***** EUROOPAN YHTEISÖJEN KOMISSIO 
Bryssel, 28.09.1995 
KOM(95) 443 lopull. 
EUROOPAN UNIONIN 
TUTKIMUS JA TEKNOLOGINEN 
KEHITTÄMINEN 
VUOSIKERTOMUS 1995 
(komission esittämä) 

Tämä Euroopan kom ission toim ittamatutkim ustoim intaa käsittelevä vuosikertom us edustaa uutta alkua 
Se ilmestyy hetkellä, jolloin vuosisadan loppuun sovellettava uusi tutkimuksen puiteohjelma on 
käynnistetty laajentuneessa Euroopan unionissa, ja uusi komissio on astunut virkaan. 
Vuosikertomusta koskeva vaatimus esitettiin Euroopan yhteisön perustamissopimuksen 130 P 
artiklassa. Aloite oli suurelta osin Euroopan parlamentin ansiota. Komissio on kuitenkin itse yhä 
aktiivisemmin pyrkinyt varmistamaan, että sen toiminta ja tiedonhankinta olisi avoimempaa. Tämä 
ensimmäinen kertomus on toimitettu paljolti juuri tässä hengessä. Komissio toivoo, että tämä kertomus 
osaltaan edistää sitä yhteisön toimielinten välistä rakentavan yhteistyön ilmapiiriä, joka johti neljännen 
puiteohjelman hyvin ajoittuneeseen hyväksymiseen 26 päivänä huhtikuuta 1994 sekä vastaavien 
erityisohjelmien hyväksymiseen ennen vuoden 1994 loppua. 
Tämän vuosikertomuksen myötä avautuu näköala koko yhteisön tutkimustoiminnan laajaan alueeseen, 
jonka puiteohjelma nyt kaltaa.Siinä on myös yhteenveto vuoden 1994 lopun tilanteesta sekä 
yleiskatsaus vuoden 1995 toiminnasta sekä työohjelmasta ja virstanpylväistä. Vuoden 1995 kertomus 
kattaa vuoden 1994 ja siten pääasiassa kolmannen puiteohjelman (1990-1994) tutkimustoiminnan 
tulokset. Vuoden 1995 työohjelman kuvaus käsittelee neljännen puiteohjelman alkua (1994-1998). 
Yhteisön tutkimuspolitiikan kannalta vuosi 1994 oli hyvin aktiivinen ja haasteellinen. Neljännen 
puiteohjelman toimeenpanemiseksi tarvittiin yhteensä 25 lainsäädännöllistä tekstiä: 
Itse puiteohjelma (sekä Euroopan yhteisön että Euratomin tekstit) ja kahdeksantoista erityisohjelmaa, 
kaksi yhteisön Yhteisen tutkimuskeskuksen (YTK) toimintaa sekä yhteisön politiikkaa tukevaa 
kilpailukykyistä tutkimus- ja teknistä toimintaa käsittelevää ohjelmaa, kaksi yhteisön tutki­
musohjelmien osällistumissäännöt kattavaa päätöstä, ja lopuksi tulosten levittämistä koskevat säännöt. 
Heinäkuussa pidetyn tutkimusministerien neuvoston epämuodollisen kokouksen aikana käytiin 
ensimmäinen jäsenvaltioiden tiede- ja teknologiapolitiikkojen yhteensovittamista koskeva keskustelu. 
Myöhemmin lokakuussa 1994 komissio esitti "Yhteensovittaminen yhteistyöllä" -nimisen 
tiedonantonsa. 
Lisäksi komissio perusti vuonna 1994 Euroopan tiede- ja teknologiayleiskokouksen, joka kokoaa 
huomattavia teollisen tutkimustyön ja tiedeyhteisön edustajia komission ja tutkimusyhteisön välisten 
yhteyksien vahvistamiseksi. 
Euroopan talousalueen jäsenvaltiot osallistuivat täysipainoisesti yhteisön muita energianlähteitä kuin 
ydinenergiaa koskeviin tutkimusohjelmiin. Euroopan unioni oli myös aktiivinen kansainvälisen 
tieteellisen ja teknisen yhteistyön alueella sekä kahdenvälisten sopimusten solmimisessa: se teki 
sopimuksen Australian kanssa, sai päätökseen neuvottelut Kanadan kanssa ja aloitti neuvottelut 
Sveitsin ja Israelin kanssa. 
Lisäksi komissio on edelleen jatkanut toimintaansa tiedettä ja teknologiaa ja niiden eurooppalaista 
kulttuuritaustaa koskevan keskustelun edistämiseksi Euroopan tiede-ja teknologiafoorumin puitteissa. 
Se järjesti myös Euroopan tiedekulttuuriviikon marraskuussa 1994. 
t«. 
Vuoden 1994 tutkimustoiminnan ja yleisesti yhteisön tutkimusponnistusten merkitys voidaan tiivistää 
muutamaan lukuun, jotka liittyvät kolmannen puiteohjelman jäsenvaltioita, Euroopan talousalueen 
jäsenvaltioita ja EFTA-valtioita sekä tärkeimpiä täydentäviä toimenpiteitä koskevaan toimintaan: 
vuonna 1994 käynnistettiin 6 101 uutta hanketta, joissa oli 18 261 osallistujaa; vuoden 1994 lopussa 
käynnissä oli 10 976 hanketta; vuonna 1994 käynnissä olleet hankkeet saivat yhteisön tukea yhteensä 
l 936 miljoonaa ecua (lukuun ottamatta YTK:ta). Ne edustivat kaikkiaan 16 407:ää valtioiden rajat 
ylittävääyhteistyökytkenlää koko yhteisön alueella tai Euroopan talousalueella sijaitsevien tutkimus­
ryhmien välillä monia osapuolia koskeneessa toiminnassa, jonka kustannukset jaettiin. 
Vuonna 1995 komissio varmistaa, että neljännen puiteohjelman erityisohjelmien täytäntöönpano on 
tehokasta ja ottaa yhä enemmän huomioon kansalaisten ja markkinoiden tarpeet. Tämä on tarkoittanut 
muun muassa hyvin aktiivista ja kohdeyleisöön suuntautuvaa tiedotuskampanjaa sekä tiedotuspäiviä 
ohjelmien ensimmäisten virallisten ehdotuksia koskevien pyyntöjen esittämisestä 15 päivänä joulukuuta 
1994. 
Puitesopimukseen kohdistetut varat olisi mukautettava kolmen uuden jäsenmaan Itävallan, Suomen ja 
Ruotsin liittymiseen. Lisäksi viimeistään kesäkuussa 1996 päätettävää puiteohjelman lisärahoitusta 
koskeva keskustelu pannaan vireille; komission on tarkoitus tehdä ehdotuksia myöhemmin tänä 
vuonna. 
Lisäksi komissio tasoittaa tietä uusille aloitteille ja uusille lähestymistavoille. Euroopan unionilla on 
edessään työttömyyden, laaja-alaisten yhteiskunnallisten muutosten ja nopeatahtisten teknisten 
uudistusten kaltaisia ongelmia. Yhteisön tutkimustyön saavutusten - siinä määrin kuin ne auttavat 
kehittämään uusia vaihtoehtoja vastauksina näihin haasteisiin - olisi oltava näkyvämpiä kansalaisille. 
Siksi olisi ryhdyttävä konkreettisiin toimiin yhteisön tutkimustoiminnan yhtenäisyyden ja tehokkuuden 
kasvattamiseksi; toimien olisi perustuttava kaikkien osapuolten yksimielisyyteen sovellettavasta 
lähestymistavasta. 
Tämän vuoksi asianomaiset komission jäsenet ovat päättäneet perustaa useita asiantuntijaryhmiäjoiden 
olisi ryhdyttävä toimiin yhteisön, kansallisten ja muiden ponnistusten yhdistämiseksi yhteisissä 
tcollisuushankkeissa ja siten lisättävä niiden vaikutusta. Perustamissopimuksessa jo määrätyt mutta 
aikaisemmin liian vähän käytetyt välineet voisivat tässä yhteydessä osoittautua hyödyllisiksi; näitä ovat 
130 K, L ja N artiklat, joissa annetaan määräyksiä täydentävien työohjelmien käynnistämisestä ja 
yhteisön osallistumisesta useiden jäsenvaltioiden käynnistämiin ohjelmiin tai yhteisiin hankkeisiin. 
Komissio aikoo esittää lisää ideoita keskustelun kohdentamiseksi. Tutkimuksen ja teollisuuden välinen 
elintärkeä suhde on aihe, joka ansaitsee erityistä huomiota. 
Muita tärkeitä aiheita, joita komissio aikoo käsitellä tänä vuonna, on uudistuskehitys 
kokonaisuudessaan - osa-alue, jossa puiteohjelman pienille ja keskisuurille yrityksille suuntaama tuki 
on erityisen tärkeä, kokonaisstrategia kansainvälistä tutkimusyhteistyötä varten, tietoyhteiskuntaan 
kohdistuva tutkimus ja johtamismenetelmien yksinkertaistaminen edelleen yhdessä ohjelmien 
arvioinnin parantamisen kanssa. 
Komissio toivoo, että tämä vuosittainen kertomus on lukijan kannalta tarkoituksenmukainen ja 
valaiseva, oli hän sitten mukana yhteisön tutkimustyössä tai kuuluu niihin, jotka löytävät sen tämän 
kertomuksen kautta. Pyrkimyksenä on, että tämä kertomus olisi hyödyllinen viiteasiakirja ja yhteinen 
tietolähde tutkijoille, yrityksille, tutkimuslaitoksille, tutkimuspolitiikan suunnittelijoille, poliitikoille 
ja itse asiassa kaikille niille, joille Euroopan unionin kilpailukyky ja sen kansalaisten hyvinvointi on 
sydäntä lähellä. 
1b 
EUROOPAN UNIONIN 
TUTKIMUS 
JA TEKNOLOGINEN KEHITTÄMINEN 
VUOSIKERTOMUS 1995 
Sivu 
YHTEENVETO 
JOHDANTO M 
IOSA 
3-21 
EUROOPAN UNIONIN TUTKIMUS, TEKNOLOGINEN 
KEHITTÄMINEN JA ESITTELY (RTD) 
Yhteenveto toiminnasta vuonna 1994 
ja työohjelmista vuodelle 1995 
POLITIIKAN KEHITTYMINEN: Neljäs puiteohjelma ja yhteensovittaminen 3 
Vuoden 1994 toiminut - Neljännen puiteohjelman käynnistäminen 3 
ja uudistettu sitoumus yhteensovittamiseen, keskittämiseen ja kannustamiseen 
Näkymät vuodelle 1995 - Euroopan tutkimustyön saattaminen lähemmäs 7 
teollisuuden ja yhteiskunnan tarpeita 
TUTKIMUSTA, TEKNOLOGISTA KEHITTÄMISTÄ JA ESITTELYÄ (RTD) 
KOSKEVAT OHJELMAT: Saavutukset ja näkymät 8 
KANSAINVÄLINEN YHTEISTYÖ 12 
TULOSTEN LEVITTÄMINEN JA OPTIMOINTI 14 
TUTKIJOIDEN KOULUTUS JA LIIKKUVUUS 16 
YHTEINEN TUTKIMUSKESKUS 18 
JOHTAMINEN 19 
\c 
II OSA 22-61 
RTD-SAAVUTUKSET VUONNA 1994 
TIETO- JA VIESTINTÄTEKNIIKAT 
TEOLLISUUSTEKNIIKAT 
YMPÄRISTÖ 
BIOTIETEET JA -TEKNIIKAT 
ENERGIA 
LIIKENNE 
KANSAINVÄLINEN YHTEISTYÖ 
TULOSTEN LEVITTÄMINEN JA OPTIMOINTI 
INHIMILLINEN PÄÄOMA JA LIIKKUVUUS 
YHTEINEN TUTKIMUSKESKUS 22 
30 
33 
37 
41 
48 
48 
55 
58 
60 
III OSA 
TYÖOHJELMAT VUODELLE 1995 62-80 
ENSIMMÄINEN TOIMINTAMUOTO: RTD-ohjclmat 
TOINEN TOIMINTAMUOTO: Kansainvälinen yhteistyö 
KOLMAS TOIMINTAMUOTO: Tulosten levittäminen ja niiden optimointi 
NELJÄS TOIMINTAMUOTO: Tutkijoiden koulutus ja liikkuvuus 
YTK ja KILPAILUKYKYISET TUKITOIMINTAMUODOT 62 
75 
76 
77 
79 
IV OSA 81-108 
LIITTEET 
LIITE I: Taulukot 1-10, toiminta vuonna 1994 
(Hankkeiden määrä ja luonne, osallistujat, yhteistyökytkennät, 
rahoituksen taso jne.) 
LIITE II: Taulukko 11, työohjelmat vuodelle 1995 
(Aikataulu: ehdotuksia koskevat pyynnöt ja valintamenettely) 
LIITE III: Rahoitus (puiteohjelma 3, puiteohjelma 4, vuotuisissa puite-
ohjelmasitoumuksissa tapahtunut kehitys) 
LIITE IV: Tärkeät edistysaskeleet puiteohjelman päätösten käyttöönotossa 
(puiteohjelma 3, puiteohjelma 4, viittaukset EYVL) 
LIITE V: Luettelo ohjelma-arvioinneista ja vaikutustutkimuksista 
LIITE VI: Lyhenneluettelo 82 
94 
100 
103 
105 
106 
Ici 
JOHDANTO 
Tämä kertomus on lajissaan ensimmäinen. Sopimuksessa Euroopan unionista1 lisättiin EY:n 
perustamissopimukseen 130 P artikla: 
"Jokaisen vuoden alussa komissio antaa Euroopan parlamentille ja neuvostolle kertomuksen. 
Kertomuksessa annetaan tiedot edellisen vuoden toiminnasta tutkimuksessa ja teknologisessa 
kehittämisessä sekä tulosten levittämisessä sekä kuluvan vuoden työohjelmasta," 
Komissio pitää tätä kertomusta tärkeänä tilaisuutena esitellä kokonaiskuva Euroopan unionin 
tutkimustoiminnasta avoimesti ja helposti lähestyttävällä tavalla, ja siten edesauttaa sen Euroopan unionin 
vaurautta ja yhteiskunnallista "hyvinvointia" koskevan tärkeyden ja panoksen laaja-alaisempaa 
ymmärtämistä. 
Neljännessä puiteohjelmassa otettiin käyttöön uusia yhteisön ohjelmien jatkuvaa valvontaa ja arviointia 
koskevia velvoitteita. Joulukuussa 1994 pidetyssä ministerineuvoston (tutkimus) kokouksessa komissio 
luonnosteli uutta strategiaa yhteisön tutkimusohjelmien arvioimiseksi näiden uusien velvoitteiden valossa. 
Tulevaisuudessa tämä vuosittainen kertomus voisi olla olennainen osa arviointia kokonaisuudessaan2. 
Ilmeisistä syistä tässä vuoden 1995 kertomuksessa ei pystytä täysin ottamaan huomioon uutta 
arviointistrategiaa joka on vielä saatettava päätökseen, eikä kaikkia neljännen puiteohjelman ja sen 
erityisohjelmien asettamia velvoitteita, joita ollaan paraikaa toteuttamassa. 
Käytännössä vuoden 1994 kertomuksessa viitataan pääasiassa kolmanteen puiteohjelmaan kuuluvaan 
toimintaan (sekä sitä täydentäviin toimenpiteisiin (APAS, Actions de Préparation d'Accompagnement et 
de Suivi), joita jatketaan osana neljättä puiteohjelmaa). Vuoden 1995 työohjelmaa koskeva kertomus 
käsittelee pääasiassa neljättä puiteohjelmaa. 
Perustamissopimuksessa todetaan, että kertomus esitetään "jokaisen vuoden alussa...". Kuitenkin ottaen 
huomioon, että kertomuksen on laajalti perustuttava luotettaviin tilasto-ja budjettitietoihin, näiden tietojen 
saatavuus määrittää julkaisuaikataulun. 
Tätä tekstiä on lainattu 4 artiklan 1 kohdan toisessa kohdassa niissä kahdessa päätöksessä (EU Ja Euratom), joissa nel­
jäs puiteohjelma on hyväksytty. Siten velvoite hyväksytään koskevaksi puiteohjelman toimintaa kokonaisuudessaan. 
Lisaksi päätöksissä (sekä EU että Euratom), joissa vahvistetaan yhteisön tutkimusohjelmiin osallistumista ja tulosten 
levittämistä koskevat säännöt, 10 artiklan 1 kohdassa ja vastaavasti 4 artiklan 1 kohdassa vuosikertomukseen viitataan 
seuraavalla tavalla: 
"Komission Euroopan parlamentille j ane uv ostolle luovuttaman vuosittaisen kertomuksen onp aatoksen numero [viittaus 
vastaavaan puiteohjelmaa koskevaan päätökseeni 4 artiklan 1 kohdan mukaisesti sisällettävä tämän päätöksen täytän­
töönpanoa koskevaa tietoa " 
Lopuksi on pidettävä mielessä, että neljäs puiteohjelma hyväksyttiin Euroopan unionista tehdyn sopimuksen määräysten 
mukaisesti, kun taas kolmas puiteohjelma, johon tämän kertomuksen taannehtiva osa pääasiassa viittaa, otettiin 
käyttöön Euroopan yhtenäisasiakirjan mukaisesti. 
On huomattava, että Tieteellinen ja tekninen tutkimuskomitea CREST, joka toimii komission ja neuvoston neuvon­
antajana, suositteli jo toista puiteohjelmaa koskevan arviointikertomuksensa yhteydessä seuraavaa: "Liitteessä I 
esitetyn, vuosittaiseen analyysiin perusluvun tilastollisen yhteenvedon olisi muodostettava pohja komission 
vuosikertomukselle, josta Maastrichtin sopimuksen 130 P artiklassa on määrätty." Käsillä olevassa kertomuksessa 
esitetyt tilastot vastaavat pitkälti CREST-kertomuksen tilastoja. 
Kertomus jakaantuu neljään osaan. Kertomuksen ensimmäisessä eli pääosassa "Euroopan unionin tutkimus, 
teknologinen kehittäminen ja esittely: Yhteenveto toiminnasta vuonna 1994 ja työohjelmista vuodelle 
1995" tehdään yhteenveto vuoden 1994 tuloksista ja suunnitelmista vuodelle 1995. Toisessa osassa 
"Toiminta vuonna 1994" esitellään yksityiskohtaisemmin joitakin kunkin erityisohjelman tärkeimpiä 
tutkimustuloksia. Kolmannessa osassa "Työohjelmat vuodelle 1995" esitellään yhteenveto jokaisen eri­
tyisohjelman toimintamuodoista vuodelle 1995. Viimeisessä osassa "Liitteet" esitellään kaavioita, 
taulukoita ja luetteloita mm. hankkeiden tärkeimmistä tilastoista, rahoituksesta, osallistujista, 
tutkimusyhteyksistä jne., tärkeitä päivämääriä ja asiakirjoja kolmannen ja neljännen puiteohjelman 
hyväksymisestä, julkaisu- ja lyhenneluetteloita sekä annetaan kokonaisaikataulu ehdotuksia koskeville 
pyynnöille ja tutkimushankkeiden valintamenettelyille. 
I OSA 
EUROOPAN UNIONIN TUTKIMUS, TEKNOLOGINEN 
KEHITTÄMINEN JA ESITTELY (RTD) 
Yhteenveto toiminnasta vuonna 1994 ja työohjelmista vuodelle 1995 
POLITIIKAN KEHITTYMINEN: Neliä» puiteohjelma ia yhteensovittaminen 
Vuoden 1994 toiminta - Neljännen puiteohjelman käynnistäminen ia uudistettu sitoumus 
yhteensovittamiseen, keskittämiseen ia kannustamiseen 
Vuonna 1994 keskusteltiin yhteisön RTD-politiikan linjasta ajanjaksolle 1994-1998 ja se saatettiin 
päätökseen marraskuussa 1993 ratifioidun Euroopan unionista tehdyn sopimuksen määräysten sekä 
Valkoisen kirjan kasvusta, kilpailukyvystä ja työllisyydestä, jossa analysoitiin tutkimuksen ja kehityksen 
avainasemaa Euroopan unionissa ja vahvistettiin se, mukaisesti. Erityisesti hyväksyttiin neljäs puiteohjelma 
(1994-1998) ja komission maaliskuussa 1994 tekemien ehdotusten seurauksena vastaavat 20 erityisohjel­
maa. Sovittiin yleisistä osallistumissäännöistä yhteisön ohjelmiin ja tulosten levittämisestä; komissio oli 
ottanut ehdotuksensa käsiteltäväksi helmikuussa. Lopulta erityisohjelmat toteutettiin samanaikaisesti kun 
komissio hyväksyi työohjelmat ja julkaisi ehdotuksia koskevat tarjouspyynnöt. Euroopan parlamentissa 
ja tutkimusministerien välillä käytyjen keskustelujen jälkeen komissio esitti tiedonantonsa "Yhteensovitta­
minen yhteistyöllä". 
Valkoisessa kirjassa esittämässään analyysissa, joka koski tutkimuksen ja teknologisen kehittämisen 
osuutta kasvuun, kilpailukykyyn ja työllisyyteen, komissio teki johtopäätöksen, että tarvitaan enemmän 
RTD-rahoitusta, laajempaa kansallisten ja yhteisön RTD-politiikkojen yhteensovittamista sekä parempaa 
kykyä muuttaa tieteelliset edistysaskeleet ja teknologiset saavutukset teollisiksi ja kaupallisiksi menestyk­
siksi. Erityissuosituksia olivat muun muassa 
• parempi kansallisten ja yhteisön politiikkojen yhteensovittaminen, 
• toimintamekanismien luominen teknologiasiirtoja varten, 
• ponnistusten keskittäminen sellaisille alueille, jotka vastaavat uusiin taipeisiin ja 
markkinoihin, 
• uusien suurten hankkeiden määrittely kansallisten elinten ja yritysten kanssa. 
Neljäs puiteohjelma (1994-1998) 
Puiteohjelma on vakiintunut tärkeimmäksi välineeksi Euroopan unionin tutkimusta, teknologista 
kehittämistä ja esittelyä koskevan politiikan toteuttamisessa. Lisäksi Euroopan unionista tehdyn 
sopimuksen mukaisesti kaikki yhteisön tutkimustoiminta on nyt koottu neljänteen puitesopimukseen (1994-
1998). Yhteyksiä yhteisön muihin politiikkoihin on myös vahvistettu ja ohjelman kokonaisrakennetta on 
selkiytetty niin, että se heijastaa suoraan perustamissopimuksessa (130 G artikla) mainittuja eri toiminnan 
lajeja. Tämän ansiosta on voitu korostaa tiettyjen, luonteeltaan "laaja-alaisten" toimintamuotojen merkitys­
tä, nimittäin kansainvälistä tieteellistä yhteistyötä, tulosten levittämistä ja optimointia sekä tutkijoiden 
koulutusta ja liikkuvuutta. 
Neljäs puiteohjelma hyväksyttiin 26 päivänä huhtikuuta 1994 ja vastaavasta 20 erityisohjelmasta sovittiin 
vuoden 1994 kuluessa (katso IV osa, liite IV, päätösmenettelyn virstanpylväät ja viittaukset päätöksiin 
Euroopan yhteisöjen virallisessa lehdessä). Tämä tarkoittaa, että niitä ehdotettiin, niistä neuvoteltiin ja ne 
hyväksyttiin noin kahdessa vuodessa - nopeammin kuin mikä oli mahdollista kolmannen puiteohjelman 
kohdalla. Kun pidetään mielessä Euroopan parlamentin ja ministerineuvoston yhteispäätösmenettelyn 
(perustamissopimuksen 189 b artikla) ja yksimielisyyssäännön yhdessä asettamat rajoitukset, tämä on 
todellinen voimannäyttö. Se ei olisi onnistunut ilman toimielinten päättäväisyyttä saavuttaa myönteinen 
päätös ennen vuoden 1994 loppua, joka oli kolmannen puiteohjelman päättymisaika, ja siten varmistaa 
yhteisön tutkimustoiminnan jatkuvuus. 
Neljännen puiteohjelman tärkeimmät piirteet verrattuna kolmanteen puiteohjelmaan voidaan lyhyesti 
esittää seuraavasti: 
# 12 300 miljoonan ecun1 rahoitus riittää turvaamaan yhteisön tutkimuksen jatkuvuuden. 
Tähän voidaan lisätä lisärahoitusta ennen 30 päivää kesäkuuta 1996, 
# parempi tutkimustulosten yhteensovittaminen, 
# teollisuuden kannalta mielenkiintoiset alueet asetetaan etusijalle samoin kuin ympäristöön 
sekä biotieteisiin ja -tekniikoihin liittyvät alueet, 
# puiteohjelma sisältää useita uusia prioriteettialueita, erityisesti liikenne ja kohdennettu 
sosioekonominen tutkimus, jotka ovat kahden erillisen erityisohjelman sisältönä, 
# tutkimustulosten levittämiselle ja hyödyntämiselle annetaan suurempi merkitys, 
# uusia toteuttamistapoja otetaan käyttöön tehokkuuden ja vaikutuksen parantamiseksi; 
esimerkiksi aihekohtaiset verkot ja aiheryppäät ryhmittävät eri alojen tutkimuskumppanit 
yhteisen tavoitteen ympärille ja samalla voidaan erityisesti korostaa käyttäjien 
osallistumista; lisäksi puiteohjelmassa otetaan huomioon nimenomaan esittelyhankkeet, 
kuten perustamissopimuksessa määrätään, 
# useimmissa ohjelmissa pienten ja keskisuurten yritysten (pk-yritykset) osallistumista 
rohkaistaan yksinkertaistettujen menettelytapojen ja erityistoimenpiteiden avulla, joita ovat 
muun muassa totcutettavuuspalkinnol ja yhteistyönä toteutettavan tutkimuksen rahoitus 
(kolmannen puiteohjelman teollisten ja materiaalitekniikoiden ohjelman, CRAFT, kokei-
lualoitteen antaman virikkeen innoittamana), 
# ehdotusten tekijöiden hallinnollista taakkaa kevennetään ja avoimuutta lisätään 
käyttämällä kiinteitä päivämääriä ehdotuspyynnöille, yksinkertaisia ja yhdenmukaistettuja 
tietopaketteja, hakemus- ja sopimusneuvottelulomakkeita, samanaikaisia tai yhteisiä 
valintamenetelmiä eri ohjelmissa jne., 
# yhteisön oman tutkimuskeskuksen Yhteisen tutkimuskeskuksen (YTK) erityisluonne 
vahvistetaan. Kuitenkin sen eri toimintamuotojen rahoitus perustuu yhä enenevässä määrin 
kilpailujohteiseen lähestymistapaan, 
# nyt tarjoutuu ensimmäistä kertaa tilaisuus ottaa vaiheittain käyttöön hiili-ja terästeollisuu­
den kannalta mielenkiintoista, tähän asti EHTY:n perustamissopimuksen perusteella 
toteutettua tutkimustoimintaa. 
21 päivänä marraskuuta 1994 neuvosto hyväksyi yhteiset yhteisön RTD-toimintaan osallistumista ja 
Lukuun ottamatta Euroopan talousalueen maiden puiteohjelmaan osallistumisen rahoitusta, joka 1994 oli 166 miljoonaa 
ecua. Huhtikuussa 1995 komissio teki ehdotuksen neljännen puiteohjelman rahoituksen mukauttamisesta 7 prosentilla 
Itävallan, Suomen ja Ruotsin liityttyä Euroopan unioniin. 
tulosten levittämistä koskevat säännöt. Aikaisemmin nämä säännöt sisältyivät kuhunkin erityisohjelmaan, 
kun taas tulosten levittämistä koskevat säännöt kolmatta puiteohjelmaa varten annettiin neuvoston 
päätöksessä 92/272/ETY, joka pantiin täytäntöön komission asetuksella 94/1990/EY. 
Kansallisten ja Euroopan unionin RTD-toimintaperiaatteiden yhteensovittamisen parantaminen 
Tehtiin konkreettisia aloitteita, joiden tavoitteena oli parantaa kansallisten ja yhteisön RTD-poIitiikkojen 
yhteensovittamista2. Euroopan parlamentin toukokuussa 1994 antaman päätöslauselman jälkeen Euroopan 
unionin tutkimus- ja opetusministerit pitivät Schvvcrinissä heinäkuussa 1994 epämuodollisen kokouksen 
puheenjohtajamaan Saksan kutsusta. Sen jälkeen, lokakuussa 1994, komissio antoi Yhteensovittaminen 
yhteistyöllä -tiedonantonsa (KOM(94)438). 
Tämä tiedonanto käsitteli myös Valkoisessa kirjassa korostettua aihetta ja Euroopan RTD-toiminnalle 
tärkeää haastetta, niin ittäin Euroopan RTD-politiikkojen hajautumisen vaikutusten estämistä. Tällä hetkellä 
vain noin 13 prosenttia julkisista RTD-voim av aroista on eurooppalaisten RTD-yhteistyöhankkeiden 
käytössä. Tiedonannossa esiteltiin perusteluja ja yleisiä toimintasuunnitelmia muiden voimavarojen 
paremmaksi yhteensovittamiseksi yhteisten tarkoitusperien ja mielenkiinnon kohteiden sekä läheisyysperi­
aatteen mukaisesti. Tiedonanto keskittyi toimintaan kolmella eri tasolla: politiikkojen määrittelyyn, niiden 
toteuttamiseen ja kansainväliseen yhteistyöhön. Erityisesti se korosti "täydentävien toimintaohjelmien" 
(130 K artikla) ja "osallistumisen jäsenvaltioiden aloitteisiin" (130 L artikla) tehokasta toteuttamista 
tilaisuuksina, jotka ansaitsevat tulla huomioonotetuiksi. Tämä voisi esimerkiksi olla tarkoituksenmukainen 
vastaus Euroopan kasvaneeseen yhteensovittamisen tarpeeseen suhteessa teolliseen RTD:hen. 
Yhteensovittamisen edellytyksenä on järjestelmällinen kansallisia RTD-politiikkoja koskevan olennaisen 
ja vertailukelpoisen tiedon vaihto. Tällaiset ponnistukset olisi kohdistettava konkreettisiin aiheisiin, joilla 
on yleistä mielenkiintoa sekä alueisiin, joilla laajempi yhteistyö ja yhteensovittaminen voisivat olla 
hedelmällisiä. 
Havaittu tarve lisääntyneeseen eurooppalaiseen RTD:n yhteensovittamiseen on ollut tärkeä kysymys 
viimeaikaisissa tieteellisen ja teknisen tutkimuskomitean (CREST) tulevaa roolia koskevissa 
keskusteluissa. On todettu, että CREST:n toimeksiantoa olisi arvioitava uudelleen eurooppalaiselle RTD:lie 
asetetun keskeisen roolin valossa, yhtenä yhteisön keskeisenä välineenä. Keskusteluissa on tultu siihen 
johtopäätökseen, että CREST:n olisi oltava tärkeässä osassa kehitettäessä RTD-politiikkaa keskipitkällä 
ja pitkällä aikavälillä, erityisesti kansallisten ja yhteisön toimintamuotojen välisessä yhteensovittamisessa 
sekä tulevien puiteohjelmien valmistelussa. Tässä yhteydessä CREST:n roolin vahvistamista myös RTD-
ohjelmien arvioinnissa pidetään hyödyllisenä. 
Yhteensovittaminen pitää sisällään tarpeen kehittää edelleen yhteistä tieteen ja teknologian kehitysvaiheita 
koskevaa perustietämystä teollisuuden kilpailukyvyn ja yhteiskunnallisten tarpeiden muodostamaa 
laajempaa taustaa vasten. 
Erityisen kohdennetun sosioekonomisen tutkimuksen (targeted socio-economic research, TSER) sisällyttä­
minen puiteohjelmaan ja YTK:n Sevillan tulevaisuuteen suuntautuvan teknologian tutkimuslaitoksen 
perustaminen ovat tärkeitä edistysaskeleita tähän suuntaan. Ohjelma kattaa tiede- ja teknologiàpoliittisten 
vaihtoehtojen arvioinnin, koulutusta ja ammatillista koulutusta koskevan tutkimuksen sekä yhteiskunnalli­
sta yhdentymistä ja syrjäytymistä Euroopassa koskevan tutkimuksen. TSER-ohjelmassa ennakoidaan 
Euroopan teknologisen arviointiverkon (European Technology Assessment Network, ETAN), joka yhdistää 
Euroopan unionista tehdyn sopimuksen 130 II artiklassa todetaan: 
"l. Y hteis ft ja jäsenvaltiot sovittavat yhteen to im intansa tutkimuksen ja teknologisen kehittäm isen alalia turvatakseen 
kansallisen politiikan ja yhteisön politiikan keskinäisen yhtenäisyyden. 
2. Komissio voi kiinteässä yhteistoim innossa jäsenvaltioiden kanssa tehdä aiheellisia aloitteita 1 kohdassa tarkoitetun 
yhteensovittam isen edistäm iseksi. " 
tiede- ja teknologiapohjaisten tutkimusten asiantuntijat ja päätöksentekijät Euroopan tasolla, perustamista. 
Ensimmäisen Euroopan tiede- ja teknologiamittaria koskevan kertomuksen julkaiseminen lokakuussa 1994 
oli toinen huomattava saavutus, jossa tähdättiin Euroopan laajuiseen tiedettä ja teknologiaa koskevan 
määrällisen tiedon yhdistämiseen. Komissio julkaisee tämän uuden tärkeän välineen joka toinen vuosi; 
julkaisutoiminta on lulostajäsenvaltioiden erikoistuneiden toimielinten, kansallisten elinten ja kansainvälis­
ten tahojen, joilla kaikilla on asiantuntemusta tällä alueella, sekä komission henkilöstön välisestä yhteis­
työstä. Kertomus käsittelee kuutta suurta aihetta: Euroopan tieteen ja teknologian asemaa 
maailmanlaajuisessa viitekehyksessä, teollisuuden tutkimus-, teknologista kehittämis-ja esittelytoimintaa 
ja kilpailukykyä, Euroopan RTD:n moninaisuutta, lähenemistä ja yhteenkuuluvuutta, RTD-yhteistyötä 
Euroopassa, Euroopan unionia maailmanlaajuisena yhteistyökumppanina ja lopuksi eurooppalaisten 
asenteita tiedettä ja teknologiaa kohtaan. 
Näitä uusia aloitteita arvioitaessa ei saisi unohtaa olemassa olevia yhteensovittamista edistäviä 
toimintamuotoja. Yhteiset toimintamuodot, jotka määritelmän mukaan edellyttävät kansallisten 
toimintamuotojen yhteensovittamisen tukemista työryhmien ja konferenssien, lyhyen aikavälin tieteellisten 
valtuuskuntien, julkaisujen ja EU-edustajien matkakulukorvausten jne. avulla, ovat puiteohjelmassa tuttuja 
toimintatapoja, erityisesti mittauksen ja testauksen sekä biolääketieteen ja terveydenhuollon ohjelmissa. 
Kaiken kaikkiaan 365 yhteisen toiminnan hanketta käynnistettiin vuonna 1994 ja vuoden loppuun mennes­
sä niitä oli meneillään 3 205. 
Euroopassa alulle pantujen RTD-toimien yhtenäistämiseksi on pyritty läheisempään yhteensovittamiseen 
yhteisön RTD-toimintamuotojen sekä muiden eurooppalaisten ja kansainvälisten valtiollisten ja muiden 
kuin valtiollisten tiedeorganisaatioiden ja niiden perustamien monien tutkijaverkkojen välillä. 
COST (tieteellinen ja teknologinen yhteistyö) edistää osaltaan yhteensovittamista yhteistyöllä Euroopan 
25 COST-jäsenmaassa niiden kansallisesti rahoittamassa tutkimustyössä. Vuonna 1994 pantiin alulle 36 
uutta COST-toimintaa, jolloin kokonaismäärä nousi 115:een. Lisäksi yhteensovittaminen on käytännön 
tasolla edennyt tapauskohtaisesti yhteisön ja yleiseurooppalaisen aloitteen Eurekan välillä. Erinomaisia 
esimerkkejä tehokkaasta yhteensovittamisesta ovat yhteisön merenkulkutiedettä ja -tekniikkaa (MAST) 
ja tieliikennettä (DRIVE) käsittelevien ohjelmien ja vastaavien Eureka-toimintamuotojen Euromarin ja 
Prometheusin väliset kytkennät. Lopuksi yhteisön ja Euroopan eri tutkimuslaitosten välisiä yhteyksiä on 
vahvistettu; näitä tutkimuslaitoksia ovat muun muassa CERN (Euroopan ydintutkimuslaitos), EMBL 
(Euroopan molekyylibiologian laboratorio) ja ESA (Euroopan avaruusjärjestö). Erityisesti komissio on 
sopinut hallinnollisista järjestelyistä CERN:n kanssa 10 päivänä lokakuuta 1994 ja EMBL:n kanssa 18 
päivänä tammikuuta 1995. 
Tulevaisuuden RTD-politiikan valmistelua koskevia neuvoja ja tutkimuksia 
Komissio perusti Valkoisessa kirjassa julkistetun Euroopan tiede- ja teknologiayleiskokouksen (ESTA) 
16 päivänä maaliskuuta 1994, ja se toimii komission korkean tason neuvoa-antavana elimenä tutkimukseen 
liittyvissä kysymyksissä. Se koostuu sadasta huomattavasta tiedemiehestä ja teollisuuden tutkijasta, jotka 
komissio on kutsunut heidän henkilökohtaisen panoksensa takia kansallisista ja eurooppalaisista tutki­
muslaitoksista ja -keskuksista, yliopistoista ja teollisuusyrityksistä sekä järjestöistä. Komission pyynnöstä 
yleiskokous antaa lausuntonsa Euroopan unionin RTD-politiikan toteutuksestajaerityisesti puiteohjelmasta 
ja erityisohjelmista, varsinkin ohjelmien tieteellisestä ja teknisestä sisällöstäja tietyistä niiden johtamiseen 
liittyvistä kysymyksistä. Omasta aloitteestaan yleiskokous esittää kertomuksia ja lausuntoluonnoksia, jotka 
käsittelevät unionin RTD-politiikan eri puolia tai maailmanlaajuisia tiede- ja teknologiasuuntauksia ja 
niiden seurauksia. 
Teollisuuden tutkimuksen ja kehityksen neuvoa-antava komitea (IRDAC) asettaa jatkossakin 
erityisneuvonsa ja asiantuntemuksensa komission käyttöön. 
Euroopan tiede- ja teknologiafoorumi perusteltiin ideoiden alulle panemiseksi ja keskustelun 
herättämiseksi tieteen ja teknologian sosioekonomisista, eettisistä, lainsäädännöllisistä, historiallisista ja 
kulttuurisista piirteistä Euroopassa. Foorumi saattaa yhteen akateemisia ja teollisuuden tutkijoita, poliittisia 
päätöksentekijöitä, valtion toimielinten edustajia ja valittujen alojen asiantuntijoita konferensseissa, joita 
on valmisteltu perusteellisesti tutkimuksilla ja valmistelevilla seminaareilla. Vuonna 1994 järjestettiin viisi 
erittäin myönteisen vastaanoton saanutta hanketta. Samana vuonna pidettiin myös Euroopan tiede- ja 
kulttuuriviikko. 
Lisäksi tulevien puiteohjelmien valmistelemiseksi on käynnistetty tai saatettu päätökseen useita 
tutkimuksia. Valaisevia esimerkkejä ovat jäsenvaltioiden julkisten tutkimusbudjettien määritelmiä 
käsittelevä tutkimus sekä tutkimukset, jotka käsittelevät sotilaalliseen tutkimukseen liittyvän teollisuuden 
eriytymistä, Euroopan vaikeuksissa olevien teknologioiden arviointia, eurooppalaista ja kansainvälistä 
yhteistyötä teknologiacnnusteidcn tekemisessä sekä Euroopan sisäisten yhteistyöohjelmien suunnittelua. 
Säännöllisin väliajoin tehtävät curobarometri-tutkim ukset ovat osoittaneet yleisön asenteen tiedettä ja 
teknologiaa kohtaan muuttuneen myönteisemmäksi. 
Näkymät vuodelle 1995 - Euroopan tutkimustyön saattaminen lähemmäs teollisuuden ia yhteiskunnan 
tarpeita 
Voimavarojen keskittäminen tärkeimpiin haasteisiin 
Komission Yhteensovittaminen yhteistyöllä -tiedonannon mukaisesti kaikkia perustamissopimuksen 
sallimia mahdollisuuksia olisi käytettävä, jotta yhteisön RTD-potentiaali pystyttäisiin täysin hyödyntämään 
ja aikaansaamaan konkreettisia tuloksia. Euroopan komission Euroopan teollisuuden kilpailukykyä 
koskevassa tiedonannossa tunnistetut prioriteetit käsittävät aineettomien investointien edistämisen, joita 
ovat muun muassa tutkimus ja koulutus sekä pyrkimys ottaa paremmin huomioon markkinoiden tarpeet. 
