the Egyptian tomb builders,” he tells Live Science. Researchers plan to continue their scans at the site, hoping to find artifacts in the space and unravel more of its mysteries.

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Organisms — humans, animals and arguably even plants — have a striking ability to predict what their environment might throw at them. They use information from the past to respond to cues in the world and learn from surprises, meaning that when they encounter similar situations again in the future, they can act faster and more appropriately. In fact, this so-called predictive inference is such an important skill that it helps organisms to stay alive. But Susanne Still and Gavin Crooks think that this ability might also hold the key to understanding how all types of living systems behave efficiently in the natural world — perhaps with a little help from quantum information processing. Their work may even reshape how we think about life itself. The idea that living organisms use predictive inference to help them perform better in the future is relatively straightforward to grasp. A more radical notion is that this process might also be present at much smaller scales, down to the molecular complexes that perform specific tasks within the cells of living organisms, or the “machinery of life” as Still, an information and computer scientist at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, refers to them. “Bio-molecular machines are the building blocks of our cells and there is evidence that they operate at very high energetic efficiency,” says Still. Where does this efficiency come from? More. Good question. Glad someone is asking. This may or may not be the right direction but it sure beats Darwindunit: “Here’s the court order,” and forced funding of fake embryo drawings. Follow UD News at Twitter!

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Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS), a company commercializing fusion energy, recently announced a series of seven papers published and peer reviewed in a special edition of the Journal of Plasma Physics. The papers validate the company’s approach to commercial fusion energy. CFS said the papers, written in collaboration with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s (MIT’s) Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC), “are the first peer-reviewed publications from any private commercial fusion company that verify a compact fusion device will achieve net energy where the plasma generates more fusion power than used to start and sustain the process, the requirement for a fusion power plant.” CFS in a news release said it is collaborating with MIT’s PSFC “to design and build SPARC, the world’s first net energy (Q>1) fusion system. SPARC is being designed with the collective and proven knowledge of the world’s fusion programs, using well-established plasma physics as well as cutting-edge tools that include advanced simulations, data analysis, and science from existing machines. These papers are the result of more than two years of work by the team to refine the SPARC design, which is now entering its final stages.” Bob Mumgaard, PhD, CEO of CFS, in a statement announcing the work said, “These are concrete public predictions that when we build SPARC, the machine will produce net energy and even high gain fusion from the plasma. That is a necessary condition to build a fusion power plant for which the world has been waiting decades. The combination of established plasma physics, new innovative magnets, and reduced scale opens new possibilities for commercial fusion energy in time to make a difference for climate change. This is a major milestone for the company and for the global clean tech effort as we work to get commercial fusion energy on the grid as fast as possible.” The CFS papers apply the same physics rules and simulations used to design the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, or ITER, which is being built in France. CFS said it can “interpret results from existing experiments to predict SPARC’s performance based on the anticipated engineering design. The results show that SPARC will achieve its goal (Q>2) with considerable margin.” ITER and SPARC are tokamaks, a device that uses a magnetic field to confine the fusion process. SPARC, though, “will use new high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets to enable a similar performance as ITER but built more than 10 times smaller and on a significantly faster timeline.” The papers also predict that SPARC will likely achieve a burning plasma for the first time on Earth, which means the fusion process will be dominantly self-heating—a longtime goal of the world’s scientists. The MIT group and CFS are building the advanced magnets “that will allow CFS to build significantly smaller and lower-cost fusion power plants,” according to the company, with the collaboration “on track to demonstrate a successful 20 Tesla, large-bore magnet in 2021. This magnet test, the first of its kind in the world, opens a widely identified transformational opportunity for commercial fusion energy.” Mumgaard recently answered questions from POWER about his company’s work on commercial fusion energy. POWER: Fusion energy has always seemed to be great in theory but difficult to accomplish in practice. What makes this project more practical and achievable? Mumgaard: The world knows a lot of about fusion energy and has advanced it just below the point of making more power than it takes to operate using machines called tokamaks, machines that use magnetic confinement to insulate a plasma in which fusion happens. However, the scale has gotten in the way for this scientifically proven approach, the machines got large. CFS is taking decades of this proven fusion research and combining it with a new technological breakthrough that will allow us to achieve net energy from fusion for the first time in history, a requirement for a fusion power plant. Our team has developed new groundbreaking high-temperature superconducting magnets and is working collaboratively with MIT’s Plasma Science and Fusion Center. These will be the strongest magnets of their kind in the world. We will use these advanced magnets to build a tokamak with a significantly stronger magnetic field. This will allow us to build devices 50 times smaller and as a result much faster and cheaper. Just recently, seven papers published and peer reviewed in the Journal of Plasma Physics validated this approach. These were the first peer-reviewed publications from a private fusion company that have predicted an approach to commercial fusion will work at a scale that is doable by a company. POWER: Are private investors looking at fusion energy with an eye toward its enormous energy potential, or as a way to help combat climate change (or perhaps both)? Mumgaard: The amazing thing about fusion energy is that you get both enormous clean energy potential and a new clean generation source to combat climate change. Our company is incredibly mission-focused and we have a team that is dedicated to making fusion energy work to combat climate change in a meaningful way. Our investors are the same. They understand that the world needs a fundamentally new clean energy source in order to power the world and also decarbonize. POWER: Are there enough investors interested in this technology to keep research moving forward, or will government support be needed? Mumgaard: The fusion industry at large has continued to grow and has seen a significant increase in investment. There is now almost $2 billion invested in private fusion energy companies. And while we expect to see private investment continue to increase, we are also seeing governments around the world such as China and the UK start to inject more and more funding into commercial fusion energy efforts. In order to compete with the global market, the U.S. needs to invest in commercial fusion. Recently, there has been language included in a House energy bill that would establish a public private partnership for fusion energy. This would be modeled after the NASA COTS [Commercial Orbital Transportation Services] program, which enabled the private space industry. This would be incredibly important to accelerate the fusion industry here in the U.S. POWER: Is the compact fusion reactor device a nod to being able to accomplish fusion energy in a shorter time period, as opposed to the larger-scale ITER project? Mumgaard: CFS’ goal is to get clean fusion power on the grid as fast as possible. Our net energy fusion device, called SPARC, is the same design as ITER. However, because of our new breakthrough magnet technology we are able to build it 50 times smaller and as a result on a much faster timeline at significantly less cost. —Darrell Proctor is associate editor for POWER (@POWERmagazine).

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Most people recognize that popular music has electrical power to arouse feelings. A lot of have never considered its own vital personality as a sign. Confucius (551– 479 bce) concerned songs as supplement to service as well as narrative as well as a looking glass of human personality. He kept that just the exceptional male who recognizes popular music can easily govern. 1. Meaning: The word popular music is used to describe a group of audios played or even sung in a rhythm, observing some type of tonal framework. It is actually an art kind that may be made up, carried out and documented. The condition songs can also describe a specific type of songs, such as a classical part or a rap song. Typically, various genres of songs are separated through their tradition and also discussion. As an example, Classic symphonies are normally listened closely to by people along with greater incomes than rap concerts. According to Jeremy Montagu, among the main functions of popular music is actually social cohesion. He states that popular music is so primitive that it possibly predates foreign language, and that the very first individual being actually to vocalize and make rhythms was actually most likely a mommy comforting her kid. Music noises are defined through their rhythm, mood, tune, melody, singing allowance and also shade. Character, or even sound high quality, is a vital factor of songs since it varies depending on the instrument that creates it. The same details will certainly appear in different ways on a violin, piano and oboe , since they have different mouth pieces as well as extras, such as reeds or even cords. There is actually no solitary description of exactly how songs created. An amount of concepts are actually improved, coming from transformative modification to social development. Some researchers strongly believe that music progressed to enhance cohesion in huge social groups. Popular music may generate common physiological arousal states and also assist in mental phrase. It is actually likewise related to group identification as well as cohesion. It is largely accepted that music has solid cross-cultural and universal properties. websites It has been recommended that the cognitive abilities involved in music handling grew in addition to language, from a prototype named musilanguage This concept is assisted due to the fact that both popular music as well as language entail changes in sound, timbre, volume, rhythm, and various other sound homes. It is further assisted due to the fact that genetics involved in sound belong to those of voice understanding in songbirds. Many styles of research study make an effort to resolve the beginnings of music, from the transformative theory to researches in genetic makeups that recognize various aptitudes for musicality. While non-renewables are certainly not readily available to show that songs evolved, relative researches of creature behavior can help know the flexible function of sound. Music is a tool where folks show on their own. It may be utilized for entertainment, social connecting, and may even function as a type of treatment. It is actually likewise made use of to interact between various cultures and individuals worldwide. The very most popular use of songs is in the kind of songs. The tune is actually made up of a group of notes that are actually played all together to produce the sound. It is strongly believed that the earliest figure of songs was actually the human vocal on its own. Involvement in songs is actually thought about to be actually a part of the advancement of cognitive skills. Modern popular music psychology pays attention to the cognitive neuroscience of musical habits as well as knowledge. The area is concerned with the research of individual capacity, skill, intellect, ingenuity, as well as social habits. Popular music can be actually made use of as a resource for social modification, delivering people together as well as urging neighborhood engagement. Popular music can likewise be a strong type of advocacy, aiding to increase understanding for human civil rights problems such as sexism and also racism. Popular music demonstrates society in lots of methods, featuring with its information as well as the technique it is performed. It can be utilized to sooth or even arouse, and may correspond tips including affection, patriotism, or love. It can additionally be actually a symbolic representation of fatality or pain, or it may function as a means of expression for an individual’s feelings. In addition, songs can be a resource of enjoyment and pleasure. It may offer a breaking away coming from the daily anxieties of life, or even it can motivate and also motivate folks to change their lives for the better. Music may even be utilized to recover, promoting leisure and also minimizing discomfort in clinical as well as dental environments. Entertainers should possess suitable method if you want to play their equipment or vocalize adequately. This features factors like breathing spell control, palm ranking and sound development. Artists likewise cultivate their own unique procedures that allow all of them to achieve particular impacts such as vibrato or tremolo. Music periods, key trends of notes like sevenths and also triads, formula patterns and also arpeggios are all examples of musical strategies. Sound shifting is an usual production strategy that has its origins in television cartoons, however located brand new daily life in EDM popular music. It is actually utilized to modify the pitch of a vocal without modifying its playback rate, as well as is specifically valuable in producing automated appearing vocals. Time flexing is one more popular manufacturing approach that changes the velocity of a keep track of, typically for impressive effects. Performers should possess a strong understanding of songs theory as well as skill-sets so as to conduct their songs. Sound, musicianship and also approaches are actually all of various traits and it’s just when performers may combination all of them together that they definitely possess the magic of songs. Definition: The word songs is made use of to illustrate a group of noises played or performed in a rhythm, observing some kind of tonal construct. The term songs may likewise recommend to a certain type of music, such as a classic piece or a rap track. The most typical usage of popular music is actually in the kind of tracks. Music can be used as a resource for social change, bringing individuals all together as well as encouraging community interaction. Popular music may additionally be actually a strong form of activism, helping to rear recognition for individual civil liberties issues such as bias as well as racism.

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LATCH Weight Limits – What Every Parent Should Know Kid Sitting Safe is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com The LATCH (Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children) System is a common feature you will find in modern child car seats used to secure the seat to the vehicle. These are a really popular feature with parents as an alternative to using the vehicle's seat belt to secure the seat. However, parents may not be aware of the important LATCH weight limits that apply when using this system. We explain everything you need to know below so please read on to ensure that you are aware and don't put your loved ones at risk. Why are there LATCH Weight Limits? Child car seats have developed significantly since the LATCH system first came about and advancements have enabled child seats and harnesses to have a higher weight range. When LATCH was first introduced your typical harnessed child car seat had a maximum weight limit of 40lbs and the seats themselves only weighed around 10-15lbs. However, the latest Top Rated Car Seats of today might have a maximum child weight up to 90lbs and many seats can weigh over 25lbs. There has therefore been a large potential increase in the overall weight and, as a result, stress that might be put on the lower anchors used to secure the seat and child compared to what was originally envisaged by the LATCH system. The reason for the introduction of LATCH weight limits is that there is concern that the lower anchors in the vehicle may not be strong enough to hold heavier children in heavier seats in some crashes. Although no real world crashes have proven this to be the case, there have been several lab test failures that give cause for concern. In a crash it is the combination of your child's weight plus the weight of the car seat that puts the stress on the lower anchors. Some of the latest car seats have higher weight limits for a child using the 5-point harness than can be accommodated by a vehicle's lower anchors and when this limit is reached a seat belt must be used to secure the seat instead of the lower anchors. So what exactly are LATCH Weight Limits? LATCH Weight Limits were introduced into US safety standards (Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard [FMVSS] 213) in February 2014. The weight limits relate to the maximum combined weight of your child and car seat when using the lower anchors forming part of the LATCH system (i.e. they don't affect the top tether part of the system). The applicable LATCH weight limit depends on when your car seat was made. The table below shows the weight limits introduced via the FMMVS 213 February 2014 update and applies to all car seats manufactured after this date. NOTE however that these are maximum weight limits for car seat manufacturers and they may choose to use lower limits so you need to check the limits for your specific seat. More on this below. Also note that if you have a Convertible Car Seat that the LATCH weight limit may vary between use of the seat rear facing or forward facing. FMMVS February 2014 LATCH Weight Limits Rear Facing LATCH Weight Limits Car seat manufacturers may allow the use of lower anchors for a combined total weight of child weight + car seat weight of up to 65lbs Forward Facing LATCH Weight Limits Car seat manufacturers may allow the use of lower anchors for a combined total weight of child weight + car seat weight of up to 69lbs Don't be alarmed by the table above! If your child's car seat was manufactured AFTER February 2014 you don't need to worry about calculating the limits yourself as all seats made after this date have to state the maximum child's weight for using the lower anchors in both the manual and on a sticker on the seat itself. Working out the actual limits set by the Federal safety standards if your seat was made BEFORE February 2014 and doesn't state it can be quite tricky. Most vehicle manufacturers state a limit of 65 lbs when the car seat and the child’s weight are combined, but some defer to the car seat manufacturer’s instructions, whilst others specify a 48 lb limit for just the child’s weight. This is why Safe Ride News publish a detailed LATCH Manual for use by Child Passenger Safety Technicians to help work it out. The LATCH Manual contains the most up-to-date lower and tether anchor weight limits stated by vehicle manufacturers, as well as guidance for the use of LATCH from all Child Restraint manufacturers. So here are your options if you have a pre-Feb 2014 manufactured seat and can't find the LATCH weight limits: - Contact your car seat manufacturer directly to ask them about the applicable limits for your seat. - Contact a Child Passenger Safety Technician in your area to ask them. - If in doubt, use your vehicle's seat belt instead of the lower anchors to secure the seat.

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The children now love luxury; they have bad manners, contempt for authority; they show disrespect for elders and love chatter in place of exercise. Children are now tyrants, not the servants of their households. They no longer rise when elders enter the room. They contradict their parents, chatter before company, gobble up dainties at the table, cross their legs, and tyrannize their teachers. Well, We all know that if a kid doesn’t like the teacher, he stops learning or if a kid trusts his teacher, he starts to do something for the lesson. Parents also know that sometimes their kids misbehave because they think their parents ignore them. So every act in a class or at home can be a hint for the teacher or the parent to evaluate themselves and change certain things. Rapport is defined as ‘a good understanding of someone and an ability to communicate well with them’ (Cambridge Dictionary online) Communiaction is a mutual thing. If we move one step further, the other person will need to move too. If we move 2 steps further, he will at least move one step towards us. As a teacher or a parent, we should find ways to build rapport or establish good communication with the kids. This shouldn’t mean getting approval or being liked or becoming the most popular teacher in the school. You can be cool, trendy but the relationship between you and your students can be so artificial. A good relaship between you and your students can be the result of certain things which were done to gain confidence. If the student understands the teacher cares for him, he surely will try to change himself. How to establish good relationship with your students: First impressions are important. Even at a workshop, seminar or a performance, we always remember the beginning and the ending. Thus, from the first day you meet your students everything you do counts. We can keep the followings in mind before we prepare ourselves for our classes: - Explain yourself. Let them know they will have limits- if they know your rules, they will play the game according to the rules. - Encourage your students - Motivate and support them when needed. - Praise them -even we need praise and we feel unhappy when we don’t get it. - Be prepared and well-planned (they see the difference very well) - Be enthusiastic about teaching- enthusiasm is infectious, - Respect them, listen to them- if they understand you regard them as a human-being, they will feel they are also important. - Behave each student equally- all of them learn at different speeds and all of them have different learning styles. Read more to learn more. - Make eye-contact and learn their names from the very first day of the class. - Smile as much as possible, be cheerful and energetic - Be creative and enhance their creativity - Bring the world to the classroom. - Do something enjoyable at any level of the lesson – a warmer, filler or a game…

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While the American and European society are mourning over the mass shooting at a primary school in Texas, Uvalde, a grocery store in New York, and Fields mall in Copenhagen, the voices calling for just "Thoughts and prayers" become unacceptable. In 2020 more than 45,000 Americans died due to firearms incidents. On average, 390m guns are owned by civilians. These facts put massive pressure on politicians to act and find a way to address gun violence.(Check the mass shooting incidents worldwide during the past year as shown in Fig. 1.) Fig. 1 Mass Shooting Incedents Worldwide During The Past Year (Google Trends) After weeks of discussions and public pressure, a new law was announced with minor steps that include measures such as background checks for gun buyers below 21, requiring people to demonstrate a particular need for carrying a gun to get a license to take one in public, and offering funding to seize guns from people found dangerous by courts. According to practitioners and researchers, the problem is deeper than the gun’s availability; rather, it is the violent mindset. Studying the background of the shooters indicated that mostly all the incidents were committed by boys/men who suffered from dark thoughts against communities which developed emotional pain and instability. They are socially isolated and face failure in schools or jobs. Furthermore, they are followers of racist groups on social media. These facts were reassured through the saddening incident in Copenhagen on Sunday 3rd June 2022, at Fields shopping mall. Rather than facing their failures or finding solutions and seeking help, they promise an imaginary victory and self-satisfaction by committing violence against others and usually choose minorities or vulnerable groups. This tells us that laws and regulations are essential but represent only one side of the multi-sided shape. Thus a joint effort is crucial from politicians, media, families, communities, businesses, and community initiatives to raise awareness and support community resilience. We advocate for non-violence by crafting sustainable jewelry with a deeper purpose. Through our jewelry, we contributed to the removal and destruction of 12.000 illegal weapons from the streets. “I call on Americans nationwide to make their voices heard on gun safety. Lives are on the line,” President Joe Biden. “We call the world to make their voices heard to stop gun violence, join the movement and contribute to our cause” Arild-Links team. Who would you like to call? Share with us your thoughts and raise your voice against violence.

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A business plan is critical to your business health. In this article, we will elaborate on the importance of a business plan. A business plan is a very important tool in managing and growing your business. It is an essential tool for attracting financing for your business as well as staff and managers as the business grows. What is a Business plan? A business plan simply is a summary or guide for your business that outlines your goals and details on how you plan to achieve these goals. This document contains your business goals, the methods to be taken to attain these goals and the time in which these goals need to be achieved. If it is a new business, it describes how the business would earn money, it’s leadership, financing, staffing, operation model and other important details that need to be elaborated. It should also contain explicit objectives for new employees, their duties and how they can help your business flourish. For existing businesses, a business plan is written to change direction or strategy. A business plan is very vital for every business (especially for long-term), whether new or existing. While it may be tempting to jump head face into a business, writing a business plan is a crucial first step to starting a business, checking the viability of a business idea before investing time and money into the business. This article will now discuss the importance of having a business plan. Importance of Business Plan. Many at times, a business plan might seem great but when put down in all details and numbers, it may fall apart. So writing a business plan forces you into disciplined thinking. Having a good business idea is just not enough because it can become useless if you are not able to formulate, execute and implement a strategy to make that business idea work. Writing a business plan helps you know whether a business is a good idea or not. Read more: Effect of the technology of Education The basic purpose of a business plan is defining the business you want to go into and what you intend it to become over time. Making the purpose and direction of your business clear helps you understand what is needed for your business to move forward. Making it clear can be simply describing of your business, the products or services it offers, it can also specify the exact product lines or services that will be offered and well-detailed description of the ideal customer. The importance of a business plan is to help you head in the right direction. Making Sound Decisions Having a business plan helps to define and helps you to focus on your business ideas and strategies. It not only helps you to focus on financial matters but also on human resource planning, management issues, technology and creating value for your customers. It helps you to make the right decisions. Read more: How to prepare a cover letter for any job. Creating a Marketing Roadmap The important aspect of a business plan for aspiring small businesses is marketing and market potential. A Business plan helps you plan target market breakdown, market penetration and marketing strategy. It also includes the description of your potential customers, characteristics, growth prospects and sales potential per product or services. It makes you ask questions like, How can we get the customers that can cause an increase in our sales? And how can we reach them and let them know where we are?. Identifying Potential Weaknesses Formulating a business plan helps you to recognise potential weaknesses in your business idea and plan. It helps you share your business idea with others who can give you their advice and opinions. You can take your plan to professionals and experts who are at the position to give you invaluable advice. Developing a business plan shows whether your business has the potential to grow and make profits. A detailed and comprehensive business plan that features statistics, figures, facts and detailed plans on the business has the potential to attract investors to get capital in order to start. Potential lenders and investors need to see a written business plan before they can give you money. Describing the business concept is not enough, you must demonstrate the likelihood for success and how much is needed for the business to take off. A business plan will outline your sustainable competitive advantage to your potential investors. Make Business Future Clear Businesses will definitely evolve and adapt over time. Adding future growth and direction into the business plan is an effective way to ensure that your business is prepared for changes in the market, a way to plan for slowing and growing trends, new innovations and the direction to go as the business grows. Placing these goals help you and your company to know what to reach for. Attracting Team Members and Secure Talents A business plan can be patterned to act as a sales tool to attract partners, executive-level employees and secure supplier account especially exclusive suppliers. The business plan can be shared with desired partners or candidates to convince them of the potential of the business, persuade them to join the team and make the business a success. Part of the purpose of a business plan is to bring in the right talent from the executive level to skilled staff by showing them the direction and growth potential of the business. Read more: How to Identify Business Opportunities Another major importance of a business plan is acting as a managing tool that can be referred to regularly to determine if the business is on course with meeting goals, operational milestones or the sales target. A business plan relays the organizational structure of your business, such as the titles of directors or officers and their individual duties. To write an effective business plan, it must be a well-documented business plan that speaks for itself. It must be clear, easy to be read and understandable. In your business plan, you should be able to see your business idea with the eyes of an investor, is it a good plan to attract investors. Writing a good business plan can not guarantee success but can go a long way in ensuring that there is no failure.

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Odin (Othin) (leader of the possessed, frenzy) In Norse mythology, one-eyed chief of the Aesir gods; god of wisdom and war; son of Bor and the giantess Bestla; brother of Vili and Ve (or Hoenir and Lodur); married to Frigga; father of Thor (Tyr) and Baldur. Odin was called Voden, Woden, Wotan, Wuotan, or Votan in Germanic and Anglo-Saxon mythologies. The Prose Edda describes Odin as the god who “governs all things.” Odin was the wisest of the gods, and all the other deities came to him for advice. He drew his wisdom from the well of the giant Mimir. Odin gave up one of his eyes to Mimir as a pawn to gain wisdom and was sometimes portrayed as a one-eyed old man. Occasionally, however, he appears as a heroic man with a spear and shield. In Valhalla and Vingolf Odin gave elaborate banquets, but he only drank wine, which was all he needed to sustain himself. The meat served to the god was given to his wolves, Freki and Geri (the greedy one). Odin had two ravens called Hugin (thought) and Munin (mind) that perched on his shoulders. Every day they flew forth throughout the universe and brought news home to the god. Odin was often called God of Ravens. From his throne Hlithskjalf in Valaskkalf, the god could see everything pass before him. His horse was Sleipnir, an eight-footed animal; his spear was called Gungnir and could hit anything aimed at; and on his arm he wore a precious ring, Draupner, from which dropped eight other rings every nine nights. It is believed that part of Odin’s worship consisted of human sacrifices. It was believed that the god once hung on a gallows, wounded with the thrust of a spear, and thus gained wisdom. Some of his worshippers were hung on gallows in the same manner. Odin was called God of Hanged Men or Lord of the Gallows because of this. He would tell one of his ravens to fly to the hanged man, or he would go himself to talk to the man. An 11th-century account by Adam of Bremen tells of a sacrificial grove near a temple at Uppsala where human bodies hung from the branches of the sacred trees. Among the many kennings for the god are Ygg (the awful), Gagnrad (he who determines victories), Herjan (god of battles), Veratyr (lord of men), Har (the high one), Jafnhar (even as high), Thridi (third), Bileyg (one with evasive eyes), Baleyg (one with flaming eyes), Bolverk (the worker of misfortune, applied to Odin’s role in granting or not granting victory to his followers), Sigfather (the father of battle or of victory), Gaut (the creator), and Tveggi (the twofold). Odin appears as Wotan in Wagner’s Der Ring des Nibelungen and is portrayed in Arthur Rackham’s illustrations for Richard Wagner’s Ring Cycle. Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend, Third Edition – Written by Anthony S. Mercatante & James R. Dow Copyright © 2009 by Anthony S. Mercatante Odin : The All-Father; Glory Bearer; The Raven Lord; Master of the Gallows Odin is the leader of the Aesir spirits, the Lord of Asgard. Devotion to Odin once spread across the entire Germanic and Norse world. Spirit of war, wisdom, and death, Odin is lord of ecstasy, shamanism, and esoteric wisdom. He is a patron of poetry, magic, and the heroic dead. The word god (in German, Gott) may derive from one of Odin’s epithets. He may be a deified hero and ancestor. Myths—for instance the Volsung Saga, source material for Richard Wagner’s Ring Cycle—describe Odin as the ancestor of heroes. He is the progenitor of royal families. England’s Saxon kings claimed descent from him. Odin loves women, knowledge, and hospitality. He is a spiritual seeker himself. His thirst for occult wisdom is endless. He willingly traded one of his eyes for a mouthful of water from the Well of Wisdom and Knowledge. Freya is described as his first teacher. She taught him charms and spell-casting, but ultimately his quest for occult wisdom is solitary. Freya whispered to him of the runes, lost in the misty realm of the Vanir. Determined to apprehend, comprehend, and master them, Odin pierced himself and then hung for nine days and nights in shamanic ritual on the World Tree. He died a shamanic death in order to be reborn as the rune-master. The Tarot card The Hanged Man may depict this ritual, not a literal hanging. Odin’s curiosity has no bounds and he refuses to be constrained by boundaries of any kind. Following Balder’s death, Odin went to live among the Saami. He refuses to be bound by gender restrictions. Odin is curious and respectful toward what was traditionally considered women’s magic. He is not ashamed to learn from women. • Freya taught seior to Odin, although men historically did not practice this style of prophesy, considered a woman’s art. • When Odin gathers herbs and roots for healing, he dresses as a woman. Odin seems to genuinely enjoy Loki’s company. He is a trickster, too. Although acknowledged as the All-Father and head of the pantheon, Odin was never the most beloved spirit, not by a long shot. Freyr, Freya, Frigg, and especially Thor were the spirits adored by the masses. Odin was favoured by a specialized crowd: he is the patron of occultists, shamans, and poets (skalds). Odin had too many associations with death to be truly beloved. He was once offered large-scale animal and human sacrifices. As Master of the Gallows, his sacrificial victims were hung from tree branches. Odin as war lord sponsors elite shamanic warriors: berserkers and wolf shirts, not rank-and-file soldiers. Half the battlefield’s dead spend eternity in his hall, Valhalla. (The other half live with Freya.) Odin’s dead warriors will fight under his command at the apocalyptic battle of Ragnarok. He may choose which soldiers die on the battlefield specifically in order to induct them into his private ghost army. Odin is the Divine Rider. He rides where he will, all over Earth but also over the Milky Way and through the sky, often leading a procession of spirits, ghosts, heroes, and heroines. His passing is signaled by storms and powerful winds. This parade of spirits is known as the Wild Hunt. Odin is the primary Wild Hunter. Sometimes he leads the Wild Hunt alone; sometimes with a female co-leader. In the guise of Chief Hunter, Odin was sometimes identified with the devil in Christian medieval Europe. Odin bestows wealth and success, when he chooses. He will help find missing treasure. He can heal virtually any disorder or illness—again, if he chooses. Odin is extremely generous to those he loves and considers his friends, but terrible, merciless and vindictive toward his enemies. Odin adores poets and writers and so, appropriately, he inspires many novelists: • Mr. Odwin is pivotal in Douglas Adams’ 1988, The Long Dark Tea-Time of the Soul. • A mastermind called Wednesday stars in Neil Gaiman’s 2001 novel, American Gods. • Old One-Eye tutors the heroine of Joanne Harris’ 2008 novel, Runemarks. ALSO KNOWN AS: Odhinn; Wotan; Woden; Old One Eye Travelers, traders, warriors, occultists, shamans, poets, writers, those who capture his fancy Master of disguise and infiltration, Odin wanders Earth incognito dressed as a shabby, dusty traveler. Those who are gracious to him are rewarded. He answers to many names: allegedly over one hundred seventy for his many paths and identities. Odin is a one-eyed bearded, white-haired man, dressed in a wide-brimmed traveler’s hat that hides his missing eye. Alternatively, he wears dusty traveler’s clothes and a black hooded cloak. The clue to his identity tends to be that missing eye, although it is not always immediately apparent. He may travel in the form of a bird. Tarot images of the Magi cian and Hanged Man are used to represent Odin. Magic wand, traveler’s staff, a noose, Gungnir is the name of the dwarf-crafted Spear of Odin, which never misses its mark and always returns to him. Frigg is his official wife, but Odin is a sensualist who loves women. He is associated with many female spirits, even Saint Lucy. Wednesday (Woden’s Day) Ravens—Odin’s own ravens, Hugin and Munin, “Thought” and “Memory,” fly all over Earth each morning, returning with news, gossip, and secrets to whisper in his ear. Ravens are resolutely diurnal birds: a raven’s cry at night signals the approach of the Wild Hunt. Wolves, snakes, bear, horses Sleipnir, his magical eight-legged stallion has teeth engraved with runes. Odin has three residences. The most famous is his hall Valhalla. Ansuz and Gar are among the runes associated with Odin. Many plants associated with Odin have psychoactive and/or potentially dangerous properties. These are but a few: • Amanita muscaria, which allegedly appears wherever his horse’s froth touches Earth • Elecampane (Inula helenium), also known as Elfwort • Juniper (German folk name: Wotan’s Rod) • Monkshood (Aconitum napellus), also known as: Odin’s hat • Wotan’s Herb (Heliotropium europaeum) In Iceland, the twelve days of Christmas are called Odin’s Yule Host. Odin eats only sacred meat: there’s little that’s material that you can give him, perhaps unique and powerful occult tools or something that you’ve handcrafted. He adores poetry and a good story. He has a tendency to set people on quests but he’ll tell you. What Odin really craves is knowledge: tell him something he doesn’t know. - Norse Mythology - Gaude, Frau - Wacholder, Frau - Wild Hunt Encyclopedia of Spirits: The Ultimate Guide to the Magic of Fairies, Genies, Demons, Ghosts, Gods & Goddesses– Written by :Judika Illes Copyright © 2009 by Judika Illes.

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A Place for Starr: A Story of Hope for Children Experiencing Family Violence Author: text by Howard Schor; Illustrated by Mary Kilpatrick Keywords: domestic violence, trauma, abuse, shelter A Place for Starr is a children’s book written in poem form and is an easy to read and well-done account of one family’s experience with domestic violence. The illustrations are beautiful and it takes a difficult topic and appropriately touches on the emotions and consequences of experiencing domestic violence. At the end of the book, the family leaves the home and goes to a shelter to get away from the abuser, so it ends on a positive note. Audience: child, adolescent Warnings: This book contains is about domestic violence, an inherently terrifying theme, but it explains it without any gratuitous drama and it is appropriate and well-written.

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Massive Online Open Courses or MOOCs have gained quite a bit of popularity in the last five years. The word ‘massive’ is to be understood in the sense that 100,000 learners or more at the same time have open and equal opportunities to attend these courses. MOOCs are truly a tremendous technological leap, and what makes them so attractive is that they don’t imply any cost to learners. Read below to find out more about MOOCs as you’ll find the answer to these questions: - What are MOOCs and how were they created? - Which are the most popular MOOC providers? - Can you take MOOCs for credit? - Why do universities offer MOOCs? - What is the point of taking a MOOC? - Do MOOCs offer any certificate after completion? - Will I have to take exams or assignments during a MOOC? - Why are MOOCs so popular? What are MOOCs and how were they created? A Massive Online Open Course falls under the category of distance education, in the tradition of education by correspondence and other forms of learning at a distance. In a MOOC, there are many forms of ‘distance’ that can be accounted for through computing technology. Learners can be distant from their instructors and still attend a course. A wide array of students from around the world are taking classes ‘together’. These students are the most technologically advanced international real-time peers in history! In some MOOCs, students can sign on to a webcast with 50,000 other students and participate in live instruction with a real professor. In other MOOCs, the enrollment may be 1,000 students following weekly learning modules with materials provided by the MOOC creators. While numbers vary, the access potential for MOOCs makes it a prime tool for bridging some of the educational and digital divides that exist in and between countries around the world. Which are the most important MOOC providers? There are a lot of universities and online platforms offering top quality MOOCs. Here are the most popular ones: Can I take MOOCs for credit? Most MOOCs are cost-free for students. However, it depends on the provider, as some may charge for things like course completion certificates or exams. In addition, the materials associated with a MOOC may come with some costs, although most of them are provided in the online format at no cost. Schools like the University of Maryland University College were among the first that provided and accepted massive online open courses for credit. Now, many schools are considering the implications of offering MOOCs for credit. Starting from 2014, more institutions opened their virtual doors to students giving them access to various academic fields--for free! 3. Why do universities offer MOOCs? A free course for credit at a university can act as a great introduction to the school and encourage students toward full-time enrollment. On the other hand, MOOCs may also suggest a major loss of income for colleges and universities, and some suggest they have implications for the future of the current forms of higher education. Are MOOCs an evolutionary turning point in higher education? This question is currently up for debate in the academic world. The most common thought is that they will become more and more popular and will change the format of higher education as we know it today. For the University of Maryland University College, this wave of MOOC offerings is part of a study to understand how MOOCs can prepare non-traditional adult students for a traditional college/university experience. 4. What is the point of taking a MOOC? The importance of MOOCs in education, and especially in higher education, is currently a hot topic. For some students and educators, MOOCs present challenges in terms of quality, consistency, and delivery of courses and programmes. The question in itself raises other questions like: Are students moving toward a common goal? Are there quality educators present to guide students through the materials? How do we measure the academic rigour of these courses? Educators are challenging the quality of learning that MOOCs can provide and the competencies and skills that students can gain. Educators and learners are asking ‘if everything that can be learned online can be considered “online learning”? For learners looking for MOOCs to boost their knowledge in many different areas, MOOCs are indeed a learning tool and are a part of online learning. MOOCs can bring knowledge to students who may not have access otherwise, and be of use to learners who can’t afford the costs of higher education. Non-traditional education realised through a MOOCs is a useful form of online learning and can complement traditional university learning. 5. Will I receive any certificate after completing a MOOC? In most cases, students will not automatically receive a certificate for completing a MOOC due to the fact that currently, none of the MOOC providers offers free certificates. However, if you pay a fee (usually a small one), MOOC providers offer paid certificates once you complete a MOOC. Usually, students will have to provide proof they actually attended the online course and each MOOC provider has a different system regarding these paid certificates. Carefully read the individual information about any certificates available, and the costs involved, for any MOOC(s) you are thinking of enrolling in. 6. Will I have to take assignments or exams during a MOOC? Most MOOCs don’t require students to sit to any exam, they just include a range of learning activities designed to assist students to build their skills and knowledge and students will have to demonstrate they acquired those skills. Suggestions of small assignments may occur in between classes but most times, these are not mandatory. Assignments are simply meant to help students build their abilities and competences and to have a better understanding of the material that was taught. 7. Why are MOOCs so popular? As a global society, getting an education has become increasingly important, but increasingly difficult beyond the high school level. Institutions of higher education present the obstacles of entrance examinations, tuition, distance, living expenses, and so much more. All over the world, there are universities that are opening their virtual doors to students in the form of MOOCs. Ivy League institutions like Harvard in Boston, Massachusetts are offering MOOCs that range from education to bioengineering. In addition to top-tier schools offering free courses, companies such as Apple offer free courses creation tools for educators through iTunesU. These are two examples of how learners and educators can take advantage of or create a MOOC learning experience. Many more tools like these are available through platforms such as Coursera, edX, Udacity, and Udemy. This is just a shortlist. Many other companies and universities are creating open online learning structures for any student interested in learning. Online Learning - Your Way! There are still many questions and many debates about what MOOCs do and what they can provide for learners. Here's some more information you can read on MOOCs. The most important goal when you are considering participation in online learning experiences through a MOOC is what you as the learner want to gain from the experience. What are your goals? Are you priming yourself for a college education? Do you need to learn statistics quickly for your professional goals? Do you need a refresher course in biology? Do you desire to take many courses, but necessarily for college purposes? If you have asked yourself one of these questions and whatever your aim for participating in a MOOC, make sure you set your goals and find a method of learning that works well for you. MOOCs are one of many great learning sources and a great way to add more tools to your knowledge arsenal. Do your research and try a MOOC that works for you!

