EUROOPAN YHTEISÖJEN KOMISSIO 
Bryssel, 12.04.1996 
KOM(95) 452 lopull. 
EUROOPAN YHTEISÖN TOIMITTAMA ELINTARVIKEAPU VUONNA 1994 
Pääasiallinen tavoite: elintarvikkeiden riittävyyden turvaaminen 
(komission esittämä) 

EUROOPAN YHTEISÖN TOIMITTAMA ELINTARVIKEAPU VUONNA 1994 
Pääasiallinen tavoite: elintarvikkeiden riittävyyden turvaaminen 
Maailman elintarviketuotanto kasvaa nopeammin kuin väestö. Päivittäin kuitenkin 
miljoonat ihmiset (350 - 500 miljoonaa) eivät saa ravintoa riittävästi ja heidän joukossaan 
on myös paljon ihmisiä, jotka eivät saa ravintoa lainkaan. Tämän vuoksi elintarvikeapu 
on todella tarpeen ja se muodostaa nykyään suurimman osan julkisesta kehitysavusta. 
Euroopan yhteisön toimittaman elintarvikeavun ensisijaisena tavoitteena on edistää 
pitkäaikaista elintarvikkeiden riittävyyden turvaamista siten, että kaikilla olisi kaiken aikaa 
mahdollisuus saada riittävästi ravintoa elääkseen tasapainoista, tervettä ja aktiivista 
elämää. 
Yhteisön elintarvikeapuun kuulu neljä ensisijaista aluetta: 
lisätä apua saavien väestöjen ravinnonsaantia, 
toteuttaa toimia paikallisen maataloustuotannon lisäämiseksi, 
edistää apua saavien maiden tasapainoista taloudellista ja yhteiskunnallista 
kehitystä, 
vähentää maksutaseen epätasapainoa. 
Kunnianhimoinen tavoite pyrkii asianomaisten maiden yleiseen taloudellis-sosiaaliseen 
kehittämiseen. Tämän tavoitteen saavuttamiseksi on käytettävissä useita keinoja. 
Elintarvikeapu on yksi näistä keinoista. 
Torjuakseen tehokkaasti pysyvän elintarvikkeiden riittämättömyyden yleisen 
kehitysapupolitiikan mukaisesti, komissiolla on useita toimintamalleja käytettävissään. 
Tuotteina toimitettava apu parantaa peruselintarvikkeiden saantia, tasapainottaa 
markkinoita, parantaa maksutasetta ja vähentää apua saavien maiden ulkomaankaupan 
vajetta. Apua rahaksi muutettaessa saatujen vastaavuusrahastojen varojen käytön 
järkiperäistäminen mahdollistaa sellaisten alakohtaisten ohjelmien tukemisen, joiden 
tarkoituksena on parantaa elintarvikkeiden riittävyyttä.Rahoituksellisena ja teknisenä 
apuna tapahtuvien korvaavien toimien käytöllä turvataan kestävä ja paremmin kohdennettu 
tuki. Kolmikantaostojen ja paikallisten ostojen avulla edistetään paikallista tuotantoa, 
tasapainotetaan markkinoita sekä edistetään alueellista yhdentymistä ja etelä-etelä -
kauppaa. Tämän avulla otetaan myös huomioon paikalliset tavat. Varastointiin liittyvän 
infrastruktuurin rahoitus, varmuusvarastojen perustaminen, siementen ja työvälineiden 
toimittaminen sekä ennakoivien hälytysjärjestelmien rahoitus yhdentävät avun 
huomattavasti rakenteellisemmassa kehyksessä. 
Kehittyvät tulevaisuudennäkymät 
A' 2 
On kuitenkin ehdottomasti yhdennettävä edelleen elintarvikeapua ja elintarvikkeiden 
riittävyyden turvaamiseen liittyviä tukitoimia muiden kehitysavun toimintavälineiden 
kanssa ja tähdättävä joustavampaan lähestymistapaan. Tämän mukaisesti elintarvikkeiden 
turvaaminen perustuisi tarjonnan ja kysynnän edellytyksiin (ravinnon saatavuus ja 
mahdollisuus käyttää sitä), ja ne muodostaisivat tason, jolta taloudet voivat alkaa 
keräämään varastoja (varastointi, karjanpito, rahan säästäminen), kehittämään tehokkaita 
tuotantotapoja tai lisäämään tuloja ja järjestämään sosiaalisia suhteita, joihin sisältyy 
kaikkein luotettavimmat yhteisvastuun verkot; kaikkien näiden toimien tarkoituksena on 
vähentää haavoittavuutta elintarvikekriisin tapauksessa. 
Elintarvikkeiden riittävyyden turvaaminen osoittaa, että pysyvä ratkaisu tilanteisiin, joissa 
elintarvikkeiden saanti on riittämätöntä, perustuu useisiin eri välineisiin. Kyseisten 
toimien lopullinen tavoite on se, että taloudet saavuttavat sellaisen kyvyn hankkia tuloja 
nostaakseen itsensä elintarvikkeiden riittävyyden tason yläpuolelle ja tällä tavoin saada 
valtio ottamaan käyttöön alakohtaisia ja makrotaloudellisia politiikkoja, joissa otetaan 
huomioon edellä mainitun elintarvikkeiden riittävyyden turvaamisen tavoite. 
Tuotteiden moninaisuus ja oma talousarvio 
Elintarvikeavulle on ominaista sen välineiden moninaisuus ja rikkaus. Elintarvikeapuna 
vuonna 1994 toimitetut elintarvikkeet kuuluvat useaan suureen luokkaan: vilja, 
maitojauhe, voiöljy, kasviöljy, sokeri, muut tuotteet (esimerkiksi palkokasvit, liha, kala, 
maapähkinät, tomaattisose ja hedelmät), siemenet ja työvälineet. 
Viljatoimitusten osuus on ylivoimaisesti suurin (1 451 480 tonnia). Vilja on olennainen 
perustuote nälänhädän ja rakenteellisten puutteiden torjumisessa, koska se on yleisesti 
saatavilla, sillä on korkea ravintoarvo ja sen hinta on kohtuullinen. Vuonna 1994 viljan 
osuus kasvoi vuoteen 1993 verrattuna, jolloin viljatoimitusten osuus oli 1 345 775 tonnia. 
Maitojauheen ja voiöljyn osuus vähentynyt jatkuvasti jo muutaman vuoden ajan, koska 
niitä on vaikea käyttää ja koska niitä käytetään ainoastaan erityisiin käyttötarkoituksiin 
(esimerkiksi meijeriteollisuus ja hoitolaitokset). Vuosina 1987 -1994 maitojauheen osuus 
väheni 94 100 tonnista 32 638 tonniin ja voiöljyn osuus vastaavasti 27 300 tonnista 
1 000 tonniin. Kasviöljyä käytetään yhä enemmän, koska se kuuluu läheisemmin apua 
saavan väestön ravintokulttuuriin. Vuosina 1987 - 1994 kasviöljyn osuus kasvoi 34 000 
tonnista 62 462 tonniin. Sokerin osuus on sitä vastoin säilynyt lähes ennallaan: vuosina 
1987 -1994 sen osuus kasvoi 11 000 tonnista 14 885 tonniin. 
Huomattavin kasvu on tapahtunut muiden tuotteiden luokassa, koska siihen sisältyy 
moninainen joukko apua saavien väestöjen tarvitsemia elintarvikkeita. Vuosina 1987 -
1994 kyseisen luokan osuus on kasvanut 30 miljoonasta ecusta 61 481 200 ecuun. Tämä 
kasvu osoittaa myös komission halua tukea paikallista tuotantoa, koska suurin osa 
kyseisistä tuotteista ostetaan paikallisesti. 
Toinen yhteisön elintarvikeavun erityispiirre on se, että sillä on oma toimintaa koskeva 
talousarvio. Sen täytäntöönpano ei ole näin ollen riippuvainen maatalouspolitiikasta tai 
ft-3 
sen tuotteiden ylijäämistä. Elintarvikeapuna toimitettavat tavarat ostetaan (komissio ostaa) 
Euroopan, kansainvälisiltä tai paikallisilta markkinoilta. Komissio määrittää vuosittain 
tuotteiden määrän (tonnimäärän), joka toimitetaan elintarvikeapuna, ja myöntää 
toimintamäärärahat. Vuoden 1994 toiminnan osalta oli suunniteltu käyttää 589,1 miljoonaa 
ecua, josta 218,1 ecua oli tarkoitus käyttää pelkästään logistiikkaan ja kuljetuksiin. 
Yhteisön elintarvikeavun merkitys kansainvälisellä tasolla 
Komissio on myös sitoutunut vuoden 1986 elintarvikeapua koskevaan yleissopimukseen, 
jonka tavoitteena on toimittaa kehitysmaille vähintään 10 miljoonaa tonnia elintarvikkeita 
vuosittain. Kyseisen sopimuksen määräysten mukaisesti Euroopan yhteisö ja sen 
jäsenvaltiot sitoutuvat toimittamaan vuosittain vähintään 1 670 000 tonnia viljaa. 
Komissio toimittaa siitä itse 927 700 tonnia. 
Vuoden 1980 elintarvikeapua koskevan yleissopimuksen tekemisestä lähtien Euroopan 
unioni (eli Euroopan yhteisö ja sen jäsenvaltiot) on vastannut vähintään 1,67 miljoonan 
viljatonnin toimittamisesta elintarvikeapuna vuosittain. Tämä osuus on ollut 22 prosenttia 
7,6 miljoonasta tonnista, joka on sitoumusten yhteismäärä. Noin 56 prosenttia tästä 
unionin toimittamasta avusta on toteutettu yhteisön toimina; Ranskan ja Saksan osuus on 
kummankin osalta 12 prosenttia, Yhdistyneen kuningaskunnan 7 prosenttia, Italian 6 
prosenttia ja Alankomaiden 3 prosenttia. Euroopan unioni on säännöllisesti ylittänyt 
elintarvikeapua koskevassa yleissopimuksessa määrätyt sitoumuksensa. Yhteisön toimien 
osuus oli 190 prosenttia sen osuudesta Euroopan unionin sitoumuksista vuosina 1987 -
1990. Kaikki osuudet huomioon ottaen Euroopan unioni on ylittänyt samana ajanjaksona 
vähimmäisosuutensa 75 prosentilla. 
Rakenteellisen elintarvikeavun lisäksi Euroopan yhteisö on myös myöntänyt vuonna 1994 
Euroopan yhteisön humanitaarista toimistoa (ECHO) varten 46 miljoonaa ecua 
käytettäväksi elintarvikehätäapuna. Sille myönnettiin myös 204 miljoonaa ecua 
käytettäväksi elintarvikeapuna tietyissä Itä-Euroopan maissa. Kyseisiä määriä ei ole 
mainittu tilastoissa. 
PAM:in INTERFAlS-järjestelmän alustavien arvioiden perusteella voidaan todeta 
elintarvikeavun tonnimäärän laskeneen nettomääräisesti vuosien 1993 ja 1994 aikana noin 
17 miljoonasta tonnista noin 13 miljoonaan tonniin. INTERFAlS-järjestelmän alustavien 
tietojen perusteella Yhdysvallat on merkittävin avun toimittaja maailmassa (7 miljoonaa 
tonnia) ja Euroopan unioni (Euroopan yhteisöjä sen jäsenvaltiot) on toiseksi merkittävin 
(noin 3,5 miljoonaa tonnia). Seuraavilla sijoilla ovat Kanada (noin 950 000 tonnia, 
Australia (noin 350 000 tonnia) ja Japani (noin 350 000 tonnia). 
Avun saajat 
Elintarvikeapua myönnetään komission ennakolta määrittelemien objektiivisten 
edellytysten mukaisesti. Jos kyse ei ole hätätapauksesta, apua annetaan tapauksen mukaan 
tavallisesti ainoastaan silloin, kun esiintyy tarvetta tuoda elintarvikkeita ja jos kyseisen 
A- 4 
avun toimittaminen parantaa elintarvikkeiden riittävää saantia kyseisessä maassa tai 
kyseisellä alueella taikka jos sillä tyydytetään tietyn heikompiosaisen ryhmän tarpeet. On 
myös otettava huomioon ehdotetun toimen taloudellis-sosiaalinen vaikutus, sen 
rahoituskustannukset sekä myös apua saavien väestöjen perinteinen ravintokulttuuri. 
Vuosittain toimitettavien elintarviketuotteiden määrät voivat olla kahdella tavalla hyvin 
erilaisia. Komissio voi myöntää apua sitä pyytävälle valtiolle määriteltyjen edellytysten 
mukaisesti. Sitä kutsutaan suoraksi tai kahdenväliseksi avuksi. Komissio voi myöntää 
myös apua kansainväliselle järjestölle tai hallituksista riippumattomalle järjestölle, joka 
toteuttaa avun toimittamisen yhteen tai useampaan maahan. Tässä tapauksessa kyse on 
epäsuorasta tai monenvälisestä avusta, koska avun toimittamiseen liittyy usein useita 
toimijoita. 
Ohjelmointi ja toteutus 
Euroopan komission kehitysyhteistyön pääosaston elintarvikeavun yksikkö (EY -
PO VIII/B/1) jakautuu kahteen eri toimistoon: ohjelmointi ja toteutus. Ohjelmointi on 
jatkuvaa toimintaa, jonka tehtävänä on arvioida elintarvikkeiden turvaamisen tilanne sekä 
apuun oikeutettujen maiden ja alueiden tarpeet. Lisäksi se tutkii valtioiden, 
kansainvälisten järjestöjen tai hallituksista riippumattomien järjestöjen jättämät 
avustuspyynnöt ja päättää niiden hyväksymisestä. 
Toteus käsittää myönnetyn avun käytännön toteutuksen eli tavaroiden oston, kuljetuksen 
ja jakelun (tai myynnin). Toteutukseen kuuluu myös toimitettujen tuotteiden laadun 
valvonta. Näiden kahden alan lisäksi toimii myös seurantayksikkö, joka koostuu 
maatalouden talousasiantuntijoista, joiden tehtävänä on tehdä säännöllisesti 
tarkastusmatkoja avustusalueille avustustoimien moitteettoman toteutuksen 
varmistamiseksi. 
(\ 
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY FOOD AID 
— in the service of development — 
Activity Report 1994 
o 
FOREWORD 
Besides describing those food aid actions (of which the majority are still ongoing) covered 
by the 1994 budgetary exercise and supervised by the Food Aid Unit of the European 
Commission's Directorate-General for Development, this activity report is drawn up to present 
the European Commission policy on food security. The current aim of which is to integrate food 
aid into the global development policy of recipient countries. 
This document also aims to heighten the reader's awareness of the development cause in general 
and of the battle against food insecurity because, as Sophie Brunei wrote, "Hunger is painful to 
those who suffer it, but it is also an accusation to be thrown in the face of those who tolerate 
1 Sophie Brunei, "Une tragédie banalisée, la faim dans le monde", Hachette 
Editions, Paris 1991. 
CONTENTS 
I. FOOD SECURITY AND DEVELOPMENT AID 6 
1. Food insecurity in the world in 1994 6 
2. The European Community's response 8 
3. Food aid as an instrument of development 9 
II. THE MEANS USED 10 
1. What does European Community aid consist of? 10 
2. Scale and distribution of Community aid 11 
3. Beneficiaries 12 
A. Bilateral aid and its criteria 12 
B. Multilateral aid and its field of action 13 
4. Community food aid in an international context 14 
A. The Food Aid Convention 14 
B. Distribution of food aid by region and country 14 
III. ORGANIZATION OF THE INSTRUMENTS 15 
1. The instruments 15 
A. Structural development aid . 15 
• Sales on the market and counterpart funds 15 
• Multiannual operations 15 
B. Structural financial actions 16 
• Substitution actions 16 
• Early warning systems 16 
• Storage actions 16 
C. Rehabilitation aid 16 
• Integrated nutritional and social projects 17 
• Food for work programmes 17 
• Co-financing actions 17 
• The provision of seeds and tools 17 
• School feeding programmes 18 
D. Triangular operations and local purchasing 18 
2. Planning 19 
3. Mobilization and monitoring -. 19 
4. Follow-up and evaluation 20 
IV. STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT OPERATIONS 21 
1. Towards an integrated development policy 21 
• Madagascar: support for the urban population 21 
• Malawi: supplies to local markets and long-term support 
for smallholders 22 
• Peru: social support for the structural adjustment policy 23 
• Egypt: various forms of support 24 
• Cape Verde Islands: a chronic deficit 26 
2. Multiannual actions 27 
• Tunisia: support for the development of the dairy sector 27 
•Bangladesh: "Integrated Food Assisted Development Programme" . . 28 
3. Substitution actions 29 
• Senegal: promoting local cereal production 29 
• China: a flourishing dairy industry 30 
• Burkina Faso: a new food security system 30 
4. Long-term actions under the World Food Programme 31 
• Ethiopia: rehabilitation of agricultural land, forests 
and infrastructures 32 
• Jordan: development of forests and common grazing land 33 
5. Triangular operations and local purchasing 33 
• Support for Tanzania's cereal trade 34 
6. Storage actions 34 
• Two types of storage 34 
• How to set up the stock 35 
• Zimbabwe: construction of warehouses 35 
7. Early warning systems 35 
V. REHABILITATION ACTIONS 37 
1. Covering national food shortages 37 
A. Supplying seeds and tools 37 
• Rwanda: aid for agricultural revival 37 
• Burundi: aid for agricultural rehabilitation 38 
B. School feeding programmes 38 
• Honduras : a new lunch school programme 38 
• Mozambique: distribution of brioches in Maputo schools 40 
C. Nutritional support for target groups 40 
• Angola: aid for displaced persons and urban groups .--. 40 
• Ethiopia: chronicle of a food crisis avoided 42 
• Eritrea: supplying local markets 43 
• Nicaragua: economic depression 44 
2. Support for the international organizations 45 
A. The World Food Programme 45 
• Eritrea: assistance for displaced persons or refugees 
and for stock-farmers 46 
• Ethiopia: assistance for the victims of drought 
and displaced persons 46 
• Ghana: assistance for Togolese refugees 46 
• Sudan: assistance for the victims of drought and displaced persons . 47 
* Protracted Refugees Operations (PRO): 47 
• Afghanistan: aid for the victims of the civil war 47 
• Bangladesh: assistance for the refugees from Myanmar 47 
• Mozambique: regional aid for returnees 48 
B. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 48 
C. The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees 
in the Near East 48 
D. The International Committee of the Red Cross 
and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies . . 49 
3. The non-governmental organizations 49 
• Euronaid: an interface between the NGOs and the Commission ... 50 
• CARE: intervention in Ethiopia 50 
• CDI-Bwamanda: sale and free distribution of food rations 
in Kinshasa 51 
!/• /•••• 
FOREWORD 
Besides describing those food aid actions (ofwhicli the. majority arc still ongoing) covered 
by the 1994 budgetary exercise and supervised by the Food Aid Unit of the Huiopcan 
Commission's Directorate-General Tor Development, mis activiiy report is drawn up lo present 
'.he F.uiupcan Commission policy on food security.. The current aim ofwhieh is to integrate food 
aid inro (he global development policy of recipient countries. 
Tliis document also aims lo heighten the reader's awareness of the development cause in general 
and of die battle against food insccuriiy because, as Sophie Brunei wrote, "Hunger is painful to 
those who suffer it, but it is also an accusation to be thrown in the face of those who toleiatc 
1 Sophie Brunei. "Uue tragédie banalisée, la fciin daiis le monde", Haclieiw 
Editions, Paris 1991. 
I. FOOD SECURITY AND DEVELOPMENT AID 
1. Food insecurity in the world in 1994 
Over the past fifteen years, the demand for imports of cereals expressed by the developing 
countries has doubled, rising from sixty million tonnes to more than 120 million tonnes (world 
trade accounting for about 225 million tonnes). The developing countries production has 
nevertheless registered an overall increase of 1.7% in 1993. However this is markedly below 
rate than the population growth. Still in 1993, the most favourable results are found in sub-
Saharan Africa. Here agriculture recorded a growth of 3.4%. Yet that rate is hardly greater than 
the rate of population growth (3.2%)and occurred after the great drought of 1992, a year marked 
by hardly any change in the production level, which therefore cancels out the positive effects of 
1993. Latin America and the Caribbean saw a serious production deficit in 1993, while the Middle 
East and North Africa suffered a definite slow-down compared to previous years. 
The Maghreb and the Mashrek still import more cereals than any other region in the world. Here 
the demand has increased by 50% in ten years (with record rates in Algeria, Egypt, Jordan and 
the Lebanon). In Central and South America, the rapid rise of per capita income in some 
countries has increased the global demand of the region. 
Food insecurity is found among population groups that are forced to consume their reserves, 
to call for a system of solidarity, even to dispose of their means of production and, in short, 
become even more vulnerable. 
In 1980, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO), one third of the world's 
population did not consume enough calories to lead a normal active life and was therefore in a 
state of chronic food insecurity. It obtained less than 90% of the 2 400 calories needed per person 
per day — FAO/WHO standards. Some 340 million inhabitants of the developing countries 
apparently obtain less than 80% of that level. So they are exposed to serious health risks, to the 
level where this prevents children from growing normally (6% of the population of the third 
world). 
According to FAO estimates dating from 1992, one third of the total African population (of 
500 million persons) suffers from chronic undernourishment. This trend has remained more or 
less constant over the past two decades. Today, the African continent imports twenty million 
tonnes of cereals and receives five million tonnes of food aid to feed its people. According 
to current FAO forecasts it is feared that unless this current trend is reversed, the figure will 
rise from the present 25 million to reach fifty million tonnes before the year 2010. 
There was little change to this situation in 1994. One person out of five in the third world 
suffers from chronic malnutrition, which means 790 million people. Moreover, the African 
continent remains the one most heavily dependent on international food aid. Unfortunately, 
this dependence has continued to grow. In 1994, more than 80% of cereals deliveries went 
to the people of Africa. 
This extremely disturbing situation can be explained by the fact that sub-Saharan Africa, which 
was largely self-sufficient in food until the 1960s, has become more and more dependent on 
imported food over the past 25 years. It is the only region where food production has 
dwindled over the past three decades. The supply problems of the region are in fact connected 
with the structural crisis that has gradually been affecting its agriculture. This crisis, often 
aggravated by poor climatic conditions and internal troubles, can be explained by various factors, 
such as inadequate and ineffectual agricultural development policies, the excessively slow rate of 
development of arable land, the stagnation of yields due to the lack of technology, the 
increasingly rapid deterioration of the environment and the absence of any genuine policy to 
combat this, the marked preference given to cash crops over food crops, rapid population growth, 
the shortage of inputs and a generally unfavourable economic climate. Over the past five years, 
the average yield per hectare in Africa was 1 183 kg, while it was 2 260 kg in Latin America and 
2 827 kg in Asia. Over the past two decades, the increase in cereal production in the region 
has been due mainly to the increase in areas under seed and not to any improvement in 
yields. 
As a means of tackling the increasingly large deficit created by the fact that the population has 
increased faster than cereals production, imports increased three-fold between 1970 and 1993 while 
food aid increased seven-fold, reaching five million tonnes in 1993/1994. But despite the 
substantial increase in imports, the cereals supply available per capita fell sharply, from 142 kg 
per person per year in the early 1970s to 133 kg in 1993. Moreover, the African sub-continent 
does not have much capacity to import via international trading channels because it is very 
restricted by its balance of payments problems. This makes it even more dependent on food aid. 
Lastly, the speed-up in the rate of urbanization is another contributing factor to the changing 
composition of the diet, which is tending towards imported cereals such as wheat and rice. 
Added to this, the African continent is more prone than any other to conflicts and natural 
disasters (leading to one famine after another): Angola, Ethiopia, Liberia, Mozambique, Rwanda, 
Somalia, Sudan, to quote only the most famous cases. On average, imports of cereals increased 
by 25% in sub-Saharan Africa between 1980 and 1991, the main destinations being West Africa 
and the Horn of Africa (in the latter case, because of famine and conflicts). After the Maghreb 
and the Middle East, West Africa is the region of the world that imports most food for its people. 