Useita asiantuntijaryhmiä on perustettu käynnistämään yhteisiä, teollisuuden kannalta kiinnostavia 
hankkeita. Asiantuntijaryhmät kattavat muun muassa seuraavat aiheet: 
- "huomisen auto", 
- "multimedia-opetusohjelmisto", 
- "uuden sukupolven lentokone", 
- "rokotukset ja virussairaudet", 
- "tulevaisuuden rautatiet", 
- "eri liikennemuotojen yhdisteltävyys". 
Tätä lähestymistapaa käytetään edelleen kattamaan muita mahdollisia julkisen sektorin ja teollisuuden 
kannalta mielenkiintoisia alueita, kuten ympäristö- tai merenkulkualan teollisuus. Asiantuntijaryhmien olisi 
saatettava liikkeelle kaikki käytettävissä oleva asiantuntemus sekä saatettava yhteen teollisuus mukaan 
lukien pk-yritykset ja erityisesti käyttäjäryhmät saadakseen niiden näkemykset teknisistä prioriteeteista, 
sekä kuultava asianmukaisia eturyhmiä ja kansallisia toimielimiä. Asiantuntijaryhmät analysoivat näkymiä 
yksityiskohtaisesti taloudelliselta, tieteelliseltä ja tekniseltä kannalta. Ne ehdottavat hankkeiden 
yhdistämistä ryppäiksi tunnistamalla työohjelmien olennaiset alueet ja tarkastelemalla erityisohjelmien 
osana päätettyjä, myös meneillään olevia hankkeita. Lisäksi asiantuntijaryhmät tekevät ehdotuksia 
työohjelmien mahdollisesta ajan tasalle saattamisesta ja hyväksymisestä sekä uusista aloitteista erityisesti 
Euroopan yhteisön perustamissopimuksen täydentävien ohjelmien toteuttamista, yhteisön osallistumista 
jäsenvaltioiden aloitteisiin ja yhteisten hankkeiden käynnistämistä koskevien 130 K, L ja N artiklan mah­
dolliseksi soveltamiseksi. 
Näiden asiantuntijaryhmien työn alustavat tulokset otetaan huomioon ja niiden työstä keskustellaan 
edelleen niissä tiedonannoissa, joista on ilmoitettu komission yleisessä työohjelmassa vuodelle 1995. Ne 
käsittävät tiedonantoja ja Vihreitä kirjoja, jotka käsittelevät tutkimuksen ja teollisuuden välisiä yhteyksiä, 
tutkimuksen roolia tietoyhteiskunnassa, uudistuspolitiikkojen edistämistä, yhteisön tutkimusohjelmien 
esinormatiivisia ulottuvuuksia, perustamissopimuksen 130 K ja L artiklassa määrättyjä uusia yhteistyöta-
poja sekä sopimuksen 130 N artiklan mukaisia yhteistyön välineitä. 
Lisäksi komissio tekee ehdotuksia puiteohjclmapäätöksissä ennakoiduksi puiteohjelman lisärahoitukseksi 
ensimmäisten täydentävien työohjelmien mahdollista käynnistämistä varten. 
Komissio on myös ehdottanut näiden kahden puiteohjelman rahoitussäännösten mukauttamista unionin 
laajenemisen vuoksi. Puiteohjelmien rahoitukseen ehdotetaan 
7 prosentin lisäystä tai 861 miljoonan ecun lisärahoitusta nykyisen tasoisen tutkimustyön ylläpitämiseksi 
laajentuneessa Euroopan unionissa. Tämä määrä vastaa viime marraskuussa käydyissä kolmenvälisissä 
budjettineuvotteluissa päätettyä lisäystä käytettäväksi yhteisön sisäpolitiikan budjettiin; se vastaa 
suunnilleen myös kolmen uuden jäsenvaltion prosenttiosuutta (7,01 %), jonka ne olisivat maksaneet 
neljältä yhteisön puiteohjelmaa varten, jos ne olisivat yhä olleet Euroopan talousalueen jäseniä vuonna 
1995 sekä näiden maiden vuonna 1994 maksamaa prosenttiosuutta (6,87%) kolmanteen puiteohjelmaan 
kuuluvia muita energianlähteitä kuin ydinenergiaa koskevia ohjelmia varten. 
Muita käytännön toimia yhteensovittamisen parantamiseksi 
Yhteensovittamiseen yhteistyöllä -tiedonannosta on keskusteltu laajalti eri foorumeissa sekä yhteisön 
toimielimissä että niiden ulkopuolella. Näitä keskusteluja jatketaan vuonna 1995 neuvoston 
päätöslauselman hyväksymiseksi ja ensisijaisten alueiden tunnistamiseksi konkreettisia toimenpiteitä 
varten. 
CREST:n tulevan roolin määrittelyssä edetään rinnakkain yhteensovittamista koskevan keskustelun kanssa. 
Eräs käsiteltävä kysymys on CREST:n ja muiden sellaisten eurooppalaisten toimielinten välinen 
vuorovaikutus, joilla on kiinnostusta RTD:hen. 
Maaliskuussa 1995 uuden kohdennetun sosioekonomisen tutkimusohjelman puitteissa julkaistun 
kiinnostuksenilmaisupyynnön seurauksena perusteltiin Euroopan teknologia-arvioinnin verkko ETAN 
helpottamaan eurooppalaisen tutkimuksen ja uudistustyön analysointia ja vertailua. Tällainen verkko voi 
pitkällä aikavälillä edistää tutkimuksesta vastaavien henkilöiden, parlamentin jäsenten, yhteiskunnallisten 
ja taloudellisten kysymysten asiantuntijoiden sekä muiden näkemysten sovittamista edessämme olevista 
ongelmista sekä kansallisella ja Euroopan tasolla noudatettavista menettelytavoista. Sen tiedonvaihtoa ja 
tutkimuskokemusta koskevan toim innan olisi oltava kysyntäjohteista eli käyttäjien, toisin sanoen kansallis­
ten hallitusten, parlamentin jäsenten, komission, teollisuuden edustajien ja kaikkien olennaisten 
yhteiskunnallis-taloudellisten toimijoiden ohjaamaa. Alustava asiakirja esittelee tätä taustaa vasten 
kansallisten keskusten ja Sevillan tulevaisuuteen suuntautuvan teknologian tutkimuslaitoksen eri 
toimintamuotojen välistä yhteensovittamista. 
RTD-OHJELMAT: Saavutukset ia näkymät 
Toiminta vuonna 1994 
Yhteisön RTD-toiminnan tasoa voidaan helpoiten kuvata muutamalla suuntaa antavalla luvullajotka 
liittyvät kolmannen puiteohjelman jäsenvaltioita, Euroopan talousalueen ja EFTA-maita sekä myös 
tärkeimpiä täydentäviä toimenpiteitä koskevaan toimintaan: vuonna 1994 uusia hankkeita käynnistettiin 
6 101 ja niissä oli IS 261 osallistujaa; vuoden 1994 lopussa meneillään oli kaiken kaikkiaan 10 976 
hanketta; ne saivat yhteisön tukea yhteensä 1 936 miljardia ecua (Yhteistä tutkimuskeskusta lukuun 
ottamatta). Ne edustivat kaikkiaan 16 407 valtioiden rajat ylittävää yhteistyökytkentää koko yhteisön 
alueella tai Euroopan talousalueella sijaitsevien tutkimusryhmien välillä monia osapuolia koskeneessa 
toiminnassa, jonka kustannukset jaettiin. Yksityiskohtaisemmat tiedot löytyvät IV osan liitteen 1 taulu­
koista. Kunkin RTD-ohjelman toimintaa ja vuoden 1994 tuloksia selostetaan yksityiskohtaisemmin tämän 
kertomuksen toisessa osassa. Seuraavassa esitellään muutamia pääpiirteitä 
Euroopan yhteisön perustamissopimuksen (130 F artikla) mukaan yhteisön RTD-toiminnalla on kaksi pää­
määrää; ensimmäinen on "... lujittaa yhteisön teollisuuden tieteellistä ja teknologista perustaa sekä suosia 
yhteisön teollisuuden kansainvälisen kilpailukyvyn kehittämistä samoin kuin edistää kaikkea tutkimus­
toimintaa, jota pidetään tarpeellisena tämän sopimuksen muiden lukujen perusteella. " Yleisellä tasolla 
puiteohjelman erityisohjelmat edistävät osaltaan kumpaakin tavoitetta; jäljempänä olevat esimerkit 
tuloksista on tarkoitettu ennemmin valaisemaan tätä kuin antamaan tyhjentävää kuvausta kunkin ohjelman 
tavoitteista ja laajuudesta. 
Seuraavassa mainitaan muutama yksittäinen esimerkki Euroopan teollisuuden kilpailukykyyn liittyvästä 
tutkimustoiminnasta. 
Tietotekniikka-ohjelmassa (ESPRIT) käynnistettiin 109 hanketta Euroopan ohjelmistojärjestelmäaloitteen 
(ESSI) puitteissa, joka pyrkii levittämään parhaita ohjelmistokäytäntöjä. Se myös vastasi Euroopan 
ohjelmistolaitoksen (ESI) alkupääomasta; laitoksen perustivat 15 suurta ohjelmistoyritystä, jotka panivat 
alulle Euroopan laajuisen ohjelmistoprosessien koulutustoiminnan. Erityisesti pk-yritykset ovat ottaneet 
hyvin myönteisesti vastaan ESSln toiminnan, sillä yritysten kiinnostus uusiin ohjelmistotekniikoihin liitty­
viin parhaisiin ohjclmislokäytäntöihin on suuri niiden pyrkiessä parantamaan teollista kilpailukykyään. 
Toinen esimerkki tästä ohjelmasta käsittää tietokoneavusteiseen valmistukseen ja suunnitteluun (CIME) 
liittyvät aloitteet. Teolliseen viestintään ja automaatioon tarkoitettujen integroitujen järjestelmien 
yhteissuunnittelua ja rinnakkaisrakentamista varten on toteutettu kehittyneitä tietotekniikoita; lisäksi 
useisiin standardisointiin liittyviin toimintamuotoihin esimerkiksi mekaanisen suunnittelun alalla on 
myötävaikutettu merkittävästi. Tekoälyyn perustuvien tuotantojärjestelmien (IMS) aloitteen, jonka 
osallistujat olivat Euroopan lisäksi Japanista, Yhdysvalloista ja muualta, esitutkimusvaiheessa tutkittiin 
useita testitapauksia. 
Kehittyneiden viestintätekniikoiden alalla on kehitetty integroitujen viestintäjärjestelmien prototyyppejä 
läheisessä yhteistyössä useiden eri alojen, kuten liikenteen, teollisuustuotannon, kulttuurin, julkaisutoi­
minnan, rakennustoiminnan, kaupan ja pankkitoiminnan käyttäjien kanssa toteutetuissa hankkeissa. Näihin 
hankkeisiin sisältyi myös teknis-taloudellisia tutkimuksia ja verkkojensisäisiä yhteyksiä koskevien 
standardien kehittämistä. 
Miniatyyritekniikka on nousussa. Teollisuus- ja materiaalitekniikoiden ohjelman puitteissa 
mikroelektroniikan viimeaikainen kehitys on synnyttänyt "mikromoottoreiden" prototyyppejä: nämä ovat 
pieniä, 1 mm:n kokoisia tai sitäkin pienempiä moottoreita. Niitä voidaan käyttää moniin eri tarkoituksiin, 
esimerkiksi lääketieteessä mikrokinirgiaan, elimistöön istutettaviin pumppuihin sekä muihin tarkoituksiin. 
Niiden valmistamiseen liittyy kuitenkin valtavia teknisiä ongelmia. Moottorit vaurioituvat erittäin helposti 
kaikkien fyysisten voimien vaikutuksesta (pöly- tai öljyhiukkanen riittää pysäyttämään ne), ja ne on myös 
vaikea koota. Tästä syystä neljä laitosta on yhdistänyt voimansa mikrokoneiden suunnittelun tutkimiseksi 
kolmiulotteisten matemaattisten mallien avulla sekä komponenttien mekaanisten ja niiden muodonmuu­
tokseen liittyvien ominaisuuksien tutkimiseksi; näin pyritään ratkaisemaan kitkaongelmat elektrostaattisia 
voimia käyttämällä. Mikromoottorin painon pitämiseksi mahdollisimman pienenä osapuolet työskentelevät 
liimaukseen perustuvien kokoamismenetelmien parissa. 
Kiinnostuneiden yritysten aloitteesta biotekniikan ohjelman osana on perustettu 
7 teollisuuden neuvontapistettä, jotka toimivat kukin erityisellä teknologiasektorillaan. Neuvontapisteet 
tarjoavat tavarantoimittajille ja komission yksiköille asiantuntijaneuvoja teollisuuden kannalta olennaisista 
aiheista ja edesauttavat siten kaikkien osapuolten kannalta dynaamista vuorovaikutusta. Tieteellisistä 
tuloksista mainittakoon, että teollisten mikro-organismien alueella on otettu merkittäviä edistysaskeleita: 
on pystytty eristämään ja kuvaamaan uusia eliöitä, jotka pystyvät elämään äärimmäisissä olosuhteissa. 
Eräät konkreettiset tulokset, jotka vaikuttavat yhteisön muihin politiikkoihin ia yhteiskunnan tarpeisiin ia 
siten yhteisön RTD-toiminnan toiseen yleiseen päämäärään, ansaitsevat tässä yhteydessä maininnan: 
Luonnollista ympäristöä koskeva tutkimus on tuottanut tietoa, jota voidaan käyttää Euroopan unionin 
ympäristöpolitiikan ja sen hallinnoinnin toteuttamiseen tai parantamiseen. Onnistuneina esimerkkeinä 
kahdesta ympäristöalan ohjelmasta ovat uuden funktionaalisen lähestymistavan kehittäminen suoalueiden 
arviointiin ja suojeluun, läntisen Välimeren monimutkaisen saastumisprosessin ymmärtäminen ja hydro­
dynaamisen ja ekologisen, korkealla sijaitsevien vuoristojärvien reagoimista saastumiseen selvittävän 
mallin kehittäminen, joka edistää Alppien yleissopimusta, sekä rannikkoa muovaavien fysikaalisten 
prosessien mekanismien ymmärtäminen. 
Mittaus- ja testausohjelma edisti merkittävästi sisämarkkinoiden toimintaa muodostamalla tieteellisen ja 
teknisen perustan yli 30 eurooppalaiselle standardille. Teollisuuden kannalta kiinnostavimpia ovat eri 
materiaalien (metallit, savitavara, päällysteet jne.) testaamiseen ja rakentamiseen liittyvät hankkeet. Euroo­
pan laajuinen hanke, jonka tarkoituksena on kehittää parempia menetelmiä pehmustettujen huonekalujen 
tulenkestävyyden ja tuleen reagoimisen määrittelemiseksi ei pelkästään muodosta pohjaa tuleville 
standardeille ja mahdolliselle lainsäädännölle, vaan tarjosi sen lisäksi koulutusta niille jäsenvaltioille, 
joiden on vielä kehitettävä lestauslaitoksiaan tällä alueella. 
Terveys- ja kuluttajansuojapoliUikkam oman panoksensa antavat sekä biolääketieteen ja terveyden 
ohjelma että maatalouden ja maatalousteollisuuden ohjelma. Kolme tärkeää hanketta keskittyi kehittämään 
tehokkaita rokotuksia HIV-viruksen tarttumisen ehkäisemiseksi ja AIDSin etenemisen pysäyttäviä 
lääkkeitä. Geeniristcytyksen tuloksena saadun tomaatin turvallisuuden arviointiin on kehitetty menetelmä, 
joka on hyvin hyödyllinen uusia elintarvikkeita koskevia suuntaviivoja valmisteltaessa. 
Yleistä etua koskevien telemaattisten järjestelmien ohjelma vaikutti myös osaltaan terveyspolitiikkoihin 
ja muihin politiikkoihin kuten kuljetukseen, sisämarkkinoihin, kulttuuriin, kasvatukseen ja koulutukseen. 
"Multimedian telekoulu", joka mahdollistaa opettajan katseyhteyden useiden eri paikoissa olevien 
opiskelijoiden kanssa, on kehitetty tämän ohjelman puitteissa. Telekoulu on järjestänyt 20 vuorovaikutuk­
seen perustuvaa kurssia vieraan kielen oppimisen, televiestinnän ja ympäristötietoisuuden tapaisissa 
aineissa, joihin on osallistunut yli 1 600 johtotason opiskelijaa tärkeistä yrityksistä 12 eri maasta. 
Yhteisen maatalouspolitiikan ja maaseudun kehittämisen aloilla maatalouden ja maatalousteollisuuden 
ohjelman, johon kuuluu myös kalastuspolitiikka, uudet hankkeet tuottavat paljon tarpeellista tietoa ja 
vihjeitä siitä, miten kvantitatiivisia malleja tulevaisuudessa käytetään maataloudessa. Lisäksi yhteiselle 
kalastuspolitiikalle on saatu tukea tärkeimpiä Atlantin valtameressä ja Välimeressä eläviä Euroopan kala­
kantoja koskevan lisääntyneen tiedon ansiosta. 
Energia-alalla energiaongelmien puitteissa on kehitetty uusia strategisen analyysin ja mallintamisen 
välineitä monimutkaisen energia-ympäristö-talous -järjestelmän muodostaman kokonaisuuden ja sen 
tulevien trendien analysoimiseksi tarkoituksena maailmanlaajuisen energia-alan RTD-strategian 
määritteleminen Euroopan unionille. Tämän monimutkaisen järjestelmän luonnehtimiseksi sekä Euroopan 
että maailman laajuisesti kehitettiin uusi matemaattisten mallien sukupolvi. Eri polttoainekiertojen (ydin­
polttoaine, hiili, kaasu ja uusiutuvat polttoaineet) kustannusten arvioimista varten kehitettiin yhteisön ja 
Yhdysvaltain välisenä yhteistyönä uusi laskennallinen viitekehys. Ydinfuusio-ohjelmassa ensimmäisen 
kokeellisen fuusioreaktorin lTER:n suunnittelu on edennyt neljän osapuolen keskisen ITER-EDA 
sopimuksen (tekninen suunnittelu) puitteissa, jossa mukana ovat Euratom, Japani, Venäjä ja Yhdysvallat. 
Eräs teollisuuden ryhmä valittiin edistämään Euratomin osallistumista ITER:n kokonaissuunnitteluun. 
Lopuksi yhteyksiä yhteisön alue-ja rakennepolitiikkoihin on vahvistettu useiden toimintamuotojen avulla, 
joissa on otettu huomioon komission 12 päivänä toukokuuta 1993 antama tiedonanto "Yhteenkuuluvuus 
ja RTD-politiikka" (KOM(93) 203). Epäsuotuisat alueet ovat hyötyneet RTD-puiteohjelmasta eri tasoilla, 
erityisesti seuraavilla: 
tutkimusaiheen valinta (mm.aavikoituminen, uusiutuvat energianlähteet, perinteinen 
käsityötcollisuus, maaseutualueet, meritieteet jne.) 
11 
toimenpiteet pk-yritysten hyväksi (kuten teollisuustekniikan ohjelmassa käynnistetty C-
RAFT-aloitc, joka ulotettiin muihin ohjelmiin) 
verkostoja luovat toimenpiteet 
tutkimustulosten levittämiseen ja tcknologiasiirtoon kiinnitetty huomio, varsinkin VALUE 
II- ja SPRINT-ohjelmicn yhteydessä 
erikoishankkeet kuten inhimillisen pääoman ja liikkuvuuden ohjelma 
Lisäksi on aloitettu joitakin toimintoja (tutkimukset, pilottiprojektit ja seminaarit) yhteistyössä 
rakennerahastojen toimintojen kanssa. Esimerkkeinä voidaan mainita "tutustumisseminaarit" 
ykköstukialueilla (Lissabonissa ja Dublinissa) sekä tutkimukset seuraavista aiheista: RTD-toiminnat, joihin 
voi saada rahoitusta rakennerahastoista; RTD-verkostot ykköstukialueiden ja teollisuusalueiden välillä; 
RTD-politiikkaykköslukialueilla sekä maaseutualueillaja saarilla; luettelo (1989-1993) STRIDE-ohjelman 
(Alueellista innovaatiota ja kehitystä Euroopassa edistävä tiede ja teknologia) hankkeista.Lisäksi 
rakennerahastojen rahoittama pilottiprojekti on mahdollistanut yhteisön tutkimustulosten hyödyntämisen 
ykköstukialueilla. Aloitteista saatu kokemus tulee olemaan hyödyllinen päätettäessä neljännen 
puiteohjelman kolmannen alueen toiminnoista. 
Aloitteet ovat edistäneet vähemmän kehittyneiden alueiden kokonaisvaltaista tutkimuskapasiteettia. 
Verrattuna toiseen puiteohjelmaan on kolmannen puiteohjelman ykköstukialueiden osallistujien määrä 
noussut huomattavasti (noin 13%). 
Toisessa osassa, jossa esitellään vuoden 1994 saavutuksia (RTD-tulokset), on joukko muita esimerkkejä 
eri alojen hankkeista, jotka ovat osoittautuneet menestyksellisiksi teollisuuden kannalta tai ovat vastanneet 
yhteiskunnallisia tarpeita. 
TÄRKEIMMÄT ALOITTEET VUODELLE 1995 
Kaikkien ohjelmien kohdalla tärkein tavoite vuodelle 1995 on uusien erityisohjelmien tehokas toteutus, 
joka useimmissa tapauksissa tapahtuu ehdotuksia koskevien pyyntöjen, ehdotusten valitsemisen ja 
hankkeiden aloittam isen avulla. Y ksityiskohtaisem m at kuvaukset löytyvät täm än kertom uksen kolm annesta 
osasta. Kuitenkin neljännen puiteohjelman toteutus on tuonut erityisohjelmiin joukon uusia piirteitä, joita 
esitellään seuraavassa: 
Tieto- ia viestintätekniikoiden aloilla kaikki kolme erityisohjelmaa edistävät "tietoon nojautuvan 
Euroopan" muodostumista, tietoyhteiskunnan rakentumista (Eurooppa- neuvoston ja G7-maiden välisen 
sitä koskevan kokouksen suosituksiin perustuen) sekä eurooppalaisen digitaaliteollisuuden kehittymistä. 
Käyttäjien tarpeet otetaan aiempaa paremmin huomioon erityisesti multimediatekniikoiden sekä 
ohjelmisto-ja telcmatiikkasovcllusten kohdalla, joiden odotetaan luovan uusia markkinoita ja työpaikkoja. 
Eräs teollisuustekniikoidcn alueen kahden ohjelman päätavoitteista on valmistella tulevaisuuden tehdasta 
kestävän kehityksen muodostamaa taustaa vasten, mukaan lukien parempaan työympäristöön sekä uusia 
tuotantotekniikoita, materiaaleja ja organisaatioita koskeviin malleihin tähtäävä tutkimus. Standardeihin 
ja mittauksiin samoin kuin liikennetekniikoihin keskittyvä tutkimus edesauttaa yhteisön muiden 
politiikkojen, kuten sisämarkkina-ja liikennepolitiikan, toteuttamista. 
Ympäristöalan kaksi ohjelmaa keskittyy ilmaston ja luonnollisten järjestelmien - maan, ilmakehän ja 
merien perustavanlaatuisiin mekanismeihin (maailmanlaajuinen muutos), ympäristötekniikoihin, mukaan 
lukien meritekniikat ja maapallon tarkkailuun tarkoitettujen avaruustekniikoiden käyttö, sekä ympäristön 
muutoksen yhteiskunnallisiin ulottuvuuksiin. Ponnistusten yhteensovittamisen turvaamiseksi 
kansainvälisellä tasolla toimintaa kehitetään läheisessä yhteistyössä Euroopan maailmanlaajuisen 
muutoksen tutkimusverkon (ENRICH) ja muiden kansainvälisten elinten kanssa. 
Biotieteiden ia -tekniikoiden alan kolmella erityisohjelmalla on kahtalainen päämäärä: ne vahvistavat 
12 
omalta osaltaan Euroopan strategista asemaa tällä lupaavalla alalla ja pyrkivät parantamaan elämänlaatua 
täyttämällä vuodet elämällä eikä vain kasvattamalla vuosien määrää. Tämä saavutetaan tutkimalla 
biotckniikoita, elintarvikkeita, lääkearviointia, tärkeimpiä sairauksia (kuten syöpä ja AIDS), ihmisen 
geeniperimää ja aivoja. Lisäksi on mahdollistettu biotieteiden ja -tekniikoiden lainsäädännöllisten, eettisten 
ja yhteiskunnallisten näkökohtien tutkimus. Euroopan unionin jäsenvaltioiden neuvotteluja käydään Euroo­
pan neuvostossa bioctiikan alan puiteyleissopimuksen tekstin viimeistelemiseksi. Euroopan neuvoston 
ministerineuvoston ennustetaan hyväksyvän tämä yleissopimus vuonna 1995. Neuvostolle tehdään 
todennäköisesti aikanaan ehdotus Euroopan unionin osallistumisesta yleissopimukseen sen sopimusosapuo­
lena. 
Kolme energia-alan ohjelmaa toteutetaan tarkoituksena kasvattaa energiankäytön tehokkuutta 
(polttokennot, patterit jne), parantaa tämänhetkisiä teknologioita (ydin- turvallisuus, hiilidioksidipäästöjen 
vähentäminen jne), edistää tulevaisuuden energialähteiden (uusiutuva energia, fuusio jne.) kehittämistä 
sekä kannustaa sosioekonomisten tekijöiden huomioon ottamiseen. Tehokkaiden energiatekniikoiden 
esittelyhankkeita jatketaan. Ydinfuusion alueella toiminta keskittyy ITER:n suunnittelutyöhön, ja 
välikertomus julkaistaan vuonna 1995. JET:n (Yhteiseurooppalainen torus) ja yhteenliittymien erikoisvä­
lineiden puitteissa jatketaan plasmafysiikkaa ja -suunnittelua koskevan tutkimuksen ja kehittämistyön 
tukemista. Ydinfuusiotekniikan, -turvallisuuden ja fuusiovoiman yhteiskunnallistahyväksyttävyyttäkoske­
vaa toimintaa laajennetaan. 
Uusi liikenneohjelma edistää osaltaan todellisen eurooppalaisen liikennepolitiikan määrittelyä, joka 
toteutetaan kehittämällä korkcatchoisia Euroopan laajuisia verkostoja. Tutkimus kattaa kaikki 
liikennemuodot (rautatie-, ilma-, kaupunki-, tie-, meri-ja jokiliikenne), ja pyrkimyksenä on tehdä niistä 
tehokkaita, keskenään yhteensopivia, taloudellisia ja ympäristön kannalta hyväksyttäviä. 
Ensimmäistä kertaa toteutetaan ohjelma kohdennetun sosioekonomisen tutkimuksen alalla. Se käsittää 
tiede-ja teknologiapolitiikan vaihtoehtojen arvioinnin samoin kuin koulutusta ja ammatillista koulutusta 
sekä yhteiskunnallisia integroitumista ja syrjäytymistä Euroopassa koskevan tutkimuksen. Euroopan 
teknologia-arvioinnin verkko (ETAN) on tärkeä osa tätä ohjelmaa. 
KANSAINVÄLINEN YHTEISTYÖ 
TOIMINTA VUONNA 1994 
Kuluneen vuoden aikana kansainvälisestä tieteellisestä yhteistyöstä on tullut entistä tärkeämpi näkökohta 
Euroopan unionin tutkimustoiminnassa. Tämä ilmenee sekä useimpien neljännen puiteohjelman 
erityisohjelmien avaamisena kansainväliselle yhteistyölle että yhtenäiset puitteet kansainväliselle 
yhteistyölle tarjoavan erityisohjelman (toisen toimintamuodon) hyväksymisenä. Lisäksi toimeenpantiin 
konkreettisia aloitteita suhteiden solmimiseksi useiden maiden kanssa tai olemassaolevien yhteistyöjärjes­
telyjen ulottamiseksi niihin sekä yhteyksien vahvistamiseksi tieteelliseen yhteistyöhön erikoistuneisiin 
eurooppalaisiin laitoksiin. 
Näiden aloitteiden taustalla on useita tekijöitä, muun muassa: 
unionin velvollisuudet sitä Euroopan osaa kohtaan, joka oli lännestä erossa 50 vuotta, 
halu auttaa unionin itäisillä ja Välimeren reunoilla sijaitsevia alueita ja kehitysmaita 
käyttämään tiedettä hyväkseen pyrkimyksissään ratkaista niiden edessä olevat vakavat 
ongelmat, 
teknologiasysäys, joka on seurausta unionin osallistumisesta tärkeimpien 
teknologiavaltojcn kanssa toteutettuihin yhteistä etua koskeviin hankkeisiin, 
tarve paremmin sovittaa yhteen ja järkeistää Euroopan eri yhteistyö areenoilla tapahtuvaa 
toimintaa. 
13 
Keski- ja Itä-Euroopan maat ja uudet itsenäiset valtiot 
Euroopan unioni on käynnistänyt useita aloitteita vahvistaakseen näiden maiden ja yhteisön välistä 
molemminpuoliseen kiinnostukseen perustuvaa yhteistyötä. Tarkoituksena on edistää näiden maiden 
tutkimusta ja teknologisia kehittämistä olennaisena tekijänä niiden yhteiskunnallisessa ja taloudellisessa 
kehityksessä sekä demokraattisen ajattelutavan lujittamisessa. 
Erityisesti pyrittiin PECO-aloitteessa helpottamaan Keski- ja Itä-Euroopan maiden sekä uusien itsenäisten 
valtioiden tutkijoiden osallistumista viiteen kolmannen puiteohjelman erityisohjelmaan: ympäristön, 
biolääketieteen ja terveyden, muiden energiamuotojen kuin ydinenergian, ydinfission turvallisuuden ja 
inhimillisen pääoman ja liikkuvuuden ohjelmiin. 29,5 miljoonan ecun budjetin puitteissa valittiin 238 
ensisijaista hanketta sekä 160 hanketta varalle. Vuosina 1992 ja 1993 aloitetun toiminnan jatkamiseksi 
käynnistettiin suunnitelma nimeltä COPERNICUS 1994, jonka budjetti oli 67 miljoonaa ecua. Siihen 
valittiin 220 yhteistä tutkimushanketta ja verkkoa, joihin osallistui kaikkiaan yli tuhat yhteistyökumppania. 
Erityisesti painotettiin Itä- ja Länsi-Euroopan yliopistojen, tutkimuslaitosten ja teollisuuden välisten 
suhteiden vahvistamista. 
Kesäkuussa 1993 perusteltiin Entisen Neuvostoliiton uusien itsenäisten valtioiden tiedemiesten kanssa 
tehtävää yhteistyötä edistävä kansainvälinen järjestö (ÏNTAS). Tällä hetkellä Euroopan yhteisö ja sen 15 
jäsenvaltiota sekä Norja ja Sveitsi ovat INTAS:n jäseniä. 459 hanketta, joiden budjetti oli 21 miljoonaa 
ecua, käynnistettiin. INTAS:n kokeiluvaihetta pidennettiin vuoden 1995 loppuun asti. Lisäksi yhteisö 
jatkoi vuonna 1994 tukeaan kansainvälisen tiede- ja teknologiakeskukselle (ISTC), jonka Euroopan 
unioni, Yhdysvallat, Japani ja Venäjä perustivat marraskuussa 1992 rohkaistakseen entisen Neuvostoliiton 
asevoimien palveluksessa olleiden tiedemiesten ja insinöörien uudelleen kouluttautumista siviiliammattei-
hin ja siten nopeuttaakseen aseistariisuntaa. Ensimmäisellä hankekierroksella tukea myönnettiin yli 8 200 
tiedemiehelle ja insinöörille. 
Teollisuusmaat ja kansainväliset ohjelmat 
Tieteellinen ja tekninen yhteistyö teollisuusmaiden kanssa edistää osaltaan yhteisin ponnistuksin aikaan­
saatua tieteen ja teknologian kehitystä maailmanlaajuisesti ja helpottaa maailman "raskaan sarjan" 
teknologiamaiden tutkimus- ja kchitystulosten saattamista eurooppalaisten tiedemiesten ja insinöörien 
ulottuville. 
Kahdenvälisten suhteiden alueella neuvosto antoi komissiolle valtuudet neuvotella Sveitsin kanssa 
sopimuksen, joka mahdollistaa sen osallistumisen puiteohjelmaan (1994-1998) kokonaisuudessaan, sekä 
syyskuussa 1994 valtuudet neuvotella Israelin kanssa sopimuksen, joka mahdollistaa sen osallistumisen 
kaikkiin neljännen puiteohjelman muita energianlähteitä kuin ydinenergiaa koskeviin ohjelmiin. Australian 
kanssa allekirjoitettiin sopimus, joka astui voimaan 25 päivänä heinäkuuta 1994, ja saatiin päätökseen 
samantapaiseen sopimukseen tähtäävät neuvottelut Kanadan kanssa. Nämä kaksi sopimusta sallivat 
vastavuoroisen osallistumisen tiettyihin tutkimusohjelmiin hankekohtaisesti. Lisäksi Yhdy sv allât ja Etelä-
Afrikka lähestyivät komissiota toivomuksenaan yhteistyötä tieteen ja teknologian alueilla koskevat 
puitesopimukset. Euro-japanilaisen tiede-ja tcknologiafoorumin perustaminen vuonna 1994, kaksi yhteistä 
energia- ja ympäristöalan seminaaria ja kasvava määrä stipendejä, joiden ansiosta eurooppalaiset 
tiedemiehet ja insinöörit voivat opiskella Japanissa, heijastavat kaikki kasvavaa yhteistyötä Japanin kanssa. 
Euroopan talousalueelta Itävalta, Suomi, Islanti, Norja ja Ruotsi liittyivät täysin kolmannen puiteohjelman 
erityisohjelmiin ja vuonna 1994 sovittiin ETA-sopimuksen laajentamisesta niin, että se kattaa myös 
neljännen puiteohjelman. 
Myös monenkeskisten yhteistyösopimusten kohdalla on tapahtunut merkittävää kehitystä. HFSP (Human 
Frontier Science Programmc)-tiedeohjelmaa on jatkettu, ja IMS (tekoälyyn perustuvat valmis­
tusjärjestelmän-aloitteen kokeiluvaiheessa edistyttiin. Yhteisöstä on myös tullut keskeinen osapuoli 
14 
OECD:n megatiedefoorumissa ja Carnegie-ryhmässä, jossa ovat mukana G7-maat ja Venäjä. 
Välimeren maat ja kehitysmaat 
Kolmanteen puiteohjelmaan kuuluvan kehitysmaiden biotieteiden ja-tekniikoiden erityisohjelman lisäksi 
on saatettu päätökseen kaksi maantieteellistä suunnitelmaa puiteohjelman ulkopuolella sekäAVICENNE-
(Välimeren maita koskeva) ja /VC-suunnitelma (Aasiaa, Latinalaista Amerikkaa ja Välimeren maita 
koskeva kansainvälinen tieteellinen yhteistyö). Nämä kolme suunnitelmaa vastasivat yhteensä 400 
käynnistetystä tutkimushankkeesta ja jaetusta apurahasta vuonna 1994. 
Ranskan korkeammasta koulutuksesta ja tutkimuksesta vastaavan ministeriön ja komission yhteisen 
aloitteen seurauksena Sofia-Antipoliksessa järjestettiin 21 ja 22 päivinä maaliskuuta 1995 seminaari, jonka 
aiheena oli "Tutkimuksen Eurooppa ja Välimeri". 
Tärkeimmät aloitteet vuonna 1995: 
Neljännessä puiteohjelmassa yksi ainoa ohjelma (toinen toimintamuoto) on RTD-yhteistyön väline 
kolmansien maiden ja kansainvälisten järjestöjen kanssa. Tulevaisuudessa tämä ohjelma käsittää toimintaa, 
jota on aikaisemmin toteutettu muun muassa edellä mainittujen nimikkeiden PECO, COPERNICUS, ISC 
ja AVICENNE sekä aikaisemman kehitysmaiden kanssa tehtävän yhteistyön ohjelman osana. Tällä tavoin 
yhteisön panos on näkyvämpi sen Euroopan unionin ulkopuolella sijaitseville yhteistyökumppaneille. 
Edellä mainittujen toimintamuotojen paljous ja moninaisuus kasvattaa tarvetta yhtenäiseen 
kokonaisstrategiaan, joka koskee tieteellistä ja teknistä yhteistyötä kolmansien maiden ja kansainvälisten 
järjestöjen kanssa ja jossa otetaan asianmukaisella tavalla huomioon yhteisön mahdollisuudet, 
velvollisuudet ja hyödyt. Komissio herättää keskustelua antamalla tiedonantoja, jotka koskevat 
kokonaisstrategiaa ja uusien itsenäisten valtioiden (NIS) kanssa tehtävän tiede- ja teknologiayhteistyön 
näkymiä mukaan lukien INTAS:n tällä hetkellä kattamia ja sen kokeiluvaiheen päätyttyä vuoden 1995 
lopussa jatkuvia toimintamuotoja koskevien ehdotusten avulla. 
Erityisesti ennakoidaan, että sopimukset, jotka liittävät Israelin ja Sveitsin neljänteen puiteohjelmaan, 
allekirjoitetaan. Tieteellistä ja teknistä yhteistyötä Kanadan kanssa koskeva sopimus allekirjoitettiin 
kesäkuussa 1995. Lisäksi Kanadan kanssa oletetaan allekirjoitettavan ydinfuusiota koskeva 
yhteisymmärryspöytäkirja. lMS-aloitetta koskevista neuvotteluvaltuuksista sovittiin ministerineuvostossa 
(tutkimus) maaliskuun 10 päivänä 1995. 
TULOSTEN LEVITTÄMINEN JA OPTIMOINTI 
Toiminta vuonna 1994 
Valkoisessa kirjassa korostettiin, että RTD-tulosten muuntamista markkinoitaviksi uudistuksiksi on 
kehitettävä Yhteisö on tunnustanut tämän haasteen olemassaolon jo muutaman vuoden ajan, ja vuonna 
1990 otettiinkin käyttöön kolmannen puiteohjelman rinnakkaisohjelma, joka käsitteli erityisesti tulosten 
levittämistä ja hyödyntämistä. Sen budjetti vastasi yhtä prosenttia koko puiteohjelman budjetista, ja se on 
merkittävästi edistänyt teollisuuden ja erityisesti pk-yritysten tietoisuutta niiden omia teknologiatarpeita 
vastaavista yhteisön tutkimusohjelmista ja 
-tuloksista. 
Keskitetyn toiminnan ohjelman (VALUE) toimintamuotoihin kuuluu tulosten levittämiseen ja 
hyödyntämiseen tarkoitetun perusrakenteen, erikoisesti yhteisön RTD-tietopalvelun CORDIS.n 
perustaminen, kaikkiin jäsenmaihin ulottuvan VALUE-ohjelman kokeilutietokeskusverkon luominen ja 
yhteisön RTD-hankkeisiin liittyvien hyödyntämishankkeiden tukeminen. 
15 
Lisäksi puiteohjelman ulkopuolella tehty aloite. SPRINT, on - joko yhteisön RTD:n ansiosta tai ei -
edistänyt teknologi as iirtoj a ja uusien teknologioiden käyttöönottoa teollisuudessa ja erityisesti pk-
yrityksissä. SPRINT:n toimintamuodot käsittivät teknologian välittäjäverkot, innovaatiojohtamisen 
menetelmien levittämisen, tiede- ja teknologiakeskusten k onsul to in ti suunnitelman ja "Eurooppalaisen 
innovaatio-observatorion". 
Kokemukset näistä ohjelmista ja myös esimerkiksi teollisuus-ja materiaalitekniikoiden (BRITE-EURAM) 
ohjelmasta ovat osoittaneet, että tulosten hyödyntäminen onnistuu parhaiten, jos osapuolten kesken on 
alusta asti sovittu selkeästi, mikä on yrityksen strategia ja miten hyödyntäminen suunnitellaan toteutetta­
vaksi. Siksi BRITE-EURAM-ohjclman vuonna 1994 käynnistetyt hankkeet seulottiin tiukan valintamenet­
telyn avulla, jossa otettiin erityisesti huomioon tällainen tulevaisuuteen ulottuva suunnittelu; hankkeiden 
johtamista ja etenemistä tullaan myös tiukasti valvomaan. 