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Medina During the Time of the Prophet The preponderance of epithets and criticisms of Jews found in the Qur’an and the early literature relate to friction between three Jewish tribes and the Muslim community in Medina during the time of the Prophet (peace be upon him) and the three wars initiated by the Meccans against Medina’s Muslim community. Prior to the Hijrah, the Jewish tribes in Medina allowed the pagan Arab tribe of Banu Qaylah to settle on uncultivated land around the small desert community. The Banu Qaylah was divided into two major clans – the Aws and the Khazraj. Various developments in the latter part of the 6th century weakened the Jewish community’s hold on Medina, and the Banu Qaylah tribe became dominant. However, hostility among the Arab clans resulted in continual fighting. The Arab clans had allies among the Jewish tribes, who aided them in their conflicts. In a decisive battle fought just before the Prophet’s migration, the victorious Aws clan became the dominant authority in Medina. Ten years after Muhammad’s first revelation on Mount Hira’, a delegation consisting of representatives from Medina’s Arab clans, including the Aws and Khazrai, invited the Prophet to come to Medina. They pledged to protect Muhammad if he would come as a neutral outsider and serve as chief arbitrator for the tribal community, which had been fighting with each other for decades. A few months prior to the Prophet’s migration, Jewish converts to Islam from Medina also invited Muhammad to Medina. It is estimated seventy Jewish men and women from Medina accepted Islam while performing pilgrimage in Mecca. The significance of these events was the fact that Muhammad was esteemed and trusted by both Arabs and Jews, and that Islam’s message was able to unite women and men from different regions, clans, social classes, and religious beliefs. In 622 c.e., the Prophet migrated to Medina amid its contentious political environment, prepossessing a symbolic presence rivaling Medina’s embattled leaders. Accordingly, his arrival was perceived as a threat to those in power, as well as to those benefiting from the status quo. The Jewish tribes were concerned about the Prophet’s intentions, and were divided in their recognition of the similarities of Islam’s monotheistic message with their own scriptures. Some of Medina’s Jewish leaders had spoken out before the Prophet’s arrival opposing his claim to being the “final” Prophet, and questioning elements of the Qur’an which were thought to contradict elements of the Hebrew scriptures. The amalgam of political, social, and religious conflicts in Medina were destabilizing and fraught with danger. Given the terms of his invitation, the Prophet proceeded to create peace in the community upon his arrival. His efforts resulted in a tripartite agreement between Medina’s Muslim converts and those who had migrated from Mecca, the Arabs from the Khazraj and Aws clans, and Medina’s Jewish tribes. The agreement, known as the Sahifah in Arabic, is better known today as the Constitution of Medina.(1) The Sahifah was based on an inclusive conception of the rule of law, with two basic principles: the safeguarding of individual rights by impartial judicial authority, and the principle of equality before the law.The terms of the agreement recognized the diverse ethnic, religious and secular affiliations of the signatories — Jews, Muslims, Medina natives, Meccan immigrants, the Arab Aws and Khazraj clans, and did not demand conversion to Islam. The community created by the Sahifah became known as the ummah, a term describing the totality of individuals living in Medina who were bound to one another by the Sahifah. As a rudimentary basis of civil law, the primary purpose of the Sahifah was the resolution of conflicts without violence. Accordingly, blood feuds were abolished, and all rights were given equally to Medina’s citizens, regardless of religion, ethnicity or social position. The salient principles of the visionary Constitution of Medina included: 1- The signatories formed a common ummah, or nationality. 2- The signatories were to remain united in peace and in war. 3- If any of the parties were attacked by an enemy, the others would defend it with their combined forces. 4- None of the parties would give shelter to the Quraysh of Mecca, or make any secret treaty with them. 5- The various signatories were free to profess their own religion. 6- Bloodshed, murder and violence were forbidden. 7- The city of Medina was to be regarded as sacred, and any strangers who came under the protection of its citizens were to be treated the same as Medina’s citizens. 8- All disputes were to be referred to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) for arbitration and decision Many Medians converted to the faith of the new Meccan immigrants, particularly amongst the pagan and polytheist tribes. However, the Jews were wary, although there were a few converts to Islam. The growing Muslim influence in Medina was not readily accepted by those among the Jewish tribes whose influence had waned in the face of the Prophet’s growing authority. Their opposition was less about theological disagreement than political alliances and their attendant economic benefits. Many Jews in Medina had close links with the chief of the Khazraj clan, `Abd Allah ibn Ubayy ibn Salul. Ibn Salul was partial to the Jews, and would have been Medina’s prince if not for Prophet Muhammad’s arrival. A significant commercial dimension further contributed to Medina’s turbulent socio-political scene. The Prophet’s Muslim followers had established a tax-free marketplace that grew in competition with Medina’s existing Arab-controlled market. In Mecca, the ruling Quraysh tribe, who had clashed previously with the Prophet and his followers in Mecca, began to view Medina’s Muslims as a serious threat. Mecca was the epicenter of major trade routes crisscrossing the Hijaz, and also the central place of worship for Arabia’s pagan religious deities. Religion and trade were the sources of Quraysh power and tribal influence across the Hijaz, and they could not allow their dominant position to be undermined by Medina’s Muslims. In 624 c.e., the conflicts erupted into three wars between the Meccans and the Muslims. In the Battle of Badr, the small, ill-equipped Muslim army, led by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), defeated the Quraysh army outside Medina. A second war, the Battle of Uhud, was fought in 625 c.e., and resulted in heavy Muslim losses, including injury to the Prophet. A third war, known as Khandaq or Trench, was fought in 627 c.e. when the Meccans, allied with Arab nomadic tribes and two exiled Jewish tribes, launched a final push to defeat the Muslims. After the first Battle of Badr, the Muslims’ relations with the Jewish tribes began to deteriorate. An isolated street fight between a few Muslims and Jews from the Banu Qaynuqa`, a Jewish tribe openly hostile toward Prophet Muhammad, escalated in a series of volatile confrontations. The Muslims marched towards the stronghold of the Banu Qaynuqa` and besieged them for a fortnight, whereupon they surrendered on condition that their lives and property be spared. The Prophet accepted the Banu Qaynuqa` terms, and expelled the tribe from Medina. The Khazraj clan chief `Abd Allah ibn Salul, whose power had diminished considerably with the rise of the Prophet’s influence, conspired with the exiled Jewish tribe to assist the Meccans in their second war with the Muslims, the Battle of Uhud fought in 625 c.e. Ibn Salul’s clan and the Jewish tribe had formed a coalition known as the Hypocrites. The conspiracy against the Muslims became evident when Ibn Salul deserted the Muslim army with 300 of his followers. The reduction in the Muslim army coalition was a severe setback, and they suffered defeat due to the Meccans’ superior tactics and the betrayal of the Khazraj clan and the Jewish tribe. This defeat emboldened Ibn Salul to conspire with another Jewish tribe, Banu al-Nadir, to kill the Prophet after he had rendered a decision against them in a dispute with another Jewish tribe, the Banu Qurayzhah. The Prophet escaped the attempt on his life, and ordered the Banu al-Nadir tribe to leave Medina. When the order was defied, the Muslims laid siege to their stronghold for two weeks, after which the Banu al-Nadir surrendered and were expelled from Medina. Although the Muslims suffered defeat at Uhud, their efforts to spread Islam were somewhat successful. With the growth of Islam and the success of Medina’s Muslim marketplace, the citizens of Medina began to enjoy status and prosperity rivaling Mecca. The Quraysh were losing revenue as desert trade caravans rerouted from Mecca to the Muslims’ tax-free marketplace in Medina, and they viewed the growth of Islam and its monotheistic message with increasing alarm. To counteract the growing influence of Medina’s Muslims, the Quraysh sought and received support from their nomadic tribal allies and the two Jewish tribes who had been expelled from Medina. The third war began in 627 c.e., designated as The Battle of the Confederates by the Arabs. Led by the Quraysh, the Confederates attacked Medina with a large army and laid siege to the city. The Prophet and his Muslim army defended the city with roughly three thousand men. By digging a strategic trench around the vulnerable parts of Medina, the Muslims were able to hold the Confederates at bay. In the midst of hostilities, which subsequently became known as the Trench War, the Quraysh sought an alliance with the Banu Qurayzhah, a Jewish tribe allied with the Prophet yet sympathetic with the Meccans. After being persuaded by the Meccans, the Banu Qurayzhah agreed to support the Quraysh. When the Meccan-Qurayzhah plot was discovered, the Prophet stationed people to guard against a surprise attack from the Qurayzhah. The Confederates were unable to continue their siege without the support of the Jewish tribe, and they withdrew. The Muslim army proceeded to lay siege to the Banu Qurayzhah fortress. The tribe offered to surrender on the condition that one of their former allies determine their fate according to Jewish law. The Prophet appointed Sa`d bin Mu`adh, the chief of the Aws clan, to be the arbiter. Sa`d judged the Banu Quryzhah according to the Torah, for which the punishment for treason was death. The Aws chief’s decision called for the execution of all fighting-age male members of the Banu Qurayzhah tribe, and for their women, children and elders to be expelled from Medina. In passing the sentence, Sa`d reminded the Banu Qurayzhah that if they had succeeded with their conspiracy, all Muslims in Medina would have been killed, including Prophet Muhammad. As stories of the Trench War spread through the region, Prophet Muhammad came to be held personally responsible for the execution of the Jewish tribe’s male combatants. The tale, which became known as “the massacre of Medina“, has been employed to support the portrayal of Islam and the Prophet as anti-Semitic. The falsehood of the accusation is self-evident, given the fact that the executions were the result of sentencing by a non-Muslim tribal chief according to the Torah, and under terms of surrender requested by the Banu Qurayzhah themselves. In fact, given the severity of the circumstances, the way in which the Prophet dealt with this issue demonstrated his deep commitment to justice and fairness under law. The critical references to Jews in the Qur’an that are alleged to be anti-Semitic are embedded in secular commentaries pertaining to Muslim-Jewish relations in 7th century Medina. Although the Jewish tribes and Arab clans were signatories with the Muslims to the Sahifa, three of the Jewish tribes abandoned the Charter and engaged in conspiracies with the Meccans to defeat the Muslims and subvert the Prophet’s authority. In view of the fact that the Jewish tribes were comprised of Arabs who had converted to Judaism, and were not Israelites, their shifting allegiances conformed with Arab tribal tactics during wartime. The conflicts irrupted into war for the same reasons that underlie all wars — money and power. The basic issues driving these conflicts were secular, involving commerce and political relations among the Muslim, Jewish and Arab tribes of the Hijaz. Still, these conflicts had religious connotations. Religious authority and political power were conjoined in virtually all ancient civilizations. The Meccans led the Arab pagan and polytheistic tribes in the Hijaz, and they viewed Muhammad and Islam’s monotheistic message as threats to their dominant religious position in the region. Medina’s Jews, on the other hand, did not recognize the prophethood of Muhammad, nor did they accept the Divine revelations received by Him, even though they were congruent with their own Hebrew scriptures. In summary, the conflicts with the errant Jewish tribes cannot be interpreted as evidence of religious persecution or anti-Semitism on the part of Prophet Muhammad and his Muslim followers, and any attempt to do so contravenes historical facts. The passages in the Qur’an critical of Jews and Medina’s Jewish tribes have been extracted out of context and manipulated to stereotype all Jews, and to characterize the Qur’an and Prophet Muhammad as anti-Semitic. However, as has been shown, the critical references cannot be understood out of their historical context, nor can they be employed to stereotype the contemporary Jewish diaspora or applied to current political events. To be continued… This series of articles is published with kind permission from the author.

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Key Result Areas (KRA) and Key Performance Indicators (KPI) help companies set goals for their employees and measure performance based on those objectives. Successful companies split the overall organization’s goals into various KRAs. KPIs are then created and mapped against the KRAs. Management needs both KPI and KRA for a fair evaluation of their employee’s work. A successful KPI & KRA framework also helps an employee understand where their work and performance fit into the overall scheme of things in the organization. What is KPI Key Performance Indicators (KPI) are metrics used by organizations to measure their employees’ efforts and suggest improvements. Every company gives their employee a fixed number of tasks at the beginning of their evaluation period. It is essential to evaluate their performance against those duties during or after the completion of that period. It also helps the management understand their employees’ contribution to overall organizational goals and suggest course correction if needed. Types of Key Performance Indicators for Organizations Companies used different types of KPIs to evaluate their own performance. These organizational KPIs are shared both with internal and external (Example: Shareholders) stakeholders. Examples of Organizational KPIs could be financial metrics like profit and loss, revenues, cost, or sales volume. It could also be based on customer-centric issues like Customer lifetime value, satisfaction, and retention or customer feedback. Product/service issues like quality concerns, customer feedback on changes in product/ service, or Human Resource indicators like employee satisfaction and productivity, employee turnover, etc. are also important KPI metrics for companies. Types of Key Performance Indicators for Employees The KPIs for employees depends on – their job role and the department to which they belong. Eventually, the growth of an employee depends on both fulfillment of department goals and scores against individual KPIs. A KPI-based evaluation framework helps companies reward top performers and also provide meaningful feedback. Revenue growth is a KPI that monitors the performance of sales over a period of time. It is an important metric to calculate and measure profitability which is the barometer of success of a business. It helps to know the negative growth that may require immediate action. The income source metric is a KPI that helps to know the sources of revenue and the performance of each revenue source. Companies can use this metric to calculate revenue generated per client or on every product sold to get a clearer picture of the company’s growth trajectory. Profitability Over Time It is the most critical KPI as it helps the company to track income and expenses that can be compiled to know the profit or loss the company may have incurred. It helps in analyzing the business over a period of time. It helps to know areas where expenses can be reduced. This helps in eliminating unnecessary expenses. Working capital is the day-to-day fund needed to run the business operations in the company. It is another important metric because it ensures that the organization has enough funds to carry out all essential activities. What is KRA Key Result Areas (KRA) are a set of goals and objectives that each organization assigns for their employees at the beginning of their evaluation period. They are expected to perform a fixed number of tasks based on which their performance evaluation is conducted. An employee’s KRAs depend on their department and functional role. They also help employees direct their efforts solely towards achieving predetermined goals while also helping the company fulfill its business objectives. Difference between KPI and KRA The key differences between KPI and KRA are: Though both KPI and KRA are interdependent on each other yet they are different from each other. - Key result areas are the crucial and important areas of business that require favorable outcomes to achieve a company’s goals. These areas of business require excellent performance. On the other hand, KPI or Key Performance Indicator is a financial or non-financial metric that measures progress at different levels to check how effectively the firm is performing. - KRA is a strategic factor that requires a lot of effort to achieve the desired goals. KPI is a metric that calculates the level to which business goals are achieved. - KPIs are quantitative and can be easily measured. A KPI calculates the performance of the product, service, or the business in the market. KRA however, is qualitative and subjective. It determines the areas that may help in achieving high value for the organization. - KRA helps in finding out the scope of a particular product, service or a unit. On the contrary, KPI helps in measuring the progress of an. Few Examples of KPI and KRA The following examples will help showcase the usefulness of KPI vs. KRA: - Suppose a company is hiring 30 sales representatives in a year. The KRA would focus on their recruitment and training, while the KPI would look at the Return on Investment (ROI) per employee for the organization. - The management introduces an employee feedback program. The KRA will look after addressing employee grievances, while KPI will evaluate the effectiveness of the feedback program. Frequently Asked Questions of KRA and KPI How Do you Define KRA and KPI? KRA (Key Responsibility Areas) is a set of goals and objectives that needs to be accomplished for a job. KPI (Key Performance Areas) are the criteria by which the accomplishment of KRAs is measured. What are KRA and KPI Examples? Suppose a company is hiring 30 sales representatives in a year. The KRA would focus on their recruitment and training, while the KPI would look at the Return on Investment (ROI) per employee for the organization. What is the Difference between KRA and KPI? KRA helps outline the company’s overall scope and product/service, while KPI measures the success against organizational and individual goals. What is Employee KPI and KRA? Employee Key Performance Indicators (KPI) are metrics used by organizations to measure their employees’ efforts and suggest improvements. Employee Key Result Areas (KRA) are a set of goals and objectives that each organization assigns for their employees at the beginning of their evaluation period.

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Accelerated Reader Program Accelerated Math is computer software that helps teachers manage and monitor students’ mathematics practice and mastery. Student complete a daily, personalized assignment. The students may work on the assignment on a computer or tablet, or, if it is a paper assignment, the students may enter his or her answers in the software or on a scan card. A review in the software or an individual report shows both the student and teacher which problems the student answered correctly and incorrectly. The teacher uses the information in the report to help the student with specific concepts. The software then creates the next assignment, including more practice on the concepts the student had trouble with.

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5 ready-to-teach gamified lessons - Part 1 Engage your students with something different from a quiz or a poll. There are many other possibilities. In this article we show you how learning efficiency, knowledge retention & gamification go hand in hand. This game uses a spinner and other components. Students have to answer questions about specific (in this case historical) topics. The spinner determines which questions and colours students must answer and which coloured circle they have to move. Each question answered correctly results in moving a coloured circle to the purple box. The first one to move all 3 coloured circles into a purple box is the winner. Since the spinner randomly determines the colour, a student can land on the same colour more than once and still has to answer the question. This also means they can lose a turn. LessonUp’s Checkers is played on a small board (8x8). Students test their knowledge of well-known historical figures. The worded squares represent historical periods in which the figures played a fundamental role. Two students choose to play as either red or purple, and need to match the historical figures to the correct period of time on the other side of the board. If a student captures an opponent's checker, he must explain who that historical figure is, and which period he/she is associated with. The lesson, including instructions, can be found via the demo below. Connecting the dots In this short game, students are asked to place hotspots number 1 and 2 on two different images. They can try to describe, for 1 point each time (2 points in total), what they see in the 2 images. Finally, they can try explain the connection between the images for 2 points. The game is over when, according to the students, all connections have been made. They can now count which player gained the most points. We all know a version of the Memory game, but LessonUp created a more challenging version. Students click on two 'cards' (here: created with hotspots). They are challenged to find as many correct combinations as possible, first by connecting dates to images, and then by matching them to the correct event (indicated in one of the purple circles). The winner is the student with the most correct combinations! Quiz word search A classic word search. But of course... with LessonUp it’s not just about crossing out the words. First of all students are challenged to figure out the correct word based on the provided description. The number that follows the description indicates the number of letters in the word. Once the word has been guessed, students can move the targets one by one, and place them on top of the hidden answer. The word search itself is an image created through an online word search maker. The demo games shown in this article are tailored for a history lesson, but you can easily change the subject matter to whatever topic you prefer. Most of these games can be performed independently by your students: in pairs of 2 or 3. Students keep score and note the winners of each game. This creates some healthy competition and fun within the group. However, the main focus is for students to assess what they know, and reflect on their learning. Interested in more? Check out gamification in LessonUp - Part 2

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Home > Blog> Blog Details Lipomas are common benign tumors composed of fat cells that form beneath the skin. While lipomas are generally harmless and often don't require treatment, it's essential to understand what can happen if they are left untreated. In this user- friendly guide, we'll explore the potential consequences of leaving lipomas unattended. Read on to gain insights into the importance of managing lipomas to maintain your overall well-being. Lipomas typically appear as soft, rubbery lumps under the skin. They can occur anywhere on the body but are commonly found on the neck, shoulders, back, and arms. Lipomas are generally painless and have a slow growth rate. Although they are noncancerous, their presence can cause physical discomfort or affect one's self- esteem due to their visible nature. Progressive Growth and Discomfort When left untreated, lipomas have the potential to grow larger over time. As they increase in size, they can put pressure on surrounding tissues, nerves, or blood vessels. This compression can lead to discomfort, pain, or restricted movement in the affected area. In some cases, larger lipomas can even interfere with normal bodily functions or impede daily activities. Aside from the physical discomfort, lipomas can also impact a person's appearance. Depending on their location and size, lipomas may be visible through the skin, causing aesthetic concerns. These visible lumps can affect an individual's self- confidence, especially when they occur on prominent areas of the body such as the face, neck, or arms. Addressing lipomas can help improve self-image and enhance overall well-being. Misdiagnosis or Potential Health Risks While lipomas are generally harmless, it's crucial to ensure an accurate diagnosis. Sometimes, other types of growths, such as cysts or tumors, may resemble lipomas. Without proper medical evaluation, there is a risk of misdiagnosis. In rare cases, certain types of tumors can mimic lipomas and may require immediate attention. Therefore, it's essential to consult a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and appropriate management. Living with untreated lipomas can take a toll on an individual's mental and emotional well-being. The visible presence of these lumps can lead to self-consciousness, anxiety, or even social withdrawal. Addressing and managing lipomas can alleviate these psychological burdens, enabling individuals to regain their self-assurance and fully engage in their daily lives. While lipomas themselves are generally harmless, there is a potential risk of complications if left untreated. In rare cases, lipomas can grow into nearby structures or organs, leading to more significant health issues. Additionally, if a lipoma becomes infected or inflamed, it can cause pain, redness, and swelling. Prompt medical attention can prevent such complications and ensure proper treatment if required. Seeking Medical Evaluation and Treatment If you have lipomas or suspect their presence, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate guidance. They can assess the nature of the growth and recommend suitable treatment options. Depending on the size, location, and individual circumstances, treatment may involve surgical removal, liposuction, or other interventions to address lipomas effectively. Embrace Optimal Well-being with Raj Cosmetic & Plastic Surgery Centre When it comes to managing lipomas and enhancing your well-being, Raj Cosmetic & Plastic Surgery Centre is here to help. Our experienced team of professionals specializes in lipoma evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment. With our state-of-the-art facilities and personalized care, we can guide you through the process and recommend the most suitable treatment options for your specific needs. Don't wait any longer—take control of your well-being. Copyright reserved @ 2023 Raj Cosmetic & Plastic Surgery Centre

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Opinion: The Myopia Problem It is the year 3013, one thousand years into the future. Looking up into the night sky, you see a crescent Moon that is crisscrossed by a sparkling web of city lights. Millions of people are routinely working, living, and playing on the Moon. Billions live on Mars. Many would agree that such a bright, promising future is probable. Some would contend that it is inevitable. What cannot be argued is that it is impossible, for we have already slipped the surly bonds of Earth. The question is “when,” rather than “if.” We don’t need to wait a millennium in order to get started. Fundamental new breakthroughs in physics are not required. Just as the hang glider and sailplane could have been developed and refined hundreds or thousands of years ago, we already have the needed technology to begin pioneering exploration of the Moon and Mars. Currently, the most significant barrier holding us back is the astronomical price of space exploration. If you think that the cost of living in Tokyo is insane, how would you feel if the living expenses for your family came to $3 billion per year? That is what NASA currently pays to keep a half-dozen people alive in low Earth orbit. Amortize in the $100 billion construction price tag for the international space station and the true cost of living comes to something like $8 billion per year. Want to keep a team of explorers alive on the Moon? You can safely multiply those costs by a factor of 10 or more. Want them to explore Mars? How can NASA afford a manned mission to Mars if it cannot even afford a robotic sample return that would bring back less than a kilogram of sand and gravel? In the financial sense, at this time Mars is genuinely the red planet. How can we pay for the high price of space exploration? Perhaps a century from now there might be a viable market for lunar helium-3. Perhaps in 50 years there might be a demand for water from near-Earth objects and the Moon in order to fuel an orbital debris cleanup program. But for the immediate future, the enormous cost of access to space precludes profitable commercial space enterprises beyond geostationary orbit. The good news, however, is that space exploration does not need to be profitable. The most important spinoff of the space race has been NASA’s substantial budget, which has remained fairly stable since the end of the Apollo program, and is likely to remain that way. NASA has about $17 billion to spend on space each year with not one risk-adverse, profit-limited stockholder to hold it back. Although some dreamers would like to see NASA’s budget doubled, not everyone thinks that spending even more money on space is a great idea. At either end of the political spectrum there are politicians who would gladly score points by diverting NASA dollars into the hands of the under-affluent or by returning them to the pockets of taxpayers. And in the current fiscal climate, asking for a significant increase in NASA’s budget would be nothing less than political suicide. However, total liquidation of NASA would not significantly reduce the federal deficit, so as long as NASA’s budget continues to fly below the radar at one-half of 1 percent of the federal budget, it should be safe. Instead of enlarging its target cross-section by requesting more funding, NASA should secure its position by offering to responsibly match any percentage across-the-board federal spending cuts. Even with 85 percent of its current budget there is a phenomenal amount of exploration that NASA could accomplish. So, the simple reality is that NASA must live within its means. Given that constraint, then, what can NASA do to make “when” happen sooner rather than later? NASA can employ the same ruthless engineering discipline that put Apollo astronauts on the Moon. When Grumman Corp. engineers grappled with performance requirements for the lunar module they made the lunar landing possible by throwing overboard heavy seats and picture windows. Today, NASA needs to throw overboard empty gestures and political distractions. Instead, it needs to define realistic objectives for a century or more into the future and then focus exclusively on concrete steps that will move us forward toward those objectives. For instance, one of NASA’s main objectives for a century from now could be the establishment of a self-sufficient research base on the Moon that would support a sustainable population of 1,000 scientists and engineers, providing electric power, air, water, food and shelter almost entirely from lunar materials. NASA could then define a sequence of milestones that would support this objective, such as: - Exploring the mineral resources of the Moon. - Generating electric power on the Moon. - Extracting oxygen and water from lunar materials. - Growing food on the Moon. - Testing the physiological effects of long-term human exposure to one-sixth Earth’s gravity. - Closing the life-support loop to reduce costs. - Manufacturing structural components for shelters and vehicles from lunar materials. - Lowering the cost per pound of deliveries to the lunar surface. Some of the initial development and testing could be accomplished on the ground. We know enough about the lunar environment and regolith composition to be able to test power generation, thermal management and oxygen generation concepts in the laboratory. Human life-support systems could also be extensively tested in the lab before deployment to space. The first space milestone might not necessarily be returning Americans to the lunar surface. Instead, the first few objectives might be accomplished more expeditiously with a team of remote-controlled lunar rovers that could access almost the entire lunar surface. The best time for a human return to the lunar surface might be at a later stage, when lunar power, air and water resources are already online. The initial team of astronauts could then construct and service lunar manufacturing and agricultural facilities while investigating the long-term effects of lunar gravity. It is these very long-term objectives that must be the true justification for our space program. Without them, space exploration becomes nothing more than a myopic exercise in flags and footprints. All in all, NASA needs to be less about reaching destinations and more about what we want to accomplish after we arrive. Until we know, we shouldn’t go. The views expressed here are solely those of the author and do not represent those of The SpaceFlight Group. Nelson Bridwell is an automation engineer with a long history of following anything that involves space exploration. He has posted editorials and content on an array of space news websites including Aviation Week and Space Technology and Space News. Bridwell, impressed by the quality level of SpaceFlight Insider's content contributes on occasion via commentaries and other postings.

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- Get Involved Evaluating the many possible strategies for curbing greenhouse gas emissions and limiting the destructive effects of a warming planet is a daunting and contentious task. This week, about 50 MIT students got a chance to try out new software that can visually demonstrate how different policy choices could affect the global outcome. At Tuesday’s “SimPlanet” event at the MIT Media Lab, students had a chance to beta-test a new interactive energy and climate policy simulation model, En-ROADS, developed jointly by the MIT Sloan Sustainability Initiative and Climate Interactive, a nonprofit, nonpartisan think tank. Sponsored by MIT’s Environmental Solutions Initiative, the students worked in teams representing each of eight different interest groups — including developed and developing nations, environmental activists, and industries that make and use energy — using the model to explore the impacts of dozens of possible policies and how hard to push for each.

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Six principles of insurancePublished 6 years ago by LankaTricks In this post shows the six principles of insurance and usage of that principles when dealing with the insurance contract. Every insurance contract gives financial protection and security to the person who buy the insurance and that is the main objective of getting insurance policy.Insured must never try to misuse or gamble this safe financial cover.If a insured try to get same financial profits by reporting false occurrences to insurance company.that is break the trust of both parties and also it is the breaching of a contract and invites legal penalties. An insurer have a doubt about a claim, he must investigate about it. It is a duty of insurer to accept and approve only all genuine insurance claims made, as early as possible without any further delays and annoying hindrances. When dealing with the insurance contract both of insurer and insured, both of them have to follow key six main principles.if both are following these principles their insurance contract are valid and reasonable.The key insurance principles are as follows. 1. Principle of Insurable Interest 2. Principle of Utmost Good Faith 3. Principle of Proximate cause 4. Principle of Indemnity 5. Principle of Subrogation 6. Principle of Contribution Principle of Insurable Interest There are many risks affect for the peoples.But can’t take insurance for all risks.There must be certain characteristics for the Insurable risks.they are., There must be capable of financial measurement, they must not be against public policy, there must be a large enough number of similar risks, the premium needs to be reasonable and there must be an “insurable interest” for the person insuring. The meaning of insurable interest is where insured have a valid reason to insure and stand to suffer a direct financial loss if the event insured against occurs.Insurable interest exists when an insured derives a financial or other benefit from the continuous existence of an insured object. Example: A person has an insurable interest in their own car, but not in their neighbor’s car. To show the insurable interest by insured, there should be something tangible that can be insured like property, life or rights imposed by law. Principle of Utmost Good Faith Utmost Good Faith is a very basic principle of insurance. According to this principle, the insurance contract must be signed by both parties of insurer and insured in an absolute good faith or belief or trust. This principle requires anyone seeking insurance to disclose all relevant facts. These are facts that would influence the judgement of a prudent underwriter in fixing the premium or determining whether they will take on the risk. Where material non-disclosure can be proved, a contract can be voided. Principle of Proximate cause In the Proximate cause, When a loss is occur and caused by more than one causes,the nearest(proximate or closest) cause should be taken into consideration to decide the liability of the insurer. All contracts are subject to terms and conditions that will exclude certain causes of loss. Therefore, in the event of a claim, it is important to ascertain the cause of the loss in order to determine if that cause is insured or excluded. Example: If lightning damaged a building and weakened a wall, following which the weakened wall was blown down by high winds, lightning would be considered the proximate cause. Principle of Indemnity Simply the principle of indemnity means security, protection and compensation given against damage, loss or injury. According to this principle, an insurance contract is signed only for getting protection against unpredictable financial losses arising due to future uncertainties. in case of any damage or loss, insurance contract is not made for making profit else its sole purpose is to give compensation. Principle of Subrogation Principle of Subrogation is also applies to all contracts of indemnity. and is an extension and another corollary of the principle of indemnity. The mean of subrogation is substituting one creditor for another.According to the principle of subrogation, when the insured is compensated for same losses due to damage to his insured property, then the ownership right of such property shifts to the insurer. Example: A and B the peoples, who are backing out of their respective parking spots at the mall simultaneously, collide in the middle of the row. Both A and B have insurance to cover the loss, and both make claims on their policies. In such a case, it is likely that both drivers will be deemed at least partially at fault. Both insurance companies may make subrogation claims against one another, with each company ultimately paying their respective client’s portion of the other party’s claim. Principle of Contribution Principle of Contribution can applies to all contracts of indemnity.and is a corollary of the principle of indemnity. if the insured has taken out more than one insurance policy on the same subject matter of insurance.The insured can claim the compensation only to the extent of actual loss either from all insurers or from any one insurer. If one insurer pays full compensation for the loss then that insurer can claim proportionate claim ammount from the other insurers.

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After a colonoscopy two years ago, Patti Damare felt so delirious and weak that she couldn’t stand on her own. That was on a Friday, and she chalked up her symptoms to lingering effects of anesthesia. On Saturday, the San Marcos, Calif., woman wondered if she had contracted a killer flu or urinary tract infection. The next day, she couldn’t get out of bed. By Monday, it was almost as if her body had been beaten with a baseball bat, she recalls. “It felt like what you imagine dying feels like,” says Damare, 53, a retired flight attendant. That night, emergency room doctors diagnosed her with a raging E. coli infection and sepsis, a potentially life-threatening complication. Her doctors told her the infection likely stemmed from her colonoscopy, she says. “The doctor in the ER told me that if I had waited one more day, I would have died,” she says. Physicians use a variety of reusable medical scopes to peer into the body — and they can pose a deadly infection risk when not cleaned properly. Complicated scopes called duodenoscopes, used to inspect and treat problems in the bile and pancreatic ducts, have been linked to at least 35 deaths in the U.S. since 2013, including three at the UCLA Ronald Reagan Medical Center. But less complex scopes also pose contamination risks — and they’re used on far more people: Each year in the United States, doctors perform more than 15 million colonoscopies and 7 million endoscopies of the upper GI tract. Two recent studies underscore the threat: A paper published in March found that 71 percent of reusable medical scopes deemed ready for use on patients tested positive for bacteria at three major U.S. hospitals. Then a May study concluded that infection rates are far higher than previously believed after colonoscopies and upper GI endoscopies. For instance, the infection rate within seven days of a routine colonoscopy at an outpatient surgery center is roughly 1 in 1,000, the Johns Hopkins University study determined. It was previously thought to be about 1 in a million. Susan Hutfless, senior author of the May study and an assistant professor at Johns Hopkins, says she was “very surprised” by the findings, adding that patients must start grilling doctors about treatment options and the cleanliness of the scopes. You shouldn’t do it as I did at my first colonoscopy in January: I was on the gurney, waiting to be rolled into the operating room when I asked the doctor, “Your scopes are clean, right?” You can guess what he said. I might have asked earlier but, as Hutfless says, “the more people ask, the more cleanliness will improve.” No matter which scope procedure your doctor recommends, start by applying a risk-benefit analysis to your situation, experts say. In the case of colonoscopies, which can detect colon cancer, many experts believe the benefit outweighs the risk of infection. Besides, most infections related to scopes are treatable and short-lived, adds Sylvia Garcia-Houchins, director of infection control for the Joint Commission, which accredits many U.S. hospitals and surgery centers. As part of your deliberations, consider discussing potential alternatives with your doctor, says Lisa McGiffert, former director of Consumers Union’s Safe Patient Project and now a member of the Patient Safety Action Network. “I would say, ‘Is there another procedure that you could identify that’s not invasive?’” If there isn’t, start asking questions. First, make sure you’re seeing a reputable provider with lots of experience. Ask how many procedures he has performed. If yours is the first, or among the first few, consider going elsewhere or asking for someone to supervise the procedure. You can also ask your doctor if she knows the facility’s infection rates, says McGiffert, who is based in Austin, Texas. “If they say no, I would say ‘Why not? Why aren’t you keeping track of this?’” If your doctor gives you an infection rate but it’s confusing, remember: “The closer to zero the better,” McGiffert says. Next, ask about the facility’s scope-cleaning process. McKinnell offers some questions: Do you clean and reprocess your scopes? Do you hang them to dry in a place that is clean? After they’ve been cleaned, do you check them for contamination? Without wading into every scientific detail, you want to get a general sense that the doctor or facility has an established cleaning process. “I want to know there’s a person cleaning the scopes who’s dedicated to cleaning the scopes. If they are, they’ve got the system down pat,” Garcia-Houchins says. You can also research whether a hospital or surgery center in your area uses single-use endoscopes, which are becoming more accepted and prevalent. Ultimately, trust your gut. “If you don’t feel comfortable and those alarms are going off, you need to stop the bus,” Garcia-Houchins says. “You just have to do it.” Damare agrees. After her bout with sepsis in August 2016, which she says sucked the life out of her for a year, she doesn’t plan on getting a colonoscopy again. But if you do, remember that you — not the doctor — are in charge, she advises. “This is your whole life,” she cautions. “You have to feel really good about what your choice is.”

