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Social Factors Impact Wellbeing By Debra Johnston, M.D. Some health problems are much larger than the health care system and cannot be fixed by doctors, nurses, hospitals, and the rest of the traditional health care team. In our physician peer group sessions, my colleagues and I often share the agony we feel when sending people out of the emergency room, knowing that the patient is going right back into the conditions that contributed to their crisis in the first place. Perhaps they could not afford their insulin or have no refrigerator in which to keep it cold. Perhaps they are going home with the person who hurt them. Perhaps they don’t have a home to go to and are trying to care for their wound while living on the street. These situations are real, and they exist in rural areas, small towns, and big cities alike. I often urge my patients to get more exercise, and we brainstorm ways to overcome the barriers they face. But options are limited for the person whose neighborhood has no sidewalks or isn’t safe to stroll through. We talk about good nutrition, and most patients know it’s best to eat plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables. But what if the only store they can reach is the convenience store which doesn’t stock healthy options? Some of my patients come to me having researched their symptoms, and we talk about how to find reliable medical information on the internet. But what happens if they don’t have access to the internet? Sometimes I print out educational material, but that has no value for the patient who cannot read. Almost everyone has stress in their lives, but for some people the stress is unremitting and severe. They deal with poverty and the attendant evils of housing and food insecurity, with limited education that restricts their options. They lack reliable transportation which keeps them from school or work or regular healthcare. They suffer from chronic diseases, racism and other forms of discrimination while separated from the support of family and community. Research reveals that these chronic stressors have significant adverse effects on the health of not only the individual, but their descendants as well. We have a label for these stressors. They are called “social determinants” and we are increasingly aware that they play an even bigger role in a person’s wellbeing than all the things that health care providers do. Protecting and promoting the health of our patients and our communities is a sacred mission, but we need to expand our perspective beyond medicine and surgery and helping one individual at a time. Health is larger than the health care system. We each have a role to play in recognizing and reducing the impact of social determinants for the wellbeing of our entire community. Debra Johnston, M.D. is part of The Prairie Doc® team of physicians and currently practices family medicine in Brookings, South Dakota. For free and easy access to the entire Prairie Doc® library, visit www.prairiedoc.org and follow Prairie Doc® on Facebook featuring On Call with the Prairie Doc® a medical Q&A show streaming on Facebook and broadcast on SDPB most Thursdays at 7 p.m. central.

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Lacrosse is a popular sport in Canada, North America, France, England, and other parts of Europe. This exciting sport is a combination of soccer, basketball, and hockey and played with a small, hard ball and stick called the crosse. The crosse has a basket-like scoop on one end used to catch and throw the ball. Lacrosse is primarily an amateur sport played at the high school and college level by both men and women. Intercrosse, the co-ed version of lacrosse, is even part of the physical education curriculum of many U.S. elementary, junior, and high schools. Lacrosse is a sport that requires stamina, as there is a great deal of running, but does not require its participants to be especially big or strong, as is required by basketball or football. Men's lacrosse is played on a field that is 110 yards (100.5 m) long and 60 yards (54.8 m) wide. The game lasts for 60 minutes at the college level. There is a half time of 10 minutes, after the first two 15 minute quarters. Each men's lacrosse team has 10 players: a goalie, and three each of defensemen, midfielders, and attack men. Each game begins with a center face-off, and as in soccer, only the goalie can touch the ball with his hands. Although lacrosse is considered a contact sport, players can commit technical and personal fouls for unusual roughness and stick checking. Lacrosse has its origins in the Native American culture, and is considered the oldest North American sport. When the Native American tribes played lacrosse, the field could be any where from 1 to 15 miles (1.6 to 24.14 km)long and last for days. Lacrosse was thought to make men strong, and therefore better warriors. Some tribes would "play" lacrosse with as many as 1000 men on each side of the field. They would scoop the ball, then made of wood, stone, deer skin, or clay, and fling it to another team member while running toward the goal. The early lacrosse goals were either a single pole or a set of poles through which they would throw the Lacrosse ball. Modern-day lacrosse has been greatly influenced by the record of a game made by a Jesuit Missionary named Jean de Brebeuf. The game was played in 1636 in what is now Ontario, Canada, and followed a pattern similar to lacrosse's current game.

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As reports from the 2010 Census roll in for each of the 50 states, there’s one major theme: a rapidly growing Hispanic population–one that’s even bigger than was predicted by experts. According to a new Pew Hispanic Center report, Hispanics accounted for 58 percent of the population growth in the first 33 states for which the U.S. Census Bureau has released data. The underestimates were mostly in states where Hispanic populations are relatively new. In Alabama the count was 186,000, 16 percent higher than estimated. In Virginia the count was 632,000, 40,000 more than was estimated. A Pew Hispanic Center analysis showed that “Hispanic voters are nearly three times more prevalent in states that gained congressional seats and Electoral College votes in the 2010 reapportionment than they are in states that lost seats.” This was particularly evident in western and southern states. These numbers affirm what many experts in the field of migration policy have been saying for awhile–Hispanics are relocating to states and areas with job opportunities, even if they have not traditionally been havens for immigrants or offer services for newcomers on the scale of traditional destinations such as Los Angeles or New York. Many have migrated into the suburbs, creating tensions within enclaves unaccustomed to immigrants and lacking services for them. Simultaneously, traditional immigration magnets continue to attract Hispanics and – with the addition of first and second generations Hispanics – are rapidly changing demographics in California, where Hispanic children now account for more than half of all children.

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Now how to get from A to B without harming the environment? The prospect of guilt-free flying has got a bit closer – thanks to hydrogen planes developed by a Gloucestershire startup. They don’t emit any harmful greenhouse gases – just water. The British government believes hydrogen is key to decarbonising the aviation industry and investors are lining up to back the idea. So could hydrogen-electric planes be the way to cleaner, greener air travel?

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Prefer to listen? Click below Teachers often say that writing is the least favorite type of lesson among their students, and that students often do everything they can to avoid having to write in class. Some reasons may include the fact that learners don’t know where to start, or that they don’t have a clear picture of what a good piece of writing is or how to get there. Among the three approaches to developing writing skills which are currently popular in language teaching, the genre approach is gaining the most popularity as it can help students overcome these difficulties. While the process approach focuses on the writer and their actions, and the product approach focuses on the text itself, the genre approach focuses on the readers and what they expect from a specific type of text (Tribble, 1996) and hence creates more persuasive and more confident writers who produce more well-rounded texts. When we adopt this approach, we shift the focus from more traditional features of writing, such as grammar, lexis, cohesive devices and punctuation, and draw attention instead to the purpose of the text; its intended audience and their expectations; the structure of the text; and sometimes less common elements such as typographical features and images. This way, our writing lessons become richer and more relevant to students because students walk away with a better understanding of how to produce an effective text which meets the purpose with which the reader will approach this text. Stages of a writing lesson Let’s look at the steps involved in a typical writing lesson within the genre approach by thinking about how we could teach students to write an Instagram post with personal reflections on a specific topic, such as going freelance (for adults) or choosing a future job (for teenage learners). 1. Introducing the genre A traditional lesson would start with a lead-in in which students would be encouraged to talk about the topic of the lesson, i.e. choosing a job. In a genre-oriented writing lesson, the lead-in would be also focus on the genre, i.e. we could get our students to talk about how often they use Instagram, what they use it for, what posts they like and then narrow it down to asking them what they think of posts with personal reflections. Ideally, the teacher should already know that this topic is relevant to the students, possibly from a needs analysis done at the beginning of the course, or from observation. In the next stage, we would show students some examples of Instagram posts with personal reflections on various topics. The students would read the posts and decide which of them they can relate to and why. Here it would be important to show the posts without any adaptations, to preserve all the features of the genre including layout and organization. 2. Analyzing examples After we have received a personal response to the texts, we can dive into the actual work with the features of the genre. One of the main questions to ask here is the purpose of the text and what the reader would expect to see. In our example, the purpose of an Instagram post with personal reflections would most probably be to share an opinion on a subject and possibly to engage followers in a conversation; hence the reader would be expect to see elements such as a powerful visual, catchy details to respond to, and/or a controversial statement they could challenge. It’s always helpful if students are already familiar with the genre and can recall some of the characteristics. However, . Here students can be encouraged to focus on elements such as the text structure, layout, organization, tone, content, grammar, vocabulary and cohesive devices. For an Instagram post with personal reflections, this would include some of the following: - an attractive photo which catches the attention of the followers - an enthusiastic but contemplative tone of voice - narration from the first person - use of personal examples or a witty story - an absence of formatting (bold font/italics are not possible on Instagram) - use of capitals, or an absence thereof, depending on the desired effect - use of emojis to liven up the post - a maximum length of 2200 characters (between 315 and 500 words) Note that the maximum length cannot be inferred by students, and this should be stated as part of the genre analysis, and that many Instagram posts are kept much shorter than 2200 characters to keep the reader’s attention. Having the question What does a reader expect from this text? in mind helps students focus on the limitations suggested by a specific genre. For instance, students may be able to produce an Instagram post of 500 words, but it is unlikely that readers will read a post that long all the way to the end, and respond. This means that even if the post contains varied and accurate grammar and lexis, it will not achieve the communicative goal. As teachers, we research these features before the lesson, and make sure we have a list of the ones we think are important so that we can help the students if necessary. To conclude this stage, students are often given a handout which contains a list of features typical of this genre, with examples, sometimes highlighted and labeled in the sample text. This can then serve as a checklist for students to use when writing their own text of this genre. 3. Practice writing Once the students have identified the key features and summarized them in a checklist, they can practice writing a text. This may involve writing a shorter piece, such as a paragraph, or producing a full text. When setting the task, it’s important to reinforce the purpose of the text and who it is being written for (in other words, the target reader), and choose several features which should be included. It’s important to prioritize here, because if we ask students to show too many features in one text, they will lose focus and their writing will be of a lower quality. Once students have produced the first draft, they will be able to look at it again and refine it, which is when we can ask them to focus on and add some more features. 4. Feedback and revision Within the genre approach, a useful writing lesson will include the stage of feedback and an opportunity for students to refine their product based on this feedback. The importance of this stage can’t be overemphasized, as research shows that getting immediate feedback helps undergraduate students perform better on final exams (Chickering and Gamson, 1987). This is when the checklist we created at the analysis stage will come in handy. Typically, students would read each other’s pieces and, instead of looking for mistakes in their peers’ texts, they would decide how well the features of the genre have been maintained. Students can be encouraged to include written comments on features which have been used well, as well as suggestions about how a text could be improved. In the genre we’re using as an example, students could comment on whether the beginning is catchy enough or whether the tone is enthusiastic, or they might suggest some lexical items to liven up the post. While this is happening, the teacher can look at the students’ work and give their comments too. The teacher can, of course, correct some errors. However, this correction should be limited to the linguistic points which have been taught on the course or those which have significant impact on communication, and feedback on language should not outweigh feedback on features of the genre. At the end of this stage, students take some time to rewrite their pieces into the final version. 5. Publication and sharing When students are ready with their final product, they can share it with the teacher, their peers, and sometimes a wider audience if possible. In our example, students could publish their posts on their Instagram account and possibly get some responses from their followers. If students are reluctant to share the post on their own social media, the teacher could create a class Instagram page and publish posts produced by the class there. Students could then comment on each other’s posts. This will encourage students to read and respond to the primary communicative purpose of the text, rather than seeing the text only as a piece of class work. A final note on the genre approach While a genre-based writing lesson may look like one which requires a lot of time and effort, it can help us make learning richer and more valuable. This can be more effectively achieved if we adopt the genre approach in a series of lessons or even for the whole course, because it is crucial to expose students to a variety of genres rather than using one genre (e.g. articles or essays) to practice writing on different topics. With more advanced groups, we can get students to compare different genres, their purposes and how those purposes dictate the features, which, in turn, makes students more reflective and more autonomous learners. Chickering, A. W., & Gamson, Z. F. (1987). Seven principles for good practice in undergraduate education. American Association of Higher Education Bulletin, 39(7), 3-7 Tribble, C. (1996) Writing. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

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The emergence of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) has created a new realm of possibilities for graphic designers. NFTs, combined with the power of nft graphic designer, have opened up exciting opportunities for artists to showcase and sell their digital creations in the digital universe. In this article, we will explore the synergy between NFTs and graphic design, and how this combination is reshaping the creative landscape. - Understanding NFTs: - Definition and Functionality: NFTs are unique digital tokens that represent ownership or proof of authenticity of a specific digital asset. These assets can include digital art, music, videos, virtual real estate, and more. Unlike cryptocurrencies, NFTs are indivisible and cannot be exchanged on a one-to-one basis. Each NFT has its own distinct value and can be bought, sold, and traded on various blockchain platforms. - Blockchain Technology: NFTs are built on blockchain technology, which provides transparency, security, and immutability of ownership records. This ensures the authenticity and provenance of digital assets, eliminating the risk of counterfeit or unauthorized duplication. Blockchain technology enables artists and collectors to engage in secure and transparent transactions within the digital marketplace. - Role of Graphic Design in NFTs: - Visual Appeal and Creativity: Graphic design is at the core of creating visually stunning and captivating NFTs. Designers utilize their skills in composition, color theory, typography, and layout to craft visually appealing digital artworks. The aesthetics of an NFT greatly influence its desirability and value in the marketplace. - Crafting Unique and Marketable Assets: NFT graphic designers aim to create unique and marketable digital assets. By leveraging their creative abilities, designers can produce artworks that stand out from the crowd. From illustrations and animations to 3D models and virtual experiences, graphic design adds a layer of uniqueness and craftsmanship to NFTs. - Design Principles for NFT Graphic Design: - Concept and Storytelling: NFT graphic design goes beyond visual aesthetics; it also focuses on storytelling and conveying meaningful concepts. Designers infuse narratives, symbolism, and emotional depth into their artworks, creating a deeper connection between the viewer and the NFT. This enhances the overall value and engagement of the digital collectible. - Composition and Visual Hierarchy: Designers apply principles of composition and visual hierarchy to guide the viewer’s attention and create a harmonious visual experience. Elements such as balance, contrast, and focal points play a crucial role in creating visually compelling NFTs that captivate the audience. - User Experience and Interaction: As NFTs become more interactive and immersive, designers consider the user experience when crafting their digital assets. Designers explore innovative ways to engage the audience through interactive elements, animations, and user-friendly interfaces, enhancing the overall enjoyment and value of the NFT. - Showcasing and Selling NFTs: - NFT Marketplaces: NFT graphic designers have various platforms to showcase and sell their digital artworks. Marketplaces such as OpenSea, Rarible, and SuperRare provide opportunities for artists to reach a global audience and connect with potential collectors. Understanding the features and audience of each marketplace is crucial for designers to maximize their exposure and sales. - Building a Brand and Following: Graphic designers can leverage NFTs to build their personal brand and attract a dedicated following. By consistently producing high-quality and desirable NFTs, designers can establish themselves as reputable artists in the digital art community. A loyal fan base can contribute to the success and demand for their NFTs. - Future Trends and Challenges: - Sustainability and Environmental Impact: The energy consumption associated with blockchain technology has raised concerns regarding its environmental impact. NFT graphic designers and platforms must explore sustainable solutions and contribute to the development of eco-friendly practices within the NFT ecosystem. - Copyright and Intellectual Property: As the NFT market evolves, designers must be vigilant about copyright and intellectual property rights. Properly licensing assets, obtaining permissions, and understanding the legal implications surrounding digital creations are essential for designers to protect their work and ensure ethical practices. The convergence of NFTs and graphic design has created a dynamic and transformative space within the digital universe. Graphic designers play a vital role in shaping the aesthetics, storytelling, and marketability of NFTs. By employing design principles, understanding market trends, and embracing the potential of blockchain technology, NFT graphic designers are shaping the future of digital art and collectibles. This partnership between NFTs and graphic design has unlocked new avenues for artistic expression, monetization, and engagement in the digital realm.

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Religion is the belief or ritual that is concerned with supernatural beings. 10 Components of the Function of Religion - 1. Gives a framework for maintaining social order and providing unity within a community. - 2. Religion defines the structure of the universe and the relation of man and society to the universe. - 3. Provides behavior guidelines and values. - 4. Provides motivation. - 5. Provides relief from stress and anxiety. - 6. Provides social rules and political order. - 7. Provides resolution of conflict. - 8. Provides justice and the enforcement of law. - 9. Used for the justification of political policy. - 10. Is the vital part in healing and health. Common Concepts in Religion - 1. Pilgrimage- a journey back to the beginning to find God's heart. - 2. Mana- notion that there is spiritual power in people, places, and things. - 3. Celebacy- abstaining from sex. - 4. Witches- people who have supernatural power. - 5. Self Mutilation & Purification Through Pain & Suffering- done to have a vision of what God sees. - 6. Cannabalism- eating people is not for a meal but to get something they think the other person possesses. - 1. Ritual acts to unite a community. - 2. Portrays or acts out an important aspect of myth. - 3. To influence the spiritual world to benefit the practitioner. - 1. Separation - 2. Communits - 3. Reintegration - Coersive- voodoo dolls - Contagious- voodoo dolls with hair - 1. Shaman - 2. Sorceror - 3. Witch - 4. Priest Myths of Religion - 1. Origin of the universe. - 2. History of the God. - 3. Origin of man and animals. - 4. Myth & origin of man & afterlife. How Religion Changes - 1. Syncretism- blending of religious beliefs through contact of other cultures. - 2. Internal Shifting- religious beliefs shift in relation to society. - 3. Revitalization Movements- take place in times of economic stress when groups feel socially isolated and when there is an extreme difference in poor and rich people. - Ascribed (given to you) - Divorce and Remarriage Functions of Marriage - 1. Marriage establishes the legal father and mother of children. - 2. Gives the husband and wife mutual monopoly on sexuality. - 3. Mutual rights to labor. - 4. Provides for rights over property. - 5. Provides for a join fund of property for children. - 6. Creates relationships to relatives. - 7. Determines property transfer at death. Types of Marriage - 1. Polygyny- more than one wife. - 2. Polyandry- more than one husband. - 3. Serial Monogamy- one wife at a time but several wives over a lifetime. Two Common Rules Associated with Marriage - 1. Sororate- a rule of sister substitute. - 2. Levirate- a rule of brother substitute. Economic Exchanges in Marriage - 1. General Exchange- give group A a wife from group B and group B a wife from group A. - 2. Bride Price- gift exchange. - 3. Dowry- wife's family gives her something of value to take with her into the marriage. Exogamy is marriage outside of a given group. Ways of Measuring Descent - 1. Patrilineal- measured through the male's family line. - 2. Matrilineal- measured through the female's family line. - 3. Bilateral- measured through both male and female family lines, Types of Descent Groups - 1. Lineages- groups of kin who trace descent from common ancestor. - 2. Clan- groups that trace ancestory to a mythological figure. - 3. Phratry- groups of clans that may have fictious but functional relationships. - 4. Moiety- two clans with reciprical relationships that are often ceremonial, religious, political, or involve marriage partner selection. Code of Ethics There is a responsibility to... - 1. Those studied. - 2. The general public. - 3. The discipline of anthropology. - 4. To students. - 5. To sponsors. - 6. To one's own and/or host government. Four Roles in Problem Solving (Applied Anthropology) - 1. Research- understand the problem with intent to intervene. - 2. Policy & Program Design- what is exceptable or unexceptable and find a way to intervene. - 3. Implementation- taking action/intervene. - 4. Evaluation- making sure things being done are working. Fields of Anthropology - 1. Salvage Anthropology- saving important information before it is destroyed. - 2. Education- learn from other cultures. - 3. Urban Anthropology- Changes for the good. - 4. Medical Anthropology- healthcare systems and delivery. - 5. Social Work, Business, & Media. Trends in Development - 1. Syphoning- taking wealth from the peasants to give to the elite. - 2. Migration Components & Reasons for Migration - 1. People that migrate are separated from their family. - 2. Lowest minority status. - 3. Environmental Degradation - 4. Global Warming - 5. Population Growth - 6. Species Distinction - 7. Run out of resources. - 8. Employment Shifting. - 1. Green Revolution - 2. Trackers Sisal is a plant that is turned into fiber. Development is planned change with an intervention policy. Rules of Development Failure - 1. Overinvention - 2. Projects that result in a radical shift in lifestyle. - 3. Projects that require a shift from subsistance agriculture to 100% cash crop. - 4. Underdiffereniation Indicators of Successful Development - 1. Culturally Compatable. - 2. Development that responds to locally perceived needs for change. - 3. Should harness traditional organizations. - 4. Has a proper and flexible social design for project implementation. Five Issues of Benefit of Development - 1. Balance - 2. Equitable - 3. Sustainable - 4. Feasible - 5. Scale Community Development Corporation (CDC) Charateristics - 1. Evolved from the notion that the community should be involved. - 2. Undertake projects that involve construction or renovation. - 3. Located in specific geographic neighborhoods. - 4. All non-profit organizations. Three Types of Money Available to Non-Profit Organizations with 501.C.3 - 1. Private - 2. Government - 3. Philanthropic Federal Legislation for CDC - 1. CRA - 2. LIHTC - 3. Homepartnerships - 4. State HFA

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The Industrial Revolution is a period that started around the 1750s, and is a period we are currently living in; it is seen today as one of the most dramatic and impactful eras in human-history. Thanks to Britain’s start-up of the period, we now have a society in which progress is culturally embedded as a necessity to survive. This was developed by the revolutionary inventions of the period, along with the strive for innovation from other international countries. Life was drastically changed during the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution was a period of time where machinery was used for manufacturing massive production of goods that began in England in the middle 1700s. This revolution was significant because machinery now changed the way nations produced and distributed goods; therefore, it increased the availability and affordability of goods for all people. To understand the Industrialization Revolution, it is necessary to take a closer look at the Pre-Industrialization. During the Pre-Industrialization, most people belonged to either high or low-class not middle class, and many were farmers who lived in the countryside. Also, goods were made by hand thus the products were not readily affordable or available. However, agricultural revolution, population growth, natural resources, factors of production,inventions and transportation all contributed to the growth of the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution resulted in positive and negative changes that paved the way for the working condition and wages, living condition and reform of social class. The industrial revolution reshaped America’s cities, society and way of life in the 1800’s. America is what it is today because of this shift from farmers, craftsmen, and merchants to factory workers, working middle class, and the wealthy class. News ways of transporting goods by using canals, steamboats and trains helped jump start the revolution. The invention of the cotton gin reshaped American slavery, shifting it to the Deep South. The rise of factories led to a new working class of semi-skilled and unskilled workers. All three of these things are responsible for the industrial revolution and bring America in the modern world of today. The Industrial Revolution was a transformation from agrarian and handicraft-centered economies into economies distinguished by industry and machine manufacture (Bentley and Ziegler 652). It first began in Britain during the mid-eighteenth century and lasted through the nineteenth century (Bentley and Ziegler 652-653). Although the Industrial Revolution was a drastic and ongoing process, does not mean it was an unproblematic change. Many people during this time period experienced positive and negative effects throughout this development. Due to James Kay’s invention of the flying shuttle, there was a great imbalance in the 1730’s between weavers and spinners. Kay made it possible for weavers to quickly produce the amount of fabric that was demanded, but the spinners were still unable to make thread t... The Industrial revolution was a turning point for the earth and humans, every aspect of human’s life and life styles were changed dramatically. It’s due to the revolution that we ca have so many types of clothing and we can easily talk to people in different countries. There has also become an increased wealth in the western world. The industrial revolution impacted daily life, politics, and gender relations. During the industrial revolution, humanity had turned to machines for production instead of people because they where able to produce things more quickly and efficiently. The three main concentration areas in the industrial revolution were transportation, industry, and market. During the nineteenth century, the United States were the industrializing nation because of the outcome of the War of 1812. Therefore, America needed to improve its infrastructure. The industrializing nations were India, China, and Brazil. They were going through it while the lowest life expectancy nation, central Africa, was non-industrialized. England started industrializing around the 1780s that spread to France, German, U.S, and Canada. Their first invention was the steam powered ships, engines, and railroads. Later in the 1860s, the internal combustible engines were introduced. The Market R... The effects on society due to the industrial revolution varied on the person. Working during this area varied on what you liked to do versus what you had to do. People who liked their work didn’t usually have to do that job, but people forced to work didn’t really like their job or just had a bad job overall. While some might argue that industrialization had primarily positive consequences for society because of how America shaped and changed all of it to improve the way people work today, it was actually a negative thing for society. Industrializations negative effects were bad working conditions, long and strenuous hours, injury and even death took it role on the society during this time. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain is recognized as a period of great industrial capitalism, machine development, and emergence of the working class.1 The growth of factories began shortly after Richard Arkwright patented the spinning frame in 1769.2 Factories allowed for hundreds of unskilled workers to find jobs running machines and drastically changed their lifestyles as jobs moved away from rural areas. The putting-out system, where jobs were subcontracted, slowly came to an end because work became centralized in factories. 3 Few industries continued on with domestic manufacturing such as the iron industry. At the height of the Industrial Revolution, few laws had been passed to protect all workers. The Industrial Revolution during 1760 to 1820 in Great Britain was a burgeoning period. The revolution brought massive benefits and changes on socioeconomic and cultural conditions. Firstly, it pushed the development of socioeconomic, and also released a great amount of working opportunity. At second his extraordinary change made the communication and transportation more efficient. Lastly, this revolution it made the production of agriculture boost, and fewer workers were needed in farm work. The Great Britain Industrial Revolution assisted the growth of agriculture, communication, transportation and socioeconomic. The Industrial Revolution brought mass advancements in technology to the people in Great Britain, Europe and in other places in the world during the time of 1750-1850. Britain’s wealth, population, technology, education and resources led to it as the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution. While the Industrial Revolution increased work wages, it also consequently resulted in harsh punishments, poor living conditions, and deadly accidents. Most famously recognized as a time of great technological innovation, the Industrial Revolution gave birth too two of the most transforming technologies, which came to spur the revolution on; cotton spinning and steam power. The two technologies are closely linked, the improved Steam Engine, invented by James Watt and patented in 1755, was originally used ... During the mid 18th century through the 19th century England started the Industrial Revolution. At the end of the industrial revolution there were more advantages than disadvantages, because the industrial revolution had to had cynical altercation in order for an increase in positive results. For example, the way goods were now manufacture. The goods were no longer produced in the household but in factories. England’s society had grown from agricultural to an industry dependent on manufacturing. Since the replacement of manual labor to manufacturing,the transformation of productivity and technical efficiency grew.For example, discipline managers would whip their workers if a task was not complete in the right format. The industrial revolution made people migrate from rural areas into urban communities in search of work which led to the expansion of cities. America's economy had been at a steady pace but things began to change once technological contributions began to become part of the picture. This technological boom would become known as the Industrial Revolution. Once transportation had been invented the rest of America’s commerce would increase, leading to more ideas and inventions to help its economy grow. This revolution created a demand for goods making America’s production have to increase. With that said America would create more and more inventions that would take the place of a worker, opening up more jobs in order to create these machines. Pushing its production in trade America will soon grow wealthier and bigger due to these technological contributions. From 1818-1850 America was

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What is Diode A diode is an essential two-terminal electronic component used in various applications within the PCB industry. It is designed to conduct current primarily in one direction while blocking it in the opposite direction. This characteristic, known as asymmetric conductance, is achieved through the diode’s unique construction. There are different types of diodes, including vacuum tubes or thermionic diodes, which consist of a heated cathode and a plate. In these diodes, electrons can flow from the cathode to the plate but not in the reverse direction. However, the most commonly used type of diode today is the semiconductor diode. Semiconductor diodes are made of a crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to two electrical terminals. The p–n junction is formed by doping one side of the semiconductor material with impurities to create a region with excess electrons (n-type) and the other side with a deficiency of electrons (p-type). This creates a potential barrier at the junction, allowing current to flow easily in one direction (forward bias) and blocking it in the opposite direction (reverse bias). Diodes play a vital role in electronic circuits, including PCBs, as they enable rectification, signal modulation, voltage regulation, and switching. Their discovery by German physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1874 laid the foundation for the development of diodes and other semiconductor devices. Silicon is the most commonly used material for manufacturing diodes due to its abundance and favorable electrical properties, although other semiconducting materials like gallium arsenide and germanium are also utilized based on specific application requirements. Frequently Asked Questions Why We Use Transistor Instead of Diode Since a bipolar transistor is essentially two diodes, it can perform the same function. However, utilizing bipolar transistors as diodes may lead to issues with current and other ratings. What Happens if You Wire a Diode Backwards Installing the diode in reverse polarity can result in the Cloud Node or the door controller rebooting. Additionally, a faulty or blown diode can mimic the absence of a diode, exhibit incorrect data in the logs (e.g., a card scan when the strike reverts to its default state). Why Do We Use Diode in PCB PCB diodes are primarily utilized for the purpose of removing the negative component of an AC signal. By eliminating the negative portion of the AC waveform, the stripping process minimizes the loss of information and enhances the signal processing capabilities. What Is a Diode Used For Diodes have various applications such as serving as rectifiers, signal limiters, voltage regulators, switches, signal modulators, signal mixers, signal demodulators, and oscillators. Their key characteristic is their ability to conduct electric current in a single direction. Which Way Do You Put a Diode on a PCB The placement of the diode on a PCB is not critical. However, it is typically mounted on the top side of the PCB, specifically on the side with the silkscreen outline. To install it, bend the leads to fit through the holes and push them until the diode body rests on top of the PCB. If needed, you can slightly bend the legs outward to secure the diode in place while working. What Does Diode Represent in a Circuit Diode is an electrical component that permits the passage of current in a single direction. In circuit diagrams, a diode is symbolized by a triangle with a line crossing one of its vertices. Why Do You Need a Diode With a Transistor Diode-connected transistors are essential in current mirrors because they offer a voltage drop that aligns with the temperature changes of the other transistor. Additionally, they exhibit minimal reverse leakage currents. Which Diode Is Mostly Used A widely utilized type of diode in modern times is the semiconductor diode. It consists of a crystalline semiconductor material with a p-n junction that is connected to two electrical terminals. Is It Necessary to Have a Diode Despite their simplicity as two-pin semiconductor devices, diodes play a crucial role in modern electronics. They are essential for converting AC to DC, isolating signals from a power source, and combining signals. What Is the Advantage of Diode One of the key benefits of utilizing diodes is their capacity to safeguard electrical circuits against harm caused by short circuits, overvoltage, and overcurrent. Additionally, diodes are capable of converting alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC), which proves advantageous in providing power to electrical devices that rely on DC power.

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The period process is nature’s own way to let the female know about their body that they are healthy and able to nurture offspring. Being a marvelous pet owner, you may know or have noticed that dogs, cats, rabbits, and other mammals get period. But have you ever wondered about birds? Do birds get periods? The answer is no; they don’t experience actual periods like mammals and humans. Besides, they don’t contain any uterus, which can help them create a menstrual cycle. But there are some exceptions, such as parrots and hens, and you can’t count anything based on that. In bird species, parrots get periods, and it is still a mystery if we talk about hens. You know nature herself is a mystery. In this article, we’re going to cover all the mysterious acts, including birds’ periods, reproductive system, and so on. Read Also: 10 Birds With Red Feathers Do Birds Bleed During Periods? As periods don’t occur in birds, there is no chance of bleeding. However, it only happens in some mammals and dogs; usually, it occurs twice a year. While it appears, the uterus’s inner layer comes out during that time and gets reabsorbed by their body, called covert menstruation. Now let’s talk about the aforementioned exceptions. Do Parrots Experience Bleeding During Period? No, parrots don’t bleed during periods, but some pet owners have a misconception about parrots’ periods. They believe that parrots do bleed while going through the menstrual cycle, as some owners have witnessed blood in parrots’ feathers, especially during this time. Well, we are breaking this fact down here. Parrots tend to shed their feathers after hitting puberty. Their new plumage has blood vessels. So, when feathers break down, parrots bleed, and coincidently, this bleeding incident occurs in menstruation, which creates a baffling mystery to many pet owners. Apart from this, another controversy is associated with the hens’ period and eggs in the pet owner community. Below, we will talk about these factors. Do Hens Have Periods? Before getting into the answer, first, let’s talk about what actually is period. Menstruation is all about releasing endometrial blood and tissues from the uterus. And we know that birds don’t have such a kind of function; instead of that, they come with ovaries. That means, logically, birds shouldn’t have any periods or bleeding. But talking about hens’ periods, mystery strikes again here too. Some researchers believe they don’t get periods, while others have tried to show that they have periods via biological shreds. Besides, some people even think that chicken eggs are a result of menstrual blood. Sadly, researchers haven’t yet solved the mystery regarding chickens’ periods and their eggs. But we can take you deep inside how their eggs form and how they lay eggs so that you can get a better understanding of these mentioned phenomena. Are Eggs Hens’ Period? According to some biologists, the answer is no. Because hens and other birds ovulate follicles, which don’t lead them to menstruate like other species; instead, their ovulated follicles travel through their bodies and come out as fertilized or unfertilized eggs. Considering this fact, we can say that eggs aren’t chickens or other birds’ period. How Do Birds Develop and Lay Eggs? The forming of birds’ eggs is a mesmerizing process, which begins as a cell. Then, lots of hormonal changes initiate the development process. Here’s how it happens: Birds can develop both fertilized and unfertilized eggs. And to start the process, first, a single cell expands in size. After a while, this cell grows into an oocyte, known as yolk. Next, it travels into the oviduct, where fertilization takes place with the sperm’s help. If there is no sperm present, birds will still lay unfertilized eggs. Anyway, the development process continues, and at some point, membranes, and albumens, in essence, egg-white, are added to the yolk. Then, the mass gets hydrated and forms into an oval shape. Finally, it passes down to the shell gland, where the robust shell, featuring calcium and minerals, is added. That’s how an entire egg gets into form. During this egg formation, birds’ reproductive system, including two ovaries, urogenital tract, gastrointestinal tracts, and cloaca, plays a significant role. How do birds lay eggs? After forming the hard shell, eggs leave birds’ reproductive tracts and enter their cloacas. Lastly, birds pass eggs through cloacas and vent openings outside of their body. And the same organs they use for stool and urine. Here is a quick recap of the entire article. As you may know, every bird’s reproductive system and breeding period are distinctly different. Aside from that, neither birds boast uterus nor experience any menstrual cycle, resulting in no period. The only exception is found in parrots, and speaking of the chickens, whether they have menstruation or not is still a mystery yet to be determined. So that’s all about today’s topic; we hope you enjoyed reading it. Share this article and follow us on Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest.

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Personalized Learning Pathway Personalized Learning is an approach that empowers learners by involving them in their learning at every stage: from setting their own targets to evaluating their progress, we believe that learners must become key drivers in their learning so that it becomes meaningful, valuable, and personal to them. To get an idea of personalized learning, try to picture a classroom that doesn’t have a “one size fits all” approach to education. The teacher doesn’t lead all students through the same lessons. Instead, the teacher guides each student on an individualized journey. The what, when, where, and how of learning is tailored to meet each student’s strengths, skills, needs and interests by providing a variety of options and learning modalities.

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You will be required to do a term paper on one of the topics listed below. - Discuss how the unique physical and chemical properties of water contribute to the importance of water for life on Earth to survive. - Discuss how the methods of experimentation and observation have changed throughout the history of science. - Explain the role so called “accidental” discoveries played in the history of science. - Describe the major experiments and scientists involved in the discovery of DNA as our hereditary material and its structure. - Explain what role women played in the Scientific Revolution of the 18th Century? What role do women in science play today? This assignment will be worth 20% of your grade. Your paper should be creative and interesting, and should be a minimum 1500 to 2000 words in length. It should be well organized and demonstrate an orderly flow of information that clearly addresses the subject chosen.

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identify two fundamental rights mostly closely associated with the principles of ubuntu. Also indicate why you think these rights relate to the philosophy of ubuntu. Why is these rights related to the... Asked on 5/20/2023, 2 pageviews The two fundamental rights closely associated with the principles of ubuntu are the right to be respected and the right to participate. The right to be respected is related to the philosophy of ubuntu as it emphasizes on the universal value of human dignity and respect for each person regardless of their background. In the philosophy of ubuntu, treating others with respect and dignity is essential for building relationships based on mutual trust and understanding. When people respect each other, they are likely to treat each other fairly and with kindness, which contributes to creating a harmonious society. The right to participate, on the other hand, is related to the philosophy of ubuntu as it emphasizes on community and the importance of people working together. In the philosophy of ubuntu, everyone has an important role to play in society, and it is through collective participation that the community can thrive. When individuals are given the opportunity to participate, they can contribute their skills, talents, and ideas, which promotes a sense of empowerment and ownership of their community. Overall, ubuntu is a philosophy that centers on the interdependence and interconnectedness of people and emphasizes on the importance of relationships between individuals and their communities. The rights to be respected and to participate are closely associated with this philosophy as they embody the values of community, respect, and dignity.

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Do religions justify and cause violence or are they more appropriately seen as forces for peace and tolerance? Featuring contributions from international experts in the field, this book explores the debate that has emerged in the context of secular modernity about whether religion is a primary cause of social division, conflict and war, or whether this is simply a distortion of the ‘true’ significance of religion and that if properly followed it promotes peace, harmony, goodwill and social cohesion. Focusing on how this debate is played out in the South Asian context, the book engages with issues relating to religion and violence in both its classical and contemporary formations. The collection is designed to look beyond the stereotypical images and idealized portrayals of the peaceful South Asian religious traditions (especially Hindu, Buddhist, Jain and Sufi), which can occlude their own violent histories and to analyze the diverse attitudes towards, and manifestations of violence within the major religious traditions of South Asia. Divided into three sections, the book also discusses globalization and the theoretical issues that inform contemporary discussions of the relationship between religion and violence. 1. Introduction Part 1: Classical Approaches to Violence in South Asian Traditions 2. Telling Stories about Harm: An Overview of Himsa in Early Indian Narratives 3. Text as Sword: Sikh Religious Violence Taken as Wonder 4. Early Buddhist Approaches and Attitudes to Violence 5. The Non-Violence of Violence: Jain Perspectives on Warfare, Asceticism and Worship 6. Crimes Against God and Violent Punishment in Arabic Islamic Literature Part 2: Religion and Violence in Contemporary South Asia 7. Operationalizing Buddhism for Political Ends in a Martial Context in Lanka, the Case of Sinhalatva 8. Religion and Violence: The Historical Context for Conflict in Pakistan 9. Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk? Part 3: Theory: Framing the ‘Religion and Violence’ Debate 10. A Categorical Difference: Communal Identity in British Epistemologies 11. The Global Fiduciary: Learning to Mediate the Violence of ‘Religion’ 'This is a wonderful collection combining excellent historical scholarship with incisive cultural critique. Religion and Violence: The South Asian Perspective is one of the very few books in this field to illuminate the present by an understanding of religious traditions. It is very well written and thus a good read both for students of social sciences and humanities. ' - Peter van der Veer, Utrecht University '...this edited volume has importance, not just for the discipline of the study of religin, but also for all subjects that engage with the links between religion, globalization and violence. This volume is long overdue.' - Tamsin Bradley, London Metropolitan University, UK

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Tuesday December 18, 2018 George Friedrich Wilhelm Hegel was right – Again: The only thing the human race learns from history is that it learns nothing from history. In 1914,the British Empire, largest in human history and one of the longest-lasting, charged into World War I to defend “gallant little Belgium” whose King Leopold over the previous 30 years had carried out one of the longest, largest genocides of all time, killing 10 million people in the Congo. Germany, wealthiest, most prosperous nation in Europe, blundered into the same needless war when feckless Kaiser Wilhelm II causally gave sweeping approval to Austria-Hungary to annihilate the tiny nation of Serbia. Millions of brave and idealistic Russians eagerly volunteered to fight in the war to protect “gallant little Serbia.” Most of them died too. There is no record that any of the Serbian leaders after the war visited any of their mass graves. Now it is the United States’ turn.

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MATLAB Onramp Overview Get started quickly with the basics of MATLAB® with this self-paced, interactive tutorial that includes videos, hands-on exercises, and projects with automated assessments and feedback. Topics covered include: - MATLAB commands - Vectors and matrices - Importing data - Indexing into and modifying arrays - Array calculations - Calling functions - Obtaining help - Plotting data - MATLAB scripts - Logical arrays Engineers and scientists worldwide use MATLAB to solve complicated real-world problems, analyze data, and visualize ideas that lead to a better understanding of complex systems. So what's special about MATLAB? MATLAB combines a desktop environment tuned for iterative analysis with a programming language whose syntax mirrors common science and engineering notation. MATLAB also provides the ability to quickly create and customize various types of visualizations. This course will get you up to speed on MATLAB so that you can start leveraging these capabilities. The course walks you through the basics of using MATLAB, including performing calculations with commands, importing data from external sources, and visualizing data using plotting functions. You'll also complete quizzes and exercises by writing code in a MATLAB session within your browser. As you work through each prompt, you'll receive hints and feedback, and your answers will be graded automatically. The course should take about two hours, but you can leave and come back any time. So what are you waiting for? Start MATLAB Onramp today. You can also select a web site from the following list How to Get Best Site Performance Select the China site (in Chinese or English) for best site performance. Other MathWorks country sites are not optimized for visits from your location.

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Improving road safety is a policy imperative, given the scale of deaths and injuries caused every year. Significant progress has been obtained in recent years by introducing passive safety systems on vehicles, which can reduce the consequences of an accident once it occurs. This positive trend can be further improved by equipping the vehicle with a pre-crash system, able to predict the risk of an accident in advance. Main objective of the Chameleon project has been to develop and evaluate a pre-crash system for vehicles, able to detect an imminent impact with high reliability. Aim of a pre-crash function is to increase the protection of all the occupants, optimising the effectiveness of restraint systems by an adaptable or anticipated action, or even conceiving new types of passive safety devices. The focus of the project is on applications for passenger cars. The sensor technologies investigated are especially the microwave radar, laser and computer vision. All the different scenarios of road and traffic are taken into account. Starting from the existing knowledge on Advanced Driver Assistance Functions (ADAS), the Chameleon objective involves therefore the following main aspects: - To define a system concept for this new function, exploring how to link preventive and passive safeties in order to obtain an added safety value; - To investigate the sensor requirements, identify the most useful technologies, develop and test suitable sensor solutions; - To define what type of information should be delivered to the passive safety systems and especially the correct timing before the crash; - To evaluate effectiveness and safety benefits of a pre-crash system, analysing new solutions for restraint systems. To reach these results, a first important point is to improve the performance of sensors now available for ADAS, particularly in term of range, data rate, and capability to track close objects. This is related to the shorter times and distances involved in the pre-crash application domain. A further key issue is to develop crash prediction algorithms, which are able to estimate when a risky situation is about to turn into an unavoidable crash, with suitable advance time but maintaining an acceptable reliability. The final pre-crash evaluation in Chameleon involves a demonstrator vehicle and several ad-hoc test procedures defined in the project itself. Besides a technical analysis, the evaluation framework includes an impact analysis and a study on safety, legal issues and standards. 1) The Chameleon project, starting from basic ideas, has defined a concept for the pre-crash application and implemented the system in a demonstrator car. 2) A functional Road map to guide future developments has been identified. 3) Prototypes of advanced sensor solutions for the pre-crash have been developed and tested: - A compact multi-beam laser with high update rate (100 Hz); - A short range radar at 24 GHz, covering a range down to 0,5m; - A 77 GHz radar complementary to the ACC sensor; - A laser scanner with wide field of view and precise distance measurement; - An active stereo video sensor for the detection and classification of objects. 4) Crash prediction algorithms have been developed and tested, delivering good predictions of the time to impact and of the impact speed and position. 5) The project has shown the feasibility of the pre-crash concept; the application is still in a preliminary phase of development, considering the present performance of sensor technologies. Gaps to the realisation have been defined by suitable testing and analysis. 6) Tools and methods for an effective evaluation have been defined, with innovative approaches to test ‘crash’ or ‘quasi-crash’ conditions. 7) The potential impact of pre-crash has been confirmed by bio-mechanical simulations and expert evaluations: the availability of pre-crash information makes possible the development of restraint systems more effective than the state of the art. According to the Road-map, Chameleon will contribute to the realisation of marketable products, in a time frame around five years for the first categories of applications. Besides the pre-crash function, several Chameleon subsystems and tools will be available, as enablers for a series of products, especially the sensor technologies, the SW modules, the testing methods. Even if the final control function will concern the passive safety equipment, the focal point remains the sensorial technology. In this frame, considering the expected trends for Driver Assistance applications, exploitation will be based on the following approaches: - products will be presented with a strong 'safety related' content, changing somehow the from previous ADAS commercial applications more focused on comfort; - specific features of the different sensor technologies, conceived for accurate and fast detection at short range, will be exploited; - the multifunctional applications already investigated in the project will be further explored and proposed, due to the remaining high costs of the sensor devices. Sensor suppliers have already launched development programmes with automotive partners regarding the technologies of the project. Car manufacturers are continuing their efforts to design and produce safer cars, and will make use of project results concerning especially the system definition, the sensor characteristics, the testing procedures. Sensor fusion still requires R&D work to improve the reliability of situation capture. The engineering company is actively developing SW products based on the Chameleon approach. The research institutes are using the methods and technologies developed in Chameleon for the realisation of new vehicle demonstrators and for projects in the area of preventive safety. No results directly relevant to this theme. However, please note that some findings relevant to the project's key theme (Safety and Security) are generically applicable.