Seuraavat sekä eri ohjelmista että keskitetystä toiminnasta otetut esimerkit havainnollistavat niitä 
toimenpiteitä, joilla tehostetaan hyödyntämistä ja osoitetaan, että sitä pidetään tärkeänä: 
eurooppalaisten tai kansainvälisten standardien kehittäminen (esimerkiksi lähes 500 
vicstintätekniikoiden ohjelmassa), 
patenttien vahvistaminen (noin 50 kussakin biotekniikan, maatalouden ja 
vicstintätekniikoiden ohjelmassa), 
teknoiogiansiirtolisenssien voimaan saattaminen (noin 350 viestintätekniikoiden 
ohjelmassa), 
yhteenliittymille järjestettävät välikatsausseminaarit hankkeiden päätös- ja 
hyödyntämisvaiheen valmistelemiseksi, 
laajalevikkisten helppolukuisten "menestystarinoiden" tuottaminen, 
tulosten pääpiirteitä ja potentiaalisia sovellutuksia koskevan tiedon välittäminen VALUE-
ohjelman tietokeskusten kautta, 
kaikkien ohjelmien kautta saatujen tulosten levittäminen joko CORDIS-tietokannan tai 
hankcluettcloidcn avulla, 
sellaisten hankkeiden, joiden hyödyntäminen edellyttää apua, siirtäminen eteenpäin 
VALUE-ohjclman avulla, 
tieteellisten kokousten (konferenssit, symposiumit, seminaarit jatyöryhmät) järjestäminen 
ja niiden kulkua selostavien tai muiden tieteellisten kertomusten julkaiseminen, 
tutkijoiden liikkuvuuden edistäminen (koska tietotaidon ja kokemuksen siirtäminen on 
usein tehokkain tapa siirtää teknologiaa) 
varmennetun lähdeaineiston myynti (mittausten ja testauksen ohjelma), 
tietopankin luominen biologisille aineille, kuten malarian antigeenit ja geeniperimä 
(biotieteitä ja teknologioita kehitysmaissa sekä biolääketiedettä ja terveyttä koskevat 
ohjelmat), 
näyttelyt (Fuusio). 
16 
Tärkeimmät aloitteet vuodelle 1995: 
Euroopan unionin uudistuspolitiikan edistämistä koskevan Vihreän kirjan esittelemisen tarkoituksena on 
kannustaa RTD-tulosten muuntamista teollisuuden kannalta kaupallisesti mielenkiintoisiksi uudistuksiksi 
ja tarkastella muiden uudistusten menestymiseen myötävaikuttavia tekijöitä (sekä esteitä että kannustimia). 
Pk-yrityksillä on tärkeä osa taloudellisessa kasvussa ja kilpailukyvyssä, kun ajatellaan niiden potentiaalista 
joustavuutta ja kykyä sopeutua nopeasti muuttuvaan markkinatilanteeseen. Lähes kaikkiin ohjelmiin 
sisällytettyjen pk-yritysten osallistumista edistävien erityistoimien olisi helpotettava tämän potentiaalin 
hyödyntämistä. Siitä huolimatta pk-yritysten rooli yhteisön RTD-hankkeiden tulosten käyttäjinä voi olla 
vielä tärkeämpi. 
Neljänteen puiteohjelmaan kuuluvaa tulosten levittämis- ja optimointityötä järkeistetään ja painotetaan 
edelleen varsinkin toteuttamalla RTD-toiminnan tuloksia levittävä ja optimoiva erityisohjelma, johon 
kuuluu mm. aikaisemmin VALUE- ja SPRINT-ohjclmien yhteydessä kehitetyn toiminnan esittely, ja 
sovittamalla yhteen sen ja saman alan erityisohjelmien toiminta. Uusi ohjelma RTD-tuloksien levittä­
miseen ja optimoimiseen toteuttaa yhden neljännen puiteohjelman neljästä päälinjasta (kolmas toiminta­
muoto) yhdistämällä johdonmukaisesti samalle tasolle aloitteet, jotka aiemmin toteutettiin useilla eri 
tasoilla. Sen tärkeimpiä toimintavälineitä ovat: 
parannettu RTD-tulokset sisältävä CORDIS-tietojärjestelmä, jota voi käyttää sekä suoraan 
että erillisjärjestelmänä, 
teknologian laillistamis- ja siirtohankkeet, 
laajenneltu uudelleen määriteltyjen tietokeskusten verkosto RTD-tulosten levittämiseen, 
innovaatio-observatorio ja muita uudistusten edistämistä edesauttavia suunnitelmia 
esimerkiksi tiedepuistojen, laadunarviointimenetelmien jne. alueilla. 
Ohjelma auttaa RTD-ohjclmicn kannalta epäsuotuisimmassa asemassa olevia yhteisön alueita ja vaikuttaa 
osaltaan taloudelliseen ja sosiaaliseen yhteenkuuluvuuteen. Se on kiinteässä yhteydessä tällaisten alojen 
eri aloitteisiin ja siinä otetaan huomioon komission tiedonanto yhteenkuuluvuudesta ja RTD-politiikasta 
(KOM (93)203 lopull.). Aloitteista tärkein on syyskuussa 1995 julkaistava ehdotuksia koskeva pyyntö, 
jonka komission eri osastot tekevät yhteisesti niiden alueiden valitsemiseksi, joilla kokeillaan alueellisten 
teknologisten suunnitelmien ja teknologian siirtohankkeiden toteuttamista. Toinen esimerkki uudesta tämän 
alan toimenpiteestä on jäsenvaltioiden julkisille ja yksityisille rahoitusvälittäjille tarkoitettu tekninen ja 
johdon avustus etenkin yhteisön epäsuotuisilla alueilla. Päämääränä on tarjota pk-yrityksille mahdollisuus 
saada kunkin osallistujan osuuksista muodostuvaa yhteisrahoitusta, erityisesti pk-yritysten teknolo­
giahankkeiden arvioinnin helpottamiseen ja tutkimustulosten mahdollisimman tehokkaaseen hyödyntä­
miseen. 
Komission on tarkoitus hyväksyä neuvoston neljättä puiteohjelmaa varten säätämät tulosten levitystä 
koskevien sääntöjen täytäntöönpanoa koskevat järjestelyt. 
Komissio on perustanut kaikkien RTD-ohjclmien edustajista koostuvan yksiköiden välisen 
yhteensovittamisryhmiin tulosten levittämistä ja hyödyntämistä varten. Sen päätarkoitus on ohjelmien 
sovittaminen yhteen ja yhteisen, tämän alueen kattavan toimintasuunnitelman luominen. 
TUTKIJOIDEN KOULUTUS JA LIIKKUVUUS 
Toimintamuodot vuonna 1994 
Yhteisön tutkijoiden koulutusta ja liikkuvuutta koskevan toiminnan taustalla on pyrkimys kasvattaa ja 
kehittää tieteelliselle tutkimukselle omistettuja inhimillisiä voimavaroja Vaikka Euroopan tutkimuksen 
17 
alalla oleva inhimillinen pääoma sijoittuu maailmanlaajuisesti kärkisijoille, sen käyttöä vaikeuttaa usein 
tehokkaan ylikansallisen yhteistyön ja liikkuvuuden puute. Itse asiassa eurooppalaiset tutkijat solmivat 
aikaisemmin läheisempiä suhteita Atlantin taakse kuin naapurimaiden laboratorioihin. Näistä syistä 
korkean tason koulutuksen laadun parantaminen ja Euroopan tutkijamäärän kasvattaminen on ollut 
yhteisön RTD-puiteohjelmien selkeä tavoite. Pelkästään vuonna 1994 yhteisön ohjelman osana 
allekirjoitettiin noin 1 500 uutta apurahapäätöstä ja verkkosopimusta. 
Komission Valkoinen kirja kilpailukyvystä, kasvusta ja työllisyydestä korostaa tarvetta investoida 
Euroopan unionin inhimilliseen pääomaan joka tasolla. Siinä todetaan, että tutkijoiden pätevyys, heidän 
kykynsä vastata kehittyvien teollisuudenalojen tarpeisiin ja se, missä määrin heidän edustamansa pääomaa 
käytetään, ovat oleellisia tekijöitä unionin kasvun uudistamiseksi, sen kilpailukyvyn vahvistamiseksi ja 
työllisyyden saamiseksi nousuun. Erityisesti tarvitaan rohkeita aloitteita koulutuksen ja tieteellisen 
tutkimuksen alueilla. 
Kolmanteen puiteohjelmaan kuuluvan inhimillisen pääoman ja liikkuvuuden (Human Capital and Mobility, 
HCM) ohjelman keskeisiä piirteitä on ollut tukea tutkimuksen inhimillistä perusrakennetta - verkkotyös­
kentelyä, suurimittaisen tieteellisen välineistön käyttömahdollisuutta (toisin sanoen sellaisen tieteellisen 
laitteiston, joka on Euroopassa harvinaista tai ainoa laatuaan, mutta jota tarvitaan korkealaatuisessa 
tutkimustyössä), nuorten tutkijoiden koulutusta (stipendit väitöskirjatyöhön tai väitöskirjan jälkeiseen 
työhön) ja korkean tason tieteellisiä kokouksia ("Eurokonferenssit"). 
Ehdotuksia hankkeiksi voidaan tehdä kaikilla eksaktien, luonnon- ja taloustieteiden aloilla. Yhteiskunta-
ja ihmistieteissä ohjelmaan sisältyi toimintamuotoja, joiden oletettiin parantavan Euroopan kilpailukykyä 
ja saavan aikaan kestävää taloudellista kehitystä. Tutkimus on kohdentamatonta siinä mielessä, että tutkijat 
valitsevat itse tutkimuskohteensa. Komission kokemus on osoittanut, että vapaan tutkimuksen ohjelman 
luonteen vuoksi ehdotuksilla on ollut taipumus sijoittua perustieteiden aloille ja että teollisuuden 
osallistuminen on vastaavasti ollut pientä. Niillä aloilla, joiden merkitys teollisuudelle on itsestään selvä, 
esimerkiksi suunnittelussa, yritysten osallistumisprosentti on kuitenkin ollut merkittävästi korkeampi. 
Perustutkimuksen kohdalla olisi korostettava, että pitkällä aikavälillä tutkimuksen edistysaskelista usein 
tulee kaupallisia sovelluksia ja että ne sillä välin ovat keskipiste korkean tason tutkijoiden jatkuvalle 
kehitykselle, josta Länsi-Euroopan vauraus viime kädessä riippuu. 
Tärkeimmät aloitteet vuonna 1995 
Yhteisön aineettomaan investointitoimintaan, tutkimukseen sekä koulutukseen ja ammatilliseen 
koulutukseen liittyvän kahden politiikan välisiä yhteyksiä vahvistetaan neljännen RTD-puiteohjelman 
yhteydessä: 
kohdentavaa sosioekonomista tutkimusta koskeva uusi ohjelma (neljännen puiteohjelman 
ensimmäiseen toimintamuotoon kuuluva) kattaa koulutukseen kohdistuvan tutkimustyön, 
tutkijoiden korkean tason koulutukseen kohdistettu tuki on yhteisön RTD-ohjelmissa 
kauttaaltaan esiintyvä pysyvä piirre ja yksi erityisohjelma (Tutkijoiden koulutus ja ja 
liikkuvuus, joka muodostaa puiteohjelman neljännen toimintamuodon) keskittyy kannus­
tamaan tutkijoiden koulutusta ja liikkuvuutta Euroopassa. Tämä ohjelma on jatkoa HCM-
ohjelmalle; seuraavassa on yhteenveto useista merkittävistä kehityskuluista, joita on pantu 
alulle. 
Kaikille apurahoja tarjoaville tutkimusohjelmille luodaan yhteinen, joustavampi "tutkimus-
koulutusapuraha"-suunnitelma. Vuodeksi 1995 perustetaan väliaikainen suunnitelma, jossa otetaan 
huomioon isäntämaiden oikeudelliset, rahoitukselliset ja sosiaaliset olot. 
Verkkotoiminta kasvaa merkittävästi rahoituksen määrällä osanottajaa kohti edelliseen ohjelmaan 
18 
verrattuna. Tällä tavalla komissio pyrkii tukemaan todellista korkean tason koulutusta eikä pelkästään 
tutkijoiden liikkuvuutta. 
Teollisuuden osallistumisen kannustamiseksi tehdään suuria ponnistuksia ohjelmaa koskevan tiedon 
järjestelmällisemmäksi ja kohdennetummaksi levittämiseksi sekä ottamalla ehdotusten arviointiin yhä 
enemmän arvioijia ja arvostelijoita teollisista laboratorioista. 
Ohjelman eri toimintamuotoihin liittyviä yhteenkuuluvuusnäkökohtia on parannettu edelliseen HCM-
ohjelmaan verrattuna.Näitä näkökohtia tutkitaan parhaillaan väliaikaisessa työryhmässä. 
Lopulta olisi vielä suhtauduttava vakavasti siihen, että osallistuminen Euroopan unionin rahoittamaan 
tutkimushankkeeseen tarjoaa itsessään arvokasta koulutusta ja kokemusta siitä, miten ylikansallisessa 
tutkimustoiminnassa tehdään yhteistyötä ja millä tavoin siitä hyödytään eniten. 
YHTEINEN TUTKIMUSKESKUS 
Toimintamuodot vuonna 1994 
Yhteisellä tutkimuskeskuksella (YTK) on ainutlaatuinen ja arvokas rooli Euroopan unionin 
tutkimuspolitiikassa. Se toimii erityistaitojen varastona ja on ainutlaatuinen erikoisalojen objektiivinen ja 
neutraali tietolähde erityisesti unionin tärkeimpien politiikkojen toteuttamiseen liittyvillä aloilla. Neljättä 
puiteohjelmaa koskevat neuvottelut antoi tilaisuuden perusteelliselle YTK.n tilaa ja sen roolia yhteisön 
tutkimustoiminnan viitekehyksessä koskevalle tarkastelulle, johon neuvosto, parlamentti ja komissio 
osallistuivat erittäin aktiivisesti. Y TK m roolia toimielimenä korostettiin, samoin sen panosta 
tutkimuspolitiikkaan sekä lisäksi muihin yhteisön politiikkoihin. Mutta neljännessä puiteohjelmassa 
esiteltiin myös suuri uudistus: se avaa YTK.tä aiempaa enemmän ulkomaailmalle ja kannustaa sitä 
kilpailemaan toiminnallaan scan alla tavalla kuin m uitt Euroopan julkiset ja yksityiset tutkim aselim et. Tällä 
tavalla YTK voi verkkojen tai tilapäisten yhteenliittymien kautta osallistua erityisohjelmien toteutukseen 
ehdotuksia koskeviin pyyntöihin vastaamalla. 
Vuonna 1994 myös muilla YTK:n tehtäväalueeseen kuuluvilla alueilla tapahtui tärkeää kehitystä: 
ESA:n ja kansallisten avaruusjärjestöjen kanssa valmisteltiin yhdessä maapallon havain­
nointiin tarkoitetun tietokeskuksen perustamista, 
eläimillä tehtävien laboratoriokokeiden lopettamiseen tai vähentämiseen tähtäävä 
Euroopan eläinkokeita korvaavien menetelmien kehittämiskeskus vihittiin Ispran YTK-
tutkimuslaitoksessa, 
teknologista edistymistä tapahtui eri alueilla, kuten uusien puhtaissa energiatekniikoissa 
käytettävien materiaalien kehittämisessä ja kampanjassa, joka tähtäsi petosten 
lopettamiseen yhteisön maatalouspolitiikan toteutuksessa, 
asettamalla asiantuntemuksensa yhteisön ja kansallisten viranomaisten käyttöön YTK 
edisti osaltaan ydintekniikan alalla merkittävällä tavalla kampanjaa, joka tähtäsi 
radioaktiivisilla materiaaleilla käytävän laittoman kaupan lopettamiseen. 
Hallinnollisella puolella päätettiin, että YTK:n johtokunnalla olisi tärkeämpi rooli. Perustettiin myös 
neuvoa-antava tutkimus- ja teollisuusryhmä, jonka tehtävänä on antaa YTK:n tutkimukseen ja teknisiin 
toimintamuotoihin liittyviä suosituksia tutkimuskeskuksen pääjohtajalle ja johtokunnalle. 
19 
Tärkeimmät aloitteet vuonna 1995 
YTK lähentää aktiivisesti yhteyksiään Euroopan tutkimustoiminnan muodostamaan kokonaisuuteen. 
Esimerkiksi Sevillan tulevaisuuteen suuntautuvan teknologian tutkimuslaitos osallistuu teknologia-
arvioinnin verkkoon (ETAN), joka on tarkoitus perustaa kohdennetun sosioekonomisen tutkimuksen 
ohjelman yhteyteen. Laitoksen Euroopan tieteen ja teknologian seurantakeskuksen tekemä työ auttaa 
antamaan vastuunalaisille poliitikoille ja Euroopan teollisuuden edustajille heidän tarvitsemaansa tieteen 
kehitystä ja teknologisia uudistuksia koskevaa tietoa. 
Yksittäiset hankkeet määritellään noin 30 toimintasuunnitelmassa, jotka muodostavat YTK:n johtokunnan 
hyväksymän toimintaohjelman vuodelle 1995. Uusia piirteitä näissä ohjelmissa on ympäristötekniikoiden 
korostaminen ympäristö- ja ilmasto-ohjelmissa, teollisuuden ja materiaalitekniikoiden ohjelmassa sekä 
muiden kuin ydinenergian ohjelmassa samoin kuin uusissa, sosioekonomisen tutkimuksen alaisissa 
strategisissa tutkimuksissa. 
Vuonna 1995 yhteisön politiikan tieteelliseksi ja tekniseksi tukemiseksi tarkoitettujen toimintamuotojen 
lähtökohtana on ensimmäistä kertaa kilpailu. Näiden tutkimusten toteutus uskotaan tutkimuksen alalla 
toimiville elimille, muun muassa yliopistoille, hankkeille ja YTK:lle. 
JOHTAMINEN 
Toimintamuodot vuonna 1994 
Arviointi ja vaikutustutkimukset 
Ohjelmien arviointi on ensisijaisen tärkeä sekä kustannustehokkuuden arvioimiseksi että uusien ohjelmien 
tai toiminnan valmistelemiseksi. Tästä syystä tulevaisuuden arviointistrategiat oli tärkeimpiä aiheita 
toimielinten välisissä neljällä puiteohjelmaa koskevissa keskusteluissa. Joulukuussa 1994 komission 
yksiköt tekivät CRESTille puiteohjelman ja erityisohjelmien yhtenäistä valvontaa ja arviointia koskevan 
ilmoituksen. Tämä lähestymistapa noudattaa niitä melko monimutkaisia arviointia ja jatkuvaa valvontaa 
koskevia velvoitteita, joista neljättä puiteohjelmaa ja vastaavia erityisohjelmia koskevissa päätöksissä on 
määrätty pyrkien samalla välttämään byrokratiaa ja arviointia itsetarkoituksena. CREST perusti 
tilapäisryhmän, jolla on valtuudet neuvoa sitä tässä asiassa. 
Arviointiohjelmia täydentävät niin kutsutut kansalliset vaikutustutkimukset. Niiden toteutuksella on kaksi 
tavoitetta: arvioida yhteisön RTD-politiikan vaikutuksia kunkin jäsenvaltion tutkimustoiminnan 
kokonaisuuteen sekä tarkastella yhteisön ja kansallisen politiikkojen vuorovaikutusta. Kussakin jäsenval­
tiossa tehtyjen, haastatteluihin ja kyselylomakkeisiin perustuvien tutkimusten tärkeimmistä tuloksista 
ollaan paraikaa tekemässä yhteenvetoa. Seuraavassa mainitaan muutamia huomattavimpia tuloksia. 
Useimmat vastaajat olivat sitä mieltä, että heidän EU-hankkeensa sijoittuivat heidän teknologiselle 
ydinalueelleen ja että ne siten edustivat olennaista osaa heidän RTD-kokonaisuudestaan. Jonkin verran 
oli näyttöä siitä, että pk-yritykset todennäköiseni m in osallistuvat johonkin ydinalueeseen, oletettavasti siksi 
että niilläon huonommat mahdollisuudet monipuolistaa RTD-toimintaansa. Toimintaan osallistuvien RTD-
yksikköjen RTD-kokonaisbudjetista prosentuaalisesti laskettuna yhteisön rahoitus vaihtelee suuresti maan 
(ja teollisuusyritysten kohdalla yrityksen koon) mukaan. Se on yleisesti ottaen kuitenkin merkittävää 
kaikentyyppisille organisaatioille, ja sen oletetaan kasvavan. Useimmat tutkitut osallistujat antoivat 
ymmärtää, että tutkimushankkeita olisi ollut mahdoton käynnistää ilman yhteisön rahoitusta ja/tai että 
niissä olisi ollut huomattavia aikaviiveitä. Useissa tapauksissa mahdollisuus hakea yhteisön tukea toimi 
katalysaattorina tilapäisten yhteenliittymien muodostumiselle huolimatta siitä, onnistuivatko ne saamaan 
yhteisön rahoitusta vai eivät. Lisäksi tulokset osoittavat, että valtioiden rajat ylittävä yhteistyö useimmiten 
perustuu olemassaoleviin tieteellisiin yhteistyöverkkoihin ja että se useimmiten laajenee siten, että myös 
20 
osasta aikaisempia yhtcistyöryhmittymiä muodostuu uusia ryhmiä. 
Neljännen osan liitteessä V on luettelo ohjelma-arvioinneista ja vaikutustutkimuksista vuonna 1994. 
Hallinnointi: Yksinkertaistamista ja yhdenmukaistamista 
Näkyvyyden, avoimuuden ja tehokkuuden lisäämiseksi toteutuksen kaikissa vaiheissa yhteisön RTD-
ohjelmien hallinnoinnissa on otettu käyttöön uusi lähestymistapa. Useita aloitteita on hyväksytty 
hallinnointiinenetelmien yksinkertaistamiseksi ja yhdenmukaistamiseksi, esimerkiksi: 
ehdotuksia koskevien pyyntöjen julkaiseminen neljänä vakiintuneena päivänä vuodessa 
(15 päivänä maaliskuuta, 15 päivänä kesäkuuta, 15 päivänä syyskuuta ja 15 päivänä 
joulukuuta), 
kom ission hankkeiden arviointiin käyttämien asiantuntijoiden säännöllinen vuorottelu. Nyt 
asiantuntijat vaihtuvat kolmen arviointijakson tai kolmen vuoden jälkeen, 
"hallinnointikäsikirjan" julkaiseminen; se on arvokas työkalu tutkijoille, joka auttaa 
ymmärtämään hanke-ehdotusten käsittelyäja toimii johdantona sopimuksia neuvoteltaessa, 
yksinkertaisemmat ja kiiyttäjäystävällisemmät hakulomakkeet: hallinnollista osaa on 
yhdenmukaistettu useimpien ohjelmien kohdalla ja tieteellisen/teknisen osan rakenne on 
sama, vaikka se vaihteleekin jonkin verran eri ohjelmien kohdalla, 
yhdenmukaistetun mallin käyttöönotto ohjelman tietopakettia varten, 
sopimusneuvottclulomakkcidcn yksinkertaistaminen: yksinkertaistettu 
vakiosopimuslomake on ollut hyvin laajamittaisen sekä tiedeyhteisön että teollisuuden 
kuulemisen kohteena, 
erityisesti pk-yrityksille suunniteltujen toimenpiteiden parantaminen, joka perustuu 
olemassaolevista suunnitelmista saatuun kokemukseen (CRAFT, toteuttamispalkkiot, 
VALUE ja SPRINT), 
lisääntynyt ja avoin ohjelmienvälincn yhteensovittaminen: yhteiset tai samanaikaiset 
ehdotuksia koskevat pyynnöt ja hankearvioinnit erityisillä ohjelmanvälisillä alueilla, 
ehdotusten tekijöiden ohjaaminen ohjelmienvälisissä hankkeissa, aihekohtaisten 
yksiköidenvälisten ryhmien perustaminen (esimerkiksi työryhmät, tulosten levittämisen 
ja hyödyntämisen yksiköidcnvälincn ryhmä). 
Kaikista näistä aloitteista huolimatta perusperiaatteet ovat samoja. Yhteisön RTD-tuki perustuu kaikkien 
yhtäläisiin mahdollisuuksiin osallistua ohjelmiin sekä kaikkien osallistujien yhtäläisiin mahdollisuuksiin. 
Hallinnolliset menettelytavat on suunniteltu takaamaan, että tuettavat hankkeet valitaan laadun perusteella 
sekä sen mukaan, missä määrin ne voivat osaltaan edistää yhteisön politiikkojen toteutumista. 
Komission henkilöstön määrä on pysynyt suurinpiirtein samana siitä huolimatta, että yhteisön RTD-
rahoituksen vuotuinen määrä on vakaasti noussut. 31 päivänä joulukuuta 1994 tutkimusbudjetteissa (suora 
ja välillinen toiminta) olevien virkamiesten, tilapäisten muuhun henkilöstöön kuuluvien ja henkilöstöön 
kuuluvien, joilla ei ole vakituista virkaa, kokonaismäärä oli 3 497. Vuodelle 1995 ennakoitu määrä on 
3 623 henkilöä. 
21 
Tärkeimmät aloitteet vuodelle 1995: 
RTD-hankkeiden arviointia, valintaa ja rahoitusta koskevien menettelytapojen yksinkertaistaminen ja 
nopeuttaminen on komissiolle jatkuvasti tärkeä kysymys. On ensisijaisen tärkeää, etteivät turhat 
aikaviiveet estä tutkijoiden ja teollisuuden työskentelyä. Suuria julkisia rahamääriä liikuteltaessa ne ovat 
kuitenkin tietyssä m äärin väistämättömiä. Piakkoin päätökseen saatavat yksinkertaistetut sopimuslomakkeet 
ja erityisesti pk-yrityksille tarkoitettujen toimenpiteiden yleisempi hyväksikäyttö ovat esimerkkejä tähän 
suuntaan osoittavista aloitteista. 
Yhteisön RTD-ohjelmien arvioinnin osalta, komission aikaisemmin luonnostelemaan lähestymistapaan ja 
erityisesti CREST:n kommentteihin perustuvassa tiedonannossa selostetaan komission pyrkimyksiä. 
Komission osastot käynnistävät myös ensimmäisen scurantaharjoituksen. 
22 
PART TWO 
RTD ACHIEVEMENTS IN 1994 
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES 
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES (IT) 
Objectives 
The main objectives of the IT Programme (ESPRIT III) are : 
-to strengthen the scientific and technological basis of European IT industry through cooperative R&D 
activities, 
-to encourage European industry to become more competitive at international level while paving the 
way to standardisation, 
-to contribute, interalia, to the strengthening of the economic, and social cohesion of the European 
Union through high quality research. 
The programme was formally divided in the following areas : 
/ : Micro-electronics 
2 : Information Processing Systems and Software 
3 : Advanced Business and Home Systems ; Peripherals 
4 : Computer-integrated Manufacturing and Engineering (CIME) 
5 : Basic Research. 
This last area is an upstream activity whose results feed into several of the more industrially oriented 
(downstream) sectors of the programme. 
S/T Progress 
The last ESPRIT III call for proposals took place in spring 1993. A total of 202 projects were selected 
for funding from 1277 proposals received. By shortening administrative delays, 24 contracts were 
signed before the end of 1993 and the remaining 178 contracts by the beginning of 1994. 
Taking into account industrial priorities, two activities were emphasised in the course of the work 
programme implementation of Area 2, namely : High Performance Computing and Networking; the 
European Software Systems Initiative (ESSI) which aims at disseminating software best practices. In 
addition, the Open Microprocessor Systems Initiative (OMI), a horizontal activity across various 
programme areas, aims at providing Europe with capability in micro-processor systems and to promote 
their use in application systems; it has pioneered the new concept of a "focused cluster" - a set of 
projects and accompanying measures contributing in a complementary fashion to a well defined 
industrial objective. 
The following examples may illustrate a few of the programme's results and dissemination activities 
among several hundred significant achievements that the 1995 programme's evaluation will further 
23 
analyze : 
- Seven European semi-conductor companies announced the availability of a common 0.5^ CMOS 
production process technology. The technology resulted from a collaborative ESPRIT founded RTD 
project undertaken in the context of the EUREKA project "Joint European submicron Silicon 
project" (JESSI),,The results can be exploited throughout the Union in the development of highly 
complex application specific components for systems applications. 
- In the software area, ESSI launched 109 actions and provided seed funds for the European Software 
Institute (ESI), founded by 15 major software players who started the Europe-wide software process 
training action. ESSÏ actions have found particularly high acceptance with SMEs where interest is 
strong for best practice related to new software technologies with the view of improving their 
industrial competitiveness. 
- The successful GOLDRUSH parallel processing system based on ESPRIT results was launched. 
The METKIT project provides practical material for systematic measurement of software process 
performances; it has been used to instruct more than 5000 European software professionals and is 
used in over 60 major organisations in Europe and now also in the USA. 
- Shortening design cycles, lowering development costs and improving quality are major goals of 
parallel computer simulation pursued by some hundred European organisations. 34 codes are being 
developed from a wide range of application areas including the automotive, aerospace, ship­
building, energy supply and chemical industries. The SYNAPSE-1 neural computer won the 
German Award for best innovation recently brought to market. 
- MULTIDOC, a multimedia electronic folder management system developed by SMEs, is now 
installed in public administrations and the banking sector. The Personal Communication Computer, 
combining multimedia and video communications, was successfully launched in 1994. 
- For OM1, 1994 has been a turning point both in software and hardware. For example, the PIBus, 
an interconnect bus for on-chip systems, is fundamental as the basic building block that will pave 
the way towards inter-operability of cells at hardware level ; its design tool-kit is now freely 
distributed. 
- In the CIME area, the main results are advanced IT developments for co-design and concurrent 
engineering integrated systems for industrial communications and automation ; moreover, major 
contributions have been made to various standardisation activities, for example in the area of 
mechanical design (ISO STEP). A number of test cases were completed under the feasibility phase 
of the Intelligent Manufacturing Systems initiative (IMS) involving participants not only from 
Europe but also Japan, the US and other regions. The main phase of IMS is now under discussion. 
- In Long Term Research, 95 projects, 45 working groups and 13 networks of excellence were 
running in 1994. Besides major achievements in basic research, many projects gave rise to 
technology breakthroughs with a direct industrial impact. For example, the Maintainable Real Time 
System (MARS) is a time-triggered architecture for distributed fault tolerant systems ; it has been 
acquired by several companies, in particular in the automotive industry. 
Among many other accompanying measures, an Information Technology European Awards Scheme, 
the ITEA, was announced in 1994 under the auspices of Euro-CASE, the European Council of 
24 
Applied Sciences and Engineering. The prices will be distributed in November 1995. Three Grand 
Prizes of 200,000 Ecu each and twenty Finalist Prizes of 5,000 Ecu each will be awarded. They are 
open to any European organisations and will reward novel products with a high IT content and evident 
market potential. ITEA could in particular be an efficient instrument of promotion for innovative 
SMEs. 
The European IT Conference, EITC '94, took place in June 1994 as the successor to the ESPRIT 
Conference Week. The conference had technical days which concentrated on trends in the specific 
research créas and a forum which examined societal and economic issues related to IT. At the same 
time, the exhibition focused on themes of IT use (workplace, mobility, leisure) in the context of which 
the results of about 60 ESPRIT projects were embedded. About 1600 people attended the conference 
and some 3000 people visited the exhibition. 
1994 has also been devoted to the preparation of the new IT programme. On the one hand, about 50 
thematic Industrial Working Groups were consulted on various programmes' subareas. On the other 
hand, and because of the new programme's orientations, a special effort had been made to consult 
users. For this purpose, 6 Industrial Advisory Panels had been set up which convened about 90 
experts and as many organisations' representatives in areas such as Capital Goods, consumer Goods, 
Producer and Consumer services. Furthermore, more than 25 information days were organised during 
the second part of 1994, not only in Brussels but also in the main cities of the different EU and EFTA 
countries. 
R&D IN ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS IN EUROPE (RACE) 
Objectives 
The main objective of the programme is "the introduction of integrated broadband communication, 
taking into account the evolving integrated services digital networks and national introduction 
strategies, progressing to Community-wide services by 1995". 
S/T progress 
A call for proposals for research projects was made in May 1993, leading to the launching of 25 new 
projects in 1994. The research projects of Phase II of the RACE programme cover eight priority 
areas: 
/. Research and development into integrated broadband communication (IBC): 
Work in this area has led to a clear definition of the principal concepts of broadband communication. 
Optical network models have been developed, as have enhanced components and systems. The work 
has resulted in a Community and European approach to the specification of broadband network 
infrastructures. 
2. Intelligence in networks and flexible management of means of communication: 
An architecture has been produced for defining interconnectable networks and a service system 
management has been developed. The work has paved the way for common functional specifications 
for standardization bodies such as ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) and ITU 
(International Telecommunication Union). 
25 
3. Mobile and personal communication: 
The research projects in this area have contributed to the definition of the standards necessary for the 
third generation of mobile communication (UMTS-Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems). 
They have also studied the problems of using microwave frequencies for mobile broadband systems 
(MBS). 
4. Image and data communication: 
Project work in this area has led to the development of interconnection technologies for transmitting 
images by cable, optical fibre, radio and satellite and via ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). It has 
also contributed to the development of multimedia services and to the preparation of coding-decoding 
systems and audiovisual standards (MPEG-2 - Moving Picture Expert Group-2). 
5. Integrated service technologies: 
This area deals with all the needs of a market in advanced, high-performance telecommunications 
services, taking account of new user requirements in an environment of interoperability and 
profitability. The projects have therefore worked on the development of interfaces to exploit the new 
technologies. They have helped develop and test a harmonized architecture for the definition of 
services and have paved the way for common functional specifications with a view to forthcoming 
standardization (IN/TMN - Intelligent Network / Telecommunications Management Network). 
6. Technologies for information security: 
This area covers the quality and reliability of information transmitted or used in advanced 
communications applications and services. The projects have contributed to the development of 
technologies for information security and to the preparation of standards for use in open, distributed 
and heterogeneous advanced communications systems. 
7. Experiments in advanced communications: 
The aim here is to verify the feasibility of integrated communication systems. The projects looking 
at user requirements have led to the development of prototype integrated communication systems in 
several application sectors, including transport, production, manufacture, culture, publishing, 
construction, commerce and banking. Techno-economic studies have been carried out with a view 
to the forthcoming use and implementation of integrated systems on the market. Projects have also 
contributed to the development of network interconnection standards. 
8. Interoperability and testing infrastructure: 
This horizontal area underpins all the other areas referred to above, its objective being to ensure that 
the components of a network are consistent with interoperability at all levels. The projects have 
therefore contributed to tests on the interconnection of broadband network components at test sites, 
on the interconnection of test sites and on applications across interconnected sites. They have also 
helped, through testing, to pave the way for standards (UNI - User Network Interface). 
Virtually all the main manufacturers and suppliers of telecommunications equipment are taking part 
in the RACE programme projects, as are the operators in the communications sector. In addition, the 
EU Member States and the EFTA States are equally well represented in the programme. SME 
representation stands at 40%. 
Over 60% of projects include participants from the less favoured regions of the European Union and 
almost 20% of participants come from undertakings located in countries eligible for support from the 
cohesion funds. Through this high level of participation these undertakings are helping to transfer 
26 
technology and to disseminate results towards their regions. 
Many technical and scientific cooperation links have been set up with ETSI, CEN/Cenelec (European 
Committee for Electro-technical Standardization), EBU (European Broadcasting Union) and other 
standardization bodies. Links have also been established with ETNO (European Telecommunications 
Network Operators^Group) and Eurescom (European Institute for Research and Strategic Studies in 
Telecommunications). Scientific collaboration also exists with COST and EUREKA. 
Regular ii ter-project concertation is an essential feature of the RACE programme: all the projects take 
part in technical meetings held every two months or so. The results are integrated and consolidated 
by a central project, particularly as regards common functional and practical specifications. 
DIGITAL IMAGE TRANSMISSION AND DISPLAY 
In June 1993 the Council adopted a resolution on advanced TV systems and asked the Commission 
to present a communication on digital television with a view to reaching an agreement on the 
Community prospects for development and standardization. The European Parliament subsequently 
approved a budget of ECU 12 million for preparatory work in the field of digital image transmission 
and display. The objectives were: 
- to pave the way for and accelerate European consensus on the technical specifications for the 
transmission of digitized images and on a joint strategic approach to systems implementation; 
- to finalize demonstrations of digitized image transmission systems; 
- to assess the economic consequences of a transition to digitized image transmission systems. 
A call for proposals was made in 1993. The Commission received 22 proposals, 7 of which were 
selected as preparatory actions. Another 4 proposals were selected in 1994. 
TELEMATIC SYSTEMS OF GENERAL INTEREST 
Objectives 
The Telematics Systems of General Interest programme seeks to : 
- improve the overall performance of large public services throughout the Union by overcoming the 
technological, social and economic challenges that confront them ; 
- strengthen the scientific and technological base of European industry, particularly in strategic 
sectors of applications of advanced technology, with a view to assisting European industry to 
become more competitive at the international level ; 
- reinforce the economic and social cohesion of the Union and promote its overall harmonious 
development ; 
- contribute to the successful completion of the internal market. 
S/T progress 
The programme was launched in 1992 ; the majority of projects finished before the end of 1994. The 
Telematics Systems of General Interest programme has produced a large number of successful results 
in the form of specifications for new systems, tools and applications, architectures, hardware and 
software standards, common procedures, models, and impact or cost-benefit analyses. One example 
27 
is given below for each area of the programme. 
/. Administrations : 
The European Water Traffic Information System, under the auspices of the EWTIS project, set up an 
information network between European ports. The central database supplies details of each vessel and 
its route and indicates whether the ship is carrying dangerous goods. This information is made rapidly 
available to the search and rescue organisations in the event of an emergency at sea. 
2. Transi r'rt •' 
The SOCRATES and ACCEPT projects have developed traffic information and route guidance 
systems for drivers that can be used across Europe in their native language, based on cellular radio 
and broadcasting. Tests using cars equipped with the resultant RDS-TMC receivers (radio data system-
traffic message channel) or with a cellular radio system have been carried out in motorway corridors 
and in cities, and pre-standards have been produced for location referencing and for an enhanced data 
format for digital road maps. 
3. Health care : 
A pilot project, DIABCARD, has developed a chipcard-based medical information system designed 
for the care of patients with chronic diseases. The project has focused on diabetes mellitus, one of the 
most prevalent chronic diseases, afflicting about 20 million people in the European Union, most of 
them elderly. It examined ways of improving the treatment of the disease by enhancing communication 
between general practitioners, hospitals and the patients themselves at home. 
4. Education and Training : 
One project has set up a "multimedia teleschool", which allows a tutor to have face-to-face contact 
with many learners at different locations. The teleschool has held 20 interactive courses on such 
subjects as foreign language learning, telecommunications, and environmental awareness for more than 
1600 executive learners from major companies in 12 countries. 
5. Libraries : 
New projects and accompanying measures were selected and negotiated in 1994, completing the 
coverage of the Libraries workprogramme. Significant results are already emerging from projects 
launched in the previous years, for instance in library networking based on open standards (document 
delivery and search and retrieval in remote library catalogues); in imaging systems for access to 
photographic, map and slides collections; in optical character recognition in conjunction with hypertext 
and other technologies e.g. for the creation of structured machine readable catalogue records. Many 
projects focus on new innovative library services, for instance : equipping mobile libraries to provide 
modern electronic library services in rural areas; or access to a sound archive in conjunction with 
the corresponding bibliographic references. Attention has been paid to copyright and a platform was 
created to sensitize libraries across the EU to these issues. 
6. Linguistic Research and Engineering : 
Pilot applications incorporating more advanced language technologies in various fields such as 
medicine, law, software and aeronautics, have been identified as a highly effective way of transferring 
technology from research laboratories to industry. 
7. Rural Areas : 
The RUTOTEL project has developed a multimedia terminal which will make it easier for tourists to 
plan holidays off the beaten track. People planning a journey could start with a map of a selected 
28 
region displayed on a computer terminal. They could then zoom in on a more precise area where 
leisure amenities and areas of scenic beauty could be highlighted. Moving pictures accompanied by 
sound would show what particular sites really look like. The computer would then provide lists of 
available accommodation, lists of local guides and other practical information. Ultimately, the 
customer should be able to book the holiday directly on the computer terminal. 
In order to prepare the future activities in Telematics Applications a Call for Preparatory and 
Accompanying Measures was launched in March 1994 resulting in projects and feasibility studies in 
telematicr engineering (6 projects), language engineering (13 projects), information engineering (22 
projects and 7 studies), air traffic management (14 projects), and telematics for urban areas (9 
projects). In addition, different Commission Services launched a joint Call for accompanying 
measures in education and training. 
The programme brings together the users and providers of telematic services and products, allowing 
the users to become more aware of the potential benefits brought by the technology and the providers 
to become more aware of the needs of the users, be they intermediate- or end-users. 
