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Bryssel, 18.03.1996 
KOM(96) 105 lopull. 
KOMISSION KERTOMUS NEUVOSTOLLE 
JA EUROOPAN PARLAMENTILLE 
Vuosikertomus 1995 
humanitaarisesta avusta 

TIIVISTELMÄ 
Komission humanitaarinen toiminta unionin nimissä on kasvanut viimeisten viiden vuoden 
aikana seitsenkertaiseksi, mikä on tehnyt EU:sta tärkeimmän yksittäisen julkisen 
humanitaarisen avun antajan. Vuoden 1991 myönnetty 114 miljoonan ecun määrä nousi 
764 miljoonaan ecuun vuonna 1994, ja vuonna 1995 määrä oli noin 692 miljoonaa ecua. 
Kuten vuonna 1994, toiminnan pääalueita olivat tänäkin vuonna entinen Jugoslavia ja 
Ruandan/Burundin kriisi. Tämän lisäksi toimintaa jatkettiin noin kuudessakymmenessä 
kriisien koettelemassa maassa ympäri maailmaa, erityisesti Angolassa, Sudanissa, 
Haitissa. Venäjän federaatiossa (Tshetsheniassa), Armeniassa, Azerbaidzanissa, Georgiassa, 
Tadzikistanissa, Irakissa, Afganistanissa ja Kuubassa. 
Humanitaarisen avun antamisesta komissiossa vastaa Euroopan yhteisön humanitaarinen 
toimisto (ECHO). ECHO perustettiin vuonna 1992, ja siitä tuli täysin toimintakykyinen 
vuonna 1993. Niinpä vuosi 1995 olikin kolmas kokonainen toimintavuosi. Vaikka 
komissio onkin ollut mukana humanitaarisessa toiminnassa pienemmällä panoksella useita 
vuosia, ongelmien mittasuhteiden kasvaminen kylmän sodan päätyttyä osoittaa selvästi, 
etlä asiaan erikoistunut rakenne on aiheellinen. Vuotta 1995 voidaan pitää vuotena, jona 
ECHO eteni tehtäviensä vakiinnuttamisen loppuunsaattamisessa. Sinä vuonna toimisto otti 
myös täyden vastuun kaikista komission humanitaarisista toimista. Se teki myös 
merkittävää työtä oman tietokannan perustamiseksi ja EU:n humanitaarista apua 
koskevan neuvoston asetuksen antamiseksi. Lisäksi se vahvisti toimiaan arvioinnin alalla 
sekä paransi poliittisia välineitään ja toimintakykyään. 
Vuonna 1995 uusi komissio aloitti toimikautensa. Humanitaarisen avun kannalta se 
merkitsi sitä, että ECHO:n työn pääperiaatteita pikemminkin vahvistettiin kuin muutettiin. 
Kuten aiemminkin, sen toimintatavan perustana säilyi periaate kumppanuudesta yhdessä 
noin 170 hallituksista riippumattoman järjestön - joista suurin osa eurooppalaisia -
YK:n toimistojen ja Punaisen Ristin kanssa, jotka ovat lähes poikkeuksetta 
allekirjoittaneet puitesopimuksen kumppanuudesta komission kanssa. ECHO:n apua 
myönnettiin edelleen ilman erottelua rodun, uskonnon tai poliittisen aatejärjestelmän 
perusteella niiden useiden miljoonien ihmisten hyväksi, jotka joutuivat 
luonnononnettomuuksien tai ihmisten aiheuttamien pitkäaikaisten kriisien, ennen kaikkea 
sisällissotien, uhreiksi vuonna 1995. 
Komission rahoittamia humanitaarisia toimia on toteutettu viime vuosina yhä 
vaikeammissa ja vaihtelevammissa yhteyksissä, eikä vuosi 1995 ollut tässä suhteessa 
poikkeus. Selkkauksiin liittyvät kriisit, joiden osuus toimista on ylivoimaisesti suurin, ovat 
osoittautuneet monimutkaisiksi ja pitkäaikaisiksi. Tällaisten selkkausten juuret ovat 
yleensä syvällä yhteiskunnallis-taloudellisessa epätasapainossa, joka värittyy toisinaan 
aatteellisesti tai etnisesti. Niiden syyt ja seuraukset eivät häviä yhdessä yössä. 
Avunantajien joukossa komissio oli useissa tapauksissa avainasemassa tällaisissa 
kriiseissä. Se oli suurin yksittäinen avunantaja sekä entisessä Jugoslaviassa että myös 
esimerkiksi Afganistanissa, Etelä-Sudanissa, Liberiassa ja Sierra Leonessa. Samalla kun 
komissio puolusti sitkeästi humanitaarisen avun itsenäisyyttä ja riippumattomuutta, 
tämä osallistuminen antoi sille mahdollisuuden - ja jopa velvoitti sen - kiinnittämään 
2 Ä-
huomiota selkkausten ehkäisyyn ja ratkaisuun sekä maakohtaisesti että laajemminkin, 
myös silloin kun nämä aiheet eivät esiintyneet maan sisäisillä tai kansainvälisillä 
poliittisilla asialistoilla. Toisissa tapauksissa humanitaarisella avulla autettiin estämään 
murhenäytelmän paheneminen. Esimerkiksi Haitissa, Angolassa, Liberiassa ja osissa 
Latinalaista Amerikkaa sekä jopa Israelin/Palestiinan kysymyksessä se auttoi osaltaan 
ensimmäisten varovaisten askelten ottamisessa rauhaa, sovintoa ja jälleenrakennusta 
kohti. 
Komissio on seurannut koko vuoden valppaana kansainvälisessä humanitaarisessa 
yhteisössä käytävää keskustelua tarpeesta vahvistaa hätäavun ja kehityksen välisiä 
yhteyksiä, ja se laati vuoden aikana aiheesta oman keskustelun pohjana käytettävän 
asiakirjan, josta on jo keskusteltu laajasti ja jota kehitetään edelleen vuonna 1996. 
Kansainvälisen humanitaarisen oikeuden räikeät rikkomukset varjostivat valitettavasti 
edelleen komission työtä kuluneena vuonna. Useissa selkkauksissa siviileihin kohdistetut 
julmuudet herättivät ansaittua suuttumusta kansainvälisessä yhteisössä ja johtivat 
tilanteisiin, joissa avustaminen muuttui vaikeaksi, vaaralliseksi ja joskus suorastaan 
mahdottomaksi. Tästä huolimatta komissio jatkoi apuaan kumppaneidensa välityksellä 
esimerkiksi Sudanissa, Somaliassa ja Sierra Leonessa myös silloin, kun muut avunantajat 
vetäytyivät, ottaen itselleen vastaavasti suuremman taakan ja vastuun. 
Myös siellä, missä saavutettiin horjuva rauha, keskeiset humanitaariset ja yhteiskunnallis-
laloudelliset ongelmat jäivät. Suurin ongelma ovat maamiinat, joiden poistaminen on 
kansainvälisen yhteisön toiminnassa etusijalla. 
Vaikka luonnononnettomuudet yleensä aiheuttavatkin entistä vähemmän ihmishenkien 
menetyksiä ja kärsimystä, niillä voi kuitenkin olla erittäin haitallinen vaikutus kehittyviin 
yhteisöihin. Valmiuteen keskittyvä lähestymistapa on usein toivottavin kärsimysten 
lieventämisen ja onnettomuuksien taloudellisten seurausten vähentämisen suhteen. Tämä 
oli tärkeä osa ECHO:n usein uraa-uurtavaa työtä tällä alalla vuonna 1995. 
Vaikka kyseessä ei olisikaan laaja selkkaus tai luonnononnettomuus, myös pitkään 
jatkuneet, huononevat tilanteet esimerkiksi Algeriassa, Kuubassa ja Irakissa vaativat 
humanitaarista apua erityisen heikossa asemassa olevien väestönosien pahimpien 
kärsimysten lievittämiseksi. 
Erityisten kriisien lisäksi komission rooli ja vaikutus yleensä kansainvälisessä 
humanitaarisessa yhteisössä jatkoi kehitystään koko vuoden. Yhteydet Yhdysvaltoihin 
vahvistuivat merkittävästi Mad rissa vuoden lopulla hyväksytyn EU:n ja Yhdysvaltojen 
toimintasuunnitelman rajoissa. Toiminnallisia ja poliittisia yhteyksiä YK:n ja sen 
toimistojen, erityisesti HNMCR:n sekä Maailman elintarvikeohjelman (WI<T) ja 
Humanitaaristen asiain osaston (DHA) kanssa kehitettiin kriisitilanteissa ja 
kokonaissuunnittelussa, mukaan lukien tuki sellaisille aloitteille kuten ReliefWeb, MCDA 
(Military and Civil Defense Assets) ja IDNDR (International Decade for Natural 
Disaster Reduction). 
3 a^ 
Tiedotus ja avoimuus ovat edelleen ECHO:n pääasialliset tavoitteet, ja niitä kehitettiin 
sekä jäsenvaltioiden osalta että suhteessa kaikkiin humanitaarisiin toimijoihin. Tämän 
kertomuksen liitteenä olevat tilastot osoittavat jälleen kerran komission sitoutuneisuuden 
tähän periaatteeseen: tänä vuonna viimeisteltiin myös pakolaisia koskeva 
raportointijärjestelmä ja ryhdyttiin käyttämään Internetiä tiedotukseen. 
Erityisen merkittävä tapahtuma loppuvuodesta oli useiden johtavien humanitaaristen 
järjestöjen ja avunantajien kokoontuminen Madridiin komission jäsen Boninon aloitteesta 
keskustelemaan humanitaarista toimintaa koskevista ongelmista 2000-luvun kynnyksellä. 
Tapahtuma huipentui "Madridin julistuksen" antamiseen. Julistus on liitetty tähän 
kertomukseen, ja siinä korostetaan kaikkien osanottajien näkökantojen huomattavaa 
yhtenevyyttä eriteltäessä suurimpia haasteita. 
Alkava vuosi lienee humanitaaristen toimien osalta ainakin yhtä vilkas kuin vuosi 1995. 
Vaikka joissakin osissa maapalloa tapahtuu rohkaisevaa kehitystä, epävakaus muissa osissa 
todennäköisesti jatkuu ja voi jopa pahentua. Lisääntyvä humanitaarinen apu erityisesti 
siirtoväen hyväksi on todennäköisesti avainasemassa Bosnian rauhankehityksessä ja 
jännitteiden rauhoittamisessa Afrikan suurten järvien alueella sekä muualla. 
Luonnononnettomuuksien tuhoisten vaikutusten vähentämisessä edessämme on suuria 
haasteita valmiuden, ehkäisyn ja hädän lievittämisen osalta. Yhteyksiä hätäavun ja 
kehityksen välillä on vahvistettava kummankin eduksi. 
Unionin humanitaarinen apu nauttii laajaa kannatusta, ja sen näkyvyys on lisääntynyt. 
I kiden, toivottavasti pikaisesti tapahtuvan, oikeudellisen perustan hyväksymisen myötä se 
on siirtymässä uuteen vaiheeseen. Edelleen on kuitenkin tärkeää korostaa, että se hoitaa 
selkkausten oireita eikä syitä. On sanomattakin selvää, että selkkausten ehkäisyjä ratkaisu 
tapahtuu poliittisella, diplomaattisella tai joskus sotilaallisella tasolla ja edellyttää virallisia 
välineitä ja politiikkoja, joita unionilla ei vielä ole. Vuoden 1996 hallitusten välisen 
konferenssin tehtävä on vastata tähän haasteeseen. 
4 <Q^ 
European Commission 
Annual Report 1995 
on Humanitarian Aid 
r. 
Table of Contents 
Executive Summary 1 
1 Institutional Framework ; 1 
1.1 Legal pasis 1 
1.2 Emergency Food Aid 2 
1.3 Financial basis 2 
2 Means of action 3 
2.1 Framework Partnership Agreements 3 
2.2 Databases and management systems 3 
3 Humanitarian operations in 1995 4 
3.1 Statistical overview 4 
3.2 General issues 8 
3.3 Former Yugoslavia 10 
3.4 Africa, Caribbean and Pacific Countries 11 
3.4.1 The region of the Great Lakes 11 
3.4.2 Angola 13 
3.4.3 Sudan 13 
3.4.4 Somalia 14 
3.4.5 Liberia 15 
3.4.6 Sierra Leone 15 
3.4.7 Haiti 15 
3.5 Commonwealth of Independent States 15 
3.6 Eastern Europe 16 
3.7 Asia 16 
3.8 Middle East and North Africa 18 
3.9 Latin America 18 
4 Horizontal Activities 19 
4.1 Information and Visibility 19 
4.2 "Humanitarian Summit" in Madrid 20 
4.3 Coordination/cooperation 21 
4.3.1 Inter-service coordination 21 
4.3.2 Member States 22 
4.3.3 European Parliament 22 
4.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations 23 
4.3.5 United Nations 24 
4.3.6 United States 26 
4.3.7 Other third countries and international and regional 
organisations 26 
4.4 Evaluation 27 
4.5 Disaster Preparedness 28 
5 Prospects for 1996 and beyond 29 
5.1 Foreseeable needs in 1996 29 
5.2 Conclusions and future strategy 30 
& 
DOCUMENTARY ANNEXES 32 
MADRID DECLARATION 33 
List of Disaster Preparedness Projects financed in 1995 37 
EU-USAID High Level Meeting 39 
The NOHA Diploma 41 
ACRONYMS USED IN THE REPORT 42 
STATISTICAL ANNEXES 43 
NOTE ON THE STATISTICAL ANNEXES 44 
Annex SI, Overview of Financial Decisions for EC Humanitarian Aid by Source 
of Finance 1991-95 
Annex S2, Summary of Financial Decisions for Countries Benefitting from EC 
Humanitarian Aid 1993-95 
Annex S3, Financial Decisions for Humanitarian Aid by Region in 1994-95 
Annex S4, EC Contracts for Humanitarian Aid 1991-95 
Annex S5, Rwanda/Burundi Operations: Summary of Financial Decisions in favour 
of the affected Population (Oct. 1993-Dec. 1995) 
Annex S6, Breakdown of Community Aid to the Former Yugoslavia: By Republic, 
1991-1995 ; By Relief Items, 1995 
Annex S7, Breakdown of Items for Humanitarian Assistance, 1993-1994-1995 
FIGURES IN THE TEXT 
Figure 1, Financial Decisions for Humanitarian Aid by Region in 1994-95 
(page 5) 
Figure 2, Financial decisions by Source of Finance 1993-1994-1995 (page 6) 
Figure 3, EC Contracts For Humanitarian Aid 1991-95 (page 7) 
> 
Executive Summary 
In the last five years the humanitarian operations carried out by the Commission on behalf of 
the Union have grown sevenfold to make the EU now the foremost single public donor of 
humanitarian aid. From ECU 114 million in 1991, the figure reached ECU 764 million in 
1994, and in 1995 stood at around ECU 692 million. As in 1994, the main theatres of 
operation this year continued to be former Yugoslavia and Rwanda/Burundi. This 
notwithstanding, a presence was maintained in some sixty crisis-stricken countries around 
the globe, most significantly in Angola, Sudan, Haiti, the Russian Federation (Chechnya), 
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Tajikistan, Iraq, Afghanistan and Cuba. 
