A if EUROPEISKA GEMENSKAPERNAS KOMMISSION 
Bryssel den 26.07. 
KOM(95) 372 slutlig 995 
LÄGESRAPPORTEN FRÄN KOMMISSIONEN OM GENOMFÖRANDET 
AV DIREKTIVEN OM DEN OMGIVANDE LUFTENS KVALITET 

SAMMANFATTNING AV LÄGESRAPPORTEN OM GENOMFÖRANDET AV 
DIRECTIVEN OM DEN OMGIVANDE LUFTENS KVALITET 
Inledning 
Lägesrapporten om genomförandet av direktiven om den omgivande luftens kvalitet avser 
genomförandet av fyra av de nuvarande direktiven om den omgivande luftens kvalitet, 
dessa är 
80/779/EEG Direktiv om gränsvärden och vägledande värden för luftkvalitet med 
avseende på svaveldioxid och svävande partiklar (EGT 1980, L229:30-80) 
ändrat genom direktiv 89/427/EEG (EGT 1989, L210:53-55) 
82/884/EEG Direktiv om gränsvärde för bly i luften (EGT 1982; L378; 15-18) 
85/203/EEG Direktiv om luftkvalitetsnormer för kvävedioxid (EGT 1985; L87;l-7) 
Det femte nuvarande direktivet om den omgivande luftens kvalitet, direktiv 92/72/EEG om 
luftförorening av ozon omfattas inte av denna rapport, då det trädde i kraft först den 21 
mars 1994. 
Enligt de ovanstående direktiven måste kommissionen offentliggöra en lägesrapport om 
genomförandet av direktiven. Dessa har utarbetats varje år och överlämnats tiill 
medlemsstaterna, även om ett fåtal har gjorts allmänt tillgängliga. 
Två förslag till ny lagstiftning om den omgivande luftens kvalitet diskuteras för närvarande 
i rådet och parlamentet. Dessa är: ett förslag till ett rådets direktiv om bedömningen och 
handhavandet av den omgivande luftens kvalitet, som antogs av kommissionen den 4 juli 
1994 (COM (94) 109 slutgiltigt 94/0106/SYN), samt ett förslag till rådets beslut om ett 
ömsesidigt utbyte av information och data från nätverk och enskilda stationer som mäter 
föroreningen av den omgivande luften inom medlemsstaterna, vilket antogs av 
kommissionen den 7 september 1994 (COM (94) 345 def. 94/01/0194). 
Syftet med denna rapport är att fullgöra kommissionens skyldighet att offentliggöra en 
lägesrapport om genomförandet av direktiven och att lägga fram kommissionens 
erfarenheter av den rådande lagstiftningen. Detta senare kommer att tillåta utvecklingen av 
en framtida lagstiftning som kan genomföras på ett effektivt, harmoniserat sätt. 
Avsnitt 2 i rapporten granskar i detalj hur vart och ett av direktiven har genomförts. 
Information lämnas om hur de införlivats i nationell lag, hur medlemsstaterna rapporterat i 
enlighet med vad de enskilda direktiven kräver samt om erfarenheterna av de mätmetoder 
och lokalisering av kontrollstationer som anges i direktiven. 
Problem som erfarits av de tidigare direktiven om den omgivande luftens kvalitet 
Avsnitt 3 i rapporten sammanfattar de problem som kommissionen allmänt mött i alla 
direktiven. De uppstår på grund av att medlemsstaterna har olika filosofier om hur 
direktiven skall genomföras samt på grund av olika uppfattningar om hur vissa delar i 
direktiven skall genomföras. Ett flertal områden där man stött på problem framhävs: 
i. Medlemsstaternas rapportering 
Svårigheterna med den regelbundna rapportering som kommissionen kräver av 
medlemsstaterna belyses i rapporten. Dessa olikheter gör det svårt att jämföra situationen i 
olika medlemsstater och ofta svårt att följa vilka framsteg de pågående åtgärderna och 
förfarandena för att förbättra luftens kvalitet har gjort. 
ii. Zonangivelser enligt artikel 3 
I vartdera av direktiven hade medlemsstaterna tillfälle att beteckna zoner (enligt artikel 3) 
där de trodde att föroreningshalterna var så höga att de skulle medföra att gränsvärdena 
ofta överskreds. Olikheter, ibland stora, har märkts i de antal zoner som angivits enligt 
artikel 3 i varje direktiv. Detta antas återspegla skiljaktiga strategier inom 
medlemsstaterna. Den andra sidan av denna fråga avser det geografiska område och den 
befolkning som den angivna zonen omfattar. Ingen vägledning angående denna angivelse 
lämnades i direktivet, och därför kunde medlemsstaterna välja sin egen grundval, vilket 
gav upphov till avvikande metoder. 
iii. Bestämmelser om planer enligt artikel 3 
För de zoner som anges enligt artikel 3 i direktiven krävdes av medlemsstaterna att de 
skulle lägga fram planer som inehöll en beskrivning av de åtgärder och förfaranden som 
skulle vidtas eller genomföras för att minska föroreningshalterna i dessa zoner, så att de 
iakttog gränsvärdena så snart som möjligt eller senast till den dag som anges i direktiven. 
De flesta medlemsstaterna tillhandahöll planer för dessa zoner. De varierade emellertid 
från enkla förteckningar över föreslagna åtgärder till en detaljerad analys av läget, åtgärder 
som skulle vidtas samt i vilken takt de skulle genomföras. I de direktiv som omfattas av 
detta meddelande preciserades inte vilken information som skulle ingå i planerna, och 
denna försummelse bär delvis ansvaret för en del av de svårigheter som erfarits vid 
utvärderingen av dessa planer. 
Denna utvärdering skulle ha utförts på två områden, en teknisk undersökning samt en 
uppföljning av genomförandet och effektiviteten. Den första delen har varit relativt lätt för 
kommissionen att utföra, den andra har emellertid ibland visat sig vara svårare, delvis på 
grund av att planerna från olika medlemsstater var så olika och delvis på grund av 
begränsningarna i rapporteringen enligt direktiven, dvs. endast överskridanden av 
gränsvärdena behöver rapporteras. 
iv. Bestämmelse om information enligt artikel 7 i 80/779/EEG, artikel 5 i 
82/884/EEG och artikel 7 i 85/203/EEG. 
Enligt dessa artiklar krävdes av medlemsstaterna att de inom en angiven tidrymd skulle 
underrätta kommissionen om exempel där gränsvärdena enligt de olika direktiven har 
överskridits, de uppmätta koncentrationerna och orsakerna till överskridandet och de 
åtgärder som vidtas för att undvika upprepande. Problem med denna artikel, 
som liknar de som nämns ovan, har konstaterats. I allmänhet har medlemsstaterna lämnat 
information om exempel på överskridande och har angett om dessa äger rum i områden 
som betecknats enligt artikel 3. För överskridanden som äger rum utanför dessa områden 
har emellertid den information som mottagits varit mindre fullständig. 
A OJL 
v. Kontroll 
Detta problem har två sidor, varav den första avser det antal kontrollstationer som anses 
nödvändigt för att tillhandahålla representativ information om luftkvaliteten, och den andra 
avser lokaliseringen av dem. Medlemsstaterna har olika syn på kontrollstationernas 
lokalisering. Några anser att mätningar bör göras där halterna är högst, under det att andra 
anser att mätningar bör göras där det är mest troligt att befolkningen eller känsliga 
ekosystem kommer att bli utsatta. Direktiven lämnar en viss ledning, men denna kan ofta 
tolkas på olika sätt, vilket ger upphov till att medlemsstaterna får olika situationer. Denna 
olika syn på placeringen gör det svårt att jämföra data från olika länder. 
Två undersökningar av utformningen av nätverk har utförts åt kommissionen. Resultaten 
av dessa undersökningar som medlemsstaterna deltagit i och fått tillgång till har 
uppenbarligen haft föga verkan på utformningen av nätverk i dessa länder. 
Information från medlemsstaterna, som oberoende samlats in om det direktiv som övervägs 
om antalet och placeringen av deras kontrollstationer, sammanfattas i rapporten. Denna 
information samlades in för varje kontrollstation på grundval av en rad harmoniserade 
rapporteringskriterier, medlemsstaterna beslöt emellertid vilka kriterier som gällde för varje 
station. Mängden och kvaliteten 
av den lämnade informationen var mycket varierande, och därför är uppgifternas riktighet 
och fullständighet tvivelaktig. 
vi. Riktvärden 
Riktvärden fastställdes i direktiven 80/779/EEG och 85/203/EEG för att förbättra skyddet 
av människors hälsa och det långfristiga skyddet av miljön samt såsom referenspunkter vid 
upprättandet av särskilda system inom zoner som bestämts av medlemsstaterna. Enligt 
artikel 4 i dessa direktiv fick medlemsstaterna beteckna zoner inom sitt territorium, där de 
ansåg det nödvändigt att begränsa en förutsebar ökad förorening eller som de ansåg borde 
ges särskilt miljöskydd. Särskilda åtgärder krävdes på varje typ av område, däribland att 
lämna information till kommissionen. Inga medlemsstater angav områden enligt artikel 4 i 
något av direktiven, och endast en medlemsstat har formellt erkänt riktvärdena i sin 
nationella lagstiftning. Dessa omständigheter antyder att direktivens krav snarare uppfattas 
som det minimum som krävs än som en övre gräns för vad man bör försöka uppnå inom 
medlemsstaterna. 
vi i Mätningsmetoder 
Kortfattad diskussion om de mätningsmetoder som använts ingår i avsnitten om de 
enskilda direktiven. Inte alla medlemsstater använder referensmetoden och i en del fall inte 
ens en metod som är jämförbar i tillfredsställande grad. Återigen försvårar detta en 
utvärdering av hur gränsvärdena följs och en jämförelse mellan medlemsstaterna. 
vii Iakttagande av bestämmelserna 
Det har i allmänhet tagit lång tid att uppnå att gränsvärdena följs, särskilt i områden där 
upprepade överskridanden har ägt rum. Trots att dessa direktiv gällt 6 - 10 år äger 
överskridanden av gränsvärden fortfarande rum. 
Slutligen anger dessa problem att det har funnits en bristande enhetlighet i effektiviteten 
av genomförandet av dessa tidigare direktiv. Om detta skall bli bättre behövs ett 
A Or 
engagemang av alla berörda (medlemsstaterna på alla administrativa nivåer samt 
kommissionen) med fysiska och ekonomiska resurser för att sträva efter ett effektivt, 
harmoniserat genomförande av framtida lagstifitning om den omgivande luftens kvalitet. 
Förändringar i luftens kvalitet i Europa sedan början av 70-talet 
I avsnitt 4 i rapporten visas diagram över förändringar i svavel- och 
kvävedioxidkoncentrationerna i städer av olika storlek. Dessa uppgifter har samlats in 
utöver den information som erhållits från medlemsstaterna och som krävs enligt de 
ovannämnda direktiven genom rådets beslut 82/459/EEG om införande av ett ömsesidigt 
utbyte av information och data från nätverk och enskilda stationer som mäter 
luftförorening i medlemsstaterna. Insamlade data har lagrats i en databas som nu innehåller 
18 miljoner datapunkter. Kommissionen arbetar med Europeiska miljöbyrån för att 
effektivare bearbeta dessa data och för att förbättra tekniker för visuell framställning av 
dem. Detta arbete pågår fortfarande, och för närvarande har endast data om svavel- och 
kvävedioxid behandlats på ett sätt som är lämpligt att lägga fram i detta meddelande. Det 
är märkbart att uppgifterna inte är fullständiga för alla medlemsstaterna och kan ge endast 
ett allmänt intryck av tendenser snarare än en fullständig bild av situationen. 
En del av de problem som anges i avsnitt 3 ovan gäller också de data som lämnas enligt 
beslutet, vilket försvårar jämförelse av de data som erhållits från olika länder och 
framhäver behovet av ett nätverk för harmoniserad mätning och uppspårning av 
förändringar i miljöns kvalitet i Europeiska unionen. 
i. Svaveldioxid 
Tyvärr saknas fullständiga datakomplex för de flesta medlemsstater. Av den information 
som lämnats framgår emellertid att svaveldioxidhalterna sjunkit, och från och med ungefär 
1986 har gränsvärdena iakttagits i nästan alla medlemsstater. Halterna har en tendens att 
vara lägst i småstäder och har sjunkit något, om än inte så markant som för storstäder. 
Direktiv 80/779/EEG trädde i kraft 1982, och fastän minskade halter kan märkas efter 
denna period, tillhör de en pågående trend som börjat tidigare. De mest dramatiska 
minskningarna märks för städer med den 98 :e percentilen av dagliga medelvärden (denna 
parameter anger hur frekventa och höga föroreningens toppvärden är). Detta kan återspegla 
åtgärder som vidtagits på lokal nivå, till exempel att lågsvavliga bränslen används både i 
hushållen och i industrin etc. för att minska toppkoncentrationerna. 
ii Kvävedioxid 
Liksom för diagrammen över svaveldioxid saknas fullständiga datakomplex för de flesta 
medlemsstater. Det framgår att halterna har sjunkit för städer med 1-2 miljoner invånare 
men har förblivit oförändrade eller ökat till halter omkring gränsvärdet i direktiv 
85/203/EEG i städer med över 2 miljoner invånare. Direktiv 85/203/EEG trädde i kraft 
1987. Endast obetydlig förändring kan konstateras i de värden som rapporterats hit efter 
detta datum. 
Slutsatser och framtida strategier 
Rapporten framhäver erfarenheterna av genomförandet av de existerande direktiven om 
den omgivande luftens kvalitet (80/778/EEG ändrat genom 89/427/EEG, 82/884/EEG och 
85/203/EEG). De problem som har konstaterats anger att det har rått en bristande 
A C 
enhetlighet i effektiviteten av genomförandet av dessa tidigare direktiv. Om denna 
situation skall bli bättre behövs ett engagemang från alla berörda (medlemsstater på alla 
administrativa nivåer samt kommissionen) med fysiska och ekonomiska resurser för ett 
effektivt och harmoniserat genomförande av framtida lagstiftning om den omgivande 
luftens kvalitet. 
Ytterligare information om luftens kvalitet i Europa har erhållits genom rådets beslut 
82/459/EEG om ett ömsesidigt informationsutbyte om luftförorening inom medlemsstaterna 
och medlemsstaternas goda vilja att fortsätta att lämna denna information efter det att 
beslutet upphört att gälla. Information om svavel- och kvävedioxid som erhållits genom 
detta beslut lämnas i avsnitt 4. Fastän detta lämnar ytterligare information om luftens 
kvalitet lämnar det ändå inte en klar bild av tillståndet vad gäller luftens kvalitet i Europa. 
Ett förslag till ett nytt rådets beslut för att fortsätta att förbättra utbytet av information och 
data om luftkvaliteten antogs av kommissionen den 7 september 1994. 
Den framtida strategin för den omgivande luftens kvalitet finns i förslaget till rådets 
direktiv om bedömning och handhavande av den omgivande luftens kvalitet, som antogs 
av kommissionen den 4 juli 1994 (COM(94), stött av förslaget till ett nytt rådets beslut 
enligt ovan. Detta blir ett försök att övervinna de svårigheter som påträffats med tidigare 
lagstiftning, både av kommissionen och medlemsstaterna. 
Det finns ett klart behov av harmonisenng på ett flertal områden. En harmoniserad metod 
kommer att göra det möjligt att fastställa områden i medlemsstaterna som har särskilda 
problem och där särskilda åtgärder krävs. Utvecklingen av ett systematiskt, harmoniserat 
kontrollnät kommer att erbjuda en fast grundval för utveckling av åtgärder över hela 
unionen på andra områden och också erbjuda en direkt väg på vilken framgången av 
lagstiftning och andra åtgärder för att förbättra luftkvaliteten kan bedömas. 
Erfarenheten av gräns- och riktvärden beskrivs i rapporten. En ny metod användes i 
direktiv 92/72/EEG om ozon, som angav en rad av skyddströsklar i stället för gränsvärde. 
Då en del av dessa överskrids krävs det att medlemsstaterna lämnar allmänheten 
information. Att lämna information om luftkvaliteten till allmänheten anses vara viktigt 
och följdriktigt med målet i Femte åtgärdsprogrammet för miljön, att öka allmänhetens 
kunskap om miljöfrågor. 
Erfarenheten av de tidigare direktiven har visat att gränsvärden erbjuder ett fast mål, mot 
vilket medlemsstaterna kan rikta sin politik för förbättring av luftkvaliteten. Å andra sidan 
har riktvärden haft begränsad nytta. Framtida lagstiftning förväntas fortsätta den linje som 
togs i direktivet om ozon i kombination med fastställandet av stränga gränsvärden med en 
bestämd frist för uppfyllande. Dessa gränsvärden kommer att erbjuda skydd i hög grad för 
hälsan och miljön enligt avsikterna i artikel 130r i fördraget. Avsikten är att framtida 
politik för att förbättra luftkvaliteten skall fortfara genom att parallellt använda 
målsättningen för den omgivande luftens kvalitet och åtgärderna för att minska utsläppen. 
Det rådets direktiv som föreslagits syftar också till att förbättra luftkvaliteten där den är 
dålig och bibehålla god luftkvalitet på annat håll. När luftkvaliteten behöver förbättras 
kommer det att krävas av medlemsstaterna att till kommissionen lämna planer med 
^ 
förteckning över de åtgärder de avser vidta för att förbättra situationen. Dessa kommer att 
utvärderas av kommissionen med tanke på om de valda åtgärderna är lämpliga och 
effektiva vid förbättringen av luftkvaliteten. Till skillnad från de tidigare direktiven anger 
det föreslagna rådets direktiv vilken information som skall ingå, och på så sätt underlättas 
utvärderingen. För att genomföra denna aspekt av direktivet kommer det att behövas god 
kommunikation mellan kommissionen och medlemsstaterna angående vilket skick 
luftkvaliteten i olika områden har samt en noggrann uppföljning av resultaten av de 
åtgärder som vidtagits. 
En harmoniserad metod för bedömningen och handhavandet av luftkvaliteten i Europeiska 
unionen kommer att göra det möjligt att fastställa områden där åtgärder behövs och att för 
detta ändamål de nödvändiga åtgärderna vidtas på ett sätt som står i proportion till 
problemets omfattning. Det effektivaste sättet för att detta skall fortskrida och resultera i 
en förbättrad luftkvalitet i Europeiska unionen är ett nära samarbete mellan kommissionen 
och medlemsstaterna på nationell, regional och lokal nivå. 
AQ-
REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION ON THE STATE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF 
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY DIRECTIVES 
1. INTRODUCTION 
The purpose of this Report is to provide an update of the situation regarding air quality in the 
European Union with respect to the existing Directives on ambient air quality. Under the 
Directives the Commission is required to publish a report1 on the state of implementation of 
the Directives, these have been prepared each year and presented to Member States although 
few have been made publicly available2. 5 Directives currently exist concerning ambient air 
quality, these are: 
80/779/EEC Directive on air quality limit values and guide values for sulphur dioxide and 
suspended particulates (O J 1980; L229:30-80) 
amended by 89/427/EEC (O J 1989; L201:53-55) 
82/884/EEC Directive on a limit value for lead in the air (O J 1982; L378:15-18) 
85/203/EEC Directive on air quality standards for nitrogen dioxide (O J 1985; L87:l-7) 
92/72/EEC Directive on air pollution by ozone (O J 1992; L297:l-7) 
Two proposals for new legislation on ambient air quality have recently been adopted by the 
Commission. These are: a proposal for a Council Directive on Ambient Air Quality 
Assessment and Management adopted on 4 July 1994 (COM (94) 109 final 94/0106 SYN) 
and a proposal for a Council Decision establishing a reciprocal exchange of information and 
data from networks and individual stations measuring ambient air pollution within Member 
States adopted on 7 September 1994 (COM (94) 345 def. 94/0194). 
Directive 92/72/EEC on air pollution by ozone is not covered in this report as it only came 
into force on 21 March 1994. 
For the other Directives, information is required to be supplied for the reference year (1 April 
- 31 March) for Directive 80/779/EEC and the amending Directive 89/427/EEC and for the 
calendar year (1 January - 31 December) for Directives 82/884/EEC and 85/203/EEC. The 
^nually under 80/779/EEC and 82/884/EEC and periodically for 85/203/EEC 
2First annual report from the Commission to the Council on the 
implementation of the Council Directive on air quality limit values and guide 
values for sulphur dioxide and suspended particulates (80/779/EEC). Commission 
of the European Communities, Environment and Quality of Life, 1986 EUR 10393. 
Second annual report from the Commission on the implementation of the Council 
Directive on air quality limit values and guide values for sulphur dioxide and 
suspended particulates (80/779/EEC). 24 March 1988, COM(88) 142 final 
Communication from the Commission. First annual report on the implementation of 
the Council Directive on a limit value for lead in the air (82/884/EEC) . 10 
January 1990, SEC(90)1842 
1 
following periods are covered by this report 
80/779/EEC and 89/427/EEC 1983/4 - 1992/3 
82/884/EEC 1984 - 1992 
85/203/EEC 1987- 1992 
The report is in the form of an overall summary report with 6 annexes, these are as follows: 
Annex 1: Summary report for implementation of 80/779/EEC amended by 89/427/EEC 
Annex A: Technical annex for 80/779/EEC amended by 89/427/EEC 
Annex 2: Summary report for implementation of 82/884/EEC 
Annex B: Technical annex for 82/884/EEC 
Annex 3: Summary report for implementation of 85/203/EEC 
Annex C: Technical annex for 85/203/EEC 
Annexes 1, 2 and 3 are provided with this Report, the technical annexes (Annexes A, B and 
C) can be obtained on request from DGXI.B3, rue de la Loi 200, 1049 Brussels, Belgium. 
1.1 General introduction to the requirements of the Directives 
As Council Directives all of these must be transposed into national legislation containing the 
appropriate administrative and legal instruments necessary for conformity. Dates are fixed for 
the transposition of the Directives as follows: 
80/779/EEC Article 15 17 July 1982 
82/884/EEC Article 12 9 December 1984 
85/203/EEC Article 15 1 January 1987 
These Directives have several common features. All set limit values which were not to be 
exceeded, these were primarily intended to protect human health and to contribute to the 
protection of the environment. Directives 80/779/EEC and 85/203/EEC also set guide values 
to aid Member States in policy making issues. These were intended to improve the protection 
of human health and the long term protection of the environment and to act as reference 
points for the establishment of specific schemes within zones determined by the Member 
States. Details of these values are provided below in the sections on the individual Directives. 
All of the Directives also enabled Member States to designate certain areas where they 
believed that pollution levels may be sufficiently high to result in frequent breach of the limit 
values. The geographical area and population to be covered by these zones were not specified 
in the Directive, Member States were left to decide these issues themselves. These zones 
could be designated under Article 3 of each of the Directives and are commonly known as 
"Article 3 zones". In designating these zones Member States were required to develop and 
implement improvement plans in order to bring concentrations to below or at the limit value 
as soon as possible and at the latest by a fixed date as follows: 
80/779/EEC 1 April 19933 
82/884/EEC 9 December 19894 
85/203/EEC 1 January 19945 
Concentrations in excess of limit values in zones designated under Article 3 are not 
considered breaches of the Directive until after the time allowed for compliance in these areas 
has lapsed. It can be seen from the above, that, with the exception of the new Länder of 
Germany, for the time period covered by this Report, only the designation under Directive 
85/203/EEC remains in operation. For the other Directives recording of concentrations in 
excess of the limit values occurring now is considered as an infringement of the Directive. 
Member States are required to inform the Commission about values in excess of the limit 
value whether they occur inside or outside areas designated under Article 3. Fixed procedures 
are listed in the Directives (80/779/EEC Article 7, 82/884/EEC Article 5 and 85/203/EEC 
Article 7) for reporting this information to the Commission. A delay is allowed to enable 
Member States to validate and evaluate the data collected before it is officially transmitted 
to the Commission. For values in excess of limit values in zones not designated under Article 
3 of each of the Directives, Member States are also required to provide reasons for these (not 
required under 82/884/EEC) and the measures being taken to avoid recurrence. 
It is important to note that in none of these Directives is it required for Member States to 
transmit data when limit values are not exceeded. In the absence of comments from Member 
States, the Commission assumes that limit values have been complied with although this may 
not be the case. This absence also makes it difficult to assess changes in pollution levels not 
only in zones where values in excess of limit values have been reported but also in relation 
to efforts being made to reduce pollution levels towards guide values where these have been 
set. 
Under Directives 80/779/EEC and 85/203/EEC, Member States also had the opportunity to 
designate zones within their territory where they considered it necessary to limit a foreseeable 
increase in pollution or which they considered should be afforded special environmental 
protection. In the first of these areas, the Member States are required to set values which 
were lower than the limit value, in the latter, they are required to set values which are 
generally lower than the guide values. Information has to be supplied to the Commission 
about measures taken in these zones. 
Also under Directives 80/779/EEC and 85/203/EEC, Member States were required to consult 
with one another regarding concentrations in excess of limit values and designation of the 
3This date is extended to 31 December 1995 for the new Länder of Germany 
in accordance with Directive 90/656/EEC 
4This date is extended to 31 December 1994 for the new Länder of Germany 
in accordance with Directive 90/656/EEC 
5This is extended to 31 December 1995 for the new Länder of Germany in 
accordance with Directive 90/656/EEC 
zones referred to in the paragraph above in border regions. The Commission could attend 
these consultations. 
A further common feature in the Directives is the establishment of reference measurement 
methods for the pollutants and guidance on monitoring. These are discussed in further detail 
below in the sections on each of the Directives. 
1.2 Reporting from Member States 
Table 1 below summarises the experiences of the Commission regarding the information 
which should have been sent on a regular basis by Member States for each of the Directives 
considered in this report. It does not include information received as a result of legal 
procedures. It can be seen that the there is a large variation in the amount of information 
provided by Member States to the Commission. Some Member States, for example Germany 
and The Netherlands provide a complete set of data from their monitoring stations while 
others, for example Greece, Portugal and Spain, only provide information on concentrations 
in excess of limit values. It should be noted that Member States are only required to provide 
information on concentrations in excess of limit values and that those providing only this are 
not in breach of the Directives. Problems experienced with the information received on this 
basis are discussed further in sections 2 and 4. 