This contact builds confidence on both sides and encourages increased investment and the development 
of a wider range of new systems and services, thus stimulating job creation. The Telematics Systems 
of General Interest programme promotes market development, which should result in stronger and 
steady demand for telematics based services. The use of telematics helps European industry to produce 
better products at lower costs, hence increasing industrial competitiveness. Training of employees 
becomes cheaper, easier and more effective. Health care, education, transport, libraries and other 
public services are encouraged to switch resources from overheads to services to the public, ensuring 
a better quality of life for Europe's citizens. 
The Telematics Systems of General Interest programme had an excellent record in terms of SME 
participation, with SMEs representing some 50% of the companies involved (though this is an average 
figure spanning a wide range - 29 to 63 % - depending on the sector). 
In May 1994, the Commission submitted to the European Parliament and the Council a report on the 
mid-term review of the Telematics Systems of General Interest programme, its implementation and 
its results. The review found that the programme was succeeding in developing practical applications 
for the new technologies, and was clearly driven by users, involving people likely to operate, benefit 
from and ultimately buy the telematic applications being developed. 
The review board - an independent team of industrialists and academics - recommended that the 
Commission integrate the different areas of the programme to give a wider perspective to the research 
and allow the development of a long-term strategic plan, stressing that the programme should be seen 
as a long-term venture. The board welcomed the Commission's plan to bring the seven research areas 
together under a common management. It also praised the regular meetings held between project 
representatives to exchange information, noting that this had demonstrably helped build cohesion 
between users and suppliers. Finally it noted that the lack of a common, cheap, readily available 
infrastructure was holding back the take-up of the results of telematics projects. It said that concerted 
public investment is the only realistic way to build up this infrastructure, and that the programme was 
central to this task. 
29 
TIDE (Telematics for the Integration of Disabled and Elderly people) 
Information and communication technologies can make a strong contribution to improving the quality 
of life of disabled and elderly people. These technologies can facilitate their social and economic 
integration in the community and enable them to live as independently as possible. The approach is 
to take existing technology and match it to the capabilities of disabled and elderly users. This covers 
a wide range of devices and services, from Braille screens to enable blind people to access the new 
graphical interfaces to today's computers, through robot arms for wheelchairs, to adapted interfaces 
to smart house technology. Stimulating coherence in this market through technical standards, new 
relationships between sector actors etc. so as to improve the competitiveness of European industry and 
the quality of life for these citizens, are the major results to be obtained from this Community 
initiative. 
A pilot phase (1992-1994) with 18 MECU funded 21 projects and a study. A second phase called the 
Bridge Phase (1993-1997) with 42 MECU is funding 55 projects and horizontal actions. In the Fourth 
Framework Programme the TIDE activities will be followed up as a sub-programme of the 
Telematics Applications programme. 
The Pilot Phase has recently been evaluated in 1994 by a technical committee including disabled users 
and senior researchers who were supervised by a high level review board. The overall result of this 
evaluation is very positive. The review board characterised the TIDE Pilot Phase as : 
- Remarkably successful in mobilising the sector - enabling large companies, SMEs and users to 
work together 
- Investment in TIDE has been extremely worthwhile, especially considering the short time frame 
and modest resources 
- TIDE focuses on users and has demonstrated the benefits delivered to them. 
The recommendations of the Review Board following the evaluation highlight some major emphases 
for the follow on of TIDE Bridge and Telematics Phases. These are that : 
- Users must continue to be involved. They must be involved at all the stages of the project 
- Manufacturers right across Europe should include the requirements of disabled and elderly people 
at the design stage of their products ("design for all"). 
MULTIMEDIA PUBLICATIONS 
In order to prepare the ground for activities in the new area of Information Engineering in the 
Telematics Applications programme under the Fourth Framework Programme, a budget of 4 MECU 
was made available for exploratory actions in multimedia publishing. A call for proposals for 
exploratory actions in multimedia publishing, published on 15th March 1994 (ref. O.J. C78/51), led 
to the submission of 412 proposals. 
22 projects were selected for funding within live areas, namely electronic newspapers and magazines, 
multimedia catalogues, multimedia asset trading (including advertising), STM publishing and technical 
services/documentation. Partners in the successful consortia include major European publishers, 
research organisations, specialist SME's and user groups. 
Results due in mid-1995 will provide focus to RTD activities in the Information Engineering sector 
of the Telematics Applications Programme (1994-1998). 
30 
To prepare the Information Engineering contribution to the Telematics Applications workprogramme, 
more than 600 experts representing academia, industry and user groups, cooperated with the 
Commission's services in an intensive consultation phase. 
v, INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGIES 
INDUSTRIAL & MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES ("BRITE-EURAM IF) 
Objectives 
The basis of the programme on Industrial and Materials Technologies continues to be the revitalization 
of the European manufacturing industry by reinforcing its scientific and technological base through 
research and development work. Its main objectives are : 
- to increase the competitiveness of European industry in the face of strong international challenges, 
particularly in strategic sectors of advanced technology; 
- to strengthen European economic and social cohesion consistent with the pursuit of scientific and 
technical excellence. 
A number of other strategic aims complement the overall objectives of the programme : 
- to increase implementation of advanced technologies by small and medium sized enterprises 
(SMEs); 
- to increase involvement of manufacturing SMEs in European RTD thereby developing links with 
other enterprises and to better manage their resources; 
- to encourage and diversify the training of research workers and engineers for modern European 
industry; 
- to give full consideration to the social, human and environmental impact of new technologies; 
- to concentrate the effort necessary for the appropriate dissemination and exploitation of results. 
The programme is formally sub-divided into the following three areas : 
1.1. Raw materials and recycling 
1.2. Materials 
2. Design and manufacturing 
3. Aeronautics research 
S/T Progress 
The means to achieving the objectives of the programme included the promotion of multisectoral and 
multidisciplinary collaboration in basic technical research and the implementation of new technologies 
by end users. The acquisition of scientific and technical knowledge both at a fundamental level and 
at a level necessary for establishing standards and codes of good practice remain important. All these 
elements facilitate the effective transfer of technologies. 
During 1994 the main activity was the initiation of the remaining research contracts selected under 
the second call for proposals for Brite-EuRam II (deadline February 26, 1993). 654 new research 
contracts were the subject of financial commitments, of which 568 (accompanying measures excluded) 
were signed and started, corresponding to 158 collaborative research contracts, involving industry-
31 
research centre-university partnerships, 267 cooperative research contracts (CRAFT), 42 training 
grants, 77 feasibility/expansion awards and 24 targeted research actions; 
142 collaborative projects finished during the year. These will be evaluated in April 1995. The 
results of the evaluation of projects completed in 1993 have shown the continuous trend of successful 
achievements of Brite-EuRam projects : 75 % achieved their objectives and, on average, 1 ECU 
invested in research' generates 6 ECU of potential economic impact within the 5 years following the 
completion of the project. This is the first time direct financial evidence of the benefits of 
Commiss/on sponsored RTD has been demonstrated from within a single programme. 
During 1994, as in each year, the programme arranged for the evaluation of finished projects with the 
assistance of independent consultants. It included interviews and analyses of indicators such as 
management, collaboration, research performance, economic benefits, SME involvement, environment 
and societal impacts and exploitation strategy. In general, the following data were obtained: 
48 % of the results obtained would lead lo at least 5 applications; 58 % of the results could 
be applied to at least 3 different industrial sectors; 
38 % of the projects analyzed were expected to lead to financial gains of at least 5 MECU 
within the next 5 years; 
74 % of the results were estimated to be likely to be "on market" within 3 years; 
67 % of the SMEs participating stated that they had achieved a significant boost to their 
capacity to innovate and had improved their competitiveness. 
From a qualitative viewpoint, the growing experience within Brite-EuRam shows that the exploitation 
of results becomes really effective if there is a clear statement of company strategy and proposed 
exploitation routes amongst the partners from the start. For this reason, the projects which began in 
1994, as a result of the second call for proposals, were subject to rigorous selection procedures and 
will be subject also to strict management and progress control. During 1994, the stringency of mid­
term and final assessments on projects was brought into line with the indicators employed in the 
annual evaluation report and analysis referred to above. 
The programme was characterized by a range of "success stories". 
The textile industry uses enormous amounts of water and energy: it takes around one kilogram of 
water and assorted chemicals to process every kilogram of textile. Treating the resulting waste water 
is difficult and expensive, and so, despite recent environmental concerns, most of it is still dumped 
into Europe's rivers and seas. In today's difficult economic climate, an environmental friendlier 
solution must also pay for itself economically if it is to be enthusiastically taken up by industry. Just 
such a solution has resulted from a BRITE-EURAM project, involving 5 partners. The secret of the 
new system is a special polymer. Designed to be semi-permeable and resistant to heat, acidity and the 
chemical attacks of the waste water, the polymer is produced in large sheets. These are rolled into 
long cylinders and the waste water passed through them. The salts and other impurities are removed 
through reverse osmose. In addition to drastically reducing the quantity of chemicals dumped in 
Europoe's waterways, the system allows 90% of the water to be recycled. This means it pays for itself 
in two years, and as a result has already been adopted by some textile factories. In addition, it is 
equally applicable to other industries, multiplying both environmental and economic benefits 
throughout Europe. 
32 
Another project of an industrial nature shows the capacity of Europe to resist successfully to the 
international technological competition, in particular Japan and America, in the field of integrated 
components liabilities. The constant miniaturization of the components in the electronic industry 
requires the development of new technologies for the integration of the liability components: a 
multi-layer ceramic technology was optimized to obtain a miniaturized monolithe, multipurpose 
component; its applications are multiple in the field of filters for the motor industry, the electric 
household appliances, etc ... 
Mechanics, one of the strong points in Europe, is also one of the important fields of the programme. 
A project brings a solution to the problem of the ball bearings and smooth bearings in the precision 
engineering, being subjected to important constraints and to a high temperature. Within the framework 
of cooperation between various institutes and companies, a thermoplastic slip system was developed, 
as well as the lubrication system for two applications in micromechanics. 
Various conferences and workshops were held throughout the year with partial support from the 
Programme, which culminated in the "Fifth EC Conference on RTD on Industrial Technologies" held 
in Brussels over December 8-12, 1994. This event was attended by 1500 people and was an excellent 
opportunity to review the achievements of Brite-EuRam II and to present the next programme on 
"Industrial and Materials Technologies 1994-98" - Brite-EuRam III. 
MEASUREMENTS & TESTING 
Objectives 
The aim of the programme is to improve measurements, testing techniques and chemical analyses 
where they are not sufficiently accurate to enable laboratories to agree on their results, to satisfy the 
new challenges facing industry or for the purposes of monitoring the environment, food quality or 
health. The programme is sub-divided into four areas, namely: 
/. Support to regulations and directives 
2. Sectorial testing problems 
3. Common means of calibration for the Community 
4. The development of new measurement methods. 
S/T Progress 
During 1994, as well as funding the remaining projects from a call for proposals on area four, the 
programme concentrated its efforts on areas two and three. Particular emphasis was placed upon 
research in support of the development of written standards required for the operation of the Internal 
Market and of certified reference materials necessary for the use of such written standards. 
By the development and improvement of analytical and test methods, reference materials and transfer 
standards, the programme has contributed significantly to a number of Community policies. 
Notable activities in support of the Common Agricultural policy seek to improve the detection of 
growth hormones and veterinary drugs in farm animals, to characterize animal feedstuff's chemically, 
biologically and medicinally and to detect fraud resulting from the adulteration of agricultural products 
(e.g. butter, olive oil, durum wheat pasta) by lower grade ingredients. Consumer protection will also 
be enhanced by the development of better methods to detect food contamination by potential packaging 
33 
materials and for the more accurate labelling of products for vitamins and dietary fibre in foods. 
In the environmental field, the programme has continued to act as a source of high grade reference 
materials and coordination necessary to ensure accurate and comparable results in the monitoring of 
chemical pollution. The quality assurance scheme, originally developed for the monitoring of the 
North Sea, is being extended to the Mediterranean. It now involves more than 200 laboratories and 
has promoted mutually beneficial cooperation with countries outside the European Union. A similar 
scheme for the monitoring of microbiological activity in the seas surrounding the Union is under 
development. Of relevance to both industry and health and safety are the improvements in the 
detection and determination of hazardous substances. 
In the biomedical field, as well supporting the development of a number of novel real time biosensors 
for use in both clinical and industrial applications, the programme has assisted in the development, 
coordination and harmonization of European External Quality Assurance Schemes (EQ AS) in the fields 
of clinical chemistry and microbiology. 
The specific call for proposals on novel instrumentation gave industry, and in particular the SME's 
which dominate the field, the chance to both solve measurement problems and develop the basis of 
future products. Applications ranged from the on-line monitoring of robots, industrial discharges and 
the quality of food to miniaturized systems for patient monitoring during surgical interventions. 
By supporting improvement of the scientific and technical basis of more than 30 European Standards 
being developed by CEN, CENELEC and ETSI, many of which are covered by Commission 
mandates, the programme also contributed significantly to the operation of the Internal Market. Of 
particular interest to industry are the projects on the testing of materials (metals, ceramics, coatings 
etc) and construction and other products. A European wide project to develop improved methods for 
determining the resistance and reaction to fire of upholstered furniture not only lays the basis for 
future standards and possible legislation, but also provided training for Member states who have yet 
to develop their test facilities in this field. 
The sales of BCR (Bureau Communautaire de Référence^ certified reference materials continued to 
grow and to be an effective way of disseminating results and promoting improved quality control of 
measurements within the Union. 
In addition, the organisation of more than 30 workshops and training courses centred around the 
results of clusters of projects enabled those not directly involved to benefit, as well as allowing the 
identification of future needs, particularly those of industry. 
ENVIRONMENT 
ENVIRONMENT 
Objectives 
The programme directs research activities towards an understanding of the fundamental mechanisms 
of the environment and towards devising and implementing integrated prevention strategies in all areas 
of human activity. It provides a response to the scientific challenges which arise from global change 
and continuity in scientific support for the environmental policy of the Union. 
34 
In addition, the programme supports multidisciplinary research to study all the elements which make 
up the biosphere and follow its historical development. Such research tends to examine both the 
relationship between man and his natural environment and his relationship with his economic, social 
and cultural environment etc., since these form an indivisible whole. 
S/T Progress 
/. Global Change and Natural Environment 
1.1. Research on Climate : 
A substantial contribution was provided through many research projects to areas such as 
(a) the reconstruction and modelling of the evolution of the climate system in the past, in particular 
during the quaternary period, in order to understand better how the climate may evolve under the 
influence of human factors 
(b) the understanding, the description and the forecasting of climatic change resulting from the 
enhanced greenhouse effect due to human activities, in order to provide the scientific basis for 
preventive and adaptative measures. 
Community action also covered climate change impacts on natural resources* forest agriculture and 
ground water, on land degradation and desertification in the Mediterranean area and on forest fires. 
Scientific information generated within these projects is necessary for the progressive setting up of 
sustainable management strategies, and protection measures. 
Example of this can be found in the frame of the MEDALUS project (aiming at investigating the 
desertification processes in Mediterranean areas) : a CD-ROM was produced which contains 
information about the extensive field programme, the complete set of field and weather data and the 
MEDALUS model which forecasts hillslope vegetation, hydrology and soil changes. 
1.2. Research on atmosphere : 
The preliminary analysis of the measurements made at the occasion of the Second European 
Stratospheric Arctic and Middle Latitude Experiment (SESAME) launched in 1994 to study the 
stratospheric chemistry and the ozone depletion indicated that the total ozone over European middle 
latitude has been a few percent below the long term average. This ozone decline is broadly consistent 
with the long term trends in total ozone that have been observed over the last 10 years. A correlation 
between ozone concentration in the stratosphere and the UVB radiation has also been shown. 
SESAME is a European contribution to the on-going World Meteorological Organisation/United 
Nations Environment Programme assessment of the ozone layer, required by the Montreal Protocol 
on substances that deplete the ozone layer. SESAME is supported by the EU and many national 
funding agencies (55 research groups from 21 countries are involved), and is a good example of the 
significant results that can be achieved through coordinated national and EC RTD activities. 
1.3. Research on Ecosystems : 
Research on the natural environment has also generated scientific information usable to implement or 
refine EU and Member States environmental policy and management. Successful examples of such 
a contribution are 
(a) the development of a new functional approach to wetland assessment intended to improve the EU 
policy on wetland habitat protection 
35 
(b) the understanding of the complex pollution process in the Western Mediterranean sea and the 
related coastal areas 
(c) the development of an hydrodynamical - ecological model of the reaction of high mountains lakes 
to pollution, as a scientific contribution to the Alpine Convention. 
2. Technologies and engineering for the environment : 
Innovation products in the field of environmental technologies were presented to new users and 
technology transfer between companies in different regions of Europe was promoted at the occasion 
of the European Innovation Convention (Stuttgart, 11 and 12 of October 1994). 
In the field of waste recycling, a workshop was organised to explore requirements for further research 
investigations that could alleviate environmental pollution, addressing a wide range of waste producing 
sectors. In the perspective of the EU Environmental policy, needs for technical assistance in 
characterising and quantifying hazardous wastes and needs in identifying barriers to recycling and 
measures to reduce disposal problems have been identified. 
Progress achieved in the area of environmental technology by RTD projects funded under the 
environment programme have been reviewed in a number of sectoral oriented workshops : pulp and 
paper industry, metal finishing processes, bleaching of textiles, sugar crystallisation, substitute for 
halons, brick-making, cement industry. Similar reviews have also been organised for plastics 
recycling, biological and chemical and physical wastewater treatment, integrated wastewater treatment 
and emission abatement (including photocatalysis). 
New techniques for environmental monitoring have been developed in particular in the field of 
biosensors techniques. 
3. Research on economic and social aspects of environmental issues : 
Under this research area several projects have provided substantial support to other community 
policies, providing in particular the scientific basis which could be used into the future elaboration of 
environmental policies, i.e. research projects on implementation of EU policies related to climate 
change, acidification, waste management and others. The integration of environmental factors into 
other policy areas, such as agriculture, transport and urban planning, has also been addressed. 
Other themes of Community interest which are treated in this area are: green accounting, the relations 
between environment and employment and environmental awareness and behaviour. 
Concerning the evolution of S&T cooperation through Community, it should be pointed out that the 
research on economic and societal aspects of the environment has contributed to the development of 
a network of experts from different disciplines (sociology, economy, law, natural sciences) throughout 
the EU and Central and Eastern European countries. 
4. Technological and natural risks : 
In the field of technological risks, a suite of new methods has been developed for the risk assessment 
of chemical compounds, in order to improve the coverage and reliability of EU risk assessment 
schemes. 
The activities in the field of natural risks contributed to fulfil the general objective of understanding 
the courses, mechanisms and consequences of hazardous environmental phenomena (telluric, 
meteorological and hydrogeological hazards, including research on forest fires and floods). 
36 
"SPACE" and "SPOT IV" 
- The objective of the "SPACE" action is to facilitate the development and exploitation of earth 
observation applications and, in particular, to contribute to the setting up of a European.operation 
system in the field of environmental observation and research. 
This action takes into consideration (a) the need to develop synergies and complementarities with 
other EU RTD programmes and national and ESA Space Programmes (b) the need expressed by 
other(EU sectoral policies, (c) the benefit that could emerge from the development of a competitive 
European space industry (d) the advantage that could come from the development of an 
international cooperation in the area of space, (e) the need to set up appropriate legal instruments 
to frame the development of new market opportunities and satellite communication services. 
- The objective of the "SPOT IV" action is to support the development of the space instrument 
"végétation". This space instrument will be designed for the observation of continental ecosystems. 
It will provide data usable for the implementation of several community policies such as 
agriculture, research and development and international cooperation. 
These actions (a) prepared the ground for integrating information from remote sensing into the 
Community statistical systems (b) contributed to the design of an operational airborne remote sensing 
system (c) contributed to research and observation projects on tropical forests (TREES project) and 
to the better understanding of global processes associated with tropical vegetation burning (FIRE 
project). 
Concrete actions in the field of space research were implemented mainly by the JRC. 
MARINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (MAST-H) 
Objectives 
The aims of the programme are to 
- contribute to establishing a scientific and technological basis for the exploration, exploitation, 
management and protection of European coastal waters and of the seas surrounding the 
Community Member States. 
- introduce the necessary Community dimension to various on-going research activities, and to 
aim to achieve a balance in the marine scientific potential between the various areas of the 
European Community. 
S/T Progress 
The launch of 25 new shared-cost actions brings the total to 93 involving 660 partnerships. 
These new projects cover most major topics in each of the main research areas of the programme: 
1-5. Marine Science (including Large-Scale Targeted projects), 
2. Coastal Zone Science and Engineering, 
3. Marine Technology. 
5 of them are aimed at the assessment of any possible risk likely to affect the marine environment 
in association with research, monitoring and surveying in marine sciences and technologies. 
37 
More specifically, the main results can be summarized as follows : 
- Consolidation of the two large-scale targeted projects initiated in 1993: 
. the Mediterranean Targeted Project (MTP), involving 180 scientists from 70 scientific 
institutions in 14 EEA Countries. 
. the North Atlantic Targeted Project (NATP), involving 110 scientists from 32 institutions in 10 
EEA countries. 
f 
These 2 projects seek to promote trans-European cooperation on a hitherto unparalleled scale. 
The MTP is in this respect even more innovative than the NATP, due to a weaker tradition of 
international collaboration in the Mediterranean. 
Continuation of the G8-CoastaI Morphodynamics project, which is contributing in a unique 
way to the formation of a large network of European institutes with both academic and 
commercial interests in 12 EEA countries. It is acknowledged, notably in Japan and the USA, 
that the synergy and collaborations achieved through MAST-II has put Europe in the world 
lead on research on coastal physical processes. 
Launching of a concerted action on the application of high performance computing techniques 
in marine sciences and in model intercomparison. 
Launching of several Supporting Initiatives (area IV of the programme) on océanographie data 
management: Assistance in data management for the MTP; electronic data publishing and 
delivery of reference data bases. 
Co-organization of the 2nd European Conference on underwater acoustics, Copenhagen, 4-8 
July 1994. Underwater Acoustics is a major research topic in MAST-II Marine Technology. 
The conference, attended from such diverse countries (apart from EU-EFTA), as PECO, USA, 
Canada, South Africa, China, India, has demonstrated the strong status of European research 
in this field. 
LIFE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES 
BIOTECHNOLOGY 
Objectives 
The objectives of this programme are to 
- extend the objectives of the BRIDGE programme; 
- carry out prenormative research with emphasis on the safety assessment of new techniques and 
novel products; 
- monitor the ethical, social and economic implication of biotechnology; 
- use throughout the programme information technology for collecting, pooling, 
analyzing.distributing or simulating data; 
carry out research at the level of molecules, cells, organisms and populations. 
38 
Four research areas are supported by the Community 
/. Molecular approaches 
2: Cellular and Organism approaches 
3: Ecology and population biology 
4: Horizontal activities common to all areas 
S/T Progress 
Several innovative approaches to research and training support such as the B (Basic), G (Generic)1, 
and PTP (Projects of Technological Priority)2projects, Industrial Platforms and decentralised 
management and training are serving to enhance the cohesion and efficiency of Community and 
Member States' research programmes. 
Industrial platforms have been created at the initiative of interested companies in a particular industrial 
sector and the amount and type of information going to the Industrial Platforms is regulated by the 
contractors as they hold the intellectual property over the results generated in the frame of the 
Community programme. Industrial Platforms provide contractors and Commission services with expert 
advice on industrially relevant topics related to the project, thus promoting a dynamic interaction 
which is beneficial to all parties. At present 7 Industrial Platforms have been established and are 
active, each under a different technology focus. As many as 128 companies participate in the different 
platforms of which 52 are small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), representing about 41% of the 
total. Two additional platforms are in the process of being established. 
The following could be considered as the major RTD results: 
- Improvement of the understanding of catalytic mechanisms of enzymes associated with biological 
membranes, interaction of antibodies with antigens and the relationship between structure and 
function of receptors. 
- The DNA sequencing activities, carried out by many closely coordinated networks of European 
laboratories, has lead to the sequencing of an important part of the yeast genome (14 Mb), the 
Bacillus subtilis genome (4 Mb) and the much larger (100 Mb) Arabidopsis genome. 
- Studies in animal reproduction, mapping of the bovine and pig genomes were carried out seeking 
to improve animal husbandry. 
- In the alternatives to animal experiments in pharmaco-toxicology field, G-projects have already 
developed several new in vitro assays facilitating the prediction, in a rather sensitive way, of 
some major immunotoxic reactions. 
- In the plant biotechnology area, it has been possible to organize five networks with mechanisms 
of internal and external coordination. The whole activity is included into a Project of 
Technological Priority (PTP) for making steps in directions pointing at desirable future 
applications, namely: plant development, reactions to abiotic stress, storage processes e.g. in the 
grain or in the tuber, nitrogen utilization efficiency and transposition of results into the applied 
research of peripheral countries. 
- Significant advances have been made in the different research topics dealing with industrial 
microorganisms. A G-project on the biotechnology of extremophile microorganisms found new 
Twcnly-Uiicc O-projects have been supported covering aspects ol Areas I, 2 and 3 
Nine ITP projects arc supported lor research work on genomes <md on plant biology. 
39 
exciting results in the field of extremophily. New exotic micro-organisms that can live under 
extreme conditions have been isolated and characterized. 
The information centre known as BIODOC has continued to monitor biotechnology developments 
worldwide and to provide an information resource for Commission services, Member State 
Administrations and interested members of the public. 
The European Biotechnology Information Service (EBIS) with an Inter-service Editorial Board has 
continued to provide information to the wider community and a means of access to relevant 
documents. It has become closely linked to the activities of the Commission's Biotechnology 
Coordination Committee (BCC) in the Secretariat General. 
BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTH (BIOMED I) 
Objectives 
The objective of the programme is to contribute to an improvement in the efficacy of medical and 
health research, pooling European resources and applying the results throughout the Community. 
Priority has been given to four areas : 
/. Development of coordinated research on prevention, care and health systems. 
2. Major health problems and diseases of great socioeconomic impact including AIDS, cancer, 
cardiovascular disease, mental illness and age-related problems. 
3. Human genome analysis. 
4. Research on biomedical ethics. 
S/T Progress 
Following calls for proposals, the programme was implemented mainly through concerted 
actions, which bring together accumulated expertise in research networks. 
In 1994, from a list of 303 proposals declared eligible in 1993 for Community funding, 140 
projects for concerted actions and 1 project for a cost-shared action have been selected for a total 
commitment of 38,092,650 ECU. Among accompanying measures, 45 contracts for research 
fellowships have been concluded, for a total commitment of 3.035 MECU. 
An example of specific results achieved in 1994 which should be mentioned is an important meeting 
on Pharmaceutical Research which was held in Brussels in December 1994, on the prospects for 
European clinical trials. The meeting gathered together eminent scientists, representatives of the 
pharmaceutical industry and regulatory authorities. Among the activities was an important round table 
discussion on the ethics, necessary controls and rationale for conducting clinical trials during 
pregnancy. The proceedings of the meeting will be published by mid-1995. 
A meeting focusing on Cancer Research at the European Level was organized in Brussels in December 
1994. The 57 project leaders of the Cancer Research Area of BIOMED 1 were invited to attend 
discussions about their work. The projects are grouped as follows: basic research (30), clinical 
research (16), screening studies and research (3), chemoprevention studies and research (3), 
40 
epidemiological studies and research (5). The aim of this discussion was to summarize the various 
activities and to discuss the progress of these projects (results to be published end 1995). 
Specific EU projects that concentrated on developing effective vaccines to prevent infection by the 
HIV virus and devising drugs which suppress progression of AIDS in 1994 are: 
"The Monkey '"Models for AIDS Research", which has developed a vaccine for Simian 
Immunodeficiency Virus, or SIV, in macaques. 
"Eurooean Vaccine against AIDS" (EVA), which is also developing vaccines against SIV. 
"Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of New Antiviral Compounds against AIDS", which is 
screening more than 10,000 compounds for future treatment of AIDS patients. 
In the framework of the international Human Genome Project, close links have been strengthened with 
the Human Genome Organization (HUGO) representing genome scientists with offices for Europe 
(London), the Americas (Bethesda), and Pacific (Osaka). The Commission was again represented at 
its Human Genome conferences (London - UK 1991, Nice - France 1992, Kobe - Japan 1993, 
Washington - USA 1994, Heidelberg - Germany 1996) and provided a substantial contribution to the 
HUGO programme on Single Chromosome Workshops with regard to participation of European 
genome researchers. The Commission is also involved in the recent HUGO initiative, started at the 
1994 conference in Washington with a first follow-up meeting in London in January 1995, on 
patentability and free access to cDNA sequence data balancing researchers' and commercial interests. 
AGRICULTURE AND AGRO-INDUSTRY, INCLUDING FISHERIES (AIR) 
Objectives 
The specific objectives of the AIR programme are to 
increase the viability and competitiveness of the agricultural and agro-industrial sector, especially 
in the less developed regions and in those regions where agriculture suffers from chronic structural 
problems, 
- provide a better match between production of biological resources and their use by consumers and 
industry, in particular to encourage the potential non-food uses for agricultural production 
- encourage the participation of SMEs in this programme, 
provide healthy foods for consumers, 
protect the environment, 
support the Common Agriculture and Fisheries Policies. 
S/T Progress 
17 % of the proposals submitted to the third call for proposals of the AIR programme were selected 
for funding and received contracts in 1994. 85 projects submitted to the second call and evaluated 
in 1993 were selected and received contracts in 1994. 
Competitiveness of the agricultural and agro-industrial sector: Primary producers, industry and 
the European science base have collaborated with a view to establishing a competitive advantage for 
the Community. The development of a significant number of high technology SMEs have been 
supported. Research for and technology transfer to the lower technology SMEs has usually been 
provided by research associations and cooperatives acting as participants on their behalf. 
41 
Processes have been developed to enhance quality while maintaining safety of food products, e.g. 
novel shaped tubular heat exchangers, continuous microwave tubular heater, on-line sensors for the 
detection of fouling/ microbial contamination in food processing equipment. A method for 
establishing Eucalyptus plantations in drier areas has been developed. A new dehuller has been 
developed for small seeds as have processes for the transformation of rapeseed oil into 'green 
chemicals'. Oral vaccines have been developed for salmonids and maricultured fish. 
Coordination of national research activities: The cooperation between researchers achieved through 
concerted actions has been very effective in establishing networks, coordinating their research 
activities and establishing new collaborative research projects. 
A particularly successful concerted action has produced a simple and practical guide for the 
implementation of HACCP, a system for the quality and safety control of foodstuffs in the food 
industries. Concerted actions on resistant starch and sensorial analysis have greatly improved the 
scientific bases in these fields and have generated interesting collaborative projects. 
Support to the Common Fisheries Policy: The projects funded have improved the knowledge of the 
major stocks of the European fisheries in the Atlantic ocean and in the Mediterranean sea. The 
behaviour of fishing gear and their interaction with the marine environment have been further 
understood. 
The control of diseases in aquaculture has improved, its interaction with the environment have been 
studied and the way has been paved for the genetic improvement of reared species. Methods to ensure 
the quality and hygiene of fish species with limited consumption have been developed. 
Support to the Common Agriculture Policy: The projects funded are responding to the needs of 
the reformed CAP and rural development. Emphasis has been placed on non-food and its primary 
production. Interesting new research has been launched on extensification, low input and organic 
farming, on the use of set-aside land and the special needs of regions lagging behind in development. 
Certain problems of plant health and animal health which are vital for the Community as a whole have 
received special attention. In terms of the CAP and rural development new projects will produce much 
needed data and indications of how quantitative models will be used in agriculture in future. There 
has been more research supported at the interface between agriculture and the environment on aspects 
of soils, waste, water and fertiliser use. 
Methodology has been developed to evaluate the safety of a transgenic tomato. This methodology will 
be very useful for the preparation of guidelines for the evaluation of novel foods by the scientific 
committee for food. 
Lactic bacteria based starter cultures for malolactic fermentation for direct inoculation have been 
developed and are now being commercialized. 
42 
ENERGY 
NON- NUCLEAR ENERGY (JOULE II) 
Objectives 
The objective of the programme is to contribute to the development of new non-nuclear energy options 
by paying increasing attention to those emerging energy technologies which, despite their large 
potential and environmental soundness, have not yet had a substantial market penetration. 
The emphasis in the programme was on energy technologies having the potential to reduce the 
environmental impact of energy supply and in particular C02 emissions, without pre-empting other 
important objectives such as improving security of energy supply, strengthening the competitiveness 
of the European energy industry or contributing to rural development and internal cohesion. 
S/T Progress 
The bulk of the JOULE-Il programme has been implemented following two general calls for 
proposals, the first in September 1991 and the second in April 1993. Globally JOULE II over its life 
span supported some 400 projects for a Community budget of about 260 MECU, this not including 
the budget for the participation in the projects of organisations from EFTA countries and from Central 
and Eastern European countries. The participation of industry in the projects has increased from the 
previous years and particularly that of SMEs for highly-innovative technologies. 
Significant progress has been obtained in all four areas of the programme as is shown in the 
following examples. 
In the area analysis of strategies and modelling new tools have been developed to analyze the 
complex energy-environment-economic system and its future trends with the objective to define a 
global "energy RTD" strategy for the Union. A new generation of mathematical models was 
developed to characterise this complex systems both at European and world scale. An accounting 
framework was developed to evaluate external costs in different fuel cycles (nuclear, coal, gas and 
renewables) within a joint EC-US collaboration. 
In the area fossil fuels, the programme covered two distinct themes: reduction of harmful 
emissions, including greenhouse gases, during combustion, and better understanding of 
hydrocarbon reservoirs to improve supply and enhance the competitiveness of European industry. 
The "clean coal" area addressed combustion of solid fuels, residues and wastes, paying particular 
attention to the emission reduction that can be achieved by controlled co-combustion of coal with 
biomass or with sewage sludge. In the "hydrocarbons" area, significant advances have been made 
in understanding the influence of fuel composition (especially diesel fuel) on pollutant formation, 
while the emphasis in the exploration and production sector has been on understanding the 
mechanisms that control fluid occurrence and mobility within reservoir structures. The importance 
of this work has been emphasised by the fact that, while most of the projects were originated by 
universities or research institutes, in many cases the larger oil companies have joined 
subsequently, invariably at their own expense. 
43 
In the area renewable energies progress was achieved in all sectors. In "wind energy", highly 
innovative MW-sized wind turbines, which are expected to become the next commercial 
generation, were developed together with European manufacturers with a view to consolidate 
Europe's leading position on the world market. Significant results have been achieved in 
"photovoltaics" and particularly in thin-film solar cells (for CulnSe2 cells the highest efficiency at 
world scale was recorded). "Building" projects of excellence using renewable energies were 
developed together with leading European architects, including the new Reichstag in Berlin . The 
two first European pilot projects in the field of "wave energy" started in the Azores and Scotland 
which wiM be rated at 0.5 and 2 MW. In "biomass", a breakthrough was achieved in the 
liquefaction of ligno-cellulosic material via pyrolysis. Upgrading of bio-crude oil was obtained 
though a new electrochemical method. 
In the area rational use of energy, work addressed different end-use sectors. In "industry", 
advanced unit operations and generic system engineering models were developed along with 
innovative methodologies and design procedures. In the "building" sector, emphasis was on the 
integration of low-energy components with renewable energies. More corrosion resistant electrodes 
for molten-carbonate "fuel cells" were identified and the scale-up of solid-oxide fuel cells to 7 kW 
was achieved. New lithium-carbon liquid and solid polymer batteries have been developed with 
specific energy exceeding 95 kWh/kg suitable for electric vehicles. A study on flywheels energy 
storage for vehicles indicated favourable economics compared to advanced batteries. A better 
knowledge and control of "combustion processes" was achieved by simplifying chemical kinetics, 
simulating turbulent combustion and developing new diagnostic tools. 
JOULE II has promoted innovation in a sector of strategic importance for Europe as a whole 
through the support of multi-national consortia merging research establishments, industry, 
universities and energy suppliers on projects of European-wide significance. 
THERMIE 
The THERMIE Programme, with a budget of 700 MECU for the period 1990-1994, has allowed the 
EC to support the demonstration and dissemination of new clean and efficient energy technologies 
through 3 main areas of activity. The first area, to which 85% of the budget was allocated, has 
covered financial support for energy technology projects in the field of rational use of energy, 
renewable energy sources, solid fuels and hydrocarbons.Up to 15% of the THERMIE budget was 
allocated to the second area of activity which covers the associated measures designed to help 
technologies achieve more widespread application. 
Three types of projects were eligible for financial support under the THERMIE regulation : innovative 
projects for the first commercial application of new energy technologies ; dissemination projects which 
aim to promote the use of existing energy technologies under different economic and geographical 
conditions ; and targeted projects set up to develop technologies of a strategic nature which could not 
be developed otherwise. Thus, during the five-year-implementation of THERMIE, the Community has 
supported 713 sectoral projects amounting to some 573 MECU. 
The associated measures includes market studies and evaluation of market potential, monitoring and 
evaluation of projects, dissemination of information on energy technologies (through the organisation 
of exhibitions, seminars and workshops, participation at energy-related fairs, press-related activities 
and the production of a wide range of publications). Most of the associated measures have been 
carried out by the OPET Network (Organisations for the Promotion of Energy Technology), set up 
44 
in 1991 by the Commission. In December 1994 this was composed of nearly 50 such organisations 
throughout the European Union, complemented by 15 EC Energy Centres established in Central and 
Eastern Europe and the CIS. By December 1994, 1200 specific actions had been implemented for 
approximately 47 MECU. Specific actions have also been undertaken in third countries where a 
potential market for the deployment of EU energy technologies exists (Latin America, Mediterranean 
region, South East Asia, EFTA countries, US, Japan). 
In order to avoid duplications and to achieve the best use of available funds, the third area of the 
programme implementation has been devoted to the coordination of THERMIE's activities with those 
of similar programmes executed in the Member States and with other Community support instruments 
such as ALTENER, SAVE, JOULE, TACIS, PHARE, etc. 
From 1995, the bulk of THERMIE will be carried out within the Fourth Framework Programme 
RTD. Those THERMIE activities which are out of scope are the subject of a separate Commission 
proposal, THERMIE II. 
RENEWABLE ENERGIES 
The main purpose of this action was to provide a bridge between the renewable-energy activities in 
the Third Framework Programme and a new line of action in the Fourth Framework Programme for 
the large scale integration of renewable energies. Five areas for the application of renewable energies 
have been identified: 
1. Integration of renewable energies in regions; 
2. Water desalination plants powered by renewable energies for Mediterranean area; 
3. The development of "bio-electricity"; 
4. Urban planning maximizing the use of renewable energies; 
5. Photovoltaic electricity generation in cooperation between Europe and developing countries. 
The choice of these particular application fields is justified by the assumption that renewable energies 
are expected to make a large impact in the short to medium term. Particular care was exerted on the 
need to consider both technological problems and related socio-economic issues. 
Within the 1994 budgetary procedure, a special budget of 25 MECU was allocated to activities in 
the field of renewable energies. This action has been implemented through a call for proposals which 
met a very large response. Out of the 340 proposals received, the Commission retained 80 projects 
for priority funding. Out of the 25MECU engaged in 1994, contracts were signed for 19 MECU prior 
end December, while the remaining ones are expected to be signed beginning 1995. 
The activities will continue in the Non-Nuclear Energy programme in the Fourth Framework 
Programme. Building on the preliminary results of these preparatory action, important initiatives will 
be set up for large-scale introduction of renewable energies in the five sectors which foresee the start 
of pilot projects. 
NUCLEAR FISSION SAFETY 
Objectives 
The research related to the nuclear fission safety under the third framework programme up to 1994 
were implemented through actions in the following areas: radioactive waste management and storage, 
45 
reactor safety, decommissioning of nuclear installations, TELEMAN (remote handling) and radiation 
protection research. 
S/T Progress 
The radioactive waste management and storage programme is subdivided into: "waste management 
and associated R&D projects" (management systems; waste treatment; safety of the multi-barrier 
system of geological disposal) and "construction and/or operation of underground research facilities". 
In 1994 ;hree research contracts have been launched: in situ research on gas release in saliferous 
backfill, modelling of thermo-mechanical behaviour of clay, and natural analogue in a cryptokarsts 
area. Several work programmes have been extended to adapt them to newly identified research needs. 
The research activities, specially in situ and underground laboratory investigations have permitted 
essential progress to be made in a "confidence building" process and provide a scientific and technical 
basis for a better safety assessment of radioactive waste disposal. 
