Invito a presentare osservazioni, a norma dell'articolo 1, paragrafo 2, della parte I del protocollo 3 dell'accordo sull'Autorità e sulla Corte, in merito alla dismissione delle partecipazioni detenute dallo Stato nella società Sementsverksmiðjan (Caso N 56694 — ex caso N 47824)

(2005/C 117/07)

Con la decisione 421/04/COL del 20 dicembre 2004, riprodotta in lingua originale nelle pagine che seguono la presente sintesi, l'Autorità di vigilanza EFTA ha avviato il procedimento di cui all'articolo 1, paragrafo 2, della parte I del protocollo 3 dell'accordo tra gli Stati EFTA sull'istituzione di un'Autorità di vigilanza e di una Corte di giustizia (in appresso 'accordo sull'Autorità di vigilanza e sulla Corte'). Il Governo della Repubblica d'Islanda è stato informato mediante invio di una copia della decisione.

L'Autorità di vigilanza EFTA invita pertanto le Parti contraenti dell'accordo SEE e i terzi interessati a presentare osservazioni in merito alla misura in discorso entro un mese dalla data della presente pubblicazione, inviandola al seguente indirizzo:

Le osservazioni pervenute saranno comunicate al Governo della Repubblica d'Islanda. Su richiesta scritta e motivata degli autori delle osservazioni, la loro identità non sarà rivelata.

SINTESI

Procedimento

Con lettera datata 19 agosto 2003, inviata dalla Rappresentanza dell'Islanda presso l'Unione europea, le autorità islandesi hanno notificato, a norma dell'articolo 1, paragrafo 3, della parte I del protocollo 3 dell'accordo sull'Autorità di vigilanza e sulla Corte, l'intenzione di alienare le partecipazioni dello Stato al capitale sociale di Sementsverksmiðjan (in appresso «Iceland Cement»). Le autorità islandesi hanno firmato gli accordi di cessione il 2 ottobre 2003, prima ancora che l'Autorità adottasse una decisione in merito alla notifica.

Descrizione della misura d'aiuto

Fino all'ingresso — nel 2000 — nel mercato islandese del cemento di un importatore danese di cemento, Iceland Cement aveva detenuto un monopolio di fatto nel suddetto mercato. Conseguentemente alla mutata realtà di mercato sotto il profilo della concorrenza, l'impresa si è trovata in difficoltà finanziarie ed ha iniziato ad accumulare perdite. La dismissione dell'impresa, a capitale interamente pubblico, deve essere considerata alla luce di questi antefatti.

Il 12 marzo 2003, il Governo islandese ha pubblicato un bando nel quotidiano Morgunblaðið con cui indiceva una gara di licitazione per l'acquisto della totalità delle partecipazioni detenute dallo Stato in Iceland Cement. Allo scadere del termine fissato, il 28 marzo 2003, le offerte pervenute erano cinque. Queste sono state vagliate da un esperto indipendente sulla base di cinque criteri: prezzo d'acquisto, impatto sulla concorrenza nel mercato dell'edilizia in Islanda, solidità finanziaria del soggetto, visione futura dell'impresa nonché esperienza di gestione e conoscenza del mercato. Il Governo ha avviato le trattative per la cessione delle partecipazioni dello Stato in Iceland Cement con i soggetti che avevano presentato la migliore offerta, una gruppo di investitori che hanno costituito Íslenskt Sement ehf, con il vincolo di continuare la produzione di cemento.

L'esperto indipendente è stato inoltre incaricato di stabilire il valore di Iceland Cement. Nella valutazione si legge che il valore di liquidazione è il parametro di riferimento più corrente per la valutazione di società che versino in una situazione finanziaria analoga a quella di Iceland Cement. Applicando tale metodo è risultato un patrimonio netto negativo dell'ordine di […]ISK (rispetto a un valore contabile di […] ISK del patrimonio netto di Iceland Cement al 31.3.2003). Inoltre, i costi relativi allo smantellamento e alla bonifica dello stabilimento di Akranes erano stati stimati a circa […] ISK. Sommando questo importo alle passività dell'impresa, il patrimonio netto negativo risultava essere di […] ISK.

Sulla scorta di tale valutazione, l'impresa è stata ceduta con gli accordi qui di seguito descritti.