Humanitarian assistance is implemented within the Commission by its Humanitarian 
Office (ECHO). ECHO was established in 1992 and became fully operational in 1993. 1995 
was therefore the third full year of operations. Although the Commission has been involved 
in humanitarian operations on a smaller scale for many years, the dimension that the problems 
have taken since the end of the Cold War clearly more than justify a dedicated structure. 1995 
may be seen as the year in which ECHO moved towards completing the consolidation of its 
functions. The year saw the Office take full responsibility for all the Commission's 
humanitarian operations, as well as the essential work towards the setting-up of its own 
database and the adoption of a Council Regulation covering EC humanitarian aid. It also 
reinforced its efforts in the field of evaluation, as well as its policy instruments and 
capacity. 
1995 saw a new Commission take office. As far as humanitarian aid is concerned, the basic 
principles underlying ECHO'S work were reinforced rather than changed. As in the past, its 
modus operandi continued to be based on the principle of partnership together with some 170 
NGOs - for the most part European - UN agencies and the Red Cross, signatories in almost 
all cases to a Framework Partnership Agreement with the Commission. ECHO aid continued 
to be granted without discrimination on the basis of race, religion or political ideology, to 
benefit the many millions of human beings victims in 1995 of natural disasters and of man-
made chronic crises, but above all of civil war. 
In recent years humanitarian operations funded by the Commission have taken place in 
increasingly difficult and wide-ranging contexts, and 1995 was no exception to this trend. The 
conflict-related crises which account for the vast majority of interventions have proven to be 
complex and persistent. In general, the roots of such conflicts lie in deep socio-conomic 
imbalances, which sometimes take on an ideological or ethnic tinge. Neither their causes nor 
their effects disappear from one day to the next. 
In many cases, the Commission assumed a key role amongst donors in such crises. It was the 
single biggest donor not only in ex-Yugoslavia, but also in Afghanistan, South Sudan, Liberia 
and Sierra Leone, among others. While tenaciously defending the autonomy and 
independence of humanitarian assistance, this presence also allowed it - indeed obliged it -
to draw attention to conflict prevention and resolution issues both at country level and more 
widely, even where such issues were not prominent on domestic or international political 
agendas. The year saw the adoption by the Commission of a communication on the external 
X 
dimension of human rights policy noting their relevance to conflict prevention1. On other 
occasions, humanitarian assistance helped prevent a tragedy from getting worse. In such 
countries as Haiti, Angola, Liberia and parts of Latin America, and even in the Israel/Palestine 
context, it contributed to fostering the first fragile moves towards peace, reconciliation and 
reconstruction. 
Throughout the year the Commission has taken a close interest in the debate staged in the 
international humanitarian community on the need to reinforce links between relief and 
development, and the discussion paper it produced on the subject has already been widely 
debated and will be developed in 1996. 
Flagrant violations of international humanitarian law sadly continued to mark the context 
of the Commission's work in 1995. Atrocities carried out on civilians in many theatres of 
conflict caused outrage in the international community and led to situations in which 
assistance was rendered difficult, dangerous and sometimes outright impossible. This 
notwithstanding, the Commission continued to be present through its partners in such countries 
as the Sudan, Somalia, and Sierra Leone, even where other donors withdrew, shouldering a 
correspondingly greater burden and responsibility. 
Even where an uneasy peace was established, fundamental humanitarian and indeed 
socio-economic problems remained, most notably that of land-mines, the elimination of which 
remains a top priority for action by the international community. 
If natural disasters cause in general less loss of life and suffering, they nonetheless can have 
an enormously damaging impact on developing societies. An approach aiming at 
preparedness is often preferable from the point of view of reducing suffering and diminishing 
the economic consequences of disasters, and this was an important element of ECHO's often 
pioneering work in this field in 1995. 
Even in the absence of large-scale conflict or natural disaster, chronic and deteriorating 
situations such as those in Algeria, Cuba and Iraq similarly called for humanitarian 
assistance to alleviate the worst sufferings of particularly vulnerable groups of population. 
Outside of particular crises, the Commission's role and influence within the international 
humanitarian community in general continued to develop throughout the year. Links with the 
US were significantly strengthened within the overall context of the EU-US Action Plan 
agreed in Madrid at the end of the year. Operational and policy links with the UN and its 
agencies, especially UNHCR, but also WFP and DHA, were also developed, in crisis 
situations and in overall planning, including support to initiatives such as ReliefWeb, MCDA, 
and IDNDR. 
Information and transparency remain a top priority for ECHO and continued to be 
developed, not only as regards the Member States but also vis-à-vis the whole array of 
humanitarian actors. The statistics annexed to the present report once again demonstrate the 
COM(95) 567 final 
Commission's commitment to this principle. This year also saw the finalization of the 
refugee reporting system and a new ECHO presence on Internet. 
Towards the end of the year a number of leading humanitarian agencies and donors attended 
a particularly significant event organized in Madrid on the initiative of Commissioner Bonino 
to discuss the problems confronting humanitarianism at the dawn of the twenty-first century. 
The event culminated in the adoption of the "Madrid Declaration", attached to this report, 
underlining a remarkable degree of convergence in the analysis of the major challenges on the 
part of all participants. 
The coming year is likely to see humanitarian efforts being deployed at least on a par with 
1995. While there are encouraging developments in some parts of the world, instability in 
others is unlikely to disappear and may well worsen. New forms of humanitarian assistance, 
particularly in aid of displaced persons, are likely to play a key role in the Bosnian peace 
process and in calming tensions in the region of the Great Lakes in East Africa and 
elsewhere. If the destructive impact of natural disasters is to be reduced, important challenges 
are before us in terms of preparedness, prevention and mitigation. Links between relief 
and development have to be reinforced to the benefit of both. 
The Union's humanitarian assistance enjoys widespread support and growing visibility. With 
the hopefully imminent adoption of the new legal basis, it will enter a new phase. Yet it is 
still important to underline that it addresses the symptoms, not the causes, of conflict. Indeed, 
conflict prevention and resolution lie, needless to say, in the political, diplomatic or sometimes 
military spheres and require formal instruments and policies which the Union does not yet 
have. The task of the 1996 Inter-Governmental Conference will be to rise to this challenge. 
m 
1 Institutional Framework 
1.1 Legal Basis 
1995 was marked, among other things, by discussions with the Council and the European 
Parliament over the Commission proposal for a Council Regulation concerning humanitarian 
aid2. 
Hitherto, European Union activities in this field have been conducted only on the ad hoc basis 
afforded by the allocation of funds within the budgetary procedure. 
In view of the importance of the sums involved - over two billion ECU from 1992 to 
1995 - the Commission and the Member States shared the view that the time had come to 
formalise this, and the new Regulation aims to provide a more precise legal basis for the 
management by the Commission on behalf of the Community budgetary resources made 
available for humanitarian aid. 
The Commission's proposal, based on Article 130w of the Treaty, seeks notably to codify the 
scope and nature of humanitarian aid, the relationships with humanitarian partners, and 
introduce procedures for consultation with the Member States before decisions are finalised. 
The draft regulation has been examined at length by the European Parliament under the 
cooperation procedure. Parliament delivered its opinion following the first reading during its 
second plenary session of November. Its reaction to the Commission's proposal was very 
favourable, and most of the amendments proposed by it were incorporated by the Commission 
into a revised proposal3. 
The debate in the Council showed that a majority of Member States sought a much more 
constraining mechanism than the consultation procedure proposed by the Commission, wishing 
themselves to become an effective party to the conception, decision-making and 
implementation of humanitarian aid. The Council's common position was adopted at the 
Development Council held in Brussels on December 20. It responds to Member States' wishes 
while preserving the Commission's room for manoeuvre, especially in emergency situations. 
Partner NGOs have also assiduously followed the debate in Council and Parliament. They are 
clearly keen to ensure that their interests, including flexibility, speed of response and political 
impartiality, are given due recognition and support in this exercise. They have made 
substantial efforts in their own right to ensure that these interests are duly heeded in the 
decision-making process of the Union's institutions. 
If Parliament now endorses something similar to the Council's common position, it is hoped 
that the latter will be able to take its final decision on the Regulation in April or May 1996 
under Italian Presidency. 
COM (95) 201 final of 31 May 1995 
COM (95) 721 final of 15 December 1995 
1 
1.2 Emergency Food Aid 
Together with the proposed new legal basis for humanitarian aid, the Council received a 
Commission proposal for a new Regulation to replace the existing Food Aid Regulation. This 
Regulation is the responsibility of DG VIII and covers food aid, food aid management and 
special operations in support of food security. 
The proposal defines the objectives, means and procedures for long-term food security policy. 
It no longer refers, as before, to emergency food aid operations, which have been under the 
responsibility of ECHO since a Commission decision of December 1994. This decision, which 
completes the transfer to ECHO of operational responsibility for all areas placed under its 
competence by the Commission, led to responsibility for funds totalling ECU 51 million being 
transferred from DG VIII to ECHO in 1995 for implementing humanitarian food assistance 
operations in favour of refugees, displaced persons and the most vulnerable groups in crisis 
situations, mainly through the World Food Programme (WFP), UNHCR, the International 
Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and NGOs. This aid was for the main part disbursed in 
the region of the Great Lakes, Angola, Iraq and the Caucasus. 
ECHO's involvement in food aid is not confined to the crisis period, but continues in the 
post-emergency period so long as imperious humanitarian needs remain. The transition is 
closely managed to the point where DG VIII may (as necessary) take over. 
1.3 Financial basis 
The great majority of the Commission's operations through ECHO are financed from the 
General Budget of the European Union. To a small extent, and in 1995 much less than in 
previous years, operations in favour of ACP countries have also been financed under the 
financial protocol to the Lomé IV Convention. 
In the last five years the humanitarian operations carried out by the Commission on behalf of 
the Union have grown sevenfold, to make the EU now the foremost single public donor of 
humanitarian aid. From ECU 114 million in 1991, the figure (including a special allocation 
of ECU 150 million from Lomé convention funds for the Rwanda crisis) reached 
ECU 764 million in 1994, and in 1995 stood at around ECU 692 million. In 1996, initial 
appropriations under the "humanitarian aid" chapter of the EU Budget (B7-21) were 
ECU 319.5 million. Other funds may be made available during the year depending on the 
evolution of the humanitarian situation to which the Commission may be called upon to 
respond. 
The financial position of EC humanitarian aid is nonetheless less than satisfactory in some 
ways. The main problem is the lengthy procedure required to release appropriations from the 
reserve part of the EU budget, coupled with the requirement first to have disbursed 80% of 
the funds initially attributed. These administrative requirements have sometimes proved to be 
at variance with crisis needs. 
2 Means of action 
2.1 Framework Partnership Agreements 
In the course of the year a further 17 NGOs and international organisations signed the 
Framework Partnership Agreement (FPA) with the Commission, bringing the total to 170. 
Naturally enough, NGOs from the three new Member States of the EU - Austria, Finland and 
Sweden - were prominent among the newcomers. 
Partner NGOs played a leading role in the work of the extended Dialogue Group set up to 
review the functioning of the FPA and identify possible improvements. The Dialogue Group 
did submit, in November 1994, a proposal to revise the FPA, which was carefully examined 
by ECHO at the beginning of 1995. Although the suggestions formulated by the group were 
very helpful, the result of the legal basis exercise (see section 1.1) will clearly be important 
in determining the Commission's future way of working and the policy options. ECHO is 
therefore awaiting the outcome of this exercise before deciding how to proceed with the 
further development of the FPA. 
2.2 Databases and management systems 
Humanitarian assistance embraces a wide variety of scenarios, conditions, actors and 
requirements, spread across the surface of the planet. Proper communication is a must if all 
the various factors are to be mobilised with adequate cohesion to help the massive victim 
population and make best use of the available resources. Modern electronic databases and 
informatics-based communication and management systems have an increasingly key role to 
play, and the Commission has gone out of its way to develop such capacities and skills. 
Its first concern was to rethink and modernise its own informatics tools. Late 1995 saw the 
operational commissioning of the first phase (relating to financial management) of ECHO's 
new database, the Humanitarian Office Programme Environment (HOPE) under development 
since spring 1994. Early in 1996 the contract management modules too will be commissioned. 
Increasingly, HOPE will permit the storage and active management of all data pertinent to 
ECHO's work. 
Migration in early 1996 to the X400 Commission e-mail facility (Route 400) will open up 
new and advanced scope for electronic communication within and between services, between 
institutions of the Union and above all with the outside world: ECHO's partners and theatres 
of operations. 
The Commission's longer-term goal is to help promote international informatics-based 
communication and management tools between the main actors in the international 
humanitarian community. To this end, ECHO has been actively involved in discussions with 
several international partners, including the United States authorities and the United Nations 
Department of Humanitarian Affairs, with a view to promoting a humanitarian Relief Web 
to foster information exchange. ECHO is also seeking ways of promoting closer interchange 
between the humanitarian bodies of the Member States of the Union and between these and 
the Commission. It is also aware that there is much to learn from the experiments in 
electronic database and communications systems that are being carried out by NGOs and other 
international agencies specialising in humanitarian relief. 
ECHO went up on the Commission's World Wide Web server (EUROPA) with a range of 
information in November 1995 (see section 4.1). The address of the home page is: 
http://www. cec. lu/en/comm/echo/echo, html 
3 Humanitarian operations in 1995 
3.1 Statistical overview 
The production of comprehensive and sound statistics has been a priority for ECHO and the 
means to achieve this goal were further developed in 1995. Such statistics are a vital 
management tool, and also serve important information, coordination and transparency needs. 
Statistics are now issued from ECHO on a quarterly basis, to which refugee statistics from 
the PISG database will soon be added (see section 4.3.1.1). A number of the statistical reports 
ECHO produces are annexed to the present report (Statistical Annexes SI to S7). 
Operations in 1995 were on a comparable scale to those in 1994 with, as has been said, a 
headline figure of ECU 692 million for decisions adopted during the year. 
While statistics by country are available for the entire sum committed during the year, it 
should be noted that contracting inevitably continues, in some cases, into the following year. 
Statistics by partners are based on amounts contracted by end of year and therefore come to 
a lower figure. At the end of 1995, this amount was ECU 494 million, representing a contract 
to decision ratio by end of year of 71% (in 1994, the figure was 79%, and reached 99% in 
the course of 1995). 
A list of funding decisions by country is provided in Annexes S2 and S3 and by partner in 
Annex S4. These figures are summarised in figures 1 and 3 overleaf. In order to avoid 
repetitiveness, the amounts involved are not always mentioned in the country sections which 
follow. 