The reinforced concerted action in 1994 on reactor safety continued to investigate the confinement of 
radioactivity under severe accident conditions in PWRs and BWRs. The action comprises eight 
projects. Good progress was made in developing a consensus in this safety area at the level of the 
European Union was achieved with regard to the existing know-how, its application to outstanding 
problems and their solution. A few preliminary results merit mentioning, such as: (i) the consensus 
obtained in understanding the chemistry involved in the interactions of molten materials in comparison 
with the more traditional thermo-mechanical approach, (ii) the feasibility of ex-vessel molten core 
cooling systems and an assessment of reactor passive safety features. 
The main areas of the programme on decommissioning of nuclear installations are: research and 
development projects, identification of guiding principles, testing of new techniques in practice, 
including four pilot projects. Most of the research projects were concluded and the results were 
reviewed at the conference on "Decommissioning of Nuclear Installations". Contracts on pilot 
decommissioning projects and some on the testing of dismantling techniques under real conditions 
were extended. Two decommissioning data bases (EC DB TOOL and EC DB COST) are being 
developed to take advantage of all the results and experience gained since 1979. 
The TELEMAN activities in 1994 included projects on: photogrammetry and telemetry, a master-slave 
manipulator, a radiation-tolerant gripper, and a legged robot. Two projects directly included SMEs 
directed at exploiting the results. Two handbooks on environmental tolerance were published and an 
EC/ESA database has been developed. The mid-term evaluation of the programme made particular 
mention of its exploitation potential, the large number of patents, publications and research degrees, 
the network of industrialists, researchers and academics and its active management. 
Radiation protection research contributes to the continuing development of radiation protection 
philosophy and practices. The programme contained three elements: human exposure to radiation and 
radioactivity, consequences of radiation exposure to man, and risks and management of radiation 
exposure. The programme has continued to mark significant progress as is indicated in the following 
examples. 
- The products of some DNA repair genes form part of the transcription complex which reads the 
DNA genetic code. Two contractors have been awarded the prestigious Jeantet Prize for their part 
in this work. 
An important new agent, code named LIHOPO, has been synthesised and developed which is the 
46 
best compound investigated up to now for the removal of plutonium from the body. 
- European collaboration in dosimetry research has been a main contributor to the development of 
coherent and universally applicable dosimetric concepts and procedures made by the international 
committees ICRP and ICRU which are important for the revision of the Basic Safety Standards. 
- Optimisation of dose reduction methods and quality criteria for adult and paediatric radiology are 
improving the safety of patients during the day-to-day medical use of ionizing radiation. 
- A better understanding of the influence of living conditions and other physico-chemical variables 
on indoor air quality has improved the estimate of lung dose from indoor Radon. 
- The measurement of radioactive contamination among different organs and animal products have 
reached a stage such that appropriate animal husbandry can reduce the transfer of radioactivity into 
the human food chain. 
- A comprehensive decision support system, RODOS, for the off site management of nuclear 
emergencies in Europe is being developed by 18 European institutes to provide the basis for a 
European wide emergency response network. 
COOPERATION WITH THE SOVIET UNION IN THE FIELD OF 
NUCLEAR FISSION SAFETY (COSU) 
Since 1992, the Commission has been supporting a EC/CIS collaborative programme on the 
consequences of the Chernobyl accident notably in the fields of health effects, environmental 
consequences and emergency management. A total EC funding of 22 MECU is allocated to this 
programme, in which 16 collaborative projects are being implemented involving about 200 laboratories 
(80 from the EU, and 120 from the CIS). So far, this programme has produced important results. Its 
most notable results are briefly summarised below: 
Health effects 
- Cooperation with TACIS and ECHO programmes has enabled crucial medical equipment and 
training to be provided to improve the treatment of the thyroid cancer victims. 
- The possible treatments for radiation injuries to the skin of fire fighters and clean-up workers 
involved in the accident are being optimised. 
- The protocol defining how bone marrow transplantation can be successfully applied for the 
treatment of victims of high dose accidental irradiation is being set up. 
Environmental consequences 
- The dose to the rural population is considerably higher than expected. 
- Natural production systems like forests and meadows recycle the radionuclides so that the 
contamination is not eliminated as rapidly as had been anticipated. 
- The insight in the behaviour of Caesium has gained an enormous momentum so that for 
example an optimal planning of soil based restoration techniques will be possible. 
Emergency management issues 
- An on-line decision support system to aid management of possible future nuclear accidents is 
currently being installed in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. 
- The adoption of overly restrictive intervention levels after the accident has resulted in increased 
anxiety among the affected population and placed a major burden on the national economies. 
Synopses of each collaborative project can be made available for the First International Conference 
of the European Union, the Russian Federation, the Ukraine, and Belarus on the consequences of the 
Chernobyl accident to be held in Minsk on 18-22 March 1996. 
47 
CONTROLLED THERMONUCLEAR FUSION 
Objectives 
The long-term objective is "the joint creation of safe, environmentally sound prototype reactors" based 
on fusion by magnetic confinement. 
The first priority objective of the programme is "to provide the scientific and technological base, to 
establish environmental and safety criteria and to prepare industry for the construction of a Next Step 
device", the first experimental fusion reactor. Other objectives are: to proceed along the demonstration 
of the safety and environmental feasibility of fusion power; to enlarge the involvement of European 
industry; to determine the reactor potential of toroidal magnetic configurations akin to the Tokamak. 
S/T Progress 
All magnetic fusion research is integrated into one Community programme which presents itself as 
a single body in its relations with other fusion programmes in the world. The Commission is 
responsible for the implementation of the programme which is executed mainly through contracts of 
Association with Member States (plus Switzerland) or organisations within Member States, the JET 
Joint Undertaking, the NET Agreement which takes account of the Euratom participation in the ITER-
EDA, the JRC, contracts of limited duration (in particular with organisations in Member States 
without Association) and industrial contracts. Community financial participation continued to be about 
25% of the running expenditure of the Associations, 45% of capital cost of projects having been 
awarded priority status, 80% of JET expenditure. 
In 1994, the advisory committee, CCFP, concluded an assessment of the medium-term devices and 
facilities planning which has been instrumental in the preparation of the 1994-1998 programme 
decision. Through the multipartite Agreement for "Promotion of Staff Mobility", the mobility of 
scientists and engineers was developed. In coordination with the "Human Capital and Mobility" 
programme, fellowships were awarded. Industry has been encouraged to participate more fully in the 
programme, in particular through the setting up of fusion-industry workshops. An itinerant exhibition 
was further developed and attracted a large public. 
/. Next Step design : 
- The Next Step design has progressed in the frame of the quadripartite Agreement on cooperation 
(Euratom, Japan, Russia and the USA) in the Engineering Design Activities (EDA) for ITER 
(International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, the Next Step at world level); the Outline 
Design report was issued in January 1994; Protocol 1 was completed and Protocol 2 (covering the 
period up to the scheduled completion of the EDA in July 1998) signed on 21 March 1994. 
An industrial grouping was selected to contribute to the overall design activities for the Next Step: 
lists of qualified firms have been established for R&D and the supply of prototypes for the Next 
Step. 
2. Longer-term technical developments : 
- The Safety and Environmental Assessment of Fusion Power (SEAFP) was performed as a 
collaborative effort by the NET Team, the Euratom-UKAEA Association and a temporary 
grouping of industries, and with the participation of other Associations and the JRC (report to be 
issued in 1995); 
The conceptual design of a powerful source of high-energy neutrons for fusion-relevant materials 
48 
has started in the multilateral framework (presently Euratom, Japan, USA) of an Implementing 
Agreement of the International Energy Agency. 
3. JET : 
A major upgrading of the device, including the installation of a pumped diverter in order to establish 
reliable methods of plasma purity control and essential for supporting the Next Step design, was 
completed and plasma operation successfully resumed showing improvements in the power handling 
capability of the device. 
4. Support programme : 
- Scientific support to the Next Step and to JET: progress in the understanding and control of 
confinement, plasma-wall interaction, fuelling and exhaust, as well as heating and current drive 
was achieved on the specialised devices and in the accompanying programmes; divertor plasmas 
have been obtained with enhanced radiation and reduced power load; a new tokamak started 
operation for studying elongated plasmas-cross section; new diagnostics were developed. 
- Studies on alternative lines in toroidal magnetic confinement: high densities have been obtained 
without disruption in a stellarator; the operational range of a reversed-field pinch was extended 
to higher currents ; further diagnostics were developed (e.g., polarimetry). 
TRANSPORT 
A number of studies were started in continuation of some of the EURET activities under the second 
Framework Programme. The aim was to bridge the period between the end of the Euret Programme 
and the start of the Transport Specific Programme of the Fourth Framework Programme, as well as 
to prepare the ground for the new transport RTD activities. These activities are mainly designed in 
support of the Common Transport Policy, and in particular are aimed at helping to establish 
sustainable mobility. 
The studies had two major objectives: 
- To continue to work further in the field of traffic management for aviation, maritime transport and 
rail transport in establishing functional and operational specifications. The established cooperation 
between users and industry was thus continued. 
- To prepare new activities of the transport programme under the Framework Programme, notably 
in the field of strategy, road and urban transport. These studies aim at a qualitative assessment of 
the state-of-art in these fields within the EU Member States. They will provide the necessary 
instruments to guide and steer further activities at a European level and help coordinate national 
activities. 
A call for tender was launched resulting in 29 selected proposals financed at 100 % of the actual costs 
(Study contracts). Another call for proposals in the air sector was also launched in close coordination 
between different Commission Services which resulted in two cost shared actions. Most of the studies 
and cost shared actions took off during the summer of 1994. The first interim results have been 
delivered according to schedule. The concrete results will be available only between April and 
September of 1995. 
49 
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 
LIFE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (STD) 
Objectives 
v 
The objectives of the programme are the following : 
- continuing the strengthening of research capacities both in the developing countries (DCs) and 
in the Member States in the subject areas identified as priority for third world development 
(agriculture, health, nutrition and environment in tropics and subtropics) through joint research 
actions. 
- improving coordination at the European level, the development of cooperation between DCs, the 
consolidation, intensification and expansion of links created in the first phases of the programme 
between Community partners and those from DCs. 
- réalisation of significant progress on mobilising themes linked to development needs, including 
environmental protection and the rational management of natural resources in order to contribute 
to the improvement of standards of living and health status of DC populations, particularly the 
poorest. 
- valorisation of the work of certain European teams involved in other Community S&T 
programmes by offering them the possibility to broaden their field of investigation and to diversify 
their methodological approaches to tropical environments. 
- attainment of added value for the different national initiatives in these areas due to the Community 
dimension of the programme. 
S/T Progress 
The last call for proposals of this programme, from which projects were selected in 1994, had a 
deliberately reduced scope in order to favour sectors which had been insufficiently covered in, previous 
calls for proposals. Thus, the balance between the different thematic components of the programme 
given in the technical annex was attained. Of the contracts signed in 1994, 25% concern problems 
linked to environmental protection by means of better management of natural resources, 14% cover 
health systems research and 12% relate to local processing of food products - all three themes being 
of major interest for the future of DC populations. 
The 79 contracts signed in 1994 enabled the mobilisation of 348 teams (included the participants who 
received no Community funding) - 205 of which are in Europe and 143 in DCs according to the 
following split : 9 in Mediterranean, 48 in Latin America, 34 in Asia and 52 in ACP countries. This 
shows the level of mobilisation in the South and the common interest of the themes covered (the low 
participation of the Mediterranean countries is explained by the existence of Avicenne which is 
exclusively targeted to that region). 
The objective of strengthening "South-South" cooperation was also achieved since it should be noted 
that two thirds of the contracts have at least two southern partners and 31 % have more than two. In 
addition, although the minimum number of European partners is two, 45% of contracts have a greater 
number. The activities of networks such as the European Tropical Forest Research Network or the 
European International Pest Management Working Group created under this programme have also had 
a significant effect in strengthening Europeancoopci ation. This programme has also contributed to the 
50 
basis for a future European strategy in the area of international agricultural research for development. 
Results have been summarized in various publications, including a first volume of results obtained in 
the sub-programme agriculture of STD2 0987-1990), the catalogue of contracts resulting from the 
1st call for proposals, in both agriculture and health, a document on the "Needs and perspectives of 
télédétection in developing countries", "l'Europe et la coopération scientifique et technique sur l'eau", 
four publications giving an account of results obtained in the health sector (research on vaccines, 
health systems research, biology of parasitism and research on schistosomiasis). A data bank on 
malaria antigens has also been created. 
The programme has facilitated the organisation of 16 workshops, colloquia or seminars in 1994, in 
order to disseminate results, to encourage contacts between scientists from the North and South, and 
to enable the latter to join the international scientific community. The following examples of meetings 
may be cited : management of soil and water resources in the Mediterranean region ; conference on 
an inventory of resources and management of tropical forest; international symposium on systems 
research in agriculture an rural development; workshop on the technical and logistical problems of 
vaccine preparation; development of appropriate methodologies for the validation of health interaction 
strategies in DCs ; conference on leighmaniasis and its vectors. 
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION (ISC) 
Focusing on the development of cooperative links in science and technology between the Community 
and Asian, Latin American and Mediterranean developing countries, this action supports joint research 
projects, fellowships and information exchange (including scientific meetings) in subjects of mutual 
interest. 
National science and technology cooperation authorities in the third countries play a key role in the 
programme by defining, together with Commission services in the framework of Joint Committees, 
the subjects to be covered by cooperation, promoting the programme among their scientific 
communities and presenting proposals. 
Examples of subjects chosen as priority areas for joint activity include water research with Mexico, 
biotechnology with China and geological hazards with Andean countries ; some other countries 
preferred to maintain a wide field in the pursuit of excellence. Promotional actions included published 
calls for proposals, preparatory fellowships and workshops on specific topics. As a result of these 
actions, 544 joint research project proposals and 321 fellowship candidatures were received from the 
national authorities : following scientific evaluation with the aid of independent experts and references, 
144 research projects and 102 fellows were selected for retention, representing an EC financial 
contribution of 26.3 million ECUs. 
The research projects cover the full range of natural and exact sciences ; whilst about twenty projects 
are in basic subjects, the majority are in applied fields such as industrial materials, fine chemistry, 
monitoring and control of environmental pollution, earth sciences, biotechnology, agriculture and 
public health. These projects give European partners the opportunity to interact with a diverse range 
of scientists and to have access to new environments, biological material and scientific challenges. The 
partner countries with the largest number of projects are Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Mexico and 
Israel which together account for 63% of the projects. Most projects, especially in the third countries, 
involve university departments. Results are thus obtained not only in terms of research output but also 
in wider terms through general invigoration of teaching and other activities. 
51 
In general this combination of instruments, including dialogue with partner countries, development 
of research contacts and project preparation, joint scientific work and project follow-up, which has 
been built up in the light of experience since the initiative's modest beginning in the mid 1980s, has 
been appreciated both at a political level and by the various scientific communities. However, the 
problems associated with having a wide range of research topics eligible for support have been 
recognized and are being addressed in the Fourth Framework Programme. In line with 
recommendations from the external evaluation panel, S&T cooperation with Developing Countries has 
been rationalised by combining certain features of this action with those of the STD programme into 
a single programme. 
AVICENNE 
The main objective consist of promoting scientific and technological cooperation between countries 
bordering the Mediterranean and the EU and is concerned principally with creating synergy for 
regional impact in the Mediterranean basin on research themes of mutual interest. 
Since the AVICENNE initiative has only been in operation since 1992, and the average length of 
contracts is three years, the first series of final results will not be available until 1996. However, it 
is important to note that : 
- The programme objectives have been accomplished, in so far as strong partnerships have been 
forged in the whole of the region in the S&T sectors covered; the quality and the quantity of the 
joint research projects submitted in 1994 is far superior to those of the two previous years. Of the 
208 participants involved in the 38 contracts in 1994, 175 are public research institutions and 33 
are SME's (= 19% of participants). 
- The competitiveness of all public and private sector EU partners has been reinforced through this 
activity, as : 
. certain major problems in the Mediterranean may be studied more fully given the direct access 
that is available to the whole of the Mediterranean basin as well as to the appropriate expertise 
of the third Mediterranean associated partners. 
. certain technologies available in the EU,as well as the relevant know-how, can be adapted to 
specific situations in third Mediterranean countries and, in consequence, be applied there. 
. the knowledge and know-how of EU participants on certain S&T problems faced mainly by this 
region can only be enhanced through such cooperation, (with a consequent impact on 
competitiveness). 
- Public health, treatment of waste water, reduction of pollution in the Mediterranean, utilisation 
of renewable energies in Mediterranean economies, are some of the themes systematically 
addressed in this initiative. The results of the research work undertaken aim to improve 
immediately the living conditions of those societies concerned. 
- The AVICENNE Initiative falls within the horizontal activities supporting the Renewed 
Mediterranean Policy of the Community. 
52 
COOPERATION WITH CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND 
THE NEW INDEPENDENT STATES OF THE FORMER SOVIET UNION 
COPERNICUS 
The aim of these activities was to promote, through an international effort, research and technological 
development in these countries as an essential element for their social and economic development and 
for their democratic consolidation, and to further, in the interest of both sides, cooperation between 
scientists in these countries and in the Union. 
A call for proposals COPERNICUS 1994 was announced in January 1994 in cooperation between the 
three general directorates for research, industry and telecommunications, information market and 
exploitation of research. The call was open for partners from the Union and from central and eastern 
Europe (Albania, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, 
Slovak Republic and Slovenia). Partners from the former Soviet Union and from the ten EFTA 
countries could also participate on certain conditions. The call comprised six fields, namely: 
information technology, including high performance computing, information systems, opto 
electronics, micro-electronics and electronic data exchange 
- communication technologies, telematics and language engineering 
- manufacturing, production, processing and materials, including computer-integrated manufacturing, 
robotics, etc. 
measurement and testing 
agro- and food industries 
biotechnology. 
The call got a very positive response from potential partners. About 1 650 proposals for a total sum 
of about 550 MECU were received, which alter evaluation by independent experts resulted in the 
selection of 220 high quality projects for funding within a budget of about 67 MECU. The greater part 
of the contracts for these projects were signed before the end of 1994. The majority of the projects -
comprising both joint research projects and concerted actions (networks) - will run over three years. 
With a total of more than one thousand partners from universities, research institutions and industry 
from the whole of eastern and western Europe, this activity will considerably strengthen the existing 
framework for scientific cooperation and further the expressed aims of the programme. 
1NTAS (International Association for the Promotion of Cooperation with Scientists from the Newly 
Indépendant States of the Former Soviet Union) 
The major events and activities of INTAS during 1994 were : 
- the completion of the 51 contracts of the Emergency Action of June 1993 out of the 1019 projects 
selected by INTAS following the calls for proposals in 1992, 1993 and 1994. Regarding payments, 
4,4 MECU were paid by 30.11.94 out of the 46 MECU committed. 
- the issuing of an open Call for declarations of intent with deadline 8 April 1994, the evaluation 
of the 4,074 proposals received, and the selection of 459 projects with a commitment of 21 
MECU. 
- the prolongation of the pilot phase of INTAS till the end of 1995 
- the conduction of an independent evaluation of INTAS activities. 
All these developments must be viewed in relation to the multi-national aspects of the activities of the 
Association and the ever-changing political, economic, legal and social environment within the 
scientific community of the NIS. 
53 
INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CENTRE (ISTC) 
In 1994 the Community continued its support for the ISTC created in November 1992 by the European 
Union, the United States, Japan and Russia in order to encourage military scientists and engineers 
from the former Soviet Union to retrain for civilian occupations and speed up the desarmament 
process. The first round of projects sponsored more than 8200 scientists and engineers. 
INDUSTRIALIZED THIRD COUNTRIES OUTSIDE EUROPE 
The overall objective of cooperation with industrialized third countries outside Europe is the promotion 
of the interests of the Community by the contribution to a concerted development of science and 
technology at World level and by facilitating the access of European researchers and engineers to 
scientific and technological work in these countries. 
A cooperation agreement in the field of science and technology between the European Union and 
Australia was signed on 23.2.1994 and entered into force on 25.7.1994. It foresees the reciprocal 
participation in programmes in six areas, on a project-by-project basis. The first meeting of the Joint 
Science and Technology Cooperation Committee was held on 11.10.1994. 
Following the adoption of a negotiating mandate by the Council in 1993, a scientific and technological 
cooperation agreement, similar to the one with Australia, has been negotiated with Canada. It was 
signed in June 1995. 
On 29.09.1994, the Council authorized the Commission to negotiate a cooperation agreement in 
science and technology with Israel in view of its association to the non-nuclear programmes of the 
Fourth Framework Programme. The negotiations started immediately and the conclusion of the 
agreement is foreseen before the end of 1995. 
After an exploratory mission to South Africa in October 1994, the Commission received in December 
a South African proposal for negotiating a cooperation agreement in science and technology. 
By the end of May, the Commission received an American proposal for the negotiation of a 
framework agreement of cooperation in science and technology between the European Union and the 
United States. Contacts were established between the Commission and the American authorities 
immediately after. The 18 and 19 October, the fourth meeting of the Task Force on Research and 
Biotechnology between the Community and the United States was held. 
The scientific an technical cooperation with Japan was pursued with the first meeting of the Euro-
Japanese Forum for science and Technology in Tokyo on 8 June. At this occasion, the Commission 
also met the Ministers responsible for universities and RTD and attended the seventh meeting of the 
Carnegie Group. In December 1994, a high level joint seminar on Human Resources took place in 
Brussels. In the field of energy and environment, two joint seminars were organized; one on the 
catalysis and another one on the effects of C02. During 1994, the Japan fellowship scheme was 
reenforced; 71 young European scientists and engineers obtained bursaries of up till two years in a 
public or private Japanese laboratory. Despite the various sources of funding (Community, joint, 
Japanese), the selection was ensured by the Commission. 
More specifically in the field of information technologies, telecommunications, telematics and 
electronic data exchange, activities were carried out to promote international science and technology 
cooperation, where such cooperation was mutually advantageous to the European Union and the third 
54 
country in question. These activities helped to strenghthen the links between scientific cooperation and 
industrial cooperation, in support of the Union's approach to encourage the internationalization of 
European firms. These activities contributed to the development of a future global information 
infrastructure and the training of persons capable of using and promoting it, to the development of 
centres of excellence in developing countries, and to profit from advances in research in indutrialized 
countries, such as Japan, the United States and Canada. 
Following a thorough evaluation procedure conducted by independent experts and based on the 
scientific, excellence and the industrial potential, projects have been launched with the general aim to 
create and develop research networks between the Community and research centres in the most 
advanced developing countries. Other means of cooperation included information exchange, such as 
workshops, seminars and fact-finding missions. 
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 
The main objective of closer cooperation with European scientific international organizations and 
initiatives is to enhance the coherence of the overall "European Research Area", and to optimize the 
use of the often unique expertise built up within such organizations by virtue of their need to create 
unique environments and infrastructures in support of their main activities. 
Thus in 1994, administrative arrangements were signed between the Commission and the European 
Centre for Nuclear Research (CERN) on the one hand and between the Commission and the European 
Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) on the other hand. These administrative arrangements 
effectively create the means for more systematic information exchange and complement the new 
possibilities for such organizations to participate in the Framework Programme. In both cases, this 
follows a number of years of successful case by case collaboration, leading for example in the case 
of CERN to the development and use of a new high powered supercomputer and the wider European 
use of CERN's particular expertise in the areas of superconductivity and computer based 
communications networks. It is worth noting that the "World-Wide-Web", essentially a set of 
extremely effective and user-friendly computer communications services now becoming available 
throughout the EUROPANET and the INTERNET, originated and was developed at CERN. 
The Commission continued to work closely with the relevant OECD committees, in particular the 
Committee on Science and Technology Policy (CSTP) and the Megascience Forum, which discusses 
issues such as astronomy, deep drilling, global change and oceanography, as well as the management 
and organization of large scale international projects in such areas. 
The Commission also continued its work with the European Space Agency (ESA), with which it has 
established well structured modes of work, including six Joint Working Groups in the areas of earth 
observation, telecommunications, industrial policy, international relations, RTD and education and 
training. The Commission's role is essentially one of promoter and user of space technology, 
particularly in the area of earth observation. 
The Commission also continued its regular meetings with relevant United Nations agencies, 
particularly UNESCO, in which the focus of discussions has been on the issue of surface water. The 
Commission cooperates with the UN-ECE, notably to produce the ECE Inventory of Safety Guidelines 
in Biotechnology. 
55 
COST 
The objective of COST is to coordinate, on a European level, nationally funded research in the 25 
COST member countries. COST actions usually involve basic or pre-competitive research or activities 
of public utility. Actions may be proposed by any COST country or by the European Commission, 
which may also participate in any COST action as a full member. The necessity for coordination with 
COST activities is recognized in the texts of several of the specific programmes of the Fourth 
Framework Programme. The Commission provides the scientific secretariat for COST and thus helps 
ensure cooperation and coordination with the relevant Community specific RTD programmes in order 
to optimize information flow and avoid duplication of effort. In addition, the secretariat includes a 
number of seconded national experts from Member States, contributing also to coordination. 
In 1994, 36 new COST Actions entered into force, bringing the total number to 115. An average of 
12 countries participate in each Action. In addition, 27 institutes from non-COST countries participate 
- on an Action by Action basis, in 17 actions. The European Commission has to date signed the 
Memoranda of Understanding of 6 COST Actions. The total Community COST budget for 
coordination of national scientific and technical activities amounted to ECU 8 million in 1994. 
Updated information on COST activities is available on the Community RTD Information System, 
CORDIS. 
1994 has also seen the introduction of a new Technical Committee in the domain of Agriculture and 
Biotechnology in addition to those already existing in Telecommunications, Transport, Materials, 
Meteorology, Social Sciences, Chemistry, Urban Civil Engineering and Forestry and Forestry 
Products. Furthermore, two working groups have been established to investigate the potential for 
COST Actions in the domains of Neuroscience and Physics. 
EUREKA 
The objective of EUREKA is to increase European productivity and competitiveness through closer 
cooperation between firms and research institutes in advanced technologies, developing products, 
processes and services with a worldwide market potential. 
The complementarity of this initiative and the Framework Programme is systematically exploited, 
while respecting their specific characteristics. The Commission is a member of the Eureka 
management structures at all levels. All new Eureka project proposals are screened by Commission 
staff for duplication of research work carried out or under way in a Community context, and for the 
possibility of participation or for the transfer of results in both directions. The Community participates 
in a steadily increasing number of Eureka activities and Eureka is explicitly mentioned in the texts of 
the Fourth Framework Programme and its specific programmes. The Community is further active 
in the provision of supporting measures, in particular with regard to standard-setting and regulation. 
A publicly accessible version of the Eureka database is located on the Community database host 
ECHO. 
The Commission participates in a total of 14 ongoing projects and 9 Umbrella initiatives, which 
correspond most closely to the areas of Community programmes. It has been involved in a further six 
finished projects, with an overall financial participation of 265.2 MECU out of a total financial 
volume for all these projects of 5697 MECU. 
56 
The Joint Research Centre continued as leader of two major projects, CEFIR in the new materials area 
and the Mobile Analytical Laboratory, in the area of the environment, bringing both projects towards 
a successful completion of their initial phases. The latter project has developed an advanced mobile 
analytical laboratory for the analysis of air, soil and water samples. In addition, the Commission has 
continued as leader of the EUROCAIRN project, the successor of COSINE, which the Commission 
also leads, and which set up the first operational "pan-European information highway", 
EUROPANET, wrnch is being used daily by thousands of researchers across Europe (and which is 
a descendant of the first international pilot packet - switched networks set up in 1972 by the COST 
11 project). The next generation of such networks is being defined in close collaboration with the 
Commission services within EUROCAIRN. 
CENTRALIZED ACTION FOR THE DISSEMINATION AND EXPLOITATION OF 
KNOWLEDGE RESULTING FROM THE SPECIFIC PROGRAMMES OF 
RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMMUNITY 
(VALUE II) 
Objectives 
The general aim of the centralized action for the dissemination and exploitation of knowledge resulting 
from Community research activities, carried out under this action, is to give specific added value to 
the RTD activities which are the subject of the third Framework Programme for 1990 to 1994. On 
the one hand, it provides the necessary continuity for some of the measures carried out under the 
Value programme; on the other, it introduces new topics concerned particularly with the repercussions 
of research and technological development activities and their results on society as a whole. 
S/T Progress 
1994 saw the evaluation and selection of proposals resulting from a call for proposals for exploitation 
projects in 1993 and the subsequent negotiation of contracts for the 45 projects selected. It should be 
noted that, in spite of the small budget available (3,5 MECU), this call for proposals was met with 
great interest, 311 proposals having been received. 
The time needed for exploiting the results of pre-competitive research, such as those of Community 
programmes, varies according to the sector of activity : whereas a computer programme may require 
only two or three years, the process may take up to 10 years for a new pharmaceutical product. 
Nevertheless, an increasing number of exploitation projects launched in recent years are now starting 
to produce results - the technical and economical viability of which is being tested - or to encourage 
the establishment of new activities such as companies starting up around the exploitation of a project. 
Other exploitation activities have also been continued under EUREKA projects with a more generous 
budget (e.g. a project for a vaccine against AIDS). In addition to their economic impact, thee projects 
may have a positive social and environmental impact (e.g. a project for recycling waste plastic 
materials). 
Other activities have been conducted in conjunction with these specific programmes and have made 
it possible to identify over 150 exploitable or transferable research results, which have been 
disseminated via the network of relay centres. Specific activities, such as the "Flair flow" project, 
colinanced by VALUE II, have also permitted more targeted dissemination in a given sector, such as 
57 
the agri-food industry. 
With the support of the network of relay centres, 150 "VALUE cross road days" (VACRO DAYS) 
were organized in the Community in 1994 with a view to making local industry aware of the existence 
of research results which might meet their technological needs (550 research results were presented 
in this way). This activity was supplemented by other promotional activities such as participation in 
specialized exhibitions, conferences or European-scale events with a view to increasing awareness of 
the achievements of Community activities in research and technological development. 
In the field of patents, the collaboration embarked upon with the European Patents Office continued, 
particularly in connection with a project aimed at the development of a multimedia self-training 
product on optical disk. 
The year 1994 has been a time of consolidation for the Relay centres pilot network launched in early 
1993 for a two-years period. Following the entering into force of the EEA Agreement after 1.1.1994, 
the network with its initial 27 centres has widened up to its current 32 relay centres covering also the 
EFTA countries signatories to the agreement. The network has carried out an important number of 
actions in 1994, in the field of dissemination of information on the specific programmes, but mainly 
it has developed a number of very efficient tools for assisting the exploitation of the results; this has 
allowed it to increasingly become one of the basic pillars of a European infrastructure for the 
dissemination and transfer of scientific and technological knowledge, which constitutes a basic need 
expressed by the European industry. Some provisions have been taken to ensure the transition between 
the Value relay centres activities and the new network under the Fourth Framework Programme, 
through a supplement of funds (bridge funding) covering the activities of the current network for some 
months (May-August), as the current contracts expire on the 30.04.1995. 
The Community Research and Development Information Service (CORDIS) offered during the year 
1994 over 100 000 documents which were structured in nine databases. These are accessible via the 
main public European networks as well as on CD-Rom. More than 13 000 CORDIS users are 
registered. In addition to these computer based services, CORDIS offers a variety of printed products 
for a wider awareness of the Community research an technological development activities. 
The specific needs of the more peripheral and least favoured regions (LFR) of the Community have 
been taken into account notably in both the VALUE II and the SPRINT programme. Promotion of 
such activities in LFRs followed three major axes. 
First, information and dissemination of RTD results was carried out through awareness seminars and 
VACRO DAYS in LFRs supported by the demonstration of the CORDIS on-line service on RTD 
programmes, projects and results. Secondly, RTD exploitation and technology transfer was promoted 
in particular in LFRs through the creation of the network of Relay Centres, of which more than 30% 
are located in LFRs; and by VALUE II or SPRINT projects involving at least one beneficiary from 
the LFRs. In addition 22 studies, of which 10 are in LFRs, on Regional Innovation and Technology 
Transfer Strategies and Infrastructures were launched. 
Finally, pilot activities have been continued or initiated as joint actions between different Commission 
Services in Less Favoured Regions (LFR) : Regional Technology Plans in eight regions,and VALOR 
technology transfer projects in two regions. The former are strategic studies for the definition of 
regional innovation policy. The latter aim at the definition of a specific industrialisation methodology 
through the funding of projects for the exploitation of new technologies in favour of industrial SMEs 
58 
in LFRs. Pilot activities resulted in, tor example, 34 exploratory awards and technology transfer 
projects for the benefit of SMEs. The experience gained from these pilot initiatives will be used when 
deciding on the activities to be carried out under the third action of the fourth Framework Programme. 
STRATEGIC PROGRAMME FOR INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER (SPRINT) 
SPRINT has the objective to promote innovation and technology transfer to SMEs. SPRINT 
disseminates new technologies and innovation by integrating national innovation infrastructure into a 
European network, by supporting projects which are of particular demonstration value for innovative 
technologies, by coordinating national innovation promotion policies and, in association with this, 
carrying out innovation monitoring, by means of the European Innovation Monitoring System (EIMS). 
The extension of activities and corresponding budget of SPRINT to cover 1994 has allowed further 
significant results and has demonstrated the continuing success of the programme and the importance 
of its main lines of action. These are highlighted in the following description of SPRINT initiatives 
for 1994. 
/. Facilitating the diffusion of new technologies to firms : 
The activities of some 50 networks of research and technology organisations, involving in total more 
than 250 centres were actively pursued. A major event resulting from the 21 Specific Projects for 
technology transfer was the conference on "The role of technology transfer projects in the innovation 
process" in February 1995. Following the recommendations of an evaluation study, private type 
networks will continue concentrating on signing technology transfer contracts, whereas the public type 
networks will be organising "Technology Transfer Campaigns". 
2. Strengthening the European innovation and technology transfer infrastructure : 
Helping promoters better to design and plan science parks and other innovation centres was further 
promoted through the 1993 calls for proposals, including : feasibility studies of science parks, 
evaluation of existing science parks, and Regional Innovation and technology Transfer Strategies and 
Infrastructure. 
The MINT scheme (Managing the Integration of New Technology) was launched in 1993 and about 
half of the 1000 consultancy assignments originally planned have been conducted to date. The scheme 
has met with total success in some Member States (particularly those where SMEs prevail and the 
national/regional system of innovation is less developed), whereas in others, it is still progressing 
through the experimental phase. 
Innovation Management techniques were continuously encouraged. The European design Prize was 
awarded for the fourth time ; SPRINT subsidised the fifth European Value Management Conference 
in October; The book "Quality promotion in Europe"was published. 
3. Improving the awareness and understanding of innovation and exchanging experiences on national 
and Community innovation policy; 
In the framework of the European Innovation Monitoring System (EIMS). five workshops were 
organised with the aim of systematic exchange of experience and best practice between professionals 
and policy makers within the Community and the Commission itself. 
A number of studies have ended in 1994 with publications including "An integrated approach to 
European innovation and technology diffusion policy, a Maastricht memorandum", "Investment, 
59 
innovation an competitiveness : sectorial performance within the triad", and "Survey of the innovation 
infrastructure in Central an Eastern Europe". The Community Innovation Survey has highlighted a 
number of important facts in the context of innovation in Europe. 
Specific activities for the exploitation of the results of Community research in 1994 included studies, 
development of training and demonstration tools; measurements and type approvals; technical and 
economic verification; patenting activities outside VALUE (5 new files opened, 40 patent applications 
filed regarding 15 new inventions, 134 patents granted for 26 inventions); trade or service mark 
registration (12 applications filed, 25 pending applications granted); organisation in June of the third 
PATINNOVA conference in Copenhagen, for the first time in cooperation with the European Patent 
Office. 
HUMAN CAPITAL AND MOBILITY 
Objectives 
The principal aim of the programme was to contribute to a quantitative and qualitative increase in the 
human resources devoted to research and technological development. Research projects were selected 
on a "bottom-up" basis as the proposals were devised essentially by the researchers themselves without 
the restriction of target areas being established by the programme. 
The programme covered all areas of science and technology. Concerning the social and human 
sciences, fields which contribute to improvements in European competitiveness and the development 
of a sound economy were also covered. This enabled projects to be accepted in management sciences; 
the interface between science, technology and society; and the acceptance and comprehension of 
scientific and technological advances by the public, among others. 
The programme contained provision for four training activities : fellowship grants, networks, access 
to large-scale facilities, and euroconferences. 
S/T Progress 
The HCM programme has become widely known. It has made a significant impact on European 
research institutions and among individual researchers themselves. Competition for selection of 
projects were severe and rejection rates were as high as 60-80% of proposals submitted. Furthermore, 
of those projects selected, funds awaded were the subject of steep reductions in budget compared with 
the levels requested. Thus the apparently high figures for the number of projects supported, fall far 
short of the expectations raised among the European research community by the HCM programme 
when it was launched. 
In 1994, 1461 new contracts were signed. They can be divided as follows : 
- individual grants ' 781 contracts 
- institutional grants 241 contracts 
- networks 284 contracts 
- large scale installations 23 contracts 
N.B. : l:or individual p.tants, tlicic is a noticeable dilfciencc between the number ol signed contracts and committed contracts. 
60 
- Euroconferences 132 contracts 
The HCM programme has been, by definition a training programme at the highest level. The focus 
of all the activities supported under the programme has been on the development of the careers of 
young researchers. In this way it has contributed to the evolution of European research, science and 
technology. The programme has also been an instrument to assist the process of cohesion as it contains 
specific measures ni favour of the Community's less-favoured regions. 
A major conference was held in Rostock in July 1994 to bring together research fellows working in 
Germany, who had come from other countries under the HCM fellowship scheme. This was a pilot 
project intended to produce effective feedback about the operation of the programme from the research 
fellows themselves. The results of the conference are due to be published, and the Rostock event will 
serve as a model for future conferences. 
As the first results of the HCM programme began to feed through, a system for making the 
information available through the Commission's Cordis database was established. The first fruits of 
this exercise should be available during the start of 1995. During 1994 the Commission organised an 
extensive information campaign concerning the new programme, which included information days, 
publications, press releases. Plans were laid to disseminate documentation, including proposal forms, 
on-line as well as in print. 
In September 1994, the finals of the EU Contest for Young Scientists was held in Luxembourg, hosted 
by Commissioner René Steichen and under the patronage of Prince Henri, the Heriditary Grand Duke 
of Luxembourg. The finals, which attracted wide press coverage, marked the ultimate stage for over 
10.000 school-aged scientists who had entered their national competitions the previous year. 
Throughout the HCM programme, initiatives were launched which, in the long term, should 
have a positive impact on less-favoured regions. These include return fellowships 
which enable researchers from less-favoured regions to work and contribute to the research effort at 
home; the inclusion of specific measures for research networks; better dissemination of information; 
targeted laboratory courses; the first attribution of grants to confirmed researchers acting in the 
capacity of visiting scientists to institutes in less-favoured regions. The large-scale facilities scheme 
contributed efficiently to the widespread utilization throughout the Community of important research 
installations which are rare in Europe, expensive and essential for successful RTD. Since such 
facilities tend to be located outside the less-favoured areas, a high number of researchers from less-
favoured regions benefitted. 
JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE 
Objectives and S/T Progress 
Specific research programmes 
The major task of the JRC in 1994 was to contribute to the implementation of the EC's third 
Framework Programme in its final year. This contribution accounted for 66% of the JRC budget, and 
was carried out, in particular, through activities included in the following specific programmes: 
61 
The Industrial and Materials Technologies programme encompassed research on advanced materials 
executed by the Institute for Advanced Materials, and on the working environment, executed by the 
Institute for Safety Technology, the Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics and by the 
Environment Institute. 
The Measurement and Testing programme encompassed research projects on measurements and 
reference materials* carried out by the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, and 
research projects on reference methods for non nuclear energies (photovoltaic systems) and the 
assessment of the reliability of structures, executed by the Institute for Systems Engineering and 
Informatics and by the Institute for Safety Technology. 
The Environment Protection programme consisted of research projects executed by the Environment 
Institute on atmospheric pollution, and on soil, water and waste pollution. It also encompassed 
applications of remote sensing techniques, executed by the Institute for Remote Sensing Applications, 
and research activities on industrial hazards executed by the Institute for Safety Technology and by 
the Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics. 
The Nuclear Fission Safety programme encompassed a number of research activities ranging from 
reactor safety executed by the Institute for Safety Technology, to research activities on nuclear 
safeguards and fissile materials management, executed by the Institute for Safety Technology and the 
Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics, and to research activities on nuclear fuels and 
actinides executed by the Institute for Transuranium Elements. 
The Fusion Technology and Safety programme is executed by the Institute for Safety Technology, 
the Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics, and the Institute for Advanced Materials, 
responding to requests from the European Fusion Programme. 
The Human Capital and Mobility programme of the JRC continued with increased activities in 1994 
and covered all Institutes. The Board of Governors of the JRC approved during 1994, 96 individual 
fellowships at post doctoral level, 7 networks involving JRC participation, two institutional fellowships 
#in association with universities, and JRC participation in one large scale facility. 
