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Bryssel 2.3.2006

KOM(2006) 86 lopullinen

KOMISSION TIEDONANTO NEUVOSTOLLE, EUROOPAN PARLAMENTILLE SEKÄ EUROOPAN TALOUS- JA SOSIAALIKOMITEALLE

EU:N JA KARIBIAN KUMPPANUUS KASVUN, VAKAUDENJA KEHITYKSEN EDISTÄMISEKSI{SEK(2006) 268}

I osa

JOHDANTO

Euroopalla on vahvat historialliset siteet Karibiaan alueeseen, ja EU:n jäsenvaltioilla on tänäkin päivänä Ranskan merentakaisten departementtien[1] kautta tiiviit yhteydet alueeseen Yhdistyneen kuningaskunnan ja Alankomaiden merentakaisten maiden ja alueiden erityissuhdetta unohtamatta. Karibian merkittävä asema AKT-valtioiden ryhmässä ja sen sisällyttäminen Cotonoun sopimukseen muodostavat perustan sen erityissuhteelle EU:n kanssa. EU:n ja Karibian kumppanuutta on tarkasteltava myös osana laajempaa strategista kumppanuutta, jonka EU solmi Latinalaisen Amerikan ja Karibian (LAC) kanssa Riossa 1999 järjestetyssä ensimmäisessä yhteisessä huippukokouksessa.

Tämä Karibiaa käsittelevä tiedonanto[2] kattaa Karibian alueen AKT-valtiot[3], ja sen pohjana ovat toisaalta EU:n kehitysyhteistyöpolitiikan periaatteet, eurooppalainen konsensus[4] 2005 ja Cotonoun sopimus[5] ja toisaalta yli 30 vuotta kestäneestä yhteistyöstä saadut kokemukset. Tiedonannossa, jonka henki on yhdenvertaisuutta, kumppanuutta ja vastuunottoa edistävä, hahmotellaan EU:n ja Karibian tulevia suhteita. Tavoitteena on vahva, molempia osapuolia hyödyttävä kansainvälisen tason kumppanuus, jonka osapuolet tekevät yhdessä työtä demokratiaan ja ihmisoikeuksiin liittyvien yhteisten ihanteiden toteutumiseksi, köyhyyden torjumiseksi sekä rauhaan, turvallisuuteen ja vakauteen kohdistuvien uhkien ehkäisemiseksi. EU haluaa myös auttaa Karibiaa saavuttamaan alueen kehitystavoitteet ja vastaamaan alueen moniin erityishaasteisiin. Karibian omaa uudistus- ja kehitysohjelmaa tukevassa EU:n lähestymistavassa tavoitteet ovat kolmiulotteiset:

- yhteisiin arvoihin perustuvan poliittisen kumppanuuden luominen,

- talouteen ja ympäristöön liittyviin mahdollisuuksiin ja heikkouksiin tarttuminen,

- sosiaalisen yhteenkuuluvuuden edistäminen ja köyhyyden torjuminen.

Kumppanien yhteinen tulevaisuudenkuva

EU:n Karibian-strategia rakentuu yhteiselle tulevaisuudenkuvalle, jonka pohjana on yhteisten arvojen perinne ja Cotonoun sopimuksen tarjoamien mahdollisuuksien täysipainoinen hyödyntäminen. Yhtäältä EU:n johtavana kehitystavoitteena on auttaa kaikkia Karibian alueen maita saavuttamaan pitkän aikavälin kehitystavoitteensa itsenäisesti turvallisuuden ja vakauden ilmapiirissä; tämä tarkoittaa myös niiden Karibian maiden tukemista, jotka pyrkivät saavuttamaan teollisuusmaan aseman vuoteen 2020 mennessä, jolloin nykyisen Cotonoun sopimuksen voimassaolo päättyy. Toisaalta komissio uskoo, että EU:n ja Karibian kumppanuus mahdollistaa strategisesti tärkeiden ja osapuolten yhteisen edun mukaisten taloudellisten ja poliittisten kysymysten (esim. rauha, huumekaupan torjunta, multilateralismi) käsittelyn kansainvälisellä tasolla.

EU:n Karibia-tiedonannon tavoitteena on tähdentää sitä, miten politiikkoja oikein yhdistelemällä Karibian edessä olevat haasteet voidaan kääntää mahdollisuuksiksi. Tarkemmin sanottuna alueen kanssa käytävää rakenteellista poliittista vuoropuhelua samoin kuin yhdessä sovittuja strategisia toimintatavoitteita, joita tuetaan EU:n kehitysyhteistyöllä ja -välineillä, on Karibian omien pyrkimysten ohella tehostettava, jotta alueen potentiaalia voidaan kehittää entisestään ja estää sen muuttuminen epävarmuustekijäksi. Parhaisiin tuloksiin päästään huolehtimalla siitä, että EU tukee pitkäkestoista sosiaalis-taloudellista kasvua Karibialla. Edistämällä samanaikaisesti hyvää hallintoa varainhoidon, verotuksen ja oikeudenkäytön aloilla ja olemalla avuksi järjestäytyneen rikollisuuden, laittoman siirtolaisuuden ja huumekaupan torjumisessa EU voi vaikuttaa siihen, ettei Karibian alue muutu epävakaaksi. Kriittisiksi kysymyksiksi nousevat johtajuus ja paikallinen vastuunotto Karibian tasolla.

Karibian haasteet

Geopoliittiset haasteet

Yksi merkittävä haaste Karibialle on oikean tasapainon saavuttaminen sen suhteissa amerikkalaisiin kumppaneihinsa, lähinnä Yhdysvaltoihin, Brasiliaan ja Venezuelaan. Useimmat Karibian maat pyrkivät pitämään yllä tasapainoisia suhteita Amerikan mantereiden isompien maiden kanssa. Kyseisellä maantieteellisellä alueella vallitsevat erot huomioon ottaen pienten saarivaltioiden etuja kunnioittavan tasapainon ylläpitäminen – ilman, että alue ajautuu talouskehityksessä sivuraiteelle – on melkoinen haaste.

EU tukee Karibian ajamaa alueellisen yhtenäisyyden tavoitetta; prosessissa CARICOM[6] toimii yhdentymisen veturina ja Cariforum[7] yhteistyön veturina. Toinen tavoite on yhteyksien solmiminen Karibian ja sitä ympäröivän alueen, myös Keski-Amerikan ja Latinalaisen Amerikan, välille. Keski-Amerikka ja Latinalainen Amerikka edustavat mittavia mahdollisuuksia Karibialle, mutta ne ovat myös sen kilpailijoita eräiden hyödykkeiden aloilla. Näiden alueiden maiden välillä onkin alueriitoja.

EU vaikuttaa Karibialla Ranskan merentakaisten departementtien välityksellä. Karibian AKT-valtioiden, Ranskan merentakaisten departementtien sekä merentakaisten maiden ja alueiden yhteistyötä olisi lisättävä osana laajempaa yhdentymisprosessia.

Ulospäin suuntautuvan yhdentymisprosessin vahvistamiseksi EU aikoo keskittyä LAC:n kanssa solmimaansa strategiseen kumppanuuteen. Kaiken kaikkiaan ryhmittymien alueellinen verkosto voi vahvasti tukea vuorovaikutusta ja synergiaa, ja tämän kehityksen pitäisi lopulta johtaa siihen, että alue voi saumattomasti yhdentyä maailmantalouteen.

Sosioekonomiset ja ympäristöön liittyvät haasteet

Karibian alue muodostuu pienistä valtioista, pääasiassa saarivaltioista, joiden avoin mutta haavoittuva talous rakentuu monissa tapauksissa muutaman hyödykkeen varaan ja jotka sijaitsevat luonnonmullistuksille alttiilla alueella. Se, että valtaosa Karibian maista on saaria, on alueen yhdentymispyrkimyksiä ehkä eniten rajoittava tekijä, ja haittaa myös energian, liikenteen, viestintäyhteyksien ja kaupan kehittymistä niiden kustannuksia nostamalla.

Inhimillinen kehitys koko Karibian alueella on ollut merkittävää, tosin alueen kehityserot ovat huomattavia, koska siihen kuuluu niin keskitulotason kuin alhaisen tulotason maita sekä Amerikan mantereiden köyhin maa Haiti. Vuonna 2005 asukasta kohti laskettu bruttokansantuote arvioitiin 3 640 Yhdysvaltain dollariksi, tosin alueen keskimääräinen kasvu on hidastunut kullakin vuosikymmenellä 1970-luvulta lähtien[8]. Kaikki alueen maat ovat eriasteisesti alttiita niin talouskriiseille kuin luonnonmullistuksille, ja niillä on samat sosioekonomiset ja ympäristöön liittyvät haasteet: heikosti kehittynyt sosiaalinen yhteenkuuluvuus ja vakava köyhyys (esim. Haitilla, Guyanassa ja eräissä Itä-Karibian valtioiden järjestön (OECS) maissa), työttömyys (erityisesti nuorten ja kotiseuduiltaan lähteneiden maataloustyöntekijöiden keskuudessa), maastamuutto ja aivovienti, suhteellisen korkeat HIV-/aids-luvut, hidas irrottautuminen perinteisistä elinkeinoista, muut tuottavuuteen ja kilpailukykyyn liittyvät ongelmat, korkea velkaantuneisuusaste sekä talousuudistusten ja julkisen sektorin rakenneuudistuksen tarve. Ympäristöön liittyviä haasteita ovat luonnonmullistukset, ilmastonmuutos ja luonnonvarojen hallinta. Taloudellisten ja yhteiskunnallisten ongelmien lisäksi turvallisuutta ja vakautta uhkaavat poliittiset ja joissain tapauksissa etniset jännitteet, rikollisuus, huumeet ja niihin kytkeytyvä rikollisuus sekä aseellinen väkivalta.

Karibia on alueena risteyskohdassa. Kaikkiin näihin haasteisiin vastaaminen edellyttää rohkeaa johtajuutta. Huolimatta siitä, mitä voisi äkkiseltään päätellä talouden indikaattoreista, ja eräiden maiden pyrkimyksistä saavuttaa teollisuusmaan asema vuoteen 2020 mennessä, on pelättävissä, että eräät Karibian valtiot saattavat vajota keskituloisista alhaisen tulotason maiksi, jos talouden suuntausten kääntämiseksi ei tehdä mitään. Lisäksi olisi laadittava turvallisuus- ja vakautusstrategioita, joissa otetaan täysipainoisesti huomioon muotoutumassa olevat maailmanlaajuiset realiteetit sekä tartutaan edessä oleviin haasteisiin ja mahdollisuuksiin.

II OSA – Haasteista mahdollisuuksia

Siinä missä 10 vuotta sitten EU nähtiin vastauksena Karibian ongelmiin, EU:n ja Karibian nykysuhdetta leimaa jännittyneisyys. Tilanteen syntymiseen ovat vaikuttaneet muun muassa väistämättömät muutokset etuuskohteluun perustuvassa kaupankäynnissä sekä vaikeudet niin kehitysyhteistyön täytäntöönpanossa kuin sen tulosten hyödyntämisessä. EU:n ja jäsenvaltioiden yhteisenä haasteena on puuttua tähän suhteen tilasta vallitsevaan käsitykseen. EU:n perimmäisenä tavoitteena on auttaa Karibiaa vastaamaan myönteisellä tavalla alueen haasteisiin. Tähän pyrkivässä EU:n strategiassa on kolme pilaria: yhteisiin arvoihin perustuvan poliittisen kumppanuuden luominen, talouteen ja ympäristöön liittyviin mahdollisuuksien ja heikkouksiin tarttuminen sekä sosiaalisen yhteenkuuluvuuden edistäminen ja köyhyyden torjuminen. Näihin tavoitteisiin kollektiivisesti pyrkimällä EU voi auttaa Karibiaa sen ponnisteluissa muuttua kaikilta osin mahdollisuuksien alueeksi.