At the end of its third full year of operations, ECHO is still at a relatively early stage of its 
development, and any talk of trends needs to be cautious. Nonetheless, it should be noted that 
the figures show a striking increase in the proportion of aid channelled through NGOs in 1995 
as compared to 1994, up from 41% to 56%, mainly at the expense of the UN system. 
Figure 1 
FINANCIAL DECISIONS FOR HUMANITARIAN AID BY REGION 
As per: 09/01/96 
1 994 
(35,3%) EX-YUGOSLAVIA 
(42,4%) ACP (0,5%) GLOBAL 
(2,8%) LATIN AMERICA 
(0,5%) NORTH AFRICA 
(3,4%) ASIA 
(2,9%) IRAK 
(0,4%) EASTERN EUROPE 
(11,9%) C.I.S 
^ÊBmm 
(0,4%) EASTERN EUROPE 
(3,6%) IRAK 
(0,6%) GLOBAL (33,9%) EX-YUGOSLAVIA 
(30,6%) ACP (0,6%) DISASTER PREPAREDNESS 
(4,0%) LATIN AMERICA 
(0,7%) NORTH AFRICA 
(19,9%) C.I.S 
(5,7%) ASIA 
Figure 2 
Financial Decisions by Source of Finance 1993 -1994 -1995 
cr\ o 
LU 1000 
800 
600 
400 
200 
0 • 1 993 
• 1 994 
1995 
LOME LOME IV BUDGET TOTAL 
Figure 3 
Total Humanitarian Assistance 1991 -1992 -1993 -1994 -1995 
400 
300 
c o 
i 200 
-P 
100 amounts in ECU 
EC NGOs 
CEC DIRECT UNITED NATIONS 
j D 1991 
' D 1992 
; 0 1993 
i 1994 2 013 855 
11 368 642 
55 194 966 
116 225 415 
J 1995 I 69 062 696 13 461 500 
21 526 340 
3 546 195 
6 173 000 
7 920 000 0 
25 325 000 
10 400 000 
1 800 000 
119 578 87 685 529 
111 446 577 
264 250 750 
308 334 733 
275 783 820 4 778 000 
1 552 000 
2 424 257 
7 089 870 
3 652 676 3 652 400 
1 089 626 
4 740 000 
600 000 
1 513 444 46 524 500 
122 843 166 
189 723 733 
240 672 705 
• 83 941 166 33 244 000 
36 809 900 
67 674 267 
72 434 812 
52 359 152 
A part of this increase is probably due to random factors during the year, and in any case the 
final disbursement figures may be expected to redress the imbalance somewhat. Another part 
is arguably due, however, to a diversification of ECHO's activities as it continued to develop 
in 1995 and as the context of its work shifted somewhat, both geographically and functionally. 
Although ECHO was involved in slightly fewer countries in 1995, its funds were spread more 
evenly than in 1994. In this respect, it should be borne in mind that the UN agencies are more 
geared to immediate crisis response, whereas NGOs often have a comparative advantage in 
emergency rehabilitation, chronic disaster relief and first steps towards reconstruction, which 
constituted a greater proportion of ECHO's activities in 1995 as it was able to improve its 
perspective vis-à-vis crisis situations. 
It is interesting also to see how ECHO aid may be broken down by type of assistance. This 
is done in Annex S7. Unsurprisingly, and as in previous years, some 40% of ECHO assistance 
was spent on food aid. The other major items were transport, medical supplies, and local 
and expatriate staff costs, making up altogether 83% of the overall total. Communications 
equipment accounted for another 7.5%. 
3.2 General issues 
In the increasingly difficult environment in which the Commission has had to provide 
humanitarian assistance in recent years, a number of general issues have emerged which were 
highlighted by events in 1995 and which will be discussed in this section. In the following 
sections, country-by-country accounts outline briefly the specific operations in which the 
Commission was involved and the backdrop against which they took place. 
(i) Humanitarian aid in relation to crisis resolution 
It is evident that humanitarian assistance does not have the means to address the root causes 
of conflicts, and cannot be a substitute for other measures to resolve them. On the other hand, 
it may accompany and provide breathing space for the resolution of conflicts in cases where 
the necessary political will is present. Such has been the case in Haiti, Angola or even 
Liberia and parts of Latin America where it has contributed to restoring peace by 
diminishing the inevitable tensions ensuing from struggles over resources which the crisis has 
made scarce. While such synergies exist, lines need to be clearly drawn if the impartial, 
neutral and independent character of humanitarian aid - so essential to its effective and safe 
delivery - is not to be compromised. 
(ii) Linking relief and development 
The Commission is well aware of the need to ensure a smooth transition from humanitarian 
assistance to rehabilitation, reconstruction and development measures as soon as possible once 
the crisis is over - always with an eye to addressing the factors which caused it in the first 
place. Indeed, even during a crisis every attempt must be made not to undermine but to 
reinforce local capacity to cope and to recover. In some instances, ECHO has been successful 
in preparing long-term activities but more has to be done to achieve this aim. 
In full recognition of the inter-service character of such linkages, in December 1995 the 
Commission produced a Discussion paper on "Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and 
Development". The document was the result of a joint exercise by ECHO, DG VIII, DG IA 
and DG IB. Before the paper was finalized it was further discussed in a workshop, financed 
by ECHO, with experts drawn from Member States, USAID, UN agencies, NGOs and 
academic institutions. The final document, which incorporates many of the ideas presented 
during the workshop, was put to informal meetings both of Member State Directors-General 
for development and for humanitarian aid as well as to the Development working group in 
the Council. The document was well received and it was decided to develop it further during 
the first half of 1996 by, inter alia, including reference to linkage efforts by the Member 
States before a final document is presented to the Development Council, due in May. 
(Hi) Crisis prevention 
Involvement in humanitarian assistance can scarcely fail to evoke a strong sense of the need 
for more efficient measures to address crises in the making. Not only is this a moral 
imperative: it also makes far more financial sense. However, existing provisions have yet to 
prove their worth, and it seems clear that a qualitative leap forward is required. Crisis 
prevention has both developmental and diplomatic dimensions - as well as, no doubt, a 
military one on occasions. If it is true that these are not issues for humanitarian assistance in 
the strict sense, they can often benefit from a humanitarian stimulus to their discussion. 
The humanitarian services of the Commission have often been called upon, in many different 
European and international fora, to contribute to discussions of "lessons learned" from various 
field operations. 
(iv) Development of global humanitarian plans to address major crises 
Major crises call for global plans, be it in terms of types of aid or geographical strategies and 
priorities. The Commission has continued to develop such plans in 1995, within which all the 
operations it finances are integrated. The added coherence and synergy thus generated have 
enabled the impact of operations to be maximised while avoiding overlaps or gaps in the 
coverage of humanitarian needs. Such global plans relate to a fixed amount of funding, 
providing for rational use of available funds. 
The perspective necessary to develop such plans is not always present in crisis situations, 
however. Apart from the Great Lakes region and former Yugoslavia, such plans were 
developed in Cuba, Haiti, the southern Caucasus and Iraq; on the other hand, the unstable 
situations in Sierra Leone, Afghanistan and Somalia, for example, prevented their 
development. 
(v) "Forgotten" crises 
The Commission is present in a number of "forgotten" crises - such as those in Afghanistan, 
southern Sudan, Liberia or Sierra Leone, in all of which it is the premier donor of 
humanitarian aid. This fact should not allow other donors to evade their responsibilities, and 
the Commission therefore intends to continue working to draw attention to these tragedies, 
often as terrible as others relayed more directly to our living rooms. 
"Forgotten" crises may also be of a sectoral nature, such as the diphtheria epidemic throughout 
the former Soviet Union and the ongoing effects on health of the Chernobyl disaster. 
(vi) Obstacles set in the way of humanitarian assistance 
While ECHO's partners are ever more solicited by the demands the humanitarian situation 
places on them, their work is severely handicapped in many parts of the world by flagrant and 
unacceptable violations of international humanitarian law. In internal conflicts under 
conditions often approaching anarchy, civilians have far too often become the target of 
atrocities explicitly orchestrated by the belligerent parties. 
The inevitable consequence of such disregard for the principle of humanity is a similar lack 
of respect for humanitarian assistance. In a disturbingly long list of countries, humanitarian 
operations have been compromised, threatened and attacked: restrictions on access to victims, 
deviation of aid, theft, kidnapping and physical attacks on aid workers, sometimes even 
assassinations, have occurred. Local authorities may see aid entering or passing through the 
territories under their control as a legitimate tool to gain tactical advantage in conflict 
situations. In any case, security measures regularly hinder or entirely prevent the delivery of 
aid. 
The Commission has paid more attention than ever to avoiding that its aid "feed" the war or 
fall victim to it. At the same time, it is evident that humanitarianism - based as it is on a 
minimum of civilised values - needs to be emphatically reaffirmed. 
3.3 Former Yugoslavia 
Following initial optimism at the end of 1994 and a static though tense situation during the 
first months of the year, former Yugoslavia was characterised in 1995 by extremely dramatic 
and contrasting developments. Throughout the conflict, the European Union has been the main 
donor of humanitarian relief assistance and in 1995 the Commission granted ECU 234 million 
in aid to the victims, taking the total figure for 1992-95 to ECU 1 185 million. More detailed 
statistics are provided in Annex S6. 
The failure of the warring parties to extend the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement upon its 
expiry in April 1995 was followed by an alarming deterioration of the overall situation in 
Bosnia-Herzegovina. Fighting escalated and humanitarian operations as a whole faced 
increased levels of obstruction. The Commission committed ECU 94 million in humanitarian 
aid in May. In July and August tens of thousands of civilians were uprooted as a result of the 
fall of the Srebrenica and Zepa enclaves and more fighting in both central and north-western 
Bosnia, to which the Commission responded with a further grant of ECU 5 million to 
reinforce the assistance provided. 
The Croatian army offensive on former Sectors West (May 1995), North and South (August 
1995) triggered the massive movement of 200 000 refugees into northern Bosnia, most of 
whom subsequently proceeded into Serbia and Montenegro. More fighting in north-western 
Bosnia in September and early October sparked off further movements of population, as 
approximately 100 000 persons fled towards Banja Luka, making it necessary to commit a 
further ECU 15 million in relief assistance. 
10 
In the first weeks of August approximately 25 000 refugees from Velika Kladusa (Northern 
Bihac) fled to Croatia to seek refuge and were stopped in Kupljensko. They subsequently 
endured inhumane living conditions on account of harassment by the Croatian police, who 
were obstructing the delivery of vital supplies to the camp, as well as the unsuitable site of 
the camp itself. The Commission granted ECU 4.6 million for the refugees in the Kupljensko 
camp in September. 
The fighting in Bosnia-Herzegovina resulted not only in ever larger groups of population 
being moved and displaced, but also led to such movements occurring in increasingly 
distressing conditions, with mental and physical injuries being inflicted, in a climate of 
flagrant disregard for human rights. Vulnerable groups - the elderly, the disabled and children 
- were resettled in destroyed "newly liberated" cities taken during recent offensives and/or on 
the front line. Thousands of displaced or expelled civilians, isolated, lacked the most essential 
utilities and relief supplies. 
The practice of ethnic cleansing continued unabated. Brutal evictions of minorities from the 
Banja Luka region in northern Bosnia intensified from August onwards. 
From October on, substantial progress was nonetheless made in the search for a solution to 
the conflict. The upholding of the cease-fire agreement since mid-October, coupled with the 
restoration of utilities and access to Sarajevo, as well as the opening of land access to the 
enclave of Gorazde, led to optimism regarding the prospects of finally reducing the scope of 
the humanitarian tragedy. 
In November, the Commission decided to provide an additional ECU 110 million in relief 
assistance to cover the winter needs of the 3.6 million beneficiaries of humanitarian aid in the 
region. 
The signing of the peace agreement on 14 December in Paris gives grounds for hope that the 
humanitarian situation in Bosnia-Herzegovina will gradually improve. By the end of the year, 
the encouraging political and military developments had already had a positive impact. The 
end of the year was characterised both by greater access to humanitarian aid for victims and 
the prospect of greater freedom of movement for civilians and goods, together with the 
dismantling of internal checkpoints by the end of December. 
3.4 Africa, Caribbean and Pacific Countries 
In 1995 the Commission spent ECU 212 million on humanitarian aid for refugees, displaced 
persons, returnees and the most vulnerable groups of population in ACP countries. 
3.4.1 The region of the Great Lakes 
The situation in the region of the Great Lakes (Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zaire and 
Uganda) hardly improved in 1995 and was characterized by instability due to three factors: 
the presence of 1.7 million Rwandan refugees and over 200,000 Burundian refugees, which 
represent a heavy burden for the host countries and for the international community; the 
frequent incursions and acts of sabotage in western Rwanda perpetrated by armed Hutu bands 
11 
based in Zaire, and the increasingly confrontational stance of the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic 
populations. 
Faced with such large numbers of refugees, the regional approach developed by the 
Commission since the onset of the crisis in Rwanda in April 1994 was confirmed. In order 
to maximise coordination, speed and efficiency, the novel step was taken of designating 
UNHCR as lead agency, granting it ECU 118 million from April 1994 to date for 
humanitarian operations in favour of the refugees and returnees in the region, to finance both 
the operations of UNHCR itself and those of a number of NGOs. At the same time a joint 
ECHO/UNHCR Task Force was set up in order to organize practical initiatives to encourage 
the return of refugees to their country of origin. Thus, information programmes were launched 
for refugees, and justice and confidence-building measures were also supported. A further 
ECU 42.25 million for UNHCR to use in the region was granted by the Commission in 
November 1995. 
Within Rwanda, the Commission continued to support twenty or so NGOs working in the 
health field, providing care for unaccompanied children, support to vulnerable groups and 
basic rehabilitation. 
Through these activities, it proved possible to reopen health centres, pharmacies and hospitals 
throughout the country so as to ensure adequate health cover for the population. Supply of 
medical and sanitary products was mainly carried out by ECHO's partners. This assistance 
culminated in the reopening and reorganisation of the Rwandan Pharmaceutical Office 
(OPHAR). In addition, more than two hundred schools were restored and re-equipped making 
it possible to resume school education. 
Beyond supporting nutritional programmes for children and pregnant and nursing mothers, the 
Commission lent its support to the work of care centres for unaccompanied children as well 
as to the ICRC tracing programme aimed at reuniting families. 
In all its operations the Commission was careful to respect local salary levels and 
administrative requirements such as the need for NGOs to be registered with the government, 
and encouraged its partners to think in terms of the transfer of their activities to development 
organisations or local authorities by including training elements and making use of local staff. 
Some such programmes were indeed successfully transferred in this way in 1995. 
Lastly, the Commission supported the restoration of the judicial system as well as other 
confidence-building measures within the country. 