Mauritania, for example, imports nearly all its cereals because of its geographical situation (arid 
and desert country in the Sahel region). In this context, over the past three decades the African 
continent's dependence on food aid has grown constantly. 
Because of this fact, in-depth consideration is now being given to the role of food aid as a 
fundamental component of food security policy within the Community's development policy. 
To that end, in November 1994 the Council of Development Ministers of the European Union 
defined the political guidelines needed for developing this instrument in a long-term perspective 
and thereby making it more effective (cf. Annex). The Commission also undertook a review of 
the basis of its food aid policy and the procedures for implementing it, as a complement to the 
major support the Community provides in order to ensure basic food security and availability, 
in particular by measures to improve the accessibility of the recipient groups and by measures to 
support local production. The main aim of this approach is to turn the victims of food crises 
into active participants in their development process. 
2. The European Community's response 
In granting food aid, the Community's primary objective is to promote long-term food 
security, i.e., to ensure that at all times each individual has access to enough food to lead a 
balanced, healthy and active life. 
To this end, the Community's four food aid priorities are as follows: 
- to increase the nutritional cover of the beneficiary population groups; 
- to support efforts to increase local agricultural production; 
- to contribute towards the balanced economic and social development of the beneficiary 
countries; 
- to reduce the balance of payments imbalances of countries with a structural food deficit. 
Such an ambitious objective presupposes the general socio-economic development of the countries 
in question; there are a number of ways of achieving it. Food aid is one of them. The measures 
described below show how food aid can be used in this context as a back-up for the 
development policies of the countries in question. 
The Commission has a wide variety of means of action effectively to combat the chronic food 
insecurity in the framework of a global development policy. Aid in the form of products 
improves the availability of basic foods, helps stabilize the markets, eases the balance of payments 
and helps reduce the recipient countries' external deficit. The more rational use of the counterpart 
funds generated by the monetization of the aid makes it possible to support sectoral programmes 
to boost food security. Substitution actions in the form of financial and technical aid can ensure 
lasting and more targeted sup-port. Triangular and local purchasing helps promote local 
production, market stability and regional integration and south/south trade. This also respects 
local customs. The financing of storage infrastructure, the creation of strategic stocks, the supply 
of seeds and tools and the financing of early-warning systems integrate the aid in a far more 
structural framework. 
In March 1994, the Food Aid Unit undertook a global study of the contribution of food aid to 
food security in the developing countries, which is still on-going but has already led to certain 
conclusions. 
First, it proves essential to integrate food aid and food security support actions more closely with 
the other development aid intervention instruments, and therefore to look for a more dynamic 
approach. 
In this regard, food security would consist of a number of supply and demand conditions 
(availability and accessibility of food) representing a threshold as from which households can 
begin to accumulate reserves (storage, cattle, cash savings), develop efficient means of 
production or increase their income and organize social relations including more reliable 
solidarity networks; the result of all these actions would be to reduce the level of 
vulnerability in the event of a food crisis. Defined in this way, food aid implies thai a long-term 
response to situations of food insecurity is based on a varied range of instruments. The final 
object of these measures is to restore the households' ability to generate income so that they can 
rise above the food security threshold and also to incite the State to adopt sectoral and macro-
economic policies in line with the said objective of food security. 
Since the creation of the European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO) in 1992, emergency 
aid and humanitarian operations are no longer dealt with by the Food Aid Unit of the Directorate-
General for Development. Indeed ECHO has the mandate to intervene in the financing of 
humanitarian operations which concern emergency aid, emergency food aid and aid to refugees 
and displaced people and which is carried out by international organizations, non-governmental 
organizations and States. As far as emergency food aid is concerned, ECHO has at its disposal a 
specific budget line. In 1994 the office financed from this budget line emergency food aid actions 
amounting to ECU 46 million. 
It is also worth noting that in 1994, the services of the Commission's Directorate-General for 
External Relations have implemented food aid actions in cooperation with ECHO in the newly 
independent states of Eastern Europe (Armenia, Azerbaïdjan, Georgia, Kirghistan and Tadjikistan). 
This aid, accounting for the amount of ECU 204 million (ECU 165 million from FEOGA budget line, 
ECU 35 million from ECHO budget line and ECU four million from TACIS budget line) was decided 
by the Council of Ministers after an assessment mission noted an important nutrional short-fall. 
Since the collapse of the former USSR, instability in the region has led to a situation of chronic 
shortage in food supply. Yet traditional commer-cial links between the former Soviet republics 
which allowed a regular food supply were mishandled by this instability. Moreover, in certain 
cases, unfortunate sectorial and macro-economic policies have not permitted a viable development 
of farming. 
The range of food products delivered is varied: wheat, wheatflour, rye, ryefiour, butter, 
milkpowder, vegetable oil and meat. It is estimated that around one million tonnes of food products 
was delivered during the winter of 1994. 
3. Food aid as an instrument of development 
The Council Resolution of 25 November 1994 (see Annex) confirmed that food aid is a 
development instrument. In that resolution, the Council points out among others that food 
security, including its nutritional aspects, should become one of the guiding principles of the 
development programmes aimed at alleviating poverty in rural and urban areas. The Council 
considers that dialogue with the partner countries should lead to a strategy aimed at ensuring 
long-term food security. With reference in particular to the role of food aid, the Council 
considers that the regional food security initiatives, in particular triangular food aid 
operations and purchasing operations at local level need to be further reinforced and 
supported in order to exploit the natural complementarity between the countries of a same 
region. 
II. THE MEANS USED 
1. What does European Community aid consist of? 
The original feature of Community food aid lies in its diversity and the variety of means 
used. Food supplied as food aid in 1994 can be grouped in several main categories. 
First there are cereals, namely wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, millet, the various flours, 
meals'and other groats and conglomerates. Cereals make up the main part of the aid 
(1 451 480 tonnes allocated in 1994). They are, par excellence^ essential basic product for 
coping with the various famines and structural food shortages because they are universal (they 
can be found in all the food systems of the world), they have a high nutritional value and the 
cost is reasonable. Cereals can be consumed rapidly and easily in most regions of the world. 
Wheat and white maize make up the majority of the cereals allocated to Africa. Rice is consumed 
largely in Asia but also in many other developing countries (together with fish, it is the main diet 
of the coastal people of several African countries, for ins-tance). 
Next come milk powder and butteroil, in far smaller amounts. Milk is rich in proteins 
and therefore sought after. However, it has two major drawbacks. First it is not as universal as 
cereals. In many societies in developing countries, it is rejected because of their food habits but 
some people also find it impossible to digest. Secondly, for obvious transport reasons, milk is 
reduced to powder and then reconstituted in situ by adding water. But since powdered full-cream 
milk is difficult to transport, skimmed milk powder is preferred, with added butteroil —a kind 
of lipidic paste extracted from full-cream milk — when it is turned back into liquid in order to 
produce full-cream milk again. This complication makes it an expensive product to buy and 
difficult to use. In the developing countries, it is sometimes reconstituted with non-drinking water 
by occasional users with too little knowledge. The dosage level — which is most important — 
is sometimes not observed. This can provoke or aggravate malnutrition (if the mixture is not rich 
enough) or even give rise to diarrhoea (if the mixture is too rich) in children or weak adults. 
At the same time it was realised that in many cases milk, a protein sought after by adults in good 
health, could easily be replaced by less expensive products that are easier to use and more 
accessible, such as legumes, meat, fish or vegetable oil. The same applies to healthy children, 
who can be given weaning products or other baby foods that are easier to use. The trend in the 
Community is therefore towards the gradual reduction of these two products, which are now 
distributed only for specific uses via pre-existing infrastructures in which qualified staff can 
reconstitute and administer them properly. So they are intended mainly for nursing mothers, 
children, the sick and the old. At present, in any case, these two products are mainly in demand 
for projects in the dairy industry or by international organisations or NGOs active in the field 
of therapeutic nutrition in situations of famine or malnutrition in refugee camps, hospitals, etc. 
The distribution of these two products has fallen considerably. For milk powder, it has fallen 
from 94 100 tonnes in 1987 to 32 638 tonnes in 1994. As the demand for butteroir is linked to 
the demand for milk powder, it too has fallen, from 27 300 tonnes in 1987 to 1 000 tonnes in 
1994. 
Butteroil has also often been used wrongly and has proved easy to replace. It has been 
discovered that people who received it directly did not use it to reconstitute milk but mainly as 
10 
a basic fat for preparing and cooking their food. Vegetable oil is now preferred (made from seeds 
or olives), since it is cheaper and more in line with the eating habits of the recipient people. This 
has been reflected in an increase in demand. Distribution rose from 34 000 tonnes in 1987 to 
62 462 tonnes of oil in 1994. This product provides the essential calories for every diet and also 
has the merit of being available for purchase locally (ease of access and delivery). 
Sugar is another basic product habitually provided as food aid, but supplies are tending 
to stagnate now. In 1987,11 000 tonnes were delivered, while the amount was 14 885 in 1994. 
The constancy of the amount can be explained by the fact that since enough sugar is found in 
a varied diet, it is mainly useful as an energy booster, often in humanitarian programmes of food 
supplements for target groups such as refugees and displaced persons. So it is mainly in demand 
by international organizations and NGOs that deal with this kind of crisis. 
The fall in some of these basic products goes hand in hand with increased deliveries of a 
whole range of foods more adapted to the diets of the recipient people. Their advantage is that 
they provide a more varied and cheaper diet because they can be bought on the local markets. 
They are high-protein pulses such as beans, butter beans and lentils, groundnuts, dried fish, 
processed and tinned fish, tomato puree, fruit, etc. This range of products is not quantified in 
tonnes because of its diversity and fluctuating costs. Every year, a certain amount is allocated for 
purchasing them. Between 1987 and 1994, the allocation rose from ECU 30 million to 
ECU 61 481 200 million. This increase fully reflects the Community's desire to support local 
production by buying these products and the need to promote more varied diets. 
Like food supplies, supplies of seeds and tools are growing increasingly. This under-lines 
the Community's desire to help the people to revive food production. The seeds offered under 
these rehabilitation programmes are seeds of local plants such as millet, sorghum, cassava and 
beans. The main tools supplied are hoes so that the peasants can work the land and produce a 
harvest. 
Beside this aid in kind, there is also financial aid, which is essential to the success of the 
op-erations, in various fields such as the transport, distribution and monitoring of these products. 
Nor must we forget the financing of storage infrastructure and early warning systems together 
with the co-financing of food aid programmes carried out by the NGOs and substitution actions. 
2. Scale and distribution of Community aid 
Another special feature of European Community food aid is that it has its own 
operating budget. So it is not dependent for its implementation on agricultural policy or the 
existence or not of surpluses. 
Every year the Commission fixes the quantity (tonnage) of products to be supplied as food aid 
and allocates the appropriations on that basis. For the 1994 financial year, an estimated 
ECU 589.1 million were to be committed, apportioned over four budget lines, of which 
ECU 218.1 million were to go on logistics (transport) alone. 
The first of these budget lines finances the European Community's commitment under the 1986 
Food Aid Convention, with the objective of making at least 10 million tonnes of food products 
available a year to the developing countries. Under the terms of that convention, the European 
11 
Community and its Member States undertake to supply an annual amount of at least 
1 670 000 tonnes of cereals. The Commission itself supplies as much as 927 000 tonnes. 
The second budget line made it possible to finance an additional allocation of cereals and food 
products amounting to a maximum of 459 800 tonnes of cereals, 50 000 tonnes of milk powder, 
4 000 tonnes of butteroil, 17 000 tonnes of sugar, 68 000 tonnes of vegetable oil and the purchase 
of other products accounting for ECU 51 million. It can also be used to finance substitution 
actions. 
It is important to note that with a view to ensuring that the global action is fairly flexible, 
authorization was given for an upward adjustment up to a ceiling of 20% of the tonnage of any 
of these products, except for the milk powder and cereals due under the 1986 convention. It is 
understood that these adjustments must be offset by a decrease in products which are less of a 
priority. For example, a little more than ECU 61 million was allocated for other products, instead 
of the 50 million estimated by the Commission. 
The object of the third line is to finance the costs of transport, storage, distribution and follow-up 
measures, together with back-up measures. The fourth and last line covers joint financing of food 
aid actions carried out by international organizations or NGOs. 
3. Beneficiaries 
This aid is of course allocated on the basis of objective criteria defined in advance by the 
Commission. In the circumstances, when there is no urgent need, it is considered that the aid 
should normally be allocated only if there is a need for imported foods and if the supply of that 
aid improves the food security of the country or region concerned and if it responds to the needs 
of a vulnerable group. Account must also be taken of the socio-economic impact of the proposed 
action, its financial cost and, lastly, the food habits of the beneficiary population groups. 
The quantities of food products distributed each year can be allocated in two very different ways. 
The Commission may allocate the aid to an applicant state on the basis of specific criteria. That 
is called direct or bilateral aid. Or the Commission can allocate it to an international organization 
or a non-governmental organization (NGO), which will implement it in one or more countries. 
That is referred to as indirect or multilateral aid because a number of participants are often 
involved. 
A. Bilateral aid and its criteria 
Bilateral or direct food aid is an operation in which the Commission undertakes the 
entire process. It is granted to population groups whose governments request it on the basis of 
agreements concluded with these states on the basis of strict criteria. The Commission prefers this 
kind of action because it usually relates to structural development measures and is therefore more 
interesting from the point of view of long-term food security. 
12 
As a general rule, direct aid is sold on the home markets of the state concerned instead of being 
distributed, in order to avoid any risk of destabilizing the markets and also to finance 
development actions aimed at improving food security in the state concerned. 
There are various criteria for the allocation of bilateral aid: the existence of a major food short­
fall, the value of the gross national product (GNP), the existence of a nutritional deficit among 
the people concerned, the infant mortality rate, the balance of payments situation, the volume 
of imported food products and the burden of external debt servicing on export revenue. Account 
must also be taken of short-term economic and structural factors in each state. Moreover, the 
"usual marketing requirement" rule must be respected, namely the reference average relating to 
the commercial import capacity of the countries concerned. So aid can be regarded as justified if 
there is still a major short-fall after food has been imported. This short-fall occurs if the sum of 
the annual harvest and of the net imports of food products does not correspond to the global 
national demand for food products. In 1994, direct aid made up about 35% of the Community's 
global food aid (instead of 26% in 1993). It was granted to thirteen ACP countries and six non-
ACP countries. 
B. Multilateral aid and its field of action 
Multilateral or indirect food aid is allocated either by international organizations, or by 
NGOs on the Commission's account. Contrary to direct aid, it is often distributed free of charge 
since it is designed for long-term rehabilitation or emergency actions. 
The scope of indirect programmes is far greater than that of direct ones because of the number 
of participants involved and their presence throughout the world. International organizations such 
as the World Food Programme (WFP) and certain NGOs carry out operations in nearly all the 
developing countries. In terms of quantity, they therefore affect far more people. The allocating 
criteria are just as stringent as for direct aid. Yet they differ somewhat. 
In 1994, the following international organizations were responsible for implementing these 
multilateral programmes: 
- the World Food Programme, whose activities can be broken down into three parts: emergency 
aid, through the International Emergency Food Reserve (IEFR), food aid for refugees (PRO -
Protracted Refugees Operations) and structural development aid (normal programme); 
- the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees in the Near East 
(UNRWA); 
- the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). 
An exhaustive list would include the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the 
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) and several non­
governmental organizations (NGOs). 
In principle, for an NGO to obtain an allocation of food aid from the Corn-mission, it must have 
its head office in one of the Community Member States, have the statutes characteristic of such 
an organization and, lastly, have a proven capacity to implement coherent food aid measures. 
13 
In 1994, multilateral aid accounted for about 65% of the European Community's global food aid. 
It was granted to eighty different countries, channelled through more than fifty NGOs and five 
international organizations (of which three were UN bodies). 
4. Community food aid in an international context 
A. The Food Aid Convention 
Since the 1986 Food Aid Convention, the European Union (i.e., the European 
Community and its Member States) has been responsible for providing at least 1.67 million tonnes 
of cereals in food aid per year, i.e., 22% of the 7.6 million tonnes that make up the total 
commitments. About 56% of this contribution from the Union is made up of of Community 
actions, with France and Germany each accounting for 12%,the United Kingdom 7%, Italy 6% 
and the Netherlands 3%.The European Union has regularly exceeded its obligations under the 
Food Aid Convention. Commission action represented almost twice its expected share of the 
Union's commitments over the period 1987-1990. Collectively and over the same period, the 
European Union exceeded its minimum contribution by 75%. 
B. Distribution of food aid by region and country 
During the 1960s, India was the main recipient of global food aid. Asia as a whole 
continued to receive nearly two thirds of all food aid in the form of cereals until the early 1980s. 
But in the early 1970s, food aid was gradually redistributed regionally with the emphasis on sub-
Saharan Africa, given that most of the large Asian countries, including India, Indonesia, Pakistan 
and China, had increased their per capita domestic cereals production. Although globally speaking 
European food aid is fairly homogeneous in terms of beneficiary states, there are wide variations 
from one Member State to another, depending on national policies. 
Over the period 1989/1991, the European Union gave most priority to sub-Saharan Africa, which 
received nearly half the Member States' food aid and 31% of the volume of the Community 
action. 
The Member States of the European Union channelled 65% of their food aid bilaterally and 35% 
multilaterally, but with considerable variations from state to state. Some 92% of Danish, 80% of 
Irish and 52% of UK food aid was channelled multilaterally while 86% of French aid was 
bilateral. 
14 
HI. ORGANIZATION OF THE INSTRUMENTS 
1. The instruments 
A. Structural development aid 
'Sales on the market and counterpart funds 
As a general rule, structural food aid is sold on the local markets of the countries and 
regions facing a chronic food shortage that needs to be alleviated. If a certain quantity of food 
products is made available on the local market in the form of aid, the people do not have to buy 
outside their state frontiers. That is a valuable saving. The counterpart funds this generates go to 
the development of the people concerned. This monetization — the fact of "transforming" aid 
into money by selling it on the home market — does not cause local market prices to fall by a 
free distribution of the aid, which would ruin a large number of producers and divert them from 
their food producing activity. But if it is to be effective, this action must be undertaken as part 
of the commitment on the part of the recipient country to for-mulate a policy to combat food 
insecurity. 
The counterpart funds are used for macro-economic and sectoral development projects that 
promote the food security and socio-economic welfare of the people concerned. In cases where 
the Commission can rely on credible budget policy commitments, these funds can be integrated 
in the national budget in question. But where there is no chance of dialogue or control, it is 
better if these funds are managed separately. They are then deposited in a two-signature account 
(signed by the Commission delegate or representative in the country and by a duly accredited 
government representative of that country), which ensures that their management is transparent 
for all parties concerned. 
'Multiannual operations 
These are structural food aid programmes lasting several years aimed at sustaining a 
lasting food security policy. 
Such an operation must satisfy three conditions. First there must be a structural food shortage 
requiring regular imports. Then there must be a viable food policy. Lastly, there must be one or 
more multi-annual development projects for which this food aid really is necessary. 
This kind of operation is only envisaged when it makes it possible to improve the global 
efficiency of the aid granted and does not preclude a response to other priority demands. 
15 
B. Structural financial actions 
'Substitution actions 
: The object of substitution actions is to make the structural aid programmes more flexible. ' 
They allow part or all of the aid in kind to be replaced by financial aid. Initially, this action 
became necessary when the domestic market of the country concerned no longer required further 
food supplies. So another source of financing had to be found, other than the counterpart funds 
generated earlier, to ensure that the national sectoral or multiannual development food strategy 
and security programmes could continue. At present they are entirely autonomous and do not 
require the existence of counterpart funds in order to be implemented. 
'Early warning systems 
An early warning system is a system for predicting harvests and risks of regional food 
short-falls. In practical terms, it consists of a number of information networks on various aspects, 
such as climate, the harvest situation, epidemics, farm incomes, etc. These data bases are created 
on the basis of surveys and studies carried out in the field by the NGOs, the local authorities or 
research departments. Techniques such as télédétection (satellite images) are also used to obtain 
more global information. 
'Storage actions 
In countries constantly at risk of food shortages, the Community can finance storage 
programmes. These storage actions usually consist in the construction of food warehouses in a 
given region. Generally this aid is managed on the spot by the NGOs and/or international 
organizations. 
C. Rehabilitation aid 
The aim of this form of aid is to offer long-term support to people who, because of a 
conflict or disaster, flee elsewhere to seek refuge and food. Once the emergency has been resolved, 
these people must be given the means to re-establish themselves (not necessarily in the place of 
origin) so that they can resume their normal social and economic life, which is essential. In the 
medium term, it is very effective, but it needs to be replaced as soon as possible by long-term 
structural programmes to eradicate food supply insecurity. 
16 
'Integrated nutritional and social projects 
These projects consist of distributing food to health centres, hospitals and certain well-
defined target groups found among the poorest strata of society, in order to help very specific 
groups such as children, pregnant or nursing mothers, the sick, the old or people who have lost 
their means of production and have no chance of regaining them in the immediate future. In that 
sense, food serves as a support for measures in the field of education, nutrition, me­
dical and health training, etc. 
These projects also help relieve the distress of the most vulnerable people, especially in 
countries undergoing structural adjustment. When such programmes are executed, the social 
welfare expenditure is very often reduced to the strict minimum and accom-panied by a drastic 
reduction in staff in the state enterprises and industries. Since the social wel­
fare network is more or less non-existent, these people are sometimes reduced to extreme poverty. 
So they must be helped as best one can. 
'Food for work programmes 
This type of action is a back-up for development projects in which the products are 
distributed to the workers as part of their wages. This is particularly appropriate when the 
wages themselves are too low to enable the people concerned to buy enough essential foods. 
Food aid can also act as a major stabilizer if the food distributed instead of pay, especially in 
regions remote from the markets, encourages the people not to leave their land but to work to 
improve the local agricultural infrastructure (irrigation channels, dams, road networks, etc.). 
'Co-financing actions 
Co-financing actions, as their name suggests, make it possible to co-finance, at the request 
of international organizations or NGOs, the purchase of food products, seeds or tools for up to 
75% of the total amount required, for the benefit of needy population groups unable to make up 
the food short-fall by their own efforts. Co-financing is a flexible and useful instrument of 
rehabilitation. It is a tool often used for back-up measures such as the distribution of seeds and 
tools or measures to train peasants in the modern management of their means of production. 
'The provision of seeds and tools 
This action helps to rehabilitate farming communities that have been repa­
triated, displaced or become refugees and have lost their means of production and therefore of 
subsistence. This gives them a chance to become self-sufficient within a short time. 
17 
'School feeding programmes 
These programmes are extremely important as part of the rehabilitation actions 
because they constitute an investment in the best possible capital: human beings. 
Underdevelopment and poverty being, among others, a question of mentality, this scourge 
must be tackled at its root to enable children — tomorrow's adults — to continue their 
schooling. 
To that end, school nutritional programmes can be carried out. Apart from improving the 
children's state of nutrition, they also help improve their attention in class and there­
fore reduce school failure. This is also an incentive for parents to send their children to school, 
since then they no longer regard them as a charge which they must make profitable at any price 
(by putting them to work in the fields, at home, etc.). 
D. Triangular operations and local purchases • 
Triangular operations make it possible to buy food on the markets of the developing 
countries. They are very useful when local or regional purchases can have a positive effect on the 
economy of the producer or recipient country, and this is true even if the same food can be 
found on the European market. They also have the advantage of being compatible with the food 
habits of the recipient people. They can be mobilized far more rapidly than aid coming from 
Europe and are a major incentive to strengthening the economic and commercial links of the 
regions concerned. 
Triangular operations are so called because they involve three parties: the country supplying 
the product required, the beneficiary country and the donor who finances the operation (in 
cash or kind). 