S/T Support for Community policies 
In addition to the contribution to the Framework Programme, JRC scientific and technical expertise 
was made available to other Directorate General of the Commission at .their request for support in the 
formulation and implementation of Community policies. In 1994, the support for Environmental policy 
accounted for 27.8% of the total support budget. Support for Energy policy accounted for 27.3% and 
support for the Common Agricultural Policy for 14.2%. 
In 1994 the JRC published 951 papers and 30 JRC patents were granted. The detailed lists of JRC 
publications and patents are published each year in the "Publications Bulletin". 
The JRC has offered its scientific expertise to external customers since 1988, and has attracted orders 
worth more than 83 Mioecu over the seven years since this activity was initiated. Industry remains 
the most important JRC customer, with 57% of orders. Research organisations account for 21 %. 
62 
PART THREE 
WORK PROGRAMMES 19951 
FIRST ACTIVITY : RTD PROGRAMMES 
TELEMATICS APPLICATIONS OF COMMON INTEREST 
Objectives 
The main objectives of the new Telematics Applications Programme are : 
* to improve the competitiveness of all European industry and the efficiency of services of 
public interest; 
* to stimulate job creation through the development of applications of information and/or 
communications technologies in such areas as telework and teleservices; 
* to enhance the quality of life for citizens, in particular by facilitating their access to the 
emerging information and communications infrastructure; 
* to promote research activities necessary for other common policies. 
Means 
The new focus of RTD in the specific programme on telematics applications is the emerging 
information and communications infrastructure, which will provide the basis of the information 
society of the future. The RTD areas proposed are those most vital to the development of the 
infrastructure, taking into account the need for selectivity and concentration of effort. Information 
and communication technologies can be used in often complex set-ups to offer all sorts of users, 
particularly those in public services and private individuals, new ranges of products and services to 
meet basic economic and social needs. Research an technological development in telematic 
applications makes it possible to establish a link between progress in ICT and user needs. It also 
enables telematic systems and services to develop in parallel with technological progress, making 
them easier to use. The impact of research of this kind is considerable, provided that the telematic 
solutions developed are well suited to user requirements and that account is taken of the need for 
European-level interworking. 
The key criteria by which proposals will be selected include the following : user involvement at 
every stage of the project ; anticipation, as far as possible, of the needs of disabled and elderly 
people; cost-effective solutions to real user problems ; user-friendliness of the solutions developed. 
The new programme will take account of the recommendations made in 1994 by the European 
Council concerning the emergence of an information society in Europe. The Council emphasized 
in particular the importance of new applications for investment and employment, in the areas of 
teleworking and teleservices for education and training, for health care or for transport. 
cfr. l'art Pour Annex II. table 11 «>n UK- calcndai for calls lot pioposals and selection procedures 
63 
It is noteworthy that the new Telematics for the Integration of Disabled and Elderly people (TIDE) 
workprogramme is now part of the overall Telematics Workplan. It was developed alongside the 
other Telematics Applications areas by 65 invited experts, including users and user organisations, 
and includes all the technological areas covered by the TIDE Pilot and Bridge Phases with some 
reorganisation, as well as a new activity designed to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of 
those providing services to disabled and elderly people by using information and communications 
technology. 
Specific'activities foreseen in 1995 
A general call for proposals was launched on 15 December 1994; it will be followed by more 
focused calls on 15 March and 15 September 1995. The RTD work in the Telematics Applications 
Programme will be strongly linked to policy and project work in the domains of Information 
Society, G7 follow-up, interconnection of research and universities networks, Trans-European 
Telecommunications Networks, transport telematics, and education and training (in the latter case 
through amongst others the Task Force on educational multimedia software). 
COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES (ACTS) 
Objectives 
The objective is to develop advanced communication systems and services for economic 
development and social cohesion in Europe, taking account of the rapid evolution in technologies, 
the changing regulatory situation and opportunities for development of advanced trans-European 
networks and services. 
The aims are to support European policies for early deployment and effective use of advanced 
communications in consolidation of the internal market, and to enable European industry to 
compete effectively in global markets. The work will enable the rebalancing of public and private 
investments in communications, transport, energy use and environment protection, as well as 
experimentation in advanced service provision. In conjunction with the work in the specific • 
programme on information technologies, it will provide a common technological basis for 
applications research and development in the specific programme on telematic systems and will 
prepare the ground for the development of a European market for information services. 
Means 
One typical feature of the ACTS programme is that nearly twenty 'National Hosts' which serve as 
high-technology communication platforms are put at the disposal of the projects. These 'National 
Hosts' are inter-connected and represent the first top-European infrastructure in telecomunications. 
It should also be noted that the ACTS programme is open to the cooperation with third countries 
outside the EEA (European Economic Area) and will, therefore, contribute to the global 
development of the Information Society. 
Specific activities foreseen in 1995 
Following the call for proposals of September 15, 1994, the closing date for the submission of 
project proposals was 15 March 1995. The evaluation of the proposals received will take place 
immediately after that date. Once the projects are evaluated and selected, work can be started in 
64 
the course of the second quarter 1995. 
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES 
Objectives \ 
* To help enhance the quality of life and improve the competitiveness of all European industry 
* To contribute to the establishment of an information infrastructure in Europe 
* To strengthen the scientific and technological base of European industry 
* To promote preparatory and validation activities with a view to standardisation. 
Means 
The IT programme encompasses new orientations both in technical content and in implementation. 
Turning first to implementation, the programme puts a greater emphasis on networks of excellence, 
and makes use of supplier-user collaborations. It introduces a number of focused clusters, a new RTD 
modality which builds on the experience of the Open Microprocessor Systems Initiative (OMI) under 
ESPRIT III. 
A network of excellence brings together industry, users, universities and research centres with a 
common research objective. It combines the critical mass of centres of excellence with the benefits 
for training and technology transfer deriving from geographical spread. 13 networks of excellence 
have already been launched under ESPRIT III, involving more than 500 research teams. 
User-supplier-collaborations supplement joint research projects : supplier enterprises and users 
between them form a consortium to pursue demonstrably new RTD, with the users having a particular 
interest in taking up and exploiting the results of the collaboration. 
Focused clusters represent a major innovative modality in this specific programme. A cluster is a set 
of activities covering a number of technology areas geared towards a single well-defined goal. As well 
as collaborative research projects, a cluster may incorporate other kinds of activity, as its specific 
needs dictate. These may include networks of excellence, association of suppliers and users, co­
operation with Eureka, co-ordination with national initiatives, international co-operation, dissemination 
of results, or training initiatives. Individual activities within a cluster may have a duration shorter than 
the life span of the whole cluster. 
Participation in the programme will be further facilitated for all potential participants by the 
streamlining of management procedures. The aims are to simplify the call and evaluation process, and 
reduce the cost of preparing proposals. There will be more frequent calls for proposals, with each call 
focusing on particular selected topics within the programme. Each year there will be a call on one or 
more of four fixed dates - 15 March, 15 June, 15 September or 15 December. Specific procedures 
to help SMEs are being established, including for example covering an exploratory phase of project 
proposals. Ways of simplifying contracts are being worked out. 
The technical content equally reflects the new emphases on infrastructure, access, use and usability, 
and best practice. 
Part of the programme addresses the more basic or underpinning technologies - software technologies 
65 
(ST), technologies for components and subsystems (TCS), and multimedia technologies (MT). In 
addition four focused clusters are proposed, in part intersecting with the underpinning technology 
areas, as well as including activities with more of an application focus : technologies for business 
processes (TBP), integrations in manufacturing (MM), high performance computing and networking 
(HPCN), and the open microprocessor systems initiative (OMl). Finally to complement the more 
downstream activities part of the programme is dedicated to long term research (LTR). 
Specific activities foreseen in 1995 
Following the overall call for proposals on 15 December 1994, there will be more focused calls on 
each of the four fixed dates in 1995. 
INDUSTRIAL AND MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 
Objectives 
The Workprogramme is defined according to short, medium and long term industrial objectives rather 
than according to technological fields. The Workprogramme is equally applicable to ail industries, 
materials, processes and products and it is intended to facilitate the rapid use of results and the active 
participation of all partners, in particular SMEs. 
In the short term, priority will be given to the research making it possible to adapt existing 
technologies, or to develop new industrial technologies, which produce a competitive leverage, in 
particular for the competitiveness of sectors having a lower technological level. 
In the medium term, research will be concentrated on industries which are already developing 
innovative technologies and strategies, making it possible to strengthen their competitiveness as well 
as making better use of human resources. 
In the long term, research will concentrate on strategic technologies, more fundamental and high-risk, 
for the production and design of products likely to allow the creation of new industries or markets in 
a context of sustainable growth in the future. 
Means 
The workprogramme includes quantified industrial objectives, related to the proposed research 
sub-areas. These quantified objectives are guide targets aimed at providing proposers with ail 
indication of challenges that, taking the present state of the art as starting point, industry may achieve 
within the time ranges proposed. 
The short, medium and long term research tasks suggested should have the potential to produce results 
in consonance with the indicative objectives provided for the given time range. In the context of this 
programme, short term is considered less than 5 years, medium term to be 4 to 10 years and long 
term greater than 8 years, though it is recognised that these ranges are likely to be different for 
different industrial sectors. 
The quantified objectives and the classification of research tasks into short, medium and long-term, 
are general orientations to assist proposers and are not linked to eligibility criteria of proposals, budget 
allocation or modalities of programme implementation. It will be the task of the proposers on a project 
66 
by project basis, to identify in detail the expected impacts of the results, as well as the timescale on 
which these may he industrially implemented. 
The expected research output should be composed not only of technologies and methodologies, but 
also of their validation in experimental technical and economic terms, including where appropriate 
their demonstration^. 
Initiatives enabling potential owners and users to have access possible to results as quickly and as 
widely as possible will be the subject of special attention, taking due account of legitimate intellectual 
and industrial property rights. This could include attention to the incorporation of the results into 
standards and codes of practice. These activities although not explicitly mentioned within early 
research task, represent an important complementary objective of the programme. 
In view of the expiry of the ECSC Treaty, research activities linked with steel products and process 
innovation will gradually be taken over in the context of this programme on the condition that the pre-
competitive and multisectoral nature is respected. 
Specific activities foreseen in 1995 
The general call for proposals on 15 December 1994 will lead to the start of proposals by the end of 
the year. 
STANDARDS, MEASUREMENTS & TESTING 
Objectives 
The objectives of the programme are, for all fields of measurement and testing: 
* to improve the competitive position of European industry, in particular SMEs, by the promotion 
of better measurements and tests in the research and development, better definition and control of 
the quality of products, more efficient in-process measurements, improved written standards and 
technical assistance to the mutual recognition of certificates in accordance with the Global Approach 
to Conformity Assessment; 
* to promote research and other technical support necessary for the development and implementation 
of other Community policies (Single Market, environment, agriculture, health, transport and 
protection of the Community's external frontiers) and, when appropriate, the European standards 
necessary for their implementation; 
* to support the further development of the European measurement infrastructure by facilitating the 
coordination of national activities, the development of measurement standards, of advanced methods 
and systems and the mutual recognition of results and accreditation systems; 
* to promote the dissemination and application of good measurement practice throughout Europe, 
particularly in the less favoured regions. 
Means 
Time limited calls for proposals will focus efforts on the competitive needs industry and on the 
67 
development of a harmonised European measurement infrastructure and the provision of the sound 
scientific and technical base required in support of Community policies. In addition, dedicated calls 
for proposals restricted to specified topics provide a flexible and rapid response to research which is 
urgently required in support of Community policy and related European standards. 
The importance of the coordination of national activities in the improvement of the European 
measurement and testing infrastructure is recognised by the increased use of thematic networks and 
training courses. 
Specific activities foreseen in 1995 
The general call for proposals on 15 December 1994 will be followed by more focused calls on 15 
March, 15 June and 15 December 1995. 
ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE 
Objectives 
The objectives are to understand processes underlying climatic and environmental change, in order 
to identify and assess the effects of human activity. Detailed analysis of human and social behaviour 
and of the patterns of economic development responsible for adverse effects on the environment will 
be carried out in parallel with the study of natural processes. 
* to improve assessment of the consequences of climatic and other environmental change for the 
natural environment and for society. 
* to contribute to the technological development necessary for environmental observation, monitoring 
and research, including methodologies and technologies for the monitoring, warning and 
management of natural hazards, impact of products on the environment, from the stage of raw 
materials incorporated into these products up to their final use and disposal, will also be taken into 
account. 
* to contribute to the development of a comprehensive European earth observation for environmental 
observation and research. 
Means 
Research supportive of the science base should aim at specific research communities, networks and 
international programmes. Research aimed at underpinning the development and implementation of 
the Union's environment policy should reflect the needs of the Community programme of Policy and 
Action in relation to the Environment and Sustainable Development and of the European Environment 
Agency. Potential industrial exploitation of project results should be facilitated by direction to specific 
industry communities and fora, particularly for those involving SMEs. 
Specific activities foreseen in 1995 
An overall call for proposals was launched in January 1995 and contract signatures are expected as 
from October 1995. A call for proposals in two further areas relating to space techniques applied to 
environmental monitoring and research (theme c) was launched in June 1995. 
68 
MARINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 
Objectives 
To understand the functioning of marine systems at basin scales, in order to prepare for sustainable 
use of the oceans consistent with the preservation of marine environmental quality and to determine 
their role in global change. 
Means 
The study of processes in the seas around Europe (physics, chemistry, biology and geology) will be 
expanded to address extreme marine environments e.g. the deep-sea floor and the Arctic ocean. The 
concept of large scale "targeted" projects, initially applied in 2 areas (the Mediterranean and the 
North-East Atlantic), will now be also applied in the Baltic and in a zone extending from the Gibraltar 
strait to the Canaries and the Azores. 
The general area of coastal zone science and engineering is now refocused as "strategic" marine 
research, in order to make it more applicable in managing the marine environment considered as a 
resource and as human living space. In marine technology, more importance will be given to research 
on bioactive substances, on submarine geotechnics, on instruments and platforms for use in hostile sea 
conditions (deep sea, under ice, ...). 
On the implementation side, it is intended to introduce several innovations : more concerted actions, 
technology stimulation for SMEs, and measures for the dissemination of results of earlier MAST 
programmes. 
Specific activities foreseen in 1995 
An overall call for proposals was launched on 15 December 1994 and contract signatures are expected 
as from October 1995. 
BIOTECHNOLOGY 
Objectives 
It will be the responsibility of the Community to promote under the Biotechnology programme further 
research work where society would expect the highest returns. This points to privileged areas for the 
exploitation of new knowledge, all of which experience in common an acute need for cross-linking 
connected topics and/or integrating large groups of experts on an international scale. Such an 
integrative approach must also be taken in order to: 
* ensure safety when using living cells in the production process, 
* give commensurate importance to the European contribution to international genome projects, 
* promote reasonable development of agriculture, taking environmental protection into account, and 
taking appropriate account of animal protection, in so far as, for example, genetic modification of 
animals and crops or health is involved; 
69 
* overcome the purely academic distinctions between specialist areas such as neurobiology, 
endocrinology or immunology with a view to unravelling cellular and molecular interactions. 
Means 
This programme has been selective in choosing three approaches, each one with a specific goal and 
restricted to identified scientific areas. 
1. With a view to harvesting the highest potential returns on R&D in the medium term, four scientific 
areas will benefit from concentrated means. Task-oriented projects should aim to have measurable 
impacts, and significantly change the state of the art. A multidisciplinary integrated approach is 
recommended. 
2. Other four scientific areas will be the focus of concertation efforts where coordination and 
building upon national research programmes will be of primary interest. The aims will be to 
maintain the high potential for innovative breakthroughs in key areas of research which tend to be 
developed in relative isolation within Member States, and to increase the value-added effects from 
the interaction and harmonization of on-going activities across borders. 
3. With a view to linking academic institutions, research laboratories and industry (particularly 
SMEs), thus further enhancing public understanding and clarifying value-laden issues in relation 
to applications of biotechnology, four horizontal activities will be supported in areas essential to 
the exploitation of the life sciences. These activities may require special attention in respect of other 
factors such as socio-economic or ethical issues. 
These approaches will be implemented through a wider range of participation modalities that will 
ensure the balanced involvement of key players and users: shared cost integrated projects, shared cost 
RTD projects, concerted actions, demonstration activities, preparatory awards for SMEs, preparatory, 
accompanying and support measures, platforms or "extended audiences" and training fellowships. 
Measures intended to encourage the participation of SMEs, in particular technology stimulation 
measures and links between science parks and biotechnology SMEs taking account of the needs of 
those from less advanced regions, will be implemented. 
Specific activities foreseen in 1995 
The first overall call for proposals was launched on 17 January 1995 and contract signatures are 
expected as from October 1995. It will be followed by a second one on 15 September, with deadline 
for submission of proposals on 15 December 1995. 
BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTH 
Objectives 
The specific programme of research and technological development, including demonstration, in the 
field of biomedicine and health (1994-1998) proposes research that is essential to any strategy to 
protect the health of the citizens and to fight diseases. Furthermore the programme tends to strengthen 
the scientific basis of the competitiveness of the European health industry and to promote the transfer 
of research results into clinical practice. This programme will continue the efforts of the 
70 
previous programme but with a broader scope and increased emphasis on the needs of patients, health 
care professionals, health industries and the Union as a whole. 
It will cover seven target areas being: 
1) Pharmaceuticals Research; 
2) Research on Biomedical Technology and Engineering; 
3) Brain Research; 
4) Research on Diseases with Major Socioeconomic Impact; 
5) Humai Genome Research; 
6) Public Health Research, including Health Services Research; 
7) Research on Biomedical Ethics (notably ethical aspects of areas 1 through 6). 
Means 
Under area 4 (Research on Diseases with Major Socioeconomic Impact) research will provide 
fundamental answers, by integration of basic and clinical research, to improve prevention, diagnosis 
and treatment of diseases such as cancer, AIDS and other infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases, 
chronic diseases, orphan illnesses, and will also concentrate on occupational and environmental health. 
A major novelty, made possible by art. 129 of the Treaty of the European Union is the explicit 
inclusion of Public Health in the programme. Furthermore, Pharmaceuticals research and Brain 
research have now became separate areas. The programme will also involve horizontal activities such 
as research into the ethical, legal and social issues (ELSA) and demonstration projects for evaluating 
the performance of new technologies and approaches. 
Within this programme it is intended to go beyond concertation only and to participate in cost sharing 
research in specific areas (Pharmaceuticals, Biomedical technology and engineering, Brain, Human 
Genome). 
Specific activities foreseen in 1995 
In order to implement the programme a first overall call for proposals was launched on 17/1/95 with 
a deadline of 31/3/95. 
AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES, INCLUDING AGRO-INDUSTRY,FOOD 
TECHNOLOGIES, FORESTRY,AQUACULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT 
Objectives 
The general objectives of the action are to: 
* promote cooperation between industries, research centres and universities in the fields covered by 
the programme, 
* harmonize research in the food and non-food primary production sectors of agriculture, 
horticulture, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture and its links with the input and processing 
industries, 
* contribute to the improvement of the competitiveness of the European agro-industrial and primary 
production sectors, by developing new technologies,new systems and methods of production which 
* 
* 71 
are compatible with sustainable growth and the needs of the consumers, 
improve the quality of agricultural, forestry and fisheries products in general and of foodstuffs in 
particular, 
support the implementation of the common agriculture and fisheries policies, and other Community 
policies (internal market and environment), the rural development and the maintenance of 
employment in rural areas, 
* contribute to matching production and use of biological raw materials. 
Means 
The programme will be implemented through shared-cost projects, concerted actions and 
accompanying measures. There are three new types of shared-cost activities with respect to the AIR 
programme. Cooperative research projects which will enable groups of agricultural and agro-
industrial SMEs with no or inadequate R&D means of their own to engage third parties to carry out 
research on their behalf to solve common or similar problems. Exploratory awards to help all types 
of SMEs with the preparation of shared-Cost projects. Thematic networks which will bring together 
research carried out by manufacturers and processors, primary producers, end-users, universities and 
research centres on generic technologies, in order to facilitate incorporation and transfer of 
technology. 
Demonstration projects will be implemented. In these projects the resources of interdisciplinary skills 
of producers of new technologies or of new systems and methods of production will be combined with 
those of technology users to show, on a meaningful scale of operations, the techno- and socio­
economic advantages offered by state-of-the-art concepts with respect to existing practices. 
In accordance with the views of the European Parliament on ethical and social assessment of Life 
Sciences and Technologies programmes, the ELSA (Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects) activities are 
also a new concept in the Agriculture and fisheries programme. Its main objectives are to understand 
and improve the communication process, in particular, to consumers, environmental and animal 
welfare groups and other social players in the area. 
Specific activities foreseen in 1995 
The first call for proposals on 15 December 1994 will be followed by two others in June and 
December 1995. 
NON NUCLEAR ENERGY 
Objectives 
The prime objectives of the non-nuclear energy programme 1994-1998 (JOULE-THERMIE) are to 
improve energy security in the broadest sense and, recognizing the concern for the protection of the 
environment, to reduce the impact of the production and use of energy, in particular the emissions of 
C02. Within this frame, the programme also aims to contribute to the achievement of other important 
policy objectives, such as strengthening the technological basis of industry -with benefits for the 
economy, employment and export potential-, improving social and economic cohesion and contributing 
72 
to cooperation with third countries (in particular PECO and developing countries). 
Means 
The new programme combines continuation with novelty. While RTD actions will mostly be carried 
along the same technological axes as for the previous programme, i.e. rational use of energy, 
renewable energies and fossil fuels, many new elements have been added. First, the programme 
merges within one single instrument both R&D and demonstration actions which had previously been 
carried out separately within the JOULE and THERMIE programmes. Secondly, it introduces a new 
activity in support of an overall energy RTD strategy encompassing the whole chain from basic 
research to dissemination. Thirdly, it boosts the support in favour of renewable energies by doubling 
their R&D funding level as compared to the previous JOULE programmes. 
The scientific and technical objectives of the programme have been finalized on the basis of the results 
of a seminar on energy research with the direct involvement of Europe's major actors in the energy 
field. The work programme will be implemented in close coordination between DG XII (for the R&D 
component) and DG XVII (for the demonstration and dissemination components). 
Specific activities foreseen in 1995 
The first call for proposals for both R&D and demonstration closed on 24 March 1995 with a view 
to starting the first projects by autumn 1995. A second call for proposals restricted to demonstration 
activities is planned for September 1995. Furthermore, the programme has launched an open call for 
proposals to disseminate the results of the programme and to foster the participation of SMEs, for 
which 5% of the programme budget is earmarked. 
NUCLEAR FISSION SAFETY 
Objectives 
The main objective of the Nuclear Fission Safety Programme (1994-1998) is to achieve a maximum 
level of safety for all stages of the nuclear fuel cycle and that workers, the population and the 
environment are protected from all radiological consequences of nuclear energy production. This 
remit also includes ensuring that regulation maintains pace with the developments in the nuclear 
industry and also contributing to the acceptance of the industry by the public. The programme has five 
main activity areas: Exploring Innovative Approaches; Reactor Safety; Radioactive Waste Management 
and Disposal and Decommissioning; Radiological Impact on Man and the Environment; and Mastering 
Events of the Past. 
Means 
The new programme has been restructured to take the need for innovation and priority definition into 
account while preserving continuity. New elements have been added, such as new concepts of reactor 
design, and the topics previously addressed in the COSU programme on the Consequences of the 
Chernobyl Accident have been expanded to include other radioactively contaminated areas and taken 
up in the programme. The implementation of the programme will be made by means, of both shared 
cost and concerted actions. The programme has been finalised following the seminar on energy 
research which involved the major organisations involved in the energy field. 
73 
Specific activities foreseen in 1995 
A call for proposals has been issued with a first deadline on 20 March 1995, evaluation in April and 
May and a planned start of the first projects towards the end of the year. The second deadline for 
proposals is scheduled on 28 February 1996. The call for proposals for concerted actions remains open 
until 1 November 4997. 
CONTROLLED THERMONUCLEAR FUSION 
Objectives 
The priority objective of the programme is to establish the engineering design of the Next Step within 
the framework of the quadripartite cooperation on the ITER-EDA. Possible improvements to concepts 
in plasma physics and plasma engineering will be investigated, while assessing their technical 
feasibility, and long-term technology developments required for progressing toward the exploitation 
of fusion as an energy source will be carried out. The results of such studies will be of benefit both 
in the operation of ITER and, in the longer term, in the conceptual definition of DEMO, a 
demonstration reactor capable of producing significant quantities of electricity. 
Means and specific activities foreseen in 1995 
This programme does not proceed by means of calls for proposals and corresponding 
Workprogrammes. 
* Next Step activities: 
The ITER-EDA will be pursued and includes the design proper by the Joint Central Team (JCT) and 
by the Home Teams (HT) of the 4 ITER Parties, plus the supporting R&D in physics and technology 
by the HTs. The ITER-EDA Interim Report will be issued in 1995. Euratom Next Step activities other 
than the participation in the JCT are coordinated by the NET Team: supporting plasma physics and 
plasma engineering R&D will be pursued on JET and on the specialised devices in the Associations. 
An extension of JET until the end of 1999 for the benefit of ITER is under consideration. 
* Concept improvements: 
Proposals for upgrading devices and for the construction of new ones are being examined or might 
be submitted in the course of 1995. A proposal for joining the activities of three Associations is under 
consideration. 
* Ijjng-term technology: 
The activities will be continued and expanded on development of tritium breeding blankets, radiation 
resistant and low-activation materials (including the conceptual design of a high-energy neutron source) 
and further analysis of the safety and social acceptability of fusion power. 
TRANSPORT 
Objectives 
The Transport Programme aims through research to contribute to achieving the objectives of the 
Common Transport Policy, namely efficient and cost-effective transport networks for goods and 
passengers under the best possible environmental, social and energy consumption conditions. 
74 
The main objectives of the proposed programme are: 
* to develop a more efficient, safer and more environmentally friendly transport system for 
passengers and goods; 
* to facilitate the interconnection and interoperability of the separate transport networks; 
* to increase the efficiency of each individual mode and improve cooperation between them; 
* *. •-... .. • --
* to promote the design and management of infrastructure with a view to reducing the damage the 
environment and improving the quality/price ratio; 
* to provide industry, transport operators and users and authorities with the appropriate 
decision-making instruments based on better knowledge and understanding of mobility, traffic 
flows, their interactions and interdependencies. 
Means 
The means is a European approach that is developed to exploit the synergy between the different 
Community and national activities, as well as those of other international organizations.The research 
activities will be developed at two levels: 
- a European strategic level, 
- a network optimization level(combined transport, rail transport, air transport, urban transport, 
maritime transport, road transport). 
Most of the actions will be carried out through shared cost actions, concerted actions, preparatory, 
accompanying and support measures , research Studies. 
Specific activities foreseen in 1995 
The first call for proposals covering all areas of the programme closed on 15 March 1995 and will 
be followed by a second call in September 1995, closing in December 1995. 
TARGETED SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESEARCH 
Objectives 
The targeted socio-economic research activities aim at elucidating future decision-making by 
developing a shared knowledge base on the challenges facing Europe, based on research and other 
work in three inter-related areas: 
* evaluation of science and technology policy options, 
* research on education and training, 
* research on social integration and social exclusion in Europe. 
Evaluation of science and technology policy options for Europe will provide a common knowledge 
base for decision-makers in the fields of science and technology policy at regional, national and 
European level and for all those responsible for other areas of activity in which science and technology 
play a role, with the ultimate objective of encouraging greater consistency and closer coordination of 
75 
RTD efforts and policies in Europe. 
The objectives of the Community's research activities on education and training must be to support 
the efforts made by Member States to strengthen the links between research, education and training 
and to improve their education and training systems through research and dissemination of good 
practice and innovation. The objective is to help to promote the development in Europe of a society 
in which lifelong learning and education permanently play a central role. 
Poverty rnd social exclusion are major problems facing the Member States; Research into social 
integration and social exclusion is necessary in order to gain a fuller understanding of these problems 
so that remedies can be found. 
Means 
This new programme will mainly support on a shared cost-basis RTD projects and thematic networks, 
and will also implement a number of horizontal measures such as the establishment of the European 
Technology Assessment Network (ETAN), which should operate in close cooperation with the main 
bodies actively involved in evaluation of science and technology options in Europe. The intention is 
to make the best use of the expertise available from various socio-economic circles and to circulate 
information on the research and other work in progress in the European Union. 
The European Science and Technology Observatory of the Institute for Prospective Technological 
Studies of the JRC will provide an information service on progress in science and technology and 
ensure surveillance of scientific developments and technological innovation. 
Specific activities foreseen in 1995 
A first general call for proposals was launched on 15 March 1995, together with a call for expression 
of interest concerning membership of ETAN. 
SECOND ACTIVITY : 
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION WITH THIRD COUNTRIES AND 
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 
Objectives 
The objectives of the programme are to add value to Community RTD, and to improve coordination 
with other Community instruments and synergy with Member States' activities in order to avoid 
duplication and better define the Community's areas of activity on the basis of the subsidiarity 
principle. 
It is the centralized activity for international cooperation and targets four geographic areas: A.l, other 
fora for S&T cooperation in Europe; A. 2, Central European countries and the independent states of 
the former Soviet Union; B, industrialized non-European countries and C, developing countries. 
Means 
The instruments, tuned to the needs and opportunities of RTD cooperations with partners in these four 
geographic areas, include concertation, dialogue, concerted and cost-shared action, accompanying 
76 
measures as well as, in certain cases, financial support for the participation of third country 
participants in other specific programmes of the Fourth Framework Programme (areas A.2 and C). 
In appropriate cases, interfaces with other specific programmes will be developed to enhance synergy 
and added value, for example with Environment and Climate, Marine Science and Technology and 
Non-nuclear energy programmes. 
It is intended to further reinforce the network of Community programme managers and EUREKA 
project coordinators, to organize joint conventions, promotional and brokerage events, and to reinforce 
links with other research fora, while enhancing the use of counselling and information distribution 
networks (VALUE, OPETs etc.) at Community, EUREKA and member state levels, by researchers 
and industry. 
Specific activities foreseen in 1995 
Three calls are foreseen in 1995. The first one concerns fellowships in Japan and Korea (area B). The 
second one concerns area C; activities will be targeted on three principal interrelated sectors of 
general importance: sustainable management of renewable natural resources, sustainable improvement 
of agricultural and agro-industrial production and health as well as on other areas of mutual interest: 
information and communication technologies. The third call concerns area A.2; activities will seek 
to help safeguarding the RTD potential, to help solving RTD problems of social, economic and 
ecological importance and to intensify cooperation in the areas of RTD where these countries are at 
a world class level. 
Concerning international organizations, it is planned to put into effect the closer collaboration aimed 
at in the administrative arrangements with CERN and the EMBL, to arrive at closer ties with other 
European international organizations, and to maintain the close relationship with ESA, ESF, OECD 
and UNESCO. Approximately 25 new COST Actions will be launched in addition to preparatory work 
on physics and neuroscience. An evaluation of COST is envisaged, covering structures, mechanisms 
and results. 
An agreement with Canada is signed, negotiations for agreements with Switzerland and Israel are 
expected to be completed, and negotiations for agreements with the USA and South Africa are 
expected to start. 
THIRD ACTIVITY 
DISSEMINATION AND EXPLOITATION OF THE RESULTS OF ACTIVITIES IN THE 
FIELD OF RTD 
Objectives 
The Third Activity under the Fourth Framework Programme for the dissemination and exploitation 
of results combines in a single programme both the continuation of existing projects in this field and, 
more generally, activities relating to innovation and technology transfer. 
This approach, based on the complementary nature of research and innovation, takes account of both 
the non-linear and the complex and interactive nature of the innovation process. The work programme 
for the implementation of the specific programme for dissemination and exploitation therefore centres 
round the following three objectives : 
77 
* making the business environment more favourable to innovation and the absorption of technologies 
* promoting the dissemination of knowledge and technology within the European Union (Single 
Market effect) 
* making research results and technologies which are likely to meet the needs of businesses available 
throughout the Union. 
Because of the nature of its activities, the Third Activity under the Fourth Framework Programme is 
central to the problems of competitiveness as defined by the White Paper and also directly contributes 
towards f Se objectives of the Framework Programme as set out in Article 130f of the Treaty. 
Means 
The Third Activity shall focus, in particular, on 
pilot and experimental actions, observatory and studies for assisting in promoting innovation 
in objective 1 regions (EIMS); 
networks for promoting technology transfer and innovation; 
support activities for technology transfer and validation projects; 
dissemination and information service (CORDIS). 
The CORDIS information service will offer a wide range of on-line and off-line services, the quality 
of the information will be further improved and gateways will be established providing access to 
national information systems also aimed at disseminating scientific and technological information. 
Specific activities foreseen in 1995 
Following the advance announcement of 15.12.1994, a call for proposals has been published on 
the 17.1.1995. An initial call for proposals was published on 15 December 1994 with the aim of 
establishing a network of about 45 relay centres to provide a basis for a European infrastructure 
for disseminating technologies and promoting them on the basis of the needs of industry, including 
the promotion of the Community RTD programmes and their results. 
A second call for proposals was published on 15 March 1995 with a view to supporting technology 
validation and transfer projects and thus contributing to the implementation, at European level, of 
an efficient tool for facilitating validation, transfer and integrations of new technologies int the 
economic and social fabric, and promoting an innovation culture. 
Other calls for proposals in 1995 concern the following areas : EIMS (European Innovation 
Monitoring System), financial environment, regional action and support for science parks, 
innovation management techniques, experimental networks and services. The common aim is to 
contribute to an improvement in the innovation environment in the European Union. 
FOURTH ACTIVITY: 
TRAINING AND MOBILITY OF RESEARCHERS 
Objectives 
The aim of the programme is to promote, through the stimulation of training and mobility of 
researchers, a quantitative and qualitative increase of human resources within the Community and 
78 
associated States. Its general objectives are the following : 
* 
* 
* 
* to stimulate training through research and, by means of cooperation, to foster better utilization of 
high-level researchers in the Community, 
to improve the mobility of European researchers throughout the Community, encouraging mobility 
both between universities, research institutes and industry and between disciplines, thus better 
exploiting the research potential in the different disciplines, 
to promote, for instance through networks, transnational cooperation on research activities proposed 
essentially by the scientists themselves and not eligible for support under the first activity, 
to facilitate the access of all European researchers to existing large-scale facilities that are essential 
for high-quality research, 
to improve the scientific and technological cohesion of the Community and contribute to the 
attainment of a general level of scientific excellence by offering research opportunities to scientific 
institutions and researchers from all regions of the Community. As was the case under the "Human 
Capital and Mobility" programme (1992- to 1994), the return to their region of origin of 
researchers originating from the less-favoured regions will be encouraged and financed. 
This activity will cover the exact, natural, economic and management sciences, as well as those social 
and human sciences that contribute to the Community's objectives in research, technological 
development and demonstration. 
Means 
A number of significant developments, with respect to the former programme, have been initiated in 
each of the four main activities and are summarized below. 
Research training grants 
A more flexible 'research training grant' scheme, common to all research programmes offering grants, 
will be established. This will enable researchers and their prospective host institute better to tailor 
the research project exactly to the applicant's career and the host institute's research needs. 
Networks 
Funding under the TMR networks activity will show a substantial increase compared with funding 
under the previous programme. Each partner in a network should receive, on average, about ECU 
70 000 per year, per laboratory. This amount, several times larger than the sum allocated under 
HCM, should lead, on the basis of 5 to 10 laboratories per network, to contracts falling in the range 
of ECU 1 to 2 million. In this way the Commission is seeking to support real advanced training, and 
not only researcher mobility. 
Access to large-scale facilities 
In addition to continuing to promote access for researchers to large-scale facilities, financing will be 
awarded to support improvements to facilities, with the aim of promoting a more efficient use of the 
installations. 
79 
A ccompanying measures 
The Euroconference activity is brought under the accompanying measures, which also will provide 
support for more direct training actions, such as summer schools and practical training courses. These 
latter are intended to draw on the needs and potential of industry in relation to advanced research 
training. Also under this heading, the Commission intends to undertake a series of studies relating to 
the more effective equal opportunities and higher participation in the programme of researchers from 
industry and those working in less-favoured regions. 
Specific activities foreseen in 1995 
The new programme, Training and Mobility of Researchers (TMR), was officially launched on 17 
January 1995, with the publication of the call for proposals. First contracts for the research training 
grants, access to large-scale facilities and accompanying measures should be issued before the end of 
the year. In the case of the substantially more complex networks contracts, signatures are not foreseen 
until 1996. In 1995, the Commission intends to contract with an independent expert consultancy to 
investigate the participation of women in the programme and examine the possibilities for improving 
equal opportunities. In addition, work on the provision of advanced training for researchers through 
modern telematics may be the subject of a study in 1995, in cooperation with other services of the 
Commission working in this area. 
Concerning the results of the HCM fellowship scheme and the development of its successor under 
TMR, the research training grants scheme, the Commission plans to hold a second 'fellowship 
seminar' this time in France, bringing together a large number of fellows who are undertaking 
research in one country. 
The European Union Contest for Young Scientists, which is the EU's annual showcase of scientific 
talent will, in 1995, take place in Newcastle-upon-Tyne in the UK. Contestants from over 20 countries 
will take part. 
JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE AND COMPETITIVE SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 
JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE 
Objectives 
The Joint Research Centre (JRC) will conduct strategic and applied research. It will therefore be an 
integral part of European science and technology. The JRC will also contribute to the establishment 
of the scientific and technical bases needed for the formulation and implementation of various 
Community policies. The specific programme concerning the work for the EC will be carried out on 
the one hand by means of direct action and on the other by means of activities suited to a competitive 
approach and intended for scientific and technical support to Community policies. The specific 
programme concerning the work for the EAEC will be carried out by means of direct action. 
Means 
The JRC research contributions to the various lines of the Framework Programme are planned in such 
a way that they are complementary to the corresponding work of the Specific Programmes (shared cost 
action programmes). This is particularly significant with the Centre for Earth Observation action on 
the Environment and Climate line as well as for the research on the same line on global change. 
80 
Specific activities foreseen in 1995 
The implementation of the above programmes is planned in 1995 in some 30 workschedules that 
define the single projects and make up the JRC Workprogramme, as approved by the JRC Board of 
Governors. Amongst the new features in these programmes are the emphasis on environmental 
technologies throughout the programmes on environment and climate, industrial technologies and 
materials technologies and non-nuclear energy as well as the new strategic studies under 
socio-economic research. 
COMPETITIVE SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 
Objectives and means 
This new action of competitive support activities is carried out by means of work suited to a 
competitive approach in the context of a customer/contractor relationship. It is intended for scientific 
and technical support to Community policies. The implementation of this research will be assigned 
to research bodies and centres, including the JRC, universities or undertakings. 
The Commission has entrusted the implementation of this action to its Secretariat General, together 
with the Directorates General responsible for the various Community policies. 
Specific activities foreseen in 1995 
For 1995 the resources available have been allocated to 72 projects, falling within the areas of 
Information and Communication Technologies, Industrial Technologies, Environment, Life Sciences 
and Technologies, Energy, Socio-Economic Research and Dissemination and Exploitation of Research 
Results. This contributes to Union policies, notably on industry, agriculture, environment, energy, 
consumer protection, transport and exploitation of research results. The Directorates General 
concerned will manage the resources for the projects according to the Financial Regulations as 
applicable to the Research Budget. 
81 
PART FOUR 
ANNEXES 
\ 
Annex 1 , 
Tables 1-10 summarize Community RTD activities in 1994 in a quantitative form (number and nature of 
projects, participants, transnational links, level of funding etc.). The figures relate to Third Framework 
Programme activities and to major APAS'es (Actions de Préparation, d'Accompagnement et de Suivi) ; diey 
include participation from Member States as well as from countries of the European Economic Area and of 
EFTA. 
Consequently and in order to ensure consistency, figures relating to earlier Framework Programmes are not 
included, nor are data on amendments to contracts. Only in a relatively few cases, for example the non-nuclear 
energy programme, would such activities have represented a relatively high proportion of the overall activities 
in 1994. 
The abbreviation "n/a" used in these tables means "not applicable" or "not available". 
Tables 5-10 concern only shared-cost actions. 
Annex 11 
Table 11 gives an overall view of the 1995 calendar for project selection procedures in each of the specific 
programmes, as well as the total budget appropriations (commitments) for each of them in 1995 according to 
the revised budget for 1995. 
Annex III 
This annex provides two tables on the amounts and indicative breakdown of die Third and Fourth Framework 
Programmes, respectively, and a graph showing die evolution in annual Framework Programme commitments. 
Annex IV 
Two tables present the major steps in the adoption of the Third and Fourth Framework Programme decisions 
(main dates and document references, length of adoption procedure). 