YHTEISIIN ARVOIHIN PERUSTUVAN POLIITTISEN KUMPPANUUDEN LUOMINEN

VAHVA, YHTEISIIN ARVOIHIN PERUSTUVA POLIITTINEN KUMPPANUUS EU:N JA KARIBIAN VÄLILLÄ ON KESKEINEN TEKIJÄ PYRITTÄESSÄ VAHVISTAMAAN EU:N JA KARIBIAN SUHTEITA JA VASTAAMAAN KOLLEKTIIVISESTI KARIBIAN ALUEEN POLIITTISIIN HAASTEISIIN. TÄLLAISTA POLIITTISTA KUMPPANUUTTA LUOTAESSA ON UHRATTAVA ENEMMÄN AIKAA SEKÄ PAIKALLISESTI ETTÄ MAIDENVÄLISILLÄ ALUEELLISILLA FOORUMEILLA KÄYTÄVÄÄN VUOROPUHELUUN. KARIBIAN-SUHTEISSAAN EU PITÄÄ ENSISIJAISENA KANAVANA CARIFORUMIA, JOTTA VUOROPUHELUUN VOITAISIIN SISÄLLYTTÄÄ MONENLAISIA MOLEMMILLE OSAPUOLILLE MERKITTÄVIÄ KYSYMYKSIÄ, KUTEN DEMOKRATIAN VAKIINNUTTAMINEN, IHMISOIKEUDET, SUKUPUOLTEN TASA-ARVO, SOSIAALINEN YHTEENKUULUVUUS JA IHMISARVOINEN TYÖ, TURVALLISUUS, VAKAUS, KONFLIKTINESTO, SIIRTOLAISUUS, HUUMEET ja alueellinen yhdentyminen. Tässä uudentyyppisessä poliittisessa vuoropuhelussa kuullaan myös kansalaisyhteiskunnan edustajia, jotta kaikki yhteiskunnan äänet pääsisivät kuuluville.

EU:n ja LAC:n puolivuosittainen huippukokous tarjoaa oivallisen tilaisuuden EU:n ja Karibian korkeimman tason poliittiseen vuoropuheluun, jossa voidaan käsitellä Karibian, sen naapureiden ja EU:n välistä muuttuvaa suhdetta. EU:n Karibiaa koskevan poliittisen painopisteen mukaisesti tämä uusi poliittinen vuoropuhelu aloitetaan Wienissä toukokuussa 2006 pidettävässä EU-troikan ja Karibian edustajien kokouksessa.

EU:n poliittinen vuoropuhelu Cariforumin ja LAC:n kanssa on tilaisuus päästä eteenpäin kumppaneja yhdistävissä kysymyksissä, joita ovat alueellisen yhdentymisprosessin laajentaminen, demokratian vakiinnuttaminen, ihmisoikeudet, sosiaalinen yhteenkuuluvuus, ihmisarvoinen työ, turvallisuus, vakaus, konfliktinesto ja huumekauppa. Poliittinen vuoropuhelu voi osoittautua erityisen hyödylliseksi myös Haitilla rauhaa rakennettaessa ja rauhanomaista politiikkaa harjoitettaessa maan siirtymävaiheessa, ja poliittinen vuoropuhelu Kuuban kanssa on sekin mahdollista aloilla, joilla suhteita voidaan lujittaa ja tukea lisätä vuonna 1996 vahvistetun yhteisen kannan[9], jolle EU:n poliittinen lähestymistapa Kuubaan on perustunut, asettamissa rajoissa.

Turvallisuudesta on tullut viime aikoina maailmanlaajuinen painopiste sitä mukaa kuin monet maat ovat joutuneet terrori-iskujen kohteiksi. Turvallisuuden ja oikeusvaltion toteutumisen takaaminen tasapuolisuutta ja oikeudenmukaisuutta osoittaen ja ihmisoikeuksia täysimääräisesti kunnioittaen tunnustetaan nyt perustavanlaatuiseksi EU:n ja Karibian alueen yhteiseksi tavoitteeksi. Tässä tarkoituksessa EU ja Karibia tekevät yhteistyötä turvallisuusuhkien, kuten joukkotuhoaseiden leviämisen, laittomien pienaseiden ja kevyiden aseiden hallussapidon sekä terrorismin, torjumiseksi.

EU:n olisi hyödynnettävä alueellisia ja kansallisia kehitysstrategioita ja -välineitä nykyistä enemmän voidakseen puuttua turvattomuuden, epävakauden ja konfliktien perimmäisiin syihin, joita ovat muiden muassa köyhyys, eriarvoisuus ja heikko sosiaalinen yhteenkuuluvuus. Varsinkin tietyissä epävakaissa valtioissa, joilla on vaarana vajota keskituloisista alhaisen tulotason maiksi, on kehitettävä ja vaalittava konflikteja estävää kulttuuria. Karibian valtioiden itsensä on tunnettava vastuunsa tässä tehtävässä. Niinpä CARICOMia ja Cariforumia rohkaistaan tekemään vastaisuudessakin vaalivalvonnan ja poliittisten kiistojen ratkaisemiseen tähtäävien erityisoperaatioiden kaltaisia poliittisia aloitteita, joiden tukemista EU aikoo jatkaa.

Karibia tunnustaa hyvän ja tehokkaan hallinnon olevan kestävän kehityksen ehdoton edellytys; se onkin toinen EU:n johtavista periaatteista, kuten johtamisesta ja kehittämisestä annetussa vuoden 2003 tiedonannossa esitetään[10]. Keskeistä hyvässä ja tehokkaassa hallinnossa on uskottavien instituutioiden – kansanedustuslaitoksen, oikeuslaitoksen ja julkisen varainhoitojärjestelmän – vahvistaminen niin kansallisella kuin alueellisella tasolla. EU haluaa järjestelmällisesti tukea näitä avainasemassa olevia instituutioita, koska ne ovat keskeinen osa EU:n Karibialle asettamaa hyvän hallinnon ensisijaista tavoitetta. Hallinnossa ei kuitenkaan ole kyse pelkästä instituutioiden kehittämisestä, vaan myöskin tarkoituksenmukaisista politiikoista, asianmukaisesta oikeudellisesta rakenteesta ja riittävästä sääntelykehyksestä niin talouden, yhteiskuntaelämän kuin politiikankin aloilla. Tästä syystä EU jatkaa avoimuuden ja viranomaisten välisen tehokkaan tietojenvaihdon edistämistä korruption sekä yritys- ja rahoitustoiminnan väärinkäytösten torjumiseksi. EU kannustaa myös hyvään talous-, vero- ja oikeushallintoon.

EU on sitoutunut nopeuttamaan kansainvälisen järjestäytyneen rikollisuuden vastaisen YK:n yleissopimuksen ja korruption vastaisen YK:n yleissopimuksen ratifiointiprosessia. Tämän lisäksi EU rohkaisee omaksumaan ja panemaan täytäntöön kansainväliset normit, jotka liittyvät rahanpesun, terrorismin, veropetosten ja veronkierron ehkäisemiseen ja vastustamiseen. Karibian maiden institutionaaliset ja tekniset valmiudet puuttua järjestäytyneeseen rikollisuuteen ja huumekauppaan tehokkaalla ja kokonaisvaltaisella tavalla ovat puutteelliset; EU haluaa parantaa tilannetta panostamalla sisäisten strategioiden laatimiseen sekä valmiuksien kehittämiseen.

Mahdollisia toimia ovat tehostetun poliittisen vuoropuhelun käyminen Cariforumissa sekä LAC:n kanssa monenlaisista EU:ta ja sen kumppaneita yhdistävistä huolenaiheista, hyvän ja tehokkaan hallinnon tukeminen, kansainvälisen yhteistyön tehostaminen. |

Talouteen ja ympäristöön liittyviin mahdollisuuksiin ja heikkouksiin tarttuminen

- Globaalistuvassa maailmassa, joka enenevässä määrin perustuu keskinäiseen riippuvuuteen, EU:n keskeisenä kehityspoliittisena tavoitteena on auttaa kehitysmaita hyötymään paremmin globalisaatiosta. EU:n kauppapolitiikan ja Karibian kanssa käymän poliittisen vuoropuhelun keskinäistä johdonmukaisuutta onkin lisättävä, jotta alueelle voidaan kehittää elinkelpoisia talousmalleja. Tässä tarkoituksessa EU tukee voimakkaasti CARICOMin talousyhteisön (CSME) valmiiksi saattamista ja toimintaa sekä alueellisena yhdentymistekijänä että EU:n kanssa tehtävää talouskumppanuussopimusta silmällä pitäen. EU osallistuu olemassa olevien alueellisten instituutioiden ja elinten lujittamiseen ja tehostamiseen talousyhteisön moitteettoman toiminnan varmistamiseksi. Lisäksi erityinen kehitysrahasto ja alueellinen kehitysrahasto voivat osaltaan helpottaa talousyhteisön toimintaa. Useat maat, joista osa OECS:n maita, voivat suoraan hyötyä tämäntyyppisistä yhteisvastuuseen perustuvista välineistä.

Tarkkaan suunniteltu ja uskottava yhdentymisohjelma ja toimivat sisämarkkinat ovat välttämätön edellytys sille, että talouskumppanuussopimuksesta huhtikuussa 2004 aloitetut neuvottelut saadaan menestyksekkäästi päätökseen. Talouskumppanuussopimusprosessi tukee Karibian alueellista yhdentymistä ja tarjoaa sääntöihin perustuvan kehyksen avuksi kilpailukyvyn lisäämiselle, viennin monipuolistamiselle ja alueellisten markkinoiden luomiselle edistäen näin kestävää talouskasvua. Prosessi myös helpottaa mukautumista kauppapoliittisiin uudistuksiin sosiaalisia näkökohtia unohtamatta ja on avuksi pyrittäessä vähentämään valtiontalouksien nykyisellään erittäin suurta riippuvuutta tuontituloista. Tämä yhdentymisprosessi on strategisesti tärkeä Karibian alueen taloudelle tulevaisuudessa. Kehitysulottuvuutta olisi vahvistettava entisestään, jotta Karibian aluetta voitaisiin paremmin auttaa saavuttamaan maailmanlaajuisen kilpailukyvyn kannalta strategiset tavoitteet.

EU lisää kauppaan liittyvää apuaan Karibialle vahvistaakseen kansallista ja alueellista kauppapolitiikka ja neuvotteluvalmiuksia, auttaakseen maita WTO-sopimusten ja talouskumppanuussopimusten neuvotteluissa ja täytäntöönpanossa sekä muissa käynnissä olevissa kauppaneuvotteluissa. EU myös kannustaa kehittämään tullin toimintaa ja kauppaa helpottavia toimenpiteitä sekä käyttämään kansainvälisiä standardeja. Alueen sisäisen kaupan ja investointien tiellä olevien esteiden poistaminen, nykyistä vakaampien, avoimempien ja paremmin ennakoitavissa olevien sääntöjen laatiminen sekä uskottavien instituutioiden perustaminen edistävät merkittävällä tavalla kansallista ja alueellista talouskasvua.