These purchasing operations play an im-portant role in food aid. They make it possible to 
respond precisely to consumer demand. In general they can be imple-mented more quickly 
than the classical form of aid. They encourage the integration of south/south trade, the 
market-ing of the food stocks of the countries concerned and the development of local food 
production. 
Local purchases are operations involving a financial donor and a beneficiary country which is also 
the country supplying the products. This type of operation is justified when there is little 
accessibility between the area experiencing a shortage and the area with a surplus because of 
transport or marketing problems. It is also useful for launching free distribution operations in 
cases where certain sections of the population suffer severe poverty in spite of an abundance of 
local food products on the market. Aid can thus be given to those in need while at the same time 
supporting and encouraging local production. 
It is interesting to note that the concept of triangular purchases was not included in the list of 
food aid instruments in Article 35 of the third Lomé Convention, concerning development co­
operation between the European Union and the ACP states. This omission was remedied in the 
fourth Lomé Convention which refers to it in Article 51. This clearly shows the great importance 
the various parties involved in development attach to this means of developing south/south trade. 
18 • 
2. Programing 
The Food Aid Unit of the Directorate-General for Development (of the European 
Commission) is split into two main departments (programing and mobilization), each with 
its own specific tasks in the cycle of implementing food aid. 
Programing is an ongoing exercise and consists of evaluating the food security situation and the 
needs of the potential recipient countries and regions and studying the admissibility of the 
applications made by the states, the international organizations or the NGOs, and where 
appropriate the implementation of the operations. 
When it defines the strategy in a given country or region and analyses the demand, the 
programing department draws up its guidelines on the basis of the budgetary package allocated 
at the beginning of the year and decides which instrument would be most appropriate for 
carrying out the proposed actions. Each application is examined jointly by the desk in charge 
within the unit, the geographical desks either of the Directorate-General for Development or the 
directorates-general responsible for External relations, following consultations with the 
Commission delegation(s) in the country or countries concerned, and the other potential donors. 
Once the application has been analysed and if it has been accepted, a financing proposal 
is submitted to the Food Aid Committee made up of representatives of the Member States, who 
give their opinion on each food aid action the Commission proposes to carrying out. Once the 
Commission has decided to allocate aid, the recipient is notified by an official letter (giving all 
necessary details: nature, tonnage, despatching, etc.). 
3. MOBILIZATION AND MONITORING 
Once the future recipient has formally accepted the aid proposal, the mobilization 
department comes into play. Mobilization is the practical implementation of the allocated aid. 
To do this, the department asks the appropriate services of the Directorate-General for 
Agriculture to issue a call for tenders on the European market in order to procure the products 
needed for that aid. These products are delivered to the recipient at a European port of shipment, 
or to the port of unloading, or the food can be delivered to its final destination. 
Mobilization also includes the preparation and implementation of local purchases and triangular 
operations. At this level, it is the mobilization department to issue calls for tenders for such 
operations. Besides procurement and delivery mobilization also bears the cost of storage 
operations when necessary. 
Monitoring is one of the cornerstones of mobilization. This activity consists of strict 
supervision of the quality and quantity of the products supplied to the recipients. It is carried out 
by five companies contracted by the Commission, with monitors in European ports, ports of 
unloading and places of destination of the aid. 
Monitoring also includes coordination of the operations between the various parties (European 
Commission, suppliers and recipients) involved in food aid operations. The success of monitoring 
19 
can also be measured by the fact that there are very rarely complaints about the quality of the 
products supplied as food aid. 
4. Follow-up and evaluation 
Follow-up missions are carried out to take stock of food aid projects. To that end, agro-
economic experts are sent on-site for two or three weeks. Their job is to provide the food aid 
planners with information and recommendations at all levels of the implementation of the aid 
to enable them to assess whether the programmes match the objectives to be achieved, any 
problems or difficulties encountered in their application and the extent to which the proposed 
objectives have in fact been attained. 
More specifically, these experts monitor the aid at the level of its arrival, transport, distribution 
(whether free of charge or not), storage, monetization and management of the counterpart funds 
(if they exist), together with the development projects financed by them and the targeting of the 
recipients. They also check that the products supplied comply in terms of quantity and type with 
the needs and nutritional habits of the recipients, the effect of the aid on local agricultural 
production, on the level of market prices and on trade in the region and, lastly, its impact on the 
more long-term nutritional objectives and food security aims. 
In 1994, the follow-up unit was responsible for 25 missions in the field in 22 different countries 
(to monitor some 100 projects), mainly in Latin America, southern Africa, West Africa, the Horn 
of Africa, Egypt and Tunisia. 
Alongside these follow-up missions, evaluation missions are also carried out in the field. 
Their aim is to assess the long-term impact of the Community's food aid actions. They review 
the aid granted to a given country over several years. Contrary to the follow-up missions, which 
generally only last about a fortnight, the evaluation studies, mainly carried out by independent 
consultancy bureaux, can take several months. 
20 
IV. STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT OPERATIONS 
1. Towards an integrated development policy 
"Madagascar: support for the urban population 
The island of Madagascar, off the east coast of Africa, has a large development potential 
and was a rice exporter in the early 1970s. Over the last two decades, a series of unfortunate 
economic decisions such as the nationalization of means of production and poor investment have 
plunged this country into a severe crisis. With a per capita income of US $ 200, Madagascar has 
become one of the poorest countries in the world. 
The liberalization of the economy that began in 1983 and ended in 1988 led to a definite 
improvement in the production of paddy rice and by 1991 the island had nearly become self-
sufficient. Sadly, it was struck by drought in the south in 1991/92 and devastated three times by 
hurricanes in the east (in February 1991 and in January and February 1994). This shattered any 
hopes of achieving self-sufficiency. 
Paddy rice is the staple Malagasy food. In 1994, in spite of good harvests, production fell by 10% 
compared to other years because of the flooding of the rice plains following the hurricanes. 
Wheat, on the other hand, is a profitable crop that can be grown on the paddy fields out of 
season and is at present expanding greatly. Nevertheless it quite soon began to be consumed 
regularly in urban areas and has even become a subsistence product for some sections of the 
population. 
However, it is difficult to transport because of the serious damage the hurricanes have inflicted 
on the road and rail infrastructure. In particular, supplies to the capital, Antananarivo, were 
seriously disturbed. In the space of about a fortnight the price of rice and bread rocketed. This 
rise in prices was accentuated by the relative fall in the rice supply. The cereals foods aid 
demand for 1994 was estimated at 138 000 tonnes (including 7 000 tonnes of emergency aid 
to alleviate the effects of the hurricane). 
In order to alleviate the effects of this rise in the price of basic cereals in urban areas, the 
Commission allocated Madagascar aid to the amount of 7 300 tonnes of wheat flour (for an 
estimated value of ECU 2 250 000, including transport costs) to be sold to local bakers. This aid 
was mainly sold in the harbour town of Toamasina. By lowering the price of bread, it helped 
reduce the high demand for rice and therefore to reduce the price of rice. 
21 
'Malawi: supplies to local markets and long-term support for smallholders 
With an estimated per capita GNP of US $ 230 in 1991, Malawi is one of the group of 
the fifteen poorest countries in the world. It is also one of the most populated countries in Africa 
with an average density of 171 inhabitants per square kilometre of arable land. The population 
is expected to double in the next twenty years. Moreover, the social indicators are very negative: 
the average life expectancy is 48 years, infant mortality for children under the age of five stands 
at 23%, 20% of the population is suffering from AIDS and the level of adult illiteracy is 60%. 
After partially stopping its aid to Malawi for two years because of the serious human rights 
violations, the European Union restored normal co-operation following the democratization of 
the regime. In fact this country depends very heavily on foreign aid and had the aid been 
suspended any longer this would have had a very adverse effect on its economic development. 
Fewer than 30% of its farmers produce the total marketable surplus of maize, while the remaining 
70%, who farm small areas— 1.1 hectare on average — and have no access to inputs to improve 
their production, depend on the market for one quarter of their consumption of maize. Any 
event that affects the agricultural sector therefore has serious repercussions on the country as a 
whole since more than 80% of the population depends on this sector and 90% of the global 
economic balance depends on export revenue from agricultural products. 
In 1994, Malawi was faced with an exceptional maize short-fall of some 270 000 tonnes 
(according to a joint evaluation by the FAO and the WFP). Production was affected by the late 
rains and the poor use of inputs, which was itself linked to the collapse of the credit granted to 
farmers. Given the scale of the food deficit and the macro-economic constraints (imbalance in the 
balance of payments and devaluation), the Commission allocated 70 000 tonnes of white maize 
to Malawi, to be sold in part on local markets, the local currency counterpart of which is re­
invested in supporting a lasting development policy for small-scale farming. 
The counterpart funds were in fact re-invested in a programme of aid for rural population groups 
financed by the European Development Fund (EDF). The strategy of this programme is to 
introduce agro-forestry techniques that help reduce the use of costly inputs (especially fertilizers), 
to combat erosion and deforestation and to diversify agricultural production, which in this 
country leads to a major improvement in nutrition. After the signature of a special protocol 
between the Commission and the Government of Malawi in December 1994 on the use of 
counterpart funds, the marketing of the maize and the generation of the counterpart funds were 
carried out in co-operation with a Malawian public undertaking that could cover the entire 
territory of the country. 
At the same time, the Commission released aid of 10 000 tonnes of white maize to be distributed 
free of charge to peasants struck by the drought which afflicted the country. These disadvantaged 
groups suffer from a chronic food shortage. The aid was channelled through the International 
Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) to some 200 000 individuals, in co­
operation with the national Red Cross. 
22 
'Peru: social support for the structural adjustment policy 
In spite of the break with democracy in April 1992 (Fujimori "coup d'etat"), the political 
situation in Peru seemed to be developing favourably in 1993: active participation in the political 
life of the newly elected congress, organization of municipal elections, adoption by referendum 
of a new constitution... The arrest in 1993 of the leaders of the Path of Light and another 
terrorist group confirmed the position of President Fujimori. Economically, the results were 
encouraging after three and a half years which led to the reintegration of Peru in the international 
financial system, control over inflation and growth of the GNP. 
Yet there remain some black spots, such as the deficit in the trade balance and the endemic 
unemployment of a large section of the population. 70% of the people of Peru still live in 
poverty, 20% of them in extreme poverty. 
The 1994 harvests were better than in preceding years, thanks largely to the increased amount 
of cultivated land. Nonetheless the situation has remained extremely difficult for a large part of the 
population, whose available resources have fallen as a result of the very severe structural 
adjustment programme. Peru has thus reached an available calorie level of 2 000 calories per 
person per day, which is well below the 2 400 calories regarded by the FAO as essential for 
leading a normal active life. Moreover, 38% of Peruvian children suffer from chronic malnutrition. 
In 1994 the Commission approved food aid for Peru of 35 000 tonnes of cereals, 1 000 tonnes 
of milk powder and 1 500 tonnes of vegetable oil, to which must be added the equivalent of 
ECU 2.7 million in pulses and ECU 800 000 in seeds and fertilizers. 
This action will improve the food and nutritional situation of the least advantaged population 
groups, who suffer the full effect of the disastrous social consequences of the structural 
readjustment policy, and will help improve the socio-economic development of the country. 
A large part of this aid will be sold in situ (23 000 tonnes of wheat — a cereal in severe shortage 
in Peru, which imports 900 000 tonnes of it each year) and will generate counterpart funds that 
will be used to finance social and rural development programmes. The remainder will be 
distributed free of charge in rural and suburban areas to reduce the level of malnutrition. 
In the case of the products intended for free distribution, efforts were made to observe a certain 
nutritional balance when the programme was drawn up. The cereals will be delivered in the form 
of 4 670 tonnes of wheat flour and 1 500 tonnes of rice. Vegetable oil supplies will take the form 
of soya oil, part of which will be purchased locally. The legumes will consist mainly of 
4 000 tonnes of lentils and beans. The seeds will be bought on the local market and selected on 
the basis of the characteristics of the natural environment in which the projects are located. 
With the co-operation of the NGOs, the WFP and the Peruvian public authorities, the 
Community will set up people's canteens, provide food for school children aged between four 
and seven, children at risk socially, the elderly and nursing mothers. It will also distribute food 
to workers employed on building sites. This aid should benefit some 650 000 people. In the same 
areas, 80 000 peasant families involved in rural projects to improve family incomes will benefit 
from the seed supply programme. 
The aid will be distributed via the people's comodores (restaurants) of the favelas of Lima and 
the main towns, where possible linked to productive activities and improvement of health and 
hygiene conditions (construction of latrines...). In the sierra, it will be directed towards the 
23 
poorest groups to discourage further migration towards the towns and support agricultural 
development by the supply of seeds and by programmes of food for work. 
Financial aid is to be given through the financing (on the basis of the counterpart funds released 
by the sale of the aid) of reafforestation and small agro-industrial projects. Drainage projects are 
to be financed to improve the use of water in the sierra and increase the amount of land available 
for constructing terraces. 
"Egypt: various forms of support 
Of a total of one million square kilometers of land in Egypt, cradle of the civilization of 
the pharaons, only three or four percent is arable land, situated mainly along the Nile or in the 
delta. Yet agriculture is a key sector of the Egyptian economy. It accounts for 19% of GNP and 
employs 35 % of the total national workforce. 
With a total population of 58 million and population growth stabilized at 2%, Egypt faces 
several major problems: uncontrolled urban growth and the resulting environmental 
problems together with a growing demographic imbalance between the rural and the urban 
areas. 
A reform of agricultural policy helped markedly to increase the area under cultivation and the 
yields. Yet the shortage of arable land and its severe fragmentation (80% of peasants farm no more 
than 0.8 hectares), the limited water resources and the shortage of inputs will not make it possible 
in the near future to increase agricultural production, which at present covers only 40% of 
national demand. After the countries of the former USSR and China, Egypt is the largest 
importer of wheat, to supply the needs of its people. 
In agreement with the Bretton Woods institutions, the Egyptian government decided in the 1980s 
to launch an economic restructuring programme in order to improve the country's performance 
by establishing a market economy that was decentralized and open towards the outside, among 
others by abolishing state inter-vention and liberalizing prices as a means of encouraging private 
investment. The result of this liberalization was a rapid and uncontrolled rise in the price of most 
basic products except for baladi (local bread mainly consumed by the very poor), sugar and 
vegetable oil, which are still subsidized (to avoid a social explosion). Social measures have also 
been taken to alleviate the effects of this reform on the low-income groups because, although 
some progress has been made, the country's economy remains fragile because of external factors 
such as the fluctuations in oil revenues, rights of way through the Suez Canal, the currency 
brought back by expatriate workers and tourist revenue. 
For some years now, Egypt has been receiving food aid from the Community as a contribution 
in the short term to satisfying its demand for certain basic products and in the long term to 
establishing a strategy of food security thanks to development projects financed by counterpart 
funds generated by the sale of the products on the local market. 
In 1994 Egypt received an allocation of 100 000 tonnes of wheat (at a value of 
ECU 14.2 million, including transport). This aid was sold via the government to the bakery 
industry. The counterpart funds it generated also benefited the social sector, the environment 
and revenue-generating agricultural projects. 
24 
The aim of Community food aid is to sustain the Egyptian government's current programme of 
economic reforms. As part of the restructuring process, measures were taken to strengthen the 
agricultural sector and encourage sustained growth. The most significant reform was the 
liberalization in the early 1990s of the sectors of distribution, transport, storage, flour milling and 
agricultural inputs. Since then the price of wheat on the Egyptian market has come closer (upward 
trend) to international levels. The results of the liberalization of this sector were felt very soon, 
since the amount of wheat produced rose from 1.8 million tonnes in 1985 to 4.8 million tonnes 
in 1993. This liberalization was, however, accompanied by a reduction in government subsidies 
for the most important agricultural inputs. At first, that led farmers to make less use of these 
inputs, but this initial decline was soon reabsorbed. 
On the other hand, given the adverse effects of the general economic restructuring on the 
disadvantaged population groups, it became clear that baladi had become their most widely 
consumed bread, since other qualities were too expensive. So the government decided to 
modernize the old bakeries that produced this bread and raise their productivity by reducing the 
flour losses. This programme was financed by a credit line in the Egyptian bank of industry and 
development. 
30% of the counterpart funds are used for urban social, health and education programmes 
to help alleviate the adverse effects of the economic adjustment programme. The remaining 70% 
are used, as in the past, to finance rural development projects. Together with the modernization 
of the bakeries, projects financed by these funds have included such varied fields as the 
establishment of an apiculture training centre, improvement of vegetable production by making 
new greenhouse techniques available, improvement of rice production in the delta, improvement 
of poultry production in the New Valley by the construction of modern poultry slaughterhouses, 
digging new wells for farmland irrigation systems, environmental awareness campaigns, family 
planning programmes and even travelling libraries. 
The programme to finance greenhouses for the new graduates (financed by the counterpart funds) 
is very interesting because it helps promote greenhouse technology in the country. It led to the 
construction and equipment of a central site, the provision of 600 greenhouses and student 
apprenticeships. Each student selected (on the basis of their apprenticeship) is supplied with a 
greenhouse and must refund part of the grant over a ten-year period. The project is much 
appreciated by its recipients, who enjoy considerable net incomes from the production under glass 
of cucumbers and beans. For example, growing cucumbers costs about Egyptian pounds 2 300 
per season and per greenhouse and brings in around Egyptian pounds 7 000. So this project is 
very profitable financially and economically. 
25 
'Cape Verde Islands: a chronic deficit 
The Cape Verde Islands, an archipelago of ten islands situated in the Atlantic Ocean, 
shares the same geographical characteristics as the Sahelian countries: random and often non­
existent rainfall, poor soil with a constant risk of erosion. The economy is oriented towards the 
tertiary sector (services), which accounts for 69% of GNP, while the agricultural sector accounts 
for only 14% of GNP. That is because of the small surface area of the farmland, its low yield, 
the chronic shortage of (fresh) water, the low fertility of some soils, the high production costs 
of hydro-agricultural facilities, the lack of diversification, backward production methods, enclaved 
agricultural areas and poorly developed communications, which makes it very difficult to market 
the products. In fact the archipelago suffers from a structural food deficit ( of between 75 000 and 
95 000 tonnes a year). Every year, the Cape Verde Islands have to import food, which is an 
enormous burden on the balance of payments. Food aid accounts for between 10 and 15% of total 
imports of everyday consumer goods, or 70% of total food imports. 
Food security is one of the major concerns of the archipelago's new government, which has 
drawn up a programme for increasing food production, expanding the supply capacity and 
improving the access of all population sections to food, while giving priority to the most 
vulnerable groups. 
The objectives of the allocation of food aid to the Cape Verde Islands in 1994 of 5 000 tonnes of 
common wheat and 1 400 tonnes of vegetable oil (for a total of ECU 1 897 000 including 
transport costs) are twofold. The first is to promote the food security policy established by the 
government by raising the nutritional level of the population (364000 inhabitants), while improving 
the balance of payments by reducing net imports of food. The second is to provide substantial aid 
for the country's socio-economic development by financing — with counterpart funds released by 
the sale of the aid — public works requiring a large labour force, since the key problem is massive 
urban unemployment. 
The products were marketed by private enterprises on the Cape Verde Islands' urban markets at 
prices affordable by all sections of the population and generated counterpart funds. The value of 
these funds was paid into a local, double-signature bank account (signature of the Commission 
delegate and the government representative). These funds have been used to finance public utility 
projects, such as measures to combat desertification by reafforestation and land preservation, the 
construction and maintenance of rural roads, etc. There are two objectives here: firstly to carry 
out development projects directly related to the food security policy, secondly to provide job 
opportunities for an appreciable proportion of the population. 
26 
2. Multiannual actions 
'Tunisia: support for the development of the dairy sector 
Under a multiannual action plan, since 1991 Tunisia has been receiving food aid from 
the Commission amounting to 3 000 tonnes of milk powder a year to cover its structural 
deficit in dairy products. This multiannual aid forms part of a long-term development 
strategy for the stock-breeding sector, in which the concept of food security is the 
determining factor of the entire action. Community aid is sold to the country's dairy industries 
for processing into various dairy products that are then sold on the consumer market. 
In its eighth development plan (1992/1996), the Tunisian government set the following 
quantitative objectives with a view to 1996: self-sufficiency in the production of meat and 
70% increase in the rate of coverage of national demand for dairy products. The remaining 
30% would be covered either by imports or by food aid. The aid granted by the Commission 
therefore forms part of an active policy to develop the dairy sector. 
In 1989 the rate of coverage of national consumption of dairy products was 59%. Since then it 
has markedly improved, rising to 67%. This rise is due to the improvement in the genetic 
potential of the stock, the increased food resources available to them by the expansion of forage 
areas and abetter veterinary cover, together with the fixing of an incentive production price. As 
a direct result, the national stock has increased overall by 3%; and an increase in heads of cattle 
means an increase in dairy (and therefore meat) production. 
To achieve all the objectives it has set itself, the government has directed its strategy towards 
strengthening the following development axes: genetic improvement of herds, increased fodder 
production, better utilization of sub-products, development and promotion of stock-breeding, 
improvement of health coverage and herd management, development of the dairy infrastructure, 
definition of a producer and consumer price policy. The multiannual agreement provides for the 
use of the counterpart funds released by the sale of the aid to financing all these proposed actions 
in the framework of the development strategy for the dairy and stock-breeding sector. 
So, in 1992, three projects in the field of animal health were financed by these funds, to a value 
of Tunisian dinars 1 590 000. In 1993, the total projects financed came to a sum of dinars 
4 500 000. Five projects are planned for 1994 and are under way, three in the field of animal 
health (foot-and-mouth disease, bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis of small ruminants), one in 
the field of genetic improvement and the last one to improve the common grazing land. 
27 
'Bangladesh: "Integrated Food Assisted Development Programme' 
Bangladesh is one of the main beneficiaries of food aid from the Commission. It should 
be noted that this country has imported about 1.9 million tonnes of cereals a year since 1991. 
Between 30 and 40% of the rural population of Bangladesh live in a state of absolute poverty. 
That means their income is far too low for them to procure the equivalent of the 2 400 calories 
a day of food necessary to every human being. Moreover, food aid represents more than half 
(55% — about 1.3 million tonnes a year during the 1980s) of the development aid received by 
Bangladesh. Although this country has a well-organized food distribution system and makes much 
use of development projects comprising a food aid component, the quantity available is greater 
than the capacity to implement sound projects of this kind, because of the lack of technical skills. 
That is why the IFADEP ("Integrated Food Assisted Development Programme") programme was 
launched. It integrates food aid in the country's general development policy by offering the 
appropriate technical and financial support, with the objective of improving food security as 
recommended by the Commission departments. 
The IFADEP programme of the European Commission is a multiannual, innovative programme that 
began in 1992. The general objective is to improve the standard of living of Bangladeshis who are 
in need by, an allocation of 562 125 tonnes of cereals over six years (1992- 1997) to a value of 
ECU 73.1 million. This aid is used in the frame-work of projects of food for work or sold on the 
local market to finance the government's annual development programme. It is also used for 
integrated projects that require financial and technical assistance in addition to the food 
component. The Commission will allocate ECU 30 million in assistance for the duration of the 
programme. 
In the course of 1993, the first instalment (covering 140 000 tonnes) of the aid, allocated from the 
1992 financial year, was delivered and towards the end of the year a team was sent in situ to 
discuss the unloading procedures with a view to achieving substantial savings on transport costs. 
These few technical difficulties delayed the implementation of the programme, which explains 
why the second instalment of 135 000 tonnes (1993) was not delivered until last year. 
The basic strategy of the programme is based on gradually reducing the global annual tonnage 
of Community aid while at the same time expanding local production. The tonnage intended for 
marketing will be reduced considerably while the food aid for projects targeted at people in need 
will increase. The final aim is to raise the level of incomes and the quantity of food available for 
the poorest sections of the population. 
