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Light and Matter Interactions (An 8-page activity originally by Concord MW team, modified by Ed O'Sullivan, Parkland College) Interactive, scaffolded model This Activity Requires: Important! If you cannot launch anything from this database, please follow the step-by-step instructions on the software page. Please Note: Many models are linked to directly from within the database. When an activity employs our scripting language, Pedagogica, as do some of the "guided" activities, the initial download may take several minutes. Subsequent activities will not take a long time. See this page for further instructions. Students are introduced to the basic concepts of light, followed by several interactive simulations that model the interactions of light with matter. Students will be able to: • manipulate intensity and frequency of light, including adjusting intensity and seeing its effect on the heating of matter; • replicate in a model a beam of photons of particular intensity and energy; • describe two fates of light-matter interaction: passage through, or absorption and consequence by matter; • generate and read an absorption spectrum. Interdisciplinary science, Science and modern technology, Biotechnology, Photonics Additional Related Concepts Adapted from the CC original by Edward O'Sullivan, Parkland College, Champagne, Ill. Last Update: 11/25/2008 Maintainer: CC Web Team (email@example.com) Document Options: Text-only / Accessible Version | Printable Version | E-mail this Page Copyright © 2013, The Concord Consortium. All rights reserved. These materials are based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant number DUE-0402553 Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

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TRANSLATE:Français, Deutsch, Italiano, Portuguêses, Españoles DIRECTORY Return to MAIN HISTORY INDEX The First People had little desire to explore America: They however led the way for the Coureurs de bois and Metis They were fully aware of the four seas to the north/south, east/west, they believed their own location was the best. The Coureurs Des Bois and Metis needed Indian girls, as translators, guides, to cook, prepare food supplies for winter, make and prepare clothing, heal wounds, make moccasins, make snowshoes and to prepare the furs. They became so indispensable they were taken as loving and devoted Country Wives and mothers. The HBC saw these Country Wives as bad for morals. History has shown most of HBC men had no morals and would abandon their wives and children when they moved on. Granted in the early days HBC denied the taking of wives and children back to Europe. The NWC saw the Country Wives as good for business and as a result most French Canadians remained faithful to their wives and family. "These are the Peoples who learned to live without the bold accents of the national ego-trippers of other lands." Marshall Herbert McLuhan (1911-1980) The life of the Coureur des Bois was one of adventure, freedom, danger and travel. Pierre Esprit Radisson (1636-1710). Metis: Some claim the first use of the word Metis appears in the Jesuit Relations of 1666, with a pejorative connotation of mongrel and bastard. I have read these translated books and must have missed it. The earliest notation of Metis, that I have seen, appears in 1750, in the Quebec records of death. Cyprien Tanguay (1819-1902) includes this Metis among the listing of Sauvages (Savages). The focus of my research ,however, is the North West Algonquian Metis culture, being distinct from the South West Mississippi or Missouri Metis, or the other Mixed Blood Peoples of America. The Red River of the North West, from a Canadian perspective, has been traditionally acclaimed as the cultural apex of the Metis culture. The Metis culture, however, finds its apex- not in the Red River- but in the story of the Grand Kitchi Gami (Lake Superior), also known as the 'Old North West'. The people of the Grand Kitchi Gami are the Ojibwa, who could be identified by their moccasins. The Ojibwa word for Moccasin is Makisin. It is interesting that the First People of Canada identified their neighbors by cultural traits like their clothing, methods of cooking etc. Europeans use religion, skin color, warlike nature, etc. They use these old world attributes and then assume that First Nation People used the the same criteria. Modern historians, political and religious folks still view the people with a European perspective. They still attempt to impose their prevailing system of beliefs and values when viewing other cultures. Their view is typically from a land, building and money perspective. My original objective was not to research the Metis culture, nor the Indian (Peoples) culture, but to trace my Canadian ancestors. While conducting research into source documents, traders diaries, census records etc. I was forced to record dates, locations, cultures, clans, people, and events which assisted in my quest. Before long it became too big and had to be placed on my computer. Over the years it grew and grew. I now have over 25MB of data on line. It is now my turn to share my collection to those who might be interested. What is Metis: Basically, it is a cultural tradition based on a premise of First Nation ancestry or adoption into that tradition. The word Metis is derived by the French from the Ojibwa word Wissakodewinmi, which figuratively means half burnt woodsman: not quite a full fledged woodsman. The Cree called the Metis Oteepaymsoowuk, which means their own boss; as distinct from French or English people. The Cree viewed the English as being slaves to their Company. In fact, many were in fact indentured slaves- as were the French. The Metis culture evolved from the Coureurs des Bois, Voyager and the Indian cultures. The Voyagers were of two types: the French Voyager pork eaters (mangeur de lard) and the more Metis type Winter Voyager, winterer (hivernant), who normally took country wives. The term voyager actually refers to one who paddles a fur trade canoe, but some have expanded its meaning to include all those who ventured into the interior via canoe, engaged in the fur trade or for exploration. The Jesuit Father Vivier, in 1750, first introduced the derogatory term half breed into Canada. He believed the very condition of being Metis was against the Laws of God. The English, in Canada, first called the Metis 'those Peddlers' (about 1750) and later called them 'those Canadians'. The French were called 'those French Canadians'. The English would later also adopt the French term Half Breed. The term mixed blood was introduced by the American English during the 1800's treaty process. The Jesuit also called the Metis, Couriers des Bois meaning illegal runners of the forests but more commonly used the terms savage, heathen or half-breed. The A.F. Ewing Commission of 1935 decided to be Metis, "a person had to either look like an Indian or be able to establish Indian ancestry. They also had to live the life of an ordinary Indian and non-treaty Indians would be included" as Metis. Malcolm Norris a member of the Commission maintained that, "if a person has a drop of Indian blood in his veins and has not assimilated in the social fabric of our civilization he is a Metis." This assimilation assumption is a European belief that is based on paternalistic logic. (VI)-Louis Garneau, a Metis, born 1789 in the North West, son Frenchman (most likely (V)-Jean Baptiste Garneau (born 1762) and Sowayguay Ojibwa, is the motivation for this North West historical perspective. These, my ancestors, worked Lake Superior, La Pointe, Red Lake, Pembina, Red River and Manitoba. Records and family tradition indicate they acquired ‘Country Wives’, possibly Dakota Sioux and positively Ojibwa (Chippewa). It would appear that two generations of Garneau's worked for the North West Company and one or more for the Montreal Companies. One or more may also have worked for the French Trading Company. It is likely the Garneau's are Voyagers, Nor'wester and Coureurs des Bois. The family married into the Cadotte family who arrived in the West in 1671, and made it their permanent home about 1755. This family introduced Huron (Wendat) and Iroquois into the family. We also know that the Thomas clan, who joined the Garneau clan in marriage, arrived Hudson Bay, North West Territories 1789 and became some of the first recorded Prairie Metis with a Cree ancestry. I say recorded because the taking of native wives, or the recording of Metis children, was forbidden by the Hudson Bay Company until the 1790's. This section attempts to view history from the Mixed Blood Nature of the North West Territories. It therefore speaks of the Metis Nation of the North West. It is worth remembering that there are two North West Territories: the Old North West- first known as the west or interior, and the New North West. To bring some order to our understanding of the evolving Territories and cultures, you can visualize three classical periods. These trading periods are: The exclusion of the English is due to the fact that they had little real impact on the formation of early Canadian culture, until after the 1790's, when they adopted the Canadian Metis method of conducting business. Their unique contribution only began in 1812, in the Red River, and with their acquisition of the North West Company in 1821. My exclusion of the Eskimo, or Inuit, is only due to the fact that I have not discovered a relative associated with this very interesting culture, which came early on to the American scene. There are surely many Metis among their numbers, but they seem to have been absorbed into the Inuit culture. Another more European perception of the trading periods is: Montreal and North West Company period - (1763 to 1821). Hudson Bay Company period (1787 to 1870). The Hudson Bay Company is established in 1670, but had very little impact on Canadian culture until after about 1787. They considered themselves as foreign traders; not allowed to mix with the Indians, Canadians (French) or those Peddlers, as they called the Metis. Dutch West India Company period (1621 to 1664). They had an indirect impact on Canadian culture through the Iroquois. Thirteen English States Trader period (1664 to 1776), whose impact is also through the Iroquois and the English wars against Canada. American Trading Companies period (1776 to 1834), whose impact was lost among the North West Company and the Free Traders, but which set the stage for the Mountain men of America. Russian Trading period (1784 to 1867), that impacted Alaska, British Columbia and California. Metis, Mixed Blood or Half Breed peoples, are the only indigenous people of the Americas. The three major founding cultures of Canada are the Indian, Inuit and Dene, who themselves are of mixed blood origin. There has been a continuous migration of peoples from and to the Americas since the beginning of human history. It is noteworthy that the European cultures are reluctant to admit that they also are all of mixed blood origin, or Half Breeds. The Native Americans inherently knew this great truth and therefore freely accepted all people as their brothers. Most European people do not hold this great truth, thereby creating a transitional culture called the Metis. Metis, therefore, is a transitory state of mind; a figment of our imagination; a cultural anomaly. That it still remains an anomaly surely speaks to unresolved Canadian cultural issues. By the year 2000, some estimate that 50 percent of the population of Western Canada will have Native blood and will, therefore, be Metis by any genetic measure. As a result of four hundred years of persecution, by year 2000, only about one million Canadians will freely admit to Native origins by the end of the twentieth century. If we don't understand the historic Metis condition, we are consigning our children to repeat the errors of the past. We don't have a large Aboriginal Native population, with strong brotherhood and an integrated set of beliefs and values, to accommodate the transformation of the Canadian, Asian and European Half Breeds into a 21st century Canadian Metis culture. Metis a Stereotype The new world defines its cultures primarily by their clothing, so it comes as no surprise that the Metis adopted a unique attire. A short shirt, red woolen cap, deer skin leggings, the azion (breech cloth) and a pair of deer skin moccasins. Their thighs are left bare- like the Indians. Let us not forget the blue capote, inevitable pipe, gaudy sash (long colorful wide belt), gay beaded bag or pouch which hangs from the sash and the fiddle. You now have a pro-type Metis. It is said if a Metis has a fiddle, he doesn't need sleep. This attire evolved over time, but it is noteworthy that present day Metis usually search back to their roots to recover components of a cultural attire, and then to recover their real culture of principles, beliefs and values. The Metis culture was originally called irrepressible, made up of unassuming gens libre (freemen) who were humble and filled with peals of laughter, songs of merriment, campfire stories, tall tales, foaming rapids, birch rimmed lakes, shallow winding streams and, 'Oh Yes', lets not forget the grand bison (buffalo) hunts. I was fortunate to have experienced the tail end of this dying culture, which is now going through a 'Grand Renaissance'. The Aboriginal American culture had already accommodated Buddhist Chinese, East Indian, Judaism, Celtic, Viking, Norwegian and Basque, before the arrival of the Spanish, Dutch, French, and English. The Spanish diseases, as they were called, had already killed tens of millions of the Aboriginal peoples, before the French and English ventured into this region of the world. Most historians, for the last few hundred years, claim that America gave Europe the French disease Syphilis, that took a terrible toll in Europe. The theory says that syphilis must have been brought to Europe by Columbus, as there was little trace of the disease before 1492. Recent evidence, however, points to Hull, England, where an excavated priory unearthed evidence of the disease in many of the 14th century monks, prior to the Columbus trip. Other evidence also suggests this disease is evident in Italy (Greater Greece) about 700 B.C. It has now been suggested that Columbus spread this terrible disease to the Americas. Metis, as a cultural issue, did not surface in Canada until the 17th century. The Roman Catholic Jesuit Order is the first to introduce this cultural cast system into Canada, based on the color of one's skin, their religion and/or value system. Their classifications are: White French, Black Slaves, Savage Indian, Protestant English, and those Coureurs des Bois or Metis- who are at the low end of the scale. It is noteworthy that the Jesuit classified the Protestant English as lesser than black or Indians. They also had another value scale of Catholic, Pagan and Protestant , with Protestant being the worst evil. This implied that if you are a Protestant and English, you are grouped into the same class as the Coureurs des Bois regardless of your skin color. The voyagers average height was 5 feet 6 inches, with a few being greater than 5 feet 8 inches. He could paddle 15-18 hours per day and still joke beside the campfire. He could carry 200 to 450 pounds merchandise. The voyagers always sang while they paddled; songs of their canoe, country, life, loves, church, old ballads, humorous jingles, poems, but always to the stroke of the paddle, sometimes as frequently as one per second. Canoe racing was one of the chief delights of these voyagers. These attributes were passed to the decedents the Metis. Metis Colonies An American perspective suggests the more significant Metis Colonies include: Sault Ste Marie, La Pointe, Detroit, Mackinac, Chicago, Milwaukee, Green Bay, Prairie Du Chien, St Paul, St Louis, Winnipeg, and many more lesser historical locations. The Metis colonies are described as charming, with Acadian simplicity. They have time for friendliness, politeness, and have a note of picturesque-ness to their attire. They have a simple faith, and a childlike objectivity. They accepted the Indian at his own value, which was not low, whereas the American Frontiersman could scarcely find words for his contempt of what he considered a thieving, shiftless, dirty race. The southern Mississippi (Louisiana) had very early Metis settlements, but they are referred to as Canadians and, occasionally, as Coureurs de Bois. The Spanish left a trail of Metis, but most appear to be absorbed into the Native cultures. & First Nation You will notice I have avoided the more recent Indian, Inuit, Dene, Metis and First Nation legal and political debates that have taken place in Canada. There are hundreds of writers and historians trying to focus on these issues so we don't need another paddle in the water. It would be nice if there was one set of governing principles for all First Nation Peoples, respecting the diverse traditions within one Nation. It would be nice if there was one set of beliefs that valued the dignity of each member, their religion and their environment; rather than Land, Buildings and Money. It would be nice if there was one set of values that acknowledged the rights of all members regardless of their life style; such as life in the high-rise vs. life closer to nature; life off the reservation vs. life on the reservation. Why can't we recapture the Old Spirit of caring & sharing in a new modern world? A new paradigm is possible- just as a 1,000 mile journey begins with the first step... Dream dreams of what could be rather than dreams of what was- and is- lost. E-MAIL RE: METIS NATION Jean Champagne wrote: (10-2007) Bonjour - Can you tell me why a Metis from Quebec is not recognized as a Metis in Manitoba? ? Who coined the phrase ' Metis nation" . It seems that Mr Chartrand and its western allies had an hidden agenda when they defined Metis as belonging or coming from the Metis nation. Can you shed some light on this. A group of Metis friends from Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Quebec have difficulty understanding this issues. How come the Canadian government does not have a definition of the work Metis in their Charter of Right and Freedom? Jean-Renan 'Lambert' dit Champagne I can see you want me to jump into the POLITICALLY CORRECT definition of Metis. I usually don't pay homage to politically correctness. The term 'Metis Nation' is a current trend with lots of different hidden agendas. In my opinion there is no such thing as 'Metis Nation' and there is no reference in history to Metis Nation. NATION: "A politically organized body under a single government" "A federation of tribes" 'The people who live in a nation or country". The Metis People can best be described as an evolving 'Metis Culture', a 'Distinct Society' maybe! The Metis People of North America are not politically organized under a single government. The Metis People of North America were never a federation of tribes like the Iroquois or Algonquin tribes. The Metis People of North America never lived in a nation or country, they were too busy exploring and developing America. To call the Metis People, a Metis Nation, we have to accommodate the Metis from B.C., Alberta, Quebec, Acadia, or Louisiana and this is not likely to happen in the near future. The Metis Culture developed primarily in Detroit; Wisconsin & Minnesota especially south of Lake Superior, and later in Red River, Manitoba. The first significant Metis settlement was Acadia but most preferred to call them selves Arcadians. Manitoba is I believe one of the first to include the 'Metis Nation' philosophy to the exclusion of other Metis People. I believe this is driven by a desire for power, a sign of arrogance and an inferiority complex. This type of thinking had no place in early Indian Culture (The People) or early Metis Culture.

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Simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article. Once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review. discovery of Sāsānian murals ...These motifs often figure both on surviving textiles and on those recorded in the paintings. The murals at Varakhsha, for example, include motifs taken from textiles, and a 5th-century mural from Balalyk Tepe displays the head of a tusked, boarlike animal set in a roundel that is almost identical to that on a Sāsānian fabric found at Astana in eastern Turkistan. What made you want to look up "Balalyk Tepe"? Please share what surprised you most...

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Like most of Southeast Asia's countries, Myanmar's people and history is a glorious mishmash of settlers and invaders from all fronts. The Mon and the Pyu are thought to have come from India, while the now dominant Bamar (Burmese) migrated through Tibet and, by 849, had founded a powerful kingdom centered on Bagan. For the next millennium, the Burmese empire grew through conquests of Thailand (Ayutthaya) and India (Manipur), and shrank under attacks from China and internal rebellions. Today Myanmar is a resource-rich country, suffers from pervasive government controls, inefficient economic policies, and rural poverty. What was once one of the richest and most developed countries in Asia has since slumped into poverty due to widespread corruption. Myanmar's culture is largely a result of heavy Indian influences intertwined with local traditions and some Chinese influences. This can be seen in the various stupas and temples throughout the country, which bear a distinct resemblance to those in northern India. Like neighboring Thailand, Theravada Buddhism is the single largest religion, and even some of the most remote villages will have a village temple for many to pray. Other religions which exist in smaller numbers include Christianity, Islam and Hinduism.

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Start Your Visit WithHistorical Timelines General Interest Maps Hitler's early years Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889, in Braunau-am-Inn, Austria, near the Austro-German border. Adolf's father, Alois, worked as a customs officer on the border. His mother, Klara, had previously given birth to two other children by Alois, Gustav and Ida, but they both died in infancy. Adolf attended school from the age of six, and the family lived in various villages around the town of Linz, east of Braunau. By that time, Adolf had a younger brother, Edmund, but he lived only until the age of six. In 1896, Klara gave birth to Adolf's sister, Paula, who would outlive him. Hitler was a poor student and left school before graduation. He had an ambition to become an artist, and had gained an interest in politics and history. He applied twice unsuccessfully for admission to the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts. In 1909, after both parents had died, he moved to Vienna in the hope of earning a living. Living in homeless shelters and eating at charity soup kitchens, he declined to find regular employment, but took occasional menial jobs, and sold his paintings and advertising posters whenever he could to provide sustenance. Munich and the Great War - 1913-1918 At Munich in 1914, near the beginning of World War I, Hitler volunteered for service in the German army and was accepted into the infantry. He fought bravely in the war, was promoted to corporal, and was decorated with the Iron Cross Second Class and First Class; the latter he wore until his dying day. On the day of the armistice announcement in 1918, Hitler was in a hospital recovering from temporary blindness caused by a British gas attack in the Ypres Salient. In December 1918 he was released from the hospital. Early politics - 1918-1933 Between December 1918 and March 1919 Hitler, still a corporal in the German army, was posted to a German prisoner-of-war camp at Traunstein before returning to Munich. Shortly after his return he witnessed a governmental takeover bid by local Communists, who seized power before being ousted by the army. After Hitler gave evidence about the takeover attempt in an investigation, he was asked to become part of a local army organization that was responsible for persuading returning soldiers not to turn to Communism or Pacifism. During his training for that task, and his subsequent military duties, he was able to hone his oratory skills. Hitler's first love was a much younger niece, Angelika ("Geli") Raubal, who died of a gun-shot wound to the chest at the age of 23. Subsequent intimates included Eva Braun, a secret mistress; Magda Goebbles, a loyal follower; and Winifred Wagner, daughter-in-law of the famous German composer. The Nazi Party As part of his duties, Hitler also was asked to spy on certain local political groups, and during a meeting of the German Workers' Party, became so incensed by one of the speeches that he uncorked a fierce harangue at the speaker. The party's founder, Anion Drexler, was so impressed by Hitler's tirade that he asked him to join their organization. Hitler, after some thought, finally agreed in September 1919. He was eventually given responsibility for publicity and propaganda. His oratory succeeded in attracting larger and larger audiences and party donations. The party's name was changed to the National Socialist German Workers Party (NAZI) on April 1, 1920. Hitler was discharged from the German army in February 1920. He continued to expand his influence in the party, and formed a private group of thugs that he used to quash disorder at party meetings, and later to break up rival parties' meetings. That group subsequently became the Sturmabteilung (SA) - Hitler's brown-shirted storm troopers. He also became the regular main speaker at party events and attracted large crowds at each meeting. Important Nazi Party members and Third Reich architechs, Heinrich Himmler, Hermann Goering and Rudolf Hess joined the party at this time. During the summer of 1920, Hitler chose the swastika, an ancient symbol historically used by many cultures, to be the Nazi Party emblem. By 1921 he had secured virtually total control of the Nazi Party. During that time Hitler also plotted to overthrow the German Weimar Republic by force. On November 8, 1923, he led an attempt to take over the local Bavarian government in Munich, in an action that became known as the "Beer Hall Putsch." The coup was ended after a brief gunfight with Munich police. Himmler, Goering and Hess also participated in the putsch. Hitler was arrested and charged with treason. He successfully used the subsequent trial to gain publicity for himself and his ideas. Following his trial, he was sentenced to five years in Landsberg prison, but served only six months. During his prison term, Hitler began to dictate his thoughts and philosophy to co-conspirator and cellmate Rudolf Hess, which became the book Mein Kampf (My Struggle). It became the blueprint for Hitler's political plans. In Mein Kampf, he contended that Germans should expand east, liquidate the Jews and turn the Slavs into slave labor. Hitler blamed the Jews for Germany's political and economic problems. While in jail, Hitler realized he would have to take control of Germany by legal means, not through revolution. He increased the size of the Nazi Party, even though the government had banned it. Hitler's Brown Shirts terrorized political opponents on the streets, which discouraged political competition. During that period, Hitler also created the infamous Schutzstaffel (SS), which was initially intended to be Hitler's bodyguard under the leadership of Himmler. National politics - 1929-1934 The collapse of the American Wall St. stock exchange in October 1929 lent fuel to a worldwide depression, which had hit Germany especially hard. All loans to Germany from foreign countries dried up, German industrial production slumped, and millions became unemployed. Unemployment in Germany had reached 43 percent by the end of 1932. Those conditions were fertile ground for Hitler and his Nazi campaign. The Nazis became the second largest party in Germany. Hitler also began to win over the support of both the army and the big industrialists, the latter contributing substantially to Nazi Party finances. Both groups hoped Hitler would return Germany to its former pre-World War I status and glory. He assured top army leaders that the Nazis would reject the punitive Versailles Treaty and rearm Germany. Hitler versus Hindenburg - 1932 In February 1932 Hitler decided to run against President Paul von Hindenburg. No one won a required majority on March 13, 1932, so a required second election gave Hindenburg 53 percent and Hitler 36.8 percent (one other candidate ran). Thus Hindenburg was re-elected and Hitler was forced to wait for another opportunity to win power. In the July 1932 elections, the Nazi Party won 13,745,000 votes, which gave them 230 out of the 608 seats in the Reichstag. Although the Nazis were the largest party, they were still short of a majority. Hitler, however, demanded of Hindenburg that he (Hitler) be made chancellor, but was offered only the position of vice-chancellor in a coalition government — which he refused. Hindenburg feared Hitler's potential for dictatorship. Hitler's Third Reich began as he consolidated power. Through deft political manipulations by Hitler and his Nazi Party, President Hindenburg was forced to appoint Hitler as chancellor with Franz von Papen as vice-chancellor, on January 30, 1933. The burning of the Reichstag A February 1933 fire that burned the Reichstag building was blamed on a Communist. The incident was used by the Nazis to crack down on Communists in Germany. The "Enabling Act" of March 1933, passed by the Reichstag, gave Hitler legal dictatorial power for four years. After July 14, 1933, only the Nazi party was legal. All non-Nazi organizations were disbanded. Individual German states were stripped of autonomous powers and Nazi officials were installed as state governors. Hitler outlawed strikes and abolished independent labor unions. Publishers, universities, and writers were brought into line by intimidation and rough tactics. Democratic, socialist, and Jewish literature was placed on blacklists. Students and professors burned forbidden books in public squares. Modern art and architecture were prohibited. German withdrawal from the League of Nations Hitler withdrew Germany from the League of Nations in 1933, while he secretly began to rearm the country. Italy's Fascist leader, Benito Mussolini, and others were concerned when Hitler withdrew from the Versailles Treaty. Understanding the danger, Italy, France and Britain protested strongly and agreed to use force against Germany to maintain the status quo. A year later, however, Mussolini allied with Hitler to help fascists win in Spain during the Spanish Civil War (1936). Mussolini and Hitler used that conflict as a testing ground for their military forces: Italy's army and Germany's air force, the Luftwaffe. The Night of the Long Knives - June 30, 1934 Violence-prone and socialist-leaning SA members envisioned becoming a new German revolutionary army. By wreaking havoc in the streets despite Hitler's order to lie low, the SA became an embarrassment to Hitler. Through the SS, under its chief, Heinrich Himmler, Hitler put down a small SA revolt in Berlin. Hitler installed former SA leader, Ernst Röhm, as the new leader to reorganize and quiet the SA, whose numbers had grown to more than 60,000 members. The SA and its leadership would remain a problem for years for Hitler, culminating in a major crisis in the near future. Hitler realized that the army and big business were suspicious of the SA (Brown Shirts). Hitler's SA was a purely political force, not a military one. Hitler needed the support of the German army if he was to be named as Hindenburg's successor. In May 1934, he struck a secret deal with the military chiefs to suppress the SA and increase support for the German military, in exchange for their support in his bid to succeed Hindenburg. Pressure from Hindenburg and threats of a coup forced Hitler to order Himmler and Goering to eliminate the SA. On June 30, Hitler's elite personal guard, the SS, and the Gestapo arrested and shot - without a trial - about 1,000 SA leaders and other political enemies. Hitler becomes führer President Hindenburg died on August 2, 1934. Hitler had already agreed with the cabinet that, upon Hindenburg's death, the offices of president and chancellor would be combined. Hindenburg's last wish was that, upon his death, the monarchy be restored. Hitler managed to suppress that wish and did not publish the president's will. Having already ensured the Army's support, Hitler went a step further by compelling all of the armed forces to swear an oath of loyalty to him personally. A plebiscite was then held for the public to decide on whether they approved of the changes already made — 90 percent of voters gave their approval. Thus Hitler had become führer and reich chancellor, and the title of president was abolished. "Nazification" - 1934-1937 Joseph Goebbels, minister of propaganda, effectively glorified Hitler and the Nazi state. The SS grew in influence dramatically as Hitler's private army. The SS joined the political police, the Gestapo, to expand its network of special courts and concentration camps. The Nuremburg Race Laws of 1935 deprived Jews of all rights of citizenship. By 1938, 25 percent of German Jews had emigrated. Other victims of persecution included Slavs, gypsies, Jehovah's Witnesses, Communists, homosexuals, mentally handicapped persons, and political opponents. The Nazis indoctrinated German youth. Children were encouraged to turn in teachers, or even their parents, if they seemed disloyal to the reich. The German economic recovery contributed to Hitler's soaring popularity. He had delivered on his economic promise of "work and bread." Large public works programs started to pull Germany out of the depression. Programs included super highways (autobahn), office buildings, gigantic sports stadiums, and public housing. Government spending began to focus on the military with effective results. By 1938 the standard of living for the average employed worker increased moderately and business profits rose sharply. The road to World War II British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, swayed by pacifist feelings at home, adopted the policy of appeasement. Chamberlain returned to Britain from the 1938 Munich Conference a hero, proclaiming "peace in our time." The German invasion of Czechoslovakia during the spring of 1939 dismayed the double-crossed Chamberlain, who had stated that if Germany attacked Poland, there would be war in Europe. To avoid a two-front war against France and Britain in the west and Russia in the east, Hitler signed the Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact of August 1939. The world was shocked that two archenemies, Hitler and Stalin, would arrive at such an agreement. Hitler sought assurances that the Soviet Union would not attack Germany if Germany invaded Poland. The public agreement was a non-aggression treaty; their private agreement was that Germany and the Soviet Union would invade Poland and split the country in half. World War II was the main event of the 20th century. It was the largest, most destructive and costliest war in human history. Adolf Hitler was at the very core of the war. Hitler committed suicide in a bunker beneath the streets of Berlin in April 1945. On May 8, 1945, Germany surrendered, ending the European part of the conflict. The results of the European war included approximately 57 million people dead; six million of them were Jews and others who perished in the genocidal Holocaust. Millions were left homeless and millions were refugees. Much of Europe lay in ruins. It would require years to rebuild European economies. The American Marshall Plan committed more than $13 billion to rebuild Europe. The U.S. and Soviet Union emerged as the two dominant powers in the post-war world. Adolf Hitler Biography Marrin, Albert. Hitler. New York: Viking Kestrel, 1987. Toland, John. Adolf Hitler. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1976. Zitelmann, Rainier. Hitler: The Policies of Seduction. London: London House, 1999. User Contributions: Comment abAdolf Hitler. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1976. Zitelmann, Rainier. Hitler: The Policies of Seduction. London: London House, 1999. User Contributions: Comment about this ... Adolf Hitler's Last Will Thus ended the six years of Hitler's War ... Adolf Hitler had founded the Third Reich 12 years and three months before. His Nazi Regime led to the annihilation of more than six million Jews in Europe. The Third Reich would survive himAdolf Hitler had founded the Third Reich 12 years and three months before. His Nazi Regime led to the annihilation of more than six million Jews in Europe. The Third Reich would survive him for one ... First World War.com - Who's Who - Adolf Hitler Who's Who: Adolf Hitler Updated - Saturday, 5 June, 2004 Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) was born on April 20, 1889, the fourth child of Alois Schickelgruber and Klara Hitler in the Austrian town of Braunau. Two of his siblings died from diAdolf Hitler Updated - Saturday, 5 June, 2004 Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) was born on April 20, 1889, the fourth child of Alois Schickelgruber and Klara Hitler in the Austrian town of Braunau. Two of his siblings died from diAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was born on April 20, 1889, the fourth child of Alois Schickelgruber and Klara Hitler in the Austrian town of Braunau. Two of his siblings died from diphtheria ...

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By Show and Tell By Byron Graham By Jamie Siebrase By Bree Davies By Zoe Yabrove By Zoe Yabrove By Jamie Siebrase By Emilie Johnson Between the First World War and the 1930s, the United States experienced an internal population shift unprecedented in its history. More than 1 million rural blacks left their sharecropper farms in the South and came north in search of factory jobs and better living conditions in the industrialized urban centers of the East and the Midwest. Not even the great westward expansion of the late nineteenth century took place on this scale. Yet, unlike the way west, which has spawned entire genres in literature, film and the fine arts, the way north has barely been talked about. It did, however, inspire at least one artist: Jacob Lawrence. In the early 1940s he painted a group of sixty closely interrelated panels immortalizing this tremendous movement of people. The resulting mammoth painting cycle is the subject of Jacob Lawrence: The Migration Series, now on display at the Denver Art Museum. The traveling show was organized by Elizabeth Hutton Turner, an associate curator at the Phillips Collection in Washington, D.C., which has been the repository of thirty of the Lawrence paintings since soon after they were presented in 1941. The remaining thirty were acquired at the same time by New York's Museum of Modern Art. The current exhibit marks the first time in more than fifty years that all sixty paintings have been shown together. Lawrence, who now lives in Seattle, was not a southern migrant himself. "I had never even been to the South until the series had been completed," he said during a recent visit to Denver. But he was familiar with the subject. "My father was from North Carolina, my mother from Virginia," he told the crowd at a reception held to mark the opening of the new show. "Thus I had Southern mores." Born in Atlantic City, Lawrence moved from Pennsylvania to New York's Harlem as a teenager in 1930. Harlem was then the center of black culture in America, and the Harlem Renaissance was in full swing. Lawrence blossomed in this environment. "Harlem was vital at the time," he recalled. "You could hear the great writers talk. The influence of Harlem remains with me sixty years later." But it was also the time of the Great Depression, which had a profound effect on the art world. "Most galleries were forced to close," said Lawrence. Yet the artist called the 1930s "one of the most creative periods of the century." What made the difference, he said, were New Deal programs such as the Works Progress Administration and the Fine Arts Project. In 1935, when Lawrence was only eighteen, he was hired by the FAP to produce two paintings every six weeks for $23 per week--"which was good money." He remained with the FAP until 1940. (Lawrence feels that federal support for the arts at the time was essential to his career, and imminent budget cuts at the National Endowment for the Arts are heavy on his mind. "Many of the WPA murals were covered later because they were deemed pornographic or too political," he said. "Times repeat themselves.") Lawrence was recruited into the FAP by the noted African-American sculptor Augusta Savage. Her decision to lend him support was "the highlight of my life," Lawrence said. But Savage's traditional three-dimensional sculptures had no discernable effect on Lawrence's painting and printmaking. Instead, Lawrence embraced Modernism. And though he claims that "feelings were more important than art influences" in providing him with inspiration, it's impossible not to see his work as being totally of its time, closely related to the work of other now-famous artists then working in New York. The Migration Series was intended to depict the struggles of the oppressed--a concept then being broadly embraced by many artists. The idea that art can be used to tell a story was another mainstream idea. Taking advantage of the resources of Harlem's Schomburg Center for Black Research, Lawrence devoted weeks to researching the Great Migration. But in retrospect, he said at the reception, the research he did wasn't nearly as important a factor as the people he met. "It was the Harlem community--teachers and librarians," he said, who ultimately provided the concept for the series. Lawrence was doubtless affected by Haitian painting and folk art, two of the many aspects of black culture he researched at the Schomburg. However, the draw of the almost exclusively white art world centered in Greenwich Village also shaped his approach. Specific stylistic affinities can be seen in Lawrence's paintings and contemporaneous works by older and more established white artists like Milton Avery, Stuart Davis and Ben Shahn. Like those Modern artists' works, Lawrence's paintings are characterized by compositional simplicity, a strong graphic sense in the design of the pictures and the use of bright colors employed against dark ones. He was surely aware of the work of the other Moderns, since he, like Davis and Shahn, was represented by Edith Halpert's Downtown Gallery. Significantly, Lawrence's relationship with the Downtown Gallery, where The Migration Series was first shown, marked the end of segregation in the art world. Even before his teachers, Lawrence became one of the first African-American artists to be represented by a commercial gallery. Previously, only public institutions provided blacks with exhibition opportunities. The sixty individual paintings in The Migration Series, each one numbered, are all the same small size--eighteen by twelve inches, still an art-supply-shop standard. Some are vertically oriented, some horizontally, an arrangement that creates visual interest without sacrificing unity--which is particularly important, since Lawrence saw them "not as individual panels but as a single work of art." In fact, Lawrence says he was so committed to the series' "oneness" that he "worked the colors," painting the black portions of all sixty panels, then the yellow portions, and so on until the series was complete. In addition to the paintings in The Migration Series, another historical exhibit meant to connect us with Lawrence and his time is presented in an adjacent gallery. There are some problems with this presentation, not the least of which is that it includes a reproduction of one of the panels in an elephantine enlargement. I think it's the first time I've ever seen a reproduction in an art museum. What were the out-of-town organizers thinking? Another, better exhibit that also complements the Lawrence show is The Narratives Continue, which features work by black artists from the permanent collection of DAM's Modern and Contemporary department. A real standout here is the masterful 1963 painting "The Procession," by an African-American in Paris named Bob Thompson. The painting reveals a debt to Lawrence's work, particularly The Migration Series. Later this fall the show promises a rare sighting of Floyd Tunson's very different "Before and After," a mural-sized acrylic painting. Unfortunately, Tunson's from Colorado--the reason, apparently, why he's forced to time-share gallery space at the museum.