Il 31 luglio 2003 Iceland Cement e il comune di Akranes hanno stipulato un accordo in base al quale il titolo di proprietà di tutti i lotti di terreno di Iceland Cement ad Akranes sono stati ceduti, con effetto dal 1o agosto 2003, al comune di Akranes. Dopo la privatizzazione dell'impresa — avvenuta il 2 ottobre 2003 — il comune di Akranes e Iceland Cement hanno firmato 5 contratti di affitto venticinquennali per diversi lotti di terreno su cui sono situati gli impianti produttivi (cementifici) della società. Uno di questi contratti prevede che, qualora si sospenda la produzione di cemento per un periodo ininterrotto superiore a 24 mesi, Iceland Cement provvede a proprie spese allo smantellamento dei depositi dei materiali.

Il 2 ottobre 2003, il Ministero dell'industria ha firmato a nome del Governo islandese un accordo di acquisto (Share Purchase Agreement) con Íslenskt Sement ehf., in base al quale lo Stato, detentore dell'intero capitale sociale di Iceland Cement Ltd, avente un valore nominale di […] ISK, cedeva l'intero pacchetto azionario a Íslenskt Sement ehf al prezzo di […] ISK .

Lo stesso giorno, 2 ottobre 2003, Iceland Cement e il Dipartimento del Tesoro islandese hanno firmato un contratto di acquisto (Purchase Agreement), in base al quale il Dipartimento del Tesoro acquistava le proprietà e i cespiti dell'impresa situati a Reykjavík, l'edificio amministrativo della società ad Akranes (ad esclusione di un piano e mezzo) nonché le partecipazioni e le obbligazioni detenute da Iceland Cement in altre società, per un corrispettivo di […] ISK. Il contratto prevede che Iceland Cement possa mantenere parte delle proprietà alienate e servirsene per le proprie attività industriali e che le restituisca entro il 31 dicembre 2011 al dipartimento del Tesoro. L'impresa fruisce di tale diritto di uso a titolo gratuito. Fino al 31 dicembre 2009, Iceland Cement può esercitare il diritto di riacquistare le proprietà alienate sopra indicate ad un prezzo complessivo di […] ISK con un tasso fisso d'interesse annuo di […] % a decorrere dal 1o agosto 2003.

Pur ritenendo che l'operazione non implichi un aiuto di Stato, in quanto compiuta in conformità alle disposizioni del capitolo 18B degli orientamenti in materia di aiuti di Stato, le autorità islandesi ne hanno dato notifica all'Autorità.

Valutazione

L'Autorità nutre dubbi circa l'asserita assenza di elementi di aiuto delle misure notificate dalle autorità islandesi. L'Autorità dubita dell'applicabilità del capitolo 18B alla fattispecie, in quanto lo Stato non si è limitato ad alienare terreni ed immobili di sua proprietà, ma ha anche ceduto le sue partecipazioni in un'impresa interamente a capitale pubblico, subordinandone l'alienazione al mantenimento dell'attività dell'impresa. Al momento, non è inoltre possibile determinare se le autorità islandesi abbiano condotto la privatizzazione in conformità al principio dell'investitore in un'economia di mercato.

A prescindere da tali considerazioni, le due procedure contemplate al capitolo 18B degli orientamenti, e sulla cui base si può presumere che la vendita non comporti alcun elemento d'aiuto, possono servire per analogia da indicatore dell'eventuale concessione di aiuto.

Secondo quanto stabilito alla sezione 2.1 del capitolo 18B degli orientamenti, la vendita di terreni e fabbricati sulla base di una procedura di offerta aperta e incondizionata, sufficientemente pubblicizzata (simile ad una vendita all'asta) ed aggiudicata al migliore o all'unico offerente, avviene per definizione al valore di mercato e non contiene pertanto aiuti di Stato. Nella fattispecie non si può sostenere che le suddette condizioni siano state interamente soddisfatte per potere affermare che la vendita è avvenuta al valore di mercato.

Qualora non si segua una procedura d'offerta aperta e incondizionata, la sezione 2.2 del capitolo 18B degli orientamenti prevede una procedura alternativa che permette di escludere la presenza di aiuto di Stato, ossia la valutazione del valore da parte di un perito estimatore indipendente sulla base di indicatori di mercato; il prezzo di mercato così determinato rappresenta il prezzo minimo di vendita che può essere accettato senza configurare un aiuto di Stato

Nel caso in esame, un perito estimatore indipendente ha calcolato il valore di Iceland Cement successivamente alla scelta — attraverso procedura di licitazione — della controparte delle trattiva, ma anteriormente alla cessione dell'impresa. Benché l'impresa sia ceduta come un'azienda in esercizio, ovvero a condizione che sia mantenuta in attività, il perito estimatore ha calcolato il suo valore di liquidazione. In linea di principio, non si può ritenere che il valore di un'azienda in esercizio — anche qualora sia in perdita — coincida con il suo valore di liquidazione, determinato in base all'assunzione che cessi la propria attività. Inoltre, la valutazione di taluni cespiti di Iceland Cement, ai fini della determinazione del valore di liquidazione della società, è discutibile. Allo stadio attuale non si può, pertanto, stabilire se il valore di liquidazione della società equivalga al suo valore di mercato.