1.3 Legal Aspects 
All of the Directives being considered in this Report were adopted before the existence of an 
explicit legal base for the protection of the environment and human health. These powers 
were introduced in the Single European Act which came into force in 1987 and strengthened 
by the Treaty on the European Union which came into force in 1993. Directives 80/779/EEC 
(on sulphur dioxide and suspended particulates) and 85/203/EEC (on nitrogen dioxide) were 
based on Articles 100 and 235 while Directive 82/884/EEC (on lead) was based only on 
Article 235. Article 100 was used because provisions already applicable or being prepared 
in the Member States with regard to the pollutants of concern could give rise to unequal 
conditions of competition and could consequently directly affect the functioning of the 
common market. It was recognised that the harmonious development of economic activities 
and a continued and balanced expansion were inconceivable without measures to combat 
pollution, improve the quality of life and protect the environment. The.Treaty of Rome did 
not specifically provide the necessary powers for these activities but in Article 235, allowed 
for action to be taken on one of the objectives of the Community for which insufficient 
powers had been provided on the basis of unanimous agreement in the Council after 
consultation with the European Parliament. Only Article 235 was used for Directive 
82/884/EEC because lead had been identified as a pollutant requiring priority consideration 
under the first (O J 1973; C 112:1) and second (0 J 1977; C 139:1) programmes of action 
of the European Communities. These programmes provided for the consideration of national 
programmes in this area and for the harmonisation of national policies within the Community 
on the basis of a common long term plan aiming at improving the quality of life. 
The most recent Directive on air quality, Directive 92/72/EEC on ozone was adopted on the 
basis of Article 130s which was introduced under the Single European Act of 1987. 
Two legal aspects are considered here, the transposition of the Directives and their 
implementation. Member States were required to transpose each of the Directives into their 
national legislation and to provide copies of this legislation to the Commission. The 
conformity of this legislation with the requirements of the Directives is then examined by the 
Commission. In cases of non-conformity Member States are required to change their 
legislation. 
Having transposed the legislation adequately, Member States are also required to implement 
it. Section 3 below discusses some of the general problems with the Directives being 
considered here which have meant that cases of inadequate implementation of the Directives 
have generally arisen because of complaints made by individuals or groups within Member 
States. 
Further details of the transposition and implementation of each of the Directives and problems 
arising with these are provided in the relevant sections. 
Table 1. Information supplied by Member States 
Belgium 
Denmark 
France 80/779/EEC 
Measurement results 
Data on 
concentrations in 
excess of limit 
values. Confirmation 
of compliance when 
no values in excess 
of limit values 
measured 
Confirmation that 
limit values not 
exceeded for some 
years, some data 
received 
Data for stations 
where limit values 
exceeded and some 
data for zones 
designated under 
article 3 Explanations, 
measures taken etc. 
Compliance since 
1984/85 
Explanations of 
concentrations in 
excess of limit values 
and details of 
measures being/to be 
taken 82/884/EEC 
Measurement results 
Complete set of data 
until 1991 
Confirmation that 
limit values not 
exceeded for some 
years, some data 
received 
Complete set of data Explanations, 
measures taken etc. 
Information on zone 
designated under 
Article 3, compliance 
since 1985 
Explanations of 
values in excess of 
limit values and 
details of measures 
being/ to be taken 85/203/EEC 
Measurement results 
Confirmation of 
compliance. No data 
provided. 
Confirmation that 
limit values not 
exceeded for some 
years, some data 
received 
Data for stations 
exceeding limit 
values and some data 
for zones designated 
under Article 3 Explanations, 
measures taken etc. 
Information on zones 
designated under 
Article 3; 
explanations of 
values in excess of 
limit values and 
details of measures 
being/to be taken 
Germany 
Greece 
Ireland 
Italy 
Luxembourg 
Portugal Complete set of data 
Data for stations 
exceeding limit 
values 
Data for stations 
exceeding limit 
values 
Data until 1990/91 
Complete set of data 
from 1987/88-
1992/93 
Data for stations 
exceeding limit 
values Explanations of 
values in excess of 
limit values and 
details of measures 
being/to be taken 
Explanations of 
values in excess for 
some years. Brief 
details of measures 
being/to be taken 
Explanations of 
values in excess of 
limit values and 
details of measures 
being/to be taken 
No information 
Compliance since 
1986/87, all zones 
designated under 
Article 3 withdrawn 
Explanation of values 
in excess of limit 
values and details of 
measures being/to be 
taken in 1992/93. No 
information prior to 
this Complete set of data 
Data for stations 
exceeding limit 
values until 1989 
Confirmation of 
compliance. No data 
received 
Data until 1990 
Data for 1988-90 and 
1992. No values in 
excess of limit 
values, not confirmed 
annually 
No data received. 
Confirmation of 
compliance from 
1991 onwards Information on zone 
designated under 
Article 3, 
explanations of 
values in excess of 
limit values and 
details of measures 
being/ to be taken 
Explanations of 
values in excess of 
limit values for some 
years. Brief details 
of measures being/to 
be taken 
No information Complete set of data 
Data for stations 
exceeding limit 
values 
Confirmation of 
compliance. No data 
received 
Data until 1990 
Data for 1988-92. No 
values in excess of 
limit values, not 
confirmed annually 
No data received. 
Confirmation of 
compliance from 
1991 onwards Explanations of 
values in excess of 
limit values and 
details of measures 
being/ to be taken 
Explanations of 
values in excess of 
limit values for some 
years. Brief details 
of measures being/to 
be taken 
No information 
No information 
received regarding 
zones designated 
under Article 3 
Spain 
The Netherlands 
United Kingdom Data for stations 
exceeding limit 
values 
complete set of data 
data for stations 
exceeding limit 
values No explanations 
however plans for 
reduction of pollution 
levels supplied for 
most of zones 
designated under 
Article 3 
Compliance since 
1986/87, all zones 
designated under 
Article 3 withdrawn 
explanations of 
values in excess of 
limit values and 
details of measures 
being/to be taken, 
plans for reduction of 
pollution levels in 
zones designated 
under Article 3 
supplied No data received. 
Confirmation of 
compliance for some 
years 
complete set of data 
(compliance) 
complete set of data 
for the zone 
designated under 
Article 3 information on zone 
designated under 
Article 3, 
explanations of 
values in excess of 
limit values and 
details of measures 
being/to be taken Data for stations 
exceeding limit 
values and 
confirmation of 
compliance for 
relevant years 
complete set of data 
complete set of data No explanations or 
details of measures 
being/to be taken 
provided 
explanations of 
values in excess of 
limit values and 
details of measures 
being/ to be taken 
explanations of 
values in excess of 
limit values and 
details of measures 
being/ to be taken 
2. INDIVIDUAL DIRECTIVES 
2.1 Sulphur dioxide and suspended particulates, 80/779/EEC amended by 89/427/EEC 
2.1.1 Introduction 
This Directive was the first on ambient air quality and set limit and guide values for sulphur 
dioxide and particulate matter measured as black smoke or gravimetrically. It was recognised 
at the time of adopting the Directive that these methods were not equivalent and the Directive 
was amended in 1989 to take account of these differences by setting revised values for 
particulate matter measured gravimetrically associated with the sulphur dioxide limit values. 
Only Member States choosing to measure suspended particulates gravimetrically for the 
purposes of compliance were required to transpose the amending legislation (89/427/EEC). 
The methods of measurement are discussed further below. It should be noted that the values 
for particulates measured as black smoke or gravimetrically are not comparable. The limit and 
guide values set in these Directives are shown in Tables 2-6. The purpose of these values 
was explained in section 1.1 and an explanation of the averaging times is provided in Annex 
1. 
Table 2. limit values for sulphur dioxide (all values in jig/m3) from Directive 80/779/EEC 
and 89/427/EEC 
Reference period Limit value Tor sulphur dioxide Associated value Tor suspended particles(l) 
As black smoke(2) By gravimetric method(3) 
(OECD method of measurement) 
Year 80 
(median of daily mean values 
taken throughout the year) 
120 
(median of daily mean values 
taken throughout the year) >40 
(median of daily mean values 
taken throughout the year) 
«; 40 
(median of daily mean values 
taken throughout the year) > 150 
(median of daily mean values 
taken throughout the year) 
< 150 
(median of daily mean values 
taken throughout the year) 
Winter 
(1 October to 31 March) 130 
(median of daily mean values 
taken throughout the winter) 
180 
(median of daily mean values 
taken throughout the winter) >60 
(median of daily mean values 
taken throughout the winter) 
560 
(median of daily mean values 
taken throughout the winter) >200 
(median of daily mean values 
taken throughout the winter) 
< 200 
(median of daily mean values 
taken throughout the winter) 
Year 
(made up of units of 
measuring periods of 
24 hours) 250 (4) > 150 > 350 
(98th percentile of all daily mean (98th percentile of all daily mean (98th percentile of all daily mean 
values taken throughout the year) values taken throughout the year) values taken throughout the year) 
350 (4) s 150 <. 350 
(98th percentile of all daily mean (98th percentile of all daily mean (98th percentile of all daily mean 
values taken throughout the year) values taken throughout the year) values taken throughout the year) 
(1) The values given for suspended particulates measured as black smoke or gravimetrically are not comparable 
(2) The results of the measurements of black smoke taken by the OECD method have been converted into gravimetric units as described by the OECD 
(3) These values are from the amending Directive 89/427/EEC and cannot be compared with the values for suspended particulates measured as black smoke 
(4) Member States must take all appropriate steps to ensure that this value is not exceeded for more than three consecutive days Moreover, Member States 
must endeavour to prevent and to reduce any such instances in which this value has been exceeded. 
Table 3. Limit values for suspended particulates (as measured by the black-smoke method described in Annex III 
of Directive 80/779/EEC) expressed in ug/m3 
Reference period 
Year Limit value for suspended particulates 
80 
(median of daily mean values taken throughout the year) 
Winter 130 
(1 October to 31 March) (median of daily mean values taken throughout the winter) 
Year 
(made up of units of 
measuring periods of 
24 hours) 250 (1) 
(98th percentile of all daily mean values taken 
throughout the year) 
The results of the measurements of black smoke taken by the OECD method have been converted into gravimetric 
units as described by the OECD. 
(1) Member States must take all appropriate steps to ensure that this value is not exceeded for more than three 
consecutive days. Moreover, Member States must endeavour to prevent and to reduce any such instances in which 
this value has been exceeded. 
Table 4. Limit values for suspended particulates (as measured by the gravimetric method described in Annex IV of 
Directive 80/779/EEQ expressed in ug/m3 
Reference Period 
Year 
Year 
(made up of units of measuring 
periods of 24 hours) Limit value for suspended particulates 
150 
(arithmetic mean of daily mean 
values taken throughout the year) 
300 
(95th percentile of all daily mean 
values taken throughout the year) 
Table 5. Guide values for sulphur dioxide 
Reference period Guide value for sulphur dioxide 
Year 
24 hours 40-60 
(arithmetic mean of daily mean values 
taken throughout the year) 
100-150 
(daily mean value) 
10 
Table 6. Guide values for suspended particulates (as measured by the black smoke method) expressed in ug/m3 (1) 
Reference period Guide value for suspended particulates 
Year 40-60 
(arithmetic mean of daily mean values 
taken throughout the year) 
24 hours 100-150 
(daily mean value) 
(1) The results of measurements of black smoke taken by the OECD method have been converted into gravimetric 
units as described by the OECD 
There are no guide values for suspended particulates measured gravimetrically. 
Member States can choose to report either by the black smoke method, gravimetric methods 
or a combination, reporting is as follows: 
Table 7. Suspended particulate parameters) reported by Member States 
Member State Black smoke Gravimetric 
Belgium 
Denmark 
France 
Germany 
Greece 
Ireland 
Italy 
Luxembourg 
Portugal 
Spain 
The Netherlands 
United Kingdom • 
Where systematically linked monitoring has not been available, and prior to the coming into 
force of Directive 89/427/EEC several Member States (Denmark, France, Italy) have chosen 
to apply the lower of the two sulphur dioxide limit values 
2.1.2 Transposition 
All Member States have communicated to the Commission the legislation transposing 
Directive 80/779/EEC into national law. Conformity of this legislation has been confirmed 
in all cases. All Member States except Italy have communicated to the Commission either 
the legislation transposing Directive 89/427/EEC or their plans not to transpose this and to 
continue reporting related to suspended particulates measured by the black smoke method. 
Conformity has been confirmed for the eleven Member States who have reported to the 
Commission. 
11 
2.1.3 Reporting by Member States 
Member States wishing to designate zones where concentrations were likely to exceed limit 
values under Article 3 were required to notify the Commission by 1 October 19826. At the 
same time, improvement plans for these zones were also required to be sent to the 
Commission, these were to describe the measures and procedures taken or to be taken by the 
Member State in order to reduce concentrations of sulphur dioxide and suspended particulates 
to values below or equal to the limit values as soon as possible and by 1 April 19937. 
3 Member States (Belgium, Denmark and Portugal) have not designated zones under Article 
3. The numbers of zones designated by other Member States for the first reference period 
(1983/84) after the Directive came into force and the last reference period before the 
designation under Article 3 expired (1992/93) are shown in Table 8. All except two Member 
States (Italy and The Netherlands (where limit values were not exceeded)) have communicated 
plans of measures and/or procedures being or to be taken to improve air quality. These were 
variable in their content. Problems experienced with these plans are discussed further in 
Section 3. 
Table 8. Zones designated under Article 3 in 1983/84 and 1992/93 
Reference period 1983/84 Reference period 1992/93 
Belgium 0 0 
Denmark 0 0 
France 17 10 
Germany 1 21* 
Greece 1 1 
Ireland 1 1 
Italy 77 77 
Luxembourg 2 0 
Portugal - 0** 
Spain - 20** 
The Netherlands 6 0 
United Kingdom 29 22 
TOTAL 134 152 
Includes the new Länder 
* * Spain and Portugal joined the European Community in 1986. Portugal has never designated any zones under 
Article 3. For Spain, the number of designated zones has not changed from 1990/91 when the zones designated 
became operational 
6This is extended to 31 December 1991 for the new Länder of Germany 
according to Directive 90/656/EEC 
7This date is extended to 31 December 1995 for the new Länder of Germany 
in accordance with Directive 90/656/EEC 
12 
Table 9 Reported instances of exceedance of limit values for sulphur dioxide 
S02 
Year 
Zones 
Belgium 
Denmark 
France 
Germany 
Greece 
Ireland 
Italy 
Luxemburg 
Portugal 
Spain 
The Netherlands 
United Kingdom 
Total 
Total excl new Länder 1983/84 
Art. 3 Non-art. 3 
1 
0 
6 0 
1 0 
0 0 
0 0 
20 10 
1 0 
0 0 
3 0 
31 11 
42 1984/85 
Art. 3 Non art 3 
3 
0 
9 3 
1 0 
0 0 
0 0 
17 7 
1 0 
0 0 
1 0 
29 13 
42 1985/86 
Art 3 Non-art. 3 
0 
0 
5 1 
0 0 
0 0 
0 0 
6 5 
1 0 
0 
1 0 
13 6 
19 1986/87 
Art. 3 Non-art. 3 
1 
0 
6 0 
1 0 
0 0 
0 0 
13 4 
1 0 
0 
1 
1 
2 0 
23 7 
30 
-> + Spain + 1987/88 
Art. 3 Non-art. 3 
0 
0 
5 0 
0 0 
0 0 
0 0 
3 0 
0 0 
1 
1 
0 
0 0 
8 2 
10 
Portugal 1988/89 
Art. 3 Non-art. 3 
0 
0 
3 0 
1 0 
0 1 
0 0 
3 0 
0 0 
2 
0 
0 
2 0 
9 3 
12 1989/90 
Art. 3 Non-art. 3 
0 
0 
5 0 
1 0 
0 1 
0 0 
1 0 
0 0 
2 
1 
0 
1 0 
8 4 
12 1990/91 
Art 3 Non-art. 3 
0 
0 
2 1 
0 0 
0 1 
0 0 
? ? 
0 0 
1 
0 0 
0 
1 0 
3 3 
6 1991/92 
Art. 3 Non-art. 3 
0 
0 
3 2 
18 0 
1 0 
0 0 
? ? 
0 
0 
2 0 
0 
1 0 
25 2 
27 
7 2 
9 1992/93 
Art. 3 Non-art. 3 
0 
0 
1 0 
21 0 
0 0 
0 0 
? ? 
0 
-
2 0 
0 
1 1 
25 1 
26 
4 1 
5 
- > + New German Lander 
: incomplete data 
Table 10 Reported instances of exceedance of limit values for suspended particulates 
SPM 
Year 
Zones 
Belgium 
Denmark 
France 
Germany 
Greece 
Ireland 
Italy 
Luxemburg 
Portugal 
Spain 
The Netherlands 
United Kingdom 
Total 1983/84 
Art. 3 Non-art. 3 
0 
0 
0 0 
0 0 
1 0 
1 0 
2 4 
0 0 
0 0 
7 0 
11 4 
15 1984/85 
An. 3 Non-art. 3 
0 
0 
0 0 
1 0 
1 0 
1 0 
7 4 
0 0 
0 0 
3 0 
13 4 
17 1985/86 
Art. 3 Non-art. 3 
0 
0 
1 0 
0 0 
1 0 
1 0 
3 5 
0 0 
0 
5 0 
11 5 
16 1986/87 
Art. 3 Non-art. 3 
0 
0 
0 0 
0 0 
1 0 
1 0 
8 7 
0 0 
0 
7 
1 
4 1 
14 16 
30 
-> + Spain + 1987/88 
Art. 3 Non-art. 3 
0 
0 
0 0 
0 0 
1 0 
1 0 
4 3 
0 0 
2 
5 
0 
6 1 
12 11 
23 
Portugal 1988/89 
Art. 3 Non-art. 3 
0 
0 
0 1 
0 0 
1 1 
1 0 
1 6 
0 0 
1 
6 
0 
3 0 
6 15 
21 1989/90 
Art. 3 Non-art. 3 
0 
0 
0 1 
0 0 
1 0 
1 0 
0 4 
0 0 
1 
6 
0 
3 0 
5 12 
17 1990/91 
Art. 3 Non-art. 3 
0 
0 
0 1 
0 0 
0 0 
0 0 
? ? 
0 0 
0 
7 1 
0 
1 0 
8 2 
10 1991/92 
Art. 3 Non-art. 3 
0 
0 
0 0 
0 0 
1 0 
0 0 
? ? 
0 
0 
6 0 
0 
0 1 
7 1 
8 1992/93 
Art. 3 Non-art. 3 
0 
0 
0 0 
0 0 
0 0| 
0 0 
? ? 
0 
4 
7 0 
0 
0 0 
7 4 
11 
- > + New German Länder 
: incomplete data 
13 
The large variation in the numbers of zones designated under Article 3 is believed to reflect 
the differing philosophies in Member States in terms of both willingness to make the 
designation and the geographical size and population covered by the zone. For example the 
large number of zones in Italy reflects a policy of designating many individual towns rather 
than larger regions. This is also discussed further in Section 3. 
Tables 9 and 10 show the number of instances of concentrations above the limit values by 
year for zones designated under Article 3 and other zones for each of the Member States, it 
can be seen that the frequency of these was decreasing up until 1990/91 compared with the 
early period of operation of the Directive however instances of concentrations above the limit 
values in the new German Lander in 1991/92 increased the total number of these particularly 
for zones designated under Article 3. 
No Member States have designated zones under Article 4 of the Directive and there has been 
little feedback from Member States regarding the use of guide values as long term objectives 
or as tools for policy development. 
The information which has been be reported to the Commission, including details of actual 
values measured, is provided in Annexes 1 and A. The majority of countries have fulfilled 
their reporting requirements however problems regarding implementation leading to the 
commencement of legal procedures have been encountered in many Member States. 
2.1.4 Measurement methods 
Measurement methods for sulphur dioxide and suspended particulates measured either by the 
black smoke method or gravimetrically were specified in the Directive. Member States could 
use these methods or other which produced results which were either demonstrated to 
correlate satisfactorily or to show a reasonably stable relationship when measurements were 
made in parallel with those obtained using the reference methods. 
As stated above Member States had the option to choose to measure suspended particulates 
or black smoke. It was recognised when Directive 80/779/EEC was adopted that the two 
methods of measurement allowed for suspended particulates were not completely equivalent. 
Directive 89/429/EEC revised the values of particulates associated with the limit values of 
sulphur dioxide although the limit values for suspended particulates measured gravimetrically 
remained unchanged. 
In the early stages of operation of the Directive several Member States (France, Luxembourg, 
Ireland and the UK) measured sulphur dioxide levels by the 'total acid method' while 
Denmark used an impregnated filter method and Belgium a flame photometric detection 
system rather than the method laid down in the Directive. If Member States chose a method 
other than that laid down they were required to demonstrate that these methods correlated 
satisfactorily with the reference method or that a stable relationship existed between them. 
An intercomparison study demonstrated that the Belgian method was acceptable but resulted 
in the conclusion that the other methods were insufficiently accurate and could only be used 
in certain circumstances, the 'total acid method" when the concentrations are below 80% of 
the limit value (98th percentile of daily mean values measured over one year) and the 
impregnated filter method when concentrations are less than 70% of the 50th percentile limit 
14 
value and 80% percent of the 98th percentile limit value. Denmark continued to use the 
impregnated filter method as the levels of sulphur dioxide recorded had always been less than 
half of the limit values. The levels of sulphur dioxide experienced in Ireland and 
Luxembourg (except for the zone designated under Article 3) were sufficiently low for them 
to continue to use the strong acidity method. Luxembourg set up an automatic network in 
1988 which measured sulphur dioxide using a fluorescence method satisfactorily comparable 
with the reference method. In the UK, monitors using an ultra-violet fluorescence method 
were deployed at the three most polluted sites. For other monitoring sites not using this 
method, measurement of levels of 80% or more of the limit value resulted in these areas being 
considered 'at risk' of breaching the Directive. Discussions have taken place with the French 
authorities but the issue has yet to be resolved. 
2.1.5 Siting of Monitoring Stations 
Tables 11-14 give some information about the siting of monitoring stations in the different 
Member States. The information presented was obtained from the Member States in 1990 as 
the result of a Commission study and collected into a database which could be easily updated. 
Information was collected for each monitoring station on the basis of a series of harmonised 
reporting criteria but it was left to Member States to decide which criteria applied to each 
station. The amount and quality of the information received was very variable and thus the 
accuracy and completeness of the data is questionable. This database (GIRAFE) was sent to 
Member States to update and check the accuracy of the information for the first time in spring 
1994. 
Member States supplied information on both the local (radius of 100m to several km from 
station) and immediate environment (radius of 0 - 100m from station) surrounding the 
monitoring station. The categories in the tables are taken from the first category supplied for 
the local environment, however it should be noted that many sites in most Member States 
were immediately located in busy streets even though 'Traffic' was not the local category 
provided for the site. 
Even with the limitations expressed above, the data presented give some indication of the 
variability between Member States both in numbers of monitoring stations and their siting. 
Differences in numbers of stations used for the purposes of reporting for the Directive can be 
seen. Alternative ways of expressing this information could be per square kilometre of 
territory or per head of population, both of these are rather crude measures and would fail to 
show up any national policy regarding the siting of monitoring stations, for example mainly 
in residential areas specifically to measure population exposure or in industrial areas to 
measure industrial pollution. 
For many Member States there is apparently no clear pattern in the siting of monitoring 
stations however some differences can be seen. For example, in Denmark, all monitoring 
stations are in local environments made up of a mixture of commercial, industrial and 
residential components. In Spain, many monitoring stations are located in residential or 
industrial areas whereas in Italy, few stations are located in residential areas. For all Member 
States, only a small number of number of sites were reported to have 'traffic' as their local 
environment. 
15 
Table 11. Siting of monitoring stations for suspended particulates measured as black smoke (1990) 
Member 
Slate No of 
Stations No used for reporting for Directive 
Res Ind Com 
Belgium 92 
Denmark(l) 
France 173 
Germany(l) 
G recce11 26 
Ireland* 53 
Italy(l) 17 
Luxembourg 11 
Portugal 8 
Spain 362 
The Netherlands 36 
UKt 299 Total 
92 
149 
24 
? 
11 
8 
322 
16 
299 Mix 
17 
26 
2 22 
34 
2 
4 
124 
3 
164 16 
12 
2 
1 
71 18 
25 
11 
1 
32 
1 
86 Traf 
5 
1 Other 
14 
51 
6 
11 
85 
10 
42 
(1) Report suspended particulates measured gravimetrically, see Table 12 
Tabic 12. Siting of monitoring stations for suspended particulate matter measured gravimetrically (1990) 
Member No of No used for reporting for Directive 
State Stations Total Mix Res Ind Com Traf Other 
Belgium 17 
Denmark 18 
France 89 
Gcrmanyt 387 
Greeceft 14 
Ireland 
Italy 234 
Luxembourg 2 
Portugal 46 
Spain 172 
The Netherlands 26 
UKT 0 12 
387 
192 
45 
152 12 
50 
6 
7 14 
51 19 
9 
46 28 
5 
27 17 
11 
17 
Tabic 13. Siting of monitoring stations for sulphur dioxide (1990) 
Member 
State No of 
Stations 
Belgium 66 
Denmark 29 
France 232 
Germanyt 424 
GreecetT 30 
Ireland* 52 
Italy 382 
Luxembourg 5 
Portugal 51 
Spain 556 
The Netherlands 123 
UKf 299 No used for reporting for Directive 
Total Mix Res Ind Com 
66 
18 
229 
424 
29 
? 
253 
5 
47 
501 
104 
299 3 
18 
78 
2 
54 
8 
16 
17 22 
58 
9 
1 
16 
182 
18 
164 16 
40 
35 
1 
9 
123 
7 
7 5 
35 
12 
40 
9 
58 
1 
86 Traf 
27 
1 
2 
7 
4 Other 
18 
17 
9 
88 
2 
3 
115 
57 
42 
16 
Table 14. Siting of monitoring stations for strong acidity (1990) 
Member No of No used for reporting for Directive 
State Stations Total Mix Res Ind Com Traf Other 
Belgium 92 92 17 22 16 18 5 14 
Denmark 
France 285 265 54 71 43 36 2 59 
Germany 
Greece 
Ireland 
Italy 
Luxembourg 11 11 - - - - 11 
Portugal 20 4 - 1 2 - - 1 
Spain 
The Netherlands -
UK 
Legend for Tables 
Mix Mixture of commercial, industrial, residential 
Res Residential 
Ind Industrial 
Com Commercial 
Traf Traffic 
Other Includes non-classified, agricultural, parks, harbours, airport, sea side or lake side 
* No information was given about how many stations were used for the purposes of reporting for the Directive 
t Information from GIRAFE database amended by comments from Member State 
tt Data provided 1995 
2.2 Lead 82/884/EEC 
2.2.1 Introduction 
The second Directive on ambient air quality is that on lead. This sets a limit value of 2 ug/m3 
as an annual average (an explanation of the averaging time is provided in Annex 2) which 
must be complied with within 5 years of notification of the Directive (by 9 December 19878). 