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I’ve been hearing about El Capitan Passage from various friends in town so I bugged Jim to include it in our plans. Located on the northwest side of Prince of Wales Island, this passage is a protected short cut for fishing boats and other commercial traffic, ending up in Sea Otter Sound at the southern end. Near the northern entrance is a large marble mine, still active. A segment of the passage at the north end was dredged through rock, well-marked with navigational aids, but narrow and just a little bit exciting to navigate through, particularly at dead low tide. Why is it that we always seem to be in “interesting” rocky passages at low tide?We anchored in one of the little bay-lets between dredged sections called Dry Strait anchorage, and the view was very interesting – there were a lot of granite domes like this one – rather different terrain than on some of the other islands in the Alexander Archipelago that make up Southeast Alaska. We didn’t realize that there are a lot of karst formations – limestone caves in the area, and that the Forest Service offers tours of the largest one, El Capitan Cave in the summer months. We called the Forest Service on the sat phone and made arrangements for a tour – what an unexpected bonus! We launched the dinghy and traveled about 2 miles to the Forest Service dinghy dock where we met up with our excellent guides – a pair of geology undergraduate students. Everyone was given a helmet and headlamp, and Matt and Anna gave a running narration about the forest and area as we trudged up the 370 steps, climbing 1100 feet in elevation to the entrance to the cave. The steps themselves were interesting: built from yellow cedar 20 years ago, they have survived extremely well in the thick rainforest with virtually no rot. Discovered in the 1980s, the El Capitan Cave is the largest (so far) cave in Alaska, with over 2 miles of passages that have been mapped. Animal remains, including black and brown bears have been found in the cave, some dating back to over 11,000 years ago. I thought it was interesting when one of the geologists pointed out that this cave is karst – limestone dissolved by water; limestone is calcium carbonate. Marble is quarried nearby and it’s also calcium carbonate, but formed under different temperature and pressure than limestone. The north end of Prince of Wales Island is dotted with karst formations. The helmets turned out to be a necessity, as I whacked my head on the ceiling not far into the cave’s entrance. (I whacked my head in the exact same spot on the way out.) This is a “wild” cave, in its natural state and not “enhanced” by paved walkways or hand railings. Part of the main passage was clearly a streambed, but the walls had all manner of flowstone formations, dragon scales, nodules, crystallized seams, and water droplets that seeped down from the muskeg over a long period of time.This is a cross-section of some flowstone from the cave that was cut and polished to show what it looks like inside. What’s fascinating about this cave and the numerous others in the area are that they were only just discovered in the last 30 years or less, yet so many of them contain animal bones that are 8,000-12,000 years old, and in some cases the bones are from animals that are no longer found on Prince of Wales Island.

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The recycle bin on your desktop is where deleted files go to wait until you either restore or permanently remove them. Over time, it can fill up and take up valuable storage space. Learning how to properly empty the recycle bin is an essential skill for any Windows or macOS user. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll cover everything you need to know about emptying the recycle bin, from basic steps to advanced tips. You’ll learn when and why to empty it, how to restore deleted files, and best practices for maintaining optimal system performance. Why Empty the Recycle Bin? Here are some key reasons to empty your recycle bin regularly: - Frees up disk space: Deleted files in your recycle bin still take up space on your hard drive. Emptying it removes these files to free up storage room. - Improves system performance: A bloated recycle bin causes extra strain on your OS. Deleting its contents allows your computer to run faster. - Increases security: The recycle bin can contain sensitive temporary or cached files. Emptying it reduces the risk of others accessing private data. - Makes finding files easier: When you delete new files, old ones get pushed down. An overflowing recycle bin becomes disorganized. - Prevents automatic deletions: Once the recycle bin hits maximum capacity, your OS will start permanently deleting older files when you add new ones. Regularly emptying the recycle bin ensures you have adequate free space, a smoothly running system, and total control over file deletions. When Should You Empty the Recycle Bin? How often you empty the recycle bin depends on your storage needs and personal preferences. Here are some general guidelines: - When it’s close to full: Don’t wait until it reaches maximum capacity. Empty it once storage is low to avoid automatic deletions. - After permanently deleting files: Right after you ensure files are no longer needed, empty the bin to immediately free up space. - During routine computer maintenance: Make it part of your regular system upkeep, like disk cleanups and defrags. - Before a system update or reinstallation: Empty it prior as a good pre-upgrade or reinstall practice. - When security is compromised: After a malware attack or if unauthorized access is suspected, empty it to erase potentially compromised files. - Before sharing or disposing of a computer: Empty the bin to wipe all your personal deleted files before passing a computer on to someone else. Setting a reminder to check and empty your recycle bin weekly or monthly is recommended. But always verify you don’t need any files before emptying. How to Empty the Recycle Bin on Windows Emptying the recycle bin in Windows is simple. Here are the step-by-step instructions: - Open the recycle bin – Double-click the recycle bin icon on your desktop or open it from the start menu. - Check contents – Review files inside and ensure there are none you want to keep. - Right click recycle bin – Select the arrow menu, then choose Empty Recycle Bin. - Confirm deletion – A pop-up will warn files will be permanently deleted. Click Yes to confirm. - Wait – It may take a few minutes for the process to fully finish. The bin will appear empty once completed. - Check disk space – Go to Settings > System > Storage to verify you reclaimed disk space. That’s all it takes! Windows provides a safety net by asking you to confirm before permanently deleting files. Alternative Ways to Empty the Recycle Bin Here are a couple other quick ways to empty the recycle bin in Windows: - Keyboard shortcut: While the recycle bin is open, press CTRL + A to select all items, then SHIFT + DEL to delete. Confirm by pressing Yes. - File Explorer: Open File Explorer, go to the recycle bin folder, right click it, and select Empty Recycle Bin. - Command prompt: Type DEL %SystemDrive%\$Recycle.Bin then press enter. Type Y and enter to confirm. How to Restore Deleted Files from the Recycle Bin If you realize you deleted a file that’s needed, you can easily restore it from the recycle bin: - Open the recycle bin and look for the file. - Right click on the file and choose Restore. - Select where to restore the file to. The default is its original location. Click Restore to complete. As long as you haven’t emptied the recycle bin, deleted files remain in their original state. But it’s best to restore them right away before permanently erasing the bin. How to Empty Trash on Mac The steps to empty the Trash on a Mac are very similar to Windows: - Click the trash icon in the Dock to open it. - Review contents to confirm there’s nothing you need. - Choose Empty Trash from the Finder menu or press Command + Shift + Delete. - A prompt will ask “Are you sure you want to permanently erase the items in the Trash?” Click Empty Trash to confirm. - Wait for the process to complete. The trash will appear empty when finished. - Check storage levels under Apple Menu > About This Mac > Storage to verify space was freed up. Mac has built-in protections against accidentally deleting files. But it’s still wise to carefully check the Trash before emptying. Alternative Ways to Empty the Trash on Mac Here are some other easy methods to empty the Trash on a Mac: - Dock icon: Hold down the Option key while clicking the Trash icon in your Dock to instantly empty it. - Finder sidebar: Right click the Trash in the Finder sidebar and select Empty Trash. - Terminal command: Type sudo rm -rf ~/.Trash then press Return. Type your admin password and press Return again to confirm. How to Restore Deleted Files from Trash on Mac If you need to retrieve an item from the Trash on your Mac: - Double click to open the Trash. - Drag the file you want to keep back to its original location or the desktop. - Alternatively, you can right click the file and select Put Back to restore it. Remember that emptying the Trash permanently deletes all items inside. So act quickly if you notice an important file was removed. Tips for Maintaining the Recycle Bin or Trash Here are some best practices for keeping your computer’s recycle bin or Trash optimized: - Always check contents before emptying – Take time to verify it doesn’t contain any files you still need. - Empty it regularly – Set a reminder to empty it monthly or biweekly to maintain free space. - Use Disk Cleanup on Windows – This tool frees up space by permanently deleting unnecessary system files. - Enable Trash size warning on Mac – Get notified when Trash reaches a certain GB size under Finder preferences. - Delete old system logs – These can accumulate over time and should be periodically cleared out. - Remove unneeded duplicates – If you have many redundant copies of files, delete the extras. - Clear the bin before shutting down – Make it part of your shutdown routine to do a final check and empty it. - Restore items immediately if deleted by accident – Don’t wait or else they may get permanently erased. - Use a larger third-party recycle bin – Apps like Recycle Bin Editor allow setting a custom maximum size. - Install a file recovery app – For another layer of protection if you empty files you end up needing. FAQ About Emptying the Recycle Bin Here are answers to some frequently asked questions about deleting files from the recycle bin or Trash: Is it safe to empty the recycle bin? Yes, it’s safe as long as you’ve checked the contents and are sure you don’t need any of the files. Emptying the recycle bin permanently deletes files, so be cautious before taking this action. How often should I empty the recycle bin or trash? It depends on your personal preference and computer usage habits. Some users prefer daily, while others do so weekly or monthly. Regularly emptying it helps maintain optimal system performance. Can I recover files after emptying the recycle bin? Yes, you can recover files using data recovery software. But the chances decrease the longer you wait, so try to restore items immediately. Does emptying the recycle bin free up space? Yes, it frees up disk space by permanently removing files that were temporarily stored there after deletion. What happens when the recycle bin gets full? On Windows, it will stop accepting new files until emptied. On Mac, once full, the Trash starts automatically deleting the oldest files when you add new ones. Is there a maximum size for the recycle bin? The default is around 10% of your total disk space. But you can configure the size on Windows by right clicking the bin and going to Properties > Size. Can you recover files without using the recycle bin? Yes, data recovery software can restore deleted files even if you didn’t send them to the recycle bin first. But files may be overwritten if not in the protected bin. Does formatting a drive empty the recycle bin? Yes, formatting a disk drive erases all its content, including the recycle bin. Files would need to be recovered using data recovery tools. Where are deleted files stored? On Windows, deleted files go to a folder called Recycler under drives. On Mac, they’re stored in a hidden .Trashes folder on each drive. Key Takeaways on Emptying the Recycle Bin To recap, here are the core tips to remember: - Check contents before emptying to avoid losing needed files. - Empty the recycle bin regularly as part of routine PC maintenance. - Restore accidentally deleted files immediately if possible. - Free up additional disk space using Disk Cleanup or deleting unneeded files. - Set size limits and enable warnings if your recycle bin fills frequently. - On Mac, hold Option while clicking the Trash to quickly empty it. - Use keyboard shortcuts like Shift + Delete to empty the bin without the prompt. - Formatting or upgrading your system will automatically erase the recycle bin contents. - Data recovery software can retrieve deleted files even after emptying the recycle bin. Learning how to properly manage your computer’s recycle bin or Trash is an essential skill. Follow these tips and best practices to maintain optimal storage space, system performance, security and ensure accidental file deletions are minimized.

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RICE AND HEALTH Rice has already been for centuries the staple food in many countries worldwide. The reason is in the fact that it is a grain with excellent nutritional properties and significant carbohydrate content, essential for supplying energy. While caring for the body people suffering from cholesterol problems or intolerance to gluten find rice an excellent food to include in their diets. Situated at the base of the food pyramid this is a very nutritious cereal that is digested easily and whose main constituent is starch. Rich in vitamins B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin) and B3 (niacin), it also contains minerals such as phosphorus (crucial for the bones and brain), iron (anti-anaemic), potassium, magnesium (promotes muscle activity), calcium and, in addition, has the eight essential amino acids for human body. Rice also contains 7% protein, higher than other cereals, a low percentage of fats and sodium (0.2%) and few calories. Indeed, given that less than 1% of calories come from fat and that it has no cholesterol, rice is an excellent food to be included in any type of diet. Experts recommend the consumption of carbohydrates several times a week, as it is especially suitable for those people who have to use physical exertion in their work or for sportspeople. However, it should not be consumed in excess because it causes constipation. In this way, eating a large quantity of husked rice can cause a lack of vitamin B, which in extreme cases can deteriorate into beriberi; a disease endemic well into the twentieth century in many low-income groups in East Asia whose diet was restricted a high consumption of rice. Due to it attributes it is especially effective in cases of hypertension (its high levels of potassium along with its low sodium content help to regulate blood pressure), kidney diseases and weight loss diets. It also helps gastrointestinal problems, as a grain and as rice water because it calms the stomach. In addition it contributes to the elimination of liquids. Furthermore, poultices made with rice flour soothe skin inflammations such as acne, measles or problems with burns. FIBRE – ESSENTIAL Another component of rice is fibre. Bran, the outer rice covering, contains 42% insoluble fibre, composed mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Moreover, bran contains the essential amino acid called lysine, and polyunsaturated fats, mostly of the linoleic acid type. Fibre gives greater consistency to foods so that chewing is extended and it enhances the feeling of being full. The daily recommended consumption is approximately 25 grams of fibre because it contributes to helping the digestive system, improving the quality of intestinal flora and reducing the risk of intestinal disorders, cancer of the colon and breast cancer or other diseases.

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The SETI project scans the skies for alien messages, and controversially claim they succeeded in 1977. - The Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence, or SETI, is a collection of scientists who scan the Solar System looking for alien signals. - In 1977, SETI detected a powerful radio signal originating in the Sagittarius constellation, which was named the 'Wow!' signal. - The 'Wow' signal is the closest we've come to a message from another civilisation. - As planet hunters locate new worlds, SETI can focus their search on Earth-like planets. Are we alone? For over 50 years a group of scientists and astronomers have been trying to find the answer to that question. Under the collective name SETI – the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence – they seek evidence of life in the Universe by scanning the Solar System for a signal from ... Please log in to view and download the complete transcript.

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Serious play… sounds like an oxymoron, doesn’t it? The truth is, when it comes to children, we may not think about the importance of play because it seems like children naturally know how to play. But as adults, we sometimes forget to provide a space for play as our children grow. We forget that we need to protect and encourage our children’s time to play. Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934), the Russian psychologist to whom early play theory is credited, said, “In play a child always behaves beyond his average age, above his daily behavior. In play it is as though he were a head taller than himself.” The benefits of play are endless. When your child shifts their lens into looking at the world through play, it sparks curiosity. Play opportunities (structured games or are free play) nurture feelings of satisfaction and joy. When your child is in an interactive setting with other children, this playtime allows them to build empathy and understanding for others. Through play, the uncomfortable feelings that a competitive situation might bring come to be experienced as creative opportunities. When engaged in play, children learn how to react to those feelings, and they learn how to navigate and compromise. Play provides opportunities for children to observe how others work through challenges, helps build stamina, and reinforces children’s confidence. To use play within your school day, strategically create opportunities for your child to experience the continuum of play. For younger children, provide interactive materials to allow them to experiment on their own. Introduce “what if” and “I wonder” questions built around the concept you are teaching as a tool to develop more sophisticated ways of thinking. Advanced learners will welcome open-ended challenges tied to real-world situations that they can play through as they create solutions to solve problems. It’s as easy as 1-2-3 to integrate play into your homeschool routine. Try these simple ideas to incorporate delight, anticipation, satisfaction, and problem-solving stamina into your child’s day: Create Opportunities for Experimentation Make colored rice or use bags of dried beans; place in a large flat container such as a cookie sheet. Young learners can experiment with filling various-sized containers or building make-believe roads or mazes. “Playing with” volume, weights, and measures are easy and tangible math lessons in those areas for older learners. More advanced learners can illustrate charts, graphs, or maps to show what they see. Create Opportunities for Reflection Helping your child recognize what they like and what makes them feel successful is quite important. This happens through opportunities for reflection. All ages should be encouraged to have conversations about which activities they found fun or those they found challenging (and even those they found boring!). Reflection can be done using sticky dots with smiley faces on them for non-writers or non-verbal children, or simply keeping a play journal where students record pictures or writing to talk about the things they learned while they were playing. Create Opportunities for Creativity “Toys” made from things around the house are easy to make available to your child. Empty boxes and paper towel tubes lend themselves to free building, or for older students, solving a building challenge of some sort. Clay can take any form and suits multiple ages. For outdoor play, save large branches and rocks as “loose parts” for children to use in building. Also, don’t discount how the text of a fiction book can be used for play. Ask your older student to create a new character, and then fit the character into the existing storyline. How does the new character interact with the other characters? How do they explain their appearance in the storyline? There are so many things that can be done to help students “play” with the idea of change in creative ways. When looking for support to help you build play into your child’s day, consider looking for one that builds in experimentation, reflection, and creativity, KneoWorld is a strong contender. The KneoWorld platform provides immersive, story-based learning experiences that help your child progress in critical thinking through activities that feel like play. Engaging illustrations ignite curiosity as your child interacts with dynamic and diverse characters. Students build social-emotional skills as they work alongside the characters to solve problems. As your child progresses through different learning challenges, they’re given opportunities to reflect on their experiences and practice their learning through games and logic puzzles. KneoWorld provides you with the peace of mind to know exactly how your child is progressing because you have access to your child’s play results. Adding the KneoWorld platform to your existing curriculum provides another avenue to ensure that your child is getting opportunities to play every day.

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A lottery is a form of gambling where you have the chance to win big prizes. These prizes can range from money to property. People often play the lottery to try to improve their lives. However, there are some things that you should know before you play the lottery. A lotter is a type of game that uses random selection to allocate prizes. These games are sometimes run by state or federal governments. They allow multiple players to purchase tickets for a small price in order to have the chance to win a large sum of money, which can be millions of dollars. The word “lottery” derives from the Middle Dutch noun lot. The verb form, lotere, appears in a few places in English in the late 15th century. The noun is also found in French, where it has the same meaning. The practice of distributing property by lot dates back to ancient times. The Old Testament has a number of examples, and the Romans used it to give away land. The practice continued throughout Europe, with the earliest modern national lotteries appearing in France in the 16th century. There are many different types of lotteries, but they all have the same basic structure. You buy a ticket, and then you wait for the drawing. The drawing is usually done at a specific time and place, so you should check the official lottery website to find out when it will take place. The winnings are then paid out in either an annuity payment or a lump sum. In some countries, such as the United States, the winner is required to pay a significant tax on the winnings, which can reduce their overall utility. While the odds of winning are low, there is still a great deal of demand for lotteries. This is because people are attracted to the idea of winning a huge amount of money. In fact, the average American spends over $80 billion on lottery tickets every year. This is a lot of money that could be better spent on building an emergency fund or paying off credit card debt. If the entertainment value or other non-monetary benefits associated with playing a lottery exceed the disutility of the monetary loss, then it is a rational decision for the individual to play. The problem is that these values are often difficult to measure. Generally, you can purchase lottery tickets at grocery stores, convenience stores, and gas stations. If you are unsure where to buy a ticket, you can check the official lottery website for a list of retailers. Some states, such as California, even offer online tools to help you find a retailer. These tools are helpful because they can help you avoid buying a ticket from a scammer. They can also give you a sense of the minimum lottery-playing age in your area.

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The Citarum River and the pollution in indonesia The Citarum is the largest river in the West Java region of Indonesia. Twenty-five million people live within its basin, often relying on the Citarum as their only source of water. With limited resources for water purification, many people are forced to consume, bathe, and wash their clothes in water containing shocking levels of pollutants. However, unlike our previous case study, the pollutants posing health risks to these communities do not come from one unique source. Instead, the Ciatrum is ridden with multiple types of pollutants from a variety of culprits. The water irrigating into villages along the Citarum is laden with human and animal fecal matter. The river is used as a natural sewage system and West Java’s Environment Department estimates that 35.5 tonnes of human waste is dumped into the river each day alongside 65 tonnes of livestock waste. In 2013, the Asian Development Bank recorded that levels of faecal coliform bacteria were present in Citarum water samples at 5,000 times the safe exposure limits. This outstanding presence of bacteria has led to the Citarum becoming a vector for disease for the millions of people who consume its water. Faecal coliform bacteria can lead to ear infections, dysentery, typhoid fever, gastroenteritis, and hepatitis A. Doctors along the Citarum also see increased incidence of impetigo, dermatitis, and scabies. Whilst bacterial contamination poses a serious threat to the health of the locals along the Citarum, the primary source of pollution is the 1,900 industries located along the river. The textile industry is king in Indonesia and many of the factories along the Ciatrum specialise in dying textiles, often for wealthy Western companies. Of these 1,900 industries, it is believed that 90% do not possess adequate waste treatment facilities. Therefore, 34,000 tonnes of untreated textile runoff is disposed of into the river each year. This runoff often contains high concentrations of toxic heavy metals, such as lead, mercury, iron, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, and manganese. The lead levels in the Citarum have been reported to be 1,000 times the US Environmental Protection Agency standard for drinking water. Lead is known to cause a variety of health problems if an individual is overexposed through drinking water or contaminated food. These health effects include anemia, kidney damage, heart disease, brain damage, reduced fertility, memory problems, and miscarriage. Lead has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and the placenta, giving it the ability to affect neurological processes and development. The health effects associated with other heavy metals found in the Citarum can be found in the table below: Household waste, including degradable and non-biodegradable rubbish, is often stored around the banks of the Citarum. These trash piles often grow too large for the banks to contain and spill over into the river, further polluting the water with physical waste. The poorest individuals along the Citarum often scavenge for plastics — selling recyclable bottles and packaging in exchange for groceries, mobile phone credit, or discounts on their energy payments thanks to waste segregation banks. When the rubbish from the villages is not disposed of around the Citarum, it is burned in large fires. The toxins in these fumes have caused often fatal increases in tuberculosis and bronchitis among locals. Agriculture is also both a culprit and a victim of pollution along the Citarum. In the upstream villages along the river, many families grow and sell vegetables as an occupation. Some farmers apply plentiful amounts of pesticide to maximise the yields of their crops, but often dismiss safety regulations and apply these chemicals in quantities far above the recommended safety limit. Excess pesticides have been known to leech into the Ciatrum, further polluting the waters with chemicals unfit to consume. Further downstream where the river is polluted with additional toxins, the Citarum’s waters irrigate into thousands of hectares of paddy fields. Rice is therefore grown in polluted waters, lacing the crop with chemicals that are consumed by families whose diets largely consist of this locally grown rice. However, there is hope for the Ciatrum following the launch of operation Citarum Harum in 2018. This project, run by the Indonesian military, intends to revitalise the river and make Citarum water safe to drink by 2025. This multidisciplinary project combines military efforts with expert knowledge, formulating plans for reforestation, toxin extraction, wastewater discharge regulation, and environmental education. Waste segregation banks increase in scale and popularity whilst soldiers clear the Citarum by installing rubbish and water treatment facilities. With backing from the Asian Development Bank and the International Monetary Fund, it is hoped that drastic improvements are seen along the Citarum in the coming years, which will have the capacity to improve the health and livelihoods of millions of people.

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Changes in our society’s demographics and dynamics are affecting the healthcare system resulting in a more intense “battle for skills”. While digital technologies were largely employed in private life, their use and acceptance are now increasingly evident in the healthcare industry. Human Resource (HR) digitization is the most fundamental development influencing healthcare businesses and it has grown exponentially in popularity over the years. In this article, we’ll explore how the healthcare ecosystem is changing and how to make use of the benefits of digital healthcare in a practical approach. We’ll start by looking at the process of creating a digital healthcare roadmap, the factors shaping this movement, and the benefits that come with comprehensive digitization. What is Healthcare Human Resource Digitization? The term “digital transformation” in healthcare refers to how an organization leverages technology and digital solutions to improve the patient experience, streamline operations and make on-demand medical care more accessible and affordable. Digitalization in the healthcare industry includes things like electronic health records, online appointments, telemedicine, SaMD (Software as a Medical Device), and AI-powered medical devices. These technologies have completely transformed how patients connect with healthcare professionals, how their information is shared among healthcare providers and how treatment options are chosen. Healthcare organizations that combine good HR management practices with effective HR technology are more productive and lucrative than those that don’t. However, the challenge for HR executives is to manage this technology in such a way that the advantages are maximized while the risks are minimized. Let us explore the significance of digitalization in healthcare and how it reduces the workload of healthcare providers resulting in better patient outcomes. The Importance of Digitalized Human Resource Management in Healthcare Digitalization in healthcare may boost employee satisfaction, improve patient care and enable better and faster diagnoses by implementing modern technology solutions. As healthcare professionals strive to construct resilient and future-proof healthcare systems, digitizing the sector is now a primary focus. Four long-term factors listed below are driving this transformation: Chronic diseases are becoming more prevalent. Chronic diseases are putting a growing strain on healthcare systems around the world. These figures are expected to rise in the coming years as the population ages. Digital healthcare solutions that may help detect and treat diseases more quickly and efficiently are desperately needed to keep healthcare systems viable. Patients expect more individualized treatment. Patients’ expectations of healthcare have shifted dramatically as the globe has become more accessible to them. They tend to recognize more personalized and convenient care. Staffing deficit in the healthcare industry. Healthcare providers in many regions of the world are experiencing workforce shortages as demand for care rises. According to the WHO, there will be a global shortage of 12.9 million competent healthcare professionals by 2035. As a result, it is more critical than ever to safeguard the emotional and physical health of healthcare personnel. Digital solutions can aid in the automation of mundane tasks and the simplification of workflows. Healthcare providers are looking for cost-cutting opportunities. Digitization has been proven to lower unemployment, improve quality of care, provide cost-cutting opportunities and increase citizens’ access to Healthcare Services. Technology can automate data collection and communication processes while proving the events that claim to lower healthcare expenses and improve patient satisfaction. These four factors, taken together demonstrate the critical need for digital transformation in the healthcare industry in order to enable new ways of connecting supply and demand. It is an understatement to argue that digital transformation is critical to the future of healthcare systems. The benefits of using digitization for healthcare human resource management Healthcare providers that are quick to incorporate digitization into their practice have significant competitive benefits. For example, - Improved Doctor-Patient - Automated Administrative Tasks - Easy communication among multiple healthcare providers - Improved Process Mapping - Real-time Health Data - Data protection and security - Transparency and enrichment of employees’ training development Digitalization leads to better human resource management that ultimately leads to good patient outcomes. It’s reasonable to believe that the enormous array of digital breakthroughs that will emerge in the near future will be interdisciplinary and beneficial to both healthcare providers and patients. If you want to learn more about Human Resource Management in Healthcare Astron e-college offers a certification program to educate you on everything you need to know. This advancement will prioritize the patient’s well-being benefiting a number of stakeholders in the healthcare industry. Human resources departments can now employ digital programs, digital structures and digital technologies to publicize the hospitals. Furthermore, by making digital tools available, employee satisfaction can be increased with the added benefit of great workplace branding.

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Peak Wide Stand Microscope is a simple measuring microscope designed to be compact and light weight, but characterized by a wider field of view than that of the conventional microscope. It allows not only to provide magnified view of fine pattern and contour of objects, but also to measure length and compare dimension by using a scale included in the eye-piece. Has a helicoid focus mechanism Peak Wide Stand Microscope will be useful not only for the general observation but also for improving accuracy in precision machining and securing uniform quality in the inspection process. By reading the scale engraved on the focusing ring and the main needle of the lens barrel, depths can be measured with the accuracy of 0.1mm (.004"). There are 100 of these divisions. Depth is measured by focusing on two different depths and measuring the change in divisions between the two focusing points. This microscope is convenient for measuring the thickness, height or depth of subjects having different levels and for measuring the depth of print cylinders and printing plates, copper plates.

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Mother of Thousands "Kalanchoe daigremontiana" | Plant Care Alligator Plant or Mexican Hat Plant Indigenous to Madagascar,this famous monocarpic succulent is ideal for the learner or beginners. It relates to the Crassulaceae family and most similar to the jade plant or Kalanchoe blossfeldiana (Flaming Katy). The leaves of the “mother of thousands plant” grow tiny bulbish shape along its edges. As we know, Kalanchoe daigremontiana plants cannot produce seeds, but as an abundant producer, many of, new baby “alligator plant” or “Mexican Hat Plant” grows; when plantlets drop down to the ground. “Alligator plant” ought to plant in a good drainage soil potting mix; water usually but thoroughly; also place in fair light but avoid direct sunlight, While maintaining humidity at 65 to 75° F; The tiny platelets need to get managed that grow across the edges of these leaves. Whenever the plantlets drop to the ground, they try to take root. - Full sun to partial shade - Typical water needs for a succulent - The plant grows up to 3′ (90 cm) tall. - Zone 10a (Minimum 30° F | -1.1° C) - Perhaps Not cold hardy - Propagation through offsets - Toxic to people and pets - Summer indolent Common Care & Propagation for Mother of Thousands plant This succulent plant is widely known by various names, such as devil-backbone, Alligator plant, Mexican hat plant, and Kalanchoe daigremontiana, Originated from Madagascar. The leaves of this plant look like a large blue-green, which is pointed and narrow. Leaves usually grow up to 3 inches wide and 6 inches long. If you plant this “alligator plant,” it approx grows up to 18 to 35-inches in height. The unique part of this plant is its leaves, where plantlets grow across the leaves’ edges. Certain small plantlets drop from the main plant readily; whenever they drop and find soil for proper growth, they try to root. For this reason, many gardeners consider the Mexican hat plant hard to manage because platelets spread quickly and grow easily in all soil mixtures. Now you understand how and why this plant got its common name- this plant is the mother of thousands of other plants. In indoor, if you grow mother of thousands, you don’t need to worry about its propagation, although it is challenging to manage; little plantlets may drop on your nearby pots, and because of its easy propagate disposition, they can root easily. Lighting needs for Mother of Thousands Plant Mother of thousands plant loves direct sunlight in the early morning; this is the time when even the sun is not too torrid; those who have an east-facing window; they can put this plant on there, where it easily thrive. Lots of people often choose a north-facing window, although it is a poor choice for the Mexican hat plant. Even in the summer season; when you place the plant in the north-facing window; the plant will not get enough hours of sunlight. Remember that, from the early June month to September, consider choosing an alternative placing location for mother of thousands plant; The plant may get too much heat up if you put the plant in the west and south-facing window, which may cause leaves to sunburn. So avoid placing it there during summer. You will notice when the mother of thousands plant takes enough lighting – The leaves will turn vibrant green and have a beautiful reddish outline alongside the edges. The plant gets spindly and tall if it did not get enough sunlight. There will soon undoubtedly be large distances between your leaves; which will look worse. Temperature Needs for Mother of Thousands Plant Mother of thousands’ plant grows ideally at (65 to 75° Fahrenheit) 16 to 24 ° Celsius. Even as soon as you are warming your house during the winter months, maintain away the plant from a direct heat source. Not only because it can dry the plant too quickly, but it also damages the leaves due to direct heat. Best Pot for Mother of Thousands Plant for Proper Growth The best choice for planting a mother of thousands is a terracotta pot with a drainage hole at the bottom so excess water may drain outside. You can even improve your water drainage systems by putting some tiny stones or pebbles at the pot’s bottom. We advise setting your pot in a tray so that excess water can drain quickly and make sure the tray empty when the drainage water is collected. If you left the plant in wet or damp soil, it might cause root rot. Also Read : Best Pots for Succulents Avoid planting a Mexican hat plant with other succulent plants because its small plantlets will take over the Pot. These plants are not suitable for sharing space in Pots with other plants; if you plant this with other plants, you may find the mother of thousands takes over the friend plant entirely. Which is the best soil for mother of thousands plant? Sandy soil is best for the mother of thousands that also drains well. A potting soil mixture for cacti or succulents plant; could be the best choice for the alligator plant. Making a potting mix for a Mexican hat plant is straightforward, even if you did not make any soil mixture before. Only you require to mix some sands in regular cacti potting soil. For good drainage, you can also add some soil elements. Perlite:Perlite is a crushed lava glass inserted into potting soil to ensure it stays the potting mix light-weighted and loose. Pumice:Pumice stone helps aerate the soil and hold it loose, so excess water drained quickly. Vermiculite:Vermiculite helps to retain moderately moisture in the soil while allowing good aeration. Read more: Soil for Succulent If you use a soil mixture that has peat moss, humus, or loam; any of them then, probably your soil will not dry quickly; so I advise you to avoid them. Watering Needs for Mother of Thousands You need to water your “mother of thousands” plants thoroughly. Remember that let the plant dry once you watered; at-lest the upper 2 inches of the soil must be dry; when you are watering the plant again. When watering, always remember that use regular water, neither too cold nor hot. This plant’s roots are sensitive, so cold or hot water may cause damage the plant root or affect overall plant growth. Avoid giving water to leaves only water the soil. When the leaves are wetted, they prone to rot surely. During the winter seasons, you can water the plant less often. Supply only enough water for the plant soil. Pruning and Grooming needs for Mother of Thousands Similar to any other house plant, your mother of thousands plant required to be trimmed back now or later. When your plant gets lean and spindly, cut off the top stem above a large leaf. That will indeed espouse the plant to start growing leaves from down on the stem promptly. How to Propagate Mother of Thousands? The propagation process is easy for the mother of thousands; it relies only on the little plantlets to spread; since this plant lost the ability to produce seeds. If you want to propagate this plant, you need to take three or four plantlets from the leaves and put them in a plastic bag or seal from plastic wrap around. Please retain them humid; until unless you prepare to plant them. Take a small pot, probably a terracotta pot, and put some cactus soil. Mother of Thousands plant can seamlessly adopt any soil mixture and grows well. Do not worry about finding a big pot; a big Pot is only needed when plantlets grow enough and have no more space left. You will know when to Repot mother of thousands plant. Before transplanting a Mexican hat plant to a larger pot, please wait until the spring season; if you ask gardeners for the ideal time to transplant a mother of thousands? No doubt they will say spring season! – Warmer temperature and lengthen daytime hours will surely boost the repotted plant roots growth. Read more about: Repotting Succulents Select a new pot; that will be size up to about 2-inches more; than the current one compared to diameter and height. Your Alligator plant can ultimately grow in any Pot size, but in a too big pot, it looks unbalanced and dull. Ensure that the Pot you use has the right drainage hole. To settle it a little bit, suppress the soil mixture with your hand a little. It would be best to turn the pot upside down while placing your palm down and holding the stem with fingers gently, pressing softly around the pot sides, so Pot can easily loosen the root. Carefully keep your eyes on the plant branches while sliding the plant out from the Pot, so that stems will remain safe. Remove the broken or dead leaves. Also, trim the root, which looks rotted. Be careful so that you don’t damage healthy roots; Trim back the large roots; if your plant has any; so that they will easily fit in a newer pot. Put your mother of thousands to the middle of the newly chosen Pot, ensuring that the roots’ position is 1 inch below the Pot’s top. Add some soil. Suppress the Soil with a hand to compact it a little. Avoid filling too much Soil in the Pot. Water the plant slowly with normal temperature water while ensuring that it is evenly moist and can adequately absorb it. Let the Excess water draining out properly through the pot drainage hole. Provide some sunlight to the plant each day. Now you have nicely done Repotting process; for your mother of thousands. Do flowers grown on mother of thousands? Your “mother of thousands” plant rarely produces flowers when grown in indoor conditions. But when you grew alligator plants in the garden with proper growing conditions, it gives flowers. The plant grows pink and tubular shape flowers; they hang in over the plant’s main stem. Only the mature plant bloom flowers; the plant dies after blooming; leaving their little plantlets behind to start germinating in its place. Can the Mother of Thousands Grow in Terrariums? Terrariums are trendy – This is an excellent option to grow and display different succulent & cacti plants. Mother of thousands is often not the right choice for growing in terrariums, but still with some precautions you can grow this plant in a terrarium. As we know, the Mexican hat plant likes much indirect sunlight; you can happily grow this plant in a terrarium or any glass container. It is crucial to keep in mind; the plant is little invasive when growing with other succulent plants in a terrarium. Whenever small plantlets drop and germinate root, they can soon take over the whole terrariums, or glass container. By removing these little plantlets, you can also control them from spreading in the terrarium. The Mother of thousands can look very attractive in a glass container among their exciting leaves. Frequently Asked Questions for Mother of thousands Question:Is Mother of Thousands Plant Poisonous for Pet and children? Answer:Yes, no doubt, Mother of Thousands is toxic, especially for children and pets. Keep this plant away from the pets and children; for their safety. Question:Why Are My Alligator plants Leaves Curling? Answer:There are most probably two reasons for leaves curling. 1. Plant would not be getting enough sunlight 2. You are overwatering your plant Give them enough watering; while ensuring that soil dry at least upper 2 inches, only then watering again. Question: Should I Remove Dead Leaves? Answer: If there’s any leaf damage, the plant prunes itself; whenever you remove dead or damaged leaves, your plants look healthier. Question: Does the mother of thousands need fertilization? Answer: Mother of thousands slows the growth during the winter season. However, you can fertilize it from March to September, around every three months. Liquid fertilizer is also a good option.

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From PreK-12 to Corporate training: 3 EdTech startups empowering marginalized groups through tech What happens when companies put marginalized groups at the center of innovation in technology? They level the playing field. Today’s blog post sheds light on 4 Black Founders using technology to empower people through educational tools. Ed Tech Startups are disrupting education and learning development, while opening the chance to change social and economic problems. Startups such as Edlyft and Curated X Kai have infused innovation and ingenuity to reach underrepresented groups to provide more opportunities and experiences. One of the world’s fastest growing industries today is education technology. Just how big is the EdTech market? The global education technology market size is anticipated to reach $285.2 billion by 2027, according to a new report by Grand View Research, Inc. The K-12 segment accounted for the largest revenue share of 42.0% in 2019. Game-based learning is anticipated to be a growing trend in the K-12 sector. Kai XR: Mixed reality, virtual and augmented immersive learning experiences Founder Kai Frazier, a former educator and museum professional set out to change how children explore and learn about the world through VR experiences. As a museum professional Frazier’s extensive career enabled her to create Virtual Realty experiences using the KaiXR’s technology for young students. The digital experience allowed students to explore museums through virtual tours. Most recently, Kai XR, partnered with UC Berkeley’s Department of city and Regional Planning/College of Environmental Design, along with Lyft earlier this year to host their first virtual STEM Exploration Camp. Participants learned about environmental design, smart cities, autonomous cars, and micro-mobility such as scooters and bicycles, including Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality technology. The benefits of immersive education Mixed reality, virtual and augmented immersive learning experiences, enables students to learn from anywhere. This technology can support and improve how students learn, enhancing their educational experience. Immersive learning enhances educational tools that challenges outdated curriculum, practices, and systems. Using Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality provides students with differentiated and personalized learning experiences. Educators can teach students in a new, possibly more effective, productive way. Parents, teachers, and educators have agreed that the school system, including curriculum needs an overall new approach for educating students. VR and AR may be the necessary change that enhances how students learn. Some researchers believe that VR and AR can be beneficial for students in various ways, enabling more inclusive learning environments. Particularly students who have various disabilities. VR Augmented aid offers applications like the ability to manipulate, alter text sizes or add audio commentary for students who have visual impairments. The Future of work: Startups accelerating learning and development for marginalized groups Two startups, Guide App and Edlyft are doing their part in helping churn out future tech workers. According to the most recent U.S. government data released in 2016, African Americans make up 3% of employees in the top 75 tech firms in Silicon Valley, while they hold 24% of the jobs in non-tech firms. Founders Tim Salau, Erika Hairston and Arnelle Ansong aim to change that. Erika Hairston and Arnelle Ansong are two friends whose mission is to provide the right environment and tools for the next generation of engineers to succeed and, hopefully, get one step closer to closing the gender gap in STEM. Their startup, Edlyft, is a support platform and program helping college students and adult learners through their STEM courses. The platform also connects members to inclusive mentorship, online group tutoring, and personalized study tools. "We started Edlyft because we realized that way more people were capable of learning these in-demand skills when given the right environment and tools. With Edlyft, anyone can learn the skills that will prepare them for high growth careers they will love. Supportive peers and mentors, and ample academic help can make a big difference between trying computer science once and becoming an engineer," Erika Hairston, co-founder of Edlyft, shares with Forbes in an interview. According the EEOC website, Graduate enrollments in science and engineering grew 35 percent over the last decade. Notably, science and engineering enrollments grew more for racial and ethnic groups generally under-represented in science and engineering. African American enrollment for Science and engineering grew by 50 percent. With an increasing number of African Americans pursuing STEM degrees, having access to learning tools, a network and support system helps Black employees navigate their careers, while cultivating talent. Occupational employment projections are expected to increase in 2022 in the following groups: Hispanic/Latino enrollment increased by 65 percent American Indian/Alaska Native enrollment increased by 55 percent African American enrollment increased by 50 percent The Race to upskill workers in dying industries According to a Deutsche Bank research report, America's Racial Gap & Big Tech's Closing Window 76% of Blacks and 62% of Hispanics could get shut out or be under-prepared for 86% of jobs in the US by 2045. The exponential growth of the digital economy is going to leave large chunks of minorities with little or no access to jobs. The World Economic Forum has predicted that by 2022 over half of employees will require significant reskilling or upskilling to do their jobs — pre Covid-19. With record number unemployment rates, and the likelihood that many industries will not return, companies like Guide are providing people with the opportunity to shift careers altogether or upskill in their careers. Tim Salau is the CEO and Founder of the premier B2B learning and development platform Guide. The platform has helped over 7 million remote workers learn the skills to advance their careers. In addition to the platform, members can connect with a global community called Guide Group, which has a growing number of 300,000 business leaders and professionals. Now more than ever it is important for companies to focus on developing employees, particularly employees whose jobs may be disrupted by technology. What is the benefit of companies upskilling employees? Employees have first-hand knowledge of the organization’s products and services. This is where companies can create new value for employees, while accelerating change and growth. Upskilling supports the company and the employees, enabling workers to focus on what they do best, while meeting organizational goals. That is a win-win for everyone, the employees will become more valuable and the company is able to retain its workforce. The EdTech market is uniquely diverse, with opportunities to create social and economic change for marginalized groups. The Future of Work begins with the people and ends with empowering them through technology. Follow Shavaughn Baker @shavaughnceo on Twitter

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As defined by the Cleasby & Vigfusson Old Norse to English dictionary: - = blóðslitr, Landn. 335. Possible runic inscription in Younger Futhark:ᛒᛚᚢᚦ-ᛚᛁᛏᚱ Younger Futhark runes were used from 8th to 12th centuries in Scandinavia and their overseas settlements ➞ See all works cited in the dictionary Works & Authors cited: - Landnáma. (D. I.)