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|Quarter of Berlin| |Quarter subdivisions||13 zones| |Area||10.7 km2 (4.1 sq mi)| |Elevation||52 m (171 ft)| |Population||79,582 (30 June 2009)| |- Density||7,438 /km2 (19,263 /sq mi)| |Time zone||CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)| |Postal codes||(nr. 0101) 10115, 10117, 10119, 10178, 10179| Mitte (German for "middle, centre", commonly used without an article) is a central locality (Ortsteil) of Berlin in the homonymous district (Bezirk) of Mitte. Until 2001 it was itself an autonomous district. It comprises the historic centre of Alt-Berlin around the churches of St. Nicholas and St. Mary, the city hall Rotes Rathaus, the city administrative building Altes Stadthaus and numerous main tourist attractions of the city. For these reasons Mitte is considered the "heart" of Berlin. The history of Mitte corresponds to the history of the entire city until the early 20th century, and with the Greater Berlin Act in 1920 it became the first district of the city. It was among the areas of the city most heavily damaged in World War II. Following a territorial redeployment by the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom that reshaped the borders of West Berlin's British Sector in August 1945, the western part of Staaken became in effect as of 1 February 1951 an exclave of Mitte, then still a borough of East Berlin. This ended on January 1, 1961, when western Staaken was incorporated into then East German Falkensee, which had already been under its de facto administration since June 1, 1952. Between 1961 and 1990 Mitte, one of the most important boroughs of East Berlin but close to all three western sectors of the city, was almost surrounded by the Berlin Wall. One of the most important border crossings was Checkpoint Charlie, near Kreuzberg. Situated in central Berlin and mostly in its old town, it is traversed by the river Spree. It borders the localities of Tiergarten, Moabit, Wedding, Gesundbrunnen, Prenzlauer Berg (in Pankow district), Friedrichshain, and Kreuzberg (both in Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg district). Mitte is subdivided into 13 zones or neighborhoods (Stadtviertel) (the numbers refer to the map above right): - Cölln (1) - Alt-Berlin (2) - Nikolaiviertel (2a) - Friedrichswerder (3) - Neukölln am Wasser (4) - Dorotheenstadt (5) - Friedrichstadt (6) - Luisenstadt (7) - Stralauer Vorstadt (8) - Alexanderplatz (9) - Spandauer Vorstadt (10) - Scheunenviertel (10a) - Friedrich-Wilhelm-Stadt (11) - Oranienburger Vorstadt (12) - Rosenthaler Vorstadt (13) Sister cities Main sights Buildings and structures Places, squares and streets See also - Berlin Alexanderplatz railway station - Berlin Friedrichstrasse railway station - Berlin Potsdamer Platz railway station - (German) Historical infos about Mitte Media related to Mitte at Wikimedia Commons

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Evergreen, Shrubs, Trees Conifers ranging from rock garden shrublets to timber trees. Sometimes mistaken for arborvitae (Thuja), but arborvitae’s leaves are entirely green, while false cypresses have white lines on leaf undersides. Most have two distinct types of foliage: juvenile and mature. Juvenile leaves are short, needlelike, soft but often prickly; they appear on young plants and some new growth of larger trees. Mature foliage consists of tiny, scalelike, overlapping leaves. Cones are small and round. All of the many varieties sold are forms of five species’two from western U.S., two from Japan, one from eastern U.S. New varieties appear each year, while older ones lose market share. Mislabeling is common, since many of these plants closely resemble one another. Numerous dwarf and variegated kinds are available, providing a rich array of choices for bonsai and rock gardens. Pinch out or cut back tips of new growth to control size and shape; don’t cut back into old, leafless wood. All types, including trees, can be sheared into hedges. All need good drainage and protection from wind. Pyramidal, 60-ft.-tall Western timber tree with lacy, drooping foliage. Species is seldom seen in gardens, but its varieties are used there.Chamaecyparis obtusa Native to Japan. The species grows 30 ft. tall, but most Hinoki cypresses are selected varieties. There are dozens of golden, dwarf, and fern-leafed forms.Chamaecyparis pisifera Japanese native to 20–30 ft., rarely seen except in its garden varieties. Native from Arizona to Texasand Mexico. To 4–10 ft. tall and3–8 ft. wide. Narrow leaflets.Blooms from ... Close relatives of coleus; native to many tropical regions of the world. They have square stems, oppos... Native from western Mediterranean to central Asia. Golden yellow, 1/2-in. flowers, one on each 6- to 9...

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- United Kingdom More informationWhat keeps you awake at night? Money worries? Your conscience? Traffic? Dogs barking? Or the shrill sound of a stressed robin forced to sing at night to find a mate? This composed feature by Nina Perry explores the problem of sleeplessness and the crucial relationship between sound and sleep, all set within a soundscape of noises heard during a sleepless night interwoven with specially composed music. Tinnitus sufferer Helen takes us on a journey through a sleepless night of thought and sounds of ticking clocks, snoring, a restless child, mysterious footsteps and a neighbour's late night party. How are these sounds perceived in a state of sleeplessness? How do we respond to sound emotionally, physiologically and hormonally. Are the sounds of the night changing? Are silent nights a thing of the past? Answering these questions and elucidating the relationship between sound and sleep are: Professor of Acoustics and Dynamics Andy Moorhouse and Senior Lecturer in Acoustics Bill Davies, from Salford University; David Baguley, Head of Audiology at Cambridge University Hospitals, who discusses sound perception, the meaning of sound and the reaction to sound as elements within Tinnitus treatment; Dr Ken Hume, a sleep researcher specializing in sound and sleep, discussing the physiology and psychology of sleep and sound disturbance; and Rupert Marshall, Lecturer in Animal Behaviour at Aberystwyth University, describing how urban wildlife is changing its behaviour to cope with modern life (for example, robins nesting in urban areas who struggle to be heard during the day are more likely to sing at night than their country cousins). Producer: Nina Perry A White Pebble Media production for BBC Radio 4.

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This book is written with the intention of exposing the traditional knowledge, skills and livelihood adaptation strategies employed by the Pastoralists and Agro-pastoralist Communities to curve the climate variability situations in Jigjiga District Somali Regional State, Ethiopia. Moreover, in this volume some key issues and areas of concerns about Adaptation to Climate Variability among the pastoralist and agro-pastoralists has been dealt with wider array of livelihood adaptation strategies in the light of Sustainable Livelihood framework approach to combat climate variability in the study area. Furthermore, this book provides numerous examples and incorporated very useful recommendations throughout, while skillfully indicating the systematic ways by which environmental resources and other livelihood assets are utilized and properly managed. Thus, adapting to climate variability in particular and climate changes in general seeks global thinking and local actions whereby saving our planet from easily torn by the changing climate. "Let's Save our Planet by Planting Trees and hence Creating Corbon Free World for ourselves and the coming generation."

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Phage T4 is a large DNA virus that infects and multiplies in the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) and certain other bacteria that normally inhabit the mammalian gut. Relatives of T4 are widely distributed in nature and propagate in a variety of bacterial species in marine and terrestrial environments. The genomes of these phages encode an enormous biochemical complexity that rival the complexity exhibited by the much larger genomes of their bacterial hosts. Collectively, T4 and its relatives have proven to be powerful systems for research into the genetic and biochemical mechanisms that control the replication, expression and evolution of DNA genomes as well as viral assembly. This book contains a collection of review articles covering research in these areas over the last 20 years. The articles appeared online as a thematic series in 2010 in BioMed Central's Virology Journal. They are reprinted here in hardcopy as a convenient source of the most current reviewed information on this family of phages for instructors and trainees in the microbial and molecular biological sciences.

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Home > Works & Ministries > World Map The word “mission” comes from the Latin mittere or “to send”. In Marguerite’s time, to go on mission meant, for a Sister of the Congregation, to be sent to work outside the Mother House in Montreal. By extension, all these other houses came to be called “missions”. At first, the community generally would accept the responsibility for the establishment of a new mission and select who was to be sent, always in response to an invitation or request. Later, major superiors decided where new missions would open and named the Sisters who would go there. The Sisters received “nominations” telling them where they were “sent.” For over three centuries, the Sisters have been engaged in carrying on the mission of Marguerite Bourgeoys, who crossed the ocean to take part in the development of a fledgling colony, which would embody the ideal of the first Christian community. Already during Marguerite’s lifetime, the work begun in Ville-Marie expended further and further, in response to the needs of the people and the pressing requests of the priests and bishops. Gradually, the Church asked that the Congrégation de Notre-Dame be present in Ontario, in the Maritime Provinces and in the United States. Later, the Sisters widened their field of action even more to work in Japan, Central America, Africa and France. This is how we come to find today Sisters and Associates of the CND, inspired by the charism of their foundress, living and working in the four corners of the world. Canada and the Congregation : A Shared History United States: First Mission Country Japan: Catholic Faith in the Land of the Rising Sun The CND in Central America: a Growing Community Cameroon: We are Together! Following Marguerite’s Footsteps in France

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There are several topologies suitable for the access network: tree, ring, or bus. A PON can also be deployed in redundant configuration as double ring or doubletree; or redundancy may be added only to a part of the PON, say the trunk of the tree. For the rest of this article, we will focus our attention on the tree topology; however, most of the conclusions made are equally relevant to other topologies transmissions in a PON are performed between Optical Line Terminal (OLT) and Optical Network Units (ONU). Therefore, in the downstream direction (from OLT to ONUs), a PON is a point-to-multipoint network, and in the upstream direction it is a multipoint-to-point network. The OLT resides in the local exchange (central office), connecting the optical access network to an IP, ATM, or SONET backbone. The ONU is located either at the curb (FTTC solution), or at the end-user location (FTTH, FTTB solutions), and provides broadband voice, data, and video services. In the downstream direction, a PON is a P2MP network, and in the upstream direction it is a MP2P network. The advantages of using PONs in subscriber access networks are numerous. 1. PONs allow for long reach between central offices and customer premises, operating at distances over 20km. PONs minimizes fiber deployment in both the local exchange office and local loop. PONs provides higher bandwidth due to deeper fiber penetration, offering gigabit per second solutions. 4. Operating in the downstream as a broadcast network, PONs allow for video broadcasting as either IP video or analog video using a separate 5. PONs eliminate the necessity to install active multiplexer at splitting locations thus relieving network operators 6. Being optically transparent end to end PONs allow upgrades to higher bit rates or additional wavelengths. One possible way of separating the channels is to use wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) in which each ONU operates at a different wavelength. While a simple solution, it remains cost prohibitive for an access network. WDM solution would require either tunable receiver or a receiver array at the OLT to receive multiple channels. An even more serious problem for network operators would be wavelength-specific ONU inventory instead of having just one type of ONU, there would be multiple types of ONUs based on their laser wavelength .It would also be more problematic for an unqualified user to replace a defective ONU. Using tunable lasers in ONUs is too expensive at the current state of technology. For these reasons a WDM PON network is not an attractive solution in today's environment. You may also like this : EDGE, Holographic Data Storage , Integer Fast Fourier Transform, NRAM, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplplexing , Ovonic Unified Memory, 4G Wireless Systems , Daknet, AC Performance Of Nanoelectronics , High Performance DSP Architectures, Millipede , Free Space Laser Communications, Short Message Service (SMS), Conditional Access System , SyncML, Virtual keyboard, High Altitude Aeronautical Platforms, MANET , Smart Fabrics, Dynamic Virtual Private Network, Blue Tooth, Autonomic Computing , Voice Over Internet Protocol, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) , DNA Based Computing, Digital Subscriber Line , Freenet, Access gateways , Free Space Optics, Introduction to the Internet Protocols, High Altitude Aeronautical Platforms, Fiber Distributed Data Interface , Hyper-Threading technology , IMode, Cyberterrorism Adding Intelligence to Internet, Self-Managing Computing, Unified Modeling Language (UML), Socket Programming, SAM, VoCable , ATM with an Eye,Mind Reading Computer, Blue Brain, 6G Wireless, Touch Screens,IT Seminar Reports, PPT and PDF.

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Note: This message is displayed if (1) your browser is not standards-compliant or (2) you have you disabled CSS. Read our Policies for more information. Question: What is the easiest, best way to keep from getting sick from food? Answer: It’s so simple it might surprise you! The answer is handwashing. Hans B. Kleen has lots of helpful hints and information to help you remember how and when it’s important to wash your hands. Bacteria and viruses are tiny, one-celled living organisms. Just like people, bacteria need water, food, and air to breathe in order to stay alive and to multiply. Viruses do not need food or water, but they do need a host – another living creature – to live and multiply. These organisms are microscopic, meaning you can’t see them without a microscope. You can’t see, smell or taste them in your food. Your body normally is covered with millions of bacteria every day. Most of these bacteria are harmless, but some can make you very sick. Our hands are usually one of the germiest parts of our bodies, because they touch lots of things every day. Think about the things that you have touched in the last hour, that might have a lot of germs (or bacteria) on them. Some examples might be a telephone, a doorknob, a computer keyboard, a toilet handle, a pet, a trashcan or even your own mouth. When you touch a surface that has many bacteria or viruses, you can transfer them to your mouth while eating, drinking, coughing or just touching your face. Some of these germs can make you pretty sick! Hans B. Kleen knows how to keep himself from getting sick from food – that’s called a foodborne illness. He knows that washing his hands at the right times will get rid of most of the bad bacteria and viruses that cause illness. Below, he has listed some of the most important times to wash his hands. After using the restroom Before touching any food Before cooking or making a snack After coughing, sneezing or blowing his nose After feeding or playing with his pet, or after cleaning a pet’s cage or litter box After taking out the trash After changing a baby’s diaper After helping his parents with housecleaning chores After playing outside Any time his hands look or feel dirty Do you think you are a good handwasher? Hans can give you some tips on the best way to wash your hands. Read the list below, and see if you wash your hands as well as you should. Wet your hands first with warm water? Use about a ½ teaspoon of soap? Scrub your hands for 20 seconds? Rinse your hands completely? Dry them off with a paper towel? Use the towel to turn off the water faucet?If you follow all these steps when you wash your hands, congratulations! You are a good handwasher. Here’s a little trick you can use to remember how long to scrub: Sing the "happy birthday" song two times in a row. This equals about 20 seconds.

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The Integral Trees |The Integral Trees| Cover of first edition (hardcover) |Genre(s)||Science fiction novel| |Media type||Print (Hardback & Paperback)| |Dewey Decimal||813/.54 19| |LC Classification||PS3564.I9 I54 1984| |Preceded by||A World Out of Time| |Followed by||The Smoke Ring| The Integral Trees is a 1984 science fiction novel by Larry Niven (first published as a serial in Analog in 1983). Like much of Niven's work, the story is heavily influenced by the setting: a gas torus, a ring of air around a neutron star. Its sequel is The Smoke Ring. The story is set at the fictional neutron star Levoy's Star (abbreviated "Voy"). The gas giant Goldblatt's World (abbreviated "Gold") orbits this star just outside its Roche limit. Thus, Gold's gravity is insufficient to hold its atmosphere, which is pulled loose into an independent orbit around Voy. This orbiting air forms a ring known as the Gas Torus. The Gas Torus is huge—one million kilometers thick—but most of it is too thin to be habitable. The central part of the Gas Torus, where the air is thicker, is known as the Smoke Ring. The Smoke Ring supports a wide variety of life. There is no "ground" in the Smoke Ring; it is a world consisting entirely of sky. Thus, most animals can fly, even the fish. Furthermore, since the Smoke Ring is in orbit, it is in free fall. There is no "up" or "down". Most animals have trilateral symmetry, allowing them to see in all directions. Most plants in the Smoke Ring are quite fragile, as they do not have to support their own weight. A notable exception to this rule are the eponymous Integral Trees. These are trees that are up to 100 kilometers long. Tidal locking causes them to be oriented radially, with one end pointing in toward Voy and one end pointing out. The ends of the tree feel a tidal force of up to 1/5 g. Each end consists of a leafy "tuft", which is where photosynthesis occurs. Compared to trees on Earth, the tufts are both canopy and roots. Each tuft of a tree is up to 50 kilometers from the tree's center of mass. Thus, a tuft is either orbiting too slowly (the "in" tuft) or too quickly (the "out" tuft), compared to the atmosphere, which is in orbit at all points. The ends of the tree are subject to a constant hurricane-force wind. This wind bends the ends into the shape of an integral symbol: ∫. The trees are "fed" by the constant inflow of materials to their tufts caused by water and food being blown into the tufts, or alternately onto the trunk, where the gravity-like tidal forces pull the material out towards the tufts. The Smoke Ring was colonized 500 years prior to the beginning of the story by a crew of 20 astronauts on board an interstellar "ramship". Their descendants have adapted to the free-fall environment by growing taller and developing prehensile toes. Small numbers of devices from the original crew are coveted items in the Smoke Ring society. Plot summary Plot setup Quinn Tribe inhabits the "in tuft" of Dalton-Quinn tree. They normally subsist on the tree's cottony foliage, augmented by hunting and a flock of domesticated turkeys. But ever since the tree passed near Gold six earth years ago it has been falling in toward Voy, nearly dropping out of the Smoke Ring. As a result, the tribe is suffering from a severe drought. The tribe's leader, the Chairman, decides to send a party of nine up the tree, ostensibly to hunt and re-cut tribal markings into the trunk. The group consists mostly of cripples or people the Chairman dislikes, and including the Chairman's son-in-law (and rival), Clave, and Jeffer, the Scientist's apprentice. Plot conflict As they approach the midpoint they notice that the tribal markings are different. When the party reaches the midpoint of the tree, they are attacked by members of the Dalton-Quinn tribe living at the other end of the tree. During the battle a massive tremor splits the tree in half, causing the in tuft to fall farther in toward Voy (killing its inhabitants) allowing the out tuft to find a new equilibrium closer to the Smoke Ring's median. The seven surviving members of the Quinn Tribe and one of the attackers jump clear of the shattered tree, and are left adrift in the sky with only a few "jet pods" (high pressure seed cases that provide a temporary thrust when opened) as their only method of propulsion. Before dying of thirst, they manage to hook a passing "moby" (a flying whale-like creature), which takes them to a "jungle", a floating mass of plant life. They cut loose and crash, and find themselves in the middle of a battle between the Carther States, who live in the jungle, and slave-runners from London Tree. The group is split when six of them are captured by the slavers; the other two remain in the jungle. Plot resolution Carther States counter-attacks some weeks later, and the Quinn Tribe group is reunited. During the battle they manage to steal the London Tree's CARM (Cargo And Repair Module), a miniature spacecraft, a relic of the original settlers. Not fully understanding how to pilot the CARM, they engage its main motor, which sends them thousands of miles away before running out of fuel. As a result, they become the first Smoke Ring inhabitants in centuries to see the naked stars. Unknown to any of the inhabitants of the Smoke Ring, the ship their ancestors arrived in, Discipline, is still in orbit, and its AI autopilot, Kendy, is watching their progress. When Kendy sees the CARM dangerously far from the habitable area of the Ring he contacts them. With help from the on-board computer and after some interaction with Kendy, the occupants of the CARM eventually find their way safely back into the Smoke Ring. Unable to find their way back to any of the trees they know, they decide to settle on a new tree, which they dub Citizens Tree. Awards and nominations The Integral Trees won the 1985 Locus Award for Science Fiction novel The Integral Trees was a nominee for the following awards - 1985 Hugo Award for Best Novel - 1985 Nebula Award for Best Novel - 1985 Science Fiction Chronicle Reader Awards - "The Locus Index to SF Awards: 1985 Locus Awards". Retrieved 2008-05-15. - "The Locus Index to SF Awards: 1985 Science Fiction Chronicle Reader Awards". Retrieved 2008-05-15.

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As Internet Protocol (IP)-based networks are increasingly deployed, packet-based applications such as voice over IP (VoIP), IP video, video telephony (VT), integrated voice and email, and instant messaging (IM), have emerged. The ability to integrate these services over the same network has become more important as customers appreciate and demand the bundling of multiple services. Many of these services benefit from session based connections between communicating network devices. For example, rather than having each data transmission between two devices be considered independent from each other, a series of data transmissions may be logically grouped together as a session. As session based traffic increases in the network, the problems of how to provide redundancy and load balancing among a cluster of session handling servers have to be addressed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 a is a diagram of an exemplary system for implementing a congestion control method; FIG. 1b is a system diagram of an exemplary upstream network device; FIG. 2a is a representation of server and cluster capacities; FIG. 2b is a representation of server and cluster capacities in the event of a server failure; FIG. 3 is a flowchart depicting exemplary steps and decisions related to a process for managing congestion control and server redundancy; FIG. 4 is a flowchart depicting exemplary steps and decisions related to a process for updating server utilization factors; and FIG. 5 is a flowchart depicting exemplary steps and decisions related to a process for scheduling packet data traffic to servers in the cluster. Exemplary illustrations of a congestion control method for session based network traffic are described below. In the interest of clarity, not all features of an actual implementation are described in this specification. It will of course be appreciated that in the development of any such actual illustration, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the specific goals of the developer, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints that will vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time-consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for those having the benefit of this disclosure. Referring now to the drawings wherein like numerals indicate like or corresponding parts throughout the several views, exemplary illustrations are provided. FIG. 1a illustrates a system 100 for use with a congestion control method for session based network traffic. Details of the elements depicted in the figures are included following a brief functional overview of the system 100 and method. Packetized data on a packet data network 105 may be transmitted to and from any of a number of interconnected network devices. For example, end user devices such as a Personal Computer (PC) 110, a mobile phone 115, a television 120 via a set-top-box 125, etc., may be the recipient or initiator of data traffic over the packet network 105. Servers 130a-c may receive and process data traffic from the end user devices. Moreover, the servers 130a-c may provide responsive data traffic to the end user devices. When multiple servers 130a-c collectively handle the same type of requests and data traffic, they may be arranged into a cluster 135. When arranged as the cluster 135, additional measures may need to be implemented to ensure that the servers 130 are utilized in a suitable manner. For example, it may be desirable to have similarly situated servers 130 handle corresponding amounts of data. Accordingly, a load-balancing scheme may be implemented to assign certain amounts of data processing to particular servers 130 of the cluster. Additionally, certain amounts of the data processing capacities of the servers 130 may need to be reserved for redundancy. A redundancy scheme may allow the cluster 135 to maintain normal operations even with a failure of one of the servers 130. By focusing on the capacity of each server to process data as well as on the amount of data actually processed by each server 130, a single cluster manager may be able to implement both redundancy planning and load-balancing schemes. A router 140, or any other network device acting as the cluster manager, may have the responsibility of tracking the amount of data actually processed by each server 130 and scheduling new data traffic to a particular server. Accordingly, the router 140 may provide a congestion control module 145 to implement the redundancy planning and load-balancing schemes. The packet network 105 may be a packet switched communication network such as an Internet Protocol (IP) network. The packet network 105 generally interconnects various computing devices and the like through a common communication protocol, e.g. the Internet Protocol. Interconnections in and with the packet network 105 may be made by various media including wires, radio frequency transmissions, and optical cables. Other devices connecting to and included with the packet network 105, e.g., switches, routers, etc., are omitted for simplicity of illustration in FIG. 1. The packet network 105 may interface with an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), which integrates voice, video, and data communications on the same network infrastructure. The PC 110, mobile phone 115, and television 120 by way of a set-top-box 125 merely represent three of many possible network devices capable of connecting to the cluster 135 for session based data processing. Each of these devices has computer software including an implementation of the network protocol needed to communicate over the packet network 105. Additionally, the devices may also implement higher level protocols to interface with the session handling facilities of the servers 130. For example, the mobile phone 115 may include instructions for conducting a voice communication based session over the packet network 105. Likewise, the set-top-box 125 may include instructions for conducting a video based session over the packet network 105. The servers 130 of the cluster 135 generally provide session handling capabilities. For example, they may be able to initiate a session based on a request from one of the network devices 110, 115, 125, etc., process data during the session, and terminate the session as necessary. Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is a signaling protocol for initiating, managing and terminating application sessions in IP networks, and provides a mechanism to allow voice, video, and data to be integrated over the same network. Accordingly, the servers 130 may implement SIP for session handling. The router 140 may interconnect one or more computing devices, e.g., servers 130, to the packet network 105. Moreover, the router 108 may establish and operate a local area network (LAN) for the servers 130, and may route certain communications thereof. For example the computing devices 110 may be connected to the router 108 using a wireless connection, a network cable such as a “Cat5” cable, or the like. The router 140 may further act as the cluster manager of the cluster 135. The cluster manager may be an upstream network device to the cluster 135 such as a device positioned between the cluster and the packet network 105. However, in another exemplary approach, one of the servers, e.g., 130a, may be designated as the cluster manager. In such an approach, the designated server 130a may be considered upstream in that it acts as a gateway of the cluster 135 for incoming network traffic. The congestion control module 145 may include computer instructions for implementing redundancy and load balancing schemes. The congestion control module will be provided by the device acting as the cluster manager, e.g., the router 140 as depicted in the exemplary approach of FIG. 1. As will be discussed in detail below, the congestion control module 145 may continuously schedule incoming traffic to particular servers 130, calculate utilization rates of the servers, monitor the cluster 135 for server failures, and update redundancy factors based on the state of the cluster. Positioning the congestion control module 145 upstream from the servers 130 may allow for the estimation of current utilization rates of the servers. Estimating utilization rates by the congestion control module 145 may eliminate time consuming bi-direction communication between the servers 130 and router 140 to determine the actual current utilization rates. FIG. 1b illustrates the elements of an exemplary upstream network device, such as the router 140. As illustrated, the router 140 may include elements for guaranteeing the quality of service for different classifications of data. For example, the incoming packet data 155 may first encounter a classifier 160. The classifier 160 may inspect the header of the packet data 155 to identify the proper classification. A marker 165 may write, or rewrite, a portion of the packet header to more clearly identify the determined classification. For example, the marker 165 may write to the Differentiated Service Code Point (DSCP) field of the header. A meter 170 may track the amount of incoming data 155 processed by the router 140. Moreover, the meter 170 may track the amount of data 155 for each classification. A policer/shaper 175 may use the tracked amounts from the meter 170 to enforce particular traffic routing polices, e.g., quality of service guarantees, service level agreements, etc. To enforce a policy, the policer/shaper 175 may drop packets if the tracked amount of data 155 exceeds the service level agreement. Additionally, the policer/shaper 175 may buffer or delay traffic that fails to conform to policy being enforced. A scheduler 180 has the responsibility of deciding which packets to forward to the cluster 135 for data processing. The scheduler typically bases its decision on the priority levels of the data as well as on the service level agreements. However, the scheduler 180 may be further influenced by the congestion control module 145. In one exemplary approach, the congestion control module 145 may be integrated into the scheduler 180. However, in another exemplary approach, the congestion control module 145 may be distinct from the scheduler 180 while still providing input thereto. FIG. 2a illustrates a representation 200 of server and cluster capacities during normal operation. Each server 130 may have an actual capacity 205, which represents the normal or default ability of a server to process data. As depicted, each server 130 has the same actual capacity 205a-d. However, in another exemplary approach, servers 130 with different actual capacities may be part of the same cluster 135. The actual capacity 205 may be artificially limited or reduced to an available capacity 210. The reduction of the actual capacity 205 provides redundant capacity 215 that is reserved for periods in which there is a server failure. The reduction of the actual capacity 205 of each server 130 may differ. Accordingly, a respective redundancy factor, ri, i=1, 2, . . . , n, where 0≦ri≦1, may be established for each server 130. The redundancy factor ri states the amount of redundant capacity as a fraction or percentage of the actual capacity 205. Accordingly, the available capacity 210a for each server 130 will be expressed as (Actual Capacity*(1−ri)), while the redundant capacity 215 will be expressed as (Actual Capacity*ri) If ri=0, it is assumed that the server 130 is expected to have an available capacity 210 equal to the actual capacity 205. Accordingly, any server with a redundancy factor of zero (ri=0) will not provide any redundancy to the cluster 135. On the other hand, if ri=1, then the server will limit its entire actual capacity 205 for redundant capacity 215. Moreover, any server with a redundancy factor of one (ri=1) will not handle any data processing requests unless there has been a failure of another server in the cluster 135. In general, higher redundancy factor values limit larger amounts of actual capacity 205 for redundancy capacity 215. The available capacity 210 may be used to handle data processing sessions from remote devices. A current usage 220a-d of each server reflects the amount of the available capacity 210 that is currently being used to handle data processing sessions. The current usage 220 will typically fluctuate as the server 130 receives new sessions and completes others. Moreover, the data processing demands on the server 130 may vary throughout a session. The router 140, or equivalent cluster manager, may determine which server 130 should handle newly received packet data. As will be discussed in detail with respect to FIG. 4, a utilization factor may be defined as the ratio of the estimate of current usage 200 over the available capacity 210. In one exemplary approach, the router 140 may implement packet data scheduling decisions by directing incoming traffic to the server meeting at least one threshold criterion. In one illustrative approach the criterion includes a consideration of utilization factor and in another approach the criterion is the lowest utilization factor. Because the servers 130 act together as a cluster 135, the sum of the actual capacity 205 of each server defines an actual cluster capacity 240. Similarly, the sum of the available capacities 210 of each server defines an available cluster capacity 250. The sum of the redundant capacities 215 of each server defines a cluster redundant capacity 255. The actual cluster capacity 240 will remain constant so long as there are no server failures in the cluster 135. Likewise, the available cluster capacity 250 and the cluster redundant capacity 255 will remain constant so long as there are no changes to the any of the redundancy factors (ri). However, a cluster usage 260 will fluctuate as the sum of the current usage 220 of each server varies. FIG. 2b illustrates a representation 202 of server and cluster capacities during a failure of one of the servers. As indicated by the X, the actual capacity 205a is currently unavailable due to a server failure. Accordingly, the actual cluster capacity 240 is reduced by the actual capacity 205a of the failed server 130. Because of the failure, the redundancy capacity 215 of the remaining servers may be reallocated as available capacity 210. Moreover, the redundant factor of the remaining servers may be set to zero (ri=0) in order to cause the available capacity 210 to fully encompass the actual capacity 205. The current usage 220a of the failed server 130 represents sessions with incomplete or unfinished data processing. Accordingly, the sessions encompassing the current usage 220a may be redistributed to the remaining servers of the cluster 135, thereby increasing the current usage 220b-d levels thereof. As expected, the cluster usage 260 will typically remain unchanged. The router 140 and servers 130 may be any general purpose computing device, such as a PC, or a specialized network device. The router 140 and servers 130 may have software, such as an operating system with low-level driver software, and the like, for receiving signals over network links. The operating system may also include a network protocol stack, for establishing and accepting network connections from remote devices. The router 140 and servers 130 may employ any of a number of user-level and embedded operating systems known to those skilled in the art, including, but by no means limited to, known versions and/or varieties of the Microsoft Windows® operating system, the Unix operating system (e.g., the Solaris® operating system distributed by Sun Microsystems of Menlo Park, Calif.), the AIX UNIX operating system distributed by International Business Machines of Armonk, N.Y., and the Linux operating system. Computing devices may include any one of a number of computing devices known to those skilled in the art, including, without limitation, a computer workstation, a desktop, notebook, laptop, or handheld computer, or some other computing device known to those skilled in the art. The router 140 and servers 130 may include instructions executable by one or more processing elements such as those listed above. Computer-executable instructions may be compiled or interpreted from computer programs created using a variety of programming languages and/or technologies known to those skilled in the art, including, without limitation, and either alone or in combination, Java™, C, C++, Visual Basic, Java Script, Perl, etc. In general, a processor (e.g., a microprocessor) receives instructions, e.g., from a memory, a computer-readable medium, etc., and executes these instructions, thereby performing one or more processes, including one or more of the processes described herein. Such instructions and other data may be stored and transmitted using a variety of known computer-readable media. A computer-readable medium includes any medium that participates in providing data (e.g., instructions), which may be read by a computer. Such a medium may take many forms, including, but not limited to, non-volatile media, and volatile media. Non-volatile media include, for example, optical or magnetic disks and other persistent memory. Volatile media include dynamic random access memory (DRAM), which typically constitutes a main memory. Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EEPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, or any other medium from which a computer can read. FIGS. 3-5 and the description thereof below present exemplary approaches to the functional details of the congestion control module 145. As illustrated, processes 300, 400 and 500 all operate concurrently. Concurrent operation may allow for the constant monitoring and detection of any failures in the servers 130 of the cluster 135. However, in another exemplary approach, the steps of the processes may be rearranged to operate sequentially. For example, after the initial set-up steps of process 300, process 400 may operate repeatedly for a period of time. Subsequently, process 400 may be paused while the cluster 135 is checked for server failures and process 500 updates the utilization factors. FIG. 3 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary process 300 for managing congestion control and server redundancy. The router 140 may include a computer-readable medium having stored instructions for carrying out certain operations described herein, including some or all of the operations described with respect to process 300. For example, some or all of such instructions may be included in the congestion control module 145. As described below, some steps of process 300 may include user input and interactions. However, it is to be understood that fully automated or other types of programmatic techniques may implement steps that include user input. Process 300 begins in step 305 by receiving initial parameters. The initial parameters include at least the actual capacities 205 and redundancy factors for each of the servers 130. The parameters may be received from user input, e.g., via a command line interface, Graphical User Interface, etc. In another exemplary approach, the parameters may be provided in a configuration file, or the like. Accordingly, the parameters may be received in step 305 by opening the file for reading and extracting the relevant data. Next, in step 310, an expected traffic load may be established. The expected traffic load may be used to alter or set the redundancy factors of the servers. Historical traffic loads for similar dates and times may be used to establish the expected traffic load. Moreover, the expected traffic load presets a baseline value to be used when initially setting the redundancy factors. Next, in step 315, the actual capacity 205 of each server may be limited to respective available capacities 210 based on the redundancy factors. In generally, the sum of the available capacities 210, also referred to as the available cluster capacity 250, will correspond to the expected traffic load in order to ensure that all expected traffic will be able to be processed. Moreover, the limiting provides redundant capacity 215 which is reserved for times in which there is a failure of one of the servers 130 of the cluster 135. This initialization step sets baseline values for the available capacities 210. However, in the event of a server failure, the available capacities 210 may be altered by changing the respective redundancy factors. Following, step 315, steps 320, 325, and 330 may operate concurrently as discussed above. Step 320 includes the steps and decisions of process 500 discussed below. Similarly, step 325 includes the steps and decisions of process 400, also discussed below. Because the utilization factor (uij) is based on the estimated current usage for the given time interval (j), the utilization factor will be calculated at each interval. The process will continue to schedule the data for the given time interval. At the conclusion of a time interval, the process must update the current usage based on the recent traffic load of each server. In step 330, it is determined whether any of the servers 130 have failed. In one exemplary approach, the router 140 may attempt to contact the servers 130, e.g., by initiate a connection, transmitting a so-called ping (Internet Control Message Protocol echo), etc. In another exemplary approach, the servers 130 may be configured to send out a communication, sometimes referred to as a life beat, to the router 140. No matter the approach, the router 140 will continuously monitor the servers 130 for failures. For example, the lack of a response or the lack of a life beat may be indicative of a server failure. In step 335, the redundancy factors are set to a failure state if a server failure is detected in step 340. As discussed above, the redundancy factors may be dynamically set to a high values, e.g., one, in order to allocate all of the redundant capacity 215 as available capacity 210. In step 340, the redundancy factors are set to the initial parameters if a server failure is not detected. In most cases the redundancy factors will already be set to the initial parameters. However, if the functionally of a server 130 has just been restored following a failure, the redundancy factors may need to be changed from the failure state. As discussed above, the redundancy factors may be established such that the available cluster capacity 250 corresponds to the baseline or expected traffic load. Next, in step 345, the parameters may be adjusted. For example, the redundancy factors may vary based on time and date to correspond with expected traffic loads and the service level that needs to be provided by the cluster 135. For example, if service must be guaranteed to a high degree for a certain time, the redundancy factors may be set to a low level to ensure there is redundant capacity 215 to accommodate any server failures. Accordingly, the parameters may be scheduled for particular times. However, in another exemplary approach, process 300 may be adaptive to current traffic conditions. For example, the parameters may automatically adjust in the face of changing traffic conditions. If the parameters need to be adjusted, process 300 may return to step 305 to receive the new parameters. However, if no adjustment is required, process 300 may return to concurrent steps 320, 325, and 330. FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary process 400 for updating server utilization factors. The router 140 may include a computer-readable medium having stored instructions for carrying out certain operations described herein, including some or all of the operations described with respect to process 400. For example, some or all of such instructions may be included in the congestion control module 145. As discussed above, process 400 may be sub-process for process 300, e.g., in step 325. Process 400 begins in step 405 by determining the available capacity 210 of each server. In one exemplary approach, the actual capacity 205 and the respective redundancy factor (ri) may be retrieved. For example, these values may be provided as initial parameters via user input, a configuration file, etc. The actual capacity 205 may be multiplied by the redundancy factor (1−ri) to determine the limited available capacity 210. Next, in step 410, the current usage 220 of each server 130 may be estimated. Unlike the expected traffic load discussed above for setting baseline values for the available capacity, the estimated traffic load attempts to determine the current or actual traffic load. Because it may be too costly to constantly monitor the actual traffic load, e.g., amount of packet data traffic sent to a server 130, the router may break the monitoring into discrete time intervals. In one exemplary approach, the router 140 may monitor the amount of packet data sent to a server every 200 milliseconds. Accordingly, the router 140 only knows historical amounts of packet data traffic sent to a server 130. Moreover, the router may not know the actual amount of traffic sent to a sever during the instant time interval. However, because traffic volumes could potentially change dramatically even during a brief interval, an understanding of the current usage 220 of a server 130 is important for properly balancing the data processing load over the cluster 135. Moreover, the scheduling decision (discussed with respect to FIG. 5) is ideally based on an estimated current usage (Eλij) and not on historical usage. In one exemplary approach, the current usage 220 may be based on a weighted moving average of the actual amounts of usage in prior intervals (λi,j−1), (λi,j−2), etc. Because the data processing may be based on sessions which exist and draw on server capacity for a period of time, it may be useful to base the current usage on more than just the actual usage of the most recent interval (λi,j−1). A weighting factor (0≦w≦1) may be selected to allocate the weight given to the most recent interval (λi,j l) and the second most recent interval (λi,j−2). For example, if it is unusual for a typical session to extend beyond a single interval, the weighting factor (w) may be set to a high value to give more weight the most recent period. Similarly, a lower value of (w) may be selected if it is likely that sessions draw on server capacity 210 for more than one time interval. Accordingly, the estimated current usage (Eλij) of each (i) server at each (j) time interval may be represented as Eλij=w·λi,j−1+(1−w)·λi,j−2. In other exemplary approaches, formulas that take even more historical values of the actual usage may be appropriate. As will be discussed with respect to FIG. 5, the actual usages for prior time intervals (λi,j−1) (λi,j−2), etc., may be stored during the packet data scheduling. Next, in step 415, utilization factors for each server 130 may be calculated. The utilization factor may represent the estimated current usage (Eλij) as a ratio to the available capacity 210, where the available capacity is the actual capacity limited by the redundancy factor (ri). In one exemplary approach, the utilization factor (uij) may be expressed as FIG. 5 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary process 500 for scheduling packet data traffic to servers in the cluster. The router 140 may include a computer-readable medium having stored instructions for carrying out certain operations described herein, including some or all of the operations described with respect to process 500. For example, some or all of such instructions may be included in the congestion control module 145. As discussed above, process 500 may be sub-process for process 300, e.g., in step 320. Process 500 begins in step 505 when incoming packet data traffic 155 is received by the router 140. As discussed above with respect to FIG. 2b, the router may classify, meter, mark, and shape the traffic as necessary. Subsequent to these preliminary steps, the scheduler 180, in coordination with the congestion control module 145, may proceed with the following steps to further process and direct the traffic to a particular server 130 of the cluster 135. Next, in step 510, it is determined whether the received packet data belongs to an existing session. For example, the data may include a session identifier thereby associating the data with a particular session. In step 515, the packet data will be scheduled to the server 130 that is already handling the session to which the data belongs. The session data from step 510 may be used to determine which server is handling a particular session. While not depicted, process 500 may also store associations between the servers 130 and sessions being processed thereby. In step 520, following the determination in step 510 that the packet data does not belong to an existing session, the data will be scheduled to one of the servers 130 of the cluster 135. As discussed above with respect to process 400, utilization factors may be maintained and updated for each server. The utilization factors express the estimated usage of the server 130 with respect to the available capacity 210. The server with the highest utilization factor has the least amount of unused available capacity 210. To effectively balance the traffic load between the servers 130 of the cluster 135, the new traffic may be scheduled to the server 130 having the lowest utilization factor. Following both steps 515 and 520, the record of the amount of packet data traffic sent to the server 130 may be updated in step 525. The router 140, or cluster manager, may keep historical records of the amounts of traffic sent to each server, e.g., a record for each of the last five time intervals. As discussed above, a time interval, e.g., 200 ms, may be defined for breaking down the calculation of the utilization factors. The historical records may be in the form of a circular list, or equivalent data structure, with an index value, e.g., 0-4, used to identify the record associated with the current time interval. Accordingly, the amount of the traffic scheduled to the server in either step 515 or step 520 will be added to the record associate with the server and the current time interval. While in another exemplary approach, the servers 130 could report back their actual current usage rates, monitoring estimated usage rates by the router 140 may eliminate time consuming bi-directional communication required for such reporting. Accordingly, an exemplary congestion control method for session based network traffic has been described. Session handling servers 130 arranged in a cluster 135 may receive packet data traffic 155 from an upstream network device such as a router 140. The actual traffic handling capacity 205 of each server 130 may be limited by a redundancy factor (ri) to respective available capacities 210 in order to provide redundancy capacity 215. The redundancy factors (ri) may be altered dynamically in order to provide more or less redundancy in the cluster 135. For example, the redundancy factors (ri) may be decreased during times in which service availability is critically important. At other times, the redundancy factors may be increased to provide more available processing capacity 210, which may be useful in the event of a failure of one of the servers 130. To balance the traffic load across the cluster 135, the amount of data traffic sent to each server may be tracked and recorded for a number of historical time intervals. Some or all of the historical records may be used to estimate a current usage (Eλij). Newly received traffic that is not associated with an existing session may be scheduled to the server having the lowest utilization factor (uij), e.g., the ratio of the estimated usage to the available capacity. With regard to the processes, systems, methods, heuristics, etc. described herein, it should be understood that, although the steps of such processes, etc. have been described as occurring according to a certain ordered sequence, such processes could be practiced with the described steps performed in an order other than the order described herein. It further should be understood that certain steps could be performed simultaneously, that other steps could be added, or that certain steps described herein could be omitted. In other words, the descriptions of processes herein are provided for the purpose of illustrating certain systems, and should in no way be construed so as to limit the claimed invention. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative and not restrictive. Many systems and applications other than the examples provided would be apparent upon reading the above description. The scope of the invention should be determined, not with reference to the above description, but should instead be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. It is anticipated and intended that future developments will occur in the arts discussed herein, and that the disclosed systems and methods will be incorporated into such future systems. In sum, it should be understood that the disclosure is capable of modification and variation and is limited only by the following claims. All terms used in the claims are intended to be given their broadest reasonable constructions and their ordinary meanings as understood by those skilled in the art unless an explicit indication to the contrary is made herein. In particular, use of the singular articles such as “a,” “the,” “said,” etc. should be read to recite one or more of the indicated elements unless a claim recites explicitly to the contrary.