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UNGA Maria Fernanda Espinosa Garces has requested UN Member States’ delegations to consider limiting their consumption of single-use plastic both inside and outside of UN Headquarters. The President informed governments that changes are imminent at UN Headquarters eateries to reduce plastic waste. In June, the President’s office is organizing the ‘Play it Out’ festival to raise awareness about plastic pollution, along with the governments of Norway and Antigua and Barbuda, as well as UNEP, UNOPS, National Geographic and other partners. 26 April 2019: UN General Assembly President (UNGA) Maria Fernanda Espinosa Garces has requested UN Member States’ delegations to consider limiting their consumption of single-use plastic both inside and outside of UN Headquarters. Espinosa also informed governments of imminent changes being made on UN premises to reduce plastic waste. In a letter to UN Member States, the UNGA President suggests that delegations strive to demonstrate a commitment to the natural environment and the sustainable development agenda by: - Limiting consumption of single-use plastics where possible, and avoiding bringing them into the UN Headquarters building; - Ensuring that any waste is disposed of in the correct bin to maximize the amount of waste that is recycled; and - Encouraging others to also change their behavior. The letter also updates governments on the UNGA President’s campaign to reduce plastic pollution and single-use plastic. Espinosa writes that the campaign, with the support of Member States and in partnership with the UN Secretariat, has been considering ways for UN Headquarters in New York to reduce its consumption of single-use plastics. These efforts follow on steps already taken by UN offices in Bangkok, Geneva and Nairobi. Espinosa informs Member States that “there are many changes underway … that will be noticeable in the coming weeks,” related to the products available in eating venues at UN Headquarters. In June, the campaign will organize the ‘Play it Out’ Festival in Antigua and Barbuda. Tackling plastic pollution was among the themes Espinosa highlighted for UNGA 73 at its opening in September 2018. In December 2018 Espinosa launched a global call to action on plastic pollution with the Governments of Antigua and Barbuda and Norway, with a focus on phasing out the use of single-use plastics and raising awareness of the impact of plastic pollution on the environment and human health. The campaign aimed to support complementary efforts by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) (such as the #BeatPlasticPollution initiative and the Clean Seas Campaign), National Geographic and Global Citizen, among others. It launched with two focal areas: global advocacy in collaboration with Member States and UN agencies to reach the public; and internal initiatives to reduce plastic use within the UN. In partnership with the Governments of Antigua and Barbuda, and Norway, as well as UNEP, the UN Office for Project Services (UNOPS), the Krimm Group (TKG), Lonely Whale and National Geographic, the UNGA President’s office is organizing the ‘Play it Out’ festival to help raise awareness of plastic pollution. The festival will take place on 1 June 2019 and will be live-streamed globally. Details of the festival will be announced on 30 April by Espinosa, singer Ashanti, Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda Gaston Browne, Permanent Representative of Norway Mona Juul and Permanent Representative of Antigua and Barbuda Walton Webson. [UNGA President’s letter to UN Member States] [Campaign webpage]

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After viewing the video, please answer the following: 1)What does it mean to challenge yourself in the classroom? 2)What do you think an AP course is? How do you think it relates to bilingual seals? 3)Besides excellent grades, what is the key to success in college? 4)List some obligations you should have in your college classes?

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Use SQL to conduct advanced data querying, cleaning, and aggregation. Introduction to SQL • Navigate a relational database. • Practice writing and executing SQL queries, including SELECT, FROM, WHERE, and DISTINCT SELECT. • Work with logical and comparison operators in SQL. Grouping in SQL • Work with CASE to handle multiple conditions. • Practice writing aggregate functions: MIN, MAX, SUM, AVG, and COUNT. • Use advanced SQL commands such as GROUP BY and HAVING to group and filter data. Combining Data With JOINs and UNIONs • Combine data from multiple sources using INNER and LEFT JOINs. • Compile data using UNION and UNION ALL. • Compare use cases for JOINs and UNIONs. Advanced JOINs and NULLs • Practice the concepts and syntax of advanced JOINs such as EXCEPT, FULL, and OUTER. • Handle NULLs in SQL • Practice query optimization techniques. Subqueries in SQL • Construct subqueries for multi-step operations. • Identify subquery use cases for various business scenarios. • Practice common table expressions (CTEs) with SELECT statements. Functions in SQL • Apply string, math, and date functions in SQL to prepare and analyze data. • Practice writing SQL queries with advanced functions to solve business problems. Project: Apply what you’ve learned in SQL and present your process, findings, and challenges to the class, giving and receiving peer-to-peer feedback.

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Renewable energy has become a hot topic in recent years, as the world looks for ways to reduce its dependence on non-renewable sources of energy and combat climate change. There are many forms of renewable energy available, each with its own set of benefits and challenges. Wind energy harnesses the power of the wind to generate electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical energy, which is then converted into electricity. Wind energy is one of the fastest-growing forms of renewable energy and can provide a significant source of power in areas with strong and consistent wind patterns. Hydro power, also known as hydropower, uses the energy from moving water to generate electricity. This can be done through the use of large dams or smaller micro-hydro systems. Hydro power is a mature technology that has been used for many years and is a reliable source of renewable energy. Biomass energy harnesses the energy from organic matter, such as wood chips, agricultural waste, and sewage, to generate electricity. Biomass energy can be a good option for rural areas where wood is readily available and there is a need for heating and power. Geothermal energy harnesses the heat from the Earth to generate electricity. This can be done through the use of geothermal power plants, which pump hot water or steam from deep within the Earth to generate electricity. Geothermal energy is a reliable and sustainable source of energy, but it is limited to areas with significant geothermal resources. While all of these forms of renewable energy have their own unique benefits and challenges, solar energy is the clear winner when it comes to topographical, economic, and environmental considerations. Topographically, solar energy is ideal because it can be installed virtually anywhere, as long as there is access to sunlight. This makes it an excellent option for areas with limited resources or challenging landscapes, such as deserts or mountains. Economically, solar energy is becoming increasingly cost-competitive with traditional sources of energy, especially with the recent advancements in solar panel technology. The Federal Solar Investment Tax Credit, which provides a 30% tax credit for residential and commercial solar installations, also helps to make solar energy more affordable for everyday customers. Environmentally, solar energy is a clean and renewable source of energy that does not produce harmful emissions or contribute to climate change. This makes it a more sustainable and responsible choice for meeting our energy needs compared to non-renewable sources of energy, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. In conclusion, while there are many forms of renewable energy available, solar energy is the clear winner when it comes to topographical, economic, and environmental considerations. If you are interested in exploring the benefits of solar energy for your home or business, reach out to Progreen Solar to learn more about the technologies and tier-one modules they offer.

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Editor’s note: Some outdated racial terms that today are considered insensitive or offensive are used in this story, not out of disrespect but solely because of their appearance on official records. Growing up, she was urged to not speak of her Indigenous roots. “In our family, we were told not to talk about it,” recalled Marilyn Berry Morrison, chief of the Roanoke-Hatteras Tribe of the Algonquian Indians of North Carolina. This fear, which “has been embedded” from generation to generation, is often still found among local Roanoke-Hatteras descendants today. “We have active tribal members who don’t want to put in their paperwork to make them an official tribal member,” Morrison said. Centuries of fear of forcible removals, government-sanctioned land-stealing and even government-sanctioned murder took its toll. “Many years ago, if you claimed to be Indian or Native American, you were killed, OK? So that fear has trickled on down through generations,” Morrison explained. “Even having President Theodore Roosevelt say that ‘a good Indian is a dead Indian’… it really had a tremendous impact on being called Native American. And that is who we are.” She has become an outspoken advocate of the tribe and believes others will follow suit. “I believe in time we’ll get rid of that (fear) once they accept who they are and know who they are, and speak about who they are,” she said. “That will give them the confidence that I feel is what impacts the feeling of fear.” Morrison has led the effort for official state tribal recognition for the past 12 years — an involved, frustrating process that inherently doesn’t make sense to her. “We have a rich heritage and have been able to prove and establish who we are, and we just don’t know understand why it is taking so long,” said the Elizabeth City resident, whose parents and both their families were from Manteo. “Our families never left,” she said of many members and descendants of the Roanoke-Hatteras tribe. They were the subject of anthropologist Frank G. Speck’s field studies in 1916, when he noted the Indigenous ancestry of the local Berry, Daniels, Pugh and Wescott families, according to the nonprofit Algonquian Indians of North Carolina Inc.’s website. Speck wrote in 1924 that more than 100 Indigenous descendants lived on the islands. Between the 1890s and 1900s, Morrison’s ancestor, Joseph Hall Berry, along with Lemuel Collins and Thomas Scarborough, bought property in Roanoke Island’s Butt Swamp area — land that “would become the center of the distinct Indian community on Roanoke Island,” according to ncalgonquians.com. Archaeological research shows that Native Americans have lived in northeastern North Carolina “for at least 10,000 years and probably longer,” according to “Archeological Studies in the Northern Coastal Zone of North Carolina”by David Sutton Phelps. That’s 41 times the length of the United States’ existence as a country. And long before conservation efforts were ever dreamed of — or needed —stewardship was simply an innate part of everyday life, Morrison said. “The forests, the swamps, the rivers, the landscapes were all nurtured by our people,” she said. “We lived with nature, and everything that we had came from nature — our food, our clothes, our shelter — and we were appreciative of that,” she continued. “Our creation story also centers around the ocean, the sand and the coast. “Hatteras was our fishing ground, and Roanoke was hunting grounds,” she said. “You have lot of mixture or intermarrying between the tribes, and that’s one reason why we carry two names: Roanoke-Hatteras.” Algonquian was the language all local tribes spoke; each was part of the Algonquian Nation. “The North American continent was divided up in nations,” she said. “There was an early treaty, so I’m told, that required each nation to protect a certain portion of the continent. The Algonquian Nation is the east gatekeeper, so it was our responsibility to protect the east land that runs from Canada through the southern tip of Florida.” She added: “So I guess we didn’t do a good job by letting the Europeans get in and mess up our land.” The first English venture into North America was at Croatoan, present-day Hatteras. “The original name was Croatoan, which was changed to Croatan; and then the English for some reason changed it to Hatteras in the early 1700s,” Morrison said. Historically, Morrison said the tribe gardened, hunted and fished, using bones and shells for utensils and regalia. Tanned animal skin and fur became clothing. “We also only took from the land what we needed, and there was no waste; so conservation is key,” Morrison said. “Mother Earth was sacred to us, so we didn’t have to worry about trashing. We were a very clean people.” The Roanoke-Hatteras also worked with natural environmental transitions. “Everything was free-flowing,” Morrison said. “Water flowed in one direction, so you know not to block that off. It wasn’t until we had all this development that we disturbed Mother Nature.” Morrison continued: “We are keepers of the land. It hurts to see that they built a dog park on sacred land up at the airport (in Manteo), and it further hurts seeing developers coming in and ruining Nature’s land. That strips the animals of their homes and also kills our forests and wetlands. The greed of man is a downfall.” She suggests taking small steps to help address climate change. “If we learn to reduce and reuse and recycle, and buy less stuff — and only buy what you need — that would be a good thing we can contribute to help address this global issue,” Morrison said. Sharing with Others: A Way of Life Centuries before the phrase, “Southern hospitality” was coined, it was an intrinsic cultural practice of the Indigenous people here. In 1584, foreigners arrived at the coast of present-day North Carolina for the first time. Chief Wingina ruled several tribes then, including the Roanoke-Hatteras, with more than 30 sub-chieftains under him. His wife stood on the shore and invited in these Europeans, according to tribal oral history. “She welcomed them in the village; and, because they didn’t know what she was saying, she had braves come out,” Morrison said. The braves swam out and carried these foreigners in on their backs, then washed their clothes and fed them, she explained. Some stayed, but when their rationings were depleted, they left. Following a disagreement about a silver cup, the foreigners beheaded a tribal chief – but not Wingina, who was also beheaded, but later. “After we had taught them how to survive on our land and opened our homes to them, they in turn beheaded our chief,” Morrison said. David Stick wrote in “Dare County: A Brief History” that soldier Ralph Lane led 107 men in the second English expedition to the area, staying on Roanoke Island through the winter of 1585-86. Lane depended on the Native Americans to provide food for him and his men as they searched for gold in the sounds and rivers to the west. “Despite their friendliness Lane considered the Indians savages and barbarians and treated them in a high-handed manner, culminating in a surprise attack on an Indian village in which a Roanoke chief and several other Indians were killed,” Stick wrote. “From then on the Roanoke Indians refused to give further help to the Englishmen and by spring Lane’s forces were suffering from an acute shortage of food.” Lane’s attack on the locals who were feeding him didn’t make sense to the tribe then, or now. “It’s hard to understand what their plight was,” Morrison said. “Many books tell us we were ‘savages.’ We were not the savages. We didn’t scalp. That was not our custom; that was a custom that was brought here.” Wanchese viewed the Europeans “as being not very good for us, and he also helped Wingina see it that way,” Morrison said. “I know things separated, especially when Manteo was made ‘Lord of Roanoke;’ that didn’t really sit well with us, followed with Wingina being beheaded.” She added, “Manteo is a touchy subject with me because I look at him as being a traitor. He sold us out.” The custom of hospitality nonetheless lived on, according to Morrison. Algonquian practice at hunting quarters was for all to partake of any game killed, so “all fare alike,” F. Roy Johnson wrote in his 1972 book, “The Algonquians: Indians of That Part of the New World First Visited by the English.” Morrison’s grandfather, commercial fisherman Capt. Josephus “Joe” Berry, staunchly practiced that ethic. His longtime mate William K. “Billy” Brown’s 2006 book includes “the things he learned from my grandfather,” Morrison said. “A number of the things that he learned were Native American customs in regards to trapping, fishing, hunting (and) just how to conserve.” “As a fisherman, Joe Berry was one of the very best,” Brown wrote in “Mullet Roar and Other Stories by an Outer Banker.” “Joe had one habit that may have been a weakness or strength, depending on how you looked at things,” Brown wrote.“Whenever Joe found fish, he always called other boats that were in the area and invited them over to share in the catch.” He continued: “I used to say, ‘Captain Joe, maybe we should catch a few before we call anybody.’ He’d always say, ‘I was not raised that way, Bill. I was taught to share my good luck with others.’ Every captain at Oregon Inlet knew this about Joe and respected his rare generosity.” ‘They Killed Us on Paper’ The 1940 Census lists Capt. Joe Berry and his family members each as “Negro” — including son Wheeler C. Berry, Morrison’s uncle, who would later become a Roanoke-Hatteras Tribe elder. But racial categories eliminated Indigenous people as effectively as the many other government-sanctioned means, including the Trail of Tears, employed for this purpose. In Morrison’s father Joseph Berry’s family, “prior to the 1900s, every member in his mother’s and father’s household was listed as white; and then they changed it to Black,” Morrison’s older sisters told her. “Believe it or not, on my mom’s wedding certificate it says she was white,” Morrison said. “It says in her early years, she was mulatto, and then she became Black. So, when we ask genealogists to work with us, they are ready to tell us, ‘Oh, well, you aren’t Indian.’ How can they tell me who my ancestors are when I know who I am? That’s another way they killed us on paper. The records are not correct.” Only her cousin Eagle Collins, who is in his 60s and was born in Hawaii, has a birth certificate that includes “Native American” on it, Morrison said. Her family spans all skin tones — “from the whitest of whites to the blackest of Black,” she said. “We have blue eyes, green eyes, gray eyes, but we’re all the same blood.” A 1991 article by Susan Greenbaum, “What’s in a Label? Identity Problems of Southern Indian Tribes” published in The Journal of Ethnic Studies, confirms this pervasive issue for Indigenous Southerners. “In Alabama, North Carolina, Virginia, and other southern states, the terms ‘mulatto,’ ‘colored,’ and even ‘black’ were frequently used to designate either full-blooded Indians, or mixtures of White and Indian. After the removals, ‘Indian’ ceased to be an operative census category in most counties in the south,” Greenbaum wrote. “Indians who remained were categorized somewhat capriciously among the various remaining options,” she continued. “Designations were highly unstable; the same person could shift back and forth between Black, White, and mulatto.” Greenbaum found in 1896-1902 poll tax records for the Mowa Choctaws in Alabama that 62% of tribal members “had been enumerated as both white and colored at different intervals during that brief period.” During the country’s era of enslavement, Native Americans were often listed as “free persons of color,” and they sometimes “bought” enslaved Africans in order to rescue them. Europeans attempted to enslave Native Americans, but because they knew the land better than the foreigners, they were able to escape. The Africans, brought from another continent, did not have that advantage, Morrison explained. One distant relative, Abijah, bought her husband Solomon; “and at her death, she willed her husband to her son, to make sure that he would never be enslaved again,” she said. Because there were laws against Native Americans marrying white or Black people, “that was one way they got around it,” she explained. “And she was not the only one.” According to oral history tradition, Morrison’s great-great-grandfather, Rev. Zion Hall Berry, planted more than seven churches in northeastern North Carolina — always by waterways — and facilitated escapes for formerly enslaved persons. These churches ranged from Haven Creek Baptist Church in Manteo to Antioch Baptist Church in South Mills to Corner Stone Missionary Baptist Church in Elizabeth City. Morrison believes in correcting the untruths regarding Indigenous history: “We have a story that has gone untold far too long.” “Those who are standing in fear need to stand boldly and speak about our culture, our heritage and tradition,” she continued. “We need to start speaking out boldly so we can reconstruct all these lies and start telling the truth about what actually happened. That’s the only way our children are going to be enlightened and learn to grow and be able to pass these truthful stories on to their children in the future.” The Roanoke-Hatteras Tribe hosts an annual powwow in August that is open to the public, which was cancelled the past two years due to COVID-19. The tribe is planning one for 2022. Other future hopes include creating a museum for public display of tribal artifacts and building a senior center for older relatives. Morrison said the tribe welcomes monetary or land donations toward these goals. For more information about the tribe, visit www.ncalgonquians.com.

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Hydrogen Sulphide (H2s) Awareness - OSHA StandardsDownload as PDF Hydrogen Sulphide (H2s) Awareness - OSHA Standards LO1: Describe the risks associated with Hydrogen Sulphide LO2: Define the properties of Hydrogen Sulphide and common uses LO3: Describe the implications of long and short term exposure to Hydrogen Sulphide LO4: Explain risks caused by the corrosive properties of Hydrogen Sulphide LO5: Describe the purpose of a contingency plan LO6: Describe engineering controls used to reduce the risks posed by Hydrogen Sulphide LO7: Identify appropriate personal protective equipment LO8: Identify appropriate gas detection equipment LO9: Describe safe work practices that are used to reduce risks caused by Hydrogen Sulphide LO10: Explain the purpose of a rescue plan Oil & Gas Industry 29 CFR 1910.119 29 CFR 1910.134 No prerequisites are required to sit this course. The assessment is taken during the course and is within the expected duration. The course is available in the following languages: US English; Arabic; Turkish The aim of this course is to give you an awareness of the principal properties of hydrogen sulfide, why extreme caution is necessary when dealing with this gas and how to recognize the consequences and symptoms of exposure to it. This course covers good practice so wherever you are taking this course and whatever safety legislation applies, you will benefit from it. Employers should provide additional training when a new hazard/procedure/condition or piece of equipment is introduced into the workplace or “unscheduled” refresher training is recommended as directed to address inadequacies in knowledge and to address unsafe acts/deviations from procedures. Rio de Janeiro Av. das Américas, 7899, bloco B, salas 207/208, Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, 22793081, Brazil

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Hindus had codified every branch of knowledge in some kind of Sästra and we had Sãstra on Art also. Among many Vedas and Upa-Vedas there was a Sthãpatya-Veda. Accordingly Hindu Art had a very vast scope in which Fine Arts, Technical Arts and Applied Arts, all were included. We had a full-fledged science which was called ilpa astra or Vãstuãstra. We had also a tradition of Kalas what are known as ‘Catussasti-kalãs.’ Both these traditions of science, arts and crafts are very old, and we shall have an occasion to deal with them. Previous writers have contributed a good deal on Hindu Art with reference to its philosophy or its representation in architecture, sculpture and painting, specially the surviving archaeological monuments. There is no dearth of standard works on this investigation. Rain Raz, P. K. Acharya and D. N Shukla are the pioneers in the study of some manuals. There are a large number of manuals or texts on art and architecture and their evidence needs a critical examination. I am, therefore, prompted to take up a study of Hindu Art with an especialised angle of its Terminology as found in the principal texts of art and architecture, what are called i1paastras. Dr. Stella Kramrisch has been able to do justice to this kind of investigation and has remarkably utilized the evidence from a good many texts in her ‘Hindu Temple. Mallaya has also done a creditable work on 7antrasamuccaya. Both these studies are on Temple-architecture. A good many other authors like Rao, Banerjee, Bhattacharyas (BrndAban and Binayatosh) and others have done remarkable work so far as Iconography and Sculpture are concerned. A composit survey of Hindu Canons of Art and Architecture by my revered father Dr. D. N. Shukla is well-known to scholars. All these authors have been very helpful in the present study which has set a very wide scope of investigation. We are familiar with Dr. P. K. Acharya’s works specially his dictionary on architecture. Architecture is only one branch of Art. Sculpture, Iconography and Painting are also equally important topics of Silpasästra or Vãstuãstra—the Hindu treatises on art. The Manasra itself is such a treatise in which architecture, sculpture and iconography have been dealt with. Out of seventy chapters of the Manaszira, the first fifty chapters deal with architecture and last twenty are devoted to sculpture. It however does not deal with painting as is the case with other principal texts like, the Samarañgana-Sutradhara, the Aparajita-Prccha and the Silparatna. These are the texts on Vãstu-ãstra or Silpasastra which deal with canons of pictorial art also. Thus the present writer, therefore, has tried to fill this gap in the Hindu art terminology which besides architecture and sculpture must include painting as well; because our Västuàstras deal not only with architecture and sculpture but also with painting. In the texts like the Samnrñgaa-Sutradhra, the Aparajitaprcch, the . ilparatna, the Mtinasara, the Vüvakarma-Vastzdastra, a good number of terms are found for all the branches of Architecture, sculpture and painting, forming the subject matter of my study. Further a good many terms, in the light of the new literature on the subject, have been dealt with from a new angle. The Mãnasc’2ra study shows that its only last 20 chapters are devoted to the sculptural details which do not go beyond the idols of TrimUrti, the phallus and its altar, the female deities like Sarasvati, Sãvitri, Laksmi, Mahi, Mänonmani, Durga and Sapta-mikas and Jaina images, Buddha images, images of Sages, Yakas, Vidyãdharas, Bhaktas and the Vãhanas like Hainsa, Garua, Vtabha and Siñtha. But, in the later literature especially in the texts like Aprarãjita-pt’cch2 and Silpa-ratna, representing the two mediaeval schools of architecture and sculpture, the Nagara and the Drãvida, the iconography and sculpture underwent development centering round the principal sects like aivism, Vainavisni, ãktisna and the cult of Ganapati. Accordingly iconography grew very much and it is remarkably represented in the monuments also. Hence all this new material has been included in this work. The terminology pertaining to pictorial art and the art of mechanical contrivances, the Yantraghaana are altogether new introductions in the realm of contemporary terminological studies, though their traditions, canons and heritage have been ably dealt with by Dr. Raghavan and Dr. Shukia in their ‘Mecha nical contrivances in Ancient India’ and ‘if Indu Canons of Painting or Citralak’aam’ respectively. Further the towns and forts were also built according to canons laid down in the texts. Some of the surviving ancient capitals and the forts are the representations in this respect. B. B. Datta in his monumental work 4Town-planning in Ancient India’ has dealt with this ancient wisdom. Since then a good many texts have come out and their study throws a good deal of new light on our Town-planning technique and towns of various sorts— vide the Samarnñgaw-Sutradhara, the Aparjitaprccha and the Vivakarma-VastuiJstra. Their evidence, as culled in our terminology, presents a fascinating reconstruction in the field of our city civilization. Thus as many as five principal branches of Indian Art and Architecture emerge, i. e., civil Architecture—common middle class residential houses and palaces for kings and nobles, including civil Engineering and Town-planning, Temple-architecture, Sculpture, Iconography and Painting. In the mediaeval and later mediaeval period the exuberance of Indian art was predominantly temple-architecture and temple-sculpture. For example, we have so many Jãtis of Prãsädas and Vimänas in the texts. How are we to locate them? Where are the Nagara temples? To which region the Lãta, Vavala, BhUmija, etc. belong? We now know the ikharottamas of the North and Bhtimika Vimänas of the south, but a vast terminology of Präsdas and Vimänas has yet to be accounted for, and the details of their construction can be illustrated by reference to terms given in the said texts as well as in other sources, Similarly in the realm of sculpture and iconography—a host of images are to be correlated. E pictorial terminology can also be said to be represented in Temple-sculpture. A :‘ pioneering and notable lead has been given by Prof. Kramrisch, in her ‘Hindu Temple’ But there is a great scope for further studies, not only for bringing the terminology together And presenting a connected whole but also for pointing out still further fertile fields for :.further studies on our very rich artistic heritage. I have made an attempt to study Hindu art with especial reference to terminology. Yet another aspect is that we should not be dogmatic with the literary terminology alone, the minology of temples and towns as has become of the monuments is also the subject matter o(tabulation. I have purposely refrained from giving any detailed account of the artistic culture India. The standpoints from which Hindus have viewed art, the scope of the present investigation and the method of the treatment of the terminology subject-wise and the sources :‘ii which it had been culled—all these have been dealt with in Introduction. At places it seems that there are repetitions, which could not be avoided due to the equal importance given to all the principal texts forming the source of the terminology. For the sake of the convenience of the reader alphabetic Index of the more important terms and of Se texts have also been included. I also feel it my duty to acknowledge the debt of gratitude I owe to the eminent authors on Indian art, whose works have been studied. The special mention is due to Prof. Dr. Stella Kramrisch, Prof. K. B. Codrington and Sri Sivaramamurti who have given their learned opinions for this work. The inspiration came from my father, while I was just a graduate. There are no words to express the respectful affectionate gratitude that I owe to him for his keen interest and inspirations to see accompilshed this study. Research on such a branch of Indology is really a dedicated and devoted task, which could be accomplished only in the scholarly atmosphere of the Shukla.Kui and the loving care of the mother (the Departed Janani, the Real Mãta and the Divine our Ita-devata Bhagavati Durga) whose loving care has brought this day in my life to present this work before the learned world. I am conscious of my limitations and also of the limitations of this vast field. Still I have ventured to do my bit towards the presentation of the abundant material which despite care, could not be abridged. Lastly, I must acknowledge my thanks to Shri B. P. Mathur and his colleagues of department of Architectures Panjab University for their help in connection with the sketches and diagrams American. I am also indebted to my wife Rekha and my friend Satyendra for their time to time help for correcting the proofs, etc. In the end I am very much thankful to Shri Mohan Das and Bitthaldasji of Chowkhainba Sanskrit Series office, who have taken great pains in bringing out this work before the scholarly world. The art in India was one of the most refined traits of civilization. This is what the Vatsyayana Kamasiutra proclaims with special reference to sixty-four arts and crafts, the Catuhsasti-kalas, the cultivation of which was enjoined in fashionable citizens as a daily routine. According to Yaodhara, the celebrated commentator on the Vatsyayana-Kãmasitra the sixty four arts are the basic arts which may be subdivided into five hundred eighteen. This shows how Indians were fond of arts. Some of the arts like music, dancing and painting may be termed as fine, others like carpentry, commercial and applied, and still others like Vãstu-vidyä as technical and practical. Some of the so-called arts mentioned in this list may be better called skills and social manners like make-up, puns and jokes. The list also includes medicine, mechanics, metallurgy and chemistry. This view of Art as adopted by the Vatsyuyana-Kamasmra, is purely secular, and may be designated as social tradition of Arts. Besides there is also an aesthetic aspect. An interesting episode of these arts—the Catuhsasti-kalãs is that they are mentioned in many religious texts belonging to all the three principal religions. The srimadbhiigavata-Purana mentions these sixty four Kalãs in the schooling of Krsna and Balarãma. The Harivatha and Vizu-Puraza also give an honoured place to these Kalãs. Similarly the Uttarzdhyzyana-Sutra of the Jainas and the Buddhist work like La1itaVistara also mention some or most of these arts. Thus the scope of this study becomes very wide and we have to investigate the relation of these sixty-four arts with those treated in the treatises dealing with Vãstu-sastra or Ilpa-ästra. Art is synonymous with Silpa or Kalä or more precisely with Silpa-kalã, which is the subject-matter primarily of the Silpa-sãstra or Västu. Sästra. The fact that only some arts are given prominence in Vãstu-Astra is due to their particular association with art and architecture. Alekhya (painting), Pratimãlã (Sculpture and Iconography—vide Jwagosvamin’s and Vallabhäcärya’s interpretation), Takana (Carpentry), Vastu-vidyã ( Architecture) and Yantramätrkä (Mechanical contrivances wrongly interpreted by Dr. P. K. Acharya as science of accidents)’ are treated in these texts, while others have been left out altogether. This is a very interesting episode in the cultural history of India. It shows that the utilitarian view of culture and civilization had the upper hand in shaping the art-history of our land. The use and disuse of these arts determine life and death of a culture and its refinement and, accordingly, a good many arts have altogether died out, and a few references can be found only in the classical writings and decoration, that is without sculpture and wood-carving, we had developed the four guilds or grades of architects—the Sthapati, Sntragrahin, Takaka and Vardhaki. Hence our Vãstu-ästra treatises not only describe the buildings but also icons and images which, in their turn are said not to be complete unless they are painted. Hence the subject matter of Indian Vstu.ãstra may be broadly classified under the following headings :— The scope of the terminology, so far as the literature on the subject is concerned, is, very vast. Some indications have already been given regarding the texts from which this terminology is being culled. I may make some more observations on these texts below. These are only some of more important texts. There is a large number of such texts which can give more terms. Among these texts mention may be made of the Agamic texts like the Kamiki2gama and the Suprabhedagama and Puranas like Visnu, Agni, Markandeya and Silpa texts like, Agastya’s Sakaladhiklra, Kasyapa’s Si1pa and innumerable digests of the Jyotia and Pratihä classes which also deal with this side-branch of ritual. As architecture in India was not only a grand ritual but also a concrete metaphysics. The Hindu Temple, accordingly, is represented as the symbolic representation of the Cosmic-Purua, the Präsãdamurti which glows with this metaphysical implication all round. Hence in these texts a rich and varied terminology of temple architecture is the greatest contribution of Hindus in the realm of Art and Prof. Kramrisch has a unique distinction to bring their significance in her monumental work ‘Hindu Temple.’ Now a few words may be added on the angle of treatment. A study of the terminology of art and architecture must take a synthetic view, which can be accomplished only when it is a commentary on the monuments. Unfortunately this correlation is very difficult to establish in case of all the terms hence a few representative terms have been selected for its representation in the monuments which still survive ravages of time. In the tabulation of the terminology from the principal texts, which I have selected, the general terms have been expounded with details as well as critical analysis. Silpa-Sastras are very fond of giving a fascinating, symbolic and ornanientative varieties and sub-varieties of these general terms. Hence their tabulation is also included. Is it going to be Dictionary or Encyclopaedia like that of Dr. Acharya? I shall rather follow the old Hindu method treating terminology or diction subject wise. I hope it may emerge a glossary of art. The older method has been adhered to, in keeping with the requirements of the sudject. The plan of the terminology is put under five main headings. We have first to give an outline survey of both these fields of our inquiry that is, the scope of terminology and the literature and the scope of the art and architecture under purview with special reference to archaeological sources. Now I come to mention something about the scope of terminology and the literature. The scope of the terminology in this study is comprehensive enough to cover practically All the branches of Indian art and architecture in the traditional sense. The most appropriate for art, in its broader sense is ilpa, though it is also rendered as KalA. In my view, includes all the arts both mechanical and fine, while the word KalA stands only for the fine Arts. Thus the scope of my study of Hindu art will be based on the scope of the original Sãstric texts expounding: Send as free online greeting card Email a Friend

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Black women in the Americas bear a heavier burden of maternal mortality than their peers, but according to a report released Wednesday by the United Nations, the gap between who lives and who dies is especially wide in the world’s richest nation — the United States. “The risk factor is racism,” said Joia Crear-Perry, an OB/GYN and founder of the National Birth Equity Collaborative, a nonprofit group dedicated to eliminating racial inequities in birth outcomes and one of the report’s co-sponsors. “This report drives this home over and over. When your pain is ignored, when your blood pressure is ignored, you die, and that happens across the Americas.” There are more than 209 million people of African descent in the Americas, meaning it has the largest population of people who are descended from the African victims of the transatlantic and Mediterranean slave trades. And while the report identifies a shared root cause for the region’s growing maternal mortality crisis, it has different manifestations reflecting each nation’s history and culture. Between 2016 and 2020, maternal deaths increased 15 percent in Latin America and the Caribbean, and by 17 percent in North America, according to the report from the U.N. Population Fund, which is the United Nations’ sexual and reproductive health agency. Maria J. Small, an associate professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Duke University School of Medicine who researches global racial and ethnic disparities in maternal health, said examining the way racism drives disparate maternal outcomes in countries with a legacy of slavery is “conceptually one of the most important things about this paper,” which she was not involved with. “Throughout the Americas, the similar experience of forced migration and many of the fundamental tenets and behaviors left over from those institutions are still driving some of the outcomes in the current times,” she said. “I often think it’s just a matter of historical circumstance that some people may have landed in one country versus another.” The nature of the data itself, though, is one of the challenges in fully understanding the scope of the problem because of a lack of consistency and uniformity in how countries across the region report health outcomes based on race and gender. Notably, the report said, only a third of the nations in the hemisphere identify Afro-descendants as a population that experiences barriers to health. “We’re seeing a failure of states to take the action that’s needed,” said Emilie Filmer-Wilson, a human rights adviser to the U.N. Population Fund. “We want to bring visibility to this issue, and the challenge is the data, which renders the situation invisible.” Of the countries that examine the data by race, 15- to 49-year-old Black women and teens in Suriname between 2016 and 2017 were 2.5 times more likely than their peers to die during birth or in the period afterward. In Colombia in 2020, they were 1.6 times more likely to die than their peers, the report said. And in 2021 in Brazil, Black women were 1.6 times more likely to die than White women. One of the goals of the U.N.’s sexual and reproductive health agency is to have “zero preventable maternal deaths” by 2030, but the report highlights the work still to be done on “a crisis in need of an immediate solution.” “If you look broadly, women of African descent in the Americas still fare very poorly in many of the development indicators you talk about with health,” said Patricia Da Silva, program adviser for the U.N.’s agency on sexual and reproductive health. “We’re talking about access to education, access to water, the pay gap. All of these factors directly affect a woman’s ability to get access to quality of care.” And still, she said, the stereotypes that Black women face in their day-to-day lives are often present in the rationale given for why they face worse health outcomes: their poor choices or their bad genes. People say racism is rare in Costa Rica, but Siannie Palmer said if someone calls out to a White woman walking down the street, “they’re going to say ‘señora’ or ‘señorita.’ But if they saw a Black woman walking, they’re going to say ‘negra,’ ” which means Black. “She may be Black, but she’s still a lady,” said Palmer, who has worked as an OB/GYN nurse, which is similar to a certified nurse midwife, in Límon since 1999. The province sits on Costa Rica’s Atlantic coast and is home to much of the nation’s Black population. That type of discrimination, be it conscious or not, serves as a barrier to care for many Black people who often delay going to the doctor for fear of being mistreated, she said, even though the law in Costa Rica guarantees pregnant people have access to medical care. The way providers talk to patients of color matters, including where and how health information is asked. “If you talk to her in a rash way, you lose her,” Palmer said. “She’s not coming back.” Of the eight countries that report prenatal visits by race, Brazil, Costa Rica and Suriname are three where parity had been reached among Black women and their peers in 2018. And, compared with their peers, a higher percentage of Black women in Cuba attended at least four prenatal visits. “We often think of the U.S. as being a place where health-care information and resources are transmitted to places that have lower resources, but that is absolutely a paradigm that needs to be disrupted — and can be disrupted,” Small said. Instead, solutions can be found in other nations — and Small offered as an example the report’s mention of maternity homes, which offer a more residential, community-oriented setting for people who are close to giving birth. The report noted that maternity homes in rural Cuba are used, in part, “as an alternative to the mistreatment” Black women and girls experience in hospitals and clinics. “I never thought of them in that context,” Small said. “That is something I’d like to see explored more.” Just before the pandemic, Lenita Reason, a community organizer in the Boston area, said she came across several pregnant Brazilian immigrants eager to return home to give birth. They told her that caring for a newborn would be easier in Brazil with their family network to help. Most of them “were light-skinned,” she said, noting that their “experience would be very different than the ones with dark skin.” Brazil, she said, has gotten better at talking about issues of race, when in years past “everything was about class, but the opportunity was always better for people with lighter skin.” Then, Reason, executive director of the Brazilian Worker Center, a Boston nonprofit dedicated to defending and advancing labor and immigrant rights, shared the story of her niece’s miscarriage as an example. Last year, the 20-year-old, who was four months pregnant and uninsured, went for a prenatal visit at a community clinic in Belo Horizonte, a city in southeastern Brazil, Reason said. Such clinics are publicly run and treat an assortment of conditions, but the providers aren’t always best-suited for the care that’s needed. The doctor on duty that day, she said, was a dermatologist who was unable to find the baby’s heartbeat and who, as a result, ordered an ultrasound to be done, but at a different location. It would take a month before Reason’s niece could be seen — two hours away. “When she was able to see the doctor, the baby was dead,” said Reason, who happened to be in Brazil when her niece was transferred to a maternity hospital nearly six hours away. When she went to visit, Reason said, her niece was talking with two other young women who also delivered stillborn infants. Most of the women at the hospital, she said, were Black. According to the U.N. report, Black women in Brazil were more likely to be dissatisfied with the quality of their health services than were White woman. Maternal health is informed by an accumulation of life events that start long before pregnancy and that are centuries in the making. That’s why it is a top predictor of a nation’s health, reproductive health equity and human rights experts said, adding that addressing maternal mortality means understanding the effects imposed on expectant mothers by racism, housing and education policies, pollution and climate change. “Our objective is not only that women survive, but that they thrive,” Filmer-Wilson said. “That thrive aspect often gets overlooked because we’re only looking at the mortality part.”