Jotta talouden diversifioinnissa ja rakenneuudistuksissa onnistuttaisiin, on tärkeää, että Karibian alue kokonaisuutena ja sen maiden hallitukset laativat kansalliset pitkän aikavälin strategiat ja panevat ne tehokkaasti täytäntöön; yksityissektorin on työmarkkinaosapuolia myöten voitava osallistua täysipainoisesti strategioiden suunnitteluun. EU auttaa tarvittaessa näiden kansallisten strategioiden laatimisessa. Strategian menestys riippuu keskeisesti siitä, onnistutaanko sillä tukemaan talouskehityksen veturina toimivaa yksityissektoria todellisella ja merkityksellisellä tavalla.

Yksityissektoria ja varsinkin pieniä ja keskisuuria yrityksiä olisi tuettava, koska niiden uskotaan luovan kestävää kasvua ja työpaikkoja. EU:n keskeisenä tavoitteena on tukea oikeanlaisen ympäristön luomista yritystoiminnan, tutkimus- ja kehitystyön sekä tieto- ja viestintätekniikan kehittämiselle alueella.

Alueen yleisesti ottaen pienet ja avoimet taloudet ovat erityisen alttiita globaalien markkinavoimien paineelle ja varsinkin rahoitusmarkkinoiden vakauteen vaikuttaville muutoksille. Tästä syystä alueen rahoituspalveluja on kehitettävä rinta rinnan tarkoituksenmukaisen sääntelykehyksen kanssa yritys- ja rahoitustoiminnan väärinkäytösten ehkäisemiseksi ja vastustamiseksi. Yhteistyössä Karibian, AKT-maiden sekä merentakaisten maiden ja alueiden kanssa EU tukee hyvää hallintoa varainhoidon, verotuksen ja oikeudenkäytön aloilla varsinkin avoimuuden lisäämiseksi ja verotukseen liittyvän tietojenvaihdon tehostamiseksi. Näitä asioita käsitellään myös talouskumppanuussopimusten yhteydessä.

Euroopan investointipankilla voi silläkin olla merkittävä rooli alueen taloudellisen siirtymävaiheen onnistumisessa. Käytännössä tämä tarkoittaa rakenneuudistusten ja talouden diversifioinnin tukemista talouselämän luotsaamiseksi perinteisiltä aloilta lisäarvoltaan suurempien tuotteiden ja palvelujen tuotantoon.

Alueiden sisäistä ja välistä yhteenkytkentää (alueelliset lentokentät ja satamat sekä tieto- ja viestintätekniikka) on tuettava. Tämä edellyttää liikennepolitiikkojen ja -palvelujen tiiviimpää yhteensovittamista ja tarjonnan perusteellista uudistamista (esim. lentoliikenteessä) koko alueella. Myös lento- ja meriliikenteen turvallisuusnäkökohdat ovat entistä tärkeämpiä.

Energia-alalla painopiste on uusiutuvissa energianlähteissä. Näin ollen EU edistää yhteistyötä koko Karibian alueella parhaiden käytäntöjen jakamiseksi siitä, miten parhaiten hyödyntää eri energianlähteitä.

Kaikessa EU:n toimittamassa avussa olisi sen lähteestä tai välineestä riippumatta noudatettava johdonmukaisuutta ja apu olisi sidottava saumattomasti kansallisiin kehitysstrategioihin. EU:n kehitysavun osalta kyseeseen tulevat kehitysyhteistyö sekä hyödykekohtaiset (esim. sokeri ja banaani) välineet, joilla maan erityispiirteistä riippuen pyritään parantamaan kilpailukykyä, tukemaan talouden diversifiointia ja lieventämään perinteisten alojen perustavista muutoksista aiheutuvia sosiaalisia vaikutuksia.

Luonnonympäristö ja -varat ovat merkittävä resurssi koko alueelle, sen yksittäisille maille ja varsinkin köyhimmille kansanosille. Ympäristön ja sosioekonomisen kehityksen väliset kytkökset korostuvat EU:n alueelle antamassa tuessa. Luonnonmullistusten lisäksi Karibian mailla on monia muita ympäristöhaasteita, jotka kaikki vaikuttavat merkittävästi alueen taloudelliseen ja sosiaaliseen kehitykseen: maaperän laadun heikentyminen, metsien häviäminen, vesivarojen niukkuus, kalakantojen hallinnointi, biodiversiteetin köyhtyminen, tavanomainen jätehuolto ja ongelmajätehuolto sekä yhtenä uusimmista haasteista ilmastonmuutos. EU jatkaa sellaisten toimien tukemista, joilla tartutaan ympäristöhaasteisiin ja parannetaan toimintavalmiuksia ilmastonmuutoksen vaikutusten lieventämisen ja muutokseen sopeutumisen sekä luonnonvarojen kestävän hallinnan kaltaisilla aloilla. EU jakaa kokemuksensa maailmanlaajuisista ympäristökysymyksistä Karibian kumppaneidensa kanssa. EU myös osallistuu alueen valmiuksien lisäämiseen luonnonmullistusten hallinnan kaikilla tasoilla; painopiste on vaarojen vähentämisessä, varautumisessa, ennakkovaroittamisessa, ehkäisemisessä ja vaikutusten lieventämisessä. Erityisesti kunnostusta ja jälleenrakentamista on lujitettava aiemmin sidottujen varojen uusilla ja nopeammilla maksujärjestelyillä.

Mahdollisia toimia ovat CARICOMin talousyhteisön valmiiksi saattamisen tukeminen, alueellisen yhdentymisen tukeminen CARICOMin tasolla ja alueellisen yhteistyön vahvistaminen Cariforumissa sekä Cariforumin, merentakaisten departementtien ja merentakaisten maiden ja alueiden kesken, EU:n ja Cariforumin talouskumppanuussopimusneuvottelujen käyminen ja loppuun saattaminen menestyksekkäästi vuoteen 2008 mennessä, myös kauppaan liittyvän avun antaminen ja hyvän hallinnon tukeminen varainhoidon, verotuksen ja oikeudenkäytön aloilla, rakenneuudistusten ja talouden laaja-alaisen diversifioinnin tukeminen, yhteenkytkettävyys ja energia mukaan luettuina, samoin kuin yksityissektorin ja kansalaisyhteiskunnan tukeminen, luonnonmullistuksiin ja muihin ympäristöhaasteisiin vastaamisen tukeminen. |

Sosiaalisen yhteenkuuluvuuden edistäminen ja köyhyyden torjuminen

- Karibian merkittävimpiin heikkouksiin puuttuminen auttaa aluetta sekä parantamaan talouden kilpailukykyä että lisäämään sosiaalis-taloudellista yhteenkuuluvuutta. Erityishuomiota aiotaan kiinnittää yhteiskunnallisen epätasa-arvon korjaamiseen ja ympäristöuhkien torjumiseen. Lisäksi ryhdytään yhteistoimintaan siirtolaisuuteen liittyvien kysymysten ratkaisemiseksi ja työttömyyden vähentämiseksi. Kaiken toiminnan on tapahduttava koordinoidusti yhtenäisen strategian puitteissa.

Karibian alueella esiintyy äärimmäistä köyhyyttä siitä huolimatta, että alueen maat ovat onnistuneet yleisesti ottaen hyvin vuosituhattavoitteiden toteuttamisessa. EU tukee Karibian ponnisteluja kroonisen köyhyyden kitkemiseksi tukistrategioin, joilla pyritään parantamaan kestävää perustoimeentuloa. EU tukee kansallisia strategioita, joilla tuetaan muun muassa i) sosiaalisia turvaverkkoja ja ii) kaikkein köyhimpien tulonsaantia maaseudulla, taajamissa ja kaupunkiympäristössä. Tämän tavoitteen tueksi EU antaa jatkossakin etusijan kansalaisyhteiskuntatatoiminnalle Karibialla.

Ensisijaisena tavoitteena on tukea työtä HIV:n/aidsin samoin kuin muiden merkittävien alueella esiintyvien terveysongelmien torjunnassa. Tässä tarkoituksessa EU jatkaa HIV:n/aidsin, tuberkuloosin ja malarian torjuntaan perustetun maailmanlaajuisen rahaston kartuttamista, minkä lisäksi EU on jo laatinut tiedonannon HIV:n/aidsin torjunnasta[11].

Yleisellä tasolla EU tukee terveyskysymyksissä alueellista yhteistyötä terveyspalvelujen alalla. Terveydenhoitojärjestelmien vahvistaminen koko alueella on yksi EU:n ensisijaisista tavoitteista painopisteen ollessa henkilöresursseissa sekä terveyspalvelujen tasapuolisessa saannissa ja rahoituksessa; tavoitteeseen pyritään sovittamalla toimintaa sektoriohjelmiin ja lisäämällä alakohtaista budjettitukea.

Huumausaineiden osalta EU keskittyy toiminnassaan sellaisten alueellisten ja kansallisten strategioiden laatimiseen ja täytäntöönpanoon, joissa ongelmaa tarkastellaan sekä tarjonnan ja kysynnän vähentämisen näkökulmasta että huumausaineisiin liittyvän rikollisuuden ja aseellisen väkivallan – jotka ovat lisääntymässä alueella – näkökulmasta. On tarpeen lujittaa huumausaineiden valvontaohjelmien alueellista koordinointia vahvistamalla alan pysyviä alueellisia instituutioita. Pitkän aikavälin tavoitteena on varmistaa huumausaineisiin liittyvien politiikkojen sisällyttäminen kokonaisuudessaan aluekehitysstrategioihin sekä Karibian yhteiskunta-, talous- ja poliittiseen elämään. Kaikkein tärkeimpänä EU pitää huumeiden käytön ehkäisypolitiikkaa, jonka painopiste on koulutuksessa ja valistuksessa. EU tukee alueen pyrkimyksiä lisätä valvontaa, koulutusta, (sekä oikeudellisia että operatiivisia) rakenteita ja koordinaatiota huumausaineiden kysynnän vähentämiseksi. Tarjonnan osalta EU tukee alueen pyrkimyksiä tehostaa osallistumistaan kansainväliseen huumeiden torjuntaan erityisesti vahvistamalla koordinaatiota ja yhteistyötä Latinalaisen Amerikan kanssa.

Koulutuksen korostaminen on avainasemassa myös autettaessa tiettyjä väestöryhmiä ulos köyhyysloukusta tarjoamalla taidot, joita tarvitaan talouden diversifioimiseksi esimerkiksi palvelualalla. Kun pyritään inhimillisiin voimavaroihin ja osaamiseen perustuvaan kasvuun, edistetään samalla myös rakennemuutoksista ja taloudellisesta siirtymäkaudesta kärsineiden sosiaalista liikkuvuutta. Aivovuoto on yleistä ja sosio-ekonominen vieraantuminen ja heikko sosiaalinen yhteenkuuluvuus ovat monien arkea Karibian alueella. Talouden diversifikaatiosta hyötyminen edellyttää tiettyjä perustaitoja ja osaamista; uksi tärkeimpiä mekanismeja, joita EU:lla on esittää nykyisiin yhteiskunnallisiin ja sosio-ekonomisiin haasteisiin vastaamiseksi, on kyseisten taitojen ja osaamisen tarjoaminen niitä tarvitseville. EU:lla on ollut pitkään merkittävä rooli koulutuksen, varsinkin keskiasteen, korkea-asteen ja yliopistokoulutuksen, tukemisessa Karibialla. Tätä yhteistyötä aiotaan jatkaa ja lujittaa. Guadalajarassa järjestetyssä EU:n ja LAC:n huippukokouksessa sovitun mukaisesti EU:n painopiste on yhteisen korkeakoulutusalueen luomisessa Euroopan, Latinalaisen Amerikan ja Karibian välille.