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Fascinating facts, figures, and foibles of the forty-two U.S. presidents and their first ladies. Do you know . . . - Which president could simultaneously write in Greek with one hand and in Latin with the other? - As a young law student, what president broke into the dean's office at Duke University Law School? - Which president, at age seventeen, underwent a gall bladder operation without anesthesia? - Who was the first president to be born in the twentieth century? - What was Bill Clinton's name at birth? - When finding himiself short of funds during poker games, President Warren G. Harding sometimes used what White House items with which to ante? - Which president became stuck in a White House bathtub? - In the May 1995 issue of Outlaw Biker magazine, who was selected as "First Lady of the Century"? - Early morning skinnydipping in the Potomac River was a frequent activity of which president? - Who became president of the United States without having been elected as president or vice president? In Presidential Trivia more than 1,200 unusual, interesting, and little-known facts are assembled in a volume that will tantalize the mind and teach history. It's a handy guide offering more than 200 years of facts about those who have served in the position that is today the most influential one in world politics. Presidential Trivia will encourage readers to learn more about each of the fascinating individuals who have served as president of the United States of America. |Publication Date||March 1, 1996|

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A paradigm shift in the development sector – from income poverty to human poverty – has been paralleled in the disaster management sector by a shift from seeing disasters as extreme events created by natural forces, to viewing them as manifestations of unresolved development problems. This has led to increased emphasis on integration of poverty reduction programs with other sectoral issues such as environmental management, gender and public health. However, examples of systematic long-term integration of such programs with the disaster management sector are few. Over the past few decades, there was an exponential increase in human and material losses from disaster events, though there was no clear evidence that the frequency of extreme hazard events had increased. This indicated that the rise in disasters and their consequences was related to a rise in people’s vulnerability, induced by human-determined paths of development. An evolution in approaches – from relief and response to vulnerability analysis to risk management – has started influencing how disaster management programs are now being planned and financed. As it is becoming clear that the nature of people’s vulnerability is complex and varied, linkages between poverty and vulnerability are being explored. Three approaches to doing this include a livelihood framework from the bilateral development aid context, community-based disaster management from that sector, and risk transfer and finance from multilateral development finance institutions. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been in the forefront of recognizing the adverse impact of disasters on development and has played a pioneering role in promoting the incorporation of disaster reduction in development planning. ADB can set an example by making disaster risk assessment an integral part of the proposal approval process and by adopting appropriate mitigation measures in project implementation. Poverty reduction and disaster reduction programs can mutually support each other by developing innovative, multi-dimensional, inter-sectoral approaches. Please click here to access the full paper. Source: University for Peace NB: Press Cutting Service This article is culled from daily press coverage from around the world. It is posted on the Urban Gateway by way of keeping all users informed about matters of interest. The opinion expressed in this article is that of the author and in no way reflects the opinion of UN-Habitat.

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Recommended Grade Levels: 7-12+ Tips for using the site with students Before using this activity in class (or at home with your kids), go through the activity once to make sure it works correctly on your computer(s). This activity is recommended for broadband internet access - expect load times between 15 seconds and 1.5 minutes depending on your internet connection. If the activity does not load after clicking the 'start' button, you may be asked to download a Flash Player from Adobe.com. Please click yes as this allows you to view the Edheads Aortic Aneurysm Surgery activity. If you are using school computers, you might need to contact your tech support team to download the Flash Player. If you are using an iPad or other iDevice, our games will not play without downloading an app or browser. We recommend the Photon browser available at: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/photon-flash-player-for-ipad/id430200224?mt=8. Your computer(s) will need to have some sort of sound output. Either speakers or headphones will work well. The majority of this activity has voice audio. We highly recommend headphones in a classroom setting. Students with hearing impairments can read the text at the bottom of the screen. If you are having difficulty hearing, check the audio settings on your computer. We strongly recommend that students use a real mouse, as the touch pads on laptop computers are more difficult to use for this activity and slow students down significantly. If the teacher would like students to fill out a worksheet while doing the activity, that can be printed here. The worksheet is NOT necessary to complete the activity, but is a way for students to show they have done the activity or for teachers to track student progress. Students in the target grade-range will take approximately twelve to fifteen minutes to complete surgery working individually or in groups of two to three. Some students can get queasy using this activity. We recommend closely monitoring students when they experience this activity for the first time. Answers to Questions Asked in the Activity Q1. Do you think we should continue with surgery? Q2. Why don’t we just cut through the abdominal muscles from side to side instead of up and down? A2. This would cause the patient more pain and take longer to heal. Q3. Why do you think we clamp the iliac arteries first? A3. To avoid embolisms, or blood clots, going down into the legs. Q4. Why do we clamp the aorta below the renal arteries? A4. To prevent kidney failure during or after surgery. Q5. Why would we use permanent suture here instead of dissolvable suture? A5. We can’t take the chance on dissolvable suture dissolving too soon. Q6. Why would we close the aorta around the graft instead of just cutting away the diseased parts of the artery? A6. The aorta wall, even though diseased, provides an extra layer of protection to prevent the bowel from rubbing on the graft. Q7. Why use a permanent suture on the abdominal wall? A7. Abdominal muscles are very strong and could potentially put a lot of pressure on the sutures that might dissolve too soon. Q8. Why do we use staples instead of suture for the skin? A8. Staples are more sturdy and easier to remove if an infection in the skin develops. The worksheet for this activity is optional. Teachers may choose to have their students do the worksheet as a means of ascertaining that the students have completed the activity. However, the worksheet is NOT required to complete the activity. Assessment and Discussion For an assessment tool, teachers may want to have students put their names on the Worksheets and turn them in. These should indicate if students completed the assigned activity. A quick five question quiz can be found here. Answers to the quiz questions can be found here. After students use the site, additional in class discussion questions (which can also act as assessment tools) can be asked or assigned as homework: - How do you think the surgeon knew to put the clamps at the bottom (near iliac arteries) of the aneurysm first, instead of at the top near the renal arteries? How do you think knowledge like that is gained? Answer: Somewhat through personal experience or through the personal experience of the surgeon that trained the one performing the operation. Primarily through published papers and continuing education seminars and conferences for medical personnel. This clearly illustrates the need for scientists to share their work and data sets. - Students can research and, if desired, write a report on the history and advancement of the grafts used to repair aortic aneurysms. - Students can design an experiment or process that would allow them to determine the answer to the question of why so many more men than women have aortic aneurysms (80% of patients are men). This would most likely involve something like the Framingham Study, referenced here: http://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/ or could also involve genetic studies or perhaps even the development of a test to determine which individuals might be more likely to develop aneurysms. Students can discuss their ideas in class or write a report to turn in to the teacher. Ohio Science Standards Science & Technology - Give examples of how technological advances, influenced by scientific knowledge, affect the quality of life. - Design a solution or product taking into account needs and constraints (e.g., cost, time, trade-offs, properties of materials, safety and aesthetics). - Explain that there are differing sets of procedures for guiding scientific investigations and procedures are determined by the nature of the investigation, safety considerations and appropriate tools. Scientific Ways of Knowing - Explain how ethical considerations shape scientific endeavors. - Explain how societal issues and considerations affect the progress of science and technology. National Science StandardsContent Standards - Understandings about scientific inquiry. - Understanding of structure and function in living systems, reproduction and heredity. - Abilities of technological design and understandings about science and technology. - Personal health risks and benefits, science and technology in society. - Understandings about scientific inquiry. - Matter, energy and organization in living systems and behavior of organisms. - Abilities of technological design, understandings about science and technology. - Natural and human-induced hazards, science and technology in local, national, and global challenges. - Understanding of the nature of scientific knowledge and science as a human endeavor.

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Aphrodisias of Cilicia Aphrodisias is situated on Cape Tisan near the town of Yeşilovacık in the rural area of Silifke district which itself is a part of Mersin Province. The ancient name of this region was Cilicia Trachea ("rugged Cilicia") So it is customary to call the ruins Aphrodisias of Cilicia to distinguish it from the better known Aphrodisias in Aydin Province. The ruins are at the east side of the cape facing Dana Island and Güvercinlik Island. The coordinates of the ruins are The highway distance to is Silifke 50 kilometres (31 mi) and to Mersin is 133 kilometres (83 mi). The foundation date of the ancient settlement is unknown. But it was a port of Ptolemaic Egypt in the fourth century BC. The settlement was incorporated into Roman Empire and in the marine book Ps.Skylax written in 101 AD, the settlement was named Cap Aphrodisias . During the early Middle ages when the port was a part of Byzantine Empire, it was named Porto Cavaliere. Then it faded away. The location of the long forgotten ruins was discovered by Austrian Archaeologist Rudolf Heberdey in 1891. There are ruins of a necropol, a cistern, city walls and floor mosaics of a 4th century church named St.Panteleon (The church was a temple prior to Christianity) . In 1987, Ludwig Budde from Germany published his book St.Pantaleon von Aphrodisias in Kılikien about the church. But most of the mosaics are not unearthed yet.

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||This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2009)| In spaceflight, a launch vehicle or carrier rocket is a rocket used to carry a payload from the Earth's surface into outer space. A launch system includes the launch vehicle, the launch pad and other infrastructure. Usually the payload is an artificial satellite placed into orbit, but some spaceflights are sub-orbital while others enable spacecraft to escape Earth orbit entirely. A launch vehicle which carries its payload on a suborbital trajectory is often called a sounding rocket. Launch vehicles, particularly orbital launch vehicles, have at least two stages, but sometimes up to 4 are employed. Types of launch vehicles Expendable launch vehicles are designed for one-time use. They usually separate from their payload, and may break up during atmospheric reentry. Reusable launch vehicles, on the other hand, are designed to be recovered intact and used again for subsequent launches. For orbital spaceflights, the Space Shuttle has been the only launch vehicle with components which have been used for multiple flights. SpaceX is currently developing a reusable rocket launching system slated for use on both the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launch vehicles. A second-generation VTVL design was announced in 2011. The low-altitude flight test program of an experimental technology-demonstrator launch vehicle began in 2012, with more extensive high-altitude over-water flight testing planned to begin in mid-2013, and continue on each subsequent Falcon 9 flight. Non-rocket spacelaunch alternatives are at the planning stage. Launch vehicles are often characterized by the amount of mass they can lift into orbit. For example, a Proton rocket has a launch capacity of 22,000 kilograms (49,000 lb) into low Earth orbit (LEO). Launch vehicles are also characterized by the number of stages they employ. Rockets with as many as five stages have been successfully launched, and there have been designs for several single-stage-to-orbit vehicles. Additionally, launch vehicles are very often supplied with boosters, which supply high thrust early on in the flight, and normally in parallel with other engines on the vehicle. Boosters allow the remaining engines to be smaller, which reduces the burnout mass of later stages, and thus allows for larger payloads. Other frequently-reported characteristics of launch vehicles are the nation or space agency responsible for the launch, and the company or consortium that manufactures and launches the vehicle. For example, the European Space Agency is responsible for the Ariane V, and the United Launch Alliance manufactures and launches the Delta IV and Atlas V rockets. Many launch vehicles are considered part of an historical line of vehicles which share the same or similar names such as the Atlas V being the latest member of the Atlas rocket family. By launch platform - Land: Spaceport and fixed missile silo (Strela) for converted ICBMs - Sea: fixed platform (San Marco), mobile platform (Sea Launch), submarine (Shtil', Volna) for converted SLBMs - Air: aircraft (Pegasus, Virgin Galactic LauncherOne, Stratolaunch Systems), balloon (ARCASPACE), JP Aerospace Orbital Ascender, proposal for permanent Buoyant space port ||This section relies largely or entirely upon a single source. (May 2013)| ||The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (May 2013)| - A sounding rocket cannot reach orbit and is only capable of sub-orbital spaceflight - A small lift launch vehicle is capable of lofting up to 2,000kg (4,400lbs) of payload into low earth orbit (LEO) - A medium lift launch vehicle is capable of lofting between 2,000 to 20,000kg (4,400 to 44,000lbs) of payload into LEO - An heavy lift launch vehicle is capable of lofting between 20,000 to 50,000kg (44,000 to 110,200lbs) of payload into LEO - A super-heavy lift vehicle is capable of lofting more than 50,000kg (110,200lbs+) of payload into LEO Various methods are used to move an assembled launch vehicle onto its launch pad, each method with its own specialized equipment. These assembly activities take place as part of the overall launch campaign for the vehicle. In some launch systems, like the Delta II, the vehicle is assembled vertically on the pad, using a crane to hoist each stage into place. The Space Shuttle orbiter, including its external tank, and solid rocket boosters, are assembled vertically in NASA's Vehicle Assembly Building, and then a special crawler-transporter moves the entire stack to the launch pad while it is in an upright position. In contrast, the launch vehicles such as the Soyuz rocket and the Falcon 9 are assembled horizontally in a processing hangar, transported horizontally, and then brought upright once at the pad. As an alternative, Project Vanguard provided a contraction of the phrase "Satellite Launching Vehicle" abbreviated to "SLV". This provided a term in the list of what the rockets were allocated for: flight test, or actually launching a satellite. The contraction would also apply to rockets which send probes to other worlds or the interplanetary medium. Orbital launch vehicles Sounding rockets are normally used for brief, inexpensive space and microgravity experiments. Current human-rated suborbital launch vehicles include SpaceShipOne and the upcoming SpaceShipTwo, among others (see space tourism). The delta-v needed for orbital launch using a rocket vehicle launching from the Earth's surface is at least 9300m/s. This delta-v is determined by a combination of air-drag, which is determined by ballistic coefficient as well as gravity losses, altitude gain and the horizontal speed necessary to give a suitable perigee. The delta-v required for altitude gain varies, but is around 2 kilometres per second (1.2 mi/s) for 200 kilometres (120 mi) altitude. Minimising air-drag entails having a reasonably high ballistic coefficient, which generally means having a launch vehicle that is at least 20 metres (66 ft) long, or a ratio of length to diameter greater than ten. Leaving the atmosphere as early on in the flight as possible provides an air drag of around 300 metres per second (980 ft/s). The horizontal speed necessary to achieve low earth orbit is around 7,800 metres per second (26,000 ft/s). The calculation of the total delta-v for launch is complicated, and in nearly all cases numerical integration is used; adding multiple delta-v values provides a pessimistic result, since the rocket can thrust while at an angle in order to reach orbit, thereby saving fuel as it can gain altitude and horizontal speed simultaneously. Under international law, the nationality of the owner of a launch vehicle determines which country is responsible for any damages resulting from that vehicle. Due to this, some[who?] countries require that rocket manufacturers and launchers adhere to specific regulations in order to indemnify and protect the safety of people and property that may be affected by a flight. In the US, any rocket launch that is not classified as amateur, and also is not "for and by the government," must be approved by the Federal Aviation Administration's Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA/AST), located in Washington, DC. Specific to launch vehicles ||This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (August 2009)| - See for example: "NASA Kills 'Wounded' Launch System Upgrade at KSC". Florida Today. - "SpaceX says 'reusable rocket' could help colonize Mars". Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 4 October 2011. - "Elon Musk says SpaceX will attempt to develop fully reusable space launch vehicle". Washington Post. 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2011-10-11. "Both of the rocket’s stages would return to the launch site and touch down vertically, under rocket power, on landing gear after delivering a spacecraft to orbit." - Lindsey, Clark (2013-03-28). "SpaceX moving quickly towards fly-back first stage". NewSpace Watch. Retrieved 2013-03-29. - there are no Russian roadless terrain or railway car based mobile launchers converted for spacecraft launches. - NASA Space Technology Roadmaps - Launch Propulsion Systems, p.11: "Small: 0-2t payloads, Medium: 2-20t payloads, Heavy: 20-50t payloads, Super Heavy: >50t payloads" - HSF Final Report: Seeking a Human Spaceflight Program Worthy of a Great Nation, October 2009, Review of U.S. Human Spaceflight Plans Committee, p. 64-66: "5.2.1 The Need for Heavy Lift ... require a “super heavy-lift” launch vehicle ... range of 25 to 40 mt, setting a notional lower limit on the size of the super heavy-lift launch vehicle if refueling is available ... this strongly favors a minimum heavy-lift capacity of roughly 50 mt ..." - S. A. Kamal, A. Mirza: The Multi-Stage-Q System and the Inverse-Q System for Possible application in SLV, Proc. IBCAST 2005, Volume 3, Control and Simulation, Edited by Hussain SI, Munir A, Kiyani J, Samar R, Khan MA, National Center for Physics, Bhurban, KP, Pakistan, 2006, pp 27–33 Free Full Text - S. A. Kamal: Incorporating Cross-Range Error in the Lambert Scheme, Proc. 10th National Aeronautical Conf., Edited by Sheikh SR, Khan AM, Pakistan Air Force Academy, Risalpur, KP, Pakistan, 2006, pp 255–263 Free Full Text - S. A. Kamal: The Multi-Stage-Lambert Scheme for Steering a Satellite-Launch Vehicle, Proc. 12th IEEE INMIC, Edited by Anis MK, Khan MK, Zaidi SJH, Bahria Univ., Karachi, Pakistan, 2008, pp 294–300 (invited paper) Free Full Text - S. A. Kamal: Incompleteness of Cross-Product Steering and a Mathematical Formulation of Extended-Cross-Product Steering, Proc. IBCAST 2002, Volume 1, Advanced Materials, Computational Fluid Dynamics and Control Engineering, Edited by Hoorani HR, Munir A, Samar R, Zahir S, National Center for Physics, Bhurban, KP, Pakistan, 2003, pp 167–177 Free Full Text - S. A. Kamal: Dot-Product Steering: A New Control Law for Satellites and Spacecrafts, Proc. IBCAST 2002, Volume 1, Advanced Materials, Computational Fluid Dynamics and Control Engineering, Edited by Hoorani HR, Munir A, Samar R, Zahir S, National Center for Physics, Bhurban, KP, Pakistan, 2003, pp 178–184 Free Full Text - S. A. Kamal: Ellipse-Orientation Steering: A Control Law for Spacecrafts and Satellite-Launch Vehicles, Space Science and the Challenges of the twenty-First Century, ISPA-SUPARCO Collaborative Seminar, Univ. of Karachi, 2005 (invited paper) - Christmas turns bad for ISRO, GSLV mission fails.

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The history of corruption in post-Independence India starts with the Jeep scandal in 1948. VK Krishna Menon, the then High Commissioner for India in London signed a deal with a foreign firm worth Rs 80 lakh for jeeps for the Indian Army in Kashmir without observing normal procedure. The then Government announced on September 30, 1955 that the Jeep scandal case was closed, despite the demand of the opposition for judicial inquiry as suggested by the Inquiry Committee led by Ananthsayanam Ayyangar. Union Minister GB Pant said "that as far as Government was concerned it has made up its mind to close the matter. If the opposition is not satisfied they can make it an election issue." Soon after, on February 3, 1956 VK Krishna Menon was inducted into the Nehru cabinet as minister without portfolio.

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About the Exhibition This exhibition chronicles America's past through the decorative and useful arts of our ancestors. The exhibition covers five themes using the depth and richness of Winterthur's unrivalled collection of decorative and fine arts made or used in America between 1640 and 1860: the early settlement period, the mid-eighteenth-century high styles of the urban centers, the influence of the Far East on American taste and design, the tremendous cultural heritage of the Pennsylvania German communities, and the influence of classicism on American design in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The exhibition consists of approximately three hundred objects including furniture, paintings, silver, ceramics, textiles, and glass. An illustrated catalogue accompanies the exhibition. This exhibition was organized by Winterthur Museum and Country Estate.

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LaosOn March 6, 1970, I gave the first comprehensive accounting of our activities in Laos that has ever been made to the American people. I traced the pattern of subversion and then invasion by North Vietnam. I reviewed US efforts under previous administrations to help the legitimate government. When we took office there had already been a US military assistance program for six years and increasing US air operations for four. Since early 1963 the North Vietnamese have in effect conducted two wars in Laos. in the north they have kept up constant pressure against the neutralist government established in 1962 at their own urging. In the south they have occupied and fortified the Ho Chi Minh Trail area to attack South Vietnam. In the face of these continuing North Vietnamese actions, we believed that the US role we inherited remained important. Our material aid and air operations in the north were needed to support the Royal Lao government and preserve the 1962 Geneva agreements. In the south, Vietnamization called for continued air strikes against the enemy to protect allied forces. Since 1965 at least 630,000 North Vietnamese troops have streamed down the trail. They have brought with them more than 400,000 weapons, over 100 million pounds of ammunition, and at least 200 million pounds of food. Our defensive and supportive policy was outlined in the March 6 statement: no American around combat forces; minimum American presence; military assistance for regular and irregular Lao forces when requested by the Lao government; reconnaissance flights and air operations to interdict North Vietnamese troops and supplies on the Ho Chi Minh Trail: logistic and air support for Lao forces when requested by the government. Within this framework we have maintained our military aid and air operations during the past year in response to increased North Vietnamese levels of infiltration and aggression. Southern Laos became critical for Hanoi after the allied Cambodian operations deprived it of the port of Sihanoukville and the border sanctuaries. They swelled their forces in the area by more than twenty-five thousand, captured the towns of Saravane and Attopeu and intensively built up their supplies and their logistics network. Whereas for years southern Laos had been central to Hanoi's opera- tions in northern South Vietnam, at the end of 1970 it was becoming the hub and crossroads of Hanoi's campaigns throughout Indochina. Almost all of its men and supplies were now flowing through this area. The strategic principles that applied to the enemy's bases in Cambodia were valid as well for southern Laos. Hanoi deepened the area's part in the Vietnam war, with direct implications for Vietnamization and our withdrawals.

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TENS of thousands of Australians could have undiscovered heart disease because the key method used by doctors to assess patients is outdated and grossly underestimates risk, a leading hypertension specialist says. The International Society of Hypertension hosted its annual conference in Sydney this week and its president in Australia, Stephen Harrap, said doctors were estimating heart disease risk based on a study conducted six decades ago. The standard method of testing did not consider a person's socio-economic situation, he said, even though poorer people had a higher risk of developing heart disease due to less access to information and health care as well as higher levels of anxiety and depression. ''These people are living shorter lives because of their socio-economic status and we're talking amounts of 15 to 20 years less than those elsewhere in Australia,'' Professor Harrap said. ''Not only do they die younger, they suffer over a much longer period.'' Called the Framingham Score, the method is designed for adults aged 20 and older who do not have heart disease or diabetes but was tailored towards patients who were relatively well-off, Professor Harrap said. It involves measuring blood pressure, cholesterol, body weight, age, sex and other things that feed into a formula designed to estimate a patient's ''score'' or risk of dying from cardiovascular disease. ''But the score was developed long ago from a study of well-off people in a small town in Massachusetts and is not appropriate to people living in big cities, where there are less well-off pockets, indigenous communities or people living in the red-centre - even though those people share the greatest burden of cardiovascular disease,'' Professor Harrap said. ''If you were to measure the blood pressure and cholesterol in a poor person based on the Framingham Score it may tell you their risk is 10 per cent but in reality that risk might be 30 per cent.'' Although the impact of being poor on health was now widely recognised in scientific research, Professor Harrap said it could take decades for that research to result in new tools widely used by doctors to better assess risk. The director of the Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Garry Jennings, agreed the score was based on ''old technology'' developed when obesity, another risk factor, was uncommon. ''But at the moment Framingham is the best diagnostic tool we've got,'' Professor Jennings said. ''It doesn't apply to very high risk groups and also doesn't work so well in those with major psychiatric disease, kidney problems and those with inflammatory diseases.'' Programs carried out beyond the doctors office were needed to reach the most high-risk populations, he said, such as mobile clinics that went to people's workplaces and education targeted at poorer populations.

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Mosquito control in effect for the City of Newnan The Public Works Department will begin a mosquito management program in June and continue through September, fogging Tuesdays and Fridays from 7 p.m. to 10 p.m., weather conditions permitting. The department uses a truck mounted ULV (ultra low volume) aerosol fogger for spraying a ready-to-use, quick knockdown, low odor, non-corrosive, synergized, synthetic Pyrethroid for the control of adult mosquitoes, biting and non-biting midges, black flies and other outdoor flying insects that cause public health annoyance and is intended for use in residential, municipal and recreational areas. At this time, the Public Works Department does not have a program for larval monitoring or surveillance, nor does the Department use any larval control products. Because of ideal weather conditions, the mosquito population this spring and summer are predicted to be a bumper crop. Mosquitoes are an all-too familiar summer nuisance, but much worse, they can carry West Nile virus or Eastern Equestrian Encephalitis for humans and heartworms for pets. West Nile virus can result in serious illness and sometimes death. The virus can infect humans, birds, mosquitoes, horses and other mammals and is transmitted through the bite of a mosquito that has bitten an infected bird. People over the age of 50 and anyone living in areas where the virus has been detected are most at risk. Standing water in your yard means you could be raising dangerous mosquitoes. Some mosquitoes lay their eggs in standing water where they hatch in just a day or two. Other mosquitoes lay their eggs in old tires, tin cans or other potential water-holding containers where the eggs remain un-hatched for weeks, months or even years until they are covered by water. We will accommodate special requests, including requests for not spraying near particular residences; however, we only spray from the right-of-way. Residents and property owners can help abate existing mosquito breeding sources by clearing property of any potential breeding sites and preventing them from recurring. Here are some suggestions for what you can do help eliminate potential breeding grounds and increase your enjoyment of the outdoors: • Get rid of old tires, tin cans, buckets, bottles or any water-holding containers • Fill in or drain low places in your yard • Keep drains, ditches and culverts clean of weeds and trash to help drainage • Cover trash containers to keep water out • Repair leaky outside pipes and faucets • Empty plastic wading pools regularly and store them indoors when not in use • Fill in tree rot holes and hollow stumps • Change the water in bird baths and tray for plant pots at least once a week • Keep your grass cut short and shrubbery trimmed Together we can eliminate potential breeding grounds and increase our enjoyment of the outdoors. If you have any questions, comments or requests, please call the Public Works Department at 770-253-1823 or email Michael Klahr at email@example.com.