Annex V 
This amiex gives a list of the major Community research programme evaluation and impact studies completed 
or published in 1994 
Annex VI 
List of main abbreviations or acronyms used 
Table 1 
RTD activities in 1994: AH programmes (FP3) /APAS - New projects and all projects by type of activity 
Shared-cost actions 
Preparatory, monitoring and 
support measures 
Concerted actions 
Fusion (including JET and 
administration/support) (3) (4) 
TOTAL New projects (RTD contracts signed in 1994) 
Total EC 
contribution 
MECU(l) 
1.378,40 
203,87 
63,57 
209,00 
1.854,84 Number of 
projects 
2.970 
2.615 
365 
151 
6.101 Number of 
participants 
11.903 
2.906 
3.267 
185 
18.261 Average 
number of 
participants per 
project 
4,0 
1,1 
9,0 
n/a 
-Average 
number of 
Member States 
per project 
2,4 
n/a 
n/a 
n/a 
-Average EC 
contribution 
per project 
MECU 
0,464 
0,078 
0,174 
n/a 
-All projects 
Number of 
projects under 
way 
at 31.12.94(2) 
6.786 
775 
3.205 
210 
10.976 Payments 1994 
Total 
MECU 
1.689,36 
58,20 
44.94 
143,45 
1.935,95 
1) Sum total EC contribution for each new project, as stipulated in the contract (i.e. for entire project duration) 
2) Projects under way at 31.12.1994 = signed contracts with a completion date for research work after 31.12.1994 
3) Only the controlled thermonuclear fusion programme 
4) Only 2 projects with several participants, all the others with only one 
Direct actions -
Joint Research Centre (5) 
TOTAL 296,02 
2.150,86 n/a 
6.101 n/a 
18.261 n/a 
-n/a 
-n/a 
-n/a 
-n/a 
-
5) For direct actions, only commitments 1994 are given 
co 
Table! 
RTD activities in 1994: Specific programmes (FP3)/APAS - New projects (contracts signed in 1994) 
Names of specific programmes (FP3) 
Information Technologies 
Communication Technoloeies 
Telematics S\ stems 
Industrial and Materials Technologies (3) 
Measurement and Testing (4) 
Environment 
Marine Sciences and Technoloeies 
Biotechnoloev 
Agriculture. Agro-Industrial Research and Fisheries 
Biomedical and Health Research 
Life Sciences and Technologies for Developing Countries 
Non-nuclear Enercies 
Nuclear Fission Safetv 
Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion (including JET and administration/support) (5X6) 
Human Capital and Mobility 
Centralized Action 
iN'amesof APAS 
COPERNICUS: Coop, with Central and Eastern European Countries and the NÎS 
International Scientific Cooperation 
PECO: Participation of Central and Eastern Countries and the NIS tn FP3 
Renewable Enercies 
SPRINT: Technology Transfer 
Thermie: Non-nuclear Energies 
TIDE: Telematics for the Integration of Disabled and Elderly People 
Others 
TOTAL Total new projects (contracts signed in 1994) 
Total EC 
contribution 1) 
MECU Number of 
projects Number of 
participants Average 
number of 
participants per 
Project Average 
number of MS 
(2) per project Average EC 
contribution 
per project Shared-cost 
actions 
Total EC 
contribution 1) 
MECU Preparatory, ; 
monitoring and Concerted 
support Actions 
measures 
Total EC 
contribution 1) 
MECU Total EC 
contribution! I ) 
MECU f 
— '" - — "• •' ; ' ' —— :! 
11 
249.20 
46,00 
35.60 
261,05 
26,57 
104,25 
16,36 
39,30 
159.97 
43,20 
29,43 
36,07 
0,86 
209,00 
197,64 
17,16 178 
25 
102 
706 
87 
264 
34 
132 
414 
233 
79 
Î78 
43 
151 
1.461 
213 983 
223 
496 
1.836 
273 
1.175 
120 
316 
1.954 
1.858 
306 
473 
43 
185 
3.436 
269 5.5 
8,9 
4,9 
2,6 
3,1 
4,5 
3,5 
2,4 
4,7 
8,0 
3,9 
2.7 
1.0 
n'a 
2,4 
1.3 3.1 
5,1 
1.5 
2,0 
2,8 
3,7 
3.9 
2,8 
3,8 
2,0 
2,1 
3,6 
1.0 
n'a 
4,8 
2,9 1,400 
1,840 
0.349 
0,370 
0.305 
0,395 
0,481 
0,298 
0.386 
0.185 
0.3 73 
0,203 
0,020 
n/a 
0.135 
0.081 249,20 
46,00 
18,30 
254,74 
26,06 
102.15 
13,99 
33.46 
136,90 
2,48 
29,43 
34.15 
0,02 
209,00 
99,91 
4.90 15.90! 
5.94| 
0.51 
2.091 ii 
i,40| 
Q.38i 
F 
2.37| :! 
5.45ji 0.39;; 
7.27i: is.se; 
3,8?!; 36.85| 
i-
L92i 0.84H ! 
1 97.73j{ 1 
12.26k i 
39,46 
29,30 
24,02 
19,21 
24,40 
176,00 
18,60 
52,19 
1.854,84 216 
327 
289 
53 
269 
293 
31 
323 
6.101 810 
547 
838 
235 
663 
457 
31 
734 
18.261 3,8 
1.7 
2,9 
4,4 
2,5 
1,6 
Î.0 
n/a 
-1,5 
1,3 
1,0 
3.2 
2,1 
n/a 
n/a 
n/a 
-0,183 
0.090 
0,083 
0.362 
0,091 
0,601 
0,600 
n/a 
-39,40 
23,84 
20,13 
19,21 
24,40 
148,00 
17,50 
34.23 
1.587,40 0.05J 
5,45 
28,00 
1,11 
13.1ll i 
3.89 
1 
4,86| 
203,87(1 63:57|| 
1 ) Sum total EC contribution for each new project, as stipulated in the contract (i.e. for the entire project duration) 
2) MS : Member States 
3) In addition to those signing the contracts, there are a further 466 laboratories actively participating in projects 
4) In addition to those signing the contracts, there are a further 559 laboratories actively participating in projects 
5) Includes 72 MECU for JET and 22 MECU for administration/support 
6) Only 2 projects with several participants, all the others with only one 
Table 3 
RTD activities in 1994: Specific programmes (FP3)/APAS - Total projects (1) in 1 
Names of specific programmes (FP3) 
Information Technologies 
Communication Technologies 
Telematics Svstems 
Industrial and Materials Technologies 
Measurement and Testing 
Environment 
Marine Sciences and Technologies 
Biotechnology 
Agriculture, Agro-Industrial Research and Fisheries 
Biomedical and Health Research 
Life Sciences and Technologies for Developing Countries 
Non-nuclear Energies 
Nuclear Fission Safetv 
Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion (including JET and administration/support) 
Human Capital and Mobility 
Centralized Action 
Names of APAS 
COPERNICUS: Coop, with Central and Eastern European Countries and the NIS 
International Scientific Cooperation 
PECO: Participation of Central and Eastern Countries and the NIS in FP3 
Renewable Energies 
SPRINT: Technology Transfer 
Thermie: Non-nuclear Energies 
TIDE: Telematics for the Integration of Disabled and Elderly People 
Others 
TOTAL Number of 
projects under 
way at 
31.12 1994f2ï Overall 
number of 
projects(3) 1994 and overall 
1994 payments 
total MECU Overall EC 
contribution 
MECU (4) 
630 
120 
246 
898 
166 
513 
107 
276 
289 
500 
260 
350 
86 
210 
2.944 
234 719 
n/a 
n/a 
1.577 
184 
603 
112 
302 
289 
522 
286 
431 
96 
396 
3.413 
n/a 407,52 
118,74 
73,53 
224.15 
11,65 
104,89 
30,28 
50,84 
70,47 
40,60 
24,34 
65,29 
17,84 
143,45 
132,07 
14,63 1.478,43 
n/a' 
n/a 
748,92 
55,77 
303,43 
100,60 
165,68 
177,10 
161,58 
104,52 
239,46 
45,12 
551,42 
544,22 
n/a 
474 
478 
321 
53 
478 
1.010 
57 
276 
10.976 1.543 
1.212 
370 
53 
n/a 
n/a 
n/a 
1.148 
-39,68 
34,27 
10,69 
5,88 
18,82 
122,96 
16,22 
157,14 
1.935,95 70,36 
125,76 
31,61 
19,21 
n/a 
n/a 
n/a 
80,83 
-
1) Projects = signed contracts 
2) Projects under way at 31.12.1994 = signed contracts with a completion date for research 
3) Overall number of projects = total number of projects since the beginning of the specific 
4) Overall EC contribution = total Community contribution (cf. footnote page 1 of Table 1) work after 31.12.1994 
programme or APAS 
Table 4 
RTD activities ni 1994 : Specific programmes (FP3)/APAS - selection procedures 
Specific Programme(s) (FP3)/' Areas of work programme 
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES 
- Micro-electronics 
- Information Processing Systems and Software 
« Advanced Business and Home Systems ; Peripherals 
- Computer Integrated Manufacturing 
- Basic Research 
COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES 
TELEMATICS (STIG) 
- Telematics Engineering 
- Libraries 
INDUSTRIAL AND MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 
1. Materials - raw materials / 2. Design and manufacture / 3. Aeronautics research 
Areas 1, 2 and 3 : Cooperative Research (CRAFT Step II) - OPEN CALL 
- proposals received 9/93 • 12/93 (Collaborative RTD) 
- proposals received 1/94 - 3/94 (Collaborative RTD) 
• proposals received 3/94 - 7/94 (Collaborative RTD) 
MEASUREMENT AND TESTING 
1. Support to Directives / 2. Support to standardization / 3. Common means of calibration / 4. Methods and 
measurement 
- Areas 1, 2 and 3 : 
- Area 4 
- Areas 2 and 3 
ENVIRONMENT 
• 1. Participation in global changes programmes 
• 2. Technologies and engineering for the environment 
- 3. Research on economic and social aspects of environmental issues 
- 4. Tochnoloyic.il and natural risks OJ refs. and dates of 
calls for proposals 
C198 (27/07/91) 
C67 (10/03/93) 
0149 (29/5/93) 
C78 (15/03/94) 
C310 (16/11/93) 
C33 (24/12/91) 
C178 (15/07/92) closed 
11/09/92 
C178 (15/07/92) closed 
30/09/92 
0338(1 5/1 2/93) closed 
1 5/04/94 
C139 (18/05/93) Number of 
proposals (1) 
received 
285 
669 
367 
522 
693 
200 
27 
124 
n/a 
32 
56 
196 
103 
57 
59 
1401 Projects selected 
Number 
99 -
244 
101 
126 
155 
25 
6 
35 
n/a 
20 
23 
62 
18 
14 
49 
258 % of total 
number 
35% 
37% 
28% 
24% 
22% 
13% 
22% 
28% 
n/a 
63% 
41% 
32% 
18% 
24% 
83% 
18% EC contribution 
MECU 
466 
374 
264 
265 
125 
46 
1.5 
11 
n/a 
7,7 
8,9 
23 
5,4 
9,8 
13 
113 
°0 
LTi 
Table 4 
RTD activities in 1994 : Specific programmes (FP3)/APAS - selection procedures 
Specific Programme(s) (FP3)/ Areas of work programme 
MARINE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES 
• Concerted actions 
- Risk assessment 
BIOTECHNOLOGY 
- Information Infrastructure 
- Scientific Studies 
AGRICULTURAL AND AGRO-INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH 
- 1. Primary production in agriculture, forestry, aquaculture and fisheries 
- 2. Inputs to agriculture, forestry, aquaculture and fisheries 
- 3. Processing of biological raw materials from agriculture, forestry, aquaculture and fisheries 
- 4. End uses and products 
BIOMEDICAL AND HEALTH RESEARCH 
- 1. Development of coordinated research on prevention, care and health systems 
- 2. Major health problems and diseases of great socio-economic impact 
- 4. Research on biomedical ethics 
- 3. Human genome analysis 
TRAINING (research scholarships) 
" These projects arise from the remaining part of 303 proposals declared eligible for community contribution in July 1993 
LIFE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 
- 2nd call for proposals 
" These projects arise from a remainder of proposals from 1993 and a financial complement available in 1994. 
- 3rd call for proposals 
NON NUCLEAR ENERGY 
NUCLEAR FISSION SAFETY OJ refs. and dates of 
calls for proposals 
C163 (15/6/94) 
0203 (27/7/93) 
078 (15/3/94) 
C78 (15/03/94) 
C78 (15/03/94) 
C251 (15/09/93) 
C324 (10.12.92) 
C324 (10.12.92) 
L267 (24.09.91) 
C198 (05/08/92) 
0163 (15/06/93) 
no calls 
no calls Number of 
proposals (1) 
received 
6 
19 
9 
4 
98 
684 
115 
435 
499 Projects selected 
Number 
3 / 
2 
3 
3 
26 
123 
140« 
1 
45 
38" 
49 % of total 
number 
50% 
11% 
33% 
75% 
25% 
18% 
1% 
10% 
17% EC contribution 
MECU 
0.7 
0,9 
1,4 
2,2 
1,5 
56 
37 
1.2 
3 
14 
19 
6^ 
Table 4 
RTD activities in 1994 : Specific programmes (FP3)/APAS - selection procedures 
Specific Programme(s) (FP3)/ Areas of work programme 
HUMAN CAPITAL AND MOBILITY 
- Institutional grants 
- Individual grants 
• Networks 
- Large scale installation's 
• Euroconferences 
(*)Part of these proposals were received in 1993 
CENTRALIZED ACTION (VALUE) : Dissemination and optimization of results 
S/T Cooperation with the countries of Eastern and Central Europe (COPERNICUS) 
International scientific Cooperation (ISC) 
Participation in the Third Framework Programme of the countries from Eastern and Central Europe and from the new 
indépendant states of the former Sovjet Union (PECO) 
Renewable energies 
SPRINT (Science parks) . 
THERMIE 
TIDE 
Other preparatory, accompanying and support measures OJ refs. and dates of 
calls for proposals 
C163 (15/6/94) 
0 258(15/9/94) 
C357 (15/12/94) 
Permanent calls 
for proposals 
C252 (16/9/93) 
C30 (01/02/94) 
. 
-
C78 (15/03/94) 
94/EE/07 
C189 (13/07/93) 
C111 21/04/93 
Different calls Number of 
proposals (1) 
received 
866 
3838 
974 
0 
225 
289 
2216 
253 
460 
340 
80 
559 
293 
1855 Projects selected 
Number 
241 
850 
279 
0 
134 
45 
318 
77 
241 
80 
41 
196 
55 
196 % of total 
number 
28% 
22% 
29% 
60% 
16% 
14% 
30% 
52% 
24% 
51% 
35% 
19% 
10% EC contribution 
MECU 
33 I 
64 
83 
18 
6 
" ! 92 | 
s, J 
10 
24 1 
2.4 1 
148 I 
42 | 
37 | 
1) Number of pioponnls = number of proposals elirjiblo for tho selection procedure 
Table 5 
RTD activities in 1994: Specific programmes (FP3)/APAS- New projects - Shared-cost actions (SCA) 
Total new projects (contracts signed in 1994) classified by number of participants per project 
Number of participants 
Names of specific programmes (FP3) 
Information Technologies 
Communication Technologies 
Telematics Svstems 
Industrial and Materials Technologies (1) 
Measurement and Testing (2) 
Environment 
[Marine Sciences and Technologies 
Biotechnology 
Agriculture, Agro-Industrial Research and Fisheries 
Biomedical and Health Research 
(Life Sciences and Technologies for Developing Countries 
Non-nuclear Energies 
Nuclear Fission Safety 
Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion 
Human Capital and Mobility 
Centralized Action 
Names of APAS 
COPERNICUS: Coop, with Central and Eastern European Countries and the NIS 
International Scientific Cooperation 
PECO: Participation of Central and Eastern Countries and the NIS in FP3 
Renewable Energies 
SPRINT: Technology Transfer 
Thermie: Non-nuclear Energies 
TIDE: Telematics for the Integration of Disabled and Elderly People 
Others 
TOTAL 1 
Number of 
projects 2 
Number of 
projects 3 
Number of 
projects ' 4 
Number of 
projects 5 
Number of 
projects 6 
Number of 
projects 7 
Number of 
projects 8 
Number of 
projects 9 
Number of 
projects 10+ 
Number of 
projects TOTAL 
Number of 
projects 
53 
271 
25 
1 
31 
0 
6 
2 
I 
149 
21 
8 4 
82 
7 
15 
3 
2 
5 
6 
0 
0 
10 7 
4 
9 
13 
53 
2 
1 
15 
0 
20 
14 
0 
0 
12 16 
3 
5 
27 
10 
59 
2 
2 
28 
0 
23 
15 
0 
10 
3 18 
2 
10 
29 
9 
38 
4 
9 
29 
0 
18 
9 
0 
61 
3 25 
2 
4 
38 
I 
30 
4 
4 
31 
0 
5 
6 
0 
61 
1 14 
6 
2 
28 
3 
10 
3 
3 
14 
0 
7 
0 
46 
1 9 
3 
1 
19 
6 
7 
3 
6 
0 
1 
3 
0 
35 8 
2 
10 
1 
10 
4 
0 
2 
0 
28 24 
7 
22 
1 
12 
2 
4 
12 
0 
1 
5 
0 
2 
43 178 
25 
26 
535 
76 
234 
18 
57 
142 
2 
79 
69 
1 
151 
305 
38 
6 
7 
12 
2 
192 
rv'a 
n/a 
0 
787 1 56 
89 
114 
5 
9 
n'a 
n/a 
3 
410 41 
29 
50 
14 
7 
rv'a 
n/a 
6 
297 52 
14 
19 
9 
13 
n/a 
n/a 
13 
323 19 
3 
14 
11 
11 
n/a 
n/a 
17 
314 21 
7 
5 
6 
n/a 
n/a 
15 
266 3 
1 
2 
1 
8 
n/a 
n/a 
3 
155 5 
1 
3 
6 
rv'a 
n/a 
2 
110 2 
2 
7 
n/a 
n'a 
0 
76 4 
1 
1 
10 
n'a 
n/a 
5 
156 209 
144 
219 
53 
269 
196 
31 
64 
31211 
1) Cfr footnote 3) in table 2 
2) Cfr footnote 4) in table 2 
Table 6 
RTD activities in 1994 - Specific programmes (FP3)/APAS - New projects - Shared-cost actions (SCA) 
Total new projects (contracts signed in 1994) classified by the number of countries (EC/EEA/EFTA) participating in each project 
Number of participating countries (EC/EFTA) 
Name» of specific programme» (FP3) 
Information Technologies 
Communication Technologies 
Telematics Systems 
Industrial and Materials Technologies 
Measurement and Testing 
Environment 
Marine Sciences and Technologies 
Biotechnology 
Agriculture, Agro-Industrial Research and Fisheries 
Biomedical and Health Research 
Life Sciences and Technologies for Deyeloping Countries 
Non-nuclear Energies 
Nuclear Fission Safetv 
Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion 
Human Capital and Mobility-
Centralized Action 
Names of APAS 
COPERNICUS: Coop with Central and Eastern European Countries and the NIS 
International Scientific Cooperation 
PECO: Participation of Central and Eastern Countries and the NIS in FP3 
Renewable Energies 
SPRINT: Technology Transfer 
Thermie: Non-nuclear Energies 
TIDE: Telematics for the Integration of Disabled and Elderly People 
Others 
TOTAL , 
Number of 2 
Number of 
projects 3 
N'umber ot 
projects 4 
Number of 
projects 5 
Number of 
projects 6 
Number of 
projects 7 
Number of 
projects 8 
Number of 
projects 9 
Number of 
projects lO+Z' 
Number of 
projects TOTAL 
ToUl 
number of 
projects Projects 
involving 
third 
countries (1) 
Number Projects 
Involving int. 
on?»-
Number 
55 
334 
25 
1 
1 
31 
0 
11 
2 
1 
149 
20 
8 15 
5 
36 
13 
36 
2 
18 
2 
50 
22 
0 
3 
7 42 
3 
13J 
66 
18 
92 
7 
7 
50 
0 
16 
22 
0 
29 
13 30 
9 
7 
65 
8 
53 
i 
7 
35 
0 
2 
7 
0 
78 
4 18 
5 
0 
25 
5 
29 
4 
5 
22 
0 
7 
0 
89 
4 6 
2 
6 
2 
14 
1 
2 
15 
0 
3 
0 
47 
I 5 
4 
1 
1 
3 
6 
2 
1 
0 
1 
0 
18 
1 2 
1 
0 
2 
1 
1 
0 
1 
0 
12 1 
1 
1 
1 
0 
0 
3 4 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
0 
4 
0 
2 
6 178 
25 
26 
535 
76 
234 
18 
57 
142 
2 
79 
69 
1 
151 
305 
38 14 
2 
71 
n/a 
1 3 
1 
9 
2 
1 
n/a 
17 
124 
105 
218 
2 
198 
n/a 
n/a 
i 
1287 65 
33 
1 
18 
5 
n/a 
n/a 
8 
339 16 
6 
18 
10 
n/a 
n/a 
20 
448 3 
6 
17 
n/a 
n/a 
18 
351 1 
3 
12 
n/a 
n/a 
10 
239 0 
6 
7 
n/a 
n/a 
4 
116 0 
6 
n/a 
n/a 
1 
50 0 
7 
n/a 
n/a 
1 
28 0 
2 
n/a 
Tjl 
0 
9 0 
5 
n/a 
n/a 209 
144 
219 
53 
269 
196 
31 
0 64 
27| 3121 205 
129 
207 
1 
n/a 
10 
640 3 
1 
n/a 
2 
39J 
1) Third countries other than EE A/EFT A members 
Table 7 
RTD activities in 1994: Specific programmes (FP3)/APAS - New projects - Shared-cost actions 
Total new projects (contracts signed in 1994) classified by contract value of project 
EC contribution to projects (MECU) 
Names of specific programmes (FP3) 
Information Technologies 
Communication Technologies 
Telematics Svstems 
Industrial and Materials Technologies 
Measurement and Testing 
Environment 
Marine Sciences and Technologies 
Biotechnology 
Agriculture. Agro-Industrial Research and Fisheries 
Biomedical and Health Research 
Life Sciences and Technologies for Developing Countries 
Non-nuclear Energies 
Nuclear Fission Safetv 
Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion 
Human Capital and Mobility 
Centralized Action 
Names of APAS 
COPERNICUS; Coop, with Central and Eastern European Countries and the NIS 
International Scientific Cooperation 
PECO: Participation of Central and Eastern Countries and the NIS in FP3 
Renewable Energies 
SPRINT: Technology Transfer 
Thermic. Non-nuclear Energies 
TIDE: Telematics for the Integration of Disabled and Elderly People 
Others 
TOTAL 0<0,1(1) 
Number of 
projects 0,1<0,25 
Number of 
projects 0,25<0,5 
Number of 
projects 0,5<1 
Number of 
projects 1.0<1,5 
Number of 
projects 1,5<2 
Number of 
projects 2,(X5 
Number of 
projects 5,0<10 ', 
Number of 
projects 10<20 
Number of 
projects >20 
Number of 
projects TOTAL 
Number of 
projects 
8 
270 
9 
6 
1 
27 
0 
2 
Jj 
1 
96 
22 
17 18 
14 
23 
26 
40 
2 
I 
0 
14 
14 
0 
13 
134 
21 48 
2 
9 
86 
24 
121 
2 
4 
22 
0 
49 
35 
0 
10 
108 26 
5 
2 
49 
16 
61 
8 
19 
67 
0 
14 
14 
0 
8 
39 21 
5 
1 
44 
1 
6 
5 
3 
40 
2 
4 
0 
3 
0 24 
3 
50 
5 
0 
0 
4 
2 29 
10 
13 
3 
8 
0 
1 
0 
10 
0 2 
0 
0 
0 
3 
0 2 
0 
0 
0 
3 
0 0 
0 
0 
1 
0 178 
25 
26 
535 
76 
234 
18 
57 
142 
2 
79 
69 
1 
151 
305 
38 
54 
20 
162 
3 
187 
n/a 
n/a 
23 
909 114 
119 
47 
25 
81 
n/a 
n/a 
3 
709 39 
4 
8 
15 
n/a 
n/a 
27 
613 2 
2 
7 
n/a 
n/a 
9 
348 0 
1 
3 
1 
n/a 
n/a 
1 
141 0 
n/a 
n/a 
0 
88 0 
n/a 
n/a 
0 
74 0 
n/a 
n/a 
1 
6 0 
n/a 
n/a 
0 
5 0 
n/a 
n/a 
0 
1 209 
144 
219 
53 
269 
196 
31 
64 
3121 
1 ) The total contribution to a project is MECU 0.1 or less 
o 
Table 8 
RTD activities in 1994: Specific programmes (FP3)/APAS - New projects (contracts signed in 1994) - Shared-cost actions 
Distribution of total Community contribution (in MECU) and of participation (numbers) by type of participant 
Type of participant 
Names of specific programmes (FPJ) 
Information Technologies 
Communication Technologies 
Telematics Systems 
Industrial and Materials Technologies 
Measurement and Testing 
Environment 
Marine Sciences and Technologies 
Biotechnology 
^Agriculture, Agro-Industrial Research and Fisheries (6) 
Biomedical and HeaJth Research 
Life Sciences and Technologies for Developing Countries 
Non-nuclear Energies 
|Nuc!ear Fission Safer)' 
(Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion 
Human Capital and Mobility 
Centralized Action 
Names of APAS 
COPERNICUS Coop, with Central and Eastern European Countries and the NIS 
International Scientific Cooperation 
PECO: Participation of Central and Eastern Countries and the NIS in FP3 
Renewable Energies 
SPRINT: Technology Transfer 
Thermie: Non-nuclear Energies 
TIDE: Telematics for the Integration of Disabled and Elderly People 
Others 
TOTAL (6) LEO) 
EC contrlb. 
MECU Partlclp. 
Number SME(2) 
EC contrlb. 
MECU Partlclp. 
Number RB(3) 
EC contrlb. 
MECU Partlclp. 
Number HEI(4) I INT. ORGS. (5) 
EC contrlb. 
MECU Partlclp. | EC contrlb. 
Number f MECU Partlclp. 
Number ' OTHER TOTAL 
EC contrlb. 
1 MECU Partlclp. EC contrlb. 
Number f MECU Partlclp. 
Number 
82,11 
17,00 
82,41 
1,76 
2,78 
0,50 
0,62 
1,86 
0,00 
6,38 
0,00 
n/a 
0,51 
rv'a 236 
44 
372 
17 
36 
3 
6 
18 
0 
39 
0 
20 
11 
17 83,63 
8.50 
n/a 
69,24 
2,18 
3,61 
0,96, 
0,73 
4,08 
0,00 
0,05 
5,95 
0,00 
n/a 
0,50 
n/a 333 
41 
23 
744 
32 
34 
7 
9 
42 
0 
1 
66 
0 
18 
17 
42 47,68 
6,40 
n'a 
54,15 
13,89 
42,26 
7,84 
10,69 
23,53 
1,24 
13.29 
11.80 
0,02 
n/a 
32,56 
n/a 146 
32 
13 
278 
152 
495 
53 
85 
145 
2 
138 
139 
1 
111 
569 
14 34,91 
6,80 
n/a 
47,78 
8,07 
51,40 
4,37 
18,83 
19.96 
1.24 
15,07 
8,37 
0,00 
n/a 
62.07 
n/a 265 
41 
259 
54 
553 
37 
132 
118 
2 
156 
112 
0 
25 
1446 
14 0,87 
n/a 
0,00 
0,91 
1,64 
0,00 
0,00 
0,00 
rv'a 
1,92 3 
1 
0 
9 
2 
0 
0 
0 
6 
20 7,30 
n/a 
1,16 
0,16 
1,19 
0,31 
0,96 
0,35 
0,00 
1,02 
1,66 
0,00 
rv'a 
2,34 
n/a 64 
78 
12 
7 
18 
4 
7 
4 
0 
11 
8 
0 
5 
50 
23 249,20 
46,00 
18,30 
254,73 
26,06 
102,15 
13.99 
33.46 
136,90 
2,48 
29,43 
34,15 
0.02 
209,00 
99,91 
4,90 983 
223 
114 
1665 
262 
1145 
104 
241 
829 
4 
306 
364 
1 
185 
2113 
no 
' 
0,34 
0,29 
1,08 
3,00 
n/a 
n'a 
2.16 
202,82 9 
1 
14 
14 
100 
n/a 
n/a 
25 
982 2.36 
0,07 
0,44 
5,96 
6,40 
n/a 
n/a 
5.10 
199,74 69 
1 
18 
69 
140 
n/a 
n'a 
8 
1714 15,91 
7,59 
11,89 
4,41 
3,40 
n/a 
n/a 
6,01 
314,55 311 
111 
325 
79 
102 
tv'a 
rv'a 
79 
3380| 19,43 
15,84 
7,04 
4,06 
2,00 
n/a 
n/a 
3.58 
330,80 385 
247 
225 
48 
77 
n/a 
n/a 
40 
4236 0,00 
0,09 
0,05 
1,80 
n/a 
n/a 
0,03 
7,31 0 
3 
1 
69 
n/a 
n/a 
3 
117 1,37 
0,35 
0,38 
3,65 
7,80 
rv'a 
n/a 
1,15 
31,14 31 
4 
14 
24 
175 
n/a 
n'a 
8 
547 39,40 
23,84 
20,13 
19,21 
24,40 
148,00 
17,50 
34,24 
1.587,40 805 
364 
599 
235 
663 
360 
n/a 
413 
12088 
(1) LE: Large enterprises 
(2) SME: Small and medium-sized enterprises 
(3) RB: Research bodies 
(4) HEI: Higher education insbrutes 
(5) Int. org : international organizations 
(6) Does not include figures from DO VI 
^D 
Table 9 
RTD activities in 1994: Specific programmes (FP3)/APAS - New projects (contracts signed in 1994) - Shared-cost actions 
Objective 1 regions 
Names of specific programmes (FP3) 
Information Technologies 
Communication Technologies 
Telematics Systems 
Industrial and Materials Technologies 
Measurement and Testing 
Environment 
Marine Sciences and Technologies 
Biotechnology 
Agriculture, Agro-Industrial Research and Fisheries (1) 
Biomedical and Health Research 
Life Sciences and Technologies for Developing Countries 
Non-nuclear Energies 
Nuclear Fission Safety 
Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion 
Human Capital and Mobility 
Centralized Action 
Names of APAS 
COPERNICUS: Coop, with Central and Eastern European Countries and the NIS 
International Scientific Cooperation 
PECO: Participation of Central and Eastern Countries and the NIS in FP3 
Renewable Energies 
SPRINT: Technology Transfer 
Thermie: Non-nuclear Energies 
TIDE: Telematics for the Integration of Disabled and Elderly People 
Others 
TOTAL (1) Number of projects 
Total 
178 
25 
26 
535 
76 
234 
18 
57 
142 
2 
79 
69 
1 
151 
305 
38 
209 
144 
219 
53 
269 
196 
31 
64 
3121 Objective 1 
64 
n/a 
8 
167 
14 
103 
5 
15 
33 
0 
26 
35 
0 
n/a 
203 
7 
42 
16 
28 
33 
45 
n/a 
n/a 
10 
854 Participation (Numbf r) 
Total 
983 
223 
114 
1665 
262 
1145 
104 
241 
829 
4 
306 
364 
1 
185 
2113 
110 
805 
364 
599 
235 
663 
360 
n/a 
413 
12088 Objective 1 
119 
n/a 
16 
283 
16 
158 
8 
20 
61 
0 
32 
75 
0 
n/a 
327 
9 
49 
16 
28 
65 
55 
n/a 
n/a 
12 
1349 Overall EC contribution 
(MECU) 
Total 
•••; 
249.20 
46,00 
18,30 
254,74 
26,06 
102,15 
13,99 
33,46 
136,90 
2,48 
29,43 
34,15 
0,02 
209,00 
99,91 
4,90 
39,40 
23,84 
20,13 
19,21 
24,40 
148,00 
17,50 
34,24 
1.587,40 Objective 1 
118.10 
n/a 
n/a 
35.83 
1,77 
13,77 
1,65 
2,76 
7,16 
0,00 
2,66 
5,18 
0,00 
n/a 
14,76 
0,15 
2,67 
1,17 
0,68 
4,62 
6,70 
n/a 
n/a 
0,31 
219,93 
(1) Does not include figures from DG VI 
-0 
Table 10 
RTD activities in 1994: Specific programmes (FP3)/APAS - New projects (contracts signed in 1994) Shared-cost actions 
Total collaborative links (1) within and between countries (EC + EEA) 
Belgium 
Denmark 
Germany 
Greece 
Spain 
France 
Ireland 
Italy 
Luxembourg 
Netherlands 
Portugal 
United Kingdom 
Austria 
Iceland 
Norway 
Sweden 
Finland 
TOTAL j Belgium 
304 
69 
391 
103 
132 
381 
32 
141 
4 
179 
90 
264 
20 
0 
31 
7! 
17 
2229 Denmark 
69 
76 
215 
55 
69 
165 
31 
96 
1 
114 
40 
!73 
18 
0 
48 
60 
27 
1257 Germany 
391 
215 
1520 
27! 
455 
1072 
113 
684 
6 
503 
191 
1046 
64 
0 
90 
179 
74 
6874 j Greece 
103 
55 
271 
0 
128 
285 
23 
254 
I 
86 
69 
224 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Î499J Spain 
132 
69 
455 
128 
470 
555 
44 
360 
1 
185 
151 
435 
25 
0 
30 
54 
26 
3120 France 
381 
165 
1072 
285 
555 
1468 
95 
863 
5 
411 
209 
894 
45 
0 
81 
130 
60 
67)9 Ireland 
32 
31 
113 
23 
44 
95 
27 
76 
1 
44 
30 
118 
2 
0 
8 
14 
7 
665 Italy 
141 
96 
684 
254 
360 
863 
76 
872 
4 
245 
134 
605 
33 
0 
41 
74 
44 
4526 Luxcmb. 
4 
1 
6 
1 
1 
5 
1 
4 
0 
1 
1 
4 
0 
0 
0 
0 Netherlands 
179 
114 
503 
86 
18S 
4M 
44 
245 
1 
268 
96 
469 
36 
0 
51 
84 
o| 38 
29l 2810 Portugal 
90 
40 
191 
69 
151 
209 
30 
134 
1 
96 
120 
206 
8 
0 
16 
21 
11 
1393 U.K. Austria 
264j 20 
173| 18 
10461 64 
224j 
435 
894 
118 
605 
4 
469 
206 
859 1 25 
45 
2 
33 
0 
36 
8 
50 4 
0 
103 
151 0 
0 
0 
6?| 0 
5668J 301 Iceland 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 Norway 
31 
48 
90 
30 
81 
8 
41 
0 
51 
16 
103 
0 
0 
499 Sweden 
71 
60 
179 
54 
130 
14 
74 
0 
84 
21 
151 
0 
838 Finland 
17 
27 
74 
26 
60 
7 
44 
0 
38 
11 
67 
"'1 
(I) The sum of collaborative links in each project 
TABLE 11 
RTD activities in 1995 :1995 work programme - Specific programmes (FP4) 
Timetable of calls for proposals and selection procedure. Budget. . Annex II 
Specific programme (FP4) and 
Areas of the Workprogramme 
TELEMATICS 
A. Telematics for services of public interest 
1. Administrations 
2. Transport 
B. Telematics for knowledge 
3. Telematics for research 
4. Education and training 
C. Telematics for improving employment and quality of life 
6. Urban and rural areas 
7. Health care 
9. Telematics for the environment (exploratory action) 
D. Horizontal RTD Activities 
12. Language engineering 
E. Support actions 
Specific measures in favour of SMEs 
B.5. Libraries 
D.U. Telematics engineering 
D.12. Language engineering 
D.13. Information engineering 
C.8. Elderly and disabled people 
A.2. Transport 
Specific measures in favour of SMEs 
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES (ACTS) (all areas:) 
i. Interactive digital multimedia services 
2. Photonic technologies 
3. High-speed networking 
4. Mobility and personal communications networks 
5. Intelligence in networks and service engineering 
6. Quality, security and safety of comm. services 
and systems 
7. Horizontal actions 
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES (all areas:) 
1. Software technologies 
2. Technologies for components and subsystems 
3. Multimedia systems 
4. Long-term research 
5. Open microprocessor systems initiative 
6. High performance computing and networking 
7. Technologies for business processes 
8. Integration in manufacturing Dates and OJ ref. 
of calls for Proposals 
(or Expressions of 
interest) 
C357 pll (15/12/94) 
C64 p4 (15/03/95) 
15/09/95 
15/09/95 
1/8/94 (Exp. Int.) 
first announcement 
C 258 p5 (15/9/94) 
final announcement 
C357 p5 (15/12/94) 
C357 p9 (15/12/94) Tech. stim. 
(SME measures) 
C357 pll (15/12/94) 
15/06/95 
C357 p9 (15/12/94) Deadlines for reception of proposals /Dates 
Projects 
15/03/95 
15/06/95 
15/12/95 
15/12/95 
01/10/94 (Exp. Int.) 
15/03/95 
15/03/95 
15/02/95 (first step) 
15/03/95 
15/02/95 (first step) 
15/03/95 
15/03/95 Techn. Stim. 
(SME measures) 
open up to 15/02/96 Selection 
procedure 
(period)* 
27/03 - 7/4/95 
' 
/06/95 
/01/96 
/01/96 
16/03 - 04/05/95 
15/03 - 01/06/95 
15/03 - 01/06/95 
15/03 - 01/06/95 
15/03 - 01/06/95 Contracts 
negotiation 
procedure 
(period)* 
/05/95 
s 
/09/95 
/02/96 
/ 02/96 
05/05 - 26/06/95 
01/06 - 01/10/95 
01/06 • 01/10/95 
01/06-01/10/95 
01/06 - 01/10/95 
1 Anticipated date of 
initial contract 
signature 
* 
/09/95 
/01/96 
/06/96 
/06/96 
/07/95 
09/95 
/09/95 
/09/95 
/09/95 Total 1995 
Budget 
(Mecu) 
294 
210,7 
457,5 
1 
TABLE 11 
RTD activities in 1995 :1995 work programme - Specific programmes (FP4) 
Timetable of calls for proposals and selection procedure. Budget. Annex H 
Specific programme (FP4) and 
Areas of the Workprogramme 
1. Software technologies 
2. Technologies for corn90r.er.ts and subsystems 
4. Long-term research 
6. High performance computing and networking 
7. Technologies for business processes 
Focused caii (subareas of areas 1. 2. 3. *. 5. ~. 8.) 
Focused ails 
1NDUSTÈUAL & MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 
(all areas:) 
1. Production technologies 
Z. Materials and Technoloeies for product innovation 
3. Technologies for transport means 
Thematic networks 
Establishment of expert i:s: imdustriai and materials teenn. standards. 
measurement and testing ECSC steel research) 
STANDARDS, MEASUREMENTS & TESTING 
1. Measurements for quality European products 
Thematic networks : 
I. Measurements for quaiirv European products 
U.Research related to written standards and technical 
support to trade 
III. Measurements related to the needs of society 
Themes 11 and HI (shared co« actions) 
Themes 1, 11, 111 (acccompammg measures) 
Standardization activities of CEN and of ETSI 
Focused call 
ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE 
A. Natural environment, environmental quality 
and global change 
B. Environmental technologies 
C. Space techniques applied to environmental monitoring and research 
(only concerted actions under C. t. 1. Methodological research) 
D. Human dimensions of environmental change Dates and OJ ref. 
of calls for Proposals 
(or Expressions of 
interest) 
C64 pl5 (15/03/95) 
C148 p 39 (15/06795) 
15/09/95 
15/12/95 
C 357 p3 (15/12/94) 
C 357 p3 (15/12/94) 
C 148 p 15 (15/06/95/ 
(Exp. int.) 
C357 p7 (15/12/94) 
C3S7 p7 (15/12/94) 
C 148 p6 (15/06/95) 
C 148 p6 (15/06/95) 
C 148 p7 (15/06/95) 
15/12/95 
C357p45 (15/12/94) 
Advance notice 
C12pJ (17/01/95) Tech. stim. 
(SME measures) 
C357p3 (15/12/94) 
15/12/94 
C357 p45 (15/12/94) 
Advance notice 
C12 p 5 (17/01/95) Deadlines for reception ot proposals /Dates 
Projects 
15/06/95 
20/04/95 (first step) 
20/04/95 (first step) 
15/06/95 
15/09/95 
15/12/95 
15/03/95 
open up to 17/12/97 
19/04/95 . 
open up to 17/12/97 
15/11/95 
open up to 30/07/98 
25/10/95 
27/04/95 
* Techn. Stim. 