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What are Variational Quantum Egiensolvers? Variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) is a quantum algorithm that can be used to find the ground state energy of a Hamiltonian, as well as excited states of the Hamiltonian. The VQE algorithm is based on the variational principle, which seeks to find an ansatz (an approximation) to the ground state that has lower energy than the ground state itself. It has been shown that the VQE allows for universal quantum computing, making it a versatile tool for tackling a wide range of tasks. The VQE algorithm is versatile and can be applied to a wide range of tasks, making it a promising candidate for use in many applications of quantum computers. One particularly useful application of the VQE algorithm is in finding the ground state energy of a Hamiltonian. In this application, the algorithm is used to find an approximation to the ground state energy that is lower than the ground state energy itself. This is accomplished by minimizing a cost function that is based on the expectation value of the Hamiltonian. The VQE algorithm can also be used to find excited states of a Hamiltonian. In this application, the algorithm is used to find an approximation to an excited state of the Hamiltonian that is lower than the excited state energy itself. This is accomplished by minimizing a cost function that is based on the expectation value of the Hamiltonian plus an additional term that accounts for the overlap between the excited state and the ground state. The VQE algorithm has potential applications in many other areas, including machine learning and control theory. It can also be used to find excited states of a system by employing an orthogonality constraint. Additionally, the VQE can be used to find low-energy excited states via the subspace expansion method. These are just a few examples of the many applications of the VQE; its versatility makes it a powerful tool for tackling a wide range of tasks in quantum computing. The cost function is defined as 〈ψ|H|ψ〉, where ψ is a trial state and H is the Hamiltonian. VQE is aimed at finding the ground state energy of a Hamiltonian, where the cost function is defined as 〈ψ|H|ψ〉. According to the Rayleigh-Ritz variational principle, the cost is meaningful and faithful as C(θ) > EG, with equality holding if |ψ(θ)〉 is the ground state |ψG〉of H. The quantum subroutine has two fundamental steps: - Prepare the quantum state |Ψ(vec(θ))⟩ often called the ansatz. - Measure the expectation value ⟨Ψ(vec(θ))|H|Ψ(vec(θ))⟩. This bound allows us to use classical computation to run an optimization loop to find this eigenvalue: - Use a classical non-linear optimizer to minimize the expectation value by varying ansatz parameters vec(θ) - Iterate until convergence. Another way to understand this is the classical algorithm controls the quantum children. The classical parent is then replaced by the quantum child that performs the best. Then the algorithm would be trained again to further improve accuracy and fidelity.

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« ПредыдущаяПродолжить » EASY LESSONS IN SCRIPT, ADAPTED TO THE NEW CODE. BY JAMES COLVILLE, M.A., SENIOR ENGLISH MASTER, GEORGE WATSON'S COLLEGE-SCHOOLS, OLIVER AND BOYD, TWEEDDALE COURT. Price 4d., or 6d. in Cloth. NEW CODE READING-BOOKS,' By JAMES COLVILLE, M.A. The following are already published: PRIMER: Being Spelling and Reading Lessons Introductory to Standard I. (Illustrated.) 36 pages. 14d. FIRST STANDARD READING-BOOK; with easy Lessons in Script. (Illustrated.) 95 pages. 4d. in stiff wrapper, or 6d. cloth. SECOND STANDARD READING-BOOK; with Dictation Exercises, partly in Script. (Illustrated.) 108 pages. 4d. in stiff wrapper, or 6d. cloth. THIRD STANDARD READING-BOOK; with Dictation Exercises, partly in Script. 144 pages. 8d. in cloth. PRINTED BY OLIVER AND BOYD, EDINBURGH. The requirements of the New Code for Standard I. in Reading are-" One of the narratives next in order after monosyllables in an elementary reading-book used in the School." The following lessons are intended to meet these requirements, by supplying easy and attractive reading in prose and verse. The narrative form has been preserved throughout, and the lessons, while incidentally supplying considerable information, are mainly intended to enable the child to overcome the mechanical difficulties of reading. For this purpose they have been made as light and varied as possible. A considerable number of the verses have been favourites in the nursery from time immemorial, while most of the other matter is entirely fresh. Many elliptical and-as a new feature in School-books-alliterative and hieroglyphic lessons have been constructed, with a view to exciting the curiosity and developing the intelligence of the pupils. The New Code requires of this Standard, in Writing, the copying in manuscript a line of print, and the writing from dictation a few common words. This is provided for in an Appendix specially devoted to the purpose, the lessons in which should be used in connexion with the daily reading lesson, so that the pupils may as soon as possible read Script with ease.

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Read the following passage and choose the best answers. Interesting Animal Sleeping Habits You can see sleeping animals at the zoo. Many animals just lie down to sleep. But some animals have interesting sleeping habits. Horses stand and listen while they sleep. So, they can easily run away from danger. They don’t fall because they have strong legs. Otters wrap themselves in seaweed and sleep. The seaweed is connected to the ocean floor. That way, the otters don’t float away from the other otters. Sometimes they also hold hands and sleep. Dolphins sleep with half of their brains. The other half is awake. They also sleep with one eye open. That way, they can watch for hungry sharks. Thanks to their sleeping habits, these animals can sleep safely and happily. CÓ THỂ BẠN QUAN TÂM ________________________________

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Roots of Democracy - Examine the fundamental principles of government and law developed by leading philosophers, such as Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu and Rousseau. - Explain how common law and historic documents, such as Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights, and the Mayflower Compact influenced framers of the Constitution and its development. - Describe how the Constitution provides for checks and balances, such as legislative overrides of vetoes, the limitations on the powers of the President and the appointment process. Roots of Democracy Notes Roots of Democracy Activity Roots of Democracy Resources

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HISTORY AND USES OF TUMBLED STONES What is a tumbled stone? A tumbled stone is a small, rounded, brightly polished stone. It can be any kind of crystal, mineral, fossil, or rock that has been rounded and polished either naturally or by human transformation. How is a tumbled stone made? Today, most tumbled stones are created by people using machines made specifically for the purpose of creating the beautifully polished stones. However, a similar effect can be and was achieved naturally for millions of years. The first tumbled stones were created by moving water in streams, rivers, and oceans. The currents of the water would wash grains of sand against small rocks to smooth and polish them naturally. Humans began attempting to further the process many years ago. Tumbled stones have been used and revered by humankind since prehistoric times. Ancient tribes would smooth stones for use in ceremonies or for healing or to wear as jewelry or in power bundles that pulsed with the magic inside the stones. In ancient Egypt, stones were placed in large troughs and moved back and forth through sand and water to smooth them. In India, a “polishing bag” was used for the same purpose. Stones were placed in a goatskin bag with finely ground rock. The bag was placed on the ground and pushed back and forth to smooth the stones. Sometimes the ancient Indian lapidaries employed a sort of teeter totter board to push the stones using the power of gravity as the board moved up and down. In the 1950s, Edward Swoboda began using a machine he devised to polish gemstones he couldn’t use in making fine jewelry and the modern tumbled stone was born. Others improved the tumbling device so that many stones could be tumbled at once. Today the stones are tumbled in huge barrels. What is the purpose of tumbled stones? Ancient humans used talismans and amulets, which included tumbled stones, as far back as prehistoric times. The use of talismans dates back to the Upper Paleolithic period around 60,000 years ago. The oldest known amulets were made at least 30,000 years ago and contained tumbled stones of Baltic Amber. Ancient Sumerians used tumbled crystals in magic formulae. Ancient Egyptians used tumbled stones for healing, to ward off evil, and in their burial ceremonies. The ancient Greeks and Romans used tumbled stones to ward of drunkenness and cure hangovers. Before battle, Greek and Roman soldiers would rub tumbled Hematite all over their bodies for protection in battle. Sailors would carry tumbled stones to assure safety at sea. The stones were worn or carried for luck, courage, success, and protection. In Asia, tumbled stones were carried for luck and to protect from evil spirits. Tumbled stones of various crystals and minerals are mentioned in much of the world’s important religious literature. During the Renaissance, tumbled stones were used for healing, strength, protection, and fertility. In modern times, tumbled stones are used for many similar purposes. They are used for healing, energy, chakra cleansing, to attract luck, to prevent psychic attack, to advance spirituality, to enhance meditation, to promote positive energy, to enhance public speaking, and for many more purposes How can tumbled stones benefit you? Tumbled stones are beautiful. The stones can be collected simply because they add beauty to your surroundings in your home, office, or garden. But there is so much more to these beautiful stones. They hold and emit vibrations that can be helpful to you in so many ways. If the ancients are right, as they so frequently are, then they can surround you with protection from negativity or attract success and abundance. You can place them in your home, office or garden not just for their beauty, but to surround yourself with a peaceful vibration that adds tranquility to your life or a protective shield from negativity or bad energy. You can wear or carry a bundle with the stones to protect you and aid you as you traverse the world. You need to examine the qualities that others have observed to occur from the different stones and choose the effect that best suits your purposes.

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Handwriting: Printing Workbook | Bible Words (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform April 11, 2017) Printing Handwriting Workbook - Based on words from the Bible Based on Educational Psychology principles, this workbook has a fun activity at the end of each lesson to keep your child happily engaged. More importantly, the handwriting exercises are based on positive words and sentences from the Bible to help increase your child’s happiness and self-esteem. Practice includes lowercase and uppercase letters, words, and sentences. Your child will love this workbook, get it now while it’s still at this low price. - 1545330220 / 9781545330227 - 12.0 oz. - 8.5 x 0.2

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The burden of heart failure in India has been estimated to be very high, ranging between 1.3 million to 4.6 million. The condition is marked by the inability of the heart to pump blood efficiently. As this happens, the Chambers of your heart tend to stretch in order to be able to hold more blood or, in some cases these may even become stiff or thicken. Although this will help to ensure that your body is getting enough blood supply, this will put an excessive strain on your heart muscles and gradually they will wear out. Heart failure is a potentially life-threatening condition that calls for the need of timely treatment and care. Fortunately, you can find the best cardiologist in Kolkata who specialised in treating the most complex forms of heart failure. The symptoms associated with heart failure progress at a very slow pace and the initial symptoms are often overlooked. In this blog, we have elaborated on some such initial symptoms of heart failure that should not be neglected. Before starting with these let us first try to understand what causes heart failure. It is a burden to note that there are not just one but several different reasons that could be responsible for damaging your heart muscles and leading to heart failure. These are: Coronary artery disease is marked by restricted flow of blood through the coronary arteries, due to a blockage or narrowing. CAD has been linked with unhealthy lifestyle practices and eating habits and happens to be a major factor in serious heart diseases. Heart attack, is marked by an abrupt blockage in the coronary artery that holds the flow of oxygenated blood to the heart muscles. As this happens, the oxygen-deprived heart muscles tend to die. The damage, so induced, is irreversible. Cardiomyopathy is marked by severely damaged heart muscles due to factors other than restricted blood supply due to arterial blockage. These include excessive alcohol or drug abuse or severe infection involving the heart. Apart from these three, heart failure can also be a result of work overload, which is quite likely to happen when you have an underlying medical condition like kidney disease, diabetes, or a congenital heart defect. Dyspnea - Commonly referred to as breathlessness, the problem is very commonly experienced when you are indulged in some physical activity however in patients suffering from heart failure, breathlessness is much more common and they might experience it even when they are sitting idle or even sleeping. There is no particular reason behind it. In the majority of the patients, it has been seen that breathing difficulty tends to increase when they lie down on their back. The person might also feel restless and anxious due to the same reason. If you are wondering why this happens the answer is very simple, when the heart is not able to keep up with the normal blood supply, the blood tense to accumulate in the pulmonary veins, causing the fluids to leak into the lungs. Coughing - Unlike a normal cough, people suffering from heart failure tend to produce white or pink blood-tinged mucus as they cough. This is also a result of the build-up of fluids in the lung due to blood accumulation in the pulmonary veins. Oedema - There are several different reasons that could be responsible for the swelling in your ankles, feet, arms, and stomach, however, the best cardiologists in Kolkata suggest that these could also be linked to heart failure. When your heart is not functioning properly the flow of blood moving out of it tends to slow down while that flow of blood returning to it from other organs tends to remain the same. As this happens, the blood starts backing up in the veins and the fluid builds up in the tissues. The fluid retention causes the concerned area to swell up which we commonly referred to as edema. These are the classic symptoms of heart failure that you need to look out for. Apart from these, there are several other symptoms like fatigue, tiredness, nausea, loss of appetite, impaired thinking, and accelerated heart rate. If you can relate to any of these symptoms consult a Doctor immediately and get yourself assessed at the earliest.

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Ben van Beurden, Shell CEO Edison Electric Institute Darren Woods, ExxonMobil CEO Energy Companies & Climate Change Utilities are making investments and operational improvements to protect their energy infrastructure from increasingly disruptive climate conditions. Extreme weather affects energy production and deliveries, such as when large storms shutdown refineries or power. Power utilities across the country, from Minnesota to Georgia, are also increasingly investing in clean power and committing to steep carbon pollution cuts. The world’s largest oil companies are also investing in clean energy, incorporating climate risks into their investment decisions and advocating for climate policies. of U.S. electricity is carbon free U.S. power utilities have zero emissions goals less carbon pollution from U.S. power plants since 2005 Heard Around the Country BP's new CEO Bernard Looney set a goal to reduce the company's greenhouse gas emissions and become a net-zero carbon company by 2050. In a Wednesday morning statement, BP said the company aims to fight climate change by reducing the carbon footprint from its global... Xcel Energy is among the U.S. electric utilities most exposed to an increased risk from climate change, notably its power plants in the West and Southwest, according to a new report from one of the nation’s top credit-rating agencies. Over the next 10 to 20 years, the... October was insane. In Northern California, the month was marked by desiccating offshore winds that fueled wildfires and prompted deliberate power outages, forcing tens of thousands to flee their homes and putting millions of others in the dark for days on end. More... How are climate & weather different? Where is there scientific agreement? How much warming has happened? Visualizing Climate Change Sources and Citations - McKinsey & Company. Why, and how, utilities should start to manage climate-change risks. www.mckinsey.com/industries/electric-power-and-natural-gas/our-insights/why-and-how-utilities-should-start-to-manage-climate-change-risk - Edison Electric Institute. Climate. www.eei.org/issuesandpolicy/environment/climate - Xcel Energy. Building a Carbon-Free Future Our bold vision for 2030 and 2050. www.xcelenergy.com/Environment/Carbon_Reduction_Plan - Southern Company. Climate. www.southerncompany.com/corporate-responsibility/environment/air-and-climate.html - ExxonMobil. Climate change. http://www.corporate.exxonmobil.com/energy-and-environment/environmental-protection/climate-change - Top Photo: Senior Airman Kyle Gese, U.S. Air Force. - Bottom Photo: Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Martin Cuaron, U.S. Navy. - Climate Central. Weather-Related Blackouts Doubled Since 2003: Report. www.climatecentral.org/news/weather-related-blackouts-doubled-since-2003-report-17281 - Video: Vox Media. New York is building a wall to hold back the ocean.

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Compression molding is done with matched metal molds utilizing sheet-molding compound (SMC), bulk-molding compound (BMC), or preform mat. A weighed charge of SMC or BMC, or a preform of glass reinforcement shaped to the mold is placed on a press ranging in size from 300 to 4,000 tons. Resin is added with the preform while SMC and BMC contain all components including fiber, resin, fillers, catalyst etc. Heat and pressure is applied, with temperature ranges of 225 to 325 oF. and 150 to 1,000 psi pressure required to cure parts. Cycles can range from less than one to five minutes. Typical thermoset resins used in compression molded parts are polyesters, vinyl esters, epoxies, and phenolics. Compression molded products vary from dinnerware, trays, buttons, appliance housings, large containers, electrical, to recreational vehicle body panels such as snow mobiles, and jetskis. related catagory: industrial news

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If you want patients to fend off age-related cataracts, the answer may be as simple as adding antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables to their diet. Researchers from China and the University of South Australia found certain vitamins and carotenoids were associated with a significantly decreased risk of age-related cataracts. The international study also claimed the $5.7 billion global tab to restore sight for the estimated 45 million people with cataracts could be slashed in half by a diet that includes colorful fruits and vegetables. The investigators analyzed 20 studies from around the globe that investigated the impact of vitamins and carotenoids on cataract risk. Despite some inconsistencies, the findings significantly touted the benefits of eating citrus fruits, capsicum, carrots, tomatoes and dark green vegetables such as spinach, broccoli and kale to delay the onset of age-related cataracts. Researchers included eight randomized controlled trials and 12 cohort studies in their analysis. In the cohort studies, higher consumption of certain vitamins and carotenoids including vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene and lutein or zeaxanthin was associated with a significant decreased risk of age-related cataracts. Additionally, investigators reported higher doses of the vitamins and carotenoids cut the risk of age-related cataract significantly. This included a 26% decrease for every 10mg/d increase of lutein or zeaxanthin; a decreased risk of 18% for each 500mg/d increase of vitamin C; an 8% decreased risk for each 5mg/d increase of β-carotene; and a 6% decreased risk for every 5mg/d increase in vitamin A. However, evidence from the randomized controlled trials was less clear, the investigators reported. In the randomized controlled trials, neither vitamin E nor β-carotene intervention reduced the risk of age-related cataracts significantly compared with the placebo group. Since the population is aging dramatically, coupled with the increasing number of people needing surgery, urgent action is needed, the researchers said in their paper. By delaying the onset of age-related cataracts by a decade, the number of patients requiring surgery could be cut by half, they speculated. Still, challenges remain, as the current consumption of antioxidants falls short of the recommended level to prevent-age related cataracts, they added. |Jiang H, Yin Y, Wu CR, et al. Dietary vitamin and carotenoid intake and risk of age-related cataract. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;109(1):43-54.|

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Human-animal interaction a broad term that refers to any manner of relationship or behavior between people and animal(s). These interactions can vary widely and be positive, negative, or neutral for either party. They can occur in individual, community, or societal contexts. The veterinarian's role in human-animal interaction is to minimize negative interactions and promote positive ones. The human-animal bond is a mutually beneficial and dynamic relationship between people and animals that is influenced by behaviors considered essential to the health and wellbeing of both. This bond is beneficial to the mental, physical, and social health of people, and animals. The veterinarian's role in the human-animal bond is to maximize the potential of this relationship between people and animals and specifically to promote the health and wellbeing of both. The AVMA officially recognizes: (1) the existence of the human-animal bond (2) its importance to human, animal and community health and welfare, and (3) that the human-animal bond has major significance for veterinary medicine. By strengthening the bond, the veterinary profession furthers both public and animal health and welfare. Issues related to the human-animal bond are considered by the Steering Committee on Human-Animal Interactions (SCHAI) with staff support from the Animal Welfare Division. The American Veterinary Medical Association has adopted a range of policies that relate to the human-animal bond. humananimalbondavma [dot] org (E-mail us) with questions about any of these policies. Human-Animal bond certification The AVMA is proud to be the founding educational partner for the Human-Animal Bond Certification Program offered through the Human Animal Bond Research Institute (HABRI) and the North American Veterinary Community (NAVC). This certificate program allows veterinary professionals to fully appreciate the science behind the human-animal bond, and its benefits for both animals and people, and get practical advice on how to ensure good bonds are built and maintained. It also demonstrates how communicating the bond's benefits to clients can help your patients and your practice. AVMA members receive a 20 percent discount off the cost of the program.

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GERMANY:Move over Pisa: according to the Guinness Book of World Records, another tower has stolen the crooked crown from Italy's famous leaning tower. A 650-year-old church tower in northwest Germany is officially the most crooked structure in the world. Its steeple of 25.7m (84.32ft) tilts at an angle of 5.07 degrees, compared to the 3.97 degrees of the 56m (183.72ft) tower of Pisa. "When you lay photos of the two next to each other, you can see it relatively clearly," said Olaf Kuchenbecker of Guinness Book of Records German edition. Today he will travel to the village of Suurhusen in Germany's East Friesland region on the Dutch border to officially present the record certificate. Compared to Pisa, the Suurhusen tower is a late leaner. Poor foundations under Pisa's tower, completed in the 14th century, meant it began sinking after the third floor was completed. The tower in Suurhusen contains a stone bearing the date 1004 and was first mentioned in 1255. But it only began to lean a century ago when the groundwater in the region was reduced. That allowed air into the foundations for the first time, rotting the oak treetrunks that supported the structure. Alarmed by the tilt, the parish abandoned the structure in the 1970s. But they had a change of heart and returned a decade later, adding reinforcements to support the tower. Now 10,000 people a year visit the leaning tower of Suurhusen. "In my homilies I point out that we humans are more interested in beauty than ugliness," Pastor Frank Wessels told the Süddeutsche Zeitung newspaper. "But our tower is popular and well-known because it's so crooked. God doesn't just like the mainstream: 'Man sees what is in front of his eyes. God sees with the heart.'"

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On the morning of September 11, 2001 four flights were hijacked by members of the Islamic extremist group, al- Qaeda, in coordinated attack against the United States. All four hijacked planes were scheduled to be cross-country flights from the East Coast to California. American Airlines Flight 11 (81 passengers, 11 crew, 5 hijackers) and United Airlines Flight 175 (56 passengers, 9 crew, 5 hijackers) left Logan International Airport in Boston, MA bound for Los Angeles. Both flights were hijacked and were crashed into the two towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. Flight 11 struck the north tower and Flight 175 struck the south tower. The impact of the planes and extreme damage caused towers to fall within two hours. The Capital Building or the White House were believed to be another target of the attack. United Airlines Flight 93 (37 passengers, 7 crew, 4 hijackers) left Newark International Airport bound for San Francisco and was hijacked over Ohio. Upon hearing of the other attacks, the passengers revolted against the hijackers and the plane was crashed in Shanksville, PA. American Airlines Flight 77 (58 passengers, 6 crew, 5 hijackers) left Washington Dulles International Airport bound for Los Angeles and was crashed into the Pentagon. There was a total of 2,996 victims of the 9/11 attack including the 19 al- Qaeda hijackers. The Pentagon, located in Arlington, Virginia, is the world's largest low-rise office building and is home to the United States Department of Defense. Construction began in 1941 and was completed by 1943. The photograph shows the damage which resulted from the plane impact on September 11, 2001. Flight 77 crashed into the western side of the Pentagon which caused an intense and ferocious fire. The section of the building struck was the only portion of the Pentagon that had been renovated at that time. The renovations included installing blast-resistant windows, making structural improvements, and adding sprinkler systems. The ongoing renovations meant the area was only half populated which reduced the number casualties on the ground. However, there were still 125 people who lost their lives inside the Pentagon that day. Following the attacks, the Pentagon Renovation Program, nicknamed the Phoenix Project, set a goal to complete all reconstruction within one year of the attacks. By the first anniversary, the goal was met, offices at the point of impact had been restored, and people were working in those offices. Since the attacks, many memorials have been dedicated to remembering the victims and the first responders who saved many lives, including a memorial erected at the Pentagon which honors the184 lives lost in the attack, those on Flight 77, those who died in the pentagon, and the families of the victims. Citations: Pentagon—photo courtesy of Edwin C. Bearss National September 11 Memorial & Museum. FAQ about 9/11. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.911memorial.org/ Vogel, S. The Pentagon. (2011, April 7). In Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved from http://www.EncyclopediaVirginia.org/Pentagon_The. Look at It: Look at the photo of the Pentagon on 9/11. Photos of tragic events often invoke feeling in the viewer. How does this photo make you feel? Why? Analyze: What might have been some reasons that the Pentagon was a target of the 9/11 attacks? Think about what government agencies are found in the Pentagon. Be the Journalist: You are a journalism student writing a short article on the impacts of 9/11. What fact would you include? How would describe the damage to the Pentagon to individuals who might not have seen the actual event unfold? STEM STAT: Examine the photo of the Pentagon after the 9/11 attack. From the photo, what can you tell about the plane's angle of entry and the subsequent damage to the building? Be specific.

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(in English articulation) a speech sound produced by occluding with or without releasing (p, b; t, d; k, g), diverting (m, n, ng), or obstructing (f, v; s, z, etc.) the flow of air from the lungs (opposed to vowel). (in linguistic function) a concept empirically determined as a phonological element in structural contrast with vowel, as the b of be, the w of we, the y, s, and t of yeast, etc. a letter that usually represents a consonant sound. - con·so·nant·like, adjective - con·so·nant·ly, adverb - un·con·so·nant, adjective Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2023 How to use consonant in a sentence However, Bottalico notes, that still wouldn’t change the fact that masks stifle consonants more than vowels. That’s important, says Bottalico, because consonants typically have a higher frequency, or pitch, than vowel sounds. Each word was one syllable and had starting and ending consonants that sandwiched a vowel sound. In the flow of a news conference, it’s hard to expect him to avoid the occasional misplaced consonant.In Josh Bell, the Nationals added a big bat. Now Mike Rizzo might search for another. | Jesse Dougherty | December 26, 2020 | Washington Post It starts with two consonants that you don’t see together too often. Appeals to “collective will” and the judgment of “history” are not consonant with liberal thought. Romney's teenage bullying hurts him because it is consonant with his adult record.Paul Begala on Romney: Once a Bully, Always a Bully | Paul Begala | May 11, 2012 | THE DAILY BEAST It is combined with these consonant elements in order to invite it forward and bring it to a point (figuratively speaking).Expressive Voice Culture | Jessie Eldridge Southwick The most recklessly chivalrous terms are indeed consonant with Sir Edward's character.King Robert the Bruce | A. F. Murison The story seems little consonant with Douglas's warlike intelligence.King Robert the Bruce | A. F. Murison Ten Brink reads ay for ever, on the ground that ever and never, when followed by a consonant, are dissyllabic in Chaucer.Chaucer's Works, Volume 1 (of 7) -- Romaunt of the Rose; Minor Poems | Geoffrey Chaucer No Russian, whose dissonant, consonant name Almost rattles to fragments the trumpet of fame?Postscript.Newton Forster | Captain Frederick Marryat British Dictionary definitions for consonant a speech sound or letter of the alphabet other than a vowel; a stop, fricative, or continuant (postpositive; foll by with or to) consistent; in agreement harmonious in tone or sound music characterized by the presence of a consonance being or relating to a consonant - consonantly, adverb Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012

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Source: Washington State University Engineers and scientists at Washington State University Tri-Cities and the WSU Center for Precision and Automatic Agricultural Systems (CPAAS) are creating a practically adoptable robot that will pick apples as efficiently as humans. The U.S. Department of Agriculture awarded a research team from WSU a $548,000 grant in 2013 as part of its National Robotics Initiative. The team hopes to test a working prototype as early as this fall in an orchard in Prosser, Wash. "Unlike in factories and other industrial applications, apples require a system that is delicate enough to pick the fruit without bruising it, while also maneuvering around tree branches, leaves and other obstructions," says Manoj Karkee, principal investigator on the project and WSU assistant professor of biological systems engineering. Karkee is working with project co-investigators Qin Zhang, CPAAS director, and Karen Lewis, WSU regional tree fruit specialist, to approximate how the robot should move and manipulate to be most efficient and cause the least damage to the fruit and tree. Working with Changki Mo, assistant professor of mechanical engineering at WSU Tri-Cities, the team is focusing on the complementary nature of robots and humans to complete the apple-picking system. “We are trying to use some level of human assistance in a co-robotic environment,” Karkee said. “The robot would do about 95 to 98 percent of the job, but the remaining 2 percent would be done in assistance by a human operator. That makes it, at least in my opinion, possible to see the level of accuracy and productivity that we need to achieve.” The robot features an arm and “hand” in which eight motors operate in congruence with a vision system to delicately grasp and twist the fruit off the tree as a human does. The robot’s vision system incorporates cameras and sensors to capture an image of the tree. Using algorithms to identify color, shape and texture, it differentiates fruit from the rest of the plant and determines fruit location so the robotic arm can be directed for picking. Karkee said he is pleased with the progress and is optimistic about the team’s prototype that could be used for commercialization in the near future. “This is one of the most challenging problems that scientists and agricultural engineers are dealing with right now,” he said. “Based on what we know, it is really promising. We really think we have something.” He said if they succeed in creating an apple-picking robot, it could potentially save growers millions in Washington’s multibillion dollar apple industry.

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An Animated Explanation of Mantle Melting Aimed at Upper Division Undergraduates Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Computer animation is an underutilized tool in geoscience education. Undergraduate students in particular often have difficulty visualizing geological processes because many of them take place deep inside the Earth, and occur over extended time scales. Computer animation is the perfect medium to recreate these processes, as they can be depicted in motion and these processes can be simplified and greatly speeded up. In spite of the advantages of animating geological processes, far too few have been produced. Many of the existing geoscientific animations lack scientific accuracy or are too complex for the typical undergraduate audience. These problems partly reflect the chasm between those with the skills needed to make animations and those who know the science and the educational needs of students. At UTD we have decided to bridge the “skill-expertise” gap needed to make these animations by combining the professor’s geological knowledge with our talented undergraduates’ interest and ability to make animations; our efforts can be seen at Geoscience Studios utdgss2016.wixsite.com/utdgss. The animation “Three Great Ways to Melt the Mantle” is an example of our efforts. This eight-minute-long computer animation was made in Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Premiere. It is intended to explain fundamental concepts of mantle melting to upper division undergraduate majors who have been taught basic principles of igneous petrology via readings and lecture. Partial melting as a result of decompression beneath mid-ocean ridges, as a result of heating due to mantle plumes, and as a result of lowering the solidus due to addition of water (subduction zones) is explained. The animation relates simplified pressure/temperature phase diagrams for each of the three to depth in the Earth, focusing on the geotherm and the peridotite solidus. The effects of three different tectonic settings on the geotherm and the peridotite solidus, and how these effects interact to partially melt the upper mantle are explained. The ability of this animation to improve student understanding was assessed as explained in “Assessing Student Learning from Video Animations in the UTD-USF Plate Tectonics Geoscience Animation Project: Melting the Mantle” in this session. Was this content written or created while at USF? Citation / Publisher Attribution Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 50, issue 6, no. 209-10 Scholar Commons Citation Vaughn, Lochlan; Ryan, Jeffrey G.; and Pearce, Julian A., "An Animated Explanation of Mantle Melting Aimed at Upper Division Undergraduates" (2018). School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications. 1154.

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Novel microfluidic based sample preparation methods for rapid separation and detection of viable bacteria from blood for sepsis diagnostics Time: Fri 2021-12-03 10.00 Location: Air Fire, Science for Life laboratory, Tomtebodavägen 23A, Solna Subject area: Biotechnology Doctoral student: Sharath Narayana Iyengar , Nanobioteknologi, Proteinvetenskap, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab, Nanobiotechnology Opponent: Prof. Jonas Tegenfeldt, Lund university Supervisor: Prof. Aman Russom, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab, Nanobioteknologi Sepsis is a serious medical condition characterized by a whole-body inflammatory response caused by bloodstream infection. The final stage of sepsis can lead to septic shock, multiple organ failure, and death. In early sepsis, the concentration of bacteria in the bloodstream is typically low, making diagnosis challenging. Rapid diagnosis of sepsis is crucial as there is an exponential increase in mortality for every hour delay in the appropriate antibiotics administration. Common culture-based methods fail in fast bacteria determination as it takes up to 24-72 hr. On the other hand, recent rapid nucleic acid-based diagnostic methods are prone to false positives from human DNA mainly due to a lack of efficient sample preparation methods. This Ph.D. work was aimed at the development of novel sample preparation methods for rapid and efficient separation and identification of bacteria from blood for sepsis diagnostics. To address this, two different approaches were explored. In the first approach, a label-free, size-based, passive elasto-inertial microfluidics (visco-elastic flows) method was developed (Paper I and II). Initially, behavior of particles were studied in solution containing polyethylene oxide (PEO) using different spiral designs (Paper I). By using the knowledge from paper I, a spiral design was used to preposition the particles at the outer wall of the inlet using PEO as sheath and we showed that a particle of a certain size remains fully focused at the outer wall throughout the channel length. The optimized parameters were extended to demonstrate that when bacteria is spiked into diluted blood, blood remains fully focused at the outer wall throughout the channel length while smaller bacteria differentially migrate towards the inner wall for rapid separation. Using E.coli spiked into the diluted blood sample, bacteria separation is demonstrated at an efficiency of 82 to 90% depending on the blood dilution using a single spiral chip (Paper-II). The second approach (Paper III) involves a selective cell lysis method where lysis buffer composition is optimized to selectively lyse blood cells in 5 min while maintaining bacterial viability. The lysed blood cells were filtered through a filter paper to capture viable bacteria. The captured bacteria on the filter paper was detected using Prussian blue (PB) colorimetric analysis. In PB color-based assay, viable bacteria metabolically reduce iron (III) complexes, initiating a photo-catalytic cascade toward PB formation on the filter paper visible to the naked eye. Using this approach it was possible to detect bacteria by the naked eye. This approach was also further optimized to perform antibiotic susceptibility testing to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Furthermore, as a step towards rapid genomic analysis, a novel method combining ITP-RCA (Isotachophoresis – Rolling Circle Amplification) was studied and optimized for real-time amplification (RCA), focusing and detection of bacterial DNA in a microfluidic channel (Paper IV). In this study we demonstrate rapid and increased sensitivity of bacterial DNA detection. This method has a huge potential to accelerate the time needed for DNA based analysis for infectious diseases. All in all, the ability of these sample preparation methods for rapid and effective separation and detection of key pathogens in blood will help in decreasing the time of sepsis diagnosis and aid towards efficient phenotypic or genotypic analysis.