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Helping Children Adjust to Divorce: A Guide for Teachers Human Development State Extension Specialist Human Development Specialist, Pike County Approximately one of every two divorces in Missouri (51 percent) involves children. Although children whose parents divorce are at greater risk for problems such as aggression, depression, lower self-esteem and poorer school performance, most children adjust to the divorce successfully. However, the adjustment process is stressful and takes time. It is typical for children to experience distress for 1 to 2 years following the divorce. Schools can play an important role in helping children make a positive adjustment to their parents' divorce. This guide suggests ways that schools, preschools and childcare centers can support children through difficult family transitions. By working together, families and schools can form a network of support that promotes healthy child development. There are four key elements of successful family-school relationships — approach, attitudes, atmosphere and action. These four categories organize ideas for how schools can support children through family transitions. The approach is the framework used for working with families. The partnership approach emphasizes families and schools working together toward the shared goal of ensuring all students' success in school. Using a partnership model involves three things: - Two-way communication - Appreciating family strengths - Mutual problem-solving Two-way communication is essential for a successful partnership. This means that parents keep teachers informed about important events in their child's home life, and teachers keep parents informed about their child's school activities. If parents have recently experienced stressful life transitions, such as divorce or remarriage, their attention may be focused on the events in their lives. It may take extra initiative from teachers to obtain information. Appreciating family strengths is also essential for forming a successful partnership. All families have strengths, even if they face many challenges. Some strengths of single-parent families and stepfamilies are: Children learn to adapt to changes and to live in environments with different rules and expectations - Multiple role models and extended kin network Children living in stepfamilies often have several adult role models in their lives and a large network of grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins. - Greater independence and maturity Children living in single-parent families may be given greater responsibility for household tasks. They can gain a sense of competence and independence if they are given a reasonable number (not too many) of tasks they are capable of doing. - Negotiation and conflict resolution skills When parents divorce and are able to negotiate and resolve conflicts in a constructive manner, children learn from their parents' example. - Parents who love them Most children with divorced parents have one or more parents who nurture and support them, which is a very important resource for a child living in any type of family. A third element of working with parents as partners is mutual problem-solving. When a problem arises, the teacher and parent work together to solve the problem. Both teacher and parent provide their perspectives on the problem and come up with solutions together. Attitudes can foster partnership or create a barrier to partnership. Viewing parent involvement as a continuum, rather than categories (uninvolved vs. involved) helps develop partnerships with parents. This means taking the perspective that all parents are involved to some degree. Some parents are involved at a high level, acting as active partners and educational leaders at home and school, whereas others are involved at lower levels, acting as a recipients of education and support from the school. For parents experiencing transitions such as divorce or remarriage, lower levels of involvement may be all that are possible. Attitudes are often shaped by our own experiences, professional and personal, in childhood and adulthood. For example, if your parents are divorced or you have experienced a divorce, those experiences may color your attitudes about divorced parents and their children. If you have worked with a family that had an especially hostile divorce, that experience may affect how you think about divorced parents. It is important to be aware of our attitudes about families. By knowing what our attitudes are, we can ask ourselves where those attitudes come from, and decide whether they are accurate or not. Becoming familiar with research on divorce and families can help in developing informed attitudes. It is also important to be aware of parents' attitudes, which range from avoiding involvement with school to being overly involved. Most parents fall somewhere in the middle — they are happy to be involved on occasion if they are approached. Parents' attitudes are often influenced by their own experiences with school as a child. Those who had positive experiences at school may be more willing to be involved. Parents who understand the school system in the U.S. and come from similar cultures may be more likely to get involved than parents who are from cultures in which school personnel are viewed as authorities rather than partners. Parent involvement is also greater when parents perceive the school environment as warm, but structured, with clear limits and routines. An essential part of supporting divorced parents and their children is creating an atmosphere that welcomes all types of families and encourages involvement of all adults that play an important role in the child's life. One of the primary ways of creating such a welcoming atmosphere is through communication with parents. Communication that creates a welcoming atmosphere includes: Communicating with both parents Often, mothers manage most of the communication with the other adults in a child's life, such as child care providers, teachers and coaches. After a divorce, many assume that the communications will continue to be with the mother. However, in most cases, both parents should be actively involved in communicating with other adults in the child's life. Both parents should have equal access to health and school records unless there is legal documentation, such as a protective order, prohibiting access. The parenting plan is a document that details how the parents will provide for the care and well-being of the child, which includes the residential and legal custody arrangements as well as the financial responsibilities of each parent. Sole legal custody gives one parent the decision-making rights, responsibilities, and authority related to the health, education and welfare of the child. Joint legal custody gives parents shared decision-making rights, responsibilities, and authority related to the health, education and welfare of the child. Physical custody designates where the child will reside and who provides the care and supervision. Involving the nonresidential parent in school activities Nonresidential parents often feel excluded by institutions and organizations, including schools. Invite nonresidential parents to participate in school activities, programs, and field trips. Involving the nonresidential parent in school activities encourages and supports that parent's involvement in the child's life. Sensitivity to family diversity Avoid terms that may be offensive to some families, such as "broken home," or "real parent." Don't assume that individuals in the same family have the same last name. Be sensitive to family differences when writing invitations for family members to participate in school activities — for example, "Bring your grandparent or grandfriend." Using a variety of formal and informal methods to communicate with families - Parent orientation nights Offer multiple parent orientation nights at different times and days of the week. - Develop a system for keeping track of family changes Collect parent information cards Sample (PDF) at the beginning of the year. Send them out again mid-year, asking parents to make changes as needed. - Offer parent-teacher conferences at times convenient for parents Offer opportunities for divorced parents to have separate conferences. Some divorced parents may be able to attend conferences together, but if there is hostility between parents, it is probably better for them to attend separately. - Notes home Make sure that the nonresidential parent receives notes, unless there is a court order that limits the parent's access. Some teachers make up a weekly packet of information that the parent can pick up. This is more reliable than expecting the child to get the information to both parents. - Telephone calls If possible, make calls to both the residential parent and nonresidential parent. Sending a note home at the start of the year to find out when parents are available for telephone calls may make it easier to reach parents. Call parents to share both positive information and concerns. Schools are in a prime position to offer support to children experiencing family transitions because they reach large numbers of families. There are several ways that require minimal time investment for teachers to support children experiencing parental divorce: Provide resources to promote positive parent-child relaitonships You can set up a parent information center or lending library, perhaps with the help of a parent volunteer. Consider providing information or resources on the following topics: - Stages of child development - Children's responses to family transitions, such as divorce and remarriage - Single parenting - Building family rituals and traditions - Community resources - Basic parenting strategies Encourage all parents to monitor their children's school progress Children's school performance may be affected when then their parents divorce. However, if children continue to achieve in school, they are less likely to develop other problems. Parents may need information about how to help their children succeed in school. Send home a handout at the beginning and middle of the school year offering tips for improving study habits. If a child is having problems with completing homework assignments, talk with parents about using daily report cards to facilitate communication between home and school. Encourage all parents to engage in learning activities with their child at home This is the most effective form of parent involvement for promoting student achievement. There are a variety of learning activities parents can do with their children at home. For example, parents can be encouraged to read, explore educational websites, or play word or number games with their children, help with homework, and take their children on educational outings, such as museums or the public library. Encourage parent networking Rebuilding a supportive network is an important part of the process of parents' adjustment to divorce. Schools can provide opportunities for parents to interact with other parents. One way to do this is to recruit parent volunteers to coordinate events for parents, such as breakfast at school. Parents may be able to attend a breakfast meeting before work. Another idea is to ask a parent volunteer to create a parent-to-parent newsletter. Parents can contribute articles and the teacher could notify parents about upcoming events in the newsletter. Finally, a parent volunteer can recruit other parents to participate in school activities, making a special effort to reach out to single parents, nonresidential parents and stepparents. Classroom activities and materials There are many ways you can integrate efforts to support children with divorced parents into your daily classroom routine. You can incorporate activities that: - Encourage understanding of different types of families - Help children communicate about their family - Increase self-esteem - Help children appropriately express feelings - Support positive parent-child relationships Such activities benefit all children — not just those who have experienced parental divorce. You can also choose curriculum materials that portray different types of families positively. Finally, if you include activities that may make some children feel excluded or uncomfortable, such as making Mother's Day or Father's Day cards or gifts, adapt them so that all children feel included. Allow children to make items for all of the significant adults in their lives, if possible. In conclusion, many children experience parental divorce and live in a stepfamily for part of their lives. Schools can support children through family transitions by taking a partnership approach, having informed attitudes, creating an atmosphere that welcomes all types of families, and taking action that supports all children and parents. - Berger, E. H. (2000). Parents as Partners in Education: Families and Schools Working Together. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. - Christensen, S.L, & Sheridan, S.M. (2001). Schools and Families: Creating Essential Connections for Learning. New York: The Guilford Press. - Coleman, M., Ganong, L.H., & Henry, J. (1984). What teachers should know about stepfamilies. Childhood Education, 60, 306-309. - Long, N. and Forehand, R. (2002). Making Divorce Easier on Your Child: 50 Effective Ways to Help Children Adjust. Chicago: Contemporary Books. GH6611, new November 2005

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Informative Image Overview Types of informative images include: - Pictures and other bitmapped graphics - Charts, examples include: - Bar Charts - Pie Charts - Organizational Charts - Flow charts - Scatter plots - Mathematical Equations The type of text equivalent needed for an informative image depends on the purpose and information the image represents. For example, a news photograph of a public official is probably just highlighting or drawing attention to an article or story associated with the official, and a simple alt text can be used to fully describe the purpose of the image. A bar chart, on the other hand, conveys numerical information; the proper text description of a bar chart is a tabular data table, probably with some additional summary information, so that speech reader users can access the numerical relationships and trends visually represented in the chart. In cases of mathematical equations, text equivalents should be available as MathML. Text equivalents for informative images that contain additional information should be integrated into the visual rendering of the web resources so that the information is available to all users. Since everyone has a unique style of learning, making the more detailed text equivalent available to all users often yields better understanding of the content in general. - Screen reader users can understand the purpose and content of informative images. - Users navigating web resources with cell phone, PDA devices or text-only browsers can understand the image before it is downloaded or if the technology does not render the image. altattributes help users identify images on your website. - The ranking of web resources improves as search engines can better identify images that are relevant to the search topic when altattributes are meaningful. - W3C WCAG 1.0 Image techniques - Cynthia Says (HiSoftware AccVerify/AccMonitor) Alt Text Quality Checks - WebAIM alt text quality checks - ATRC Web Accessibility Checker - 17: Images in HTML (Opera Web Standards Curriculum) altattribute should provide a short text equivalent to describe the purpose of the image on the web resource and orient the user to the content contained in the image. longdescattribute pointing to internal link longdescattribute of an img element specifies a link to a long description of the image. - This HTML markup is not well supported in graphical browsers and therefore difficult for authors to test and users to access. As the result, using longdescattribute to add text equivalent information beyond the altattribute is not recommended. - The best way to use the longdescattribute is to build an internal link as the content of the attribute. This internal link would direct to the content on the current resource that provides the text equivalent information (longdesc="#linktext"). - Illinois Information Technology Accessibility Standards - 4.1 Provide appropriate "alternate text" for all images. - 4.2 Provide full descriptions for graphs, diagrams, and other meaningful images. - Section 508 - 1194.22 (a) A text equivalent for every non-text element shall be provided (e.g., via "alt", "longdesc", or in element content). - W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 - 1.1.1 Non-text Content - Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 1.0) - 1.1 Provide a text equivalent for every non-text element (e.g., via "alt", "longdesc", or in element content). [Priority 1] - 3.1 When an appropriate markup language exists, use markup rather than images to convey information. For example, use MathML to mark up mathematical equations, and style sheets to format text and control layout. Also, avoid using images to represent text -- use text and style sheets instead. [Priority 2]

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Kevin Bowen was drafted into the army and served in Vietnam 1968-69. He is the Director of the William Joiner Center for the Study of War and Its Social Consequences at the University of Massachusetts—Boston. He has returned to Vietnam several times and his first book, Playing Basketball with the Viet Cong, was named “Pick of the Year” by The Progressive magazine. Temple At Quan Loi, 1969 Questions for Reflection: “First Casualty” and “Temple at Quan Loi, 1969” - If you’ve never seen a dead body how might you describe the feeling when you did? How do you think this image would return to you at other times? - How does the poet go about his daily routine after seeing his dead comrade? Why do you think one of the other soldier’s voices, “don’t mean nothing?” - How does the image of the warrior follow him? Describe the phrase, “a surplice trailing the jungle floor.” What may be the importance of the image to the warrior? - In the poem “Temple at Quan Loi, 1969,” what might the warrior and the woman have in common? How does the woman’s presence almost act as a weapon to the soldiers who see her? - How do Bowen’s words make you feel as if you were witnessing the scene? What emotion does the poem convey?

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Crowns are a cosmetic restoration used to improve your tooth's shape or to strengthen a tooth. Crowns are most often used for teeth that are broken, worn, or have portions destroyed by tooth decay. Crowns are "caps" cemented onto an existing tooth which fully cover the portion of your tooth above the gum line. In effect, the crown becomes your tooth's new outer surface. Crowns can be made of porcelain, metal, or both. Porcelain crowns are most often preferred because they mimic the translucency of natural teeth and are very strong. Crowns are often preferable to silver amalgam fillings. Unlike fillings which apply metal directly into your mouth, a crown is fabricated away from your mouth. Your crown is created in a lab from your unique tooth impression which allows a dental laboratory technician to examine all aspects of your bite and jaw movements. Your crown is then sculpted just for you so that your bite and jaw movements function normally once the crown is placed.

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Every U.S. agency that regulates radiation exposure agrees that there is no safe dose no matter how small. There are only "allowable" doses or "legally permitted doses." Today radiobiologists all agree that “one can no longer speak of a ‘safe’ dose level.” (Ian Fairlie & Marvin Resnikoff, “No dose too low,” The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Nov/Dec 1997, p. 54) Following are the official U.S. government assessments: National Council on Radiation Protection Every increment of radiation exposure produces an incremental increase in the risk of cancer. National Council on Radiation Protection, “Evaluation of the Linear-Non-threshold Dose-Response Model for Ionizing Radiation,” NCRP report 136, Bethesda, MD, June 4, 2001, cited in Science for Democratic Action, IEER, June 2005 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Current evidence suggests that any exposure to radiation poses some risk, i.e. there is no level below which we can say an exposure poses no risk. U.S. EPA, “Radiation Protection: Health Effects” U.S. Department of Energy The effects of low levels of radiation are more difficult to determine because the major effect is a very slight increase in cancer risk. However, U.S. Government regulations assume that the effects of all radiation exposures are cumulative and should be limited as much as reasonably possible. DOE/NE-0074, “Understanding Radiation,” p. 8 & 9. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission The radiation protection community conservatively assumes that any amount of radiation may pose some risk for causing cancer and hereditary effect, and that the risk is higher for higher radiation exposures. A linear no-threshold dose-response relationship is used to describe the relationship between radiation dose and the occurrence of cancer. … any increase in dose, no matter how small, results in an incremental increase in risk. U.S. NRC, “Radiation Exposure and Cancer” National Academy of Sciences The National Academy of Science’s ... committee further judges it unlikely that a threshold exists for the induction of cancers. National Academy of Sciences, “Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR VII, Phase 2,” Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation, National Research Council, June 29, 2005

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Print This Page Contribute to ReadWriteThink / RSS / FAQs / Site Demonstrations / Contact Us Home › Email Lesson Plan | Minilesson Author: Kellie C. Ellis Could some common online activities actually improve reading comprehension? Understanding RSS feeds requires inferential thinking, as students use the summary to draw conclusions about the full content. (A link to this page will be included in your message.) Back to this resource Send me a copy (Separate multiple e-mail addresses with commas. Limited to 20 addresses.) characters remaining 300 To help us eliminate spam messages, please type the characters shown in the image. © 2013 IRA/NCTE. All rights reserved. Technical Help | Legal | International Reading Association | National Council of Teachers of English

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Annie Besant was born in London to Irish parents. In 1893, she left for India having been influenced by the Indian culture and civilization. She was famous as a social worker, educationalist and journalist. She became a staunch supporter of Indian Independence Movement and her contribution to India's freedom struggle was remarkable. She founded the Home-Rule League. She revived the Theosophical Society. In 1915, she chaired the Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress. She also edited 'New India'. She established Indian Boy Scouts Association. She received a prestigious award for her work for scouts. She also studied Hinduism. India is indebted to Annie Besant for her immeasurable work for freedom struggle, educational advancements and social reforms. She died at the age of 86.

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Tuesday, 7 October 2008 George R. Brown Convention Center, Exhibit Hall E Recent increases in the cost of fertilizer nitrogen have prompted producers to assess the potential to vary inputs in space and time to produce the highest marketable yield of potatoes. A study was conducted from 2005 to 2007 near Brandon, Manitoba Canada, to assess the spatial variability of potato yield in upper, middle and lower landforms on a sandy loam soil in response to a range of nitrogen fertilizer rates and split application. Petiole nitrogen, determined late in the growing season, was correlated with potato yield and was used to assess nitrogen sufficiency through the growing season. Petiole nitrogen varied with time during the growing season, from uniform levels in June across all fertilizer treatments, to those which varied with fertilizer treatment in July and August. Furthermore potato petiole nitrogen was higher in lower landforms during July and August, where higher total and marketable yields were recorded. The potential for split application of nitrogen in potatoes based on management zones or sensor readings will have to be carefully assessed to account for temporal and spatial variability.

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The traditional internal combustion engine is only about 25%-30% efficient at the flywheel. After going through the rest of the drivetrain and reaching the wheels, you are looking at another 10% loss. While much of this cannot be helped, one company based in Sweden thinks that removing the camshaft may help free up some of that wasted energy. Cargine Engineering specializes in automotive technology that is redesigned to reduce emissions and increase fuel economy. As most know, the easiest way to prolong the lifetime of your fuel is to lighten the load on your engine. By decreasing the amount of lost energy, you are freeing up more power at lower engine speeds and allowing said engine to accomplish the same amount of work while burning less fuel. Cargine's new design uses a pneumatic valve actuation system to regulate the opening and closing of your engines valvetrain. Pressures range from 44-232PSI, depending on such things as lift and duration and the average power consumption is noticeably less than that of a traditional DOHC Inline-4 engine. It also reduces the amount of space needed by half and weights about 30% less than the standard configuration. Of course, this isn't to say that using a Pneumatic Valve Actuation System will save you thousands of dollars every year. In reality the overall gains will be small, but in a world where every mile per gallon counts, we will take what we can get.

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Tuesday, October 26, 2010 Homeopathic treatment for Lyme disease Lyme disease is an inflammatory disease that is often misdiagnosed and mistreated. Lyme disease was first discovered in Old Lyme CT from the bite of a deer tick. Most people that are diagnosed are in the Northeast, Midwest and Pacific coast, but people are diagnosed in all 50 states. Deer ticks are often so small, that the tick bite is not seen, thus the patient never knows that they were bitten. The tick carries bacteria (Borrelia burgdorferi) that infest the body’s system when a person is bit. The CDC reports that 20,000 cases are reported each year, but they also admit that more than 10 times that may exist that are not reported or misdiagnosed. Lyme disease is expressed in stages. Stage 1, called primary Lyme disease. Some people will see a “bull’s eye” mark from the tick bite, but many people will not see anything or remember getting bitten by a tick. In the first stages, people may feel like they have a cold or the flu. Their symptoms may include chills, fever, headache, muscle aches and pains, and weakness. Stages 2 (secondary Lyme disease) and 3 (tertiary Lyme disease) follow. Those infected may or may not have gone through primary Lyme disease first. Symptoms of secondary and tertiary Lyme disease are an effect of the bacteria infecting the central nervous system, cardiac system, skin, muscles and bones. These symptoms may include blurry vision, sensitivity to light, brain fog, headache, sleep problems, mood swings, fainting, fatigue, dropping eyelids, heart palpitations, malaise, muscle twitching, chronic joint pain and stiffness and muscle pain. Severe cases can even include facial paralysis, hallucinations, loss of muscle function, numbness, nausea and vomiting and speech impairment. The earlier that Lyme is diagnosed and treated, the less likely it is to go into the secondary and then tertiary stages. The later the stage, the harder it is to treat, turning into a persistent and chronic illness. Lyme disease is often misdiagnosed as fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiples sclerosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, Parkinson’s disease, syphilis and ALS. Sufferers often go from doctor to doctor, without diagnosis, some being told that there is nothing wrong with them, it is psychosomatic or “all in their head.” Patients are given medication after medication and can spend tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of dollars in medical care, some for the wrong disease. A blood test is used to test for the bacteria that cause this disease. Unfortunately up to 50% of people tested may initially test negative. Once diagnosed, antibiotics can be used for treatment. The type of antibiotic used, depends on stage of the disease and the symptoms. Antibiotics may need to be given through a vein for chronic infections. Other supplements, herbs, and alternative treatments maybe helpful for the treatment of these symptoms. One form of alternative medicine, homeopathy can be of additional help. Homeopathy works by stimulating the body’s self healing mechanism. In the practice of homeopathy, we find the most specific medicine, or remedy, for each person. This is done by using both the common symptoms of Lyme, but most importantly the individualizing symptoms. The symptoms that make one persons disease different from everyone else’s is the most important focus. Once the correct remedy is found and given, the body’s ability to heal is triggered. Although homeopathy can work very quickly in many diseases, this unfortunately is not the case in Lyme disease. For the body to clear the infection and reverse symptoms, takes time and persistence. However, it is possible. With time, and continued homeopathic care, patients are able to take their lives back. If you or someone you know has Lyme disease, Homeopathy may help. For more information on homeopathy and Naturopathic medicine, contact Dr. Natalie Ham: www.drnatalieham.com or call for a free 15 min consult at 480-456-0402.

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Sikorsky H-5, HO3S-1 helicopter The Sikorsky H-5/HO3S was a four-seat, utility helicopter used by the US Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps during the Korean War. An XR-5 prototype first flew on 18 August 1943, and the S-51 first flew on February 1946. The US Air Force acquired several dozen S-51s with the designation H5. The US Navy and Marine Corps also acquired several dozen with the designation HO3S-1. The US Air Force 3rd Air Rescue Squadron, based in Japan, possessed 9 H-5s at the beginning of the Korean War, and they quickly proved their value for evacuation of casualties. Marine Corps Helicopter Observation Squadron 6, VMO-6, accompanied the 1st Marine Brigade when it arrived in Korea, and it began flight operations in Korea on 3 August 1950. US Navy HO3S-1 helicopters, originally intended for air-sea rescue, operated from most US aircraft carriers throughout the war. The H-5 and HO3S-1 helicopters proved so versatile for light transport, casualty evacuation, air-sea rescue, and rescuing downed pilots from behind enemy lines that the demand for them considerably exceeded the supply.

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This is a suggested teaching schedule for a 10 day class study of Thornton Wilder's The Bridge of San Luis Rey and Our Town. Lesson plans and handouts can be downloaded individually by clicking on the name of the file in the schedule below. Adobe Acrobat Reader is required to view these files. Audio Guide CDs are available only for the communities participating in The Big Read. If your community is participating, contact the lead community organization to receive a free Audio Guide CD. Non-participating communities can listen to the full audio online. Day One Lesson Plan [PDF] FOCUS: Culture and History Day Two Lesson Plan [PDF] FOCUS: Narrative and Point of View Day Three Lesson Plan [PDF] Day Four Lesson Plan [PDF] FOCUS: Symbol and Allusion Day Five Lesson Plan [PDF] FOCUS: Themes of the Novel Day Six Lesson Plan [PDF] FOCUS: Reading a Play Day Seven Lesson Plan [PDF] FOCUS: Setting the Stage Day Eight Lesson Plan [PDF] FOCUS: Comedy vs. Tragedy Day Nine Lesson Plan [PDF] FOCUS: What Makes a Writer Great? Day Ten Lesson Plan [PDF] Handout 1: Spain in the New World [PDF] Handout 2: The Real World of Our Town [PDF] Handout 3: Thornton Wilder’s Other Works [PDF] Page numbers refer to the Perennial Classics 1998 paperback edition of The Bridge of San Luis Rey. Page numbers refer to the Perennial Classics 2003 paperback edition of Our Town.

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It all started with a fossil. “We have this polar bear jawbone from the Svalbard archipelago in the North Atlantic,” says Charlotte Lindqvist, a professor at SUNY Buffalo and lead author of a landmark new study into the history of polar bears. Lindqvist, along with researchers from over two dozen institutions, assembled the ancient polar bear’s genome from this 130,000 year old bone. As one of the oldest polar bear remains ever found, this toothless facial fossil opened a window for scientists to guess how the animal survived past periods of climate change. The study, published earlier this week in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, also determined the polar bears species to be about four to five million years old–-more than seven times older than previously thought. Another study published in Science in April pegged the age of the species at just 600,000 years. This fossil also showed a strong genetic link between polar bears and brown bears, resulting from intermingling as recent as a few hundred thousand years ago. Researchers found the two species have shared close quarters throughout history, depending on shifting nature of glacial ice and land. The study is the most extensive analysis to date of polar bear DNA. Scientists compared bear genomes with fossils from multiple periods of history. “That gave us an idea of the maternal line of the polar bear and its relationship with brown bears,” says Lindqvist. The mating of the two animals created a diversity of genes in polar bears that allowed for a greater ability to adapt to changes in habitats due to earlier periods of warming and cooling. “During these warming periods, the polar bear population probably contracted into these smaller pockets where there was suitable environment for the polar bears to survive. Then as the climate cooled again, they expanded from the smaller populations into a larger area,” she says. Polar bears have easily identifiable genetic differences from brown bears, like darker skin pigmentation, that allow the white-furred creates to survive the harshest of Arctic climates. Partly due to location, polar bears also pursue a different diet and produce milk with a higher fat content. Most modern day brown bears only contain about two percent polar bear DNA. But those living in the Alaskan islands can have up to 10 percent – a vestige of when the earth’s warmer climate brought the two species together. Yet based on a few aspects of animal classification, some doubt the notion that polar bears and brown bears are technically different species. Still, compared to brown bears, the population of polar bears has been in decline for thousands of years. Over time, this has created a shallow gene pool, making the animals less resistant to changes to ongoing changes in the environment. “It looks like from our study that the polar bear population in general has gone through a very drastic decline and we know today that polar bears hold very little genetic diversity,” Lindqvist says.“So even if polar bears have survived warming periods in the past, it’s certainly no guarantee that they will survive in the future." In addition to heat and loss of habitat, increasing concentrations of heavy metal pollution in the Arctic also threatens polar bears. “Certainly it seems like changes in the environment and the changes in climate today happens at a much faster pace than it has happened before.” With many of the changes in the earth’s climate considered rapid and unprecedented, Lindqvist says scientists are unsure how polar bears will ultimately fare. “I wish I could look into my crystal ball and tell you what is going to happen,” she says.

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The word lesbian dates back at least to 1732 and lesbianism appears in the 1870 Oxford English Dictionary meaning sexual orientation rather than a reference to Sappho and inhabitants of Lesbos. Lesbian as an adjective is in the 1890 Oxford English Dictionary and as a noun by 1925. Until the early twentieth century lesbian was interchangeable with Sapphist. An updated view on this wider definition has to do with the girl crush as written about by Stephanie Rosenbloom in The New York Times. Rosenbloom defines a girl crush as "that fervent infatuation that one heterosexual woman develops for another woman who may seem impossibly sophisticated, gifted, beautiful or accomplished." Such girl crushes may trigger the same kind of feelings involved in a romance; and although not sexual in nature, these feelings may sway relationship dynamics if the object of the crush learns about them. This broadening of the meaning for lesbian as any woman who bonds with another woman became known as woman identified woman. However, this usage has been criticized as desexualizing lesbians. Cheshire Calhoun wrote in 1995, "When feminist woman loving replaces lesbian genital sexuality, lesbian sexual identity disappears into feminist identity. The earliest known written references to same-sex love between women are attributed to Sappho (the eponym of sapphism), who lived on the island of Lesbos in ancient Greece from about 625 to 570 BCE and wrote poems which apparently expressed her sexual attraction to other females. Modern scholarship has suggested a parallel between ancient Greek pederasty and the friendships Sappho formed with her students. Lesbian relationships were also common among the Lacedaemonians of ancient Sparta. Plutarch wrote "love was so esteemed among them that girls also became the erotic objects of noble women. Accounts of lesbian relationships are found in poetry and stories from ancient China. Research by anthropologist Liza Dalby, based mostly on erotic poems exchanged between women, has suggested lesbian relationships were commonplace and socially accepted in Japan during the Heian Period. In medieval Arabia there were reports of relations between harem residents, although these were sometimes suppressed. For example Caliph Musa al-Hadi ordered the beheading of two girls who were surprised during lovemaking. During the 12th Century, Etienne de Fougères derided lesbians in his Livre des manières (about CE 1170), likening them to hens behaving as roosters, and reflecting a general tendency among religious and secular authorities in Europe to reject any notion women could be properly sexual without men. Recent cultural changes in Western and a few other societies have enabled lesbians to express their sexuality more freely, which has resulted in new studies on the nature of female sexuality. Research undertaken by the U.S. Government's National Center for Health Research in 2002 was released in a 2005 report called Sexual Behavior and Selected Health Measures: Men and Women 15-44 Years of Age, United States, 2002. The results indicated that among women aged 15-44, 4.4 percent reported having had a sexual experience with another woman during the previous 12 months. When women aged 15–44 were asked, "Have you ever had any sexual experience of any kind with another female?", 11 percent answered "yes". There is a growing body of research and writing on lesbian sexuality, which has brought some debate about the control women have over their sexual lives, the fluidity of woman-to-woman sexuality, the redefinition of female sexual pleasure and the debunking of negative sexual stereotypes. One example of the latter is lesbian bed death, a term invented by sex researcher Pepper Schwartz to describe the supposedly inevitable diminution of sexual passion in long term lesbian relationships; this notion is rejected by many lesbians, who point out that passion tends to diminish in almost any relationship and many lesbian couples report happy and satisfying sex lives. Not all lesbians express their sexual orientation in their behaviors. According to a 1990 study of The Social Organization of Sexuality, out of 131 women who self-reported same-sex attraction, only 42 women (32%) had sex with another women. In Western societies, explicit prohibitions on women's homosexual behavior have been markedly weaker than those on men's homosexual behavior. During the 1990s, dozens of chapters of Lesbian Avengers were formed to press for lesbian visibility and rights. Same-sex marriage has now been legalized in Netherlands, Spain, Belgium, Canada, South Africa – and Norway (on January 1st, 2009) – but it is still not permitted by many countries. In 2004 Massachusetts became the first state in the United States to legalize same-sex marriages. In the United Kingdom, lesbianism has never been illegal. In contrast, sexual activity between males was not made legal in England and Wales until 1967. Lesbianism was left out of the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1885; a common anecdote stating that Queen Victoria did not believe sex between women was possible is likely apocryphal. A 1921 proposal, put forward by Frederick Macquisten MP to criminalize lesbianism was rejected by the House of Lords; during the debate, Lord Birkenhead, the then Lord Chancellor argued that 999 women out of a thousand had "never even heard a whisper of these practices. In 1928, the lesbian novel The Well of Loneliness was banned for obscenity in a highly publicized trial, not for any explicit sexual content but because it made an argument for acceptance. Meanwhile other, less political novels with lesbian themes continued to circulate freely. Jewish religious teachings condemn male homosexual behavior but say little about lesbian behavior. However, the approach in the modern State of Israel, with its largely secular Jewish majority, does not outlaw or persecute gay sexual orientation; marriage between gay couples is not sanctioned but common law status and official adoption of a gay person's child by his or her partner have been approved in precedent court rulings (after numerous high court appeals). (Marriage in Israel is heavily regulated by official religious bodies; in the case of Judaism, the body in question is traditionalist.) There is also an annual Gay parade, usually held in Tel-Aviv; in 2006, the "World Pride" parade was scheduled to be held in Jerusalem. Western-style homosexuality is rarely tolerated elsewhere in the Muslim world, with the exception of Turkey where there are no laws or discriminative policies against lesbianism. It is punishable by imprisonment, lashings, or death in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Though the law against lesbianism in Iran has reportedly been revoked or eased, prohibition of male homosexuality remains. Many lesbian couples seek to have children through adoption, but this is not legal in every country. Other lesbians raise children together with their husbands. In some countries access to assisted birth technologies by lesbians has been the subject of debate. In Australia the High Court rejected a ban on access to in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatments for lesbian and single women. Immediately after this High Court decision, Prime Minister John Howard amended legislation in order to prevent access to IVF for these groups, effectively overruling the High Court decision and enforcing the Roman Catholic position, which raised indignation from the gay and lesbian community as well as groups representing the rights of single women. Many lesbians have been involved in women's rights. Late in the 19th century, the term Boston marriage was used to describe romantic unions between women living together, often while contributing to the suffrage movement. Lesbian feminism gained renewed popularity in North America and Western Europe during the "second wave" of the 1970s and early 1980s. By the end of the 1970s lesbian feminism was accepted as a field of study within academic institutions, although mostly as a branch of feminist disciplines. More recently, lesbian feminism has emerged as an expression of dissatisfaction with the 1970s era second wave feminist and gay liberation movements. Lesbian feminist texts have examined the influence of institutions such as patriarchy, capitalism and colonialism on gender and sexuality with mixed success, sometimes describing lesbianism as a rational result of alienation and dissatisfaction with these institutions. In her 1980 essay Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence, Adrienne Rich characterized heterosexuality as a violent political institution making way for the "male right of physical, economical, and emotional access" to women. Other key thinkers and activists have included Rita Mae Brown, Audre Lorde, Marilyn Frye, Mary Daly and Sheila Jeffreys. Lesbian Separatism is one specific type of Lesbian feminism. Before the influence of European sexology emerged at the turn of the Twentieth Century, in cultural terms female homosexuality remained almost invisible as compared to male homosexuality, which was subject to the law and thus more regulated and reported by the press. However with the publication of works by sexologists like Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Havelock Ellis, Edward Carpenter, and Magnus Hirschfeld, the concept of active female homosexuality became better known. As female homosexuality became more visible it was described as a medical condition. In Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905), Sigmund Freud referred to female homosexuality as inversion or inverts and characterized female inverts as possessing male characteristics. Freud drew on the "third sex" ideas popularized by Magnus Hirschfeld and others. While Freud admitted he had not personally studied any such "aberrant" patients he placed a strong emphasis on psychological rather than biological causes. Freud's writings did not become well-known in English-speaking countries until the late 1920s. This combination of sexology and psychoanalysis eventually had a lasting impact on the general tone of most lesbian cultural productions. A notable example is the 1928 novel The Well of Loneliness by Radclyffe Hall, in which these sexologists are mentioned along with the term invert, which later fell out of favour in common usage. Freud's interpretation of lesbian behavior has since been rejected by most psychiatrists and scholars, although recent biological research has provided findings that may bolster a Hirschfeld-ian "third sex" interpretation of same-sex attraction. Since the 1980s lesbians have been increasingly visible in mainstream cultural fields such as music (Melissa Etheridge, K.D. Lang and the Indigo Girls), television (Ellen DeGeneres, Rosie O'Donnell, and Portia de Rossi), sports (Martina Navrátilová, Amélie Mauresmo, Lisa Raymond and Billie Jean King) and in comic books (Alison Bechdel and Diane DiMassa). More recently lesbian eroticism has flowered in fine art photography and the writing of authors such as Pat Califia, Jeanette Winterson and Sarah Waters and Stella Duffy. There is an increasing body of lesbian films such as Desert Hearts, Go Fish, Loving Annabelle, Watermelon Woman, Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit, Everything Relative, and Better than Chocolate (see List of lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender-related films). Classic novels such as those by Jane Rule, Vin Packer, Ann Aldrich, and Ann Bannon have been reprinted. Moreover, prominent and controversial academic writers such as Camille Paglia and Germaine Greer also identify with lesbianism. Lesbians: the invisible torture: while lesbians remain outside the scope of social justice reform everyone's civil and political rights remain in jeopardy.(Against the Current) Aug 01, 2005; Torture has become a daily headline in our newspapers, and although many are shocked by the revelations of torture at Abu Ghraib,...