The requirements of the Directive are similar in principle to those of the Directive on sulphur 
dioxide and particulate matter in that Member States can designate areas which are likely to 
exceed the limit value under Article 3, inform the Commission of these and of the plans being 
or to be made to improve the situation in these areas. Again, as with Directive 80/779/EEC, 
concentrations above limit values in such designated areas are not considered breaches until 
after the time allowed for compliance in these areas has been reached (by 9 December 19899). 
Member States must inform the Commission according to the requirements of Article 5 
This data is extended to 31 December 1991 for the new Länder of Germany 
in accordance with Directive 90/656/EEC 
9This date is extended to 31 December 1994 for the new Länder of Germany 
in accordance with Directive 90/656/EEC 
17 
irrespective of whether the value above the limit value occurs inside or outside an area 
designated under Article 3. A reference measurement method and requirements for siting 
criteria for measurement stations are also provided. 
2.2.2 Transposition 
All Member States have communicated to the Commission the legislation transposing 
Directive 82/884/EEC into national law. Conformity of this legislation has now been 
confirmed in all cases. Details are provided in Annex 2. 
2.2.3 Reporting by Member States 
Member States wishing to designate zones under Article 3 were required to notify the 
Commission by December 198610. Improvement plans for these zones were also required to 
be sent to the Commission within 2 years of implementation of the Directive and as soon as 
possible after the notification. 
Only 3 Member States (Belgium, Germany and United Kingdom) made use of the provision 
of Article 3(2) and notified zones likely to experience concentrations above the limit value, 
details are provided in Table 15. These were mostly areas subject to industrial pollution. 
Plans of measures and procedures to improve air quality were communicated to the 
Commission in all cases. 
Table 15. Zones declared under Article 3 of Directive 82/884/EEC 
Belgium 2 (Beerse, Hoboken) 
Germany 1 (Braubach) 
United Kingdom 1 (Walsall) 
For these zones and others not designated under Article 3 concentrations above the limit value 
have been reported as shown in Table 16 
It can be seen from these tables that values above the limit value have been reported in areas 
designated under Article 3 between 1985 and 1989 and in other areas in 1987-1990. For 
Belgium reported values above the limit value have occurred in one of the two zones 
identified under Article 3, the second of these in 1990 occurring after the Article 3 
designation ceased to exist. France did not designate any areas under Article 3 but has 
experienced concentrations above the limit value in Grenoble in 1987-89, reported to be due 
to traffic pollution, in Lyon (1987) and Lille (1990), both reported to be due to industrial 
pollution and in Nord-Pas Calais (1992), no explanation provided. Italy experienced 
concentrations above the limit value in Rome in 1989 and 1990, no explanation has been 
provided. 
10This was extended to 31 December 1992 for the new Länder of Germany in 
accordance with Directive 90/656/EEC 
18 
Table 16. Reported instances of exceedance of limit value for lead 
Pb 
Year 
Zones 
Belgium 
Denmark 
France 
Germany 
Greece 
Ireland 
Italy 
Luxembourg 
Portugal 
Spain 
The Netherlands 
United Kingdom 
Total 1985 
Art.3 Non Art.3 
1 0 
0 
0 
1 0 
0 
0 
-
0 1986 
Art.3 Non Art.3 
0 0 
0 
0 
1 0 
0 
0 
-
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 0 
3 0 
3 0 
1 0 
2 0 
2 
Spain and Porti 1987 
Art.3 Non Art.3 
0 0 
0 
2 
1 0 
0 
0 
-
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 0 
2 2 
4 
jgal 1988 
Art.3 Non Art.3 
0 0 
0 
1 
1 0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 0 
2 1 
3 1989 
Art.3 Non Art.3 
0 0 
0 
1 
1 0 
0 
0 
1 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 0 
2 2 
4 1990 
Art.3 Non Art.3 
1 
0 
1 
0 
0 
0 
1 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 3 
3 1991 
Art.3 Non Art.3 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
7 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 0 
0 1992 
Art.3 Non Art.3 
0 
0 
1 
0 
0 
0 
? 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 1 
1 
incomplete data 
19 
The information which has been reported to the Commission, including details of actual 
values measured, is provided in Annexes 2 and B. The majority of countries have fulfilled 
their reporting requirements however problems regarding implementation leading to the 
commencement of legal procedures have been encountered in a few Member States. 
2.2.4 Measurement Method 
Requirements for sampling and a reference measurement method are laid down in the 
Directive. Member States use different sampling methods, those used by Denmark, Germany, 
Greece, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain have not been proved to give results equivalent 
to the requirements of the Directive. 
The reference analytical method laid down in the Directive is atomic absorption spectroscopy. 
This is used by 9 Member States, Denmark uses particle induced X-ray spectroscopy while 
Belgium and Luxembourg use X-ray fluorescence. These alternative methods have been 
shown to perform as well as the reference method in comparison exercises. Germany and The 
Netherlands use a combination of the reference method and X-ray fluorescence. 
2.2.5 Siting of monitoring stations 
Section 2.1.5 above explains how Table 17 has been created and the limitations to this 
approach. 
Even with the limitations expressed above, the data presented give some indication of the 
variability between Member States both in numbers of monitoring stations and their siting. 
Differences in numbers of stations used for the purposes of reporting for the Directive can be 
seen with some countries having only few stations and others, for example, Belgium and 
France having many more. Alternative ways of expressing this information could be per 
square kilometre of territory or per head of population, both of these are rather crude 
measures and would fail to show up any national policy regarding the siting of monitoring 
stations, for example mainly in residential areas specifically to measure population exposure 
or in industrial areas to measure industrial pollution. 
For many Member States there is apparently no clear pattern in the siting of monitoring 
stations. Some differences can be seen, for example, in Denmark, all monitoring stations are 
in local environments made up of a mixture of commercial, industrial and residential 
components. In Belgium, many monitoring stations are located in residential areas whereas 
in France, few stations are located in residential but many are in 'other' areas. As with the 
pollutants covered by Directive 80/779/EEC, for all Member States, only a small number of 
number of sites were reported to have 'traffic' as their local environment. 
20 
Table 17. Siting of monitoring stations for lead (1990) 
Member 
State No of 
Stations No used for reporting for Directive 
Belgium 60 
Denmark 23 
France 72 
Germany t 142 
Greecefî 1 
Ireland** 
Italy 24 
Luxembourg 3 
Portugal** 
Spain 37 
The Netherlands 21 
UKt 26 Total Mix 
60 
12 
70 
142 
1 
7 
3 
36 
4 
9 3 
12 
11 Res 
26 
8 
16 
1 Ind 
11 
5 Com 
'9 
16 
1 
2 
1 
10 Traf 
5 Other 
6 
30 
Legend for Table 
Mix Mixture of commercial, industrial, residential 
Res Residential 
Ind Industrial 
Com Commercial 
Traf Traffic 
Other Includes non-classified, agricultural, parks, harbours, airport, sea side or lake side 
t 
tt No information was given about how many stations were used for the purposes of reporting for the Directive 
No information was given about the number of monitoring stations for lead 
Information from GIRAFE database amended by comments from Member State 
Data provided 1995 
2.3 Nitrogen Dioxide 85/203/EEC 
2.3.1 Introduction 
This is the third Directive on ambient air quality. It sets both a limit value and guide values 
for nitrogen dioxide as follows: 
98th percentile calculated from the mean values per hour or 
period of less than an hour recorded throughout the year 
98th percentile calculated from the mean values per hour or 
period of less than an hour recorded throughout the year 
98th percentile calculated from the mean values per hour or 
period of less than an hour recorded throughout the year Limit value 200|ig/m3 
Guide values 135ug/m3 
50ug/m3 
An explanation of the averaging times is provided in Annex 3 
21 
2.3.2 Transposition 
All Member States have communicated to the Commission the legislation transposing 
Directive 85/203/EEC into national law. Conformity of this legislation has been accepted by 
the Commission in all cases except Belgium and the United Kingdom. Legal discussions are 
currently taking place with these Member States to resolve the difficulties. Details of the 
legislation are provided in Annex 3. 
2.3.3 Reporting from Member States 
Member States wishing to designate zones under Article 3 were required to notify the 
Commission by 1 July 198711. Improvement plans for these zones were also required to be 
sent to the Commission as soon as possible after the notification. Compliance with the limit 
value should be achieved within these zones by 1 January 199412. 
Three Member States (France, Portugal and Greece) made use of the opportunity to designate 
zones under Article 3. These are shown in Table 18 below. The reference periods shown are 
the first after the Directive came into force and the last reference period covered by this 
Report. France and Greece have both sent details of the measures and procedures being or 
to be taken to the Commission. 
Table 18. Numbers of zones designated under Article 3 of Directive 85/203/EEC 
Reference period 1987 Reference period 1992 
France 34 34 
Greece 1 1 
Portugal 3 3 
TOTAL 38 38 
The variation in the numbers of zones designated under Article 3 is believed to reflect the 
differing philosophies in Member States in terms of both willingness to make the designation 
and the geographical size and population covered by the zone. This is discussed further in 
Section 3. 
The numbers of instance of concetnrations above the limit value reported for zones designated 
under Article 3 and other zones are shown in Table 19 below. 
When designating the 34 zones under Article 3, the French authorities reported that 21 were 
11This is extended to 31 December 1991 for the new Länder of Germany 
according to Directive 90/656/EEC 
12This is extended to 31 December 1995 for the new Länder of Germany in 
accordance with Directive 90/656/EEC 
22 
Table 19 Reported instances of exceedance of the limit value for nitrogen dioxide 
N02 
Belgium 
Denmark 
France 
Germany 
Greece 
Ireland 
Italy 
Luxemburg 
Portugal 
Spain 
The Netherlands 
United Kingdom 
Total 1987 
Art. 3 Non-art. 3 
0 
0 
4 0 
2 
1 0 
0 
6 
0 
? 0 
0 
0 
0 
5 8 
13 1988 
Art. 3 Non-art. 3 
0 
0 
1 0 
2 
1 0 
0 
2 
0 
0 0 
0 
1 
0 
2 5 
7 1989 
Art. 3 Non-art. 3 
0 
0 
2 0 
2 
1 0 
0 
17 
0 
0 0 
0 
0 
1 
3 20 
23 1990 
Art. 3 Non-art. 3 
0 
0 
1 0 
1 
1 0 
0 
22 
0 
0 0 
3 
0 
0 
2 26 
28 1991 
Art. 3 Non-art. 3 
0 
0 
3 0 
0 
1 0 
0 
? 
0 
0 0 
3 
0 
0 
4 3 
7 1992 
Art. 3 Non-art. 3 
0 
0 
1 0 
0 
1 0 
0 
? 
0 
0 
3 
0 
0 
2 3 
5 
: incomplete data 
23 
affected by industrial pollution while 13 were affected by traffic pollution. None of these 
industrially polluted zones experienced repeated concentrations over limit value however 2 
of the zones affected by traffic pollution (Marseilles and Nantes) experienced repeated 
instances of concentrations above the limit value. 
From the data available, it appears that the number of instances of concentrations above the 
limit value has increased in southern European countries in the later years of operation of the 
Directive. 
No Member States have designated zones under Article 4 of the Directive and there has been 
little feedback from Member States regarding the use of guide values as long term objectives 
or as tools for policy development. 
The information which has been reported to the Commission, including details of actual 
values reported, is provided in Annexes 3 and C. The majority of countries have fulfilled their 
reporting requirements however problems regarding implementation leading to the 
commencement of legal procedures have been encountered in several Member States. 
2.3.4 Measurement methods 
As with the earlier Directives a reference method for measurement was laid down and 
Member States were required to use this or another method considered equivalent. The 
reference method specified is the chemiluminescence method described in ISO standard DIS 
7996. All of the Member States used a chemiluminescence method although not all, the same 
equipment. A Quality Assurance Programme for nitrogen dioxide was launched by the 
Commission in 1990. The report of the first phase, a comparison of reference laboratories, 
is being finalised and should be available by the end of 1994. The second phase, a 
comparison of selected stations in selected monitoring networks is currently underway. 
2.3.5 Siting of monitoring stations 
Section 2.1.5 above explains how Table 20 has been created and the limitations to this 
approach. 
Even with the limitations expressed above, the data presented give some indication of the 
variability between Member States both in numbers of monitoring stations and their siting. 
Differences in numbers of stations used for the purposes of reporting for the Directive can be 
seen with some countries having relatively few stations. Alternative ways of expressing this 
information could be per square kilometre of territory or per head of population, both of these 
are rather crude measures and would fail to show up any national policy regarding the siting 
of monitoring stations, for example mainly in residential areas specifically to measure 
population exposure or in industrial areas to measure industrial pollution. 
Some differences in siting can also be seen, for example, in France, Italy and the UK many 
monitoring stations are in local environments made up of a mixture of commercial, industrial 
and residential components, in Denmark all monitoring stations are in this type of local 
environment. In The Netherlands and Spain, many monitoring stations are located in 
residential areas. Spain also has many monitoring stations in industrial areas. As with the 
pollutants covered by Directive 80/779/EEC and 82/884/EEC, all Member States with the 
24 
exception of Italy, have only a small number of sites reported to have 'traffic' as their local 
environment. 
Table 20. Siting of monitoring stations for nitrogen dioxide (1990) 
Member 
State 
Belgium 
Denmark 
France 
Germany t 
Greecetî 
Ireland* 
Italy 
Luxembourg 
Portugal 
Spain 
Netherlands 
UKf No of 
Stations 
18 
15 
112 
372 
31 
4 
137 
5 
19 
151 
60 
12 No used for reporting for Directive 
Total Mix Res Ind Com 
17 
7 
109 
372 
29 
? 
113 
4 
17 
129 
45 
7 2 
7 
46 
2 
30 
4 
8 
7 5 
16 
3 
4 
4 
51 
12 13 
14 
1 
2 
31 
2 
2 3 
26 
12 
24 
6 
17 
2 Traf 
15 Other 
5 
8 
26 
2 
1 
19 
21 
Legend for Table 
Mix Mixture of commercial, industrial, residential 
Res Residential 
Ind Industrial 
Com Commercial 
Traf Traffic 
Other Includes non-classified, agricultural, parks, harbours, airport, sea side or lake side 
* No indication was given of how many stations were used for the purposes of reporting for the Directive 
t Information from the GIRAFE database was amended by comments from Member State 
tt Data provided 1995 
3. PROBLEMS EXPERIENCED WITH THE EARLIER AMBIENT AIR QUALITY 
DIRECTIVES 
Several difficulties have been experienced by the Commission regarding the earlier air quality 
Directives arising both from different philosophies within the Member States on their 
implementation and from different interpretations placed on certain parts of the Directives. 
3.1 Reporting by Member States 
The differences in reporting the information required to be supplied to the Commission on a 
regular basis by Member States are summarised in Section 1.2 above. It can be seen that 
some provide an exhaustive set of monitoring data for all the stations in the country while 
others supply only the minimum required. This makes it difficult to compare the situation 
in different Member States and often difficult to follow the progress of the measures and 
procedures being implemented to improve air quality 
25 
3.2 Designation of zones under Article 3 
Differences, sometimes large, have been seen in the numbers of zones designated under 
Article 3 of each of the Directives. This is believed to reflect differing philosophies within 
the Member States in terms of both willingness to make the designation and the geographical 
size and population covered by the zone. When a zone was designated under Article 3, the 
Member State was required to provide a plan of the action to be taken to reduce pollution 
levels in the zone, this requirement may have discouraged some Member States from 
designating a large number of zones particularly if the air pollution problems experienced 
were considered to occur occasionally and not on a regular basis. 
The second aspect of this issue relates to the geographical area and population covered when 
a zone is designated. No guidance on this designation was provided in the Directive so 
Member States were able to select their own basis. Some Member States (for example Italy 
under Directive 80/779/EEC) designated many individual towns covering a small geographical 
area and a variable population. Others (for example France) initially designated large 
geographical areas which were progressively reduced in size as pollution levels fell although 
the total number of zones remained generally unchanged. 
3.3 Provisions of plans under Article 3 
For the zones designated under Article 3 of the Directives, Member States were required to 
provide plans for the progressive improvement of air quality in these zones. These plans were 
to be drawn up on the basis of relevant information on the nature, origin and development of 
the pollution and were to contain a description of the measures and procedures being taken 
or to be taken or implemented. The aim of these measures and procedures was to reduce 
pollution levels in these zones to values not exceeding the limit values as soon as possible 
or at the latest by the dates specified in Section 1.1. 
The majority of Member States provided plans of the measures and procedures being or to 
be taken or implemented in zones designated under Article 3. These plans varied from simply 
lists of proposed activities to a detailed analysis of the situation, measures to be taken and a 
timetable for implementation. The Directives covered by this Report did not specifically 
define what information was to be included in the plans and this omission is partly 
responsible for some of the difficulties experienced in the evaluation of these plans. This 
evaluation was to have been carried out on two aspects, a technical examination of the 
proposed measures and procedures and secondly, a follow up of their implementation and 
effectiveness. The first part has been relatively easy for the Commission to carry out however 
the second has proved more difficult in several cases partly because of the varied nature of 
the plans from different Member States and partly because of the limitations of the reporting 
under the Directives, i.e., only concentrations in excess of the limit values have to be 
reported. This has made it difficult to evaluate if the reductions in pollutant levels reflected 
by changes in numbers of instances of concentrations above the limit value represent 
continuing reductions or if levels remain just below the limit value. 
3.4 Provision of information under Article 7 of 80/779/EEC, Article 5 of 82/884/EEC and 
Article 7 of 85/203/EEC. 
Under these Articles, Member States are required to inform the Commission, within 6 months 
of the end of the reference period, of instances when the limit values set in the various 
Directives have been exceeded and the concentrations recorded. Member States are also 
26 
required to inform the Commission, within 1 year of the reference period, of the reasons for 
the non-compliance and the measures being taken to avoid recurrence. 
Similar problems to those mentioned above have been encountered with this Article. 
Generally Member States have provided information on instances of concentrations in excess 
of limit values and have indicated whether these occur in areas designated under Article 3. 
However for concentrations above the limit values occurring outside these areas the 
information received has been less complete. 
3.5 Monitoring 
A third problem experienced with the Directives related to the different approaches regarding 
monitoring within the Member States. There are two aspects to this problem, the first relates 
to the number of monitoring stations considered necessary to provide representative 
information about air quality and the second to the siting of these. This has been noted 
particularly with regard to the Directive on nitrogen dioxide. As of 1992 the UK used data 
from 7 monitoring stations13 to provide information on compliance with the limit value while 
France, Italy and Spain used data from more than 100 stations reflecting diverse strategies in 
the Member States. 
Member States have different approaches regarding the siting of monitoring stations, some 
consider that measurements should be made where levels are highest while others consider 
that exposure of the population or sensitive ecosystems is more important and measurements 
should be made where these exposures are most likely to occur. The Directives give some 
guidance but this is often open to interpretation resulting in different situations in Member 
States. An example can again be provided regarding the Directive on nitrogen dioxide which 
states that 
"The purpose of measuring N02 concentrations in the environment is to assess the individual 
risk of exposure in excess of the limit values as closely as possible, measurement points 
should accordingly be chosen by the Member States wherever possible from among sites 
where this risk is likely to be greatest. 
Two separate cases need to be considered: 
1 zones predominantly affected by pollution from motor vehicles and therefore limited 
to the vicinity of roads carrying heavy traffic; 
2 more extensive zones in which discharges from fixed sources also make a significant 
contribution to pollution. " 
In the first case measurement points should be selected to cover the main types of zone 
affected by this type of pollution e.g. 'canyon streets' and major intersections and to be as far 
as possible those where concentrations of nitrogen dioxide are among the highest. 
The requirements laid down in the Directive have been interpreted differently in each of the 
Member States with some e.g. Denmark and Germany locating some of their monitoring 
13This was increased to 19 at the end of 1993 
27 
stations literally at the kerbside where levels would be highest and others e.g. Milan, Italy 
locating monitoring stations 2 metres from the kerbside where the pedestrians using the streets 
might be likely to be exposed. These different approaches to site location make it difficult 
to compare data from different countries. 
Two studies on network design, for sulphur dioxide and suspended particulates (Environment 
and quality of life report no EUR 10647, 1986) and nitrogen dioxide (Commission Study, Ref 
XI/702/8714) have been carried out for the Commission. It appears that the results of these 
studies, participated in by, and made available to Member States have had little impact on 
network design in these countries. 
Tables 11-14, 17 and 20 summarised information sent by the Member States, independently 
of reporting requirements under the Directive being considered here, about the numbers and 
location of their monitoring stations. The information presented was obtained from the 
Member States in 1990 as the result of a Commission study and collected into a database 
which could be easily updated Information was collected for each monitoring station on the 
basis of a series of harmonised reporting criteria but it was left to Member States to decide 
which criteria applied to each station. The amount and quality of the information received 
was very variable and thus the accuracy and completeness of the data is questionable. This 
database was sent to Member States to update and check the accuracy of the information for 
the first time in spring 1994. Despite the limitations of the information collected, differences 
between Member States in numbers and location of stations can be seen, these are discussed 
further in Sections 2.1.5., 2.2.5 and 2.3.5.. 
3.6 Guide values 
The guide values established in Directives 80/779/EEC and 85/203/EEC were intended to 
improve the protection of human health and the long term protection of the environment and 
as reference points for the establishment of specific schemes within zones determined by the 
Member States. Under Article 4 of these Directives, Member States could designate zones 
within their territory where they considered it necessary to limit a foreseeable increase in 
pollution or which they considered should be afforded special environmental protection. In 
the first of these areas, the Member States are required to set values which were lower than 
the limit value, in the latter, they are required to set values which are generally lower than 
the guide values. Information has to be supplied to the Commission about measures taken 
in these zones. No Member States designated areas under Article 4 of either Directive and 
only The Netherlands and Germany have formally recognised the guide yalues in its national 
legislation. 
The lack of use of the provisions of Article 4, the very limited use of guide values in the 
Member States and the problems noted in paragraph 3.3 indicate that the requirements of the 
Directives are perceived as the minimum required rather than as an upper limit of what should 
be attempted to be achieved within the Member States. 
3.7 Measurement methods 
Brief discussion of the measurement methods used are included in the sections on the 
14Beier et al. A study of network design and measurement methods in Member 
States for the EC air quality Directive for nitrogen dioxide (85/203/EEC). 
Contract no 85-B6642-11-004-11-N 
28 
individual Directives above. It can be seen that not all Member States use the reference 
method and in some cases not even a method that is comparable to a satisfactory degree. 
Again this makes evaluation of compliance of limit values and intercomparison between 
Member States difficult. 
3.8 Compliance 
Compliance with the limit values has generally taken a long time to achieve particularly in 
areas where repeated instances of concentarions above the limit values have occurred. Despite 
6-10 years of operation of these Directives concentrations in excess of limit values still 
occur as illustrated in Tables 9,10,16 and 19. 
In conclusion, these problems indicate that there has been a lack of consistency in the 
effectiveness of the implementation of these earlier Directives. For this to improve there is 
a need for commitment from all concerned (Member States at all administrative levels and 
Commission) in terms of physical and financial resources to pursue an effective and 
harmonised implementation of future legislation on ambient air quality. 
4 CHANGES IN THE STATE OF AIR QUALITY IN EUROPE OVER THE PERIOD 
SINCE THE EARLY 1970's 
Section 2 above summarised the changes that have occurred in ambient air quality in terms 
of changes in the numbers of instances of concentrations in excess of the limit values laid 
down in the Directives being examined. This information is of limited use if information on 
changes in ambient air quality is to serve as a useful tool for the development of appropriate 
and targeted policy on improving the quality of the environment. 
In addition to the information received from Member States required under the above 
Directives, the Commission also receives air quality data through the Council Decision 
82/459/EEC establishing a reciprocal exchange of information and data from networks and 
individual stations measuring air pollution within Member States. This Decision concerned 
sulphur compounds, suspended particulates, suspended particulates of heavy metals, nitrogen 
oxides, carbon monoxide and ozone and replaced an earlier Council Decision (75/441/EEC) 
which related only to sulphur compounds and suspended particulates. Decision 82/459 ceased 
to apply after 1 October 1989 however Member States have continued to supply information 
on a voluntary basis. 
Under the Decision, Member States select the measuring stations for which data is supplied, 
these "should reflect, where possible, the different types of urbanisation, topography and 
climatology, as well as the different pollution levels prevailing upon the territory of the 
member states concerned". The information to be supplied for each measuring station is 
specified in the Decision. It should be noted that the data supplied is not necessarily 
representative for all of the different conditions prevailing in a Member State. 
Some of the problems identified in Section 3 above also apply to the data provided under the 
Decision making comparison of the data received from different countries difficult to carry 
out and highlighting the need for a network for the harmonised measurement and detection 
29 
of changes in environmental quality in the European Union. 
The data collected has been stored in a database which now contains 18 million data points. 
The Commission is working with the European Environment Agency in order to exploit this 
data more effectively and to improve techniques for its visual presentation. This work is still 
ongoing and at present only data on sulphur dioxide (measured directly or by the strong 
acidity method (see above)) and nitrogen dioxide, have been processed in a manner which 
lends itself to presentation in this Report. It can be seen that the data is not complete for all 
of the Member States and can only give a general impression of trends rather than an absolute 
representation of the situation. 
The graphs presented here show changes in concentrations of sulphur dioxide and strong 
acidity from 1969 onward for 3 categories of cities: cities with more than 2 million 
inhabitants, cities with 1-2 million inhabitants and cities with less than 1000 inhabitants. 