The IFADEP programme is divided up into four main projects: an integrated 
development project for women with no support, a small-scale fisheries development project, 
a road infrastructure programme linking the growth centres and effective institutional 
development support. 
The first project is aimed at improving the quality of life of women without support by 
increasing and diversifying their chances of productive employment. It consists of food supplies 
in the form of an individual monthly ration regarded as a transfer of revenue. It also provides a 
range of services such as training and awareness, by offering technical and financial assistance. The 
project covers widows, women who are heads of family and marginalized and handicapped 
women, since they form a large and marginalized group of the poor, rural population. Experience 
has shown that if these women are given the opportunity, they may seize the chance significantly 
to improve their standard of living. 
28 
The second project is aimed at the development of small-scale inland fisheries, again one of the 
disadvantaged rural sectors. Its object will be to develop fish production in seventeen selected 
areas by terracing and pond excavation work, for which 41 000 tonnes of cereals will be allocated 
under a project of food for work. With ECU 5.2 million in technical financial assistance, this 
project will generate about 8.2 million days of work and the small-scale fisheries plans will help 
some 25 000 "landless" people or smallholders. 
The programme to improve road infrastructure is aimed at integrating the local markets and 
thereby improving the movement of goods and persons. It will provide extra jobs and, in the long 
term, could boost economic activity. In this case, the food aid allocated will be used to pay for 
the terracing work and the financial and technical assistance will be used for infrastructure, 
earthworks, planning, management, training, etc. 
Finally, the aim of the fourth project is to create an effective institutional framework for the 
planning, design and execution of the development activities supported by the food aid allocated 
to Bangladesh. 
3. Substitution actions 
'Senegal: promoting local cereal production 
In Senegal, 70% of the population works in the agricultural sector. The main crops are 
groundnuts, millet, sorghum, paddy rice and maize. This country, situated in the Sahel zone, is 
nevertheless not able to cover more than 50 to 60% of its requirements per year. This production 
shortage, which is linked to a lack of competitiveness and a fall in the price of basic products, has 
plunged the agricultural sector into something of a depression over the past twenty years. At the 
same time, the rate of population growth has gradually risen by 2.7% a year. 
To revive agricultural production, increase incomes and create jobs in rural areas, the government 
has introduced a number of measures to decentralize decision-making powers, such as promotion 
of the private sector and the gradual liberalization of prices and trade. The recent devaluation of 
the CFA franc (by 50%) should boost the competitiveness of local products vis à vis imports. 
Since 1994, the government, with the help of international providers of capital, has been financing 
an agricultural recovery programme together with a campaign (to last until 1997) to promote the 
local cereal sector, with the aim of achieving a production growth of about 4% a year. More 
specifically, private enterprises are being encouraged to procure local finished or semi-finished 
cereal products, in this case dried cereals, and then to promote them among consumers. 
To that end, the Commission has allocated ECU 500 000 in aid, for financing several actions 
that include publicity campaigns on national television and radio, awareness-enhancement 
actions through posters on buses, hoardings, etc. With a view to encouraging households to 
buy local products, a specific promotion campaign for dishes based on millet, maize or 
sorghum was launched, involving large-scale publicity for traditional recipes, the publication 
of a booklet and cooking competitions and demonstrations in working-class areas. We must 
not forget that in Senegal, even today, the basic accompaniment to the main meal of the day is 
rice, most of which is imported. 
29 
A second section of the Community aid was to promote the modernization of the flour mills 
to enhance their productivity and thus improve the quality of the meal or flour. It also 
aimed to help the Dakar bakeries to produce an "enriched" bread, made with 15% of millet 
flour. It was even planned to promote new products such as niébé flour. Lastly, the technical 
assistance section provided assistance in training and management and in marketing and 
market-survey strategies in the form of seminars at organizations in the cereal trade. 
'China: a flourishing dairy industry 
The people of China do not, historically, consume much milk. But under the influence 
of the rest of the world, the demand and production of dairy products has expanded in the 
east of the country. Starting from an almost negligible consumption at the end of the 1950s, the 
Chinese now consume about five litres of milk per person per year. Aware of the economic 
impact on the development of the rural population and the nutritional impact on the eating 
habits of the Chinese in general, the government prepared a national dairy strategy in the 1980s. 
As from 1987, the Community contributed to this policy with deliveries of milk powder and 
butteroil. In addition, thanks to the counterpart funds generated by the sales of these products, 
the Commission managed to finance purchases of equipment and the wages of technical assistants, 
both in the stock-breeding farms and in the milk-processing factories. 
When this co-operation came to an end in late 1993 and given that milk production had exceeded 
the forecasts, the Commission decided to continue the aid on a temporary basis. 1994 is regarded 
as a transitional year during which the traditional aid in kind has been replaced by 
substitution financial aid for an amount of ECU 6 100 000. As from 1995, it is due to continue 
its co-operation during the second stage of this project for the development of the Chinese dairy 
sector. 
In 1994, substitution aid helped finance the maintenance of the existing structures (milking 
parlours, milk-collection networks, cooperatives) and, at the same time, financed the training 
of peasants and workers employed under this programme. The following aspects needed to be 
improved: the productivity of the milch cows, milk-collection facilities, hygiene in the collection 
centres and the marketing of the milk and milk products. This aid covered four new areas, in 
addition to the twenty municipalities already included during the first stage of the project. 
"Burkina Faso: a new food security system 
The agricultural sector, based mainly on cereals, employs more than 80% of the population 
of Burkina Faso and contributes 30% of the country's GNP. The 1993/1994 agricultural year was 
particularly good and led to a surplus stock of about 200 000 tonnes of cereals. Nevertheless, in 
structural terms there are wide regional disparities between the north, with its chronic shortages, 
the cotton-growing areas and the south-west, where there are generally surpluses. 
Under a multiannual action for the period 1991/1993, Burkina Faso normally receives 
7000 tonnes of wheat a year for selling on the local market. The counterpart funds this releases 
30 
are used to improve the people's food security and promote the development of the rural 
economy. 
As early as 1992, because of the good cereal harvest in the country, that allocation was cancelled. 
An evaluation carried out in 1993 suggested that it was not advisable to allocate 7 000 tonnes for 
1993 either, because of the surplus harvests. At the same time, it became clear that local 
purchasing had to be given priority, given the availability of cereals in the south of the country 
and the shortage on the local markets in the north. 
So the Commission set up a substitution action accounting for ECU 1.5 million to sustain the new 
food security mechanism — the national strategic stock — by buying about 6 000 tonnes of 
cereals and by taking the measures to activate production and the cereal market provided for under 
the sectoral programme for agricultural adjustment (SPAA). Although planned in 1993, this action 
was administered under the 1994 budget. 
This action also helped set up a management company, under the national committee for the 
organization of emergency aid, responsible for maintaining the national strategic stock and 
financing the equipment and technical assistance. 
4. Long-term actions under the World Food Programme 
Established in 1961 by the United Nations General Assembly and the FAO for an initial 
period of three years, the World Food Programme (WFP), based in Rome, combats hunger in 
the world and encourages the socio-economic development of the developing countries. In 1965 
the WFP was given a permanent and wider mandate. Over these past three decades, the WFP has 
invested some thirteen billion US dollars — more than forty million tonnes of food aid — in 
more than 1 600 development projects and about 1 200 emergency operations. So several hundred 
million people have benefited from that aid. Under the UN system, the WFP is the main source 
of food aid for developing countries. 
Today, the WFP, the United States and the European Union are in fact the main providers of 
food aidat world level. For the last completed biennium (1993/1994), the European Community 
and its Member States were the largest donor for the WFP providing 42 % of its total food aid 
ressources delivered.The next largest donor is the USA with 37% for the same period. Yet the 
WFP must also be regarded as an independent donor because it acts according to its own criteria 
and objectives. In 1994, nearly 50% of commodities were purchased by WFP of which 60% were 
bought in developing countries. 
In 1994, the Commission contributed 110 000 tonnes of cereals, 8 000 tonnes of milk powder, 
1000 tonnes of butteroil, 5500 tonnes of vegetable oil and the equivalent of three million ECU in 
other products to the WFP's regular programme. 
Among these programmes, two actions deserved particular attention: 
31 
'Ethiopia: rehabilitation of agricultural land, forests and infrastructures 
The twentieth century was marked in Ethiopia by huge numbers of people migrating from 
fertile but overpopulated regions towards areas where the climate was harsher and the land poorly 
suited to farming. Very soon, hill-side farming, over-grazing and over-exploitation of the forests 
for firewood accelerated soil erosion in these areas and seriously reduced agricultural productivity. 
The forest, which in 1900 covered 40% of the land, now only covers 3%. 
The lack of maintenance of the infrastructure is another major obstacle to the development of 
agriculture. Because of the poorly adapted road network, the peasants find it difficult to gain 
access to inputs (seeds, fertilizers, plant health products) and to the local markets to sell their 
harvests. Moreover, the scarcity of water supply points in the villages makes the villagers, 
especially the women, waste a great deal of time and effort by having to travel long distances to 
procure water, which is not necessarily even drinking water. Lastly, very little use is made of 
irrigation channels, which makes the peasants very vulnerable during periods of drought. 
The main consequence of all these difficulties was the fall in the quantity of cereals available per 
person per year. From 179 kg in the early 1980s, the quantity fell to 157 kg in the early 1990s. 
The food security problem is particularly serious in certain regions. That is why 45 "awrajas" 
(administrative divisions) in the regions of Amhara, Oromo, Wolaita and Tigre were classified as 
priority areas in terms of food security. 
For more than thirteen years, the WFP carried out a programme in these regions to rehabilitate 
the farmland and the forests and it has now achieved some 60% of its initial objectives. In 1993 
the WFP decided to continue this programme for another four years and extended it to the 
development of infrastructures in those regions. 
The medium-term objectives of this project are as follows: 
-to protect and develop some 135 000 hectares of land by reducing soil erosion, preserving water 
resources, expanding the areas planted with trees for firewood, the grazing land and the individual 
or collective kitchen gardens; 
- to manage some 200 000 hectares of forest, while respecting the ecological balance; 
- to construct basic infrastructures in about 450 communes. 
With a view to these objectives, since the beginning of the project WFP food aid has been used 
mainly for "food for work" operations. For this new instalment of the programme, it is planned 
to distribute daily rations to the families of peasants in need. In the end, this four-year aid in the 
form of food rations should directly benefit some 156 000 families (representing 936 000 people). 
And some 552 000 people should benefit from the measures to rehabilitate the farmland and 
infrastructures. 
In 1994, the Community contributed 21 000 tonnes of cereals and 330 tonnes of vegetable 
oil to this programme in the form of multilateral aid. 
32 
'Jordan: development of forests and common grazing land 
Because of its scarce natural resources and fragile economy, Jordan is heavily dependent 
on foreign aid. The Gulf War merely aggravated the living conditions of Jordanians, which had 
in any case been precarious. Most of the land is dry or semi-arid and only 6% of the total area 
of the country is cultivated. In 1991, only 0.7% of the territory was still forested. 
The common grazing land for cattle is of prime importance in such.an infertile country. In 1991 
this grazing land covered 8.2 million hectares (nearly 90% of the territory). Unfortunately, over­
grazing, cutting down shrubs for firewood and certain inadequate farming habits have led to an 
increasingly rapid deterioration of this land. 
To deal with this situation, the Jordanian government has taken measures to renew the soil and 
natural vegetation. But because of lack of resources, the national reafforestation and forestry 
department cannot pay its employees properly. So in 1991 the government decided to allocate 
9 000 hectares of fallow land to a cooperative which would turn it into productive grazing land. 
The WFP contributed to this programme in the form of food for work from 1975. In 1992 it 
decided once again to extend its aid to the Jordanian government for another five years. The 1992 
WFP project is aimed at eventually generating forests and pasturage. This will reduce the soil 
erosion and increase stock-breeders' and farmers' incomes. In addition, this action will create local 
jobs. 
The food aid allocated by the WFP will be distributed in return for work performed by the 
recipients. It will be given to unskilled government workers employed in reforesting land owned 
by the state, to supplement their meagre wages. Another part of this aid will be distributed to 
members of the cooperative working to develop the collective grazing land in the regions of 
Azraq, Ira/Yarga, Karak, Karfrain, Ma'an, Madaba, Balgaand Tafileh. The final part of the aid 
will be allocated to self-employed peasants along the Zarqa river to encourage them to cultivate 
their own grazing land. 
This project should benefit 2 500 government employees, 1 500 members of the cooperative 
and 350 self-employed farmers. In 1994, the Community participated in this project by 
allocating 4 608 tonnes of cereals and 330 tonnes of vegetable oil in the form of multilateral 
aid. 
5. Triangular operations and local purchases 
There has been a marked increase in these operations over recent years, which makes it 
easier to respond to the specific needs of the recipient people and at the same time give priority 
to the developing countries' markets. This procedure also helps deliver the food aid more rapidly 
and generally at lower cost, especially in the case of local purchases. Triangular operations and 
local purchasing benefited more than fifty countries (taking direct and indirect aid together) and 
represented almost 37% in 1994 (see tables below) of the total food aid quantities mobilized by 
the European Commission. 
Below we describe one case among others: 
33 
'Support for Tanzania's cereal trade 
In Tanzania, the average per capita GNP since 1991 has fluctuated between US $ 100 and 
200, which makes this one of the poorest countries in the world. 84% of the working population 
is employed in the agricultural sector, which accounts for 61 % of GNP. The great majority of 
farmers are subsistence farmers, with land of generally less than 0.2 hectares. Yet Tanzania is 
classified as one of the quasi self-sufficient countries in terms of food production. 
Although the dividends from the economic reforms that began in 1986 mainly benefited the 
country as a whole, the farmers in the northern regions and the poorest rural groups still have 
not seen any profit from it. This situation was aggravated by the poor rainfall in 1993 and the 
difficulties encountered in the distribution of fertilizers. Transport problems, the inadequate trade 
links between the southern surplus areas and the deficit areas in the north are the main handicap 
to the effective marketing of food. 
In 1994, food aid requirements were estimated at 330 000 tonnes of cereals. The Community 
therefore proposed a structural programme to strengthen the role of the private sector in the cereal 
trade of the regions in deficit. Between February and April 1995, 20 000 tonnes of common maize 
bought in Uganda will be sold in small consignments at several sites where there are more than 
500 small traders. 
Together with this programme, in 1994 the Community set up a programme to support groups 
impoverished by the combined effects of structural adjustment and drought. Under this action, 
5 000 tonnes of common maize bought in Uganda was distributed over a period of four months 
to disadvantaged farmers and their families and to poor urban groups. 
6. Storage actions 
'Two types of storage 
There are basically two reasons for storage. When storage has a regulatory effect, it 
consists in the storage of harvest surpluses in order to avoid a fall in prices as a result of the 
market being flooded after a good harvest or a price rise because of a shortage of food on the 
market after a bad harvest. 
Strategic stocks, however, are far more closely bound up with the short-term economic 
situation. They are created in certain areas regarded as potentially at risk, i.e., regions where 
there is a risk of food shortage because of climatic (drought, uncertain rainfall, etc.) or even 
human factors. They are used to respond to emergencies and thereby prevent the risk of famine. 
Their main advantage is that they are in situ. That saves the time it would take to transport food 
if a warning is sounded and there is no food available on the spot. In this area, saving time saves 
human lives. 
34 
'How to set up the stock? 
Creating stocks of food products is a complex technical operation that requires 
resorting to specialists. First the site must be chosen carefully, since the stock must be usable 
immediately (e.g. in the event of famine). That means it must be situated in the country where 
it may be needed. 
Constructing storage facilities requires a preliminary technical study and tender specifications. 
There is no point building a warehouse on a site that is constantly flooded or where the land is 
unstable. Profitability is another imperative. The storage capacity must be proportional to the 
identified needs and the cost price must make it worthwhile. Several types of storage can be 
considered: in bulk in silos or in sacks in warehouses. Both the warehouses and the silos have to 
be watertight so that the grain can be fumigated (to eradicate insects and larvae). Storage in 
warehouses is done on palettes, to ensure that the ventilation is correct and the humidity level 
low enough. 
Given the importance of storage measures for improving the food security of the people 
concerned, the Community financed a number of these operations, which were implemented by 
the NGOs or international organizations. In 1994, seven countries benefited from this aid via the 
NGOs. 
'Zimbabwe: construction of warehouses 
In 1994, the Commission financed the construction of three warehouses in three 
districts of Zimbabwe, via the German NGO HELP. The regions in question suffer regularly 
from drought. The repercussions on the supplies to the people involved are particularly 
serious because of the severe shortage of buildings for storing the harvests (maize, 
groundnuts, sunflowers, etc.). 
The warehouses built with Community financing could be used to store and market local harvests 
and inputs (especially seeds and fertilizers). They helped the Zimbabwean government to 
decentralize and may eventually be used to store food aid in the event of a severe crisis. 
7. Early warning systems 
In 1994, the Community financed, as in the past, the FAIS Food Aid Information 
System developed by the WFP, by allocating ECU 165 000. This system provides complete data 
on the food aid deliveries by all donors. Community financing is designed to complete the system 
and liaise it with an-other major project, also financed by the Community, namely "GEOFILE". 
This pilot project developped by FAO is a computer programme including a data base comprising 
information back-up, among others by satellite images (NOAA), on food security at regional and 
national level: estimates of harvests and food reserves, demography, rainfall, market prices and 
supplies, food habits, etc. This information is collected and evaluated with a view to anticipating 
any risks of food crisis. 
35 
V. REHABILITATION ACTIONS 
1. Covering national food shortages 
A. Supplying seeds and tools 
'Rwanda: aid for agricultural revival 
Rwanda has been in a state of social and political instability since the beginning of the 
civil war in October 1990. Following the assassination of President Habyarimana in April 1994, 
hundreds of thousands of people, most of them of Tutsi origin, were exterminated by the 
government troops. To put an end to this genocide, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) had to 
lay siege to the country and the capital. The fighting that ensued led civilians to flee to 
neighbouring states and other regions of the country. It is estimated that to date these events have 
caused the death of nearly one million people and forced some two million to seek refuge in 
Burundi, Zaire, Tanzania and Uganda. There are also at least a million displaced persons within 
the country itself. 
The fighting officially came to an end in July 1994 with the accession into power of the RPF, 
which now faces the enormous task of reconstructing a country totally devastated by the war. 
In July and August 1994, the Community first did what was necessary to cover food requirements 
in the camps for refugees and displaced persons. To that end, it mobilized more than 
82 000 tonnes of food, which was distributed in coordination with the ICRC, several NGOs and 
the WFP. 
A few months later, because of the shortage of resources, the government found itself unable by 
itself to create the necessary conditions to enable the refugees to return home, to pay its officials 
and to restore the distribution chains and transport networks. So in addition to humanitarian aid, 
the Community focused its aid on measures that would enable the refugees and displaced persons 
to recover some stability and independence, in particular with regard to agricultural production. 
It also set up water and electricity supply programmes for the main towns. 
In normal times, agricultural production is closely linked to the poor climatic conditions, the 
growing poverty of the rural population and also and above all the pressure of too many people 
on too little land. The recent events, massacres, massive displacements of people and destruction 
of the infrastructure, have merely aggravated the situation. At the end of the year it was estimated 
that the 1994 harvests would only come up to 30 to 50% of the usual volume. 
To help these Rwandan groups to re-settle in their original provinces and to re-plant their food 
crops, the Community financed the purchase of seeds, tools and food in order to set up a working 
stock in the neighbouring countries. These products, mostly bought in the region, should enable 
the Rwandan peasants to revive their agricultural production for 1995. Food and seeds were 
distributed through the NGOs or local authorities. Preference was given to projects to distribute 
food for work or against payment, if the peasants' financial situation allowed it. Technical 
assistance was also provided in the region to advise the people on their farming methods. This aid, 
totalling ECU 18 million, should help release an appreciable part of the rural population from their 
36 
dependence on humanitarian aid and therefore pave the way to the socio-economic recovery of 
the country. 
"Burundi: aid for agricultural rehabilitation 
Since the coup d'état in October 1993 with the assassination of the first democratically 
elected president, Melchior N'Dadaye, there have been constant troubles in Burundi, which have 
directly caused the flight of nearly 600 000 people to neighbouring countries, the displacement 
within the country of an equal number and the death of around 100 000 others. In April 1994, 
the new president, M. Ntaryamira, was assassinated in his turn, at the same time as his Rwandan 
counterpart. By the end of 1994 the situation had become a little more stable again, although 
there are still tensions. It is now estimated that the total number of victims of these troubles 
comes to 1 100 000, to which must be added some 350 000 refugees (about 200 000 Burundian 
refugees in Rwanda returned to their country after the events) and 80 000 Rwandan refugees. 
Just as in Rwanda, the suspicion and violence between the Hutu (majority) and the Tutsi 
(minority) people paralysed the country economically and socially. Agricultural production, low 
even in normal times, fell dramatically as a result of this instability, of the constant 
migration flows and because of the late rains. In June 1994 it was estimated that the annual 
food and cereal production would fall by 20-30% compared to 1993. Malnutrition therefore 
began to increase, affecting children particularly severely. This situation was aggravated by 
the large pop-ulation flows and the need to feed the people concerned. 
The programme financed by the Community in Burundi in order to alleviate the situation 
is a similar, although scaled-down, version of that in Rwanda. It consists in the supply of 
10 000 tonnes of beans (at a value of ECU 6 million) and 2 500 tonnes of seeds and tools (at 
a value of ECU 2.5 million). Operations were set up for distributing the seeds, tools and food 
(free of charge, in return for work or for money) in one of the provinces of the country at 
the beginning of the September- October marketing year. The results are already most 
encouraging. The operation will be started up in other provinces too for the March 1995 season 
and will give significant support in terms of agricultural rehabilitation and food security and 
provisions for the displaced persons and other victims of the recent troubles. 
37 
B. School feeding programmes 
'Honduras: a new school lunch programme 
Honduras is one of the least developed countries of the new continent. Its industry is 
extremely limited and its agriculture does not cover local food requirements. The country is also 
heavily dependent for its foreign exchange on two exports: bananas and coffee. In addition, since 
1990 the Honduran government has embarked on a programme of structural adjustment Mnder 
the auspices of the IMF which has proved to have rather high social costs. Growth has indeed 
begun to recover, thanks largely to the re-thinking of the agricultural policy. However, the gains 
of this reform have benefited only a handful of the people. Today, 10% of the population still 
receive 40% of the national revenue and 50% obtain only 17%. Even worse, 70% of the people 
live below the poverty line and 56% below the extreme poverty line. 
Agricultural production is increasing considerably but not enough in relation to population 
growth. Honduras has not been self-sufficient since the later 1970s.The government's resolve to 
modernize agriculture will come to nothing until the small peasants obtain easier access to credit 
and inputs (seeds, fertilizers, and plant-health products) and until there is an agrarian reform to 
redistribute the land more equitably. 
Nearly 63% of Honduran families do not eat enough to cover their energy requir-ements. 
Moreover, in most cases, the meals are short in proteins. In this context, the problem of 
infant malnutrition remains a cause for concern. A study carried out nationally in 1992 
showed that 35% of children aged between six and nine are suffering from retarded growth 
(a sign of malnutrition) and 12% from seriously retarded growth (severe malnutrition). At 
present, 9% of newborn babies show signs of malnutrition. 
After financing "glasses of milk" operations, the Community is now participating in a 
programme to distribute full meals to state school pupils over four years. This Community 
aid consists of 250 tonnes of wheat, 550 tonnes of maize, 550 tonnes of rice, 630 tonnes of 
milk powder, 80 tonnes of vegetable oil and 200 tonnes of beans. Although the operation has 
undeniably been successful, the nutritional effect of the glass of milk is fairly weak, especially 
for children suffering from malnutrition. That is why it is being replaced by a lunch which 
will have the same effect in educational terms but will be far more significant in nutritional 
terms. 