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Theory has suggested that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet may be inherently unstable. Recent observations lend weight to this hypothesis. We reassess the potential contribution to eustatic and regional sea level from a rapid collapse of the ice sheet and find that previous assessments have substantially overestimated its likely primary contribution. We obtain a value for the global, eustatic sea-level rise contribution of about 3.3 meters, with important regional variations. The maximum increase is concentrated along the Pacific and Atlantic seaboard of the United States, where the value is about 25% greater than the global mean, even for the case of a partial collapse. In the figure, Antarctic surface topography (gray shading) and bed topography (brown) define the region of interest. For clarity, the ice shelves in West Antarctica are not shown. Areas more than 200 meters below sea level in East Antarctica are indicated by blue shading. Notations are: AP, Antarctic Peninsula; EMIC, Ellsworth Mountain Ice Cap; ECR, Executive Committee Range; MBLIC, Marie Byrd Land Ice Cap; WM, Whitmoor Mountains; TR, Thiel Range; Ba, Bailey Glacier; SL, Slessor Ice Stream; Fo, Foundation Ice Stream; Re, Recovery Glacier; To, Totten Glacier; Au, Aurora Basin; Me, Mertz Glacier; Ni, Ninnis Glacier; WSB, Wilkes Subglacial Basin; FR, Flood Range; a.s.l., above sea level. Citation: Bamber, J., Riva, R., Vermeersen, B., and LeBrocq, A., Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, Science 324 (5929), 901. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1169335]

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No matter whether they are writing novels, nonfiction books, articles or whatever, all writers rely to some degree at least on carrying out research, which they then use as the foundation for the written work that they produce. Typically they use numerous sources of information, so that they can check and cross-check their facts, and then they organize these details and present them in order; in context; and, of course, in their own words. Even if you have no particular aspiration to be an author, this same process is one that works extremely well whenever you want to learn about something new, whether that something happens to be how to improve your golf swing, how to create a resume or how to run your own business. Often when we want to start learning something new, especially if it is something complicated or in-depth like how to start a business, it can be hard to know where to start. Our thoughts are all over the place and the whole subject just feels overwhelming. By breaking it down and organizing it logically as a writer would, however, it all becomes clearer and more straightforward. In addition, the mere fact of writing things down in your own words helps to retain information. Who knows, by the time you have learned about your subject, you might even have created a saleable “how to” book to teach others! Until next time,

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A residential area is a land use in which housing predominates, as opposed to industrial and commercial areas. Housing may vary significantly between, and through, residential areas. These include single-family housing, multi-family residential, or mobile homes. Zoning for residential use may permit some services or work opportunities or may totally exclude business and industry. It may permit high density land use or only permit low density uses. Residential zoning usually includes a smaller FAR (floor area ratio) than business, commercial or industrial/manufacturing zoning. The area may be large or small. In certain residential areas, largely rural, large tracts of land may have no services whatever, thus residents seeking services must use a motor vehicle or other transport, so the need for transport has resulted in land development following existing or planned transport infrastructure such as rail and road. Development patterns may be regulated by restrictive covenants contained in the deeds to the properties in the development, and may also result from or be reinforced by zoning. Restrictive covenants are not easily changed when the agreement of all property owners (many of whom may not live in the area) is required. The area so restricted may be large or small. Los Angeles County, also known as L.A. County, officially the County of Los Angeles, is a county in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the county has a population of 9,818,605, making it the most populous county in the United States. Los Angeles County alone is more populous than 42 individual U.S. states. The county seat is the city of Los Angeles, the largest city in California and the second-largest city in the United States (after New York City). Los Angeles County also includes two offshore islands, San Clemente Island and Santa Catalina Island. The county is home to 88 incorporated cities and many unincorporated areas. At 4,083 square miles (10,570 km2), it is larger than the combined areas of the states of Rhode Island and Delaware. The county is home to over a quarter of all California residents and is one of the most diverse counties in the country.

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Florida Southern's Frank Lloyd Wright-designed campus named National Historic Landmark The organic design that graces the campus of Florida Southern College is the work of Frank Lloyd Wright, hailed by the American institute of Architects as "the greatest American architect of all time." As the largest collection of Wright architecture on a single site, the campus is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Child of the Sun, as the collection of Wright buildings are known, attracts more than 30,000 visitors a year. In 2007, the 45-foot Water Dome that Frank Lloyd Wright dreamed of the Florida Southern's campus finally became a reality when technology caught up with Wright's vision. (FLsouthern.edu) "This architecture represents the laws of harmony and rhythm," Wright said in 1950. "It's organic architecture and we have seen little of it so far. It's like a little green shoot growing in a concrete pavement." The campus features several buildings by the man known for the Guggenheim Museum in New York, Fallingwater and more than 500 other structures. Many consider him the best architect of the 20th century. The Florida Southern buildings were built between 1939 and 1958, but suffered damage over the years to the point they were named to the World Monument Fund's 100 most endangered sites in 2007. It's the only college campus Wright designed, and the largest collection of structures by the architect in one single place. Chief among his designs are: the Water Dome, designed to be the campus centerpiece with arcs of water that can go up to 45 feet high; The Fletcher Theatre, the only theater-in-the-round Wright ever built; The Annie Pfeiffer Chapel, the tallest of the Wright buildings on campus. Also signature to the campus are the esplanade walkways. The college was one of just 13 sites nationwide and one of only two in the Southeast to receive the designation Monday. It joins 42 other sites in Florida previously designated National Historic Landmarks. The Associated Press contributed to this report.

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College Preparedness Statistics With the ever-increasing importance of college entrance and aptitude tests in today's educational setting, we believe it's important to share our most recent PLAN, ACT, and SAT test results. The PLAN Test Results The PLAN test is best described as a "pre-ACT" test. PLAN is a series of 145 questions in the areas of English, math, reading and science. PLAN is typically administered to students in the fall of their sophomore year. This guidance resource helps students measure their current academic development, explore career opportunities, and is a powerful predictor of success on the ACT. The results of the PLAN test can also help schools identify which academic areas should be considered a higher priority in order to improve academic achievement for their students. As you can see, our students score consistently score significantly higher than both the National and State averages year after year. In fact, the results from this year's PLAN test show that our students on average scored over 16% higher than the National average and 14% higher than the Minnesota average scores. The ACT Test Results The ACT is a series of 215 questions which act as a means for evaluating students' knowledge in relation to their counterparts all over the United States. The ACT exam tests students in four main areas; English, mathematics, reading, and science, with an optional writing test. The ACT is not an IQ test, rather the exam is meant to reflect knowledge that the student has acquired through their high school curriculum. ACT scores are required by many US universities and universally accepted for college admission. In addition, many scholarships are based, either fully or in part, on the ACT scores of a student. Over the last three years, Saint John's Prep has also seen its ACT Composite results score significantly higher compared to the Minnesota and National averages. Over the past three years, the ACT results of Saint John's Prep students have been 9.3% higher than the Minnesota average and 14.3% higher than the National average. The SAT Test Results The SAT is the nation's most widely used college admission test and is accepted by virtually all colleges and universities. The SAT tests student in the subjects of reading, writing, and math skills, all of which are skills obtained through their high school curriculum. The test is also an indicator of a students' readiness to perform at the collegiate level. The SAT provides the opportunity to connect to scholarship opportunities as well as place out of certain college courses. In keeping with the Saint John's Prep trend of attaining excellent test scores, our students have consistently scored higher than the SAT National averages year after year. From 2008-2010, our students average a score that was 100 points higher than the national average. While the class of 2011 continues taking the test, the students at Prep who have already completed the SAT test are attaining higher average scores than achieved the three years prior. As evidenced by the above PLAN, ACT, and SAT results of the last three years, our emphasis on academic rigor and spiritual growth continues to show that we offer a strong Catholic/Benedictine education for local, national, and international students, and consistently provide the best possible preparation for college. National Merit Scholars - 2011-2012: Two finalists - 2009-2010: One finalist - 2008-2009: One semi-finalist, two commended - 2007-2008: One finalist, three commended

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THE TRADE OF LITERATURE DEMOCRACY not only infuses a taste for letters among the trading classes, but introduces a trading spirit into literature. In aristocracies readers are fastidious and few in number; in democracies they are far more numerous and far less difficult to please. The consequence is that among aristocratic nations no one can hope to succeed without great exertion, and this exertion may earn great fame, but can never procure much money; while among democratic nations a writer may flatter himself that he will obtain at a cheap rate a moderate reputation and a large fortune. For this purpose he need not be admired; it is enough that he is liked. The ever increasing crowd of readers and their continual craving for something new ensure the sale of books that nobody much esteems. In democratic times the public frequently treat authors as kings do their courtiers; they enrich and despise them. What more is needed by the venal souls who are born in courts or are worthy to live there? Democratic literature is always infested with a tribe of writers who look upon letters as a mere trade; and for some few great authors who adorn it, you may reckon thousands of idea-mongers.

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Geography of Hungary With a land area of 93,033 square km, Hungary is a country in Central Europe. It measures about 250 km from north to south and 524 km from east to west. It has 2,258 km of boundaries, shared with Austria to the west, Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia to the south and southwest, Romania to the southeast, Ukraine to the northeast, and Slovakia to the north. Hungary's modern borders were first established after World War I when, by the terms of the Treaty of Trianon in 1920, it lost more than 71% of what had formerly been the Kingdom of Hungary, 58.5% of its population, and 32% of the Hungarians. The country secured some boundary revisions from 1938 to 1941: In 1938 the First Vienna Award gave back territory from Czechoslovakia, in 1939 Hungary occupied Carpatho-Ukraine. In 1940 the Second Vienna Award gave back Northern Transylvania and finally Hungary occupied the Bácska and Muraköz regions during the Invasion of Yugoslavia. However, Hungary lost these territories again with its defeat in World War II. After World War II, the Trianon boundaries were restored with a small revision that benefited Czechoslovakia. Most of the country has an elevation of fewer than 200 m. Although Hungary has several moderately high ranges of mountains, those reaching heights of 300 m or more cover less than 2% of the country. The highest point in the country is Kékes (1,014 m) in the Mátra Mountains northeast of Budapest. The lowest spot is 77.6 m above sea level, located in the south of Hungary, near Szeged. The major rivers in the country are the Danube and Tisza. The Danube also flows through parts of Germany, Austria, Croatia, Slovakia, Serbia, and Romania.It is navigable within Hungary for 418 kilometers. The Tisza River is navigable for 444 km in the country. Less important rivers include the Drava along the Croatian border, the Rába, the Szamos, the Sió, and the Ipoly along the Slovakian border. Hungary has three major lakes. Lake Balaton, the largest, is 78 km long and from 3 to 14 km wide, with an area of 592 square km. Hungarians often refer to it as the Hungarian Sea. It is Central Europe's largest freshwater lake and an important recreation area. Its shallow waters offer good summer swimming, and in winter its frozen surface provides excellent opportunities for winter sports. Smaller bodies of water are Lake Velence (26 square km) in Fejér County and Lake Fertő (Neusiedler See—about 82 square km within Hungary). Hungary has three major geographic regions (which are subdivided to seven smaller ones): the Great Alföld, lying east of the Danube River; the Transdanubia, a hilly region lying west of the Danube and extending to the Austrian foothills of the Alps; and the North Hungarian Mountains, which is a mountainous and hilly country beyond the northern boundary of the Great Hungarian Plain. The country's best natural resource is fertile land, although soil quality varies greatly. About 70% of the country's total territory is suitable for agriculture; of this portion, 72% is arable land. Hungary lacks extensive domestic sources of energy and raw materials needed for industrial development. Rivers and lakes Plains and hills The Little Alföld or Little Hungarian Plain is a plain (tectonic basin) of approximately 8,000 km2 in northwestern Hungary, southwestern Slovakia and eastern Austria, along the lower course of the Rába River, with high quality fertile soils. The Transdanubia region lies in the western part of the country, bounded by the Danube River, the Drava River, and the remainder of the country's border with Slovenia and Croatia. It lies south and west of the course of the Danube. It contains Lake Fertő and Lake Balaton. The region consists mostly of rolling hills. Transdanubia is primarily an agricultural area, with flourishing crops, livestock, and viticulture. Mineral deposits and oil are found in Zala county close to the border of Croatia. The Great Alföld contains the basin of the Tisza River and its branches. It encompasses more than half of the country's territory. Bordered by mountains on all sides, it has a variety of terrains, including regions of fertile soil, sandy areas, wastelands, and swampy areas. Hungarians have inhabited the Great Plain for at least a millennium. Here is found the puszta, a long, and uncultivated expanse (the most famous such area still in existence is the Hortobágy), with which much Hungarian folklore is associated. In earlier centuries, the Great Plain was unsuitable for farming because of frequent flooding. Instead, it was the home of massive herds of cattle and horses. In the last half of the 19th century, the government sponsored programs to control the riverways and expedite inland drainage in the Great Plain. With the danger of recurrent flooding largely eliminated, much of the land was placed under cultivation, and herding ceased to be a major contributor to the area's economy. Although the majority of the country has an elevation lesser than 300 m, Hungary has several moderately high ranges of mountains. They can be classified to four geographic regions, from west to east: Alpokalja, Transdanubian Mountains, Mecsek and North Hungarian Mountains. Alpokalja (literally the foothills of the Alps) is located along the Austrian border; its highest point is Írott-kő with an elevation of 882 metres. The Transdanubian Mountains stretch from the west part of Lake Balaton to the Danube Bend near Budapest, where it meets the North Hungarian Mountains. Its tallest peak is the 757 m high Pilis. Mecsek is the southernmost Hungarian mountain range, located north from Pécs - Its highest point is the Zengő with 682 metres. The North Hungarian Mountains lie north of Budapest and run in a northeasterly direction south of the border with Slovakia. The higher ridges, which are mostly forested, have rich coal and iron deposits. Minerals are a major resource of the area and have long been the basis of the industrial economies of cities in the region. Viticulture is also important, producing the famous Tokaji wine. The highest peak of it is the Kékes, located in the Mátra mountain range. |#||Name||Height||Mountain range||Geographic region| |1.||Kékes||1014 m||Mátra||North Hungarian Mountains| |2.||Galyatető||964 m||Mátra||North Hungarian Mountains| |3.||Istállós-kő||959 m||Bükk||North Hungarian Mountains| |4.||Bálvány||956 m||Bükk||North Hungarian Mountains| |5.||Tar-kő||950 m||Bükk||North Hungarian Mountains| |6.||Csóványos||938 m||Börzsöny||North Hungarian Mountains| |7.||Nagy-Milic||894 m||Zemplén Mountains||North Hungarian Mountains| |8.||Írott-kő||882 m||Kőszeg Mountains||Alpokalja| |9.||Nagyhideghegy||864 m||Börzsöny||North Hungarian Mountains| |10.||Tót-hegyes||814 m||Mátra||Northern Medium Mountains| Hungary has a continental climate, with cold winters and warm to hot summers. The average annual temperature is about 10 °C (50 °F), in summer 27 to 35 °C (81 to 95 °F), and in winter 0 to -15 °C (32 to 5 °F), with extremes ranging from about 42 °C (108 °F) in summer to −29 °C (−20 °F) in winter. Average yearly rainfall is about 600 mm (23.6 in). Distribution and frequency of rainfall are unpredictable. The western part of the country usually receives more rain than the eastern part, where severe droughts may occur in summertime. Weather conditions in the Great Plain can be especially harsh, with hot summers, cold winters, and scant rainfall. By the 1980s, the countryside was beginning to show the effects of pollution, both from herbicides used in agriculture and from industrial pollutants. Most noticeable was the gradual contamination of the country's bodies of water, endangering fish and wildlife. Although concern was mounting over these disturbing threats to the environment, no major steps had yet been taken to arrest them. Hungary's westernmost settlement is Felsőszölnök in Vas county, the easternmost is Garbolc in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county, the northernmost is Hollóháza in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county and the southernmost is Kásád in Baranya county. Hungary, with its plains and hilly regions, is highly suitable for agriculture. Doubtless, one of Hungary's most important natural resources is arable land. It covers about 49.58% of the country, which is outstanding in the world (see the related map). The mass majority of the fertile soil has a good quality. The most important agricultural zones are the Little Hungarian Plain (it has the highest quality fertile soil in average), Transdanubia, and the Great Hungarian Plain. The last covers more than half of the country (52,000 km2 in number), whereas soil quality varies extremely; the territory even contains a small, grassy semi-desert, the so-called puszta (steppe in English). Puszta is exploited by sheep and cattle raising. The most important Hungarian agricultural products include corn, wheat, barley, oat, sunflower, poppy,[disambiguation needed]potato, millet, sugar-beet, flax, and many other plants. There are also some newly naturalized plants too, for example amaranth. Poppy seed is part of the traditional Hungarian cuisine. The country is well known for producing high quality peppers, which are often made into paprika. There are numerous fruits reared, including many subspecies of apple, pear, peach, grape, apricot, water melon, cantaloupe, etc. Viticulture has been recorded in the territory of today's Hungary already in the Roman times, who were responsible for the introduction of the cultivation of wines. The arriving Hungarians took over the practice and maintained it ever since. Today, there are numerous wine regions in Hungary, producing quality and inexpensive wines as well, comparable to Western European ones. The majority of the country's wine regions are located in the mountains or in the hills, such as Transdanubian Mountains, North Hungarian Mountains, Villány Mountains, and so on. Important ones include the regions of Eger, Hajós, Somló, Sopron, Villány, Szekszárd, and Tokaj-Hegyalja. 19% of the country is covered by forests. These are mainly mountainous areas, such as the North Hungarian and the Transdanubian Mountains, and the Alpokalja. The composition of forests is various, with trees like fir, beech, oak, willow, acacia, plane, etc. Statistics and notes |Geography of Hungary| |Land boundaries, total:||2,009 km| |border countries:||Austria (366 km), Croatia (329 km), Romania (443 km), Serbia (151 km), Slovakia (679 km), Slovenia (102 km), Ukraine (103 km)| |Coastline:||0 km (landlocked)| |Maritime claims:||none (landlocked)| |Climate:||temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers| |Terrain:||mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on the Slovakian border| |lowest point:||Tisza River 78 m| |highest point:||Kékes 1,014 m| |Natural resources:||bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land| |forests and woodland:||19%| |Irrigated land:||2,060 km2 (1993 est.)| |Environment - current issues:||the approximation of Hungary's standards in waste management, energy efficiency, and air, soil, and water pollution with environmental requirements for EU accession will require large investments| |Environment - international agreements:| |party to:||Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands| |signed, but not ratified:||Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol| |Geography - note:||landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean basin| - This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Library of Congress Country Studies. - This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the CIA World Factbook. |Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Geography of Hungary|

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Mastering color in painting is often a matter of combining a willingness to experiment with mixing colors as well as understanding the color wheel and color theory. Most artists develop their own color mixing chart—or several—and work on recognizing color relationships (primary, secondary, tertiary; complementary colors; warm vs. cool colors) and how colors vary in tone and intensity. Color is one of the most expressive aspects of painting, as well as one of the most subjective.

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Design a control system to manipulate the position of a spring driven cart. A solid aluminum cart is driven by a rack and pinion mechanism using a 6V DC motor, ensuring consistent and continuous traction. The cart slides along a stainless steel shaft using linear bearings. The cart position is measured using a sensor coupled to the rack via an additional pinion. The powered cart (input cart) is coupled to a non-powered cart (output cart) using a compression spring. Both cart positions are measured using encoders. The ability to vary parameters is also available should you wish to change the cart mass and or spring length. The desired outcome is to design a controller such that the output cart tracks a command with minimum overshoot and maximum speed. The system is supplied with a state feedback controller. You may design any other controller you wish. Undergraduate – second course Flexible Joint with Inverted Pendulum Linear Double Inverted Linear Flexible Inverted Pendulum Linear Flexible Joint on Seesaw

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Lisa Alcalay Klug Deep in the heart of Barcelona’s Old City, street signs with Catalan names such as Carrer de Montjuic, Jewish Mountain Street, speak of a Jewish presence. Certain walls contain barely decipherable Hebrew inscriptions from eroded Jewish tombstones. And an elegant stone tablet displays beautiful Hebrew letters commemorating the 12th century rabbi Shmuel HaSareri. View Barcelona Slideshow Although some 4,000 Jews lived there in the Middle Ages, Barcelona has been slow to recall its Jewish past. Unlike its counterparts in nearby Girona and other Catalan cities, Barcelona’s Call is largely neglected. There are few signs of commerce or habitation. Many streets are dirty and the stench of sewage wafts through the air. Multi-lingual guides such as Dominique Blinder Thomasov of Urban Cultours help make a visit worthwhile, however. I appreciated her expertise during a recent visit hosted by the Spanish Board of Tourism and several Catalan organizations. At its peak during the 13th century, Barcelona’s Jewish population represented about 15 percent of its total inhabitants. As immigrants from around the Mediterranean, these Jews filled the streets with Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Spanish, Catalan and Arabic. And they also served as liaisons between East and West, helping transmit the latest advances in science and recent philosophic works from the Arab world. One of their synagogues, which dates back to the 11th century, is being restored. Scholars recently discovered its remains under the basement of 17th century building within the Call. Sadly, no external signs reveal its significance. During the pogroms of 1391 — marking the beginning of the Inquisition — many Barcelona Jews converted to Catholicism. Some adopted the surname of a Christian patron offering them protection as “new Christians.” By 1492, when King Ferdinand of Castille and Queen Isabella of Aragon ordered the expulsion of all Jews living on Spanish soil, most traces of Barcelona’s Jewish community began to disappear. In an effort to erase their presence entirely, locals added the names of Catholic saints to street signs. Unlikely combinations such as Sant Domenec del Call, which evokes a patron saint over the Jewish Quarter, now mark pathways where Jews walked for centuries. View Barcelona Slideshow Nearly 500 years after the Expulsion, during the 1950s, a Jewish community formed again in the Iberian Peninsula. A small group of Jewish arrivals organized the Comunidad Israelita de Barcelona. Orthodox in practice, the Comunidad currently employs both an Israeli rabbi to service the Sephardi community and a Chabad rabbi for its Ashkenazi members. Today, Barcelona’s Jews again number close to 4,000. In addition to its Jewish sites, a visit to Barcelona wouldn’t be complete without a look at some of its fascinating architecture. Much of it is within a short distance of the Comunidad. After morning services, I attended a Shabbat lunch at the Chabad rabbi’s home in the company of other international travelers. There I met a Breslov musician, his wife and their fellow band members, all adorned in chasidic attire. They were hired to perform at a bat mitzvah after Shabbat at the Comunidad and were visiting from Mea Shearim in Jerusalem. Later in the afternoon we reconvened to walk together to see some of Barcelona’s greatest “modernista” landmarks. Spectacular buildings such as the Sagrada Familia, an unfinished work by Antonio Gaudi, and his Casa Mila (a k a the Pedrera house) are fine examples of Catalan Modernism. This artistic movement vindicated the Catalan national identity and promoted Europeanization of the country through urban planning. Sagrada Familia is often referred to as a sandcastle because its massive towers appear to be dripping concrete. And with its landmark undulating facade, Casa Mila represents a legacy of “modernisme” unique to Barcelona. Its public spaces, which combine exuberant colors and forms, are swathed in dreamlike, psychedelic swirls of reds, greens, yellows and blues. And compared to the Call, these structures display a startling contrast between old and new. View Barcelona Slideshow When you go: • Dominique Thomasov operates Urban Cultours, www.urbancultours.com. • The Comunidad Israelita de Barcelona is located at Carrer de Avenir 24; phone: 34-93-200-8513. Kosher meals are available with advanced notice. • Chabad of Barcelona is located on Calle Joan Gamper 27; phone, 34-93-410-0685; chabadbarcelona.org • We stayed a few blocks from the Comunidad at the three-star Hotel Condado, a simple, clean hotel located on Carrer de Aribau 201; phone, 34-93-200-23-11. • Another site of Jewish interest is Montjuic, the site of a medieval Jewish cemetery. Montjuic is home to an impressive athletic facility that hosted the 1992 Olympics. Frequent contributor Lisa Alcalay Klug has written for the New York Times, Forward and many other publications. She is the author of the forthcoming Cool Jew: The Ultimate Guide for Every Member of the Tribe. To learn more visit www.lisaklug.com

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There is a bright side to the plunge in solar panel prices that has brought down some U.S. and German manufacturers which relied too heavily on subsidies for green energy - solar power costs have fallen faster than anyone thought possible. Solar is now nearly as cheap as conventional sources in Germany's electricity grid. The falls in prices for photovoltaic components, pushed down by economies of scale and fierce competition from China, have made solar nearly as cheap as conventional sources in Germany's electricity grid. The boom in Germany, the world's biggest photovoltaic market with 24,000 megawatts of installed capacity, has also helped to drive down costs worldwide, making solar a more viable and accessible alternative to fossil fuels in places ranging from India and the Middle East to Africa and North America. The unexpectedly rapid drop in global solar prices has nevertheless hit some equipment makers hard - producers like Solyndra in the United States and Solon in Germany that failed to keep pace and ended up in bankruptcy protection. The demise of Solyndra, which had got $535 million in loans from the U.S. government, is sometimes cited by sceptics as evidence of the dangers associated with supporting the industry with incentives. They argue subsidies waste public money. "Everyone's missing the real story and it's amazing how brain dead some people are," said Jeremy Rifkin, an adviser to the German government and European Union on climate change and energy security. "It's absolutely a positive thing that solar prices are dropping faster than anyone thought they could. "It's actually a great success," the U.S. economist told Reuters. "Those criticising solar for that are being ignorant or disingenuous. It's a winnowing out process similar to what the computer and communications sectors went through. More companies that can't stay ahead of the curve will go belly up." CHEAP SOLAR POWER Germany is the biggest market for solar power despite its heavy clouds and northern latitude. A robust legal framework that forces utilities to buy solar power at above-market rates has more than negated these disadvantages, turning Germany into the world's top testing ground for photovoltaic energy. Yet due to plunging prices for components, solar power prices in Germany have been halved in the last five years and solar now generates electricity at levels only a few cents above what consumers pay. The subsidies will disappear entirely within a few years, the German BSW solar association says, when solar will be as cheap as conventional fossil fuels. Germany has added 14,000 megawatts capacity in the last two years alone and now has 24,000 MW in total - enough green electricity to meet nearly 4 percent of the country's power demand. That is expected to rise to 10 percent by 2020. Germany now has almost 10 times more installed capacity than the United States. Germany's government-mandated "feed-in tariff" (FIT) is the engine of growth. The FIT is the guaranteed fee utilities are obligated to pay a million producers of solar power for a period of 20 years. It fell to 24 euro cents per kWh for new plants in 2012 from 57 cents in 2004. Since 2010 semi-annual cuts in the incentives have accelerated, dropping the FIT from 43 cents. "The growth of solar in Germany in the last few years has been just incredible," said Martin Jaenicke, head of environment policy research at Berlin's Free University, noting solar power is the world's most abundant source of energy. "People sometimes call solar power expensive. But once the capital equipment is paid off, it's an unbelievably cheap source of energy. Ideally, subsidies eventually eliminate themselves and that is exactly what is happening in Germany." Yet solar remains a relatively expensive source of power, even in Germany where consumers are forced to pay a surcharge of some 7 billion euros annually on their electricity bill to pay for the above-market rates that solar power producers get. The incentives pay for the costs of the 1 million rooftop power plants installed in the last decade. The German government that wrote the Renewable Energy Act in 2000 had had more modest ambitions. They hoped to have 100,000 rooftop power plants. "It's important that electricity remains affordable," said Economy Minister Philip Roesler, who argues new installations should be capped at 1,000 MW per year. "We need to tackle the causes of rising costs and it is above all photovoltaic." Tom Mayer, chief economist of Deutsche Bank, said it was reasonable to support the sector before but it's now "high time" to cut the subsidies by 30 to 40 percent with prices falling to about 15 cents per kWh -- 8 cents below the retail price. "Now that the technology is mature, high subsidies are no longer needed," Mayer said in a research note. Even if some firms will perish, he said: "Leading producers on the world market can cope with (lower) prices." SURVIVAL OF FITTEST "It's remarkable how fast photovoltaic prices fell towards grid parity," said Peter Ahmels, head of renewable energy at the German Environmental Aid Association (DUH). "Germany will hit grid power parity next year -- three years faster than thought." As solar gained popularity in Germany and market prices for components fell, the government reacted by speeding up cuts in the FIT and is now mulling plans to cut the incentives faster to under 20 cents later this year. Claudia Kemfert, an energy expert at the DIW economic think-tank, said economies of scale from Germany's boom and technology innovations are behind the fall in solar prices. But she agreed Germany's FIT should fall faster. "The competition is getting tougher all the time," she said. "That's why some German solar companies might not survive." Falling prices for solar power have hit the earnings and the stocks of many solar firms. Along with Solon and Solyndra, Solar Millennium, Evergreen Solar and SpectraWatt have sunk into insolvency. Rifkin, the U.S. economist, said more firms that cannot keep up will fail. "This is disruptive but it's a success and it's moving so quickly," he said. "Germany is leading the way. Solar prices will keep falling. Grid parity is going to be reached in many countries between now and 2015 and that's a good thing. I don't think the world will need any more subsidies for solar by 2020." (Reporting By Erik Kirschbaum; editing by Stephen Brown and Anthony Barker)

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March 2005: Part I of III. A camp in Darfur, Sudan. By early 2005, 1.6 million Darfur residents remain displaced, having fled their villages following attacks that included killings, abductions, gang rapes, looting and burning. UNICEF, working with the authorities and other relief groups, provides shelter, education, special protection and other basic services in the camps. April 2009: The Vietnamese Government, with support from UNICEF and IKEA, is working to improve primary education for ethnic minorities. February 2008: ‘Albania Reads’ is a UNICEF and IKEA-supported Government initiative to restore a culture of reading among the country’s youth. March 2007: Part II of IV: Education is essential for the elimination of discrimination and violence against girls and women. August 2006: 'Child-friendly’ schools offer free, quality education in safe environments that promote gender equity and diversity. June 2006: Before Medina Humed Ahmed started school, she was silent on the subject of her future. Now, she says, she wants to learn to fly. October 2008: World-renowned pianist and UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador Lang Lang launched a new foundation to help support young musicians. August 2007: The government’s 'Go to School' initiative has increased enrolment to over 850,000, with over one-third of all students being girls. October 2006: The workshops for Pakistani children affected by the 2005 earthquake introduced them to basic photography skills to document their lives. May 2006: In early 2006, several students at Amar Jyoti School in New Delhi, India, participated in a UNICEF photography workshop.

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white blood cell Component of the blood that functions in the immune system. Also known as a leukocyte. wood The inner layer of the stems of woody plants; composed of xylem. X-chromosome One of the sex chromosomes. xerophytic leaves The leaves of plants that grow under arid conditions with low levels of soil and water. Usually characterized by water-conserving features such as thick cuticle and sunken stomatal pits. x-ray diffraction Technique utilized to study atomic structure of crystalline substances by noting the patterns produced by x-rays shot through the crystal. xylem Tissue in the vascular system of plants that moves water and dissolved nutrients from the roots to the leaves; composed of various cell types including tracheids and vessel elements. Plant tissue type that conducts water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves. zebroid A hybrid animal that results from breeding zebras and horses. Z lines Dense areas in myoÞbrils that mark the beginning of the sarcomeres. The actin Þlaments of the sarcomeres are anchored in the Z lines. zone of differentiation Area in plant roots where recently produced cells develop into different cell types. zone of elongation Area in plant roots where recently produced cells grow and elongate prior to differentiation. zone of intolerance The area outside the geographic range where a population is absent; grades into the zone of physiological stress. zone of physiological stress The area in a population's geographic range where members of population are rare due to physical and biological limiting factors. zygomycetes One of the division of the fungi, characterized by the production of zygospores; includes the bread molds. zygospore In fungi, a structure that forms from the diploid zygote created by the fusion of haploid hyphae of different mating types. After a period of dormancy, the zygospore forms sporangia, where meiosis occurs and spores form. zygote A fertilized egg. A diploid cell resulting from fertilization of an egg by a sperm cell. Back to Table of Contents | Back to Main Glossary Page Tuesday May 18 2010 The URL of this page is:

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See the librarian for a monthly reading log and get started today. Purpose: To encourage the reading of fiction and nonfiction books to enhance reading enjoyment and comprehension. Fiction Component: Choose from 10 Virginia Readers' Choice nominated books. These 10 books have been nominated for the 2011-2012 Virginia Readers' Choice Award. Students are encouraged to read as many of these books as possible. To be eligible to vote in April, a minimum of four books must be read. Nonfiction Component: Choose any nonfiction book of your liking (80 pages or more--see librarian for "Those who don't read have no advantage over those who can't ...Mark Twain Last Modified on September 15, 2011 J. L. Simpson Middle School • 490 Evergreen Mill Road SE Leesburg, VA 20175 • P:(571) 252-2840 • F: (703) 771-6643

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Nearly three quarters (72%) of adults are quite attached to following local news and information, and local newspapers are by far the source they rely on for much of the local information they need. In fact, local news enthusiasts are substantially more wedded to their local newspapers than others. They are much more likely than others to say that if their local newspaper vanished, it would have a major impact on their ability to get the local information they want. This is especially true of local news followers age 40 and older, who differ from younger local news enthusiasts in some key ways. One-third of local news enthusiasts (32%) say it would have a major impact on them if their local newspaper no longer existed, compared with just 19% of those less interested in local news. Most likely to report a major impact if their newspaper disappeared are local news followers age 40 and older (35%), though even among younger local news followers 26% say losing the local paper would have a major impact on them. In contrast, just 19% of adults who do not follow local news closely say they would feel a major impact and fully half (51%) say they would feel no impact at all from the loss of their local paper. Only 34% of local news enthusiasts feel this way. These local news and information consumers stand out from other adults in several respects related to community attachment, general interest in all types of news, use of sources for local news and information, and the particular topics of interest to them on the local scene. As a whole, local news enthusiasts do not stand out from other adults in their use of technology or in the way they use technology to participate in local affairs, such as sending around links or posting comments on websites. However, among local news enthusiasts there are considerable differences in technology use across generations. These are among the main findings in a nationally representative phone survey of 2,251 adults by the Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism and Internet & American Life Project, produced in association with the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation. It focused on the ways people get information and news about 16 different topics, ranging from breaking news to weather to crime to schools information. The survey was administered from January 12-25, 2011 on landline and cell phones. It has an overall margin of error of plus or minus 2 percentage points. And here are some of the main findings, as they apply to the group who identified themselves as local news enthusiasts: Local news enthusiasts are more connected to their community Adults who follow local news closely are fairly diverse in their age, though they skew older, more female, and more African-American as a group when compared with adults who do not follow local news as closely. They are also more likely to describe themselves as politically conservative and to attend religious services on a weekly basis when compared with those who are not consistent local news consumers. Local news consumers are more connected to their communities than others, both in length of time in the community and in their connection with neighbors, and more likely to think they can improve their communities. Roughly three in 10 have lived in their community 20 years or longer (32% vs. 20% of others), and thus not surprisingly are more likely to know all of their neighbors. This is driven largely by local news enthusiasts age 40 and older. As a whole, local news enthusiasts are also slightly more likely than other adults to believe they can have a big impact on making their community a better place to live. Local news enthusiasts’ news consumption habits differ from other adults In addition to local news, this group is more actively engaged than others in following news in general, and international and national news specifically. Sixty-three percent enjoy keeping up with news “a lot” compared with 35% of other adults. This is especially true of older local news enthusiasts (age 40 and older), 72% of whom say they enjoy keeping up with new “a lot.” Six in 10 local news followers (63%) also follow international news closely most of the time regardless of whether something is happening or not and 78% follow national news this closely. In comparison, 39% of other adults follow international news this closely and 46% follow national news this closely. When it comes to sources of local news and information, 35% of local news enthusiasts say that local news sources give them all of the information that matters to them, 10 percentage points higher than those less interested in local news. They also use more sources of local news and information per week than others (mean of 3.77 vs. 2.84). The youngest local news enthusiasts, those age 18-39, use the greatest number of local news sources weekly, with a mean of 4.38. Local news enthusiasts are interested in many local topics. This group is more likely than other adults to follow 12 out of 16 local news topics asked about – including weather, breaking news, politics, crime and schools/education. In many cases, interest in particular topics is driven by older local news enthusiasts (weather, politics, crime, traffic, taxes, and local government activity, social services and zoning), while interest in other topics lies mainly with younger local news followers (job openings, restaurants). For 14 of these 16 topics, the local newspaper is local news enthusiasts’ preferred source of information (or tied at the top with another source). Overall, local television news is the preferred source for just four topics, while the internet is preferred for just three of the 16 asked about. While this seems to be positive news for newspapers, in many cases the reliance on newspapers is heaviest among older local news enthusiasts, while younger local news followers rely more heavily on other sources.