Changes in concentrations of nitrogen dioxide are presented for the first two of these 
categories only, insufficient data was available to present information on cities with less than 
1000 inhabitants. The same reference and averaging periods as the limit values in Directives 
80/779/EEC and 85/203/EEC have been chosen (see Table 2, note different limit values for 
sulphur dioxide dependant on associated values of suspended particulates and Section 2.3.1). 
Concentrations measured in cities of each category have been averaged for each Member 
State, for some Member States the values shown are the average of several cities, while for 
others they are values recorded in only one city. 
4.1 Sulphur Dioxide 
Unfortunately complete sets of data are lacking for most Member States however it can be 
seen for each of the series of graphs (Figures 1-3) that levels of sulphur dioxide and strong 
acidity have fallen and from approximately 1986 onwards, from the information supplied, the 
limit values have been complied with. This trend is not seen in Greece, where, although the 
limit values are complied with, levels appear to be increasing in each of the series of graphs. 
Levels of sulphur dioxide and strong acidity have tended to be lowest in small cities and have 
fallen slightly although not as markedly as for large cities. Directive 80/779/EEC came into 
force in 1982 and although reductions in levels are seen after this period, they are part of a 
continuing trend starting earlier. The most dramatic reductions are seen for cities with the 
98th percentiles of daily mean values (an explanation of this term is given in Annex 1). This 
parameter gives an indication of the frequency and severity of peak levels of pollution and 
means that for 2% of the time (i.e., 7 days per year) levels are higher than the given value. 
For cities with more than 2 million inhabitants and cities with 1-2 million inhabitants 98th 
percentile values have fallen considerably since the early 1970's. This may reflect actions 
taken at a local level, for example the use of low sulphur fuels both domestically and by 
industry etc in order to reduce peak concentrations. Of the Member States, the most striking 
reduction in levels have occurred in Italy for all of the averaging times shown. 
4.2 Nitrogen Dioxide 
As with the graphs for sulphur dioxide complete sets of data are lacking for most Member 
States. From Figure 4, it appears that levels have fallen for cities with 1-2 million inhabitants 
but have remained constant or increased to levels around the limit value in Directive 
85/203/EEC in cities with more than 2 million inhabitants. Directive 85/203/EEC came into 
force in 1987, little change can be seen in the levels reported here after that date 
30 
Figure 1. S02 and strong acidity. Tropical year: median of daily mean values 
S02 and strong acidity in cities with more than 2 million 
inhabitants. Tropical year: median of daily mean values 
I§! -•— France S02 
-•—Germany S02 
-*— Greece S02 
-K— Italy S02 
-*— Spain S02 
-•— France SA 
-H— United Kingdom SA 
year 
S02 and strong acidity in cities of 1 - 2 million inhabitants. 
Tropical year: median of daily mean values 
200 T 
o^-cMO-tfiotor-coo) 
0>0>0>0)0>0>0>0>0>0> 
year —A— Denmark S02 
—X— France S02 
—X— Germany S02 
—O— Italy S02 
Portugal S02 
—O— Belgium SA 
—•— Denmark SA 
• France SA 
—*— Portugal SA 
• United Kingdom SA 
60 T S02 and strong acidity in cities with less than 1000 
inhabitants. Tropical year: median of daily mean values 
Germany S02 
The Netherlands S02 
France SA 
Ireland SA 
Luxembourg SA 
United Kingdom SA 
OT-CSICO^l-UÎCDt^COO) i— r»~r^-r~-t^i— i—^r^i— r~-O)0)0)0>00)0>0)0)0> *- CM 
year 
31 
Figure 2. S02 and strong acidity. Winter: median of daily mean values 
S02 and strong acidity in cities of more than 2 million 
inhabitants. Winter: median of daily mean values 
Year •France S02 
• Germany S02 
Greece S02 
• Italy S02 
• Spain S02 
•France SA 
•UnitedKingdom SA 
S02 and strong acidity in cities of 1 - 2 million inhabitants. 
Winter: median of daily mean values 
0)OT-CMcoxrmtoh-ooo> 
ö)o>oo>o>o>a>o>a>o>o> ÇÔCOÇQCÔÇQÇOÇBQ) G>0>O)O>O)O>O)O> 
Year •Germany S02 
•Denmark S02 
•France S02 
-Italy S02 
•Portugal S02 
-Belgium SA 
•Denmark SA 
•France SA 
-B—United Kingdom SA 
-•—Portugal SA 
S02 and strong acidity in cities of less than 1000 inhabitants. 
Winter, median of daily mean values 
200 T 
o>o*-CMco^tintor>coo> -Germany S02 
•The Netherlands S02 
•France SA 
- Ireland SA 
- Luxembourg SA 
-United Kingdom SA 
Year 
32 
Figure 3. S02 and strong acidity. Tropical year: 98th percentile of daily mean values 
S02 and stong acidity in cities with more than 2 million 
inhabitants. Tropical year: 98th percentile of daily mean 
values 
500 T 
1995 -•— France S02 
-•— Germany S02 
-A—Greece S02 
-*— Italy S02 
-*— Spain S02 
-•— France SA 
-H— United Kingdom SA 
S02 and strong acidity in cities of 1 - 2 million inhabitants. 
Tropical year: 98th percentile of daily means 
1995 -•— Denmark S02 
-•— France S02 
-A—Germany S02 
-X— Italy S02 
•*— Portugal S02 
-•— Belgium SA 
-H— Denmark SA 
France SA 
— Portugal SA 
-•— United Kingdom SA 
S02 and strong acidity in cities with less than 1000 
inhabitants. Tropical year: 98th percentile of daily mean 
values 
•Germany S02 
•The Netherlands S02 
• France SA 
-Ireland SA 
• United Kingdom SA 
33 
Figure 4. N02. 98th percentile of hourly (or less) mean values recorded throughout the year 
Nitrogen dioxide in cities of more than 2 million inhabitants. 
98th percentile of hourly (or less) mean values recorded 
throughout the year 
300 T 
250 
200 
150 
100 
year •France 
• Germany 
-Greece 
-Spain 
• United Kingdom 
•^ CM 
8 8 
300 T 
250 
200 
150 
100 Nitrogen dioxide in cities of 1 - 2 million inhabitants. 98th 
percentile of hourly (or less) mean values recorded 
throughout the year 
•Germany 
• France 
• Denmark 
•Portugal 
- Belgium 
year 
34 
5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE STRATEGIES 
This Report has highlighted experiences with the implementation of the existing ambient air 
quality Directives (80/779/EEC amended by 89/427/EEC, 82/884/EEC and 85/203/EEC. 
92/72/EEC is not included as it only came into force in March 1994). The problems 
experienced indicate that there has been a lack of consistency in the effectiveness of the 
implementation of these earlier Directives. For this situation to improve there is a need for 
commitment from all concerned (Member States at all administrative levels and Commission) 
in terms of physical and financial resources to an effective and harmonised implementation 
of future legislation on ambient air quality. 
More information on air quality in Europe has been obtained through the Council Decision 
82/459/EEC establishing a reciprocal exchange of information and data from networks and 
individual stations measuring air pollution within Member States and the goodwill of Member 
States to continue supplying this information after the Decision expired. Information on 
sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide obtained through this Decision had been presented in 
Section 4. Although this provides further information about air quality it still does not 
provide a clear picture of the state of air quality in Europe. A proposal for a new Council 
Decision to continue and improve the exchange of information and data on air quality was 
adopted by the Commission on 7 September 1994. 
The future policy on ambient air quality will lie with the proposal for a Council Directive on 
Ambient Air Quality Assessment and Management adopted by the Commission on 4 July 
1994 (COM(94) 109) supported by the proposal for a new Council Decision referred to above. 
This will attempt to overcome the difficulties experienced with earlier legislation both by the 
Commission and Member States. 
There is a clear need for harmonisation is a variety of areas ranging from the implementation 
of the legislation to the siting of monitoring stations. A harmonised approach will allow the 
identification of areas in Member States where there are particular problems and where 
specific actions are required. The development of a systematic and harmonised monitoring 
network will provide a firm basis for development of Union-wide actions in other areas and 
also provide a direct way in which the success of legislative and other actions to improve air 
quality can be assessed 
The experience with limit and guide values has been described above. A new approach was 
taken in Directive 92/72/EEC on ozone where no limit values were set, however a series of 
protection thresholds were defined. For two of these, the Population Information and 
Population Warning thresholds, Member States are required to provide information to the 
public when concentrations above these thresholds occur. The provision of information on 
air quality to the public is considered to be important and coherent with the aims of the Fifth 
Environmental Action Programme to increase public knowledge about environmental issues. 
Experience with the earlier Directives has shown that limit values provide a firm goal towards 
which Member States can direct their policies for improving air quality. In contrast however, 
guide values have been of limited use and there has been little feedback from Member States 
regarding their use as long term objectives or as tools for policy development. Future 
legislation is expected to continue the approach taken in the Directive on ozone combined 
35 
with the establishment of stringent limit values with a fixed time limit for compliance. If 
necessary, a 'permitted margin of exceedance' which decreases with time will also be defined 
at the time of setting the limit value to enable Member States to move towards achievement 
of the limit value in a consistent way. Limit values proposed will provide a high degree of 
protection for health and the environment as intended in Article 130r of the Treaty 
A further aim of the proposed Council Directive is to improve air quality where it is poor and 
maintain good air quality elsewhere. Where air quality is poor Member States are required 
to provide the Commission with plans listing the measures they intend to take to improve the 
situation. These plans will be evaluated by the Commission in terms of the suitability of the 
measures chosen and their effectiveness in improving air quality. Unlike the earlier 
Directives, the proposed Council Directive specifies the information which must be provided 
to the Commission in these thus enabling an easier evaluation. The effective implementation 
of this aspect of the Directive will require good communication between the Commission and 
Member States regarding the state of air quality in different areas and a close follow-up of 
the results of measures taken. _ 
It is intended that future policy will continue with the parallel use of ambient air quality 
objectives and emission reduction measures to improve air quality. Perhaps the best example 
of the successful use of these tools in parallel has been with lead where the introduction of 
an ambient air quality Directive and measures for the reduction of the lead content of petrol 
(Directive 85/21 O/EEC O J 1985; L096:25) have resulted in considerable reductions in lead 
concentrations in air and blood lead levels in exposed populations. 
A harmonised approach to the assessment and management of air quality in the European 
Union will allow for the identification of areas where action is needed and for this the 
necessary action to be taken in a way which is proportionate to the extent of the problem. 
The most effective way for this to proceed and to result in improvement of the air quality in 
the European Union is through close cooperation between the Commission and Member States 
at national, regional, local and individual level. 
35 
ANNEX 1 
DIRECTIVE 80/779/EEC, AMENDED BY 89/427/EEC, ON AIR QUALITY LIMIT 
VALUES FOR SULPHUR DIOXIDE AND SUSPENDED PARTICULATES 
37 
CONTENTS 
1. a. Limit and guide values for sulphur dioxide and suspended particulates, 
b. Explanation of averaging times 
2. Summary of legislation in against Member States 
3. List of instances of concentrations in excess of the limit values for sulphur dioxide and 
suspended particulates 
38 
La. Limit and guide values for sulphur dioxide and suspended particulates 
Table 1. limit values for sulphur dioxide (all values in ug/m3) from Directive 80/779/EEC 
and 89/427/EEC 
Reference period 
Year limit value for sulphur dioxide 
80 
(median of daily mean values 
taken throughout the year) 
120 
(median of daily mean values 
taken throughout the year) Associated value for suspended particles(l) 
As Hack smoke(2) By gravimetric method<3) 
(OECD method of measurement) 
> 40 
(median of daily mean values 
taken throughout the year) 
£40 
(median of daily mean values 
taken throughout the year) > 150 
(median of daily mean values 
taken throughout the year) 
i 150 
(median of daily mean values 
taken throughout the year) 
Winter 
(1 October to 31 March) 130 
(median of daily mean values 
taken throughout the winter) 
180 
(median of daily mean values 
taken throughout the winter) >60 
(median of daily mean values 
taken throughout the winter) 
£ 60 
(median of daily mean values 
taken throughout the winter) >200 
(median of daily mean values 
taken throughout the winter) 
5 200 
(median of daily mean values 
taken throughout the winter) 
Year 250 (4) > 150 > 350 
(made up of units of (98th percentile of all daily mean (98th percentile of all daily mean (98th percentile of all daily mean 
measuring periods of values taken throughout the year) values taken throughout the year) values taken throughout the year) 
24 hours) 
350 (4) 5 150 S 350 
(98th percentile of all daily mean (98th percentile of all daily mean (98th percentile of all daily mean 
values taken throughout the year) values taken throughout the year) values taken throughout the year) 
(1) The values given for suspended particulates measured as black smoke or gravimetrically are not comparable 
(2) The results of the measurements of black smoke taken by the OECD method have been converted into gravimetric units as described by the OECD. 
(3) These values are from the amending Directive 89/427/EEC and cannot be compared with the values for suspended particulates measured as black smoke 
(4) Member States must take all appropriate steps to ensure that this value is not exceeded for more than three consecutive days. Moreover, Member States 
must endeavour to prevent and to reduce any such instances in which this value has been exceeded. 
39 
Table 2. limit values for suspended particulates (as measured by the black-smoke method 
described in Annex III of Directive 80/779/EEC) expressed in jig/m1 
Reference period 
Year Limit value for suspended particulates 
80 
(median of daily mean values taken throughout the year) 
Winter 130 
( l October to 31 March) (median of daily mean values taken throughout the winter) 
Year 
(made up of units of 
measuring periods of 
24 hours) 250(1) 
(98th percentile of all daily mean values taken 
throughout the year) 
The results of the measurements of black smoke taken by the OECD method have been converted into gravimetric 
units as described by the OECD. 
(1) Member States must take all appropriate steps to ensure that this value is not exceeded for more than three 
consecutive days. Moreover, Member States must endeavour to prevent and to reduce any such instances in which 
this value has been exceeded. 
Table 3. limit values for suspended particulates (as measured by the gravimetric metiiod 
described in Annex IV of Directive 80/779/EEQ expressed in u.g/m3 
Reference Period 
Year 
Year 
(made up of units of measuring 
periods of 24 hours) Limit value for suspended particulates 
150 
(arithmetic mean of daily mean 
values taken throughout the year) 
300 
(95th percentile of all daily mean 
values taken throughout the year) 
Table 4. Guide values for sulphur dioxide 
Reference period Guide value for sulphur dioxide 
Year 40-60 
(arithmetic mean of daily mean values 
taken throughout the year) 
24 hours 100-150 
(daily mean value) 
40 
Table 5. Guide values for suspended particulates (as measured by the black smoke metiiod) 
expressed in ug/m3 (1) 
Reference period 
Year 
24 hours Guide value for suspended particulates 
40-60 
(arithmetic mean of daily mean values 
taken throughout the year) 
100-150 
(daily mean value) 
(1) The results of measurements of black smoke taken by the OECD method have been converted into gravimetric 
units as described by the OECD 
There are no guide values for suspended particulates measured gravimetrically. 
l.b. Explanation of averaging times 
Median of daily values taken Calculated by listing the measured values 
throughout the year throughout the year in increasing order. The 
median is the value which occurs in the middle of 
this list 
Median of daily values taken Calculated by listing the measured values between 
throughout the winter 1 October and 31 March of following year in 
increasing order. The median is the value which 
occurs in the middle of this list 
98th percentile of daily values Calculated by listing the measured daily values in 
throughout the year increasing order for each site 
X,<X2<X3< <Xk< <Xn.,<Xn where X = the 
values recorded, n = total number of measurements 
and Xk = the value of the 98th percentile 
calculated by k = 0.98 x n. 75% of possible 
values were required to be available 
Arithmetic mean of daily mean Calculated by adding all of the daily mean values 
values taken throughout the year measured and dividing by the number of 
measurements 
Daily mean value Value recorded over a 24 hour sampling period or 
calculated by dividing the sum of valid daily 
values by the number of days for which valid 
values have been obtained 
41 
2. Legislation in Member States 
Belgium 
Belgium transmitted to the Commission the Royal Decree of 16 March 1983 which transposes 
the requirements of the Directive into national law. The text repeats almost literally the 
different provisions of the Directive, establishing limit and guide values and fixing the 
methods of sampling and analysis of sulphur dioxide and black smoke. 
Belgium have also notified the Commission of the Decree of the Flemish Executive of 7 
January 1992 regarding ecological conditions applying to non-complying industries. 
Denmark 
A Statutory Order (BekendtgOrelse nr. 836 af 10. december 1986) provides that national 
authorities dealing with matters that fall under the Act of Environmental Protection (polluting 
activities) shall ensure that the limit values of the Directive are complied with. 
The limit values are laid down in the Order, which also fixes rules where measuring stations 
shall have to be set up. Denmark referred, as regards sulphur dioxide, to the sampling method 
laid down in the Directive, but allowed the use of equivalent alternative methods. For 
suspended particulates, specific methods for the taking and analysing of samples were fixed. 
No guide values were fixed. 
France 
Directives 80/779/EEC, 82/884/EEC and 85/203/EEC 
Directive 80/779/EEC, 82/882/EEC and 85/203/EEC are transposed into French law in a 
common regulation. This is Decree number 91-1122 of 25 October 1991 relative to air 
quality and modifies Decree number 74-415 of 13 May 1974 relating to the control of 
emission of pollutants into the atmosphere and certain uses of thermal energy (OJ (France) 
of 29.10.91, p.14180). 
This Decree, adopted for the transposition of the three Directives applies to all sources of 
emission of pollutants, fixed or mobile. The limit values and guide values fixed in the 
Directives are contained in an annex to the Decree. The establishment of measurement 
stations in the places where the pollution is presumed to be the highest for controlling air 
quality is also provided for in this Decree. The functioning of these stations is ensured by 
bodies agreed by the minister for the environment. Zones where the levels pollutants 
approach or exceed the limits judged to be acceptable are called "zones de protection 
spéciale". 
Germany 
In 1982, Germany notified the Commission of a series of legislation and national measures 
which, taken together assured the transposition and application of Directive 80/779/EEC. 
The major pieces of legislation protecting against air pollution are the federal law of 1974 
(Bundesimmissionsschutzgesetz) which contains provisions covering industrial installations, 
42 
products and regions, several regulations applying the federal law and the Technische 
Anleitung (TA) Luft of 1974, 
The Commission did not accept that these pieces of legislation ensured the complete and 
correct transposition of the provisions of the Directive throughout all of the country and 
therefore began a procedure under Article 169 against Germany. In 1991 the Court of Justice 
(Decree of 30.6.91, case number 361/88) decided that Germany had not taken all the 
necessary measures to ensure the complete transposition of the Directive. The Court 
considered that the TA-Luft, an administrative circular, was not sufficient to ensure the 
transposition of the Directive. 
Following this Court Judgement, the German authorities sent (by letter, 3 January 1994) the 
twenty second amendment/regulation relative to the Bundesimmissionsschutzgesetz made on 
26 October 1993. This transposed the limit values (Immissionswerte) of the Directive into 
national law and prohibited their being exceeded. This regulation also anticipated that the 
authorities in the Länder establish monitoring stations according to Article 6 of Directive 
80/779/EEC and use the measurement methods for sulphur dioxide and suspended particles 
prescribed in Annex IIIA and Annex IVii respectively. Other equivalent measurement 
methods were also permitted. When limit values were exceeded, plans must be made in 
order to ensure compliance with the limit values as soon as possible. If the limit values for 
suspended particulates are exceeded for three or more consecutive days, the competent 
authorities are asked to take appropriate measures to prevent future instances of concentrations 
above of the limit value. 
With regard to the new Lander, Directive 90/656/EEC agreed with Germany the possibility 
of applying the provisions of Directive 80/779/EEC in the zones designated under Article 3.2 
until 31 December 1995. Germany has not adopted specific legislation for the new Lander 
but has designated 14 zones under Article 3.2. Measures for improvement of air quality have 
been communicated to the Commission. 
Greece 
This Directive has been transposed into Greek law by two different legislative acts: a) the Act 
of the Council of ministers No 99 of 10.7.87 (O.J. Greece No 153 A, 27.7.87) and b) 
modification of this Act by Act of the COuncil of Ministers No25 (see Article 9.2) (O.J. 
Greece No 52 A, 1988). These two Acts are published under Article 7 of the framework law 
1650/1986 for the protection of the environment 
The titles of these Acts are: 
a) TJp6Z,r\ Ynoopyikoö XuupooXfoo aptS. 99/10.7.87 "Optaicô; xm mreoSovnSptcc 
xuiéç Koiôtuoç tn.ç atjiocKpaipaç ce SioÇefSio TOO Sefoo «xi oiœpooueva oaMiarfSm" 
(OEK/A/13S/28.7.87, aeX.1385). »»««una 
p) IJpafyi YnoupYiiaoÛ XojipooJlfoo apiS. 25/183.88 («DEK/52/A/1988); 
y) K 1650/86 *Tia trjv npooracria TOO iteptPdXXovtoç". 
Greece has not transposed Directive 89/427/EEC (modifying the above).- The Greek 
authorities have chosen to measure particulates using the black smoke method. 
43 
The transposition is correct. The town of Athens has been designated under Article 3 but the 
plans required to be sent to the Commission for improving air quality have never been 
communicated. The transposition allows for civil and administrative penalties against 
polluters 
Ireland 
Directives 80/779/EEC, 82/884/EEC and 85/203/EEC 
The Air Pollution Act, 1987 constitutes the principal primary, legislation for implementing 
Community air pollution directives, including Directives 80/779/EEC, 82/884/EEC and 
85/203/EEC. 
The Act is divided into six parts. Part I deals with preliminary and general matters, including 
definitions of terms, offences and penalties, and the scope for the Irish Minister for the 
Environment for making more detailed implementing regulations. Part II contains general 
provisions on air pollution, including certain prohibitions. Part III establishes a licensing 
system for air emissions from industrial plant. Part IV sets out provisions for controlling air 
pollution in special control areas. Part V deals with air quality management plans and 
standards, and provides for regulations in relation to fuel. Part VI addresses a number of 
miscellaneous matters, including the monitoring of air quality and emissions. 
Using the Act's enabling powers, the Irish Minister for the Environment adopted S.I.No 244 
of 1987, Air Pollution Act, 1987 (Air Quality Standards) Regulations, 1987, in order to 
transpose the limit values of Directives 80/779/EEC, 82/884/EEC and 85/203/EEC. 
The term "air quality standard" is employed instead of "limit value". The Regulations refer 
to the measuring methods provided for in the Directives (in the case of Directive 80/779/EEC, 
Ireland applies the black smoke method). 
In response to concentrations in excess of suspended particulate limit values in Dublin, the 
Minister adopted a series of further regulations under the Air Pollution Act. Initially, the 
strategy was to rely on Part IV of the Act i.e. to create special control areas in which 
measures would be taken to reduce smoke emissions. However, this strategy proving slow and 
cumbersome, in 1990 the Minister turned to Part V of the Act and adopted controls on the 
marketing, sale and distribution of bituminous coal in Dublin city and an extensive part of 
Dublin county. This brought about a rapid improvement in suspended particulate 
concentrations. 
Italy 
Directives 80/779/EEC, 89/427/EEC, 82/884/EEC, 85/203/EEC 
Italy has transposed the above Directives (except 89/427/EEC) by a Decree of the President 
of the Republic of 24.5.88. (No 203, published in O J (Italy) of 16.6.88) 
This Decree includes the air pollutants covered by the different Directives and uses, in its 
provisions, the terminology of the three Directives (80/779/EEC, 82/884/EEC and 
85/203/EEC). The Italian authorities have chosen to measure suspended particulates by the 
black smoke method as defined in Annex I of 80/779/EEC. 
44 
Luxembourg 
Directive 80/779/EEC has been transposed in Luxembourg by the Grand Ducal Regulation 
of 7 September 1987. This regulation is an almost literal copy of the Directive. The 
authorities in Luxembourg have not taken any specific measures in the sense of those foreseen 
in Article 3.1 of the Directive. Article 4 of the regulation simply states that the 
concentrations of sulphur dioxide and suspended particulates must not be above the values 
stated in Annex I of the Directive. 
The authorities in Luxembourg have informed the Commission of 2 zones where the limit 
values are at risk of being exceeded according to Article 3.2 of the Directive (Letter of 8 
December 1982). These zones are Colmar-Berg and Contem. In each case the concentrations 
in excess of the limit values are due to a single source and a list of the measures foreseen 
for the sources in question for the reduction of emissions of sulphur dioxide have been sent 
to the Commission. 
By letter of 29 May 1984, the authorities of Luxembourg informed the Commission that, 
taking into account that the possible instances of concentrations in excess of the limit value 
were due in each case to a single source, the measures envisaged by the sources concerned 
can be identified as plans for the progressive improvement of air quality as required by 
Article 3.2 of the Directive. 
In October 1985, the authorities in Luxembourg informed the Commission that the measures 
taken in the zone of Contem had resulted in levels of sulphur dioxide and suspended 
particulates being below the limit values of the Directive. In 1986, the authorities in 
Luxembourg communicated that the zone of Contem was no longer considered as one where 
the limit values would be exceeded. 
Regarding the zone of Colmar-Berg, the authorities in Luxembourg have communicated that 
even though the limit values are exceeded, the concentrations of sulphur dioxide have been 
reduced thanks to certain changes in the factories of the principal emitter. The concentrations 
measured have continued to decrease progressively following the changes and improvement 
made by the industries concerned. In March 1989 the authorities in Luxembourg 
communicated that a limit of 1% sulphur in heavy fuel oil had applied from 1 January 1988, 
the levels of sulphur dioxide in the zone of Colmar-Berg were considerably reduced and 
concentrations above the limit values was not expected in the future. 
Portugal 
Directives 80/779/EEC, 82/884/EEC and 85/203/EEC 
The law decree 352/90 of 9 November 1990 establishes the regime of protection and control 
of air quality and creates the framework for the management of air quality for the protection 
of public health and the protection of nature, the organisation of regional programmes for 
controlling atmospheric pollution and the establishment of obligatory measures to ensure that 
the levels of air pollutants do not exceed the limit values. Article 5 of the decree states that 
limit and guide values for sulphur dioxide, suspended particulates, nitrogen dioxide, carbon 
monoxide and ozone and limit values for lead are to be fixed by Portaria. 