In Burundi the situation within the country worsened considerably during 1995. At the 
beginning of the year the Commission launched a global plan of assistance to displaced and 
dispersed persons to encourage them to return to the villages by re-establishing acceptable 
living conditions there. By funding ten or so NGOs, medical, nutritional and sanitary 
assistance was provided, as well as support for some small-scale housing and water supply 
rehabilitation programmes. Despite the caliber of the partners chosen to carry out these 
programmes, their activities were hindered by serious security problems, daily outbreaks of 
renewed violence, lack of protection for their staff and difficulties in reaching affected 
populations. Humanitarian work in Burundi became and remains very difficult. 
12 
Throughout the Great Lakes region the Commission has provided constant support for the 
international organisations and NGOs carrying out assistance programmes addressing the needs 
of the stricken populations. A specialist team based in the region regularly evaluated needs 
and monitored operations. 
A statistical overview of operations carried out in response to the Rwanda/Burundi crisis is 
provided in Annex S5. 
3.4.2 Angola 
In Angola the end of the civil war signalled by the signature of the peace agreement at 
Lusaka in November 1994 meant only a small reduction in the level of humanitarian 
assistance, from ECU 24 million in 1994 to ECU 17 million in 1995. Access to whole 
regions which had been inaccessible due to the war was restored. Funding was therefore 
channelled to these regions as a priority, and to the health sector in general. 
The peace process and the country's economic reconstruction cannot be expected to be 
anything but slow and fragile after twenty years of civil war. Mine clearance and the 
demobilisation of troops are specific obstacles to economic recovery. 
To meet the still pressing needs of the most vulnerable groups and to support and encourage 
the peace process, the Commission funded the programmes of twenty NGOs in 1995, covering 
all the accessible areas. Support for mine clearance is also provided to NGOs within the 
limited framework of their operational contracts, and significant assistance has been provided 
to war wounded. 
3.4.3 Sudan 
The civil war in Sudan which opposes the predominantly Islamic Government in the North 
and the animist/Christian South started in 1983. In addition, there is open warfare between 
factions in the South, whose loyalties are often divided along tribal lines. In spite of the 
official four-month cease-fire declared in April 1995, fighting actually intensified with 
disastrous consequences from the humanitarian standpoint as politics took priority over 
humanitarian concerns for all warring parties. NGOs were forced to evacuate sites for 
extended periods; compounds were looted; staff threatened and some even taken hostage. 
This situation culminated in a 13-day total flight ban in November-December on all 
humanitarian flights into South Sudan instigated by GOS while the SPLA gained ground 
around Juba. 
It is estimated that there are 4.25 million war-affected persons in Sudan, of which 3.6 million 
in South Sudan, 350 000 in the Transitional Zone and 300 000 in camps around Khartoum 
(out of a total of 1.2 million forced from their homes and living around Khartoum). A further 
200 000 Sudanese are refugees in transit and settlement camps in northern Uganda. 
In 1995 the Commission granted over ECU 20 million to humanitarian programmes in Sudan 
and to assist refugees in Uganda. Needless to say, it targeted its assistance in such a way as 
to avoid "feeding the war" while ensuring effective implementation of aid programmes. 
13 
Programmes in the North have focused on essential needs for the displaced around Khartoum, 
while in the South they have focused on three elements: household food security (fishing 
programmes, seed-barter shops, veterinary programmes, etc.) in order to counter food-aid 
dependency and food-aid diversion while creating a minimum of sustainability; primary health 
care coverage using low-value commodities; and basic relief (shelter, domestic items, water 
and sanitation, nutritional programmes, etc.) especially for the large number of displaced 
persons. 
3.4.4 Somalia 
March 1995 saw the final withdrawal of UN peacekeeping forces from Somalia, and with that 
the withdrawal of a large number of humanitarian organisations. Though the predicted 
intensification of the conflict did not occur, low-level fighting continued throughout the 
country, encouraged by massive unemployment, the removal of the dollar economy and 
increasingly limited access to food. Where the situation has stabilized, however, rehabilitation 
programmes have begun. In such areas a number of ECHO-funded programmes were taken 
over by DG VIII. 
In other regions, the 
Commission has continued to 
limit funding for Somalia to 
essential humanitarian 
programmes where effective 
implementation can be 
guaranteed. These 
programmes have focused on 
primary and specialist health 
care, supplementary feeding, 
water and sanitation, and food 
security. Partners have been 
careful to target only the most 
vulnerable groups and to use 
operating procedures which 
limit exposure to risk and the 
need for protection to the 
minimum. Nevertheless, 
threats, kidnappings and 
repeated forced evacuations 
have continued, and in 
November a staff member of 
Caritas was assassinated. 
The Commission continued to 
provide considerable support 
to efforts to control cholera 
and measles epidemics and 
funds to assist the victims of 
the armed conflict in the 
North West of the country. ECHO-FLIGHT 
1995 saw the continuation of the ECHO-Flight service to the Horn 
of Africa which was set up in May 1994 in order to fly essential 
cargo and passengers into areas where no other access is possible. 
The service is primarily at the disposal of NGOs working in 
humanitarian operations and is free of charge to them. There are 
eight aircraft currently involved in the operation, based in Nairobi, 
Entebbe, Djibouti, Mandera and Lokichoggio, and serving 
humanitarian operations in Somalia, Kenya, southern Sudan and 
Uganda. 
Although security conditions forced the suspension of flights to 
various destinations on a number of occasions during 1995, notably 
in Sudan, on other occasions ECHO-Flight proved to be an 
invaluable asset in carrying out emergency evacuations. 
As part of the ECHO-Flight network, the Commission also 
supported a Hercules C-130 from the Belgian Air Force, which, 
based in Lokichoggio, air-dropped essential food aid into South 
Sudan as well as transporting seeds, tools, logistical equipment and 
so on, mostly into Sudan but also, when necessary, into Somalia. 
In July 1995 the Sudanese Government banned the BAF C-130 
and, even after considerable pressure, this decision was not 
reversed. As the year came to a close, there was no heavy lift 
capacity in Lokichoggio, hampering the humanitarian operation 
and, as the hunger gap approached early in the new year, this 
situation risked threatening the effective implementation of aid. 
From May 1994 to the end of 1995, ECHO-Flight transported over 
50 000 passengers, airfreighted over 13 000 million tonnes and 
flew over 15 500 hours. In 1995 ECU 16 million went to fund 
ECHO-Flight operations, including the C-130. 
14 
3.4.5 Liberia 
In Liberia, despite the peace agreement concluded between the various warring factions in 
August, the overall political situation remained highly volatile. Nevertheless the peace 
accords permitted access to several regions which had been isolated for the last two or three 
years, enabling the Commission to fund the programmes of ten or so NGOs to provide 
medical care, food aid and dietary supplements, and sanitation. In addition, the Commission 
funded a number of small-scale schemes to control cholera outbreaks and two major 
immunization programmes to control a yellow fever epidemic in Buchanan and Monrovia. 
Besides initiatives in Liberia, the Commission provided support for a number of programmes 
to assist Liberian refugees (about 1 million) mainly settled in Guinea and Côte d'Ivoire. 
3.4.6 Sierra Leone 
In Sierra Leone relief efforts continued to be hindered by the climate of violence which 
prevails in the country as a result of the civil war. Numerous international organizations 
responded to the situation by repatriating their staff and keeping their aid programmes just 
ticking over. In such difficult circumstances, the Commission funded "strategic" programmes 
(in carefully targeted areas and sectors) so as to prevent further deterioration in the living 
conditions of both the displaced groups of population and those living in large towns who 
depend heavily on international assistance. 
3.4.7 Haiti 
Following the return to power of President Aristide in Haiti, the European Union expressed 
its desire to play an active role in the reconstruction of the country. An ambitious programme 
worth ECU 23 million for 1994/5 was immediately approved. It included over twenty 
projects spanning health care, food and water supply and water purification. 
3.5 Commonwealth of Independent States 
As was feared at the end of 1994, events in the Northern Caucasus region of the Russian 
Federation provoked a major humanitarian crisis in Chechnya and other surrounding 
Autonomous Republics. After an initial response of ECU 310 000 at the end of 1994, aid 
granted during 1995 to this region totalled ECU 26 million. A careful choice of partners, 
limited to those who could already demonstrate an ability to bring the necessary relief into 
the area and to distribute it fairly among all the needy groups of population, ensured the 
success of the programme, the emphasis of which shifted as the population moved and, in 
most cases, returned to their areas of origin. What began as assistance in the form of food, 
medicines and basic shelter for up to one million affected people, developed into a carefully 
targeted programme of medical supplies for the entire population, food for vulnerable groups 
and the restoration of shelter, sanitation and water supplies. 
15 
The sums allocated to the Northern Caucasus meant less aid elsewhere in the CIS, but the 
Southern Caucasus - Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia - continued to benefit from a high 
level of support, receiving aid totalling over ECU 80 million as compared to ECU 55 million 
in 1994. Distribution was made marginally easier by the continued, if uneasy, peace within 
and between the three countries, but the basic humanitarian problems remained as daunting 
as ever. In addition to normal humanitarian aid (food, medicine, relief items and shelter), the 
problem of energy supplies was tackled, with heavy fuel and gas supplied to Armenia and 
Georgia and specially targeted supplies to vulnerable groups and social centres in all three 
countries. 
The three Southern Caucasus countries were once more the recipients of a special food aid 
programme, as did Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, although special assistance was no longer 
required for Moldova. This programme totalled ECU 197 million, as against ECU 204 million 
in 1994, with ECHO participation at the same level in both years at ECU 35 million. 
Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan both received extra humanitarian assistance from the Commission, 
largely medical. Unfortunately, other claims left no room to continue aid to Belarus and 
Ukraine, although these countries did continue to benefit from two multi-country programmes 
covering the CIS. 
The multi-country programmes continued to address the aftermath of the Chernobyl disaster, 
affecting Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine, and to fund a large scale 
immunization campaign. Aid in the wake of Chernobyl consisted mainly in continued support 
for ongoing activities providing consumables for equipment already delivered, ongoing 
monitoring programmes and the supply of additional specialist equipment. 
In 1995 the focus of the 1994 immunization programme against common childhood illnesses 
shifted to the fight against diphtheria, some 200 000 cases of which were recorded in 1994, 
and was threatening to extend westwards into the European Union. Again a global programme 
was drawn up by UNICEF, IFRC and WHO with responsibility for activities in specific 
countries allocated to the first two organisations. The Commission has undertaken to continue 
playing a prominent role in what should be a three year campaign to control and eradicate this 
and other epidemics. 
3.6 Eastern Europe 
Leaving aside former Yugoslavia, humanitarian assistance in Eastern Europe was limited to 
providing ECU 1.2 million for Albania, supplementing other Commission-funded aid; 
including the three Baltic States in the overall campaign against diphtheria; and providing 
ECU 0.5 million for Romania to deliver food and medical aid to hospitals and other 
institutions. 
16 
3.7 Asia 
If the man-made humanitarian crises in Afghanistan and Iraq continued to dominate the 
Commission's humanitarian activities in Asia, 1995 was also a year of natural disasters in the 
continent, particularly floods. 
In Afghanistan, the Commission continued to provide assistance to refugees and internally 
displaced populations, dovetailing with its other activities. Outbreaks of fighting in various 
parts of the country continued to make the delivery of humanitarian aid a complex and 
dangerous task. As in 1994, the emphasis was on providing medical and sanitation assistance 
with a view to ensuring minimum levels of health care and preventing the worst epidemics. 
Assistance provided by ECHO in 1995 stood at similar levels as in 1994 (around ECU 12.5 
million). 
In Iraq, the Commission continued to be among the largest providers of assistance with 
ECU 24.9 million — a slightly higher total than in 1994. However, emphasis in the 
programme for the country shifted as it became ever clearer that humanitarian needs in the 
areas under central government control are rapidly equalling those of both the North and the 
Southern marshes. In the North, food aid for targeted groups remained essential and 
rehabilitation of social, medical and water facilities was undertaken, together with a continued 
programme aimed at restoring local agricultural production in close collaboration with the 
ODA. 
Such is the number of mines laid in the area, running into several millions, that mine 
clearance programmes could be continued virtually forever, and support has continued for the 
provision of artificial limbs for a still large number of victims. The current mine clearance 
programme is being undertaken jointly with the UK. Food and medical assistance continued 
to be given to Iraqi refugees in Iran who fled the southern marshes region and assistance was 
further expanded in areas under central government control, but again under strictly monitored 
conditions. From over 90% of aid disbursed in the North some two years previously, only 
ECU 17.3 million - slightly under 70% of the total - was allocated to that region in 1995. 
Natural disasters called for assistance to Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos and Pakistan, and twice 
to Bangladesh and the Philippines. Refugees from Bhutan, Myanmar and Tibet received 
assistance administered in Nepal, Thailand and India. For the first time, responding to 
appeals from a number of partners, emergency aid was provided to North Korea following 
exceptional floods in many provinces. 
The fighting in Sri Lanka, which had already necessitated assistance in 1994, was the subject 
of two Commission decisions in mid 1995. However, violence broke out again later in the 
year requiring an additional decision to assist those forced to flee the northern city of Jaffna. 
At the end of the year the threat of a major man-made humanitarian disaster in the northern 
part of the island could not be ruled out. 
17 
3.8 Middle East and North Africa 
The Commission continued to provide humanitarian assistance under its overall programme 
for the Autonomous and Occupied Palestinian Territories with a 1995 contribution of 
ECU 5.3 million. Aid went to supplying urgently needed equipment and training in private 
and public hospitals inherited by the Palestinian authorities, and followed on from similar 
initiatives in 1994. Palestinian refugees in camps in Lebanon received medical aid worth 
ECU 1.3 million, while the displaced and most vulnerable Lebanese populations received 
ECU 0.6 million in food aid. 
In North Africa, in response to the exacerbation of civil strife in Algeria, humanitarian 
support in the form of food aid for the Sahrawi refugees was stepped up, to a total of 
ECU 4.5 million. Medical and logistical aid was also supplied to the tune of 
ECU 0.5 million. 
The Commission also provided assistance following an earthquake in Turkey, and, together 
with other donors, made a small contribution to Yemen towards an immunization campaign 
and to assist with the aftermath of civil war. 
Note that operations in Lebanon and for the Sahrawi refugees were preceded by specific 
needs-evaluation missions undertaken with Commission funding, and by consultation with the 
EU Member States directly interested in helping these populations. 
3.9 Latin America 
While the principal recipient of humanitarian aid in this region continued to be Cuba, there 
was nevertheless an overall increase in ECHO activities both in the aftermath of earlier civil 
wars and in response to natural disasters in Central America.. 
In view of the worsening crisis affecting the health system and the provision of basic health 
services to the population, aid to Cuba was slightly higher in 1995 than in 1994, reaching a 
total of ECU 15 million, and provided essential medical and sanitary supplies, food for 
hospitals and purification products to avoid epidemics. The programme is being carried out 
by a number of European NGOs with full responsibility for the proper implementation of the 
programme down to beneficiary level. 