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Quapaw (kwôˈpô) [key], Native North Americans, also called the Arkansas, whose language belongs to the Siouan branch of the Hokan-Siouan linguistic stock (see Native American languages). The Quapaw were essentially of the Plains culture, but they had other distinctive traits; they built temple and burial mounds and lived in longhouses. They once lived with the Omaha, the Kansa, the Ponca, and the Osage in the Ohio Valley, but when the groups separated the Quapaw migrated down the Mississippi River. Jacques Marquette, who arrived at their village in 1673, was the first of many French explorers to visit the Quapaw. They made a large land cession to the United States in 1818, and later moved to Oklahoma, where they lived on a reservation. In 1990 there were some 1,400 Quapaw in the United States. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. More on Quapaw from Infoplease: See more Encyclopedia articles on: North American indigenous peoples

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Results 1 to 3 of 3 What is the actual difference between a NAT and Proxy. Please help in this context...... Enjoy an ad free experience by logging in. Not a member yet? Register. - 05-11-2007 #1 - Join Date - Oct 2006 NAT and PROXY What is the actual difference between a NAT and Proxy. Please help in this context... - 05-11-2007 #2 A proxy usually only forwards stuff one one protocal like http. Sometimes it adds headers and stuff so that the destination knows that it's gone through a proxy. A computer running NAT rewrites all packets sent to it so that they are from itself, so to the outside world it looks like it is from the IP of the router, not the original computer. This is protocol independant although some might have issues. - 05-12-2007 #3 At a first glance a proxy has the same functionality as nat: You have one system which acts as a relay and which accepts NW requests from an internal site and acts as a relay such that the destination of the request sees the IP address of the relay host and the internal IP isn't visible to the destination. That's usually used when you have local IP networks (192.168, ... , 10.0., ..., 172. ...) which can't be visible in the internet. nat is much faster because it's handled in the IP stack of the relay host. A proxy is a dedicated piece of SW which handles all the relay stuff. But there are some benefits of the proxy which nat doesn't have: 1) Caching of requests - useful in big local networks 2) Authentication - a user has to provide userid and PW in order to be able to access the internet 3) Access restrictions - allow access only in the working hours, restrict access to a small set of websites only, deny access to special websites, e.g. porn sites 4) Modify data streams, i.e. masquerade or hide the identity of the client application (suppress http referrer, ... ) Hope this helps."Really, I'm not out to destroy Microsoft. That will just be a completely unintentional side effect." Linus Benedict Torvalds

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What may be the world's toughest job - good parenting - may have become just a tiny bit easier as of last week. It's not that anyone discovered a simple way to enforce bedtimes or to get kids to like broccoli. But parents and other caregivers did gain access to powerful new tools that can help them keep children safe online. Online safety is a real worry for families these days. The Internet opens a wide world of learning opportunities for young people, but it also can open the door to inappropriate words and images - and to contact with unsavory individuals. Studies of the online habits of children have found that many take troubling risks, such as divulging personal information to strangers. Yet, short of hovering nearby all the time, it can be difficult to supervise and limit children?s Internet use very effectively. That?s changing with last week?s release of Windows Vista, the next-generation operating system for personal computers. Along with many other innovative improvements that make it easier to find and use information and make for a more secure and enjoyable user experience overall, Windows Vista provides much easier and more comprehensive parental controls. The controls are designed to let parents manage exactly what children can do on the computer ? which games they can play, which programs they can use, and which Web sites they can visit. Different, age-appropriate limits can be set for each child in the family. And all settings are managed from a single, central control panel. Parents also can decide when children are allowed to use the computer and for how long, simply by blocking out specific times and days on the control panel?s weekly grid. If time runs out before a child logs off the computer, Windows Vista suspends the session so that others can use the computer, but the session stays active in the background and resumes the next time the child logs on. No work is lost. Windows Vista even provides easy-to-read activity reports that show how children have been using the computer, so that parents can know what kids are seeing, hearing and doing. This accurate record can provide a basis for parents and children to talk about what content and activities are appropriate, and why. Such discussions remain vitally important, because family communication is still the best way to teach children how to stay safe, online or otherwise, on their own. Recognizing that the challenge has many dimensions, Microsoft is working to help keep kids safe not only through technological innovations such as Windows Vista, but also by working with others for Internet safety education, industry standards, beneficial legislation and law enforcement. We?re glad to be of some small help with what is still the world?s toughest job.

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During the summer of 1944, while British and American troops stormed through France toward the German border, Soviet armies swept just as rapidly toward Germany from the east. Between June and August their 600-mile front advanced more than 300 miles, destroying more than seventeen German divisions and inflicting more than 300,000 casualties. The Soviet advance was relentless—and also brutally cynical. In August, the Soviets encouraged the lightly armed Polish Home Army to rise against the Germans occupying their nation and promised to assist them if they did. When the Polish patriots in Warsaw rebelled, the Soviets just watched while the Germans slaughtered more than a quarter million Poles. By the time the Soviets moved into the destroyed city, the Polish nation they intended to occupy following the war was decimated. By the end of the year, the Soviets had all but driven the Germans from Eastern Europe. In December, Russian armies began to cross the border in Germany. Faced with Allied armies on both borders, Hitler decided to take the offensive in December 1944. Germany’s situation was grim, but he recognized that the Allies’ extended supply lines gave him time for one desperate action. An attack on the western front against American and British forces in Belgium could accomplish several things. It could reclaim the critical port at Antwerp, further disrupting Allied supply lines. A jolt to the British and American forces might also encourage them to accept a negotiated peace—separate from the communist Russians who, he realized, scared the British and Americans as much as they did him. Moreover, with a little more time, he might be able to develop new weapons, in particular even heavier tanks and jet airplanes. Therefore on 16 December, German forces launched an attack at the relatively thin Allied lines in the Ardennes Forest. Almost inconceivably, more than 250,000 men and 1400 tanks hit the American lines by complete surprise. Eisenhower rushed re-enforcements to the forest, but by then the Germans had forced a 70-mile wide “bulge” in American lines. Toughness in the trenches, brilliant leadership from General George Patton, and limited German resources combined to stall the Nazi attack. American troops tenaciously held the line at the tip of the bulge. Patton whipped his army abruptly to the north and crashed the bulge along its left flank. And by Christmas, the German tanks were running on fumes. Stopping dead in their tracks, the mighty panzers turned into sitting ducks for the American gunners. The simple fact was that while Allied supply lines were stretched, their supplies were not. The German army befitted from interior lines; but since Allied planes dominated the skies and were wreaking havoc on Germany’s industries, Germany’s capacity to restock its desperate army was broken. In January 1945, Hitler ordered a surprise attack on the Allied airfields in Belgium. He had great success, destroying more than 500 planes. But while American manufacturers in Long Beach, Wichita, and Oklahoma city could spit out replacement craft in relatively short order, Hitler’s decimated industries could not replace the 300 planes he lost in the raid. These last ditch German offensives took a deadly toll. At the Battle of the Bulge, the Allies suffered close to 70,000 casualties, most of them American. But the effort cost the Germans far more: 200,000 men, and 800 tanks and 1500 planes that could not be replaced. To add salt to their wound, the Germans gained virtually nothing; by February, the bulge had been flattened. In the spring of 1945, the Allies unstoppable advance across Germany resumed. British and American forces swept north taking the heavily industrialized Ruhr Valley and critical ports along the North Sea. Another army swung further to the south mopping up along the Danube River. American General Omar Bradley’s army advanced across central Germany, but after considerable debate, did not march on Berlin. The German capital was left to the Soviets who were dead set on reaching Berlin first. Bradley was willing to let the Soviets have the glory of eating the heart of the Third Reich. He correctly estimated that capturing the city would take more than 100,000 lives. But British and American politicians debated the post-war consequences of ending the war with only Soviet troops in Berlin. As the Russians had advanced across Eastern Europe, they had left a heavy footprint. Anxious to build a string of Pro-Soviet governments along their border, they had installed communist puppets in every country they “liberated.” On each occasion Roosevelt had challenged Soviet Premier Stalin, but Stalin reminded the American president that he had not been consulted before the British and Americans had decided to leave Darlan in power in North Africa or Badoglio in power in Italy. In other words, they had set the precedent that the liberator of a territory determined the political disposition of that territory. It was a hard argument to refute, and therefore the stakes attached to the capture of Berlin were huge. Would Stalin impose a communist government in Berlin? Would he refuse to allow the British and Americans to join in determining Germany’s future? Ultimately, the Russians did turn over sectors of the German capital to other Allies. Despite bearing the brunt of the casualties in its capture, they did agree to the formation of joint Allied council for Germany. At this stage in the conflict, in other words, there still seemed room for compromise. All of this meant more to the politicians than the military commanders in the field. What mattered most to them was by the last week in April, most of Germany was under Allied control and Berlin was sinking fast. On 28 April, Hitler married his mistress, Eva Braun. After a two day honeymoon, the two committed suicide. One week later, the next and last president of the Third Reich, Karl Dönitz, surrendered.

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Union General Irvin McDowell Army of the Potomac Born 1818 Died 1885 After graduating from the U.S. Military Academy, McDowell served with the 1st Artillery and then returned to the academy as the adjutant. During the Mexican War he was brevetted a captain for gallant and meritorious conduct. From then until the outbreak of the Civil War, McDowell was employed in various staff duties in Washington, New York, and Texas, being promoted to brevet major on 31 March 1856. In 1861, at the urging of his close friend Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase, McDowell was promoted three grades to brigadier general in the Regular Army and assigned commander of the newly organized army at Washington. Although he requested more time to prepare his force, McDowell was ordered to advance immediately against the Confederate force at Manassas Junction. In the ensuing Battle of First Bull Run (21 July 1861 ), he dashed around the field, trying personally to encourage his men. Although the morning phase of the battle saw the Confederates driven back, by afternoon the Southern forces had counterattacked and routed the Federal forces. Northern officials and the public blamed McDowell for the defeat, and he was relieved of army command. Afterward appointed commander of a division, he was later promoted to major general of volunteers (14 March 1862) and assigned command of the I Corps, Army of the Potomac. Officials in Washington, fearing for the safety of the capital, retained McDowell's command, redesignated it the Army of the Rappahannock, and placed it along that river. Subsequently, McDowell's army was consolidated with troops in the Shenandoah Valley to create a force known as the Army of Virginia under Maj. Gen. John Pope. McDowell's command was redesignated the III Corps. The defeat at First Bull Run continued to haunt McDowell, and his officers and enlisted men generally disliked him. When he was injured in a riding accident in the summer of 1862, it was said that a portion of his command gave three cheers for the horse that threw General McDowell. In the Battle of Second Bull Run (2930 August 1862), the Army of Virginia was defeated and fell back into the defenses of Washington. Pope accused McDowell of not fully supporting him during the campaign, and McDowell was relieved of command. Although a court of inquiry found nothing to warrant a court-martial, a strong prejudice remained against McDowell in the public mind, and he held no further field command during the war. After commanding various military departments to 1882, McDowell retired from the service, with the rank of major general in the Regular Army. Civil War Soldier 102 Piece Playset - 25 Union and 25 Confederate Soldier Figures, 18 Horses, 10 Cannon - 2 Covered Wagons, 2 Tents, 2 Canoes, 2 Flags, 16 Fences - Size: Figures Stand up to 2-1/8 inches tall - Scale: 1/32nd, Wagons and Horses slightly smaller Balls Bluff: A Small Battle and Its Long Shadow Confederate troops scored what was probably the most complete victory by either side in the Civil War at a place called Ball's Bluff, thirty-five miles west of Washington, DC, on the Virginia bank of the Potomac River. Union soldiers were driven in a panic off the high bluff into the river, where many of them drowned Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History Definitive Reference Work, this volume, rich with over 500 illustrations, 75 maps, and 250 primary source documents, offers more than 1,600 entries that chart the war's strategic aims, analyze diplomatic and political maneuvering, describe key military actions, sketch important participants, assess developments in military science, and discuss the social and financial impact of the conflict. Battleground 7: Bull Run July 21, 1861 The earliest large-scale engagement of the Civil War, the First Battle of Bull Run found J.E. Johnston's outnumbered Rebels fighting a desperate delaying action versus the powerful Union army of Irvin McDowell. It was in this battle that General Thomas J. Jackson earned his famous nickname "Stonewall" Civil War Battles You decide the outcome of a duel between two determined generals in the American Civil War. It's 1864 and the Union forces are ready to make a final drive into the Deep South. General William T. Sherman advances to destroy the Confederate Army of Tennessee & capture the city of Atlanta. Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston planned on using Georgia's difficult terrain to inflict heavy losses Civil War Battles A defining moment in the Civil War -- one that could have spelled victory for the South if things had been slightly different. At Chickamauga Creek near Chattanooga, TN there was a battle that earned it a new nickname: "River Of Blood." Chattanooga was a vital rail station at the time and had fallen to Union General Rosecrans History Channel Civil There are about a half-dozen different small arms types, but the Henry is the best for rapid repeating fire and least reloading. The shotgun they give you is useless: you must aim spot-on to affect an enemy, so why not just use the rifle? Grenades are useful at United States Army Archieves More To Explore

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WASHINGTON, DC — More than half of Americans say they are trying to lose weight, and a majority of them say they are trying to improve the healthfulness of their diet and increase their level of physical activity. However, nine out of 10 Americans do not know how many calories they should consume in a day. The conflicting findings on calories represent just one of six consumer “diet disconnects” found in the second annual Food & Health Survey conducted by the International Food Information Council (IFIC) Foundation. The survey of 1,000 American adults was conducted over three weeks in February and March. “This survey is an important snapshot highlighting the gap between Americans' desire to have a more healthful diet and the reality of converting this desire into day-to-day behavior,” says Susan Borra, IFIC Foundation president. For more details on the study, visit www.ific.org.

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Alabama Beach Mouse ALABAMA BEACH MOUSE Photo Credit: Nick R. Holler SCIENTIFIC NAME: Peromyscus polionotus ammobates (Bowen) DESCRIPTION: Smallest (adults, total length =122-153 mm [4.8-6.0 in.]; weights =10.0-17.0 g [0.35-0.60 oz.]; pregnant females reaching 22-25 g [0.78-0.88 oz.]) species of Peromyscus in North America (Hall 1981b). Tail short, usually 55-65 percent of body length. Males generally smaller than females. Brown to pale gray above, with pure white undersides and feet. A dark brown mid-dorsal stripe is common. Tail bicolored, with variable (10-80 percent of tail length) dark brown stripe on dorsal surface and pure white underneath (Howell 1939; Hall 1981b). DISTRIBUTION: Historic distribution was along the coastal dunes of Baldwin County, Alabama, from the western tip of Fort Morgan Peninsula eastward to the Perdido Bay inlet, including Ono Island. The type locality was a sand bar immediately west of Perdido Key inlet (Alabama Point, Bowen 1968). Type locality has been heavily developed and no longer exhibits natural characteristics. Because of extensive development throughout the Alabama Gulf Coast, the present-day distribution of the Alabama beach mouse is greatly reduced (Holliman 1983). Active populations are known to exist in areas of public ownership at Fort Morgan and within the Perdue Unit of the Bon Secour National Wildlife Refuge (Swilling and Wooten 2002). Discontinuous occupation of dune and scrub habitat between these two sites also occurs. Have been re-established at Gulf State Park. Trapping and visual surveys suggest extirpation from all areas east of Gulf State Park. HABITAT: Typically includes primary, secondary, and scrub dunes of the coastal strand community (Bowen 1968, Rave and Holler 1992). Densities often greatest in sparsely vegetated areas within the primary dune zone. Recent research indicated that scrub habitat is more important than previously thought. Recognition of the value of this habitat as refugia from hurricanes and other storm events has prompted formal redesignation of the Critical Habitat limit for this subspecies. Only rarely found associated with human dwellings. LIFE HISTORY AND ECOLOGY: Monogamous; pair bonding strong and parental cooperation in rearing has been noted (Blair 1951, Margulis 1997, Swilling and Wooten 1992). Litter sizes range from two to eight (mode = four) (Caldwell and Gentry 1965, Smith 1966). Gestation period averages 28 days with a postpartum estrus common. Reproduction occurs throughout the year, but typically slows during summer and peaks during late fall/early winter in correlation with availability of forage seeds. A semifossorial, nocturnal rodent that digs distinctive burrows in sandy soils. Burrows typically consist of an entrance tube up to one meter (three feet) deep leading to one or more chambers (Hayne 1936, Smith 1966). An escape tunnel is normally present from the nest chamber to just below the surface. Nests of dried grasses and other fibers are found in the central chamber. Burrow openings are frequently located within vegetation. A fan-shaped plume of expelled sand is characteristic of active burrows. Entrance tunnels are blocked several centimeters (three to five inches) below surface by sand plugs, presumably for predator defense. Granivorous-omnivorous, with a majority of diet being seasonal seeds (Smith 1966, Gentry and Smith 1968, Moyers 1996). Wind-deposited seeds such as sea oats and bluestem important components of diet; acorns eaten when available. Also consumes a variety of animal foods, including both insects and vertebrates. Insects reported in diet include beetles, leaf hoppers, true bugs, and ants. Nocturnal, with daytime activity rare; nightly movements directly affected by weather conditions. Radio tracking indicates activity throughout the night, with peaks occurring shortly after dusk and again after midnight (Lynn 2000). Capable of dispersing over five kilometers (3.1 miles) (Smith 1966) and commonly traverse 0.5 kilometers (0.31 miles) of habitat per night, but most observations indicate that individuals settle within a few hundred meters (200-1,000 feet) of their natal sites. Juveniles disperse an average of 160 meters (500 feet), effectively one home range, away from the natal site (Swilling and Wooten 2002). Dispersal distances for juvenile males and females not reported to differ. Home range size varies according to season and reproductive state. Average values reported for Alabama beach mice were 4,086 -5,512 square meters (43,981-59,330 square feet) from trapping data and 6,783-7,000 square meters (73,011-75,347 square feet) from telemetry data, but ranges as small as 389 square meters (4,187 square feet) and as large as 29,330 square meters (315,715 square feet) have been observed (Lynn 2000). Home range sizes do not differ significantly between males and females. In general, populations show little evidence of intraspecies competition with increasing densities yielding increased compaction of home ranges. This combination of tolerance and dispersal results in the formation of spatial "neighborhoods" within populations. For Alabama beach mice, approximate size of these spatial units is 550 meters (1,800 feet; linear) with occupancy by 40-70 mice. Average life span in natural populations less than nine months although common to encounter mice more than one year of age. Captures of mice known to be two years old have been reported and captive mice have reached four or more years of age. Preyed upon by the red and gray fox , great horned owl, great blue heron, weasel, striped skunk, raccoon, various snakes including coach-whip and pygmy and eastern diamondback rattlesnakes, and domestic dogs and cats. BASIS FOR STATUS CLASSIFICATION: Habitat loss and fragmentation associated with residential and commercial real estate development single most important factor contributing to imperiled status. Existing or proposed beachfront development will substantially alter all Alabama beach mouse habitat not in public ownership. Reduction of available habitat and isolation of the remaining populations substantially increases vulnerability to the effects of tropical storms, weather cycles, predation, and other environmental factors. Substantial disagreement exists as to the current status and appropriate management protocol for the Alabama beach mouse. Various researchers have argued it is in immediate jeopardy of range-wide extinction if habitat loss is allowed to continue. This position is supported by evidence of widespread extirpation from all developed areas in the eastern portion of the historic distribution. Similar levels of development are occurring throughout the Fort Morgan Peninsula and real estate development on all private areas is proceeding rapidly. In addition, Population Viability Analyses indicate that extinction of even the largest remaining populations is likely within 50 years if current trends continue (Oli et al. 2001). Listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1986. Author: Michael C. Wooten

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Five-Year, $3.5 Million Study Aims to Promote the Health of People With Disabilities 02/24/05 Portland, Ore. The grant from the U.S. Department of Education's National Institute on Disability Rehabilitation Research was given to the Rehabilitation Research and Training Center (RRTC) on Health & Wellness in the OHSU Child Development and Rehabilitation Center (CDRC). The center focuses on health and wellness for children and adults with disabilities. The researchers are charged with three outcomes: - Identifying strategies to overcome barriers that impede access to routine health care. - Identifying interventions that promote health and wellness, such as exercise, nutrition, pain management, or complementary and alternative therapies. - Developing a method for measuring the health status of people with disabilities. People with a variety of physical and cognitive disabilities are more likely to experience early deaths, chronic conditions; have some of the highest rates for oral disease; and have higher rates of diabetes than adults without disabilities, according to recent studies. "Research has shown that for adults with disabilities, physicians provided less attention to a number of preventive care services and less counseling on high-risk behaviors. At the same time, people with disabilities report that they receive cancer screening tests less often or have their cancers diagnosed later than people without disabilities. We need to find out why this is and how to change it. We want to help people with disabilities and health care providers know what they need to know identify and overcome any barriers," said RRTC Director Gloria Krahn, Ph.D., M.P.H., associate professor of pediatrics, OHSU School of Medicine, and principal investigator. "There are a number of health promotion interventions specifically geared to people with disabilities. We now have the opportunity to see what evidence basis there is for effectiveness of programs to promote the health of people with disabilities," said Charles Drum, J.D., Ph.D., assistant professor of public health and preventive medicine, OHSU School of Medicine; RRTC center co-director; and co-principal investigator. Some of the barriers to getting necessary and preventive health care for people with disabilities include: transportation, economics, cognitive and cultural differences, according to center coordinator, Laura Hammond, M.P.H.. CareOregon will partner with OHSU researchers on accessing patients and clinics, and on Medicaid issues and data collection. Other partners include experts on health promotion and health status from across the country and other disability advocates and organizations.

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Companion planting means arranging the plants in a garden in such a way that they enhance the growth and quality of nearby crops, provide maximum ground cover, and, if possible, improve the soil. Companion plants are also a way of controlling insect populations. Fragrant flowers and herbs drive away pest insects. For example, an annual with a strongly fragranced leaf and blossom that many insects find unattractive is the marigold. Not only does its strong odour confuse pests looking for their favourite plants, but their roots give off a substance which repels nematodes. Planting a couple of rows of marigolds around the edge of your garden will add both beauty and a measure of protection for your vegetables. Antagonist plants as their name implies have negative effects when planted together, and should therefore be grown apart from each other. Plants may be good Companions because: They like the same soil and weather conditions One helps the other by loosening the soil for its roots One gives welcome shade and protection to its companion One attracts an insect that is beneficial to the other One deters a pest that habitually attacks the other for instance sage, rosemary, thyme repel the cabbage butterfly; onions and leeks repel the carrot fly. One may leave a residue in the soil that benefits its companion. Plants with strong odours do confuse, deter, and often stop some pests. Some plants hide other certain plants we dont want detected. Some plants (especially herbs) are considered nursery plants for beneficial insects, providing shelter, nectar, pollen, and even dark, cool moist spots. Listings of companions and antagonists are given. To interpret the lists: CABBAGE FAMILY: includes Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cauliflower, Kohlrabi MARROW FAMILY: includes Courgette, Cucumber, Pumpkin, Squash ONION FAMILY: includes Chives, Garlic, Leek

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Educational programs empower patients with lung diseases (BPT) - Complications associated with lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cystic fibrosis (CF) account for millions of emergency room visits each year. Many of these complications occur because the diseases are not being properly managed, which many - including several advocacy groups -- believe may be related to a lack of understanding and knowledge on behalf of the patient. For this reason, patient education has become increasingly important in managing lung diseases. Lung, or pulmonary, disease is any disease or disorder that occurs in the lungs or that causes the lungs to not work properly, including asthma, COPD and CF. When not properly managed through regular measurement and monitoring, symptoms associated with these diseases sometimes become life threatening. "Asthma is a controllable disease. When asthmatics start experiencing symptoms, it's a clear indication their asthma is not in good control," said Carol Jones, registered nurse and certified asthma educator, a consultant for the Allergy and Asthma Network Mothers of Asthmatics (AANMA). "However, proper management is dependent on patients having the necessary self assessment information and monitoring tools. Asthma education is critical to help those living with the condition learn how to keep their disease under control and avoid urgent doctor visits or trips to the emergency department." Research shows that communication between doctors and patients has an impact on health outcomes and that patients who are informed are able to take a more active role and have better results. "It's my belief that you can't be too knowledgeable about your illness," said Laura Tillman, president of the United States Adult Cystic Fibrosis Association (USACFA), publisher of CF Roundtable, a newsletter for adults who have cystic fibrosis. "Patient education programs are a great resource to help those living with diseases further understand their illnesses. In order to be your own advocate, you have to be informed." Healthcare companies, such as PMD Healthcare, are also taking note of the importance of education. The company, who manufacturers Spiro PD personal spirometer, a novel new lung health monitoring device, is hosting a series of webinars to provide those living with lung diseases, including patients and caregivers, with valuable information about how to manage these illnesses. Jones and Tillman will serve as co-hosts of two upcoming online seminars, also known as webinars, discussing the impact of allergies on asthma and growing older with CF, respectively. "PMD Healthcare, through Spiro PD, a personal spirometer, helps patients manage their diseases by allowing them to monitor lung function and medication therapy anytime and anywhere and improves doctor-patient communication because data can be uploaded and directly shared with a physician," said Rebecca Russell, patient education specialist at PMD Healthcare. "However, we recognize there are still additional components necessary for proper disease management and that it is critical for patients to understand all aspects of controlling their disease. Through our free patient educational webinars, we hope to help empower patients living with these chronic illnesses and equip them with the knowledge to anticipate and prevent life threatening exacerbations." For more information about PMD Healthcare's upcoming educational webinars, or to learn more about Spiro PD visit spiropd.com/get-more-information/

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Growers in the South Valley are now spraying pesticides to fight a citrus pest. The spraying is mandatory for some homeowners and growers because of the Asian citrus psyllid, which has been discovered in the Strathmore-Lindsay area. The Asian citrus psyllid is an aphid-like insect that feeds on the leaves and stems of citrus trees and other citrus-like plants. The reason for concern is that the pest can carry a bacteria known as Citrus Greening Disease that is deadly to citrus plants. A mild pesticide is now being used in the affected area. Tulare County Ag Commissioner, Marilyn Kinoshita said, "Within the 800 meters around the psyllid find northeast of Strathmore there's an eradication area and the treatments are mandatory." Transporting citrus fruit and plants is also restricted in a 163 square miles area of Tulare County. Click the related link for more information on the restrictions and spraying.

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Podcasts & RSS Feeds Most Active Stories The Environment Report Tue January 8, 2013 New Michigan law widens uses for treated sewage product A new law in Michigan will make it easier for sewage treatment plants to sell or give away their leftovers. All the water we use in our houses and businesses goes down a municipal drain and ends up in a wastewater treatment plant. It's processed and decontaminated and eventually becomes something called a biosolid. Some of it then goes into landfills, and some is used as agricultural fertilizer. A law signed last week will allow Michigan's sewage treatment plant to sell or give away what's called "exceptional quality," or EQ biosolids. Mike Person with the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality says other states have allowed this for years. In fact, Michigan's been buying a product called Milorganite that's been generated and bagged by the city of Milwaukee. "It's often used on golf courses and things of that nature. It's pelletized and what it does is provide a nice, slow-release form of organic nitrogen," said Person. The new Michigan regulations eliminate a layer of bureaucracy. It means these biosolids could be used in public parks, athletic fields, cemeteries, plant nurseries, and on your lawn and garden. Person says that's an environmentally smart thing to do rather than putting biosolids in landfills or incinerating them. In order for these biosolids to be given or sold to the public, they have to meet certain criteria. Dawn Reinhold, an assistant professor in biosystems and agricultural engineering at Michigan State University, says pathogens like E. coli, salmonella and viruses have to be eliminated, and so do harmful metals. Reinhold says she's researching another aspect of biosolids: What happens to all those personal care products when they get into the water system? "When you use things like antimicrobial soaps, and you're washing your hands, that antimicrobial chemical is actually going down the drain, ending up in your wastewater treatment plant," said Reinhold. "A lot of that chemical actually ends up on the biosolids." Reinhold's studies looked what would happen if you were to eat only fruits and vegetables grown in a garden amended with biosolids. She says the health risks would be a thousand to 10,000 times less than from using things like antimicrobial soap in the first place. But there's one area that still needs work. Reinhold says all those pharmaceuticals Americans use also end up in those treatment plants. "And so we're starting to understand what is occurring with these chemicals, but as far as being able to completely 100 percent answer that there's no risk from pharmaceuticals in these biosolids, we're not there yet," said Reinhold. So Reinhold says using biosolids for landscaping limits your exposure to pharmaceuticals to just about nil. And if you're not comfortable using biosolids in your veggie garden? Go organic.

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In general relativity Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates are named for Arthur Stanley Eddington and David Finkelstein, even though neither ever wrote down these coordinates or the metric in these coordinates. They seem to have been given this name by Misner, Thorne, and Wheeler in their book Gravitation. They are a pair of coordinate systems for a Schwarzschild geometry which are adapted to radial null geodesics (i.e. the worldlines of photons moving directly towards or away from the central mass). The outward (inward) traveling radial light rays define the surfaces of constant "time" while the radial coordinate is the usual area coordinate so that the surfaces of rotation symmetry have an area of 4π. One advantage of this coordinate system is that it shows that the apparent singularity at the Schwarzschild radius is only a coordinate singularity and not a true physical singularity. (While this was recognized by Finkelstein, it was not (or at least not commented on) by Eddington, whose primary purpose was to compare and contrast the spherically symmetric solutions in Whitehead's theory of gravitation and Einstein's.) Schwarzschild Metric The Schwarzschild coordinates are , and the Schwarzschild metric is well known: Note the conventions being used here are the metric signature of (− + + +) and the natural units where c = 1 (although the gravitational constant G will be kept explicit, and M will denote the characteristic mass of the Schwarzschild geometry). Tortoise coordinate Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates are founded upon the tortoise coordinate. The tortoise coordinate is defined: so as to satify: The tortoise coordinate approaches −∞ as r approaches the Schwarzschild radius r = 2GM. When some probe (such as a light ray or an observer) approaches a black hole event horizon, its Schwarzschild time coordinate grows infinite. The outgoing null rays in this coordinate system have an infinite change in t on travelling out from the horizon. (This is why information would never be received back from any probe that is sent sufficiently close to such an event horizon, despite that the probe itself can nonetheless travel past this horizon. It is also why the metric, expressed in Schwarzschild coordinates, becomes singular at the horizon - thereby failing to be able to fully chart the trajectory of the infalling probe.) The tortoise coordinate is intended to grow infinite at the appropriate rate such as to cancel out this singular behaviour in coordinate systems constructed from it. The ingoing Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates are obtained by replacing the coordinate t with the new coordinate . The metric in these coordinates can be written where is the standard metric on a unit radius two sphere. Likewise, the outgoing Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates are obtained by replacing t with the null coordinate . The metric is then given by In both these coordinate systems the metric is explicitly non-singular at the Schwarzschild radius (even though one component vanishes at this radius, the determinant of the metric is still non-vanishing and the inverse metric has no terms which diverge there.) Note that for radial null rays, v=const or =const or equivalently =const or u=const we have dv/dr and du/dr approach 0 and ±2 at large r, not ±1 as one might expect if one regarded u or v as "time". When plotting Eddington-Finkelstein diagrams, surfaces of constant u or v are usually drawn as cones, with u or v constant lines drawn as sloping at 45 degree rather than as planes (see for instance Box 31.2 of MTW). Some sources instead take , corresponding to planar surfaces in such diagrams. In terms of this the metric becomes which is Minkowskian at large r. (This was the coordinate time and metric that both Eddington and Finkelstein presented in their papers.) The Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates are still incomplete and can be extended. For example, the outward traveling timelike geodesics defined by (with τ the proper time) has v(τ)-> -∞ as τ->2GM. Ie, this timelike geodesic has a finite proper length into the past where it comes out of the horizon (r=2GM) when v becomes minus infinity. The regions for finite v and r<2GM is a different region from finite u and r<2GM. The horizons r=2GM and finite v is a different horizon (the black hole horizon) from that with r=2M and finite u (the white hole horizon) . The metric in Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates covers all of the extended Schwarzschild spacetime in a single coordinate system. It's chief disadvantage is that in those coordinates the metric depends on both the time and space coordinates. In Eddington-Finkelstein, as in Schwartzschild coordinates, the metric is independent of the "time" (either t in Schwartzschild, or "u" or "v" in the various Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates), but none of these cover the complete spacetime. The Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates have some similarity to the Gullstrand–Painlevé coordinates in that both are time independent, and penetrate (are regular across) either the future (black hole) or the past (white hole) horizons. Both are not diagonal (the hypersurfaces of constant "time" are not orthogonal to the hypersurfaces of constant r.) The latter have a flat spatial metric, while the former's spatial ("time" constant) hypersurfaces are null and have the same metric as that of a null cone in Minkowski space ( in flat spacetime). See also - Schwarzschild coordinates - Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates - Lemaitre coordinates - Gullstrand–Painlevé coordinates - Vaidya metric - Eddington, A.S. (Feb. 1924). Nature 113 (2832): 965–967. - Finkelstein, David (1958). Phys. Rev 110: 115–117.

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posted on November 09, 2006 | Environmental engineers design and supervise systems to prevent and control pollution in water, in the air, on land, and in ground water. Pollution can occur in the chemical processing of goods or with the disposal of waste material as a result of the processing and its use. Industrial wastes and spent or utilized materials disposal must be designed by the environmental engineer in a manner that will prevent contamination to our air, land, and water resources. Environmental engineers must translate physical, chemical, and biological processes into systems to help prevent or destroy toxic substances, remove pollutants from water, reduce non-hazardous solid waste through waste minimization and recycling systems, eliminate contaminates from the air, and prevent ground contamination. A major objective for an environmental engineer is to protect the public's health and safety. Careers in Environmental Engineering Generally, most environmental engineers begin their careers by working in supporting roles. As expertise and judgment is acquired through experience, more substantive and leadership roles become available. To browse Environmental Engineering Jobs, please visit the ENGINEERING.com Jobs & Careers page.

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Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center The undersides or plastrons of false map turtles are cream to yellowish in color. The juveniles have an intricate pattern, whereas in the adults this pattem is absent. They mate in the spring and lay a clutch of 6-13 eggs. These turtles are extremely rare in North Dakota, and they are very wary. The best opportunity to observe these turtles is during the first two weeks in June as they come out of the water in the afternoon to lay their eggs in the sand. Keep in mind that these will be adult female turtles often 12-16 inches long. False map turtles eat aquatic vegetation, insects, worms, crustaceans, minnows, and mollusks.