Portaria 286/93 of 12 March 1993 fixed limit and guide values for sulphur dioxide, suspended 
particulates, lead and nitrogen dioxide among others. 
45 
The national legislation correctly transposes the three Directives in question. 
Spain 
Transposition of Directive 80/779/EEC into Spanish law was made through the following 
measures: 
Real Decreto 1613/1985 of 1 August 1985 and Real Decreto 1321/1992 of 30 October 1992. 
Decree 1613/1985 fixes limit and guide values for sulphur dioxide and suspended particulates 
as laid down in Directive 80/779/EEC. This Decree also establishes reference values for 
sulphur dioxide for the declaration of an emergency situation, the administrative regime for 
this is contained in Decree 833/1975 (chapter IV). 
Decree 1321/1992 transposes Directive 89/427/EEC into Spanish law. This Decree establishes 
that the places where the limit values are exceeded will be declared as zones with a polluted 
atmosphere by the competent authorities. The regime for these zones is provided for in 
Decree 833/1975 (chapter III). 
The Netherlands 
The Dutch legislation does not provide a base for the establishment of limit or guide values. 
This base was created by a modification to the "Wet inzake de luchtverontreiniging" (art. 2), 
which came into force on 1 February 1986 On 1 March 1993, this article was replaced by 
articles 5.1 - 5.4 of the "Wet milieubeheer". 
According to article 2 of the "Wet inzake de luchtverontreiniging", the decree - as well as if 
the occasion should arise, the regulations - have been fixed which transpose the Directives 
concerning atmospheric quality. These decrees oblige local and regional authorities to respect 
the limit and guide values. This legislation is now the basis of the "Wet milieubeheer" 
Directive 80/779/CEE 
The national measures which transpose this Directive are: 
- Wet milieubeheer; 
- Besluit luchtkwaliteit zwaveldioxide en zwevende deeltjes (zwarte rook); 
- Meetbesluit zwaveldioxide en zwevende deeltjes (zwarte rook). 
The "besluit" and the "meetbesluit" came into force on 1 May 1986. Most of the obligations 
of the Directive are contained in the "besluit", the "meetbesluit" gives more precise provisions 
for the stations and measurement methods. 
The limit values in the Netherlands lie between the limit and guide values fixed in Directive 
80/779/EEC. 
The Netherlands has not designated urban or industrial zones, or zones requiring special 
protection (Article 4 of Directive) for which lower values have been fixed; the guide values 
applying throughout The Netherlands are lower than those in the Directive. The provinces 
have the obligation to establish measurement stations. Also, all of the territory of the 
Netherlands is covered by the "Landelijk meetnet luchtverontreiniging" of the "Rijksinsituut 
46 
voor Volksgezondheid en Milieuhygiene". The provinces are obliged to inform the national 
authorities of measurements made and of the actions taken or planned to attain or maintain 
the prescribed values. The Dutch authorities base the reports required by the Directive on this 
information and that received from the "Rijksinstituut". 
For sulphur dioxide, The Netherlands does not use the reference method of sampling and 
analysis contained in Annex III of the Directive, use of another method giving result with 
satisfactorily correlate with the reference method is permitted in Article 10. For suspended 
particulates, the reference method in Annex III is used (black smoke). Annex IV is not used 
in the Netherlands and Directive 89/427/EEC containing the amended Annex IV has not been 
transposed into Dutch legislation. 
United Kingdom 
Directives 80/779/EEC, 82/884/EEC and 85/203/EEC 
The Air Quality Standards Regulations 1989 and the Air Quality Standards Regulations 
(Northern Ireland) 1990 provide for the Secretary of State (in GB) and the Department of the 
Environment (in Northern Ireland) to take measures to ensure compliance with the air quality 
standards and provide for the establishment of measuring and sampling stations as laid down 
in Directives 80/779, 82/884 and 85/203. There are a number of provisions in other clean air 
and health and safety legislation and in circulars which contribute to the attainment of the 
objectives of the directives. 
47 
3. List of instances of concentrations in excesss of the limit values for sulphur dioxide 
and suspended particulates 
48 
S02 - SP : List of zones (article 3 and non-article 3) with mention of concentrations above limit values 
since 1983-84 
BE ANTWERPEN 
BRUSSELS 
GENT 
LIEGE 
DE BERLIN WEST 
BITTERFELD-WOLFEN-DESSAU GROGRAUM (ST) 
BLANKENBURG (ST) 
BORNA LANDKREIS (SN) 
BURG-MAGDEBURG-SCHÖNEBECK RAUM (ST) 
CHEMNITZ (SN) 
DELITZSCH LANDKREIS (SN) 
ELBTAL OBERES (SN) 
ERFURT (TH) 
ERZGEBIRGE (SN) 
GERA (TH) 
GLAUCHAU (TH) 
GREIZ (TH) 
HALLE-MERSEBURG GROBRAUM (ST) 
HETTSTEDT-EISLEBEN (ST) 
HOHENSTEIN-ERNSTTHAL (SN) 
LEIPZIG STADT (SN) 
MEERANE (SN) 
OLBERLAUSITZ/GÖRLITZ (SN) 
PO&NECK(TH) 
RÖTHA (TH) 
SAAFELD (TH) 
SONNEBERG (TH) S02 
S02 
S02 S02 
S02 S02+SPM S02 
S02 S02 S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
49 
S02 - SP : List of zones (article 3 and non-article 3) with mention of concentrations above limit values 
since 1983-84 
MS FORMAL NAME OF THE ZONE 83-84 84-85 85-86 86-87 87-88 88-89 89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 
WEIIiENFELD (ST) 
WEIMAR (TH) 
WURZEN (SN) 
ZWICKAU (SN) 
ES ANDORRA TERUEL 
AVILES 
BARCELONA (MET.) 
BILBAO 
CARTAGENA 
GERONA 
GIJON 
HUELVA 
LA CORUISIA (IND.) 
LA LINEA-ALGECIRAS 
LANGREO 
LAS PALMAS (GRAN CANARIAS) 
MADRID 
MADRID (MET.) 
OVIEDO 
PONTEVEDRA 
PUERTOLLANO 
SANTA CRUZ (TENERIFE) 
SEVILLA 
TARRAGONA 
TORRELAVEGA 
VALENCIA 
VALLADOLID SPM 
S02+BS S02+BS 
SPM 
BS SPM 
BS 
BS 
BS 
BS 
BS BS 
BS 
BS 
BS SPM 
BS 
BS 
BS 
S02 
BS BS 
BS 
BS 
BS S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
BS+SPM BS 
BS 
S02+SPM 
BS 
S02+BS 
BS 
BS S02 
S02 
S02 
BS 
BS 
BS 
BS 
BS 
BS 
50 
S02 - SP : List of zones (article 3 and non-article 3) with mention of concentrations above limit values 
since 1983-84 
MS FORMAL NAME OF THE ZONE 83-84 84-85 85-86 86-87 87-88 88-89 89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 
ZARAGOZA 
FR CARLING AGGLO 
CHAUNY 
CREIL AGGLO. 
DUNKERQUE CALAIS 
FOS ETANG DE BERRE 
-> PORT DE BOUC 
-> LES VENTRONS - LA GATASSE 
GRENOBLE AGGLO. 
IGNAUVAL 
LACQ 
LE HAVRE AGGLO. 
-> LE HAVRE (VILLE) 
-> N.D. DE GRAVENCHON 
LENS AGGLO 
-> NOYELLES GODAULT 
LILLE-ROUBAIX 
LYON AGGLO. 
MARSEILLE AGGLO. 
-> GARDANNE BIVER 
MONTBELIARD AGGLO. 
NANTES CHEV1RE DONGES 
PARIS AGGLO. 
->VITRYS/SEINE 
ROUEN AGGLO. 
-> PETIT COURONNE 
SALSIGNE S02 S02 
S02 
S02 BS BS 
S02 BS BS SPM SPM SPM 
S02 
S02 
S02 S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 SÖ2 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 S02 
SÖ2 S02 S02 
S02 
S02 S02 
S02 S02 
S02 S02 S02 S02 S02 
S02 S02 
SÖ2 
S02 BS 
S02 BS 
S02 BS 
S02 
S02 S02 
51 
S02 - SP : List of zones (article 3 and non-article 3) with mention of concentrations above limit values 
since 1983-84 
MS FORMAL NAME OF THE ZONE 83-84 84-85 85-86 86-87 87-88 88-89 89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 
SAULNES 
STRASBOURG AGGLO. 
THANN AGGLO. 
VIVIEZ AGGLO. 
GB ALLERDALE 
BARNSLEY 
BASSETLAW 
BELFAST 
BLYTH VALLEY 
BOLSOVER 
BRADFORD 
CANNOCK CHASE 
CASTLE MORPETH 
CHESTERFIELD 
COPELAND 
CREWE AND NANTWICH 
CUNNINGHAM 
DONCASTER 
DURHAM 
EASINGTON 
FALKIRK 
GLASGOW 
KIRKLEES 
LONDONDERRY 
MANSFIELD 
NEWARK 
NEWCASTLE UNDER LYME 
NEWRY S02 S02 
S02 S02 S02 
S02+BS 
S02+BS - BS 
- - S02+BS 
S02+BS BS S02+BS 
BS 
S02+BS 
S02+BS S02+BS 
BS 
BS BS BS 
BS 
BS BS S02 
BS S02+BS S02+BS S02+BS S02 
BS 
S02+BS 
BS BS 
52 
S02 - SP : List of zones (article 3 and non-article 3) with mention of concentrations above limit values 
since 1983-84 
NOTTINGHAM 
ROTHERHAM 
STAFFORDSHIRE MOORLANDS 
STRATHKELVIN 
SUNDERLAND 
WAKEFIELD 
WANSBECK 
GR ATHENS 
THESSALONIKI 
IE DUBLIN 
IT ABBIATEGRASSO (LOMB) 
ARCORE (LOMB) 
ARZIGNANO (VENE) 
BARREGIO (LOMB) 
BASSANO DEL GRAPPA (VENE) 
BELLUNO (VENE) 
BIASSONO (LOMB) 
BOLLATE (LOMB) 
BOLZANO 
BOVISIO M. (LOMB/MILA) 
BRESSO (LOMB) 
BRUGHERIO (LOMB) 
BUSTO GAROLFO (LOMB) 
CAMPI BISENZIO 
CANEGRATE (LOMB) 
CASSANO D'ADDA (LOMB/MILA) BS 
BS 
BS 
BS 
BS 
? 
? 
7 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
S02 
? 
? 
? 
SPM 
? BS 
BS 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
S02 
? 
? 
? BS 
BS 
BS 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
7 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? BS 
BS 
BS 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
S02 
7 
? 
'•;:'?' 
? 
? BS 
BS 
BS 
BS 
BS BS 
BS 
S02+BS 
BS BS 
? 
? 
BS S02 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? S02+BS S02+BS 
? 
? 
? 
? 
7 
:•?" 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
53 
S02 - SP : List of zones (article 3 and non-article 3) with mention of concentrations above limit values 
since 1983-84 
CASTELFRANCO VENETO (VENE) 
CERNO MAGGIORE (LOMB) 
CERNUSCO S/N (LOMB) 
CESANO MADERNO (LOMB/MILA) 
CESATE (LOMB) 
CHIOGGIA (VENE) 
CINISELLO BALSAMO (LOMB/MILA) 
CÔLOGNO N. (LOMB) 
CONCOREZZO (LOMB) 
CONEGLIANO (VENE) 
CORBETTA (LOMB) 
CORMANO (LOMB/MILA) 
CORNAREDO (LOMB) 
CORNATE D'ADDA (LOMB) 
CUGGIONO (LOMB) 
CUSANO M. (LOMB) 
DESIO (LOMB) 
FERRARA 
GENOVA 
GARBAGNATE (LOMB) 
GORGONZOLA (LOMB) 
INVERUNO (LOMB) 
LAINATE (LOMB) 
LEGNAGO (VENE) 
LEGNANO (LOMB) 
LIMBIATE (LOMB) 
LISSONE (LOMB) 
LIVORNO ? 
? 
? 
S02 
? 
? 
? 
? 
7 
? 
? 
S02 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
S02 ? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
S02 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
S02+SPM 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
S02 
? 
? 
S02 ? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
S02 ? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
S02 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? S02 ? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? ? 
? 
? . 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
54 
S02 - SP : List of zones (article 3 and non-article 3) with mention of concentrations above limit values 
since 1983-84 
LODI (LOMB/MILA) 
MAGENTA (LOMB) 
MASSA CARRARA 
MEDA (LOMB) 
MELEGNANO (LOMB/MILA) 
MELZO (LOMB) 
MESTRE (VENE) 
MILANO (LOMB/MILA) 
MIRA (VENE) 
MODENA 
MONTECCHIO MAGGIORE (VENE) 
MONZA (LOMB/MILA) 
MUGGIO (LOMB) 
NERVIANO (LOMB) 
NOVA MILANESE (LOMB) 
NOVATE MILANESE (LOMB) 
PADERNO D. (LOMB) 
PADOVA (VENE) 
PARABIAGO (LOMB) 
PIACENZA 
PIOLTELLO (LOMB/MILA) 
PORTO TOLLE (VENE) 
RESCALDINA (LOMB) 
RHO (LOMB) 
ROMA 
S. GIULIANO M. (LOMB) 
SCHIO (VENE) 
SEGRATE (LOMB) ? 
? 
S02 
S02 
? 
? 
? 
? 
S02 
? 
7 
? 
? 
? 
? SPM 
? 
? ? 
? ? 
S02+SPM S02 
SPM 
? 
S02 
S02 
: i% 
? 
.?'•;.• 
S02 
? 
? 
S02 
? 
? 
? 
?••' ? ? 
? ? - S02 
S02+SPM S02+SPM S02+SPM S02+SPM 
SPM 
? 
S02 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? ? 
S02 
S02 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
SPM 
? 
? 
? 
S02 
? 
? 
? 
? S02 
? 
S02 
SPM SPM 
S02 
SPM SPM ? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
SPM 
? 
? 
? ? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? ? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
55 
S02 - SP : List of zones (article 3 and non-article 3) with mention of concentrations above limit values 
since 1983-84 
LU 
NL SENAGO (LOMB) 
SEREGNO (LOMB) 
SESTO S. GIOVANNI (LOMB/MILA) 
SEVESO (LOMB) 
SOLARO (LOMB) 
TORINO 
TREVISO (VENE) 
TRIBIANO (LOMB/MILA) 
VALDAGNO (VENE) 
VEDUGGIO (LOMB) 
VERONA (VENE) 
VENEZIA (VENE) 
VICENZA (VENE) 
VIMODRONE (LOMB) 
VITTORIO VENETO (VENE) 
VITTUONE (LOMB) 
ZELARINO 
COLMAR BERG 
CONTERN 
BORN 
LIMBURG 
NOORD BRABANT (NOORD) 
NOORD BRABANT (OOST) 
RIJNMONDING 
VELSEN IJMUIDEN 
ZEELAND (ZUID) ? 
? 
S02 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
S02 ? 
? 
S02 
? 
? 
S02+SPM 
? 
? 
? 
7 
•:• :-?- .:"-::7: 
? •/•:••: 
?. _::": 
? 
S02 ? 
? 
S02 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
?"•' 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
S02 ? 
? 
S02 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
S02 
S02 SPM S02 
SPM SPM 
S02 
56 
S02 - SP : List of zones (article 3 and non-article 3) with mention of concentrations above limit values 
since 1983-84 
MS FORMAL NAME OF THE ZONE 83-84 84-85 85-86 86-87 87-88 88-89 89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 
PT BARREIRO-SEIXAL 
LISBOA 
PORTO S02+SPM S02+SPM S02+SPM S02 
BS 
S02 S02 
Notes: 
: reference periods for which an Article 3 zone was validly declared 
•> : Article 3 zone being declared as a sub-zone in substitution of the zone listed above 
? : no information or dubious data 
57 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above of limit values (period 04/83 - 03/84) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P50 P50 
YEAR WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
BE GENT 
DE * BERLIN WEST 
FR * CREIL 
• LE HAVRE AGGLO. 
• MARSEILLE AGGLO. 
• PARIS AGGLO. 
• STRASBOURG AGGLO. 714 
703 
3 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
14 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
22 
23 
24 
022 
AF5 
AF37 
MAIRIE BOUC-BEL AIR 
EDF25 
11 28 
33 
41 
64 
57 
40 
49 
52 
60 
73 
57 
71 
59 
59 
59 
57 
47 
55 
54 
17 
40 
20 
58 
42 
99 37 
44 
25 
68 
18 
71 
88 
103 353 
354 
277 
307 
307 
259 
286 
287 
324 
428 
317 
308 
307 
267 
267 
254 
264 
272 
277 
451 
418 
358 
315 
326 
241 S02:1*4,1*8/250/ 
S02:1*4/350/ 
58 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/83 - 03/84) (cont.) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P50 P50 
YEAR WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
GB * BARNSLEY 
* COPELAND 
* DONCASTER 
IE * MANSFIELD 
* SUNDERLAND 
* WAKEFIELD 
* WANSBECK 
* DUBLIN 
IT (1,3) BOLZANO (4) 
CAMPI BISENZIO (4) GOLDTHORPE1 
GRIMETH0RPE2 
WOMBWELL 2 
WITEHAVEN 2 
27 
ASKERN 6 
DONCASTER 32 
MOORENDS1 
WOODHOUSE 2 
8 
CASTLEFORD 9 
ASHINGTON 4 
RATHINES 
DAME STREET 
CABRA WEST 
BALLYFERMOT 
CORNMARKET 
VIA AMBA ALAGI 
PIAZZA WALTHER 
FIERALAMPIONARIA 
ASNU 01 81 85 240 
97 
82 
43 
53 
71 
97 115 
97 254 
199 
341 
289 
265 
320 71 
46 
42 
28 
42 
M 
76 
46 
47 
41 
56 
36 
47 
46 
60 
34 95 
87 
82 
46 
55 
111 
109 
87 
88 
65 
104 
78 
80 
73 
149 
68 329 
324 
269 
291 
291 
359 
273 
244 
321 
286 
329 
326 
260 
262 
447 
296 BS:1*4 
BS: 1*5 
BS: 1*4 
59 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/83 - 03/84) (cont.) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME P50 
YEAR S02 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
CESANO (2) 
CORMANO (2) 
MAGENTA (2) 
MILANO (2) NORD 
* MONZA (2) 
* PIOLTELLO (2) 
* SESTO S.GIOVANNI (2) SEMPIONE 
MARCHE 
LATTANZIO 
JUVARA 
ZAVATTARI 
NIGUARDA 
BRERA 
VILLOSANTA 
CASSINA 
VILLASANTA CS 
VILLASANTA RAFFINERIA 
TERRAZANO 
BARANZATI 
PERO 
? 
ASILO 71 
105 
60 
118 
136 
92 
123 
126 
89 
149 
§6 
76 
76 
76 
86 
134 
118 
2Z 
92 
105 
110 107 
173 
99 
199 
225 
162 
215 
215 
152 
237 
141 
126 
123 
126 
141 
225 
196 
152 
160 
157 
186 290 
450 
290 
440 
540 
420 
520 
440 
370 
690 
300 
290 
310 
300 
340 
460 
430 
400 
380 
440 
440 139 302 S02:9 
S02:35 
S02: 55 
S02: 69 
S02: 33 
S02: 68 
S02: 69 
S02: 24 
S02: 78 
S02: 21 
S02:18 
S02:16 
S02:12 
S02:14 
S02: 72 
S02:51 
S02: 23 
S02:22 
S02:43 
SO2:50 
GR ATHENS PATISSION BS: 2*4 
60 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/83 - 03/84) (cont.) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P 50 P 50 P 98 
YEAR WINTER YEAR SP 
P50 P50 P98 
YEAR WINTER YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
LU COLMAR BERG RUE DE LUXEMBOURG 82 131 642 S02:1*6/250/, 2*5/250/ 
All measures expressed in ug/m3 
* Article 3 zone 
(1) Italy uses the lower limit values of Annex I for S02 and the limit values, 
of Annex IV for SPM; reported as average/P 95 instead of P 50/P 98. 
(2) calendar year. 
(3) for the 3 days rule, total number of days, not necessarily number of consecutive days. 
(4) not officially communicated by the National Authorities. 
61 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/84 - 03/85) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME P50 
YEAR S02 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
BE ANTWERP 
BRUSSELS 
GENT 
DE * BERLIN 801 
013 
014 
032 
721 
5 
4 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
22 
23 
24 
25 
RATHAUS WEDDING (5) 
VIRCHOW KRANKENHAUS (5) 
HANS -SCHULE (5) 
DORTMUND 
DUISBURG 
GELSENKIRCHEN 62 
54 
47 
53 
54 
73 
43 
44 
60 
62 
67 
58 
64 
61 
54 
48 
48 
53 
54 
52 
53 
66 106 
100 
96 
98 
102 
152 
75 
82 
106 
104 
120 
97 
104 
101 
104 
85 
92 
108 
87 
64 
68 
81 337 
279 
267 
297 
327 
407 
2§7 
268 
2ZZ 
317 
323 
268 
267 
323 
277 
266 
253 
253 
253 
310 
376 
379 121 
130 
122 315 
335 
338 S02:1*4/350/ 
S02:1*4/350/ 
S02:1*4/350/ 
S02:1*4/350/ 
S02:1*4/350/ 
S02:45 
S02:5 
S02:6 
S02:9 
S02:9 
S02:9 
S02:6 
S02:7 
S02:6 
S02:5 
S02:6 
S02:1*4/350/ 
S02:1*6/350/ 
S02:1*5/3507 
62 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/84 - 03/85) (cont) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P50 P50 
YEAR WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 P98 
WINTER YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
WITTEN 
FR CALAIS 
* CARLING 
CHAUNY 
* LE HAVRE AGGLO. 
* LENS 
* LYON AGGLO. 
• MARSEILLE AGGLO. 
• MONTBELIARD 
• PARIS AGGLO. 
ROUBAIX 31 
LA CHAUSSEE 
HOPITAL 
AF37 
AF33 
AF30 
AF38 
028 
TERREAUX 
LA DUCHESE 
CROIX ROUSSE 
CROIX LUIZET 
VAISE 
GRAND CLEMENT 
POINT DU JOUR 
MONCHAT 
GIVORS 
TRANBAS 
MAIRIE DE BOUC-BEL AIR 
CRL5 
DUPM3 
EDF24 
601 36 
29 
58 
74 
43 
41 
22 
29 
16 
62 
84 
49 
49 
38 
44 
44 
41 
45 
42 
7 
43 
22 
26 
45 
33 42 
37 
80 
174 
52 
65 
30 
42 
33 
53 
102 
80 
70 
67 
78 
68 
63 
62 
51 
22 
49 
22 
28 
51 
40 279 
279 
257 
586 
440 
369 
418 
528 
418 
1190 
221 
202 
173 
169 
185 
181 
210 
175 
187 
179 
321 
226 
211 
m 
m 88 115 217 S02:1*5/350/ 
S02:1*4/250/ 
S02:1*6/350/,1*30/350/ 
S02:1*7/350/, 1*5/350/ 
S02:1*5/250/, 1*4/350/ 
S02: 2*4/250/ 
S02: 2*4/250/ 
S02:5/250/ 
S02: 5/250/ 
S02:4/250/ 
S02:4/250/ 
S02:4/250/ 
S02:5/250/ 
S02:5/250/ 
S02:4/250/ 
S02: 5/250/, 4/350/ 
S02: 4/250/, 3/350/ 
S02:1*5/250/ 
S02:1*4/350/ 
63 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/84 - 03/85) (cont) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P50 P50 
YEAR WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P 50 P 98 
WINTER YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
SAULNES 
* STRASBOURG AGGLO. 
GB 
GR 
IE * BELFAST 
* LONDONDERRY 
* NEWRY 
* ATHENS 
* DUBLIN 66 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
11 
13 
27 
33 
12 
17 
33 
PATISSION 
MINISTRY 
RATHINES 
CABRA WEST 
BALLYFERMOT 
CORNMARKET 
MOUNTJQY 
EAST WALL ROAD 50 
32 
46 
38 
47 
47 
61 
44 
81 
61 
82 
41 
72 
57 
64 
61 50 
50 
47 
49 
55 
67 
79 
62 
108 
82 
79 
26 
97 
62 
89 
80 253 
256 
244 
329 
315 
289 
325 
320 
330 
317 
310 
189 
389 
298 
265 
258 31 
24 
172 
104 
44 
41 
36 
47 
45 
32 52 
44 
68 286 
80 
84 
127 
75 
79 
67 400 
255 
429 
341 
311 
293 S02:1*6/250/ 
S02:1*7/250/ 
S02:1*6/250/ 
S02:1*4/250/, 1*6/250/ 
S02:1*6/250/ 
S02:1*4/250/, 1*7/250/ 
S02:1*4/250/ 
S02:1*6/250/, 1*4/350/, V 81350/ 
S02:1*7/250/ 
BS: 1*5 
254 BS: 1*7 
BS: 1*7 
BS: 1*4 
IT (1,3) * BOVISIO (2) 71 107 250 BS: 1*8 
BS:1*9 
BS: 1*4 
BS: 1*4 
S02:8 
64 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/84 - 03/85) (cont) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME P50 
YEAR S02 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
CESANO (2) 
CORMANO (2) 
LEGNANO (2) 
MAGENTA (2) 
MASSA CARRARA (4) 
MILANO (2) NORD 
MONZA (2) 
PIOLTELLO (2) 
RHO (2) SEMPIONE 
MARCHE 
LATTANZIO 
JUVARA 
ZAVATTARI 
NIGUARDA 
BRERA 
CASSINA 
VILLASANTA CS 
VILLASANTA RAFFINERIA 
TERRAZANO 
BARANZATI 
PERO 
CORSICO 
LUCERNATE 
LIGURIA 
GRATOSOGLIO 
CENTRO 
NORD 60 
92 
§4 
66 
141 
120 
105 
139 
SZ 
M 
110 
99 
81 
73 
§4 m m 
M 
55 
97 
il 
92 94 
154 
141 
99 
250 
204 
186 
238 
1.4J 
162 
183 
162 
131 
118 
131 
246 
291 
147 
107 
m 
89 
1*1 
166 
m m >250 
>250 
173 
142 325 
313 
>250 
>2S0 
>2S0 
>2S0 
>2S0 
>250 
>250 
>2S0 
>2S0 
>2S0 
>250 
>260 
>2S0 
>2S0 
>2S0 
>2S0 
>2S0 
>2S0 S02:4 
S02: 24 
SO2:20 
S02:4 
S02:64 
S02: 37 
S02:25 
S02:54 
S02:9 
S02:26 
S02:21 
S02:12 
S02:13 
S02:15 
SO2:40 
S02:45 
S02:18 
S02:13 
S02:8 
S02:5 
S02:23 
S02: 25 
S02:26 
S02:16 
65 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/84 - 03/85) (cont) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME P50 
YEAR S02 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
LU SESTO S.GIOVANNI (2) 
TORINO (4) 
COLMAR BERG COMUNE 
ASILO 
CMP STATION 
C. VERCELLI (2) 
C. RACCONIGI (2) 
RUE DE LUXEMBOURG 118 
118 
51 194 
191 >2S0 
>250 S02:34 
S02:39 
158 
171 
162 324 
305 
287 
62 
All measures expressed in ug/m3 
* Article 3 zone 
(1) Italy uses the lower limit values of Annex I for S02 and the limit values 
of Annex IV for SPM; reported as average/P 95 instead of P 50/P 98. 