The aftermath of conflicts, and in particular the weakening of the health system, necessitated 
aid for Mexico and Nicaragua, while conflict between Ecuador and Peru affected the 
population of both countries. It should be noted that medical assistance provided through 
NGOs to the civilian population affected by the uprising in Mexico contributed to stabilizing 
the situation, which was seen as a precondition to successful peace negotiations. 
In Guatemala the Commission funded a general aid programme for returnees and internally 
displaced persons, closely coordinated with its other development activities. 
Natural disasters required assistance to Bolivia, which suffered from both drought and floods; 
and to Colombia and El Salvador. 
4 Horizontal Activities 
4.1 Information and Visibility 
Humanitarian aid is one of the success stories of the EU in the past three years, in terms of 
both its magnitude and the diversity of theatres of operation. It is therefore natural that the 
Commission should want to emulate its partners in providing information and publicizing its 
activities on behalf of the Union both in the Member States and in recipient countries. Indeed, 
the impact of humanitarian activities often depends on how visible they are. 
No doubt, visibility is primarily the result of immediate response in an emergency, using 
effective NGOs or international relief agencies as partners. But it is equally true that raising 
awareness of a crisis and informing the public on the way available resources are managed 
are also essential elements in humanitarian assistance. 
The Commission spends a very small proportion of its budget on visibility compared with the 
organisations it finances. The latter have a further advantage in that, as operators in the field, 
they naturally often get all the credit for an operation. In 1995, only approximately 
ECU 1.5 million was spent on visibility measures, whence the need for the Commission to 
work closely with its partners to obtain a profile commensurate with its contribution. 
The strategy pursued has four main components: the media, publications and audio-visuals, 
joint activities together with NGOs and international organisations, and joint activities with 
Member States. 
To target the media, this year again a press release was issued for every allocation of aid: 
over 150 went out during the year. Material also started to be regularly made available on 
INTERNET (see section 2.2). Thirdly, facility visits for journalists to theatres of operation 
were organised. This resulted in good coverage both in the press and on television. Some such 
visits were arranged on the initiative of NGOs and UN agencies. 
The media operation is backed up by a number of publications and audio-visuals. 
Publications currently comprise: 
(a) This 'Annual Report', distributed widely inside and outside the EU; 
(b) 'ECHO News' - a quarterly newsletter in French and English, mainly aimed at a more 
limited audience within the European Union; 
(c) 'ECHO Files ' - comprehensive background briefings on particular humanitarian crises, 
eg. Rwanda, Somalia, Haiti; 
(d) An 'ECHO Calendar'; 
(e) Various brochures explaining how the Commission operates through ECHO and 
describing some of its major operations, for example in former Yugoslavia. 
19 
The audio-visual aspect relies on videos explaining the role of ECHO and giving the profile 
of the organisations and aid workers it finances, plus television news clips and a documentary. 
The Framework Partnership Agreement with NGOs and International Organisations (see 
section 2.1) requires them to give visibility to the EU as the donor. This is done largely 
through stickers and other ECHO distinctives being affixed to the material that is distributed 
in the field, and is now by and large standard practice. 
However, the concept of visibility should go beyond mere stickers. In the past two years 
ECHO has been encouraging its partners to include it in their media projection just as ECHO 
does in its own. During the past year many NGOs have given extensive coverage to ECHO-
financed operations in their own publications, which have a circulation that runs into tens of 
thousands. ECHO has now published brochures for general distribution jointly with the French 
and Spanish NGOs. Similar publications with the German and Italian NGOs are planned for 
next year. 
To promote cooperation with the Member States, in view of the success of the 
Humanitarian Day in Berlin during the German presidency in 1994, this was repeated in Paris 
during the French presidency, while in Madrid, during the Spanish presidency, a 
"Humanitarian Summit" was organised (see next section). In both instances this was done in 
close collaboration with national authorities and NGOs. In Paris it included a two-day "green 
line" phone-in operation and a two-week exhibition at the Arche de la Défense. 
4.2 "Humanitarian Summit" in Madrid 
On the initiative of Commissioner Emma Bonino, a meeting was arranged in Madrid on 
14 December, with the purpose of highlighting issues of humanitarian concern common to 
donors and humanitarian agencies alike. The meeting brought together - for the first time ever 
- the EU and US, together with UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP and DHA, the Red Cross, and 
representatives of Médecins sans frontières and of EU and US NGOs. The event, which all 
participants rated a success, culminated in the adoption of an action-oriented paper setting out 
a new humanitarian agenda, termed the "Madrid Declaration". The Declaration, which draws 
attention to the limits of humanitarian aid and the need to address the root causes of crises 
promptly and effectively, is attached as Annex 1. 
Although unable to be present personally, Mrs Hillary Clinton, the wife of the US President, 
underlined her support for the event through a video which was shown at the meeting. The 
prominence of the event was also enhanced by a message of support from Pope John-Paul II, 
and by the active patronage of Queen Sofia and the interest taken by Prime Minister Felipe 
Gonzalez of Spain in his capacity as President of the European Council. 
20 
4.3 Coordination/cooperation 
4.3.1 Inter-service coordination 
The value of individual humanitarian operations is not only determined by their intrinsic 
qualities but also by the place they occupy within a global analytical framework covering all 
the political, humanitarian and developmental aspects of a given crisis. This being so, the 
Commission is careful to coordinate its humanitarian activities closely with those it undertakes 
in other fields. Such coordination covers all stages from design to implementation. In view 
of the need to further expand the conceptual basis, however, the debate on how to link relief 
and development (see section 3.2) took a broader look at some of the issues. 
4.3.1.1 Refugees, internally displaced persons and returnees 
As mentioned in the Annual Report for 1994, ECHO has been at the forefront of efforts to 
set up a permanent inter-service group (PISG) on refugees, internally displaced persons and 
returnees in third countries, as a forum to coordinate the Commission's policy in respect of 
these groups of people. The group is also responsible for preparing the Commission's position 
in high-level discussions with UNHCR (see below, section 4.3.5.1). 
In 1995 the working of this group was consolidated. The inter-service clearance procedure has 
proven to work well both as a stimulus to internal coordination and on the rare occasions 
when, for one reason or another, a proposal had to be revised. 
The PISG has its own internal database which records all programmes related to refugees 
carried out by this or that department, and supports the production of a wide range of 
statistics. The database has logged all Commission activity since 1st January 1995. The first 
statistical report will be available early in 1996, and will be updated regularly. 
4.3.1.2 Other inter-service groups 
In order to increase the impact of the ECHO disaster-preparedness programme, and to avoid 
any risk of duplication between Commission departments, an Inter-Service Group for Disaster 
Preparedness was created. This met on average once every two months to discuss relevant 
issues and opportunities for further programme development. 
ECHO also participates in the permanent inter-service groups on Human Rights chaired by 
DG 1A, and on immigration and asylum chaired by the Secretariat General. In the Human 
Rights context, it was involved in the preparation of the Commission's communication to the 
Council and Parliament on the external aspects of human rights policy. 
4.3.1.3 External relations coordination 
With a new Commission taking office as of January 1995, the Commission's external relations 
departments were reorganized, both at Commissioner and at departmental level. The four 
Directorates-General geographically responsible for external relations (DGs I, I A, IB and 
21 
VIII), together with ECHO and with the Directorate-General for Economic and Financial 
Affairs (DG II) now meet regularly within coordination structures known as "Relex" 
coordination. This consultation mirrors the Relex group of Commissioners which also meets 
regularly to discuss issues of common concern. 
4.3.2 Member States 
Discussions with Member States during 1995 focused heavily on the Commission's draft 
proposal for a Council Regulation on humanitarian aid, as discussed above (see section 1.1). 
In addition to this, working relations with the Member States were maintained informally in 
crisis situations on the ground and in consultations in various international fora, particularly 
within the United Nations system, where the world's donor community discussed aid 
programmes. 
More specifically within the Union's own institutional framework, the regular Quarterly 
Meetings, which bring together Member State Directors of humanitarian aid and the 
Commission, continued their useful function as a discussion forum. Particularly exemplary in 
this respect was the meeting in early November which examined in detail the Commission's 
pending decisions for new humanitarian aid packages for former Yugoslavia and the region 
of the Great Lakes in East Africa. An initial discussion paper on linking relief, rehabilitation 
and development was also examined at this meeting (see section 3.2). 
Bilateral contacts and cooperation with individual Member States were pursued in various 
forms and fora both officially and on a more informal basis, making an important contribution 
to constructive dialogue. 
It is worth mentioning that clear support for ECHO's operations was expressed by the 
Members States at the meeting of April 1995. On that occasion, most countries argued against 
cuts in humanitarian aid despite current budgetary constraints. They also called for greater 
Commission involvement in rehabilitation programmes and for a gradual switch from 
straightforward humanitarian aid to "sustainable programmes". 
The enlargement of the Union on 1st January 1995 to include Austria, Finland and Sweden 
brought with it an unarguable enrichment of the context in which ECHO carries out its work. 
As neutral countries with a long tradition of humanitarian concern, they have taken a keen 
interest in ECHO's work from the outset. 
4.3.3 European Parliament 
1995 was a year of intense parliamentary activity on themes directly or indirectly related to 
humanitarian aid. 
The discussions on the proposal for a Council Regulation on humanitarian aid have already 
been mentioned (see section 1.1). It is in this context and on the occasion of one of its 
ordinary meetings that the parliamentary Committee on Development convened a meeting on 
17 October bringing together Ms Bonino, the Community's partners involved in humanitarian 
22 
work (NGOs and international agencies) and representatives of the Member States. The 
meeting indicated that the proposal as put forward by the Commission enjoyed the support 
of both the parliamentary commission and the Community's partners. 
In addition, the committee monitored closely developments in the countries concerned and in 
their relief needs. In particular, the situation in the region of the Great Lakes in East Africa 
featured regularly on its agenda. 
The Committee on Foreign Affairs focused its attention on former Yugoslavia and the war 
in Chechnya. 
Besides ordinary parliamentary work, written and oral questions, resolutions, initiatives and 
reports, a number of significant events were organized within Parliament, namely the public 
hearings on anti-personnel mines on 21 and 22 March; on "50 years of United Nations: the 
humanitarian challenge" on 22 and 23 May and on "Evaluation, impact and perspectives of 
the human rights clause" on 20 and 21 November. The hearings have been a constant 
reminder of the keen interest shown by the European Parliament in all aspects of humanitarian 
work, cooperation and development, and observance of human rights. 
Meanwhile the European Forum for Active Conflict Prevention (FEPAC) continued to meet 
once a month in Strasburg to discuss topical matters in the presence of prominent personalities 
directly involved in its work. The forum enables views to be exchanged in a lively 
atmosphere and bears witness to the fact that however difficult dialogue might be, it is never 
impossible. 
Under the auspices of the ACP-EU Joint Assembly, a Refugee Working Group was 
established in 1994 (rapporteur the Hon. Mr. Vecchi, MEP). At the first meeting it was agreed 
that ECHO should attend future sessions, two of which were held in 1995. ECHO has taken 
an active part in discussions within this forum, which has shown a keen interest in the 
development of the Permanent Inter-service Group for Assistance Towards Refugees, 
Internally Displaced Persons and Returnees (PISG) (see section 4.3.1.1). 
4.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations 
During 1995, about half of humanitarian aid funds administeried by ECHO were committed 
for operations carried out by non-governmental organisations (NGOs). This represents an 
increase even on the figures for preceding years, and underlines yet again the Commission's 
commitment to the partnership principle for its humanitarian operations and in particular the 
prominent role of NGOs in that partnership: they were involved in virtually every one of the 
almost sixty countries in which humanitarian assistance was funded. 
ECHO has continued throughout the year to seek opportunities for, and devote time to, 
dialogue with various groupings of partner NGOs in a number of Member States. This has 
been a valuable investment in that it has allowed all parties to keep up to date with trends in 
humanitarian affairs and to tackle problems, clear up any misunderstandings and familiarise 
each other with the constraints under which each has to work. 
23 
While giving scope for joint review of policy issues pertinent to humanitarian work, these 
organised contacts proved particularly fruitful as a way of looking at the many practical issues 
involved in managing humanitarian operations. As time goes by, it is clear too that 
increasingly close working relationships are developing between NGOs and ECHO desk 
officers and field correspondents. 
4.3.5 United Nations 
Where humanitarian assistance is concerned, the Commission's stake in the UN system 
remained very important in 1995, although figures were down compared to the previous year. 
Of the total of ECU 494 million committed by the end of the year, 17% was channelled 
through UN agencies (as compared to a final figure of 32% in 1994). This figure breaks down 
as follows: 
UNHCR ECU 46.9 million 9.5% 
WFP ECU 29.2 million 5.9% 
UNICEF ECU 4.7 million 0.9% 
DHA ECU 0.55 million 0.1% 
UNRWA ECU 0.14 million 0.0% 
Others ECU 1.45 million 0.3% 
ECHO also contributed to the publication of a brochure on relations between the European 
Union and the United Nations to mark the latter's 50th anniversary. 
4.3.5.1 Office of the High Commissioner for refugees (UNHCR) 
UNHCR is by far the Commission's most important single operational partner in delivering 
humanitarian assistance, and the converse is also true (in 1994, the Commission financed an 
estimated 22% of UNHCR's budget, of which the lion's share came from ECHO). 
Indeed, support to UNHCR in 1995 went beyond simple financing of operations to encompass 
wide-ranging policy discussions and coordination initiatives, exemplified by the case of 
Rwanda/Burundi (see section ?). 
This symbiotic relationship has found expression in the establishment of a high-level group 
which met for the second time in May 1995. All relevant Commission and UNHCR 
departments take part in this structured dialogue, which is chaired by ECHO. 
Not limited to this context, constant dialogue and policy discussions with UNHCR at all levels 
and in various fora led to the development of targeted strategies and a good deal of 
convergence in the analysis of needs and priorities. 
In summary, as far as the operations funded by the Commission are concerned, UNHCR has 
proven to be an efficient implementing agency and relations between the two are good, to 
such an extent that it could be said that their relationship has been and is a major contributory 
factor to a more efficient international humanitarian relief effort. 
24 
4.3.5.2 DHA (Department of Humanitarian Affairs) 
The Commission has continued to follow with interest DHA's efforts to become an effective 
coordinating instrument within the overall UN humanitarian system. Some recent discussions 
in the revitalised Inter-Agency Steering Committee hold out the hope of specific progress 
with respect to issues such as internally displaced persons and the use of military and civil 
defence assets in humanitarian operations (MCDA). 
Relations with DHA have been good, concentrating specifically on the MCDA project and 
discussions over the development of the RcliefWeb concept. Work has also proceeded on the 
1DNDR project supported in 1994 (see section 4.5). Training and standing procedures for air 
operations were supported under the MCDA project in 1995, followed by additional support, 
agreed upon towards the end of the year, for the development of a register of assets. ECHO 
has participated in and closely monitored work in the MCDA steering committee. 