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The Colorado River is a national treasure. For the past 5 million years, the Colorado River has carved some of the most magnificent landscapes on Earth. More than 33 million people across Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, and Mexico depend on the Colorado River for their water supply. The river supports a quarter million jobs and produces $26 billion in economic output each year from recreational activities alone. But if the numbers alone don’t convince you, maybe the stories behind the river will. VisionIntoArt teamed up with New Amsterdam Records to create The Colorado: a multimedia, music-based documentary that explores the Colorado River Basin from social and ecological perspectives across history. The project is conceived as equal parts eco-documentary film, live performance, and an educational tool for classrooms. And just wait until you meet the team behind the music. For this one-of-a-kind album, the Grammy Award-winning contemporary vocal ensemble Roomful of Teeth breathes life into compositions by Shara Nova, Paola Prestini, Glenn Kotche, William Brittelle, and John Luther Adams. With color, charisma, tight harmonies, and striking shots of the river and its wildlife, the documentary presents the Colorado in all its majestic splendor—but it also tells a much bigger story. Today, with a booming agricultural industry to support and nearly 40 million people dependent on its waters, the Colorado is overused, over-promised, and unable even to reach its delta. Add to that the impact of climate change on the region, and you begin to see why these are stories that truly need to be heard. The Colorado explores vast terrain, both in terms of music and lyrical content. Lyrics by William Debuys navigate from the prehistoric settlements of the region to the current plight of the river’s delta, from the period of European exploration to the dam-building era and its legacy, from industrial agriculture and immigration to the inescapable impact of climate change. As an additional educational component to the album and documentary, the team behind The Colorado is also in the midst of creating a full-length textbook, corresponding section by section to the film, which will allow students and audiences to explore these topics in greater depth. The goal is to create connections between art, ecology, and regional history while also educating audiences toward a better stewardship of resources. The album begins—well, at the “Beginnings.” Composed by rock drummer Glenn Kotche (of Wilco), “Beginnings” sets the sonic scene of the prehistoric Colorado River through sparse instrumentation, evocative rhythms, and layered, wordless vocals. Almost ritualistic in nature, Roomful of Teeth’s voices evoke a deep spiritual connection to the river and its surroundings. It’s followed by cross-cultural composer Paola Prestini’s “A Padre, A Horse, A Telescope.” Prestini, who is one of the co-founders of VisionIntoArt, takes a more Baroque-inspired choral approach. Setting Jesuit sources as the text for the piece (including a Hail Mary in Cochimí, an extinct Native American language), Prestini creates haunting counterpoint through echoing, intricately layered voices which speak to the religious symbolism of the river—both for Europeans and indigenous peoples. The river’s relentless pulse comes alive in “An Unknown Distance Yet to Run,” written by composer, singer-songwriter, and mezzo-soprano extraordinaire Shara Nova (of My Brightest Diamond). Through steady rhythms, restless strings, and chant-style vocals, she tells a gripping tale of exploration and adventure. Composer William Brittelle folds elements of electro-pop into his two contributions on the album. “Shimmering Desert” features breathy, wordless vocals in a kaleidoscopic collage of electronics, radio clips, and strings, while “The Colossus” recalls the drama and dangerous working conditions of the Colorado River dams. Pulitzer Prize-winning composer and environmentalist John Luther Adams’ contribution to the album requires a bit more patience. Unfolding slowly across layered, softly cascading vocal lines, he creates a vision of a vast, organic river landscape populated by nothing but the soft sounds of nature—in this case embodied ever so delicately by human voices. Prestini’s narrative-driven “El Corrido de Joe R.” tells a more concrete story of love and sacrifice along the river. Roomful of Teeth sings above trickling water and birds chirping as they tell one family’s story—an anecdote of the interpersonal relationships between people and the land they live on. It’s followed by another Nova piece, “Welcome to the Anthropocene,” a ghostly illustration of modern man’s massive (and dangerous) impact on the planet as we continue to abuse our resources and damage our world. And yet, the album ends on a decidedly hopeful note: Kotche’s “Palette of a New Creation.” Roomful of Teeth paints an image of optimism through vividly colored harmonies and beautifully textured polyphony—a reminder of the meaningful change we can create when we lift our voices together. Because together, through education, environmental activism, and effective stewardship of land and water, we can keep the Colorado flowing for generations to come. After all, there is 5 million years’ worth of music coursing through the Colorado River—for those who are willing to listen.

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CC-MAIN-2023-40

https://www.secondinversion.org/tag/david-sarno/

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en

Cocoa powder is a type of powder made by grinding the beans of the cacao tree and is commonly used in baking and cooking, and is known for its rich, chocolate flavor. It is a versatile ingredient that can be used in a variety of recipes, including cakes, brownies, cookies, smoothies, and more. Cocoa powder is considered as a healthier source of antioxidants and nutrients. It is also often used in raw food diets and vegan diets as a natural sweetener and flavoring. Cocoa Powder Uses in Everyday Foods It can be used in a variety of everyday foods to add a rich chocolate flavor and nutritional benefits. Here are some examples: - Use in Smoothies Adding Cocoa powder to your morning smoothie can help you start the day off on a sweet note. You can blend Cocoa powder with fruits, nuts, and other healthy ingredients to make a delicious and nutritious smoothie. - Use in Oatmeal Sprinkling it on your morning bowl of oatmeal is a great way to add a chocolate flavor and some antioxidants to your breakfast. - Use in Hot Chocolate Mix Cocoa powder with milk, almond milk, or another milk alternative to make a healthy and delicious hot chocolate. You can sweeten it with honey, maple syrup, or another natural sweetener. - Use in Baked Goods It can be used in a variety of baked goods, such as cakes, brownies, and cookies. You can substitute some of the flour in the recipe with Cocoa powder to create a healthier, chocolatey version of your favorite dessert. - Use in Energy Balls Cocoa powder can be mixed with dates, nuts, and other ingredients to make healthy energy balls that are perfect for a mid-day snack or a pre-workout boost. Health Benefits of Cocoa Powder It has a range of potential health benefits due to its nutrient content. Here are some of the potential benefits: - Rich in antioxidants: Cocoa powder is high in flavonoids, a type of antioxidant that can help protect your body against damage from free radicals. - May improve heart health: Some studies have found that Cocoa powder may help lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of heart disease. - May boost cognitive function: Cocoa powder contains compounds like caffeine and theobromine that can help improve focus and mental alertness. - May reduce inflammation: The flavonoids in Cocoa powder may help reduce inflammation in the body, which is linked to many chronic diseases. - May improve mood: Cocoa powder contains a compound called phenylethylamine, which can help boost mood and promote feelings of happiness. - May support weight loss: Cocoa powder is low in calories and high in fiber, which can help you feel full and satisfied after eating, potentially reducing your overall calorie intake.

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CC-MAIN-2023-40

https://www.mygerbs.com/blog/category/nutritional-guidance/chocolate-nutritional-guidance/

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en

If you've recently started keeping superworms as pets, you may be wondering how to properly care for them. Superworms, also known as kingworms or zophobas, are popular as feeders for reptiles and other insectivorous pets, but can also make interesting pets in their own right. Here's a care sheet for superworms to help you ensure that your pets are healthy and happy. Superworms should be kept in a plastic or glass container with a tight-fitting lid. The container should be at least 6 inches deep to allow the superworms to burrow. You can use a variety of substrates such as wheat bran, oatmeal, or cornmeal. It's important to keep the substrate dry, as superworms can become sick if they're kept in a damp environment. Provide a hiding spot for your superworms, such as a small cardboard box or a piece of bark. Temperature and Lighting: Superworms should be kept at a temperature between 70-80 degrees Fahrenheit. They do not require additional lighting since they are not photosynthetic. Superworms can be fed a variety of fruits, vegetables, and grains. Apples, carrots, potatoes, and oats are all good options. You can also purchase commercial feed for your superworms. It's also important to make sure they have a source of water. This can be water cubes, fruits, or vegetables. Superworms can be handled, but it's important to be gentle. You can use a spoon or tweezers to pick them up. Avoid holding them by the head, as this can damage their mouthparts. Superworms can also be easily damaged if dropped, so handle them with care. Superworms can be bred in captivity by providing them with a deep substrate and fresh fruits and vegetables. The larvae will pupate and emerge as adult beetles. The beetles will mate and lay eggs, which will hatch into larvae. If you plan to breed superworms, make sure you have a plan for what to do with the excess larvae and beetles. Healthy superworms should be active, with a shiny exoskeleton. They should not have a foul odor, be discolored, or have visible signs of damage. If you notice any of these signs, it may be an indication that your superworms are sick or stressed. In this case, it's important to remove the affected superworms and take steps to address the underlying issue. By following these care tips, you can ensure that your superworms are healthy and happy. Remember to keep their environment clean and dry, provide a variety of foods, and handle them gently. With proper care, superworms can be fascinating pets or nutritious feeders for your other pets. The information provided in this care sheet is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice and guidance, and the reader assumes all risks associated with the use of the information. The author and publisher of this care sheet make no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, as to the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or reliability of the information provided. The author and publisher shall not be held liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, consequential, or punitive damages or other losses that may arise from the use of or reliance on the information in this care sheet. The information in this care sheet is subject to change without notice, and may not be up to date or applicable in all situations. By using the information in this care sheet, the reader acknowledges and agrees to the terms and conditions of this legal disclaimer.

<urn:uuid:af2607ab-0f43-4d43-bc5a-b39348614e33>

CC-MAIN-2023-40

https://buyfeedercrickets.com/blogs/crickets/superworms-care-sheet

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en

Boy Scout founder and “Be Prepared” motto creator Robert Baden-Powell, when once asked “Prepared for what?” replied, “Why for any old thing”. Thank goodness Eagles Scout Troop #542 practiced this motto and had the foresight to help Upper Dublin High School be prepared for the stormwater produced by Hurricane Isaias by designing, sourcing and installing a vegetated swale on their campus. Over a year ago, UDHS rising Senior Griffin Johnson, while studying Environmental Science, conceptualized a vegetated swale project which merged his landscape and environmental interests with his need for an upcoming Eagle Scout project. He proposed the project to his High School Principal, and luckily for Griffin, the school administrators were all on board and the project could move forward. The vegetated swale provides UDHS with a tool to better manage stormwater runoff from the adjacent parking lot and roadway, in a more appealing way. With advancements in landscape design and soil blends, stormwater management systems are both functional and beautiful. The project began as they all should – by understanding the existing soil condition, and how it may need to be adapted to ensure a successful installation. In this case, the soil just needed to be amended with compost to increase the organic matter content and provide a great balance of moisture holding capacity for dryer conditions while also creating a more porous soil structure to allow for drainage during heavy rain events. The plants chosen for this project are native to this area, suitable for both wet and dry conditions, and are pollinator-friendly to help support the local ecosystem. Over 1000 plants and shrubs were installed in the vegetated swale. Boy Scouts, along with their friends and families, worked hard to complete this project. In addition to providing the design and installation labor, Griffin was able to secure over $6000 of plants, materials, mulch and compost donated by garden centers and suppliers in the region. As shown above, the project functioned as designed to trap stormwater in place and provide slow percolation into the soil. Without a stormwater system, water will continue to run, eroding soil and carrying sediment and pollutants into fragile watersheds. This project allows UDHS to be prepared for upcoming rain events, but there was something no one was prepared for, and that was the delays and precautions required due to the pandemic. When the school shut down in March, no one was allowed on campus. Before work could commence, a Covid Plan of safety guidelines mandated by the Boy Scout Counsel and Troop#542 had to be developed and enacted. When asked for his key takeaways, Griffin is thankful for the opportunity to be part of this project. He feels it has helped him become a better leader, enabled him to meet new people, and be able to leave a beneficial lasting mark on Upper Dublin High School. Troop #542 would like to give a big shout out to the companies that donated time and materials for this project:

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CC-MAIN-2023-40

https://laurelvalleysoils.com/how-boy-scout-troop-542-in-marple-glen-pa-helped-upper-dublin-high-school-be-prepared-for-hurricane-isaias/

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en

High-level UN conference debates precious commodity: Land The 15th session of the Conference of Parties (COP15) to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), kicked-off on Monday, in the Ivorian "economic" capital. Against the backdrop of a UNCCD warning that up to 40 per cent of all ice-free land has already degraded, threatening dire consequences for climate, biodiversity, and livelihoods, world leaders are meeting in Abidjan under the theme of “Land, Life. Legacy: From scarcity to prosperity”. “We are faced with a crucial choice,” Deputy Secretary-General Amina Mohammed told the participants. “We can either reap the benefits of land restoration now or continue on the disastrous path that has led us to the triple planetary crisis of climate, biodiversity and pollution”. Land, the lifeline on this planet Every year 12 million hectares of land are lost, according to recent data. “The Global Land Outlook report just issued by the UN Convention to Combat Desertification shows that our current approach to land management is putting half the world’s economic output – $44 trillion USD - at risk”, said Ms. Mohammed. “We must ensure that funds are available for countries that need them, and that those funds are invested in areas that will have a decisive impact and create a more inclusive, sustainable future for all,” she continued, reminding that land restoration connects all of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). With a focus on restoring one billion hectares of degraded land between now and 2030, the conference aims to contribute to future-proofing land against the climate impacts, and tackling escalating disaster risks such as droughts, sand and dust storms, and wildfires. The Deputy Secretary-General said that despite that women spend 200 million hours each day collecting water, and even more tending the land, they still lack access to land rights and finance. “Eliminating those barriers and empowering women and girls as landowners and partners is a game-changer for land restoration, for the 2030 Agenda, and for the African Union’s Agenda 2063”, she said underlining their central role in building a land restoration economy. Also speaking at the Summit, General Assembly President Abdulla Shahid, emphasized the importance of addressing the serious issues affecting the well-being of people and their livelihoods, and of the environment. Restoring degraded land and implementing sustainable land management practices will help:➡️ Sustain better livelihoods➡️ Tackle poverty➡️ Enhance food and water security. My remarks at #UNCCDCOP15 👉 https://t.co/Yvh8skXaTy#LandLifeLegacy #UNited4Land pic.twitter.com/i83ZqZVvLRUN_PGA “Through it, we aim to move closer to...combatting desertification and restoring degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought, and floods,” Mr. Shahid said. Reversing the current trends “is vital for effective action on behalf of climate and biodiversity,” especially to vulnerable communities, the President added. Mother nature deterioration not an option According to the UN, land degradation undermines the well-being of some 3.2 billion people. Unsustainable land use, agriculture and soil management practices are all major drivers of desertification, land degradation and drought. “We are responsible for the bulk of this, considering that human activities directly influence 70 per cent of the world’s land”, Mr. Shahid alerted. Attesting that “we cannot afford the alternative, of letting our relationship with mother nature deteriorate to the point of no return,” Mr. Shahid reiterated the importance of reflecting “upon the truth that a healthy relationship with nature is critical to prevent our exposure to new diseases and potential future pandemics”. Calling all the parties to recommit to land degradation neutrality by 2030, Mr. Shahid said that it is necessary to tackle climate change, conserve and protect biodiversity, and maintain vital ecosystem services for “our shared prosperity and well-being, in the context of a climate responsible world” Africa’s soils and agricultural land Drought, land restoration, and related enablers such as land rights, gender equality and youth empowerment are among the top items on the Conference agenda, which is a pivotal moment in how the African continent will move forward in the face of climate change. The meetings come as many African nations face unprecedent soil and land conservation issues. Drought in Ethiopia – the country’s worst in 40 years – is believed to be worsening the already deteriorating humanitarian situation for around 3.5 million people, more than half the local population. And according to a report released last year by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), up to 65 per cent of Africa’s productive soils and agricultural land are degraded, while desertification affects 45 per cent of the continent’s land overall. Nine African heads of State are expected to attend the meeting to discuss developing drought resilience and future-proofing land use, as well as pathways to land restoration. Call to action The Summit against desertification is a call to action to ensure that land – the lifeline on this planet – will also benefit present and future generations. Over the next ten days, 196 states plus the European Union will be striving for concrete action against the rapid degradation of land, exploring links between land and addressing other key sustainability issues.

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CC-MAIN-2023-40

https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/05/1117832

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en

Protecting Your Four-Legged Friends from Extreme Weather February 13, 2022 TORONTO — As most of Ontario continues to experience extreme cold temperatures, it’s critical to understand the risks that freezing temperatures can have on the health and safety of pets, how to recognize signs of an animal in distress, and who to call if you see a pet in danger. “The extreme cold poses danger for humans and pets alike. In some cases, cold weather can be life-threatening,” said Solicitor General Sylvia Jones. “We strongly urge everyone to take the necessary precautions to keep your pets safe and protected during frigid cold temperatures – by limiting their time outdoors, using a coat when walking and wiping their paws to remove any salt or other chemicals.” While there are some dog breeds that thrive in colder weather, most cats, dogs and other pets left out in the cold are at risk of hypothermia, frostbite on their ears, paws and tails, serious illness or even death. Whenever possible, pets should be kept indoors in extreme weather. If they are kept outside, make sure they have some sort of shelter that’s free from drafts, well-insulated and has sufficient bedding to keep them safe and comfortable. It is important to check on your pet regularly during adverse weather to ensure they are safe. In addition to cold temperatures, it’s important to be aware of other risks and environmental hazards that can be dangerous to pets in the winter. Some tips to keep pets happy and safe this winter include: Keeping toxic chemicals like anti-freeze or windshield-wiper fluid out of a pet’s reach, as it can be lethal Protecting pets from salt used to de-ice roads, because it can irritate paws and be harmful if ingested. Wipe off their feet and stomach when you get home to ensure any salt or other chemicals are removed Never let them walk on frozen bodies of water, as falling through thin or cracked ice can pose life-threatening risks to humans and animals such as hypothermia or drowning When walking your dog, consider giving them a winter coat to help retain body heat, particularly for small dogs, elderly dogs, puppies and short-haired dogs, as they are more vulnerable to cold temperatures Don’t leave your cat or dog alone in a cold car, because this could lead to hypothermia and potential death Feed your pet a bit more during winter months, as it takes extra energy to stay warm If members of the public see an animal in critical distress and are concerned the animal's life is in immediate danger, they should call 911 right away. The Provincial Animal Welfare Services (PAWS) Act came into effect January 1, 2020, making Ontario the first jurisdiction in Canada to implement a full provincial animal welfare enforcement system to enhance animal safety. Ontario’s Animal Welfare Services issued more than 3,000 compliance orders, laid over 330 charges and executed over 120 warrants in 2021 to keep animals safe and healthy. Ontario has the strongest penalties in the country for those who violate animal welfare laws, including causing distress to an animal. Cruelty to any animal is not tolerated in Ontario. If you think any animal is in distress or being abused, call 1-833-9-ANIMAL (264625). Call 911 in an emergency when any life is in immediate danger or critical distress, such as when there is a public safety concern or an animal in a hot or cold vehicle. To learn more about animal welfare in Ontario, visit ontario.ca/animalwelfare.

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CC-MAIN-2023-40

https://www.pettonature.ca/post/keeping-pets-safe-during-cold-winter-months

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en

Happiness is an elusive concept that has been the subject of philosophical, psychological, and spiritual inquiry for centuries. Many people believe that happiness is the ultimate goal of life, and yet, few truly understand what it is and how to attain it. In this article, we will explore the concept of real happiness and examine some of the ways in which people can achieve it in their lives. The Impact Bias The impact bias is a psychological phenomenon that occurs when people overestimate the amount of happiness or pleasure that a future event will bring. For example, people may believe that winning the lottery, getting a promotion, or getting married will bring them immense happiness, but the reality is often quite different. Research has shown that people quickly adapt to new situations and that the initial boost of happiness that comes from a positive event fades over time. As a result, it is important to have realistic expectations about the happiness that a particular event is likely to bring and to not place too much emphasis on it. Numb happiness is a state of mind where people feel satisfied but not truly happy. It is often a result of pursuing external rewards, such as material possessions or social status, rather than internal rewards, such as personal growth and self-discovery. People who experience numb happiness may feel that something is missing in their lives, but they are unable to identify what it is. To achieve real happiness, it is important to focus on internal rewards and to engage in activities that bring a sense of purpose and fulfilment. Enjoy Small and Uncommon Events Research has shown that people tend to be happiest when they are engaged in small, everyday events that are not part of their regular routine. For example, taking a different route to work, trying a new restaurant, or taking a different class at the gym can bring a sense of novelty and excitement that can boost happiness levels. Additionally, focusing on uncommon events, such as the full moon or a rare bird sighting, can also bring a sense of wonder and joy. Gratitude is the practice of focusing on the good things in life and appreciating them. Research has shown that people who are more grateful tend to be happier, healthier, and more satisfied with their lives. To cultivate gratitude, it is helpful to keep a gratitude journal, write letters of gratitude to friends and family, or simply take a moment each day to reflect on what you are grateful for. Mindfulness is the practice of paying attention to the present moment without judgment. It has been shown to have numerous benefits for mental and physical health, including reducing stress, improving mood, and enhancing well-being. To practice mindfulness, it is helpful to engage in meditation, deep breathing, or simply to take a moment each day to focus on the present moment. Engage in Physical Activity Physical activity is one of the most effective ways to boost happiness levels. Research has shown that regular exercise has a positive impact on mood, reduces stress, and improves overall well-being. Engaging in physical activity can also help people build stronger relationships with others, which is a key component of happiness. Pursue Your Passions Pursuing your passions is one of the most effective ways to achieve real happiness. When people engage in activities that they are passionate about, they feel a sense of fulfilment and joy that is hard to replicate in other areas of life. Whether it is gardening, writing, or playing a musical instrument, pursuing your passions is an essential component of a happy life. Connect with others Building meaningful relationships with others is a key component of real happiness. Having a strong social support system can provide a sense of security and fulfilment, and can help to reduce stress and anxiety. Furthermore, helping others can bring a sense of purpose and satisfaction, and can increase one’s sense of well-being. In order to build strong relationships, it is important to be open, honest, and authentic with others, and to make an effort to understand and empathize with their perspectives. Find Meaning and Purpose Having a sense of meaning and purpose in life can be a major source of happiness and fulfilment. This may come from pursuing personal passions and interests, volunteering, or working in a field that aligns with one’s values. Finding meaning and purpose in life can provide a sense of direction and motivation, and can help to create a more fulfilling and satisfying life. Embrace Change and Uncertainty Accepting change and uncertainty can be a challenging, but ultimately rewarding aspect of life. Embracing change can help us to be more resilient, adaptable, and open to new experiences. By letting go of the need for control and accepting that life is inherently uncertain, we can reduce stress and anxiety and find a greater sense of peace and happiness. In conclusion, real happiness is a complex and multifaceted concept that can be achieved through a variety of practices and attitudes. By understanding the impact bias, embracing the small and uncommon events in life, practising gratitude and mindfulness, finding meaning and purpose, and connecting with others, we can create the conditions for a happy and fulfilling life. Real happiness is not about acquiring material wealth or success, but about developing a positive outlook, living in the moment, and finding joy in the small things in life.

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CC-MAIN-2023-40

https://www.seekergk.com/10-principles-for-real-happiness-a-comprehensive-guide/

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en

Tips: While On The River Category : The Downstream Hello everyone! Here are some tips for when you are on your trip. - It is recommended that you leave your PFD on at all times, even when swimming. - Keep your craft under control. Control must be good enough at all times to stop or reach shore. - Know your boating ability. Do not enter a fast current unless you feel sure you can paddle through it. - Respect anglers. Paddle to the shore opposite of their lines and pass by quietly. - When paddling in a group, assign a boat to lead and a sweep boat to paddle in the rear. Both the lead and sweep positions should be held by experienced paddlers. Never get ahead of the lead or behind the sweeper. - Do not paddle in flood conditions. This can cause fluctuations in the current. - Keep and appropriate distance between canoes. No need to risk a crash. - Keep a lookout for hazards and avoid them. - Never dive head first into the water. - Respect private property. Please do not trespass. - It is recommended that you do not paddle alone. Bring your friends!

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CC-MAIN-2023-40

http://villagecanoe.com/thedownstream/tips-while-on-the-river/

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en

Joseph R. Biden Jr., the 46th president of the United States, finds himself facing a significant trade challenge: breaking America’s dependency on China. Over the past few decades, China has become a manufacturing powerhouse, supplying a substantial portion of the world’s goods. However, this reliance on China has posed several economic and national security risks for the United States. Biden’s administration must now develop a comprehensive strategy to reduce this dependency and foster more diverse trade relationships. One of the primary concerns with the heavy reliance on China is the vulnerability it creates for the United States. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the world experienced firsthand the consequences of relying too heavily on one country for critical supplies such as personal protective equipment (PPE) and pharmaceuticals. As the pandemic raged on, many countries, including the United States, faced shortages and struggled to meet the demand for these essential items. This dependence on China for vital goods has also raised significant national security concerns. The integration of Chinese companies into global supply chains has allowed for potential breaches of sensitive information and technologies. Intellectual property theft, forced technology transfers, and cyber espionage are just a few of the issues that arise from such dependencies. By reducing reliance on China, the Biden administration aims to decrease these vulnerabilities and protect American interests. To address this challenge, the Biden administration has proposed a multi-pronged approach. The first step is to enhance domestic manufacturing capabilities. Biden aims to invest heavily in research and development, infrastructure, and renewable energy industries. By rebuilding domestic industries, the administration hopes to create jobs, stimulate economic growth, and reduce reliance on foreign production. Another critical aspect of Biden’s strategy is to forge stronger alliances with like-minded countries. The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), a trade agreement that Obama’s administration negotiated but was abandoned by President Trump, could serve as a blueprint for such alliances. By establishing regional partnerships, the United States can diversify its supply chains and reduce dependence on China for critical goods. Additionally, Biden has pledged to take a tougher stance on unfair trade practices. This includes addressing intellectual property theft, forced technology transfers, and market access barriers that have disadvantaged American businesses. By enforcing existing trade rules and working with international organizations like the World Trade Organization, Biden hopes to create a more level playing field that favors fair competition and protects American interests. However, breaking the China dependency habit will not be without its challenges. China’s vast manufacturing capabilities, coupled with its low labor costs, have made it an attractive option for businesses seeking to minimize costs. Shifting production away from China to other countries can be a complex and costly process. Furthermore, China’s economic retaliation against countries that seek to reduce their dependence on it is a significant concern. The success of Biden’s trade challenge will depend on implementing a comprehensive and coherent strategy that focuses on balancing economic needs with national security concerns. It will require collaboration with domestic industries, international partners, and a thoughtful negotiation strategy with China. Additionally, building domestic manufacturing capabilities and creating incentives for businesses to relocate production outside of China will be vital in achieving independence from China. Reducing America’s dependency on China is not a task that can be accomplished overnight. It will require a long-term commitment and the willingness to weather potential economic disruptions during the transition. However, by diversifying trade relationships and investing in domestic industries, the Biden administration can break the habit of relying heavily on China and foster a more resilient and secure economy for the United States.

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Ankylosing spondylitis is a kind of arthritis that mainly impacts the spine, but could also impact other joints as well. It causes inflammation of your vertebrae or spinal joints, which in turn could cause severe, chronic discomfort and pain. If you suffer from ankylosing spondylitis, you know too well that it could cause stiffness and pain in your joints, particularly in your spine. However, ankylosing spondylitis could also cause muscle stiffness and pain. There several ways that your condition could lead to your muscles becoming difficult to move and sore. Your back muscles might tighten or shorten, which in turn could result in an aching, dull pain. Likewise, stiff joints or those that have reduced range of motion might cause you to adopt certain uncomfortable postures or even change how you sit, stand, move around, or do specific activities, which could strain more muscles. Additionally, muscle spasms usually impact individuals with ankylosing spondylitis. What Exactly are Muscle Spasms? Put simply, muscle spasms are involuntary, spontaneous muscle contractions that could occur in individuals who struggle from most types of arthritis, and could be extremely painful. They could also reduce strength and mobility. Those who struggle with ankylosing spondylitis usually feel muscle spasms particularly in their lower back, typically when they’re experiencing a flare or during a time when they feel worsening symptoms. According to a well-known chiropractor in Chandler, AZ, the pain brought about by muscle spasms could be intensely sharp, and individuals who experience them describe it as their muscles moving on their own accord and beyond their control. How Do You Alleviate Muscle Spasms? The Spondylitis Association of America recommends massaging and gently stretching the affect area and keeping it stretched out until you feel the pain or spasm pass. Application of heat or cold to the affected muscle could likewise help. A warm shower or bath could also soothe spasming and sore muscles. Some complementary treatments such as massage therapy, chiropractic care, and acupuncture might also help. To reduce muscle spasms and tension, you could also try relaxation techniques such as yoga, deep breathing, and meditation among others. If you feel you must take medication for your symptoms, muscle relaxants and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs might help to ease nighttime cramps, but speak with your doctor first before taking any medicines. Could You Prevent Muscle Spasms? While it’s hard to completely prevent muscle spasms, especially if you have ankylosing spondylitis, you could decrease your risk of experiencing them by ensuring that you are always hydrated because fluids would help your muscles relax and contract. You should also work with an experienced pain specialist to create an exercise program that involves extension stretches and stretches. Extension exercises would help increase your lumbar curve’s flexibility, while proper stretching could improve mobility and ease tight muscles. Pelvis tilts and working out with resistance bands might also help improve your range of motion and strength. If after doing the recommended preventive treatments you still experience muscle spasms, work with your doctor to find out why so that you could find a more suitable treatment strategy.

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Apologeet.nlNot a Virus, but a Weakened Immune System, is the Greatest Threat to Public Health Several scientific studies have now shown that immunity after a natural infection gives a better protection than immunity after Covid-19-vaccination. Natural immunity may well be necessary to build up full protection in the population, writes immunologist dr. Carla Peeters.a By now, the vulnerable and at-risk groups in most western countries have been vaccinated with one of the four ‘Under Emergency Admission’ (EUA) licensed Covid-19 vaccines. Remarkably, in the countries with the highest vaccination coverage (Israel1, Iceland2 and England3) high numbers of positive tests (also called ‘infections’,4) are detected. It also appears, contrary to expectations, that people, who have been vaccinated twice, can be tested positive, can carry a high viral load. The can also possibly transmit the virus5 and end up in hospital6 themselves. The Israeli doctor Kobi Havi indicates on Channel 13 News that 85 to 90 % of seriously ill people in hospital are fully vaccinated. The effectiveness of vaccinations appears to be declining or disappearing. The ‘one size fits all’ approach can become a dead-end when the current one-sided strategy on one virus is anxiously continued. In England, several immunologists are speaking out about the danger of a weakened immune system in the population, increasing the risk of infections and chronic diseases7. As a result of the lockdowns and the measures—such as keeping one and a half metre8 and the wearing of masks9—the immune system may have become less effective than before the pandemic. Children and adults have had less contact with other viruses and bacteria, so the immune system is less challenged and therefore less trained. In addition, factors such as altered diet and lifestyle, exposure to toxic substances through the frequent use of disinfectants and masks, and the increase in stress, play an important role. The use of medication has also increased during the corona pandemic. In the Netherlands, the CBS reports that the mental health is the lowest since the last 20 years during the first quarter of 2021. Nivel reports10 that the use of psychopharmaceuticals among young people, aged 15 to 24, increased in the first quarter in 2021. This was previously seen in England and the United States. From the psychoneuro-immunology it is known that, mental health plays an important role in a correct functioning immune system. The long duration of the measures can weaken the innate and adaptive immune system. (See box at the bottom of this page for explanation). Well-functioning immune system crucial for health The ability of the total immune system to function effectively and efficiently is crucial when the body is confronted with foreign substances, pathogens or, for example, cancer cells. It is equally important for a successful responds with a good immunity (protection) after vaccination. Studies on the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine have already shown that older people cannot always respond effectively11 on the influenza vaccine. There is often an ageing immune system in older people. This is referred to as immunosenescence. This can result in that, despite vaccination, no good protection can be generated. A study, conducted in Norway, among one hundred deceased, frail, elderly shortly after a Covid-19 vaccination12 shows that the vaccine probably played a role in ten of the deceased and possibly in 26. In addition to old people, people with chronic diseases such as rheumatism, MS or those who had an organ transplantation may have a weakened immunity. A significant proportion of the people with chronic diseases, who participated in a Dutch research, turned out not to be able13, 14 to initiate a good antibody-response after two vaccinations, with one of the four Covid-19 vaccines. In the meantime a start has been made to offer this group a third vaccination. The results of this are not yet known. Because the immune system in this group does not function optimally and the same vaccine is used for this third injection, no great improvements are to be expected. The EMA and ECDC consider a third booster for healthy groups not to be urgently needed15. A vaccination is not the same as good protection Vaccination does not lead to good protection in every person. The majority of people who are currently vaccinated do not know whether they have built up antibodies and/or T-cell immunity This is not measured. It is also possible that a good immunity has already been built up without vaccination due to infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or an earlier infection (with a different Corona virus) that may or may not (asymptomatic) have been noticed16. A study, published in Nature, showed that, seventeen years after a natural infection with the SARS-CoV-1 virus, protective T-cell cross-reactivity for the SARS-CoV-2 virus could be demonstrated17. Fifteen scientific studies have now shown that immunity following natural infection gives a better protection18 than immunity after Covid-19-vaccination. An Israeli study showed a 27x less chance of reinfection and eight times less chance19 on hospitalisation compared to a vaccination. Another recently published study20 also showed better immunity after natural infection. This may have to do with the fact that a natural infection trickers a broader immune response against a larger variety of viral coated proteins. A reduction in the efficacy of the innate and adaptive immune systems (see box) may also occur after an injection with one of the mRNA vaccines, which in turn leads to an increased risk of a more severe course of subsequent infections, as shown by a not yet peer-reviewed publication21 to which Dutch scientists also contributed. Even before the Covid-19 vaccines were on the market, there was talk of a possible danger from Antibody Dependent Enhancement, a well-known phenomenon that was observed during the development of previous corona vaccines. This means that the body makes antibodies but is unable to neutralise the virus, whereby binding to the antibodies present in the cell, making it easier for the virus to replicate more easily. This is considered by various scientists as a possible explanation22 of the reinfections observed after vaccination. Research by the Mayo Clinic and Boston University shows that the efficacy decreased six months after the second injection with the Pfizer vaccine23 from 76% to 42% and with Moderna from 86% to 76%. Although politicians around the world are talking about a third injection24 with the same vaccine, scientists in Iceland, England and the USA are reluctant to do so. Natural immunity may be needed to build up full protection in the population. The virus is now endemic and has a survival rate for people under 69 years of age25 99.410 % and in young people under 19 years of age more than 99,997 %. Moreover, there are no published scientific studies to show that a third vaccination actually adds value. Because of a shortage of vaccines, the WHO wants vaccines, released under the EUA, be made available for countries where hardly any vaccinations have been carried out so far The antibodies induced by the vaccines appear to decrease after six months26. The fact that antibodies are not measurable does not always mean that people are no longer immune. It seems that after a natural infection, even though antibodies cannot be measured in the blood, antibody-producing B cells can still be detected in the bone marrow, which indicates the possibility of a rapid response reaction27 after reinfection. A survey among healthcare workers at the Cleveland clinic showed that vaccinating people who have already gone through a natural infection is nonsensical28. Impending tsunami of hospital admissions is preventable Some English immunologists have explained that the large increase in hospital admissions with RSV infections (common cold virus) in children in South Wales and Wales and Australia may be a result of lockdowns that have suppressed the normal function of the immune system. An increase of the RSV virus in children29 and people with fungus in their lungs in the ICU was reported in the Netherlands and Belgium30. These are infections that occur rarely and only in people with very weak immune systems. As the pressure increases through lockdowns, measures and large-scale vaccinations targeting a protein of the virus, the more likely it is that mutations will occur in the virus that could make it more dangerous for vulnerable groups. The immunity induced by the vaccine does not appear to be sufficiently effective to stop the mutant virus (Delta variant) in all people. According to various experts, it is much better, now that a large part of society has already been vaccinated, like Denmark and Iceland, to lift all measures and let the virus wander. This would simultaneously build up natural immunity and strengthen the immune system. Vaccination-mandates with an experimental vaccine and accompanying passports cannot provide the broad protection for a strong immune system that is also effective against other viruses. Moreover, the knowledge about resilience of a natural immunity after an infection and/or through cross-reactivity with other (corona) viruses is undermined by a vaccination passport, certainly because it is now known from studies that have already shown that the risk of reinfection in vaccinated persons is greater. A focus on vaccinations with (in)direct obligations creates an unjustified and not scientifically account for the division in society. Above all, with the already shortage of healthcare staff, continuing along the same path is an invitation to an all-destroying tsunami. Not only by Covid-19, much more likely by other pathogens caused serious infections and sharp increase in cancer, cardiovascular disease and depression. The immune system is in fact also involved in the prevention of chronic diseases. The government would do well to provide, at least children, the elderly, vulnerable groups of people on welfare, immigrants, and health care workers with a basic amount of vitamin D, which many scientific studies have shown that it strengthens the innate and adaptive immunity31. In this way, unnecessary illnesses and hospitalisations due to vitamin D deficiencies in healthcare can be prevented and better protection from infections or from vaccinations can be realised. It is always better to achieve a goal via multiple ways32. This article comes from: (https://www.hpdetijd.nl) dr. Carla Peeters (https://www.hpdetijd.nl/auteurs/dr-carla-peeters/) Translated by Jurgen Hofmann, 21-09-2021

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Northrop Grumman Corporation’s delivery of the fully integrated Optical Telescope Element (OTE) for NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope marks another major milestone toward the October 2018 launch of the largest telescope ever built for space. Northrop Grumman delivered the OTE in March to NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. Northrop Grumman is under contract to Goddard and leads the industry team that designs and develops the Webb Telescope, its sunshield and spacecraft. Northrop Grumman has completed the integration, testing and delivery of the telescope. The Webb telescope’s 18 hexagonal gold coated beryllium mirrors are supported by the telescope structure. The OTE hardware is made of the most precise graphite composite material system ever created, and contributes to the Webb Telescope’s ability to provide an unprecedented exploratory view into the formation of the first stars and galaxies formed over 13.5 billion years ago. The precision manufacturing and integration of the 21.5-foot/6.5-meter telescope structure allow it to withstand the pressure and weight of the launch loads when stowed inside the 15-foot/4.6-meter-diameter fairing of the Ariane 5 rocket. The cutting-edge design and transformer like capabilities of the telescope structure allow it to fold-up and fit inside the launch vehicle, and then deploy once the Webb telescope reaches its ultimate destination, one million miles away from earth. Furthermore, throughout travel and deployment, the telescope simultaneously maintains its dimensional stability while also operating at cryogenic or extremely cold temperatures, approximately 400 degrees below zero Fahrenheit/240 degrees below zero Celsius. The telescope is the world’s first deployable structure of this size and dimensional stability ever designed and built. «The significant milestone of completing and delivering the OTE to NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, marks the completion of the telescope, and attests to the commitment of our hardworking team», said Scott Texter, telescope manager, Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems. «The telescope structure is one of the four main elements of this revolutionary observatory. The other elements include: the spacecraft, sunshield and the Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM), the latter of which is also complete. All of the elements require a collaborative team effort. We are all committed to the cause and excited about the upcoming phases of development as we prepare for launch in October 2018». The next step in the progress of the telescope structure includes its integration with the ISIM to combine the OTE and ISIM, referred to as the OTIS. The OTIS will undergo vibration and acoustic testing by the end of this year, and then travel to NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston, to undergo optical testing at vacuum and operational cryogenic temperatures, around 40 kelvin/233 degrees below zero Celsius. The OTIS will be delivered to Northrop Grumman’s Space Park facility in Redondo Beach, towards the end of 2017, where it will be integrated with the sunshield and spacecraft. The James Webb Space Telescope is the world’s next-generation space observatory and successor to the Hubble Space Telescope. The most powerful space telescope ever built, the Webb Telescope will observe the most distant objects in the universe, provide images of the first galaxies formed and see unexplored planets around distant stars. The Webb Telescope is a joint project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency.