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For a downloadable version of the Activity Guide, click here! This Empower Session takes a close look at the importance of connecting with friends. Friends can help you celebrate good times and make you feel better during bad times. Friends help stop you from feeling lonely and give you a chance to express yourself. Friends can also increase your sense of belonging and purpose. Here are a few things to keep in mind when thinking about what makes a good friend. You should: - Have fun together — Having fun can reduce stress, boost your energy and bring you closer as friends - Respect each others’ differences — Doing this can open your mind up to so many new ideas, cultures and people - Stick up for each other — Having someone there to back you up when life gets hard is always a great feeling - Care! — Caring for someone is contagious. We all love to be cared for. This can spread love and happiness! Friendships are always better when they are growing and getting stronger and you can do that by being a friend to lots of people. Always be open to making new friends. You never know who might just become your best friend 🙂 This lesson can be completed in 10 minutes. Friends – A friend is someone who cares for you as much as you care for them. They will be there for you no matter what. They are real with you and are not afraid to tell you when you made a mistake. It is important to always ask yourself if hanging out with your friend(s) makes you happy. No materials needed! In the video, we talked a lot about friends. Below, you will find a few tips on how maintain a strong relationship with your friends. - Be real — People are turned off by those who are constantly trying to be someone they are not. We are most comfortable around others who are comfortable in their own skin, so just be yourself! - Be honest — Keep your promises and do what you say you’re going to do. Be reliable. - Make time for your friends — Time is one of the greatest gifts we possess. When we share extra time with a friend, we are giving that gift back to them. No friendship can develop overnight. It takes time. There are many ways that we can strengthen our relationships with our friends. Keep these tips in mind the next time that you are spending time with yours. Activity overview — The big wind blows The goal of this activity is to have fun and learn a little bit about all of your friends! You can play it with a group of friends while socially distancing in a park or in your neighborhood or you can play in a group Facetime! Here’s how it goes: - One person will start by saying the phrase “The wind blows for everyone that …..” Then they will pick a statement that may describe some of the people in the group. An example is “The wind blows for everyone that has long hair.” Then everyone that has long hair does a physical activity, decided by the speaker. - Physical activities might include 10 jumping jacks, 5 squats, 10 high knees or 3 burpees. You can come up with your own physical activities too. - Then a new speaker goes and picks a description and a physical activity. - Other examples of descriptions you might use are: The wind blows for everyone whose favorite color is red, who have brown eyes, who wear glasses, who played Fortnite in the last week By the end you’ll know even more about your friends, and you’ll get a workout in! Have fun! Bonus activities — Nature to nature The goal of this game is to find the closes match to the original object that was shared. Here’s how you play: - One person will be the leader first and find an item outside- like a rock, bug, stick, or leaf - They will show the group for 10 seconds - Then, the group will have 20 seconds to find the most similar item - Everyone will hold up their item and the leader who found the original item will pick the best match to their item - Whoever the leader picks as finding the best match, will become the leader and a new round starts! This is a great game to play outside now that the weather is nicer! Enjoy! Gartic.io is a team-based drawing guessing io game that you can play with friends! There are lots of classic games to play with friends online at playingcards.io/

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Why do certain ideas and political paradigms endure while others become obsolete or are rejected? This question has preoccupied political and philosophical scholarship for millennia. This article puts forward four conditions for the survivability of ideas. It argues that modern tools for understanding human nature, such as those offered by neuroscience, provide us with unprecedented insights about human predilections and needs. Based on these findings, we can better conceptualize why some ideas thrive while others do not and their possible implications to international relations. The human need for dignity is central to this explanation: no ideas can thrive if they do not guarantee and safeguard human dignity. In 1859, Darwin introduced the concept of natural selection in On the Origin of Species, and J.S. Mill explored the flourishing of ideas in On Liberty. In Darwinian natural selection, features that do not contribute to the function of the individual vanish over the course of generations, as bearers of such traits lack the reproductive fitness to pass those features on to their offspring. Mill applied a similar argument to ideas: good ideas would survive the rigors of critical debate, but there were no means of discovering which ideas would endure apart from testing them. In my attempt to continue this debate, I turn to neuroscience. Advances in neuroscience and brain-imaging inform us about underlying predilections in our nature, which indicate that we will be more likely to choose and validate certain ideas over others. My task here is to unpack this premise and to do so by looking at four prerequisites for the selection of ideas. For centuries, philosophers have disputed whether humans are inherently moral or immoral. Neuroscience offers new ways to understand human nature as a predisposed tabula rasa: man is not an entirely blank slate but is equipped with a set of survival-attenuated instincts, significantly informed by emotional experience. This means that the development of our moral compass is dramatically influenced by our surroundings, emotional self-interest, and survival value. Similarly, the reception and adoption of ideas will depend to a large extent upon socio-economic and cultural conditions. Yet, despite these contingencies, ideas must fulfil a set of conditions to survive. For ideas to survive and flourish, the following pre-requisites must be met: 1. Ideas must account for the emotional, amoral and egoistic attributes of human nature: Based on neuroscience, human nature can be described through the paradigm of “emotional amoral egoism“. Evidence shows that man is born neither moral nor immoral, but amoral: he will oscillate between the two based on self-interest and the circumstances in which he finds himself. However, humans are minimally equipped with a set of instincts for survival and a predetermined need to follow those actions that guarantee the highest chances of survival. These calculations over what maximizes our chances of survival are based on perceived self-interests and therefore influenced by subjectivity. Moreover, emotionality plays a critical role in our thought processes and more often than not, it overrides rationality. Our shared neurochemistry will also inform us about the kind of ideas we are most likely to favour or dismiss. Choosing ideas that set the basis for inclusive governance will eventually ensure greater sustainability, whereas any guiding idea that advocates inequality and discrimination is ultimately bound to become obsolete, especially as the world becomes more connected and interdependent. The Arab Spring is a perfect illustrator of how a world of interconnectivity and raising political consciousness is ultimately deleterious to regimes which repress their population and impose alienating forms of control, or allow external manipulations that are contrary to endogenous cultural sensibilities. 2. Ideas must be adaptable, pluralistic, and synergistic with other ideas: The adaptability of ideas is required for their survival. In today’s context of ever-greater cultural interaction and interdependence, only ideas with significant cultural vigour will persevere. As in nature, where increased exposure and crossbreeding between species is conductive to hybrid vigour, cultures that remain in complete insulation from others are weakened too. The capacity to adapt is a sine qua non for the durability of ideas, as the failure to change in rapidly changing circumstances generates ill-suited characteristics for survival. Moreover, there is a positive contribution following adaptation, when the ideas’ inherent capacity to adapt is enhanced. An agenda of cultural isolationism or arrogant exceptionalism is profoundly counterproductive. Not having to adapt is a disadvantage; those nations and cultures that actively pursue opportunities for adaptation and cross-pollination will be a source of innovative ideas that persevere, resulting in a sustainable trajectory for history. 3. Ideas must guarantee dignity needs for all: The guarantee of individual human dignity for all, at all times, and under all circumstances is crucial for ideas- and a precursor in order for them to pass the test of time. I employ the notion of dignity here to mean much more than simply the opposite of humiliation. It requires nine criteria of good governance which are: reason, security, human rights, accountability, transparency, justice, opportunity, innovation and inclusiveness. Ideas and systems of government based on ideas that fail to meet these criteria will not be successful in the long term as they cannot guarantee the preservation of human dignity, which is fundamental to our species and to social life. Ideological systems that prioritize the authority of central command over all, particularly over the dignity of the individual, are ultimately unsustainable. Slavery was abolished in the British Empire in 1834, following a previous government decision of 1807, which stipulated that buying or selling slaves was illegal. Slavery had been a highly profitable practice for the Empire, yet it could not be defended morally. Several factors led to the erosion of its legitimacy and its final demise: the French revolution and its inspiration to pursue ideals of liberty and equality, support from religious organisations and sweeping slave revolts in the early 19th century, such as in Jamaica. The costs of maintaining slavery became too high and its repercussions too negative to justify it. Recent history is replete with examples. The apartheid system, which was a brutal assault to human dignity, was wiped out and could not defend its legitimacy in the face of domestic turmoil and international pressure. The communist regimes across the former Soviet bloc similarly lost their popular appeal as they rampantly and repeatedly violated basic rights and freedoms, and ruled through terror. The cumulative effect of these practices was that despite strong security apparatuses, Communist regimes could not contain the growing frustration and disillusionment of their populations. While some ideas that are not in keeping with human dignity may survive and flourish in certain circumstances, it is my belief that these will not be sustainable in the long run, as our globalised world becomes increasingly more connected and interdependent. 4. Ideas must be based on knowledge derived from “best available reason-based truths”: The Neuro‐rational Physicalism (NRP) theory of knowledge analyzes the processes of knowledge formation, a topic of contention between empiricists and rationalists. NRP posits that the sources of knowledge come from a combination of employing sense experience and reason, both of which are subject to interpretation. This implies that the formation of knowledge is contingent on several factors, including prior assumptions, as well as cultural and temporal inputs. Humans pursue new knowledge by relying on what they already know, on personal experiences and particular dispositions which they translated into meaningful interpretations. Human knowledge is personal and not universal: our truth is essentially indeterminate and formed from contextually-constrained factors (although this does not mean that there is no knowledge that transcends time and place). The theory of NRP is relevant for the interpretation of the survivability of ideas because it demonstrates that ideas which adhere to the sources of knowledge specific to each cultural setting will be more likely to endure. Such ‘best available reason-based truths’ will ultimately be more long-lasting when compared to dogmatic and non-verifiable ideas. Implications for philosophy, security and international relations: Human history is full of examples where ideas did not meet the criteria above and were unsustainable, leading to their obsolescence and, ultimately, to their extinction despite the sometimes significant military, economic, intellectual, and political power driving them. Examples of these include colonialism, Communism, Fascism, Nazism, Apartheid systems, other forms of totalitarianism, as well as other ethnic and religious persecution. In contrast, systems of ideas, such as those found in liberal democracy have survived despite significant forms of economic, social, political and cultural inequalities that still persist even in mature democracies. Furthermore, unpacking the criteria for the survivability of ideas has implications for our understanding of global security. The most successful ideas will produce the most stable governments and thereafter, the premises for national and international stability. Conversely, ideas that do not find acceptance across society will inevitably lead to disruptions and crises in the international system. Not all ‘immoral’ ideas have perished. However, the test of history has ousted those ideas that attack human dignity and today their normative acceptance has been eradicated globally. We still struggle with forms of inequalities, with racial and ethnic profiling, with ideas that claim the superiority of one group over another, but these do not find wide resonance and a complex system of norms and institutions have been set up to address them. In the long run, ideas survive if they are in line a model of “Sustainable History”, which upholds human dignity as the most important requirement for good governance. Variations of notions of dignity across cultures are inescapable, but the pursuit of dignity and a dignified life transcends all cultures. Prof Nayef Al-Rodhan (@SustainHistory) is an Honorary Fellow, St Antony’s College, University of Oxford, and Senior Fellow and Head of the Geopolitics and Global Futures Programme at the Geneva Centre for Security Policy. Author of Sustainable History and the Dignity of Man. A Philosophy of History and Civilisational Triumph (Berlin: LIT, 2009). See the original publication of this article here.

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CONSTRUCTION SAFETY POLICY Safety should be the primary focus of everyone who participates on a Habitat for Humanity of Rowan County construction site. Every person involved in our work is to be made aware that safety is priority number one. Everyone must be urged to be conscious of the safety of others, as well as themselves. As safety is founded on understanding, ability, and attentiveness to potential hazard, all supervisors are instructed to review safety policy and procedures before construction begins. Habitat work crews often have a high proportion of inexperienced people and therefore supervisors are asked to instruct workers about the proper way to perform each task in a safe manner. (We abide by OSHA guidelines. Volunteers must be 18 or older to be on the Construction Crew. No one under the age of 16 will be permitted on a building site while work is being done. No one under 18 will be allowed to use any power equipment, work on a ladder, roof, or scaffolding, or participate in any hazardous activity.) Proper Safety Equipment: - Proper clothing is essential to safety. Wear clothing and gloves that are appropriate for the work and weather conditions. Loose clothing is dangerous around power equipment. - Workers should wear boots or thick soled shoes at all times on the construction site. Sandals or other inappropriate footwear will not be permitted. - Hard hats should be available and worn when overhead dangers are present. - Protective eyewear should be available and be required to be worn when operating power equipment or other situations where objects may be thrown through the air. - Dust masks should be available and be worn when installing insulation or in other dusty situations. - Ear plugs should be available and be required to be worn in noisy situations.

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How to Walk with a Cane on Level Ground Here's How to Walk with a Cane on Level Ground: - Scoot to the edge of your chair. - Place cane in hand opposite of the injured or painful leg. - Stand up from the chair. - Move cane forward 12-18 inches. - Step forward with the leg opposite of cane until the foot is directly across from the cane. - Opposite leg and the hand with cane should now be parallel to each other. - Now step forward with your other leg on the cane side of the body. - This leg should step forward past the cane and leg opposite of the cane. - Congratulations, you have just completed a step cycle. - To continuing walking, move cane ahead again. - Go back to step five. - Stop when you reach your desired destination. - Scoot back to the edge of the chair. - Feel the back of the chair against your leg. - Move hurt or weak leg forward and then reach back with your hands for the chair armrests to sit down and rest! Remove all loose throw rugs around the house to prevent falls. Don't use the cane on the same side of hurt or weak leg. Replace rubber cane tips when worn.

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Scientists at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) of the US Department of Energy have developed an advanced flow battery technology. A dissolved simple sugar called β-cyclodextrin has been utilized for this new technique. Their research, recently published in the scientific journal Joule, demonstrates that this sugar additive can significantly enhance the longevity and capacity of flow batteries, offering a promising solution for grid-scale energy storage. The development of efficient and sustainable battery technology is essential for a stable and reliable power supply system. Newer and more efficient battery technology will favor renewable energy sources in our transition away from fossil fuels. Unleashing the Power of Flow Batteries: Flow batteries utilize two liquid-filled chambers to store and release energy through an electrochemical reaction. Unlike traditional solid-state batteries, flow batteries have the advantage of decoupling power and energy. This allows scalability and long-duration energy storage. This makes them ideal for supporting the intermittency of renewable energy generation, enabling a smooth supply of electricity even during periods of low solar or wind output. The Role of β-Cyclodextrin: The PNNL researchers discovered that the addition of β-cyclodextrin, a derivative of starch and a dissolved simple sugar, could dramatically improve the performance of flow batteries. By optimizing the ratio of chemicals within the battery system, they achieved a remarkable 60% increase in peak power. Equally significant, the flow battery maintained its capacity to store and release energy for over a year of continuous charge and discharge, demonstrating remarkable resilience and stability. Advantages of Sugar-Based Flow Batteries: The unique catalytic properties of β-cyclodextrin accelerate the electrochemical reactions within the flow battery, ensuring efficient energy conversion. Unlike conventional catalysts, which often require solid materials, the sugar additive works while dissolved in the liquid electrolyte, eliminating the risk of solid particles dislodging and impairing system performance. This breakthrough not only enhances the battery’s longevity but also offers a sustainable alternative to current flow battery designs that rely on costly and hard-to-obtain mined minerals like vanadium. Accelerating the Transition to Renewable Energy: The successful utilization of β-cyclodextrin in flow batteries represents a significant stride toward grid-scale energy storage solutions that are both environmentally friendly and economically viable. By reducing dependence on mined minerals, the researchers have opened the door to more sustainable battery technologies. With the ability to store energy for extended periods, flow batteries can provide the necessary stability and reliability. Such an advantage will support the integration of seasonal renewable energy sources into existing power grids. A Path to Large-Scale Implementation: The PNNL study marks the first laboratory-scale experiment showcasing over a year of continuous flow battery operation with minimal capacity loss. This remarkable achievement positions the sugar-infused flow battery design as a promising candidate for future large-scale implementation. The scalability and extended lifespan of these batteries offer a practical solution for meeting the growing demand for grid-scale energy storage, facilitating the accelerated transition to a renewable energy-dependent future. The utilization of β-cyclodextrin, a dissolved simple sugar, in flow batteries represents a groundbreaking advancement in grid-scale energy storage. The research conducted by the PNNL team demonstrates that this sugar additive can significantly enhance battery longevity and capacity. β-cyclodextrin’s unique catalytic properties enable flow batteries to provide a reliable and sustainable solution for storing renewable energy. Sustainable energy future becomes increasingly feasible with such technological advancements.

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Read interview with Secure-NOK’s Nina Tvedt featured in the Drilling Contractor’s article about drilling in the digital age. In 1965, Gordon Moore, one of the co-founders of Intel, predicted that the number of transistors on an integrated circuit would double every two years. In other words, he believed that computing power would double every two years. According to a study released in 2015 by information technology group Experts Exchange in honor of the 50th anniversary of Mr Moore’s prediction – now known as Moore’s Law – computing power actually increased a trillion-fold between 1965 and 2015. That means that the smartphones we can fit in our hands today are more powerful than the supercomputers of the 1980s that filled an entire room.

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Technology has gone through a boon: electrical and mechanical engineering fields have seen unprecedented growth. The industry is churning out innovations never thought of before, and we are ushering into a new era of technological advancement. One such technological advancement is Industrial Robotics. Industrial robotics refers to the production of robots to work on assembly lines. They can automate many menial jobs and increase efficiency. The market for industrial robots is growing at about 10 percent a year. Due to their immense importance in the industry, assembly line robots must have flawless designs. Even minor problems in robot manufacturing can collapse the entire supply chain. To make industrial robots, you must use the best quality materials, from mechanical seals to locomotive devices. Read on about the importance of using premium-quality mechanical seals in industrial robots. How Mechanical Seals Work A mechanical seal is a method to contain fluid inside a machine and stop it from leaking. When the rotating shaft passes through a stationary case, there is a chance that the internal fluids may leak out, and a seal can prevent that. As the rotating shaft enters the fluid compartment, the seal causes friction. Mechanical seals must allow the rotating shaft to work with minimal friction while stopping leakage. When you seal the fluid chamber, it will cause pressure on the seal. A viable mechanical seal should also be able to withstand this pressure. Traditionally, this problem was overcome by gland packing. It involved packing the shaft with a braided, rope-like material to stop fluid leakage. However, the coating wears away over time and needs readjustment. The filler also has to be pressed against the shaft to reduce leakage, which causes the pumping device to exert more power to rotate the shaft. Mechanical seals are better suited for industrial robots to minimize the need for maintenance and energy. Choosing the Right Mechanical Seal for Industrial Robots Robotics involves not only the correct mathematics but also quality building materials. Several factors can influence what mechanical seal you should buy for your robot: Balance Friction and Sealing Effectiveness Effective sealing would result in friction, and reducing friction would require compromising your sealing quality. Roboticists have to find the right compromise between friction and sealing effectiveness. They allow just enough leakage that keeps the friction under control, with a vapor film forming on the seal. Reducing friction is particularly important as the robot must perform repeated, precise moments. Consider your calculations and determine how many effective seals you require. Mechanical seals undergo wear and tear. Due to the friction between the seal and the shaft, seals wear off over the years. Industrial robots are made for long-running purposes, so they should have durable mechanical seals. The material of the seal can impact its durability. Seals made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) are suitable for robots, as they resist degradation and provide low-friction performance, even with aggressive motors. And they do not require lubrication. These features ensure they last longer and make them ideal for industrial robots. Robotics has made our economy change for the better. Assembly line automation has increased the efficiency of producing goods, which allows us to make more goods at lower prices. Industrial robots must be durable and high-quality to ensure smooth working. Use premium materials in the manufacture of such robots. Consider using a durable mechanical seal from a reputable company, according to your sealing requirements, such as a PTFE seal.

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Equality For All We believe in an equal world. A world that is inclusive, peaceful and sustainable, for all people. Everywhere. To achieve this, we need to tackle inequalities at all levels – income, gender, age, disability, sexual orientation, race, class, ethnicity, religion and opportunity. Inequalities affect us all, no matter who we are or where we are from. We live in a world where eight men own the same amount of wealth as the 3.6 billion people who make up the poorest half of the earth’s population. A world where childhood obesity levels are increasing, yet over 3 million children die from malnutrition each year. In this world, the richest 10% produce half of all carbon emissions globally, and the people who have contributed least to climate change are the ones who are suffer most from its impact.

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Logic puzzles are a great way for kids to develop critical thinking skills and challenge their minds. Here are ten logic puzzles for kids that are sure to keep their attention: - Spot the Difference - Show two similar images to children and ask them to find the differences between the two. - Which One Doesn't Belong? - Present children with a group of objects and ask them to identify which one doesn't belong and why. - Sudoku - This number puzzle is a classic brain teaser that kids can learn to enjoy. - Jigsaw Puzzles - Not only are jigsaw puzzles fun, but they also require children to use critical thinking and problem-solving skills. - Spot the Pattern - Show children a series of shapes or numbers and ask them to find the pattern. - Memory Match - This game requires children to remember the location of matching pairs of cards. - Riddles - Riddles are a great way to challenge children's problem-solving skills and encourage creative thinking. These logic puzzles are a fun and educational way for kids to develop critical thinking skills and keep their attention. Whether they're working alone or with a friend, these puzzles are sure to be a hit with kids of all ages.

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Word-key: communication, organizacional climate, integration, planning. Abstract: This article aims you investigate how the communication takes place in organizations, and also is used a tool will be the achievement of organizational success. Historical conceptual And contexts of communication in organizations ploughs discussed with relevance, once many factors has been changing the social interaction of companies needs, especially when it is concerned you communication practices. In this marries, the importance of understanding the communication process, barriers and obstacles, the interaction between employees, and business sectors well the functioning of the communication system is highly appreciated. Organizational The communication is now considered a mechanism result, vital, especially when we talk about globalized world, where competitiveness is cultivated at the same social teams that permeates responsibility. Special The present study brings on board with emphasis the importance of internal relations, where the main to player is the employee. In to another words, to maker of all types of process. Organizational The main purpose of communication is you provide it dialogues between to employer and employee and you welcome the uniqueness of each group, creating vehicles and channels focused and directed you its needs, expectations and aspirations of each group. Thus, it is necessary that the employee gets involved and committed with the organization; In return, the organization has you offer appropriate structure will be the full development of activities in to order you overcome the obstacles that may arise daily. The manager' s rolls here is considered instrument will be receiving and transmitting information, who acts monitorial the disseminator and spokesman. Organizational Thus, we can understand that communication is one of the main channels you achieve to better results, because, through improvements in this area, the goal desired by organizations can be reached. Organizational The success. Keywords: communication, organizational climate, integration, planning. 1Introduo the organizations in general, are living an incessant search for the organizacional success, investing in technologies, training technician and rigorous processes of election in search of talentos that add to the value of the company.

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Scientific evidence for the identification of an Aboriginal massacre at the Sturt Creek sites on the Kimberley frontier of north-western Australia Smith, Pamela Alethea Walshe, Keryn Anne Pate, Frank Donald © 2017 Elsevier. Archival research into episodes of frontier violence in the Kimberley region of Western Australia indicate that the bodies of Aboriginal victims of massacres were frequently incinerated following the event. This paper presents the results of a scientific investigation of a reported massacre at Sturt Creek where burnt bone fragments were identified in two adjacent sites and documents the archaeological signatures associated with the sites. The methodology used to undertake the project brought together three systems of knowledge: the oral testimonies of the descent group originating from a sole adult survivor of the massacre; archival, historical and scientific research. An archaeological survey defined the two distinct sites containing hundreds of fragile bone fragments; a third site was found to be highly disturbed. Scientific investigations included macroscopic and microscopic examination of selected bone fragments by an anatomical pathologist and a zooarchaeologist and X-ray diffraction analysis of sixteen bone fragments. The anatomical pathologist and zooarchaeologist undertook macroscopic and microscopic examinations of selected bone samples to identify morphological evidence for human origin. It was concluded that three bone fragments examined may have been human, and two of the fragments may have been from the vault of a skull. It was concluded that the likelihood of them being human would be strengthened if it was found that the three samples had been subjected to high temperatures. X-ray diffraction analysis of 16 bone fragments provided this evidence. All fragments showed sharp hydroxylapatite peaks (crystallite sizes 9882 nm and 597 nm respectively) and all had been subjected to extreme temperatures of either 600 °C for more than 80 h, 650 °C for more than 20 h, 700 °C for more than 4 h or 800 °C for more than 1 h. XRD analyses were also done on bone samples collected from three cooking hearths at three different archaeological sites. It was found that two of the three samples had been exposed to substantially lower temperatures for a short time period. It was concluded that there was strong pathological and archaeological evidence that the bone fragments were human in origin, but that the evidence was not conclusive. This research also identified archaeological signatures for the identification of massacre sites in similar Australian environments and circumstances. © 2017 Elsevier. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This author accepted manuscript is made available following 12 month embargo from date of publication (Sept 2017) in accordance with the publisher’s archiving policy Massacre archaeology;, XRD burnt bone, Kimberley frontier, Australian Aboriginal massacres, Sturt Creek massacre Smith, P. A., Raven, M. D., Walshe, K., Fitzpatrick, R. W., & Pate, F. D. (2017). Scientific evidence for the identification of an Aboriginal massacre at the Sturt Creek sites on the Kimberley frontier of north-western Australia. Forensic Science International, 279, 258–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.08.018

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https://fac.flinders.edu.au/items/e97014dd-3c48-4c03-b4f1-5d4888173ecd

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Less than a month after the Supreme Court's decision in West Virginia v. EPA, the White House is reportedly contemplating declaration of a "national climate emergency." On July 20, at a former coal-fired power plant in Massachusetts, President Biden said, "Climate change is an emergency. And in the coming weeks I'm going to use the power I have as president to turn these words into formal, official government actions for the appropriate proclamations, executive orders and regulatory power that the president possesses." Even if this is only a trial balloon to appeal to progressives in an election year, it is troubling on multiple levels. The administration would be acting without legislative authority to take what is fundamentally legislative action. As the Wall Street Journal has reported, pressure began mounting on Biden to declare an emergency only after Senator Joe Manchin announced his opposition to a suite of climate regulations. And as the Supreme Court has noted, the separation of powers tends to forbid the executive branch to address broad and transformational issues on its own. That aside, it's unclear how much of an impact the policies empowered by an executive declaration would make on climate change. Biden has already invoked emergency powers to remove tariffs on solar panels and to subsidize domestic manufacturing of renewable technologies. Any additional limits on U.S. fossil fuel production—or mandated transitions to wind and solar energy as well as electric vehicles—would have a marginal effect on the 11 percent share of greenhouse gas emissions that the U.S. contributes globally. But the negative effects of such policies during the emergency timeframe would almost certainly outweigh any purported benefits. They would likely make energy more expensive, spur inflation, and even confound foreign policy—we are now negotiating to purchase oil from countries with interests hostile to the U.S., creating new vulnerability to energy blackmail. The questionable economics of wind turbine farms, the limited working time of solar power, and the challenges of backup are rarely discussed. Accelerating the transition to renewable energy has already introduced unreliability into our power grid, as we have seen in California and Texas (as well as in Ghana, where that nation's entire economy has suffered from the embrace of unreliable renewables). Relying on electric vehicles involves huge subsidies and conveniently ignores the environmental costs of producing batteries and the significant costs of the needed infrastructure for charging. There's an old saying that desperate people do desperate things. When those people are politicians facing an election in which their party is likely to lose by a landslide, declaring some sort of emergency requiring drastic action might seem like a good idea. But it's just bad piled on bad. Andrew I. Fillat spent his career in technology venture capital and information technology companies. Henry I. Miller, a physician and molecular biologist, is a senior fellow at the Pacific Research Institute. They were undergraduates together at M.I.T.

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( Disponible en anglais seulement ) The COVID-19 vaccine has recently been approved for children aged 12 and up. For many teens and parents this is good news and signals a return to pre-COVID life. But what happens when separated parents disagree about whether their children should get the COVID-19 vaccine? Although most separating parents negotiate agreements and make concessions about schedules and decision-making, it is impossible to compromise when it comes to vaccinations. Either a child is vaccinated or they are not – there is no in between. This creates a difficult situation as doctors will not vaccinate a child unless both parents agree. If parents do not agree, doctors will want to see an agreement or court order that clearly states which parent can make vaccination decisions. For parents where one person has sole decision-making responsibility (“sole custody” or “sole parental authority” in Quebec) that parent can simply choose to vaccinate their child – or not. The other parent can then allow the decision, or try to ask the court for a change. Similarly, for parents who share decision-making responsibility (“joint custody” or “joint parental authority” in Quebec) but cannot agree on vaccination, court may be the only recourse. At court, a judge will consider the specific child’s needs, government and medical recommendations, and then make a decision based on the best interest of that particular child. Recently two Miller Thomson lawyers, Caroline Kim and Kaitlin Jagersky, represented a father who wanted to vaccinate his children (A.P. v. L.K., 2021 ONSC 150 (CanLII)). In A.P. v. L.K., the parents had a separation agreement that addressed every other aspect of parenting. The parents were not, however, able to agree about vaccinations so they took the issue to an arbitrator. The mother and her lawyer said that the children had underlying medical conditions that made them at risk for side effects from vaccines. Her expert witnesses said that vaccines are untested and unsafe. The father, who was self-represented at arbitration, gave evidence that vaccines are tested and safe, and that the children did not have any conditions that would prevent vaccination. The children’s family doctor recommended vaccination, but had not yet vaccinated the children. The arbitrator found in favour of the mother and ordered that the children should not be vaccinated. The father then retained Miller Thomson to appeal the arbitrator’s decision, and won his appeal. At the appeal, the court found that the arbitrator had made a mistake of fact because the mother’s argument was based on contested science. The court also accepted government recommendations on vaccination. The court gave the father the ability to make decisions about vaccines, solely. In addition, because of the mother’s contested beliefs, the court ordered that the mother was not permitted to talk to the children about vaccines. Although the mother tried to appeal, leave to appeal was refused. The children still see both parents regularly – only now, they have started to get caught up on their vaccinations. When parents disagree about whether their children should be vaccinated, they should get legal advice from experts. Our family law lawyers across the country have a wide breadth of expertise and experience including experience taking vaccination questions to court.

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https://www.millerthomson.com/fr/blogues/blogue-droit-de-la-famille/covid-19-vaccines-for-kids-what-happens-when-divorced-and-separated-parents-disagree/

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Past simple (I did) study this example: Tom: Look! It’s raining 🌧 again. Ann: Oh no, not again. It rained yesterday too. Tom: Qara! Yana yomg’ir yog’yapti. Anna: Yo’q, faqat yana yog’masin! Kecha ham yog’gan edi. rained is the past simple tense. We use the past simple to talk about actions or situations in the past. yog’gan edi — past simple. Biz “past simple”ni o’tgan zamonda bo’lib o’tgan voqea yoki hodisalarni aytish uchun ishlatamiz. Misollar 📋 Examples: • I very much enjoyed the party. • Men ziyofatdan juda zavqlandim. • Mr. Edwards died 10 years ago. • Janob Edvards 10 yil avval vafot etgan. ※ very often the past simple ends in -ed. ※ juda ko’p holatlarda past simple -ed bilan tugaydi. • We invited them to our party but they decided not to come. • Biz ularni ziyofatga taklif qilgan edik lekin ular kelmaslikka qaror qabul qilishdi. • She passed her examination because she studied very hard. • U imtihondan o’tdi chunki juda qattiq tayyorlangan edi. but many important verbs are irregular. This means that the past simple does not end in -ed. lekin ko’p muhim so’zlar noto’g’ri tuslanuvchi fe’llardir. Bu shuni anglatadiki, bu fe’llarning o’tgan zamoni -ed bilan tugamaydi. Masalan For example: leave ——> left • We all left the party at 11 o’clock. • Biz hammamiz ziyofatni soat 11da tark etdik. cost ——> cost • This house 🏠 cost £35,000 💷 in 1980. • Bu uy 1980-yilda 35,000 funt sterling turar edi. the past of the verb ‘to be’ (am/is/are) is was/were: “to be”, ya’ni bo’lmoq fe’lining o’tgan zamon shakli was/were: I / he / she / it + was We / you / they + were • I was angry 😠 because Tom and Ann were late. • Mening jahlim chiqqan edi, chunki Tom va Anna kech qolishgan edi. in past simple questions and negatives we use did / didn’t + the infinitive (do/open/rain etc.): «past simple”ning so’roq va inkori uchun did / didn’t + fe’l shaklini qo’llaymiz: it rained / did it rain / it didn’t rain Misollar 📋 Examples: • When did Mr. Edwards die? • Janob Edvards qachon vafot etgan? • Why didn’t you phone 📲 me on Tuesday? • Nega seshanba kuni menga telefon qilmading? We do not use did with the verb be (was/were): Bo’lmoq fe’lining o’tgan zamoni uchun “did”ni ishlata olmaymiz: • Why were you so angry? • Nega jahling chiqqan edi? • Was Tom at work yesterday? • Kecha Tom ishda edimi?

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How Does AF&PA Calculate Paper and Cardboard Recycling Rates? Paper recycling is an environmental success story. More than two-thirds of the paper used in the U.S. is recycled and used to make new sustainable paper products people use every day. That’s more than 50 million tons of paper. To unpack the paper and cardboard recycling rates further, we turned to AF&PA’s Executive Director of Recovered Fiber Brian Hawkinson to answer a few commonly asked questions. How much paper is recycled in the U.S.? Nearly 68% of all paper consumed in the United States was recycled in 2022. The recycling rate has more than doubled since 1990, and the U.S. paper recycling rate has met or exceeded 63% since 2009. In fact, more paper is recycled by weight from municipal waste streams than plastic, glass, steel and aluminum combined. This is due largely to the industry’s efforts to: - Produce more sustainable paper products. - Invest in recycling infrastructure. - Increase the availability of community recycling. - Educate people about the best ways to recycle paper and paper packaging products. How is the paper recycling rate calculated? The recycling rate is calculated using AF&PA data on the amount of recovered paper used to make new paper and paperboard by U.S. paper mills and U.S. Census Bureau data on net exports of recovered paper and comparing that total to the new supply of paper and paperboard in the U.S. over the same time period. The rate informs how much paper is diverted from landfills. It is an important indicator of how much recovered paper is used to make new products. What are old corrugated containers? Old corrugated containers, also known as OCC, are used cardboard materials. Old corrugated containers include everything from cardboard shipping boxes to pizza boxes. Cardboard is the most recycled packaging material in the U.S. More than 93% of OCC was recycled in 2022 – and increase from 2021, and overall, a three-year average of 91.3%. AF&PA has published the annual U.S. OCC recycling rate since the introduction of the Corrugated Recycles symbol in 1993. The rate has followed a steady trend upward from 54% in 1993 to the current rate of 93.6%. The cardboard recycling rate has met or exceeded 82% since 2009. How is the OCC recycling rate calculated? The U.S. OCC recycling rate is calculated similarly to the paper recycling rate. It divides the U.S. recovery of OCC for recycling by the U.S. supply of containerboard (the material used to make corrugated boxes that has not yet been converted into boxes) over a given period, usually one year. A Bloomberg Intelligence/Circular Ventures, LLC estimate concludes that the OCC recycling rate is around 69%. Why are these numbers different? AF&PA is driven by fact-based public policy and marketplace advocacy. AF&PA’s OCC recycling rate calculation is consistent with the method used by major U.S. trading partners around the world, including the European Union and Japan, and is similar to the recycling rate published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The Bloomberg Intelligence/Circular Ventures, LLC estimate uses a different methodology and does not account for boxes used to export products from the United States. It also requires assumptions about imports of packaged products. It is imperative for the industry to use accurate and complete data. Can I recycle my paper products at home? AF&PA’s 2021 Access to Recycling Study found 94% of Americans have access to a community paper recycling program. And 79% of Americans have access to residential curbside recycling programs for paper and paperboard. That’s an increase of about 14 million people since 2014, the last time AF&PA conducted its study. Many paper products used every day across the U.S. have a high community access rate of 80% or more. Meaning things like cardboard boxes, newspapers, paper bags, pizza boxes and magazines are widely accepted for recycling.

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There are ongoing squabbles between Detroit and the communities around it. When a business or sports team moves downtown, it’s big news, as it is when a company moves from downtown to elsewhere. But regions don’t grow by reshuffling the work locations between cities and suburbs. (And taxpayers should be skeptical when that shuffling happens with their money.) Instead, the regions that do the best grow together. From 2010 to 2016, the Census Bureau estimates that Detroit lost 5 percent of its population. The region as a whole coasted, increasing by just 6,244 people — a 0.1 percent gain. That’s the worst record among both the 20 largest regions in the country and their central cities. While the disparity between city and region was strong in Detroit, it wasn’t the highest in the nation. Over the same period, Baltimore lost 3.8 percent of its population while the rest of the Baltimore region increased its population by 5.1 percent, a disparity of 8.9 percentage points. In some areas, though, city population growth outpaced regional growth. For example, the city of Seattle increased 7.0 points more than its metropolitan statistical area. The disparity in population growth between cities and their metropolitan statistical areas, 2010 - 2016 Yet looking at whether cities or suburbs are growing more misses the important point: The regions that are doing the best have increasing numbers of people in both the cities and the suburbs. Denver grew by 15.2 percent over the period and the Denver region grew 11.7 percent. Houston grew by 9.8 percent and its region grew by 13.9 percent. Detroit and its suburbs will do well together or not at all. A prospering economy will attract people from around the country and the world, and they will land either in the city or the suburbs, depending on their preferences. That dynamic ought to be more important than transferring office locations between cities and suburbs at taxpayer expense. Permission to reprint this blog post in whole or in part is hereby granted, provided that the author (or authors) and the Mackinac Center for Public Policy are properly cited. Permission to reprint any comments below is granted only for those comments written by Mackinac Center policy staff. Get insightful commentary and the most reliable research on Michigan issues sent straight to your inbox. The Mackinac Center for Public Policy is a nonprofit research and educational institute that advances the principles of free markets and limited government. Through our research and education programs, we challenge government overreach and advocate for a free-market approach to public policy that frees people to realize their potential and dreams. Please consider contributing to our work to advance a freer and more prosperous state.

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Christmas Cactus Plant When this plant begins to grow, the stems first grow straight up and down. Then, as they grow longer, they begin to droop over. Not in a bad way! It actually makes the plant look sort of elegant. The stems are not your typical rounded shape. They grow in a flat shape. The leaves grow in a light green shade and have teeth on the edges. The teeth on the edges are not small and close. They are slightly bigger and are spaced a little ways apart. Plant Christmas Cactus in well-drained potting soil. A mixed potting soil will benefit the plant the most. Take Care of Christmas Cactus all all year by keeping it in sun light during the day and in a darker spot at night. They do not like to be in cool spots though. Keep your plant in a room with warmer temperatures. Not a spot that is too hot, maybe in a room with temperatures around 65 – 70 degrees. While each flower does not live very long, the plant is constantly setting buds so that the plant will just keep growing new flowers over and over again You can get away with only watering this plant about once a week. Sometimes maybe every other week. When you see the leaves beginning to look shriveled, water it! If the plant every stops growing, it is just because the plant needs to rest. Don’t worry; it will begin to grow soon. Water it a little bit, and regrowth will resume.

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The key steps in performing RAM study are: - Identification of essential systems and equipment that contribute to the injection availability - Gathering of Reliability Data - Construction of Reliability Block Diagrams (RBDs) - Development of RAM Model using MAROS - Identification of critical system or equipment that contribute downtime The system and equipment that contribute to the overall availability are identified and considered for the development of logical Reliability Block Diagrams (RBDs). Those system and equipment are selected and considered to be essential, where the failure of the system or equipment concerned could result in downtime of the facility that is resulting in loss of production. The essential systems identified would contribute towards the overall production availability. Essential equipment identified for each essential system, upon failure could affect the availability of the overall system, depending upon the equipment configuration and redundancies present. The selection of reliability data (failure rates and repair hours) will be based on the type of the equipment used and the failure mode of the selected equipment. The main process and utility systems of the facility are reviewed and the RBDs are constructed for each system, based on the Process Flow Diagrams (PFDs), Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs), Block Flow Diagrams (BFDs) and Utility Flow Diagrams (UFDs). RAM model will be developed and based on the output of the RAM model, the system and the equipment in the facility will be ranked based on its criticality i.e. the equipment having the highest unavailability being the most critical and vice versa. The criticality ranking of equipment can then be used as input in the development of the maintenance plan for the facility.

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en

More About Trees Trees can be one of the loveliest elements of the garden. Some trees are flowering, providing big splashes of seasonal color. Others offer vibrant foliage throughout the spring, summer and fall, while some varieties have lush green foliage that turns to the brilliant hues that usher in the autumn season. Some trees have fruit that ripens in the fall, providing color to the garden and food for the birds. Evergreen trees keep their foliage year-round, which makes them perfect candidates for privacy screening. Evergreens also provide color in an otherwise bleak winter landscape. Finally, tree shapes and interesting bark can offer year-round beauty and interest. Planting a tree is a link to the future. In a way, planting a tree is like giving a gift to the next generation. Before you reach for a shovel, however, there are some important points to consider. Planting With Purpose One of the first considerations when selecting a tree is what will be its function or purpose? If you don’t have any trees or just one or two, you may want to consider trees which provide shade and trees which provide privacy first. Shade trees should be positioned so that they block undesirable sun. If you want to plant a shade tree near your deck, for example, plant the tree so that it will block the hot southern and western sun. That way, you will enjoy dining al fresco in the cooler shade all summer long with a properly positioned shade tree. For privacy, evergreens make excellent screens. Instead of planting a long row of arborvitaes or cypress for screening, consider tree groupings. Groups of evergreens along with flowering trees or shrubs, create a more interesting setting. Planting needled evergreens, such as pines or spruce, on the northwest side of your home will also help block winter winds and reduce your heating bill too. Once shade and privacy trees are in place, consider flowering trees. Don’t be afraid to group several of the same type of trees together, creating a small grove. This is often more interesting than single trees scattered here and there. While it is wonderful to have a long succession of bloom-time in our garden, several trees blooming at one time can make an even greater impact. Finally, accent trees, those with unusual shapes, should be carefully positioned. They often look best as the focal point in a landscaped bed. A single weeping Japanese Maple looks lost planted in the middle of the yard, yet, when it is planted with shrubs that accentuate its color and form, it becomes the queen of the garden. A large, majestic tree, such as a Southern magnolia, is an exception to this and looks beautiful when planted alone in a large space. Room to Grow A second consideration when choosing a tree is its size. It is helpful to look at established trees in your neighborhood to accurately visualize how large a particular type of tree will grow. Shade trees should be planted 20 feet away from the house and from other trees, while flowering trees can be planted 15 feet away from the house or each other. Most evergreen trees should be planted 15 feet apart. Planting trees too close to a structure or to each other can cause problems for both trees and structures. When trees are planted too close together, they cannot develop a healthy root structure – there is simply not enough space for the roots to grow. When trees are planted too close to a building or other structure, the roots may not have enough room to develop without interfering with the structure’s foundation. Tree limbs growing too close or over the building also pose risks. The third consideration should be the shape of the tree. There are twelve basic tree shapes. The most common are round, vase, upright oval, weeping, broad triangle, and horizontal oval. Location, Location, Location A final consideration is that you understand the best growing conditions for the trees you are purchasing. Planting the right tree in the right place is the easiest way to ensure that you will benefit from all the outstanding features the tree has to offer. It is important that you know the light, soil, and wind conditions of the planting site. With proper planning, selection, positioning and care, your tree will provide a lifetime of enjoyment and benefit, both for you and for the next generation.

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Cartoon Character, one of the people or animals in an animated film like Mickey Mouse, Tom & Jerry etc. Cartoons are essential part of every childhood. They are, certainly, the most popular entertainment for children, but also much more than that. With the help of cartoons kids can learn about the world around us, about new emotions, life issues and other important things. Hence, just for fun the goal of current project is to recognize the cartoon character using deep learning algorithm. So, In this article, we will look how to use a Deep Neural Net model for performing Cartoon Character Recognition in OpenCV. - Deep Learning Algorithm - Experiments and Results - What’s Next? The images used in the dataset are collected from google-chrome and from various sites like Disney. The Dataset contains 4 categories ( Mickey-Mouse, Donald-Duck, Minions, and Winnie the Pooh) as of now and it contains a total of 2215 images. The Dataset is converted into structured format (collecting at one place and manually labeling of image) and all preprocessing (like resizing the image, applying filters to remove noise, etc) is done using OpenCV-python. Deep Learning Algorithm - Model Architecture: For understanding the CNN Model, please go through the article. The architecture is different w.r.t. a number of layers, parameters, and hyperparameter tuning, but the basics are the same. - Calculating the number of Parameters in CNNs: If you’ve been playing with CNN’s it is common to encounter a summary of parameters as seen in the below image. We all know it is easy to calculate the activation size, considering it’s merely the product of width, height and the number of channels in that layer. First, What are parameters? Parameters in general are weights that are learnt during training. They are weight matrices that contribute to model’s predictive power, changed during back-propagation process. Who governs the change? Well, the training algorithm you choose, particularly the optimization strategy makes them change their values. Now that you know what “parameters” are, let’s dive into calculating the number of parameters in the sample image we saw above. But, I’d want to include that image again here to avoid your scrolling effort and time. - Input layer: Input layer has nothing to learn, at it’s core, what it does is just provide the input image’s shape. So no learnable parameters here. Thus number of parameters = 0. - CONV layer: This is where CNN learns, so certainly we’ll have weight matrices. To calculate the learnable parameters here, all we have to do is just multiply the by the shape of width m, height n, previous layer’s filters d and account for all such filters k in the current layer. Don’t forget the bias term for each of the filter. Number of parameters in a CONV layer would be : ((m * n * d)+1)* k), added 1 because of the bias term for each filter. The same expression can be written as follows: ((shape of width of the filter * shape of height of the filter * number of filters in the previous layer+1)*number of filters). Where the term “filter” refer to the number of filters in the current layer. - POOL layer: This has got no learnable parameters because all it does is calculate a specific number, no backprop learning involved! Thus a number of parameters = 0. - Fully Connected Layer (FC): This certainly has learnable parameters, matter of fact, in comparison to the other layers, this category of layers has the highest number of parameters, why? because, every neuron is connected to every other neuron! So, how to calculate the number of parameters here? You probably know, it is the product of the number of neurons in the current layer c and the number of neurons on the previous layer p and as always, do not forget the bias term. Thus number of parameters here are: ((current layer neurons c * previous layer neurons p)+1*c). Now let’s follow these pointers and calculate the number of parameters, shall we? - The first input layer has no parameters. - Parameters in the second CONV1(filter shape =3*3, stride=1) layer is: ((shape of width of filter*shape of height filter*number of filters in the previous layer+1)*number of filters) = (((3*3*3)+1)*32) = 896. - Parameters in the fourth CONV2(filter shape =3*3, stride=1) layer is: ((shape of width of filter * shape of height filter * number of filters in the previous layer+1) * number of filters) = (((3*3*32)+1)*64) = 9248. - The third POOL1 layer has no parameters. - Parameters in the fourth CONV3(filter shape =3*3, stride=1) layer is: ((shape of width of filter * shape of height filter * number of filters in the previous layer+1) * number of filters) = (((5*5*32)+1)*64) = 18496. - Parameters in the fourth CONV4(filter shape =3*3, stride=1) layer is: ((shape of width of filter * shape of height filter * number of filters in the previous layer+1) * number of filters) = (((3*3*64)+1)*64) = 36928. - The fifth POOL2 layer has no parameters. - The Softmax layer has ((current layer c*previous layer p)+1*c) parameters = 238144*4 + 1*4= 952580. 1.CNN Model Analysis 2.Implementation of Cartoon Character Recognition for Image. 3.Implementation of Cartoon Character Recognition for Video. In this article, the cartoon character is recognized accurately. We have used 4 categories, this can be extended to train the model for more categories, and we can create a dataset for object detection (will going to do it just for learning object detection in the future). The code is available at github.com/Devashi-Choudhary/Cartoon-Character-Recognition. For any questions or doubts, feel free to contact me directly at github.com/Devashi-Choudhary.

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A protect antivirus is a device that helps you protect your computer from malevolent software like viruses and also other malware hazards. These malware can damage the device, thieving your personal information and compromising your security. Antivirus security starts with verifying your computer applications and data files against a database of known trojans. It then runs for mysterious or fresh types of viruses. The malware that detects is normally quarantined or marked meant for deletion, making your machine inaccessible and removing the risk. Several antivirus software can also run thought malware in a sandbox, that allows it to think about what the software does and find out if it tries to cover itself or otherwise compromise any system. Some antiviruses also offer cloud backup, to help you rebuild your files if your strategy is infected. A lot of can also provide a VPN product, which is important for remote usage of your devices. A good antivirus security software should be able to have a look at individual files and folders inside its main UI, ideally without having to open up a thirdparty app. It should also provide various scanning alternatives, including recurring, planned and manual. F-Secure offers a couple of twelve-monthly plans that include basic anti-virus and trojans defenses for Microsoft windows, MacOS, iOS and Android os. They come with a 30-day refund and include ID Protection, the industry password supervisor and email breach monitoring www.travelozeal.com/ program. You can also control your registration and users from an online portal.