Mahdollisia toimia ovat sosiaalisen yhteenkuuluvuuden ja köyhyyden vähentämisen painottaminen kehitysyhteistyössä, HIV:n/aidsin ja muiden paikallisten terveysongelmien torjunnan tukeminen, yhteistyön tehostaminen huumausaineiden kysynnän ja tarjonnan vähentämisessä sekä huumeisiin liittyvän rikollisuuden torjumisessa, inhimillisten voimavarojen kehittäminen talouden diversifikaation tukemiseksi, köyhyyden vähentämiseksi ja yhteiskunnasta syrjäytymisen torjumiseksi. |

- III osa

TOIMINNAN TEHOSTAMINEN

Niin EU:n kuin Karibiankin taholta tarvitaan koordinoituja ja pitkältä ajalta hankittuihin kokemuksiin perustuvia toimia, jotta yhteistyötä voidaan muokata Karibian alueen erityispiirteisiin paremmin soveltuvaksi sekä aiempaa jäsennellymmäksi ja kypsemmäksi.

Eräät rakenteelliset ongelmat vaikuttavat avun toimittamiseen ja aiheuttavat jännitettä EU:n ja Karibian suhteisiin. Karibian maat saavat rahoitusta Euroopan kehitysrahastosta (EKR) ja eräistä muista rahoitusvälineistä, mutta näiden välineiden käyttöä sääntelevien strategioiden ja rahoitettavien toimien valikoiman välinen johdonmukaisuus ja täydentävyys on ollut puutteellista. Lukuisat pienhankkeet, jotka kattavat varsin erilaisia aloja, yhdessä usein työläiden menettelyjä koskevien vaatimusten kanssa aiheuttavat nekin vaikeasti hallittavan taakan pienten ja heikkojen kansallisten ja alueellisten täytäntöönpanoelinten ja valtiollisten elinten kannettavaksi. Tämä ongelma koskee myös Karibialla sijaitsevia EY:n lähetystöjä.

Alueellisten ja kansallisten tukistrategioiden pitäisi olla nykyistä yhtenäisempiä ja niiden pohjalta laadittujen alue- ja maaohjelmien pitäisi mahdollisuuksien mukaan olla toisiaan täydentäviä. Alue- ja maaohjelmista rahoitettavien toimien valinnassa olisi noudatettava toissijaisuusperiaatetta eli jätettävä alue-/kansallistason toteutettavaksi sille parhaiten soveltuvat toimet. Yleissääntönä on, että kansallisella tasolla olisi käytettävä budjettitukea ja alueellisten elinten kanssa rahoitussopimuksia. Budjettitukiohjelmat tarjoavat monia mahdollisuuksia muun muassa kannustamalla suurempaan omavastuuseen, alentamalla maksutapahtumista aiheutuvia kustannuksia ja tehostamalla avustusten käyttöä. Budjettituki on myös keino tukea voimakkaasti rakennemuutosta erityisesti silloin, kun maalla tai alueella on yhtenäinen kestävä kehityspolitiikka, jota se myös toteuttaa. Käytännössä budjettitukeen sovelletaan velvollisuutta hallinnoida kehitysyhteistyövaroja avoimella ja vastuullisella tavalla.

Kansallisella tasolla EU:n apu rakentuu yhden kansallisen kehitysstrategian varaan, joka kattaa kaikki EY:n rahoitusvälineet EKR mukaan luettuna, banaaniin, sokeriin, riisiin ja rommiin liittyvän erityisrahoituksen sekä kaikki muut EY:n budjettikohdat ja -järjestelyt; näin strategialla voidaan puuttua moniin hyödykekohtaisten välineiden, kuten banaaneja koskevan erityisen tukikehyksen, ongelmiin. Aluetasolla ja tiiviissä yhteistyössä CARICOMin/Cariforumin kanssa uuden aluekehitysrahaston kaltaisia välineitä voitaisiin pitää yhtenä EU:n Karibialle antaman aluekehitysavun mahdollisena kanavana.

AKT-maiden, merentakaisten maiden ja alueiden ja Ranskan merentakaisten departementtien sekä kehitysohjelmien väliseen synergiaan pyritään aktiivisesti – synergia on tavoitteena myös EU:n Latinalaista Amerikkaa koskevien ohjelmien kanssa.

Euroopan komissio on ehdottanut yhteisön ulkomaanavun täytäntöönpanorakenteen yksinkertaistamista yhtenäisyyttä ja johdonmukaisuutta edistämällä, varainhoidollisia ja hallinnollisia menettelyjä tehostamalla sekä helpottamalla yhteisrahoitusta muiden rahoittajien kanssa. Komissio ehdottaa myös kaikille EU:n jäsenvaltioille yhteistä mallia monivuotiseksi suunnittelukehykseksi[12].

Budjettitukiohjelmien ansiosta Karibian maiden hallitukset voivat tasapainottaa pääomamenot ja juoksevat menot paremmin rahoitustuen sisältyessä budjettikehykseen.

Mahdollisia toimia ovat yhden ainoan kansallisen tai alueellisen strategian käytön edistäminen kaiken EU:n kehitysavun käytön sääntelyyn avun lähteestä tai välineestä riippumatta, budjettituen ja rahoitussopimusten käyttäminen kehitysavun ensisijaisina täytäntöönpanovälineinä, avun täytäntöönpanoon sovellettavien varainhoidollisten ja hallinnollisten menettelyjen yksinkertaistaminen ja ohjelmasuunnittelun yhdenmukaistaminen EY:n ja jäsenvaltioiden kesken. |

Päätelmät – EU:n lisäarvo Karibian alueella

- EU:lla ja Karibialla on pitkään jatkunut ja vahva kumppanuus, jonka juuret ovat historiassa ja yhteisissä arvoissa. Vuosien mittaan tämä kumppanuus on osoittautunut tärkeäksi ja hyödylliseksi molemmille osapuolille. Vuoteen 2020 ulottuva Cotonoun sopimus tarjoaa vankan pohjan, jolta tätä arvokasta kumppanuutta voidaan vahvistaa edelleen. Cotonoun sopimuksen tarjoamat lukuisat mahdollisuudet on hyödynnettävä. EU ja Karibia toimivat kumppaneina pyrkimyksissä tukea maailmanlaajuisesti demokratiaa, yleismaailmallisia ihmisoikeuksia, rauhaa ja vakautta sekä taistella köyhyyden vitsausta vastaan.

Karibia on lähtenyt alueellisen yhdentymisen, alueellisen yhteistyön laajentamisen, talouden diversifioinnin, rakenneuudistuksen ja muiden uudistusten tielle tavoitteenaan hyödyntää globalisaation mahdollisuudet ja minimoida sen haittavaikutukset alueen pienissä ja toistaiseksi haavoittuvissa valtioissa sekä täyttää Karibian kansojen inhimilliselle kehitykselle asettamat korkeat odotukset. Karibian alueen kansalliset hallitukset, kansalaisyhteiskunta, yksityisyritykset ja alueelliset elimet luonnollisestikin kantavat vastuun tulevaisuutensa suunnasta. Lojaalina kumppanina EU tukee Karibiaa sen pyrkimyksissä puuttua alueen sosio-ekonomisiin ja ympäristöön liittyviin heikkouksiin, edistää sosiaalista yhteenkuuluvuutta ja torjua köyhyyttä; tämän se tekee yhteisen tulevaisuudenkuvan pohjalta, poliittista kumppanuutta vahvistamalla ja alan toimia tukemalla. EU-troikan ja Karibian tapaaminen toukokuussa 2006 järjestettävän EU:n ja LAC:n huippukokouksen yhteydessä toimiikin lähtökohtana uudistetulle ja laaja-alaiselle poliittiselle vuoropuhelulle.

ANNEX I

An EU-Caribbean partnership for growth, stability and development

1. The overall context, geopolitical dynamics, independence to present day

Most of the Caribbean countries[13] gained independence in the 1960s from the European colonial powers. Countries were granted independence on an individual basis even though integration efforts existed since the 1950s, such as the Caribbean Federation[14]. It was the height of the cold war and all regions of the world were important to the superpowers jostling for influence, allies and UN votes.

The region is characterized by a strong diversity in its history and socio/cultural development and with great disparities in economic development and wealth distribution; ranging from the impoverished island of Haiti, to the wealthy Turks and Caicos Islands, and with varied forms of government ranging from Cuba’s socialism to the stable democracies of the majority of the archipelago.

Several of the smaller islands of the region still retain close links to their former colonial metropoles in the form of self governing overseas countries and territories in the case of the Netherlands and the UK and in the form of parts fully included in the national territory in the case of France.

The early post colonial period was a period of continued strong involvement of the ex-colonial powers which also extended to the economic life of the region, with the establishment of preferential trade arrangements particularly in the area of commodities such as sugar, bananas and rum.

Preferential arrangements with the EU, the US[15] and Canada[16], coupled with above average aid flows, in particular from the former colonial powers resulting from decolonization sentiments, led to the development of higher standards of living than the norm in other developing countries.

This period was also characterised by isolationism and an almost exclusive focusing of external relations on relations with the former European metropoles, the USA and Canada.

The end of the Cold War in the early 1990s meant that the Caribbean region lost geostrategic importance. At the same time, there has been a gradual erosion of preferential trade arrangements, a diminishing of aid and an overall slowdown in growth which accentuated the fault lines in what is now coming to be seen as an inherently unsustainable system.

In terms of ranking in the Human Development Index, six countries are placed in the High Human Development cluster and with the exception of Haiti, a Least Developed Country (LDC), the rest are in the Middle Human Development cluster. With the exception of Haiti the region as a whole is currently scoring reasonably well in the MDGs. However, there are concerns that current levels of Human Development and MDG indicators could be unsustainable.

Although characterized by overall satisfactory levels of human development, poverty, inequality and reduced social cohesion are a growing reality. Caribbean countries have experienced serious social problems in recent years.. Indeed, poverty levels range between 8 and 35% with Haiti being the poorest country of the Hemisphere. Unemployment, inequality and the precarious situation and rights of indigenous populations in countries such as Belize, Guyana, Suriname and Dominica further aggravates the socio-economic situation.

The Caribbean, with 2.4%, has the second highest incidence of HIV/AIDS after Sub Saharan Africa. The cost to the region of HIV/AIDS is estimated at 6% of GDP per annum[17].

Security and stability within the region are under threat from a resurgence of internal ethnic tensions, criminality, drugs, drug related crime and armed violence.

Internal social, economic, and in some cases political problems are fuelling a rising migration sapping the region of much needed quality human resources. Despite an overall trend of declining unemployment in the region especially in countries like Barbados and Trinidad & Tobago, where it dropped from more than 20% in the beginning of the 1990s to around 10% in the beginning of the year 2000, unemployment rates tend to remain stable in the rest of the Caribbean region.