Qualora il valore di mercato dell'intero capitale sociale di Iceland Cement detenuto dallo Stato risultasse superiore al prezzo corrisposto da Íslenskt Sement ehf per la sua acquisizione, lo Stato avrebbe venduto l'impresa ad un prezzo inferiore al prezzo di mercato. In tal caso si configurerebbe un contributo mediante risorse statali ai sensi dall'articolo 61, paragrafo 1 dell'accordo SEE, avendo lo Stato percepito un corrispettivo inferiore a quello che avrebbe potuto ottenere per gli stessi attivi un soggetto privato operante secondo le regole del mercato. L'impiego di risorse statali si configura anche nel caso in cui il Dipartimento del Tesoro corrisponda un prezzo superiore al valore di mercato per i cespiti riacquistati da Iceland Cement. Qualora tuttavia, in sede di accordi distinti siglati nel medesimo giorno, lo Stato agisca in alternanza in veste di venditore e di acquirente dei suddetti cespiti materiali, non si ravvisa alcun elemento di aiuto se il prezzo dei cespiti è il medesimo in entrambe le operazioni.

A ciò si aggiunga che, non esigendo alcun compenso da Iceland Cement per l'utilizzo dei suoi cespiti situati a Reykjavik, lo Stato rinuncia a un'entrata. Vi è quindi impiego di risorse statali ai sensi dell'articolo 61, paragrafo 1 dell'accordo SEE.

Vi è rinuncia ad un gettito di reddito da parte dello Stato, in forma di minore entrata, anche nel caso in cui Iceland Cement eserciti il diritto di riacquisto degli attivi situati a Reykjavik ad un prezzo inferiore al loro valore di mercato.

Nel caso si stabilisse che le predette operazioni non sono state effettuate alle condizioni di mercato, e che quindi vi sia un contributo mediante risorse statali, Iceland Cement e/o Íslenskt Sement ehf. avrebbero beneficiato di un vantaggio ai sensi dell'articolo 61, paragrafo 1 dell'accordo SEE. Tale vantaggio è rappresentato dal minor prezzo corrisposto o dal maggior prezzo percepito dall'impresa per gli attivi rispetto al loro valore di mercato.

Eventuali vantaggi accordati ad Iceland Cement, che riducano i suoi normali costi d'esercizio, favoriscono l'impresa sotto il profilo della concorrenza rispetto ad altri operatori attivi nel mercato del cemento in Islanda, i quali non fruiscono di tale vantaggio, e producono quindi un effetto distorsivo sulla concorrenza. Eventuali vantaggi accordati al gruppo di investitori che hanno costituito Íslenskt Sement ehf, in gara con altri gruppi di investitori che hanno partecipato alla procedura di licitazione indetta dal Governo islandese per l'acquisto delle quote di capitale, producono anch'essi degli effetti distorsivi sulla concorrenza.

Se si considera che il concorrente diretto di Iceland Cement nel mercato islandese è un'impresa con sede sociale in un altro Stato aderente all'accordo SEE, impegnata nell'importazione di cemento da altri Stati SEE in Islanda, e che vi erano investitori di altri Stati SEE interessati all'acquisizione delle partecipazioni detenute dallo Stato nel capitale sociale di Iceland Cement Ltd., la misura incide sugli scambi tra le parti contraenti dell'accordo SEE ai sensi dell'articolo 61, paragrafo 1 dell'accordo SEE.

Conclusione

L'Autorità nutre dei dubbi sull'esistenza di elementi d'aiuto di Stato, ai sensi dell'articolo 61, paragrafo 1 dell'accordo SEE, nella dismissione delle partecipazioni detenute dallo Stato nel capitale sociale di Iceland Cement Ltd. Qualora le misure adottate per la privatizzazione dell'impresa costituissero un aiuto di Stato, l'Autorità dovrebbe valutare la loro compatibilità con il funzionamento dell'accordo SEE. L'Autorità è quindi tenuta ad avviare il procedimento d'indagine formale di cui all'articolo 1, paragrafo 2, della parte I del protocollo 3 dell'accordo sull'Autorità di vigilanza e sulla Corte.