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https://dutadamaijawabarat.id/how-to-choose-a-protect-antivirus/

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1.Cambridge Reading Adventures is a unique Primary reading scheme. It supports children in becoming confident and independent readers of English, regardless of their language background. There are ten colour-coded reading levels. 2. In the Red band the sense of story begins to be developed. There are nine readers covering both fiction and non-fiction stories. The texts are slightly longer than the Pink readers,so that children can begin to extend their high-frequency word knowledge.

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Teachers play an important role for helping students . They are responsible for providing guidance, support, and encouragement to help students succeed academically and personally. Role of Teacher can have long-lasting effects on a student’s life, so it is essential that teachers understand how they can best contribute to their success. What is Role of Teacher For Success of a Student A teacher should be knowledgeable about the subject matter they teach and strive to create engaging lessons that capture the attention of their students. It is also important for them to establish positive relationships with each student by showing respect and understanding towards them. This will make it easier for students to trust their teacher and feel comfortable asking questions or seeking help when needed. In addition to teaching content knowledge, teachers must also focus on developing skills such as problem solving, critical thinking, communication, collaboration, creativity etc., which are necessary for success in any field of study or career path. Teachers should provide opportunities for active learning through activities like group projects or discussions where students can practice these skills while exploring new ideas together. Furthermore, teachers need to set high expectations but still remain supportive throughout the process so that all learners feel motivated enough to work hard towards achieving those goals. Importance of Teachers in Education Teachers are responsible for providing students with knowledge, skills, and values that will help them succeed both academically and professionally. In this article, we will explore why teachers are so important to our society and how they can make a positive impact on their students’ lives. Why Are Teachers Important? There are many reasons why teachers are important to our society: One of the most important roles of a teacher is transferring knowledge from one generation to another. Through teaching, teachers ensure that valuable information is passed down from one generation to the next. This helps create continuity within societies as well as promote progress over time. Another key role played by teachers is serving as role models for their students. By setting good examples through their actions and words, they show children what it means to be successful adults who contribute positively to society. Finally, teachers also have an important responsibility when it comes to building character in young people. Through lessons such as respect for others or perseverance during difficult times, they teach children invaluable life lessons that will stay with them throughout adulthood. How Do Teachers Impact Students? There are several ways in which teachers can influence student learning outcomes: – Motivation & Engagement: A great teacher has the ability to motivate and engage his/her students while making sure everyone stays focused on achieving educational goals set out at the beginning of each term or year . When done correctly , motivation leads not only better grades but also increased confidence among learners . Positive Attitude Towards Learning : Good educators understand how crucial attitude towards learning plays into academic success . Therefore , they strive hard every day instill enthusiasm about studying new topics amongst all members of class – no matter age level or background . The primary role of a teacher is to provide instruction and knowledge about specific topics or subjects. This includes introducing new concepts, helping with assignments, and assessing student progress over time. A teacher can also act as a mentor by offering advice and guidance on personal matters such as career paths or life decisions. By doing so, they can help foster positive relationships between themselves and their students which leads to better learning outcomes overall. Another key role of a teacher is to facilitate discussions among classmates in order for them to learn from each other’s perspectives while developing critical thinking skills at the same time. Finally, teachers should strive to be leaders within the classroom setting by demonstrating good behavior both inside and outside school grounds in order for their students to follow suit accordingly . Benefits of Being a Teacher : Being a teacher has numerous benefits not only for those who teach but also for those being taught too! Some key advantages include : Teaching allows you build strong connections with your pupils , enabling you understand them better whilst creating meaningful bonds . Doing so helps create an environment where everyone feels comfortable enough express themselves openly without fear judgement. Making an Impact : As educators , we have opportunity make lasting impact our student’s lives through imparting valuable lessons wisdom which stay with them long after graduation day . It truly rewarding experience knowing that what do today could potentially change someone else’s tomorrow ! Professional Development : Working teaching profession provides great opportunities professional growth due continual training workshops offered by employers ensure staff remain up date latest trends methods educational practices . Additionally , there chance gain additional qualifications further advance one’s career prospects future job applications interviews . It is clear from this discussion that teachers have an immense responsibility when it comes to fostering successful outcomes among their students; however if done right this job has great rewards both professionally and personally! By creating meaningful connections with your pupils you not only get satisfaction out of seeing them grow but you also become part of something bigger than yourself – making sure future generations receive quality education! there is no doubt that having quality educators makes huge difference when it comes educating future generations properly . Not only do these professionals transfer vital knowledge between different ages but also serve excellent role models capable inspiring kids reach full potentials regardless circumstances may present themselves along way .

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One way to handle a child’s anger is to stay calm when they lose their temper. Controlling your emotions sets an example for the child. You can praise them when they express their feelings calmly and when they calm themselves down after an explosion. Adults who are confident, calm, and consistent help children develop the skills to regulate their behavior. What You'll Learn - Why do kids get angry? - How can kids learn how to control their explosive behavior? - What can parents to do help their children handle anger? It is often difficult for parents to handle kids’ explosive and angry behavior, but understanding why they’re acting out can help. Anger issues in kids often happen because they don’t know how to deal with their frustration or other uncomfortable feelings. They haven’t yet learned skills for solving problems without getting upset. Sometimes anger issues in kids are caused by another problem that needs treatment. This could be ADHD, anxiety, learning disabilities, sensory processing issues, or autism. There are strategies that parents can use to help kids improve their behavior. One of the most important things is to stay calm when they get upset. This can be challenging, but it’s a great way to model good behavior. Praise them when they express their feelings calmly or calm themselves down after an explosion. Don’t give in to their demands. Teaching kids problem-solving and communication skills can help them choose better ways to express their feelings. You can also prevent some anger in children by identifying their triggers. For example, if your child gets angry when you ask them to stop doing something they enjoy, give them gentle warnings before time is up. If a tantrum isn’t violent, ignoring it usually works best. If your child is getting physical, then get them to a safe place. For young kids, a timeout chair or a room without toys or other rewards often works. For older kids, you might need to leave them alone so that they aren’t rewarded with your attention. In extreme situations, calling 911 can be the best way to keep yourself and your child safe. If your child’s behavior is too much for you to handle, there are professionals who can help. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can teach kids coping skills and teach parents ways to help. If CBT isn’t enough, the child may need medication or a different treatment program. When a child—even a small child—melts down and becomes aggressive, they can pose a serious risk to themselves and others, including parents and siblings. It’s not uncommon for kids who have trouble handling their emotions to lose control and direct their distress at a caregiver, screaming and cursing, throwing dangerous objects, or hitting and biting. It can be a scary, stressful experience for you and your child, too. Children often feel sorry after they’ve worn themselves out and calmed down. So what are you to do? It’s helpful to first understand that behavior is communication. A child who is so overwhelmed that they are lashing out is a distressed child. They don’t have the skill to manage their feelings and express them in a more mature way. They may lack language, or impulse control, or problem-solving abilities. Sometimes parents see this kind of explosive behavior as manipulative. But kids who lash out are usually unable to handle frustration or anger in a more effective way—say, by talking and figuring out how to achieve what they want. Nonetheless, how you react when a child lashes out has an effect on whether they will continue to respond to distress in the same way, or learn better ways to handle feelings so they don’t become overwhelming. Some pointers: - Stay calm. Faced with a raging child, it’s easy to feel out of control and find yourself yelling at them. But when you shout, you have less chance of reaching them. Instead, you will only be making them more aggressive and defiant. As hard as it may be, if you can stay calm and in control of your own emotions, you can be a model for your child and teach them to do the same thing. - Don’t give in. Don’t encourage them to continue this behavior by agreeing to what they want in order to make it stop. - Praise appropriate behavior. When they have calmed down, praise them for pulling themselves together. And when they do try to express their feelings verbally, calmly, or try to find a compromise on an area of disagreement, praise them for those efforts. - Help them practice problem-solving skills. When your child is not upset is the time to help them try out communicating their feelings and coming up with solutions to conflicts before they escalate into aggressive outbursts. You can ask them how they feel, and how they think you might solve a problem. - Time outs and reward systems. Time outs for nonviolent misbehavior can work well with children younger than 7 or 8 years old. When using time outs, be sure to be consistent with them and balance them with other, more positive forms of attention. If a child is too old for time outs, you want to move to a system of positive reinforcement for appropriate behavior—points or tokens toward something they want. - Avoid triggers. Vasco Lopes, PsyD, a clinical psychologist, says most kids who have frequent meltdowns do it at very predictable times, like homework time, bedtime, or when it’s time to stop playing, whether it’s Legos or the Xbox. The trigger is usually being asked to do something they don’t like, or to stop doing something they do like. Time warnings (“we’re going in 10 minutes”), breaking tasks down into one-step directions (“first, put on your shoes”), and preparing your child for situations (“please ask to be excused before you leave Grandma’s table”) can all help avoid meltdowns. What kind of tantrum is it? How you respond to a tantrum also depends on its severity. The first rule in handling nonviolent tantrums is to ignore them as often as possible, since even negative attention, like telling the child to stop, can be encouraging. But when a child is getting physical, ignoring is not recommended since it can result in harm to others as well as your child. In this situation, Dr. Lopes advises putting the child in a safe environment that does not give them access to you or any other potential rewards. Critics of time outs argue that they can be emotionally isolating for kids, but research shows that they are effective and do not cause children harm. (For more on the debate around time outs, read our full article on the topic.) However, it’s very important to use them as just one technique in a nurturing, supportive parenting strategy. Be sure to balance use of time outs with lots of praise for kids’ positive behaviors. It’s also important to manage your own stress so that kids can learn emotional regulation from your positive example. If the child is young (usually 7 or younger), try placing them in a time out chair. If they won’t stay in the chair, take them to a backup area where they can calm down on their own without anyone else in the room. Again, for this approach to work there shouldn’t be any toys or games in the area that might make it rewarding. Your child should stay in that room for one minute, and must be calm before they are allowed out. Then they should come back to the chair for time out. “What this does is gives your child an immediate and consistent consequence for their aggression and it removes all access to reinforcing things in their environment,” explains Dr. Lopes. If you have an older child who is being aggressive and you aren’t able to carry them into an isolated area to calm down, Dr. Lopes advises removing yourself from their vicinity. This ensures that they are not getting any attention or reinforcement from you and keeps you safe. In extreme instances, it may be necessary to call 911 to ensure your and your child’s safety. Help with behavioral techniques If your child is doing a lot of lashing out—enough that it is frequently frightening you and disrupting your family—it’s important to get some professional help. There are good behavioral therapies that can help you and your child get past the aggression, relieve your stress and improve your relationship. You can learn techniques for managing their behavior more effectively, and they can learn to rein in disruptive behavior and enjoy a much more positive relationship with you. - Parent-child interaction therapy. PCIT has been shown to be very helpful for children between the ages of 2 and 7. The parent and child work together through a set of exercises while a therapist coaches parents through an ear bud. You learn how to pay more attention to your child’s positive behavior, ignore minor misbehaviors, and provide consistent consequences for negative and aggressive behavior, all while remaining calm. - Parent Management Training. PMT teaches similar techniques as PCIT, though the therapist usually works with parents, not the child. - Collaborative and Proactive Solutions. CPS is a program based on the idea that explosive or disruptive behavior is the result of lagging skills rather than, say, an attempt to get attention or test limits. The idea is to teach children the skills they lack to respond to a situation in a more effective way than throwing a tantrum. Figuring out explosive behavior Tantrums and meltdowns are especially concerning when they occur more often, more intensely, or past the age in which they’re developmentally expected—those terrible twos up through preschool. As a child gets older, aggression becomes more and more dangerous to you, and the child. And it can become a big problem for them at school and with friends, too. If your child has a pattern of lashing out it may be because of an underlying problem that needs treatment. Some possible reasons for aggressive behavior include: - ADHD: Kids with ADHD are frustrated easily, especially in certain situations, such as when they’re supposed to do homework or go to bed. - Anxiety: An anxious child may keep their worries secret, then lash out when the demands at school or at home put pressure on them that they can’t handle. Often, a child who “keeps it together” at school loses it with one or both parents. - Undiagnosed learning disability: When your child acts out repeatedly in school or during homework time, it could be because the work is very hard for them. - Sensory processing issues: Some children have trouble processing the information they are taking in through their senses. Things like too much noise, crowds and even “scratchy” clothes can make them anxious, uncomfortable, or overwhelmed. That can lead to actions that leave you mystified, including aggression. - Autism: Children on all points of the spectrum are often prone to major meltdowns when they are frustrated or faced with unexpected change. They also often have sensory issues that make them anxious and agitated. Given that there are so many possible causes for emotional outbursts and aggression, an accurate diagnosis is key to getting the help you need. You may want to start with your pediatrician. They can rule out medical causes and then refer you to a specialist. A trained, experienced child psychologist or psychiatrist can help determine what, if any, underlying issues are present. When behavioral plans aren’t enough Professionals agree, the younger you can treat a child, the better. But what about older children and even younger kids who are so dangerous to themselves and others, behavioral techniques aren’t enough to keep them, and others around them, safe? - Medication. Medication for underlying conditions such as ADHD and anxiety may make your child more reachable and teachable. Kids with extreme behavior problems are often treated with antipsychotic medications like Risperdal or Abilify. But these medications should be partnered with behavioral techniques. - Holds. Parent training may, in fact, include learning how to use safe holds on your child, so that you can keep both them and yourself out of harm’s way. - Residential settings. Children with extreme behaviors may need to spend time in a residential treatment facility, sometimes, but not always, in a hospital setting. There, they receive behavioral and, most likely, pharmaceutical treatment. Therapeutic boarding schools provide consistency and structure round the clock, seven days a week. The goal is for the child to internalize self-control so they can come back home with more appropriate behavior with you and the world at large. - Day treatment. With day treatment, a child with extreme behavioral problems lives at home but attends a school with a strict behavioral plan. Such schools should have trained staff prepared to safely handle crisis situations. Explosive children need calm, confident parents It can be challenging work for parents to learn how to handle an aggressive child with behavioral approaches, but for many kids it can make a big difference. Parents who are confident, calm, and consistent can be very successful in helping children develop the skills they need to regulate their own behavior. This may require more patience and willingness to try different techniques than you might with a typically developing child, but when the result is a better relationship and happier home, it’s well worth the effort. Frequently Asked Questions In parent-child interaction therapy, a therapist coaches parents on how to pay more attention to positive behavior, ignore minor misbehaviors, and provide consistent consequences for negative and aggressive behavior, all while remaining calm. Other forms of therapy also center on teaching the parent how to model emotional stability.

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R22 is a refrigerant that is also a chlorodifluoromethane and more widely recognized as a hydrochlorofluorocarbon — a greenhouse gas. R22 is used extensively in air-conditioning units and HVAC systems. R22 has a negative impact on ozone in the atmosphere and is being phased out by order of the Federal Government. R22 Phase Out The government declared that all new air-conditioners would be R22 free by 2010. As a chemical, R22 is not to be used after January 1, 2020. What that means for people who have an HVAC or air-conditioner that needs replaced is that they will need to purchase a system that contains R410A refrigerant. R410A is an environmentally friendly chemical that works in the same capacity as R22, but without the damage to the ozone layer. If you have an older system that has R22 in it, then you can have it serviced through the end of 2019 without incident. After January 1, 2020, air conditioners with R22 cannot be recharged. They will need to be replaced if they develop a leak. That does not mean your system cannot be serviced or repaired, so long as the repair does not involve the refrigerant. If you have an older system talk with a North American Technician Excellence (NATE) HVAC contractor to see if you need HVAC repairs or HVAC replacement. Why is R22 Bad? R22 is bad because, as a gas, it works its way to the upper atmosphere where it breaks apart ozone and converts it into carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that causes a lot of problems not just to the environment as a whole, but specifically to agriculture and farms. As a gas, it reflects income solar radiation back to earth causing the area to warm up. When mixed with water (rain) it becomes carbonic acid that damages plants by burning their leaves. As an air pollutant, Carbon dioxide is deadly to humans in large enough doses. In smaller doses, it leads to asthma and respiratory disease. When is R22 Used? R22 was used during the manufacture of refrigeration units. Currently, it is only used to refill or recharge air-conditioner units that have had a leak. What Does This Mean for Upgrading or Servicing My Old System? Until January 1, 2020, it does not mean a whole lot for A/C repair. If your old system requires service, then it is business as usual. There is no regulation about servicing your old system unless it involves recharging the refrigerant. If your old system should break down and needs replacing then, it simply means that you need to choose a new system that has R401A. A quality HVAC contractor can help identify HVAC problems.

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Census legislation for England and Wales The legislation to hold the census in England and Wales on Sunday 21 March 2021 is now in place. Census Act 1920 This allows the UK Statistics Authority to carry out a census once Parliament has approved the necessary secondary legislation, which sets out how the census will be run. The secondary legislation (a Census Order and Census Regulations) specifies the date of the census, the questions to be included and the methods of response -- as set out on this page. The Census Act 1920 makes it compulsory for everyone in England and Wales to take part in the census in accordance with the Order and Regulations. The Act makes answering the questions mandatory. The Census (Return Particulars and Removal of Penalties) Act 2019 amended the Census Act to enable new questions on sexual orientation and gender identity to be voluntary in future censuses; the Census Act had previously been amended to make questions on religion voluntary. The Census (England and Wales) Order 2020, which sets the date of the census, was made (became law) at the Privy Council meeting on 20 May 2020. This followed debates in both Houses of Parliament in May. The Census Order is used to direct that a census is carried out. The order specifies: - the date the census will take place - the question topics to be included - the people who need to fill in the census questionnaires - the people to be included on the census questionnaires The Census Regulations came into force on 23 June 2020 in England and 26 June 2020 in Wales, having been laid before the UK Parliament and the Welsh Parliament respectively. They set out the comprehensive arrangements that will be made to carry out the census. These include: - how the census will take place - the delivery and response options for the census questionnaires - the duties of census employees - confidentiality requirements for handling the forms containing personal information - a facsimile of the paper questionnaires and a description of the online questionnaires The Census Regulations are available to view online: - Census (England) Regulations 2020 - Census (Wales) Regulations 2020 and Rheoliadau'r Cyfrifiad (Cymru) 2020 White Paper and Impact Assessments White Paper: Help Shape Our Future: The 2021 Census of Population and Housing in England and Wales In December 2018, the White Paper outlining the Office for National Statistics' (ONS') recommendations for Census 2021 was published on GOV.UK. White Papers are policy documents produced by the government. They set out recommendations for future legislation and inform Parliament and the public about those recommendations. Equality Impact Assessments We published an Equality Impact Assessment (PDF, 676.7KB) for the 2021 Census alongside the December 2018 White Paper. This was updated with a new assessment published alongside the laying of the Census Order. Data Protection Impact Assessment We have published a Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) (PDF, 728.8KB) for Census 2021. A DPIA has been undertaken to help us identify and minimise the data protection risks for the census. The published version has been shortened so as not to include any detail that may present any security or data protection risks. Learn more about how we keep your information secure. The conduct of censuses across the UK The NRS and NISRA conduct the census in Scotland and Northern Ireland respectively. The respective devolved administrations and legislatures are responsible for census legislation, which is in place and permits the holding of the next census in these parts of the UK; related information is available on the NRS and NISRA websites. The original statement of agreement between the National Statistician and the Registrars General for Scotland and Northern Ireland was published in October 2015, outlining the principles that the three census offices would work on together to ensure the 2021 censuses are successful in: - providing high-quality population and housing statistics for the UK - meeting the needs of data users - reflecting UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), Eurostat and other international requirements Following the announcement that Scotland's Census will now take place in 2022, an updated statement of agreement concerning the censuses to be conducted throughout the UK in 2021 and 2022 was published in January 2021. The census offices consult regularly with users, keep this agreement under constant review and publish updates on progress. A November 2020 update on progress is available. Any future updates will be made against the updated statement of agreement. A November 2019 update on progress is available. A November 2016 update on progress (PDF, 321KB) is available. Census legislation in Scotland and Northern Ireland The NRS and NISRA conduct the census in Scotland and Northern Ireland respectively. The respective devolved administrations and legislatures are responsible for census legislation. You can find out more about the design of the census and what we have done to develop the questions for 2021, as well as the latest news and updates on progress towards census 2021. - The conduct of the 2021 censuses in the UK (230.5 kB pdf) - Help Shape Our Future (906.5 kB pdf) - Helpu i Lunio Ein Dyfodol (1.1 MB pdf) - Equality Impact Assessment for the 2021 Census (118.1 kB pdf) - Updated Equality Impact Assessment for the 2021 Census (676.7 kB pdf) - The conduct of the 2021 censuses in the UK - update November 2016 (328.1 kB pdf) - 2021 census DPIA final approved version for publication (728.8 kB pdf)

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MODIS (or Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) is a key instrument aboard the Terra (EOS AM) and Aqua (EOS PM) satellites. Terra's orbit around the Earth is timed so that it passes from north to south across the equator in the morning, while Aqua passes south to north over the equator in the afternoon. Terra MODIS and Aqua MODIS are viewing the entire Earth's surface every 1 to 2 days, acquiring data in 36 spectral bands, or groups of wavelengths (see MODIS Technical Specifications). These data will improve our understanding of global dynamics and processes occurring on the land, in the oceans, and in the lower atmosphere. MODIS is playing a vital role in the development of validated, global, interactive Earth system models able to predict global change accurately enough to assist policy makers in making sound decisions concerning the protection of our environment (from http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/). This mosaic has been generated from TERRA and AQUA products between 30 Sept. to 03 Oct. 2011 The MODIS data used in this product were obtained through the online Data Pool at the NASA Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC), USGS/Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota (https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/get_data).

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Did a global epidemic just start? In this world, anything could happen anytime. China currently battles the coronavirus outbreak that started in Wuhan city, a virus that can easily transfer from one infected person to another. Just yesterday, DOH has confirmed the 3rd nCoV case here in the Philippines. It is terrifying, but we believe we can protect ourselves from any diseases if we learn to take precautionary measures. It takes massive discipline, but it’s totally doable. One effective way to keep the virus away is to take supplements that will shield you from it. Coronavirus will not have any chance to transfer and infect your body if it is enriched with enough vitamins and nutrients keeping your immune system at boost. Listed below are surefire ways to avoid getting nCoV: Take Vitamin CVitamin C helps safeguard you from any sickness. This strong antioxidant can help block floating viruses in the air, including coronavirus. Your immune system, being a vital part of your life, must be kept strong to protect your system from foreign invaders. Vitamin C is your body’s defense against harmful molecules that can easily infect your body. Dfyage is a blend of L-Glutathione, Astaxanthin, and Tremella Fuciformis. The astaxanthin property in Dfyage is considered 6,000 times stronger than Vitamin C, which means it can highly protect you against viruses. Probiotics help our body prevent respiratory infections. In many studies, probiotics are known to enhance the barrier function in your body’s intestinal linings. Virus may enter through the lining which can infect your organs and spread. Once the virus reaches your lungs via circulatory route, the flu will start to manifest which will make you ill. Taking probiotic supplements will boost your immune system. SOZO is all about boosting overall health, which is why we introduced Digestify to the world. Gut health is crucial to our bodies. Click here to read more about the effectivity of Digestify. Sanitize often and wear face masks You may have read or heard this from somewhere. This is the first step to take when you want to keep the virus away from your system. Wash your hands before and after meals. Don’t touch your nose and mouth if you don’t want the virus to enter your body. Use a hand sanitizer to keep your hands clean and fresh. Check out SOZO’s hand sanitizer with face mask here. If you want a good combo to protect against viruses. There are many other ways to prevent virus transfer. Here are our ways to effectively keep our bodies protected. We still have so much more to share with you and we hope you keep it here with us. See you on the next read! Visit SOZO PH - Health & Wellness Articles to read more.

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It was 1979 and the monsoon was in full swing in Gujarat. The continuous rain, an overflowing Machhu river in the western parts of the state, and crucial decisions by the operators of Machhu II Dam were about to create India’s worst dam disaster. The dam was functioning close to its full capacity of 200,000 cubic feet per second, and all its gates were opened to keep the water collecting in the reservoir from overflowing. Yet, with the incessant rain, water did overflow. It violently cascaded into the villages of Lilapur and Morbi, consuming everything in its way—lives, properties, and fields. The exact number of deaths caused by the Machhu II Dam remains murky till date—before records were taken, mass burials were held to prevent the spread of diseases. Estimates range from 1,800 to a colossal 25,000 lost lives. And yet, who was responsible for the disaster—whether it was the poor design of the dam that underestimated the monsoon’s flow or the dam’s operators— still remains contested. 42 years after the Machhu Dam II disaster as well as other similar events in Kerala and Himachal Pradesh, the Dam Safety Bill, 2019 was passed in the Rajya Sabha on December 2, 2021. The Bill’s aim: to enforce safety and accountability measures, and to ensure the maintenance of dams. To do so, it draws out a two-tier organisational structure and set of functions for the “surveillance, inspection, operation and maintenance of dams for prevention of dam failure related disasters.” A game changer clause within the Bill has been the introduction of penalties and offences in cases of non-compliance to dam safety. “When a dam breaks, it’s not just humans that get impacted, but also the entire riverine ecology,” Gajendra Singh Shekhawat, Minister of Jal Shakti said while presenting the Bill in the Parliament, adding that accountability for such disasters could now be better identified. But, not all present in the upper house of the parliament agreed with the Bill. Opposition parties ranging from Tamil Nadu’s All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, to the Indian National Congress in Gujarat, to West Bengal’s All India Trinamool Congress debated against it, calling it an “infringement of [a] state’s autonomy” since the Centre was deliberating on rivers, a subject primarily listed on the ‘state’ list, while also alerting towards the Bill’s other drawbacks. More #Dam or Damage? Despite the collapse in Laos, 3,500 more #hydropower dams are being built around the world, @BBCWorld reports. India & Nepal, the source of Bangladesh #rivers, are in top 10.@riverine_people @Indian_Rivers @intlrivers @fishmigration https://t.co/vlda1JoZm6 pic.twitter.com/8BsWa7ZnrH — Sheikh Rokon (@skrokon) August 6, 2018 Yet, India is home to 5,700 large dams, 80% of which are already over 25 years old, while 227 dams are over 100 years old and are still functional. Since independence, 42 dams in India have collapsed. This indicates the urgent need for a mechanism to oversee the functioning of dams and prevent damages to them that can turn into disasters. So, how far does the new Dam Safety Bill do this? A Central Decision For A State Subject This Bill spent 34 years in the mill before it was passed in the Rajya Sabha this December. Post the Machhu II Dam disaster, a Standing Committee was constituted in 1982. In 1986, their report suggested institutional arrangements for dam safety. Following this recommendation, a draft Bill was prepared by the Central Water Commission (CWC) the next year. The Bill was first introduced in the Lok Sabha in 2010 by the Indian National Congress, after which it was referred to a Standing Committee on Water Resources, which recommended a few changes to it. Through the years of India’s independence, a major point of contention for states has been that of the Centre making decisions on state subjects. Legally speaking, to allow the Centre to legislate on a state matter, the Bill brought the legislation under Article 246, to be read with Entry 56 and Entry 97 of the Constitution’s Union List. Together, these allow the parliament to create laws on any matter under List I, make laws on inter-state rivers and river valleys in the public interest, and legislate on any other matter not present in either List II (the State List) or III (the Concurrent List), respectively. Responding to the states’ concerns, Jal Shakti Ministry’s Shekhawat addressed the Rajya Sabha, saying, “92% of the dams in India are on inter-state rivers, and it is only in these cases, the centre [sic] would intervene.” One such contested dam is the 126-year-old Mullaperiyar dam, which is situated in Kerala but operated by Tamil Nadu. The dam has produced years of legal disputes between the two states on questions of who controls it. Additionally, the dam has far outlived its intended 50 years of life, has structural flaws, and continues to operate in a seismically active geography, which could impact lives of 50 lakhs residents downstream in Idukki in case of the dam breaking. “For decades, no decision was taken [by states] on contentious issues like the Mullaperiyar Dam because it involved lengthy court cases whose verdicts also ended up exacerbating the issue rather than solving it,” Dean Kuriakose, a Member of Parliament from Idukki, tells The Bastion over email. “Even when Kerala has reiterated its commitment to give water to Tamil Nadu, a solution that guarantees safety to Kerala was never found. Now [with the Bill], the Centre would be in a position to take a call in situations like this. If the Centre takes a good decision, these issues can be solved instantly,” reiterated the Indian National Congress Member. Also Read: The Risky Business of Large Hydropower Dams However, Himanshu Thakkar, co-ordinator at SANDRP, believes that the guarantee of states’ autonomy could have been made explicit in the legislation. “While it is necessary to have a national-level body to deal with issues of dam safety, the Bill could have been more carefully drafted to ensure states’ autonomy will be maintained, except in cases of inter-state dams,” he explained over a telephonic interview with The Bastion. These finer points are currently missing from the Bill. In a bid to secure accountability in the case of dam disasters like that of Machhu II Dam, the Bill introduces a set of punitive actions for non-compliance with dam safety. What are the hits and misses of such a justice system? Penalties, But No Compensation The addition of punitive action is owed to the Standing Committee’s report of 2011, which was submitted after the Dam Safety Bill was first tabled in the Lok Sabha back in 2010. In it’s 2010 avatar, the Committee found no mention of penalties imposed on dam owners or anyone else responsible for dam failures that cause disasters upstream and downstream of the dam. Incorporating this suggestion, the Bill now makes obstructing the work of the National Committee on Dam Safety and other national and state level dam safety authorities refusing to comply with their directions a punishable offence, tantamount to imprisonment for up to two years and a fine. Moreover, the Bill also holds neglected dam safety by government departments and companies as a punishable offence, the penalties for which will be decided “accordingly”. But, the new legislation misses out on a crucial aspect. “The Bill does not talk about compensation for the people who might get impacted by dam-related accidents,” Thakkar says. The only mention of compensation is under the functions of the National Committee on Dam Safety who aim to “explore compensations, by means of insurance coverage for the people affected by dam failures.” Dozens of villages in #Kerala are grappling with catastrophic floods after heavy monsoon rains and dam releases in August. https://t.co/cu9xSZhVer #India #Sentinel2 #Landsat #KeralaFloods pic.twitter.com/fbS3UTBDxN — NASA Earth (@NASAEarth) August 25, 2018 The absence of legal provisions for compensation leaves impacted people with the only option of approaching courts, which does not always lead to desired results. In a 1997 dam disaster in Gujarat’s Aravalli district, water released by dam operators of Mazum Dam damaged berry trees spread over 8 bighas of land, destroying the livelihood of the families that owned them. The families took the matter to the Court in 1998, seeking a compensation of around ₹21 lakh. The final judgement came 23 years later, where the Supreme Court awarded a much lesser compensation of ₹5 lakh to the petitioners. “The mention of compensation should have been legally mandated in the Bill,” Thakkar argues. The Bill also seeks to establish a new organisational architecture to ensure that standards of dam safety are maintained and dam disasters are prevented. But a deeper analysis suggests drawbacks to this structure. Is This Two-tier Structure Old Wine In A New Bottle? The Bill mandates the formation of a think tank of sorts with the “National Committee on Dam Safety”. This organisation would act as a space to exchange techniques and approaches to safety evaluation, and to set standards for operation and maintenance practices, amongst other functions. Its implementing agency would be the National Dam Safety Authority, who would work in coordination with state Dam Safety Authorities. But, these structures evoke a sense of déjà vu. In 1979, the same year of the Machhu II Dam disaster, the Central Water Commission (CWC) had already put in place a similar institution—the Central Dam Safety Organisation. Through its guidelines, it encouraged states to create state-level and project-level Dam Safety Cells and work along the dam safety inspection guidelines and literature created by the CWC. But, Shekhawat spoke about what would be new in this structure when the Bill was passed earlier this month. “This Bill reiterates the two-tier system that already existed in India for dam safety,” Shekhawat had said in the Upper House. “But, [earlier] these organisations worked only as an advisory role…now, they will also have the power of imposing penalties and being accountable for their functions.” Kuriakose agrees. “In the last week, we witnessed a faulty operation of the Mullaperiyar Dam when the shutters were opened repeatedly in the middle of the night. This caused flooding downstream and caught people by surprise. This shows that not all is well with the current management [of dam safety]. It is also now well known that the Kerala floods of 2018 was exacerbated by the mismanagement of dams, proving that if we have Dam Safety Cells, either they don’t operate, and if they do, they don’t operate in a scientific manner,” he states. Evidence from a dam accident in Himachal Pradesh’s Kinnaur in 2018 reflects the same operational woes, when water from Kashang Stage 1 Hydropower projects was released without warning. Upon inquiries viaRight to Information applications, Himdhara Environment Collective found that no state or project-level Dam Safety Cell existed. Instead, after the disaster, the operator of the dam formed an ad-hoc team to investigate the disaster. This team, Himdhara had found, consisted of engineers from Shongtong Karcham Hydro Project, which is another dam functioning under the same operator, indicating that the company became the “investigator of its own crime.” It turns out that the 2019 Bill too leaves space for such a nexus. Many Conflicting Interests In 2011, a similar conflict of interest caught the Standing Committee’s eye while going over the 2010 draft of the Bill. The Committee noted that the Bill provided for “comprehensive dam safety evaluation” of each dam through either the owner of the dam, or through their own engineers, or by an independent panel of experts. “Any member who is in any way directly or indirectly connected with the maintenance or ownership of the dam at any stage should not be associated with the evaluation of the dam safety,” the Committee had rightly recommended. Heeding this suggestion, the 2019 Bill now allows only an “independent panel of experts” to evaluate dam safety. Unfortunately, some space for overlapping interests still exists in the newly passed Bill, something that did not go unnoticed in the 2021 Parliamentary debate. “There is something known as ‘check and balance’,” Shakti Sinh Gohil, from Gujarat’s Indian National Congress, argued in the Rajya Sabha. He pointed towards the fact that according to the Bill, the ex officio Chairperson of the National Committee on Dam Safety would be the Chairman of CWC. “How is it possible that the authority responsible for approving dams’ design is also the one handling its safety? There is an idiom,” he continued, “mei hi chor, mei hi kotwal, mei hi nyaydhish [I am the thief, the police, and the court]. That is not correct.” Gohil is suggesting that the CWC would be responsible for approving dams’ design, and also analysing causes of dam failure—which could have been due to the designs they approved. “There is also a lack of independent voices of NGOs, and there is no representation of those people whose lives are unsafe because of such dams. Dam safety is not just about technicalities alone, it is also about the public’s interest,” Thakkar added. A look at the Bill confirms this. Both the state- and national-level committees and organisations are composed of a range of engineers, hydrological experts, and representatives from the CWC, and Central Electricity Authority amongst others. People living in proximity to dams are yet to make the cut. “We have mechanisms like Gram Sabhas which will be in a better position to convey the anxieties of people who live downstream. My request is to make sure that high-tech instrumentation along with local consultation and responsive governance is given top priority,” Kuriakose adds. The Dam Safety Bill, 2019 is a legislation that for the first time incorporates accountability for dam disasters, while putting in place a mechanism to prevent such accidents due to negligence or shoddy construction. However, its efficiency—as is the case with all policy making—will be tested in the ability of responsible authorities to implement its provisions both in letter and spirit. The more difficult task would be to address the limitations that exist in the text of the Bill—such as the lack of people’s representation and space for overlapping interests. These are matters that perhaps states can pay more attention to as the legislation begins implementation. Featured image: Mullaperiyar Dam in the 1900s; courtesy of Horatio Kitchener.

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By Andrea Mongler It’s 1982, and a man is having a heart attack. An ambulance rushes him to the emergency department, where he’s given a nitroglycerin tablet and a drug called nifedipine. The treatment doesn’t seem to work, and the man’s heart sustains serious damage. An emergency physician delivers the news to the man’s family: “He might not survive the night. We’ll keep him comfortable, but there’s nothing else we can do.” For years, this scene was a common one, played out again and again in emergency departments across the nation. Physicians did their best to care for heart attack patients—but their best too often wasn’t enough. That’s because nifedipine and other drugs used at the time simply weren’t effective. Then, in 1983, everything changed. A team of Washington University specialists at Barnes Hospital—now Barnes-Jewish—treated a heart-attack patient with a new drug called tissue plasminogen activator, or tPA, and it worked. The team would go on to successfully treat several more people with heart attack, and tPA would soon be FDA-approved and widely used. Today, tPA is no longer the standard of care for people experiencing a heart attack, though it is still used as a life-saving treatment in some cases. But early tPA research done at Washington University School of Medicine helped identify tPA as a highly effective stroke treatment. “When I was a medical intern in the early ’80s, the damage done by a myocardial infarction [heart attack] was dramatic and mortality was high,” says Richard Bach, MD, FACC, Washington University cardiologist at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Cardiac Intensive Care Unit medical director. “All these years later, I’m still amazed that advances in rapid effective treatments mean that most myocardial infarction patients are routinely stabilized so quickly that I don’t think our current trainees even appreciate how bad it once was. That’s remarkable progress.” The origin story for tPA includes Jewish Hospital (later to become Barnes-Jewish), with pioneering work done in the 1950s by a man named Sol Sherry, director of the hospital’s Division of Medicine. Specifically, Sherry helped develop a drug called streptokinase. Part of a drug class called thrombolytics, streptokinase breaks up a protein that’s one of the major components of blood clots. Researchers studied the use of streptokinase in treating heart attack and found that it improved survival, which was a landmark advance. But it didn’t work as well as they hoped—and it could cause serious side effects, including allergic reactions and bleeding complications. Still, Sherry’s work was important because he was the first to suggest that thrombolytics could be used to treat heart attacks. At the time of his research, the link between blood clots and heart attacks was an unproven hypothesis. In the 1970s and early ’80s, a group of researchers at Washington University School of Medicine, including Burton Sobel, worked with Belgian scientist Desire Collen to develop a thrombolytic drug using melanoma cells. Why use cells from cancer? Because Collen had found that melanoma cells, which produce large amounts of tPA, could dissolve blood clots when grown in tissue cultures. He quickly understood tPA’s potential to dissolve clots in patients. “In the ‘70s, the idea that heart attacks were caused by a clot in a heart artery was viewed as a hypothesis, and there were debates about it among experts,” Bach says. “Burt Sobel was responsible for some of the most important early research showing that clots in heart arteries indeed were the cause of heart attacks and that it made perfect sense to test tPA in heart attack patients. He ended up spearheading a landmark clinical trial that led to a revolution in treatment of heart attacks.” Proving that ‘tPA saved lives’ Prior to publication of that landmark trial, Sobel and colleagues had tested tPA in dogs with positive results. Then they were presented with an opportunity: A man had arrived at Barnes Hospital with symptoms of a severe heart attack. Philip Ludbrook, MD, professor emeritus of medicine and psychiatry at Washington University School of Medicine, and a member of the original clinical-trial team, recounts the story in A Legacy of Caring: The History of Barnes-Jewish Hospital: “It was the middle of the night, and [the patient] was the picture of severe pain. We said, ‘We don’t know whether this will work, we don’t know the exact dose, and we don’t know for sure whether it will transmit cancer [since tPA was developed from melanoma cells]. But it’s the only thing we can offer you to get out of this terrible heart attack.” The patient agreed—and the treatment worked. It dissolved the clot responsible for the heart attack, and the patient recovered. The clinical-trial team at Barnes and collaborating investigators at Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium would go on to treat six additional patients with tPA. In all but one of those patients, the treatment worked, dissolving the clot and restoring blood flow. A larger trial—with similarly positive results—came next, followed by a randomized trial comparing tPA to streptokinase. This research showed that tPA, compared with streptokinase, was a superior treatment for breaking up blood clots. “Burt Sobel, Philip Ludbrook and their colleagues were pioneers in the field,” Bach says. “Not only did they prove the hypothesis that heart attacks are caused by clots in a heart artery, but they also showed that tPA saved lives. And while tPA is no longer the standard treatment for heart attack, we wouldn’t have made the advances that occurred over the following decades without their work.” New options for heart-attack treatment Once tPA became widely adopted for heart attack care, it saved many lives. Continuing research, however, would show that tPA wasn’t quite as effective as hoped. Though it was superior to earlier treatments, it broke up only 50% to 70% of clots in heart arteries. But because tPA had helped researchers understand the cause of heart attacks, it helped lead them to a treatment method called balloon angioplasty, a safer and more effective option. Here's how balloon angioplasty works: A cardiologist inserts a catheter into the blocked artery. Once the catheter is in place, a balloon located at the tip of the catheter is inflated, which pushes the blood clot against the artery wall, thus restoring blood flow. A recent improvement to this treatment includes use of a stent, which is put into place after the balloon is deflated and remains in the artery to continue to ensure blood flow. “We’ve come a long way since the mid-’80s, when the hypothesis that clots inside arteries caused heart attacks was confirmed, and we learned that a treatment to break up clots could abort heart attacks,” Bach says. “That work led to a better and faster and safer treatment through balloon angioplasty and stenting of the artery. Had the thrombolytic trials never been done, the advances we’ve seen since then may not have happened.” Specialists continue to use tPA for heart attack in certain cases. Specifically, it can be used to treat someone who won’t be able to have balloon angioplasty within two hours of arrival at the hospital. The longer the delay in treatment, the more damage to the heart and the higher the risk of death; administering tPA can help minimize those risks. Bach says most hospitals that don’t have the capability to perform angioplasty and stenting on site do have rapid-transfer protocols to get patients to another hospital as fast as possible. But certain factors can interfere with that two-hour window: bad weather, for example, or the distance from one hospital to the next. In those cases, guidelines recommend administering tPA, or a newer agent derived from tPA, to open the artery. Once treated, the patient then can be scheduled for angioplasty and stenting. Other medical conditions can be treated with tPA as well. For example, it’s used to treat pulmonary embolism—a life-threatening condition in which a blood clot travels to the lungs—and to break up clots in dialysis fistulas and in IV catheters. But tPA’s primary use today is as a treatment for ischemic stroke. tPA as stroke treatment Similar to heart attack, ischemic stroke is caused by a clot that blocks blood flow to the brain. And the history of ischemic stroke treatment is strikingly similar to that of heart attack treatment. Until the mid-1990s, treatment options for a person who had arrived in the emergency department with a stroke were limited. Aspirin might be given to thin the blood, but there wasn’t much else to be done. Jin-Moo Lee, MD, PhD, Washington University neurologist at Barnes-Jewish Hospital notes that there was a time when “stroke was considered a non-emergency.” Lee also is head of the university’s Department of Neurology. Washington University emergency medicine specialist Peter Panagos, MD, FACEP, FAHA, puts it this way: “There was no sense of urgency or rush. Whatever happened was left up to fate.” But in December 1995, “everything changed,” Panagos adds. That’s when a multidisciplinary team of researchers published a study in the New England Journal of Medicine, which showed that tPA, given within three hours of stroke onset, improved outcomes for patients three months later. The study was a two-part randomized controlled trial in which patients (291 in part 1 and 333 in part 2) received either tPA or placebo. The study showed that patients treated with tPA were at least 30% more likely to have minimal or no disability after three months of stroke onset compared with patients who received placebo. In 1996, the FDA approved tPA for use in stroke patients, though widespread use in hospital emergency departments happened more slowly. Lee says use of tPA increased sharply once the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services approved it for reimbursement, which “speaks to the importance of alignment with best clinical practice.” But even then, many emergency departments didn’t adopt use of tPA for stroke patients right away. “Neurologists for the first time were encouraging use of tPA for stroke patients in the emergency department, but there was resistance early on,” Panagos says. “That’s because there was a lack of education about tPA, clinicians were unfamiliar with it, and many emergency departments didn’t have the systems in place to use tPA to treat people with stroke.” Before long, though, use of tPA “snowballed,” he says, with larger academic hospitals taking the lead and others following. Soon, the American Heart Association spearheaded an initiative to form “stroke centers”—medical centers with physicians specially trained in emergency stroke care—and the Joint Commission (the organization that accredits hospitals) began certifying some hospitals as Primary Stroke Centers. Within a few years, the number of hospitals certified as Primary Stroke Centers had grown dramatically. Smaller, uncertified hospitals began to routinely send stroke patients to nearby certified centers. Among researchers, the focus shifted from whether to use tPA at all to the timeframe in which to use it. The stroke-treatment window Though tPA is a lifesaving treatment for many stroke patients, its ability to dissolve clots carries a serious risk: hemorrhage, or bleeding in the brain. That means physicians must carefully weigh the potential benefit of administering tPA—a reduced risk of neurologic damage and disability—with the risk of a potentially life-threatening hemorrhage. In general terms, the equation is something like this: If tPA is given early enough, its effect can be so beneficial that the risk of hemorrhage is worth the benefit. But if the length of time between stroke onset and receipt of tPA is too long, damage from the stroke may already have been done, making the risk of hemorrhage an unnecessary one. And the risk of hemorrhage goes up as each hour passes after stroke onset. “The brain is very unforgiving to the lack of blood flow caused by a clot,” Panagos says. “It starts to die very quickly. We know we need to give tPA as soon as possible after symptom onset. The question is: At what time point does the benefit of giving tPA no longer outweigh the risk?” The study published in 1995 study showed that about 6% of participants given tPA within three hours of stroke onset experienced bleeding in the brain, compared with only 0.6% given placebo. That three-hour window became standard practice: Patients who were within three hours of onset would receive tPA; those past the three-hour mark likely would not. Since that study, researchers have continued to evaluate the timing of tPA treatment with the goal of giving as many stroke patients as possible the chance to safely receive a lifesaving treatment. In the early 2000s, a few trials in Europe found that administering tPA up to 4.5 hours after stroke onset may be beneficial for certain patients. And a few years ago, other studies used MRI imaging to show that it may be possible for some people with “wake-up stroke” can safely receive tPA up to 24 hours after symptom onset. A wake-up stroke is one that occurs during sleep; when the person wakes, symptoms are noticed but there’s no way to know when they started. Panagos notes that the expanding the window for tPA treatment is another way to demonstrate how stroke care has “changed dramatically.” He says: “There was no effective acute treatment available in the history of mankind until 1996, when tPA was approved. And then, over the last 25 years, there really has been a revolution in stroke care.” Saving “so many countless lives” Researchers continue to look at innovative uses of tPA. For example: After publication of several groundbreaking clinical trials, it has become the standard of care to use tPA in combination with mechanical thrombectomy, which uses a catheter to remove the blood clot if it is located in a large artery. While this treatment combination isn’t indicated for every person with stroke, researchers have demonstrated that it can minimize adverse outcomes in some. Researchers also are studying a thrombolytic drug called tenecteplase, or TNKase. Like tPA, TNKase breaks up clots. But TNKase is given quickly in a single injection, while tPA is given intravenously over the course of an hour. These advances, of course, build on the first studies looking at tPA as a stroke treatment. And those studies were a direct result of the research showing that tPA could successfully treat clots in people with heart attacks. “It’s incredible to think back on the development of tPA and its initial use in heart attack patients at Barnes Hospital, given what we now know this work would lead to,” Bach says. “It was pivotal and very, very important in the history of medicine. And it turned out to be a venture that would save so many countless lives over the years.”