Another area of cooperation with DHA has been in the context of the so-called Escrow 
account, a facility set up by the US government which enables DHA to carry out 
humanitarian assistance operations in Iraq by providing it with counterpart funds released from 
frozen Iraqi assets, equivalent to the pledges of other donors. 
4.3.5.3 World Food Programme (WFP) 
In 1995, WFP was once again a very important operational partner in delivering the 
Commission's humanitarian assistance. The operational problems highlighted in 1994, 
however, have not been solved. Specific failings have been highlighted in external 
evaluations commissioned by ECHO, notably in Tajikistan. 
WFP's structure has been slow in adapting itself to the requirements of handling emergency 
aid, a fact which has been observed also by many other donors and by WFP's own external 
audits. On the other hand, the organization has considerable strengths when it comes to 
delivering large-scale food aid, e.g. in Rwanda/Burundi. 
WFP signed a Framework Partnership Agreement with the Commission in May 1995, and 
high-level contacts were pursued throughout the year with a view to ironing out some of the 
operational difficulties, not without some progress. 
4.3.5.4 United Nations Children's Fund (Unicef) 
A smaller but still significant partner. Contacts with Unicef were also frequent throughout 
the year. Relations are set to develop following the signing of a Framework Partnership 
Agreement between the two parties on 29 June 1995. Unicef s Executive Director, 
Mrs Bellamy, came to Brussels for the occasion, and this provided the opportunity for a 
fruitful exchange of views between herself and Ms Bonino. 
25 
4.3.6 United States 
Good relations with the US in the field of humanitarian assistance are a natural priority for 
the Commission in view of the fact that the EU, its Member States, and the US together 
accounted for some 86% of all official humanitarian aid in 1994. Links already established 
in 1994 were strengthened in 1995. 
Alongside regular exchanges of information and contacts at working level, dialogue on matters 
of mutual interest in the humanitarian field was pursued through high-level consultations 
between the Commission and the Americans. On 24 and 25 May Ms Bonino had very fruitful 
meetings in Washington with Mrs Clinton, US politicians and high-ranking officials from the 
State Department and from the Agency for International Development (USAID). A further 
high level meeting between the Commission and USAID was arranged on 21-22 September 
in Brussels, in which ECHO took an active part. On this occasion, agreement was reached to 
cooperate on a number of joint concerns. 
Partly as a result, humanitarian aid and related issues were also identified as one of the 
priority areas for closer overall relations between the EU and the US in the context of 
transatlantic dialogue. This was expressed in the drawing up of a Joint EU-US Action Plan, 
which was released at the EU-US Summit of 3 December. The Plan covers many specific 
humanitarian concerns, including peace and reconstruction in former Yugoslavia and the 
Middle East, preventive diplomacy, development assistance, human rights, democracy, asylum 
and refugee issues, nuclear safety and health. The Plan also foresees the setting-up of a High-
Level Consultative Group on Development Co-operation and Humanitarian Assistance with 
a wide mandate, including all of the areas identified at the meetings with USAID in 
September (see Annex 3). 
To improve the exchange of information, the Commission continues to work together with 
the US in attempting to set up a global financial tracking system for humanitarian aid. 
Problems with collecting data from the various US departments responsible for humanitarian 
aid which would be comparable with Commission statistics mean, however, that the picture 
is still very incomplete. 
4.3.7 Other third countries and international and regional organisations 
4.3. 7.1 Other third countries 
Following contacts in 1994 when membership of the Union was under consideration, the 
Commission has maintained a working relationship with aid authorities in Norway, 
traditionally a country with significant involvement in humanitarian issues. 
Preliminary contacts were also pursued with Canada during the year and are likely to be 
intensified in 1996. 
26 
4.3.7.2 Red Cross 
An important partner of ECHO's is of course the Red Cross, guardian of the Geneva 
Conventions of 1949. Close working relationships were was maintained and even intensified 
in 1995, both with the International Committee (ICRC), the International Federation of 
Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) and national Red Cross Societies. Regular 
planning and policy meetings with these two partners have been organized so as to capitalize 
on their expertise in complex humanitarian situations. 
During 1995 the Commission contributed ECU 40.4 million towards ICRC activities to protect 
prisoners and their basic rights, trace family members and missing persons, and implement 
numerous medical and first aid programmes, most notably in Rwanda and Burundi. 
Through its liaison office in Brussels, in 1995 the IFRC was able to reinforce coordination 
between national Red Cross societies involved in ECHO operations, and remained an 
important operational partner in its own right. 
4.4 Evaluation 
The year was marked by growing interest on the part of the Member States and of ECHO's 
partners in the evaluation of humanitarian aid operations and its methodology. This coincided 
with the Commission's resolve to evaluate its activities in all fields under the "Sound and 
Efficient Management 2000" initiative launched by the new Commission. 
ECHO has been among the first in responding to the challenge of evaluation, while bearing 
in mind the very specific nature of its own work. Good progress was made in 1995 both in 
finalizing an updated methodology which would fit in with ECHO's needs and its own modus 
operandi as well as those of its partners, and increasing the overall number of evaluations 
carried out. With the publication of a methodological manual containing practical and 
systematic guidelines for evaluating humanitarian aid, the first phase is now over. This 
handbook will not only serve the needs of the Commission, but also those of its partners and 
indeed of all those involved in humanitarian work. 
The Commission continued to evaluate operations funded by the EU and implemented by 
NGOs or UN agencies. Accordingly, operations carried out by 46 NGOs and by 5 UN 
agencies were evaluated in the course of the year. The evaluations covered all types of 
programmes and all theatres of operation. 
Having developed its own evaluation methods, the Commission has acquired sufficient 
experience to evaluate its own programmes, and in particular those in Southern Caucasus and 
Iraq. Evaluation has enabled the Commission to obtain first-hand information on the socio­
economic situation and on the impact of its work in each sector (medical, food aid, etc.) with 
a view to improving the targeting of its activities in those regions. 
For instance, the evaluation of an immunization campaign in Southern Caucasus, Ukraine, 
Russia and Belarus carried out by different partners has enabled the Commission to identify 
the pros and cons of the various methods. In addition, in 1995 the Commission for the first 
27 
time evaluated 12 disaster-preparedness operations in Africa, Latin America and Southern 
Asia. 
Besides looking closely at the effectiveness of relief operations, the Commission has carefully 
monitored the impact of its initiatives, in particular on health indicators, the local market, the 
environment and on local institutional capacities throughout its evaluation effort, and has 
considered the need for continued funding of relief operations in the region. 
Despite the large number of evaluations carried out, it is too early to draw meaningful 
conclusions at this stage, since humanitarian operations differ widely reflecting as they do the 
complex and very specific situations in which they are carried out. The Commission sees to 
it that evaluation results are extensively discussed with its partners. Generally speaking, it 
could be said that a sound partnership is being built since the role of evaluation is well 
understood and its findings are an effective way of obtaining better results. 
4.5 Disaster Preparedness 
ECHO's Disaster Preparedness Programme, begun in 1994, was consolidated in 1995 and 
received increasing attention from international organizations and NGOs active in both 
emergency and development programmes. The budget reserved for disaster-preparedness 
activities in 1995 amounted to ECU 4.2 million. 
ECHO started supporting 27 Preparedness and Prevention projects in Africa, Asia, Latin 
America and the NIS in 1995, and continued funding 6 projects which were launched in 1994. 
A list of the projects is attached at Annex 2. 
In addition to the three key elements of the Programme, namely: 
• the development of human resources, 
• the strengthening of institutional capacities, and 
• the implementation of community-based, low-cost technology projects for 
preparedness and prevention, 
projects favoured in the selection process met several of the following criteria: 
• implementation in countries ranked unfavourably in the Human Development 
Index; 
• focus on the needs of the most vulnerable groups; 
• complementarity to national development programmes and relief operations; 
• sustainability over the long term, and environmental soundness; 
• community participation/management, strengthening of local capacities, and 
emphasis on the involvement of women. 
Besides supporting field operations, ECHO also contributed to the development of 
international policies and awareness raising on the subject of prevention and preparedness. In 
this context, a meeting of experts on "The Environmental Impact of Displaced Populations" 
28 
was organized in Brussels on 23-24 September 1995. Recommendations and technical papers, 
presented during the workshop, are currently being prepared for publication and dissemination. 
As stated above (see section 4.4), by the end of 1995 evaluations of most of the operational 
projects had been conducted. Most of the evaluations have shown very positive results, despite 
modest financial support and often a small geographical impact area. Evaluators have praised 
the projects' cost-efficiency, their being rooted in local resources and their effective potential 
in preventing or mitigating disaster. 
The Commission's activities in the field of disaster preparedness take full account of the 
recommendations of the Yokohama Plan of Action agreed upon in the context of the UN 
International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR), in support of which it has 
played and continues to play an active role. 
The challenge for the future will be to further consolidate and develop the experience gained 
in 1995. A particular challenge in 1996 will be to develop further some specific elements of 
the Disaster-Preparedness Programme, including the Preparedness Technical Advisory 
Committee (PREP-TAG) as an expert group to give advice on the Programme, and the 
regionally-based Focal Centres which will be set up to allow ECHO to implement training 
programmes directly at a regional level. 
As part of its mandate to coordinate Commission policies in the field of disaster-preparedness 
outside the territory of the EU, since March 1995 ECHO has been chairing an ad hoc inter-
service group with the aim of addressing off-site nuclear emergency preparedness in Central 
and Eastern Europe. 
Following a successful meeting with prospective beneficiary countries in August, a major 
needs assessment study was commissioned in September. This study,due to be completed by 
January 1996, has the twin objectives of determining the current state of off-site preparedness 
in the partner countries and of identifying areas where assistance is needed to bring these 
arrangements to an adequate level. Following analysis of the results, a coherent multiannual 
programme aimed at improving local preparedness systems will be developed. 
Lastly, 1995 saw the further consolidation of the NOHA Diploma launched by ECHO 
together with DG XXII at the end of 1993 with the aim of upgrading the qualifications of 
humanitarian staff. Additional information on this can be found in Annex 4. 
5 Prospects for 1996 and beyond 
5.1 Foreseeable needs in 1996 
No crystal ball is necessary to predict that instability, with its heavy toll of human suffering, 
will continue to haunt several regions of the world in 1996 and beyond. 
Humanitarian assistance in former Yugoslavia has acquired a dimension never yet known in 
Europe. The international relief aid on which millions of people have had to depend during 
29 
more than four years of fighting has become a constant of daily life for the population of this 
stricken zone. 
The enormous material and psychological damage inflicted by the conflict means that the 
population is highly vulnerable and will remain so for a long while. Moving back to normality 
will necessitate continued external support, with humanitarian assistance remaining high on 
the agenda in the short term, while needing to be conceived so as to reduce aid dependency 
and allow reconstruction to take over. 
The Commission's support for humanitarian agencies, notably the UNHCR as the lead agency 
for repatriation and resettlement questions, and the ICRC as regards protection, therefore 
remains crucial. At the same time, aid will need to be evaluated and re-examined on a 
permanent basis to respond to changing needs. 
Aware of the importance of the return and resettlement of displaced persons and refugees to 
the success of the overall peace process, the Commission will be increasing its humanitarian 
presence on the ground so as to monitor the situation and develop appropriate responses on 
a permanent basis. The granting of aid will continue to be guided by considerations only of 
needs, regardless of ethnicity, religion or political persuasion of the recipients. It may be 
hoped that this even-handed approach will in itself encourage some measure of conciliation 
between the communities. 
With the continuing Rwandan refugee crisis and the deterioration of the situation in Burundi, 
an EU humanitarian presence will remain indispensable in Africa, especially in the region of 
the Great Lakes, but also in Sudan, Somalia, Liberia and Sierra Leone as well as Angola. 
Short of any clear signs of stabilisation, humanitarian needs are likely to persist in northern 
Iraq and in Afghanistan as well as in parts of South-East Asia and of the CIS, especially 
the Caucasus. In each of these regions, ECHO is unlikely to be able to phase out its 
intervention in the short term. 
Building on results to date, the Commission has also identified disaster preparedness and 
prevention as a special priority for ECHO's work in 1996. Well-chosen activities in this field 
have proven their effectiveness and value many times over. 
ECHO will also continue to liaise closely with other Commission departments and relevant 
outside bodies to ensure that humanitarian concerns are addressed in a timely and effective 
fashion. This includes contributing to discussions aimed at establishing links between relief 
and development and making sure that integrated Commission strategies vis-à-vis third 
countries take sufficiently into account the risk of disasters and the need to act to prevent 
them, as well as to be ready when disaster does strike. 
5.2 Conclusions and future strategy 
It is evident that ECHO operates in an environment where speed of response and efficiency 
are of the essence. Its activities enjoy ever-increasing visibility and widespread support 
amongst the general public. It has become a leading partner for the major international 
organisations dealing with humanitarian relief and the many NGOs representing the 
30 
commitment and concern of ordinary citizens faced with enormous humanitarian needs. It has 
acted as a powerful force to draw the attention of the EU and the international community to 
the need for political solutions to crises and for genuine preventive strategy. It has fostered 
the conditions necessary for moves towards peace in more than one troubled region of the 
world. It has helped towards the affirmation of a new but precarious solidarity of the rich 
world towards the victims of disasters. It has contributed substantially towards more effective 
coordination of international humanitarian efforts. 
ECHO's work is about people. People in need, who have nowhere else to turn. It is a task and 
a commitment which does the European Union credit and gains it enormous sympathy. 
In presenting its proposal for a new Regulation on humanitarian aid, the Commission has 
asserted its belief that ECHO has to carry out its work with neutrality and impartiality, guided 
only by the needs of victims of humanitarian emergencies. This vision was recently endorsed 
by the world's major humanitarian actors as they met in Madrid on 14 December. In adopting 
their common position on the Commission's proposal for a legal basis, the Member States 
have also affirmed that they share that vision and wish to be an active party in translating it 
into action. 
In this spirit, the Commission intends to continue fostering its relations with the US and 
bringing issues connected with the UN and other humanitarian partners into focus so as to 
develop this model of cooperation further. There is a need for relations to be built up with 
countries which already share or are desirous of sharing in the international humanitarian 
relief effort and, of course, are in a position to do so. 
1996 will also see the opening of the Inter-Governmental Conference (IGC) intended to 
review the functioning of the Maastricht Treaty and prepare the necessary treaty changes, 
notably, to allow the Union to continue to function effectively after enlargement. The future 
development of the Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy, which has not, it is 
generally agreed, worked well so far, will be one of the major challenges. In this context, it 
should be underlined that humanitarian assistance is neither an element of foreign policy nor 
an instrument of conflict resolution, since it treats the symptoms, not the cause. This is the 
principle which has guided the Commission's work through ECHO in the past and which it 
is crucial to uphold. 