EFTA SURVEILLANCE AUTHORITY DECISION

No 421/04/COL

of 20 December 2004

on the sale of the Icelandic State's shares in Sementsverksmiðjan (Iceland)

THE EFTA SURVEILLANCE AUTHORITY,

Having regard to the Agreement on the European Economic Area (1), in particular to Articles 61 to 63 and Protocol 26 thereof,

Having regard to the Agreement between the EFTA States on the establishment of a Surveillance Authority and a Court of Justice (2), in particular to Article 24 thereof as well as Article 1(2) in Part I and Article 4(4) in Part II of Protocol 3 thereof,

Having regard to the Authority's Guidelines (3) on the application and interpretation of Articles 61 and 62 of the EEA Agreement,

Whereas:

I. FACTS

1. Procedure

Pursuant to Article 1(3) in Part I of Protocol 3 to the Surveillance and Court Agreement (hereinafter: Protocol 3), the Icelandic authorities notified the sale of the State's shares in Sementsverksmiðjan hf. (hereinafter referred to as Iceland Cement) by letter dated 19 August 2003 from the Icelandic Mission to the European Union, forwarding a letter from the Ministry of Finance dated 19 August 2003, received and registered by the EFTA Surveillance Authority (hereinafter: the Authority) on 19 August 2003.

By letter dated 29 August 2003, the Authority acknowledged receipt of the notification and reminded the Icelandic authorities of their obligation under Article 1(3) in Part I of Protocol 3 not to put the proposed measures into effect until the Authority's examination of the notification had resulted in a final decision.

The Icelandic authorities provided further documentation on the notification with letters from the Icelandic Mission to the European Union of 22 September 2003 and 9 October 2003, forwarding letters from the Ministry of Finance dated 17 September 2003 and 3 October 2003, respectively.

On 10 October 2003, the Authority sent a request for additional information to the Icelandic authorities, which was answered by a letter from the Icelandic Mission to the European Union of 12 November 2003 forwarding a letter from the Ministry of Finance dated 7 November 2003.

In its letter of 27 November 2003, the Authority informed the Icelandic authorities that, since the Icelandic authorities signed the sale agreements in October 2003, the notified measure was put into effect and constituted a breach of the standstill obligation. Accordingly, the procedure regarding unlawful aid, as laid down in Section III of Part II of Protocol 3, was applicable.

The Authority sent new information-requests with letters dated 27 February 2004 and 4 June 2004. The Icelandic authorities replied by letters from the Icelandic Mission to the European Union of 4 May 2004 and of 7 September 2004, respectively, forwarding two letters of the Ministry of Finance of the same dates.

Two meetings between representatives of the Authority and the Icelandic authorities to discuss the notification were held in the framework of a package meeting which took place in Reykjavik on 26 May 2004 and at an ad hoc meeting in Brussels on 7 July 2004.

On 4 November 2004, the Authority sent a letter to the Icelandic authorities explaining its doubts concerning the non-State aid character of the notified measures. It also requested further information which was missing in the case. The Icelandic authorities commented on this letter and responded by letter from the Ministry of Finance dated 30 November 2004.

2. Description of the notified measure: the sales process of Iceland Cement

Until the entry in 2000 of an importer of cement from Denmark into the Icelandic market, Iceland Cement had enjoyed a de facto monopoly in the market for cement. As a result of the new competitive situation, Iceland Cement experienced economic difficulties and started cumulating losses. The sale of the undertaking, wholly owned by the State, has to be seen against this background.

On 12 March 2003, the Government published an announcement in the newspaper Morgunblaðið calling for a tender to purchase 100 % of its shares in Iceland Cement. Offers had to be submitted by 28 March 2003. Additionally, the Government announced the tender on the website of MP Verðbréf, a privately held authorized securities firm which had been appointed to monitor the selection procedure for a purchaser of the shares. A press release was submitted to the Icelandic main media, television and radio. No announcement was made at international level.

Five criteria were to be taken into account in the selection procedure: (1) the suggested purchase price, (2) the description and evaluation on the effect of sale on the competition in the Icelandic construction market, (3) the financial strength and description of financing provided by the bidder, (4) the future vision of the operation of the factory as well as (5) the managerial experience and knowledge of the market which the factory operates in. The offers received were to be ranked and allocated points according to how well MP Verðbréf thought they scored on each criterion. For each offer, the scored points were to be given different weights for each criterion (30 % for suggested purchase price, 25 % for effect on competition, 20 % for financial strength, 15 % for future vision of the operation of the factory and 10 % for managerial experience).