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Psoriasis and athlete’s foot are two very different conditions, but both cause skin irritation. While certain treatments can help you manage psoriasis and its symptoms, psoriasis has no cure. Athlete’s foot can be cured with antifungal medications, although it may reoccur if you’re not careful. Knowing what signs to look for makes it easier to tell psoriasis and athlete’s foot apart. We’ll go over hallmark symptoms, risk factors, and treatment options. Psoriasis and athlete’s foot have some symptoms in common, but they also have key differences. Here’s an overview of how both conditions can manifest. Symptoms of psoriasis Psoriasis causes faster-than-normal growth of skin cells, which makes them build up on the surface of your skin instead of falling off naturally. If you have psoriasis, extra skin cells develop into scales, or thick, white-silver patches. These areas are often dry, itchy, and painful. Psoriasis can appear differently depending on the melanin of your skin (the pigment that gives our skin its color). Psoriasis can look like: - red or inflamed patches of skin, covered by whitish-silvery scales - itching or burning of affected area - pain on or around scales - dry, cracked skin that may bleed - pitted or thickened nails - for some people, swollen and painful joints (may indicate psoriatic arthritis) Symptoms of athlete’s foot Athlete’s foot is a skin infection caused by a fungus. It develops when fungal cells begin to infect the skin, multiplying quickly. The athlete’s foot infection thrives in areas prone to moisture, like between our toes. Scaling can appear on the heel and spread to other parts of the foot. Athlete’s foot can look like: - rash on foot that may be red and scaly - macerated skin (whitish, soggy, and peeling) - itching and burning of affected area - chronic dryness, cracking - small blisters or ulcers Some people may be Are psoriasis and athlete’s foot both contagious? Because psoriasis is an autoimmune disease, it is not contagious. Psoriasis patches can be small and cover just a few dots of skin, or they can be large and cover large areas of your body. Psoriasis on the feet often occurs on the soles (bottom of foot). Because athlete’s foot is caused by a fungus, it is contagious. You can catch athlete’s foot by coming into contact with infected surfaces, like clothing, shoes, and locker room floors. You can also spread athlete’s foot to your hands by scratching or picking at infected areas. Athlete’s foot can affect one foot or both. If not treated successfully, or if prevention isn’t taken seriously, athlete’s foot can become a recurring problem. These categories break down key factors to consider when evaluating whether you have psoriasis or athlete’s foot. Affected body areas Is your foot the only part of your body affected? If so, you may be more likely to have athlete’s foot. If you notice the patches are developing on your elbow, knee, or other areas, it’s more likely to be psoriasis. The fungus that causes athlete’s foot can spread to different parts of your body, so this isn’t a foolproof method for telling the difference between the two. You could also have another kind of fungal infection. Response to antifungal treatment You can buy over-the-counter antifungal creams and ointments (such as Lotrimin or Lamisil) at your pharmacy without a prescription. Apply the medication as directed to the affected areas. If the rashes begin to disappear within a few days, you likely have athlete’s foot or another kind of fungal infection. If nothing happens, you may be dealing with psoriasis or a different skin condition. Diagnosis with testing The only way to be certain if your symptoms are caused by athlete’s foot or psoriasis, or something else entirely, is to have a skin test or fungal culture test. During this test, your doctor will lightly scrape or swab infected skin to get a sample for lab testing. This test is usually quick and minimally invasive. You likely won’t experience any pain. Treatments for psoriasis and athlete’s foot are different. Some can be acquired over the counter and in the form of home remedies, while others require a doctor’s prescription or appointment with a specialist. Psoriasis treatments fall into three general categories: - Topical treatments. Some psoriasis creams and ointments are over the counter, while others require a prescription from your doctor. Topicals can keep your skin moisturized, help with itching, and reduce scaling. - Systemic medications. This includes both oral pills and injectable options. Psoriasis medications may modify or suppress your immune system to reduce inflammation and skin cell growth. These drugs can have serious side effects for certain people, and should always be taken as directed by your doctor. - Light therapy (phototherapy). Small amounts of controlled LED or UV light may slow the growth of skin cells, and reduce the rapid scaling and inflammation caused by psoriasis. Narrowband ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) light therapy, red or blue light therapy, and Excimer lasers (XTRAC is a main brand) are all used to treat psoriasis. Topicals are commonly used for all levels of psoriasis. Medications and light therapies are typically reserved for those with a severe form of the condition. Some people also try home remedies to treat symptoms of psoriasis. These include aloe vera gel, oatmeal baths, and adjusting your diet. Not all home remedies for psoriasis are backed by research. Consult your doctor before trying a new approach. Athlete’s foot treatment It’s important to treat athlete’s foot promptly and thoroughly. It will return if you don’t knock out the infection. Here are the common treatment approaches for athlete’s foot: - Antifungal creams. These topical treatments kill fungal cells or stop their growth. You can get antifungals over the counter or by prescription. - Oral antifungal medications. - Intravenous (IV) antifungal medications. These will only be used in case of hospitalization for a severe infection. Some people also try home remedies for athlete’s foot. These include tea tree oil and sea salt baths. Many home remedies, while popular, aren’t backed by science. You should consult with a doctor before trying any treatments for athlete’s foot on your own. You can also still contract athlete’s foot again at any point, even if you cure it this time. It’s important to practice proper foot hygiene to lower your risk of getting it, or having it recur. Athlete’s foot prevention While psoriasis can be managed and treated, it is an autoimmune condition, and not preventable. However, athlete’s foot is a fungal infection, and can often be prevented. - keeping your toenails clean and trimmed - wearing shower shoes instead of going barefoot in locker rooms - airing your shoes/sneakers out, rotating which pairs you wear - washing your feet every day and drying them fully - the AAD recommends wearing socks made of fabrics that dry quickly or wick moisture away from your skin Wearing properly fitting shoes can also prevent sweating and cramping for your feet. And make sure to change socks regularly — don’t keep wearing a dirty pair! If you’re around someone with a confirmed case of athlete’s foot, don’t share towels, socks, or footwear. Make sure to wear shower shoes in shared areas. Genetics is a primary risk factor for psoriasis. People of all racial and ethnic backgrounds can have psoriasis, but the condition is more prevalent in white people. According to the - taking certain heart or mental health medications - a history of viral or bacterial infections (such as HIV and strep throat) Research also suggests psoriasis is connected to several other conditions. While being likely to get athlete’s foot may have a genetic component, most risk factors are behavioral and environmental. - exercise or play sports a lot - wear tight-fitting shoes with damp socks - don’t wash and dry their feet thoroughly - wear the same shoes frequently - walk barefoot in public places (like gyms, showers, locker rooms, and saunas) - live in close quarters with a person who has an athlete’s foot infection - have a weakened immune system If conservative or at-home treatments aren’t improving your feet’s condition, or if symptoms worsen, reach out to your doctor. Your doctor will likely conduct a physical exam and lab test in order to make a diagnosis and begin treating you. If your primary care doctor is unable to diagnose your condition, they may send you to a dermatologist (skin doctor) or podiatrist (foot doctor). If psoriasis is suspected and accompanied with symptoms of arthritis, you may be referred to a rheumatologist. An athlete’s foot diagnosis usually involves straightforward treatment with an anti-fungal medication until symptoms resolve. But if you have psoriasis, your treatment will need to involve a more long-term plan to manage this chronic condition. Both psoriasis and athlete’s foot can cause itching and irritation on your feet, but they have different underlying causes and treatments. Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease and athlete’s foot is a fungal infection. Psoriasis can affect any part of the body, while athlete’s foot usually just sticks to feet. However, fungal infections can also affect other areas of skin. Athlete’s foot symptoms often start in the toes because they’re close together, and can create damp conditions. While psoriasis is a lifelong chronic condition, symptoms can be managed with topical and oral medications, and by avoiding triggers. Athlete’s foot can be cured with anti-fungal medications, and prevented by practicing proper hygiene. If you’re worried about persistent symptoms of psoriasis or a fungal infection on one or both feet, reach out to your doctor. Simple tests can diagnose whether the issue is an infection or other skin condition, and make sure it’s treated promptly.

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What is Native Backfill Definition of Native Backfill in Construction The term native backfill is used on site documents and specifications to indicate a backfill comprised of material that is excavated from the project site. Native backfill is a very efficient and economical method of backfilling a project. Although the use of native backfill is preferred, the current attitude regarding new and contemporary construction projects, will rarely allow a specification that specifies the use of native backfill. In the past, the use of what was excavated was presumed to be the material that will be used for the backfill. This is no longer the case, and the need to import backfill material and export the native backfill off the site, has caused considerable financial issues on contemporary projects. The use of native backfill, other than on residential projects, is a rare phenomenon, and there are few site engineers that will allow the use of onsite, native backfill, for their specified backfill material.

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The ASD child is cut off from the world in an informational sense: in what they hear, see, and feel and in what we ask from them. Understand the various approaches While potty training a neurotypical child, we sit them on the toilet and we ask them to do what they have to do. Soon enough, they will make the connection between the discomfort of needing to go and the relief of using the toilet. For an ASD child, the connection is not so natural. They will learn by heart that they must go every time their mother asks them to or rings a bell, before every meal or at any other moment that they decide to link with using the toilet. The association will be made with an external reference. However, if this reference is absent, so is their cleanliness. They will not realize, by themselves, that their bladder is full, that they are uncomfortable. They don't understand that by using the toilet, they will feel better. As long as we did not teach them visually the link between what goes on in their body and sitting on the toilet to pee, they will not understand the meaning of this action. We must always keep in mind that what is obvious for us is not necessarily obvious for a person with ASD. Never take for granted that they understood what you expect of them. At home and elsewhere It is not uncommon to see a child with ASD being clean at home but refusing to use someone else’s toilet. Another concept that does not come naturally is generalization. This concept must be taught with visual support. Do not think that the person knows that they can relieve themselves anywhere besides their own house, that toilets can have different shapes, different sizes, that there are various types of bathrooms (private and public), etc. Also, they may not be able to use a public bathroom because of overstimulation: the toilet flushing by itself, the dryer, many people talking, etc. It could be because of hypersensitivity to noise, because they fear the moment when the toilet will flush or when the dryer will start because they don’t understand what it is there for. Listening for success You have to listen; the slightest little thing can make everything change. When you are dealing with an ASD child, you must remember that he is cut off from the sense of information. The information that exists in your head is not the same that is in front of him. The sense (color, smell, size, noise, etc.) doesn’t correspond to what he knows. The information is new. He is not trying to manipulate, to make fun or to oppose you. He probably doesn’t understand what you expect of him and why he should do it.

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Common hazardous ingredients Acrylic resins, ethylene glycol, lead, mercury. Anti-fungal or “mildew resistant” paint with mercury pesticide is highly toxic. Any latex may contain mercury if manufactured before 1991 or lead if manufactured before 1979. Air pollutant. Determine the amount of paint or finish that you need for the job and buy only that amount. Apply paints by brush or roller rather than by spraying. Keep the container tightly closed when not in use and store in a secure area. Disposal of paint Best: Use up or give away. Air dry empty containers in a secure, well-ventilated area and dispose of in the garbage with the lids off. Second best: Take to a PaintCare drop-off site, hazardous waste facility or collection event. Third best: Air dry unwanted paint in the can if it does not contain lead (manufactured after 1978). Leave lid off until the paint dries out and dispose of in the garbage. Alternately, add kitty litter, sawdust or another drying agent until all liquid is absorbed and discard solidified paint in the garbage. Disposal of paint cans Recycle dry, empty metal paint cans and lids at the curb. If possible, put the metal lids inside the can and crimp the top so the lid does not shake out. You can also recycle plastic containers at the curb unless they have a metal rim, in which case they are trash. A thin film of paint is acceptable in containers that are recycled curbside. Plastic paint lids are not recyclable. Look for paint that is labeled with words such as “low solvent,” “low VOC” or “no VOC.” These paints have little or no ethylene glycol or other volatile organic compounds. Use whitewash (a combination of hydrated lime, water and salt that lacks heavy metal pigments, alkyd resins and other chemicals in paint) for fences, barns, basements and outbuildings. Use a dust mask when mixing.

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In the Python program, we will learn how to find the factorial of a number using recursion. Here is the source code to find the factorial of a number using recursion. # Python Program to Find the Factorial of Number Using Recursion # Define a Function def recursion_factorial(n): if n == 1: return n else: return n*recursion_factorial(n-1) # Take the Input from the User num = int(input("Enter the Number: ")) # check if the number is negative if num < 0: print("Sorry, factorial does not exist for negative numbers") elif num == 0: print("The factorial of 0 is 1") else: print("The factorial of", num, "is", recursion_factorial(num)) Enter the Number: 5 The factorial of 5 is 120

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Which Fruits Help Your Body Function Better? We all know that fruits are good for us. Fruits provide the necessary energy and nutrients that our bodies need to function. We know we need a good balance of fruits in our diets, but which fruits are beneficial for which of our body organs and systems? We would all like to eat with more purpose, right? Check out some specific fruit tidbits below. “An apple a day keeps the doctor away” is more than a catchy rhyme! Research tells us that apples are among the healthiest fruits we can eat. Apples are packed with fiber, potassium, and vitamins C and K. Their antioxidants facilitate healthy heart function and reduce the risk of some types of cancers and type 2 diabetes. Grapes are a marvelous source of fiber and potassium; their antioxidants help lower blood sugar and prevent certain cancers and heart disease. Red-skinned grapes specifically contain a higher amount of the previously mentioned nutrients. If you enjoy a tropical treat, look no further than the pineapple. Loaded with vitamin C and manganese (a mineral necessary for proper body and brain functionality), pineapple also contains bromelain, which is high in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties. Some people subscribe to the idea that the shape of the fruit is essential. Specifically, if the fruit itself resembles the form of a body organ, then the fruit is beneficial for that organ (or body system). This type of thinking dates back to the era of Socrates and Plato, but there is actually some scientific backing to it. A couple of top examples are: When sliced in half, grapefruits resemble the human breast, and the fruit itself is especially useful in helping prevent and combat certain types of breast cancers. It’s also helpful to know that citrus fruits, in general, are beneficial for us due to the high vitamin C content, the antioxidants and the plant compounds that can help facilitate weight loss. Cut open a fresh tomato, and you will see a small, pale heart created from the tomato’s pulp and seed formation. The familiar formation is more than a coincidence; tomatoes are also a heart-healthy fruit! The lycopene inside tomatoes leads to a reduced rate of heart disease in both men and women. Hold a banana in front of your face, and you’ll have a big yellow smile. That’s because bananas contain tryptophan, which, once converted to serotonin inside your body, produces happy and peaceful thoughts. Fruits are an essential part of our daily diet and our health! Try mixing in a balance of the previously mentioned fruits to live a healthier, happier lifestyle.

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Changes in chromosomes or genes that cause offspring to have characteristics different from those of their parents. Mutations can be caused by the effects of chemicals, radiation, or even ordinary heat on DNA. Mutations produce some of the differences between members of a species on which natural selection acts. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. How to use mutations in a sentence I love seeing memes take off and spark mutations and parodies and homages.Death of the Author by Viral Infection: In Defense of Taylor Swift, Digital Doomsayer | Arthur Chu | December 3, 2014 | THE DAILY BEAST This means that their gene pools stagnate and accumulate increasingly harmful mutations.Our Taste for Cheap Palm Oil Is Killing Chimpanzees | Carrie Arnold | July 11, 2014 | THE DAILY BEAST Over time, researchers were able to link many of these disorders with mutations in single genes. Throughout the process the program throws in random changes in a command or variable— these are mutations.This is What Happens When You Teach Machines the Power of Natural Selection | James Barrat | February 1, 2014 | THE DAILY BEAST A student has the freedom to write a paper that points out that highly complex life may not be explained by chance mutations. He found that new species of plants and animals arise suddenly by "mutations" or steps.A Civic Biology | George William Hunter Epistolary forms and fashions have had their mutations like all other human things. Such is the vicissitude of human affairs, that within a few years many strange mutations occur, even in places of no great extent.Female Scripture Biographies, Vol. I | Francis Augustus Cox However, all the mutations so increasingly discernible in village life did not originate entirely in the agricultural unrest.Tess of the d'Urbervilles | Thomas Hardy A gigantic satire upon the mutations of his nymph during the past twenty years seemed looming in the distance.The Well-Beloved | Thomas Hardy

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Tarsan is a country located in the north-western coastal region of the continent. It borders directly against Gepaul. Despite being a relatively small country, Tarsan has provided significant influence over civilization in the northern and western parts of the continent. Much of this comes from Tarsan's history as the oldest, established country on the continent. Before Tarsan was established, much of the region was known as the Countless Hills. The hills were claimed by various feuding families, clans, and tribes. Alliances were formed and broken fluidly and it was a harsh The alliances and opposition were fluid during this time with betrayal common as were short-lived treaties. When Jolia invaded in 436 TSC, there was almost no organized resistance or armies capable of working together enough to defeat the invaders. The southern-most families quickly fell, either by subjugation or destruction, and it quickly looked like the entire Hills region would be conquered within a few years. It wasn't until a wintry morning 19.0.437 TSC that eight families along the northern coast gathered together in what would be the first Council of Tarsan. The Kasin family was the one who made deals and treaties to make this possible since most of these families had been fighting only recently with each other. Together, these families decided to set aside their differences to fight off the invaders. Much of the following days were spent in planning to take on the initial wave of invaders. However, what the Galadir family didn't know was that the other seven families were setting them up to be sacrificed as a decoy. During the first major battle, the Battle of Magdaleon, the betrayal was complete and the Galadir family was completely destroyed to give the other seven families a chance to flank and destroy the battalion of invaders. Encouraged by their success, the newly formed Army of Tarsan, as it would be known, cut through the supply lines of two other Jolia battalions and began to a guerrilla attack against the invaders. These moving battles would last for close to eleven months years until the Battle of Polenus when Tarsan was able to completely cut off the Jolia invaders and collapse the Polenus Pass, the primary route from Jolia into the Countless Hills. In the first battle with the invaders, the other seven families sacrificed the Galadir family in a battle that caused the complete destruction of the Galadirs and allowed the other armies to flank the invaders and defeat the first wave of invaders. After the army finished defeating the invaders, the seven families sat down at the Council of Tarsan to formally break apart. However, five of the families (excluding Pun and Joknig) decided that being banded together had given them almost complete control over the Countless Hills. The remaining two families were given an ultimatum, either permanently join into the newly formed country of Tarsan or be destroyed. They both formally accepted. Using their military might, Tarsan turned their attention to the other surviving families, tribes, and clans. Even with superior force, it took them until 440 TSC until they had control over the region. Council of Tarsan Starting 0.0.441 TSC, it became a tradition that the Council of Tarsan would meet first week of the year. They would rotate the founding family that would host the council. After the somber affair of the council, the host family would then arrange celebrations throughout the city to honor Tarsan. These celebrations, over the next thousand years, would become formalized into what is now known as the Tarsan Social Season. Tarsan politics are organized by families, with the seven great families at the top of society and various branches and lesser families branching out through various relationships of blood and marriage. Most families are patriarchal, with the eldest male becoming the head of the family. Only when there are no living males in the eldest generation will a female become head of the family. In the seven great families, they will skip a generation to avoid a female head. In addition to the founding families, there are also a slew of lesser families that were either joined, subjugated, or created over the years that would follow. Tarsan culture is ritualistic from the highest ranking society members to the lowest indentured servant. The way of addressing each other, the times of day to perform various actions, and even the social calendar are all dictated by the patriarchs of the seven great families, as it has been for centuries. - 0.0.436 TSC: Jolia invasion of the Countless Hills - 19.6.436 TSC: The first Council of Tarsan - 41.0.437 TSC: The Battle of Magdaleon - 27.4.438 TSC: The Battle of Polenus - 46.4.438 TSC: Establishment of Tarsan - 35.6.440 TSC: Tarsan controls the Countless Hills - 0.0.441 TSC: The first regular Council of Tarsan

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The Best Ways To A Healthier You If you look to so many other countries, it is easy to see how lucky we are to have the food choices that we have. Nutrition isn’t a difficult thing to understand. We have to make the right choices in the foods that we eat, in order to be healthier people. Read this article to see how you can make an impact in your own health. To reduce fat from your diet, take advantage of the low-fat cooking sprays that are available instead of cooking in oil or butter. The fat in butter and oil are a major source of weight gain. It can also adversely affect your cholesterol and blood pressure, leading to illness and heart problems. In the grocery store, shop the outer areas and try to avoid the inner aisles. The outer walls of the grocery store is where the good stuff is. Fruits and veggies, fresh meat, fish, bread and dairy are all usually located on the outer aisles and areas. The inner aisles are usually full of preprocessed foods that can tempt you off course like cookies, chips, pastas, and others. Stay away from them to keep your shopping in line. Make sure to eat breakfast. Skipping breakfast only makes the craving start sooner. You will be thinking about food until you eat something. Eating breakfast starts the day off right by giving your body some fuel to work with until you can eat again. Not only that, but you are less likely to overeat throughout the rest of the day. Avoid over indulging in high calorie foods that are nutritionally lacking. Cakes, pies, pizza and ice cream are foods that should only be eaten occasionally as a treat. Eating these foods on a regular basis will deprive you of the chance to fill your plate with healthy choices that contain necessary nutrients. Suppose you are deciding whether to eat meat or not. There are two types of considerations. One is whether meat is “clean” food. Is it raised on a “factory farm” under toxic conditions? Is it loaded with hormones, nitrites and nitrates? If so, it is not a healthy food. The other consideration is ethical; this is a more complicated and individual decision. Whenever you are eating out, you should always be willing to take about half your plate to go. Restaurants are well known for serving huge portions and you should never feel obligated to finish your plate. Take the leftovers home and have another meal the next day. You save money this way too! So many people in the world are under nourished and are suffering from malnutrition. This is not because they make poor choices, but because they don’t have the options that we have. We are a very unhealthy country because of the choices that we make. If you follow the advice you read here, you will be among a small number of people, who make the right choices and find the difference that proper nutrition can make in your life.

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Hi, this is Dr. Steve Gangemi, and in this final section of Food Groups That Heal, I want to talk about fats. I’m not going to discuss fats too much in depth, because that’s an important section we talk about in inflammation when it comes to injuries in training. But I want to discuss a little about, basically, the good fats out there. So the good fats you want to have in your diet are raw natural nuts, seeds, we have natural oils that are very good for your body, such as extra virgin olive oil. That’s really a great fat to be using in your dishes, especially after you cook. Extra virgin coconut oil is a really good oil to be using for cooking. We have butter; it’s a great source to be using for cooking, too. A lot of beneficial fats are found in butter. I will talk more about this in the anti-inflammatory injury piece. And then we have fats that occur naturally, along with the protein sources, like in meats, eggs, fish. These are all beneficial fats. People talk about fish oil and how healthy they are for our bodies, and tissue inflammation, your nervous system, hormone levels. Pretty much everything in your body, we need a balance of these types of fats. So, just to go over the balance of fats very quickly: there’s omega-6 fats, which are nuts and seeds and our vegetable oils. Unfortunately a lot of these are refined, and then we use them for cooking because we can heat up a high temperature oil much higher than we can if its unrefined. In other words, you can get a peanut oil which has some very beneficial properties in it if you ate the actual peanuts or peanut butter, just peanuts smashed down into their oils, but then we refine that peanut oil and we can heat it to a very high temperature and cook with it, and it becomes harmful to us, because heat and light is a great way to destroy the beneficial properties of oils. So, we need a certain amount of these omega-6 oils in our diet throughout the day, and we also need some omega-3s, and that’s our fish oil, flax oil. We’ll get some omega-3 oils in walnuts to some degree, but mostly its the fish type oils. And there should be a balance between your sixes and your threes. It’s hard to figure out unless you did a lab test, but you want to basically be including these foods in your diet throughout the day, as well as the mono and saturated fats from extra virgin olive oil and especially the beneficial type of saturated fats that come in a source of what’s called a medium chain triglyceride, that’s mostly found in coconut oil. Coconut is a great type of fat to be using for cooking. It’s great to put in smoothies, it’s great to use as a spread on certain dishes or to cook with coconut milk that is not watered down and been refined. Coconut oil is a great way to help fight inflammation in your body and give you really good energy throughout the day, without storing that fat as adipose tissue, as fat on your body. The last fat I want to mention is one that you should be getting throughout the day, too, that is touted as a really bad fat which is called arachidonic acid. I do go in to detail more with this type of fat in the inflammatory section when it comes to injuries because it has to do with healing, but it’s also probably the best fat that you can eat throughout the day. Arachidonic acid roughly makes up about 20% of your brain and your nervous system. It’s what’s found high in breast milk; it helps a baby develop neurologically. These fats are only found in nature, in their natural context. They’re found in grass-fed beef, they’re found in egg yolks, they’re found in butter, and they’re found in heavy creams. Again, these are the foods that we’ve all grown up to think that they’re bad for us because they raise our cholesterol and they make us fat, but they’re actually very powerful healing type of fats because of their antioxidant effects, and because of how they help our nervous systems and our immune systems, as well as with rebuilding and repairing our tissue. So, think about getting some egg yolks in your diet throughout the day. Think about using heavy cream. My patients love it when I tell them they can use heavy cream over their skimmed milk. Unfortunately a lot of kids today are brought up without using butter, and they’re using frozen yogurt rather than ice cream, or they’re using skimmed milk instead of whole milk. You need to get these fats in your diet at any age, but especially as kids are going through puberty. You need to be using, obviously, butter rather than margarine, and eating animal products that are from grass fed rather than grain fed sources. You’ll get high levels of arachidonic acid, you’ll get high levels of saturated fats, and you’ll help balance your overall fatty acid biochemistry in your body to help improve your health and improve your performance.

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United States (Conversation) – In the thick of 1968’s seismic social upheavals, Native Americans also reached for their rights, and activists renewed their campaign for recognition and status as fully sovereign nations. The late Martin Luther King’s Poor People’s Campaign featured several caravans that collected Indian activists before converging on Washington DC. In May and June 1968, Native American delegates lobbied US officials and castigated federal Indian policy in the press, explaining that American Indians did not want civil rights – they wanted their own collective rights of sovereignty: We make it unequivocally and crystal clear that Indian people have the right to separate and equal communities within the American system – our own communities that are institutionally and politically separate, socially equal and secure within the American system. Renewing the struggle These demands were just the opening salvo in a renewed struggle for Native rights. In the capital, activists of the National Indian Youth Council criticised the US Department of the Interior for denying Native nations the running of their own education. In 1969, a group calling themselves Indians of All Tribes occupied Alcatraz – the former prison island in San Francisco bay – demanding that it be granted to them as a place for an Indian university and a cultural centre. In August 1968, young Native activists founded the American Indian Movement (AIM) to combat police “overreach” and discrimination in big cities, where Indians had moved under federal relocation programmes since the 1950s. In the early 1970s, the emergent Native rights movement built alliances with traditional communities and shifted the struggle to injustice in reservation border towns and the Bureau of Indian Affairs – the government agency that had controlled Indian life for 150 years. In this phase, sovereignty meant legal protection against racism, more resources, and a greater role in local policy and decision making. In 1974, the newly formed Women of all Red Nations put on the movement’s agenda the fight against involuntary sterilisation and resistance to the forced enrolment of Native children in white-run boarding schools. American Indian activists were truly radical in their aims for community control and a Native land base. In November 1972 their Trail of Broken Treaties protest in Washington DC issued a 20-Point Position Paper that called for the abolition of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Marchers also demanded the restoration of a 110m-acre Native land base by the US federal government by 1976. When they occupied the village of Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge Lakota Sioux Reservation in February 1973, the AIM and their local allies demanded that the government reinstate the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty, which had granted to the Sioux Nation much of the territories of the current states of Montana, Wyoming, North and South Dakota and Nebraska. The strategies of the sovereignty movement matched their goals in radicalism. The desperation of Native activists drove them to armed confrontations, and their brinkmanship was met with waves of government repression. These years saw firefights, loss of life on both sides, court trials, prison, paranoia and terror, leaving many with painful memories. Reaching for freedom But soon even more radical ideas of sovereignty emerged from the new Native rights movement: the AIM wanted nothing less than full independence from the United States. At its founding conference on the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation in 1974, the International Indian Treaty Council issued its Declaration of Continuing Independence for “Indian Country”. Veteran activist Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz recalled that in the following years: internal discussions among activists revolved around the question of self-determination, generally called “sovereignty”. Clearly, the already existing model of independent nations emerging from colonialism did not neatly fit the situations of Indian peoples in the Americas. Smaller countries had already gained United Nations membership – and the territory of the Navajo was larger than most of them. The activists’ ideal future would see the US dotted with vast territories of restored Native autonomy, ranging from conventional reservations to fully independent American Indian countries, likely combining into a larger entity of Native America. Aiming for decolonisation into full independence, the International Indian Treaty Council began lobbying the UN for membership for Native American nations. The odds were strongly against them. When activists asked the UN for reparation for Wounded Knee, the then secretary general, former Austrian president Kurt Waldheim explained that the world body could not “interfere in matters of domestic jurisdiction of member states and cannot deal with those who contend they are nations within nations”. Protecting the legacies The UN’s committee on decolonisation remained closed to the radical Native American sovereignty movement. Instead, American Indian activists used international solidarity and then US president Jimmy Carter’s new foreign policy doctrine to gain membership as an advocate for indigenous human rights. In 1977 the International Indian Treaty Council entered the UN’s Economic and Social Council. Since then, alongside other organisations, they have monitored, evaluated and commented on government treatment of Indigenous peoples around the world. While American Indians did not achieve the radical goals of their long, hard-fought 1968 campaigns, their work at home and abroad successfully pressured the US government to legislate Native American sovereignty rights and address tribal control over areas such as education, health, business, policing, religion and land. But these rights are only as strong as their enforcement and the respect they are accorded by those in power. Not only did Donald Trump authorise the construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) through Standing Rock Reservation, now he plans to erode Native sovereignty rights in health care. In their ongoing struggle, Native Americans will need to call on the positive legacy and spirit of their radical counterparts of 1968.

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“Science not silence,” screamed the signs carried by many of the marchers in a number of American cities last Earth Day. They were protesting what is being seen as an increasingly callous approach to science by President Trump and his administration. An often-highlighted example is the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) reversing a recommendation made by the Agency during the Obama era to ban the widely used pesticide, chlorpyrifos. The decision was made by newly appointed EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt, a non-scientist, who has also rejected the scientific consensus on climate change and as Oklahoma Attorney General sued the EPA over a dozen times in an effort to fight regulations concerning issues such as mercury pollution and methane emissions. Chlorpyrifos is an “organophosphate“ insecticide that kills insects by inhibiting the action of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that normally degrades acetylcholine, a “neurotransmitter” that is critical to the functioning of the nervous system. When this enzyme is inhibited, acetylcholine builds up and insects die from overstimulation of their nervous system. Since the human nervous system also depends on acetylcholine, concerns about chlorpyrifos’ neurotoxicity had to be addressed before the insecticide was introduced in 1965 by the Dow Chemical Company. Studies at the time showed that when used as indicated, the amount of chlorpyrifos that people were likely to encounter was too small to have any effect. These studies, however, were mostly carried out with animals and examined acute, or short-term effects. Chlorpyrifos’ popularity increased when DDT was banned in the early 1970s because of neurotoxic effects and it quickly became one of the most common pesticides used in household insect control as well as in commercial farming. Since it is cheap and effective, it is commonly sprayed on cotton, corn, almonds and fruit trees, raising questions in many people’s minds about the presence of residues. The acceptable daily intake (ADI) of chlorpyrifos has been determined to be 0.3 micrograms per kg of body weight. Surveys have shown that in the general population consumption from residues is about 0.009 micrograms per kg, in other words about 30 times less than the ADI. There can also be a small contribution from water supplies in some areas due to agricultural run-off. Since the chemical has now been used for half a century, researchers have had a chance to study not only acute exposure in humans, but also exposure to small doses over a long period and have come up with some disturbing findings. Household use was linked with neurotoxicity in the 1990s, resulting in a chlorpyrifos ban for this purpose in 2001. The ban had an interesting spinoff, making possible a comparison of possible toxic effects before the ban and after it, when exposure was greatly reduced. A research team at Columbia University, led by Virginia Rauh, found that children born before the ban who were exposed to the household insecticide in infancy were many fold more likely to develop intellectual and attentional disorders including than those born after the ban. Follow-up studies have shown across the board long-term impairments in working memory, IQ, lower body weight and possibly ADHD as well as Autism. That is worrisome but the exposure from household use was significantly greater than what would be encountered with residues on food. As far as acute toxicity goes, there have been instances of chlorpyrifos poisoning in countries where the household ban is less strict. In 2011, Sarah Carter, a 23 year old New Zealander, died after staying in a Thai hotel room that had been sprayed with the pesticide to kill a bed-bug infestation. An investigation by the television program 60 Minutes revealed high concentrations of the chemical in her room, something the Thai government apparently tried to cover up to protect a lucrative tourist industry. As is often the case with toxicological studies, controversy abounds. The Dow Chemical Company conducted extensive research on chlorpyrifos and claims that its 1989 study found no statistical difference in neurological impairment, symptoms, or illness between workers who had been exposed to organophosphates and those who had no contact with the chemical. However, in 2008, a dozen Stanford neuroscience researchers produced an in-depth review of all of Dow’s data, including the 1989 study, and identified “incredible amounts” of elementary science mistakes, including arbitrarily rejecting results, failing to pursue near-significant findings, and various logical errors. With growing uncertainty about the safety of chlorpyrifos, environmentalist groups set out to lobby the EPA for a total ban of the chemical. After years of pleading, in November 2016, under the Obama administration, the EPA finally produced a ground breaking report agreeing that that there was enough evidence of the pesticide’s negative effects to go ahead with a ban. Then came the presidential election and the overturning of the proposed ban with Scott Pruitt citing the need to use “sound science in decision-making” and stating that there is not enough certainty in the researchers’ conclusions to go forward with the ban. Environmental groups, on the other hand, maintain that the research is “iron-clad” and that chlorpyrifos should be banned, especially given that safer alternatives are available. The “safer alternatives” question is debatable, especially with almonds where no other insecticide is as effective. One possible alternative with some crops is the introduction of a gene that codes for the production of the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin but activist groups generally oppose genetic modification, curiously even when it provides a safer alternative to chlorpyrifos. Since taking office, President Trump has emphasized reducing regulations, which of course is welcomed by industry, including Dow Chemical. Farmers also claim that limiting chlorpyrifos will hamper production, increasing the cost of produce. Currently, the evidence indicates that exposure from being in the vicinity of a spraying operation could be a problem especially during pregnancy, but that chlorpyrifos residues on food are unlikely to be worrisome. For those consumers who wish to limit exposure from food, there is always the organic alternative. Unfortunately, science often leaves us with an array of “ifs,” “buts” and “maybes.” The only certainty about chlorpyrifos is that there will be more studies claiming potential harm and others that dismiss concerns.

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Optical “telegraphs” or signaling devices have been traced back to ancient times (using torches). It was the fastest system to convey messages over long distances. The semaphore signaling system was designed by Claude Chappe, a French engineer, in the late 18th century. The first semaphore line was established between Paris and Lille in 1793. Then it was adopted to carry despatches between French army units, including those commanded by Napoleon. Semaphores were adopted and widely used with hand-held flags in the maritime world. Today, the semaphore system uses flags, usually square and divided diagonally into a red and a yellow section with the red in the uppermost triangle. The flag in each arm can be held in eight different positions with the combination of two flags used to represent letters, numbers, and symbols. - All online calculators - Suggest a calculator

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- "WP:A" redirects here. You may be looking for Wikipedia:Announcements Administrators, also called admins or sysops (system operators), are users who can use special tools that help keep Wikipedia running well. They can use these tools because they are trusted by the community, but this does not make them better or more important than anybody else. The opinion of an administrator, for example, should not be counted as more important than the opinion of a person who chooses to change Wikipedia with an IP address just because they have administrator rights. There are currently 18 administrators. They can delete and undelete pages. Pages can be deleted because of a request for deletion or they can be quickly deleted under policy. Undeletion requests should be made at Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion. Administrators can also hide revisions of a page from public view by deleting them. Only other administrators can see the deleted revisions. Revisions should only be hidden in special cases, listed here. - Requests for protection can be made at Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard. Please remember that pages are usually protected when there is vandalism or an edit war happening, and not to prevent vandalism that has not happened. Administrators can block and unblock users who are causing trouble. - Requests should be made at Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress but only if the user has been disruptive. Requests made in bad faith may result in you yourself being blocked. Blocks are different than bans. They can rollback changes. This lets them quickly undo all the changes by a user to a page if they are the newest changes. The change is automatically marked as a small change and gives the following change summary: To use bot rollback, you type in the URL http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Example&bot=1 replacing Example with the user name, and then you can rollback changes and hide them from the recent changes along with the rolled back edit, but this should only be used for large amounts of vandalism, like with a vandalbot. - Users can also be given the rollback tool. You can make requests at requests for rollback. They can import pages from other Wikipedias. View unwatched pages They can see which pages are not on anyone's watchlist. Manage user rights They can give some user rights to others. They can add or remove rollback, IP block exempt, flooder, the uploader right, and the patroller right for all accounts. Bureaucrats can do a few more things than an administrator, but they should only use these while acting on consensus. Bureaucrats can give administrator or bureaucrat rights to other users, following a successful request on Wikipedia:Requests for permissions. On the Simple English Wikipedia, bureaucrats can also remove administrator status following a successful request for removal of rights (deadminship), or in certain emergency situations for protection of the wiki. They can also "flag" and un-flag bots, which means to hide their contributions from the new changes and put them in the bot group. Bureaucrats were previously able to help users who want to change their username. These requests were handled on Wikipedia:Changing username. However, the ability to rename users has been removed from bureaucrats for SUL finalization. Now, these requests should be made at Meta-Wiki or on this special page where stewards and global renamers will handle them. A select few administrators are also CheckUsers. Users with CheckUser access can see the IP addresses of named editors. They can also see which users edit from certain IP addresses, as well as some information on the web browser used for editing. There are many rules as to who can become a CheckUser, and how CheckUsers have to behave. These rules are listed on the CheckUser policy page. CheckUsers can help fight vandalism and sock puppetry this way. CheckUser requests can be made at Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser. Presently, there are 6 CheckUsers. See Special:ListUsers/checkuser for an automatically generated list. Certain administrators are also Oversighters. Page revisions can be hidden or removed from the public history so they can only be seen by other oversighters, stewards, and developers; users with oversight access can hide revisions so that only these users can see them. The right is a sensitive one, and removes private data that can cause legal problems. There are many rules as to who can become an oversighter, and how oversighters have to behave. These rules are listed on the Oversighter policy page. Oversighters can help fight vandalism this way. Oversighter requests should only be made privately, and not on Wikipedia. See the Oversighter page. List of administrators - An automated list of accounts with administrator rights is available at Special:ListAdmins. Requesting administrator, bureaucrat, checkuser or oversighter rights Users who want to request administrator, bureaucrat, checkuser or oversighter rights can do this at Wikipedia:Requests for permissions. Note that only administrators can become bureaucrats, checkusers or oversighters. - Wikipedia:Criteria for adminship - Wikipedia:Inactive administrators - Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard, where to talk with administrators - meta:Administrators of various Wikipedias - Administrator logs - Bureaucrat logs - Checkuser logs - Checkuser log [restricted] - Oversighter logs - Suppression log [restricted]

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Art & Design In Art & Design we encourage and promote knowledge and understanding of art, craft and design in past decades and contemporary society. To stimulate and maintain student curiosity, interest and enjoyment in Art, we provide a programme of study which broadens experience, fosters creativity, develops imagination and promotes personal and social development. In Key Stage 3 pupils are taught the fundamentals of drawing and painting, how to manipulate a selection of materials and simple techniques in print making, 3D construction and collage. The GCSE course in Art and Design enhances skills and techniques previously studied at Key Stage 3. We shall teach the pupils how to explore and experiment, how to research, how to create and how to present their finished work. We shall encourage them to draw and paint in a range of media and we shall help them acquire the skills and techniques required to successfully pass the course. There is an emphasis on observational drawing, 3D and mixed media work and investigating the work of artists, craft workers and designers. At GCSE there are opportunities to visit museums and art galleries to further broaden their knowledge and experience of Art in situ. The Art and Design facilities are excellent. The Art Room is large, bright and well equipped. Pupils that work in Art and design have space to make and create exciting outcomes in a range of scales. As part of the new build Art and Design are fortunate enough to offer experiences using 3D materials, in particular ceramic media that which can be fired and glazed on site.

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The results showed that women born in the 1970's should look at their drinking habits. The study compared trends in alcohol-related deaths of people born between 1910 and 1979. Overall, men were much more likely to die from alcohol-related disease than women and the age range most affected was people in their 40's and 50's. But while, for the majority of people, rates have levelled off or even dropped slightly, the same cannot be said for the youngest group of women, those born in the 1970's, where the death rates actually increased. The Surrey Institute of Clinical Hypnotherapy have also noticed that women in their 30’s and 40’s make up the bulk of the clients coming to see them for problem behaviours with regards to alcohol. It would appear that women in this high risk group (in Surrey at least) are becoming aware of their behaviours around alcohol and are turning to our hypnotherapy for alcohol programme to change their behaviours around alcohol. Paul White, the behavioural change specialist at the Surrey Institute of Clinical Hypnotherapy and former Chairman of the National Council for Hypnotherapy, said, “The problem is that alcohol is a readily available, legal substance for adults to use. Prolonged or excessive use can lead to dependency problems. Even use of alcohol in small amounts can impair the ability to work machinery or drive safely.” At the Surrey Institute of Clinical Hypnotherapy we use hypnotherapy to remove dependency to alcohol. Behavioural change is usually achieved relatively quickly and can normally lead to a permanent resolution. The outcome is not influenced by the length of time the behaviour has taken place in the past. We have successfully treated a wide range of problem behaviours over many years, ranging from cocaine to gambling. We would not usually class smoking or weight loss as an addiction/ problem behaviour.