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At the 2010 Olympic Winter Games in Vancouver, 20 lasers were used in a nightly light show in which people from around the world controlled the beams through public Internet access. mirror—which was made of aluminized Mylar and spanned 90 feet across. In the main hall, visitors could see their reflections hanging upside down above their heads. To get to that hall, they walked through a dark clam-shaped room illuminated by sound-activated laser beams shining downward and tracing Lissajous figures on the floor. E.A. T. commissioned Cross and Jeffries to design the laser-and-sound display. An estimated 2 million people visited the Pepsi Pavilion during the six months of Expo ’70. However, according to Cross’s website, company officials were not able to maintain the technical exhibits to the artists’ standards, and the building was demolished soon after the exposition ended. Cross moved to the University of Iowa and created a mixed-gas argon-krypton ion laser show—complete with symphony orchestra, soloists and electronic music—for the opening of a new campus auditorium in 1972. Scientist Elsa Garmire pioneered the use of textured lenses to create these artistic “lumia” effects for Laserium. Garmire explores her artistic side Toward the end of the 1960s, Elsa Garmire, a postdoc at Caltech who had received her doctorate at MIT under OSA Honorary Member Charles H. Townes, found that her research into ultra-short laser pulses had become stalled. So, for a few years, she turned her attention to experiments that brought art and technology together. As part of Caltech’s celebration of the first moon landing in 1969, Garmire designed a laser light “wall” that people could walk through. In another experiment, she and her friends hauled an argon laser all the way to the top of the campus library and staged a light show. Garmire was assisted by a graduate student who held a mirror to reflect the beam. Although she knew how to make Lissajous figures, Garmire was more interested in creating abstract diffraction patterns through textured glass and plastic. “I wanted to be a pure artist,” she said. Through her experimentation, she discovered that Duco household cement formed bubbles when it dried on glass and made the most interesting patterns when a laser shone through those At an E.A.T. conference at the University of Southern California in November 1970, Garmire displayed photographs of her artwork and invited the filmmaker Ivan Dryer to visit her lab. Dryer set up a 16-mm movie camera, but when he saw the brilliant patterns of laser speckles on the wall, he realized that “film would not cover the intense color and scope” of the laser effects and became convinced that live lasers would be better than any motion picture. A onetime college astron- omy major, Dryer had volunteered off and on for a decade as a guide at Griffith Observatory, a public science center in downtown Los Angeles. So, using a single He-Ne laser and one of Garmire’s lumia for creating interference patterns that made an “undulating, kind of organic image among the stars,” he prepared a demonstration show for Griffith officials and proposed calling the show Laserium, or “house of the lasers.” Undaunted by Griffith’s initial rejection, in January 1973 Dryer formed a company called Laser Images Inc., with Garmire as president. The company provided some laser effects for a rock-music documentary called Medicine Ball Caravan, as well as some live concerts by Alice Cooper and a building’s grand opening. Garmire eventually decided to return to scientific research. After her stint at Caltech, she spent two decades at USC— during which she served as OSA’s 1993 President. She is now an OSA Fellow and engineering professor at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. In June 1973, the Laserium team borrowed a 1-W krypton laser from SpectraPhysics and set up another demonstration in a vacant Caltech lab. Of the 120 invitees, only two showed up—but one was the new Griffith director, William J. Kaufmann III, a young science popularizer and a “pretty hip

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Robot technology is on the brink of yet another major advancement. The goal is increased cooperation between robotic and human workers. Find out what this will mean for robot technology and robot users. Reasons for Heading in the Direction of Collaboration: Robots and humans bring different strengths to the table. Industrial robots are capable of performing with precision and repeatability. They are also extremely strong. Humans, on the other hand, offer the ability to reason and to adapt to ever changing scenarios and challenges. If robots and humans can work together safely, their respective strengths will definitely compliment one another. Such collaboration will open up new horizons for manufacturing. Thanks to advancements in technology, it won't be long before this dream of robot and human cooperation becomes a reality. Previously, the technology has not been sufficiently advanced to accommodate safe robot and human collaboration. Robots have been restricted to heavily safeguarded cell enclosures (workcells). A safer, adaptive industrial robot will be able to work alongside a human -- feeding parts back and forth, holding something steady while it is worked on, etc. Plus, programming could become more adaptive and quick if humans could interact directly by physically guiding the robotic arm to teach it. How the Robot Will Evolve: Changes to the robot manipulator, tooling, sensors, programming, software, and vision hardware, will be necessary before robots can work alongside humans. Some of these developments have already taken place. Already, several robot manufacturers have developed safer robots capable of working in closer proximity with humans. KUKA Robotics created the LWR (lightweight robot) and ABB Robotics built FRIDA, a dual-arm robot. It's just a matter of time before other robot manufacturers create additional manipulators. Researchers at the Technical University at Munich have made significant headway with a project called JAHIR: Joint-Action for Humans and Industrial Robots. In addition, advancements in EOAT, such as the Robotiq Adaptive Gripper, are leading the way to more versatile robotic abilities and human-robot collaboration. A number of different vision hardware and software options have appeared on the market recently (for example: Motoman's MotoSight 3D).

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(This post is part of the series on postsecondary education.) + + + There are some really great comments on the original post about post-secondary education. If you haven't been there yet, check it out and add your two cents. + + + Yesterday and this morning I dug into the Catechism and two other Catholic documents: Gaudium et Spes (a Vatican II document "On the Church in the Modern World") and Familiaris Consortio (an exhortation by Pope John Paul II "On the Role of the Family in the Modern World"). The Catechism is, of course, a sort of handbook of Catholic doctrine, while the other two are basically practical application of Catholic faith to particularly modern problems. I was seeking some guidelines to these questions: - What is the nature of the vocation that education must prepare us for? - What is the necessary content of education? - What are the responsibilities of parents toward their offspring? - What are the responsibilities of offspring toward their parents? - How do things change when children are emancipated? I took copious notes all morning, with the intent of assembling my findings into neat bulleted lists. The point was not, by the way, to find the answers to the question of how parents should support postsecondary education -- just to see if there existed some lines that should not be crossed, or duties that should not be neglected. (Gaudium et Spes says: "The Church guards the heritage of God's word and draws from it moral and religious principles without always having at hand the solution to particular problems" [GS33].) Without further commentary, let's jump into this. If it gets too late, I'll hit "publish" and finish another time. Numbered citations labeled "CCC" come from the paragraph of the same number in the Catechism of the Catholic Church; those labeled GS, from Gaudium et Spes; those labeled FC, from Familiaris Consortio. I paraphrased quite freely. What is the vocation that education must prepare us for? The point of education is to enable the human being to live out his or her vocation, so it's sensible first to ask what this vocation is. We can think of vocations on several levels. Our ultimate vocation is to heaven. "God put us in the world to know, to love, and to serve him, and so to come to paradise." [CCC1721] But there's also the dyad of state-of-life vocations, marriage or celibacy: "Either vocation is, its in own proper form, an actuation of the most profound truth of man, of his being created in the image of God" [FC11]. Each requires a certain specific preparation. And the vocations of men and women are different, implying some difference in their respective preparatory educations. The vocations are equal in rights and dignity. The documents stress that equality does not mean that women must renounce femininity or imitate the male role, and that femininity can and should be expressed in all activities, not just domestic ones [FC23]. Christians living in the world have a political vocation too [GS75]: - to set an example of responsibility and service of the common good; - to show the compatibility of authority with freedom, of personal initiative with social solidarity, and of unity's advantages with diversity's fruits; - to recognize the legitimacy of different opinions about solutions; - and to respect citizens who honestly defend their points of view. Vocations of Christian work in the modern world, it seems, include [GS15]: - by intellect to surpass the material universe, sharing in the light of the divine mind; - to employ human talents, making progress in sciences, technology, and the arts; - to observe data, but also to attain to reality itself as knowable, even if obscured; - to acquire wisdom that "gently attracts...to a quest and love for what is true and good"; - to humanize the discoveries made by man; - to assimilate the wisdom of the nations; - to contemplate and appreciate the divine plan; - to join with other men "in fidelity to conscience" "in the search for truth" and in the solution to human problems - to care for truth and goodness, and to avoid habitual sin that obscures the light of conscience More practically, the vocation of all men and women is "to provid[e] the substance of life for themselves and for their families," thereby "performing their activities in a way which appropriately benefits society...unfolding the Creator's work, consulting the advantages of [others], and are contributing by their personal industry to the realization in history of the divine plan." [GS 34] (If I recall correctly, you could go to Laborem Exercens if you want to read more on human work and perhaps relate this to vocational preparation.) To sum up, then, education must prepare the human being to support a family or community; to enter the responsibilities either of marriage or of celibacy; to choose good ways of serving the human community; to participate properly in civic life; to express authentic and unique masculinity or femininity; and to attain heaven. No small order, that. What is the necessary content of education? I think I'm particularly interested in teasing apart education within the family and self-education. That is, the education that parents owe their children, and the education that people have a duty to seek for themselves. Both are mentioned in the documents, but it isn't always clear where one starts and the other ends -- in some cases the process must be begun by the parents and completed by the grown young person (or even continuing throughout life). I'll try to distill out the themes as I see them. The "most basic element" of parental education is parental love. The task of education fulfills parental love, completing and perfecting the service of that love to life. "All concrete educational activity," in fact, gets its inspiration and guidance from parental love, and be enriched by love's "kindness, constancy, goodness, service, disinterestedness, and self-sacrifice." [FC36] Education must put "subjects" in proper perspective: "We must learn that true happiness is not found in riches or well-being, in fame or power, in any science, technology, or art, but in God alone, the source of every good" [CCC1723] Education must "oppose the mentality which considers the human being not as a person but as a thing, as an object of trade, at the service of selfish interest and mere pleasure" [FC24]. In the family atmosphere of love, "children learn the correct order of things" [GS61]. "Parents should teach their children to subordinate the material and instinctual dimensions to interior and spiritual ones" [CCC2223]. Training must include "the correct attitude of freedom with regard to material goods... that man is more precious for what he is than for what he has" [FC37] Education must integrate the person into solidarity and communal responsibilities. The family is a community, an initiation into life in society, "a complex of interpersonal relationships... through which each human person is introduced into the human family and into... the Church." [CCC2207, 2224; FC15] "The family should live in such a way that its members learn to care and take responsibility for the young, the old, the sick, the handicapped, and the poor" [CCC2208]. Education must develop "a sense of true justice, which ... leads to respect for the personal dignity" of persons, and "a sense of true love, understood as sincere solicitude and disinterested service" [FC37]. Education must pass along human culture, but teach how to discriminate between good and bad influences. In the family atmosphere of love, the developing adolescents learn "proper forms of human culture" [GS61]. "Parents should teach children to avoid the compromising and degrading influences which threaten human societies" [CCC2224]. Education in the home must teach virtue. This "requires an apprenticeship in self-denial, sound judgment, and self-mastery--the preconditions of all true freedom" [CCC2223] Parents must teach their children to pray and worship and to make use of the sacraments. "Family catechesis precedes, accompanies, and enriches other forms of instruction in the faith" [CCC2226]. Parents must pray with their children, read the word of God to them, and introduce them through Christian initiation into the Body of Christ [FC39]. They have the responsibility of introducing children to personal dialogue with God, and should teach children to know God, to worship, and to love their neighbor [FC60]. Parents announce the Gospel to their children [FC2]. Education is the development of the right use of reason and the right use of freedom [CCC2228]; conscience, a judgment of reason [CCC1778], enables one to assume responsibility for the acts performed [CCC1781]. Thus parents must begin the formation of the child's conscience: The education of the conscience "from the earliest years" "awakens the child to the knowledge and practice of the interior law" [CCC1784]. But the development of conscience is a lifelong process. The person must be "sufficiently present to himself in order to hear and follow the voice of his conscience," so the person has to have cultivated a skill of interiority: reflection, self-examination, introspection [CCC1779] A formed conscience "enjoins" the person "to do good and to avoid evil"; "judges particular choices, approving...good and denouncing...evil"; "bears witness to the authority of truth in reference to" God; "welcomes the commandments" [CCC1777]. Education prepares for vocation. "Children should be so educated that as adults they can follow their vocation... with a mature sense of responsibility and can choose their state of life; if they marry, they can thereby establish their family in favorable moral, social, and economic conditions" [GS52] "The family must educate the children for life in such a way that each one may fully perform his or her role according to the vocation received from God" [FC53]. Education helps to discern vocation [FC2]. Education must help the person understand "the meaning of work in the Christian life... the fundamental bond betweeen work and the family." Work is originally in the home and originally to the purpose of rearing children, and that has not changed. Education must "make it clear that all people, in every area, are working with equal rights and responsibilities," and eliminate at the root "discrimination between the different types of work and professions" [FC23]. "Clear recognition must be given to the value of [young women's] maternal and family role, by comparison with all other public roles and all other professions" and to the principle that "these roles and professions should be harmoniously combined" [FC23]. Education should include sexuality education in the context of self-giving: a clear and delicate education, aimed "firmly at a training... that is truly and fully personal; for sexuality is an enrichment of the whole person...and it manifests its inmost meaning in leading the person to the gift of self in love" [FC37]. Every effort must be made to render knowledge about licit means of family planning accessible ...to all young adults before marriage, through clear, timely, and serious instruction and education given by married couples, doctors, and experts. Knowledge must then lead to education in self-control; hence the absolute necessity for permanent education in the virtue of chastity. Chastity signifies spiritual energy capable of defending love from the perils of selfishness and aggressiveness, and able to advance it towards its full realization. [FC33] "Special attention and care" must be given to "education in virginity or celibacy as the supreme form of that self-giving" [FC37]. Education must include "a knowledge of and respect for the moral norms" for "responsible personal growth in human sexuality." Education also includes remote and proximate preparation for marriage and basic home economics: "Remote preparation begins in early childhood, in training which leads children to discover themselves as being endowed with a rich and complex psychology and with a particular personality with its own strengths and weaknesses... when esteem for all authentic human values is instilled... for the control and right use of one's inclinations, for th manner of regarding and meeting people of the opposite sex..., also necessary is solid spiritual and catechetical formation that will show that marriage is a true vocation and mission, without excluding the possibility... of priestly or religious life." Proximate preparation "involves a more specific preparation for the sacraments... [and] a preparation for life as a couple... This preparation will present marriage as an interpersonal relationship of a man and a woman that has to be continually developed...." It includes the nature of "conjugal sexuality and responsible parenthood, with the essential medical and biological knowledge connected with it." "It will also acquaint those cocerned with correct methods for the education of children, and will assist them in gainig the basic requisites for well-ordered family life, such as stable work, sufficient financial resources, sensible administration, notions of housekeeping" [FC66] Part of education is in the proper use of leisure. Leisure is properly used "to relax, to fortify the health of soul and body through spontaneous study and activity, through tourism which refines man's character and enriches him with understanding of others, through sports activity which helps to preserve equilibrium of spirit even in the community, and to establish fraternal relations among men of all conditions, nations, and races" [GS61] Education in the proper use of media and social communication: Parents must "train the conscience of their children to express calm and objective judgments which will guide them in the choice or rejection of programs available" [FC76] Most of that had to do with the kinds of educational preparation one could receive in the home. A few notes seemed to be about self-education. One might assume that education in the home, here, prepares one to prepare oneself: If the vocation is to a lay profession or to secular politics, education must prepare them to gain expertise in it while retaining perspective. Laymen should "keep the laws proper to each discipline, and labor to equip themselves with a genuine expertise in their various fields" [GS43] . Although people's skills and knowledge are becoming more specialized, "it remains each man's duty to retain an understanding of the whole human person in which the values of intellect, will, conscience, and fraternity are preeminent" [GS61]. "Great care must be taken about civic and political formation... Those who are suited or can become suited should prepare themselves for the ... very noble art of politics, and shold seek to practice this art without regard for their own interests or for material advantages" [GS75] More on this topic next time, when I take on the mutual and reciprocal responsibilities of children and parents, and how these change as the children grow into adulthood. UPDATED: I continue here.

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A brief history of Milwaukee and City Hall The City of Milwaukee arose from a collection of scattered settlements on a site familiar to the Native American tribes in what is now eastern Wisconsin. Local historians attribute the name to a word derived from the Potawatomi Tribe. The Potawatomis pronounced it Mahn-ah-wauk, meaning council grounds. The first written mention of a word closely resembling Milwaukee was recorded in 1761. A British officer stationed in Green Bay, Lt. James Gorrell, transcribed the name of the area as Milwacky. A traveling companion of the French explorer LaSalle, Father Zenobe Membre, wrote in 1697 of a river called Mellioke. The first immigrants to Milwaukee were French and French Canadian traders and trappers. During the 1830s, settlement occurred rapidly, and in earnest. Families established themselves here, bringing the population to several hundred by 1837. That year, under a mandate from the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature to incorporate, Milwaukee and other settlements in the state became villages. A City Charter was adopted in 1846, and Solomon Juneau was elected the first mayor. Juneau was a French Canadian trader who had settled his family in Milwaukee. The original aldermen numbered 15, from 5 districts, and received no salary. The first Common Council met in a Methodist church at the corner of what is now Wisconsin and Plankinton Avenues. After two years there, it moved to the second floor of a livery stable. Fire leveled the stable in 1850. The Council then met successively in a hotel, a produce market, two commercial buildings and the old courthouse. Another fire ravaged city quarters. So, until 1889, City offices were scattered around town in rented rooms. Then, on January 22, 1889, the Common Council authorized the sale of $1.25 million in bonds to finance the land acquisition and construction of a permanent city hall on Market Street, the site of the present building. In 1891, Council members held a design contest, which drew 11 applicants from around the country. After considerable controversy over cost and aesthetics, the plans of architect Henry C. Koch and Company were selected, and the contracting firm of Paul Riesen was chosen. The cornerstone was laid on February 24, 1894, but dedication ceremonies were not held until nearly two years later, on December 23, 1895. The cost of the building itself totaled $945,311. An additional $71,624 was spent on fixtures and furniture. The building is designed in Flemish Renaissance style. The basement and first two floors are constructed of granite. The remaining six floors consist of pressed brick and terra cotta. Approximately eight million bricks went into the building's construction. Of those, almost half were used in the bell tower alone. City Hall contains 107,270 square feet of office space. An open well, 20 by 70 feet, occupies the center. The balcony of the bell tower rises 320 feet above the sidewalk; the flagpole atop the tower stands 393 feet above the street level. The tower bell is named Solomon Juneau, in honor of the City's founder. It was cast from spare fire bells produced for the City by the local firm of G. Campbell and Sons. Solomon Juneau first chimed on New Year's Eve, 1896. The clock in the bell tower contains numerals of opaque glass that measure two and a half feet high and eight inches wide. The face of the clock is 18 feet in diameter. It was designed and installed by the Johnson Electric Company in 1896. At its completion, the clock was believed to be the third largest in the world. The flagpole astride the bell tower stands 40 feet high, and measures one foot across the base. It is topped by a copper ball three feet wide. City Hall Continues Its Restoration The City Hall fire of 1929 partially destroyed the bell tower. At the time, the City did not own fire equipment which could reach the tower from the adjoining roof. The damage was repaired from the architect's original blueprints. Before World War I, auditorium facilities on the fifth and seventh floors were converted into office space. The third floor Council Chamber was remodeled in 1931. A wrought iron balcony was removed, and a stencil design for the ceiling created. The design decorates the anteroom and adjoining chambers. The stencil is the work of a former alderman, Carl Minkley. Between 1973 and 1974, a thorough exterior renovation was completed at a cost of $1.8 million. The repairs included replacement of the roof, gutters and downspouts, flashings and deteriorated masonry and structural steel. The exterior surface was cleaned and sealed. The wood and copper in the north tower also were renovated. Interior restoration was begun in 1974. Some of the wire meshing of the central well was removed. The remaining wire mesh was removed in 1988. Walls, ceilings, balconies and decorative grillwork were restored. While interior and exterior maintenance continues, the integrity of the building itself is always preserved. The 1976 renovation of the Council anteroom coincided with the nation's Bicentennial celebration. The repairs were designed an official Bicentennial observance by the Milwaukee American Revolution Bicentennial Commission, which assisted in the planning. The renovation was a joint venture of the Mayor's Beautification Committee, the Office of the City Clerk, and the departments of Public Works and City Development. The Henry Uihlein mansion contributed most of the furniture, plus all the wainscoting and chandeliers. Gretchen Colnick donated the wrought iron plant stand, candelabra and brass candlesticks. She is the daughter of noted Milwaukee metal artisan, Cyril Colnick, whose work was popular in the early 1900s. Two magnificent stained glass windows, created as a WPA project in the 1930s, were restored and installed in the Council Chamber in 1978. One window incorporates an image of City Hall and the City Seal, while the other portrays the Great Seal of the State of Wisconsin. These windows were acquired through the cooperation of the boards of trustees of the Milwaukee Public Library and the Milwaukee Museum. As City Hall neared its 100th birthday in 1995, the Common Council decided that the meeting room complex on the 3rd floor needed a complete overhaul, to enhance its utility and make modern technology more accessible. The renovation is a skillful blend of 21st Century technology and 19th Century architecture, giving the complex the look and feel of City Hall at the turn of the century. The space includes two large hearing rooms for Common Council committees, a conference room for use by various city departments, spacious waiting areas and increased city office space outfitted with state of the art telecasting and recording equipment for City Channel 25. In 2005, City Hall was designated a National Historic Landmark. Shortly thereafter, an extensive 3-year restoration of the exterior of the building began. External renovations included upgrading 1,900 windows, repairing sandstone, replacing hundreds of thousands of deteriorating bricks and replacing the copper roofing on the building's two spires. The biggest challenge was repairing the bricks, as the original bricks were shaped and constructed differently than those used today. Also, near identical replications of terra cotta sculptures on the building were created to replace those that have deteriorated. All restorations were completed in December of 2008 and a Restoration Celebration showcased the historic building with a series of events open to the public.

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Notes and Communications: Faith and Truth John A. Tvedtnes One of the clearest and most precise definitions of faith is the one given in the Book of Mormon by Alma: "If ye have faith ye hope for things which are not seen, which are true" (Alma 32:21). Faith and truth are often listed together in the scriptures (e.g. Mosiah 27:14; Helaman 15:7). The Book of Mormon even has the term true faith (Enos 1:14, 20; Alma 44:4; 3 Nephi 6:14). To gain a full appreciation of this definition, we must understand that the Hebrew words for faith and truth are related, both coming from the root *MN. Hebrew emunah means "belief" or "faith," while emet means "truth." Both are related to yamin, "right hand," and to amen, "established," the word with which prayers are ended. In Egyptian (which is distantly related to Hebrew) we have imn, "enduring, faithful," also "right hand," as the name of the chief God. In this connection, it is interesting that Jesus is called the "Amen, the faithful and true witness, the beginning of the creation of God" (Revelation 3:14; cf. 9:11; 22:6) and also "he that is true" (Revelation 3:7; 1 John 5:20). Joseph Smith is said to have indicated that the name Ahman was a title of God the Father, while Jesus is called "Son Ahman." Old Testament prayers end simply with the word Amen (=confirmed, true), and hence in the name (title) of Jesus Christ. Alma spoke of faith in the "true God" (Alma 5:12–13; cf. John 17:3). True faith is hence a belief in God and Jesus, who are true. We are to worship God "in spirit and in truth" (John 4:23–24; Alma 43:10). The Lord is also called the "God of truth" (Isaiah 65:16, where the Hebrew reads elohe amen; Ether 3:12 [referring to Jesus]). Nephi wrote, "I glory in truth; I glory in my Jesus" (2 Nephi 33:6). This is an authentic parallelism (such as is found in typical biblical poetry), wherein the word "truth" parallels the name "Jesus," making them synonymous. In support of the idea that "truth" is one of the titles of Jesus, we note that he is called "the way, the truth and the life" (John 14:6). In Mosiah 27:36, the knowledge of the truth is equated with the knowledge of Christ. A similar idea is found in Helaman 15:13: "they shall again be brought to the true knowledge, which is the knowledge of their Redeemer, and their great and true shepherd" (cf. D&C 39:1; Nephi 10:14; 2 Nephi 1:10; 10:2; Mosiah 4:12; Alma 18:34). The scriptures also speak of the truth which is in Christ (1 Nephi 13:24–25; 14:26; Enos 1:26; 1 Timothy 2:4, JST) and of the truth of Christ (2 Corinthians 11:10). He is said to be "full of grace and truth" (John 1:14; Moses 1:32; 5:7; 6:52; 7:11; D&C 84:102; 93:11; 2 Nephi 2:6; Alma 5:48; 9:26; 13:9). In Helaman 15:7, a knowledge of the truth is equated with faith on the Lord, while to reject truth is, according to Helaman 8:25, to rebel against God. In D&C 93:24, we have a definition of truth: "And truth is knowledge of things as they are, and as they were, and as they are to come" (cf. Jacob 4:13). In the Bible, Jesus is called he "which is, and which was, and which is to come" (Revelation 1:4, 8; 4:8; cf. John 1:1; 1 John 2:13–14, 24), thus defining him in the same manner as truth. Indeed, the title rendered in English as Jehovah means "he exists" and is the third person equivalent of the "I am" of Exodus 3:14 (cf. 39:1). In the Bible, Jesus is also called the "Alpha and Omega, the first and the last" (Revelation 1:8, 11, 17; 2:8; 21:6; 22:13; cf. also Isaiah 41:4; 44:6; 48:12, and see D&C 19:1; 35:1; 38:1; 45:7; 54:1; 61:1; 63:60; 68:35; 75:1; 81:7; 84:120; 95:17; 112:34; 132:66; 110:4). He is "the beginning" (Colossians 1:18) and is "the Word" which was "in the beginning with God" (John 1:1–2). The title the Word is also an important one (John 1:1; 1 John 1:1). Jesus, speaking to the Father, said, "Thy word is truth" (John 17:17; cf. 1 Thessalonians 2:13). The same expression is used in the Hebrew text of several biblical passages, where we read that the word is "verified" or "confirmed" (Hebrew amen, for example, 1 Kings 8:26; 2 Chronicles 1:9; 6:17; Psalms 19:8; 89:29; 111:7). Jesus is also called the "word of truth (2 Timothy 2:15; James 1:18; Alma 38:9). The word is truth and is also light, these being titles of Jesus (D&C 84:45). Christ is called the "light of truth" (D&C 88:6; cf. verse 7) and the "true light" (1 John 2:8; John 1:9). He is also the "Spirit of truth" (D&C 93:9, 26; John 14:17; 15:26; 16:13; 1 John 4:6; 5:6; D&C 50:14, 17, 19, 21, where he is also called the Word), and Spirit and truth are likewise equated in 1 John 5:6. It is through truth that we are sanctified according to John 17:17, 19 (see also verse 3), allowing Paul to write of the "sanctification of the Spirit and belief of the truth" (2 Thessalonians 2:13). In his prayers offered in the presence of the Nephites, Christ used the word believe five times and added that it was through faith that one could be "purified" (3 Nephi 19:20–23, 28–29). When Jesus said "Ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free" (John 8:32), he was evidently referring to himself and to the atonement which he alone brought. Returning to Alma's definition of faith as a hope in that which is true, we can perhaps better understand why the first principle of the Gospel is "faith in the Lord Jesus Christ" (Article of Faith 4). It is faith in the atoning power of Jesus which starts us on our pathway to salvation. Faith in anything less than this truth—Jesus Christ—has no power to save. When, therefore, we read that Jesus is the "Amen, the faithful and true witness," the "Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end" (Revelation 3:14; 21:5–6), we must understand these titles in light of Alma's definition of faith, which has primary reference to faith in Christ. 2. The expression is found in Jeremiah 42:5, while in Proverbs 14:25 we read of the "true witness." In D&C 1:37, we read that the revelations given to Joseph Smith are "true and faithful," indicating their divine source. 4. While some of the references from John 14 can be applied to the Holy Ghost, they are said in D&C 93:9, 11, 26, to refer to Jesus. Joseph Smith similarly indicated that John 14:16–18, 21, 23, refer to Jesus (HC 3:380–81). Both Jesus and the Holy Ghost operate by means of the "light of Christ," and in at least one passage the Holy Ghost speaks for Jesus in first person (Moses 5:9).

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Throughout Medieval Europe, people didn't drink water unless they had no other option - there was too great a chance of it being polluted. Instead, they drank beer, wine, or mead with every meal. That's because the fermentation process kills off all harmful bacteria. And in at least one part of Europe, that practice still holds true - Czechoslovakia, where their national beer is the world's finest pilsner, Pilsner Urquell. If you have never had it before, I suggest you treat yourself. Czechs apparently drink their Pilsner Urquell in such quantity that, based on economies of scale, it is cheaper to buy a Pilsner Urquell in Czechoslovakia than it is to get bottled water. This from Fox News: In most restaurants and taverns across the Czech Republic, a mug of beer is, literally, cheaper than water. The country's health minister wants to change that as he tries to put Czechs on a lower-hops diet. It won't be easy. Here in the birthplace of pilsner, beer is known as "liquid bread." Czechs drink an average of 37 gallons of the stuff per person per year, the highest per capita consumption in the world and more than double U.S. levels. Pub patrons go through the sudsy amber liquid so fast that the nation's largest brewer, SABMiller unit Plzensky Prazdroj, maker of famed Pilsner Urquell, delivers beer with the kind of tank trucks used to haul gasoline, and pumps it into bars' storage vats. . . . "Beer is like mother's milk for adults," said Marek Gollner, a 36-year-old computer programmer and regular customer at the U Zelenku pub in the Prague suburb of Zbraslav. . . . "Beer is really widespread, with very deep roots…It's a well-anchored, important part of everyday life," said Jiri Vinopal, director of the Czech Academy of Sciences' Public Opinion Research Center. "It's always been that way. Since the Middle Ages people here have made beer their primary drink." . . . For at least a thousand years, beer has been a staple in the Czech lands, and the country's native hops are renowned for being aromatic and bitter. St. Wenceslas, a martyred 10th-century Czech nobleman [and the subject of the Christmas carol, Good Kin Wenceslas], is a patron saint of brewing and malting, in addition to being the patron saint of the nation. I doubt the Health Minister in Czechoslovakia is going to be winning any popularity contests. At any rate, Czechoslovakia is now on my bucket list of places to go before I leave this mortal coil. The thought of spending a week or so quaffing down dirt cheap Pilsner Urquell sounds like it would be well worth the effort.

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Experimentalists have shown that carbon nanotubes are among the most electrically conductive materials known. It also has been shown that individual carbon nanotube molecules can be used to make electrical switches and wires. Building upon these discoveries, this presentation first will display and discuss explicit novel designs for electronic digital logic circuits that might be made from such carbon nanotube switches and wires. That is, it will be shown how carbon nanotubes might be employed to design a carbon-based molecular-scale electronic digital computer. To implement these designs, though, it is necessary to have new techniques in nanotube chemistry that will permit the mass fabrication of precisely designed nanostructures. To that end, the presenters also will discuss a new chemical technique that has been designed for this purpose. Computer simulations of this macroscopically controlled nanofabrication technique indicate that it should produce nanopatterned circuit-like carbon structures in quantity. Taken together, these proposals for new molecular-scale circuit designs and molecular-scale fabrication techniques provide a possible route to the mass fabrication of ultra-dense molecular-scale computer circuits embedded in a carbon-based nanostructured material. James C. Ellenbogen, Ph.D. Principal Scientist, Nanosystems Group, The MITRE Corporation, Mailstop W635 1820 Dolley Madison Boulevard, McLean, VA 22102 Phone: (703) 883-5930; FAX: (703) 883-5963/1396 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org; WWW: http://www.mitre.org/technology/nanotech

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|© UN Photo| |Eleanor Roosevelt holds a copy of the Declaration in 1948.| By David Koch NEW YORK, USA, 10 December 2008 – Six decades ago the United Nations brought the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to life. Today, the rights enshrined in the Declaration are considered, simply, universal values. In 1948, however, the idea of universal rights for all was nothing short of revolutionary. The Declaration was the world's first expression of the inalienable rights shared by all, regardless of colour or creed, gender or age. It established a common set of standards for human achievement for all people: freedom, equality, solidarity, tolerance, respect and shared responsibility. Many of UNICEF's key principles derive directly from the Universal Declaration: |© UNICEF Video| |Archbishop Desmond Tutu appears in a new PSA demanding rights be realized for all.| A timeless document The Declaration has withstood the test of time and remains the foundation of international human rights law, and a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations. As the Declaration turns 60, it's important to emphasize the living document's enduring relevance and universality. Indeed, in an increasingly complex and dangerous world, the Declaration is more relevant than ever. "On this Human Rights Day, it is my hope that we will all act on our collective responsibility to uphold the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration. We can only honour the towering vision of that inspiring document when its principles are fully applied everywhere, for everyone," proclaimed UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. Today, the Declaration is the most translated document in the world, available in some 360 languages. Archbishop Tutu calls for rights to be realized To reinvigorate awareness about the Declaration, Archbishop Desmond Tutu has recorded a public service announcement to support the 'Every Human Has Rights' campaign, a partnership initiative which aims to encourage global conversation about human rights and the values that unite us all. Human beings around the world can sign a petition of support for human rights and the Declaration by visiting http://www.everyhumanhasrights.org/ Broadcasters can access the 30-second PSA – in HD or SD – via via http://www.thenewsmarket.com/ free of charge.

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Reconstructive Skin Cancer Surgery What is Reconstructive Skin Cancer Surgery? While cancer is a disease that can unfortunately affect any organ in the body, skin cancer is the most common type of cancer. The three most prevalent types of skin cancers are basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma, and these commonly affect prominent parts of the body including the face, head, and neck. In many cases, the definitive treatment for these cancers is surgical excision, and the concern for scars or disfigurement is one that most patients share. Depending on the location and extent of the cancer, the result from removal of the tumor may range from a scar to total disruption of a facial structure such as the nose, lips, eyes, or ears. Who is a good candidate for Reconstructive Skin Cancer Surgery? Candidates must be in good health, have no active diseases or serious, pre-existing medical conditions, and must have realistic expectations of the outcome of the surgery. Talk to your surgeon about your goals and expectations for this procedure. How is the procedure performed? Reconstructive cancer surgery encompasses a variety of procedures, ranging from basic scar revision, to local rearrangement of tissue, to skin grafts, to complex transfer of tissue or muscle flaps from more distant places on the body in order to reconstruct and restore function as well as aesthetic appearance. Talk to your USF Health plastic surgeon about what procedure you should consider. Having this procedure will not prevent a recurrence.

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Leonidas is located in the center of Leonidas township. The soil of this locality was very fertile and the prairie land with the heavier timbered parts made it ideal. Large maple sugar camps were located in the northern parts. It abounded in large "white-wood" trees which were used in all old buildings where large timbers were necessary. It grew to great size but is now extinct. In the early days it was considered a nuisance and many log heap fires or wind-rows of white-wood logs were burned up. The township was first settled by Thomas HATCH, an Indian trader of the 1830ís. He married an Indian squaw named MARCHEE-O-NO-QUA and raised several children. He traded with the Indians all over the county and finally left his squaw and family and moved on, later marrying another squaw. George MATTHEWS and family of New York state was the next white family. A large orchard of apple trees, very old, was located at Leonidas when the first white settlers landed there. According to the Indians of that time, a legend of their ancestors, a "heap big medicine man CHEMOCOMAN" meaning missionary had planted them. Romance! We wonder who that missionary was-what stories he could tell! The original village plat was laid out in December 1846, by E. G. TERRY at the intersection of the Washtenaw Trail road and Mendon and Colon roads. A number of saw-mills and grist-mills were built around Leonidas because of the wonderful power sites. Arks of grain was floated down the river through Three Rivers and Constantine to the mouth of the river at St. Joseph. Some of the grain and wood was even shipped to Chicago by water. Some of the men who built early saw-mills or grist-mills were James COWEN, Isaac BAILEY, James B. DUNKIN, A. C. FISHER, Phillip CLIPFELL and Jerry McDONALD were interested in a cooper shop. Arnold HAYWARD opened the first Tavern and Capt. WATKINS built the next "Farmers Home" in 1836. The first white child was a daughter of Mr. and Mrs. George MATHEWS, who died the following year. The first marriage was William ORCUTT and Esther WATKINS, daughter of Capt. Levi WATKINS. The cemetery was laid out in 1836 although there were several burials before this on various family plots on farms. In 1837 Justus L. VOUGHT opened the first store. Later some of the early merchants were Lester and Chester BUCKLEY, HEWITT & ESTES, W. H. CROSS, HEWITT & RAMSDELL, George BUTLER, William LITTLE, KADD & GALLOWAY, E. L. YAPLE, DUNCAN & ALLEN. About this time a Methodist, Baptist, and Presbyterian churches were formed. A school house was built and post office opened in 1836. The Indians of the community were very friendly with the settlers and exchanged provisions, held wrestling matches and hunted together. The only trouble they ever gave the settlers was when drunk. Leonidas is a thriving little village today on a main road, M. 60. It has three grist-mills yet. So many human interest stories are told of the early days that we regret we have not space to repeat them. This page was last modified < Sunday, 25-Mar-2007 21:25:31 MDT > This website is created and copyrighted 2007 by Joel Newport

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One of President Obama’s first actions has been to announce his intentions to build a ‘smart grid’ for the US energy infrastructure. WorldChanging explains the concepts behind the buzzphrase, and I’ll paraphrase their five broad categories here: - End-user smart metering to use energy more efficiently - Systems to integrate electricity generation with electricity storage - A communications network that shares data on performance, demand and availability of power - An ‘application platform’ that allows third-party utilities to connect the above systems together in useful ways - Monitoring and controlling systems that allow the grid to respond to service interruptions in a self-healing manner In other words, it’s a lot like an internet for power, if you will – not to mention a far cry from the crude lacework of cables and substations we have at the present time. There’s a lot of work to be done, but the benefits of investing the time and money promise to be immense. I wonder what our lot in Whitehall are doing about the UK grid at the moment? [image by C P Storm] If you’re interested in seeing the sixty odd discreet technologies that break down into the five groups above, the US Department of Energy has made a big old PDF report on smart grids.