The Caribbean is a region at a crossroads. Bold leadership initiatives are required if the region is to face the political, economic and security challenges.

There are concerns- including within the region - that the Caribbean may slip from Middle Income to Low Income country status if steps are not taken to reverse economic trends and to define strategies that will take fully into account emerging global realities and seize the opportunities ahead.

Regionalism in the Caribbean emerged as a response to overcoming the development constraints of small size and is present in various forms from economic/political cooperation and association to economic and monetary union.

CARICOM dates from the early 1970s[18]. Similarly to other regional organisations, including the EU, CARICOM had to adjust its original scope and membership to adapt to the very different trade patterns, economic and political structures in the globalised world of today.

The new regionalism in the Caribbean is one that reflects a shift, towards closer relationships between the countries of the wider Caribbean and Latin America.

2. Partners in a shared vision of the future

The EU and the Caribbean have a long-lasting relationship based on the legacy of history, common values, economic and trade cooperation and an important volume of trade exchange. Colonisation of the Caribbean mainly by Britain, France, Spain and the Netherlands dates back to the 17th Century.

The EU remains very present in the region particularly through its member states who still have close links with the region: France through their DOMs and the UK and the Netherlands through their OCTs, and through privileged bilateral relations between individual Caribbean states and EU Member states. Notwithstanding expressed interest from all sides, effective economic and development cooperation has not fully materialised to date. While efforts are being undertaken in that direction there is clearly a need to do more.

Since the UK accession to the EU the successive EU-ACP Conventions have become the framework for relations between the Caribbean Region and the European Union.

The present preferential Cotonou ACP Agreement, concluded in 2000 and revised in 2005, combines a political dimension with trade and development issues in a single comprehensive framework, which will remain in place until 2020. However, so far the political dimension of Cotonou has remained largely under utilised. At the regional level political dialogue in future will be prioritised at the annual CARIFORUM – EU Ministerial meetings, while inter-regional level political dialogue will be intensified at the EU-LAC bi-annual summits in a troika context.

The Caribbean forum of ACP States CARIFORUM[19] was established in 1990 to provide a mechanism for the 15 Caribbean ACP states to manage regional cooperation under the Lomé Convention through the EDF. CARIFORUM has grown from a functional cooperation instrument to a forum for political dialogue among the Caribbean ACP states and contributed to the accession of Haiti into CARICOM (CARICOM has an economic integration focus) with the future adherence of the Dominican Republic also a possibility. The technical function of the CARIFORUM Secretariat is to be merged with the CARICOM Secretariat reflecting the importance attached by the CARIFORUM members to deeper regional political cooperation.

The EU-LAC strategic partnership links together the EU’s relations with Latin America and the Caribbean and creates a comprehensive common platform for dialogue and cooperation on political and socio-economic issues. Since the first EU-LAC Summit in Rio in 1999, the Summits are key events in this partnership. The next EU-LAC Summit will take place in Vienna in May 2006. This strategic partnership offers significant opportunities for the Caribbean in their efforts to expand their relations to the wider Caribbean and Latin America.

CARIFORUM, also including Cuba as a member, provides a useful platform for strategic political dialogue. The EU’s position on Cuba is governed by the Common Position adopted in 1996. The essence of the EU’s policy towards Cuba is based on constructive engagement in the political and economic arena. Although Cuba was being actively considered for accession to the Cotonou Agreement in 2003, political developments related to human rights put that process on hold and have severely strained relations between the two sides.

The Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) are perhaps the most innovative element of the Cotonou Agreement. Caribbean ACP countries (with the exception of Cuba), have benefited from preferential market access to the EU under the Cotonou Agreement and its predecessors. However, trade preferences alone are not able to provide the development the region needs and the Caribbean share of EU trade has been in long run decline. Old style preferential schemes based on assistance to commodities such like bananas, sugar etc proved that they were not sustainable with international trade. In addition, liberalisation and trade are phasing out and redefining the rent-based structure of the economies in the Caribbean. In response to this, negotiations on an EPA with the Caribbean started on 16th April 2004 after over a year of ACP talks. The EPA process will build on the current preferences to support Caribbean regional integration processes and provide a rules based framework to help increase competitiveness, diversify exports and create regional markets. Together with the enhancement of trade capacity this new trade regime under the EPA will contribute to sustainable economic development. It will also facilitate adjustment, including its social dimension, to trade policy reforms. The EU is the biggest grant donor in the Caribbean, both at the national and regional level. The overall volume of all forms of European Community aid to the Caribbean since Lome III is estimated at € 2.800 Bn.

The EU strongly supports regional integration in the Caribbean. Regional co-operation, since Lome III estimated at a total of € 331 M, has progressed steadily from simple projects benefiting two or three countries prior to 1990s, to functional cooperation between the entire CARIFORUM group of states aiming at building confidence and fuelling regionalism (1990 – 2000), to genuine regional integration programmes directly supporting CARICOM, and other regional institutions, and the completion of the Caribbean Single Market and Economy, since 2000.

Total allocations on the individual Caribbean countries are around € 1.800 Bn for from Lomé III through to 2007, and have covered a wide range of areas. Levels of aid vary widely between countries with special emphasis on the poorer countries of the region and especially Haiti and Guyana. Substantial commodity related assistance has been provided to the region through the sugar, banana, rice and rum preferential arrangements, estimated at a total of € 649 M (Sugar € 19.477 M , Banana € 216 M, Rum € 70 M, Stabex € 209 M and Sysmin € 134 M)[20].

However, EC development cooperation has been hampered by a plethora of intervention sectors, funding instruments and small projects collectively taxing the limited implementation capacity of national and CARICOM/CARIFORUM institutions as well as that of EC competent services.

Strategies implemented through structural measures such as Stabex and the Special Framework of Assistance to Traditional Banana Suppliers (SFA Budget line), were not always coherent with the support strategy of the National Indicative Programme (NIP) of the countries concerned nor were they sufficiently geared towards encouraging increased productivity and diversification. There was limited coherence between national and regional development programmes. The Cotonou Agreement, in spite of its substantial innovations, has not been able to sufficiently address the development cooperation bottlenecks and the streamlining of various instruments.

Many of the European Member States have strong links with the region, and UK’s Department for International Development (DFID) is among one of the most active development partners in the region. In 2004 its estimated budget in the region was € 67 M and the main recipient countries included Montserrat, Jamaica and Guyana.

A number of Caribbean countries such as Dominica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, St Lucia, Suriname and Cuba are benefiting from specific French development aid instruments . French cooperation has mainly been oriented towards economic and social infrastructure projects and the civil society. 90% of the development funds – approximately € 12 M/year- are channelled towards the so-called “Zone de Solidarité Prioritaire “ – Cuba, DR, Haiti and Suriname.

The Federal Government of Germany is another important player in the region placing emphasis on poverty reduction, environmental and resource protection and modernisation of the government and society. The total budget in 2003 was estimated at € 35M. Main priority countries were Guyana, DR and Haiti.

The Netherlands has also made contributions in the region, notably in Suriname where bi-lateral development ties date back to 1975. The Dutch government is its main donor and is mainly active in six sectors, in the field of good governance and in certain long-term projects. The total budget in 2003 was estimated at € 24 M. The main priority countries were Suriname, Jamaica and Haiti.

Spain is also active in development cooperation with the Caribbean both at bi-lateral and regional levels. The total budget in 2004 was estimated at € 54 M. The main priority countries were DR, Cuba and Haiti.

This listing is not considered exhaustive.

European Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the region has always been significant. By the year 2003, the outward stock of European FDI in the Caribbean region, including Cuba, was estimated at € 13.7 Bn.

3. Challenges facing the Caribbean

The special characteristics of the Caribbean contribute to the vulnerability of the region and present a certain number of interrelated political, economic and social challenges and opportunities.

4. The geo-political challenges

At the EU-LAC summit in Rio in 1999, participating countries made a joint pledge to set up a strategic partnership with a view to forging links in the political, economic and social spheres. The Caribbean states are a part of that strategic partnership and have strong ties with Central America and South America, enshrined in various agreements and through their membership of the Association of Caribbean States (ACS)

Caribbean participation in broader hemispheric groupings, including CARIFORUM, the ACS and the FTAA, together with the creation of an EU- CARICOM free trade area and the EU-LAC strategic partnership will strongly reinforce the outward looking integration process which should lead to the eventual smooth integration of the region into the world economy.

The CARICOM members and the Dominican Republic are all established democracies with accountable administrations, free press and stable institutions. Nevertheless a number of potential issues could overturn this perception of security and stability with severe implications on economic and social progress.

Internal threats exist in the form of tensions between ethnic groups in some countries, economic downturn also causes social tension. Issues relating to unemployment, instability, drugs and related criminality and armed violence, small arms and light weapon trafficking all negatively impinge on the social fabric and the political life of the region. External threats exist from territorial and border disputes between some CARICOM member states and with some other neighbouring countries.

The advent of globalisation fortifies the need for widening and deepening of the Caribbean Community itself and for the region to move towards a more outward looking relation with the Latin American continent. The influence of individual Caribbean states in international organisations and fora is also quite important.

Cuba also plays an active role in the various international and regional fora. Although it is a full member of the United Nations, its role is limited by the fact that Cuba is not a member of several multilateral institutions such as the IMF, the WB, IDB (Inter American Development Bank) or the OAS (Organisation of American States).

With Venezuela, Cuba is promoting a Latin American alliance, the Iniciativa Bolivariana para las Americas (ALBA) which is seen as an alternative to the US-backed Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA).While the FTAA seeks free trade across the Americas as a whole, the ALBA proposes full integration of Latin America only, including the elimination of trade barriers.

The EU-LAC summits of Rio in 1999, Madrid in 2002 and Guadalajara in 2004 have contributed in further deepening the relations between the Latin America countries and the Caribbean. The well established relations of Dominican Republic, a CARIFORUM member, with Latin America countries are also an asset.

Central and Latin America offer extensive opportunities for the Caribbean but are also competitors in some commodity sectors and there are cases of territorial disputes among countries of these regions. The EU-LAC Summit process could offer valuable opportunities for political dialogue and conflict prevention.

An important challenge here is for the Caribbean to find the right balance in its relationships between its different hemispheric partners. Most of the Caribbean countries try to maintain well balanced relations with all big countries in the larger region where it geographically belongs. Given the differences that exist in the hemisphere, maintaining a balance respecting the interests of the very small islands states without excluding the regions from the major economic developments is a major challenge. In the longer term, the Caribbean has to carefully consider and prepare for the impact from the evolution of the situation in Cuba.

5. Economic challenges

The average GDP per capita for Caribbean countries in 2005 was estimated at 3640 US$. There are however within the region significant differences between the countries and also significant inequalities in wealth distribution within the individual countries. The gap between the richest and the poorest countries has tended to widen over the last forty years and divergence in GDP per capita levels has been stronger between the Caribbean economies than the Latin American economies. Nevertheless, the Caribbean has an average income inequality, measured by the GINI Coefficient at 0.38 which is lower than in Latin America. Countries such as Haiti, Dominican Republic, and the small island communities of St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Antigua and Barbuda do however suffer from high levels of inequality than the average Caribbean State[21].