(2) calendar year. 
(3) for the 3 days rule, total number of days, not necessarily number of consecutive days. 
(4) not officially communicated by the National Authorities. 
(5) SPM values; reported as average/P 95 (Annex IV values) instead of P 50/ P 98. 
66 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/85 - 03/86) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P50 P50 
YEAR WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
FR * CARLING 
CHAUNY 
* FOS ETANG DE BERRE 
* LENS AGGLO. 
* LE HAVRE AGGLO 
* LYON AGGLO. 
* ROUEN AGGLO. 
* STRASBOURG 
* VIVIEZ 
GB * BARNSLEY 1 
LA CHAUSSEE 
PONTEAU 
228 
227 
AF30 
AF43 
TERREAUX 
AF11 
AF20 
11 
3 
5 
7 
8 
9 
10 
13 
27 
33 
HOTEL DES CELIBATAIRES 
BARNSLEY 9 28 
37 
26 
54 
18 
25 
15 
62 
51 
sz 
55 
64 
68 
74 
51 
83 
46 
52 
32 
52 53 
40 
58 
20 
55 
38 
66 
65 
108 
66 
109 
101 
116 
98 
117 
75 
87 
83 
53 296 
419 
258 
1813 
355 
380 
365 
403 
400 
373 
323 
264 
2g5 
286 
287 
286 
299 
255 
2SI 
221 113 111 203 SO2:1*>3/350/ 
S02: 4*>3/250/ 
SO2:1*>3/250/ 
S02:1*>3/350/ 
S02:1*>3/350/ 
S02:1*6/250/ 
S02:1*11/250/ 
SO2:1*4/250/ 
SO2:1*4/250/ 
30 
36 40 
62 3J0 
258 
67 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/85 - 03/86) (cont) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P50 P50 
YEAR WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
GR 
IE * BELFAST 
* DONCASTER 
EASINGTON 
* NEWRY 
* SUNDERLAND 
* WAKEFIELD 
* ATHENS 
* DUBLIN 
IT (1,3) * CESANO (2) 
* CORMANO (2) 
* LEGNANO (2) GRIMETHORPE2 
12 
29 
ASKERN 8 
DONCASTER 32 
MOORENDS 1 
1 
3 
8 
FEATHERSTONE 
PATISSION 
MINISTRY 
RATHINES 
BALLYFERMOT 
CLONDALKIN 
CRUMLIN 
NORD 82 
62 
53 113 
90 
73 
42 58 
65 105 
65 102 228 
393 
132 
223 
314 
330 40 
29 
46 
68 
66 
77 
46 
53 
39 
156 
96 
36 
60 
25 
35 76 
54 
108 
116 
148 
110 
74 
82 
61 
162 
111 
58 
136 
45 
64 280 
312 
464 
347 
353 
256 
272 
400 
271 
>2S0 
>2S0 
276 
432 
254 
392 S02:1*5/350/ BS: 1*6 
BS: 1*5 
BS:2*4 
BS:2*4 
BS: 1*6 
BS: 3*4 
S02:4 
S02:22 
SO2:20 
68 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/85 - 03/86) (cont) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P50 P50 
YEAR WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
MILANO (2) 
MODENA(4) 
* MONZA (2) 
* PIOLTELLO (2) 
* RHO (2) SEMPIONE 
MARCHE 
LATTANZIO 
JUVARA 
ZAVATTARI 
NIGUARDA 
BRERA 
VILLASANTA 
VILLASANTA CS 
VILLASANTA RAFFINERIA 
TERRAZANO 
BARANZATE 
PERO 
CASSINA 
LUCERNATE 
CORSICO 
LIGURIA 
CMP STATION 
CENTRO 
NORD 94 
118 
79 
94 
68 
65 
104 
58 
37 
55 
68 
?4 
SZ 
42 
68 
71 
73 
68 
47 
63 
52 158 
186 
128 
158 
102 
105 
183 
92 
63 
89 
102 
146 
149 
63 
84 
115 
99 
105 
68 
89 
73 521 
458 
455 
487 
295 
366 
495 
250 
290 
295 
316 
535 
411 
399 
261 
309 
215 
404 
348 
447 
343 129 304 
168 
ISO 342 
306 S02:19 
SO2:30 
S02:15 
S02: 28 
S02:4 
S02:8 
S02: 33 
S02:12 
S02:13 
S02:13 
S02:15 
SO2:40 
S02:45 
S02:21 
S02:13 
S02:18 
S02:23 
S02: 25 
S02: 26 
S02:16 
SESTO S.GIOVANNI (2) COMUNE 
ASILO 84 
89 128 
148 466 
415 S02:34 
S02:39 
LU COLMAR-BERG RUE DE LUXEMBOURG 385 
69 
All measures expressed in ug/m3 
Article 3 zone 
(1) Italy uses the lower limit values of Annex I for S02 and the limit values 
of Annex IV for SPM; reported as average/P 95 instead of P 50/P 98. 
(2) calendar year. 
(3) for the 3 days rule, total number of days, not necessarily number of consecutive days. 
(4) not officially communicated by the National Authorities. 
70 
S02 • SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/86 - 03/87) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P50 P50 
YEAR WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
BE LIEGE 210 23 256 S02:1*>3/350/ 
DE * BERLIN 2 
11 
14 
16 
18 
20 
21 
23 
24 
25 
29 
30 37 
69 
53 
64 
55 
52 
38 
51 
47 
46 
38 
35 357 
489 
381 
439 
362 
375 
367 
369 
374 
352 
356 
351 SO2:1*>3/350/ 
S02:1*>3/350/ 
SO2:1*>3/350/ 
S02:1*>3/350/ 
S02:1*>3/350/ 
SO2:1*>3/350/ 
S02:1*>3/350/ 
S02:1*>3/350/ 
RHEIN-MAIN 
RUHRGEBIET FRANKFURT 
OBERHAUSE 
BOTTROP 
GLADBECK 40 
54 
53 
56 8 
382 
360 
351 S02:1*>3/350/ 
ES BARCELONA (4) 64 
MARQUES DE MONTR. 
INDUSTRIA 
TORTOSA 
MAJOR 
STA.COLOMA 
PL. PALAU 
PL. UNIV. 
PERE IV 
CALDERON 87 87 208 
95 
119 
128 
106 
IM 
93 
105 
139 
98 142 
141 
156 
160 
!ZZ 
13S 
186 
141 228 
292 
256 
289 
264 
271 
378 
m. 
213 
71 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/86 - 03/87) (cont) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P50 P50 
YEAR WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
FONT PUDENTA 
SANT ADRIA 
PL. LESSEPS 
BRUC-ARAGO 
MONTSENY 89 
98 
89 
81 
96 245 
216 
210 
326 
186 
BILBAO 205 
208(2) 
209 
213 84 94 158 91 
151 
110 
85 96 
173 
125 
116 176 
207 
201 
191 
ERANDIO 182 
196 67 57 
74 530 
531 S02:1*4/350/ 
GIJON 112 
113 
114 
120 
121 81 
45 
56 
77 
75 155 
100 
115 
138 
131 305 
281 
298 
346 
276 BS: 1*5 
BS:1*5 
BS:1*6 
BS:1*6 
BS:1*5 
LANGREO 100 
101 
103 
105 
107 
108 133 
46 
67 
63 
67 
174 228 
92 
109 
114 
134 
228 573 
310 
355 
325 
493 
522 BS: 1*24 
BS: 1*8 
BS: 1*6 
BS: 1*7 
BS: 1*23 
US PALMAS 128 
129 
130 316 
55 
174 484 
124 
326 715 
580 
m BS:1*20 
BS: 1*16 
BS: 1*21 
72 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/86 - 03/87) (cont) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P50 P50 
YEAR WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
* MADRID (4) 48 
51 
53 
55(2) 
59(2) 
64(2) 100 
78 
82 
90 
87 171 
150 
97 
98 
87 401 
352 
226 
201 
208 75 91 258 BS: 1*4 
S02:1*5/350/ 
SANTA CRUZ 141 
144 117 94 
131 194 
204 
SEVILLA 150 
153 
155 114 
83 
81 117 
92 
104 239 
184 
212 
VIGO 131 
132 
133 
134 
135 
136 
137 175 
173 
126 
90 
?4 
95 
§Z 203 
193 
144 
108 
119 
95 
117 350 
333 
272 
218 
212 
185 
224 BS: 1*8 
BS: 1*5 
* ZARAGOZA 229 
232 §9 
102 123 
138 329 
238 BS:1*4 
FR * CARLING 1 
10 26 
30 60 
50 272 
266 S02:1*>3/250/ 
S02:1*>3/250/ 
* FOS ETANG DE BERRE PONTEAU 
LES VENTRONS 28 
21 79 
33 425 
348 S02:1*>3/250/ 
73 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/86 - 03/87) (cont) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P50 P50 
YEAR WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
* LENS AGGLO. 
* PARIS AGGLO. 
* ROUEN AGGLO. 
* STRASBOURG AGGLO. 
GB * BASSETLAW 
* BELFAST 
EASINGTON 
* NEWRY 
* SUNDERLAND 228 
EDF22 
AF11 
1 
2 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
10 
11 
12 
21 
27 
33 
39 
LANGOLD 
13 
SEAHAM 
1 
HETTON LE HOLE 59 
103 
63 
39 
31 
42 
46 
72 
56 
73 
79 
77 
47 
23 
41 
33 
44 
105 
70 
54 
24 
42 59 
145 
82 
65 
37 
57 
62 
92 
79 
98 
91 
68 
52 
35 
96 
32 
50 
114 
118 
70 
33 
54 1059 
290 
357 
201 
181 
211 
214 
238 
200 
280 
309 
347 
283 
178 
336 
378 
292 
114 
344 
172 
280 
251 S02:1*>3/250/ 
71 
83 99 
98 305 
229 S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02 
S02: 
S02: 
S02 
S02 
S02 1*>3/250/ 
1*>3/250/ 
1*>3/250/ 
1*>3/250/ 
1*>3/250/ 
1*>3/250/ 
1*>3/250/, 1*>3/350/ 
1*>3/250/, 1*>3/350/ 
1*>3/250/, 1*>3/350/ 
1*>3/250/, 1*>3/350/ 
1*>3/250/ 
1*>3/250/ 
1*>3/250/, 1*>3/350/ 
1*>3/250/ 
S02:1*4/250/. 1*5/250/ 
74 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/86 - 03/87) (cont) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P50 P50 
YEAR WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
GR 
IE ATHENS 
DUBLIN 
IT (1,3) * CORMANO (2) 
FERRARA 
GENOVA 
* LEGNANO (2) 
* MILANO (2) PATISSION 
CABRA 
BALLYFERMOT (4) 
CLONDALKIN (4) 
CRUMLIN 
BLUEBELL 
HERBERT STREET (4) 
MOUNTJOY 
SOUTH QUAYS 
STAZIONE 
SAN QUIRICO 
SEMPIONE 
MARCHE 
LATTANZIO 
JUVARA 
ZAVATTARI 
NiGUARDA 
BRERA 
VILLASANTA 
CASSINA 
TERRAZANO 
BARANZATE 
PERO 128 
49 
104 
25 
46 
18 
26 
45 
26 
68 
29 
105 
65 
106 
HZ 
101 
107 
iZ 
68 
106 
57 
52 
71 
67 
IZ 142 
85 
152 
34 
72 
29 
40 
86 
46 
107 
26 
58 
181 
188 
IZfi 
183 
165 
123 
HI 
92 
86 
115 
113 
144 306 
326 
507 
340 
358 
267 
255 
331 
296 
202 
624 
250 
144 
366 
401 
330 
385 
259 
2§£ 
US 
183 
170 
202 
29g 
211 169 368 BS: 2*4 
BS:1*7 
BS: 1*4 
BS: 1*4 
BS: 1*4 
BS: 1*4 
S02:9 
SO2:40 
S02:49 
S02:32 
S02:35 
S02:24 
S02:17 
S02:34 
SO2:20 
S02:17 
75 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/86 - 03/87) (cont) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P 50 P 50 
YEAR WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
LU 
NL 
PTW * MONZA 
* PADOVA (2) 
* PIOLTELLO (2) 
* RHO (2) 
* SESTO S.GIOVANNI (2) 
* VICENZA 
* COLMAR BERG 
BORN 
BARREIRO/SEIXAL LUCERNATE 
CORSICO 
LIGURIA 
MONSELICE 
CENTRO 
NORD 
COMUNE 
ASILO 
MONTECCHIO MAGG. 
RUE DE LUXEMBOURG 
108 
Q2 
Q5 58 
99 
69 
73 
56 
84 
67 
72 
81 
87 
82 
19 
43 
10 92 
186 
105 
99 
147 
113 
105 
131 
120 
22 199 
113 
257 
178 
185 
238 
285 
298 
720 
220 
595 
270 180 
164 370 
S02:7 
S02:15 
S02:12 
S02:1*4/350/ 
S02:1*4,1*5/250/ 
All measures expressed in ug/m3 
* Article 3 zone 
(1) Italy uses the lower limit values of Annex I for S02 and the limit values of Annex IV for SPM; reported as average/P 95 instead of P 50/P 98 
(2) calendar year. 
(3) for the 3 days rule, total number of days, not necessarily number of consecutive days. 
(4) calendar year for particulates. 
76 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/87 - 03/88) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P50 P50 
YEAR WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
ES 
FR BARCELONA (3) 
BILBAO 
CARTAGENA (3,4) 
LANGREO (OV.) (4) 
MADRID (6) 
SERCH (5,6) 
ZARAGOZA 
* LYON 
* N.D. DE GRAVENCHON 
* NOYELLES-GODAULT MONTCADA I REIXAC 
POBLENOU 
SANT ADRIA JOAN XXIII 
CONDE MIRASOL 
AYUTAMIENTO 
ALHUMBRES (6) 
BASTARRECHE 
LO CAMPANO 
LA FELGUERA 
GLORIETA DE QUEVEDO 
GLORIETA MARQUES D.V. 
VALLCEBRE 
NAVARRA 
SAN JOSE 
LUIS VIVES 
PUENTE VIRREY 
FRANKLIN Y FERRAN 
MARIE AGUSTIN 
MAIRIE DE FEYZIN 
TE 90(1) 
AF 5 
STAT. RELEVAGE 228 86 
16 
108 
83 
70 
36 
il 
52 
30 89 
16 
142 
98 184 
293 
294 
197 
364 
29 275 
96 408 
25 671 162 
182 
162 
163 
92 
244 
223 
200 
90 
101 
159 
120 
114 
174 
102 
18 
19 191 
85 
112 
1ZZ 
139 
127 
176 
113 
23 
22 356 
297 
255 
397 
202 
499 
499 
499 
190 
314 
483 
419 
229 
354 
225 
79 
60 BS:1*4 
BS: 1*12,1*9,1*7, 5*4 
BS: 2*9, 2*4 
S02:1*7/250/ 
77 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/87 - 03/88) (cont) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P50 P50 
YEAR WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
* PETIT COURONNE 
* PORT-DE-BOUC 
GB * BELFAST 
* CREWE AND NANTWICH 
* DONCASTER 
EASINGTON 
* SUNDERLAND 
* WAKEFIELD 
* WANSBECK 
GR * ATHENS 
IE * DUBLIN AF20 
AF11 
LES VENTRONS 
LA GATASSE 7 
BELFAST 39 
CREWE 17 
MEXBOROUGH 19 
SEAHAM 2 
HETTON-LE-HOLE 3 
HOUGHTON-LE-SPRING 2 
SUNDERLAND 8 
FEATHERSTONE 1 
ASHINGTON 4 
MINISTRY 12 
PATISSION11 
BALLYFERMOT16 
BLUEBELL 13 
CABRA 14 
HERBERT STREET 12 
OLD COUNTY ROAD 17 66 
73 
32 
32 
72 
39 
49 
30 
41 
27 
66 
75 
45 70 
88 
37 
38 
91 
45 
60 
41 
52 
27 
75 
78 
54 480 
433 
284 
278 
208 
89 
166 
103 
108 
61 
164 
191 
156 23 
14 25 
18 59 
55 
44 
13 
25 
60 
48 
32 
34 
41 
33 
104 
158 
79 
19 
46 
29 
46 58 
22 
35 
89 
72 
63 
46 
63 
55 
124 
188 
135 
36 
72 
47 
71 232 
189 
151 
259 
312 
309 
435 
253 
245 
374 
378 
371 
275 
252 
255 
389 S02:1*4/250/ 
S02:1*5/250/ 
BS: 1x4 
BS: 1x4 
BS: 1x4 
BS: 1*4 
BS: 1x4 
BS: 1*7 
BS: 1*4 
BS:1*4 
BS:2*4 
BS: 1*4, 5*5,1*7 
BS: 1*4 
BS: 1*4 
78 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/87 - 03/88) (cont) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P50 P50 
YEAR WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
IT (2) * MILANO BRERA 
JUVARA 
LIGURIA 31 
45 321 
276 161 
159 301 
297 
RHO 
ROMA (PROV.) RHO NORD 
MENTANA 
PALESTRINA 58 212 
216 
190 340 
345 
TORINO 
PT (5) BARREIRO-SEIXAL 
LISBOA CORSO RACCONIGLI 
CORSO VERCELLI 
ST. AEROPORTO 
Q2 
Q5 
B1(3) 
B2(3) 
1 
2A 
9 43 
10 591 
271 171 
161 
2§0 
169 
1SZ 
113 
162 
Hi 286 
295 
414 
304 
540 
233 
342 
394 S02:1*5,1*4/250/ 
79 
All measures expressed in ug/m3 
Article 3 zone 
(1) not officially communicated by the National Authorities. 
(2) Italy uses the lower limit values of Annex I for S02 and the limit values 
of Annex IV for SPM; reported as average/P 95 instead of P 50/P 98. 
(3) SPM values; reported as average/P 95 (Annex IV values) instead of P 50/P 98. 
(4) insufficient number of data. 
(5) calendar year. 
(6) above limit values for S02 if Spain used limit values of Annex 1. 
80 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/88 - 03/89) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P50 P50 
YEAR WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
DE (2,6) * BERLIN WEST 
ES * BARCELONA (6) 
* BILBAO 
* LAS PALMAS (GR. CAN.) 
* MADRID (5) 06 ROEDERNALLEE 51 
11 BEHMSTR. 
L'HOSPITALET 
POBLE NOU 
SANT ADRIA JOAN XXIII 
AUTONOMIA 
CONDE MIRASOL 
GRAL. CONCHA 
TALLERESZORROZA 
ALVAREDA 
ESCUELAS AGUIRRE 
GLORIETA DE QUEVEDO 
LUCA DE TENA 
VALLECAS 39 
49 57 
83 239 
2?1 
83 
80 
84 
83 86 
129 
122 
88 226 
399 
293 
174 186 
199 
206 
88 
146 
II 
38 
131 100 
216 
100 
63 
109 274 
303 
287 
216 
445 
209 
244. 
326 S02:1*4/350/ 
S02:1*4/350/ 
BS: 1*4 
S02:1*5/250/ 
S.CRUZ TENERIFE RAMBLA PULIDO 
VUELTA DE PAJAROS 125 
94 129 
95 243 
219 
SEVILLA ALTOS COLEGIOS 
LUIS MONTOTO S2 
83 90 
97 177 
230 
ZARAGOZA AV. DE NAVARRA 
AV. SAN JOSE 
C. FRANKLIN Y FERRAN 
LUIS VIVES 
PUENTE VIRREY 70 
162 
176 
88 
85 100 
202 
175 
102 
79 256 
421 
340 
255 
186 BS: 3*5 
BS:1*4 
81 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/88 - 03/89) (cont) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P50 P50 
YEAR WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
FR * LYON 
NANTES (4) 
* NOYELLES-GODAULT 
* PETIT COURONNE 
GB 
GR 
IE BELFAST 
NEWARK 
SUNDERLAND 
ATHENS 
THESSALONIKI 
DUBLIN TERREAUX (3) 86 - 139 
LABORATOIRE HYGIENE 47 57 119 
STAT. RELEVAGE 228 21 21 745 
AF 11 54 61 412 
AF 20 50 61 425 
BELFAST 39 48 66 251 
NEWOLLERTON2 43 50 126 
HETTON-LE-HOLE 3 39 46 139 
PATISSION 74 95 239 
1 134 191 377 
2 126 148 303 
3 73 98 204 
R.D.S 
MOUNTJOY SQUARE 
SOUTH QUAYS 
CLONTARF 
HERBERT STREET 
CABRA 
RATHMINES 
BALLYFERMOT 
OLD COUNTY ROAD CRUMLIN 
COLLEGE STREET 109 
17 
28 
34 
22 
44 
121 
47 
52 
101 
21 
39 
26 
14 
19 
47 
24 
56 
31 
71 126 
22 
28 
47 
32 
60 
111 
63 
59 
124 
32 
60 
47 
25 
27 
73 
29 
79 
48 
67 176 
78 
57 
239 
159 
264 
289 
166 
179 
261 
186 
240 
207 
172 
218 
288 
175 
335 
394 
2M S02:1*4/350/, 1*9/350/ 
S02: 2*4/250/ 
S02: 2*4/250/ 
S02:1*4/250/-BS: 1*4 
SO2:1*4/250/-BS:1*5 
S02:1*6, 2*4/250/ 
S02:1*4/250/ 
BS: 1*4 
BS: 1*4 
BS: 1*4 
BS: 1*4 
BS:1*4 
BS: 1*4 
BS: 1*4 
BS: 1*4 
BS: 1*4 
BS: 1*4 
BS: 1*5 
82 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/88 - 03/89) (cont) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P50 P50 
YEAR WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
IT * CINISELLO BALSAMO 
MESTRE 
* MILANO 
PIACENZA 
* RHO 
ROMA (PROV.) 
* SESTO S.GIOVANNI 
TORINO 
ZELARINO CLONDALKIN 
NEILSTOWN 
CINISELLO 
ZELARINO 
JUVARA 
LIGURIA 
MARCHE 
ZAVATTARI 
P. LE ROMA 
RHO NORD 
MENTANA 
PALESTRINA 
SESTO S.GIOVANNI COMUNE 
VIA CONSOLATA 
CORSO RACCONIGLI 
CORSO VERCELLI 
ST. AEROPORTO 
ZELARINO 20 
27 27 
48 179 
313 BS: 1*4 
BS. 1*4 
117 
24 
101 
52 
80 
8! 
72 
91 407 
330 
329 
218 
422 
283 
305 
270 
26 360 Ml 
1Z1 
95 
169 
242 
164 
184 
167 
261 
74 171 
300 
171 
299 
441 
346 
370 
346 
484 
167 
83 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/88 - 03/89) (cont) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME P50 
YEAR S02 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
PT(7) BARREIRO-SEIXAL 
PORTO ALTO DO SEIXALINHO Q2 56 
CAMARA MUNICIPAL CM (3) 37 
CAMPO DE LUSO Q1 26 
HOSPITAL VELHO HV (3) 35 
PATIO ALBERS Q3 15 
SEIXAL S4 (3) 8 
SIDERURGIA S1 (3) 17 
LECA DA PALMEIRA 61 619 
686 
302 
211 
566 
268 
104 
333 144 
171 
55 
171 (3) 
(3) 
(3) 
(3) 466 
313 
86 
335 S02:1*4,1*8,1*10,1*17/250/ 
S02:1*4,1*5/250/- SPM: 1*5 
S02: 2*4/250/, 1*5/250/ 
All measures expressed in ug/m3 
* Article 3 zone 
(1) Italy uses the lower limit values of Annex I for S02 and the limit values 
of Annex IV for SPM; reported as average/P 95 instead of P 50/P 98. 
(2) notification not mandatory: application of Annex IV modified by directive 89/427/EEC. 
(3) insufficient number of data. 
(4) article 3 zone of Nantes - Chevire • Donges withdrawn in 1988. 
(5) above limit value for in S02 if Spain used limit values of Annex 1. 
(6) SPM values; reported as average/P 95 (Annex IV values) instead of P 50/ P 98. 
(7) calendar year. 
84 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/89 - 03/90) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P50 P50 
YEAR WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
DE (2,5) BERLIN 11 BEHMSTR. 
15BACHSTR. 
16GITSCHINERSTR. 
42 NANSESTR. 48 
51 
44 
50 84 
71 
73 
80 325 
295 
268 
283 96 
90 
99 
102 219 
213 
201 
219 S02:1*4/350/ 
S02:1*4/350/ 
S02:1*4/350/ 
S02:1*4/350/ 
ES (4) BARCELONA (5) 
BILBAO 
LANGREO 
LAS PALMAS (GR. CAN.) 