In 1994, 30 000 children, from three of the poorest departments in the country (Intibuca, Lempira 
and La Paz) received a balanced daily meal through the intermediary of the Servicio de 
alimentacion escular, and 100 000 others received a glass of milk distributed in the marginalized 
rural and urban schools of departments where there was a serious nutritional short-fall (Santa 
Barbara, Copan and Ocotépéqué in particular). Over the next three years, that means that 
90 000 schoolchildren will receive lunch every day. 
A basic ration is made up of rice, common maize and red kidney beans. These foods are astaple 
part of the Honduran diet. Milk powder enriches the nutritional quality of the meal and the 
vegetable oil is a useful energy supplement. As for the wheat, if used in moderation it helps cover 
the dietary requirement while lowering the cost. 
38 
This programme is of course designed to improve the nutritional state of these children, but it 
also improves their attentiveness and concentration at school, thereby helping reduce absence or 
failure at school. It is also a way of making the communities more aware of food requirements. 
A substitution action has also been planned, accounting for ECU 1 500 000, to promote food 
security. This objective will be achieved through alternative programmes to increase basic cereal 
production by a policy of granting credits to small farmers and supporting micro-irrigation and 
so il-conservation projects, etc. 
'Mozambique: distribution of brioches in Maputo schools 
In October 1992, peace agreements were finally signed between the Mozambique 
government and the Renamo forces, putting an end to a civil war that had lasted fifteen years and 
caused more than one million deaths and nearly two million refugees. At the end of this conflict, 
a prolonged drought afflicted the country and aggravated an economic situation that was already 
disastrous. Following the end of the conflict, nearly five million Mozambican displaced persons 
and refugees started back for their original towns and villages, sparking off the process of national 
reconstruction. In this context, the education of the young people is most important, for it 
constitutes a socio-educational framework which they could not enjoy during the war years. 
Since 1991 the Community has been financing a school feeding operation policy in this country. 
To prolong this action in 1994, the Community allocated 480 tonnes of wheat, 370 tonnes of milk 
powder, 185 tonnes of vegetable oil and 250 tonnes of sugar (to which can be added 880 tonnes 
of common maize levied from strategic stocks set up in 1993), while the manufacturing, transport 
and distribution costs of 210 000 brioches a day for the 1994 school year were financed from 
counterpart funds generated by Community food aid monetized in the country. This programme 
covered schoolchildren and teachers in about 110 primary schools in the country's capital and 
environs (Maputo, Matola and Machava) from mid-February to the end of November. 
It was decided to extend this programme over several years because of the general and persistent 
undernourishment of Mozambican schoolchildren. This programme, which supplements another 
one carried out in rural areas by the WFP, has two objectives: nutritional and educational. First, 
it is designed to provide children with their first meal of the day, secondly, to improve the 
"yield" in terms of their attendance and application in class. 
39 
C. Nutritional support for target groups 
'Angola:aid for displaced persons and urban groups 
Angola was torn apart by civil war from the moment it reached independence in 1974. 
The government forces (MPLA) were in opposition to the National Union for the total 
independence of Angola (UNITA). In May 1991, the Bicesse peace agreements were signed and 
led to a ceasefire and the organization of free elections, won by the MPLA. At the end of 
October and in early November 1992, the rejection by UNITA of these results plunged the 
country into another civil war and caused more than 100 000 deaths in the course of 1993. Three 
million Angolans fled or were affected by the constant battles. However, at the end of 1994, 
peace agreements were signed and give hope for a better future for these people thanks to the 
possibility of a process of national reconstruction under the auspices of the international 
community. 
According to the United Nations, in January 1994 the esti-mated demand for food products 
for the first six months of the year was more than 170 000 tonnes. This figure does not take 
account of the groups that cannot be reached because of the insecurity and near destruction 
of the communications network. Moreover, national agricultural production for the 
1993/1994 marketing year was low because of the large number of displaced peasants, the 
poor rainfall in some provinces, the shortage of agricultural inputs and the climate of 
insecurity. So the sales of food production surpluses on the markets remained very uncertain. 
For several years the Community has been financing deliveries of food aid to Angola. Because 
of the chronic political instability, in recent years this aid has consisted mainly in the free 
distribution of food to the refugees. 
In 1994, Community food aid amounted to 80 000 tonnes of cereals, 6 500 tonnes of 
vegetable oil and the equivalent of ECU 3 850 000 in other products, mainly pulses, in the 
form of triangular purchases, but also salt and dried fish bought locally (accounting in all 
for ECU 34 760 000, including transport/distribution and technical assistance costs). 
Half of this was distributed free of charge, through the intermediary of the Angolan and 
European NGOs (Caritas, ADRA, Oïkos, AAA, etc.), in the provinces that took in the displaced 
persons. The food supplied — cereals, oil, beans, dried fish and salt — was in part distributed free 
of charge to improve the nutritional situation of the displaced persons, and in part used in the 
framework of programmes of food for work, to set up a process of re-establishment that would 
make the displaced persons less dependent on aid. 
The other half of the Community aid was sold to local traders in urban areas where, 
paradoxically, the people are often less well nourished than the refugees on whom international 
aid is concentrated, given the economic crisis currently affecting this country. This is due to the 
high costs of basic products, which have become scarce and exorbitantly priced because of the 
growth of the black market. For example, a small loaf of bread costs kwanzas 500 000 and the 
average monthly salary is about kwanzas 2 million (about one US dollar). Now that inflation has 
reached 30% a month, the majority of the urban population can no longer afford the food 
necessary to its simple survival. By improving the supply on the urban markets, the aim of 
Community aid is to alleviate these distortions and prevent too great an imbalance from 
40 
appearing between those who benefit from the free distribution of food and those who still 
depend on a poverty market. The monetization of this aid will generate counterpart funds which 
can be used to finance rural and semi-urban development projects. The Commission envisaged 
a mechanism to preserve the real value of these funds in a special memorandum signed in 
December 1994. 
The main objective of this aid programme is to reach as many people as possible throughout the 
country. Yet the distribution plans are dependent on safety conditions in the field and on the 
maintenance of the ceasefire. 
Angola: agricultural rehabilitation 1993/94 
The distribution of seed and tools under the 1993 programme which was formulated with the 
participation of the Angolan Ministry of Planning and Agriculture was carried out in part in 1994. 
This action helped supply the equivalent of ECU 2 million in seeds (2 000 tonnes of maize seeds, 
900 tonnes of bean seeds, 500 tonnes of sorghum seeds, 500 tonnes of groundnut seeds, 
250 tonnes of pea seeds and 15 tonnes of pulses seeds), together with the equivalent of 
ECU 600 000 in agricultural tools (i.e., some 250 000 various tools divided among machetes, 
hoes, axes and whetting stones). They were distributed throughout the territory, with special 
emphasis on areas that took in a large number of displaced persons and the agricultural potential 
of the regions concerned. 
Ethiopia: chronicle of a food crisis avoided 
In July 1991, when the new Ethiopian transitional government came into power, it was 
faced with an unparalleled socio-economic situation. To deal with it, and with the aid of the WFP 
and the World Bank, a vast structural adjustment programme was carried out. Among other 
measures, this programme included the liberalization of transport, the privatization of certain 
public sectors, tax reforms and a general move towards a market economy. In the end, these 
reforms were intended to revive agricultural production, which is the most important economic 
sector in the country. It accounts for 85% of export revenue and 45% of the GNP. 
Unfortunately, the Ethiopian people are suffering socially from these economic reforms because 
the liberalization of prices has also affected the prices of essential commodities. 
According to an FAO estimate, the country's food shortage is estimated at one million tonnes 
for 1994. This estimate takes account of several factors: the poor distribution of rainfall 
throughout the year, increase in the cost of agricultural inputs and increasingly rapid 
population growth. 
The international community was worried that there might be a repeat of the great crisis of 1984. 
To avoid this, exchanges of information were rapidly arranged to try to resolve the technical and 
logistical difficulties of ensuring that the international aid arrived in good time and organizing the 
transport, unloading and distribution of this aid in such a way as to avoid any risks of congestion 
in the Ethiopian ports of Assab and Massawa. The coordination between the Commission 
delegation, the other donors' representatives and the Ethiopian government in Addis Abeba was 
excellent, but needed to be supplemented by ad hoc coordination at a higher level. To that end, 
the Commission services organized a technical coordination meeting with all the main donors in 
June 1994. Today, although not all the problems have been resolved, we can certainly assert that 
41 
this masting helped strengthen the co-operation ,md coordination between thn main participants 
so thnt in 1994 Lihiopia war, .1 r.,ir>r: of a food crisis that did not happnu. 
In 1994, the Commission for its pari allocated 130 000 tonnes of wheat as food aid (to a value 
of ECU 26 500 000, transport costs included) to Ethiopia loimpiove the nutritional situation of 
urban groups and combat r.hc nascent famine in (lie country following bad harvests. This aid war, 
also used 1.0 increase the national .vrratcgic reserve stocks. 
The Community aid was allocated in two stages. First, 50 000 tonnes of wheat were delivered 
to Ethiopia (0 be sold on the. markets of the capital, Addis Abeba, in June. That is the period 
when cereal prices fluctuate enormously and axe reflected in the price of bread. So this 
structural aid helped to .some extent to stabilize prices, which enabled the urban consumers 
ro buy lheir bread and maintain an acceptable mitriliuunl level. A j;ovenuneni organization 
took over tbe distribution of the wheat to the milk which resold the flour to the bakeries. 
This action helped nearly one million vulnerable urban consumers. 
Subsequently 80 000 tonnes of wheat had to be delivered to tackle the dramatic decline in 
the harvests in relation to tbft forecasts made earlier in the year, especially in the regions of 
Wollo and Shoa (in the .south) where the second harvest, the August one, represents 90% of 
the total annual production. A ic-evaluatiou was also undertake!) of groups in need in the 
couniry: the victims of drought, displaced aud resettled persons, demobilised soldiers, war 
victims.-- Fioui fuur and a half million potential beneficiaries, the figure ruse lo six. The 
advantage of this allocation was that. it. boosted the capacity of the national strategic stock 
of food to respond to the needs of the most vulnerable sections of the population. 
Mobilisation for Ethiopia 
These 80 000 Tonnes were delivered in October/November 1994. In Terms of mobilization, this was 
an innovative operation becousrj it was ihc first time a delivery of Community food aid to Bhiopia 
war, to be made at the final destination. Tho. consiçjnments were therefore deliveied 10 four 
'.Itffeicnt plocrtr», involving transport by road over distance:, of up lo 1Û00 kilometres in sotrv. 
cn',;cr,. Dnspilc working conditions that were at timer, difficult, thesr. transport operations w^rr» 
crnnad out with fnw losses and all parties concomml wen; extremely satisfied with this actio". 
"Eritrea: suppling local markers 
Following a referendum held on 27 April 1993, Eritrea officially proclaimed its 
independence from Ethiopia. After thirty years of civil war, this new nation is .facing a double 
challenge: the reconstruction of the country and the reintegration of hundreds of thousands of 
Eritrcans who wanted to be repatriated. The ravages 10 the country's economy as a result of the 
war were exacerbated by several droughts during the 1970s and 1980s. There is a high level of 
illiteracy in the country, and the general state of nuiririon is still precarious. 
During its first year in power, the provisional government set up by the Popular Front foi the 
Liberation of Eritrea (PFLE) embarked on a process of democratization and liberalisation 
(constitutional government, independence of the press, equality of women, application ofl.ind 
law. codes, of commerce and labour, etc.). It also drew up a programme of economic iecover/y 
42 
directed at all sectors, in particular agriculture which remains the most important of all. Of the 
total Eritrean population (2.6 million inhabitants), 76% live in rural areas; they are almost 
exclusively small farmers practising subsistence farming on land varying in size from 0.75 to 
2.5 hectares. The main crops are barley, wheat, maize, sorghum and millet, which make up more 
than 80% of the farmland. The remainder is used for growing oil seeds and pulses. The variable, 
unpredictable and inadequate rainfall is mainly to blame for the poor harvests. Although there 
are other restricting factors, such as parasites of animal and vegetable origin, the shortage of 
inputs and the use of low-yield varieties do not allow any real improvement that would lead to 
the production of marketable surpluses. 
The 1993 production only covered 20% of total national consumer demand. At the beginning 
of 1994, the need was stressed for structural food aid of about 62 000 tonnes of wheat to 
ensure adequate market supplies and stabilize food prices. 
Following these forecasts, the Commission decided to allocate aid of 18 000 tonnes of wheat for 
1994 (for a total of ECU 2 600 000, including transport), intended for sale on the local markets, 
especially those in Asmara and Dekemhare, in order to make up in part at least for the national 
food shortage. In practical terms, once the wheat is delivered at the port of Massawa, the Eritrean 
Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (ERRA) will take over the transport and delivery to the mills and 
the sale of the flour thus produced to the bakeries. 
The counterpart funds generated by these sales can fund other projects including projects to 
improve the supplies of inputs, the introduction of new varieties of grain, storage programmes, 
and so on. 
The Eritrean government set itself the priority of improving food security in the country and has 
made various efforts to that end. In 1993,315 000 hectares of land were planted, representing an 
increase of 25% over the previous marketing year. It also pursued a land preservation policy by 
constructing terraces and earth embankments to retain the water resources and distributing inputs 
in the form of oxen and seeds. These operations were often carried out on the basis of food for 
work projects. 
'Nicaragua: a certain economic stagnation 
Like other Central American countries, Nicaragua is undergoing a process of structural 
adjustment under the auspices of the IMF. This programme is marked by a drastic reduction in 
state expenditure, leading to a marked fall in subsidies to the agricultural sector and 
disengagement in the social sector. The application of this programme may have contributed 
towards a relative internal monetary stabilization, yet it also seriously slowed down economic 
activity. This slow-down has a particularly strong impact because the country is just emerging 
from a twelve-year civil war and going through a difficult period of national reconstruction, 
together with having to reintegrate large numbers of refugees and veterans into civilian life. 
Moreover, the political tensions that are re-emerging have delayed the settlement of the still 
burning question of agrarian reform. 
Because of the uncertainties connected with this reform, together with the very limited credit 
available and the unpredictable climate (drought), food production for the 1992/1993 marketing 
year actually fell. In the case of vegetable oil, the country became even more dependent on 
exporting this product because of the structural decline in this sector. In fact, the food supply 
43 
situation in Nicaragua remains very difficult because of the totally inadequate production capacity 
together with the shortage of foreign currency, which offers little chance of imports. 
The 1994 harvests were very low compared to 1993. But even then the daily average food 
ration per person was only 1718 calories and 13% of children under the age of six suffer from 
malnutrition. 
The Nicaraguan government nevertheless adopted a liberal agricultural policy in order to improve 
production and promote exports — a source of foreign exchange — based on the laws of the 
market and free competition. At the same time it made great efforts to improve the coordination 
between the various administrations involved in implementing the agricultural policy. Special 
attention was devoted to settling problems relating to land and buildings and means of production 
(policy of land rights and privatization of state enterprises) and to the environment, agricultural 
technology, promotion of cooperatives, etc. 
In 1994 the Community allocated food aid to Nicaragua of 1 300 tonnes of vegetable oil, 
ECU 500 000 for the local purchase of other products and another ECU 500 000 in technical 
assistance. The financing of the purchase of other products is to help launch a pilot 
programme of school lunches which, in a first stage, will affect 5 000 schoolchildren in a 
region where malnutrition is fairly high. 
The sale of the vegetable oil will generate counterpart funds and promote the avail­
ability of this product on the market. The planned technical assistance will support the 
implementation together with the Nicaraguan government of a food security policy and the 
supervision of the development projects financed by the counterpart funds. 
The counterpart funds constituted up to now were used to finance various projects with 
the common objective of contributing to the country's food security, more specifically to 
establish a relative self-sufficiency in food among rural people and thus raise the nutritional level 
of the population as a whole. These projects are currently being kept under review by a technical 
assistant. 
Through these counterpart funds, the Commission has become the main provider of capital for 
non-conventional credits for small and medium-sized producers of food crops by promoting "local 
banks" and "rural savings and credit banks", hand in hand with technical assistance to bring about 
the light mechanization of agriculture, a possibility not offered by the traditional bank loan 
mechanisms. 
The object of this action was to reactivate the rural production of basic cereals in the departments 
of Chinandega, Esteli, Madriz, Nueva Segovia, Rivas and Chontales for a sum of US $ 400 000 
(from the counterpart funds). This financed the sowing of 880 manzanas (one manzana is 
equivalent to 0.7 hectares) with beans and 640 manzanas with dry rice by individual producers 
or cooperatives. The deliveries were carried out via a network of rural shops and included, apart 
from seeds, light equipment, fertilizers and plant health products. 
Other projects financed by the Community counterpart funds made it possible to construct country 
roads (Santa Cruz/San Nicolas junction and access roads to Pueblo Nuevo) to improve trade and 
also to finance rice-growing and irrigation. 
44 
2. Support for the international organizations 
A.The World Food Programme 
Alongside its regular programme, i.e. structural development aid, the WFP comes to the 
aid of population groups whose precarious food situation requires rapid if not urgent 
intervention. There are two main types of action: 
The International Emergency Food Reserve (IEFR): 
This emergency aid goes to population groups facing a short-term food shortage during 
periods of drought, following natural disasters or in cases of conflict. It can also be used to 
rehabilitate refugees. 
This multilateral aid, which is not tied (i.e.,it can be used by the WFP on the basis of general 
needs and not necessarily in the framework of programmes defined in advance), makes up the 
Commission's contribution to the WFP's emergency actions to deal with short-term food 
shortages, on the understanding that the financing of emergency food aid actions of a more 
specifically humanitarian kind is the responsibility of the European Community Humanitarian 
Office (ECHO). 
In 1994, the Commission contributed 50 000 tonnes of cereals, 1 000 tonnes of milk powder, 
5 000 tonnes of vegetable oil, 1 000 tonnes of sugar and the equivalent of ECU 3 million in other 
products to twelve projects in the framework of the emergency reserve, all located on the African 
continent. 
The following are a few examples: 
'Eritrea: assistance for displaced persons or refugees and for stock-farmers 
Poor harvests were expected in 1994 — as a result of the interminable civil war and 
recurrent droughts. The aid granted to the WFP by the Commission was designed to help persons 
displaced by the conflicts and enabled the Eritrean refugees to return from the Sudan. In addition, 
under this programme stockfarmers were able to reconstitute the herds that had been decimated 
by the years of drought. The Community aid consisted in the delivery of 12 368 tonnes of food 
in the form of wheat, milk powder, vegetable oil and sugar. 
45 
"Ethiopia: assistance for the victims of drought and displaced persons 
In 1994 the Commission allocated, via the WFP emergency reserve, aid to the rural 
population groups afflicted by the drought and those displaced by the internal conflicts in the 
country. This aid involved the delivery of 12 500 tonnes of food in the form of wheat, vegetable 
oil and faffa. 
"Ghana: assistance for Togolese refugees 
In February 1993, some 30 000 Togolese fled from the clashes that mainly affected Lomé 
and its suburb and took refuge in Ghana and Benin. While awaiting the return of calm in Togo, 
these refugees were cared for by international aid, mainly from the European Community, via 
the WFP. The Commission contributed 5 241 tonnes of food in the form of white maize, 
vegetable oil and sugar. 
"Sudan: assistance for the victims of drought and displaced persons 
Hundreds of thousands of Sudanese were displaced by the civil war that struck the south 
of the country. Thousands of others also suffer from food shortages because of the drought. In 
1994, the European Community was still supporting these people by sending, via the WFP, 
6 500 tonnes of food in the form of white maize and legumes (beans, lentils, split peas, etc.). 
Protracted Refugees Operations (PRO): 
The WFP is giving increasing support to protracted food actions for vulnerable groups 
such as refugees. The spectacular increase in recent years in the number of refugees made it 
essential for an agreement to be reached between the WFP and the UNHCR in 1992 under which 
the WFP takes charge of the delivery of basic foods in all operations concerning more than five 
thousand persons. 
In 1994, the Community contributed to nineteen projects in the framework of the WFP aid 
programme for refugees in Africa, but also in Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Nepal and Mexico, by 
allocating 190 000 tonnes of cereals, 7 500 tonnes of vegetable oil, 6 000 tonnes of sugar and 
the equivalent of ECU 8.5 million in other products (to be noted that the financing by the 
Community of emergency food aid actions of a more specifically humanitarian kind is again the 
responsibility of ECHO). 
Below we give a few examples: 
46 
"Afghanistan: aid for the victims of the civil war 
In Afghanistan, the agricultural production infrastructure and mechanisms were completely 
destroyed by fourteen years of war. The incessant fighting between rival factions forced more 
than half the population to seek refuge in other regions or in neighbouring countries. In order 
to alleviate the sufferings of these refugees and displaced persons, the Community allocated the 
WFP 24 350 tonnes of food for several projects to re-establish and revive agricultural production 
and promote self-sufficiency in food. 
"Bangladesh: assistance for the refugees from Myanmar 
Since the end of 1991, thousands of people have fled from the conflicts afflicting the north­
east of Myanmar (former Burma) and taken refuge in Bangladesh. Following agreements between 
the two governments, the repatriation of these refugees began in 1992. The Community has 
contributed to these operations from the outset by sending food. In 1994, the Commission 
allocated the WFP 31 560 tonnes of food in the form of wheat, vegetable oil, sugar, legumes and 
salt to this end. 
"Mozambique: regional aid for returnees 
Once the peace agreements had been signed between the Mozambique government and 
the Renamo rebel movement, most of the two million refugees and three million displaced 
persons began to return. The Community allocated the WFP 29 800 tonnes of food in the form 
of maize, sugar, legumes, salt and groundnuts to sustain the agricultural rehabilitation process. 
B. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 
Since January 1951, when it was first set up, the United Nations High Commissioner 
for Refugees (UNHCR), an international body with the mandate of protecting and assisting 
refugees and finding lasting solutions to their problems (such as repatriation) has seen refugee 
numbers increase constantly following the end of the cold war and the explosion of regional 
conflicts. In 1994 there were 24 million refugees and the same number of displaced persons. 
Since 1992, following the agreement concluded with the WFP, the UNHCR has been able to 
concentrate again on its primary objectives and been relieved of the need to supply food to the 
refugee camps containing more than five thousand people. Yet this agreement does not cover the 
mobilization of dairy products and food other than "basics". In 1994, the Commission therefore 
provided the UNHCR with 2 390 tonnes of milk powder, 452.5 tonnes of butteroil, 187 tonnes 
of sugar, 7 900 tonnes of cereals, 2.5 tonnes of vegetable oil and ECU 2 898 000 for the purchase 
of other products, for free distribution. 
47 
C. The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East 
The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East 
(UNRWA) was set up in 1950 and cares for nearly two million Palestinian refugees in Jordan, 
Lebanon, Syria, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. UNRWA's main activities are to provide food 
aid, medical and health care, training and basic assistance. 
Food aid for Palestinian refugees was first allocated in 1972, via UNRWA. For many years the 
Community has been one of the main donors to UNRWA. 
In 1994, Community food aid to UNRWA consisted of 12 750 tonnes of cereals, 1 968 tonnes of 
milk powder, 2 042 tonnes of vegetable oil and 2 948 tonnes of sugar, together with 
ECU 3 700 000 in other products. 
The beneficiaries of this aid are Palestinian refugees registered as such by UNRWA. In December 
1994, nearly 400 000 refugees obtained this food aid, accounting for nearly 10% of the total 
refugee population registered with UNRWA. 
The rations have not been distributed on a general basis since 1982. They are intended mainly 
for the families that are hardest hit because there is no adult male to ensure their livelihood, what 
are known as special hardship cases (some 180 000 people). They arc allocated a monthly 
subsistence ration of 1 880 calories per person per day. These rations are also allocated, under a 
supplementary feeding programme, to pregnant women and nursing mothers and to infants aged 
between 6 and 36 months. Some 200 000 women and children thus receive a ration of about 
1 000 calories per person per day. 