However, the crisis situations in which ECHO is called upon to provide assistance highlight 
the need to strengthen the Union's capacity to act in the political arena, and especially, where 
foreign relations are involved, when conflict prevention and conflict resolution issues are at 
stake. As the Madrid Declaration underlined, recognition of the fact that humanitarian 
assistance does not have the wherewithal to address these issues must lead to the 
determination to use the political tools which are available. In the case of the European Union 
this also means reviewing the Treaty in such a way as to give the Union sufficient power to 
act - in defence of its own interests, and in defence of the defenceless. To do so is a matter 
which is independent from humanitarian aid, but which is central to humanitarian concerns. 
31 
DOCUMENTARY ANNEXES 
3Z-
ANNEX 1 
MADRID DECLARATION 
We, leaders and representatives of prominent humanitarian agencies and 
donors, met this day, the 14th of December 1995, for a Humanitarian Summit. 
RECALLING: 
1.1 That in response to ever-growing needs, global humanitarian assistance has 
increased many-fold in the past five years to exceed today 4 billion dollars. In 
1994 an estimated 45 million people depended on humanitarian assistance. 
However, it is clear that humanitarian assistance is neither a solution, nor a 
panacea for crises which are essentially man-made. This is true in Rwanda and 
Bosnia, but also in many other parts of the world, such as Afghanistan, Northern 
Iraq, Liberia and Sierra Leone, Tajikistan, and the Sudan; 
1.2 That in line with our respective mandates and responsibilities, we remain 
committed to relieve the plight of victims of man-made and natural disasters when 
and where we can, and to support and encourage local and regional initiatives to 
address crises. Wc will provide assistance, in particular, to protect and feed the 
victims, to organise shelter, to provide medical care and counselling and to reunite 
children with their families. We will ensure we coordinate closely amongst 
ourselves and with our partners to achieve maximum impact to reduce suffering; 
1.3 That since the end of the Cold War, the world is torn by some 50 armed conflicts. 
A large number of civilians have been and are being brutally murdered, wounded 
or forced to flee their homes on a scale unseen since the UN Charter was drawn 
up. Those who cannot flee, or have nowhere to go, have suffered untold misery 
and seen their lives traumatized and, in many cases, their existence rendered more 
fragile than ever. Basic principles of international humanitarian law are often 
disregarded; human rights continue to be trampled underfoot in many areas of the 
world; 
1.4 That too often the causes of humanitarian disasters still lie deep in the social and 
economic injustice existing within and between nations. Power struggles, poor 
governance and competition over scarce resources are also related to widespread 
abject poverty, overpopulation, and social inequality; 
1.5 That the work of humanitarian organisations is guided by the principles of 
humanity, impartiality, neutrality and independence; 
33 
WE APPEAL TO THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY AT LARGE 
FOR: 
2.1 Determination to take whatever resolute decisive action may be necessary to 
resolve crisis situations and not to use humanitarian activities as a substitute for 
political action. The independence and impartiality of humanitarian assistance must 
be fully recognized and respected. This is indispensable for saving lives in crisis 
situations. 
2.2 The development of a global system of proactive crisis prevention. Determination 
and political will are needed to address both the direct and indirect causes of 
conflict and other humanitarian emergencies. Early warning should lead to early 
action. 
2.3 A new and imaginative commitment to development assistance. Crises are greatly 
exacerbated by the current decrease in development assistance, just at a time when 
it needs to be increased to reduce the severity of humanitarian crises. Poverty leads 
to vulnerability and forces people into survival strategies that can further hasten 
the onslaught of crises. As a result, crises become more likely and more deadly 
when they strike. 
2.4 A global campaign against hunger which afflicts one out of every seven people on 
earth. Food security is one of the issues which must be singled out in view of the 
particular importance that food has in poor rural households in the developing 
world. Not only must food production and supplies be assured but also access at 
affordable prices for the poorest segments of society. Similar attention must be 
given to the supply of clean drinking water. 
2.5 Greater stress on and support for preparedness measures, especially for natural 
disasters. Reluctance to fund local initiatives, carry out preparedness programmes 
and support self-reliance may not only cause human suffering when the crisis 
strikes but it will also lead to much larger costs for victims and donors alike. 
2.6 Resources to bring relief and political solutions also to the many "forgotten" 
crises which do not hit, or quickly slip from, the international headlines. These 
crises, just like any others, threaten the survival of millions of people and can 
destabilise whole regions. 
2.7 Urgent steps to address the deliberate targeting of civilians in today's conflicts. 
Atrocities such as ethnic cleansing, torture and rape have become in many cases 
tools and objectives of warfare, in flagrant disregard for international humanitarian 
law. All parties to conflict should be held accountable. Impunity for human rights 
abuses must end. The International Criminal Tribunals for Former Yugoslavia and 
Rwanda must be enabled fully to carry out their mandates, with a view to the 
establishment of a permanent International Criminal Tribunal for the punishment 
of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity. 
34 
2.8 Measures to address the specific protection and assistance needs of the millions of 
people who have fled within their own countries as a result of conflict. Guiding 
principles must be formulated to improve their plight, and to safeguard their right 
to physical and material security. We also support the development by the UN of 
improved facilities to prevent human rights abuses in cases of internal conflict. 
Moreover, the right of refugees to seek and enjoy in other countries asylum from 
persecution must be upheld. 
2.9 Urgent attention to be given to the needs and protection of all victims, with 
priority to women, children and the elderly, who are invariably the vast majority 
of all victims of armed conflict. The central role of women must be recognised 
and women must be reasserted in the planning, management and distribution of 
relief assistance, as the best way of ensuring that relief reaches the most 
vulnerable. Their reproductive health must be systematically taken into 
consideration. 
Children, in particular, should not be deprived of their home and family, of their 
right to life, physical and psychological health and education, and to a peaceful 
existence. 
2.10 - Resources to remain available to meet the challenge of rebuilding war-shattered 
societies and thus consolidate a peace settlement and prevent the seeds of future 
disaster from being sown. The links between relief and development must be 
strengthened and local capacity to cope must be reinforced. Reconstruction 
involves not only water systems, bridges and roads but also civil society: the 
demobilisation of soldiers and the rebuilding of the judiciary and administration 
and of education and social services. Flexible mechanisms to provide more funding 
for emergency rehabilitation must be found. At the same time, relief must be 
managed efficiently in order to phase out humanitarian aid as soon as the 
emergency period is over, switching over rapidly to other forms of assistance. 
2.11 All concerned to respect the humanitarian and non-political nature of our work, as 
well as our respective mandates, to give us full access to all persons in need, to 
ensure the safety of humanitarian personnel, and to provide us with a more secure 
basis for funding. In this connection we reaffirm international concern and 
commitment. The resourcefulness of human solidarity is enormous. Yet fatalism 
and compassion fatigue are real threats. Governments and leaders need to recognise 
that, in an ever more interdependent world, the vital interests of every nation in 
global peace and security can only be achieved through concerted international 
action. 
35 
[Signed by:] 
Mr Brian Atwood 
USAID Administrator 
Ms Carol Bellamy 
Executive Director of UNICEF 
Ms Catherine Bertini 
Executive Director of the World Food Programme (WFP) 
Mrs Emma Bonino 
European Commissioner for Humanitarian Aid 
Mr Agostinho Jardim Gonçalves 
President of the Liaison Committee of Development NGOs to the European Union 
Mr Peter Hansen 
United Nations Under-Secretary General responsible for Humanitarian Affairs 
Mrs Sadako Ogata 
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 
Mrs Doris Schopper 
President of Médecins Sans Frontières 
Mr Cornelio Sommaruga 
President of the International Committee of the Red Cross 
Mrs Julia Taft 
President of InterAction (the American Council for Voluntary International Action) 
36 
ANNEX 2 
List of Disaster Preparedness Projects financed in 
1995 
In Central/Latin America and the Caribbean. 
1. Building hazard-resistant features into Central American schools: 273,000 Ecu 
2. Risk assessment in Costa Rica, Ecuador and Jamaica: 179,000 Ecu 
3. Safer roads and bridges in Central America and the Andean countries: 184,000 
Ecu 
4. Safer, healthier housing for low-income families in Lima, Peru: 34,000 Ecu 
5. A network of experts in Latin America: 70,000 Ecu 
6. Environmental planning in Jamaica: 13,500 Ecu 
7. Developing hurricane-proof low-cost housing in Jamaica: 18,200 Ecu 
8. Disaster mitigation in hospitals and health facilities: formulation of guidelines for 
Latin America and Caribbean Region: 18,400 Ecu 
9. Strengthening institutional capacity in disaster management and prevention in 
Latin America: 148,871 Ecu 
10. Community-based disaster prevention and management in Peru: 93,977 Ecu 
In Asia. 
11. Early warning systems in coastal Andhra Pradesh, India: 65,000 Ecu 
12. Cyclone preparedness in Andhra Pradesh, India: 37,300 Ecu 
13. Waste management project to prevent outbreaks of plague in Baroda, Gujarat, 
India: 69,000 Ecu 
14. Preparedness training in Myanmar: 225,500 Ecu 
15. Preparedness training in the Philippines: 119,500 Ecu 
16. Preparedness and disaster mitigation in Quang Binh, Vietnam: 209,600 Ecu 
17. Disaster preparedness, mitigation and response project in Nepal: 204,200 Ecu 
37 
18. Community-based disaster preparedness and management system in Northern 
Bangladesh: 310,086 Ecu 
In Africa. 
19. Local radio warnings in Sahel countries: 101,000 Ecu 
20. Kits for displaced people in southern Sudan: 458,300 Ecu 
21. Monitoring and preparedness activities in Fogo Island, Cape Verde: 20,700 Ecu 
22. Refugee women and health: relief strategy for self-help in emergency situations 
in Ethiopia: 236,100 Ecu 
In the former Soviet Union. 
23. Landslide prevention in Kyrghyzstan: 110,300 Ecu 
24. Training for emergency personnel in Spitak, Armenia: 67,000 Ecu 
On a global level. 
25. Streamlining procedures for the use of military and civil defence assets in getting 
emergency relief goods to disaster spots, together with the UN Department of 
Humanitarian Affairs: 178,000 Ecu 
26. Disaster preparedness training programme in Latin America and East Africa, 
together with the International Federation of the Red Cross: 270,066 Ecu 
27. Disaster preparedness programme development and monitoring project, together 
with the Centre for Research into the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED): 222,500 
Ecu 
38 
ANNEX 3 
EU-USAID High Level Meeting 
21-22 September in Brussels 
AIDE -MEMOIRE 
Breakout Session on Humanitarian Assistance 
1. Public and Political Support for humanitarian assistance and emergency food aid 
US and EU agreed to mutually reinforce each other's efforts to secure public and 
political support for humanitarian assistance. 
2. Chronic Crises 
Agreement to promote concrete measure to follow up relief in terms of 
mobilization of development funds. 
3. Relations with UNHCR 
Agreement to suggest tripartite meetings EU-US-UNHCR to discuss operational 
and policy matters with UNHCR. 
Joint consultations with UNHCR to encourage voluntary repatriation in long-term 
crises (e.g. in Horn of Africa and Afghanistan) 
4. Relations with WFP 
Joint consultations with WFP to encourage on-going internal reforms in that 
organisation. 
Joint US-EU consultations on Protracted Refugee Operations (PRO) 
Joint prior EU-US consultations prior to CFA (especially on cost agreements) 
5. DHA 
Agreement on analysis on DHA's needs to meet goals. 
Continuous US-EU consultations on DHA's horizontal programmes, not least 
ReliefWeb. 
Action: In parallel with DHA's efforts to develop ReliefWeb, EU/US should 
continue their own information sharing systems. 
Agreement that both sides would consider secondment of staff to DHA on an 
experimental basis to improve the human resource base of that organisation. 
39 
6. Joint EU-US Assessments 
Any impediments to joint assessment missions should be removed. 
Joint missions should be considered whenever possible. 
7. Security in refugee camps 
Support for military to improve camp security was discussed (ref. UNHCR 
support of Zairian troops in Rwanda refugee camps). It was agreed that each 
situation must be considered carefully and prior EU-US consultations were 
encouraged. 
8. Relations with Military 
Agreed that US deployment of humanitarian advisers to military forces (to avoid 
that military action causes unnecessary harm on civilians and humanitarian aid 
personnel) is useful (ref. recent US adviser in former Yugoslavia). 
Suggested that EU humanitarian advisers should be invited to join US 
humanitarian advisers to military forces on future occasions. 
9. General Operational Coordination 
Move operational coordination to include planning phase ("upriver") to avoid 
overlapping. 
Continue and improve US-EU operational information sharing on decisions taken 
or proposals under consideration. 
Active search on both sides of the Atlantic for complementarity (you provide 
blanket we do food; you do region A, we do region B). 
Appoint humanitarian US/EU focal points on both sides of Atlantic responsible 
for: 
(1) to arrange policy discussions 
(2) consultations on UN humanitarian matters and 
(3) to set up meetings of operational experts. 
10. Staff Relations 
Exchange of Staff 
Mutual training of officials administering humanitarian aid. 
40 
ANNEX 4 
The NOHA Diploma 
The NOHA (Network On Humanitarian Assistance) Diploma was designed as a means of 
enhancing the professionalism of relief workers. The need had become increasingly obvious 
in view of the considerable increase in disasters calling for humanitarian aid throughout the 
world. Confronted with the dearth of options, at European level, offering specific training in 
this field, at the end of 1993 ECHO launched a multidisciplinary diploma, European in spirit, 
covering the major subjects related to humanitarian work. The NOHA Diploma was 
developed in collaboration with DG XXII (Education, training and youth), which is 
responsible for the Erasmus/Socrates programme,within which framework this post-graduate 
diploma is implemented. 
Five universities take part in the programme: Aix-Marseille III (F), Bochum (D), Deusto-
Bilbao (ES), Université Catholique de Louvain (B), and Oxford (UK). 
The academic year is subdivided into four parts: a two-week intensive programme in one of 
the five universities (at the beginning of September), followed by a foundation course at the 
university of origin (October-February), then by specialised tuition in one of the other four 
universities (February-May) and lastly two-months' work experience in international 
organizations, NGOs or national administrations responsible for humanitarian assistance. 
Subjects taught cover the major aspects of humanitarian aid, namely : international 
humanitarian law, economics, logistics, geopolitics, anthropology, medicine/epidemiology. 
A course book has been written for each of the five modules. These manuals, intended for 
both teachers and students, have been translated into the four working languages of the 
participating universities. Demand for them has been such, mainly from persons who are 
unable to attend lectures, that it was decided to publish a new, up-to-date edition of the 
manuals in 1996. So as to reach a wider audience, the volumes will be available for sale. 
Two new modules - geography and psychology - are being written and will be published in 
September 1996. 