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Scientists present an effective drug toxicity prediction method Researchers from Skoltech (Maxim Fedorov's group, CDISE) and the German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU; Igor Tetko's group) have developed an enhanced drug candidate toxicity prediction technology based on multi-task machine learning algorithms and analysis of various types of toxicity data. The new approach accurately predicts adverse effects of medicinal compounds. The results of the study were published in the Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. Any new drug put on the market must be both effective and safe, so the first series of clinical tests always focuses on safety. According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which oversees the safety of food and drugs in the United States, about 30 percent of drug candidates are dumped after pharmaceutical companies and scientists have invested tens of millions of dollars and thousands of working hours in their development. To prevent such a waste, researchers seek to develop effective algorithms to identify the toxic compounds as early as possible. There is no universal definition of toxicity that can be measured in a broad variety of living organisms. The toxicity of a specific drug also depends on whether it is taken with meals, administered by injection or applied on the skin. The authors of the study created a neural network capable of simultaneously predicting several types of toxicity. To train the model, they used toxicity data on over 70,000 organic compounds grouped into 29 types according to the tested animal and the drug administration method. The researchers compared their model to single-toxicity-type models and showed that the ultimate prediction quality is much higher if many types of toxicity are used when training the model. The authors assume that different types of toxicity are also interrelated, which helps the neural network to generate more accurate patterns. "Multi-task training does not always produce a good result, but in our case, it makes the prediction much better. Our study testifies to the effectiveness of the new approach, and encourages the revision of outdated computational methods of toxicity prediction," says the first author of the publication and Skoltech Ph.D. student Sergey Sosnin. The authors have made their new models available online so that any chemistry researcher can make a preliminary assessment of a drug candidate in terms of its toxicity for several animal species. Machine learning and Big Data analysis have already revolutionized many areas of science and are now making their way into toxicology. In the long term, scientists wish to have a way of getting accurate predictions of drug toxicity for humans, which will make the drug development process less costly and more productive. More information: Sergey Sosnin et al. Comparative Study of Multitask Toxicity Modeling on a Broad Chemical Space, Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling (2018). DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00685

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Chapter Two (The Spirit and The Soul ) The Soul According to Ibn-Sina Ibn – Sina was deeply interested in psychology unlike other Moslem intellectuals who either preceded or followed him. He is considered one of the famous philosophers who thoroughly studied the drama of the soul and wrote about it. The part which he wrote in his book Al – Shifaa (The Remedy) is among the most comprehensive studies on the soul according to Islamic philosophy in general. He also wrote a number of books and short letters on the human soul and spirit. Ibn – Sina’s opinions about the soul reflect the fact that he was influenced by Al – Farabi though his ideas are deeper and more detailed. He greatly influenced the concepts of the Moslem scholars who followed him as well as the Latin philosophers during the Middle and Modern Ages, either directly or through Al -Ghazali. Similar to Aristotle, Ibn – Sina defines the soul as ”The primary perfection as it completes the race to become an actually existing kind”. Ibn-Sina’s ideas, however, differs from those of Aristotle’s in his understanding of ”perfection”. According to Aristotle, perfection refers to the image, a perfect image of the normal body, i.e. the soul is an image of a normal body with vitality as its basic deeds. Ibn-Sina, however, considers perfection to be a feature related to a kind such as man’s sensuous perception, or cutting for the sword. This is a more general concept than Aristotle’s ”image”. According to Ibn-Sina, the soul is not necessarily an image of the body, for the articulating soul will eventually leave the body and can not be part of its formation. The essence of the articulating soul is the mind which could be different from the body. It also has a spiritual essence where it comprehends its own self as well as the rational things without a certain mechanism. The soul is perfection i.e. it is the first principal needed for sex to be a real existing kind and it is the primary body perfection. The body should thus be mentioned in the definition of the soul. It is so called because it actively exists inside a normal body, not an artificial one. Mechanisms, therefore, refer to the characteristics related to the various organ functions. Ibn-Sina, however, divides the psychological forces into three divisions where each is assigned to one of the three souls: the vegetarian, the animal, and the articulating souls.

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Now that the EV revolution is underway, and car manufacturers are starting to electrify their lineups in earnest, suddenly there is a lot of hand wringing over the lithium supply. Lithium is a key ingredient to the batteries that most EVs run on, and like everything on this planet, there's a finite amount of it. The average electric car needs about 8 kg of lithium in its battery. So as EV production accelerates, soon the industry will reach the point where the rate of EV production is limited by the availability of lithium. Meanwhile, global heating is proceeding. Already in this northern-hemisphere summer of 2022 we're dealing with extreme high temperatures, deepening drought or flash drought, extreme rainfall, just weirdness all around,. All that while we're only at 1.2C warming, well below the 2C limit set in the Paris climate accord. We need to stop carbon emissions, and we need to do it fast. So a bottleneck in electrifying our transportation is something we don't need right now. But it doesn't have to be that way. It's time to look outside the box. A steel box with four wheels is what we tend to think of when we hear "EV". But what we need to decarbonise is not cars; but the transportation of people. If you think about it that way, that opens up a whole new world of solutions. Think of the train, which has a lot more than four wheels, all steel. Then there's the EV with two wheels, better known as the e-bike. I know, bikes are not for everyone. Hey, neither are cars. But we are considering here how to move people, and both bikes and cars move people. (And let's face it, most cars get used by a single person, the driver, most of the time). So let's try this: let's do an EV comparison with a twist: let's compare the Nissan Leaf and the Pedego City Commuter. Both are utilitarian vehicles, both run on a battery, and both can be used to get yourself to work or to your errands. For both, we look at the version with the higher range. The Nissan Leaf with a range of 212 miles has an electric motor of 214 HP powered by a 60kWh lithium-ion battery. Its effective efficiency is 121 MPGe, the electric equivalent of the miles per gallon number we're familiar with. Now let's take a look at the Pedego City Commuter. Its range is only 60 miles. This is not as impractical as it sounds, as its speed is capped at 20mph; most people would not use a bicycle for a commute that's more than 20 miles, anyway. Because it has a lot less mass to propel, its pedal-assist is powered by a 749W motor. In horsepower-speak that would be - drumroll - 1 HP. One horsepower. I mean, that's just adorable. That single horsepower comes out of a battery with a capacity of 720Wh: also itty-bitty compared to car batteries that are measured in kiloWatt-hour (kWh) units. But for the purpose of cutting carbon fast, small is not only adorable: it is positively awesome. Why? To begin with, this EV has an efficiency of 2853 MPGe. But more importantly for speeding the transition, it takes a minuscule amount of precious lithium to build this battery. Suppose that it takes the average 8kg of lithium to make the Nissan's battery with its 60kWh capacity. Assuming that there is a linear relation between the amount of lithium in a battery and its capacity, this means that the bicycle battery (0.72 kWh) needs - another drumroll - 96 grams of lithium. (If you don't speak metric: that's 17 pounds of lithium for the car battery versus 3.4 oz for the bike battery). For the lithium it takes to build a single car battery you can build more than 80 bicycle batteries. I'm of course not saying that this will move the electrification of transportation ahead 80 times faster. As we've agreed, the bike is not for everyone. But if you do bike, an electric bike is more fun, it's faster, it gets you where you're going without a sweat. E-bikes are much cheaper to buy and operate, don't require the additional expense of insurance, and don't require a driver's license. Should the battery ever run out during your trip, you're not stranded, you can still pedal home. These are all reasons for riding your e-bike farther and more often, and leaving your car at home. In the early days of mobile communications, people had cell phones in addition to their landlines. But over time lots of people gave up their landlines altogether. It could be like that for e-bikes and e-cars. People might dedicate their garage to the family e-bikes, and rent a car when the occasion requires - electric, of course. You may also like: 2. Vision Zero

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We make decisions every day — some trivial and some very important. Stop and ask yourself if you generally have issues with making these decisions. Do you fret over them? Does the idea or reality of making decisions freak you out? Well, if so, Decide to Decide! Becoming adept at decision making is one of the most useful skills you can learn. It can purposefully influence your life and business. People that are quick and efficient decision makers appear more powerful and demand more respect. Constant wavering can make you look like a flake, or worse, can hold you back from achieving your own power or success, or stepping into a bigger place that you need to step into in order to be a true leader. Webster’s Dictionary defines the term decide as “to arrive at a solution that ends uncertainty; to induce to come to a choice; to make a choice.” Thus, to decide embodies an active process of change. It requires that you take responsibility and own it. Not making a decision is inactive or passive, whereas making the wrong decision means you took action, but did not like the results or the results were not satisfactory, acceptable or successful. People are so afraid of making a mistake that they allow inaction or passivity to take over. Yes, we need to do research or due diligence to make sure that we have done our “homework” but at some point, we have to trust that we have enough information to make an informed, intelligent decision. Here are some guidelines to help you Decide to Decide! Find the Fear Determine what your fears are around decision-making. Is it fear of what others think? Is it fear of making the wrong decision? It is fear of taking a certain path and owning it, as in fear of commitment? Ask yourself, what will happen if I make this decision and it winds up being the wrong one? Is it life or death (it almost never is!)? Can I course correct and change paths later on? Start exercising your decision-making muscles so you can experience what it feels like to make a decision and own it. To begin making decisions swiftly, practice with low risk choices and pare down either your options or your allotted time. Change Your Perspective Build confidence and trust, and know that if you don’t make a decision, you won’t be growing and moving forward. Put things in perspective. Don’t focus only on what you are running away from or losing, but also focus on what you are running towards or gaining. Trust Your Gut Intuition can play a big role in decision making! You have to trust your gut, and measure how your feelings play into the decision. Expert decision makers tend to trust their instincts in situations where past experience has proven that they make the right call. Experts call this “automated expertise” and it means that the areas in which you have a positive track record are the ones in which you’re likely to succeed. So, that would involve looking at your past accomplishments and trusting that you tend to steer yourself in the right direction. People who are successful decision makers typically align their reasoning with their ultimate life (or business) plan or vision. Does this decision fit into your purpose, passion, and overall vision? Does it match your values? Test Your Decision There are exercises that you can do to test if you are making a sound decision. Here are a few that may help you: envision yourself making the decision and see and how that feels; journal about the decision; create a Vision Board around the decision; make the decision a “pie” that you slice up based on all that goes into the decision and weigh each piece; make a pro and cons list; or choose a deadline to decide by. The way you test you decision is less important as the fact that you are testing it in the first place. Seek Just Enough Advice People that tend to obsess over things and over-analyze often have a hard time making decisions as they don’t know when is the “right” time to close the door on the analysis phase. Ask trusted family, friends, colleagues and coaches for their advice (as long as they don’t have their own agenda!). People with confidence enlist the help of others, but they’re also savvy enough to put a limit on their opinion seeking, since endless input isn’t likely to help them achieve their goals. People who make smart decisions don’t waste too much time worrying about making the absolute best choice. Done is better than perfect! At some point, good enough is good enough even if you have high standards. Learning to feel comfortable with your decisions means accepting a measure of uncertainty — you can never know the full impact of a decision until after you’ve made it. So affirm for yourself: I did all of the research; I can’t think of anything I’ve overlooked; this is the best I can do with the information that I have. If you make a decision that turns out not to have been a good one, learn from it, grow, and move on!

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Natural gases are typically composed of methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. They are found in pockets underground. People extract natural gas through drilling. Natural gas is a fossil fuel used to generate electricity and heat homes. Manufacturers also utilize natural gas for different processes. Many energy providers use natural gas to generate electricity. Essentially, burning natural gas creates heat that turns water into steam. The steam spins a turbine, which produces electricity. Natural gas is also used to heat homes. Homes that use natural gas have a furnace that burns the gas to create heat. The heat is then distributed throughout the house through pipes and vents. Natural gas is also used in manufacturing processes. It is often used as a fuel for furnaces and boilers. People can also use it to power certain types of machinery. Ultimately, these gases need storage. Various storage facilities store these natural gases to ensure they are safe. However, because of their dangerous nature, these facilities must undergo routine maintenance tasks to ensure the safety of both the people and the environment. Here are five crucial maintenance tasks for natural gas facilities: Inspecting and Maintaining Storage Tanks Operators must routinely inspect natural gas storage tanks to ensure they are properly working. If there is a leak in the tank, it could cause a dangerous situation. Operators should also clean the tank regularly to remove any dirt or grime that may have built up. Proper maintenance includes the inspection of leaks and reapplication of specific reagents to ensure that the tank stays resilient against leaking. One of these reagents is industrial paint coatings. These coatings have the necessary chemicals to keep leakages from happening. Furthermore, they are also resistant to abrasion and corrosion. Maintaining Pumps and Valves Pumps and valves are an integral part of the natural gas storage system. They are responsible for moving the gas from one location to another. Because of this, they need to be regularly inspected and maintained. Proper maintenance includes the inspection of the pumps and valves for any leaks. If there is a leak, it needs to be fixed immediately. The pumps and valves also need to be lubricated regularly to ensure they are working correctly. Inspection of Pipelines Pipelines are responsible for transporting natural gas from one location to another. Because of this, regular inspections for leaks or damage are required. Proper maintenance includes the inspection of the pipelines for any cracks or leaks. Much like pumps and valves, if there’s a leak, repairing it is of utmost priority. Operators must also clean the pipelines regularly to remove any dirt or grime that may have built up. An example would be the pigging of pipelines. It’s the process of using a pig to clean the pipeline. Pigs (scrapers) are sent through the pipeline, pushing any debris that may be present out of the way. This ensures that the pipeline is clear and free from any obstruction. Maintaining Storage vessels Natural gas storage vessels need to be regularly inspected and maintained. These vessels include tanks, cylinders, and barrels. A major disaster could occur if a natural gas storage vessel leaks. The gas could escape from the vessel and spread throughout the area. This could cause an explosion or fire. People could be injured or killed if this happens. The storage vessels must be maintained appropriately so that this does not occur. Proper maintenance is quite similar to that of inspecting the pipelines. First, operators must check storage vessels for leaks and damages. They must then do immediate repairs if leakages are discovered. Storage vessels are crucial for storing natural gas. However, if they are not properly maintained, it could lead to a dangerous situation. Inspecting Pressure Relief Devices Pressure relief devices are an essential part of the natural gas storage system. They are designed to release pressure if the pressure inside the storage tank gets too high. Proper maintenance includes inspecting the pressure relief devices for any damage or leaks. If a problem is found, it needs to be fixed immediately. The pressure relief devices must also be regularly tested to ensure they are working correctly. An example of a pressure relief device would be a pressure relief valve. This valve is designed to open and release pressure if the pressure inside the storage tank gets too high. Natural gas is essential for people’s energy needs, but they are pretty dangerous, so maintenance tasks are done routinely to take care of them. These maintenance tasks ensure that the natural gas storage system is working correctly and that there are no leaks or other problems. If you are responsible for maintaining a natural gas storage system, ensure that you perform these crucial tasks regularly.

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North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO) NAMMCO is an international regional body established in 1992 for cooperation on the conservation, management and study of marine mammals (whales, seals and walruses) in the North Atlantic. The Faroe Islands is a founding member of NAMMCO and participates in its own name, together with the other member countries, Greenland, Iceland and Norway. The Governments of Canada, Denmark, Japan and the Russian Federation follow the work of NAMMCO as observers. NAMMCO is the appropriate international organization for cooperation on the conservation and management of small whales in the North Atlantic, such as pilot whales, which are utilized for food in the Faroe Islands. The NAMMCO Scientific Committee provides advice to member countries regarding whale and seal stocks and sustainability of catches, and since 1995 it has coordinated regular and comprehensive North Atlantic Sightings Surveys for whales, known as NASS. These surveys provide an important scientific basis for estimating the abundance of different whale stocks in the region. Cooperation through NAMMCO also includes an Observation Scheme to provide international oversight of national whaling and sealing regulations in member countries, as well as an active technical collaboration between whaling and sealing experts and veterinarians to share best practices in humane killing methods.

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Where Some Ideas Are Stranger Than Others... HELLEBORE, HENBANE, AND THE TREATMENT OF MADNESS An ancient physician called to the aid of a person suffering from insanity faced an unenviable task. In the best case scenario, the physician would find someone ill with phrenitis, mania, or melancholia, illnesses with relatively specific and consistent symptoms and a time-tested approach to treatment. In the case of mania and melancholia especially, the premiere treatment regime started with hellebore, a strong purgative with a mythological license for the role. The physician had two hellebores to choose from: black hellebore and white hellebore. But in the unfortunate event that he couldn't acquire either hellebore, and the patient resisted helping the purging process along, he had reluctant recourse to two other plants: henbane and mandrake. Better known as ingredients in maddening love potions or as causes of temporary madness in people who ate them by accident, their potential use, even reluctantly, may seem quite surprising. A perusal of the ancient writers on medicine, primarily doctors, demonstrates genuine connections between all four plants, not all of them based on a "scientific" or "medical" viewpoint. An examination of the nature of these four plants in modern botanical terms, followed by consideration of the ancient perspective on them according to mythology, use in treating madness, and how the different ancient medical schools explained their use reiterates two key points made by Murphy in her 2013 MA thesis. Ancient doctors generally used the same treatment regimes for the same illnesses because those regimes were found to work, and they were practical and creative enough to find ways to implement those regimes under adverse conditions. A Modern Overview of the Plants Black Hellebore (Helleborus niger, Ranunculaceae) Black hellebore is now better known as the Christmas rose, an evergreen perennial now found all over northern Europe although it is native to the western Mediterranean. It is a low growing plant with broad leaves of a dark shiny green and large white flowers when in bloom (Bevan Jones 2009: 61). The entire plant is poisonous if eaten (Nelson et al. 2007: 176), though its sap may not be as corrosive as that of stinking hellebore, which can cause chemical burns (Bevan Jones 2009: 62-63). Its fruit is a capsule full of shiny black seeds (Nelson et al. 2007: 176). The "black" parts of black hellebore are its rhizome and roots. The former has a gnarled, twisted shape and spreads horizontally under the soil, sprouting additional plants (Greenish 1909: 340-341). The roots sprout from the rhizome, and are relatively thick and numerous while leaving the rhizome mainly uncovered. In cross section the rhizome has a thick, dull black outer bark and a yellow coloured interior. It is this rhizome that was used in medicinal preparations from Graeco-Roman times right into the early twentieth century (Ibid). In his own description of hellebores generally, Bevan Jones notes wryly that, "Fatal poisoning [by black hellebore] is unknown, but poisoning can be very unpleasant." This is at minimum an understatement in view of the effects of black hellebore ingestion reported by Nelson et al., including: mouth pain, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and cramping, diarrhea, and heartbeat irregularities. Nevertheless, consistent with Bevan Jones' comment, Nelson et al. do not mention any risk of coma or death due to ingestion of black hellebore. March 2010 photograph of a black hellebore plant by User:Syp, released into the public domain, via wikimedia commons White Hellebore (Veratrum album, Liliaceae (formerly called Melanthiaceae)) As Girard comments in her 1990 paper on the medicinal uses of hellebore, "On sait qu'il n'existe absolument aucune [extérieur] ressemblance entre l'hellébore noir et l'hellébore blanc." (1990: 397). Where the former is a low growing, dark green plant, the latter is tall (up to 1 m in height) and a much lighter green. White hellebore plants are made up of tall stalks with alternating leaves and brachts of white flowers all along their length. They are perennials and their fruit consists of pods full of winged seeds (Nelson et al. 2007: 296). The white hellebore rhizome is nearly cylindrical at its top, conical toward its base, and coloured dull black underneath a complete covering of its own grey roots. In cross section the rhizome is "whitish, firm, compact, and starchy" (Greenish 1909: 448-449). The whole white hellebore plant is poisonous. Greenish states its poisons are concentrated in the roots that are usually trimmed away (Ibid), but no modern source I have consulted on poisonous plants declares the rhizome harmless or relatively harmless compared to the roots. The difference in the accounts may be due to the fact that Greenish' hellebores were imported from abroad (Ibid: 341, 448), while the poisonous plant handbooks are dealing with exposure to fresh plant material. Should a person ingest any white hellebore, Nelson et al. report the following likely symptoms: burning sensation in the mouth just after eating, then after several hours increased salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, prickling of the skin, and potentially headache, weak muscles, and dimmed sight. It also causes heartbeat irregularities, but of much greater severity than black hellebore, with a risk of coma if not death (2007: 296-297). The similarity of symptoms in the case of a minor poisoning probably contributed to the ancient designation of this plant as white hellebore. Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger, Solanaceae) Henbane is an annual from the same family of plants as the nightshades. It is a hairy plant that can grow up to 1 m high, with flowers ranging from yellow to white with purple veins and centres (Bevan Jones 2009: 76). The leaves are large, medium green in colour, and have a roughly triangular shape with indented edges (Nelson et al. 2007: 185). On fruiting henbane plants produce capsules full of small, brown-greyish seeds. They have a thick tap root with many smaller rootlets extending from it (CDFA 2014). The whole plant is poisonous, a feature of many members of its family of plants, though many others are poisonous only in their stems and leaves, producing safely edible fruit or rhizomes. The ancient Greeks and Romans knew henbane contained a potent narcotic, burning its leaves or seeds for that purpose (Bevan Jones 2009: 78-79). It may be that medicinal use of henbane smoke would be less dangerous than eating any portion of the plant outright. Effects of ingestion include: dry mouth, difficulty swallowing or speaking, tachycardia, pupil dilation and blurred vision, elevated body temperature, excitement, delirium, headache, and confusion (Nelson et al. 2007: 185). Public domain scan of W.O. Müller's illustration of immaure and mature henbane fruit, circa 1887, via wikimedia commons Mandrake (Mandragora officinarum, Solanaceae) Like the previous three plants, mandrake is wholly poisonous. It is low growing plant with broad, dark green leaves, making it generally similar to black hellebore. However, mandrake is an annual, and its leaves are lettuce-like in shape and texture. The flowers are small and cup-shaped, ranging in colour from white to purple, while the fruits are orange-yellow berries often referred to as "apples" in ancient and medieval literature (Bevan Jones 2009: 99). The flowers cluster around the main stem and central tap root. The mandrake's tap root may be its most (in)famous feature due to its thick, two or three branched, occasionally humanoid shape and acutely poisonous nature. The root is the most poisonous part of the plant (Ibid: 100). Since it is such a close relative of henbane, mandrake has the same effects on ingestion, and was used with henbane in ancient and medieval anaesthetic mixtures (Bevan Jones 2009: 100). In fact, these two plants may have been conflated despite their different appearance in a manner similar to black and white hellebore. Dioscurides refers to henbane as having flowers ranging in colour from white through yellow to purple (Osbaldeston 2000: 615), a description that fits mandrake flowers more accurately than those of henbane, which is otherwise never reported to have white flowers. An Ancient Overview of the Plants I: Mythology and Ritual The descriptions given above are very much in the modern style, focussing on describing the plants in a way that enables the reader to visualize and identify them. All four being poisonous by nature, the summaries include information on the effects of consuming them. The ancient writers hardly describe the plants themselves at all, apparently taking for granted their readers would know what the referenced plant would look like. Instead they begin from a modern perspective in media res, turning directly to uses and any mythological bases for them. This is especially true for black hellebore, which is identified universally as a treatment for madness, and associated with madness in several different myths. Henbane and mandrake are usually identified as madness-causing plants, although they are occasionally suggested as drugs useful for at least calming a mad patient. They lack myths to emphasize or justify their use, although mandrake is linked to hellebore by one of the rituals reported for gathering it by Pliny the Elder. Pliny briefly recounts how black hellebore was identified as a treatment for madness in Book 25 (21.47) of his Natural History: Melampus is well known for his skill in the arts of divination. From him one kind of hellebore is called melampodion. Some hold that the discovery is due to a shepherd called Melampus, who noticed that his she-goats were purged after browsing upon the plant, and by administering the milk of these goats cured the daughters of Proetus of their madness [furentes]. Wherefore it is well to give here together an account of every kind of hellebore. (Translation Jones 1980: 171) melampodis fama divinationis artibus nota est. ab hoc appellatur unum hellebori genus melampodion. aliqui pastorem eodem nomine invenisse tradunt, capras purgari pasto illo animadvertentem, datoque lacte earum sanasse proetidas furentes ... quam ob rem de omnibus eius generibus dici simul convenit. (25.20 in the latin at the Perseus Project) "Melampodion" means "black-foot" and as noted above, black hellebore has black roots and a black rhizome, which were typically used for medicinal purposes. The connections to madness in this story extend further. Proetus is also the king of Argos who hosts Bellerophon, and Bellerophon himself eventually goes mad. Girard identifies a third myth connecting hellebore to curing madness: Un second mythe veut qu'Héraclès lui-même ait été guéri de sa "fuereur" à l'aide de l'hellébore. Le mythe est rapporté dans la lettre apocryphe d'Hippocrate à Cratéras. (Girard 1990: 394) This is not the only connection to Heracles. According to Pliny, the best white hellebore grew on no less than Mount Oeta near Pyra – that is, on the mountain and around the very spot where Heracles eventually immolated himself (Natural History Book 25, 21.49, 25.21 in latin at the Perseus Project). On the other hand, the best black hellebore came from Mount Helicon, haunt of the Muses (Ibid). Though never depicted as insane themselves, the Muses would not have escaped association with the concept of poetic madness. Given such a mythological reputation and the powerful effects of hellebore ingestion on the body, it is not so surprising that there would be rituals and precautions for gathering both hellebores. Here again our source is Pliny (Natural History Book 25, 21.49-50): Of these [hellebores] they call the black kind melampodium... This kind is gathered with even greater formalities. First a circle is drawn round it with a sword; then the man who is going to cut it looks at the East with a prayer that the gods will grant him permission to do so. He also keeps on the look out for a flying eagle – for generally one is present when men cut – and if an eagle flies near, it is a sign that the gatherer will die in that year. The white too is not easy to gather: it is very oppressive to the head unless garlic is eaten beforehand, wine swallowed every now and then and the plant dug up quickly. (Translation Jones 1980: 173) nigrum ex his melampodium vocant... hoc et religiosius colligitur, primum enim gladio circumscribitur, dein qui succisurus est ortum spectat et precatur, ut id liceat sibi concedentibus diis facere observatque aquilae volatus; fere enim secantibus interest, et, si prope advolavit, moriturum illo anno qui succidat augurium est. nec album facile colligitur, caput adgravans maxime, nisi praesumatur alium et subinde vinum sorbeatur celeriterque fodiatur. (25.21 in latin at the Perseus Project) A surprisingly similar ritual pertained to gathering mandrake. "The diggers avoid facing the wind, first trace round the plant three circles with a sword, and then do their digging facing the west." "effossuri cavent contrarium ventum et iii circulis ante gladio circumscribunt, postea fodiunt ad occasum spectantes." (Natural History Book 25, Chapter 94.148; translation Jones 1980: 194; 25.77 in atin at the Perseus Project) An Ancient Overview of the Plants II: Treating Madness In Graeco-Roman times, six main forms of madness were recognized, and three of these have a reasonably consistent set of recognized symptoms: phrenitis, mania, and melancholia (Murphy 2013: 16). Of these three, mania and melancholy were treated with hellebore (as part of a more extensive regime) and will be focussed on here. The doctors Caelius and Aretaeus define mania as "delirium without fever that affects the understanding," Aretaeus noting that mania involves errors of judgement rather than perception. He also considers mania and melancholia to be two states of the same disease (Ibid: 85-86). Caelius views melancholia and mania as two different diseases even though he recommends the same treatment for both. Nonetheless, he agrees with Aretaeus that a person suffering from melancholia is "dejected, fearful, delusional, and sorrowful without cause" (Ibid: 119). Celsus, who is generally considered a doctor as well as a medical encyclopedist, is not as specific, but his descriptions of mania and melancholia are at least not inconsistent with these descriptions. Pliny is not a doctor but a reporter and general encyclopedist whose accounts can vary significantly in terms of their accuracy and detail. Nonetheless, he doesn't deviate significantly from these descriptions either, although he says little about mania as such. While the cause of mania and melancholia might be identified differently depending on the medical school a doctor subscribed to, the actual treatment applied did not vary significantly, as Murphy found in her 2013 study. Evidently doctors and reporters like Pliny focussed on what was understood to work based on experience and widely accepted accounts rather than privileging theory over all else. Although accusations of privileging theory over practice were made, as can be seen in Galen's discussions of methodist doctors (e.g. see Leith 2008), they are not borne out by other sources. All the ancient medical writers report the use of emetics and purgatives to treat mania and melancholy, favouring white hellebore especially with black hellebore coming a close second. Henbane and mandrake make appearances as distant third choices for use in this role, unsurprising in view of the much higher risk of death from small doses of those plants in any form noted above. A good place to begin is with Pliny, who is helpful for an overview of the topic, although he cannot be used to gauge real dosages in any way. Despite the high potencies of the four plants discussed here, the doses he records as transmitted in the manuscript tradition are dangerously high (dosage will be discussed further below). Black hellebore is a cure for paralysis, madness [insanientibus], dropsy without fever, chronic gout and diseases of the joints; it draws from the belly bile, phlegms, and morbid fluids. (Natural History Book 25, Chapter 23.54; translation Jones 1980: 173) nigrum medetur paralyticis, insanientibus, hydropicis, dum citra febrim, podagris veteribus, articulariis morbis. trahit ex alvo bilem, pituitas, aquas. (25.23 in latin at the Perseus Project) Further along in the same book, Pliny adds: Care must be taken, even with happy treatment, not to administer hellebore on a cloudy day; for to do so is followed by unbearable torture. Indeed, there is no doubt that summer is a better season to give it than winter. For seven days previously the body must be prepared by acid foods and by abstinence from wine; on the fourth and third days before, an emetic must be taken, and on the preceding day there should be abstinence from dinner. (Natural History Book 25, Chapter 25.59; translation Jones 1980: 179-181) cavendum est felici quoque cura, ne nubilo die detur, inpetibiles quippe cruciatus existunt. nam aestate potius quam hieme dandum non est in dubio. corpus vii diebus ante praeparandum cibis acribus, abstinentia vini, quarto et tertio die vomitionibus, pridie cenae abstinentia. (25.25 in latin at the Perseus Project) He also mentions mandrake as an alternative, though not preferred, treatment: A dose of two oboli of mandrake is also taken in honey wine instead of hellebore – but hellebore is more efficacious – as an emetic and to purge away black bile. (Natural History Book 25, Chapter 94.150; translation Jones 1980: 243) bibitur et pro helleboro ii obolis in mulso - efficacius helleborum - ad vomitiones et ad bilem nigram extrahendam. (25.77 in latin at the Perseus Project) Pliny's overview is consistent with Celsus except for which hellebore is favoured in the treatment. Celsus identifies white hellebore as a useful treatment for "chronic and violent diseases without fever" including "insanity [insantientibus] accompanied by a kind of hilarity" "omnibus etiam cum quadam hilaritate insanientibus" (Book 2, 13.2; translation Spencer 1971: 173). However, he also states, "black hellebore root is given either to those with black bile [atra bile] and those suffering from insanity [insantientibus] with melancholy [tristitia]" "ut cum veratrum nigrum aut atra bile vexatis aut cum tristitia insanientibus aut iis" (Book 2, 12.1; Ibid: 169). This is rather confusing, but Celsus helps us by differentiating hellebore usage by the symptoms a manic patient manifests: If phantoms mislead, we must note in the first place whether the patients are depressed [tristes] or hilarious [hilares]. For depression black hellebore should be given as a purge, for hilarity white hellebore as an emetic; and if the patient will not take the hellebore in a draught, it should be put in his bread to deceive him the more easily; for if he has well purged himself, he will in great measure relieve himself of his malady. Therefore even if one dose of the hellebore has little effect, after an interval another should be given. It should be known that a madman's illness is less serious when accompanied by laughter than by gravity. (Book 3, Chapter 18.20; translation Spencer 1971: 301) Si imagines fallunt, ante omnia videndum est, tristes an hilares sint. In tristitia nigrum veratrum deiectionis causa, in hilaritate album ad vomitum excitandum dari debet; idque si in potione non accepit, in pane adiciendum est, quo facilius fallat: nam si bene se purgaverit, ex magna parte morbum levabit. Ergo etiamsi semel datum veratrum parum profecerit, interposito tempore iterum dari debet. Neque ignorare oportet leviorem esse morbum cum risu quam cum serio insanientium. (3.18 in latin at the Perseus Project) A purge is a substance that causes diarrhea, while an emetic causes vomiting. Black and white hellebore cause both, so this implies that black hellebore is more diarrhetic than emetic, and indeed this matches its somewhat lower level of noxiousness compared to white hellebore. Finally, Celsus reports that "some endeavour to induce sleep [in mad patients]" "Si nihilo minus vigilant, quidam somnum moliuntur potui dando aquam, in qua papaver aut hyoscyamos decocta sint, alii mandragorae mala pulvino subiciunt, alii vel amomum vel sycamini lacrimam fronti inducunt." by using henbane in solution (Book 3, 18.12; translation Spencer 1971: 297). His attribution of this practice to "some" people implies disagreement if not outright disapproval, perhaps because he is aware that a liquid essence of henbane is more dangerous than its fumes or smoke. Caelius only refers to white hellebore specifically, and that for treatment of a manic patient (Acute Diseases I, Chapter X.169). He notes specifically that the white hellebore should be inserted in a radish and given to the patient to eat (Ibid). This is an unpleasantly clever ruse since its rhizome is of similar colour and texture, and any burning it caused in the mouth could be attributed to the strength of the radish. Conversely, Aretaeus recommends black hellebore for treating melancholia (Murphy 2013: 133) but can only be surmised to use hellebore in general to treat mania (Ibid: 101) due to lacunae in his preserved works. So there is overall agreement that mania and melancholia are best treated by purgatives, whether they cause vomiting, diarrhea, or both. Aretaeus positively identifies purgatives as an outright cure, or at least a cure for a few years (Murphy 2013: 133). It seems clear that doctors were willing to use henbane or mandrake as purgatives if no hellebore of either type was available, but if they used them at all preferred to exploit their narcotic qualities to ease insomnia or restlessness. However, even then these were risky options, because henbane and mandrake were better known as causes of temporary madness, and henbane is more likely to cause delirium and manic behaviour when ingested. An Ancient Overview of the Plants III: Explanation of Efficacy by Medical School The doctors whose writings have been cited or quoted here, Caelius Aurelianus, Aulus Cornelius Celsus, Aretaeus, and Galen, are representatives of three different ancient medical schools: methodism (Caelius), empiricism (Celsus), and dogmatism (Aretaeus and Galen). Murphy's study focussed on Caelius and Aretaeus, and therefore compared the treatment regimens of a methodist and a dogmatist. She found no substantial differences in their treatments of mania, melancholia or phrenitis, and this is reinforced by Celsus' empiricist views as well at least for mania and melancholia. Overall this is to be expected on a practical basis, since a physician who refused to use treatments that worked and were known to work would soon be out of a job. This didn't stop them from having very different explanations for why purgative substances like the four plants considered here worked to cure specific illnesses, or failed to work as well as might be expected. The founder of the methodist school of medicine according to tradition is the Greek Themison. The school's next great theoretician was Thessalus, who worked during Nero's reign. Galen was specially scandalized by Thessalus' claim that anyone could be a doctor in six months, but as Leith points out, this made perfect sense for a methodist physician to say because they were seeking general rules that could be applied universally (Leith 2008: 584). A doctor acting on the basis of general rules doesn't need to know what causes illness, how or why a treatment works, or even about the nature of the body. All such a doctor needs is the basic information on the patient's symptoms to select and apply a treatment (Ibid: 584; Murphy 2013: 13). The methodist doctor may not have brought much theory to a patient's bedside, yet this in no way limited the range of treatments he might consider and apply. So he might prescribe changes in diet or environment, specific ointments or oral medicines, or exercise (Leith 2008: 594). All of these treatment options might be guided by the concept of diatritus, treating on the third day with the patient fasting between treatments (Ibid: 585, 589, 592). Not bringing much theory is not the same as bringing none, however. He had at least one explanatory principle: illness comes from tightness, looseness, or a combination of both in the body's pores. When faced with a disease combining both tightness and looseness, the methodist physician dealt with the most acute symptoms first (Murphy 2013: 13-14). As already noted, Caelius considered mania and melancholia to be two different forms of madness, yet treated them similarly. As could be expected, his attempt to explain their cause and the effectiveness of hellebore for treating them in terms of looseness and tightness is not consistent in the way the description of methodism given above would lead us to expect. In part he may have been caught between the popular belief that black bile is both cause and symptom of melancholia. By inclination he would want to keep causes and symptoms strictly separated because causes are not observable and he doesn't need to know them. So he refers to mania as a disease caused by stricture while emphasizing that black bile is an effect of melancholia rather than its cause. Then he declares that melancholia sufferers have a combination of tightness with periods of looseness (Murphy 2013: 90, 125). No doubt it was cruces of just this sort that encouraged methodist distrust of attempts to explain the cause of illness: it was nearly impossible to find an absolutely consistent explanation. Today we can explain this issue by pointing to many illnesses with similar symptoms, though this still leads to a methodist sort of approach in itself: treat the symptoms. Empiricists denied that any unobservable elements were required to understand or explain illness, so humours were at best beside the point. They took the methodist critique of the humoural theory used by many dogmatists a step further by rejecting the use of any justification by specific signs or argument for a given practice (Matthen 1988: 109-111). Instead, they insisted that why or how a treatment worked didn't matter so long as it worked. Furthermore, what worked could be identified by means of correlation (Ibid: 109). If therapy x was known to cure illness y, then it can be applied to treat an illness z that is similar to illness y. In the case that a treatment didn't work, then the doctor should stop using it, even if it was the usual treatment x for illness y (Ibid: 110). Celsus is an interesting representative of this school. True to its eschewal of explanation or speculation on cause, he doesn't give any. Yet it could be argued that at least when it came to the treatment of madness, Celsus was less inclined to dismiss a treatment that doesn't seem to be working. In the previous quote on treating madness, Celsus suggests dosing with hellebore repeatedly even if it doesn't seem to be doing much good. To be fair, this is probably because he is discussing treatment of a difficult to manage and deeply distressing illness, mania in which the sufferer is experiencing hallucinations. Apart from restraining a person in this condition, there was little else any physician could do in his time, and this is sometimes still the case even today. Dogmatism, Better Known as the Hippocratic School of Medicine Today the dogmatist school is still the best known of all ancient schools of medicine due to the extensive Hippocratic corpus and its place as the first professionalized, cult-independent medical practice. It is the source of the conceptualization of disease as an imbalance of the four humours, listed as hot, dry, wet, and cold; yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm; or some complex combination of these depending on the illness. Its key departure from the priests of Asclepius was the idea that the conditions that encourage health or disease can be observed and adjusted, even if the specific causes of a disease cannot (Grant 2000: 61). In illness the imbalance needs to be treated above all else, and it may happen that the patient does not respond to treatment because some illnesses are inexorable (Matthen 1988: 103, 106). Reasoning can and should be used to choose and apply therapies and regimens, and information about the body can be reasoned out even if they can't be sensed directly (Ibid: 108). Of the medical writers quoted directly above, Pliny reflects precisely this school of medicine. He doesn't fully differentiate mania and melancholia, referring simply to hellebore in the treatment of madness and as a means to purge black bile. This is consistent with Aretaeus' views in that he considers them two stages of the same disease, and its cause is an excess of black bile. The different directions of purging correlated to specific confluences of manic symptoms by Celsus is not necessarily inconsistent with this idea. According to the dogmatists, black bile could collect to excess in the head, throat, or bowels, with different attendant symptoms accordingly. For example, depression or delusion, vomiting a black substance, or constipation, all symptoms referenced by Celsus as well. It may be these parallels between Aretaeus and Celsus that have led to a questioning of whether he was an empiricist or not. A Curious Absence: Dosage Information Considering the powerful effects of all four of the plants considered here, and the regular and preferred uses of the hellebores among them, it is a real surprise how little information these writers provide on dosage. Even the doctors merely state, "give white/black hellebore to purge the patient up/downwards." Celsus recommends putting white hellebore in radishes and giving them to a mad patient to eat if he refuses to make himself vomit, which suggests a slip of material that can be pushed into a slit made in the vegetable. Yet radishes can range anywhere from 3 to 10 cm in length and 2 to 5 cm in greatest circumference. For his part, Pliny suggests a maximum black hellebore dose of one drachma for a milder diarrhea, and four oboli for a stronger effect (Natural History Book 25, Chapter 22.54). On consulting the weights and measures tables in the Loeb edition of Pliny's encyclopaedia, a drachma weight is approximately 4-6 g and an obol just over 1 g. Since 1 gram is roughly the mass of a single regular sized paperclip, it is clear the dose should be small, and there is a small difference between a "mild" dose and a strong one. This is still not enough information to feel at all confident in prescribing a poisonous plant to treat illness. Perhaps doctors only shared the specifics of dosage with their own pupils directly, rather than writing them down. The exception to the lack of dosage details is Dioscurides, except not for hellebores. Concerning mandrake he reports that Twenty grains of the juice (taken as a drink with honey and water) expel phlegm and black bile upward like hellebore, but when too much is taken as a drink it kills. (De Materia Medica, Book 4.76; translation Osbaldeston 2000: 624) He also verifies the suggestion above as to why white and black hellebore were the preferred purgatives: mandrake is too dangerous. When he turns to hellebore specifically, he says it can be given heavily diluted or baked into bread, or even as a suppository in which case it can still cause vomiting as well as a diarrhea (Book 4.150-151). Unfortunately, he provides no further information to suggest what the proportion of hellebore to diluent should be, nor whether the hellebore is used in the form of a pulp or juice. Graeco-Roman physicians endeavouring to treat and cure mania and melancholia had few effective tools at their disposal, a situation that still persists to this day. They made use of the most powerful drugs available to them in an effort to help their patients, in this case four of the most acutely poisonous plants humans can encounter. Even if they subscribed to different medical schools, based on practical experience they were in agreement that purging by vomiting and/or diarrhea was an important aspect of treating mania and melancholia. This did not preclude other prescriptions and changes such as exercise, adjustments to the patient's environment and diet, or the application of ointments or compresses. Most of these things still play a role in treating the modern understandings of these diseases as disorders including bipolar disorder, depression, and schizophrenia. Nevertheless, purgation as a treatment has fallen by the wayside along with the hellebores, henbane and mandrake. This change seems to parallel the curious disappearance of phrenitis from the ranks of modern mental illness. Parallel, though not otherwise similar. Purgation except in cases of poisoning by non-caustic substances may have been dropped from the doctor's repertoire not least because the purgatives were so dangerous as to potentially kill the patient. Pliny and Caelius both briefly refer to not purging a patient who is too weak to withstand the treatment, or to applying only a light purge, a real challenge when concocting medicines from plants. The ancient doctors themselves not only shared a corpus of accepted therapies for mania and melancholia. They also used considerable botanical knowledge, as evidenced by their ready use of four such poisonous plants as well as the over three hundred plants mentioned in the Hippocratic corpus (Moison 1990: 381). The lack of specific dosage information provided for the plants discussed here suggests such information may have been treated as a sort of trade secret, sharing recipes between teacher and pupil directly rather than writing them down. On going to treat a mad patient, ancient doctors would have had to be ready to use alternatives and gauge safe dosages quickly under difficult circumstances. The materials considered in this paper suggest that more often than not, the ancient doctors met those challenges successfully, even if they could not always cure their melancholy or manic patients. 2008 "Remèdes et posions végétaux transmis à l'homme par l'animal," pp. 97-107 in Le Médicine Initié par l'Animal: Animaux et médicine dans l'Antiquité grecque et latine, Isabelle Boehm and Pascal Luccioni (Editors), Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, Lyon. Bevan Jones, Robert 2009 Poisonous Plants: A Social and Cultural History. Oxbow Books, Oxford. California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) 2014 Black Henbane [Hyoscyamus niger], http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/ipc/weedinfo/hyoscyamus-niger.htm. Accessed on 19 April 2014. Drablin, I.E. (Translator) 1950 Caelius Aurelianus, On Acute Diseases and On Chronic Diseases. Loeb Classical Library, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Girard, Marie Christine 1990 "L'Hellébore: Panacée ou placébo?" pp. 393-405 in La Maladie et les Malades dans la Collection Hippocratique, Paul Potter, Gilles Maloney, and Jacques Desautels (Editors), Les éditions du Sphinx, Québec. 2008 "Chiron, le cheval-médecin ou pourquoi Hippocrate s'appelle Hippocrate," pp. 211-233 in Le Médicine Initié par l'Animal: Animaux et médicine dans l'Antiquité grecque et latine, Isabelle Boehm and Pascal Luccioni (Editors), Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, Lyon. Grant, Mark D. 2000 "Dietetic responses in Galen to madness," The Classical Bulletin, 76(1): 61-70. 1909 A Text Book of Materia Medica: Being an Account of the More Important Crude Drugs of Vegetable and Animal Origin. Macmillan, Toronto. Jones, W.H.S. (Translator) 1980 Pliny, Natural History, Volume 7. Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Mass.) 2008 "The Diatritus and therapy in Graeco-Roman medicine," The Classical Quarterly, 58: 581-600. 1988 "Empiricism and ontology in ancient medicine," Apeiron, 21(2): 99-121. 1990 "Les plantes narcotiques dans le corpus Hippocratique," pp. 381-391 in La Maladie et les Malades dans la Collection Hippocratique, Paul Potter, Gilles Maloney, and Jacques Desautels (Editors), Les éditions du Sphinx, Québec. Murphy, Kate Elizabeth Anastasia 2013 The Conceptualization and Treatments for Phrenitis, Mania, and Melancholia in Aretaeus of Cappadocia and Caelius Aurelianus. MA Thesis, Department of Greek and Roman Studies, University of Calgary, Calgary. Nelson, Lewis S.; Shih, Richard D.; and Balick, Michael J. 2007 Handbook of Poisonous and Injurious Plants. Springer, New York. Osbaldeston, Tess Anne (Translator) 2000 Dioscurides' De Materia Medica. Ibidis Press, Johannesberg. Potter, Paul (Translator) 1988 Hippocrates, Volumes 5 and 6. Loeb Classical Library, William Heinemann Ltd., London. Spencer, W.G. (Translator) 1971 Celsus, De Medicina, Volume 1. Loeb Classical Library, William Heinemann Ltd. London.

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There are numerous types of academic writing, each of which contains intrinsic features. In the following section, we will shortly and clearly explain the basic components of the five most common types of academic essays. Let’s start with some general information and definitions. An essay is defined as a type of writing in which an author discusses an issue in question from a certain perspective. Based on this perspective, he or she can compose argumentative, comparison & contrast, or research papers. Sometimes, they may be tasked to create an annotated bibliography, a literature review, a case study, and personal statement essays, which might seem easier to write. Nonetheless, they also have a set of requirements. From the name of the essay, it is clear that arguments must be given, explained, and supported in this type of writing. What differentiates this paper from other types is that each paragraph should contain a specific and accurate argument with evidence to back up claims. Compare and contrast essay: As we discussed above, a typical academic essay is composed of three core parts: an introduction, a main body, and a conclusion. For compare and contrast papers, we have two options for organizing the main body: point-by-point and the block approach. An annotated bibliography is a paper that gives a brief summary of the sources which will be used in further research. According to the requirements, one source should comprise of 1-2 paragraphs with the reference included at the beginning. All in all, by following the structure required for each type of academic writing, you will create comprehensive, detailed, and accurate content. An accurate introduction, a well-developed main body, and an excellently summarized conclusion is key in delivering content of outstanding quality. Moreover, we suggest you check out other parts of the guide to learn the peculiarities of the academic writing style, grammar, and essay composition features.