D. The International Committee of the Red Cross and the International Federation of Red Cross 
and Red Crescent Societies 
The aim of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), an impartial 
humanitarian body that is neutral and independent, is to provide assistance to the victims of 
armed conflict, troubles or internal tensions. The ICRC is a much-favoured partner of the 
Commission because of its efficiency in the field and its continuous presence during most 
conflicts. 
In 1994, the Community contribution to the ICRC (for a countervalue of about ECU 34 million) was 
used mainly to support food aid and agricultural rehabilitation programmes. To that end the 
Commission allocated the ICRC 65 000 tonnes of cereals, 4 000 tonnes of vegetable oil and the 
equivalent of ECU 3 million in other products. In Rwanda, some 51 000 tonnes of food in the form 
of maize flour, grain maize, beans, salt and vegetable oil were distributed to some 750 000 victims 
of the conflicts towards the end of 1994. 
Moreover, in September 1994 the ICRC set up an agricultural rehabilitation programme to 
help and encourage the displace persons and refugees to resume their food-crop growing, 
mainly in Sudan, Liberia and Rwanda. More specifically, the Commission granted 
1 450 tonnes of bean seed and maize and distributed 50 000 hoes free of charge. 
48 
The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies is a cooperative 
movement grouping all the national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies in the world. In 
peacetime it supports and coordinates the national societies'activities in the event of very serious 
disasters and gives aid to refugees. In fact, it provides the international aid that the national 
societies implement with its assistance under the national programmes. 
In 1994, the Community allocated, via the IFRC, aid of 12 000 tonnes of cereals to Ethiopia. 
This allocation comes under a wider programme of aid to vulnerable populations, 
rehabilitation of the environment and development of the health sector. The object was to 
help the displaced people who had moved to the south of the country following the internal 
conflicts to re-settle, to help the victims of drought, to combat soil erosion and the decrease in 
water resources in these same areas and, lastly, to support the much weakened health sector. 
3. The non-governmental organizations 
The non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are becoming increasingly important 
partners for the Commission in the field of food aid. Excluding emergency aid and humanitarian 
aid, which come under ECHO, the NGOs have access to three types of allocation under the 
Commission's food aid programme. They are structural food aid, co-financing of food products 
and the storage and early warning programme. 
The NGOs carry out several types of action in the field, which form major components of 
the food security of the population groups concerned: 
- rehabilitation programmes: food for work, school feeding, nutritional centres, etc.; 
- programmes to assist population groups afflicted by famine or displaced as a result of armed 
conflicts; 
- aid programmes for refugees. 
A large part of the food aid (about 60%) delivered by the NGOs is bought in the beneficiary 
countries, thereby encouraging local agricultural production. 70% of these development aid 
projects are located in Africa. 
In 1994, the NGOs were allocated 355 000 tonnes of cereals, 14 200 tonnes of milk powder, 
26 000 tonnes of vegetable oil, 4 500 tonnes of sugar and the equivalent of ECU 16 955 000 in 
other products (mainly pulses). The total value of these allocations comes to approximately 
ECU 140 million, i.e., about 33% of the total Community food aid budget in 1994. 
'Euronaid: an interface between the NGOs and the Commission 
The lion's share of the Community food aid allocated to the NGOs (more than 
399 000 tonnes in 1994) is channelled via Euronaid. In 1994, 76 NGOs used the services of 
Euronaid to deliver the food aid financed by the Commission. The ten most important of them 
delivered 250 353 tonnes and the three biggest ones (Oxfam Belgium, Dutch Interchrch Aid and 
Save the Children Fund) delivered 131 829 tonnes. 
49 
Euronaid was created in 1980 by eight NGOs. It now has 24 members. The aim of this structure 
is to manage the organization of the transport and connected activities and to organize the 
purchase of products in the developing countries on the account of NGOs that have received a 
Commission allocation and which generally cannot manage the volume of that allocation with 
their own resources. Euronaid is responsible for the successful execution of the operations carried 
out by the NGOs. 
'CARE: intervention in Ethiopia 
Because of the invasion of insects and the irregular rainfall in August and September, the 
1993 harvests in western Haraghe (a region of Ethiopia) fell dramatically compared to the national 
average. Thanks to a system of information it set up in the region, the CARE/UK NGO 
managed rapidly to evaluate the cereal requirements of the people in 1994 and assess the urgency 
of the situation. 
This NGO therefore applied to the Community for aid of 5 000 tonnes of wheat, to be 
distributed over some sixty days (in July and August 1994) to 166 667 inhabitants of Haraghe, 
in the form of daily food rations of 500 grammes. This wheat was distributed to the people free 
of charge. It was not possible in this case to carry out "food for work" programmes because of 
the lack of adequate infrastructures and the urgent nature of the operation. 
Once the wheat arrived at the port of Assab, it was transported by lorry to the central depots 
of Asebeteferi and Meisso. From there, the CARE lorries took over the transport to the nine 
centres of distribution as required. 
* CDI-Bwamanda: sale and free distribution of food rations in Kinshasa 
Thousands of inhabitants of Kinshasa, the capital of Zaire, do not have the means to pay 
for food at local market prices. So they usually have to go to food centres where food rations are 
sold to them at a "special price" or even distributed free of charge. 
The Belgian NGO CDI-Bwamanda has organized these welfare programmes for a number of 
years. In 1994 it asked the Community to finance a food pro­
gramme for these disinherited population groups, involving 4 150 tonnes of maize, groundnuts 
and rice, bought within the country. This aid was distributed for a period of one year. The main 
beneficiaries were infants, malnourished children under the age of five, pregnant women and 
nursing mothers, the sick and the aged. 
CDI-Bwamanda took over the transport to Kinshasa and the distribution via food centres and 
local charitable committees. The NGO also saw to the processing of the primary products (maize 
and rice) and their storage. This programme not only helped feed the poorest inhabitants of the 
capital but also secured the Zairean peasants a guaranteed outlet for their food products." 
50 
VI. TABLES 
DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION POLICY IN THE RUN-UP TO 2000 
FOOD SECURITY 
COUNCIL RESOLUTION of 25 NOVEMBER 1994 
I. INTRODUCTION 
1. Following its declaration of November 1992 on development cooperation in the run-up 
to 2000, the Council in May 1993 selected food security as one of the priority areas for enhanced 
policy coordination between the Community and its Member States. Policies on food security 
should be a part of the overall framework of the fight against poverty . 
2. Having examined the Commission's communication on coordination between the 
Community and its Member States concerning food security policies and practices, the Council 
and the Member States have adopted the following orientations and guidelines. 
II. FOOD SECURITY SITUATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 
1. The Council is concerned that the number of people without adequate access to food is 
steadily increasing both as a result of emergency situations in many parts of the world —in 
particular at present in sub-Saharan Africa— and of longer term short-falls in food supply which 
continue to affect vulnerable groups in a large number of countries. In many developing countries 
national food production increases at a slower rate than the population, and rtiany of them, in 
particular the least developed countries, are unable to increase food imports. It is therefore 
necessary to re-emphasize the high priority which should be attached to policies and programmes 
which improve food security. 
2. Because of the increasing need for emergency aid and humanitarian aid operations, donors 
and governments of developing countries have mainly focused on ensuring short-term food 
security. Food aid has become the main answer to food insecurity, whereas this can only provide 
a partial and mainly short-term solution which in some cases disregards traditional food habits 
and can lead to market distortions. As a result, international emphasis on long-term food security 
policies at regional, national and household level seems to have significantly diminished. In most 
cases, this is also evident in the follow-up given to the November 1988 Resolution. 
3. The Council notes that recent structural changes, namely, on the internadonal ievel, the 
GATT agreement on world trade and, on the Community level, the reform of the common 
agricultural policy, may have an effect on the production and international movement of products 
important for ensuring food security. It would therefore seem necessary to study the evolution 
of the changes and their short term effects so as to enable a discussion on appropriate measure 
that could be taken. 
4. The Council welcomes the efforts that have been made to enhance coordination between 
the various instruments of Community and Member States' development policies, particularly 
51 
those relating to long term food security, structural adjustment, social development and 
emergency relief but considers that there is scope for further improvement. 
III. PRINCIPLES AND PRIORITIES 
1. Regional, national and household food security on a long term basis which enables access 
by all people at all times to food for an active and healthy life, is an important element in the 
fight against poverty and should be emphasized in all relevant programmes with developing 
countries. Food security concerns not only the quantity but also the quality of food supply, in 
order to ensure adequate nutritional value. 
2. Given the different responsibilities of men and women in relation to household food 
security, the Council underlines the objective to consider systematically the different roles played 
by women and men when programmes aimed at ensuring food security are prepared. 
3. While the Community and its Member States should continue to respond to the on-going 
need for relief operations and food aid, the need for long-term oriented food security policies and 
programmes has to be underlined. 
4. The link between development, rehabilitation, relief operations and food aid needs to be 
strengthened. In this perspective, improving the effective use of food aid is of great importance. 
The Council reiterates its wish to see such orientations reflected in future deliberations and policy 
decisions concerning Community food aid. It also underlines the need to give special attention 
to food security of vulnerable groups in the design and implementation of macro-economic 
structural adjustment programmes. 
5. In order to increase the national and local supply of food for countries with a permanent 
and large food deficit, the Council underlines that food security including nutrition issues should 
be adopted as a guiding principle underlying development programmes, aiming at poverty 
alleviation in rural and urban areas, which can only be country-specific. This principle should be 
complemented by special consideration regarding access to food. 
The dialogue with partner countries should lead to a strategy geared to ensuring long-term 
food security. Measures to reduce poverty, and sectoral policies regarding, inter alia, agriculture, 
environment, health, family planning and education as well as macro-economic policy should be 
made consistent with the objective of ensuring food security for all. These policies should take 
account of the role of the commercial farming sector and smallholders. It is also important to 
raise the ievel of participation of women and communities in the drive to ensure food security 
at national, regional, local and household level. 
6. Political stability and the ending of armed conflicts are important conditions for a more 
successful implemen-tation of food security strategies. 
7. The coordination of national and international early warning systems needs to be 
strengthened in order to respond rapidly to disaster relief operations. In this context, NGOs can 
also play a substantial role, and make a valuable contribution to other aspects of food security, 
particularly at the household level. 
IV. COOPERATION AND COORDINATION 
52 
1. The Council refers to its Resolution of 2 December 1993 on co-ordination procedures 
which stresses, the importance of co-ordinating activities of Member States and the Commission 
on the spot. It should be enhanced by making better use of existing mechanisms and instruments. 
2. In view of the need for increased coherence, and in accordance with Article 130v of the 
Treaty, the Council looks forward to a report from the Commission analysing the impact of the 
CAP and other Community policies on markets and food security in developing countries, as 
well as to proposals to enhance coherence between these policy fields. 
3. The Community and its Member States undertake to intensity their efforts to co-ordinate their 
support for food security policies in recipient countries at the Community level and in 
international fora. 
4. The Council requests its Working Parties on Development Co-operation and on Food Aid 
to consider regularly longer term food security matters. Furthermore, it requests the Management 
Committees and in particular the Food Aid Committee to scrutinize all commitment proposals 
for their impact on long-term food security at national, regional and at household level in the 
beneficiary country/countries. 
5. The Council refers to its Resolution of 2 December 1993 on co-ordination procedures 
which stressed the importance of co-ordinating the activities of Member States and the 
Commission on the spot. In particular the preparation of joint policy initiatives such as food 
security planning, and increased consultation on the use of the counterpart funds generated by 
food aid for purposes of longer term oriented food security programmes and policies should be 
encouraged. 
In this connection the Council would request the Group of experts to consider how co­
ordination in this area between the Community and the Member States could be quickly put into 
effect on a trial basis in a small number of developing countries. This list of countries should be 
as close as possible to the list of developing countries where operational co-ordination on a trial 
basis is taking place. 
6. Regional approaches to food security, including food aid triangular and local purchasing 
operations, should be further reinforced and supported so as to take advantage of natural 
complementarity between countries that belong to the same region. In addition, food security 
policies should have a regional dimension to promote regional food trade and integration. 
7. The European Community and its Member States recognize the importance of the role 
of the FAO and other multilateral agencies such as the World Bank, the WFP and the IFAD in 
the field of food security, and reaffirm the importance of co-operation and co-ordination with 
other donors and agencies, including NGOs. In this field, the Council recognizes the need for the 
Community to make special efforts in the preparation of international conferences on food 
security and nutrition and in implementing their results in developing countries. 
8. The Council requests the Commission to monitor and assess the implementation of this 
Resolution and to report back regularly on progress achieved. The Council also recognizes the 
importance of keeping under review its policies on the provision of food aid, particularly in the 
light of paragraph III.4 above. In this perspective, it invites the Commission to submit to the 
Council as soon as possible a report on the implementation of the Council conclusions on food 
aid policy and guidelines adopted in 1989 and 1990. The Council will consider the need to update 
policy in this area in the light of this report. 
53 
PROGRAMME 1SM SITUATION AU 4/07/9S 
TABLEAU N*1 
Programme 1994 Situation au 4/07/95 
.auatLxt l iMTWKiuom | mimmoi. I nu»tivEO»nALi | «wow j AvnwpRooun | MJTE.» •UMTITUTIOM COWMAI»e«»»»Jfr | STOCKA»* | TRANSPORT | 
AJOC «m TwMMtl 
AKJNt »Ml »SEcvtt 14*1 4M 
ITtWIH S2 «M 
4IU45U 1000 
170* MO «24*2 
«WW 14 M* 
44*7*77 •14*120» • «M 000 • 180000 • 000000 1(02722 21» 207 0*4 
1M7»00| 
\prèvutt au pti/ttmm» f) MOOOl «7000 
(T ***** —tl» » <5»ui44m. *•« du rtojwiwnl n' M72/M *u 22 *tc«mbi» 1W SoM* 
X «°*>*4U»«n w> «uanlM preframm». • •»•M 
104,«1* 17 M2 
M.7t% »000 
2»,00* »•M 
• 1.»»% 2111 
*7,M* •104*1200 
120,H« 
REPARTITION EN ECUS DE L'AIDE 
STOCKAGE 
<-..,, \ 0.33% 
': ÇOFIrtANCEMENT 
0.87% 
SUBSTITUTION 
1.40% OUTILSxuTRE PRODUIT 
1.15% 10,65% 
• CEREALES 
• OUTILS SUCRE 
0.77% 
• LAIT EN POUDRE 
B SUBSTITUTION LAIT EN POUDRE 
8,43% 
• BUTTEROIL «3 HUILE VEGETALE • SUCRE 
• COFINANCEMENT • STOCKAGE • TRANSPORT »AUTRE PRODUIT 
•d REPARTITION EN TONNES DE L'AIDE 
BUTTEROIL 
LAIT EN POUDRE °'06S 
2.09% 
• LAIT EN POUDRE O HUILE VEGETALE HUILE VEGETALE 
4.00% 
SUCRE 
0.95% 
<& 
TABLEAU VTl 
PROGRAMME 1994 SITUATION AU 4/07/95 
TABLEAU N'3 
^ÇOGr^iyiiyiE1994 Situation du 4/07/95 
i. (yi >•$ ^ ' AIDE COMMQNAUTÀfRE DIRECTE 
TYPE D'AIDE 
AIDE DIRECTE 
AIDE INDIRECTE 
TOTAL GENERAL ORGANISMES 
CICR 
ONG 
UNHCR 
UNRWA 
WFP 
FICR VALEUR ALLOUEE (ECU) 
202 096 945 
368 026 564 
29 712 450 
161 093 786 
10 758 000 
15 490 078 
144 892 250 
6 080 000 
570123 509 % 
35,45% 
64,55% 
5,21% 
28,26% 
1,89% 
2,72% 
25,41% 
1,07% 
100,00% REPARTITION PAR ORGANISME 
UNHCR 
1,69% AIDE DIRECTE 
36.45% 
TABLEAU N°4 
PROGRAMME 1994 SITUATION AU 4/07/95 
TABLEAU N'5 
PROGRAMME 1994 Situation du 4/07/95 
/m. 
___: *'•'• '. .^.t-'V NÏÏ ALLOCATIONS DE COFINANCEMENT ET DE STOCKAGE ;/ 
COFINANCEMENT 
EURONAID 
EURONAID 
EURONAID Ref Décision 
94C9400175 
94C9400799 
94C9402126 Date Décision 
08/02/1994 
16/05/1994 
19/12/1994 Date L.O. 
6849 
12461 Ref. L.O. 
12/04/1994 
28/06/1994 Réponse 
25/05/1994 
07/07/1994 
TOTAL COFINANCEMENT TOTAL L.O. 
1 000 000 
2000 000 
2000 000 
S 000 000 STOCKAGE 
CATHOLIC RELIEF SERVICES 
CATHOLIC RELIEF SERVICES 
CONCERN 
DEUTSCHE WELTHUNGERHILFE 
DEUTSCHE WELTHUNGERHILFE 
FAO 
HELP • HILFE 2UR SELBSTHILFE 
LUTHERAN WORLD FEDERATION 
MOLISV 
WFP Bénéficiaire 
NIGER 
EL SALVADOR 
ETHIOPIE 
ERITHREE 
ETHIOPIE 
PEROU 
ZIMBABWE 
ERITHREE 
MOZAMBIQUE 
PROJETS TOUS PAYS Ref Décision 
94H9402660 
94H9404441 
94H9404492 
94H9402600 
94H9403855 
94H94034S6 
94H9405810 
94C9401049 
94C9401050 
94H9400801 Date Décision 
13/06/1994 
27/09/1994 
30/09/1994 
20/06/1994 
17/08/1994 
25/07/1994 
17/10/1994 
14/03/1994 
10/03/1994 
23/02/1994 Date L.O. 
11949 
18433 
18403 
11771 
15937 
14511 
24357 
4773 
4771 
4617 Ref. L.O. 
21/0871994 
30/09/1994 
30/09/1994 
20/06/1994 
22/08/1994 
27/07/1994 
16/12/1994 
14/03/1994 
14/03/1994 
10/03/1994 Répons* 
1 on 0/1994 
10/10/1994 
20/06/1994 
11/01/1995 
15/04/1994 
05/08/1994 
26/10/1994 
TOTAL STOCKAGE TOTAL L.O. 
72000 
235 000 
267722 
184 000 
186 000 
400000 
270 000 
68 000 
55 000 
165000 
1902 722 
3 
TABLEAU N#6 
s PROGRAMME 1994 ;• SITUATION AU 4/07/95 
VfflSr* s %t ~ ^ "\^* *"£< REPARTITION Dt^ MB llfi 
ILIW.^'JNDI ! .'.'• '••..• . r.;0 "''.'...ji Vy, M: ••.".i:i.i tf^jv1. ' „-
1 • .v"-,",V " •' ' ' •?'•»...., 
:»ir.V" "PAYS 
•! 1 
AFGHANISTAN 
ALGERIE 
ANGOLA ,, 
ARMENIE 
BANOLADESH 
BELIZE 
BENIN' 
BHOUTAM 
BOLIVIE 
BOTSWANA 
BRESIL' 
BURKINA FASO 
BURUNDI 
CAP VERT » 
CENTRAFRIOUE 
CHILI 
CHINE 
COLOMBIE 
COMORES 
CONGO 
COTE D'IVOIRE 
CUBA 
DJIBOUTI 
DOMINIQUE 
EGYPTE 
EL SALVADOR 
EQUATEUR 
ERITHREE 
ETHIOPIE 
GAMBIE 
GHANA 
GUATEMALA 
OUINEEBISSAU 
GUYANE {ETAT) 
HAJTr 
HONDURAS 
INDE 
JAMAÏQUE 
JORDANIE 
KENYA 
LESOTHO 
LIBAN 
LIBERIA 
MADAGASCAR 
MALAISIE 
MALAWI 
MAU 
MAROC 
MAURITANIE 
MEXIQUE 
MOZAMBIQUE 
NAMIBIE 
NEPAL 
NICARAGUA 
NIGER CEREALES 
Quantité 
Tonnes 
26910 
5 331 
105892 
32138 
1906 
2024 
993 
82 
5000 
3000 
1 178 
27500 
506 
326 
1 188 
86 
82 
102247 
1048 
1485 
91997 
286679 
516 
5 «4« 
5 578 
54 
25*59 
1350 
3 258 
140T5 
33 956 
305 
514 
41263 
12107 
765 
121 236 
1420 
1 419 
19850 
22274 
9000 
11 767 
2403 Produit 
Ecus 
3 449 770 
297 615 
15176 390 
3 929840 
209 985 
232320 
130 449 
7200 
525 000 
375O00 
103 200 
3 437 500 
34 560 
40 750 
142 560 
4 320 
4320 
10312320 
198 943 
86 400 
11072093 
29727 876 
25 920 
857400 
1279 844 
4 280 
1537 73* 
175 500 
101 780 
1 751 875 
5 359 441 
23 664 
28 800 
4380400 
1 314 700 
95 625^ 
15 537 982 
187 816 
177 375 
2 481250 
2 783 700 
-1125000 
1 326 678 
406 430 Transport 
Ecus 
3 348 340 
393120 
9 214 684 
4 695 643 
170 770 
382180 
66 295 
15456 
175 000 
450000 
102 713 
2220826 
50112 
48 900 
233 365 
5086 
6264 
4067 453 
165 075 
125280 
10068 354 
, 32308452 
38 643 
768 465 
532607 
4803 
2507981 
150 082 
85 521 
1 131 711 
4 638155 
17 281 
29 484 
5 207 430 
621 791 
114 750 
14 079 027 
55 833 
114584 
2 039 027 
3303 095 
1350000 
940 628 
162 821 LAIT EN POUDRE 
Quantité 
Tonnes 
1735 
674 
60 
250 
30 
336 
360 
645 
833 
646 
300 
15 
45 
39 
436 
15 
60 
270 
195 
782 
1 184 
214 
45 
210 
2020 
475 
784 
300 
630 
780 
15 
30 
165 
245 
435 
15 
163 
1294 
745 
80 
1042 Produit 
Ecus 
2 537 845 
1008 466 
94 380 
362 500 
48 000 
540 800 
486 000 
1 011 240 
1324 595 
1033 600 
411690 
20 250 
60 750 
62 400 
588 600 
23595 
61000 
364 SOQ: 
279 975 
- 1207 520 
1842 750 
339565 
60 750 
283 500 
3164 320 
577975 
926 600 
405000 
850 500 
1105518 
20 250 
40 500 
239 475 
385 385 
654 150 
23 595 
230 800 
2068 800 
1 135 240 
: 108 000 
1653925 Transport 
Ecus 
512 704 
188 274 
13406 
60 664 
5295 
59 658 
116 801 
228 631 
148 676 
114 020 
72 635 
3533 
21340 
5850 
102 678 
4 480 
14 130 
63585 
37 888 
146 274 
313 297 
60373 
9168 
49 416 
408 781 
40 234 
138 376 
89 821 
195 756 
134 496 
3567 
8308 
31 341 
83 457 
166 471 
2400 
47141 
202 474 
120 579 
24 858 
204 025 BUTTEROIL 
Quantité 
Tonnes 
248 
18 
479 Produit 
Ecus 
421600 
30 600 
814 300 Transport 
Ecus 
43 772 
3177 
84 544 HUILE VEGETALE 
Quantité 
Tonnes 
828 
692 
8 673 
1500 
1 
240 
616 
240 
995 
30 
1400 
105 
15 
100 
255 
15j 
375 
301 
165 
3 735 
7 641 
30 
492 
1071 
45 
1 81$ 
80 
435 
15 
1797 
319 
60 
2545 
180 
60 
15 
1440 
135 
650 
2 520 
543 Produit 
Ecus 
498905 
957 050 
6 752840 
1050000 
630 
192 000 
462 000 
192000 
746 429 
21900 
1027 600 
84 000 
12000 
75000 
204 867 
10950 
300000 
231320 
123600 
2 769 700 
5777100 
24 000 
358400 
819 000 
32850 
1343850 
56 000 
333300 
12 000 
1 427 077 
240000 
45 900 
1 782 850 
134 550 
43 800 
12000 
1071 450 
98 550 
455 000 
1849 354 
409800 Transport 
Ecus 
62 897 
150 252 
1103185 
225000 
135 
53 769 
121044 
75202 
209 675 
1G411 
175 000 
23187 
3120 
19850 
79 793 
3937 
06683 
53 469 
28580 
664 820 
1871*7*. 