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“Because of Cubbie’s support for our troops, we no longer serve French fries. We now serve freedom fries.” (Sign placed in the window of Cubbie’s restaurant in Beaufort, North Carolina, 2002.) For most English speakers, the French language—and even the word French itself—has always been associated with elegance and graceful living. Being able to pepper conversations with French says a lot about how cultured, educated, and sophisticated you are. Whether you’re talking about fashion (haute couture), food (nouvelle cuisine), literature (roman à clef), theater (entr’acte), art (trompe l’œil), or politics (coup d’État), French loanwords are everywhere. But this French polish hides a completely different reality that the Iraq war brought to light some fifteen years ago in the U.S. A third-rate nation? U.S. congressman Pete King once said that he and his fellow citizens had “the feeling that we’ve been a public punching bag for too long by a third-rate nation like France and the only question is what we should do about it.” Mr. King said aloud what some of his fellow citizens must have been thinking deep down, if the chain reaction to France’s refusing to get involved in the Iraq war is anything to go by. Bob Ney, the then-congressman from Ohio, ordered the word “French” stricken from all menus on Capitol Hill. In West Palm Beach, Florida, the owner of a bar poured all his French wine out onto the street and announced he would only serve wine “from countries that support U.S. foreign policy.” Boycotts were organized, barriers were built, debates grew heated. Yet chastising the French has been an actual part of the English language for centuries! Let’s take a look: When you think French, think suspicious Describing something as “French” in English often denotes something suspicious or questionable. The entry for the word French in the Oxford English Dictionary specifies that the adjective is used “in various venereal disease names”: French pox (syphilis) in 1503, French marbles (syphilitic testicles) in 1592, French mole (skin rash) in 1607, French measles (roseola) in 1612, amorous French aches (lovesickness) in 1664, French goods (venereal disease in general) in 1678, French complement in 1688, and French gout in 1700. Condoms have been called French letters or French caps. For many years, French crown was used to describe bald spots caused by syphilis, to be frenchified meant to contract a venereal disease, and French sores were the physical markers of the disease. And who hasn’t heard of French kissing, an activity that all dignified young English ladies should avoid at all costs! In response to Peter King’s remarks, a journalist for the Canadian newspaper National Post joked—at least we hope it was a joke—that Americans should switch French kissing for liberty licking instead! At one time, people used the term French postcards to describe pornographic images. An English woman who lived with a French man was described as French by injection. And even today, when we swear, we excuse ourselves by saying pardon my French. When the French duck out… The expression to take French leave also leaves a less-than-flattering impression. It is said to derive from the French custom of leaving a function without saying goodbye to the host. The expression gained currency after the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763), which saw New France fall into English hands, when it was frequently used to describe a soldier who deserted his regiment. …the English get jealous These insults aside, it’s undeniable that English speakers view French as the language of love. Their tendency to associate the word French with sexual activities is just one example. Howard Richler, a former columnist at the Montreal Gazette, gives a more positive example with this romantic dialogue from the Woody Allen film Bananas: - Woody Allen: I love you, I love you. - Louise Lasser: Oh, say it in French! Oh, please, say it in French! - Woody: I don’t know French. - Louise: Oh, please… please! - Woody: What about Hebrew? - Louise [disappointed]: Oh. When you think French, think luxury Even if there were many calls at the time to boycott French products in the U.S., French was still synonymous with luxury and sophistication: French cuisine, French cuff, French window, French heel, French horn. Or products like fine wine, fine cheese, truffles, perfume, haute couture, and all the many other treasures that hail from the land of baguettes and berets. New York University scholar Tony Judt, who has written extensively on French culture, posits that for Americans, “France stands for everything they like about Europe and feel insecure about.” Anglophones have always had a quintessential love-hate relationship with France and French people. The singer and American expat Josephine Baker summed it up nicely when she said, “I like Frenchmen very much, because even when they insult you they do it so nicely.” But don’t be fooled—the French know how to defend themselves and can give as good as they get. French letters are referred to as capotes anglaises (English caps) in French. Avoir ses anglais (the English are visiting) is a slang way to say you have your period. And if a guest dares leave a party without saying goodbye to the host, the French don’t hesitate to say that il a filé à l’anglaise (he beat an English retreat)!

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Civic Literacy Curriculum This curriculum guide is intended to cover questions 21, 27 and 28. Q21: How many U.S. Senators are there? Q27: How many senators does each state have? A. One (1) B. Two (2) C. Four (4) D. The number is different based on the population of the state Q28: Why does each state have two senators? A. To ensure each state in a federal republic has equal representation B. Because it is convenient to calculate 2/3 votes with 100 Senators C. Because that was a deal made to help the end of the Civil War D. Because each state had two senators under the Articles of Confederation The United States Senate’s two most distinctive features are its equal representation for all states and its small size. Each state gets two senators, which means we currently have 100 senators. Compared to the House, the Senate has a different size, modes of appointment, qualifications, and terms of office. The structural differences between the Senate and House are due to the fact that the two bodies represent different constituencies and are intended to serve different purposes. The “two per state” rule came from the Great Compromise of 1787, where the framers agreed to create two houses, with equal representation for each state in the upper house: the Senate. This reinforced a federalist system of government, in which constituent states join together for specified purposes while protecting the people’s liberty by limiting federal power and promoting local government. Senators would represent the interests and liberties of their states. It also ensured that especially large states could not dominate small ones. Indeed, so central is the connection of senators to the states that under the original Constitution, state legislators, not citizens, chose senators; this process changed in 1913, with ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment. But representing the states is not the only purpose of the Senate. As Federalist No. 62 and No. 63 explain, the Senate was specifically designed to promote the knowledge that senators need, stability, good governmental relations with other nations, responsibility for the nation's long-term interests, and an ability to resist popular passions when those passions are misguided. (This is why senators serve relatively long six-year terms). Having only 100 senators also ensures that the Senate remains small enough for robust discussion to take place—the Senate has historically been described as the world’s greatest deliberative body. Initially, of course, the Senate was far smaller; all senators could probably have fit into your classroom at one time. One of the hallmarks of a republican form of government is communicating to and about one’s elected officials, including one’s senators. One example of that freedom of speech is found on the editorial pages of newspapers and on the internet, but the tradition has older variants too, such as political cartoons even before the Founding. This activity will give students a chance to offer their opinion of the Senate, envisioning themselves as citizens observing the new Senate. - Provide each group with Share Your Opinion. - Print out copies of the meme images. - Provide each group with an 8x10 piece of blank paper for the editorial cartoon. - If desired, provide construction paper for the students to cut out and paste the meme images to. The Teaching Materials for this exercise includes a rubric. - Divide the class into groups of 3-4 based on the students’ individual levels. Group A is the group that needs some extra support. Group B is the core group that has the core knowledge to complete the activity. Group C is the enrichment group who have mastered the material and are prepared to extend their knowledge. Ideally, each group of 3 should have at least one student from Group A, one from Group B, and one from Group C. - Provide students with the first handout, Share Your Opinion. - Talk about editorial cartoons and freedom of speech. - Briefly explain that the First Amendment allows free speech, which means that we have the right to share our opinions about the government, regardless of what those opinions are. - Editorial cartoons are typically political cartoons that share an opinion about the government (though they do not have to be political 100% of the time). - Talk about memes and how they are a part of popular culture. - Memes are pictures that have silly or sarcastic sentences paired with them. They are easy to find on the internet, and it is likely that the students have seen them -- even if they did not know that they were called “memes.” - Briefly explain that memes are also protected under the First Amendment. - Explain that they are to imagine that it is March 4, 1789, and the newly formed senate is meeting for the first time today. They will create one editorial cartoon and one meme. Both will focus on this new legislative body and both should comment on a single aspect of it (there are suggestions on the handout). - If you are using the provided meme images, hand them out now. You can provide each group with one of your choice or allow them to choose on their own. - Make sure that you have extra copies, just in case. To avoid the need for extra copies, have the students mount the memes on construction paper and then write the caption below the picture. - The meme images provided are only suggestions. If you wish, add to them, completely replace them, or have the students draw their own. 7. Circulate throughout the room as the students work, offering help as necessary. Below are two discussion prompts that can be used by teachers in a classroom setting. - The first discussion prompt will be one that is designed to support students that are not really understanding the content in a way that would help them to answer the test question. - The second discussion prompt will be one that is designed to further student understanding of the content by making real-world connections, including connections to current events, and historical events. The January 1884 editor of Harper’s New Monthly Magazine shared a (supposed) conversation between Washington and Jefferson in which Jefferson questioned the need for the Senate. “We pour our legislation into the senatorial saucer to cool it,” said Washington. In short, the Senate gives ideas a chance to cool, preventing emotions and short-term interests from taking over and making sure that legislation is well-considered. The idea behind the Senate is to balance out the House of Representatives and help protect the rights of both the states and the people. This is accomplished, in part, by making sure that the number of senators per state remains fixed. How many senators does each state have? Why do you think that the Founding Fathers agreed upon this number? The Founding Fathers wanted to create a balanced government, one that balanced both short-term and long-term perspectives, as well as both the federalist and nationalist parts of the constitutional structure. As part of that plan, they gave every state equal representation in the Senate, but varied representation in the House. How does having equal representation protect the liberty of the people? Why might protecting the rights of smaller states protect the liberty of the people?

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Wether you are a fashion industry veteran or an aspiring designer with ideas on paper, the clothing manufacturing process can be overwhelming. To help you understand how your garment moves from the designing stage to production, we have prepared a Complete Custom Clothing Manufacturing Guide! What is clothing manufacturing ? Clothing Manufacturing includes numerous operations necessary to make a garment. It includes processes like cutting, sewing and finishing. The whole manufacturing process breaks down into a number of sub-operations needed for constructing a particular garment. Some of these operations vary depending on the type of equipment available, work methods used and workers’ skills. How clothing manufacturing business works? Clothing manufacturing is a complex process that includes multiple steps. We defined the five most important stages: Clothing manufacturing consists on the following steps: - Pre-production. Including materials sourcing, pattern making, and sampling. - Production planning. The planning team foresees the production and makes sure all activities are completed on time. - Cutting process. Using the guidelines provided by the designer, the factory cuts the fabric for sewing. Modern garment manufacturers use laser-cutting technology to prevent wastage. - Manufacturing and quality control. Once the production is complete the factory will perform quality the quality check. The customer has a right to return items if they don’t meet the expected standards and quality. - Delivery. After the garments pass the quality control, the rest of the production order will be delivered to the customer. Pre-production planning in clothing manufacturing The pre-production planning is done prior to the bulk garment production. That includes samples development and approvals, sourcing and testing raw materials, garment costing, pattern making, and production planning. Efficient production can’t be reached without the pre-production planning. Fashion designers attempt to design clothes that are functional as well as aesthetically pleasing. They consider who is likely to wear a garment and the situations in which it will be worn. Garment design is a blending off all the design elements including color, texture, space, lines, pattern, silhouette, shape, proportion, balance, emphasis or focal point, rhythm and harmony. Each of these contributes towards the visual perception of the garment: The first step in fashion figure drawing is to create a fashion croquis. A croquis is a quick sketch outlining the proportion of the fashion figure. A croquis is almost like a paper doll – it is template and can be placed under a piece of paper for drawing garments. Tech-pack, also known as a specification sheet, is a set of documents created by designers to explain their design to a manufacturer so that they can turn this information into a finished garment. It serves as a blueprint of a final garment that includes information like detailed flat sketches of the design, materials to used like trims and labels, measurements specs, size-gradings, colourways, etc. Essentially, it is a tool used by designers and manufacturers to communicate. The quality of a finished product completely depends on the quality of this communication. Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is the use of computer technology for the process of design development/collection development. CAD reduces the requirement of manual sketching which is very crucial for fashion sketches, flat drawing, pattern making development, manual maker planning and many other fashion designing related aspects. Computer-aided design helps cut down the time factor and helps to reduce the possibility of error to the bare minimum for aspirinf fashion designers. How designers and clothing manufacturers collaborate on clothing lines? Collaboration between designers and manufacturers is the foundation of the apparel business. The first time you communicate with each other you need to have clear expectations of what result you want and how each side will operate together. The process of collaboration between designer and fashion manufacturer can be broken down into three stages: - Product development. At this stage, the designer creates a business plan, visualizes an idea, and develops a Tech Pack. - Pre-production. This stage includes finding a manufacturer to work with, making a production agreement, and creating a sample. - Manufacturing. Managing the production process includes precise planning of the on-time shipments, effective use of labor, and overseeing the needed supplies and equipment for each order. Once the designs are ready, the next step is to identify reliable suppliers that can cater to requirements. One may choose to work with a single end-to-end manufacturer or source materials individually from different suppliers. First, the right fabric suppliers are identified. The following fabrics are commonly offered in different structures, compositions and weights: - Cotton: cotton voile, cotton cambric, cotton poplin, cotton twill, cotton satin, cotton crepe, cotton double cloth, cotton canvas, cotton dobby, cotton denim, cotton lycra denim, cotton silk, cotton viscose - Viscose: viscose crepe, viscose dobby, viscose crepe dobby, viscose satin, viscose georgette - Modal: modal twill, modal satin, modal dobby, modal crepe, modal crepe dobby - Handspun, handwoven - Tencel twill, tencel denim - Baby cord, corduroy - Silk, and more. A dyeing process is an interaction between a dye and a fibre, as well as the movement of dye into the internal part of the fibre. Generally, a dyeing process involves absorption (transfer of dyes from the aqueous solution onto the fibre surface) and diffusion (dyes diffused into the fibers). In addition to direct absorption, dyeing may also involve the precipitation of dyes inside the fibre (vat dyes). In order to achieve the required dyeing or printing quality, all factors that may influence the dyeing or printing process must be precisely controlled. As a policy, our company promotes azo-free and vegetable dyes as they are natural and eco-friendly. Material components that are added to the garment, other than the fabric are called fabric trims or garment accessories. These may include threads, buttons, lining, beads, zippers, motifs, patches etc. They add a style quotient to the overall look of the wearer. Labels on your garment may be of the following types: - Brand or main label: Main labels indicate a brand name or brand logo of the company. A brand label is associated with the product quality, durability and feel-good factor. - Size label: A size label defines a specific set of measurements of the human body. Sizes labels may be printed as a letter to denote a specific size. - Care label: This label includes wash care and ironing instructions. The purpose of care labels is to inform what to do during washing, drying and ironing to maintain colour, protect printed designs, avoid after wash shrinkage and colour bleeding issues. - Flag label: A small label attached at the outside side seam. Flag labels are normally made of brand logos and are primarily used as design features. Samples are provided at different stages of the production development process. A proto-samble is made to check the design and style of the garment. As this is the first sample, the actual fabric and trims are usually not available. Hence substitute fabrics and trims are used. The main purpose of the fit sample is to check the fit and construction of the garment. The fit sample is made with actual measurements based on the original product and specification sheets given by the buyer. Pre-production/ Gold seal sample This is the final sample after approval of which the production activity begins. The original fabric along with all original trims and embroidery or print (if any) will be used in the sample. The factory will start bulk production only after the PP sample is approved. Some garments are picked form the final shipment lot and are sent to the buyer as the shipment sample. The purpose of sending shipment samples is to assure buyers that quality is maintained throughout the end of production. Manufacturing and quality control Once the design is approved and the tech pack is complete, the brand is ready to start the production order. At this stage, designers have to make decisions about quantities, size, and color breakdowns. This is in addition to getting a quote and estimated shipping date for their order. Before starting production the fabric needs to be checked thoroughly for any flaws, weaves or dye defects, color fastness, shrinkage, lot variation and appropriate corrective measures need to be taken before cutting the fabric. Spreading, Form Layout and Cutting After checking, the fabric is transferred to the spreading and cutting area of the garment manufacturing facility. The fabric is laid out on tables either manually or using a computer-controlled system in preparation for the cutting process. The fabric is spread to: - allow operators to identify fabric defects; - control the tension and slack of the fabric during cutting; and - ensure each ply is accurately aligned on top of the others. The number of plies in each spread is dependent on the fabric type, spreading method, cutting equipment, and size of the garment order. Next, garment forms – or patterns – are laid out on top of the spread, either manually or programmed into an automated cutting system. Lastly, the fabric is cut to the shape of the garment forms using either manually operated cutting equipment or a computerized cutting system. Embroidery, Screen printing, and Embellishments Embroidery, screen printing and embellishments are processes that occur only if directly specified by the customer, therefore, these processes are commonly subcontracted to off-site facilities. Embroidery is performed using automated equipment, often with many machines concurrently embroidering the same patterns on multiple garments. Each production line may include between 10 and 20 embroidery stations. Customers may request embroidery to put logos or other embellishments on garments. Screen printing is the process of applying paint-based graphics to fabric using presses and textile dryers. Specially, screen printing involves sweeping a rubber blade across a porous screen, transferring ink through a stencil and onto the fabric. The screen-printed pieces of fabric are then dried to set the ink. This process may have varying levels of automation or may largely be completed at manually operated stations. Like embroidery, screen printing is wholly determined by the customer and may be requested to put logos or other graphics on garment or to print brand and size information in place of affixing tags. Stitching or sewing is done after the cut pieces are bundled according to size, color, and quantities determined by the sewing room. Garments are sew in an assembly line, with the garment becoming complete as it progresses down the sewing line. Sewing machine operators receive a bundle of cut fabric and repeatedly sew the same portion of the garment, passing that completed portion to the next operator. For example, the first operator may sew the collar to the body of the garment and the next operator may sew a sleeve to the body. Quality assurance is performed at the end of the sewing line to ensure that the garment has been properly assemble and that no manufacturing defects exist. When needed, the garment will be reworked or mended at designated sewing stations. This labour-intensive process progressively transforms pieces of fabric into designer garments. - The central process in the manufacture of clothing is the joining together of components. - Stitching is done as per the specification is given by the buyer. - High power single needle or computerized sewing machines are used to complete the sewing operation. Fusing machines for fusing collar components, button, and buttonhole, sewing machines for sewing button and buttonholes are specifically employed. Third-party inspection has become a key part of many garments importers’ supply chains. With an inspection team on the ground, you can see exactly how your products look without needing to personally visit the factory to check. Let’s look at the seven steps to garment inspection you should always ensure your QC staff follow. Measuring garment dimensions The most important function of any piece of clothing is that fits the end consumer as intended. Every garment importer can attest that consumers will often return a garment if it doesn’t fit as expected. Ill-fitting garments don’t just create entra costs for you in the form of unsellable products. They can also create long-term problems as once-loyal consumers disavow your brand and turn to a competitor with better quality control. Checking function of closures, buttons and other accessories Most garments aren’t simply a few pieces of fabric stitched together. Rather, they also include functional and stylistic accessories like buttons, snaps, zippers, ribbons and elastic bands. A broken closure on a garment usually renders the clothing item unwearable and, therefore, unsellable. Most consumers find poor quality closures to be a nuisance and frustrating to repair. Poor quality or attachment of these accessories can lead to negative customer reviews and can even cause bodily harm to consumers. Garments inspection should include on-site function checks of closures to test the durability and ensure they’re securely attached to the garment. Common tests include: - Pull test: Pull at the accessory with a pull gauge for 10 seconds to confirm it stays securely attached to the garment. - Fatigue test: Use the accessory as intended for 50 cycles (e.g. button and unbutton 50 times) in quick succession and confirm it’s still functional and the garment is undamaged after testing. - Stretch test: Stretch elastic bands and straps for proper elasticity and check for any breakage in elastic fibres or stitching. Quality Control generally conduct pull tests and fatigue tests on two pieces of each style of garment. It’s normally unnecessary to carry out these tests on every piece in the sample during inspection because the processes used in attaching accessories to garments tend to be consistent throughout a shipment. But the quality of elastic materials used in the production of some garment s can vary between pieces. So inspectors usually perform a stretch test on the full sample size when relevant. Testing fabric for conformance to quality standards For some product, such as promotional goods, the quality of input materials might. To drastically impact salability. But fabric quality is a major determinant of the quality and salability of the finished product when manufacturing garments. Product testing of your garments, both on-site and in a qualified laboratory, provides assurance that your product meets your quality standards. Fabric GSM check Grams per square meter (GSM) is a measurement of fabric density applied to garments and raw textiles. Almost anyone can perform a GSM check with little training and equipment needed. During inspection, QC staff use a GSM cutter to cut a circular piece of fabric from a sample and then weigh it using an electric balance. They then compare the measured GSM to the costumer’s specifications. Garments typically have a somewhat low GSM if they are intended to be light and comfortable for the wearer. Other times, the GSM found during testing can be significantly lower than agreed upon. And this would be a “red flag” showing that your supplier might have used a lower quality fabric than you specified. The consequence to consumers could be that the garment doesn’t stand up to regular wearing and washing. Stitches per inch (SPI) check A check for stitches per ink (SPI) involves the Quality Control inspector simply counting the number of stitches in one inch of a selected area of the garment. An SPI check is easy to conduct, as it only requires a tape measure and adequate lighting. Checking SPI on two pieces of each style in a shipment is normally adequate. While an SPI check is relatively nontechnical and easy to perform, that doesn’t make it any less important than other testing. Stitch density is an important determinant of a garment’s quality and durability. Garments with a higher SPI are less likely to fall apart with regular use and tend to last longer than those with lower SPI. Material Composition Check Some obvious differences in fabric composition can be detected by hand feeling alone during a garment inspection. But most garment importers require material composition testing but a qualified lab that’s outfitted with proper equipment and controls. Material composition should reflect the breakdown of fibre types listed on the product label. Fabric composition that doesn’t match what’s printed on the labelling can cause financial and legal trouble that can irreversibly damage your brand. Report on quality defects and severity Visual inspection for quality defects is a critical step to any professional quality control inspection for garments. Like those found in other types of products, different quality defects found in garments often differ in severity. Some defects may be easily overlooked by customers, while others are likely to result in product returns. Some common defects garment importers might face include: - An untrimmed thread - Shading variance between different pieces of the same style or different parts of the same piece. - A loose needle left in the garment. Packaging can be described as a coordinated system of preparing goods for transport, warehousing, logistic and sale. After final inspection and garments folding, the garments are poly-packed dozen-wise, color wise, size ratio wise, bundle and packed in the carton. Cartons are then marked with important information which can be seen from outside the carton. If you are building a sustainable business, it is advisable to get in touch with packaging suppliers that offer natural and biodegradable alternatives to traditional polyethylene packets. Apparel packaging sequence - After folding, garments are packed in polyethylene packets. - During packing, the position of the sticker and other labels should be confirmed. - After polyethylene packing, garments are kept in the sorting rack according to size and color. - Then garments are placed in an inner box from the sorting rack according to size and color. - Packing in an inner box according to the work order is called “assortment”. - The packaging that is done by the fixed number of inner boxes in the carton is called cartooning. - Thereafter the cartons are sealed. - Cartons bear some information on them eg- carton box number, carton box size, shipping mark, destination etc. Verifying proper packaging and labelling Verifying proper packaging and labelling of garments is an essential part of most final inspections. Proper packaging ensures your garments arrive at their final destination in the same condition they left your supplier’s facility. Some buyers might have specific packaging instructions and its the duty of the Quality Control team to ensure those are adhered to. Aside from inspecting packaging, your Quality Control team should also check the labelling of garments to ensure compliance with legal requirements. Delivery of goods can be arranged in the following manners: Free on board (FOB) is the most commonly used shipping agreement in garment exports. As the name indicates, the seller holds the responsibility of goods until it is loaded onboard the ship/aircraft nominated by the buyer. Responsibility shifts to the buyer once the cargo is on board the ship/aircraft. Cost, Insurance and Freight (CIF) is a shipping agreement under which the seller is responsible for the cost of the goods in transit, providing insurance with the buyer’s name as the beneficiary. Risk passes to the buyer as soon as the cargo is on board the ship/aircraft. The biggest difference between FOB (Free on Board) and CIF (Cost, Insurance, and Freight) agreements is the point at which responsibility and liability of goods transfer from seller to buyer. Each agreement has particular advantages and drawbacks for both parties. With FOB shipment, responsibility and liability transfer from the seller to buyer when the shipment reaches the port or other facility designated as the point of origin. With CIF agreement, the seller pays costs and assumes liability until the goods reach the port of destination chosen by the buyer. CIF is considered a more expensive option when buying goods. Very often sellers prefer FOB and buyers prefer CIF. If you care about the environment, you should make your clothing brand your image. The public is increasingly concerned with the environment, because the environment damage is no longer the future, it is now! CFB believes in striving hard for making a change in this society. Our input revolves around the ultimate effort to have a fruitful output for the environment. Our globally recognized quality has been winning hearts for the last three decades. We are looking forward to expanding our eco-friendly business sector and reducing the carbon footprints in many more coming decades. clothing manufacturing, clothing manufacturing, clothing manufacturing,