Five offers were made and evaluated by MP Verðbréf who ranked them in accordance with the total score obtained. Following meetings between the Executive Committee on Privatisation, MP Verðbréf and the different bidders, the scores of each group were amended. MP Verðbréf considered that the offer that originally got the third score was the best purchase offer (4) taking into account the explanations given. The Government initiated negotiations for the sale of the State's shares in Iceland Cement with this group of investors (5), which created Íslenskt Sement ehf for the purpose of acquiring the State's shares. Following the tender, negotiations for the sale of the State's shares were initiated with the bidder selected. A condition for the sale was that cement production should continue.

MP Verðbréf was also requested to assess the value of Iceland Cement. MP Verðbréf stated that for a company in a financial situation like Iceland Cement, establishment of the liquidation value would be the most generally accepted valuation method. Consequently, MP Verðbréf revalued Iceland Cement Ltd's equity taking into consideration the possible price for its assets and how much of the receivables could possibly be collected. The outcome was a negative equity estimated at ISK […] million (compared to the book value of Iceland Cement's equity of ISK […] million as of 31 March 2003). The monetary value of the liquidated assets was consequently not expected to be sufficient to cover all of Iceland Cement's debt. In addition, another independent expert, Almenna Verkfæðistofan hf., had estimated that all the costs associated with the demolition and cleaning of the factory plant at the site in Akranes would amount to approx. ISK […] million. With this sum included as a liability, the negative equity amounted to ISK […] million. MP Verðbréf accordingly estimated on 30 April 2003 that the costs would amount to the negative sum of ISK […] million, including the demolition and cleaning of the plant area, should the company be closed down and liquidated.

Against this background, the company was sold based on the following agreements:

Iceland Cement and the Township of Akranes concluded an agreement on 31 July 2003 based on which title to all lots of Iceland Cement in Akranes were transferred to the Township of Akranes as of 1 August 2003. This was necessary in view of the imminent privatisation since the ownership of the land used by the company in the municipality of Akranes had not been clarified (6).

Following the privatisation of the company, on 2 October 2003, the Township of Akranes and Iceland Cement Ltd signed five 25-year rental agreements for different lots of land on which the cement production of the company is located. One of the agreements had a clause stating that, if cement production were to cease for a continuous period of 24 months, Iceland Cement would have to demolish the materials storage at its own expense.

On 2 October 2003, the Ministry of Industry, on behalf of the Government of Iceland, signed a Share Purchase Agreement with Íslenskt Sement ehf. On the basis of this Agreement, the State, owner of 100 % of the shares in Iceland Cement for a nominal value of ISK […], sold them to Íslenskt Sement ehf for a price of ISK […].

According to Article 5 of the Share Purchase Agreement, the Government of Iceland shall purchase some assets from Iceland Cement in a separate agreement. As indicated in Section 3 of Article 5, the purchase price for these assets shall be ISK […]. The payment shall, if necessary, be in the form of paying the debts which are secured with the said assets to free them from any lien and encumbrances. Pursuant to Section 5 of Article 5, «the purchaser [i.e. the Government of Iceland] shall use the purchase price to pay the outstanding debts of the company».

On the same date, 2 October 2003, Iceland Cement and the National Treasury of Iceland signed a Purchase Contract on the basis of which the Treasury purchased the properties and assets of the company in Reykjavík, the office building of the company in Akranes with the exception of one and half floors, and the shares and bonds owned by Iceland Cement in other companies, for the price of ISK […] million. As stated in Article 5 of the Purchase Contract, Iceland Cement may keep a part of the sold properties in Reykjavik (7), use them for purposes of its own industrial operations and return them to the National Treasury no later than 31 December 2011. Iceland Cement pays for all maintenance and improvements to these properties but does not pay any compensation for this right of use. According to Article 6 of the Purchase Contract, until 31 December 2009, Iceland Cement has the right to re-purchase the abovementioned sold properties in Reykjavik for a total price of ISK […] million with a fixed annual interest of […] % as of 1 August 2003.

It follows from the above that there are two undertakings involved in these transactions: Iceland Cement, the company sold by the State, and Íslenskt Sement ehf, the consortium of shareholders which acquired the State's shares in Iceland Cement.

Although the Icelandic authorities held the view that no State aid would be involved in the transaction because the sale, in their opinion, had taken place in accordance with Chapter 18 of the State Aid Guidelines (hereinafter: the Guidelines) on the sales of land and buildings, they notified it to the Authority. The Icelandic authorities have stated during the preliminary phase that the overall sales price corresponds to the market value of the company without regard to the economic disadvantage of the special obligations of the buyer. In their opinion, special obligations (clearing obligation of the site in Akranes) further offset the purchase price (8).