PUERTOLLANO 
S.CRUZ TENERIFE 
ZARAGOZA L'HOSPITALET 
POBLE NOU 
SANT ADRIA JOAN XXIII 
SANT VICENT HORTS 
AUTONOMIA 
AYUTAMIENTO 
CONCHA 
CONDE MIRASOL 
TALLERESZORROZA 
BARROS 
LA FELGUERA 
LADA 
SAMA 
TENENCIA DE ALCADIA 
ALVAREDA 
CORDOBA 
GASOUNERA 
VTA. DE PAJAROS 
AV. SAN JOSE 31 
30 25 
20 252 
328 171 
166 
171 
164 
90 
98 
82 
113 
54 
114 
67 
96 
104 
§4 
59 
36 
§5 
100 100 
95 
91 
134 
62 
71 
141 
78 
108 
159 
68 
48 
90 
119 268 
323 
279 
256 
215 
206 
169 
2SZ 
212 
212 
451 
303 
408 
501 
208 
206 
156 
199 
271 BS: 1*8,1*4 
BS: 1*7 
BS: 1*5,1*4 
BS: 1*17,1*8, 1*7 
85 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/89 - 03/90) (cont) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P50 P50 
YEAR WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
FR * LE HAVRE 
* LYON 
NANTES (3) 
* NOYELLES-GODAULT 
* PETIT COURONNE 
* PORT DE BOUC 
GB BELFAST 
* NEWRY 
* SUNDERLAND 
IE * DUBLIN 
IT (1) * MILANO 
ROMA 
TORINO CAUCRIOVILLE 
FEYZIN STADE 
VICTOR HUGO 
STAT. RELEVAGE 228 
AF 20 
LES VENTRONS 
PONTEAU 
BELFAST 42 
NEWRY 3 
HETTON-LE-HOLE3 
CLONDALKIN 
MARCHE 
JUVARA 
VIA CILICIA 
C.SO V. EMANUALE 
VIA CONSOLATA 
CORSO RACCONIGLI 
CORSO VERCELLI 
ST. AEROPORTO 24 
31 
42 
15 
53 
35 
32 
45 
35 
33 
52 
38 29 
28 
45 
14 
68 
34 
42 
60 
38 
33 355 
324 
97 
333 
370 
288 
265 
298 
122 
117 
380 41 
88 
25 
27 
30 
19 
83 
90 
196 
171 
132 
164 
144 
283 30 
88 
38 
45 
31 
25 150 
181 
255 
418 
348 
273 
132 
184 
370 
343 
309 
323 
306 
569 S02:2*4/250/ 
BS:1*11 
BS: 1*6 
86 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/89 - 03/90) (cont) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P50 P50 
YEAR WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
PT (5,6) BARREIRO-SEIXAL 
PORTO CAMARA MUNICIPAL CM 
HOSPITAL VELHO HV 
ALTO DO SEIXALINHO Q2 
PATIO ALBERS Q3 
CASAL DO MARCO S2 
GOMES TEXEIRA GT 54 
39 
24 
6 
6 
§z 482 
312 
300 
303 
73 
188 S02:1*5,1*8/250/ 
S02:1*4/250/ 
160 (7) 
17 - (7) 402 
56 
All measures expressed in ug/m3 
Article 3 zone 
(1) Italy uses the lower limit values of Annex I for S02 and the limit values 
of Annex IV for SPM; reported as average/P 95 instead of P 50/P 98. 
(2) application of Annex IV modified by directive 89/427/EEC. 
(3) article 3 zone of Nantes - Chevire - Donges withdrawn in 1988. 
(4) all the locations appearing for Spain in this table have been notified as article 3 zones in 
1991 in accordance with Directive 89/427 
(5) SPM method; reported as average/P 95 instead of P 50/P 98. 
(6) calendar year. 
(7) insufficient number of data. 
87 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/90 - 03/91) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P50 P50 
YEAR WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
ES 
FR ANDORRA TERUEL 
BARCELONA 
BILBAO 
GIJON 
LANGREO CENTRAL 
BADALONA VENTURA (1,2) 
CASTELLBISBAL (1,2) 
MONTCADA I REIXAC (1,2) 
PLAZA PALAU -
POBLE NOU (1,2) 
SANT ANDREU (1,2) 
SANT VINCENC (1,2) 
T12 BADALONA INDUSTRIA 
AUTONOMIA 
PORTUGALETE-P.MOVIL 
COLEGIO PRIMO DE RIVERA 
LA FELGUERA 
SAMA 
TENECIA DE ALCALDIA 38 33 364 
* LAS PALMAS (GR. CAN.) ALVAREDA 
* OVIEDO CASA DE LA JUVENTUD 
* ZARAGOZA(1) FRANKLIN Y FERRAN 
* LYON TERREAU 
NANTES (3) LABORATOIRE HYGIENE 96 80 220 181 
167 
218 
86 
237 
321 
216 
108 
93 
91 
85 
89 
47 
67 
103 
39 
159 
66 
>80 89 
106 
98 
86 
123 
163 
107 
172 
111 
88 
76 14 
321 
294 
444 
175 
417 
573 
343 
241 
200 
177 
232 
351 
278 
397 
431 
258 
277 
127 S02:1*7 
BS:1*>5 
BS:1*>10 
BS:1*>13 
88 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/90 - 03/91) (cont) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P50 P50 
YEAR WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
GB 
GR * PETIT COURONNE 
SALSIGNE 
* BELFAST 
THESSALONIKI 
IT (5) ROMA 
PT(4) BARREIRO-SEIXAL AF20 
EST 
OUEST 
BELFAST 42 
BELFAST 12 
BELFAST 11 
AG. SOFIA 
KORDELIO 
VIA CILICIA 
ALTO DO SEIXALINHO 2 
CAMARA MUNICIPAL CM 55 
30 
30 
47 
59 
35 
56 
US 
22 
20 54 
80 
65 
48 
55 
125 371 
§55 
2Z1 
313 
235 
242 
212 
m 
4Jâ 28 35 
22 
24 
15 
162. 40 
37 
22 97 
271 
287 
21Z 
284 S02: 86*3/250/ 
S02:1*4-BS:1*4 
BS: 1*4 
BS: 1*4 
S02:1*5/250/ 
S02:1*7/250/, 1*5/250/ 
S02:1*6/250/ 
All measures expressed in ug/m3 
* Article 3 zone 
(1) SPM method; reported as average/P 95 instead of P 50/P 98. 
(2) insufficient number of data. 
(3) article 3 zone of Nantes - Chevire - Donges withdrawn in 1988 
(4) calendar year. 
(5) not officially communicated by the National Authorities. 
89 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/91 - 03/92) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME P50 
YEAR S02 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
DE (2) * ANNABERG (SN) (5) 
* AUE (SN) (5) 
* BÄRENSTEIN (SN) (5) 
* BÖHLEN (SN) (6) 
* CHEMNITZ (SN) 
* DELITSCHZ (SN) 
* DRESDEN (SN) (7) 
* EISLEBEN(ST)(1) 
* GERA (TH) 
* GÖRLITZ (SN) 
* HALLE (ST) (1) 
* HOHENSTEIN (SN) 
* KLINGENTHAL (SN) (5) 
* LEIPZIG (SN) ALTENDORF 
EBERSDORF 
POSTPLATZ 
ZENTRUM-SÛD 
MITTE 
SÙDWEST 60 
90 
40 
80 
80 
60 
100 
67 
N.C. 
63 
52 
N.C. 
70 
90 
80 
110 80 
120 
60 
90 
130 
90 
100 
68 
N.C. 
97 
42 
N.C. 
100 
120 
110 
120 540 
750 
560 
370 
480 
550 
430 
360 
N.C. 
377 
364 
N.C. 
440 
790 
480 
400 S02:1*8,1*9/350/ 
S02:1*4/350/ 
S02:1*6/350/ 
90 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/91 - 03/92) (cont) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P50 P50 
YEAR WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
* MAGDEBURG (ST) (1) 
* MEERANE(SN) 
* MERSEBURG (ST) (1) 
* OLBERNHAU (SN) (5) 
* PIRNA (SN) (7) 
*• PLAUEN (SN) (5) 
* SONNEBERG (TH) 
* WEIMAR (TH) 
* WEIBENFELS(ST)(1) 
* WURZEN (SN) 
* ZITTAU (SN) (8) 
* ZWICKAU (SN) 
ES * BARCELONA 
* CARTAGENA (3) NORD 
SUD 
MITTE 
MARTORELL-CARRETERA I 
MATARO-C.PL. ESPANA 
VIC-EBHER 
BASTARRECHE N.C. 
90 
N.C. 
50 
49 
60 
79 
85 
N.C. 
80 
52 
60 
60 N.C. 
160 
N.C. 
90 
110 
136 
140 
N.C. 
100 
79 
80 
90 N& 
600 
N.C. 
370 
271 
450 
458 
447 
N& 
410 
361 
440 
650 
83 88 281 170 
82 
111 
85 190 
63 
178 
115 349 
430 
332 
372 S02:1*9,1*4/350/ 
S02:1*5,1*6,1*12/350/ 
BS:1*>5 
BS:1*>7 
BS:1*5 
91 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/91 - 03/92) (cont) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P50 P50 
YEAR WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 
LANGREO 
* LAS PALMAS (GR.CAN.) 
* OVIEDO 
* ZARAGOZA (4) 
FR * COURCELLES 
LACQ 
* LA GATASSE 
IGNAUVAL 
* PETIT COURONNE 
GB * BELFAST 
DURHAM 
GR * ATHENS BARROS 
SAMA 
LA FELGUERA 
TENENCIA ALCADIA 
ALVAREDA 
CASA DE LA JUVENTUD 
E. TAMALLO 
P. DE DEPORTES 
FRANKLIN Y FERRAN 
BELFAST 42 
SHERBURN1 
PATISSION 33 
52 
26 88 
72 
34 264 
250 
320 
312 
310 
316 
332 
123 
276 45 
55 
70 
76 
88 
39 
28 
54 
170 
18 
40 104 
146 
150 
179 
98 
83 
73 
116 
28 
69 258 
545 
347 
408 
208 
271 
257 
289 
363 
165 
271 
301 3 DAYS RULE 
BS:2*>11 
BS: 1*6 
BS: 1*>10 
S02:1*5/250/ 
92 
All measures expressed in ug/m3 
* Article 3 zone 
(1) statistical values not computed or not communicated. 
(2) instances of concentrations in excess of limit values observed in new Länder only. 
(3) application of Annex IV of directive 89/427. 
(4) SPM method, reported as average/95 percentile instead of P50/P98. 
(5) located in Erzgebirge zone. 
(6) located in Landkreis Borna zone. 
(7) located in Obères Elbtal zone. 
(8) located in Obenausitz/Goïlitz zone. 
93 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/92 - 03/93) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P50 P50 
YEAR WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
DE (2) * ANNABERG (SN) (5) 
* AUE (SN) (5) 
* BÖHLEN (SN) (6) 
* CHEMNITZ (SN) 
* DELITSCHZ (SN) 
* DRESDEN (SN) (7) 
* ERFURT (TH) 
* GERA (TH) 
* GLAUCHAU (SN) 
* GREIZ(TH)(1) 
* HALLE (ST) 
* HOHENSTEIN (SN) 
* KLINGENTHAL (SN) (5) 
* LEIPZIG (SN) 
* MAGDEBURG (ST) ALTENDORF 
MITTE 2 
OST 
KRÄMPF 
MOLLBERGSTR. 
ZENTRUM-SÙD 
EMSTTHAL 
HBF 
WEST 49 
69 
82 
57 
41 
83 
54 
54 
52 
54 
N.C. 
64 
55 
81 
83 
73 52 
182 
118 
105 
65 
125 
58 
84 
85 
84 
N.C. 
118 
55 
111 
95 
114 398 
410 
397 
387 
337 
370 
405 
361 
402 
432 
N.C. 
359 
379 
529 
401 
355 S02:1*5/350/ 
S02:1*5/350/ 
S02:1*4,1*5/350/ 
S02:1*5/350/ 
S02:1*4/350/ 
SO 
S02:1*6/350/ 
S02: 1*6/350/ 
S02:1*5,1*6/350/ 
S02:1*6,1*7/350 
S02:1*6/350/ 
S02:1*4,1*6/350/ 
S02:1*5/350/ 
94 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/92 - 03/93) (cont) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 
P50 P50 
YEAR WINTER P98 
YEAR P50 
YEAR SP 
P50 
WINTER P98 
YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
ES * MEERANE(SN) 
* OLBERNHAU (SN) (5) 
* PLAUEN (SN) (5) 
* PÖBNECK 
* RÖTHA (SN) 
* SAAFELD(TH)(1) 
* WEIUENFELS (ST) 
* WURZEN (SN) 
* ZWICKAU (SN) 
* BARCELONA 
GERONA (4) 
HUELVA (4) 
LANGREO (OVIEDO) ZENTRUM 
BADALONA (4) 
POBLE NOU (4) 
SAN ANDRES DE LA BARCA (4) 
SAN VICENTE DELS HORTS (4) 
HOSPITALET DE LLOBREGAT 
MANLIEU-MERCAT MUNICIPAL 
SAN FELIU DE LLOBREGAT 
CASSA DE LA SELVA-FAR 
PUNTA UMBRIA 
LANGREO-SAMA 58 
53 
82 
98 
N.C 
86 
56 
51 
33 140 
64 
N.C. 
159 
118 
N.C. 
132 
84 
82 
94 501 
380 
399 
486 
m 
N.C. 
461 
m 
461 S02:1*4,1*6,1*8/350/ 
294 194 
164 
262 
1Z2 
sz 
21 
93 
218 
154 
50 79 
36 
98 
120 343 
265 
479 
288 
177 
89 
184 
428 
296 
285 S02:1*7,1*9 
S02:1*5/350/ 
S02:1*5/350/ 
S02:1*6,1*8/350/ 
95 
S02 - SP : List of instances of concentrations above limit values (period 04/92 - 03/93) (cont) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME S02 SP 
P50 P50 P98 P50 P50 P98 
YEAR WINTER YEAR YEAR WINTER YEAR 3 DAYS RULE 
FR 
GB 
GR VIGO (PONTEVEDRA) 
TARRAGONA 
* ZARAGOZA (4) 
* NOYELLES-GODAULT 
* BARNSLEY 
* ATHENS VIGO-EL CALVARIO 
VIGO-EUGENIO FADRIQUE 
ARBOS-AJUNTAMENT 
VALLS-FARMACIA VIVES 
FRANKLIN Y FERRAN 
EVIN-MALMAISON 
GRIMETHORPE 3 
PATISSION 133 178 439 
280 87 
83 
191 
26 
155 
15 90 
93 
63 
17 182 
191 
402 
309 
313 
62 
47 BS:1*4 
SO2:1*>3/250/ 
All measures expressed in ug/m3 
* Article 3 zone 
(1) statistical values not computed or not communicated. 
(2) instances of concentrations in excess of limit values observed in new Länder only. 
(3) application of Annex IV of directive 89/427. 
(4) SPM method; reported as average/95 percentile instead of P50/P98. 
(5) located in Erzgebirge zone. 
(6) located in Landkreis Borna zone. 
(7) located in Obères Elbtal zone. 
(8) located in Oberlausitz/GOrlitz zone. 
96 
ANNEX 2 
DIRECTIVE 82/884/EEC ON A LIMIT VALUE FOR LEAD IN THE AIR 
97 
CONTENTS 
1. a. Limit value for lead 
b. Explanation of averaging time 
2. Summary of legislation in Member States 
3. List of instances of concentrations in excess of the limit value for lead 
98 
La. limit value for lead 
Limit value of 2 ug/m3 as an annual average 
Lb. Explanation of averaging time 
Annual mean: calculated by dividing the sum of the daily mean values by the number 
of days on which valid values have been obtained. A minimum 
number of 10 values per month is required by the Directive 
99 
2. Legislation in Member States 
Belgium 
The Belgian authorities have transposed this Directive in the Royal Decree of 3 August 1984 
which almost literally contains the provisions of the Directive and which also fixes the 
methods of sampling and measurement. 
Belgium has also notified the Commission of the Flemish decree of 7 January 1992 relating 
to ecological conditions applying to non-complying industries. 
Denmark 
The Environmental Protection Act was communicated as the measure transposing the 
Directive, this does not contain specific provisions for limit values. The limit value was 
respected by a considerable margin even in the most polluted areas. 
France 
Directives 80/779/EEC, 82/884/EEC and 85/203/EEC 
Directive 80/779/EEC, 82/882/EEC and 85/203/EEC are transposed into French law in a 
common regulation. This is Decree number 91-1122 of 25 October 1991 relative to air 
quality and modifies Decree number 74-415 of 13 May 1974 relating to the control of 
emission of pollutants into the atmosphere and certain uses of thermal energy (OJ (France) 
of 29.10.91, p.14180). 
This Decree, adopted for the transposition of the three Directives applies to all sources of 
emission of pollutants, fixed or mobile. The limit values and guide values fixed in the 
Directives are contained in an annex to the Decree. The establishment of measurement 
stations in the places where the pollution is presumed to be the highest for controlling air 
quality is also provided for in this Decree. The functioning of these stations is ensured by 
bodies agreed by the minister for the environment. Zones where the levels pollutants 
approach or exceed the limits judged to be acceptable are called "zones de protection 
spéciale". 
Germany 
The major pieces of legislation protecting against air pollution are the federal law of 1974 
(Bundesimmissionsschutzgesetz) which contains provisions covering industrial installations, 
products and regions, several regulations applying the federal law and the Technische 
Anleitung (TA) Luft of 1974, 
As with Directive 80/779/EEC the Commission did not accept that these pieces of legislation 
ensured the complete and correct transposition of the provisions of the Directive on lead 
throughout all of the country and therefore began a procedure under Article 169 against 
Germany. In 1991 the Court of Justice (Decree of 30.5.91, case number 59/89) decided that 
Germany had not taken all the necessary measures to ensure the complete transposition of the 
Directive. The Court considered that the TA-Luft, an administrative circular, was not 
sufficient to ensure the transposition of the Directive. 
100 
Following this Court Judgement, the German authorities sent (by letter, 3 January 1994) the 
twenty second amendment/regulation relative to the Bundesimmissionsschutzgesetz made on 
26 October 1993. This transposed the limit values (Immissionswerte) of the Directive into 
national law and prohibited their being exceeded. This regulation also anticipated that the 
authorities in the Länder establish monitoring stations according to Article 4 of Directive 
82/884/EEC and use the reference measurement method for lead. Other equivalent 
measurement methods were also permitted. When limit values were exceeded, plans must 
be made in order to ensure compliance with the limit values as soon as possible. If the limit 
values for suspended particulates are exceeded for three or more consecutive days, the 
competent authorities are asked to take appropriate measures to prevent concentrations 
exceeding of the limit value in the future. 
With regard to the new Lander, Directive 90/656/EEC agreed with Germany the possibility 
of applying the provisions of Directive 82/884/EEC in the zones designated under Article 3.2 
until 31 December 1994. Germany has not adopted specific legislation for the new Lander 
but has designated 3 zones under Article 3.2. 
Measures for improvement of air quality under each of the air quality Directives have been 
communicated to the Commission. 
Greece 
This Directive has been transposed into Greek legislation by the Act of the Council of 
Ministers No 98/10.7.87 (O J (Greece) No 135 vol A of 28.7.87). It has been modified by 
the same act which transposed Directive 80/779/EEC, Act of the Council of Ministers No 
25/18.3.88 (see Article 9.1). These Acts have been promulgated according to Article 7 of the 
framework law 1650/1986 for the protection of the environment. 
The title of these Acts are: 
a) npàÇn YnoupyiKOÛ ZuuBouXiou api8. 98/10.7.87 "Opiaicn xiun noioxnxaç xnç atuooçcapaç • oe 
uöXuBöo" (SEK 135/A/28.7.87) . „„„„t 
0) npâÇn YnoupyiKOÛ SupBouAiou api6. 25/18.3.88 (SEK 52/A/1988) . 
Y) N.1650/86 'Tia xnv npooxaoia xoù nepiBàXAovxoç". 
The transposition is correct. 
Ireland 
Directives 80/779/EEQ 82/884/EEC and 85/203/EEC 
The Air Pollution Act, 1987 constitutes the principal primary,v legislation for implementing 
Community air pollution directives, including Directives 80/779/EEC, 82/884/EEC and 
85/203/EEC. 
The Act is divided into six parts. Part I deals with preliminary and general matters, including 
definitions of terms, offences and penalties, and the scope for the Irish Minister for the 
Environment for making more detailed implementing regulations. Part II contains general 
provisions on air pollution, including certain prohibitions. Part III establishes a licensing 
101 
system for air emissions from industrial plant. Part IV sets out provisions for controlling air 
pollution in special control areas. Part V deals with air quality management plans and 
standards, and provides for regulations in relation to fuel. Part VI addresses a number of 
miscellaneous matters, including the monitoring of air quality and emissions. 
Using the Act's enabling powers, the Irish Minister for the Environment adopted S.I.No 244 
of 1987, Air Pollution Act, 1987 (Air Quality Standards) Regulations, 1987, in order to 
transpose the limit values of Directives 80/779/EEC, 82/884/EEC and 85/203/EEC. The term 
"air quality standard" is employed instead of "limit value". The Regulations refer to the 
measuring methods provided for in the Directives (in the case of Directive 80/779/EEC, 
Ireland applies the black smoke method). 
In response to non-compliance with the suspended particulate limit values in Dublin, the 
Minister adopted a series of further regulations under the Air Pollution Act. Initially, the 
strategy was to rely on Part IV of the Act i.e. to create special control areas in which 
measures would be taken to reduce smoke emissions. However, this strategy proving slow and 
cumbersome, in 1990 the Minister turned to Part V of the Act and adopted controls on the 
marketing, sale and distribution of bituminous coal in Dublin city and an extensive part of 
Dublin county. This brought about a rapid improvement in suspended particulate 
concentrations. 
Italy (80/779/EEC - 89/427 - 82/884 - 85/203) 
Italy has transposed the above Directives (except 89/427/EEC) by a Decree of the President 
of the Republic of 24.5.88. (No 203, published in O J (Italy) of 16.6.88) 
This Decree includes the air pollutants covered by the different Directives and uses, in its 
provisions, the terminology of the three Directives (80/779/EEC, 82/884/EEC and 
85/203/EEC). 
Luxembourg 
This Directive has been transposed into the legislation of Luxembourg by the Grand-Ducal 
Regulation of 20 December 1984 and the Grand-Ducal Regulation of 7 September 1987. 
The Regulation of 20 December 1987 is an almost literal copy of the Directive in question. 
The legislation in Luxembourg does not contain specific measures such as those in Article 3.1 
of the Directive. Article 3 of the Regulation, as modified by the Regulation of 7 December 
1987, states simply that, from 9 December 1987, the levels of lead in the atmosphere, 
measured according to Article 4 must not be above the limit value stated in Article 2. 
Luxembourg did not designate any areas under Article 3 where the levels of lead measured 
could exceed the limit value. 
Portugal 
Directives 80/779/EEC, 82/884/EEC and 85/203/EEC 
The law decree 352/90 of 9 November 1990 establishes the regime of protection and control 
of air quality and creates the framework for the management of air quality for the protection 
of public health and the protection of nature, the organisation of regional programmes for 
controlling atmospheric pollution and the establishment of obligatory measures to ensure that 
102 
the levels of air pollutants do not exceed the limit values. Article 5 of the decree states that 
limit and guide values for sulphur dioxide, suspended particulates, nitrogen dioxide, carbon 
monoxide and ozone and limit values for lead are to be fixed by Portaria. 
Portaria 286/93 of 12 March 1993 fixed limit and guide values for sulphur dioxide, suspended 
particulates, lead and nitrogen dioxide among others. 
The national legislation correctly transposes the three Directives in question. 
Spain 
The transposition of this Directive into Spanish law is made through Real Decreto 717/1987 
of 27 May 1987 which modifies Decree 833/1975 of 6 February 1975. This sets a limit value 
for lead in accordance with the Directive. Zones where the limit values are exceeded are 
declared as "zones with a polluted atmosphere". The procedures for doing this are laid down 
in Real Decreto 1613/1985 of 1 August 1985 and require that the competent authorities 
develop a plan for the improvement of air quality in the zone concerned. The plan must 
include the measures necessary to progressively reduce the concentrations of lead in the air 
so that the limit values are achieved. 
Decreto 833/1975, Title III, articles 14-32 establishes the special system for zones with a 
polluted atmosphere. 
The Netherlands 
The Dutch legislation does not provide a base for the establishment of limit or guide values. 
This base was created by a modification to the "Wet inzake de luchtverontreiniging" (art. 2), 
which came into force on 1 February 1986 On 1 March 1993, this article was replaced by 
articles 5.1 - 5.4 of the "Wet milieubeheer". 
According to article 2 of the "Wet inzake de luchtverontreiniging", the decree - as well as if 
the occasion should arise, the regulations - have been fixed which transpose the Directives 
concerning atmospheric quality. These decrees oblige local and regional authorities to respect 
the limit and guide values. This legislation is now the basis of the "Wet milieubeheer" 
Directive 82/884/EEC 
The national measures which transpose this Directive are: 
- Wet milieubeheer; 
- Besluit luchtkwaliteit koolstofmonoxide en lood. 
The "besluit" came into force on 1 April 1987. 
The Netherlands has set two limit values which are more severe than the single value fixed 
in the Directive. The values are 2 ug/m3 as the 98th percentile of daily means over one year 
and 0.5 ug/m3 as an annual mean. 
The provinces are required to list the places where a value of 0.4 ug/m3, annual mean 
concentration, can be exceeded. Measurement stations have been established by the provinces 
103 
which measure air quality in places where the value mentioned in the Directive can be 
exceeded. These can use the reference method in the Directive or another method after it has 
been approved by the "Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieuhygiëne". For the places 
where the Directive does not require measurements to be made, the provinces can calculate 
lead concentrations. 
The Colleges of Mayors and their assistants inform the provinces, at the latest on 1 March 
of each year, of concentrations in excess of the limit values of the installations for which the 
Colleges have competent authority, as well as of the measures which have been taken or are 
planned so that the value is not exceeded. 
The provinces inform the Minister, no later than 1 April of each year of concentrations in 
excess of the limit values at installations for which they have the competent authority. They 
also inform the Minister of the measures being or to be taken to ensure that the value is not 
exceeded. The information received from the provinces is incorporated into an annual report 
on which the Dutch authorities base the report required under the Directive. 
United Kingdom 
Directives 80/779/EEC, 82/884/EEC and 85/203/EEC 
The Air Quality Standards Regulations 1989 and the Air Quality Standards Regulations 
(Northern Ireland) 1990 provide for the Secretary of State (in GB) and the Department of the 
Environment (in Northern Ireland) to take measures to ensure compliance with the air quality 
standards and provide for the establishment of measuring and sampling stations as laid down 
in Directives 80/779, 82/884 and 85/203. There are a number of provisions in other clean air 
and health and safety legislation and in circulars which contribute to the attainment of the 
objectives of the directives. 