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Uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars 1805 – 1815 “Uniform dress became the norm with the adoption of regimental systems, initially by the French army in the mid 17th century.” 2. Coats, Greatcoats, Undercoats. 3. Shakos, Bearskins. 4. Breeches, Trousers, Overalls. 5. Other Items: Pelisse, Dolman, Sabretache, Knapsacks. 6. Bardin Regulations 1812 – 1815 7. Battle and Parade Uniform. 8. Napoleon’s Uniform. Right: soldiers of small German states. In blue uniforms infantrymen of Oldenburg, in white uniform infantryman of Reuss, and in green uniforms soldiers of Anhalt. Picture by Knoetel. (In 1810 Napoleon annexed the Duchy of Oldenburg. Tzar Alexander’s sister, Ekaterina, was married to the son and heir of the Duke of Oldenburg. Thus Alexander retaliated by increasing the duties on articles imported from Napoleonic France. In 1806 Napoleon elevated the states of Anhalt-Bernburg, Anhalt-Dessau and Anhalt-Köthen to duchies — Anhalt-Plötzkau and Anhalt-Zerbst had ceased to exist in the meantime.) Left: uniforms of soldiers of the US Army in 1812-15. (In 1812 the US Army consisted of 7,000 regulars (35,000 in 1815 !), 3,000 rangers, and numerous irregulars. The Americans were frustrated with the British. In August 1807 USA president Jefferson wrote to T. Leiper: “I never expected to be under the necessity of wishing success to Bonaparte. But the English being equally tyrannical at sea as he is on land, … I say, “down with England.” The War of 1812-15 was fought between USA and Great Britain. Britain had been at war with France and in order to impede neutral trade with France in response to the Continental Blockade, Britain imposed a series of trade restrictions that the U.S. contested as illegal under international law. USA declared war on Britain in June 1812 (ext.link). On July 5, 1814, the Americans met the British at Chippewa and drove the redcoats from the field. After two year of failures, it renewed the American soldier’s faith in himself. For the first time American infantry had met and defeated a comparable number of British regulars in open battle. Other U.S. successess came at Plattsburg, Lundy’s Lane and especially in New Orleans. (pictures, ext.links) Contemporary observers regarded the French uniforms with unreserved astonishment. Often the monarchs were more preoccupied with the looks of the troops than their generals. Generals Kutuzov and Wellington paid very little attention to uniforms. In contrast Tsar Alexander said he was personally responsible for creating the Russian shako kiver. And he loved parades and reviews. To King George IV (image, ext.link) is attributed the comment that in military dress a wrinkle was unpardonable, although a seam was admissible. (Elting – “Military Uniforms in America” Vol. II, 1977) The uniforms worn during Napoleonic Wars represent the most elaborate display of pomp in the whole history of military dress. Contemporary observers regarded the French uniforms with unreserved astonishment. The luxury of the French uniforms was overwhelming. The veterans of Napoleonic Wars, writing their memoirs in their old age, mourned the passage of such magnificent uniforms. They consoled themselves with the conviction that no greater military splendour, bound up as it was with the charisma of their Emperor, had ever been seen in Europe, or would ever be seen again. It was the ornamental peak of the military uniform in Western Europe. This is identified as being the acme of colorful and ornate uniform. From left to right: Westphalian trumpeter of Garde du Corps in 1812. Westphalian private of Garde-Grenadiere in 1803-1813. Westphalian colonel of Garde du Corps in 1812 (King Jerome Bonaparte’s Guard). From left to right: Bavarian 7th Light Infantry Battelion in 1808-1811 Naples Dragoon Regiment in 1812 Naples Line Infantry in 1812 From left to right: Bavarian 7th Light Infantry Battalion in 1808-1811 Baden Garde-Grenadier in 1812 Weimar Sharpshooter in 1807 Swedish officer of Leib-Kirassiere in 1807 Hanoverian Bennigsen Battalion in 1813 – infantryman’s outfit cost 200-250 francs – line grenadier’s uniform cost 300 francs – cavalryman’s uniform cost 500 francs – Guard chasseur-a-cheval’s 950 francs – cuirassier’s approx. 2,000 francs (!) The cost didn’t discourage colonels and commanders from exhausting their troops’ budgets on expensive parade dresses. As commander of the Guard, Lannes’ enthusiasm for showy uniforms for his guardsmen landed him in serious trouble with Napoleon. Lannes wildly overspend the Guard’s budget and Napoleon replaced him with Bessieres. With such high costs you may think the soldier would be satisfied with three set of uniforms. For example, one for parade, one for service and one off duty. But not the French, oh no 🙂 Most of the uniforms were made of wool, silk, hemp and linen. In the hierarchy of textiles, linen and hemp cloth were followed by fabrics made from tow (hemp) and canvas (hemp). Canvas is a heavy kind of linen cloth. Both wool and canvas are strong and last a long time although wool needs cleaning less frequently and easier then other fibers. The linens were made either of flax or hemp. Hemp linens were coarser than flax linens, but ounce for ounce they were stronger. Hemp was far more common than linen until the late 14th century. Throughout history hemp was used more widely in the countryside than in towns, since almost every farm had its field of hemp. Hemp was brownish-gray, thicker and coarser than linen when new, hemp cloth was often preferred, due to its lower cost. Linen comes in a variety of natural shades that range from light to dark. Linen may be dyed, but the range of colors is much less vivid than for the wool colors. Color of linen can range from bleached snow-white to silver, ecru, brown or beige. Linen can be either soft or heavier and harder. Its greatest feature is that it can absorb moisture more quickly than cotton and move this moisture faster so that the drying time is shorter. Linen is cool in summer and warmer in winter than cotton. Linen exceeds cotton in coolness and strength, but unfortunately break easier under tension. Prior to the 20th century, there were public bleaching fields in Europe where dampened linens were spread on the grass to be bleached by the sun to a pale bone color. Ireland, Netherlands and Russia were the largest producers of linen. Coats, Greatcoats, Undercoats. For the French light infantry the undercoat was white linen in summer and blue wool in winter. The white woolen waistcoat was treated with chalk, which was said to have “burned” (brûlé) the cloth. See picture –> The waistcoat of French chasseurs-a-cheval was sleevless and worn under the uniform. It was white in summer and dark green in winter. Before 1812-1813 there were many unofficial versions of the waistcoat. For example instead of dark green it was red, or red braided with white, or green braided with red or white, etc. Between 1812 and 1815 many horse chasseurs however wore the new and simple uniform, called habit veste or Bardin-uniform. The waistcoat of French foot gunner was white (according to Knotel and Elting). But the Zimmerman Manuscript shows them in 1807 in blue waistcoats. The same for the Brunswick Manuscript and year of 1805. Berka Manuscript shows them also in blue for 1809 and Martinet gives them blue for 1807-1814. The foot gunners of Old Guard wore white waistcoats for summer (according to Bucquoy). Other sources gives for them blue waistcoats (Berka Manuscript, Malibran, Rousselot and Rigondaud). If battle was fought on a very hot day some soldiers wore only coats, or only waistcoats. In 1809 at Wagram the gunners of Old Guard went into action on that muggy day stripped to shirts. Picture: dark blue coat with dark blue shoulder straps piped red, red collar and cuffs pipped white, white lapels, white undercoat, and white shoulder belt. The French line infantry wore it until 1812-1813. Source: Military Heritage > The distinction between various armies normally lay in colours of their coats: Within each army diffent regiments were usually distinguished by “facings” – linings,turnbacks and braiding on coats in colours that were distinctive to one or several regiments. The white coats (or rather light grey) popular amongst many armies soiled easily and had to be pipeclayed to retain any semblence of cleanliness. Green as worn by jagers and rifle regiments proved particularly prone to fading until suitable chemical dyes were devised in the 1890s. The red were the most expensive of the six basic colors and together with white uniforms made the wearers a better target for enemy. “White stood out in the field, when one of the functions was to make a good show. In the course of time coats of blue faded badly, those of pike gray turned a dirty ashen color, and those of green assumed a tinge of yellow, while repairs were all too evident on dyed coats of any kind, and added to a general look of shabbiness. Coats of white, on the other hand, could always be worked up with chalk to make them look ‘new and brilliant.” (Duffy – “Instrument of War” Vol I p 130) The grey uniforms were the cheapest and most practical but were the least attractive. It was not until 20th Century when drab colours were being adopted for active service and ordinary duty wear. The ‘Napoleonic’ coat was called habit à la française, it was dark blue with white lapels for line infantry. The white lapels were treated with pipe clay, which made them really white. In 1793 the dark blue coats were oficially introduced in the infantry. It had long tail that was shortened before 1806. (The weather ‘softened’ the color of the dark blue and dust, blood and mud made it sometimes unrecognizable.) The dark blue became greyish blue etc. In 1800-1801 the coat was given shorter tail and was stated that the collar and cuffs are red piped white. The lapels were white piped red although – according to an order of July 13th 1805 – many colonels didn’t obey this order and have abolished the red piping. According to regulations the coat of line infantry suppose to have red cuffs with dark blue cuff flaps but red cuff flaps were more popular. There were few differences between the coat of line and light infantryman. According to Etat-Militaire (1801) the coat tail of light infantryman was shorter than that of the lineman. In 1806 as a result of the British naval blockade there was a shortage of indigo used for dyeing cloth and so Napoleon ordered the introduction of a white uniform for his line infantry. According to Decree of April 25th 1806 the following regiments of line infantry were assigned white coats: 3rd, 4th, 8th, 12th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 21st, 22nd, 24th, 25th, 27th, 28th, 32nd, 33rd, 34th and 36th Line. (Journal Militaire Vol I 1806, pp 176-178) Napoleon expressed his disapproval and only 18 of the 112 regiments were issued with these. This is said that it happened after he saw bloodstained white uniforms at Eylau. But to me this reason sounds a little bit strange. The battle at Eylau was fought on a snowy, winter day and soldier wore the warm long greatcoat. If he was wounded the greatcoat, and not the white jacket, was “marked”. Secondly, white uniforms didn’t bother the Austrians, they wore them all the time. It didn’t bother the Saxon soldiers neither. I guess the white color reminded Napoleon the old regime of previous century and therefore he disapproved it. In 1807 the importing of indigo resumed and the dark blue coats were reinstated. In January 1812 was introduced so-called habit-veste, a coat with even shorter tail (officers’ tails were slightly longer). Its white turnbacks bore a blue crowned “N” for fusiliers, red grenade for grenadiers and yellow horn for voltigeurs. Infantry greatcoat (overcoat) Life during campaign had a variety of conditions and experiences for the cavalrymen. There were great hardships undergone, and the weather had the greatest influence on conditions, varying from heat to extreme cold. The main protection against rain and snow was one’s greatcoat. It was popular and comfortable voluminous wear and could be worn with or without the coat underneath. Many troops wore civilian overcoats, capes and cloaks. Some greatcoats (overcoats) were purchased by individual soldiers, NCOs and officers. One of the innovations introduced in 1792 was sky-blue greatcoat for officers. It was not until 1805 that the were greatcoats issued to the troops. They were purchased not by individuals but from regimental funds. In April 1806 all soldiers of field battalions (but not the depot, reserve and garrison battalions) received beige, grey, blue and brown greatcoats. There was little standarization but the most common were dull beige and it was the official color. (According to Ordannance du 25 Avril 1806: “La capote ou redingote en drap beige.”) The average French greatcoat was not too long, just below the knee. The Russian greatcoats were longer but climate in Russia was harsher. Usually, French infantry had their greatcoats (introduced officially in late 1806) rolled on the back of their backpacks. They couldn’t wear them rolled over the shoulder as the Russians and Prussians because they were cut differently. For example the Prussian greatcoats were very wide at the bottom. The French ones were narrower and thus, if you rolled them, would have been too short to be carried over the shoulder. Only in 1812 was made first real attempt to standarize the greatcoats so the troops have more military look than civilian crowd. According to Article 21 of the Bardin regulations issued in 1812 all greatcoats for the line and light infantry were made of “beige serge wool.” There were no distinctions between line and light infantry, and even more, there were no distincions between infantry and artillery. All of them were beige greatcoats. Carl Vernet in his book about Bardin Regulations gave grey greatcoats for privates and NCOs in infantry and artillery and dark blue for officers. In 1813 all the numerous gunners of four naval artillery regiments were issued dark blue (not beige) greatcoats. According to Knotel in 1813-1814 campaigns many greatcoats in line and light infantry bore red patches on collars. In the Young Guard the greatcoats were worn over the uniforms. Henri Lachoque writes: “The following order was issued: ‘Coats will be worn under the overcoats. On fine days generals may order the latter rolled over the packs; but in foul or cold weather, or on night marches, soldiers must wear both coats and ocercoats.” (Lachoque – “The Anatomy of Glory” p 304) The infantry of Old Guard continued with the solemn, dark blue greatcoats. The infantry of Young Guard wore dark-grey greatcoats (some say it was blue-grey, with more grey than blue). In 1815 majority of the Young Guard left on campaign wearing dark grey greatcoats with red or yellow epauletes. Minority wore either beige of line troops or dark-blue of Old Guard. Cavalry greatcoat. (Cloak) Left: French 9th Hussar Regiment. (Source: Projet de règlement sur l’habillement du mjr Bardin. Paris, Musée de l’Armée.) Right: French Chevaulegere Lanciers. (Source: Projet de règlement sur l’habillement du mjr Bardin. Paris, Musée de l’Armée.) . The sleeves cloaks looked awesome during charge but not too comfortable when carbines were used. When mounted the greatcoat protected not only the man but also part of the horse, weapons and harness. On a warm day before combat the greatcoat (cloak or capote) was rolled over the shoulder and served as a protection against saber blows and lance thrusts. Ernst Maximilian Hermann von Gaffron of the Prussian Silesian Cuirassiers describes combat with French dragoons in 1813 at Liebertwolkwitz: “The horse-tail manes of their helmets … and the rolled greatcoats, which they wore over their shoulders, protected them so well that they were pretty impervious to cuts, and our Silesians were not trained to thrust nor were our broad-bladed swords long enough to reach them.” Left: French Horse Grenadiers of Imperial Guard. Right: French Dragoons. Shakos, Helmets and Bearskins. Picture: bicorn hats of French line infantry in 1806. The Napoleonic French infantry wore bicorn hats, instead of the tricorn hats of the Royal Army. “When new, it was jaunty and could be slapped into your head at any angle. … A little bad weather however, left the cheap bicorn soggy and drooping forlornly about your ears; whatever the weather, it collected a lead of snow, rain, or dust. Present generations who regard the runty vestige of a shako now worn by the West Point cadets as an instrument of torture might be shocked to realize that this new headgear was considered an excellent innovation. Made of heavy felt and leather or entirely of boiled leather, it protected the soldier’s skull from saber cuts, gun butts, and dropped chamber pots. Its visor shaded his eyes, and its inside was furnished with loops to hold the soldier’s mirror and brushes for his coat, shoes, and hair.” ( Elting – “Swords Around a Throne” p 445) Picture: shakos of French line infantry (fusiliers), by Andre Jouineau. In early 1790s the French infantrymen wore the peaked leather helmets, similar to the British “Tarleton”. It was a small cap with a sausage-like device on top. It was replaced with tricorn hats. In early 1800s was introduced shako with cords. The word “shako” originated from the Hungarian name csákó, which was a part of the uniform of Hungarian hussars. From 1800 on the shako became the standard military headress of most regiments in nearly all European armies. It retained this dominant position until the mid 19th century. In 1804 a shako with red cords was prescribed for Napoleonic line grenadiers. The first shako for French infantry was authorized in February 1806 and replaced the bicorn hat by 1807. It was black, had a felt or board body and was widening slightly towards the top. On the front was borned a tricolor cockade above a lozenge shaped brass plate. The top of the shako was waterproofed and had a black leather peak and laces around the top and bottom. Each side of the shako was strengthened by a black leather shevron. On the top of shako was mounted a color pompon or plume. Shako cords: Inside of the shako was space for pompon, cloth cover for shako, spoon, tobacco etc. From 1808 until the end of Napoleonic wars the six companies (1 grenadier, 1 voltigeur and 4 fusiliers) within each battalion were distinguished by color of pompon. There were no battalion identifications on pompons although unoficially solid colored pompon was for all the companies of 1st battalion and pompon with white center was for all the companies of 2nd battalion. In some regiments there was a number in the white center indicating the battalion. Thus red pompon was for grenadiers of 1st battalion, red pompon with white center and number 2 was for grenadiers of 2nd battalion, etc. In November 1810 was introduced a taller shako and brass chinscales. Cords and plumes were abolished although still continued to be worn as the clothing departments kept selling them until December 1812. In 1811 was allowed to wear the plumes only for senior officers. Unofficially the plumes were worn in some regiments by grenadiers and voltigeurs. In few regiments even the fusiliers had their plumes, for example in 3rd Line Infantry it was a blue plume with a red top. More popular than tall plume was the small pompon. In 1812 was introduced a new shako with new plate comprising a crowned eagle atop a semi-circular plate into which the regimental number was cut. The tricolor cocade was partly covered by the eagle’s head. Color shevrons (on side of shako) and laces (around the top and bottom of shako) were introduced for the elite companies: red for grenadiers and yellow (or green in few regiments) for voltigeurs. According to orders issued in 1812 also the cuirassiers replaced their plumes with pompons. In cavalry there were more variations. The official version for eight companies within regiment was: For parade tassels, racquettes (flounders) and white and braided cords were attached to the shako. For parade the brass chinscales were tied over the front of the shako and its pompon. For campaign instead of shako the more comfortable and lighter bonnet de police was worn. If shako was worn in combat the cords and tassels were removed. During campaign or bad weather the shako was protected with cover. The cover protected the shako, plate, cords and cockade from rain, mud, dust and snow. It was made either of black, waterproofed fabric or grey, off-white, white or beige buff cotton or waxed cloth. Some covers were made of leather. In some cases regimental number was painted on it. The pompon was sometimes worn with the shako cover. For battle most often the shako was worn, with or without the cover. (At Waterloo the colonel of the Nassauers decided that the white cloth covers offered to visible a target for French cavalry and he ordered these covers removed.) In battle the brass chinscales were tied up under the chin to keep the shako in place during a run or jump. If battle was fought in cold weather the warm and comfortable pokalem was worn underneath the shako. The plumes were liked by Napoleon, in some early fight, he discovered that the tall color plumes magnified his soldiers’ appearance and caused the enemy to fire too soon and too high. The soldiers like the plumes during parades and generally in peacetime. Picture: bearskins of French infantry. Carabinier (left) and grenadier (right). According to the Decree of 1801: The bearskins (some made of goatskin) for grenadiers were re-introduced in 1789. It had red plume, white cords and a brass plate embossed with a flaming grenade. The white cords of line infantry were soon officially replaced with red but the white were more usual. On some plates was regimental number. The official specification for bearskins called for the plate but there were bearskins without plates. (Even in 1815 in the Old Guard). I’m guessing that approx. 55 % of bearskins for the grenadiers had plates and 45 % were without it. Soldiers liked the comfortable headwear. It gave better protection against saber blow than the bicorn hat. The bearskin was more difficult to cut through than shako and had better padding than the helmet. But it was quite expensive and a black waxed cloth was used as protection for bearskin against bad weather. One of the innovations introduced in 1792 was the replacement of bearskin by the bicorn hat during campaign, march etc. while the bearskin was carried in a bag. It suppose to last for 6 years. According to Rousselot in 1804 the bearskins were sometimes given as reward to distinguished line regiments but also to those who simply required them. In July 1805 the foot carabiniers of light infantry regiments were ordered to return their bearskins to regimental depots in preparation “for the coming campaign” and adopt shakos instead. The shorter bearskin became popular among light infantrymen. For example in 1806-1807 some foot carabiniers wore them and by 1809 even some voltigeurs, for example voltigeurs of 10th Light Infantry Regiment and voltigeurs in Oudinot’s famous division. In 1806-1807 campaigns some of the foot carabiniers wore bearskins with red cords and plumes. In 1811 some light infantry regiments retained the bearskins for their foot carabiniers, while other regiments had their carabiniers in busbies or shakos. This is said that the trumpeters of cavalry regiments wore white bearskins. Rousselot however claimed that during campaign the trumpeters of Guard horse chasseurs (chasseurs-a-cheval de la Garde) and Guard horse grenadiers (grenadiers-a-cheval de la Garde) left their white bearskins in regimental depots. In February 1812 the bearskins were officially discontinued in infantry and cavalry due to shortage of bear furs, although some regiments kept bearskins. This process was much smoother in infantry, wherein already long before 1812 many regiments wore shakos instead of bearskins. The grenadiers of line infantry and carabiniers of light infantry were ordered to adopt shakos with red shevrons and upper/lower bands. Few infantry regiments, incl. 46th Line Infantry Regiment, kept their grenadiers in bearskins until 1814. These were without cords and plumes and many were without front plates. Some light outfits also kept bearskins. In February 1812 the elite companies of French hussar and chasseur regiments were ordered to adopt shakos with red shevrons and upper/lower bands. Many hussars regiments and some chasseurs continued with their bearskins until 1815. Actually in the hussar regiments was the highest percentage of bearskins. These flamboyant warriors stubbornly refused any changes. In February 1812 the elite companies of French dragoon regiments were ordered to adopt helmets with red plumes instead of bearskins. Many regiments disobeyed this order and kept bearskins until 1814 and 1815. Officially only the Old Guard wore bearskins. Before the war in 1812 against Russia the Guard horse grenadiers replaced their old bearskins with new ones made by the Emperor’s hatter Poupard. The cords were also replaced with new ones. Pelisses, Dolmans, Knapsacks, Haversacks etc. A hussar officer’s uniform … was warranted to make the most down-cheeked lieutenant look like a rider of destiny. … Of course even the most dressed-up Napoleonic regiment might look somewhat sloppy today. It had nu dry cleaning, steam pressing, or detergents to keep it spotless, creased, and sharp enough for a modern sergeant’s approval… “Cavalryman’s uniform accessories recommended by De Brack included a cloth “bellyband” worn under the shirt to give abdominal support during long rides and to protect the stomach from the cold and humidity that doctors thought caused so much sickness. Also, every mounted man should have a suspensoir to guard his “organs of generation” when a sudden movement of his horse slammed his crotch against the pommel …” (Elting – “Swords Around a Throne” p 440, 452) The knapsack was made of cow or goat skin with the hair on the outside. It contained a lot of essential personal items from which the soldier had no desire to be separated. The water bottle hung behind the left hip rather than the right to avoid obstructing the opening of the cartridge box. The Extrait des reglament provisoure pour le service des troupes en campagne stated that French soldiers were not to take off their knapsack when preparing for combat. Sir Charles Oman however reports that the light companies of Darmagnac’s infantry division were ordered to remove and stack their knapsacks: “[D’Erlon] … collected the eight light companies of Darmagnac’s division, ordered them to take off and stack their knapsacks, and launched them as a swarm of tirailleurs at the position of the British on the Aretesque knoll.” The knapsack carried by the Old Guard was larger than the normal infantry issue and had 3 (instead of 2) white closing straps and buckles. Paintings of Waterloo show the French soldiers with their knapsacks on but no greatcoat/blanket roll on top. The haversack was a simple fabric bag slung over the right shoulder. It was primarily used to carry rations. The dolman and fur-edged pelisse were heavily braided parts of hussar’s flamboyant outfit. The pelisse cost a little fortune, 216 Francs ! The pelisse was worn in several ways: Most often the fur-edged pelisse was left in depot, or kept boxed, instead only the lighter dolman was worn. They became so damaged already during the first campaign, that they were not taken by the rank and file. The cost of reparing pelisse was high even for the Guard chasseurs that only some officers could afford it. Henri Lachoque writes that in 1807 during a parade in Paris the Guard chasseurs “were wearing undress coats with aiguillettes. The crowd missed their gaudy dolmans and pelisses …” There was also gilet, a sleeveless wool vest braided identical to the dolman. It was worn under the fur-edged pelisse, when the pelisse was worn as a jacket, or under dolman as seen on the picture above. The gilet was also worn in the camp with the shirt. In France, especially in early Empire, the pelisse and dolman were aslo used by some chasseurs-a-cheval. Originally only officers and NCOs in chasseur regiments wore pelisse but then also the rank and file of 5th, 10th and 22nd regiment adopted them. The chasseurs also wore dolmans although these items were never manufactured for them during Empire. In 1804 all chasseurs were ordered to give up their dolmans for plain coats but the Frenchmen loved flamboyant outfits and in 1805 almost chasseur regiments continued wearing them. The dolman and pelisse (plus sash and sabretache) were worn by chasseurs mainly for parade and only seven regiments wore them for field service. During 1806-1807 campaigns vast majority of chasseurs were without pelisses. They were not taken on campaign. Some pelisses were left in regimental depots while others were used up and replaced by the simpler and cheaper green coat. The Guard chasseurs wore pelisses until 1805 campaign and at Austerlitz (worn over dolmans). During every next campaign only officers and some NCOs wore them. The sabretaches were used by hussars (and some chasseurs in early Empire). It was a leathern case for papers, raports, small items etc. and was suspended by straps from hussar’s belt at the left side. During campaign the ornamented sabretaches were covered by plain black oilcloth (see picture). During campaigns in 1813, 1814 and 1815 the sabretaches became rare sight, and the few still existing were less colorful than those in 1804-1808. Before campaign the white sheepskin trimed red and grey overalls were issued to every cavalryman. The sheepskins for light cavalry were bigger than for the heavies. They were used by French, Polish and Austrian cavalry (but not by the Russians and Prussians) for comfort, especially during long marches. The sheepskins were very comfortable in winter. The problems with them were in summer, they were hot to ride on and in rain they “soaked like sponges”. To make things worse, a lot of humidity and water made the sheepskins badly roting. Pictures: French chasseur (left) and French dragoon (right). Please notice the difference in size and shape of their saddle-covers. New and more modest uniforms were introduced. The new uniform regulations were issued in 1812 are commonly referred to as the Bardin Regulations. (Colonel Bardin’s ‘Regulations in the Fitting out of Soldiers of the French Army’, 1812.) The Old and Middle Guard were not affected by the Bardin Regulations as they had their own uniform regulations separate from the army troops. The new infantry uniform included two major changes : According the Bardin regulations there were only the following outfits for the line and light infantry: The new uniforms were probably issued in 1812 only to Davout’s I Army Corps before the invasion of Russia. Koen de Smet wrote: “The Bardin uniform was introduced in 1812, and some units (or parts of units) will certainly have received it before the Russian campaign. The majority however will still have started the Russian campaign in their old uniforms.” But this is not certain at all, rather they were not issued in any larger quantity until Spring 1813 and only on the primary theater of war (great battles in Germany: Leipzig, Hanau etc.) French troops on secondary theaters of war, in Italy and Spain, wore the old uniforms. “The splendid colors of contemporary battle scenes are misleading, in reality the colors of most scenes of carnage must have been a dirty grey-brown. ” (source: “Battledress. The Uniforms of the World’s Great Armies 1700 to the Present.” p 133) There were notable differences between the uniforms worn during parades and on campaigns. The soldier on campaign was likely to present a shabby and non-descript appearance as unsuitable peacetime dress quickly deteriorated. They suffered from a lack of proper clothing, and homemade replacements and captured items resulted in variety of colors and materials within a single battalion. Instead of the elegant breeches and gaiters the infantryman wore trousers, his shako was protected with special cloth cover, the greatcoat was rolled and attached on the knapsack, etc. In 1807 General Lasalle wrote: “Who could recognize the brilliant hussars from Kronach fourteen months ago, those of the 5th Regiment with their white pelisses with lemon-yellow braids and their sky-blue breeches, those of the 7th Regiment with their green pelisses with daffodil-yellow braids and their scarlet breeches ? Today the whole brigade, men and horses adorned alike in mud, have neither form nor color. Their uniform is misery.” “For lack of shakos the 14th Light Regiment would fight the Waterloo campaign in fatigue caps.” (Britten-Austin “1815 the return of Napoleon” p 295) The dyes were primitive and different batches of uniforms worn by the same unit presented differing shades, especially after exposure to rain and sun. The appearance of soldiers in battle was intended to impress and intimidate the enemy. In ancient wars the barbarians of today Germany piled their hair on the tops of their heads to make themselves look taller. During Napoleonic Wars the dragoons and cuirassiers wore helmets with heightened crests and combs and attached horsehair tails. The bearskins worn by the Old Guard, Scottish highland units and grenadiers employ the same principle. Prussian hussars wore the “skull and crossbones” Totenkopf on their hats. Very often the enemy realized that the Roman legionares got serious because they wore their finest equipmet. Intimidating appearance played role in the collapse of morale of good troops. For example in 54 BC the Roman legionaries were put to flight by the frightening appearance of the Galls before their final attack. Napoleon’s troops were no different. The sight of the troops on the battlefield however was often obscured by building, hill or trees. But if there was a good weather and open terrain the troops were recognized at 1500 m, the cavalry was distinguished from infantry at 1200 m, and the bigger details of uniforms (crossbelts, headwears) were distinguished at 600 m. At 225 m officers can be recognized and uniforms seen clearly. In 1809 at Sacile the French 8th Chasseurs-a-Cheval was full of swaggering men who had bragged about their exploits. They wore in battle their full dress uniform (parade uniform) so as to stand out during the battle. Unfortunately they were routed by Austrian hussars and fled toward the river. It amused the poorly dressed French infantrymen. Other cavalry regiments charged to drive off the pursuing Austrians. What the soldiers actually wore in battle depended on several factors: Before entering a city the troops often wore parade dress. “As I rode to the castle at Schoenbrunn, I passed the heads of the columns of Oudinot’s combined grenadiers and voltigeurs, who were already done up in full dress, with plumes in the headgear ready for the triumphant entry into Vienna.” (Chlapowski – “Memoirs of a Polish Lancer” p 64, translated by Tim Simmons) The infantry of Old Guard wore their parade dress in 1809 at Wagram. In 1812 when the army had to cross Niemen River and border with Russia it was ordered that all regiments wear the parade uniforms. Already in early morning (4 AM) of that day Planat de la Faye saw “the army in parade uniforms, begins defiling in good order on to the 3 bridges.” According to Fezensac in 1812 at Borodino all the regiments “had been given orders to put on their parade uniforms.” Though their uniforms were often as dirty and worn as the other hard-marching troops, the men of the Guards were noted for their attention to appearance and soldierly bearing. Below is a list of battles and how the French Imperial Guard was dressed. Napoleon contended himself with a simple hat and dark green uniform. On sundays and grand events Napoleon wore dark blue uniform with white lapels of a Colonel of the Guard foot grenadiers (grenadiers-a-pied de la garde). For example in 1804 on sundays in Camp of Boulogne, in 1806 when he meditated for some time at the tomb of Prussian King Frederick the Great, in 1807 while meeting with Polish officials, etc. The uniform of colonel of Guard horse chasseurs (chasseurs-a-cheval de la garde) was for daily use, during campaign, march etc. When in 1812 Napoleon appeared at Kovno (Lithuanian-Russian border) he wore uniform of a Polish officer. At the outposts Napoleon disguised himself – in 1809 on Lobau Island he had turned up, borrowed a light infantryman’s grey overcoat and shako and, thus attired, had done sentry duty on the river bank to examine the Austrian positions as close quarters. On 24th January 1814 in Paris the Emperor wore the uniform of the commander in chief of the National Guard, and received the officers of the Paris garrison. “It was his last night in Paris.” (Lachoque – “The Anatomy of Glory” p 342) While Napoleon was dressed in a very modest way, his marshals and Guard officers’ uniforms were loaded with gold lace. In 1809 painter Adam wrote: “There he sat on his little white Arab horse, in a rather careless posture, with a small hat on his head, and wearing the famous dust-grey cloak, white breeches and top boots, so insignificant-looking that no one would have recognized the personage as the mighty Emperor-the victor of Austerlitz and Jena before whom even monarchs must bow-if they had not seen him represented so often in pictures. His pale face, cold features, and keen, serious gaze made an almost uncanny impression on my mind, while the glitter of the many uniforms which surrounded him heightened the contrast of his inconspicuous appearance.” Sources and Links. Plates – Projet de règlement sur l’habillement du mjr Bardin. Paris, Musée de l’Armée. L’Armee Francaise: An Illustrated History of the French Army, 1790-1885 Rousselot – “Napoleon’s Elite Cavalry: Cavalry of the Imperial Guard, 1804-1815” Charmy – “Splendeur Des Uniformes De Napoleon: Cavalerie” Elting – “Napoleonic Uniforms” (superb book) Elting – “Swords Around a Throne” Chlapowski – “Memoirs of a Polish Lancer” (translated by Tim Simmons) Haythornthwaite – “Uniforms of Napoleon’s Russian Campaign” Vernet – “Uniforms of Napoleon’s Army” Hourtoulle – “Soldiers and Uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars” Bukhari, McBride – “Napoleon’s Cuirassiers and Carabiniers” Olivier Schmidt, Germany K. Smith , USA Jouineau and Mongin – “Officers and Soldiers of the French Imperial Guard 1804-15” Vol I (The Foot Soldiers) Pictures of French Uniforms. Imperial German Uniforms 1842 to 1918. History of the shako and the spiked helmet. Uniforms of British Hussars: “Chase me Ladies, I’m in the Cavalry !”

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So, on to the Serial] During the discussions it was quickly agreed that males should earn the right to have the female of his choice as a mate. Before The Assembly they earned the right by dragging the woman away by force. This tradition, however, had proved too costly. Other methods of meriting his choice needed to be established. This was the source of the disagreements. The males wanted the meritocracy to be based on contests of strength, speed, and courage. These were things that demonstrated the ability to defend their mate from predators—especially other male Riotori. The females, thinking more practically, preferred the tests demonstrate resourcefulness, fortitude, and determination. These were qualities they felt necessary for supporting a family. The males responded that determination and fortitude were futile against superior strength and courage. The females responded that strength or speed were useless if the male had not the determination or resourcefulness to use it to best effect. Compromise did not come easy to the Riotori…and in this the females were no more reasonable than the males. So it was surprising to those involved how soon a consensus was reached. The tests must demonstrate physical competence in combination with mental toughness. The hard part was determining what tasks would fill that requirement. The Assembly produced no answer. Different locales offered, not only different test components, but also different challenges for survival. It was determined that each village would determine the requirements based on their individual surroundings, climate, season, the whims of the citizens, and the apparent desirability of the candidates. Through the generations these principals were observed by all Riotori. But each generation and each village developed their own specifics. Feldspar and Gypsum will soon discover the deeds required of them to win the right to take the females that have inspired their desires. Those deeds will not be the same as those required in Groakpod.

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Extreme events such as hurricanes have significant impacts on the nearshore water-land system—where ocean, sound, and estuary processes interact with the nearby land. These events pose high risks to society and ecosystems; they also represent important opportunities to learn from disaster as will be described during this brief webinar. This online forum featured the leaders of the National Science Foundation-supported Nearshore Extreme Events Reconnaissance (NEER) Association, which organizes interdisciplinary teams and supports travel for rapid, pre-event site characterization and instrument deployments to collect perishable data needed to understand impacts of major storms on the nearshore system. NEER is dedicated, in part, to characterizing interactions and feedbacks among natural and built environments and corresponding human actions and reactions. The webinar speakers described NEER’s mission, the benefits of membership, and NEER’s event-response and data-distribution plans. Please watch this recorded webinar if you are interested in learning more or getting involved with NEER as a member! Collaborating to Learn from Hurricanes: The Nearshore Extreme Events Reconnaissance (NEER) Association - NEER Slides

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Table 3. Vesicular-Ulcerated-Erythematous Surface Lesions of Oral Mucosa |HEREDITARY – EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA| Skin lesions are always present; Nikolsky’s sign often present; mouth opening may be restricted due to scarring. Lesions are congenital or begin at an early age; patient frequently has a familial history. |MYCOTIC – CANDIDOSISv(CANDIDIASIS)| Diffuse mucosal erythema; burning or pain may be present; ulcers are rarely present; lymphadenopathy is rare. Patient often has predisposing factors: antibiotics, immunosuppression. Slow onset; chronic lesions; exacerbations & partial remissions; lesions do not heal in a predictable period of time; lymphadenopathy is rare. |Mucous membrane pemphigoid (cicatricial pemphigoid; benign mucous membrane pemphigoid)||Erythematous attached gingiva; vesicles sometimes observed; Nikolsky sign may be present; skin vesicles & ulcers may be present.| |Bullous pemphigoid||Skin vesicles, bullae & ulcers are always present; occasional oral vesicles & ulcers.| |Pemphigus||Mucosal vesicles & ulcers in any location usually precede skin lesions; Nikolsky sign may be present.| |Lupus erythematosus||Nonspecific mucositis & ulcers are sometimes present but are associated with skin lesions.| Oral lesions: white epithelial striae with submucosal erythema (lichenoid lesions). Multiple organ system disorders: erythematous skin rash, photosensitivity, arthritis, nephritis, neurologic disease; anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia. Acute onset; multiple lesions; systemic manifestations (malaise, fever, diarrhea, lymphadenopathy, lymphocytosis) often present; vesicle stage is present in all except mononucleosis. |Primary herpes||Vesicles & ulcers may be present anywhere in the oral cavity, pharynx, lips or perioral skin; gingiva is edematous & erythematous; lymphadenopathy is common; malaise, fever & diarrhea in some cases.| |Recurrent herpes||Occurs on sun-exposed surfaces of lips; intraorally occurs on keratinized mucosa (dorsum of tongue, hard palate, attached gingiva); usually recurs in same location; heals in a predictable period of time for each patient.| |Varicella (chickenpox)||Crops of pruritic papules, vesicles, ulcers on trunk spreading to arms, legs & face; mild malaise, fever & lymphadenopathy; occasional oral ulcers.| |Herpes zoster (shingles)||Prodromal pain followed by vesicles & ulcers in the distribution of a sensory nerve; unilateral lesions; postherpetic neuralgia may occur.| |Herpangina (Coxsackievirus A)||Vesicles & ulcers in posterior oral cavity & pharynx; may have mild systemic manifestations.| |Hand, foot and mouth disease| |Vesicles & ulcers of oral & pharyngeal mucosa; vesicles & macules on hands and feet; mild systemic manifestations.| |Rubeola (measles)||Fever, conjunctivitis, photophobia, cough, nasal discharge; oral vesicles (Koplik spots); erythematous maculopapular skin rash on face spreading to trunk & extremities.| |Epstein-Barr virus||Infectious mononucleosis Generalized lymphadenopathy; splenomegaly; hepatomegaly; palatal petechiae; erythematous oral & pharyngeal mucosa; occasionally mucosal ulcers; no vesicular stage.| Each disease must be considered as a separate entity. |Aphthous ulcers||Abrupt onset of recurrent ulcers on nonkeratinized mucosal surfaces; individual ulcers heal in a predictable period of time which is variable for each patient; may be menstrually related; familial history common; “herpetiform” aphthae refer to multiple crops of small aphthous ulcers; “major” aphthae are deeper, longer lasting and more frequent ulcers which often heal with scarring.| |Erosive lichen planus||Erythematous mucosal lesions usually with areas of ulceration; often bilateral distribution; white epithelial striae at edge of erythematous areas; atrophy of filiform papillae may be seen; chronic course.| |Medication-induced mucositis||A variety of drugs cause mucosal lesions that do not appear to be allergic in nature; mucosal lesions consists of ulcers and erosions occurring on both keratinized & nonkeratinized mucosal surfaces.| |Contact stomatitis||Burning, pain, ulcers, erosions, erythema sometimes covered with shaggy hyperkeratosis. Most commonly secondary to cinnamon flavoring.| |Erythema multiforme||Sudden onset of diffuse mucosal ulcers involving buccal & labial mucosa; sometimes recurrent with variable periods of remission; skin lesions present “iris” or “target” appearance on palmar & plantar surfaces; lymphadenopathy is rare.| |Erythroplasia (erythroplakia): epithelial dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, superficially-invasive squamous cell carcinoma||Asymptomatic, persistent, erythematous, velvety, focal to diffuse mucosal areas; more common in heavy consumers of alcohol.|

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Teaching children how to interact appropriately with dogs is an essential part of responsible pet ownership. This not only helps to build a strong bond between your child and dog but also helps grow their confidence and familiarity with each other. Proper guidance and patience are always necessary when instructing children on how to play with dogs. With the rising rates of pet ownership, it’s more than likely that your children will eventually interact with other pets. Teaching your children to become responsible pet owners can help ensure that they have a harmonious relationship with both your dogs and any other dogs they come across. Educate your child about dog behaviour and body language Before introducing your child to a dog, it's essential to teach them about the animal's behaviour and body language. Familiarise your child with signs of fear, aggression, and playfulness in dogs. Some examples include: - A wagging tail: It can signify happiness, but if the wag is stiff or fast, it could indicate agitation or fear. - Growling: This is a sign of aggression or fear, and the child should back off. - Exposing the belly: A sign that the dog is relaxed and comfortable. By understanding these cues, children can better interact with dogs, respond appropriately to their signals, and encourage more positive interactions. Set ground rules for interacting with dogs Establishing clear rules for children when interacting with dogs is crucial for their safety and the dog's well-being. Some essential ground rules include: - Always asking permission from the dog's owner before approaching or petting the dog. - Avoiding sudden movements or loud noises that could startle the dog. - Not pulling on the dog's ears, tail, or fur. - Not disturbing a dog when it's eating, sleeping, or caring for puppies. Teach your child to follow these guidelines consistently – while some dogs may be more tolerant than others, they may still become fed up with being bothered! Supervise interactions between children and dogs Always supervise interactions between your child and a dog, regardless of the dog's breed or size. This allows you to intervene if the situation becomes dangerous or if the child or dog becomes overwhelmed. Gradually, as both the child and the dog become more comfortable with each other, you can lessen the level of supervision. Teach your child to respect the dog's personal space Encourage your child to give the dog space and avoid crowding it. Teach them to approach the dog calmly and slowly, extending a hand for the dog to sniff before petting it gently. This helps the dog feel comfortable and builds trust between the child and the pet. Introduce games that promote positive interactions Teach your child to engage in games that foster positive interactions and help establish a strong bond between them and the dog. Some appropriate games include: - Fetch: Teach your child to throw a ball or toy for the dog to retrieve, ensuring that they give the dog space to run and avoid snatching the object away from the dog. - Hide and seek: Instruct your child to hide treats or toys around the house or yard for the dog to find, encouraging the dog's natural instincts to search and explore. - Obedience games: Teach your child basic dog commands such as "sit," "stay," and "come," allowing them to practise and reward the dog with treats for successful completion. Encourage empathy and understanding Help your child develop empathy for the dog by discussing its needs, emotions, and experiences. Explain that dogs have feelings too and need care, love, and understanding, just like humans. Encouraging empathy will help your child develop a deeper connection with the dog and understand the importance of treating it with kindness and respect. Teach responsibility through pet care Involve your child in the daily care of the dog, such as feeding, grooming, and exercising. By assigning age-appropriate tasks, children learn responsibility and the importance of taking care of another living being. Some examples of tasks include: - Feeding: Teach your child the proper amount and type of food to give the dog and establish a feeding schedule. - Grooming: Show your child how to brush the dog's fur, clean its ears, and trim its nails safely and gently. - Walking: Teach your child how to walk the dog using a leash, always maintaining control and cleaning up after the pet. Demonstrate appropriate behaviour Children learn best by example, so it's crucial for parents to model appropriate behaviour when interacting with dogs. Show your child how to treat the dog with respect and kindness by petting gently, speaking softly, and giving the dog space when needed. By setting a good example, you encourage your child to follow suit and develop a healthy relationship with the dog. Encourage communication and trust Foster open communication between your child and the dog by teaching your child to read the dog's body language and vocalisations. Encourage your child to express their feelings and concerns about the dog, and address any issues that may arise. By promoting communication and trust, you create a strong foundation for a lasting bond between your child and the dog. Monitor progress and provide feedback Regularly assess your child's progress in interacting with the dog and offer constructive feedback to help them improve. Praise their successes and address any areas that need improvement. Encourage your child to ask questions and seek guidance when needed. This ongoing support helps your child develop confidence in their abilities as a responsible pet owner. Teaching children to play nicely with dogs is a vital aspect of responsible pet ownership. It contributes to the safety and well-being of both the child and the dog and fosters a strong, loving bond between them. While it can take some patience to get your children on-board, the lessons they learn can stay with them throughout their entire lives. About the Author: David Baquiran is a former teacher and record label executive who now spends his days running after his two dogs, all the while pursuing a freelance writing career. When he isn’t writing, you can find him learning more about the ethical breeding and raising of pets.