II. APPRECIATION

1. Procedural requirements

Pursuant to Article 1(3) in Part I of Protocol 3 to the Surveillance and Court Agreement, «the EFTA Surveillance Authority shall be informed, in sufficient time to enable it to submit its comments, of any plans to grant or alter aid (…). The State concerned shall not put its proposed measures into effect until the procedure has resulted in a final decision.»

Although the Icelandic authorities submitted a notification by letter dated 29 August 2003 on the planned sale of the State's shares at Iceland Cement, the signature of the abovementioned agreements by the Icelandic authorities put any possible State aid measure granted on the basis of these agreements into effect before the Authority had taken a final decision on the notification.

For this reason, any State aid granted in the framework of this transaction constitutes unlawful State aid within the meaning of Article 1(f) in Part II of Protocol 3, that is, new aid put into effect in contravention of Article 1(3) in Part I of the same Protocol.

2. State aid assessment

Article 61(1) of the EEA Agreement reads as follows:

«Save as otherwise provided in this Agreement, any aid granted by EC Member States, EFTA States or through State resources in any form whatsoever which distorts or threatens to distort competition by favouring certain undertakings or the production of certain goods shall, in so far as it affects trade between Contracting Parties, be incompatible with the functioning of this Agreement.»

Thus, in order for a measure to be considered State aid within the meaning of Article 61(1) of the EEA Agreement, the following cumulative conditions must be fulfilled: it must constitute a selective advantage in favour of certain undertakings, be granted through State resources and affect competition and trade between the Contracting Parties to the EEA Agreement.

Chapter 18B of the Authority's State Aid Guidelines lays down certain procedures related to public authorities' sales of land and buildings. If these procedures are followed, there is a presumption that no State aid is involved in the sale. The Authority questions the applicability of Chapter 18B to this case since the State is not merely selling land and buildings which it owns, but its shares in a 100 % owned undertaking with the supplementary condition of continuing the operations of the company.

Furthermore, at this stage, it cannot be determined whether the market investor principle laid down in Chapter 20 of the Guidelines has been followed, since it is uncertain as to what extent the State has taken into account other considerations beyond the mere economic return of the transaction during the negotiation process (i.e. the consequences of a closure for the local economy of Akranes, its the effects on competition, etc.) and whether the price obtained in the sale corresponded to the market value of the company.

Notwithstanding the above, the principles laid down in Chapter 18B of the Guidelines concerning sales procedures, could, by analogy, give an indication to determine whether it can be presumed that no State aid has been involved in the sale.

(a) State resources

In accordance with the provisions of Chapter 18B.2.1 of the Guidelines, a sale of land and buildings following a sufficiently well-publicised, open and unconditional bidding procedure, comparable to an auction, where the best or only bid is accepted, is by definition a sale at market value and consequently does not contain any State aid.

In the case in question, it cannot be maintained that the abovementioned conditions for the sale to be completed at market value, were fulfilled. The offer was not sufficiently well publicised, since it was only announced in the Icelandic newspaper Morgunblaðið (as well as on the website of MP Verðbréf) and gave bidders 14 calendar days to present their offers. The Guidelines require that the offer is repeatedly advertised over a reasonably long period (two months or more) in the national press, estate gazettes or other appropriate publications and through real-estate agents addressing a broad range of potential buyers, so that it can come to the notice of all potential buyers. The sale did not follow an unconditional bidding procedure since the buyers were not free to acquire the land and buildings and to use them for their own purposes. Furthermore, the bidding procedure was not designed to find the economically best offer for acquiring the State's shares, but only to select a future buyer with whom the price and other conditions of the sale could be negotiated afterwards.

Against this background, it cannot be concluded that the provisions of Chapter 18B.2.1 of the Guidelines have been complied with.

To the extent an open and unconditional bidding procedure is not applied, Chapter 18B.2.2 of the Guidelines establishes an alternative procedure that presumes that no State aid is involved. According to these provisions, the value established by an independent asset valuer on the basis of generally accepted market indicators prior to the sale, constitutes the minimum purchase price that can be agreed upon without granting State aid.