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Document for February 2nd: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo This treaty, signed on February 2, 1848, ended the war between the United States and Mexico. By its terms, Mexico ceded 55 percent of its territory, including parts of present-day Arizona, California, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado, Nevada, and Utah, to the United States. Read more at Our Documents... Share, comment and suggest new documents at the Today's Document Tumblr Blog

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Many high school and college seniors are beginning to count the days until they hear those final sounds of Pomp and Circumstance. Many parents are thinking about graduation parties and who they will invite and what they will serve. Many educators are beginning to look at the roster of potential graduates and discern who will and who will not make it. Unfortunately 15,000 Minnesotans will join 3 million other high school students in the United States that will not reap the pleasure of having a graduation party. They will drop out. Of the three million students that enrolled in college this year, 40 percent will not finish. There is no easy answer to improving the graduation rates for high school and college students. Lots of people are trying to improve the odds. One small thing that is overlooked is for each teacher, K through college to ask themselves, “What did I do today to help my students graduate?” Teachers and professors don’t just teach a grade or class, it’s much more than that. What they do is part of a plan and the plan leads to graduation. They need to see themselves as an integral part of that plan. Here are just a few things that can be done to improve the numbers of our high school and college graduates. 1. Because the No. 1 reason for high school students dropping out of school is lack of parental support, educators need to be relentless in their efforts to engage parents. 2. Another major reason for students dropping out of high school is teen pregnancy. Schools that have a high percentage of student pregnancies should offer teen parenting programs and encourage teen mothers to enroll. 3. K-12 teachers can post their high school diploma on the wall and college teachers can post their bachelor diploma on the wall and talk to students about their journey to graduation. 4. When students dedicate their class to someone they care about, they are more likely to feel the class has more meaning. 5. Remind students that someone who has a high school and college diploma is more likely to live longer. 6. Remind students that someone who has a high school and college diploma is more likely to have children who will graduate. 7. Remind students that a high school and college diploma will mean that they are likely to earn significantly more money over a lifetime than someone who drops out of school. 8. Identify the special gifts or talents of students. Often students who experience too much failure feel they do not have a special gift(s). If students do not know their gifts, help them to discover one. 9. Remind students that a high school and college diploma will mean that they are less likely to use drugs and alcohol. 10. All students need to be reminded about how to go to school. Remind them again and again what it takes to be successful in school. Don’t assume they know. 11. Tell students about your educational career including your mistakes and success stories. Some of you may even be thinking, “If I made it anyone can make it.” 12. If a student has few or no positive role models in his or her life, try to find a mentor for him or her. Maybe it could be you. 13. Make an effort to get to know the student and greet all students daily. You shouldn’t be surprised what an impact just being noticed can have on someone. 14. Talk about the relationship between culture and education. Knowing about one’s culture can be the foundation for success, it could be the X-Factor. 15. Remind your students that they have the same potential to succeed as any other student. We all have about the same number of brain cells. 16. When a student has a number of absences, find out why. Be the first one to intervene. 17. When students do fall behind in reading or math make sure that the student gets immediate help and is brought up to grade level as quickly as possible. 18. Do your best to keep parents informed of your students’ progress or lack of progress. 19. Relentlessly encourage students to participate in events outside of the classroom. 20. Find ways to engage students in your classroom and school. 21. When possible, find incentives for high school graduation. Yes, even dollars. 22. Offer college credit to at-risk high school kids for taking a class that helps them understand the importance of having a high school diploma. 23. Remind students that if they do have a college degree, they are more likely to get the kind of job they want and be happier with their life. 24. When students get their high school diploma they don’t have to think about when or if they should begin GED classes. 25. Tell students that when they have a high school or college diploma their dreams are more likely to come true. Every teacher has a role to play in helping every student graduate. When a student drops out, we all fail. When one student graduates, we all succeed. JOHN R. EGGERS of Bemidji is a former university professor and area principal. He also is a writer and public speaker.

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Countries in Africa should promote maternal, infant and child health and report on progress, in order to curb high death rates on the continent, according to the African Union. There are continents where women give birth and it is a pleasant experience because they are bringing life, said AU Commissioner for Social Affairs Bience Gawana. In our continent, unfortunately, that is not always the case. Women also bring death to themselves and their children. Progress on the promotion of maternal, infant and child health featured during the 12th African Union Heads of State and Government Summit, which ended on Wednesday. Ms Gawana said the AU had agreed to launch a continent-wide campaign to address the issue. mothers2mothers (m2m) is a peer support program that aims to provide education and psychosocial support to HIV-positive pregnant women and new mothers, help women access existing health care services to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT), and follow up with mothers and babies to ensure they receive appropriate medical care after delivery. While there has been much interest in innovative psychosocial support programs that complement PMTCT clinical services, only a few such programs exist, and there is very little data about their effectiveness. Although m2m is a well known program with anecdotal accounts of successfully supporting HIV-positive women, the program had yet to undergo an external evaluation. The Horizons Program of Population Council, in collaboration with Health Systems Trust, completed the first evaluation of m2m as part of its introduction in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Explain to interested patients that premature infants are at a significant risk for severe lung disease, and that giving corticosteroids to the expectant mother has been shown to reduce the risk of lung complications in the baby. Women who give birth by Caesarean are putting themselves and their child at risk, medical experts have warned in a new report. Researchers from the Johns Hopkins University and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development have learned that, contrary to popular belief, mild to moderate levels of maternal psychological stress during pregnancy may actually enhance fetal maturation. Preeclampsia, the development of high blood pressure and protein in the urine during pregnancy and its more severe complications such as eclampsia, can threaten the lives of both mother and child. While there is no therapy to prevent preeclampsia, a link to calcium deficiency has been suggested. In a study published in the March issue of the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, researchers across the globe, under the auspices of the World Health Organization (WHO), investigated whether a calcium supplement could reduce the complications and mortality from this condition. The biological clock ticks for men as well as women, suggesting it is not just females who should be aware of the consequences of starting families later in life, according to research published recently. A first-trimester screening test can reliably identify fetuses likely to be born with Down syndrome, providing expectant women with that information much earlier in a pregnancy than current testing allows, according to a major study being released today. Deaths of mothers due to pregnancy complications have increased in Tanzania, according to an official from the Ministry of Health in the country. Hundreds of millions of women and children have no access to potentially life-saving care with often fatal results, the World Health Organization (WHO) says in a report published today.

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Aloha from Maui! The landfill on Maui is a great example of kuleana (responsibility). Though we can proclaim that it is a digusting eyesore, all of us have contributed to its ever growing destruction. Taking responsibility for the trash you create by consuming a product, should be made of the utmost priority. Everyone needs to understand proper disposal methods to limit the waste that ends up in landfills or scattered amongst our lands and seas. The gasses and chemicals released from landfill sites are harmful. As rain washes through dumpsites, solids dissolve and mix with liquids which creates an acidic and contaminated fluid that can pollute and contaminate drinking water. The bacteria from the breakdown of organic matter in landfills, such as fruit scraps and vegetable peelings, create a lethal greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. These are just a few harmful effects of waste mismanagement. Individuals can sort the components of their trash and discard materials properly, to severely reduce the millions of tons of trash that is produced each year by the nation. Home recycling does take a trivial dedication of time, but offers more than sufficient benefits to the homeowner and the environment. Recycling in the home can make a difference on both a local and global level. The basics of recycling should be reviewed. The category of Papers and Carboard include newspapers, magazines, glossy printed flyers, phone books, envelopes, computer paper and paper packaging. Remove any rubber bands or plastic wrapping. Carbon paper, stickers and laminated materials should not be included in this category. Effort should be made to recycle all plastic waste. Plastic goods, bottles, grocery bags and polystyrene packaging should be carefully separated by the specific type of plastic. Glass containers are recycled according to color: clear, green and brown. Light bulbs, sheet glass, mirrors and pyrex should be kept separate from traditional glass jars and bottles. Aluminum, Steel and Copper recyclables include food cans, aluminum cans, aluminum foil, foil packaging, copper, bronze and brass. Paint cans and aerosol are recyclable but are hazardous and need to be kept separate from other metals. Electronic goods like printers, computers and hardware along with cell phones and rechargeable batteries should be deposited at appropriate e-cycling centers. Some tips for home recycling; Visit your local recycling center to find out what is accepted at which specific centers on the island. Set up your home recycling bins according to these categories. Once a bin system is established at home, recycling becomes an easier chore. Labeling these bins will ensure materials are separated correctly. Rinsing recyclables will reduce pests and dirty work when its time to transport to the recycling center. Composting is the solution for household green scraps. To reduce your production of waste overall, purchase products with the highest percentage of “post-consumer” recycled content. Post consumer means the materials used in the manufacturing process were returned by consumers and successfully recycled. The Freecycle movement is a great idea as well, you can give away for free what you have and don’t need and you receive for free what you need, but don’t have. This exchange of goods keeps lots of useful stuff out of the landfill. We must reduce consumption and demand products made primarily with recycled content. This will ensure that the materials we recycle are put to use, and these markets are sustained. KeanaeMaui.com is excited, to introduce our followers to TheR2H. Today's best guide to The Road to Hana. We are impressed with the clarity and quality of the audio, map and itinerary that is included in your adventure package. This guide provides new and even seasoned Hana Hwy. travelers with great suggestions, noting all of the most important highlights found along The Road to Hana. visit TheR2H.com at Hana Ball Park weekly We are the proud sponsors of this summer's softball team from Keanae. The only outside team participating in Hana's community summer co-ed league, includes five girls and five boys from our town 18 miles away. Games happening every Tuesday and Thursday evening at Hana Ball Park, unless of course it is raining.. which happens quite often on this side. Here we go Iwa's! check out pictures from the games on Keanae Landing's facebook Clearing the 'Auwai It is amazing what a small group of hard working people can do. In half a day, community members eradicated cane grass, banana trees and shrubbery that severely overgrew one of the many streams that feed Wailua Nui Valley. Na Moku 'Aupuni o Ko'olau Hui is a non profit representing the concerns of residences within the Ko'olau region. Water quality and quantity remains an ongoing issue, so their organization continues a long standing legal battle against various A&B subsidiaries. Though East Maui Irrigation has claimed to have released over a handful of streams from being diverted, the results are barely apparent. The group stresses that releasing more water for their taro patches is just the first step. The health of all stream life should be accommodated for. In order to achieve a healthy aquatic ecosystem, an abundance of water should be returned to provide comfortable living environments for the fish, prawn and various stream life. Until the water is restored to respectable stream flow levels, Na Moku volunteers work to clear their 'auwai systems. Cleaning out the waterways will ensure nothing will be wasted, once rightfully returned. Folow Ko‘olau Hui

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The DNS record that Google had you add "to prevent spam" is a type of TXT record called an SPF (for "Sender Policy Framework"). However, it has nothing to do with email that you receive, only email that you send. The SPF basically tells other email servers that only certain locations are authorized to send email on your behalf, in this case, only Google servers. Wikipedia has a good explanation of SPF records. There are several possible reasons that email would not come to your - You have forwarding to another address set up. You may also have it set that after messages are forwarded, they are archived or deleted. Check your All Mail and Trash folders to see if there are messages there. - You may have a filter that is deleting or archiving some messages. To check this, go to the Settings page and open the - It is possible that mail is not reaching Google's servers. This could be due to several things, including a typo in any of your DNS records, an old MX record that was not removed when you set up Google Apps, or possibly some other reason. None of these cases has anything to do with Google's spam filter. As far as I know, Google does not make decisions about putting mail in your spam folder or throwing it out. I think that they put it all in the Spam folder and let you handle where ti goes from there (or it gets deleted automatically when it has been there for 30 days).

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WebMD Medical News Louise Chang, MD Jan. 14, 2010 -- Cancer-causing human papillomavirus (HPV) spreads readily and quickly among partners in new sexual relationships, new research Scientists at McGill University, reporting in the journal Epidemiology, say they detected the virus in 64% of couples who reported engaging in vaginal sex for a median of 3.9 months. In 41% of 263 college couples studied, both partners had the same type of HPV, a surprising finding “far more frequent than [the 11%] expected by chance” even though the virus is the most common sexually transmitted infection, the “[D]etection of the same type in persons initiating a sex relationship would be rare given type-specific prevalence rates,” says the study, whose lead author is Ann N. Burchell, PhD, of the division of cancer epidemiology, departments of oncology and epidemiology and biostatistics at McGill University Along with colleagues from the University of Montreal, Burchell and Eduardo Franco, DrPH, MPH, director of McGill’s Cancer Epidemiology Unit, analyzed self-reported data from partners of 263 couples. The women, college students between 18 and 24, enrolled in the study with their male partners. Women were sexually active with their male partners for no more than six months. Most used condoms, but 9% never used condoms. Self-collected vaginal swabs and clinician-collected swabs from the penis and scrotum were tested for 36 strains of HPV. Among 169 couples for whom at least one partner was infected, the scientists identified 583 type-specific HPV infections. Twenty-five percent of monogamous partners had the same virus type after engaging in vaginal sex for less than two months, the authors write. That rose to 68% among those who’d been having sex for five to six “Due to its sexually transmitted nature, the study of HPV at the level of sexual partnership is fundamental to our understanding of the epidemiology of these infections,” the researchers write. “The observation that HPV occurs more commonly in sexual partners than expected by chance provides evidence for the sexual transmission of HPV.” Transmission is likely early in sexual relationships, and having a new sex partner is an important risk factor for infection in both women and men, the HPV causes cervical cancer, as well as cancers of the vulva, vagina, anus, penis, and head and neck. HPV also causes genital warts. Although HPV infections are extremely common, with at least 50% of sexually active women and men contracting this type of infection at some point, most have no symptoms and clear the infection on their own, according to the CDC. Another article from the researchers using data from the same group of participants was published in the January 2010 issue of the journal Sexually The second analysis found that the greatest risk factor for genital HPV infection was infection in a person’s current sexual partner. Condoms were tied to a more protective effect for men than for women. “These results build on our knowledge that HPV infection is very common among young adults, and underline the importance of prevention programs for HPV-associated diseases,” Burchell says in the McGill news release. “Our results also suggest that HPV is an easy virus to get and to transmit.” Francois Coutlee, MD, a professor at the University of Montreal’s department of microbiology and immunology and co-author on both articles, says the results suggest that many HPV transmissions occur at the start of new relationships, “which reinforces the need for prevention.” SOURCES:News release, McGill University.Burchell, A. Epidemiology, January 2010; vol 21.Burchell, A. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, January 2010; vol 37.CDC web site: “Genital HPV Infection - CDC Fact Sheet.” Here are the most recent story comments.View All The views expressed here do not necessarily represent those of NewsSource 16 The Health News section does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. See additional information.

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Democracy in Tea Party America project-syndicate.org — When the French politician and moral philosopher Alexis de Tocqueville published the first volume of his Democracy in America in 1835, he did so because he thought that France was in big trouble and could learn much from America. So one can only wonder what he would have made of the Republican National Convention in Tampa, Florida. Nearly two centuries have passed since Tocqueville wrote his masterpiece. The connection between the general interest and the private interest of individual Americans has, if anything, become much stronger, even if their private interest is tied to a post office box in the Cayman Islands. But the mechanisms that individuals can use to join with their immediate neighbors in political action that makes a difference in their lives have become much weaker.

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A.C. or A.C.N. From Latin Ante Christum or Ante Christum Natum, meaning "Before Christ" or "Before Christ (was) Born." B.C. and B.C.E. are equivalents. From Latin Anno Domini, meaning "in the year of the Lord." C.E. is equivalent. From also known as. From Latin Ante Meridiem, meaning "before midday." From as soon as possible. From absent without leave. From Before Christ. A.C.N. and B.C.E. are equivalents. From Before Common Era. A.C.N. and B.C. are equivalents. From Common Era. A.D. is equivalent. From confer, meaning "compare" or "consult." Cf. refers to additional material or ideas providing further information. From edited, edition, or editor(s). From Latin exempli gratia, meaning "for (the sake of) example." E.g. introduces one or more examples. From established or estimated. From Latin et alii, meaning "and others." From Latin et cetera, meaning "and so forth." From Latin inter alia, meaning "among other things." From Latin ibidem, meaning "the same place." Ibid. refers to an endnote or footnote citation that was cited in the preceding endnote or footnote. From Latin idem, meaning "the same (man)." Id. replaces the name of a repeated author in academic citations and refers to the previously cited source in legal citations. From Latin id est, meaning "that is" (to say). I.e. precedes a clarification or restatement and can also be used to mean "in other words" or "in this case." From Latin in fine, meaning "in the end." I.f. may be used with a citation to indicate the cited material's location at the bottom of the page or "at the end."

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ALGEBRA 2Lesson 39 of 95 Students learn to solve a system of linear equations by graphing. The first step is to graph each of the given equations, then find the point of intersection of the two lines, which is the solution to the system of equations. If the two lines are parallel, then the solution to the system more... Elementary / Middle High School Math *Also referred to as Elementary Algebra or Beginning Algebra. Search our lessons

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"I never saw more simplicity," recorded the famous evangelist George Whitefield in 1740, after preaching at Skippack in southeastern Pennsylvania. Had he ridden fifteen miles back through the woods to Germantown, and viewed the Mennonite meetinghouse there, he would doubtless have mused further. For even the successor of that log building of 1708, built of stone in 1770, greets a twenty-first century eye as a statement of simplicity. More than that, as this guidebook explains, Germantowns Mennonite meetinghouse is an expression of continuity. It was children and grandchildren of European Mennonites who gathered here along the towns only major street, in the first of their peoples congregations to endure in America. The location was the site of a homestead bought by a Dutch-speaking paper-maker four years after the towns founding in 1683. Willem Rittinghuysen (William Rittenhouse) had immigrated from Amsterdam with his wife Gertruid and three children. The first paper-maker in the English colonies, he was also elected in 1698 as its first Mennonite minister. By then he and his partner-son Nicholas had already moved out of town to the site of their mill along the nearby Wissahickon Creek. It was in his Lower Rhenish accent, in the house of Mennonite neighbor Isaac van Bebber, that the slowly accruing congregation heard the scriptural message for a decade. Willem himself never saw the log meetinghouse built in the months following his unexpected death in 1708. Nor will we see it. What we can visit is the sturdy stone replacement that served the congregation for two centuries after 1770. "Simple, substantial and beautiful," to use the phrase of a Lancaster County Mennonite preacher, it has become an icon of American Mennonite memory, even while its surroundings have changed beyond the imagination of its first users. Location can speak. Standing in the doorway and looking outward, one faces, across the urban horizon, in the direction of the paper mill site on a branch of the Wissahickon Creek. A tiny village of buildings there, one bearing the date of 1707, evokes physicallyunlike the written-only records of earlier and temporary Mennonite dwellings in Manhattan or along the Delaware Baythe earliest permanent Mennonite dwelling outside of Europe. The quiet stream running through the dell still called Rittenhousetown reminds us of the mill it once powered. And back in the heart of the main town, the north-south angle of Germantown Avenue recalls the Indian trail along which a lot fell to the communitys first Mennonite couple, Jan and Mercken Lensen, at the towns very beginning in the late fall of 1683. The earliest stones clustered next to the meetinghouse do not reach far enough back to include Jan and Merckens names. But names such as Cassel, Funk, Keyser, and Rittenhouse declare that this Mennonite community was a convergence. The hearts that beat here came from at least four different regions of Europe, both urban and rural. Some names are Palatine, suggesting spiritual origins in Zurich, while others witness to the heritage of Menno Simons of Friesland. This realization flavors our recognition of the varieties of the present residents of this historic community. It also reminds us that the church of Christ will always be about bringing together a family that transcends nations, cultures and languages. History is here in layers. Native Americans visited in the first huts; schoolmaster Christopher Dock held summer schools here; peach trees once picturesquely lined the street running by Dirk Keysers gracious residence; George Washingtons troops met in confused shock with British redcoats in front of the Meetinghouse; a congregation struggled for two centuries after most of their people had moved into the country. It was after 1960 when a flock surprisingly regathered from many points to worship in this modern urban setting with a long memory. The miraculously enduring meetinghouse along Germantown Avenue has become a place to meditate on how spiritual concerns leave their testimony. Those miscellaneous Mennonites living in a straggling village three centuries ago had come from a variety of motivesincluding persecution and economic opportunity. But in this rustic village of linen-weavers they brought to common focus what they believed. Instead of merging their identities in a generic spirituality, they insisted on being responsible to their parental church fellowships in Europe. Even before electing a preacher, "they tried to instruct each other," meeting in homes. They waited twenty-five years to celebrate a communion which they believed was an accountable one. Then they chose leaders from all four of the main communities of their European backgrounds. And built a meetinghouse. In that remarkable, scrupulous convergence, they became the departing point, and an example, for a fellowship that would spread across North America. May this careful guidebook, in both word and image, instruct our imagination, helping us to be intelligent and appreciative pilgrims as we come back to visit Germantown. John L. Ruth Colonial Germantown Mennonites orders: |Click here to explore joining InnerCircle readers club and receiving occasional updates and special discounts.| © 2006 by Cascadia Publishing House

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Variations in how the Earth is tilted and its orbit around the sun make for a pattern of planetary warming phases followed by cooling phases across the millennia. The team's research shows the Earth's overall temperature curve dipping down over about the past 4,000 years, but the downward plod comes to an abrupt halt in modern times. "If you were to predict -- based on where we are relative to the position of the sun and how we are tilted -- you would predict that we would be still cooling, but we're not," Marcott said. Instead, the planet is warming up. It hasn't been quite this warm in thousands of years. And it's getting hotter. By 2100, the Earth will be warmer than ever before, Marcott said. If emissions continue as currently predicted until then, global temperatures will rise "well above anything we've ever seen in the last 11,000 years." That could be a rise of 2 to 11.5 degrees Fahrenheit, according to the NSF. What a long-range study means To get a view on global temperatures that long ago, the researchers studied 73 sediment and polar ice samples, taken from all over the globe. Chemicals found in fossils deep down in the samples span the ages and are good indicators of historic temperatures on Earth, Marcott said. The scientists did the study to put the global temperature trends into a long-range perspective, Marcott said. Critics of climate change research, which has generally covered the last 1,500 to 2,000 years, have complained that it has been too short-sighted. They argue that the shorter studies have not taken into account that the warming Earth is seeing today could have happened before naturally -- thousands of years ago.

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Developing Computer Science in KS2 Computational thinking and programming with Logo & Scratch Providing basic skills to enable the use of Scratch. This is a simple programming language that can be used as a tool in the classroom for developing and exploring ideas. Course code: IT084 Provided by Hampshire Teaching and Leadership College An one day course for Primary ICT coordinators and teachers. (KS2) Knowledge and understanding - How to use the Scratch application and create sequences of instructions to make events happen on screen. - Awareness of the logical thinking and problem solving involved in using the application. Participants will learn how to - Program and sequence instructions. - Use Scratch in the classroom. Course content and methodology - Demonstration of the application. - Practical exploration of the application. - Discussion of how this can be used to support learning. - Planning Scratch into your curriculum. Intended impact on practice Providing more stimulating and challenging opportunities for pupils while covering some of the Developing Ideas and Making Things Happen element of the NC ICT Programme of Study.

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On January 3, 2008, more than a hundred thousand people gathered at the Sri Durga Malleswara temple in southern India, setting the stage for disaster. When the crowd surged forward to garland a statue of the goddess Durga, six were trampled and killed. Disasters like this kill hundreds of people a year and have typically been hard to prevent. But now an intervention may be at hand, thanks to crowd simulations developed by Paul M. Torrens, a geographer at Arizona State University. Torrens’s computer simulations let planners drop a few thousand virtual people into a burning building, then sit back and take notes—with heat coming only from the computer itself. The specific scenarios Torrens creates could show firefighters how to save the most people, tell architects where to place exits or barriers in stadiums, and guide police forces in corralling unruly mobs. Most traditional methods for simulating the movement of crowds treat individuals as purely physical, with no social or emotional reactions. Torrens’s model, on the other hand, turns each individual into an “avatar” with an artificial mind. Avatars can plan their own route, adjust their path on the fly, and even respond to the body language of fellow cybercitizens who may be jostling them. Each avatar’s awareness in Torrens’s simulations derives from a “vision cone”—a field of view—that projects into the world of the simulation itself. As the simulated crowd moves, an avatar reacts to anything that comes within its cone, whose dimensions may change depending on how quickly that avatar is moving or whether it is panicked—both speed and panic will make the cone narrower. Also influencing the dimensions of the cone are personal attributes like age, disabilities, and body type. The system relies mostly on the autonomy of the avatars, enabling Torrens to create realistic computerized simulations for almost any situation or length of time. The model is already functional, but Torrens, who is funded by the National Science Foundation to the tune of $1.15 million, is busy upping the avatars’ IQs. He is also in talks with a few interested parties, including the Scottsdale, Arizona, police department, which may want the system customized for its internal use. Even the U.S. Department of Justice is reviewing a proposal. Torrens thinks this is just the start. He sees the day when his simulations could be modified to model disease transmission through casual contact, shopping on a crowded street, or pedestrian safety at a traffic intersection. His latest project: a riot module to test ways of containing civil turmoil. Click the image below to view our web-exclusive gallery:

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- Published on Dec 07, 1995 - Contact Bernie DeGroat ANN ARBOR—A new University of Michigan study lends further credence to the belief that rear-seat passengers are better off than their front-seat counterparts in car crashes. In an analysis of frontal collision data from 1980-91, researchers Donald Huelke and Charles Compton of the U-M Transportation Research Institute found that, when comparing front-seat occupants and rear-seat passengers—both belted and unrestrained—in the same crash, those in the back seat more often than not sustain less severe injuries than those in the front seat. "The rear seat is a much safer area in frontal crashes than the front," Huelke says. "Lap-belted rear-occupants have a higher level of injury severity less often than lap/shoulder- belted front-seat occupants in the same crash. In fact, it appears that unbelted rear passengers fare as well as lap/shoulder-belted front-seat occupants in the same frontal crashes." Using the Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (MAIS), which measures severity of vehicle crash injuries, Huelke and Compton found that, in direct comparisons, 21 percent of belted front- seat occupants suffered greater injuries than belted rear-seat passengers, while 8 percent of the latter fared worse than those wearing safety belts in the front. The remaining 71 percent had about the same level of injury. In comparing unbelted occupants, the injury rates were 29 percent for those in the front seat and 11 percent for those in the back. The remaining 60 percent sustained the same level of injury. "Our data disagree with prior research that the injury severity for unbelted front and rear-seat occupants is similar," Huelke says. "Our findings indicate that the unrestrained rear-seat occupant injury frequency is about 63 percent lower than unrestrained front-seat occupants." While 31 percent of front-seat occupants not wearing lap/shoulder belts received greater injuries than belted rear- seat passengers (only 6 percent of the latter fared worse than unbelted persons in the front seat and 63 percent had the same level of injury), the rates were the same for those wearing safety belts in the front compared with those not wearing them in the back—17 percent of each group suffered greater injuries (66 percent had the same level of injury). Huelke found that children, ages 5-14, are more likely to sustain injuries in crashes when seated in the front compared with the back, regardless of safety belt use. In comparing children seated in the back with adults in the front, 7 percent of the former and 20 percent of the latter received more severe injuries in cases where both were belted (73 percent had same level of injury). When both were not wearing safety belts, 31 percent of those in the front seat and 8 percent of those in the back suffered greater injuries (61 percent had same level of injury). Corresponding injury rates for those passengers unbelted in the front compared with children wearing lap belts in the rear seat is 25 percent (front), 5 percent (back) and 70 percent Ironically, 36 percent of belted front-seat occupants sustained greater injuries than unrestrained children in the back, while just 14 percent of the latter had greater injuries than those in the front (50 percent had same level of injury). "Overall, the bottom line is you're better lap-belted in the back seat than being unrestrained," Huelke says. "Everyone should always wear the available belts. People in the back seat, whether they be adults or children or infants in child-restraint systems, should always be appropriately buckled up."

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Hydrogen Sulfide Testing With Black and White Film Following is a procedure for Hydrogen Sulfide testing using Ilford Multigrade IV RC Deluxe MGD.1M B&W Paper which has been borrowed from the procedure published in Evaluation of a Novel Passive sampling Technique for Monitoring Volcanic Hydrogen Sulfide by Horwell, Allen, Tamsin and Patterson. Treated sections of photographic paper are exposed to atmospheric Hydrogen Sulfide. "H2S reacts with free radicals including the hydroxyl (OH) and4 nitrate (NO3) radicals, ultimately forming sulfur dioxide, with an H2S lifetime in the troposphere of several tens of hours." - Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) is the sole tarnishing agent for silver. Achieving a uniform distribution of silver is difficult to achieve and essential for accurate test data (results). This method utilizes Ilford Multigrade IV RC Deluxe MGD.1M B&W Paper - a chemically developed black and white photographic film - containing a uniform distribution of silver halide retained in a thin surface layer (~0.005mm) of gelatin. Materials - (with links) Ilford Multigrade IV RC Deluxe MGD.1M B&W Paper (35 sheets $18) -as it should seem that Glycerol and Glycerine are roughly the same compounds we will use Glycerine as it is more readily available. (8oz $1) Kodak Photoflo 200 (16oz $8) Preparation of the samplers may be summarized as follows: . In a darkened room, cut black and white resin-backed photographic paper into strips. . Use plastic tweezers to place the strips face down in the glycerol solution (to reduce the effects of any light in the darkened room) for five minutes. . Remove the strips from the solution and let them drain onto a paper towel. Leave strips to drain for five minutes before transferring to a dark place to allow drying to occur (at least 12 hours). . Place strips in labelled black cylindrical photographic film containers. Replace container lids during storage. The samplers remain inactive until exposed to H2S-laden air. . Expose the samplers in the field for a set length of time. Collect the samplers. . Fix the samplers using a photographic fixing solution (e.g. Kodak UNIFIX powder or solution and water) in subdued light. Leave in the solution for five minutes before thoroughly washing twice in cold water. . Drain the samplers as before and leave to dry for at least 12 hours.

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Understanding How Neurons Learn John’s Hopkins researchers have shown that interactions between the PICK1 protein and another group of proteins known as AMPA receptors are important for allowing certain nerve cells to learn. These nerve cells, called Purkinje cells, become desensitized in response to signals from neighboring cells in a process known as long-term depression (LTD.). It is this process that allows them to learn certain motor skills such as the vestibulo-ocular reflex which coordinates eye movements with head movements. According to Richard L. Huganir, Ph.D., a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator and chair of the Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience at Hopkins, "we’ve long known that LTD underlies responses like the vestibulo-ocular reflex. This study gets at the heart of how LTD occurs, specifically how PICK1 controls the Purkinje cell’s response to the signaling molecule, glutamate." From Wire and RedOrbit Editors

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psalmos: a striking (of musical strings), a psalmOriginal Word: ψαλμός, οῦ, ὁ Part of Speech: Noun, Masculine Phonetic Spelling: (psal-mos') Short Definition: a psalm Definition: a psalm, song of praise, the Hebrew book of Psalms. From psallo; a set piece of music, i.e. A sacred ode (accompanied with the voice, harp or other instrument; a "psalm"); collectively, the book of the Psalms -- psalm. Compare oide. see GREEK psallo see GREEK oide

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(A) Hazardous waste munitions and hazardous waste explosives storage units must be designed and operated with containment systems, controls, and monitoring, that: (1) Minimize the potential for detonation or other means of release of hazardous waste, hazardous constituents, hazardous decomposition products, or contaminated run-off, to the soil, ground water, surface water, and atmosphere; (2) Provide a primary barrier, which may be a container (including a shell) or tank, designed to contain the hazardous waste; (3) For wastes stored outdoors, provide that the waste and containers will not be in standing precipitation; (4) For liquid wastes, provide a secondary containment system that assures that any released liquids are contained and promptly detected and removed from the waste area, or vapor detection system that assures that any released liquids or vapors are promptly detected and an appropriate response taken (e.g., additional containment, such as overpacking, or removal from the waste area); and (5) Provide monitoring and inspection procedures that assure the controls and containment systems are working as designed and that releases that may adversely impact human health or the environment are not escaping from the unit. (1) Earth-covered magazines. Earth-covered magazines must be: (a) Constructed of waterproofed, reinforced concrete or structural steel arches, with steel doors that are kept closed when not being accessed; (b) Designed and constructed: (i) To be of sufficient strength and thickness to support the weight of any explosives or munitions stored and any equipment used in the unit; (ii) To provide working space for personnel and equipment in the unit; and (iii) To withstand movement activities that occur in the unit; and (c) Located and designed, with walls and earthen covers that direct an explosion in the unit in a safe direction, so as to minimize the propagation of an explosion to adjacent units and to minimize other effects of any explosion. (2) Above-ground magazines. Above-ground magazines must be located and designed so as to minimize the propagation of an explosion to adjacent units and to minimize other effects of any explosion. (3) Outdoor or open storage areas. Outdoor or open storage areas must be located and designed so as to minimize the propagation of an explosion to adjacent units and to minimize other effects of any explosion. (C) Hazardous waste munitions and hazardous waste explosives must be stored in accordance with a standard operating procedure specifying procedures to ensure safety, security, and environmental protection. If these procedures serve the same purpose as the security and inspection requirements of rule 3745-65-14 of the Administrative Code, the preparedness and prevention procedures of rules 3745-65-30 to 3745-65-37 of the Administrative Code, and the contingency plan and emergency procedures requirements of rules 3745-65-50 to 3745-65-56 of the Administrative Code, then these procedures will be used to fulfill those requirements. (D) Hazardous waste munitions and hazardous waste explosives must be packaged to ensure safety in handling and storage. (E) Hazardous waste munitions and hazardous waste explosives must be inventoried at least annually. (F) Hazardous waste munitions and hazardous waste explosives and their storage units must be inspected and monitored as necessary to ensure explosives safety and to ensure that there is no migration of contaminants out of the unit.

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The commonest problems we see affecting horse eyelids are listed at right. Entropion is commonly seen in foals and is a leading cause of corneal ulceration. Eyelid lacerations seem to result from horse's propensity to get tangled up in anything which could be a hazard in a stall or on a fence. Abnormal eyelid cilia (hairs/eyelashes) which may grow from the eyelid margin (distichiasis) or the back of the eyelid (ectopic cilia) and abrade the cornea occasionally are seen in horses. They may be seen in young horses or older animals associated with eyelid scarring (from injuries). These problems are easily corrected surgically. Simply plucking or cutting the hairs is not effective - they can grow back and cause even more corneal irritation. Apart form these conditions most of the other eyelid problems seen are tumors affecting the lids (and often other adjacent parts of the eye). These tumors often can quite challenging to treat effectively - but there are various new treatment approaches which we are using at Equine Eye Vets.

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