The insular nature of most of the Caribbean is perhaps the single most important factor creating limitations to the efforts of integration of many small economies in the region and also adversely affecting the cost of energy, transport, communications and trade.

The Caribbean agricultural sector faces real challenges adjusting to structural changes in the global economy. Even before EU market reforms many traditional Caribbean exporters of rice, sugar, rum and bananas were structurally in long term decline under price pressure from more competitive suppliers, and this in spite of substantial EU aid and trade preferences. Preferential access to artificially high EU internal market prices is not a sustainable solution to problems of competitiveness, but the accelerating transition to a more diversified economy will be difficult.

Diversification, particularly in rural areas, is a difficult challenge, and requires a progressive approach. New activities can be developed around the dominant sectors, while simultaneously, if relevant, reinforcing their competitiveness and resilience.

According to the IMF, external current account deficits for the Caribbean are projected to worsen in the short term with the rise in oil prices and rising imports related to construction activity. Several countries are currently faced with macro-economic challenges, and fourteen Caribbean countries are among the thirty most indebted countries in the world.

The Caribbean is the most tourism intensive region in the world. Direct and indirect impacts of tourism account for 18% of total GDP in the region. However, tourism has not created strong linkages within national economies. Tourism infrastructure is mostly foreign owned and investment is being driven by substantial financial and tax incentives granted by the individual countries in competition with one another.

The efforts of several Caribbean countries to promote offshore financial centres have met with problems on two main accounts, namely unfair tax competition and lack of transparency in several areas, including taxation and security against money laundering operations. However, offshore business opportunities may still exist in other sectors. There are already several offshore medical schools in the Caribbean all geared to the US market. If adequately addressed offshore education should have the potential for further expansion.

Given the geographically dispersed nature of the Caribbean region interconnection including air, sea and land transport, telecommunications and connectivity and energy networks is another crucial challenge in regional integration and economic cooperation but at present lack of progress in this sector constitutes a major constraint on economic growth[22].

The challenge of integrated regional markets is at the heart of the concept of the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs). This process of integration and of fostering trade will continue to be accompanied by substantial and increasing support for building trade capacities and for the implementation of supply side reforms, as well as the promotion of customs and trade facilitation measures. The EPA will have to address key challenges such as the dependence of Governments on unpredictable tariff revenues and integration in a diverse region. These are not insignificant, but the alternative of increasing isolation from international markets is the far greater risk to development.

In order to mitigate the differences of economic development that exist among the members of the CSME the region will benefit internally from a Special Development Fund, (SDF), operated by the Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) and the newly established Regional Development Fund ( RDF). The setting up of this fund aims at supporting development of the less prosperous countries and regions and innovative strategies to enhance regional competitiveness.

The Caribbean Single Market component of the CSME was launched in January 2006 by six Caribbean States: Barbados, Belize, Guyana, Jamaica, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago; the OECS countries are expected to join in the coming months.

To come to grips with the changing international situation countries need to embark on structural reforms and socio-economic transition from their traditional sectors towards higher added value products and services. Several have already embarked or are considering programmes in public and fiscal sector reform, macroeconomic stabilisation programmes, economic diversification, more effective labour markets, enhanced competitiveness, and a move to services and knowledge based economies. All these require strategic planning and investment in many areas, including human resources, energy, and transport and telecommunications infrastructure.

These reforms need to be intensified and speeded up or, current levels of development may be unsustainable, resulting in a slippage of some countries in the region from middle income to low income country status.

The needs are large and beyond the capacity of individual governments and require external assistance. A regional approach is fundamental to dealing with these many challenges.

6. Social challenges

Economic downturn is making some governments unable to continue delivering past levels of basic health and education services. Educational attainment is slowing in many islands and public services are deteriorating[23].

Human resources have always been considered as a very significant part of the region’s capital. Throughout the region the level of education, from primary education through to University level, has always been a source of pride. In recent years there are concerns of a decline in standards based in part on economic difficulties and on substantial migration of education professionals attracted by higher salaries in OECD countries. If the efforts to transform the economies of the region from primary commodities production to a diversified knowledge based services economy and if the private sector, both local and potential external investment, is to play its role as the motor of growth there will be an increasing need for a pool of high quality professionals. In this relation, it is important to remember that brain drain is also a major constraint on the region’s overall human resources situation.

Unemployed is an endemic concern in the region and unemployment rates tend to be higher in the banana producing countries between 15% in Jamaica to more than 20% in the banana producing Windward Islands. One constraint in the regional approach is the diversity within the region.

Three countries (Cuba, Dominican Republic and Haiti) account for 80% of the population and have very different development and political situations. With the exception of Guyana and Suriname, the countries are generally small, mostly island states with small open economies and located in disaster prone areas making them inherently vulnerable to man-made and natural shocks, both internal and external.

Improved health care in particular HIV/AIDS is considered key to the region’s economic development, to its attempt to alleviate poverty and to achieve specific goals of public health reform and reaching the MDGs and other international development commitments. The disparities between countries and the levels of inequality within countries, including access to health care, points to the need to place emphasis on both the national and regional level.

The upgrading of the health care services would also contribute to improve the competitiveness of the general tourism product, especially given the targeted high-end of the tourism market and the retiree group as an untapped, but promising expansion area. It should also be complementary to the international and national efforts to improve the social protection coverage of those excluded from existing systems.

Drugs, associated crime and armed violence are vulnerabilities to be addressed as it threatens the political and social fabric of Caribbean society and hinders the creation of an environment conducive to investment and sustainable growth. The Caribbean is not a drug producing region at this time, but is considered an important transiting link for drugs. The Caribbean is considered more the gateway to drugs destined for Europe as against Central America for drugs to the US.

In recent years a number of strategies to tackle these problems have been developed in the Caribbean, with US and EU support.

The EU, Commission and a number of Member States, has been the main financier of the 1996 – 2001 Regional Plan of Action on Drugs Control - Barbados Plan of Action (BPA).

Drugs are a major significant issue in the EU-LAC strategic partnership. The EU-LAC Co-ordination and Co-operation mechanism, based on the principles of shared responsibility, is a forum for dialogue and co-operation between the two regions on the problem of illicit drug production, consumption and trafficking.

The regional authorities should increase their efforts to plan, co-ordinate, supervise and deliver training related to activities to reduce supply through institutional strengthening and capacity building. Activities could include, inter alia, legal, legislative and regulatory frameworks, intelligence sharing among law enforcement agencies, strengthening of institutions, maritime cooperation, police and judicial co-operation, combating money-laundering, the trafficking of small arms and light weapons and the control of precursors.

7. Natural Disasters and the Environment Vulnerability

The Caribbean is currently faced with several structural environmental challenges such as climate change, and limited and fragile coastal, marine, biodiversity, land and freshwater resources.

Nature is a blessing and a curse to the Caribbean region. The natural environment has contributed significantly to the prosperity of the agricultural sector and is at the base of the region’s comparative advantage in the tourism sector, where tourism actually is the product on offer. The vagaries of nature, however, in the form of hurricanes, earthquakes, volcanic activity and tidal waves, make the region one of the most disaster prone areas in the world, entailing high economic and social costs.

The Caribbean is twelve times as exposed to disasters as the world average. The Eastern Caribbean countries are among the ten most disaster prone countries in the world. The impact of natural disasters on small island states is devastating as in the case of Grenada where the impact of Hurricane Ivan was estimated at 200% of GDP as compared to 2% average of natural disasters elsewhere in the world.

Land is certainly one of the most limited resources in the Caribbean. It is therefore the subject of intense pressures from human activities. Poor land use and land management as well as increasing conflicts for the access to land (for agriculture, urbanization or other activities) have led to the degradation of this resource. Erosion and land degradation are particularly severe in coastal areas and in areas formerly covered by forests.

Deforestation has been intense in the region and forests now only cover less than 20% of total land area. The ever increasing demand for wood for energy, housing, or timber exportation, or for land, maintains a high pressure on the remaining forests. The Caribbean region is also particularly rich in biodiversity, with many endemic species. Local conservation initiatives do exist, but regional action is needed if biodiversity loss is to be reduced.

Land, forests, biodiversity: all are resources which are under further threat from climate change. Climate change may have an effect on the vegetation cover, on the degradation of land or on the coral reefs and marine resources, therefore affecting agriculture, fishing and even tourism. Its potential effects on these important sectors for the local economies may have a devastating impact on local fragile economies. Sea level rise is also threatening coastal areas, and estimates varying from 30 to 50 cm rise over the next 50 years are commonly accepted. Climate variability is also higher now and has led to more severe extreme climatic events like hurricanes and tropical storms.

Water resources are also under heavy pressure. The development of tourism and of modern agriculture has led to over-extraction of water. Some Caribbean States are far below the limit of 1000 m3 of available water per capita per year, under which countries are considered as “water scarce”. Careful and sustainable management of this resource is thus an absolute necessity and needs to be actively promoted.

Due to the limited size of their economy and their available land, waste management is usually a critical issue in the Caribbean states. Goods are imported with their package which remains on the island. The increasing share of non-biodegradable waste makes it more difficult to set up sustainable waste management schemes. A great challenge also lies in the way the region can handle the problem of hazardous waste and toxic chemicals.

Sustainability of the tourism-based growth is fragile, because it is often affected by events outside the region and beyond its control. In only a few hours, one hurricane can wipe out the entire tourism industry of one or more small islands. It is also increasingly being challenged by concerns over the conservation of the environment, by the need to upgrade available health care facilities as well as by insecurity related to drugs, drugs related crime and armed violence.

8. The EU Strategy

EU – Caribbean relations have suffered from a combination of factors: conflicting urgent and shifting international priorities and demands on both sides, the changing conditions surrounding commodities of interest to the region including sugar, bananas, rice and rum and difficulties in the implementation of aid.

The EU’s overarching development objective is to assist all the countries in the region to achieve their long term development goals in a self sustaining manner. This includes the generalized achievement of MDGs and poverty reduction, the consolidation and building upon the region’s Human Development achievements and the ambition expressed by some of the Caribbean MICs to join the ranks of the developed states by 2020, at the expiry of the current Cotonou Agreement.

The specific identity and characteristics of the Caribbean region, its prominent role within the ACP group of states and its attachment to the Cotonou Agreement, constitute the basis of its special relationship with the EU and the need for a specific policy approach.

The objectives will be achieved through a new enhanced EU – Caribbean Partnership composed of three interrelated facets, shaping political partnership, addressing socio- economic and environmental vulnerabilities and combating poverty, inequality, HIV/AIDS and drugs . Given the EU’s position a major donor in the region, aid effectiveness will be addressed as a cross cutting issue.

9. Shaping political partnership based on shared values

For the EU it is important that the Caribbean region remains attached to the values that it shares with the EU and does not slip, through benign neglect and economic difficulties, into a pole of insecurity and instability.

A strong political partnership with the EU, founded on a genuine political dialogue will help strengthen the Caribbean’s position on the international scene, and offer opportunities for collaboration in the UN and other international fora on issues of common interest. Enhanced political dialogue is also a key to increasing the confidence between the EU and its ACP partners needed to underpin the move towards greater budget and sector support financing and away from the traditional project approach.

Regional integration and the forging of alliances with other regions in the wider Caribbean, including the EU’s French Departments and UK and Netherlands OCTs constitute key priorities of the region.

The EU is not only a donor of development aid, but also a political and commercial partner, and its relations with its Caribbean partners should include broad, concrete and constructive political dialogue. Political dialogue is also a cornerstone of the EU – LAC strategic partnership.