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The Artemis Moon mission moves NASA into new era of space exploration STEVE INSKEEP, HOST: NASA's newest moon rocket has left the building. The space launch system arrived at a launch pad at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida this morning but is not leaving the planet just yet. Here's Brendan Byrne from our member station WMFE in Orlando. BRENDAN BYRNE, BYLINE: The space launch system, or SLS, is more than 300 feet tall and is the first moon rocket to roll out to Kennedy Space Center's launch complex since the Apollo program more than half a century ago. It takes around 11 hours to transport the 5-million-pound rocket from NASA's vehicle assembly building to its launch pad. RANDY BRESNIK: It's a huge moment. BYRNE: Standing outside the assembly building, NASA astronaut Randy Bresnik watches as the team moves the massive rocket to its launch pad some four miles away and the agency into a new chapter of exploration. BRESNIK: Finally, it's-really-happening kind of moment is so exciting. BYRNE: The Artemis mission's aim - to return NASA astronauts to the moon in the 2020s. The plan is to use the SLS rocket to launch the Orion spacecraft, which will meet up with a small space station orbiting the moon. The first astronauts heading to the surface will use a spacecraft designed to develop by Elon Musk's SpaceX to get astronauts to the surface. The first mission will take no crew with it, instead serving as a critical test of the deep space vehicle. And before it can leave the planet, the Artemis 1 rocket must first go through what's called the wet dress rehearsal, says NASA's Carlos Garcia-Galan. CARLOS GARCIA-GALAN: We treat it like a real countdown. We're just stopping short of actually launching the thing. BYRNE: That practice run will happen early next month, giving the audience launch team a chance to work out any kinks, says Lockheed Martin's Chelsea Partridge. CHELSEA PARTRIDGE: If anything comes up, it gives us a chance to fix that, update whatever needs to be done and then actually get ready to launch for real. BYRNE: And if all goes well at the pad, the rocket will make its way back to the assembly building one last time before repeating the four-mile journey and heading to the moon as early as June. For NPR News, I'm Brendan Byrne at the Kennedy Space Center. (SOUNDBITE OF THE GREG FOAT GROUP'S "THE DANCERS WALTZ") Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.

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Baby Teething Age Teething Ages and Stages Babies are actually born with all 20 of their baby teeth already in their jaw line. Just below the gum margins, those little pearlers are waiting to erupt. This fact is contrary to common belief, that the teeth don’t start evolving until the few short months before they emerge. Even when in utero, your baby’s teeth were already forming from around six week’s gestation. They’ve been sitting waiting for a long time. Baby teeth are also known as milk teeth, primary teeth and deciduous teeth. Whatever you call them, understand that they are precious and worth looking after. When will I see my Baby’s First Teeth? Most babies start to teethe at around six months of age. By approximately three years of age, all 20 teeth have generally made an appearance. Like all other stages of development, individual traits play an important role in when to expect teeth to erupt. But as a rule, teething follows a fairly predictable pattern of eruption. Small age variations are common, though it’s reasonable for parents to feel a little confident about which teeth to expect at what age. Babies Are Born With These Teeth Below Their Gums - 4 central incisors - 4 lateral incisors - 4 canine teeth - 4 first molars - 4 second molars Every Tooth Has a Specific Purpose - The front teeth or incisors at the front of the mouth have a sharp biting edge. Incisors are used for cutting and shearing food into more easily chewable pieces. Four central and four lateral incisors erupt for babies – generally the lower central incisors are the first to appear. - The canines sit at the sides or corners of the mouth and have a sharp, pointed surface. This helps with gripping and tearing food. Four canine teeth erupt with primary (first) dentition. Some people know the canines as ‘fangs’. - The molars are the largest of all of the teeth. They have a large flat biting surface which is designed to chew, crush and grind food so it’s soft and safe to swallow. There are eight molars in primary dentition. How Will I Know When My Baby’s Teething? Some babies fuss a lot when they’re teething and others don’t seem bothered by it at all. There’s a big variation in teething behaviour. Signs and Symptoms of Teething Your baby may have some or all of these symptoms: - Drooling or dribbling - A bit more crying and feeling unsettled - Eating and sleeping changes - Wanting to suck and chew more than usual - Loose bowel motions which may contain mucous - Red cheeks - Pulling at ears - Nappy rash Why Are My Baby’s Teeth Jagged? Every tooth develops from separate lobes, each forming a different part of the tooth. Under the gums, these lobes eventually grow together. As the tooth erupts from the gums it can have a serrated or ‘postage stamp’ edge where the lobes have came together. These are called mamelons and are a sign that the right, left and middle lobes have joined. Some people believe mamelons help baby teeth to cut through the gums. Eventually the mamelons are ground down to a smooth and even surface. Eating, chewing, biting down as well as how the baby’s teeth sit alongside each other, all help to wear down the serrations. But They’re Only Baby Teeth! Baby teeth play an important role in being able to chew food easily. Quite apart from eating, one of their most valuable roles is to be place holders for when the permanent teeth come through. Without the baby teeth minding the correct position for the secondary teeth, there is a risk of misalignment or tooth crowding. The permanent teeth don’t have a template for where they should emerge and instead, overcrowding happens. This is a problem for eating and also causes excessive wear for the teeth. This means uneven wear and tear as individual teeth need to do work they’re not designed for. Baby teeth also help children to pronounce words properly. Lisps and incorrect pronunciation are common when the tongue doesn’t sit in the right position. Sounds can’t form correctly because the tongue, teeth and gums aren’t in their correct relationship to control air movement. Cleaning Your Baby’s Teeth If you can see a tooth, then it needs cleaning. Removing plaque helps to prevent against infection, cavities (holes) and pain. Decayed baby teeth can also damage permanent teeth. Use a soft cloth to wipe over your baby’s teeth or, a very soft bristled toothbrush. You don’t need to use toothpaste until around 18 months of age. Facts About Teething Ages and Stages - A child’s jaw continues to grow so it is large enough to accommodate 32 permanent, much bigger teeth. - The outer enamel covering of baby teeth is not as thick as in the adult teeth. This thinner enamel makes the baby teeth look whiter, but it also means baby teeth are at more risk of decay. - Baby teeth have a different root structure to adult teeth. This allows the roots to dissolve as the adult teeth grow underneath them. - Baby teeth are very small and often look uneven. Gaps are common but not an indication that the permanent teeth will have gaps. - Sometimes white or yellow patches have formed on baby teeth. This can be related to maternal fever or viral illness during pregnancy. Five Important Facts About Teething - Babies have 20 primary teeth - The first teeth to erupt are generally the lower central incisors - Most babies have all their primary teeth by around 3 years of age - The first secondary or permanent teeth to erupt are the molars - Permanent teeth push the baby teeth out Make an appointment with your child health nurse for more information about your baby’s teething. Also speak with your dentist for specific information about your baby’s teething ages and stages.

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As a young man, William Lyon Mackenzie King would ride his bicycle into the beautiful Gatineau Hills he grew to love. Located about 20 kilometres from Ottawa, it was here that King would eventually make his home. First in the modest four-room cottage known as Kingswood, then at Moorside, where he carved both home and gardens out of the Canadian Shield, and finally at The Farm, now the residence of the Speaker of the House of Commons. It’s at Moorside in Quebec where visitors can best experience King’s visionary plans for both the property’s gardens and for the city of Ottawa itself. Moorside presented the scope for King to explore his ideas of landscape, which were shaped by England’s Capability Brown, as well as Fredrick Law Olmsted’s concepts of working with nature. His work here compelled him to engage French architect and urban planner Jacques Gréber to develop a plan to transform the industrial, small-town Ottawa into parkways and greenbelts worthy of the nation’s capital. “King had a good idea of space,” explains Dorota Grudniewicz, landscape architect and project manager for the estate. “He created distinct areas: meadows, gardens and lawns,” she says. There’s a studied design progression from the house, starting from the French garden nearest the house, which is a symmetrical, manicured area carpeted in colourful annuals, much like an outdoor living room. Farther from the house are the English style perennial borders, ornamented by the ruins that rise behind them. And farthest from the house on the edge of the forest is the rock garden, where plants grow from the weather-smoothed granite boulders of the Gatineau landscape. Romantic ruins are carefully sited throughout the grounds. The abbey ruins, built in two stages starting in 1935, were created from an Ottawa residence that was being demolished. The view through the open windows is on a direct axis with Ottawa’s Peace Tower. The second part of the ruins uses stones salvaged from the Parliament Buildings, which burned in 1916. There’s so much more to learn about this beautiful and historic estate. Plan to take one of the free tours, which are conducted hourly on weekend afternoons during the summer.

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Construction chute is a device that is used to transport materials and objects from one floor of a building to another. It is also known as an elevator hoist. Construction chutes are typically made up of pulleys and ropes. A construction chute install is easy with our step by step Youtube installation videos. Debris chutes are used in high-rise buildings where it may not be possible to use elevators or other forms of transport. They can be installed in the stairwells or hallways, which makes them easier to access. Roofing chutes can also be installed on the outside of the building, which means there will be no need for a large space inside the building for installation. Construction Chutes on Sale Now at the Lowest Price Ever! A debris chute for construction is used to move materials and tools up and down the side of a building. Construction chutes are used by construction workers to carry material and tools up and down the side of a building. They are made of steel, aluminum, or fiberglass and can be single or double-sided. The construction chute is usually mounted on brackets that are bolted to the building’s frame. A construction chute can be used for transporting many different materials such as concrete mixers, tools, lumber, drywall, pipes, electrical wiring, etc. Construction Chute – What are the Benefits of Buying One? Construction chutes are generally used in construction sites to transport materials from one place to another. They are mostly used in the construction industry. The benefits of buying a construction chute are: – Safer than using ladders or scaffolding: Construction chutes can be installed on the ground and then raised when needed, eliminating the need for workers to climb up and down ladders or scaffoldings. – Less expensive than traditional methods: A good quality construction chute only costs about $1,000, which is much cheaper than hiring a professional crane for $2,000-$3,000 per day. – Easier to use and maintain: Construction chutes can be accessed from multiple sides unlike scaffolding that is only accessible from one side. This makes it easier for Construction chutes are designed to help with the transportation of heavy and bulky materials, such as bricks, cement and sand. They help reduce fatigue among workers by reducing the amount of times they have to carry materials. Construction chutes come in different sizes, so you need to take into account your needs before choosing one. For example, if you will be carrying heavier materials that require more strength or effort to move them, you will need a bigger construction chute for your needs. Types of Construction Materials that Can Be Transported by a Construction Chute Construction chutes are used to transport construction materials from the ground level to the higher levels of a building. The construction materials can be anything like bricks, steel beams, cement bags, sand bags and so on. The construction chute is made up of a metal tube that is open at both ends. One end is connected to the ground floor and the other end is connected to the upper floors of the building. The bottom end of the chute has an opening that allows material to be pushed into it. The top end has a slot through which material can be pulled out. Construction chutes are usually installed in buildings where there are no elevators or ramps available for transporting heavy construction materials and equipment from one floor to another. The construction chute is a convenient and cost-effective way to transport materials from one part of the project to the other. It can also help you transport tools, tools, and equipment that are used in your project. A construction chute can be an excellent way to cut down on time spent on transporting materials. It is a long-term investment that will save you money in the long run and make your projects easier to manage. Construction Chutes For Sale- What You Need To Know Debris chutes are used in construction sites for the purpose of transporting materials from one level to another. The materials are usually loaded on to the chute and then sent down through a tube. Construction chutes come in various shapes and sizes, depending on the needs of each project. They can be made of steel, aluminum or fiberglass, depending on what is required. A construction company may choose to buy a new one or rent it from a supplier, depending on their budget and needs.Regardless, you’ll want to ask the company any and all questions regarding the construction chute install. There are many factors that need to be considered before buying or renting a construction chute, such as: -The type of material that will be transported; -The height and width of the construction site; -The quantity needed -The cost. View our HodChutes price list for rates and availability. Construction Chutes- What You Must Consider Before Buying One Construction chutes are used in construction sites, warehouses, and factories. They are used to transport materials from one location to another. The construction chutes come in different sizes and shapes depending on the type of material they need to carry. The chutes can be made of different materials such as plastic, metal, or wood. Before buying a construction chute you must consider the following things: -The size of the material that needs to be transported through the chute -The weight capacity of the chute -How often will it be used? -Construction chute install set up

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Working Night Shifts May Put You At A Higher Risk of Diabetes Last updated on Night shift work is required in many professions, but are you aware that this kind of schedule may have dire consequences on your health? Working at night not only disrupts your body clock, but also puts you at a higher risk of type 2 diabetes. Researchers from the Harvard School of Public Health conducted a study on nurses, and observed that a woman’s risk of type 2 diabetes increases depending on how many years she has worked the night shift. According to a report in PLoS Medicine: “The increase in type 2 diabetes risk associated with night shift work ranged from 5% in nurses who’d worked that schedule for one or two years to 58% in those who’d done so for at least 20 years.” (link) Dr. Joseph Mercola warns: “It is vital to understand that when you regularly shift your sleep patterns, you are in fact seriously compromising your health and longevity—in more ways than one.” Working The Night Shift Disrupts Your Circadian Rhythm The 24-hour circadian rhythm is a built-in tracking system that governs the physiological functions of almost all organisms. When late-night artificial light exposure disrupts your circadian rhythm, your physical and mental health and well-being may be severely affected. The release of metabolic hormones, which regulate hunger and satiety, is affected by your circadian rhythm. When you are sleep-deprived, the leptin production in your body decreases. Leptin is the hormone that informs your brain that you need to stop eating. At the same time, the levels of ghrelin, a hormone that triggers hunger, increases. These changes prompt you to eat more and gain weight, therefore leading to an increased diabetes risk. In addition, irregular sleep-wake cycles also interfere with your body’s blood-sugar metabolism. This causes insulin resistance and increased blood-sugar levels, which are both associated with diabetes. Past research also says that circadian rhythm disruption also impairs your pancreas’ ability to produce insulin, a factor that may also increase your diabetes risk. Getting Insufficient Sleep At Night Makes You Miss Out on This Important Hormone Exposure to light and darkness controls your body’s sleeping functions. “Inside your hypothalamus is a group of cells called the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN), which controls your biological clock by responding to light. Light reaches your SCN via your eye’s optic nerve, where it tells your biological clock it’s time to wake up. Light also causes your SCN to initiate other processes associated with being awake, such as raising your body temperature and producing hormones, like cortisol,” explains Dr. Mercola. On the other hand, melatonin production occurs when insufficient light reaching your SCN. This helps you sleep. Melatonin is a hormone that helps you sleep. It is secreted in your brain by your pineal gland at night, with the absence of light. This is why sleeping in pitch-black darkness is very important. Melatonin is also an antioxidant that helps suppress harmful free radicals in your system. It also slows the production of estrogen, which may potentially increase your cancer risk. When your circadian rhythm is disrupted, you will have insufficient melatonin production, which may lead to health problems like: - Reduced ability to fight cancer - Decreased free radical scavenging - Increased osteoporosis risk - Accelerated cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth - Blood pressure instability - Decreased immune function - Diabetic microangiopathy (capillary damage) - Increased plaques in the brain, like those in people with Alzheimer’s disease How To Get Sufficient Sleep Even If You Work At Night Dr. Mercola says that if you are working the night shift, you must try to switch your hours or at least reduce your night shift duty to just two times a month. This gives your body sufficient time to readjust in between. If it is really necessary that you go on night shift duty, Dr. Mercola recommends sticking to a consistent schedule. This allows your body to adjust to your sleep-wake cycle. It is less damaging than constantly changing shifts. When you sleep during the day, make it a point to create a dark environment. Dr. Mercola says you should try making your bedroom pitch-black to ensure melatonin production. Install blackout drapes and remove electrical appliances and gadgets that emit light. Dr. Mercola also says that you should avoid watching TV or using electronics for about an hour prior to going to bed (whether in the morning or at night), because it stimulates your brain and makes it more difficult for you to fall asleep. Instead, soothe and relax your mind by washing your face, reading a calming book, sipping a cup of herbal tea, or meditating. Some of the links I post on this site are affiliate links. If you go through them to make a purchase, I will earn a small commission (at no additional cost to you). However, note that I’m recommending these products because of their quality and that I have good experience using them, not because of the commission to be made.

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Scottish Flashback: Edinburgh Zoo, 1964 The Royal Zoological Society of Scotland was founded in 1909 by Thomas Hailing Gillespie, an Edinburgh lawyer. A site on Corstorphine Hill was purchased with help from Edinburgh Town Council in 1913, and Gillespie had a vision to build a zoo modelled on the ‘open design’ of the Tierpark Hagenbeck in Hamburg. The Tierpark Hagenbeck promoted a more spacious and natural environment for the animals - light years away from the steel cages of the Victorian era. Edinburgh Zoo opened in the same year the Corstorphine Hill site was acquired and was incorporated by Royal Charter the same year. After a visit by King George VI in 1948, the Society was granted the privilege of adding the prefix ‘Royal’ to its name and remains the only zoo in the UK with a Royal Charter. In this unusual image from November 1964, zoo keeper Grace Forrest takes Tot the zebra for a walk on Corstorphine’s streets.

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April 20, 2020 – COVID-19 has rapidly progressed to become a global pandemic, causing unprecedented, far-reaching impact on the health, social and economic well-being of communities around the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) and World Trade Organization (WTO) are committed to responding effectively to the situation, working together with other international organizations and our respective memberships. Global, coordinated action is required to deal with the extraordinary challenges the pandemic poses to people’s health as well as their livelihoods. Protecting lives is our top priority, and these efforts can be impeded by unnecessary disruptions to global trade and supply chains. Governments’ trade policy decisions significantly influence both getting medical equipment and supplies to where they are urgently needed and catalyzing the supply of critical inputs for the production of medicines and health technologies to fight the pandemic. Keeping trade in health technologies as open and predictable as possible is therefore of vital interest. This will help countries to respond to this crisis, to recover from it and to build the health systems that will foster greater resilience in the future. WHO and WTO are working together to support efforts to ensure the normal cross-border flow of vital medical supplies and other goods and services, promoting them where possible, and to resolve unnecessary disruptions to global supply chains, in furtherance of the International Health Regulations (2005) and WTO rules. The purpose of the International Health Regulations is to prevent, protect against, control and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease in ways that are commensurate with public health risks, with a view to minimizing interference with international traffic and trade. WTO rules provide governments with the flexibilities they may need to address essential medical supply shortages and/or public health challenges. But any measure taken to promote public health that restricts trade should be “targeted, proportionate, transparent and temporary”, consistent with recent calls from world leaders. Governments need to avoid measures that can disrupt supply chains and negatively impact the poorest and most vulnerable, notably in developing and least developed countries that are typically reliant on imports of medicines and medical equipment. We call on our Members to continue to share information about their measures with WHO and WTO, in line with the established transparency mechanisms, which are now especially valuable in supporting a coordinated response. To ensure that health technologies, including diagnostics, medicines, vaccines and other medical supplies vital to treating patients infected by COVID-19, reach those in need quickly, we emphasize the importance of streamlining conformity checks based on regulatory cooperation and international standards. While we are heartened by the remarkable research efforts and the rapid mobilization of public and private resources to develop COVID-19 health technologies, we call upon governments to implement policy measures that can further facilitate their research and development, and to promote their rapid dissemination within countries and across borders so as to ensure equitable access to those technologies. Such initiatives include targeted investment, ensuring open access to clinical test results, the sharing of relevant intellectual property rights, increasing manufacturing capacity, open and transparent procurement regimes, the elimination of tariffs on relevant health technologies, and trade facilitation measures to reduce costs and delays. Global action, solidarity and international cooperation are more necessary than ever to address this health situation. WHO and the WTO are working together to play their part.

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Welcome to CME on ReachMD. This episode is part of our MinuteCE curriculum. Prior to beginning the activity, please be sure to review the faculty and commercial support disclosure statements as well as the learning objectives. So hello, my name is Sudarshan Rajagopal, and I'm Co-Director of the Pulmonary Vascular Disease Center at Duke University School of Medicine. And today I'll be talking to you about gene- and nano-therapy for PAH: could this be the future? So what type of drugs do we use to treat disease? These can range from very small compounds called small molecules, which are the majority of drugs today, to peptides, which are small chains of amino acids, to larger structures, such as biologics. And these are - can be proteins, which are larger of course than peptides, or antibodies, which can then bind specific targets on cells. Then we also have other approaches such as gene therapies. So these could be antisense therapies, which are RNA-based therapies that prevent the synthesis of specific proteins. But we can also do gene therapy with adenovirus, which will increase expression of proteins, or we could alter the native proteins in the cell through CRISPR. And then we have cellular technologies, such as CAR-T cells and stem cells, which can have very complex effects. Now, if you look at the drugs that are actually approved by the FDA, the vast majority of them still are small molecules. And these are just small chemicals that can bind to different targets. But as you can see, over time, we see an increasing number of biologics, and especially antibody-based therapies. Now, there are other approaches to target these drugs to specific areas. And when it comes to pulmonary arterial hypertension, we frequently think about delivering drugs directly to the lungs. Now, historically, that hasn't been the approach as much; we've primarily use drugs that are either taken in an oral formulation, or given through an I.V., or other form, where it leads to systemic delivery. But if you target the lungs specifically, you might decrease side effects, and also better target the specific abnormal pulmonary vascular remodeling that characterizes the disease. So the idea would be that you have fewer side effects and more efficacy with this approach. And this could be through the inhalation of aerosols. And depending on the size of those particles, they can either be deposited in the upper airways, lung, or actually in the alveoli. But then there are other approaches where you can inject compounds that have nano-carriers that will specifically target the lung vasculature. So I'm just going to highlight a few of these new therapeutic modalities in PAH. One is sotatercept. This is a biologic, so it's an antibody that targets activins, and it acts like an activin-ligand trap. So it prevents activins from binding to their receptors. And it allows BMPs, or bone morphogenetic proteins, to bind to BMPR2, and increase that signaling. This is a really novel approach. We also have a number of new formulations of drugs for inhaled therapy. We have had inhaled treprostinil as a therapeutic approach and inhaled iloprost. But a lot of our other drugs in the PAH field have been systemically delivered. But now there are some clinical trials ongoing with drugs such as inhaled seralutinib or inhaled imatinib. And then in earlier phases, we have gene therapy approaches to try to increase expression of proteins. An example of this would be gene therapy approaches to increase the expression of BMP9, which is the natural ligand for BMPR2. Then there are exosome-based therapies. So exosomes are secreted by cells, and they have really complex effects. They can have some RNAs, or ribonucleic acids, that lead to changes in expressions of proteins, or they may have other effects on cells by targeting proteins on the cells. And lastly, there are also emerging stem cell therapies, which where usually the aim of these stem cell therapies is to replace abnormal cells with more normal cells. But these can also have complex effects through the secretion of what we call paracrine factors. That is that the stem cells secrete good factors that can have an effect to improve disease. So to summarize, we now have a number of different ways of developing new drugs to treat diseases such as PAH. Now the current FDA approved therapies for PAH are small molecules, although we may see a biologic therapy approved shortly. Future therapies in PAH include biologics and novel delivery systems for different formulations of drugs to go directly into the lungs. And lastly, these new approaches have the promise to better target the molecular abnormalities in PAH, or target the lung directly, with fewer systemic side effects. Thanks for joining me today. You have been listening to CME on ReachMD. This activity is jointly provided by Global Learning Collaborative (GLC) and TotalCME, Inc. and is part of our MinuteCE curriculum. To receive your free CME credit, or to download this activity, go to ReachMD.com/CME. Thank you for listening.

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Makerspaces, STEAM labs, and fab labs are popping up in schools across the country. Makerspaces provide hands-on, creative ways to encourage students to design, experiment, build and invent as they deeply engage in science, engineering and tinkering. A makerspace is not solely a science lab, woodshop, computer lab or art room, but it may contain elements found in all of these familiar spaces. Therefore, it must be designed to accommodate a wide range of activities, tools and materials. Diversity and cross-pollination of activities are critical to the design, making and exploration process, and they are what set makerspaces and STEAM labs apart from single-use spaces. A possible range of activities might include: - Cardboard construction - Digital fabrication - Building bicycles and kinetic machines - Textiles and sewing Designing a space to accommodate such a wide range of activities is a challenging process. Educators and administrators can help guide the process and generate the space that works best by researching, brainstorming and clearly articulating their needs, while keeping in mind inevitable changes in the future. Some schools have chosen to incorporate makerspaces within multiple classroom spaces. This works well for many activities, particularly in elementary schools. As maker activities expand to require more tools, it makes more sense to create a dedicated makerspace that includes appropriate tools, work areas and materials. The following design approach focuses on creating dedicated makerspaces and STEAM labs. Ask the Right Questions Because of the constantly evolving activities that a makerspace accommodates, a flexible design is critical from the outset. Therefore, the first moves should be the right moves to result in a space that's as usable as possible. Project leads must ask critical inquiring questions to guide and inform the design process. What range of subjects will be taught in the space? What types of activities and projects could be done there? Determine the needs and desires of all teachers in the school who will or could possibly use the space. Imagine what projects they might initiate with their students. Ideally a science, math, technology and/or art teacher would lead or participate in the brainstorming. The Makerspace Playbook is a helpful guide to envisioning the projects and activities that could happen in the makerspace. The new book Invent to Learn is a great resource for making, tinkering and engineering project ideas. The main point here is to clarify the types of activities that the space would ideally accommodate. Which tools are most needed? Will digital fabrication tools such as CNC routers, laser cutters or 3D printers be included? Which materials will be used? The Makerspace Playbook and Makerspace's Tools & Materials PDF document are both very useful tools for addressing these questions. They provide detailed lists of the diverse tools and materials that you might consider. Many types of equipment have special requirements, including ventilation and other elements to ensure a safe working environment. The list of tools and materials will naturally grow as specific projects and programs generate new needs, so it's good to allow for flexibility and expansion. Depending on the projects and activities, the space required for materials and project storage can be significant. Who are the kids that will be using the space? Will others use the space as well? Who is staffing and managing the space? Having a space that is functional for a range of ages is key in school settings. Additionally, the space might be used for maker activities outside of class time, such as clubs (like Young Makers groups) or parent groups, as makerspaces grow into popular community hubs. At some point, the school may hire a part- or full-time makerspace teacher. In fact, some see this as critical from the outset. When will the space be used? Students will use the space during the school day, perhaps in a dedicated class time or with their teacher. Other opportunities may arise to maximize utility of the space after school or evenings and weekends. In this case, the design would need to accommodate access outside of school hours and for multiple users. Where in the school or on the campus would be ideal? What considerations are important? To accommodate the need for access to materials and tools, it's useful for the space to be easily accessible by cars and trucks, ideally during school day. A location close to or including outdoor work areas allows for larger or messier projects. Access to plumbing and electricity are critical. The space should be located where noise won't disturb classroom learning. Given the need for flexibility, it's good to find a place where the space could expand in the future. Finally, the makerspace would be centrally located so that it can be accessible to students, and visible so that work can be seen. How will it be built? Is a new or separate structure needed, and if so what type? What is the budget? Will the design and construction team be a combination of contractor and volunteers, all-volunteer or fully contracted? If you're lucky, there is a large space, classroom or portable just waiting for a new use, and building out the interior will be the main project. If space is at a premium, however, a new structure, portable or shipping container could potentially provide the space or some portion of it. Knowing your budget range will help determine the best way to proceed and whether you'll be able to employ contractors or need volunteers for some of the work. Answering these questions will allow schools to create a design program for their makerspace, defining the specific needs and requirements. Because makerspaces and the activities they accommodate can vary so much, the design program is one of the most critical steps in ensuring the space will be functional and well used. The school could work with designers or architects to articulate the best ways of meeting those needs. Visits to other makerspaces or labs can be valuable and insightful during this phase, as educators envision what their space could be. A subsequent blog post will provide more information about design patterns typically found in makerspaces.

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Design thinking is a process that all creatives may use, whether they collaborate in teams or independently. It not only facilitates the workflow, but it also aids in problem-solving when dealing with customers who need assistance with their good or service. Design thinking is a method that creates a comprehensive approach to developing a mechanism for problem-solving by taking into account both qualitative and quantitative data. It follows the "user first" philosophy. As a creative, you may grasp both sides of the issue and support your answer with logical discoveries by starting with hazy thoughts and then supporting them with evidence that has been carefully analysed.Design thinking essentially assists a creative in streamlining their thought process and producing a workable framework. Every designer should use this technique to improve their skill set because it is so crucial. Understanding the demands of the client when developing a product or service for them should be a top concern for creatives. In order to do so, you should be able to empathise with your audience and keep their emotions in mind. A design inspires emotions that persuade the consumer to purchase the good or service. Of course, usability and practicality are important as well, but the initial impression is where the emotion is. Empathizing, Defining an Audience, Ideating, Prototyping, and Testing are the five primary non-linear stages of design thinking. The stages listed below are not sequential and can be altered to achieve the desired results. Empathizing: Outlining the user's needs should ideally start with this phase. You can utilise this stage as the beginning of the procedure to guide you through the beginning. Make a comprehensive inventory of your user's characteristics and needs. Establishing the Audience This step aids in channelling the issues users are having after you have honed down on their demands. Ideating: Ideating is a stage of brainstorming where you come up with unique solutions based on the information gathered about the main user group. This phase has to be thoroughly explored and investigated. Creative solutions might begin to act as a link between concepts and prototyping once you've created a mind map of possible answers to the issues that need to be solved. Prototyping: As the name implies, this stage entails creating numerous versions based on the ideas you have chosen and requiring experimentation. Only then will this stage deviate from a predetermined roadmap; it will develop and reconstruct concepts and procedures until a final result is fixed. A straightforward method called "design thinking" might assist creatives in formulating a plan that strengthens their way of thinking. Due to the multi-stage nature of the process, you can separate your actions and assume control over the solution you want to provide the user. You must conceptualise, make prototypes, and then actualize your idea while keeping the user and their concerns at the forefront. This innovative strategy will assist you in developing multifaceted solutions by assisting you in thinking outside the box and non-linearly. It will also assist you in understanding how users think and behave.

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|Title||Flipped classroom approach for Exploring Our Foods: FNH200| |Faculty/College/Unit||Land & Food Systems| This project will develop a flipped classroom approach with resources that support the self-directed learning of students taking Exploring Our Foods (FNH 200). Some of the objectives of the project will be to develop a food science concept inventory, enhance the quality and availability of existing electronic resources and develop new resources, incorporate meaningful classroom activities to facilitate peer-based learning and deepen understanding of course concepts, develop a metacognition resource to support self-directed learning, and design assessment strategies. Since FNH 200 is a foundational course, students will be able to use these materials to revisit concepts for their upper division courses or anytime thereafter. |Year 1: Project Year||Year 1| |Year 1: Funding Year||2013/2014| |Year 1: Project Type||Large TLEF| |Year 1: Principal Investigator||Azita Madadi Noei| |Year 1: Funded Amount||46,362| |Year 1: Team Members| Azita Madadi Noei, Lecturer, Food, Nutrition and Health (FNH), Faculty of Land and Food Systems Christine Scaman, Associate Professor, FNH, Faculty of Land and Food Systems

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Bornean orangutans are one of three species of orangutans (and distinct from their cousins Sumatran orangutans). These exceptionally photogenic primates are known for their distinctive reddish-brown hair. Bornean orangutans are critically endangered primarily because of habitat loss. There are several places in Borneo where you can photograph these remarkable animals, but one of the best is Tanjung Puting National Park. Where: Tanjung Puting is located in the island of Borneo in the province of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The nearest major city is Pangkalan Bun. You can reach Pangkalan Bun by air or boat from Jakarta or other major Indonesian cities. From Pangkalan Bun, you'll need transportation to Kumai, the gateway to the park. Once you arrive in Kumai, you'll embark on a klotok, a traditional wooden riverboat, to explore the park's waterways, where you'll have opportunities to spot orangutans, proboscis monkeys, and other wildlife. There are various options for accommodation in and around the park, ranging from lodges to houseboats. Many accommodations offer guided tours and transportation services. When: Tanjung Puting National Park is open year-round. The dry season, typically from May to October, is often considered the best time to visit, as there is less rainfall and better accessibility. Photography: While cruising the river, you can often spot orangutans in their natural environment, but the easiest way to photograph orangutans is at one of the several feeding stations in the park where visitors can observe these incredible primates up close. Feeding times are typically in the morning and afternoon, giving you at least two opportunities each day to photograph orangutans. Park staff places piles of bananas on wooden platforms where the orangutans come down from the trees to eat. The photography isn't particularly good when the orangutans are on the platform, but you'll have excellent opportunities when the orangutans are in the nearby trees before or after feeding. While on the platform, you can zoom in tight for portraits, excluding the wooden platform itself. Wait for a moment when your subject doesn't have bananas stuffed in its mouth, as this is not natural behavior. Park regulations require you to maintain a distance of at least 7 meters (23 feet) to avoid causing orangutans stress or disturbance. This makes a telephoto zoom lens ideal; something in the 100-400mm range will prove to be most useful when photographing orangutans as they swing through trees, forage for food, or interact with each other. Female and infant orangutans are incredible subjects, but the big adult males are uniquely photogenic. Adult male Bornean orangutans can weigh up to 200 pounds and stand 5 feet tall. Males also develop prominent cheek pads and throat pouches as they mature, making them distinctive photo subjects. Remember that Tanjung Puting National Park is a protected area, and your visit should prioritize the conservation and welfare of the orangutans and their habitat. Equipment notes: I used Tamron's 50-400mm lens on my Sony camera for my orangutan images. This lens allowed me to quickly zoom in and out to perfectly frame my subjects when they were both near and farther away. My fast Delkin Devices Black SD card ensured quick, reliable capture.

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