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Goal: Preserve environmentally sensitive lands, farmlands, forest lands, prairies, and rural lands and develop compact urban areas. Between 2010 and 2035, no more than 5% of new housing will locate in rural areas, and at least 95% will be within cities, towns, unincorporated growth areas, and tribal reservations. Stormy, concerns for the future. The share of new growth locating in rural Thurston County has decreased significantly since 2000. However, the last five years indicate development of new homes in rural areas may be on the rise. Other metrics have been less rosy. Over the past two decades, forest and agricultural land covers have decreased. Acres of parcels enrolled in agriculture and forestry current use tax programs have also decreased. Preserving rural areas will result in multiple outcomes, including reducing development pressure on rural lands, making it easier to maintain viable local food, farm, and forest economies, and protecting the environment. Forest and timber land also provide ecological benefits and economic opportunities. Studies show that stream basins with more than 65% canopy cover tend to have intact stream heath. In addition, forestry is an important aspect of Thurston County’s history and economic base. Several factors have likely led to a decrease in the share of new residential growth locating in rural areas compared to urban areas. Thurston County changed rural zoning and development regulations in the late 2000s. The new regulations lowered the density of housing allowed, which reduced the overall capacity for rural growth. Also, changes made to the cluster development ordinance, including placing size restrictions on cluster developments and removing density bonuses, led to fewer new pockets of dense housing development in rural areas. At the same time, the demand for new homes in urban areas — particularly in planned residential communities — increased. As the housing market recovers from the recession, the region has experienced a building boom of multifamily housing, almost all locating in the cities. There is still a large inventory of small, older lots available for development in rural Thurston County, and opportunities for further subdivision to 5 acre lots. The county is undertaking several planning processes and initiatives with the goals of protecting forest lands, farm lands, prairie lands, and environmentally sensitive lands from conversion to residential lands. These steps include examining incentives, coordinating stakeholders in a voluntary stewardship process, enhancing purchase and transfer of development rights programs, reexamining rural zoning with goals of watershed and prairie protection, and seeking additional sources of funding to conserve sensitive lands. Tracking changes in timber and farmlands is challenging given the breadth of activities at that fall under “agriculture” — from forestry to aquaculture and field-grown produce to hydroponics. This page shows two different metrics: Land Cover — Researchers use satellite and aerial imagery classify land into different surface cover types, including forests and cultivated land covers. Not all area with forest land cover are being managed for timber extraction (e.g. parks). Over the past twenty years, there has been an overall decrease in forested land covers while cultivated and pasture/hay land covers have fluctuated. Current Use Tax Programs — Thurston County offers several current use tax programs that provide tax relief for properties engaged in forestry or agricultural activities. Properties must meet certain criteria to enroll — including agricultural use or income — and face penalties for disenrolling. These programs are optional, so they do not include all properties engaged in agricultural activities. In Thurston County, the number of properties enrolled in these programs has declined.

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CC-MAIN-2023-40

https://www.trpc.org/680/Conserving-Rural-Lands

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en

Now the Great Map of Mankind is unrolled at once; and there is no state or Gradation of barbarism, and no mode of refinement which we have not at the same instant under our View. The very different Civility of Europe and of China; the barbarism of Persia and Abyssinia, the erratic manners of Tartary, and of Arabia. The Savage state of North America, and of New Zealand.1 Written to the historian of America William Robertson (1721–1793) just one year after the American Declaration of Independence of 1776, these words of the philosopher Edmund Burke (1729–1797) expressed a European awareness of being in a privileged position to observe and understand the world's racial and cultural diversity. In the second half of the 15th century,entered an age of discovery which resulted in new, increasingly dense relationships with territories and populations all over the world. This also involved geographical, geological and other discoveries, as knowledge of the shape and layout of the world and the location of resources entered the Western consciousness. But there was also an important ethno-anthropological aspect to the discoveries, as the variety of peoples and forms of social organization affected European reflections on human society, culture, religion, government and civilization through a continuous interplay between the testimonies of travellers and the work of scholars at home. The term discovery is controversial as it implies a passivity on the part of indigenous populations, who were "found" by Europeans. This asymmetrical view denies an autonomous existence to indigenous populations before the arrival of Europeans. Since the early 1990s, historians have increasingly replaced the term "discovery" with "encounter", which is perceived as more neutral and implying a reciprocity rather than the subject-object relationship implied by the term "discovery". The term "encounter" is also free of the ideological connotations that terms such as "conquest" and "expansion" imply, and "encounter" is compatible with a transcultural approach to global history. The adoption of a more neutral term does not, however, alter the fact that a process of European penetration into regions of the world previously unknown to Europeans did occur, and through this process Europeans "discovered" for themselves new species and ecosystems, and new peoples and societies. During this process, European perceptions of the encountered "others" were dominated from the outset by a hierarchical perspective. "Diversity" in the sense of divergence from European norms usually implied "inferiority". "Otherness" was associated in the minds of Europeans with lower levels in the hierarchy of civilization. As "encounter" implies a reciprocal, two-way process, the study of these encounters is not complete without considering the non-European perspective. However, this article will deal primarily with the European side of the encounter. Encounters: With whom, where and when? For many centuries, Europe's "others" had been the "barbarian" peoples encountered by the Greeks and the Romans, then the Islamic Arabs and later the Mongols. For five centuries, the Ottoman Turks remained the primary "other" for Christendom. In all these cases, the "others" were enemies who constituted a direct threat to Christian Europe. During the early modern period, however, Europeans encounters were the consequence of a process of expansion on the part of dynamic Western societies during their transformation into modern capitalist economies and nation-states. The first wave of expansion during the 15th and 16th centuries focused on three main areas. Firstly, there was the Atlantic basin from theand coastal to the central areas of the continent. Secondly, there were the northern seas, stretching eastward from the to the and the coasts and westward to the northern American coasts of , , the and the . Thirdly, there was the Oriental seas and northern Asia. The second wave of expansion occurred during the 18th century, mainly in the Pacific region, including , , , and the , and also in the northern seas between and Siberia. The third wave witnessed expansion into by Europeans during the 19th century (the so-called "scramble" or "race" for ). Each successive wave brought encounters with new "others" for white Europeans, and – reciprocally – brought several peoples in different parts of the world into the sphere of influence of a self-confident, fair skinned "other" equipped with big vessels, firearms and an insatiable hunger for riches and souls. Together these waves of expansion constitute an age of global plunder which primarily benefitted the Western world, but they also prepared the way for an ever more "transcultural" world. Besides redistributing the world's resources in Europe's favour and increasing Europe's global power, these processes had two interrelated, long-term consequences. Firstly, they provided a new stimulus to European thinking on nature, man, society, religion, law, history and civilization, and brought into being new areas of intellectual enquiry, such as anthropology, comparative history, linguistics, biology and sociology. Secondly, they produced an impressive array of printed travel accounts and historical writings, through which the deeds of European adventurers, conquistadores and navigators entered into national historical narratives. Travel and voyage accounts such as the Jesuits' multi-volume Relations sur les découvertes et les autres événements arrivés en Canada, et au nord et à l'ouest des États-Unis (1611–1672) and Lettres édifiantes et curieuses (1702 and ff.) provided fundamental information for historians and philosophers, as well as providing inspiration for literary works. Such publications brought the experience of new worlds into the purview of cultivated Europeans.2 Christopher Columbus's (1451–1506) "discovery" of a "new" world marked a qualitative, as well as a quantitative, change. European encounters with different races of people had taken place since antiquity, as recorded by Herodotus (ca. 484–425 BC), whose writings had been rediscovered and translated into Latin just a couple of decades before Columbus's first voyage. Notable sporadic voyages, and diplomatic and religious missions had been undertaken in the 13th century to eastern , to the and to the court of the Great Khan, mainly by Italians. Naval explorations beyond by Portuguese and Italian navigators had seen voyages westward and along the southern Atlantic routes and the western coasts of Africa during the 14th and 15th centuries. But voyages that took place from the 1490s onward had an impact which went far beyond their economic or political significance. The arrival of the Spanish in the "New World" would also transform life in Europe and the Americas on the material, cultural and intellectual levels, drawing both Europe and the Americas into an increasingly transatlantic and transcultural relationship, producing what has been described as the "Columbian exchange".3 Perhaps less dramatic but nonetheless of enormous economic significance, were the Portuguese voyages to, which revitalized Western interaction with southern and eastern Asia. In the West and in the East, the Europeans established contact with different kinds of human societies and cultures. The societies and cultures which Europeans encountered in the and in continental and were generally viewed as "savagery". However, Europeans also encountered civilizations which they viewed as more "advanced" in the form of the Aztec, Maya and Inca empires, posing fundamental historical and ethnological questions. In the East, on the other hand, Europeans encountered civilizations that they recognized as ancient, complex and highly structured civilizations, which – unlike indigenous populations in the Americas – did not present them with pliable trade partners or easily subjugated native populations. The perceived "savagery" and "half-civilized" empires which the Europeans encountered in the Americas invited them to conquer these societies and implant new political, economic and legal systems there, as well as new languages and religions. During subsequent exploration and expansion, Europeans encountered other indigenous populations during the 16th and 17th centuries in the Americas, 4, , , as well as northern and central Asia. Europeans categorized these as "savage societies" of hunters and fishers, or "barbarian societies" of nomadic herdsmen. From the second half of the 17th century, however, the efforts of Jesuit missionaries and of French, English, and German orientalists led to the discovery of an entirely different, culturally developed kind of "otherness": Arabic literary traditions; the Brahminic or Vedic religious culture of India; Confucian philosophy in ; the and civilizations in the ; and the Indo-Iranian Avestic and Indian Sanskrit linguistic and literary traditions which inspired the so-called "Oriental Renaissance" and "Oriental Enlightenment". In the final years of the 18th century, new regions of the African continent began to be explored by Europeans. British rule was consolidated in India in the early 19th century. The early and mid-19th century also witnessed the beginning of the colonization of Australia and New Zealand; the French expeditions to, and in the 1850s; British involvement in and British efforts to gain entry into the markets of China; as well as German, Belgian and Italian imperialist activities in western and eastern Africa. The conquest and settlement of the American West continued throughout the 19th century until the frontier was officially declared closed in 1890. At the end of the 19th century, there was hardly a region of the world – regions of China, slave trade, through colonization and the transplanting of social, religious and juridical ideas and practices, through the increasing enmeshment of overseas regions in European political history and diplomacy, through mass migrations of intermittent intensity from Europe to the Americas and subsequently from the rest of the world to Europe, and through a massive diversification of the range of goods available on the European market and the gradual emergence of the world economy. The consequences of these events have been the subject of numerous historical studies, which are summarized below., the and continents were the exceptions – into which Europeans had not extended their economic and military power, and their culture. The encounters which European expansion set in motion processes which resulted in a world increasingly defined by transcultural and transnational phenomena. These processes dramatically altered the demographic and ecological history of the globe, for example, through the mass displacement of Africans by the Who are they, where do they come from, how do they live? Europe's discovery of the Americas "not only opened a new source of wealth to the busy and commercial part of Europe, but an extensive field of speculation to the philosopher, who would trace the character of man under various degrees of refinement, and observe the movements of the human heart, or the operations of the human understanding, when untutored by science or untainted with corruption".5 Europeans viewed the newly "discovery" Native Americans as "savage" societies. The term "savage" came to denote people and societies that were not only different in language or religion. In antiquity and during the medieval period, the term "barbarians" was used to denote people who were different in terms of language, culture or religion. But in the early modern period, as a result of the encounters mentioned above, the term "savages" came to mean people who supposedly did not meet the basic prerequisites of civilized society, who lived by the laws of nature, or without any laws, learning, religion or morals. Two prevalent attitudes towards the Native American quickly emerged. According to one attitude, they were living testimony to a lost golden age before the fall from innocence. According to this attitude, the natives were fully human and thus had the capacity to acquire all the perceived benefits of European civilization, including Christian doctrine and, accordingly, salvation. As potential members of the Catholic Church and subjects of the crown of Castile, they should not be enslaved, it was argued, and they should be granted the same rights as any other Spanish subjects. According to this view, it was the duty of the Spanish crown to establish a political order that would protect its American subjects from the colonists' rapacity. However, the other prevalent attitude defined the Amerindians as only semi-human beings or even "beasts", lacking all the fundamental prerequisites of civilized people. They were not "good", it was argued, but "bad savages": cruel, immoral, stupid, incapable of hard work, devoid of moral and political norms, and with a propensity for inhumane practices, such as sodomy, cannibalism and human sacrifices. They were clearly not fully human beings and had to be subjected to a superior political authority, which would bring them the blessings of European and Christian order. While the attitudes described above were undoubtedly coloured by debates about legitimate authority in the newly acquired territories, the Amerindian peoples also posed serious questions of a philosophical and doctrinal nature. Their very existence on a landmass separated from the Eurasian-African landmass by a vast ocean raised questions about the re-population of the world after the biblical flood by the inhabitants of the Ark, as described in Genesis. The fact that they had apparently not been introduced to Christianity, or the other two monotheistic religions of the Old World, called into question other aspects of the Bible narrative and of Christian doctrine. Moreover, some of the newly discovered people, while physically human, had apparently no equivalent forms of economic organization, political authority or religion. They were nomads, gatherers, hunters, fishers, or were at best herdsmen or simple cultivators of the soil. They lived in small, often temporary villages and had few domesticated animals. They did not possess iron tools. They had no formal religions equivalent to the monotheistic religions of the Old World. To Europeans, their social life seemed to lack rules and conventions for regulating sexual intercourse and family relationships. Those who lived in the more sophisticated urban societies and state structures of the greatempires were viewed as being not much more advanced technologically and culturally than the "savages" and were frequently referred to as "barbarians" to distinguish them from the "savages". These European impressions and observations were recorded in a vast historical, juridical, religious and philosophical literature. Its rapid growth accompanied the process of European expansion in the New World, providing the educated European public with an opportunity to familiarize itself with phenomena from the other side of the Atlantic. At least three major problems emerged during these discoveries. They related to the origins and nature, the history, and the future of the Native American peoples. Debates about the origins and nature of the Amerindians gave rise to a variety of competing explanations over the subsequent centuries. According to a biblical, monogenetic view of mankind, they were the descendants of Adam, according to which view they had survived the biblical flood by migrating to land that was not submerged. Another polygenetic view held that they were the product of an act, or acts, of creation separate to the one described in Genesis, with God creating different human beings according to the differing geomorphology of the various regions of the world. Diffusionism and evolutionism were two further theories deviating from traditional Christian doctrine which were proposed to account for the existence and origins of the Native Americans. Connected with the above considerations was the problem of social forms and of history. European culture gradually developed a tendency to analyse different cultures and social organizations, which later developed into the disciplines of ethnography, anthropology and historical sociology. The first important contributions in this field came not from secular, but from religious authors – the missionaries. Missionaries devoted themselves to the task of understanding new cultures. In their endeavours, they linked the debate about civilization to the issue of evangelization. It is therefore no surprise that some of the most acute analyses of Amerindian societies often came from men of the church, such as the Jesuit José de Acosta (1539–1600).6 Acosta moved in the direction of mature socio-anthropological thought, dispensing with the simplistic stereotypes of the "good" or "noble savage", and the "bad" or "ignoble savage". Exploring concepts of "barbarism" and "savagery" more deeply, he reached a new understanding of how natural, educational and environmental factors affect the political life and historical development of human communities. His discussion of the difficulties of evangelizing among people with a radically different culture and language are noticeably more modern than previous writings on the issue of evangelization. What is particularly relevant about Acosta's analysis is the link between ethnology and history which he established in his analysis of barbarism. Acosta's comparative ethnology identified several varieties of barbarians and homines sylvestres feris similes ("men of the woods akin to wild beasts") distinguishable by varying forms – or just the absence of – recognizable verbal communication, political organization and religious observance. But his ethnological descriptions also offered a clue to history. He held that all races of men, before being fully civilized, had undergone an historical development through three successive levels of barbarism. In other words, the present state of the American peoples represented the primitive state of mankind. Were the Indians capable of rising to higher levels of organization? Acosta's Christian providentialism held no place for any hopeless confinement in savagery. But the Indians could improve only under the guidance of the politically and religiously superior Europeans. Acosta also showed how orthodox Christian diffusionism could be reconciled with history by applying the theory that migration and the persistence of nomadic conditions were unfavourable to civilization. Defining the Native Americans as the offspring of Japhet, Acosta suggested that they had probably migrated to the Americas via an as yet unknown passage in northeast Asia. The Native Americans had thus migrated further than all other peoples in the aftermath of the biblical flood, losing more of the culture they had previously possessed in the process, and having no opportunity to regain that culture in the absence of cities and sedentary agriculture, which Acosta, in common with other Europeans, considered to be essential prerequisites of civilized society. In this way, Acosta's explanation of the Amerindians was entirely consistent with the theory of the "fall of natural man", which defined the intellectual encounter of early modern Europe with Amerindians.7 Acosta's work is thus an example of how the intellectual debate prompted by observation of Amerindian societies led to the emergence of ethnography and a better understanding of the history of human society. The development of historical sociology was one of the most enduring intellectual consequences of Europe's encounter with "savage" societies. Acosta's work had a lasting influence, particularly on the Jesuit Joseph-François Lafitau (1681–1746), whose writings on American savagery8 helped to progress ethnological theory, particularly by highlighting the importance of the symbolic dimension of all cultural systems and by drawing parallels between contemporary "savage" societies and the history of European peoples. Particularly interesting was the idea that in America the Europeans had moved not only in space, but also in time, encountering their own past. John Locke's (1632–1704) well-known statement that "In the beginning all the world was America" became one of the most enduring expressions of the intellectual conceptualization of the encounter. Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle (1657–1757) elaborated on this idea by comparing myths, fables and oracles that he identified as the constituents of a primitive mentality common to all people in the early stages of development.9 David Hume (1711–1776) and Charles de Brosses (1709–1777) reflected on how forms of religious worship had evolved from fetishism and idolatry, to monotheism and rational deism. These musings supported the idea that the Amerindians' were inferior, an idea that became particularly prevalent in the 18th century with the French naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707–1788), the Dutch philosopher Cornelius de Pauw (1739–1799), William Robertson and the French writer Guillaume Thomas Raynal (1711–1796). Alongside the development of more sophisticated, relativistic theories of "savagery" which stressed the role of environment, education and opportunities, the stereotypes of the "good" or "noble savage", and the "bad" or "ignoble savage" (which were not necessarily considered mutually exclusive) persisted in Western thought. The idea of the "noble savage" contributed to the development of primitivistic attitudes which exalted the simple, natural life, unspoiled by civilized society. According to this view, the "savage" societies were societies of uncorrupted virtue, love of liberty and pure, authentic customs. History of the American Indians (1775) 10 provided a sympathetic depiction of the Indian tribes of the Upcountry South, which the author perceived of as members, "freemen and equals", of a new American society. The positive stereotype of the virtuous and natural "other" also implied criticism of European civilization as corrupt and immoral. Two of the most notable examples of this use of the "noble savage" stereotype were Baron de Lahontan Louis Armand's (1666–1716) description11 of the North American Indians he visited in the late 17th century, and, on a more refined philosophical level, Jean-Jacques Rousseau's (1712–1778) Discours sur l'inégalité12. Thematizing the ills of European society through the device of wise, honest and perceptive Mohawks, Hurons, Hottentots, Tahitians and even Incas, Mexicans, Persians and Chinese was common in literary writings, as well as in painting and stage productions. The negative stereotype of the "ignoble savage" was a predictable result of persistent conflicts between aggressively expanding white settlements in North and South America, and in Australia, New Zealand and Africa, and the hunting or pastoral societies of nomadic aborigines, who were considered an obstacle to progress and civilization. Competition for the control of land and natural resources fuelled the antipathy which helped to perpetuate the stereotype of the "ignoble savage". But the stereotype was also supported by writings which purported to be more scientific. In his influential Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière13, the French naturalist Buffon sought to draw a connection between the physical and social condition of the American "savage" and the supposed "newness" of the American continent and of its natural history, the supposed "feebleness" of its flora and fauna, and the "infancy" of its human beings and its backward social development as a result of the continents being populated so late. The stereotype of the "bad" or "ignoble savage" continued to influence perceptions of the Americas in 18th and 19th century Europe.14 The "ignoble savage" also played a prominent role in 18th-century European historical and sociological thought which sought to construct a theory of civilization and historical progress, as well as a hierarchy of human societies on the basis of "progress". The Scottish four-stage theory was the most notable example of this. This hierarchical thinking completely rejected the notion that the desirable ends of life could be attained by means other than the property ownership, exchange, money, trade, and consumption of goods which "civilized society", the protection of "civil jurisprudence", and the ideological basis of Christianity provided. It was argued that societies which had passed through all the historical stages of development, culminating in a capitalist, urban civilization, clearly possessed a material and intellectual superiority to those that had not. Undeveloped societies could not progress by themselves, but only under the benevolent guidance of more advanced societies. Progress was defined as a linear historical path with "civilization" as the end goal. The happiness of humans – a secular version of salvation – or the fulfilment of the providential or historical destiny of a people, were seen as being dependent on the accomplishment of "civilized" ways of life. Regular encounters between what were considered to be less-developed and more-developed societies appeared to support this concept of a hierarchy of civilizational development. While European Enlightenment thought also contained scepticism towards the idea of European society as the pinnacle of human development, it ultimately paved the way for positivistic and evolutionist theories in the 19th century. Encounters with non-Europeans, which had had a strong Eurocentric aspect from the beginning, seemed to confirm the ideas of the Europeans regarding their place in the hierarchy of civilizational development. During the 18th and the 19th centuries, Eurocentric thinking further developed pre-existing ideas of European racial, cultural, scientific and technological superiority. The idea of the "White Man's Burden" not only justified the conquest of non-European peoples, but interpreted it as the duty of Europeans to spread their superior culture. From the late 17th century onward, Europe had encountered new populations in two other geographical areas:and the Pacific. After the initial Portuguese involvement on the , European involvement in sub-Saharan Africa was later maintained by the French and, in particular, by the British, who dominated African trade during the 18th century. The interior of Africa remained unknown for a long time and European encounters were confined to the coastal regions. Negative views and generalizations dominated European perceptions. Africa was depicted as a land of despotism and of abject, immutable, and pervasive "savagery" – a subject better befitting natural sciences than history. Two predominant factors influenced this perception. Blackness and the slave trade combined created a negative image of the African peoples in European minds. For Europeans, dark skin was a vivid and immutable symbol of difference and, together with many other physical details, reinforced European notions about the difference, the inferiority, of Africans. From the late 17th century, the origin of dark-coloured skin became the object of intense anatomical, physiological and medical debate, which went beyond previous explanations, such as the "curse on Cain" and climatic factors. The supposed connection between external racial physical traits, and moral and intellectual qualities (as discussed in Buffon and, in more overtly racial terms, in Hume and Edward Long (1734–1813)) was not defined as a direct cause-and-effect relationship until the late 18th century, when the monogenetic unity of mankind and the equality of the human races were fundamentally questioned. While several important travel accounts from the late 17th century offered a more nuanced view of western Africa with its political entities, and ethnic and historical complexities, Europeans continued to consider black Africans in terms of old stereotypes: uncivilized, barbarian, indolent, unreliable, mentally and materially enslaved and lacking any of the virtues – especially religious virtues – required for progress. Slavery apologists went so far as to maintain that Africans were destined to be victims of Arab slave-traders or despotic local rulers, and would thus be better off under European masters. Some voyagers and authors, however, offered more complex – even positive – portrayals of west African societies, such as the French naturalist Michel Adanson (1727–1806), and the Scottish philosophers John Millar (1735–1801) and Lord Henry Kames (1696–1782). Towards the end of the 18th century, a more balanced and informed depiction of Africa began to emerge thanks to abolition campaigners such as Anthony Benezet (1713–1784), as well as explorers such as Mungo Park (1771–1806). Park's exploration of the region in the 1790s produced revelations in geography and, especially, in ethnology. His portrayal of the population of the region as having well-established political structures contradicted the traditional view of this population as uncivilized. In general, writing drew on primitivist examples when describing African peoples, frequently depicting them as innocent victims whom rapacious Europeans had torn from their simple and natural way of life. In other areas which gradually became the object of European observation, such as South Africa, aboriginal populations15 were regarded until well into the 19th century as the most degraded representatives of the human kind, an example of extreme barbarity, and even sub-human. Having been denied a place in the historiography of the Enlightenment and having been ignored by the Hegelian idealist philosophy of history, in the 19th century Africa continued to appear as a land of great contradictions to Europeans. Its interior contained legendary primitive populations such as the Congo Pygmies first encountered by German botanist and ethnologist Georg Schweinfurth (1836–1925) in the early 1870s, while the southern and eastern regions of the revealed highly organized, militarily formidable populations capable of challenging European expansion and even inflicting defeats on weaker European powers, as witnessed by the Italian experience in . This was not, however, enough to fundamentally change prevailing negative stereotypes of Africa as socially and economically backward, and generally inferior. The subsequent development of physical anthropology, with its obsession with the measurement, definition and classification of human races, strengthened the association between exterior appearance, moral qualities and potential for civilization in the minds of Westerners. During the period between the end of the Seven Years War (1763) and the outbreak of the French Revolution, Europeans greatly expanded their knowledge of the Pacific Ocean thanks to navigators and scientists such as George Anson (1697–1762), John Byron (1723–1786), Samuel Wallis (1728–1795) and Philip Carteret (1733–1796), Louis-Antoine de Bougainville (1729–1811), Johann Reinhold Forster (1729–1798) and his son Georg (1754–1794). The three epic voyages of James Cook (1728–1779) between 1768 and 1779, typical scientific expeditions organized by the Royal Society, enormously increased the European knowledge of the Pacific routes and wind patterns, island systems, flora and fauna, and populations. They also paved the way to the British colonization of Australia, which was to become the second largest British settlement colony, and to the discovery of the Terra Australis Incognita. Such encounters brought Europeans into contact with peoples which they believed had experienced little or no external contact before. While historical genetics has since established the migration paths and mixing of populations of the Australian landmass and in the Pacific region, Europeans in the 18th century believed the Pacific Islanders and the Australian Aborigines had lived in complete isolation. The belief that these populations had been isolated from European culture and influences was supported in the minds of the Europeans by their perception of the Pacific Islanders as extremely primitive and barely human other than in their physical appearance. As discussed above, the adoption of European culture was a prerequisite for the attainment of civilization according to prevalent European attitudes. In spite of similarities, attitudes were not identical in the various European countries. French explorers tended towards a sentimental, idealizing interpretation. The British were also enchanted by Tahitian life, but were less inclined to view it as a natural, unspoiled, joyful society. They noted examples of inequality, oppression and strife. While describing and in terms of a paradise, perceptive scholarly voyagers such as Johann Reinhold and Georg Forster could not help dwelling on more substantial problems, such as "the Causes of the Difference in the Races of Men in the South Seas, their Origin and Migration"16 and pondering the possible consequences of European intrusion. Subsequent encounters with the less hospitable Maori populations in New Zealand and the Australian Aborigines appeared to confirm the Europeans' initial ambivalence towards the native populations they were encountering for the first time. The killing of James Cook in 1779 during his third voyage served to reinforce misgivings further. Encounters with peoples of the Pacific Ocean and particularly with the Tahitian natives had an important impact on the European imagination,17 as did direct contact with Tahitians such as Aoutourou and Omai (ca. 1753–1780), who were brought to Europe by Bougainville and Cook respectively. In , the reaction was influenced by primitivism and the revival of the "noble savage" stereotype, as witnessed by Denis Diderot's (1713–1784) Supplement au voyage de Bougainville18. In , a more scientific and practical attitude prevailed, as exemplified by Johann Reinhold and Georg Forster's travel account19. Scottish philosophers of history incorporated the peoples of the Pacific into their ongoing discussions of the stages in the evolution of societies and of the relationships between environment and progress. The newly encountered peoples of the Pacific were viewed as living proof of the superiority of Western civilization, though what was perceived as their benign innocence also elicited many sympathetic relativistic comparisons. The South Seas explorations of the late 18th century thus contributed to European philosophical debates as well as preparing the way for trade, missionary activity and colonization in the region. The voyages also added new examples and new varieties to the catalogue of "savage" peoples. Other civilizations, other histories Europe's relationship with the rest of thecontinent was defined by a different dynamic. The discoveries were no less important from a European perspective, but encounters there – which were the starting point of longstanding relationships – were primarily with populous, highly advanced, powerful countries. Furthermore, these encounters were influenced to a greater extent by European knowledge and attitudes which had developed over centuries. European knowledge of southern and eastern Asia had been garnered from encounters beginning with Alexander the Great (356–323 BC), and continuing with the Roman Empire and the travels of medieval merchants and missionaries. Attitudes to the were also shaped by a travel literature which owed a good deal to legend and myth. In 15th-century Europe, the existence of ancient and powerful civilizations in Asia was broadly accepted, though dependable knowledge about them was scarce. Naval exploration from the late 15th century brought Europe into increasingly close contact with the , as first the Dutch – then the French, the English and other nations – became involved in a region which to European eyes was vast and complex. Trade and religion were the primary concerns of the Europeans from the start and coloured their initial impressions. From the voyage of onward, Europeans learned about the vast geographical spread of the Islamic religion, which Christian Europe was committed to containing, and the powerful civilizations which the Islamic world contained. Secondly, they discovered how closely interconnected the Asian economy was, stretching from China and Indonesia to eastern Africa, the and the up to northern and the Mediterranean coast of . Thirdly, they discovered how impenetrable China was, and Japan also –after a promising start. It proved very difficult to gain access to China's domestic market and China's centre of political power remained remote and inaccessible. It was also very difficult to break into the highly structured maritime trade linking India to southern China, the , Japan and . While the Portuguese had more success than others in establishing themselves as a maritime power in Asia, the experiences of the first three centuries of renewed contact with Asia taught Europeans that Asian civilizations were perfectly capable of rivalling the Western newcomers. In Safawid , Mughal India, and especially in Qing China, the degree of political and administrative organization, the economic resources, population sizes, architecture and urban centres, as well as the technological and manufacturing skills, and cultural and artistic refinement were on a par with – or surpassed – anything in Europe. The European encounter with the Orient during the early modern era was mainly the work of individuals or small groups. Europeans – lay and clerical – residing in Asia numbered in the hundreds, rather than thousands. Until the late 18th century, Dutch and Spanish were the only large colonial towns with a consistent European population. Sojourns in Asia were normally comparatively short due to health difficulties caused by the climate and tropical diseases. Before the 19th century, direct, intensive contact at the local level was rare. This also applied to European governors, diplomats and officials, who regulated European trade and financial activity in the region. Representatives of European trading companies cooperated in their daily activities with local banyans (Hindu trader), merchants, bankers, interpreters and domestic servants. Co-habitation and intermarriage was less common, except in Dutch Batavia, where it was encouraged from quite early on. Examples of Anglo-Indian intermarriage and social relations only began to emerge from the late 18th century onwards. Official representatives of the East India Company and members of their staffs in towns across India began to socialize with, and even marry, Hindu or Muslim bibi (name for a lady in Urdu and Persian) or courtesans and mistresses, adopting Indian customs as a result. The phenomenon of the "white Mughals" represented a "succession of unexpected and unplanned minglings of peoples and cultures and ideas".20 In the early decades of the 19th century, a new racist attitude erected a barrier between the British and their Indian subjects. Until the late 18th century, then, the European encounter with the Orient was not – with the partial exception of Dutch Indonesian possessions – characterized by large-scale white settlement, territorial acquisitions and political control; and subsequent European involvement in the region involved these phenomena to a considerably lesser degree than elsewhere in the world. Trade in Asian goods and fabrics had a profound effect on the economic, political, diplomatic and social spheres in Europe. European consumption patterns and social habits were increasingly shaped by new products coming over from Asia, which came into vogue: spices, tea, tulips, fine printed muslins and calicoes, silk garments and accessories such as pyjamas, shawls or fans, wallpaper, furniture in exotic and lacquered woods, fine blue porcelains, Oriental gardening, later opium. These expensive luxury goods especially adorned aristocrats but also the bourgeois upstart and became status symbols. The European balance of trade was deeply affected by this growth in import from Asia. European trading companies therefore strove to develop new finance systems for their so-called "investment" in exports from their factories in Asia. In order to establish favourable trading conditions European governments tended to engage in more permanent relationships with Asian states and to actively interfere with their internal affairs. The effect on Asian economies and societies was no less profound. From the 16th century and to a greater degree from the late 18th century onward, an increasing volume of images, narrated accounts, and literature of various kinds disseminated information about, and impressions of, the Far East throughout Europe. These had a considerable effect on European culture and, in particular, on European and Western concepts of the Orient.21 While European culture possessed concepts and representations of Asia from the time of Herodotus and Aristotle (384–322 BC), this "knowledge" was limited in scope and referred to a little portion of Asia. The travels of the brothers Niccolò (fl. 1252–1294) and Maffeo Polo (fl. 1252–1309), father and uncle of , and the catholic missionaries sent to the Great Khan's court expanded this knowledge a little. But the lack of regular contact and the scarcity of accurate information meant that European concepts of Asia owed more to legend than fact and, on the eve of da Gama's voyage to India, Asia was still a largely unknown part of the world to Europeans. Up to that point, the continuing influence of ancient Greek sources meant that the predominant concept of Asia was of ancient, refined and wealthy civilizations, dominated by centralized imperial monarchies with despotic forms of government. Subsequent encounters with the Islamic world in the form of the menacing Ottoman Empire reinforced this view of Asian "otherness" and "strangeness" and added religious overtones to it. Asia was perceived as a more or less undifferentiated land mass where, for mainly climatic and environmental reasons, political despotism, slavery and heretical and idolatrous religions dominated immutable societies. The perceived high degree of refinement of Asian societies meant that Europeans viewed Asian societies as being on a par civilizationally. However, the impression of profound "otherness" persisted and was reinforced by religious and cultural differences, as well as linguistic barriers to communication. Difficulties in promoting European economic interests and the spread of Christianity in various parts of Asia accentuated negative perceptions of those areas. The representation of the Moghul and the Chinese empires as despotic persisted in European thought and was strengthened by influential travel accounts like those by Thomas Roe (ca. 1581–1644), François Bernier (1620–1688) and Jean Chardin (1643–1713) and by the writings of political theorists such as Montesquieu (1689–1755). These authors depicted the various political entities between the Sublime Porte at and the Qing court in as being of a kind and characterized by despotic and arbitrary rule. However, countervailing interpretations did exist. A trend in 18th century thought offered an alternative interpretation of the Orient. Prominent Enlightenment intellectuals such as Voltaire (1694–1778) attempted to challenge prevailing negative views of Asia. Scholars of Asian history and law, such as Abraham-Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron (1731–1805), disproved the perception of the lack of written laws, private property, dependable justice and regular administration of public affairs in the Orient. However, these common prejudices continued to affect how most Westerners evaluated the position of the Asian countries on their scale of civilizational development. Thus, two contrasting attitudes emerged. One was distinctly Eurocentric and identified the causes of Oriental "otherness" in negative terms. The other identified the Orient as a positive alternative model, not just different to, but in many ways better than, contemporary Europe. During the late 18th century, the most common Europe perception of Asia was that of an "immobile" society. What had previously frequently been interpreted in a positive way as stability was now interpreted as an incapacity on the part of Asian societies to improve and progress in the same Europe was progressing. At the same time, it was acknowledged that many Asian countries had nonetheless achieved much in the past, with their high-level manufacturing, and technological and artistic traditions. An established school of thought in France, Great Britain, andmaintained that Asia was the cradle of civilization, from which science, philosophy and religious doctrines had been transferred to the West. At the same time, Europeans believed that contemporary Asia was stagnant, and the economic and technological gap between Europe and Asia was widening, particularly in the case of those countries that refused to open their markets. New expressions entered the language of economics and general discourse, such as "stationary state"22, which was frequently applied to contemporary China. One attempt to explain this supposed immobility discussed environmental and cultural causes. It was argued that, in the case of the Islamic countries and Confucian China, the combination of climate and religious beliefs had resulted in indolence, idleness and lack of initiative. However, the role of the physical environment was not considered to be of primary importance. The perceived link between immobility, the absence of civil and political liberties, and the consequent lack of individual security in the case of contemporary Asian societies only confirmed European beliefs about the link between freedom, progress and civilization, as exemplified by contemporary Europe. This form of Sinophobia became the prevalent attitude towards China in the late 18th century and vastly outweighed the Sinomania which had caused the "crisis of the European mind"23 and the element of Enlightenment culture and thought which had a respect for well-administered monarchical government and nobility based on merit, as well as for the promotion of agriculture, of moral teachings as the basis of social intercourse, and of tolerance in religious matters. Appreciation of Chinese civilization was often motivated by Christian scepticism. Chinese historical traditions based on recorded astronomical observations suggested a chronology of historical time that was incompatible with the bible and thus handed a powerful weapon to those in Europe who believed that the world was much older than the Judaic scriptures suggest. Scepticism towards the Christian, and particularly the Catholic, view of world history, and advocacy of natural religion and of tolerance contributed to Sinomania. Sinomania was not only an intellectual trend; it manifested itself – perhaps more enduringly – in artistic tastes and material goods. The shift from Sinomania to Sinophobia was a change in intellectual attitudes, rather than a change in tastes in consumer goods. Two circumstances, in particular, contributed to this change. The Society of Jesus was discredited by controversy and ultimately suppressed in 1773. As a result, the sympathetic attitude towards China and Chinese culture which had informed the writings of many Jesuit missionaries active in China decreased in influence. Prior to the suppression of the order, the Jesuits had originated a considerable volume of translations and original literature about Chinese civilization, which was aimed at accentuating the image of China as a powerful empire, thereby underlying the importance of their missionary activities there. Together with the work of French academics like Nicolas Fréret (1688–1749) and Joseph de Guignes (1721–1800), the Jesuits' study of the Chinese language and their collections of Chinese texts formed the basis of modern sinology in the West. The second circumstance promoting Sinophobia was the growing impatience of Great Britain and other European powers with the Chinese authorities' restrictions on European trade. British expansion and supremacy in India meant that the Chinese market could not remain closed and Britain and other European powers adopted a more forceful approach on the issue. This growing impatience and antipathy towards China manifested itself more generally in European culture. Influential commentators such as Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803), Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831), Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886), Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859) and John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) dispensed with sympathy for China and advocated a more forceful approach, such as the "gunboat diplomacy" of the 1830s and 1840s. In the meantime, the British defeat of the French in 1763 led to the start of direct British rule in north-eastern India, and to a more intensive study of, and interest in, India's past and present. In order to be able to contribute to the debate on how India should be governed and to comment, as Edmund Burke did, on the misgovernment of the first decades of British administration, a more detailed knowledge of the country was necessary. India's past, Hindu civilization and religion, its ancient Muslim traditions, and its more recent history begun to be studied by the first generation of Sanskritists and scholars of Islamic law and culture, headed by William Jones (1746–1794). Before becoming a pejorative term in the post-colonial era, "Orientalism" – an expression which came into use in the early 19th century – denoted the discovery of Oriental cultures by European academic (and religious) scholarship in the second half of the 17th century, and also the vogue for Oriental styles and subjects in European art and in European culture generally which began in the early 19th century. The latter phenomenon was doubtlessly responsible for distorted representations of Oriental culture and society, which was often reduced to stereotypes of a fabulous, exotic, mysterious and sensual Orient. The contribution of the first wave of erudite Orientalism to subsequent scholarship should not, however, be underestimated. Among the scholars, travellers, and missionaries who participated in this first wave of Orientalism were Anquetil-Duperron, the French discoverer of the Avestic religion, translator (in 1772) of the Zend-Avesta and critic of the theory of "Oriental despotism" (in his Législation orientale of 1778); Joseph de Guignes, who did ground-breaking work on the ancient history of China and Central Asia; the British Orientalist Charles Wilkins (1749–1836), who first translated the Bhagavad-Gita24; and William Jones, the scholar of Hindu mythology, Vedic religion and ancient Hindu and Muslim law who translated the classical play Sakuntala25 from Sanskrit and was the first to propose a common Asiatic source for many European languages.26 Among the most significant contributions of this scholarship was the discovery of Oriental – mainly Islamic and Hindu – written legal traditions and . Ancient legal codes, collections of sentences, edicts and ordinances were translated; institutional forms and administrative practices were studied. Agrarian relationships, land ownership patterns, and economic systems were better understood as they came under British rule. The realization that many Asiatic societies possessed a regular administration of justice, protection of property rights, contracts and individual rights helped to undermine the Western prejudice of "Oriental despotism". The concept that modern Europeans, Asians, Africans and native Americans had a common Asiatic origin, as suggested by comparative linguistics, provided some with welcome evidence supporting the biblical narrative of creation. Orientalism and Christianity were thus by no means contradictory. Sylvestre de Sacy (1758–1838), Friederich Schlegel (1772–1829), Henry Thomas Colebrooke (1765–1837), Max Müller (1823–1900) and others continued scholarly research of the Orient in the 19th century. The discovery of Hinduism, Buddhism and the literary, religious and mythological Sanskrit traditions, as well as India's history, art and architecture, which resulted from British presence in India, continued to inspire enthusiasm and admiration among many Europeans throughout the 19th century. While many aspects of "Orientalism" are inextricably linked to British imperialism, it is nonetheless possible to discern a genuine scholarly Orientalist tradition, which cannot be dismissed as merely providing a justification for the imperialist and capitalist exploitation of Asia or as being coloured by power relationships. It should also be noted that many Asian cultures underwent something of a rejuvenation or renaissance, as witnessed by the so-called Bengal renaissance of Rajah Ram Mohan Roy (1775–1833) and Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941) and similar movements elsewhere, which sought to reconcile Asian tradition and Western modernizing influences. Close encounters of a third kind A distinct aspect of European discoveries and encounters with "otherness" is the transportation of non-Europeans to Europe and the West. The presence of non-Europeans in Europe and the West in the early modern period is a broad and varied subject. It is possible to categorize these non-Europeans in a number of ways: Did they come voluntarily or were they brought by force (like, for example, bondservants)? Did they move permanently (like, for example, prisoners of war) or temporarily? Did they travel to the West in a large group (like colonial slaves) or small group? Flows of migrants are an example of voluntary, large-scale and (usually) permanent movements of people. These flows were predominantly from Europe to elsewhere in the world for a long period, though this trend was reversed in the second half of the 20th century. However, non-Europeans previously came to Europe as trainee interpreters, diplomatic envoys and religious converts. The often short-term sojourn of these native Americans, Asians and Africans played a considerable role in the formation of European images and concepts of the "other". From the very beginning of European exploration and expansion overseas, there was a widespread practice of seizing individuals, families, or groups belonging to "exotic" ethnic groups and transporting them to Europe. They were captured and transported to be trained as interpreters (the problem of linguistic communication was immediately recognized as crucial27); to act as sources of information for officials, navigators and colonial entrepreneurs; and to receive a religious education, though these activities were frequently combined with temporary periods of servitude. However, non-Europeans were often abducted merely as living samples of "otherness" and, conversely, as embodiments of European superiority and supremacy. These people were frequently exhibited in "ceremonies of possession".28 In fact, whatever the primary reason for their capture and transportation to Europe was, very many non-Europeans participated in public displays of various kinds, in which they featured as examples of human "otherness". This phenomenon has received increasing attention recently, particularly with regard to 19th century Europe and the United States, when such human exhibitions acquired a systematic, commercial and even scientific character. For many Europeans, these encounters were the only possibility of seeing representatives of non-European groups in the flesh. However, the purposes and contexts of these abductions and encounters, as well as their effect on European perceptions of "otherness" varied from the 15th to the 20th centuries. It must also be noted that the practice of abducting members of other ethnic groups is by no means a purely European phenomenon. It was common among very many non-European people and, indeed, was in some cases a two-way process where Europeans and non-Europeans came into contact and conflict.29 The forcible transportation of people from their places of origin to far-away places may have been an intrinsic aspect of the process of European discovery and expansion30, but it was not an exclusively European phenomenon. Recent research has provided much information about this phenomenon in early modern Britain and 19th and 20th century France, Britain and the 31 It has been calculated that in the two and half centuries before the American Revolution, 175 American natives had been transported or had travelled to Britain as envoys or captives.32 While not all of these people were transported for exhibition purposes, the idea of exhibiting them was never very far away, even when the primary role of the non-Europeans was that of informers, apprentice interpreters, future guides and intermediaries, or guinea pigs for Europeanization experiments. There are even cases of North American Indians being transported to 17th and 18th century France and Britain with the purpose of dazzling them with the splendour of the respective royal court and the military power of the respective realm, in order to gain their allegiance and loyalty in colonial conflicts.. An instructive connection can be made between these captives in early modern and modern Europe and the ceremonial practices of the ancient world, in particular the Roman "triumph". With its ritual public exhibition of the defeated barbarians, particularly chiefs, kings, generals and nobles, the triumph can be considered an antecedent and a source of inspiration for later exotic exhibitions.33 A primary purpose was to exhibit captives as tangible evidence of victory, as the "physical realization of empire and imperialism".34 One important difference between ancient triumphs and modern exhibitions was that modern exhibitions were not always war captives. Native Americans defeated in conflict were indeed captured and dispatched as slaves to Europe from the first phase of discovery. There are examples of North American Indian prisoners being taken as war trophies to England, and being subjected to the same treatment as Turkish prisoners displayed in parades in Italian and other European cities in the 16th century. But captives – there are also some examples of Native Americans travelling by consent – were also brought to Europe not as prisoners of war, but rather as curiosities. Interest in these exotic people was partly an extension of the Renaissance impulse to catalogue, and thereby tame, the natural world, but the freak show or "cultural spectacles of the extraordinary body"35 also provided the symbolic context of their reception.36 From the early 16th century, individuals, families and small groups of exotic people – Inuits, North American Indians, Lapps, Brazilians, etc. – had been brought to Europe and displayed or employed in either public or private ceremonies.37 The vivid impression which encounters with exotic peoples left on Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592), whose reflections on cannibalism and on barbarism may have been inspired by his encounter with a Tupi tribesman, who probably came to France with a contingent of Brazilian Indians employed in the Royal Entry of in in 1550, may not be typical of their effect on the European public generally. However, the regular appearance of such "others" in European cities could not but have an effect on the common people's views on human diversity, though this is difficult to quantify. Exhibitions occurred at first almost exclusively during public ceremonies, at princely courts or in aristocratic mansions. Later on, they took place in marketplaces, taverns, coffee houses, theatres, showrooms and exhibitions halls, and at national and international industrial or colonial exhibitions, and subsequently became an aspect of the entertainment industry in the 19th and 20th centuries. Engraved portraits, printed descriptions and subsequently also photographs of these presentations circulated widely, purporting to convey the physical appearance, clothes, artefacts, weapons and tools of these exotic "others". From the late 18th century, as European dominance of the non-European world increased further, representatives of a much more diverse range of ethnic groups began to arrive in Europe and the West as part of a more systematic commercial exploitation of the interest in them. Not only Native Americans, but also Africans and Asians, began to be transported to Europe to adorn the temporary European museums of mankind. At the height of this vogue in the second half of the 19th century, they were taken on extensive tours, often lasting several months and visiting several countries. Purporting to show living "others" in their "native" dress, re-enacting their customary ways of life in reconstructions of their "natural" environment, these "human zoos" with their "black villages" were not only a form of entertainment, but a public enactment of the perceived superiority of the white race as reflected in the backwardness of "savages". Notwithstanding the occasional protests of humanitarian, religious or political associations, French anthropologists and ethnologists in 19th century established the practice of studying living people as though they were insouciant beings, photographing, measuring and classifying them by physical traits. "Scientific" and "popular" racism both contributed to the objectification of non-Europeans in exhibitions and "human zoos". From the late 15th century, when the first "savages" were transported to Europe, to the first decades of the 20th century, when exotic people were a regular feature in colonial and imperial exhibitions, many aspects of this phenomenon changed. The triumphal parades of Columbus and Hernán Cortés (1485–1547) through , or were echoed by the contingents of colonial troops taking part in European military parades into the 20th century. In the meantime, however, an industry had come into being to exploit European interest in "savage" and exotic humans. Capitalist entrepreneurs like the German wild animal importer Carl Hagenbeck (1844–1913) and the American impresario Phyneas T. Barnum (1810–1891) transformed ancient practices of freak or alien exhibition into a large-scale commercial entertainment industry in the age of leisure, mass entertainment and consumerism. Ethnic shows were much more diverse and their audiences considerably larger. The phenomenon of the "professional savages" eventually emerged with members of ethnic groups entering contractual or quasi-contractual agreements to appear as warriors, hunters, horsemen and dancers in ethnic shows. What did not to change, however, was the core ideological message conveyed by such spectacles: non-European people were depicted as inferior, as mere objects for the entertainment of Europeans. These ethnic exhibitions afforded the opportunity to a Western mass audience to personally encounter human "otherness" and to realize how remote it was from European civilization. The sense of dislocation, as well as cruel and degrading treatment, meant that the lot of the human exhibits was frequently a miserable one. Even after death, many were denied the dignity of being treated like human beings, as their corpses were handed over to comparative anatomists and others for further study and display.