The EU is a strong international partner which can help the Caribbean Region consolidate its position within the multilateral system and offer an extra dimension to the close links the region enjoys with North America.

While individual countries have specific needs and national development policies, growing regionalism in the Caribbean confirms the recognition that many common problems are best dealt at the regional level.

- CARICOM is considered the strongest manifestation of regional integrationist will at the political level in the Caribbean.

- CARIFORUM is considered the EU’s main intermediary for the wider level of political dialogue and functional co-operation in the region. The upcoming fusion of the Technical functions of the CARIFORUM Secretariat with the CARICOM Secretariat will ensure an enhanced cooperation and coordination between the two entities.

Therefore, EU Political dialogue should be pursued at the CARIFORUM/ CARICOM level and the annual EC-CARIFORUM ministerial meeting should be enhanced and broadened to cover issues beyond the narrow purview of regional cooperation.

The Caribbean has embarked on a path of regional integration, wider regional cooperation, and economic diversification, restructuring and reform, as a means towards harnessing the opportunities and minimising the negative effects of globalisation on its small and currently vulnerable states and as a way to achieve the Caribbean peoples’ high aspirations of human development. National Governments, civil society, private enterprise and regional structures in the Caribbean will obviously carry the responsibility for shaping their own future. Based on a shared vision of the future, and through an enhanced political partnership and the support of actions to address the region’s vulnerabilities and to promote social cohesion and combat poverty, the EU will be a steadfast partner for the Caribbean in its efforts.

The EU will also continue and enhance its support to other regional institutions linked to CARICOM[24] and promote policies that will encourage the integration of these institutions as an integral part of the political environment of CARICOM member states.

The EU will support the enlargement of CARICOM to include other Caribbean states. Already the DR is considering its participation in the CSME which could lead eventually to full membership of CARICOM. The long term position vis-à-vis Cuba will depend, among other considerations, on the pace of transition in that country.

Beyond the issue of Cuba, political dialogue will focus on wide ranging issues, including conflict prevention in Haiti and Guyana. The Presidential and Parliamentary elections of the 7th of February 2006 in Haiti are an encouraging step in the direction of the establishment of the democratic life of this country.

The EU will support the region’s own stated policy of widening its links to its hemispheric neighbours within the Caribbean, and in Central and Latin America.

- The opportunities for political dialogue offered by the ACS are also to be considered, especially given the particular status of a number of EU Member states in that body.

- The bi-annual EU-LAC Summit is a major opportunity for EU-Caribbean political dialogue and substantial efforts should be addressed at maximising the benefits from the evolving relationship between the Caribbean and its geographical neighbours. The biannual EU-LAC Summits are key events. They play a vital role in relations between the regions and are a unique opportunity to move forward on issues of common interest.

For the forthcoming Vienna Summit of 12 May 2006, the EU considers that the topics covered by the Guadalajara declaration – social cohesion, regional integration, multilateralism – remain important, but need to be fleshed out further.

The EU also welcomes the organization of a business forum and encourages social partners and civil society to contribute to the Summit.

Security, stability and conflict prevention are essential prerequisites for sustainable development. Security has become a major priority worldwide in recent times as many countries have been victims of terror attacks. Ensuring security and the rule of law, with equity, justice and full respect for human rights, are now fully recognised as fundamental, shared priorities.

The EU and the Caribbean should cooperate in addressing security threats, including non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery (WMD), trafficking and spread of illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW), illicit drugs trafficking and combating terrorism. They should cooperate to reinforce the role of the UN in the multilateral fight against terrorism, including through the full implementation of relevant UN Security Council Resolutions and the UN Convention on Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, while ensuring respect for human rights in this context.

The EU should increasingly use regional and national development strategies and instruments to address the root-causes of conflict, including poverty, inequality and lack of social cohesion degradation of and access to already scarce natural resources, ethnic and political violence, weak governance, human rights abuses and gender inequality. Especially in certain fragile states a culture of conflict prevention needs to be developed and fostered. Conflict prevention is an implicit element in regional integration and co-operation, through awareness of common interest and mutual confidence-building. Regional institutions contribute to structure the dialogue and interaction among members, acting as a peer pressure mechanism. CARICOM has initiatives on the political front, such as electoral monitoring and special missions for the resolution of political issues[25]. The EU will support these efforts and other bilateral initiatives at conflict resolutions such as the DR-Haiti talks. The EU is a strong international voice in democratic process and has developed specific expertise in election observation. This tool will be used wherever necessary in the Caribbean region as a means of conflict prevention.

Good and effective governance is also recognised as a crucial prerequisite for sustainable development. Central to good and effective governance is the strengthening of credible institutions – such as parliaments, the judiciary system or public financial management and statistical systems – both at national and regional level. The EU will support institutional capacity building efforts. Governance, however, is not only about institutions, but also about appropriate policies and adequate legal and regulatory frameworks and effective involvement of civil society including social partners. The EU should therefore continue to promote transparency and effective exchange of information between authorities in order to prevent and combat corporate and financial malpractices and corruption. It should in particular encourage transparency in the financial and banking sectors, as well as administrative and judicial cooperation permitting effective exchange of information.

The EU should sustain and accelerate the process of ratification of the UN Convention against Corruption, a central part of which is the requirement that countries confiscate and repatriate illicit assets, and uphold the UN Convention against International Organised Crime. Moreover the EU should encourage the adoption and implementation of international standards relating to the fight against money laundering, terrorism, tax fraud and tax avoidance. The EU also encourages its international partners to sign and implement the main international instruments of crime prevention, like the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its protocols and the UN Convention against Corruption. The EU should also address the limited institutional and technical capacity of Caribbean countries to deal with organized crime and drugs in an effective and comprehensive manner, through the development of internal strategies as well as capacity building.

The EU should also continue to promote human rights and equal opportunities and protect vulnerable groups, especially women. The EU will support gender mainstreaming and initiatives on gender equality in order to contribute to the implementation of the commitments in the MDGs, the Beijing Platform for Action, the Cairo Programme of Action and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.

ACP/DOM/OCT Cooperation: The Caribbean ACPs, the French DOMs and the UK and Netherlands OCTs are part of the same region and have several converging interests. EU policy is to ensure closer cooperation and policy dialogue between these different entities in the field of trade but also in other areas of common interest, such as migration, transport, ICT, education, environmental issues, risk prevention, health, justice and security.

Both Cotonou, EU Member State national legislation[26] and the Overseas Association Decision create a favourable environment supporting such a policy dialogue, yet so far there has been little progress in activating it.

In 2005, the first Clovis Beauregard Conference was held in Martinique, co-sponsored by the European Commission, to promote ACP/DOM/OCT cooperation. This is a concrete step that should be encouraged in the future. Therefore and during the next funding period, efforts will be undertaken to co-ordinate ERDF and EDF financing. Specific funding will be allocated for the cooperation between the DOM and the ACP/OCT from the ERDF, in the framework of the new objective “Territorial Co-operation”, and from the EDF, respectively. As regards to EPAs and despite their different institutional situation, the French outermost regions show a growing interest in participating in the benefits of the agreement as another partner in the region.

10. Addressing economic and environmental opportunities and vulnerabilities

Economically the long term vision is of a region that has achieved a fully integrated economy with strong links to its wider geographic context and beyond. In an increasingly interdependent and globalised world, a major objective of EU development policy is to assist developing countries to better harness the globalisation process, by maximising the benefits derived and minimising the negative impacts.

In the particular case of the Caribbean, this primarily means to contribute to their efforts on structural reforms and economic transition from their traditional sectors towards higher added value products and services and to come to grips with the changing international situation.

Regional integration will increasingly represent a privileged area of future cooperation, where the European Union has a major role to play given its own historic experience.

EU will strongly support the completion and operation of the Caribbean Single Market and Economy (CSME) as an essential element of regional integration and for the establishment of the Economic Partnership Agreement with the EU. The recent openness of the Dominican Republic to become a member of the CSME even though it is not a full member of CARICOM represents perhaps another opportunity for the EU to assist the region in creating the conditions for such a major and challenging integration milestone to succeed. The EU will contribute to strengthening and streamlining of existing regional institutions and organs in view of guaranteeing the smooth operation of the single market. The introduction of the single market by several CARICOM member states in January 2006 and the prospective for the rest of the CARICOM member states to join in the near future creates favourable conditions for a privileged partnership-based relationship between the European Community and CARICOM. Secondment of experts from Member States and European institutions to help address institutional functioning as well as other concrete technical aspects of regional integration, such as customs and trade facilitations measures, could be an area of future regional cooperation.

The Special Development Fund (SDF), the main home grown development instrument of the region based within the CDB, and the new Regional Development Fund could be natural partners of the EU regional development assistance in the Caribbean. These solidarity based regional level funds could also be important instruments for the EU to channel its future assistance and reinforce the integration process.

The timely conclusion of the EPAs process is a strategic area of importance to the future of the Caribbean region. A well defined and credible integration agenda and functioning internal market are the necessary pillars for a successful outcome of the EPA negotiations.This integration process is of strategic importance to the future of the economy of the Caribbean region. The development dimension should be further strengthened so as to better help the Caribbean region achieve strategic targets of global competitiveness. The EPA, which will properly take account of existing asymmetries between the two areas, shall allow the region to maintain and even improve its access to the EU market. The EU’s policy will be to further strengthen the development dimension of EPAs so as to better help the Caribbean region achieve their strategic targets of global competitiveness. As it enters its third phase, the EU will intensify its support to the EPA process so as to make sure that an agreement is concluded by 2007. In this context, it will promote progressive integration of financial markets as well as the development of an appropriate regulatory framework based on transparency.

Trade related assistance is being provided to the Caribbean to strengthen in-country and regional trade policy and negotiation capacity, to assist countries with the negotiation and implementation of the WTO agreements and EPAs, as well as other concurrent trade negotiations.

The removal of current barriers to intra-regional trade and investment and the establishment of more stable, transparent and predictable rules and reliable institutions will contribute significantly to the growth of national and regional economies.

In order to be able to benefit more from increased opportunities to trade and to ensure that benefits from increased trade are distributed more evenly, trade needs to be better integrated into national development strategies and in particular into poverty reduction strategies. The EU should assist the region in this process so as to enable Caribbean governments to effectively use trade as a policy tool to reduce poverty.

The EU strongly encourages and supports efforts to expand trade and economic links to the wider Caribbean region and notably the French DOMs and the UK and NL OCTs, and to Central and Latin America.

Programmes for the restructuring of traditional sectors and enhancing competitiveness and promoting economic diversification have been put in place for bananas, rice, rum and sugar.

In its proposal for reform, the Commission committed itself to accompanying the adaptation process required in those countries. In this context a Regulation on “Establishing Accompanying Measures for Sugar Protocol Countries Affected by the Reform of the EU Sugar Regime” was adopted in 2005, outlining actions to be funded under the budget 2006-2013. Support will be provided on the basis of National Adaptation Strategies, prepared by the Sugar Protocol countries. Foreseen measures could include: (i) Supporting sustainable improvement of the competitiveness of the cane sector, (ii) Promoting diversification of sugar dependent areas (iii) Addressing broader adaptation needs, including mitigation of social impacts.