6 249 
86820 
206 326 
12239 
413582 
14 345 
88992 
3242 
295 329 
63*07 
11360 
387166 
85 230 
9600 
5191 
228 083 
21600 
97500 
454 514 
130 845 SUCRE 
Quantité 
Tonnes 
1500 
949 
412 
M 
2 
54 
90 
10 
104 
92 
21 
1242 
loti Produit 
Ecus 
450.000 
258780 
11*040 
4«*0 
540 
14 580 
743Q0 
6730 
30*60 
• 
27*00 
5820 
^ • 355 860 
304880 
29. 8700 
72 
77 
454 
612 
145 
36 
181 
72 
29 
300 
22 
350 
60 
46* 
200 
108 
38 19440 
224320 
122980 
16524» 
: 43 933 
9720 
4 860 
19 440 
«700 
90 000 
7 552 
105000 
16000 
133320 
60 000 
29160 
9720 Transport 
Ecus 
225 000 
229486 
72783 
3267 
270 
9333 
»9*96 
1298 
18098 
l «800 
3691 
280248 
1S5 287 
4359 
12734 
*5738 
'8648$ 
78885 
24 691 
6534 
3267 
18 521 
4350 
45000 
7588 
52500 
9000 
77902 
30 000 
14 979 
7903 AUTRE 
Valeur 
Ecu* 
1254414 
1654 689 
5964014 
348000 
t059064 
176879 
100 500 
125950 
452002 
8466240 
«5000 
8100000 
6282 
90000 
77581 
-70500 
15178 
448 «57 
86497 
1839928 
3286274 
' «8800 
433441 
/ 
1004082 
1580000 
1920861 
2 904 577 
763» 
45914 
723*78 
77 753 
609 642 
45348 
19ÖO00 
148 000 
1617538 
1493500 
1206 981 
226265 Transport 
Ecus 
206376 
529252 
''5Î»8/3ÏO 
69200 
401498 
. 447» 
23 953 
14427$ 
116 516 
3678596 
. 30000 
3336 
18 000 
94 354 
. 30000 
6 807 
35992 
31784 
822018 
1420243 
*$300 
102 297 
432874 
32276 
460707 
1646164 
«663 
12 957 
400478 
60 422 
244 422 
27841 
38 00Q 
63150 
1054067 
514 750 
414 907 
59120 T«*»T-
Produit 
Ecus' 
7 
S 063 088 
5705979 
2*m.ï& 
346000 
«130464 
1170 
955744 
100500 
- -48000 
1002800 
1060570 
2346 850 
9640695 
2586 200 
44O0QQ 
696 890 
9637 S0O 
73092 Tiastssio^' 
Ecus ' Général 
Ecus 
*S44»tt 9497702 
1 814 614 
15745 ÏH 
69 200 
6339914 
405 
..'. '$»9292 
23953 
'5296 
160 702 
"!. '739*34 
620417 
yvrwt 
464 020 
. ' 480008 
196 535 
7220626 
60103 
'• 60.7» ..::... :»3M0 
193160 
- 75000 
1436208 
136 4» 
100 498 
11*25577 
762565 
ÏWM 17 860329 
394956» 
110670 
î 374000 
5 716045 
937125 
957 200 
«413 246; 
2662000 
462666» 
614 300 
*upm 9775528 
271303 
369 809 
727687» 
2200 593 
104 325 
16 305 019 
483616 
177 375 
4845060 
166 000 
«74* 246 
96 550 
313350» 
4 520153 
2706140 72 760 
T 19659 
553 962 
" ' «r.a»» 
27 201 
'4233:7%3 
291907 
"""&*** 12126 737 
3*6*400» 
64 060 7520793 
' 4474J247P 
415200 
«477*7* 
1575 
1295036 
124 453 
53295 
1163502 
• " -*iiö03ö4 
2987267 
13711 «29 
3060220 
'. »09900 
797 425 
il 756126 
133195 
• : -..-nm 
285900 
94*60 
1969170 
.'J8&746 
127697 
•. 15389*90 
1074462 
* 7*7*34 
30009066 
: 7544»«*1 
164730 
: Y»4B:2*t : : 231*251 
1262 745 6976790 
739*4 410139 
141553 
. 'mnœ 39245» 
«2*604 
84 544 
4138528 
6612 645 
«7051 
91676 
6061796 
932 435 
119100 
14380 449 
143594 
114 584 
2332001 
72150 
47*3726 
21800 
* 992250 
1850 066 1096753 
'" 7 «23969 
3054 459 
4455270 
898844 
2922*45 
16 388173 
358354 
461465 
13338*71 
3133 028 
223425 
30 685 468 
«27110 
291959 
7177 051 
238150 
11524 972 
120150 
5125750 
6 370 239 
5*4 714} 3270854 
TABLEAU N*7 (Page 1 de 2) 
PROGRAMME 1994 SITUATION AU 4/07/95 
uni REPARTITION DES ALLOCATIONS D'AIDE DIRECTE ET INDIRECTE PÀR¥ÀYS|T 
PAYS 
OUGANDA 
PAKISTAN 
PAPOUASIE NELLE GUINEE 
PARAGUAY 
PEROU 
REPUBLIQUE DOMINICAINE 
RWANDA 
SENEGAL 
SIERRA LEONE 
SOMALIE 
SOUDAN 
SRI LANKA 
SWAZILAND 
TANZANIE 
TCHAD 
THAÏLANDE 
TOGO 
TUNISIE 
VIETNAM 
WEST BANK & GAZA 
YEMEN NORD * YEMEN SUD 
ZAIRE 
ZAMBIE 
ZIMBABWE 
Grand Total CEREALES 
Quantité 
Tonnes 
19 379 
624 
51 956 
354 
80 532 
5 726 
1696 
37 864 
4 260 
25 021 
4 675 
563 
18 369 
10 244 
12 750 
22 068 
2 045 
7176 
1 317 639 Produit 
Ecus 
1996 296 
78 000 
4 965 944 
30076 
17 791368 
578 621 
293 700 
6 082 916 
532 500 
2 626 440 
347 744 
72 665 
2290835 
1233 036 
1275000 
2 960689 
233 230 
937 541 
164 586186 Transport 
Ecus 
2173 630 
93 600 
4 365 072 
40758 
10 336 730 
309 976 
51958 
5 835 386 
639 000 
2 316 920 
181 019 
55 659 
1 483 447 
422 621 
1 185 750 
3 602 572 
141 284 
1 116 640 
140 586 069 LAIT EN POUDRE 
Quantité 
Tonnes 
1 165 
822 
3 145 
96 
512 
165 
336 
1307 
502 
289 
120 
3015 
210 
1968 
205 
32136 Produit 
Ecus 
1840 705 
1315 200 
4 516 520 
144318 
751 200 
226 095 
571 693 
2 039 409 
799 045 
462 400 
182 070 
4823 595 
330 330 
3030 720 
286 750 
48 684 354 Transport 
Ecus 
251 132 
1 460 283 
625138 
26 785 
130 568 
38184 
51533 
261642 
87 288 
51010 
30 297 
4 454 
39 460 
232 224 
66 925 
7 549 982 BUTTEROIL 
Quantité 
Tonnes 
255 
1 000 Produit 
Ecus 
433 500 
1 700 000 Transport 
Ecus 
45 008 
176 501 HUILE VEGETALE 
Quantité 
Tonnes 
635 
120 
1 
4 140 
75 
3 975 
225 
240 
3169 
306 
412 
45 
165 
2 042 
510 
510 
315 
1260 
60 314 Produit 
Ecus 
448 550 
96 000 
350 
3 429 085 
55 800 
3002 409 
305 841 
192 000 
2 729 836 
214 205 
309 000 
33 900 
120 450 
1498 828 
382 500 
360 569 
234 150 
1 113903 
46 566 996 Transport 
Ecus 
102 609 
24 960 
75 
949 378 
16133 
453 043 
37 896 
52 633 
696 009 
46 603 
80 957 
9 790 
35 856 
240 956 
100 215 
76 368 
109 913 
147 911 
10 766 065 SUCRE 
Quantité 
Tonnes 
263 
252 
90 
60 
1 118 
365 
89 
1 
2 948 
450 
75 
145 
426 
14 880 Produit 
Ecus 
170 396 
68 040 
35 208 
30237 
340 852 
109 500 
.25 620 
389 
884 400 
135 000 
22 500 
43 500 
124 020 
4 467 677 Transport 
Ecus 
34 204 
42161 
22145 
3996 
169 191 
54 750 
13 710 
103 
442200 
67 500 
11250 
21750 
55080 
2 448184 AUTRE 
Valeur 
Ecus 
1 911 081 
17*10 
110 000 
2884 066 
31367 
11282124 
500000 
152 220 
133635 
2 299 240 
162*00 
837000 
43191 
25 987 
3 700000 
1773 494 
716 976 
1398 748 
73 454 475 Transport 
Ecus 
841350 
9923 
22 000 
991786 
30870 
3 749 459 
85 228 
88685 
935 858 
136950 
300000 
7032 
6686 
3000000 
611540 
222 779 
441380 
30163 088 Total 
Produit 
Ecus 
6 367 008 
1130*0 
186 350 
1315200 
15 863 655 
. 26*581 
32 862309 
500000 
1260 777 
12212*5 
13 925 753 
292100 
532 500 
4 302310 
771400 
391324 
314 602 
7*14430 
1683 816 
10386948 
517 500 
5117252 
1514 606 
3574212 
339459 690 Transport 
Ecus 
3402 925 
,34 683 
115 675 
14602*3 
6973 535 
125546 
14 691945 
•-
471284 
248 805 
7943094 
191700 
639 000 
27*4*21 
131967 
166154 
102 432 
4467901 
497 937 
5101130 
167 715 
4301730 
562 651 
1761011 
191689 889 Générai 
Ecus 
9 769933 
147693 
304 025 
2775483 
22 837190 
387.127 
47 554 254 
500000 
1 732 061 
1470070 
21868 847 
483800 
1171500 
7066831 
903 367 
579 478 
417 034 
6 602331 
2 181 753 
15 490 078 
685 215 
9 418 982 
2 077 257 
5335 223 
531 149 979 
(p 
TABLEAU N*7 (Page 2 de 2) 
1 
PROGRAMME 1994 Situationidu 4707/95 
'<>*}-i C7'<îk eé^TiwdS'DESAttlk&TioWiyAioE &i^cfaËNNaRisC^^ 
uééM|^àM'4*WAÛ'*'*<*Ml*H4MUUd4à 
r 
\J0 PAYS 
-CUBATotal 
DJIBOUTI 
DJIBOUTI Total 
DOMINIQUE 
DOMINIQUE Total 
EGYPTE" '" : 
EGYPTE Total 
EL SALVADOR 
EL SALVADOR Total 
EQUATEUR 
EQUATEUR Total 
ERITHREE 
ERITHREE Total 
ETHIOPIE--
' 
^ ETHIOPIE Total 
GAMBIE 
GAMBIE Total 
GHANA... 
' 
GHANATotal 
GUATEMALA 
* GUATEMALA Total 
GUINEE BISSAU 
GUINEE BISSAU Total 
GUYANEIETAn 
GUYANE (ETAT) Total 
HAm 
HAITI Total 
HONDURAS 
HONDURAS Total 
INDE 
INDE Total 
JAMAÏQUE 
JAMAÏQUE Total 
JORDANIE 
JORDANIE Total 
KENYA 
KENYA Total 
LESOTHO ORGANISME 
EURONAID 
WFP-PRO 
EURONAID 
DIRECTE 
EURONA» 
EURONAID 
UNHCR 
EURONA© 
WFP-REG 
DIRECTE 
EURONAID 
WFP-RAW 
WFP-REG 
DIRECTE 
EURONA» 
F1CR 
UNHCR 
WFP-PRO 
WFP-RAIU 
WFP-REG 
EURONAID 
EURONAIO 
UNHCR 
WFP-RAW 
WFP-REG 
EURONAID 
WFP-REG 
EURONAID 
WFP-RAIU 
WFP41ES 
WFP-REG 
EURONAID 
DIRECTE 
EURONAID 
WFP-REG 
WFP-REG 
EURONAID 
WFP-REG 
DIRECTE 
OCR 
EURONAIO 
WFP-PRO 
EURONAIO 
WFP-REG CEREALES 
Quantité 
Tonne* 
1 181 
86 
84 
62 
62 
100000 
2 247 
102 247 
1048 
1048 
1485 
1486 
18 000 
6*997 
10 000 
2000 
«1897 
130 000 
73 634 
1200Q 
10000 
10 000 
33245 
268 879 
516 
618 
648 
5000 
8 848 
5 576 
8 878 
54 
84 
25859 
25 85* 
1350 
1350 
1258 
1268 
14 015 
14 015 
20000 
13958 
33 858 
305 Produk 
Ecu* 
142 660 
4320 
4 320 
4320 
4 320 
10200000 
112 320 
10 312 320 
198 943 
198 843 
86400 
88 4O0 
1690000 
7682093 
1250000 
250000 
11072 093 
*180QOQ0 
9 302 751 
1380000 
1290 000 
1290000 
4 745129 
28 727 «78 
25 920 
2(820 
32 400 
625 000 
«57*00 
1279844 
127» 844 
4280 
4280 
1537734 
1 537 734 
175900 
175 500 
101760 
101 760 
t 751 875 
1 751 875 
2?00 000 
7 358 441 
1 "f*i«*1 Transport 
Ecu* 
233365 
9066 
5066 
«264 
«264 
4000000 
67 453 
4 087 463 
169 076 
186 076 
125 280 
125240 
720 000 
7686854 
1500000 
161500 
10 068 354 
«875*00 
10194 469 
2 400000 
1500000 
1500 000 
2838983 
32 30*462 
38 643 
M «43 
36 465 
750000 
786 466 
932 607 
532 607 
4803 
4803 
2507981 
2 507 981 
150082 
150 082 
85521 
85 621 
1131 7+1 
1 131 711 
3200 000 
1438155 
4 63*155 
. i <* • ' 17 281 LAIT EN POUDRE 
Quantité 
Tonnes 
436 
15 
15 
60 
60 
270 
270 
195 
195 
259 
527 
7*2 
480 
684 
1 164 
109 
109 
214 
45 
45 
210 
210 
1020 
1000 
2 020 
75 
100 
175 
784 
784 
300 
300 
630 
630 
780 
780 
15 
16 
30 
30 Prod ut 
Ecus 
588*00 
23 595 
23 586 
81000 
81 000 
364 500 
364 600 
279 975 
279 976 
364 320 
843 200 
1207 620 
748390 
1094 400 
1*42 750 
169 165 
174 400 
33» «66 
60 750 
60 760 
283 900 
283 600 
1564 320 
1600000 
3 164 320 
117975 
16000* 
277 875 
926600 
»26 600 
405000 
405 000 
850 500 
850 500 
1105 51» 
1105 618 
20 250 
20 280 
40 900 
40 600 Transport 
Ecus 
10267* 
4480 
44*0 
14 130 
14 130 
63 585 
636*6 
37 888 
37 8*» 
53258 
93 016 
14*274 
210*97 
102 600 
313 297 
44 023 
16 350 
60 373 
9 168 
6 1M 
49 416 
48 418 
232 281 
176500 
40*7*1 
22584 
17890 
40 234 
138376 
13* 37S 
69821 
•8 821 
195756 
185 75* 
134 496 
134 496 
3567 
3 567 
«306 
• 306 BUTTEROIL 
Quant** 
Tonnes 
24* 
« 
« 1* 
• 
• 
479 
47» Produit 
Ecus 
421*00 
3*800 
30*00 
814 300 
814 300 
1 
t Transport 
Ecus 
43 772 
3177 
3177 
54 544 
•4 544 HUILE VEGETALE 
Quant** 
Tonnes 
266 
15 
16 
375 
376 
300 
1 
301 
165 
165 
"2739 
1000 
3 735 
4605 
1250 
1000 
786 
7 641 
30 
»0 
212 
280 
492 
1071 
1071 
46 
» 45 
1815 
1815 
80 
80 
435 
"435 
: 15 
t 
15 
1CO0 
497 
300 
1797 
15 
304 Produit 
Ecus 
204 8*7 
10 950 
10*60 
300000 
300000 
230 590 
770 
231320 
123600 
123*00 
2 069700 
700000 
2 768 700 
3 612 600 
875000 
700000 
589500 
6 777100 
24 000 
24 000 
146400 
210 000 
35*400 
619 000 
818 0O0 
32869 
32*50 
1343850 
1 343*50 
56000 
56 000 
333300 
333 300 
12 000 
12 000 
800 000 
417077 
210 000 
1427 077 
12 000 Transport 
Ecus 
7» 7*3 
3 937 
»•37 
j 
66 683 
66 «*3 
53 304 
165 
5346* 
28960 
2*6*0 
"514 820 
150000 
«64*20 
.. j 
1379 722 
167500 
150 000 
154449 
1 *71 *71 
6249 
«24* 
31800 
59 020 
«••20 
208 326 
20*32* 
12239 
12 23» 
413582 
413 9*2 
14 345 
14 345 
88992 
«8 992 
3 242 
3 242 
160 000 
90329 
45 000 
28632* 
3 371 
226 OOOl 59 736 SUCRE 
Quantité Produt 
Tonnes 
92 
82 
18 
3 
21 
558 
684 
1242 
18 
1*00 
1018 
29 
2» 
72 
72 
38 
41 
77 
454 
454 
..,-.*«, 
«12 
40 
106 
''•"146 Ecu* 
. 
27 eût 
27*00 
4860 
96C 
6*20 
150*60 
205 200 
»55 MO 
4860 
300009 
»04 MO 
8709 
• 709 
19 440 
1*440 
9729 
12 300 
22 020 
12258* 
122 6*0 
• 
165240 
165 246 
12J433 
31500 
43 933 Transport 
Ecus 
13800 
13 900 
, 
3 211 
460 
»•91 
15? «48 
102 600 
2*0 24* 
3267 
159*00 
163 M7 
4390 
436* 
12 734 
12 734 
»566 
6150 
<• : 
18 739 
8*465 
M4436 
7ft**5 
»•** 
: 
«941 
15 750 
24 *»1 AUTRE 
Valeur 
ECU* 
77M1 
7Ö0ÖQ 
79 000 
15*76 
16176 
",~'J7*'V 
148 567 
14*867 
86 497 
M 4*7 
1*3*925 
1*9* »26 
1555 774 
1*000 
1212 800 
900000 
S 2*4 274 
(. X-
68 000 
M 000 
433 441 
4S3441 
S & 
: 
1004082 
1004 0*2 
158000* 
15*0 000 
330851 
1590000 
1*28 Ml 
1166 200 
149 689 
39268* 
1200000 
2804*77 
7639 Transport 
Ecus . 
94354 
'" '..'30'iOOC 
30000 
:«*07 
• 807 
39 992 
36*82 
31784 
317*4 
"822'bia 
•22 01* Total 
Pnxklt.: 
ECUS '• • 
- r.••:•: 
' 1436*08 
3686! 
ry"'.r»fc*ui 
1M4*i 
" 10045 
190 4M 
40909000 
925 377 
1112**77 
780 82! 
'173C 
7*2 666 
57t32< 
643 200 
* 417*2» 
1890000 
":i249G72S 
3249600 
25*000 
17 9M32* Transport' 
•Ecus- •; 
-. ••----.• 
saàmm 
/K483 
mmmtà 
•7 2M 
mmn&n 
272*1 
KïSfcOOOlOOfl 
233713 
!:S;:»33»$M 
291262 
mmmm 
291 M7 
'93016 
wmwœm 
720000 
mmm 1655200 
m®mm 
1X129737 Général 
Ecus 
- •:-.--• 
mwmwo 
52 348 
••:: :":i4i:4oo 
1*8 74* 
œmoiïm 
127 M7 
14 200000 
1159090 
15 368060 
• 1072067 
mmmm 
10744*2 
mœmm 
936216 
mm*** 2610000 
:S?2Ï*827*6 
5104 800 
411500 
30 M* 0M 
jgjgjgggjjgggj» 8JSlX\'IV.^SS^ÏvtiJL'\'ia^~iT.tX££iI 1 
866 843 
3600 
5»*» 
225000 14 641 150 12468124 27129274 
i s»»*» wmœmi mmmm> 
192400 
3637509 
2459000 
6334*25 
1820 243 
• iVi r 
13 200 
13700 
102 297 
102 297 
432874 
432 »74 
32276 
32 27* 
«1757 
376 950 
4M 707 
• 
784 000 
337164 
529 000 
16461*4 
6663 3* 4M «76 
. *»«70 
11*870 
3*5.900 
M 000 
7«:»*o 
210 600 
1 »74*09 
4 11*045 
'."."* 80*909 
• 71*04* 
. . 184*25 
12300 
1*0000 
337126 
93*300 
867 200 
441*246 
4 413 24* 
2662000 
2 8*2 000 
2*3**89 
1590000 
»(MM* 
814 300 
•14 300 
32250 
17*187$: 
1784125 
4666200! 
149 689 
352213»: 
1441500 
• 776 62*: 
43 303 
228000 19 950 
mmœxa 
1676000 
ïmatim 
M*14M* 
:ftS;:SS*496* 
64 MO 
'mfâtom* 
13200 
®mmm 
55020 212350 
KÄ:«:D0**O0 
4325000 
mxœm 
7«44*M1 
WSSÏ164SÏ30 
1*4 730 
m saw 7*i 
79200 
mwmm 
269020 
WmMMt Kg*»14::28t 
10*6245 
mmm* 12*2 746 
%$mW£ÙL 
6150 
mmœm 
73 «14 
bmmssa 
141663 
^fmœraf 
»61*723 
:.S::ÄA392459 
3*2 45» 
mmmm 
378 950 
:o:ss«2*«oi 
M544 
mm**** 
8809 
mmm* : 
11*8 520 
:B?:4;«*ooo : 
:S;&;8*2-«95 • 
989 750 
;S!;*;«1*«4* : 
27 315 
WmMttà: 9202290 
mmmm 
• 97*7*0 
mm&mx 
18450 
WmmWK 
41013* 
:;::;s:iM9*753 
10M753 
:^7923969 
7*23 M* 
::S!:3*5*459 
3 054 45* 
«K2486320 
1968 950 
¥:S44»270 
898 844 
>::i-898 844 
39059 
ÏW2:883:586 
2*22*45 
:;*8*02oo 
145 889 
SS5405034 
2 027 250 
18M817J 
70618 
•':*:K:287736 
TABLEAU tn (2 de 4) 
"PROGRAMME 1994 î ..,, ", Situation du;4V07/95 
'SœtfA;:Il" ^ ^ffc4' Av OT?AHTmONl&£$ALLOCATtO>)$;imiOEOJRECTEEm&J!pCT6W8H 
-f •• ••-••..:.•• PAYS 
LESOTHO Total 
LIBAN< 
LIBAN Total 
LIBERIA..- . 
LIBERIA Total 
MADAGASCAR 
'•'JS 
MADAGASCAR Total 
MALAISE". .'.'.' 
MALAISIE Total 
MALAy»*!:^.>..: " 
- ' i 
V-«»'.i« '•.'••••• 
MALAWI Total 
MALI • "-
J ' -v 
MALI Total 
MAROC-r^'-'-v'.:-: 
MAROC Total 
MAURITANIE 
MAURITANIE Total 
MEXIQUE 
MEXIQUE Total 
MOZAMBIQUE 
»• WftïlwK' ' • • 
" Mauj*B*aueT«tat 
NAMIBIE 
NAMIBtÉîotat 
NEPAL 
NEPAL Total 
r*e*IM©UA: 
NKÏWiACU*ïotal 
NIGER 
NIGER Total 
OUGANDA. 