In the case in question, an independent asset valuer, MP Verðbréf, estimated the value of Iceland Cement after a negotiation partner was selected by means of the tender procedure, but before the company was sold. Although the company was sold as a going concern, i.e. on the condition of continuation of the operations, MP Verðbréf estimated its liquidation value. In principle, the value of a company in operation, even if it currently is making a loss, cannot be assumed to be equivalent to its liquidation value, which is based on the supposition that operations will cease. The estimation of some of the assets of Iceland Cement, for the purpose of establishing the liquidation value of the company, is questionable. In particular, the factory buildings and machinery in Akranes were valued at zero since it was considered that assets specialised for cement production could not be sold to third parties if operations were to be terminated. Nevertheless, these assets certainly have a value for an acquirer who is willing to continue operation of cement production, a condition imposed by the Icelandic State for the sale of its shares. In the view of the Authority, it is not clear to what extent the valuation of the real estate repurchased by the National Treasury of Iceland, reflects their market value.

The Icelandic authorities decided to base the sales negotiations on the liquidation value of the company, which originally corresponded to the negative amount of ISK […] million, without taking into account the costs of clearing the plant in Akranes. During the preliminary phase, the Icelandic authorities have corrected this figure, stating that some assets had been partly or incorrectly considered. The liquidation value has been accordingly amended to ISK […] million (9). Taking into account that the company was sold for a price of ISK […], the sales price was very close to the corrected liquidation value.

Nonetheless, at this stage, it cannot be determined whether this liquidation value of the company corresponded to its market value. This is so in particular, because a liquidation value is the estimated value in the event that operations cease. However, as already stated, the transaction took place on the condition that production should continue.

Should the market value of 100 % of the State's shares in Iceland Cement have been higher than the price of ISK […] paid by Íslenskt Sement ehf, the State would have sold the company below its market price. State resources within the meaning of Article 61(1) of the EEA Agreement would have been involved because the State would have obtained a lower revenue than a private operator, acting on market terms, would have got for the same assets.

If the National Treasury of Iceland had paid a higher price than their market value for the assets repurchased from Iceland Cement, State resources would also be consumed.

On the same day but in different agreements, the State was both the seller and the purchaser of these concrete assets. Therefore, no State aid would be involved if the price of the assets remained the same in both transactions.

Furthermore, Iceland Cement retains the right to use some of the assets located in Reykjavik sold to the National Treasury, but does not pay anything for this right. The State is thus foregoing remuneration for the use of its assets, which the company should pay under normal business circumstances. As already mentioned above, there is a consumption of State resources within the meaning of Article 61(1) of the EEA Agreement whenever the State foregoes income normally due.

At any time until 31 December 2009, the company has the right to reacquire certain properties and ground rights in Reykjavik for a total of ISK […] million, assuming full payment in cash. The replacement value of these properties (10) had been estimated by an independent expert at approximately ISK […] million. Should Iceland Cement make use of this re-purchase price, the State might lose revenue if it sells the assets for a price below their market value.

(b) Selective advantage

In order for Article 61(1) of the EEA Agreement to be applicable, the measure must be selective in that it favours «certain undertakings or the production of certain goods». Moreover, it must confer on certain undertakings an advantage that reduces the costs they normally bear in the course of business and relieves them of charges that are normally borne from their budgets.

The different measures identified in the various legal instruments mentioned above, in particular, the Share Purchase Agreement between the Government of Iceland and Íslenskt Sement ehf, and the Purchase Contract between Iceland Cement and the National Treasury of Iceland, have been granted selectively to either the privatised company Iceland Cement or to the buyer of the company, Íslenskt Sement ehf.

Should it be determined that the transaction was not carried out on market conditions and that, accordingly, State resources have been involved, Iceland Cement and/or Íslenskt Sement ehf. would have received an advantage within the meaning of Article 61(1) of the EEA Agreement. This would be so because either their costs were reduced or they were paid a price for assets higher than their market value.

(c) Distortion of competition

In order for Article 61(1) of the EEA Agreement to be applicable, the measure must distort competition. Undertakings benefiting from an economic advantage granted by the State which reduces their normal burden of costs, are placed in a better competitive position than those who cannot enjoy this advantage.

Any advantage granted to Iceland Cement which reduces the costs it should normally incur, places this undertaking in a better competitive position vis à vis the other market player in the Icelandic cement market which does not receive this advantage. By definition, competition is distorted.

Furthermore, any advantage granted to the consortium of investors, Íslenskt Sement ehf, at least in competition with the other investment groups which participated in the tender procedure employed by the Icelandic Government for the acquisition of shares, also has the effect of distorting competition.

(d) Effect on trade

Finally, for Article 61(1) of the EEA Agreement to be applicable, the notified measure must have an effect on trade between the Contracting Parties to the EEA Agreement.

The direct competitor of Iceland Cement in the Icelandic market is an undertaking located in another State party to the EEA Agreement which does not produce cement in Iceland, but imports it from other EEA countries into Iceland.