Key to the successful mitigation of exogenous economic shocks is comprehensive national strategies for restructuring and recovery including the social dimension, fully embedded within overall national and regional development strategies. Such national and regional strategies for reform should accommodate the provision of EU aid through general or sectoral budget support at regional and national level. This would further strengthen national and regional institutions as well as democratic accountability. It would also reinforce coherence in strategic planning and programming and coordination of the development cooperation between the European Community, CARICOM and the individual countries.

Support should be provided to the civil society and the non-state actors (NSA). Support will mainly be aimed at enhancing the capacity building efforts of the civil society and the non-state actors including social partners.

Support should be provided to the private sector and especially small and medium size enterprises that are expected to be the driving force behind sustainable growth and job creation.

EU Research and Development Policy: The EU Research Framework Programmes encourage international cooperation with Caribbean countries and value the potential to reinforce the partnership with that region.

Caribbean countries will benefit from new mechanisms which are being put in place under the 7th EU Research Framework Programme (2007-2013) such as exchange of researchers and coordination of the bi-lateral cooperation programmes vis-à-vis EU Member States and Third Countries. Moreover, Science and Technology Promotion Platforms recently launched with Latin-America and the Caribbean region will further develop these possibilities in a wide regional context.

The EU has supported in the past and will continue its support if required to the CARTAC, the Caribbean Technical Assistance Centre, spearheaded by the IMF, which provides technical assistance on economic and fiscal reform.

The EIB which has a solid track record of development activities in the region should also continue its activities in support of regional integration, private sector and the socio-economic infrastructure in the Caribbean.

Interconnection, whether in the form of air, sea and land transportation is a major element in regional integration and cooperation. The EU has a history of support to the sector of regional transport through the funding of airports, ports, maritime transport, roads and through support to institutional aspects of the transport sector. Interconnectivity programmes, possibly linking with existing programmes in the DOMs and in Latin America will be encouraged.

EU policy will be to continue its support in the area of interconnection, including infrastructure, to encourage the efforts of the individual countries and of the region to enhance their intra-region transport, ensure the closer coordination of their transport policies and liberalise the air transport sector.

Support will also be considered in the areas of energy interconnection, including grid-access to electricity from renewable energy sources and of energy efficiency e.g. by cutting systems losses.

Helping the Caribbean region in their efforts to come to grips with the changing international situation and with the need to embark on structural reforms and economic transition from their traditional sectors towards higher added value products and services is a key objective. In order to achieve this goal, the Caribbean must modernise their states, redefine their overall public sector, reform their government finances, reduce dependence upon import revenues and enhance competitiveness to improve the investment climate so as to create the conditions of sustainable and jobs creating growth.

Key to successful socio-economic transition is the establishment and effective implementation of national long term strategies by the region and the Governments of the Caribbean states. These National strategies must be the basis for all donor cooperation on the regional and national level. All EU aid, irrespective of source or instrument, will be committed in full coherence with national development strategies. For EC development aid this will apply to 10th EDF development cooperation as well as all commodity specific instruments, including but not limited to sugar and bananas, and STABEX.

The EU will continue and strengthen its support to the sectors of Environmental Management and Natural Disaster Management, with emphasis on climate change adaptation and mitigation, early warning, prevention, recovery and rehabilitation.

The EU will support the current efforts of the Caribbean to engage into a proactive agenda to jointly manage structural environmental challenges such as climate change, chemicals and wastes, as well as limited and fragile coastal, marine, biodiversity, land and freshwater resources. Institutional and legislative framework improvement, capacity building and civil society and local population’s involvement will form part of the strategy.

Cooperation in international fora relative to climate change and environmental management will be enhanced.

EU support to the tourism sector must also incorporate the environmental dimension and particularly waste management and coastal zone development. The EU has supported the creation of environmentally managed areas such as the Iwokrama project in Guyana and national parks creation in Grenada, Dominica and elsewhere.

The EDF funded Caribbean Regional Environment Programme with the Caribbean Environment Corporation aimed at strengthening of regional capacity in conservation, management and sustainable development of regional amenity areas (marine, terrestrial, watersheds), illustrated that institutional weaknesses exist in regional bodies which need to be addressed. The EU will therefore also contribute to the building of institutional capacity for environmental management.

CARIFORUM could be supported to train adequate numbers of professionals, to develop a regional action plan, to adopt common approaches to natural resource management, global warming and climate change, to strengthen regional institutional capacities and promote the sustainable use of its biodiversity for commercial purposes.

Environmentally friendly renewable energies could offer the Caribbean much in terms of enhancing the environment but also in economic terms. The EU will promote the pursuit of opportunities in the renewable energies sector, including the promotion of cooperation within the wider Caribbean region and the sharing of best practices and knowhow amongst partner countries. In the second half of 2006 the Finnish presidency of the EU will in the context of the Energy and Environment Partnership with Central America (EPP) organise a conference under the name "European Union Meets Latin America on Renewable Energies" in which the EU will strongly support active Caribbean participation.

The Energy sector in the Caribbean will be eligible for support from the Energy facility, and particular emphasis will be placed on promoting renewable energies.

The EU will contribute significantly to increase the region’s capacity in Natural Disaster Management at all levels, with emphasis on risk reduction, preparedness, early warning, prevention, mitigation and recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction.

Early warning, especially in the case of hurricanes, is technically feasible and the region’s capacity has been enhanced through the 8th EDF Radar Warning System (€13.2 million, 2003-06). This programme will contribute to mitigate the economic, social and environmental losses arising from adverse weather conditions, to improve weather data for sensitive productive activities and to develop early warning and public awareness systems.

The EU will assist the Caribbean region in developing and implementing its strategy for a comprehensive disaster management plan. Such a plan must be holistic in scope also covering issues such as building codes, insurance, rapid response mechanisms including in the area of public security, telecommunications etc.

Support will give continuity to the programmes developed by ECHO, through the DIPECHO programme, and earlier EDF funding in association with CDERA and other strategic partners. DIPECHO (Disaster Preparedness ECHO) has been contributing to the improvement of capacity in the protection and preparedness of communities at risk, with focus on the interrelationship of the various levels of action (local, provincial, national and regional) and on initiatives that can be reproducing, and on the co-ordination of donor efforts. Cross fertilisation of best practices with the French DOM and other EU OCTs, will be strongly supported.

The EU will seek means of streamlining responses to natural disasters. Emergency aid through international partners is immediately allocated and rapidly delivered, however, the phase of rehabilitation, recovery and reconstruction requires strengthening. New and faster disbursing arrangements will be actively considered within a pre-committed financing arrangement.

Regional approaches to Natural Disaster Management are an imperative in the Caribbean. The size of most countries is such that disasters can affect over 90% of the country, as in the recent case of Grenada, necessitating immediate external assistance from the region.

Natural Disaster Management was one of the four priority areas retained for Caribbean ACP/OCT/DOM co-operation..

Exchanges of experience and know-how with countries of the wider Caribbean, notably Cuba, will also be actively promoted in the context of regional cooperation.

The EU Natural Disaster Facility that has been decided in 2005 and which will be a part of the 10th EDF development finance arrangements of the Cotonou Agreement will be a major step, particularly in addressing the area of preparedness. Bridging funding has been agreed to cover the period until the coming into force of the new funding and to assist in the design of the facility itself.

11. Promoting Social Cohesion and Combating Poverty

Tackling the major vulnerabilities in the Caribbean region will help the countries to both improve their economic competitiveness and ensure a better socio-economic cohesion. The EU’s overarching development objective is to assist all the countries in the region to achieve their long term development goals in a self sustaining manner. This includes the generalized achievement of MDGs and poverty reduction, reversing the trend of HIV/AIDS prevalence, the consolidation and building upon the region’s Human Development achievements and the ambition expressed by some of the Caribbean MICs to join the ranks of the developed states by 2020, at the expiry of the current Cotonou Agreement.

Support to the efforts of the individual Caribbean states and of the region to tackle HIV/AIDS as well as other important endemic health problems in the region, including malaria, dengue fever, acquired diabetes and cardiovascular problems, is a political priority of EU development cooperation.

The EU will support interventions for health by strengthening health systems, with special emphasis on human resources, and by increasingly working through sector wide approaches and sector budget support.

The EU is supporting the replenishment of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria with a view to maximising benefits for developing countries. In addition, the EU is contributing to the development of new drugs and vaccines against communicable diseases, inter alia through the European and Developing countries Clinical Trials Partnerships (EDCTP). In response to the Council’s request[27], the Commission will, together with the Member States, develop a roadmap on possible joint action based on the European Programme for Action to confront HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis[28]. The EU will, in this context, promote synergies and provide a coherent and coordinated response to the three diseases across relevant policy areas[29]. In this sense, the Commission has adopted a Communication on combating HIV/AIDS within the European Union and the Neighbouring countries. [30]

The EU has been at the forefront of international efforts to ensure access to essential medicines for developing countries. These efforts contributed to the adoption of the Doha Declaration on TRIPs and public health in November 2001, which confirms the right of WTO members to use flexibilities in the TRIPs Agreement, including issuing compulsory licenses of pharmaceutical products, for reasons of public health. The EU will also support a better linkage between the fight against communicative diseases and the strengthening of health services with special attention to vulnerable groups.

The EU will support the regionalisation of co-operation in health services. There are already examples of a regional approach to the health sectors within for example the OECS where there is a joint pharmaceuticals procurement programme aiming at economies of scale and the new St Lucia Hospital is intended to provide certain specialities for the sub region. This is also the case with certain other medical facilities in the region and in the French DOM.

EU support will be focused on the development and implementation of regional and national strategies addressing both the supply and demand reduction aspects of the problem and the associated issues of drugs related crime. It is necessary to strengthen regional co-ordination of the various drug control programmes by reinforcing relevant, sustainable regional institutions. Long-term objectives are to ensure full integration of drug-related policies into regional development strategies as well as into the social, economic and political fabric of the Caribbean.

With respect to demand reduction, the EU will support the region’s efforts to increase levels of epidemiological surveillance, specialised training of professionals, revise national and regional action plans, place priority on public health, education and research, link treatment and law enforcement, provide specialised training and develop national and regional institutional capacities, and co-ordination of demand reduction projects. Regional capacity in drugs control will be developed, enabling the regional institutions to plan, co-ordinate and monitor demand reduction efforts throughout the region.

On the supply side the EU will support the region’s efforts to deepen its involvement in the international coordination against drugs trafficking, improve regional capacities to disrupt flows, increase regional co-operation, expand regional co-ordination in anti-money laundering and provide specialised training and institutional capacity development.

Increased co-ordination and co-operation with Latin American and other countries and regions are key to the success of efforts in the area of drugs. Full engagement by all partners in the Co-ordination and Co-operation Mechanism on Drugs between the European Union, Latin America and the Caribbean will facilitate the achievement of this objective.

The EU has long played an important role in supporting education in the Caribbean, especially at secondary, tertiary and University level. This co-operation will continue and be enhanced.

The successful EU-supported Caribbean Examination Council (CXC) programme of harmonisation of secondary level education qualifications will be supported in its ongoing extension beyond the original English speaking zone.

Intra-regional University co-operation will be promoted, especially across linguistic frontiers. Such cooperation has already been the subject of a successful 7th EDF University level programme between the University of the West Indies and the Universities of the Dominican Republic and Haiti.

Civil society and the non-state actor University co-operation will also be promoted in the widest sense, eventually including Universities in the French