... 
OUGANDA Total 
PAKISTAN 
PAKISTAN Totat 
PAPOUA9E NELLE GUINEE 
PAPOUASIE NELLE GUINEE Total 
PARAGUAY 
PARAGUAY Total 
PEROU 
PEROU Total 
REPUBLIQUE DOMINICAINE 
REPUBLIQUE DOMINICAINE Total 
RWANDA ORGANISME 
EURONAIO 
OCR 
EURONAIO 
WFP-PRO 
DIRECTE 
EURONAIO 
WFP-REG . 
UNHCR; 
, • 
DIRECTE. ... 
EURONAIO 
FJCR 
WFP-PRO 
EURONAIO 
UNHCR 
WFP-REG ..'. 
UNHCR 
WFP-PRO 
WFP-REG 
WFP-PRO 
DIRECTE 
EURONAIO 
WFP^PRQ .. 
WFP-REG 
EURONAID 
UNHCR 
WPP#RGr 
WREGTe . 
EURONAIO 
EURONAIO 
WFP-REG 
EURONAjQ 
UNHCR 
WFP-PRO 
WFP-REG 
EURONAIO 
UNHCR 
WFP-REG 
DIRECTE 
EURONAIO 
EURONAIO 
DIRECTE CEREALES 
Quantité 
Tonnes. 
905 
' 614 
614 
10 367 
30896 
41263 
10000 
2107 
12107 
769 
768 
70000 
2500 
10000 
38 736 
121 2M 
1420 
1420 
, ....1419 
141» 
6300 
13 990 
19*60 
480 
1794 
. .20900 
22274 
•000 
• MO 
2009 
9 767 
11747 
2 403 
2 403 
8.6.1 ï. 
5 768 
500Û 
18 379 
624 
«24 
35 000 
16 956 
61 858 
354 
354 
22 000 Produt 
Ecus . 
23(64 
28800 
28 MO 
518 400 
3862000 
4SM4O0 
1150000 
164 700 
1 314 7M 
'.' ..96*26 
M 625 
. .9100000 
295982 
1300000 
4 842000 
1S637M2 
167 816 
1*7 «1* 
;»77.37* 
177 376 
' 787 900 
1693790 
2481250 
48*0* 
239 700 
250*000 
: 278970Ô 
...1.125.009 
1 125 MO 
. 280.900 
1066676 
132* «7* 
406 430 
4M 4M 
850 296 
721000 
625000 
1 9S6 2M 
78 000 
78 000I 
3 675 000 
1290 944 
4*65 844 
30 076 
30 078 
4 400 000 Transport 
Ecus 
17 2*1 
29 484 
2*4*4 
573 030 
4834 400 
• 207 4M 
400 000 
221791 
621 7*1 
. 114750 
114 7M 
... 7000.000 
268 627 
1000000 
5 610 400 
14 07*027 
55 833 
56 833 
...'. 114.584 
114 6*4 
945 000 
1094*27 
2 0M 027 
44*40 
298 455 
3000000 
3 30» OM 
1390000 
1 »60 OM 
. 222344 
716 484 
•40*28 
162 821 
162*21 
558 430 
865 200 
750000 
2 173 330 
93 600 
93 600 
2800 000 
1565072 
4 »86 072 
49 756 
48 758 
6 535 000 LAIT EN POUDRE 
Quantité 
Tonnes 
165 
165 
245 
246 
435 
435 
15 
15 
120 
43 
163 
978 
316 
1284 
370 
165 
210 
748 
80 
M 
120 
922 
1042 
615 
550 
1 165 
622 
822 
1000 
2 145 
3 145 
96 
96 Produit 
Ecus 
239 475 
239 476 
385 385 
386 385 
654 150 
• 
654 1M 
23 595 
23 6M 
162 000 
«8 800 
230 MO 
1564 600 
504 000 
2 068 800 
569800 
229 440 
336 000 
1136 240 
108 000 
10*000 
178 725 
1475 200 
1 653*26 
960705 
880 000 
1*40 705 
1 315 200 
1 315 200 
1 400 000 
3116 520 
4 516 520 
144318 
144 318 
: Transport 
Ecus 
31341 
31341 
63 457 
•3 467 
166 471 
1M471 
2400 
24M 
40691 
«460 
47141 
146700 
55774 
202 474 
43*60 
39 854 
37 065 
12**79 
24898 
24 M* 
41291 
162734 
204 025 
154 057 
97 075 
281 132 
1 460 283 
1 4M 283 
120 000 
505138 
625 IM 
26765 
26 785 BUTTEROIL 
Quantité 
Tonnes 
<• 
1 Produit 
Ecus 
v Transport 
Ecus HUILE VEGETALE 
Quantité 
Tonnes 
31» 
60 
•0 
45 
2500 
2 545 
180 
IM 
60 
M 
15 
15 
* 
185 
299 
. ..800 
200 
^440 
139 
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. 4» 
•M 
•\~îm. 
1220 
2620 
240 
303 
643 
135 
' 500. 
635 
120 
120 
1 
1 
• 
1500 
2640 
4 140 
75 
76 Produt 
Ecus 
240 0M 
45900 
48 900 
32 850 
1750000 
1 782 8M 
134 550 
134 »M 
' ' 43 800 
43 «00 
12 000 
12 OM 
' 
135790 
225660 
5*0000 
190000 
1*71450 
98 990 
M «60 
455009 
4M 0M 
«19000 
939 394 
1848 354 
182 550 
227250 
4M8M 
98590 
350 000 
448 560 
96 000 
86 000 
350 
350 
1095 000 
2334 085 
3 428 086 
55 800 
66 800 
I Transport 
Ecus 
63107 
11360 
11 3M 
12 1M 
375000 
•U7 1M 
65 230 
M2M 
;• 
9600 
• MO 
6191 
• 191 
21*39 
46 953 
129000 
39 300 
228*93 
21600 
71 MO 
«7509 
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.. .2345*9 
219 945 
454 614 
71305 
59540 
IM MS 
27*09 
75*00 
102 60* 
24 960 
24 960 
75 
75 
180 000 
769 378 
•48 37* 
16 133 
16 133 SUCRE 
Quantité Produt 
Tonnes 
36 
M 
16 
1* 
72 
72 
29 
2» 
300 
300 
22 
22 
"• 
350 
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3M 
*0 
M 
250 
216 
4M 
209 
2M 
108 
"16* 
36 
M 
263 
2*3 
252 
252 Ecus . 
9720 
• 720 
w >^i-
4860 
' 4 MO 
19 440 
18 440 Transport 
Ecua 
:.. ..«.«34 
6634 
' 3267 
SM7 
18 521 
1«621 
*70a.'.'.'.'.'.'.'436X 
• 7M 
90000 
MOM 
7552 
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106 000 
. 1M0M 
16*0» 
18 000 
25*0* 
58 320 43M 
45000 
46 OW 
7668 
7 M* 
5250C 
62 MO 
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• MO 
37500 
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M0M 
29160 
t" "2»,16ft' 
9720 
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M 040 ,. „^m .. AUTRE 
Valeur. 
Ecus 
7 «M 
45914 
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....'.137.498 
265888 
300000 
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»0» 
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.'.. '""&" -
179 642 
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146*0* 
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987 436 
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230100 
1 i«i74s« 
500000 Transport 
Ecus ,•; 
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12967 
12 M7 
«*0* 
163 478 
225000 
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/u" -t 
56 277 
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M422 
ll'IIIIU^II 
64 422 
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5912060 WS523449* mœM*0Ô 
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7903 
7«03 
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34204 
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1206 NI 
206 266 
1690» 
22* 2M 
490081 
118100* 
240 000 
1 811 M1 
17 010 
17010 
110 000 
110 MO 
2200 000 
68408* 
2 884 M* 
31387 
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4290 
M 120 
215*50 
586500 
87 200 
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22 000 
2?*M 
500 000 
491786 
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30670 
M «70 
6000 DOol 1890800 3042163 
4 «2015» 
989 690 
* 72*450 
2 7M140 
237**0* 
721000 
215*060 
1 120 000 
«M70M 
113010 
113919 
188 350 
1M3M 
1315 200 
1 »15200 
6 370 000 
7493*55 
16 843 6M 
261581: 
281 M1 
10 400000 1287625 
Màmaét 
336159 
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mmmt» 
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154 275 
:*ae2«2c 
34 883 
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119 675 
115«7« 
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3*0000* 
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6 87» »35 
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12*848 
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:"'*»74'ib8 
1323840 
K¥;*94T*14 
327» «94 
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1586200 
Wt 549500 
1274 279 
:;*:•» T»'**» 
147 893 
;:::':K.14r»*» 
304 025 
WA »04 «25 
2 775 483 
: 2 77» 4*3 
11979000 
««•7180 
22M71M 
387127 
M7127 
16 629600 
TABLEAU NT9 (3 de 4) 
TABLEAU N*8 (4 de 4) : PROGRAMME 1994 j :: • Situation du 4/07/95. -
TABLEAU N** (1*21 Situation dw4A>705 
• PROGRAMME 1994.... 
TABLEAU NI (2 d* 2) PROGRAMME 1994 Situation du 407/95 
PROGRAMME 1994 Situation du 4/07/95 
SYNTHESE DES ALLOCATIONSM4W^W^^ê^^^^^ 
, , P*4R REGION ET PtARZOH^ ms:*j® 
• ^o isSs^w>-
o*-REGIONS Valeur Alloué* (ECU) % 
AFRIQUE AUSTRALE 96 142 139 17.91% 
AFRIQUE CENTRALE 10 604 882 2.00%1 
AFRIQUE DE L'EST 96 568 277 18.18%1 
AFRIQUE DE L'OUEST 20 101 842 3,78% 
AMERIQUE LATINE 49 819 696 9.38% 
ASIE 46 931 818 8,84% 
CARAÏBES 10 437 965 1.97% 
CORNE DE L'AFRIQUE 128 991 412 24.29%j 
MEDITERRANNEE 50 648 381 9,54%| 
OCEAN INDIEN 3 215 118 0,61%| 
PACIFIQUE 527 450 0.10% 
SAHEL 18 160 599 3.42% 
TOTAL GENERAL 531149 579 100,00% | REPARTITION AIDE ALLOUEE PAR REGIONS 
AFRIQUE AUSTRALE 
17.81% AFRIQUE CENTRALE 
2.00% 
OCEAN HOtEN 
0.(1% 
MEDITERRANNEE 
8.54% 
CORNE OE L'AFRIQUE 
24.29% AFRIQUE OE L'EST 
18.18% 
AFRIQUE OE L'OUEST 
ï.78% 
AMERIQUE LATHE 
»J8% 
ZONE GEOGRAPHIQUE 
AMERIQUE LATINE 
ASIE 
MEDITERRANNEE 
PAYS ACP Valeur Alloué* (ECU) 
49 819 696 
47 155 243 
50 648 381 
383 526 259 9,38% 
8.88% 
9,54% 
72.21% REPARTITION PAR ZONE GEOGRAPHIQUE 
AMERIQUE IATBC 
••** ASC 
*JÊÊ% 
MEDITERRANNEE 
8\54% 
TABLEAU NMO 
PROGRAMME 1994 Situation du 4/07/95 
SU REPARTITION DES ALLOCATIONS D'AIDE ALIMENTAIRE DIRECTE ET INDIRECTE PAR REGION 
! / (AVEC REPARTITION PAR ORGANISME) \ - J" .'< ['1 l 
REGIONS 
AFRIQUE AUSTRALE 
AFRIQUE CENTRALE 
AFRIQUE DE L'EST 
AFRIQUE DE L'OUEST 
AMERIQUE LATINE 
ASIE 
CARAÏBES 
CORNE DE L'AFRIQUE 
MEDITERRANNEE 
OCEAN INDIEN 
PACIFIQUE 
SAHEL 
Grand Total TOTAL 
95 142 139 
10 604 882 
96 568 277 
20 101 842 
49 819 696 
46 931 818 
10 437 965 
128 991412 
50 648 381 
3 215 118 
527 450 
18 160 699 
531 149 579 % 
17,91% 
2.00% 
18.18% 
3.78% 
9.38% 
8,84% 
1,97% 
24,29% 
9,54% 
0.61% 
0.10% 
3,42% 
100,00% AIDE DIRECTE 
46 201 220 
43 676 000 
500 000 
17 064 920 
6100 000 
28 285 000 
19000 000 
1 550 000 
1 902 600 
164 279 740 % 
28,12% 
26,59% 
0.30% 
10,39% 
3,71% 
17.22% 
11,57% 
0.94% 
1,16% 
100,00% MONTANTS ALLOUES 
AIDE INDIRECTE 
CICR 
2 384 470 
274 338 
24 190 110 
149 490 
2 253 689 
322 139 
29 574 236 ONG 
14 578 230 
5 526 894 
14 435 099 
5 925 082 
26 507 385 
6 680 885 
8 438 793 
66 806 772 
6 492 600 
1 653 973 
3 719 512 
160 765 225 UNHCR 
265 900 
3 116 700 
79 200 
2 375 
1 459 200 
1 575 
669 100 
2 619 750 
527 450 
2 014 750 
10 756 000 FICR 
2 300 000 
3 780 000 
6 080 000 UNRWA 
15 490 078 
15 490 078 WFP 
29 678 219 
4 537 750 
11 150 368 
13 448 070 
6 245 016 
30 438 044 
1 997 597 
29 128 401 
7045 953 
11 145 
10 523 737 
144 204 300 TOTAL 
48 940 919 
10 604 882 
52 892 277 
19 601 842 
32 754 776 
40 831 818 
10 437 965 
100 706 412 
31 648 381 
1665 118 
527 450 
16 257 999 
366 869 839 % 
13,34% 
2.89% 
14.42% 
5.34% 
8.93% 
11.13% 
2,85% 
27.45% 
8,63% 
0.45% 
0.14% 
4.43% 
100,00% 
TABLEAU NT11 
PROGRAMME 1994 Situation du 4/07/95 
REGIONS 
AMERIQUE LATINE 
ASIE 
MEDITERRANNEE 
PAYS ACP 
Grand Total TOTAL 
49 819 696 
47155 243 
50 648 381 
383 526 259 
531 149 579 MONTANTS ALLOUES ! . 
% 
9,38% 
8,88% 
9,54% 
72,21% 
100,00% AIDE DIRECTE 
17 064 920 
6100 000 
19000 000 
122114 820 
164 279 740 % 
- 10,39% 
3,71% 
11,57% 
74,33% 
100,00% CICR 
2 253 689 
27 320 547 
29 574 236 ONG 
26 507 385 
6 680 885 
6 492 600 
121 084 355 
160 765 225 UNHCR 
2 375 
1 682 625 
2 619 750 
6 451 250 
10 756 000 FICR 
6080 000 
6 080 000 UNRWA 
15 490078 
:'••',-.*... ._•;•;..:. 
15 490 078 WFP 
6 245 016 
30 438 044 
7 045953 
100 475 287 
144 204 300 TOTAL 
32 754 776 
41 055 243 
K. 31 648 381 
261 411 439 
366 869 839 % 
• 8,93% 
11,19% 
8,63% 
71,25% 
100,00% 
t REPARTITION AMERIQUE LATINE REPARTITION ASIE 
AIDE DIRECTE 
12.94% CICR 
4.78%^ 
14.17% 
REPARTITION MEDITERRANNEE 
FICR 
1,59% REPARTITION PAYS ACP 
UNHCR 
1.68% 
TABLEAU N*12 
PROGRAMME 1994 Situation du 4/07/95 
CLASSEMENT DES PAYS PAR MONTANT ALLOUE * mm MMi *M.*-
-V POSITION 
1 
2 
3 
4 
S 
C 
7 
B 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
11 
19 
20 
TOTAUX PAYS 
ETHIOPIE 
RWANDA 
ANGOLA 
MALAWI 
ERITHREE 
PEROU 
SOUDAN 
KENYA 
WEST BANK & GAZA 
EGYPTE 
BURUNDI 
LIBERLA 
CHINE 
MOZAMBIQUE 
BANGLADESH 
OUGANDA 
AFGHANISTAN 
ZAIRE 
TUNISIE 
HAITI TOTAL ALLOUE 
75 449 681 
47 554 254 
44 762 970 
30 685 468 
30 009 066 
22 837 190 
21868 847 
16388173 
15 490 078 
15 359 090 
13 711829 
13 338 671 
11758126 
11524 972 
11477178 
9 769 933 
9 497 702 
9 418 982 
8602 331 
7923 969 
427 428 510 % 
14,20% 
8,95% 
8,43% 
5,78% 
5.65% 
4,30% 
4.12% 
3.09% 
2,92% 
2,89% 
2,58% 
2,51% 
2.21% 
2.17% 
2,16% 
1,84% 
1,79% 
1,77% 
1,62% 
1,49% 
80.47% POSITION 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 PAYS 
ALGERIE 
MAURITANIE 
TANZANIE 
GUATEMALA 
NICARAGUA 
ZIMBABWE 
NEPAL 
INDE 
NIGER 
MADAGASCAR 
HONDURAS 
CAP VERT 
BURKINA FASO 
JORDANIE 
PARAGUAY 
GHANA 
VIETNAM 
ZAMBIE 
CUBA 
BRESIL TOTAL ALLOUE 
7 520 793 
7177 051 
7 066 831 
6 978 790 
6 370 239 
5 335 223 
5125 750 
4 455 270 
3 270 854 
3 133 028 
3 054 459 
3050 220 
2 967 267 
2 922 645 
2 775 483 
2314 251 
2181 753 
2077 257 
1989170 
1800 204 
81 566 538 % 
1.42% 
1,35% 
1.33% 
1,31% 
1.20% 
1,00% 
0.97% 
0,84% 
0,62% 
0,59% 
0,58% 
0,57% 
0.56% 
0,55% 
0.52% 
0.44% 
0.41% 
0.39% 
0,37% 
0,34% 
15,36% POSITION 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 PAYS 
SIERRA LEONE 
EQUATEUR 
SOMALIE 
BENIN 
BOTSWANA 
SWAZILAND 
GUYANE (ETAT) 
EL SALVADOR 
CENTRAFRIQUE 
TCHAD 
JAMAÏQUE 
CHILI 
YEMEN NORD & Y 
MALI 
THAÏLANDE 
SENEGAL 
SRI LANKA 
LIBAN 
TOGO 
ARMENIE TOTAL ALLOUE 
1 732 061 
1 717 634 
1 470 070 
1 295 036 
1 183 502 
1 171500 
1098 753 
1 074 462 
920 000 
903 367 
898 844 
797 425 
685 215 
627 110 
579 478 
500 000 
483 800 
461485 
417 034 
415 200 
18 431 976 % 
0.33% 
0,32% 
0.28% 
0.24% 
0.22% 
0.22% 
0,21% 
0.20% 
0,17% 
0,17% 
0,17% 
0.15% 
0.13% 
0.12% 
0,11% 
0.09% 
0.09% 
0.09% 
0.08% 
0.08% 
3.47% POSITION 
«1 
62 
S3 
64 
es 
66 
67 
68 
69 
70 
71 
72 
73 
74 
75 
76 
77 
78 
79 PAYS 
GUINEE BISSAU 
REPUBLIQUE DOMINICAINE 
LESOTHO 
PAPOUASIE NELLE GUINEE 
MAROC 
CONGO 
MEXIQUE 
MALAISE 
DJIBOUTI 
GAMBIE 
PAKISTAN 
COLOMBIE 
DOMINIQUE 
BHOUTAN 
NAMIBIE 
COTEDTVOIRE 
COMORES 
BOLIVIE 
BELIZE 
TOTAL GENERAL TOTAL ALLOUE 
410138 
387127 
358 354 
304 02$ 
291959 
265900 
238150 
223 425 
193 748 
164 730 
147 893 
133195 
127 697 
124 453 
120150 
94 650 
82090 
53 295 
1575 
3 722 555 
531149 S79 % 
0.06% 
0,07% 
0.07% 
0.06% 
0.05% 
0,05% 
0,04% 
0,04% 
0.04% 
0.03% 
0,03% 
0.03% 
0.02% 
0.02% 
0.02% 
0,02% 
0.02% 
0.01% 
0.00% 
8.70% 
100.00% 
TABLEAU N*13 
PROGRAMME 1994 Situation du 11/08/95 
TYPE 
DE 
MOBILISATION 
I IMarché Européen 
[Actions Triangulaires 
|Grand Total CEREALES 
Quantité 
Tonnes 
762 298 
430402 
1192 699 Valeur 
Ecus 
105 168 752 
62 049 780 
167 218 532 % 
Tonnes 
63.91% 
36.09% 
100,00% %-
Ecus 
62,89% 
37.11% 
100,00% TYPE 
DE 
MOBILISATION 
Marché Européen 
Actions Triangulaires 
Grand Total LAIT EN POUDRE 
Quantité 
Tonnes 
28 709 
260 
28 969 Valeur 
Ecus 
46 388164 
419 346 
46 807 510 % 
Tonnes 
99.10% 
0,90% 
100,00% % 
Ecus 
99,10% 
0.90% 
100,00% 
TYPE 
DE 
MOBILISATION 
IMarché Européen 
JActions Triangulaires 
|Grand Total BUTTEROIL I 
Quantité 
Tonnes 
752 
762 Valeur 
Ecus 
1 276 465 
1 276 465 % 
Tonnes 
100,00% 
0.00% 
100,00% % 
Ecus 
100.00% 
0.00% 
100,00% I TYPE 
1 DE 
I MOBILISATION 
1 
IMarché Européen 
lActions triangulaires 
(Grand Total HUILE VEGETALE 
Quantité 
Tonnes 
v 
42 294 
11226 
53 620 Valeur 
Ecus 
31 257 641 
6 591 692 
37 849 332 % 
Tonnes 
79,02% 
20.98% 
100,00% % 
Ecus 
82.58% 
17.42% 
100,00% 
I TYPE 
DE 
MOBILISATION 
Marché Européen 
|Actions Triangulaires 
[Grand Total SUCRE | 
Quantité 
Tonnes 
13 477* 
1241 
14718 Valeur 
Ecus 
4 624 618 
375813 
5 000 431 % 
Tonnes 
91.57% 
8.43% 
100,00% % I Ecus 
92.48% 
7.52% 
100,00% TYPE I AUTRE 
DE Valeur I % 
MOBILISATION Ecus Ecus 
Marché Européen " 6 496 339 12.81%| 
Actions Triangulaires 44 200 496 87.19%| 
Grand Total 50 696 835 100 00%] 
TYPE 
DE 
MOBILISATION 
Marché Européen 
Actions Triangulaires 
[Grand Total TOTAL | 
Quantité 
Tonnes 
847 530 
443 129 
1 290 659 Valeur 
Ecus 
195 211979 
113 637127 
308 849106 % 
Tonnes 
65.67% 
34.33% 
100,00% % R 
Ecus | 
63.21%| 
36.79%| 
100 00% j 
REPARTITION DE L'AIDE PAR TYPE DE MOBILISATION 
Actions Comparaison en Tonnes 
Triangulaires 
34% 
IBl 
B^awiwwwHBBiwHnywiilN II nimnii «••• "^ Marché 
Européen 
66% • 
A<5lPsARTm0N DE L'AIDE PAR VfPB DE M< 
Triangulaire. Comparaison en Ecus 
37% DBILIS ATI 0 N 
Marché 
Européen 
63% 
TABLEAU N°13 
"\i-
ISSN 1024-4492 
KOM(95) 452 lopullinen 
ASIAKIRJAT 
n u 
Luettelonumero : CB-CO-95-494-F1-C 
ISBN 92-77-93900-1 
Euroopan yhteisöjen virallisten julkaisujen toimisto 
L-2985 Luxemburg