104 
3. List of instances of concentrations in excess of the limit value for lead 
105 
Pb : List of zones (article 3 and non-article 3) with mention of concentrations 
in excess of the limit value since 1985 
MS FORMAL NAME OF THE ZONE 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 
BE HOBOKEN 
BEERSE 
DE BRAUBACH 
FR GRENOBLE 
LILLE 
LYON 
TILLOY/MOFFLAINES 
GB WALSALL 
IT ROMA 
Notes: 
: reference periods for which an article 3 zone was validly 
declared 
- : compliance reported 
• : concentration in excess of limit value 
? : no or incomplete information 
106 
Pb : List of instances of concentrations above limit value (1987) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME AR. MEAN 
FR 
DE 
GB GRENOBLE 
LYON 
BRAUBACH 
WALSALL FOCH 
DUQUESNE 
4 
PRIMLEY AVENUE 2.60 
2.00 
2.22 
2.93 
Measures expressed in ug/m3 
Article 3 zone 
Pb : List of instances of concentrations above limit value (1988) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME AR. MEAN 
FR 
DE 
GB GRENOBLE 
BRAUBACH 
WALSALL FOCH 
HÙTTENTOR 
STADTTURM 
PRIMLEY AVENUE 2.30 
2.04 
2.05 
2.58 
Measures expressed in ug/m3 
* Article 3 zone 
Pb : List of instances of concentrations above limit value (1989) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME AR. MEAN 
FR 
DE 
GB 
IT GRENOBLE 
BRAUBACH 
WALSALL 
ROMA FOCH 
HÛTTENTOR 
EMSER STR. 
KARLSSTR 
PRIMLEY AVENUE 
VIA CILICIA 2.20 
2.41 
2.41 
2.01 
2.43 
3.3 
Measures expressed in ug/m3 
Article 3 zone 
107 
Pb : List of instances of concentrations above limit value (1990) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME AR. MEAN 
BE HOBOKEN 
FR LILLE 
IT ROMA 7HOB16 
USINE CEAC 
VIA CILICIA 2.24 
3.04 
2.60 
Measures expressed in ug/m3 
Article 3 zone 
Pb : List of instances of concentrations above limit value (1991) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME AR. MEAN 
IT ? 
Measures expressed in ug/m3 
* Article 3 zone 
Pb : List of instances of concentrations above limit value (1992) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME AR. MEAN 
FR 
IT TILLOY/MOFFLAINES 2.27 
? 
Measures expressed in ug/m3 
Article 3 zone 
108 
ANNEX 3 
DIRECTIVE 85/203/EEC ON AIR QUALITY STANDARDS FOR NITROGEN DIOXIDE 
109 
CONTENTS 
1. a. Limit and guide values for nitrogen dioxide 
b. Explanation of averaging times 
2. Summary of legislation in Member States 
3. List of instances of concentrations in excess of the limit value for nitrogen dioxide 
110 
La. Limit and guide values for nitrogen dioxide 
Limit value 200 ug/m3 
Guide values 135 ug/m3 
50 ug/m3 98th percentile calculated from the mean values per hour or of 
periods of less than an hour recorded throughout the year 
98th percentile calculated from the mean values per hour or of 
periods of less than an hour recorded throughout the year 
50th percentile calculated from the mean values per hour or of 
periods of less than an hour recorded throughout the year 
Lb. Explanation of averaging times 
98th percentile calculated 
from the mean values per 
hour or of periods of less 
than an hour recorded 
throughout the year Calculated by listing the values in increasing for each 
site X,<X2<X3< <Xk< <Xn.!<Xn where X = the 
values recorded, n = total number of values recorded 
and Xk the value of the 98th percentile calculated by k 
= 0.98 x n. 75% of possible values were required to be 
available 
50th percentile calculated 
from the mean values per 
hour or of periods of less 
than an hour recorded 
throughout the year Calculated by listing the values in increasing for each 
site X,<X2<X3< <Xf< <Xn.,<Xn where X = the 
values recorded, n = total number of values recorded 
and Xf the value of the 50th percentile calculated by f 
= 0.98 x n. 
Ill 
2. Legislation in Member States 
Belgium 
Belgium has transmitted to the Commission the Royal Decree of 1 July 1986 which contains 
the provisions of the Directive and fixes the method of reference and analysis. Also, the 
Belgian authorities have notified the Commission of the Flemish Decree of 7 January 1992 
and the Wallonian Decree of 5 December 1991 repeating the provisions of the Directive. 
Denmark 
The Statutory Order concerning limit values (BekendtgOrelse nr. 119 af 12. marts 1987) is 
similar to the Order concerning S02. 
France 
Directives 80/779/EEC, 82/884/EEC and 85/203/EEC 
Directive 80/779/EEC, 82/882/EEC and 85/203/EEC are transposed into French law in a 
common regulation. This is Decree number 91-1122 of 25 October 1991 relative to air 
quality and modifies Decree number 74-415 of 13 May 1974 relating to the control of 
emission of pollutants into the atmosphere and certain uses of thermal energy (OJ (France) 
of 29.10.91, p.14180). 
This Decree, adopted for the transposition of the three Directives applies to all sources of 
emission of pollutants, fixed or mobile. The limit values and guide values fixed in the 
Directives are contained in an annex to the Decree. The establishment of measurement 
stations in the places where the pollution is presumed to be the highest for controlling air 
quality is also provided for in this Decree. The functioning of these stations is ensured by 
bodies agreed by the minister for the environment. Zones where the levels pollutants 
approach or exceed the limits judged to be acceptable are called "zones de protection 
spéciale". 
Germany 
The major pieces of legislation protecting against air pollution are the federal law of 1974 
(Bundesimmissionsschutzgesetz) which contains provisions covering industrial installations, 
products and regions, several regulations applying the federal law and the Technische 
Anleitung (TA) Luft of 1974, 
The Commission did not accept that these pieces of legislation ensured the complete and 
correct transposition of the provisions of the Directives on sulphur dioxide and suspended 
particulates throughout all of the country and therefore began procedures under Article 169 
against Germany. In 1991 the Court of Justice (case no 361/88, Decree of 30.5.91, case 
number 59/89, Decree of 30.6.91, case no 361/88) decided that Germany had not taken all the 
necessary measures to ensure the complete transposition of the Directives. The Court 
considered that the TA-Luft, an administrative circular, was not sufficient to ensure the 
transposition of the Directive. 
Following this Court Judgement, the German authorities sent (by letter, 3 January 1994) the 
112 
twenty second amendment/regulation relative to the Bundesimmissionsschutzgesetz made on 
26 October 1993. This transposed the limit values (Immissionswerte) of the Directive into 
national law and prohibited their being exceeded. When limit values were exceeded, plans 
must be made in order to ensure compliance with the limit values as soon as possible. If the 
limit values for suspended particulates are exceeded for three or more consecutive days, the 
competent authorities are asked to take appropriate measures to prevent concentrations in 
excess of the limit value in future. 
With regard to the new Länder, Directive 90/656/EEC agreed with Germany the possibility 
of applying the provisions of Directive 85/203/EEC in the zones designated under Article 3.2 
until 31 December 1995 however no 3 zones have been designated under Article 3.2. 
Measures for improvement of air quality under each of the air quality Directives have been 
communicated to the Commission. 
Greece 
This Directive has been transposed into Greek legislation by the Act of the Council of 
Ministers No. 25 of 18 March 1988 and modification of the Acts of the Council of Ministers 
No.s 98 and 99/10.7.87 (published in O J (Greece) No 52 Vol A, 22 March 1988). These 
Acts have been promulgated according to the framework law 1650/1986 for the protection of 
the environment. 
The titles of these Acts are: 
npdÇn YnoupyiKou Sup.BouAi.ou apa.6. 25/18.3.88 "Opiaicéç KCLI Kaxeu6uvxripieç xipéç 
noiôxnxaç xnç axuôoçaipaç oe oioÇeiôio xou aÇtixou KCU xpononoinon xuv pe 
apie.98 Kai 99/10.7.87 npàÇeuv xou Ynoupya-Kou SupBouAiou (SEK 52/A/22.7.1988) 
N. 1650/86 Tia xnv npooxaoia xou nepipdXXovxoçw. 
The transposition is correct. 
The city of Athens has been designated under Article 3.2. The plans for improvement of air 
quality required under this Article have not been sent to the Commission. The transposition 
makes use of the possibilities offered by Article 4.1 and 4.2 and allows for civil and 
administrative penalties against polluters. 
Ireland 
Directives 80/779/EEC, 82/884/EEC and 85/203/EEC 
The Air Pollution Act, 1987 constitutes the principal primary,v legislation for implementing 
Community air pollution directives, including Directives 80/779/EEC, 82/884/EEC and 
85/203/EEC. 
The Act is divided into six parts. Part I deals with preliminary and general matters, including 
definitions of terms, offences and penalties, and the scope for the Irish Minister for the 
Environment for making more detailed implementing regulations. Part II contains general 
provisions on air pollution, including certain prohibitions. Part m establishes a licensing 
system for air emissions from industrial plant. Part IV sets out provisions for controlling air 
pollution in special control areas. Part V deals with air quality management plans and 
standards, and provides for regulations in relation to fuel. Part VI addresses a number of 
113 
miscellaneous matters, including the monitoring of air quality and emissions. 
Using the Act's enabling powers, the Irish Minister for the Environment adopted S.I.No 244 
of 1987, Air Pollution Act, 1987 (Air Quality Standards) Regulations, 1987, in order to 
transpose the limit values of Directives 80/779/EEC, 82/884/EEC and 85/203/EEC. The term 
"air quality standard" is employed instead of "limit value". The Regulations refer to the 
measuring methods provided for in the Directives (in the case of Directive 80/779/EEC, 
Ireland applies the black smoke method). 
In response to concentrations in excess of suspended particulate limit values in Dublin, the 
Minister adopted a series of further regulations under the Air Pollution Act. Initially, the 
strategy was to rely on Part IV of the Act i.e. to create special control areas in which 
measures would be taken to reduce smoke emissions. However, this strategy proving slow and 
cumbersome, in 1990 the Minister turned to Part V of the Act and adopted controls on the 
marketing, sale and distribution of bituminous coal in Dublin city and an extensive part of 
Dublin county. This brought about a rapid improvement in suspended particulate 
concentrations. 
Italy 
Directives 80/779/EEC, 89/427/EEC, 82/884/EEC, 85/203/EEQ 
Italy has transposed the above Directives (except 89/427/EEC) by a Decree of the President 
of the Republic of 24.5.88. (No 203, published in O J (Italy) of 16.6.88) 
This Decree includes the air pollutants covered by the different Directives and uses, in its 
provisions, the terminology of the three Directives (80/779/EEC, 82/884/EEC and 
85/203/EEC). 
Luxembourg 
This Directive was transposed into the law of Luxembourg by the Grand-Ducal Regulation 
of 17 April 1986. 
This Regulation is an almost literal copy of the text of the Directive. It does not provide for 
specific measures as in Article 3.1 of the Directive, it simply requires that from 1 July 1987, 
the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in the air, measured according to Annex III must not 
be above the limit value in Annex I 
No zones have been identified under Article 3 of the Directive. 
Portugal 
Directives 80/779/EEC, 82/884/EEC and 85/203/EEC 
The law decree 352/90 of 9 November 1990 establishes the regime of protection and control 
of air quality and creates the framework for the management of air quality for the protection 
of public health and the protection of nature, the organisation of regional programmes for 
controlling atmospheric pollution and the establishment of obligatory measures to ensure that 
the levels of air pollutants do not exceed the limit values. Article 5 of the decree states that 
limit and guide values for sulphur dioxide, suspended particulates, nitrogen dioxide, carbon 
monoxide and ozone and limit values for lead are to be fixed by Portaria. 
114 
Portaria 286/93 of 12 March 1993 fixed limit and guide values for sulphur dioxide, suspended 
particulates, lead and nitrogen dioxide among others. 
The national legislation correctly transposes the three Directives in question. 
Spain 
This Directive is transposed into Spanish law in Real Decreto 717/1987 of 27 May 1987 
which modifies Real Decreto 833/1975. This decree established the limit and guide values 
as set in the Directive and also reference values for the declaration of an emergency situation. 
An emergency situation is declared when a risk to human health occurs through severe 
deterioration of environmental conditions. The specific administrative system for this 
situation is contained in Title IV of Real Decreto 833/1975. 
The procedures relating to areas identified under Article 3 of the Directive relating to places 
where concentrations of nitrogen dioxide are at risk of exceeding the limit values are 
contained in Real Decreto 1613/1985. 
The Netherlands 
The Dutch legislation does not provide a base for the establishment of limit or guide values. 
This base was created by a modification to the "Wet inzake de luchtverontreiniging" (art. 2), 
which came into force on 1 February 1986 On 1 March 1993, this article was replaced by 
articles 5.1 - 5.4 of the "Wet milieubeheer". 
According to article 2 of the "Wet inzake de luchtverontreiniging", the decree - as well as if 
the occasion should arise, the regulations - have been fixed which transpose the Directives 
concerning atmospheric quality. These decrees oblige local and regional authorities to respect 
the limit and guide values. This legislation is now the basis of the "Wet milieubeheer" 
Directive 85/203/CEE 
The measures which transpose this Directive are: 
- Wet milieubeheer; 
- Besluit luchtkwaliteit stikstofdioxyde. 
The "besluit" came into force on 1 April 1987. 
The "besluit" contains limit values which are more severe than that of the Directive. In the 
vicinity of certain streets the value in force is less severe than that applying throughout the 
rest of the territory but it is still more severe than the limit value in the Directive. At these 
places, an intermediary value must be attained by 1 January 1992; the other values must be 
attained by 1 January 2000. The Netherlands has not designated urban or industrial zones or 
zones which require special environmental protection (Article 4 of the Directive) for which 
lower values must be fixed. 
The "besluit" allows for the establishment of a network of stations covering the territory of 
The Netherlands. The "Landelijk meetnet luchtverontreiniging" of the "Rijksinstituut voor 
Volksgezondheid en Milieuhygiëne" has already established this network. The provinces are 
115 
required to list the places where a value of 110 ug/m3 as the 98th percentile of hourly means 
can be exceeded. At these places, the concentration is measured or calculated. At places 
where a value of 160 ug/m3 is exceeded, the provinces must establish measurement stations. 
The Colleges of Mayors and their assistants list the streets of areas where the limit values can 
be exceeded, at these places, air quality is measured. 
The Colleges of Mayors and their assistants inform the provinces, at the latest on 1 March 
of each year, of the concentrations in excess of limit values reported, as well as the measures 
being or to be taken so that the value is not exceeded. The provinces inform the Minister, 
no later than 1 April of each year of the reported concentrations in excess of limit values as 
well as the measures being or to be taken. The information provided by the communes is 
incorporated into an annual report which is used, buy the Dutch authorities, as the basis of 
the report required under the Directive. 
United Kingdom 
Directives 80/779/EEC, 82/884/EEC and 85/203/EEC 
The Air Quality Standards Regulations 1989 and the Air Quality Standards Regulations 
(Northern Ireland) 1990 provide for the Secretary of State (in GB) and the Department of the 
Environment (in Northern Ireland) to take measures to ensure compliance with the air quality 
standards and provide for the establishment of measuring and sampling stations as laid down 
in Directives 80/779, 82/884 and 85/203. There are a number of provisions in other clean air 
and health and safety legislation and in circulars which contribute to the attainment of the 
objectives of the directives. The UK has not transposed Annexes I, III and IV of Directive 
85/203/EEC and discussions are currently underway regarding this issue. 
116 
3. List of instances of concentrations in excess of the limit value for nitrogen dioxide 
117 
N02 : List of zones (article 3 and non-article 3) with mention of concentrations 
in excess of the limit value since 1987 
MS FORMAL NAME OF THE ZONE 87 88 89 90 91 92 
DE FRANKFURT 
HAMBURG 
KOELN 
MAINZ 
ES AVILES 
CARTAGENA 
MADRID 
SEVILLA 
VALLADOLID 
FR AMBARES (AQUITAINE) 
BILLY-BERCLAU (NORD - PAS-DE-CALAIS) 
CARLING (LORRAINE) 
CHALAMPE (ALSACE) 
CHASSE-SUR-RHONE (RHONE ALPES) 
FRAIS-MARAIS (NORD PAS-DE-CALAIS) 
GRAND-COURONNE (HAUTE NORMANDIE) 
GRAND-PUITS (ILE-DE-FRANCE) 
GRAND-QUEVILLY (HAUTE NORMANDIE) 
LA MADELEINE (NORD - PAS-DE-CALAIS) 
LE HAVRE (HAUTE NORMANDIE) 
LIEVIN (NORD - PAS-DE-CALAIS) 
MAZINGARBE (NORD - PAS-DE-CALAIS) 
MONTOIR-DE-BRETAGNE (PAYS DE LOIRE) 
OISSEL (HAUTE NORMANDIE) 
OTTMARSHEIM (ALSACE) 
PARDIES (AQUITAINE) 
PEAGE DE ROUSSILLON (RHONE ALPES) 
SAINT FONS CLOCHETTES (RHONE ALPES) 
SOULOM (MIDI PYRENEES) 
BORDEAUX 
GRENOBLE 
LE HAVRE 
LILLE 
LYON 
MARSEILLE 
NANTES 
NICE 
PARIS 
ROUEN 
STRASBOURG 
TOULON 
TOULOUSE 
OTHER BIG URBAN CENTRES C 
CR 
CR 
T 
T 
T 
T 
T 
T 
T 
T 
T 
T 
T 
T 
T 
IT 
Aix-en-Provence T • 
O 
118 
N02 : List of zones (article 3 and non-article 3) with mention of concentrations 
in excess of the limit value since 1987 (cont.) 
GB LONDON 
GR ATHENS 
IT BOLOGNA 
MILANO 
MODENA 
REGIO EMILIA 
TORINO 
NL UTRECHT 
PT BARREIRO 
LISBOA 
PORTO 
Notes: 
D : reference periods for which an Article 3 zone was validly declared 
: compliance reported 
: concentration in excess of limit value 
: value not validated (less than 75 % of data) 
: incomplete information or dubious data T : traffic 
I : industrial 
C : commercial 
R : residential 
119 
N02 : List of concentrations above limit value (1987) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME %VAL P98 
DE 
FR 
GR 
IT KOELN 
MAINZ 
PARIS 
LYON 
MARSEILLE 
LE HAVRE 
ROUEN 
TOULOUSE 
ATHENS 
MILANO 
MODENA 
TORINO NEUMARKT 
PARCUSSTRASSE 
SMR1A 
TERREAUX 
FEYZIN 
PLOMBIERES 
PARADIS 
QUILLEBOEUF 
GRAND QUEVILLY 
POMPAGE 
PATISSION 
MARCHE 
JUVARA 
ZAVATTARI 
VIALE FONTANELLI 
VIA CONSOLATA 
CORSO VERCELLI >75 
N.C. 
55 
87 
60 
41 
89 
>75 
91 
68 
N.C. 
>90% 
75%< <90% 
>90% 
>90% 
>90% 
75%< <90% 252 
225 
241 
225 
203 
228 
237 
235 
220 
202 
207 
412 
299 
229 
419 
213 
306 N.V. 
N.V. 
N.V. 
N.V. 
Measures expressed in ug/m3 
Article 3 zone 
N.C. 
N.V. 
T 
I not communicated 
not validated 
traffic 
industrial 
120 
N02 : List of concentrations above limit value (1988) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME %VAL P98 
DE FRANKFURT 
MAINZ 
FR * LYON 
MARSEILLE 
PARIS 
TOULOUSE 
GR " ATHENS 
IT MILANO 
MODENA 
TORINO 
NL UTRECHT RUNDSCHAUHAUS T N.C. 252 
PARCUSSTRASSE N.C. 251 
TERREAUX T 24 212 
FEYZIN TI 80 204 
PLOMBIERES T 61 257 
SMR5A TI 70 202 
POMPAGE I 67 215 
PATISSION T N.C. 2J3. 
ATHINAS T N.C. 224 
PIREA T N.C. 20g 
MARCHE ? 
JUVARA ? 
ZAVATTARI ? 
VIALE FONTANELLI 75%< <90% 2JZ 
CORSO VERCELLI 75%< <90% 310 
637-WITTEVROUW. T N.C. 2S2 N.V. 
N.V. 
N.V. 
N.V. 
Measures expressed in ug/m3 
• Artide 3 zone 
N.C. 
N.V. 
T 
I not communicated 
not validated 
traffic 
industrial 
121 
N02 : List of concentrations above limit value (1989) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME %VAL P98 
DE KOELN 
FRANKFURT 
FR * AIX EN PROVENCE 
LYON 
MARSEILLE 
GB LONDON 
IT BOLOGNA 
MILANO 
MODENA 
REGIO EMILIA 
TORINO NEUMARKT 
RUNDSCHAUHAUS 
CENTRE 
BROTTEAUX 
TERREAUX 
TIMONE 
WEST 
VIA MARCONI 
VIA MATTEOTTI 
VIA IRNERIO 
VIA EMILIA PON. 
MARCHE 
JUVARA 
ZAVATTARI 
LIGURIA 
VERZIERE 
SENATO 
CENISIO 
VIA FONTANELLI 
VIALE TIMAVO 
VIA CONSOLATA 
CORSO VERCELLI >75 
N.C. 
87 
36 
73 
86 
94 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
75%< <90% 
75%< <90% 
75%< <90% 
<75% 
75%< <90% 
<75% 
<75% 
75%< <90% 
<75% 245 
253 
220 
200 
341 
208 
214 
326 
225 
233 
207 
288 
249 
239 
213 
261 
372 
233 
299 
237 
? 
? N.V. 
N.V. 
N.V. 
N.V. 
N.V. 
N.V. 
Measures expressed in ug/m3 
Article 3 zone 
N.C. not communicated 
N.V. not validated 
T traffic 
122 
N02 : List of concentrations above limit value (1990) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME %VAL P98 
DE 
ES HAMBURG 
MADRID STRESEMANNSTR. 
P. DE RECOLETOS CR 
GL M. DE VADILLO CR 
GL C. CAMINOS CR 
PL. SALAMANCA CR 
ESCUELAS AGUIRRE CR N.C. 
97 
82 
95 
94 
92 276 
230 
229 
231 
215 
205 
FR 
IT CARTAGENA 
SEVILLA 
MARSEILLE 
LYON 
BOLOGNA PL BASTARRECHE IC 82 
MACARENA ICR 85 
PLOMBIERES T 89 
TERREAUX T 44 
VIA MARCONI 
VIA MATTEOTTI 
VIA IRNERIO 
VIA EMILIA PON. 237 
245 
207 
238 
? 
? 
? 
? N.V. 
MILANO MARCHE 
JUVARA 
ZAVATTARI 
LIGURIA 
VERZIERE 
SENATO 
CENISIO 
AQUILEIA 
STATUTO >90% 
>90% 
75%< <90% 
<75% 
>90% 
75%< <90% 
<75% 
75%< <90% 
<75% 297 
259 
270 
319 
293 
324 
292 
307 
319 N.V. 
N.V. 
N.V. 
MODENA 
REGIO EMILIA VIA FONTANELLI 
CAVAZZOLI 
MASSENZATICO 
VIALE RISORGIMENTO 
VIALE TIMAVO >90% 
<75% 
>90% 
75%< <90% 201 
236 
276 
311 N.V. 
TORINO VIA CONSOLATA 
CORSO VERCELLI 
Measures expressed in ug/m3 
• Article 3 zone 
N.C. 
N.V. 
T 
I not communicated 
not validated 
traffic 
industrial commercial 
residential 
123 
N02 : List of concentrations above limit value (1991) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME %VAL P98 
ES 
FR 
GR 
IT AVILES 
MADRID 
VALLADOLID 
LYON 
MARSEILLE 
NANTES 
ATHENS 
BOLOGNA 
MILANO 
MODENA 
REGIO EMILIA 
TORINO LLANOPONTE I 
GL. CUATRO CAMINOS CR 
GL. MARQUES VADILLO CR 
ARCO DE LADRILLO IT 
PATtSSION 
VIA MARCONI 
VIA MATTEOTTI 
VIA IRNERIO 
VIA EMILIA PON. 
MARCHE 
JUVARA 
ZAVATTARI 
LIGURIA 
VERZIERE 
SENATO 
CENISIO 
AQUILEIA 
STATUTO 
VIA FONTANELLI 
CAVAZZOLI 
MASSENZATICO 
VIALE RISORGIMENTO 
VIALE TIMAVO 
VIA CONSOLATA 
CORSO VERCELLI 91 
96 
95 
75 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 309 
202 
201 
248 
223 
208 
204 
243 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
Measures expressed in ug/m3 
Article 3 zone 
N.C. 
T 
C 
R 
I not communicated 
traffic 
commercial 
residential 
industrial 
124 
N02 : List of concentrations above limit value (1992) 
MS LOCATION STATION NAME %VAL P98 
ES 
FR 
GR 
IT MADRID 
LYON 
ATHENS 
BOLOGNA 
MILANO 
MODENA 
REGIO EMILIA 
TORINO PASEO DE RECOLETOS 
GL. DE QUEVEDO CR 
PUERTO DE TOLEDO CR 
PATISSION 
VIA MARCONI 
VIA MATTEOTTI 
VIA IRNERIO 
VIA EMILIA PON. 
MARCHE 
JUVARA 
ZAVATTARI 
LIGURIA 
VERZIERE 
SENATO 
CENISIO 
AQUILEIA 
STATUTO 
VIA FONTANELLI 
CAVAZZOLI 
MASSENZATICO 
VIALE RISORGIMENTO 
VIALE TIMAVO 
VIA CONSOLATA 
CORSO VERCELLI 97 
99 
92 
N.C. 
N.C. 294 
202 
201 
202 
266 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
? 
Measures expressed in ug/m3 
Article 3 zone 
N.C. 
T 
C 
R not communicated 
traffic 
commercial 
residential 
industrial 
125 
ISSN 1024-4506 
KOM(95) 372 slutlig 
DOKUMENT 
SV 14 
Katalognummer : CB-CO-95-396-SV-C 
ISBN 92-77-92137-4 
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