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Recreational Park Scientific Land in Kaliska nearby Kartuzy The recreation and science park is located in the village of Kaliska, about 2 km from Kartuzy. In the open space, in the immediate vicinity of the forest and playground for children, there is a recreation complex combining elements of learning through play. The complex is equipped with interactive devices presenting the laws of physics in the domain of gravity, acoustics and mechanics. Educational devices in the park: - Acoustic telegraph - used to receive and transmit sound waves in a specific direction - Newton's cradle - illustrating the transfer of energy - A Cartesian diver - demonstrating the principles of swimming and drowning - Water prism - demonstrating the phenomenon of white light fission in different colours - Two mirrors - demonstrating the phenomenon of multiple reflection of light from two flat mirrors - Large balance platform - demonstrating the principles of maintaining balance - Newton disc - demonstrate that white light is actually the compound of the primary colours. - A hydraulic weighing scale - device demonstrating how the increasing pressure corresponds to hydrostatic force - The whirlpool - presenting how the water vortex is formed - Lissajous Figures - illustrating another position of the body in a vibrating motion resulting in a wave - Linear balancing - showing the principles of balance

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If you’re new to succulents, you might wonder how big these plants can get. The answer depends on the particular type of succulent you have. Some stay relatively small, while others can grow to be quite large. So let’s take a closer look at factors that can help explain how big do succulents get. Short Answer: How Big Do Succulents Get? Succulents vary significantly in size, with most indoor varieties growing up to 6 inches tall due to limited light exposure. More natural sunlight can promote growth, enhancing photosynthesis and energy production. Consider your succulent’s specific size range and light requirements to encourage optimal growth. How often and how much water can impact your plant’s size. For example, they’ll stretch and become leggy if you water them too often. On the other hand, if not watered enough, they’ll shrink and get dehydrated. For this reason, it’s crucial to find a happy medium when watering them. Stick to a schedule that works for your plants, and don’t be afraid to experiment a little bit to find what works best. How To Water Succulent Plants Only water them when the soil is dry. Overwatering succulent is a recipe for disaster, so only give them water when the soil is no longer moist to the touch. Use a watering can with a small spout. A watering can with a small spout is ideal for watering these plants. This will help you avoid accidentally overwatering and keep the water from flowing directly onto the leaves of your plants. Water them early in the morning for the best results. This is the best way to avoid leaf scorch, which can happen when water droplets sit on the leaves for too long, and the sun’s heat magnifies them. Alternatively, you can water them in the evening. Use lukewarm water. Cold water can shock succulents and cause them to wilt. The Type of Pot You Use The pot you use for your succulents will also affect their size. If you use a small pot, the roots of your plants will be restricted, and they’ll stay small. If you use a bigger pot, the roots will have more room to grow, and your plants will be able to reach their full-size potential. How To Choose the Right Pot Use a pot with drainage holes. The holes allow excess water to properly drain and help to prevent your plants from getting waterlogged. Choose a pot that’s the right size. As already mentioned, the size of the pot will affect the size of your succulents. If you want your plants to stay small, choose a small pot. Choose a larger one if you want them to grow bigger. Use a pot that’s made of breathable material such as terracotta or ceramic. This will help the roots of your plants to stay healthy. Light is another important factor that affects the size of your succulents. The problem is that most people don’t give their plants enough light. If you want your succulents to stay small, they’ll need to be in a shady spot. If you want them to grow larger, they’ll need more light. Tips For Giving Your Succulents Enough Light Place your succulent plants in a spot where they’ll get at least 6 hours of sunlight per day. Aim for your plants to get at least 6 hours of sunlight daily. They will stretch and look leggy if they’re not getting enough light. Homeowners in hot climates should put them somewhere they’ll get afternoon shade, helping to prevent the leaves from scorching in the sunlight. You could move other leafy plants in pots in front of the succulents to help shade them. If you’re in a cold climate, place them near a south-facing window. This will give the plant the most amount of light possible. If you can’t provide enough natural light, use artificial lighting. You can buy special grow lights designed for plants. Another critical factor that affects the size of your succulents is the temperature of your room. If it’s too hot, your plants are going to wilt. If it’s too cold, it will cause your plants to go into dormancy. How To Keep the Temperature Correct For hot climates, place your plants in a spot where the temperature is cooler. This could be near a window or in a room that doesn’t get direct sunlight. If you live in a cold climate, place your plants where the temperature is warmer. This could be near a heater or in a room with direct sunlight. It’s crucial to maintain a consistent temperature for your plants. Sudden temperature changes can shock or even kill them. Check the temperature of your room regularly. This will help you to catch any sudden changes that could harm your plants. The type of soil you’re using can also affect the size of your succulents. For example, if you’re using a potting mix that’s lacking in nutrients, it will cause your plants to stay small. Conversely, using a potting mix too rich in nutrients will cause your plants to grow too quickly and look leggy. So, more isn’t always better! Tips For Choosing the Right Soil It’s essential to use a potting mix that drains well. This will help prevent your plants from getting too much water. Add some perlite or sand to your potting mix. This will help improve drainage. Use a potting mix that’s specifically designed for succulents. These mixes usually contain a mixture of perlite, sand, and other ingredients that help improve drainage. Don’t use garden soil. It’s too dense and doesn’t drain well. This can cause your plants to rot. People often don’t think of succulents as needing fertilizer, but the truth is they do. Using fertilizer will help your succulent grow to its full size. If you don’t use fertilizer, your plants will stay small and probably won’t bloom. Choosing the Right Fertilizer For Your Succulents Use a fertilizer that’s specifically designed for all types of succulents. These fertilizers usually contain a mix of nutrients that are perfect for succulents. Use a fertilizer that has a low nitrogen content. Nitrogen is a nutrient that promotes leaf growth, so using a nitrogen-rich fertilizer causes your plants to produce too many leaves and not enough flowers. Also, look for a fertilizer that has a slow-release formula. Slow-release fertilizers are ideal for succulents. These fertilizers slowly release nutrients over time, which results in healthy plant growth. Don’t over-fertilize your plants. Too much fertilizer can burn them. So, ensure you follow the fertilizer label’s directions and only apply the recommended amount. Pruning Your Plants Pruning your succulents is a great way to promote growth and keep them healthy. For example, when you prune, you’re essentially giving them a haircut. This helps them to focus their energy on growing new leaves and flowers. To Prune Succulents When pruning your plants, it’s essential to use sharp, clean shears. Being sharp helps you make clean cuts and prevents damaging your plants. Prune in the spring to help them to grow new leaves and flowers. Prune the dead leaves and flowers first. When pruning your plants, it’s essential to start with the dead leaves and flowers, so you can avoid damaging the healthy parts of your plant. Prune the tips of the leaves and stems, as they are the parts of your plant that grow the most. Therefore, pruning these parts of your plant will encourage growth. Repotting your succulents is a great way to keep them healthy and promote new growth. You’re giving them a new home when you repot your plants. This helps them focus their energy on growing fresh flowers and leaves. If you don’t repot your plants, they will eventually outgrow their pot and become root-bound. This can cause them to stop growing and even die. Tips For Repotting Your Succulents Use a well-draining potting mix. When repotting them, it’s essential to use a potting mix that drains well. This will help them to avoid becoming root bound. Use a pot slightly larger than the previous one to give your plants room to grow. Repot your plants in the spring. This will help them to grow new leaves and flowers. Don’t water your plants for a few days after repotting them. They need to settle because watering your plants immediately after repotting them can cause the roots to rot. So it’s essential to wait a few days first. Don’t fertilize your plants for a few weeks after repotting them. Fertilizing immediately after repotting can burn the plant’s roots. So it’s important to wait a few weeks before fertilizing them. We hope this helped you answer the question, “how big do succulents get?” As you can see, how you care for your succulent will factor into its size and variety (most range from 5″- 2′ tall). Davin is a jack-of-all-trades but has professional training and experience in various home and garden subjects. He leans on other experts when needed and edits and fact-checks all articles.

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Europe's energy transformation encounters significant challenges The president of Lithuania is unabashed in his optimism about the future of the European Union, despite recent unfavorable developments in the economy and energy sectors. For Gitanas Nauseda, the current energy crisis presents an opportunity to shift away from Russian energy resources. Europe can take advantage of the current energy crisis to reform its energy system. The latest plans of the European Union in the energy field lends credence to Lithuanian politicians’ optimism. As journalist Kate Abnett points out, most European Union countries have already boosted their renewable plans since 2020. According to the think tanks of Ember and the Centre for Research and Clean Air, 17 of the EU's 27 member states have raised their plans to use more renewable energy since 2020. According to the researchers, if the countries' most recent plans come to fruition, 63 percent of the EU's electricity would be produced from renewable sources by 2030, up from 55 percent under their 2019 targets. Recent information from many fronts show that the European Union is far from the aim of energy transformation, notwithstanding the upbeat statements of European leaders and the new energy plans of European governments. The ambitious energy transformation plan of the European Union could be delayed because of the political decisions made by European leaders and practical obstacles. Immediate needs overshadow long-term planning For Phred Dvorak and Anna Hirtenstein, Europe’s energy transformation project will not be implemented immediately for one important reason: Europe's immediate needs overshadow the Union's long-term plans. Many nations have pledged to rely more heavily on fossil fuels because of the conflict in Ukraine. Additionally, a worsening energy crisis, a worldwide heat wave, skyrocketing costs, supply chain bottlenecks, and concerns about an economic slump are threatening to put off longer-term commitments to switching to lower-emission energy sources as well. According to Dvorak and Hirenstein, the situation is especially dire in Europe, where the possibility of serious fuel shortages in winter focuses politicians' attention on urgent issues. Governments and businesses are frantically searching for supply solutions that involve more fossil fuels rather than fewer. Many people have committed to buying liquefied natural gas from the United States, Middle East, and Africa. The latest Enerdata report, which emphasizes that "a high share of fossil fuel in the energy mix is a burden regarding greenhouse gas emissions and in terms of supply security," supports the caution of the two journalists. The EU severely depends on its finite and diminishing resources, with a dependency rate of 95% for oil (very stable) and 85% for gas (+15% over the past ten years). The recent string of crises (Covid-19, the increase in gas and power prices in 2021, and the Ukrainian crisis in 2022) serves as a merciless reminder that long-term climate goals cannot be met without concurrently addressing the concerns of energy affordability and security. The report continues, emphasizing that "the recent crises show the need for the EU to decrease its dependence on fossil fuel imports and among the measures put in place to deal with high energy prices and dependency to Russian oil and gas imports, only a few have a direct positive impact on energy transition. The current natural gas supply uncertainty, which is not expected to disappear soon, let alone any potential future EU action, prompted several nations (like Germany) to drastically speed up the roll-out of additional renewable energy capacity. However, depending on how quickly EU natural gas prices rise, the value of natural gas as a transition fuel in the power mix may be questioned." The practical aspect of the issue Data analysis clarifies a crucial facet of Europe's energy issue. Europe needs natural gas as a temporary fuel to help the continent switch to renewable energy. It is impossible to switch to green energy without significant natural gas reserves. "When people think of the energy transition, they frequently picture wind turbines and solar roofs. When it is dark or cold, the strength of the wind and sun should bring light and warmth. This saves money and safeguards the environment. (But) Germany needs gas, billions of cubic meters a year, to make it happen." stresses Von Morten Friedel, who adds that gas-fired power plants should take over when there is a lull and the sky is cloudy or when a lot of electricity is being used. Shedding light on one of the most critical aspects of the green energy transition project, the author adds: "Only a few months ago, experts were urging Germany to construct ten times as many gas-fired power plants as it now does during the next few years, with an output roughly equal to that of 16 nuclear power plants. Gas has been the true energy transition winner for a very long time. It was planned to serve as a gateway for Germany's transition into a renewable future. According to calculations made by Michael Beckmann, an energy professor at the Technical University of Dresden, the government would need to build four wind turbines in Germany every day for the next ten years to achieve its target. Beckmann queried how the model operates. Where would skilled laborers come from and where would the resources, which are currently in limited supply everywhere in the world, come from? Not to mention the political resistance.” The political obstacles The European Union faces political issues in green energy besides the issue's practical aspects. The president of the European Council has made a public admission that the Union has handled this matter poorly thus far. According to Charles Michel, the European Commission led by Ursula von der Leyen was late in responding to the energy crisis. The Commission has been urged to address this matter by state and government leaders for many months. There was an agreement to ask the Commission to submit specific ideas, but there was disagreement over the type of decision that should be made. These words are summons to the leaders of the state and government, and not a condemnation. There is a perception that the Commission squandered time, which is regrettable, said Michel. Michel's concerns have been validated by the most recent EU signals. The Polish prime minister stated the EU should prioritize other measures over a windfall levy on power producers in a sign of potential disagreements over Brussels' strategy to assist consumers through the energy crisis almost simultaneously with the European official's self-criticism, according to the Financial Times. To help reduce electricity costs, Mateusz Morawiecki recommended suspending the EU carbon trading plan as "a response to Putin, showing him we can rapidly react." Mateusz Morawiecki suggested temporarily halting the EU carbon trading plan to assist down electricity costs as "a response to Putin, showing him we can quick react." The energy transformation goal also causes rifts within member states. The example of Germany, the Union's main economic engine, is typical. In Germany in recent weeks, Economy Minister Robert Habeck (Greens) proposed alternative energy strategies for the winter, while Finance Minister and FDP leader Christian Lindner argued in favor of a real-life extension for the country’s last three nuclear power reactors. Habeck vehemently disagrees with this notion. After Habeck’s veto, all three plants will formally shut down. Christian Geinitz opposes this decision and emphasizes that it would be riskier for Germany to turn off functional, environmentally friendly, and economically viable electrical resources. According to Geinitz, because of Habeck's bad political choice, the German economy and private households are being stressed. *Dr Nikolaos Stelgias was born in Istanbul. He is an independent researcher, writer, historian and journalist. His doctorate is in the field of the modern Turkish political system (Panteion University, 2011). His latest book “The Ailing Turkish Democracy” was published by the Cambridge Scholars Publication in 2020. Dr. Stelgias was a correspondent of the newspaper "Kathimerini (Cyprus edition)" for Turkey and the Turkish Cypriot community from 2009 to 2021. Currently, Dr. Stelgias works at the Cyprus News Agency. Dr. Stelgias publishes in Turkish news articles and analyses on Cyprus and Greece.

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What is the difference between a pediatric dentist and a general dentist? The difference between a general dentist treating children and a pediatric dentist is additional education and specialized training to provide the best clinical care and a positive experience. Pediatric dentists are specifically trained to diagnose, treat and manage conditions specific to children. Is pediatric dentistry a specialty? “Pediatric dentistry is an age-related specialty that provides both primary and comprehensive preventive and therapeutic oral health needs for infants and children during adolescence, including those with special health care needs.” 1 The American Dental Association, the American Academy of General Dentistry, and the … What age does dental insurance end? Eligibility requirements vary by plan, but many dental plans cover adult children up to age 26. What procedures do pediatric dentists do? Common Pediatric Dental Procedures - Stainless Steel Crowns (SSCs) Stainless steel crowns are used to repair back teeth that are too decayed to hold white fillings. - Tooth-colored fillings (composite resin) … - X-rays (X-rays) … - Dental cleaning (prophylaxis) … - Cavities (caries) - Early (interceptive) orthodontic care. - Extractions (tooth removal) At what age should a child have their first dentist appointment? The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) recommends that a child see the dentist at the age of 1 year or within six months of the first tooth breaking through. Baby teeth usually start to grow around the age of about 6 months. Can a 3 year old go to the dentist? Three-year-olds may not feel it is okay to be separated from a parent when undergoing dental surgery, such as filling a cavity. This is because most 3-year-olds are not socially mature enough to divorce their parents. 4 years. Most children should be able to sit in a different room from their parents for exams and treatment procedures. What happens at a 2 year old dentist appt? Your dentist will briefly inspect your child’s mouth for signs of deterioration. They will also examine their bite, jaw alignment, and gums. Depending on your child’s comfort level during the visit, a dental hygienist can brush the teeth briefly. Some children undergo a fluoride preparation. How often should a child see a dentist? As for frequency, most dental professionals – including The Super Dentists – recommend that children visit the dentist at least twice a year. Two annual visits to the dentist ensure that: teeth are correctly aligned. Small problems don’t become serious oral health problems. How long should a child go to a pediatric dentist? In general, pediatric dentists see patients from 0 to 18 years old. Like pediatricians, we specialize in the care of young teeth, and even in high school, your child’s teeth will change. We recommend going to a regular dentist after 18 years of age. How do dentists whiten your teeth? Professional whitening can be done in a dentist’s office in about an hour. The procedure involves applying a tooth whitening gel that contains between 25% and 40% hydrogen peroxide, then directing a special heating lamp on your teeth for three 20-minute intervals, reapplying the gel in between. What age do you stop going to a pediatric doctor? There is no set age to switch from a pediatrician to an adult doctor – it can be when someone feels ready. Most pediatricians no longer see patients between the ages of 18 and 21, so you’ll eventually have to make the switch. Where do pediatric dentists make the most money? While money is important, many people base their career decisions solely on location. That’s why we found that Alaska, North Dakota and Nebraska pediatric dentists pay the highest salaries. Do Pediatric Dentists make more than general dentists? Pediatric dentists are paid a nice premium compared to general dentists. According to ZipRecruiter, the average dentist makes $ 162,000 per year. The same source shows that the average pediatric dentist makes $ 246,000. That is a profit of 50% on an already good salary. Is Dental School Hard? Dental school involves four years of hard work in addition to your undergraduate studies. … Before investing a lot of time and money, make sure that dentist is the right choice. By learning as much as you can about dental education and what a dental career entails, you can make the decision.

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In this article, what is a computer reboot, why reboot it, how to do it, as well as tell about its benefits. Rebooting your computer helps keep it running smoothly. It clears memory, and closes any apps running on your PC. A reboot can also fix peripheral and hardware issues. Reboot is the process of closing and starting a computer or its operating system from the initial boot loading sequence. This process reloads the operating system files and is used to fix many common computer problems, such as slow processing or freezing. What is a computer reboot and why should you reboot? In this section, we will tell you what is computer reboot, for that you should read this paragraph. The term restart/reboot refers to an operating system that closes all programs before a soft reboot. The image shows the “Turn off computer” prompt in Windows XP. There are 2 types of reboots: cold reboot or warm reboot. Which means the power was physically off and then turned back on. It can also be a hot reboot or soft reboot, which means the system restarts without loss of power. If your computer is running slow, then the computer should be rebooted. The biggest advantage of rebooting your computer is that it helps the computer to run smoothly. And also clears RAM memory and also stops the tasks which are running. It is sometimes necessary to reboot after recovering from an error or restarting the drivers or hardware devices. Hence rebooting the computer can help in resolving many issues like internet connectivity issues, slow browser response and software issues. Help is available. In this we will also tell some reasons to reboot. Reasons to reboot: - If your computer is running slow - If the device feels too hot - Fans inside the machine make excessive amounts of noise - after updating software - after any type of installation - In doing all this the computer is rebooted. What is warm and cold reboot? Cold Reboot is where you turn the computer completely off so there is no power to the system. This would be the same result as if you pulled the power cord from the system. This happens when you click Turn off computer and then click Turn off. Warm Reboot is where you restart windows and it goes back into windows. This happens when you click Turn off computer, and then click Restart. Power never goes off on a warm reboot like the cold reboot does. The advantage of Cold reboot is that it releases anything that is stuck in memory. If you are getting error messages or other issues, it might be because something is stuck in memory. When you do a cold reboot, it clears the memory. A warm reboot doesn’t release items stuck in memory. Only a cold reboot does. Different Ways to Reboot on windows: Way 1: Using Ctrl + Alt + Del Regularly alluded to as “Security Keys,” the Ctrl + Alt + Del keys squeezed at the same time to opens a blue regulatory window. From here, you can lock your PC, switch or log out, and restart or shut down your PC. 1. Press the Ctrl + Alt + Del keys. A closure discourse box will show up. The case will appear to be unique relying upon the Windows rendition utilized. 2. Click restart inside the discourse box: - Windows 10 and 8: Click the power symbol on the base right of the screen and press Restart. - Windows 7 and Vista: Click the bolt close to the red power button and snap Restart. - Windows XP: click the Shut Down tab from the menu, then, at that point, click Restart. Way 2: Using Command Prompt Each framework has a Command Prompt, otherwise called a ‘cmd,’ that can work with a reboot. - Open Command Prompt via looking ‘cmd’ inside the hunting tab at the base or squeezing Windows + R keys. From here, the Run box will open. Type cmd and afterward OK. - At the point when the Command Prompt opens, type in one or the other closure/r or closure r and press Enter - Pause while the PC restarts. Note that it restarts because the/r or – r boundary shows restarting. The/s boundary demonstrates closing down. Way 3: Using Shortcut Keys - Click the Windows icon or Start in the bottom left corner. - Locate the Power icon. - Then select restart option. - Wait 5 seconds, then power it back on. - Open the terminal window by right tapping on the work area, then, at that point, click Open Terminal from the menu that shows up. - In a terminal window, type either reboot or sudo system reboot The sudo order advises Linux to run the order as an executive, so you might have to type your secret phrase. The framework will be restarted right away. While the reboot is started, all signed-in clients are told that the framework is going down, and no further logins are permitted. Linux will close all open records, quit running cycles, and restart the framework. Different ways to reboot on mac: 1. Simplest way: Follow these steps to reboot mac: - Go to Apple icon in the upper left corner. - Select Restart from the drop down menu. - Then click the Restart button. - If your computer is completely frozen, hold down the power button on the machine until it turns off. - Wait 5 seconds, then power it back on. 2. Reboot Manually: - Hold down the power button for five seconds or until the PC’s power is off. The screen will go dark and the PC’s fan and power supply will close down. - Stand by somewhere around 30 seconds. This will forestall the power supply, motherboard, and other basic equipment from supporting harm from turning on and off excessively fast. - Press the power button to reboot the PC. When the PC powers up, note any mistake messages. This will help investigate and distinguish the reason for the previous disappointment. Read Next – How to Flip Computer Screen Benefits of restarting your computer: There are benefits of restarting the computer, if we restart our computer from time to time, then it benefits which we have mentioned below: - Even some updates are such that they are not completed until we restart the computer. - restarting flushes the computer’s memory - Closes programs that you do not run - Frees up your processor for the tasks you need to do - Restarting also leads to faster performance - Restart also prevents memory leaks - Internet connection is also fine by this - Saves time and money too In this article we have try to define “Reboot computer”. Hope you are like it! Thanks for reading this article.

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Sponsored by: Archaeological Institute of America The Angkor civilization was the major regional power in Southeast Asia from the 9-15th centuries CE. However, despite more than a century of archaeological research within Angkor’s capital, little is known about the lives of non-elites. This presentation discusses recent research on Angkor’s population at two scales. First, I present recent work by the Greater Angkor Project that has focused on understanding Angkor’s residential occupation through the investigation of habitation mounds within Angkor’s temple enclosures. Then, I present new collaborative research on the diachronic demographic growth of Greater Angkor, including updated population estimates, which highlight Angkor’s place as one of the world’s largest preindustrial settlements. Short bibliography and/or website on lecture topic (for lay reader):

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On Flores, the species is protected in Wae Wuul, Wolo Tadho, Riung and Tujuh Belas Pulau protected areas; however, outside these boundaries their populations are threatened by habitat loss due to expansion of agriculture and human settlements as well as the hunting of prey animals. The Komodo Survival Program (KSP) was established as an Indonesia-based NGO in 2007. In 2014, a three year distribution survey started as a collaborative programme between the Indonesian Eastern Lesser Sunda Central Bureau for Conservation of Nature Resources, Komodo Survival Program and Chester Zoo. The goal of KSP is to provide sound information on wildlife biology to help in devising management and conservation plans for the Komodo dragon and its natural habitat. Currently, KSP is researching and monitoring Komodo dragons’ populations by conducting distribution and abundance surveys on Flores and the neighboring small islands of Ontoloe and Longos. They are also assessing the abundance of prey species, investigating human – wildlife conflict and their impact on local people’s livelihoods, conducting awareness programmes, and building local capacity for monitoring, management and conservation of Komodo dragons.

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The Enlightenment, as concept and time period, was haunted by ambiguities about the relationships between mind and body, humans and the natural world, and reason and imagination. The 18th century was inherently contradictory, particularly when it came to ideas about medicine and the body. The growing optimism that medicine and science could control nature and disease was counterbalanced by the hierarchies of gender, race and class being fixed on the body. Enlightenment ideals emphasized rationalism and expertise, but they existed alongside religious belief and everyday authority. Focusing on Western Europe, this volume examines disability and suffering, emotional and physical sensations, supernatural phenomena and scepticism, medical authority and expertise, biologization and power, and bodily and environmental regulation. Volume contributors have used a range of cultural history methodologies – from material history to discourse analysis – to examine the Enlightenment's tensions. The book's chapters centre on topics (Environment, Food, Disease, Animals, Objects, Experiences, Mind/Brain and Authority) that have encouraged contributors to reframe their assumptions about the history of medicine and the Enlightenment. Read an extract of A Cultural History of Medicine in the Age of Enlightenment Table of Contents Acknowledgements List of Illustrations General Editors' Preface, Roger Cooter Introduction, Lisa Smith, Claudia Stein and Roger Cooter 1 Environment Erin Spinney 2 Food Emma Spary 3 Disease Lina Minous 4 Animals Monica Mattfeld 5 Objects Marieke Hendriksen 6 Experiences Micheline Louis-Courvoisier 7 Mind/Brain Claudia Stein and Roger Cooter 8 Authority Angela Haas Notes Bibliography Contributors Index

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Time after time, we’ve heard about how being in the right place at the right time doing the right things with the right people contributes significantly to success. We’ve also heard how practice makes perfect. But Gladwell prefers to move beyond those clichéd or somewhat vague ideas and offer a more specific treatment on the roots of success. In chapter two of Outliers, he argues that that it’s not simply practice that matters but rather that it takes about 10,000 hours of practice to gain a truly remarkable mastery of a given skill. In other words, people would have to work on perfecting their skills for approximately 20 hours a week over the course of 10 years in order to acquire and display exceptional degrees of expertise in their fields. Gladwell cites the early careers of computer whizzes Bill Joy and Bill Gates as well as the rock group The Beatles as examples and explains how all of them achieved their 10,000 hours of practice before (or perhaps as an entry into) achieving tremendous levels of success. If we buy into the “10,000 hour rule,” then we would need to also acknowledge the enormous and certainly unique resources and opportunities required for someone to take advantage of so much practice time. But what did you think about practice and mastery as it relates to the idea of a 10,000 hour rule? Or, another question: what kinds of conflicts do you see between the notions of studying hard as opposed to practicing long? That is, to what extent, if any, do the conventional processes of going to college (without unique resources and opportunities, for instance) hinder the kind of practice routines necessary for extraordinary success?

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Engineering Question #1936 Doug Tare, a 42 year old male from Freehold asks on February 25, 2004, Since hydrogen is being considered for fuel purposes it's minimum ignition energy (m.i.e.) of .02 mJ maybe of concern. Gasoline fumes have a higher m.i.e. but they can be ignited with static electricity sparks and cell phone signals. If we convert to hydrogen energy would we need to be concerned about any weaker ignition sources? In other words, what (if any) are the commonly occuring, non-controlled, sources of ignition that are weaker than cell phone signals and static electricity? viewed 17845 times Add to or comment on this answer using the form below. Note: All submissions are moderated prior to posting. If you found this answer useful, please consider making a small donation to science.ca.

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Presentation during the Memorial Day Ceremony May 30, 2021 from Bill Conley of the Pencader Heritage Museum and founder of the Veterans Resiliency Center Hello, I am honored to be a part of this celebration on Memorial Day 2021. As Chaplain Major Tulloch has stated, I am a retired LTC in the U S Army, a former teacher and administrator at Glasgow High School, and, as part of the Pencader Heritage Association, I am deeply committed to sharing Delaware Revolutionary War history. My Mission today is to highlight several major Revolutionary War events that occurred in the immediate vicinity of the White Clay Creek Presbyterian Church. Jeff has done a fantastic job highlighting the individuals from that era who were deeply connected with this church. As many of you already know, this church is only a few miles away from Delaware's only battlefield, the battle of Cooch's Bridge. In late August of 1777, the British Army in New York city decided to capture our Nation's capital in Philadelphia. A combined British and Hessian army of 17,000 men landed at the Head of the Elk River. Their goal was to march directly to Philadelphia thru Wilmington. But first this huge professional army had to cross the Cooch Bridge in Glasgow. General Washington moved his army to Stanton, Delaware to intercept the British. But first Washington needed to know how many troops he would be facing. He therefore sent 800 of his best shooters under General Maxwell to meet the invaders at Glasgow. On the morning of Sept 3rd,1777, the American Army sprung a series of ambushes on the approaching army , which was lead by German Hessians. The Americans would fire and retreat behind another line of ambushers, also hidden in the trees. The three hour running battle ended with the British capturing both Iron Hill and Cooch's Bridge. The Americans retreated to their prepared positions in Stanton, leaving 24 dead Colonial Soldiers lying somewhere on the battlefield. To this day, we do not know where they were buried. The British waited for three days to analyze Washington's plans before they decided to march to Chadds Ford, PA to cross the Brandywine. When they left the Cooch home , Gen. Howe's army marched directly past the White Clay Creek Presbyterian church, while the Hessians marched up Possum Hill Rd towards Hockessin and PA. Washington raced to the Battle of Brandywine, but Howe captured Philadelphia. The second major story involving the Revolutionary War and Newark history happened in September, 1781. The combined French and American Armies under Gen Washington and French General Rochambeau marched down Old Baltimore Pike and across the Cooch Bridge en route to Yorktown. Imagine the look on the Newarker's faces as they see the 6,500 French soldiers and cavalry ride through our town, followed by several thousand Colonial soldiers. They will eventually march 700 miles from Rhode island to Yorktown. After their victory, the same army marched back to Rhode Island by way of Old Baltimore Pike again in 1782. The French left their 300 Cavalry troops in Wilmington for 6 more months to protect Philadelphia. The last piece of history is the story of a Presbyterian Cavalry Officer in Washington's army named Allen McLane. He fought alongside Washington from Long Island to Yorktown, the entire war!!! After the war, McLane married a Delaware girl and lived in Wilmington. He built two new Presbyterian churches, one at Third and Walnut in Wilmington and one in Smyrna on Mt Vernon Street. Of Scottish heritage, he is deeply distressed by slavery and forms Delaware's first Abolitionist society. Allen McLane is definitely an unsung hero on several levels. Thank you for listening. LTC US Army ret

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Ibn Khaldun (1332~1406) was a Muslim politician and historian of the 14th century who was born in Tunisian but of Yemeni ancestry. He was a politician of the Emirate of Granada, a Muslim state in Spain, and of an Islamic kingdom of North Africa. He wrote “The Muqaddimah,” which is known as his best work. He was going to write a book about human history but could not finish it, which was such a broad subject. The author, who came from a family of conservative scholars, was extremely rational even though he was a 14th-century Muslim scholar. His sharp criticism of ancient society and religious myths shows that he was more intelligent than the 17th-century intellectuals of the Enlightenment If Islamic fundamentalists such as the Islamic State were as smart as Ibn Khaldun, the world would be a much better place. The Muqaddimah tells a story about King As’ad Abu Karib of Tubba, a small country in Yemen. He sent his three sons on an expedition. Two of them looted Iran and advanced to China and left some of their soldiers in Tibet, while the youngest son subjected the Byzantine Empire. People of Yemen rejoiced at their achievements, but Khaldun was not one of them. He pointed out that such a long expedition was not possible without looting the locals and that advancing to China required subjecting many countries in between including the Persian Empire. There is no evidence that shows Tubba conquered them. However, the lack of proof cannot stop people from getting drunk on pride. Some even argue that it does not matter because it is in the past. This is when intelligence succumbs to emotions, undermining and paralyzing our ability to think logically. Would we still able to make the right decisions in life if we cannot think rationally? It might seem irrelevant to our daily lives, but the impact of being swept by emotions when remembering what happened in the pst is more insidious than we think. Eun-Taek Lee email@example.com

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An official website of the State of Oregon How you know » (how to identify a Oregon.gov website) An official website of the State of Oregon » You are here: The Oregon Department of Education is providing these resources to help students and families understand information associated with the Oregon Statewide Assessment System. The Assessment & Accountability department develops, measures, and guides student achievement through a balanced assessment system. We also work to identify performance trends in student achievement and student growth over time across grade levels, schools, and districts. In addition to local district resources, below are resources to assist and support students and families. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. A lock icon ( ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Only share sensitive information on official, secure websites. Your browser is out-of-date! It has known security flaws and may not display all features of this and other websites. Learn how

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The first and foremost myth that people have is, “we have to be accountants if we plan to get into basic finances too”. This perception is very wrong and many people don’t prefer it because accounting seems very difficult as much as they think to dodge a bullet. It doesn’t need to be much complicated. Collected.Reviewsoffer services in which people can review the companies honestly. This step improves decision-making. What are Finances? Personal finances are the potential to understand different financial skills to manage money effectively and efficiently. Financial skills include financial management, interpersonal skills, financial reporting, budgeting, saving, investing, and managing crypto wallets. If you lack any of these skills then it will refer to financial illiteracy. Financial illiteracy can lead to many differences. Fiscally irresponsible individuals are more likely to build up unnecessary debt loads. Importance of Finances Finances are vital because it provides us with the competencies and resources we need to properly handle our finances. It's one of those things that affect almost every aspect of everyday life, but many people don't have the information they should have if they are in the domain of financial technology. Similarly, you can check out the reviews about WorldRemit who offer to send and receive international payments. Furthermore, wealth is simple to mishandle, since it just takes a few dumb choices to destroy your economic situation. You can create income if you think carefully about how to safely control your finances and then extend that expertise to your money management. Pillars of Finances With the concept of grasping money effectively, financial literacy is standing on four pillars that are essential in the life of the one who manages financial decisions. Debt is the money of which you are not the owner. Simply, the money that you borrow from financial institutions to meet your specific needs. Debt is considered good if you are extremely in need of money or you want to build a house or buy a car. Debt is considered bad if someone is taking out a loan for the sake of expensive needs that are not much important. For example, loans taken for expensive clothes. Wealth is created by investing less of your earnings and there are numerous goals for saving. Moreover, saving can save you if you are in an emergency or you have to cover up some unexpected expense. Just think if you spend all the money on your needs and wants and don’t save a single penny. What will happen? You’ll not have enough money to meet the emergencies. Saving money in an interest-bearing financial institution helps you in this journey. When you have an organized life, you can live a healthy and goal-oriented life with happy sleep. Budgeting offers you a comfortable life if this element is added to finances. Budgeting is the ability to prepare and control your finances throughout your being. Interpreting where your cash goes each month offers the ability to build an effective methodology for spending less, cutting out extra spending, and investing more for the stuff you need and want. Budgeting allows you to prepare for the short-run and long-run expenses and invest appropriately so that you can cover everything effectively. As a result, it is absolutely important for financial stability and freedom. Here comes the concept of managing inventory if you are working in any financial institution because it helps you in strategic planning by making you prioritize your budget and concentrate on the things that require special concentration. Investing activities are all about building money you'll need to live comfortably in your lifetime. It's about investing in something that can earn you money in the long term, such as real estate, pension plans, and debt instruments. The main goal of investing is generating more income by putting in less money. The overvaluation of your investments will provide you with an additional, monthly gain, or you can exchange it for more revenue than you put in. Your investment savings will then be used to fulfill the liquidity commitments of your life. Clever ways to take control of your finances It is not enough to maintain a life that you don’t wish for. Being a normal person, your wishes may include buying a house, car, or any other luxurious thing that can make you happy. If it is so, then you need to take control of your finances by tracking your objectives effectively. Simply, follow these amazing and clever ways to manage your finances; Read books about finances One of the simplest and worth-catching tips is to read books about finances. If you are not sure about the concepts of finances or you don’t know where to start, grab a book on finances that is written by an expert financier and take an idea from there. It is because books offer a changed and best approach to keeping the track of your objectives. Budgeting comes to mind when there falls the concept of managing finances amazingly. In short, plan your monthly spending and keep an eye on your earnings and spending. If you want to see the change in a positive manner then make sure that the money you earn should always be more than the money you spend. Fix out your budget and start organizing your life to reach the financial goals. Reduce Monthly Needs It may seem hilarious that reducing the monthly needs is an option but this can help you in managing finances if you think flexibly. You can use electricity less than usual by switching off the lights when you don’t need to, just to reduce the utility costs. You can cut out unnecessary needs like ending Netflix-like platforms subscription to lower the monthly bills and keeping you safe from financial burden. Plan Monthly Menu Planning a monthly menu essential if you want to save money. There can be unnecessary items for which you are paying. For example, you can’t think of ingredients you want for cooking food and you take extra food items with you. To stay out of these payments, you can make a monthly menu, this step will help you in shopping groceries effectively. Set Realistic Goals Set up the goals for which you are working but they must be realistic. There can be a house for which you want to manage your finances. This helps you motivate the whole way because you know you’ll accomplish your goal one day. Don’t set unrealistic goals like you set up a goal, “I have to pay $50,000 yearly” when your salary is just $40,000. This will demotivate you and you can’t reach your goals. It is because you are killing the extracurricular activities that give you enjoyment. Become an investor There is a passive way to earn money from a second source, that is, become an investor. Investing simply refers to putting in some money in any financial instrument to make more out of it. There are positive and negative slopes in investing but you need an idea or a person whose business can profit you. If you are not earning any profit then it means you are at a loss and vise versa. Any of these opportunities may not be worthwhile but they may help you reach your financial goals by removing the need to compensate for basic living expenses out of your wallet. Invest the opportunity to weigh your choices so you can get the best out of your investor incentives. Benefits of Finances A financially literate person can never go off the ladder of positive peaks and benefits become a part of that person’s life. However, the following three are the benefits that a financially literate person can get; Build up a sense of responsibility When a person organizes life to optimize financial credibility, he/she gets used to making plans and getting more responsible for the future. In the process of organizing, a person sticks to the milestone, this act builds up a sense of responsibility in the life of a financially literate person. Change in the weight of pocket It is obvious that the one who saves to reach financial goals, the one who becomes an investor, the one who cuts out unnecessary payments from his/her life, he/she feels the change in the weight of the pocket. He becomes more and more aware of the tips to keep money in the pocket. Less Financial Struggle The majority of people acknowledge what it's like to suffer financially, but only a small minority recognize what it's like to thrive. Gaining a better understanding of money management will enhance the odds of economic security.

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Older adults, especially over the age of 50, are more susceptible to health problems. One of the leading health concerns among older adults is oral health. According to research data from a survey, more than 75% of adults over age 60 have only a portion of their teeth left. Here are a few frequently asked questions that older adults might have about dental health: What Are the Dental Problems That Come With Aging? Many age-related health problems might deteriorate your dental hygiene. Some of them are as follows: - A few medications can lead to a dry mouth. This, in turn, makes you more prone to tooth decay, especially on root surfaces. Saliva helps provide a protective layer that flushes away bacteria and chemicals, and since there is less saliva produced when you have a dry mouth, you are more prone to dental caries and gum diseases. - Another common problem related to aging is gum recession, which exposes the vulnerable root surfaces that do not have the protective coating of enamel. - Persons with diabetes face some additional challenges and require individualized care. The higher your blood sugar, the higher your risk for oral disease. - Common problems associated with aging are loose teeth, missing teeth, worn out teeth, gum disease, etc. Can Older Adults Get Braces? There is no age limit for correcting misaligned teeth. Braces for seniors are quite common these days. Braces treatment can help correct misaligned teeth and other imperfections that can lead to increased cavities, plaque buildup, and gum disease. Can Older Adults Get Dental Caries? Yes, there are a lot of factors that can put older adults at the risk of dental caries. This can be caused by an assortment of factors starting from improper care of dentures, lack of oral hygiene, etc. Older adults can also lose out on having a proper oral hygiene routine because of arthritis, which might inhibit their ability to brush and floss properly. Decreased salivary flow due to dry mouth can also lead to dental caries. What Are the Reasons for Loose Teeth in Older Adults? Here are the top reasons for loose teeth in older adults: - Loose teeth could be due to an injury to the jaw that might have caused teeth trauma. - Gum disease, also known as periodontitis, can cause loose teeth. The symptoms of periodontitis include swollen, bleeding gums, which can cause teeth to weaken. - Older adults can also experience loose teeth because of osteoporosis. This can cause your jawbones to weaken, and in turn, knock your teeth loose. How Do Elderly People Brush Their Teeth? Setting an oral hygiene routine is important for older adults. Here are a few tips to make sure you’re getting the most out of brushing. - You don’t have to brush in the bathroom sink. You can easily instead complete the task at a table with a towel and a bowl of water. Think of what works best, if you don’t have the energy to stand. - Use a pea-side amount of toothpaste to help prevent tooth decay. If you struggle with spitting and swallowing, remember to wash with water. - Pick a toothbrush that has soft bristles and is easy to hold. - Also, remember to remove your dentures or partial dentures before brushing. Just because older adults are more prone to dental problems, doesn’t mean you have to experience them. You can avoid dental problems by having a set dental routine in place. Creating perfect smiles is what Dr. Satish Pai is committed to. An orthodontist by profession, he believes that a perfect smile is a powerful part of a person’s personality. When he is not working hard on perfecting his patients’ smiles at Putnam Ortho, he is busy writing engaging articles about everything related to healthy and perfect smiles. His other passions include golf, yoga and surfing. Spending time with his family always brings a smile on his face. LEARN TO LOVE YOUR LIFE AGAIN Do you feel like you need to hit the REFRESH button on your life? Download our free guide and begin to create your best life yet!

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