One of the companies participating in the consortium of investors who acquired Iceland Cement, is a cement producer established in another country of the EEA. Other European companies were part of the investors groups who participated in the tender to purchase the shares of Iceland Cement.

Accordingly, the measure affects trade between the Contracting Parties to the EEA Agreement within the meaning of Article 61(1) of the EEA Agreement.

3. Conclusion

At this stage, based on the information submitted by the Icelandic authorities and for the abovementioned reasons, the Authority has doubts about the classification of the notified sale and accompanying measures as non-aid falling outside the scope of Article 61(1) of the EEA Agreement.

Consequently, and in accordance with Article 4(4) in Part II of Protocol 3 to the Surveillance and Court Agreement, the Authority is obliged to open the formal investigation procedure provided for in Article 1(2) in Part I of Protocol 3 of the Surveillance and Court Agreement. The decision to open proceedings is without prejudice to the final decision of the Authority.

Should the Authority during this formal investigation procedure come to the conclusion that State aid has been granted in the framework of the privatisation of Iceland Cement, it would like to note that the Icelandic authorities have not provided any arguments and respective documentary evidence so far to assess compatibility with the rules of the EEA Agreement.

In light of the foregoing considerations, the Authority, acting under the procedure laid down in Article 1(2) in Part I of Protocol 3 to the Surveillance and Court Agreement, requests Iceland to submit its comments and to provide all such information as may help to assess the aid measure notified, within two months of the date of receipt of this Decision,

HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION:

1. The Authority has decided to open the formal investigation procedure pursuant to Article 1(2) in Part I of Protocol 3 to the Surveillance and Court Agreement regarding the agreements related to the sale of 100 % of the shares of the Icelandic State in Iceland Cement.

2. The Icelandic Government is invited, pursuant to Article 6(1) in Part II of Protocol 3 to the Surveillance and Court Agreement, to submit its comments on the opening of the formal investigation procedure within two months from the notification of this Decision.

3. Other Contracting Parties to the EEA Agreement and interested parties shall be informed by the publishing of this Decision in the EEA Section of the Official Journal of the European Union and the EEA Supplement thereto, inviting them to submit comments within one month from the date of publication of this Decision.

4. This Decision is authentic in the English language.

Done at Brussels, 20 December 2004. For the EFTA Surveillance Authority Hannes HAFSTEIN President Einar M. BULL College Member

(1) Hereinafter referred to as «the EEA Agreement».

(2) Hereinafter referred to as «the Surveillance and Court Agreement».

(3) Procedural and Substantive Rules in the Field of State Aid — Guidelines on the application and interpretation of Articles 61 and 62 of the EEA Agreement and Article 1 of Protocol 3 to the Surveillance and Court Agreement, adopted and issued by the EFTA Surveillance Authority on 19 January 1994, published in OJ 1994 L 231, EEA Supplements 03.09.1994 No 32, last amended by the Authority's Decision No 371/04/COL of 15 December 2004, not yet published, hereinafter referred to as «the Guidelines».

(4) It should be mentioned that this bidder obtained the best mark for the criteria «managerial experience and knowledge of the market which the factory operates in» and «financial strength».

(5) The investment group was made out of Framtak fjárfestingarbanki hf, Björgun ehf., BM Vallá ehf and originally Steypustöðin, which was later replaced by the Norwegian company Norcem AS.

(6) According to the information provided by the Icelandic authorities, the land where the company was situated in Akranes belonged to the township which had put it at the disposal of the State following the establishment of the company. There was however no documentary record of this property right.

(7) Two cement storage tanks, cement delivery/packaging building, stairs and hallway, cement pipe casing, fence and gate, steel silo with accompanying equipment, air compressors, dryer and electric equipment in a storage shed by the dock, quayside crane, piping in cement pipe casing, vehicle scale and accompanying computer equipment.

(8) The Icelandic authorities' letter to the Authority of 26 November 2004.

(9) The assets repurchased by the State in Reykjavik and Akranes had been estimated at a lower value in the original assessment of the liquidation value: ISK […] million and ISK […] million respectively. According to the information submitted by the Icelandic authorities lately their value was ISK […] million and ISK […] million respectively.

(10) This estimation did not include the steel silo with accompanying equipment, air compressors, dryer and electric equipment in a storage shed by the dock, quayside crane, piping in cement pipe casing, vehicle scale and accompanying computer equipment. This estimation did not include the value of the land itself, of which 2 050 m2 can apparently also be acquired for this price.