(SME measures) 
open up to 
12/06/199tXawards/RTD project») 
ll/"06V97(awaraVcoop. projects) 
17/12/97 (coop, projects) 
open up to 
12/06/96 (avwrds/RTD projects) 
11/06/97 (awards/coop, projects) 
17/12/97 (coop, projects) 
open 
up to 12/06/96 (awards) 
27/03/97 (coop, projects) Selection 
procedure 
(period)» 
15/06 -15/09/95 
15/06-15/09/95 
15/09 - 01/12/95 
15/12/95 
19/4 - 25/5/95 
/07/9S 
/07/95 
/07/95 
/12/95 
/01/96 
/OS - /07/95 Contracts 
negotiation 
procedure 
(period)* 
15/09 - 15/12/95 
15:09 - i5?I0/95 
*' 
-12/95 
from l7/7;95 
/10-H/95 
/08-/09/95 
/11-12/95 
/01-02/96 
/02-/03/96 
from 07/95 Anticipated date of 
initial contract 
signature 
• 
11/95 
11-95 
Ul/95 
/11-12/1995 
/10-/11/95 
01/96 
03/96 
/04-/Û5/96 
/10/95 Total 1995 
Budget 
(Mecu) 
2S5.5 
38.2 
166,5 
^4> 
TABLE 11 
RTD activities in 1995 :1995 work programme - Specific programmes (FP4) 
Timetable of calls for proposals and selection procedure. Budget. 
Specific programme (FP4) and 
Areas of the Workprogramme 
C. Space techniques (Cl.l. and C.1.2.) 
C. Space techniques (accompanying measures) 
Establishment of expert IK (environment and cumate / marine science and 
technology) 
MARINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 
A. Marine science 
1. Marine svsterrj research 
2. Extreme marine er.virnr.merts 
3. Regional seas research 
B. Strategic marine research 
1. Coastal and shelf sea research 
a. Coastal phvsicai processes and rnorphodynamics 
b. Structure ar.d dvr-arr.ics of sr.eif and coastal sea ecosystems 
c. Methods for rr.or.itorir.*. forecasting and management 
of shelf seas ar.d coastal zones 
2. Coastal engineerir.E and ratura! defences 
C. Marine technology 
1. Generic technologies 
2. Advanced systems 
BIOTECHNOLOGY 
1. Cell factories 
2. Genome analysis (incl. SME awards) 
3. Plant and animal biotechnology (incl. SME awards) 
4. Cell communication in neurosciences (only SME awards) 
5. Immunology, transdisease vaccinology (incl. SME awards) 
6. Structural biology (onlv SME awards) 
7. Prenormative research, biodiversity, social acceptance (only SME awards) 
8. Infrastructure (incl. SME awards) 
Horizontal activities 
Establishment of expert list 
All areas 
UIOMED1CINE AND HEALTH (all areas:) 
1. Pharmaceuticals research 
2. Research on biomedical technology and engineering 
3. Brain research 
4. Research m diseases with major socioeconomic 
impact: from basic research into clinical pmctice 
V lltmum |j<'ii»nir rmcuth 
o. labile-health rrsnuvh, lull tilling health »rivliT» irnriiri'li Dates and OJ ref. 
of calls for Proposals 
(or Expressions of 
interest) 
C148 pll (15/06/95) 
C148 plO (15/06/95) 
C148 pl7 (IS/06795) 
Exp. int. 
C357 p42 (15/12/94) 
C357 p44 (15/12/94) 
advance notice 
C12 pl3 (17/01/95) 
C148 pl9 (15/06/95) 
(Exp. int.) 
15/09/95 
C357 pl7 (15/12/94) 
advance notice 
C12 p7 (17/01/95) Tech. stim. 
(SME measures) 
C148 pll (15/8/95) 
C357 p42 {\SltUm 
C357 p44 (15/12/94; 
advance notice 
C12 pl3 (17/01/95) Deadlines for reception of proposals /Dates 
Projects 
15/09/95 
15709/95 
1S/3/9S 
15/3/95 
1V6795 
15/3/95 
15/6795 
15/3/95 
15/3/95 
15/3/95 
15/3/95 
24/03/95 
15/01/96 (7) 
31/03/95 
*' Techn. Stkn. 
(SME measures) 
12/06796 (awards) 
27/03/97 (coop, projects) 
open up to 
11/06797 (awards) 
17/12/97 (coop, projects) 
24/03/95 Selection 
procedure 
(period)* 
Autumn "95 
> 
/06795 
/06795 
/10/95 
10619S 
/10V95 
/06795 
»06.95 
/06795 
/06/95 
18/4 - 17/7195 
/05-07/95 Contracts 
negotiation 
procedure 
(period)* 
end'95 
4* 
07-10/95 
07-ia'95 
11-12/95 
07-10/95 
11-12/95 
07-10:95 
07-13.95 
07-10/95 
07-10/95 
17/7 - 10/11/95 
/09-10/95 Anticipated dale of 
initial contract 
signature 
• 
1996 
/11/95 
/11/95 
/01/96 
il-95 
/0196 
.'11 95 
'11 95 
/11/95 
/11/95 
16/10/95 
/11/95 
l Total 1995 
Budget 
iMecu) 
74.3 
66,9 
38,2 
TABLE 11 
RTD activities in 1995 :1995 work programme - Specific programmes (FP4) 
Timetable of calls for proposals and selection procedure. Budget. 
Specific programme (FP4) and 
Areas of the Workprogramme 
7. Research on biomedical ethics 
8. Horizontal activities : ethical, legal and social aspects and démonstrations 
Fellowships 
Areas 1, 2,3 and 5 
Areas 4, 6. ? and 8 
All areas 
E-ttablhhmenl of expert It-* 
AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES 
1. Integrated production ar.d processing 
3.1 Consumer nutrition and w&l-scxg 
3.2 New and optimized food rr-iterials 
4. Agriculture, forestry ar.d r-n'. ceveiopment 
5 Fisheries and acuacui^.re 
6. Objectives addressee v ci'.'.cer—..on 
Shared cost and concerted actions 
2. Scaling up and processing methodology 
3.3 Advanced and optimized technologies 
and processes 
3.4 Generic food science 
Demonstration projects areas 1.2 and 3 
Establishment of expert list 
1. Integrated production and processing chains 
4. Agriculture, forestry and rural development 
5. Fisheries &. aquaculture 
6. Objectives addressed bv concentration 
All areas of the work programmes 
NON-NUCLEAR ENERGY (Joule-Thermie) 
1. Rational use of energy 
2. Renewable energies 
3. Fossil fuels 
4. Energy research, development, demonstration and dissemination strategy 
5. Dissemination of energy technologies 
KrfuhlUhnicnt of expert IK Dates and OJ ref. 
of calls for Proposals 
(or Expressions of 
interest) 
C357 p 17 (15/12/94) 
advance notice 
C12 p7 (17/01/95) 
C148 p21 (15/06/95) 
(Exp. int.) 
C357 pl9 (15/12/94) 
C148 p41(15/06/95) 
C148 p25 (15/06/95) 
(Exp. int.) 
/12/9S 
C357 p21 (15/12/94) 
C357 p21 (15/12/94) . 
C14X p25 (15/06/95) 
(I'.xp. Int.) Tech. stim. 
(SME measures) 
C148 p41(15/06795) 
C357 pl9 (15/12/94) 
C357 p21 (15/12/94! 
C357 p21 (15/12/94 Deadlines for reception of proposais /Dates 
Projects 
31/03/96 
31/12/96 
31/12/97 
15/03/95 
15/09/95 
/03/96 
24/03/95 
open up to 17/12/95 Techn-SUm. 
(SME measures) 
open up to 
12/06/96 (awards/RTD projects) 
11/06797 (awards coop, projects) 
17/12/97 (coop, projects) 
open up to 
15/09/95 (awards/RTD projects) 
13/09/96 (awards/Demo projects) 
11/06797 (awards/coop, projects) 
17/12/97 (coop, projects) 
(24/05/95 for area 4 (Joule)) 
*' Selection 
procedure 
(period)* 
/ 04-07/95 
/11-12/9S 
/OS -06/96 
from /03- 04/95 
/04 • 07/95 Contracts 
negotiation 
procedure 
(period)* 
{ 
im- u/95 
/01- 04/96 
/07-11/96 
from /05 - 06/95 
/09- 10/95 Anticipated date of 
initial contract 
signature 
• 
/09/95 
/02/96 
/09/96 
from /06/95 
/U -12/95 Total 1995 
Budget 
(Mecu) 
122.1 
320,1 
TABLE 11 
RTD activities in 1995 :1995 work programme - Specific programmes (FP4) 
Timetable of calls for proposals and selection procedure. Budget. 
Specific programme (FP4) and 
Areas of the Workprogramme 
Thermic 
NUCLEAR FISSION SAFETY tali areas) 
A. Exploring innovative ijsrcccr.ei 
B. Reactor safety 
C. Radioactive waste managerr.eiu ar.d disposal and decommissioning 
D.Radiological impact cc raac atA the environment 
E. Mastering events of the pas: 
Concerted actions and thetratic Beswoiks (all areas) 
Establishment of expert lea 
CONTROLLED THERMONUCLEAR FUSION 
Establishment of expert list 
TRANSPORT (all areas:! 
1. Strategic research 
2. Network optimization 
2.1. Rail transport 
2.2. Integrated transport chains 
2.3. Airtransport 
2.4. Urban transport 
2.5. Water-borne transport 
2.6. Road transport 
TARGET SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESEARCH 
(all areas except horizontal measures:) 
1. Evaluation of science and technology policv options 
2. Research on education and training 
3. Research into social integration and social exlcusion in 
Europe 
Membership in ETAN (European Technology Assessment Network) 
Establishment of expert IK 
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 
A.2. Central and Eastern Europe and the NIS Dates and OJ ref. 
of cans for Proposals 
(or Expressions of 
interest) 
/09/95 
C357 p36 (31/12/94) 
advance notice 
C12 p3 (17/01/95) 
C148 p26 (15/06/95) 
(Exp. Int.) 
C148 p28 (15/06/95) 
(Exp. int.) 
C357 p23 (15/12/94) 
advance notice 
C12 p8 (17/01/95) 
15/09/95 
C357 p 24 (15/12/94) 
advance notice 
C25 p4 (01/02/95) 
notice 
C64 p 17 (15/03/95) 
C67 p 7 ( 15/03/95) 
C148 p30 (15/06/95) 
(Exp. Int.) 
/09/95 Tech. stim. 
(SME measures) Deadlines for reception of proposals /Dates 
Projects 
20/03/95 
28AK/96 
open up to 01/11/97 
15/03/95 
15/12/95 
08/06/95 
05/05/95 
*' Techn. Stim. 
(SME measures) Selection 
procedure 
(period)* 
/04 - 07/95 
spring'96 
/07-09/95 Contracts 
negotiation 
procedure 
(period)* 
s 
/09- 10/95 
, 
/ 06 - 07/95 
/10 - 11/95 Anticipated dale of 
initial contract 
signature 
• 
/il -12/95 
/10 -11/95 
/12/95 
1 1 Total 1995 
Budget 
(Mecu> 
72,1 
271.7 
39.3 
14,8 
59,9 
TABLE 11 
RTD activities in 1995 :1995 work programme - Specific programmes (FP4) 
Timetable of calls for proposals and selection procedure. Budget. Annex II 
Specific programme (FP4) and 
Areis of the Workprogramme 
B. Cooperation with non-European industrialized third countries 
Fellowships (lapas ar.d Korea) 
C. Cooperation v»Äh lfi« de* eloping countries 
Studies and accompanying masures 
DISSEMINATION AM) OPTIMIZATION OF RESULTS 
A. Dissemination and exploitation 
V/..LV3 Re'-v Cc-:-
Technology validation and tran>fcr projects 
U. Dissemination of technology to enterprises (regional actions/science parks) 
TRAINING ANT) MOBILITY OF RESEARCHERS 
1. Research networks 
2. Access to large scale-facilities 
3. Training through research 
4. Accompanying measures 
3. Training through research 
4. Accompanying measures 
Establishment of expert list 
HORIZONTAL ACTIVITIES 
Establishment of expert list (RTD Programmes) 
Accompanying measures in favour of SMEs 
(Establishment of expert list) 
Task Force Multimedia educational software (p.m) 
(Establishment of expert list) 
• for the RTD project* Dates and OJ ref. 
of calls for Proposals 
(or Expressions of 
interest) 
C38 p 10 (15/02/95) 
C357 p 36 (15/012/94) 
advance notice 
C38 p 9 (lSTC/oS) 
notice 
C64 p 8 (15/03/95) 
C64 p 5 (15/03/95) 
(Exp. Int.) 
C357 p 5 (15/12/94) 
advance notice 
C12 p 9 (17/01/95) 
C64 p 14 (15/03/9S) 
C148 p36 (15/06/95) 
C357 p 38 (15/12/94) 
advance notice 
C12 p 11 (17/01/95) 
C148 p37 (15/06/95) 
C148 pl3 (15/06795) 
(Exp. Int.) 
C148 p34 (15/06/95) 
(Exp. Int.) 
C148 p32 (15/06795) 
(Exp. Int.) 
C148 p43 (15/06/95) 
(Exp. Int.) Tech. stim. 
(SME measures) Deadlines for reception of proposals /Dates 
Projects 
open 
01/06/95 (Japan) 
31/03/95 (Korea) Techn. SUn. 
(SME measures) 
15/06/95 (Human vaccine/ 
. — lifectock health research) | 
06/09/95 (All other topics) 
15/03/95 
15/06/95 
15/09/95 
15/06/95 
18/04/95 
15/05,(15/09,15/12/95) 
18/04,(30/09/95) 
15/09>/95 
2/10/95 
25/07/95 
1 Selection 
procedure 
(period)* 
10/07 - 25/09/95 
(first selection) 
/06 -09/95 
/09/95 - 01/96 
/OS/95 
/07/95 
/10/95 
/11/95 
/05 - 09/95 
/OS - 09/95 
/04 - 08/95 Contracts 
negotiation 
procedure 
(period)* 
01/10 - 27/11/95 
/09 -12/95 
£ 
/01 - 05?96 
'06795 
/10V95 
/11/95 
late'95/stan '96 
109195 
109195 
/08/95 Anticipated date of 
initial contract 
signature 
• 
27/11/95 
15/12/95 
15/06/96 
/07/95 
/11/95 
/12/9S 
1996 
Autumn '95 
Autumn '95 
Autumn '95 Total 1995 
Budget 
(Mecti-; 
"3.2 
... 
121,6 
1 / 
Annex III 
RECAPITULATION OF FIGURESC) 
FOURTH EC RTD FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME AND EAEC FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME (1994- 1998) 
Amounts foreseen and indicative breakdown foo 
FIRST AREA OF ACTIVITY 
Information and communications 
technologies 
1. Telematics , 
2. Communication technologies 
3. Information technologies 
Industrial Technologies 
4. Industrial and materials technologies 
5. Measurements and testing 
Environment 
6. Environment and climate 
7.Marine sciences and technologies 
Life sciences and technologies 
8. Biotechnology 
9.Biomcdicinc and health 
10. Agriculture and fisheries 
Energy 
11. Non-nuclear energy 
12. Nuclear fission safety 
13.Controlled thermonuclear fusion 
Transport 
14.Transport 
Targeted socio-economic research 
15.Targeted socio-economic research FOURTH UC FRAMEWORK 
PROGRAMME (MECU) 
Shared cost 
actions 
3384 
843 
630 
1911 
1790 
1617 
173 
760 
532 
228 
1495 
552 
336 
607 
967 
967 
240 
105 JRC 
(*) 
II 
11 
195 
90 
105 
294 
294 
47 
47 
20 
20 
33 Support to 
other 
DCs 
10 
10 
10 
10 
26 
26 
30 
30 
15 
15 EAEC FRAMEWORK 
PROGRAMME(MECU) 
Shared 
cost 
actions 
954 
160 
794 JRC 
300 
254 
46 TOTAL 
(MECU) 
3405 
843 
630 
1932 
1995 
1707 
288 
1080 
852 
228 
1572 
552 
336 
684 
2256 
1002 
414 
840 
240 
138 
SECOND AREA OF ACTIVITY 
16.Coopcration with third countries 
and international organizations 540 540 
THIRD AREA OF ACTIVITY 
17.Dissemination and optimization of 
results 293 37 330 
FOURTH AREA OF ACTIVITY 
18.Training and mobility of 
researchers 744 744 
TOTAL 10318 600 128 954 300 
11046 1254 12300 (l) 
* 19 et 20 : JRC SPECIPIC" PRÔORAMMUS 
(') Tb*w figurvi ««roipnnd to Um» iudicuad in llw l'nuucwi«k duKranuK» Mouiiau; Uicy <i« a* ukr «n.tin of Uie recca prvpoaiO» from UK Camuiisuoa «waning > 7% increase of UK loud 
foUcwwK UK rouuxcoKOl of Ibe Union. amounts of (be Framework Programme» 
Annex HI 
/o/ 
RECAPITULAI ION OF FIGURES 
THIRD COMMUNITY RTD FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME AND SUPPLEMENT (1990-1994) 
I. ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES 
1. Information and communication technologies 
Information technologies 
Communication technologies 
Development of telematics systems of general 
i merest 
2. Industrial and materials technologies 
Industrial and materials technologies 
Measurement and testing 
II. MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES 
3. Environment 
Environment 
Marine sciences and technologies 
4. Life sciences and technologies 
Biotechnology 
Agricultural and agro-industrial research 
Biomedical and health research 
Life sciences and technologies for developing 
countries 
5. Energy 
Non-nuclear energies 
Nuclear fission safety 
Controlled nuclear fusion 
HI. MANAGEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL 
RESOURCES 
6. Human capital and mobility 
Human capital and mobility 
Centralized action for dissemination and 
optimization of. results THIRD FRAMEWORK 
PROGRAMME (MECU) 
Shared cosi 
actions 
1338.48 
484,11 
376.20 
663,30 
47,52 
261,40 
102.96 
162,36 
329,67 
131,67 
109,89 
155.43 
35,64 
411.84 
488.07 
57,00 JRC (*) 
77,22 
91,08 
148,50 
161,37 
41,58 
24,75 SUPPLEMENT TO 
THE THIRD 
FRAMEWORK 
PROGRAMME 
(MECU) 
Shared cost 
aclioas 
178,20 
64,35 
49,50 
99,00 
18,81 
54,45 
13.86 
21,78 
43,56 
17,82 
14,85 
103,95 
33,66 
108,90 
68,31 
9,00 JRC (*) TOTAL 
(MECU) 
1516,68 
548,46 
425,70 
839,52 
157,41 
464,35 
116,82 
184,14 
373,23 
149,49 
124,74 
259,38 
230,67 
562,32 2490,84 
996,93 
581,17 
831,60 
1052,37 
581,13 
66,00 
TOTAL 5155,54 544,5 900 
5700 900 6600 
* JRC PROGRAMME 
COMMUNITY RESEARCH - COMMITMENTS annex III 
MECUS (1992 prices) 
3.500 
84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 
YEARS *) *) *) *) 
1984-87 M 1987-91 • 1990-94 • Suppl.Financ. H 1994-98 • APAS 
RTD POLICY *) These figures correspond to those indicated in the Framework Programme Decisions; 
they will be updated in accordance with future decisions on funding. 
EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG XII - SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Source: XII-UC2 
Vers.: 950504 
Ref.:8498eng.PRE O 
Annex IV 
DECISION PROCESS - FOURTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME AND SPECIFIC PROGRAMMES (1994-1998) 
PROGRAMME NAME 
FRAMEWORK PROGRAMNE 1994-98 - EC 
FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME 1994-98 - EAEC 
Telematics 
Communication technoloeies 
Information technologies 
Industrial and materials technologies 
Measurements and testing 
Environment ar.d climate 
Marine sciences ar.d technologies 
Biotechr.olocv 
Biomedicir.e and health 
Agriculture and fisheries 
Non-nuclear energy 
Nuclear fission safety 
Controlled thermonuclear fusion 
Transport 
Targeted socio-economic research 
Cooperation with third countries and int organizations 
Dissemination and optimization of results 
Training and mobility of researchers 
JRC (EC) + competitive S/T support 
JRC (EAEC) COMMISSION 
PROPOSAL 
REF. 
COM (93) 276 FINAL 
COM (93) 276 FINAL 
COM (94) 68 FINAL 
COM (94) 68 FINAL 
COM (94) 68 FINAL 
COM (94) 68 FINAL 
COM (94) 68 FINAL 
COM (94) 68 FINAL 
COM (94) 68 FINAL 
COM (94) 68 FINAL 
COM (94) 68 FINAL 
COM (94) 68 FINAL 
COM (94) 68 FINAL 
COM (94) 70 FINAL 
COM (94) 70 FINAL 
COM (94) 68 FINAL 
COM (94) 68 FINAL 
COM (94) 68 FINAL 
COM (94) 68 FINAL 
COM (94) 68 FINAL 
COM (94) 68 FINAL 
COM (94) 70 FINAL COMMISSION 
PROPOSAL 
DATE 
16/06/93 
16/06/93 
30/03/94 • 
30/03/94 
30/03/94 
30/03/94 
30/03/94 
30/03/94 
30/03/94 
30/03/94 
30/03/94 
30/03/94 
30/03/94 
30/03/94 
30/03/94 
30/03/94 
30/03/94 
30/03/94 
30/03/94 
30/03/94 
30/03/94 
30/03/94 COMMISSION 
PROPOSAL 
O J. REF. 
C230/93/4 
C230/93/35 
C228/94/1 
C228/94/22 
C228/94/34 
C228/94/52 
C228/94/68 
C228/94/78 
C228/94/96 
C228/94/107 
C228/94/119 
C228/94/131 
C228/94/143 
CI 13/94/4 
CI 13/94/15 
C228/94/164 
C228/94/177 
C228/94/188 
C228/94/198 
C228/94/209 
C228/94/219 
CI 13/94/24 EJP. 
OPINION 
DATE 
18/11/93(1) 
09/02/94(2) 
20/04/94(3) 
18/11/93 
05/05/94 
05/05/94 
05/05/94 
05/05/94 
05/05/94 
17/11/94 
05/05/94 
18/11/94 
17 11 '94 
05/05/94 
05/05/94 
18/11/94 
17/11/94 
18/11/94 
05/05/94 
05/05/94 
18/11/94 
05/05/94 
05/05/94 
17/11/94 DECISION 
DATE 
26/04/94 
26/04/94 
23/11/94 
27/07/94 
23/11/94 
27/07/94 
23/11/94 
15/12/94 
23/11/94 
15/12/94 
15/12/94 
23/11/94 
23/11/94 
15/12/94 
8/12/94 
15/12/94 
15/12/94 
23/11/94 
15/12/94 
15/12/94 
15/12/94 
15/12/94 -
DECISION 
O J. REF. 
LI 26/94/1 
LI 15/94/31 
L334/94/1 
L222/94/35 
L334/94/24 
L222/94/16 
L334/94/47 
L361/94/1 
L334/94/59 
L361/94/25 
L361/94/40 
L334/94/73 
L334/94/87 
L361/94/143 
L331/94/22 
L361/94/56 
L36I/94/77 
L334/94/109 
L361/94/101 
L361/94/90 
L361/94/114 
L361/94/132 DECISION 
O J. DATE 
4 
18/05/94 
6<0594 
22/1294 WEEKS FOR 
DECISION 
44,9 
44,9 
34 
26.08-94 j 17 
22'1294 
26/08.94 
22/12/94 
31/12-94 
2212 94 
311294 34 
17 
34 
37,1 
34 
37,1 
31 12 94 j 37.! 
22 12 94 
221294 
31/1294 
21/12-94 
31/12/94 
31/1294 
22/12/94 
31/1294 
31/1294 
31/12/94 
31/12/94 
(spec, progr. :) 34 
34 
37,1 
36,1 
37,1 
37,1 
34 
37,1 
37,1 
37,1 
37,1 
Average 
34 
DECISION PROCESS - THIRD FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME AND SPECIFIC PROGRAMMES Annex lv 
(1990-1994) 
PROGRAMME NAME 
FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME OF COMMUNITY RTD FOR 1990-1994 
SUPPLEMENTARY FUNDING OF THE FP 90-94 
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES 
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES 
TELEMATIC SYSTEMS IN AREAS OF GENERAL INTEREST 
INDUSTRIAL AND MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 
MEASUREMENTS AND TESTING 
ENVIRONMENT 
MARINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGIE 
BIOTECHNOLOGY 
AGRICULTURE AND AGO-INDUSTRY 
BIOMEDICINE .AND HEALTH 
LIFE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 
NON-NUCLEAR ENERGIES 
HUMAN CAPITAL AND MOBILITY 
NUCLEAR FISSION SAFETY 
CONTROLLED THERMONUCLEAR FUSION 
CENTRALIZED ACTION ON DISSEMINATION AND EXPLOITATION OF 
KNOWLEDGE COMMISSION 
PROPOSAL 
REF. 
COM (89) 397 FINAL 
COM (92) 309 FINAL 
COM (90) 153 FINAL 
COM (90) 154 FINAL 
COM (90) 155 FINAL 
COM (90) 156 FINAL 
COM (90) 157 FINAL 
COM (90) 158 FINAL 
COM (90) 159 FINAL 
COM (90) 160 FINAL 
COM (90) 161 FINAL 
COM (90) 162 FINAL 
COM (90) 163 FINAL 
COM (90) 164 FINAL 
COM (90) 165 FINAL 
COM (90) 343 FINAL 
COM (90) 441 FINAL 
COM (90) 611 FINAL COMMISSION 
PROPOSAL 
DATE 
28/08/89 
15/07/92 
23/05/90 
23/05/90 
23/05/90 
28''05/90 
28/05/90 
28/05/90 
28/05/90 
28/05/90 
28/05/90 
28/05/90 
28/05/90 
28/05/90 
28/05/90 
14/09/90 
25/09/90 
25/01/91 COMMISSION 
PROPOSAL 
O J. REF. 
C243/89/4 
C225/92/9 
C174/90/1 
Cl 74/90/9 
Cl 74/90/19 
0174,90/78 
C174/90/35 
CI 74/90/40 
Cl 7490/48 
Cl 74/90/53 
Cl 74/90/60 
C174/90/65 
Cl 74/90/72 
Cl 74/90/77 
Cl 74/90/85 
C247/90/2 
C261/90/8 
C53/91/39 E.P. 
OPINION 
DATE 
14/12/89 
18/11/92 
12/12/90(1) 
12/06/91(2) 
12/12/90(1) 
15/05/91(2) 
22/11/90(1) 
15/05/91(2) 
12/12/90(1) 
10/07/91(2) 
20/11/91(1) 
11/03/92(2) 
22/11/90(1) 
15/05/91(2) 
22/11/90(1) 
15/05/91(2) 
09/10/91(1) 
12/02/92(2) 
24/01/91(1) 
10/07/91(2) 
12/12790(1) 
10/07/91(2) 
12/12/90(1) 
15/05/91(2) 
24/01/91(1) 
10/07/91(2) 
15/05/91(1) 
15/01/92(2) 
12/07/91 
10/12/91 
11/12/91(1) 
08/04/92(2) COUNCIL 
DECISION 
DATE 
23/04/90 
15/03/93 
8/07,91 
7/06/91 
7/06/91 
9/09/91 
29/04/92 
7/06/91 
7/06.91 
26/03/92 
9/09/91 
9/09/91 
7/06/91 
9/09/91 
16/03/92 
28/11/91 
19/12/91 
29/04/92 COUNCIL 
DECISION 
OJ. REF. 
L1V7/90/28 
L69/93/43 
L2i 8/91/22 ;f 
L192/91/8 
L192/91/18 
L269/91/30 
L126/92/12 
L192/91/29 
L192/91/1 
Ll 07/92/11 
L265/91/33 
L267/91/25 
Ll 96/91/31 
L257/9I/37 
L107/92/1 
L336/91/42 
L375/91/11 
Ll 41/92/1 COUNCIL j WEEKS FOR 
DECISION 
O J. DATE 
8/05/90 
20/03/93 
6/08/91 
16/07/91 
16/07/91 
25/09/91 
12/05/92 
16/07/91 
16 07/91 
24/04/92 
21/09/91 
24/09/91 
19/07/91 
14/09/91 
24/04/92 
7/12/91 
31/12/91 
23/05/92 DECISION 
34 
34.7 
58,7 
54.3 
54,3 
67 
1003 
53.6 
53,6 
95,4 
67 
67 
53,6 
67 
94 
62,9 
64,3 
65,7 
Average : 
67,4 
<3 
/os 
Annex V 
REPORTS ON EVALUATIONS OF THE RTD PROGRAMMES PUBLISHED IN 1994 
EUR 15279 "Evaluation of the Fisheries and Aquaculture 
Research Programme (FAR)" (1988-1992) 
"Evaluation of the DOSES Programme" (1989-1993) 
"Evaluation of the Community's Research Programme 
on Decommissioning of Nuclear Installations" 
(1989-1993) 
"Evaluation of the Programme 
Human Genome Analysis" (1990 - 1991) 
"Evaluation of the JOULE Programme (1989 - 1992)" 
"Evaluation of the MONITOR Programme 
(1989 - 1993)" 
"Mid-term evaluation of the Human Capital and 
Mobility Programme" 
"Evaluation of the MAST-I Programme" 
"Evaluation of the Radiation Protection" 
Research Action" (1990 - 1991 & 1992 - 1993) 
"Mid-term evaluation of the TELEMAN Programme" EUR 15328 
EUR 15329 
EUR 15706 
EUR 15759 
EUR 15782 
EUR 15783 
EUR 15867 
EUR 15878 
EUR 15868 
STUDIES OF THE IMPACT OF EC S&T POLICY ON NATIONAL S&T POLICIES 
WERE COMPLETED FOR: 
Ireland 
Spain 
The Netherlands 
Denmark 
Germany 
Italy 
Greece 
Belgium 
EUR Reports are available through the Office for Official Publications of the European 
Communities - Fax + 352 48 85 73/486817 
MAIN ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMES USED 
(for Finnish translation, see p. 108) Annex VI 
ACP countries African, Caribean, and Pacific countries 
ACTS Advanced Communication Technologies and Services (Specific RTD programme) 
AIR Agriculture and Agro-industry, including fisheries (Specific RTD programme) 
ALTENER Alternative Energy programme 
APAS Actions de Préparation, d'Accompagnement et de Suivi 
AVICENNE Scientific and technological cooperation with Maghreb countries and other countries within the Mediterranean Sea 
BCR Bureau Communautaire de Référence 
BIOMED Biomedicine and Health (specific RTD programme) 
BRIDGE Biotechnology Research for Innovation, Development and Growth in Europe (specific RTD programme under FP3) 
BRITE-EURAM Basic Research in Industrial Technologies for Europe - EUropean Research in Advanced Materials (Specific RTD programme) 
CAP Common Agricultural Policy 
CCFP Consultative Committee for the Fusion Programme 
CEN/Cenelec Comité Européen de Normalisation /Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique 
CERN Centre Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire 
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States of the former Soviet Union 
COPERNICUS Cooperation in Science and Technology with Central and Eastern Europe 
CORDIS Community Research and Development Information Service 
COST European Cooperation in the field of scientific and technical research 
COSU Cooperation with the Soviet Union in the Field of Nuclear Fission Safety 
CRAFT Cooperative Research Action for Technology 
CREST Scientifical and Technical Research Committee (advices the European Commission and the Conseil) 
CSTP Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy (OECD) 
DC Developing Countries 
EAEC European Atomic Energy Community 
EC European Community 
ECE Economic Commission for Europe (UN) 
ECHO European Commission Host Organisation 
ECSC European Coal and Steel Community 
EEA European Economic Area 
EFTA European Free Trade Association 
EMBL European Molecular Biology Laboratory 
ENRICH European Network for Research on Global Change 
ESA European Space Agency 
ESF European Science Foundation 
ESPRIT European Strategic Programme for Research and development in Information Technologies (specific RTD programme) 
ESTA European Science and Technology Assembly 
ETAN European Technology Assessment Network 
MAIN ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMES USED Annex VI 
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute 
EU European Union 
EUREKA European Research Coordination Agency 
EURET European REsearch for Transport (specific RTD programme under FP2) 
FP Framework Programme 
HCM Human Capital and Mobility (Specific RTD programme under FP3) 
HFSP Human Frontier Science Programme 
IMS Intelligent Manufacturing Systems 
INTAS International Association for the Promotion of Cooperation with Scientists from the New Independent States of the former Soviet Union (INTAS) 
IRDAC Industrial Research and Development Advisory Committee of the European Commission 
ISC International Scientific Cooperation 
ISTC International Science and Technology Centre (Moscow) 
IT Information Technologies 
ITER International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor 
ITER-EDA ITER- Engineering Design Activities 
JET Joint European Torus 
JOULE Joint Opportunities for Unconventional or long-term Energy supply (specific RTD programme) 
JRC Joint Research Centre 
MAST Marine Science and Technology (specific RTD programme) 
NIS New Independent States of the former Soviet Union 
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 
OJ Official Journal 
OPET Organisations for the Promotion of Energy Technology 
PECO Pays de l'Europe Centrale et Orientale 
PHARE Pologne-Hongrie : Actions pour la Reconversion Economique 
RACE Research and development programme in Advanced Communications technologies for Europe (Specific RTD programme) 
RTD Research and Technological Development including Demonstration projects 
SAVE Special Actions programme for Vigorous Energy efficiency 
SMEs Small and Medium sized Enterprises 
SPRINT Strategic PRogramme for INnovation and Technology Transfer 
STD Science and Technology for Development (specific RTD programme) 
TACIS Technical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and Georgia 
TELEMAN TELEMANipulation dans des environnements nucléaires dangereux et perturbés 
TIDE Telematics for the Integration of Disabled and Elderly people 
TMR Training and Mobility of Researchers (specific RTD programmes under FP4) 
TSER Targeted Socio-Economic Research (specific RTD programme) 
VALUE VALorisation et utilisation des résultats de la recherche pour l'Europe 
MAIN ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMES USED Annex VI M 
AKT 
ACTS 
AIR 
Alterner 
APAS 
AVICENNE 
BCR 
BIOMED 
Bridge 
BRITE-EUR 
CAP/YMP 
CCFP 
CEN/Cenelec 
CERN 
IVY 
COPERNIC 
CORDIS 
COST 
COSU 
CRAFT 
CREST 
CSTP 
DC 
Euratom 
EY 
ECE 
ECHO 
EHTY 
ETA 
EFTA 
EMBL 
ENRICH 
ESA 
ESF 
ESPRIT 
ESTA 
ETAN 
ETSI 
EU 
EUREKA 
EURET 
PO 
HCM 
HFSP 
IMS 
INTAS 
IRDAC 
ISC 
ISTC 
IT 
ITER 
ITER-EDA 
JET 
JOULE 
YTK 
MAST 
NIS 
OECD 
EYVL 
OPET 
KIE-maat 
PHARE 
RACE 
RTD 
SAVE 
Pk-yritykset 
Sprint 
STD 
TACIS 
TELEMAN 
TIDE 
TMR 
TSER 
VALUE 1 1 Afrikan, Karibian ja Tyynenmeren valtiot 
Kehittyneet viestintätekniikat ja palvelut (RTD-erityisohjelma) 
Maatalouden ja maatalousteollisuuden ohjelma, sisältää kalastuspolitiikan (RTD-erityisohjelma) 
Vaihtoehtoiset energialähteet (uusiutuvien energialähteiden laajempaan käyttöön tähtäävä ohjelma) 
Täydentävät toimenpiteet 1 1 I | | 
Tieteellinen ja teknologinen yhteistyö Maghreb-maiden ja muiden Välimeren valtioiden kanssa 
Yhteisön vertailumittaustoimisto | 
Biolääketiede ja terveys (RTD-erityisohjelma) 
Eurooppalainen innovaatioihin, kehitykseen ja kasvuun tähtäävä biotekniikan tutkimus (PO 3:n RTD-erityisohjelma) 
Euroopan yhteisön valmistusteollisuuden ja uusien materiaalien soveltamisen tutkimuksen ja teknologian kehityksen erityisohjelma 
Yhteinen maatalouspolitiikka 
Fuusio-ohjelman neuvoa-antava komitea ! 
| 
Yhteinen eurooppalainen standardointilaitos/Yhteinen eurooppalainen elektroniikan standardointilaitos 
Euroopan ydintutkimusjärjestö 
Itsenäisten valtioiden yhteisö 
Tiede-ja teknologiayhteistyö KIE-maiden kanssa 
Yhteisön tutkimus- ja kehitystiedotusosasto| 
Euroopan laajuinen tieteellinen ja tekninen yhteistyö 
Ydinfissioturvallisuutta koskeva yhteistyö Neuvostoliiton kanssa 
Teknologiayhteistyötutkimus | | 
Tieteen ja tekniikan tutkimuskomitea (Euroopan komission ja neuvoston neuvoa-antava elin) 
Tiede- ja teknologiapolitiikan komitea (OECD) 
Kehitysmaat | | 
Euroopan atomienergiayhteisö 
Euroopan yhteisöt | 
Euroopan talouskomissio (YK) 
Euroopan katastrofiaputoimisto 
Euroopan hiili- ja teräsyhteisö 
Euroopan talousalue 
Euroopan vapaakauppaliitto 
Euroopan molekyylibiologian laboratorio 
Euroopan maailmanlaajuisen muutoksen tutkimusverkko 
Euroopan avaruusjärjestö 
Euroopan tiedesäätiö 
Euroopan strateginen tietotekniikoiden tutkimus- ja kehittämisohjelma (RTD-erityisohjelma) 
Euroopan tiede- ja teknologianeuvosto 
Euroopan teknologinen arviointiverkko 
Euroopan telealan standardointilaitos 
Euroopan unioni | 
Euroopan tutkimuksen koordinointijärjestö 
Euroopan liikennetutkimusohjelma (PO 2:n RTD-erityisohjelma) 
Puiteohjelma | | | | 
Inhimmillisen pääoman ja liikkuvuuden ohjelma (PO 3:n RTD-erityisohjelma) 
Lääketieteelliseen tutkimukseen (aivotutkimus, molekyylibiologia) liittyvä ohjelma 
Tekoälyyn perustuvat valmistusjärjestelmät| | j 
Entisen Neuvostoliiton uusien itsenäisten valtioiden tiedemiesten kanssa tehtävää yhteistyötä edistävä kansainvälinen järjestö 
Teollisuuden tutkimuksen ja kehityksen neuvoa-antava komitea 
Kansainvälinen tieteellinen yhteistyö | 
Kansainvälinen tiede-ja teknologiakeskus (Moskova) 
Tietotekniikat | 
Kansainvälinen kokeellinen fuusioreaktori 
Kansainvälinen kokeellinen fuusioreaktori - tekninen suunnittelu 
Yhteiseurooppalainen torus | | | 
Epätavallisia tai ehtymättömiä energiavarastoja koskeva yhteistyö (RTD-erityisohjelma) 
Yhteinen tutkimuskeskus llil 
Merenkulkutiedettä ja -tekniikkaa käsittelevä ohjelma (RTD-erityisohjelma) 
Entisen Neuvostoliiton uudet itsenäiset valtiot 
Taloudellisen yhteistyön ja kehityksen järjestö 
Euroopan yhteisöjen virallinen lehti 
Energiateknologian edistämisjärjestö 
Keski-ja Itä-Euroopan maat | 
Tukitoimet Puolan ja Unkarin rakennemuutokselle 
Euroopan laajuinen kehittyneiden vicstintätekniikoiden tutkimus- ja edistämisohjelma (RTD-erityisohjelma) 
Yhteisön tutkimus-ja kehityspolitiikka (sisältää demonstraatiot) 
Energiatehokkuuden edistämisohjelma 
Pienet ja keskisuuret yritykset 
Strateginen innovaatio-ja teknologiansiirtoohjelma 
Tiede ja kehitysteknologia (RTD-erityisohjelma) 
Itsenäisten valtioiden yhteisölle ja Georgialle annettavan teknisen avun ohjelma 
Vaarallisiin tai häiriintyneisiin ydinenergiaympäristöihin liittyvä telemani 
Teknologinen aloite vammaisten ja vanhusten hyväksi | 
Tutkijoiden koulutus ja liikkuvuus (PO 4:n RTD-erityisohjelmat) 
Kohdennettu sosioekonominen tutkimus (RTD-erityisohjelma) julaatio 
Tieteellisen ja teknisen tutkimuksen tulosten levityksen ja hyödyntämisen ohjelma 

10' 
ISSN 1024-4492 
KOM(95) 443 lopullinen 
ASIAKIRJAT 
FT 15 
Luettelonumero : CB-CO-95-484-FI-C 
ISBN 92-77-93765-3 
Euroopan yhteisöjen virallisten julkaisujen toimisto 
L-2985 Luxemburg