41 
ANNEX 5 
ACRONYMS USED IN THE REPORT 
ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific Countries signatory to the Lomé IV Convention 
CEC Commission of the European Communities (European Commission) 
DG I Directorate-General for External Relations (Trade Policy, Relations with North 
America, the Far East, Australia and New Zealand) of the European 
Commission 
DG IA Directorate-General for External Relations (Europe and the newly independent 
States, common foreign and security policy and external missions) of the 
European Commission 
DG IB Directorate-General for External Relations (Southern Mediterranean, Middle 
East, Latin America, South and South-East Asia and North-South Cooperation) 
of the European Commission 
DG VIII Directorate-General for Development of the European Commission 
DHA Department of Humanitarian Affairs of the United Nations 
EC European Community 
ECU European Currency Unit (value at date of going to press: 1.33 US dollars, 
; 1.87 DM) 
EU European Union 
FPA Framework Partnership Agreement 
HOPE Flumanitarian Office Programme Environment (ECHO database system) 
ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross 
IDNDR International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (DHA) 
IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies 
MCDA Military and Civil Defence Assets 
N GO Non-Governmental Organisation 
PAH O Pan-American Health Organisation 
PISG Permanent Inter-Service Group on Refugees, Displaced Persons and Returnees 
in third countries 
UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 
UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund 
UNRWA UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East 
USAID United States Administration for International Development 
WFP World Food Programme 
WHO World Health Organisation 
42 
STATISTICAL ANNEXES 
V3 
NOTE ON THE STATISTICAL ANNEXES 
The figures in the annexes for 1995 deal with decisions adopted up to the end of that year and 
contracts concluded by then. It should be understood that, while the figure contracted the 
decisions is a final one, funds relating to a number of decisions will only be committed or, 
a fortiori, disbursed in 1996 and that, in view of the above, the 1995 figures for contracted 
amounts and payments are far from definitive. 
The final figures for 1995 contracts will be included in the Annual Report for 1996. 
It should be noted that ECHO publishes up-to-date quarterly statistics which are available on 
demand. 
44 
ANNEX S1 
OVERVIEW OF FINANCIAL DECISIONS FOR EC HUMANITARIAN AID BY SOURCE OF FINANCE 1991-1995 | 
Source of 
finance / 
Budget Line 
LOME IV 
B7-510 
B7-210 Description 
LOME HI M*l)OHALMMCAinmH«DQMMMSfN*|t1) 
LOME III WTW 
FEOGA 
B7-5000 
B7-600D »OHO tUlt p-OMCNTATION ITS* OMUM» AQW. (J) 
MUIMMTAMMIC EMMttNCYAlO 
WTWffl 
kaSAITIft WD DEVW.OMNO COUNTMH 
B7-511 
B7-211 uwnaKNeYpooDMO 
B7-514 
B7-214 
B7-515 
B7-215 
B7-516 
B7-216 
B7-517 
B7-217 
TOTAL JHUMANTTAMAN MB TO C « I lUNOPI 
hUMANflTAMAN AID TO KX4JIM 
ftMWNrrAMAN ACTIOH M MW COUNT*» 
MnMMW*DKn..MKSomMOIV.«OMNnWl 
B7-219 braMTKMALturMMT.pMAtTiltnaVAMBMIN T5KI5T5RS" 
(in ECU) 
139 375 OOO 
13500000 
195 320 0001 368 042 297 DECISIONS 
(in ECU) 
40000000 
72500000 
154 867 297 
69000000 
31 €75 000 
FOOTNOTES: 
(1) NATIONAL INDICATIVE PROGRAMME FOR SOMALIA 
(2) 5-YEAR ALLOCATION (1tS1-»S) UNDER LOME N IS 2SO.000.000 ECU 
(3) DECIDED ON A CASE4Y-CASE BASIS 
(4) IN HIS, THE BUDGET CHAPTER THAT CORRESPONDS TO ECHO BECOMES 87-200 INSTEAD OF 87-300 BÊcIsïôNs 
(in ECU) 
6 500 000 
1296000 
82 185 000 
70 033 195 
17 425 000 
38$ 000 000 
30 000 000 
8 713 000 
3 662 000 19 9 4 
DECISIONS I CONTRACTS I PAYMENTS 
(in ECU) (in ECU) (in ECU) 
263 268 603 261594 855 280 619 007 
109 522 247 105 308 025 83 085 236 
46 000 000 45 567 650 39 850 699 
271 380 000 267 503 768 226 876 033 
50 000 000 49 660 858 39 327 573 
3 998 574 3 998 568 3 449 278 
20 000 000 19 696 821 16 336 175 
764 169 424 753 330 635 689 644 001 A»p»r OMH/96 
19 9 5 
DECISIONS I CONTRACTS I PAYMENTS 
(in ECU) (in ECU) (in ECU) 
46 456 000 45 338 927 26 747 798 
238 339 500 123 912 958 47 607 710 
3U 1000° _29Jl5i388 21 130 160_ 
236 670 000 176 991 075 67 835 531 
93 350 000 80 658 509 42 254 913 
38 540 000 34 141 000 19 312 150 
5 027 012 3 656 675 1162 802 
692 092 512 494 352 532 226 051 064 
1000 
ASS 
•.-.•.-.••Sf 
ïmk 
W0L* Financial Decisions for EC Humanitarian Aid 1991-1995 
a PAYMENTS 
m CONTRACTS 
m DECISIONS 
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 
4f 
ANNEX S2 
Summary of Financial Decisions by Countries Benefitting from Humanitarian Aid 1993-94-95 \ 
LOME N .. I 
•f RICA 
»f RICA Biaw» Refuge** 
•FRICA Burundi Rwandan Refug 
•MGOLA 
3EHN 
3URKIMAFAS0 
3URUNDI 
:APEVEROE 
CHAD 
ueoun 
ERITREA 
rrnow 
:OI 
THANA 
jUNEA 
"•UHEE BISSAU 
•iAm 
VORY COAST 
<ENYA 
JB6RIA 
«IADAGASCAR 
KALAWl 
HAURTTAMA 
rtAYOTTE 
J02AMB0UE 
WO» 
«WI 
40ERU. 
»APUA NEW OU»eA 
RWANDA 
SENEGAL 
SERRALEONE 
ST LUC» 
SUDAN 
TANZANIA 
rooo 
JOANDA 
[ARE 
Cantbeen Region 
rlood* In Benin. Congo end Maununa 
Totals 1993 
OECISIONS 
l«iECU| 
1 000 000 
IS 300 000 
6 000 000 
1 000 000 
500 000 
4000 000 
515 000 
350 000 
1000 000 
500 000 
1 000 000 
300 000 
2000 000 
2 400 000 
• 990 000 
3000 000 
1*0 000 
9000 000 
1 000 000 
1 850 000 
9 300 000 
2000 000 
500 000 
1000 000 
6500 000 
S2 U3 000 1994 
DECISIONS 
(n ECU) 
1 000 000 
13 500 000 
151 000 000 
ia ooo ooo 
16 000 000 
447 000 
355 000 
1000 000 
60 OOO 
1000 000 
300 000 
100 000 
1 010 000 
1 204 163 
7 473 550 
1 170 000 
300 000 
400 000 
500 000 
1 ISO 000 
70 000 
340 250 
123 440 
15 500 000 
2773 200 
125 000 
IS 507 000 
1 110 000 
200 000 
500 000 
7 320 000 
263 261 603 1995 
DECISIONS 
(«ECU) 
25 000 000 
220 000 
540 000 
950 000 
SSI 000 
2 125 000 
465 000 
400 000 
4 520 000 
9 950 000 
1005 000 
700 000 
46 436 OOO i&rVie!tt;!i 1992 1993 
DECISIONS DECISIONS 
(«l ECU) (n ECU) 
I SOMALIA 40 000 000 7 796 000 
TaUl! : 40 000 000 7 796 000 BUDGET 
tfOHAMSTAN 
ILBANK 
«LOERIA 
4NGOLA 
»RMEHA 
UERBAUW 
3AN0UOESH 
BELARUS 
BOLMA 
3RA2L 
SULOARM 
BURUNDI 
:AM6ODK 
CAPE VERDE 
::«_£ 
:OLOMEM 
a«A 
ECUADOR 
=GYPT 
=L SALVADOR 
rnopn 
=X-USSR 
EX-YUGOSLAVIA 
5EORGK 
3UATEMALA 
•um 
HONDURAS 
NOW 
NDONESH 
RAH 
RAN 
VORY COAST 
«10YZSTAN 
-AOS 
.E8ANON 
JEERW 
*MCO 
HOLDOVA 
XONOOUA 
«YANMAR 
«PAL 
4CARA0UA 
«SER 
«WTHCOREA 
»AKISTAN 
»ALESTMEASRAEL 
»ERU 
»HLHWES 
HUMANA 
RUSSIA 
RWANDA 
SERRA LEONE 
SOMALI» 
SRI LANKA 
SUDAN 
IAJKISTAN 
THAILAND 
TURKEY 
KRAfE 
.ÏNEMFL» 
/ETNAM 
lEMEN 
[ARE 
DMBABWE 
>entf»l Studtti 
ruacter Preperedneas 
Rwanda ft Burundi Refugee 
?efug Idwol nCenr tEa* Africa 
Itptafy n Eaton». LeMa. Lata 
Zydon n 0w Canteen (A«gua. Barbuda) 
Dvea Acbon AAica. SouBi Amtnca 
-oordnabon and Monaomg 
Totals: 1993 
DECISIONS 
(mECU] 
2 750 000 
456 000 
1 225 000 
1 000 000 
445 000 
470 000 
1 7S5OO0 
500 000 
470 000 
7 »OS OOO 
350 000 
51 295 000 
395 0S0 195 
250 000 
595 000 
920 000 
21 500 000 
230 000 
1 BOO 000 
1 120 000 
1 SOO 000 
700 000 
430 000 
10 400 000 
510 000 
350 000 
2000 000 
4 500 000 
150 000 
1 100 000 
150 000 
110 000 
75 000 
1 300 000 
12 000 
500 000 
314 133 193 
Grand total 1 Ml: 1994 
DECISIONS 
1m ECU) 
12 315 000 
1675 000 
2 933 000 
6000 000 
19 089 000 
18 850 000 
500 000 
3 520 000 
1 115 000 
600 000 
1 004 000 
5000 000 
2236 000 
700 000 
14 054 500 
630 000 
340 000 
269 376 000 
17 «06 000 
S30 000 
17000 000 
22 513 000 
6 250 000 
1 500 000 
1050 000 
2500 000 
1 OOCOOO 
240 000 
500 000 
200 000 
4 700 000 
2 320 000 
550 000 
9 870 000 
S 33S 359 
615 000 
8 000 000 
9S25 000 
3 300 000 
750 000 
1 220 000 
100 000 
3 4SI 962 
12 000 000 
4 500 000 
300 900 S21 
604 S14 193 09/0 MW 
1995 
DECISIONS 
InEC'.'l 
12 695 000 
1 150 000 
5000 000 
17 000 000 
23 953 218 
28 831 010 
2 100 000 
2 735 000 
1 150 000 
5960 000 
220 720 
2 320 000 
15000 000 
450 000 
750 000 
236 100 
234 670 000 
27 469 772 
2 770 000 
11 580 000 
100 000 
24 873 500 
1 000 000 
8 050 000 
1 180 000 
1 873 000 
4000 000 
1 225 000 
320 000 
950 000 
1 990 000 
100 000 
290 000 
200 000 
5 350 000 
1 730 000 
2 619 578 
500 000 
29 525 000 
1 900 000 
6010 000 
3 125 000 
11 450 000 
16 105 000 
2 320 000 
250 000 
500 000 
5O0 000 
200 000 
4 000 614 
82 000 000 
20 595 OOO 
1 000 000 
900 000 
8 570 000 
4 290 000 
643 636 312 
ECU 
Qrand total 11M: 
Or and total IMS: I 764 169 4241 ECU 
1 692 092 3121 ECU 
H6 
ANNEX S3 
FINANCIAL DECISIONS FOR HUMANITARIAN AID BY REGION IN 1994 AND 1995 
COUNTRY/REGION 
EX-YUGOSLAVIA 
ACP TOTAL 
AFRICA: Burundi Refugees 
AFRICA: Burundi & Rwandan Refuj 
ANGOLA 
BURUNDI 
DJIBOUTI 
ERITREA 
ETHIOPIA 
GHANA 
OUINEA 
GUINEA BISSAU 
HAITI 
KENYA 
LIBERIA 
MADAGASCAR 
MALAWI 
MAURITANIA 
MAYOTTE 
MOZAMBIQUE 
NIGER 
NIGERIA 
PAPUA NEW GUINEA 
RWANDA 
SIERRA LEONE 
SOMALIA 
ST. LUCIA 
SUDAN 
TANZANIA 
CHAD 
TOGO 
UGANDA 
ZAIRE 
C.I.S (1) 
ARMENIA 
AZERBAIJAN 
GEORGIA 
BELARUS 
KIRGY2STAN 
MOLDOVA 
RUSSIA FED 
TAJIKISTAN 
UKRAINE 
EASTERN EUROPE 
ALBANIA 3 
BULGARIA 
IRAK 
ASIA (2) 
AFGHANISTAN 
BANGLADESH 
CAMBODIA 
LAOS 
MONGOLIA 
MYANMAR 
PALESTINE/ISRAEL 
PAKISTAN 
PHILIPPINES 
SRI LANKA 
VIETNAM 
YEMEN 
NORTH AFRICA 
ALGERIA 
EGYPT 
LATIN AMERICA 
BOLIVIA 
BRAZIL 
COLOMBIA 
CUBA 
EL SALVADOR 
GUATEMALA 
MEXICO 
NICARAGUA 
PERU 
General Studies 
Disaster Preparedness DECISION IN ECU 
269 376 000 
324 106 962 
U13 5QQO0O 
168 500 000 
: 24 boo ooo 
21000 000 
355000 
1000 000 
60000 
1000 000 
300000 
100 000 
18 010000 
1 204 163 
7 473550 
1 170 000 
300000 
400 000 
500000 
1 180 000 
70 OOO 
340 250 
123 440 
15 500 000 
2 773 200 
8 338 359 
125000 
26 507 000 
1810000 
447 000 
200 OOO 
500 000 
7 320000 
91 010 000 
19089000 
18850 000 
17 806000 
3 520 000 
6 250 000 
2 500 000 
9870000 
9825 000 
13 30Ö 000 
2 679 000 
1675000 
1004 000 
25 826 000 
12315000 
500000 
2 236000 
1 500 000 
1000000 
240 000 
4 700000 
200 000 
550O0O 
615 000 
750000 
1 220 000 
3 565 000 
2935000 
630 000 
21 509 500 
1 115000 
600 000 
700000 
14 054 500 
340000 
830 000 
1050000 
500 000 
2320000 
100 000 
3 481962 Nr of CONTRACTS 
mËmÊmmw. 419 
480 
14 
112 
57 
34 
3 
3 
1 
2 
1 
1 
65 
3 
18 
5 
1 
3 
1 
3 
1 
1 
1 
23 
7 
35 
1 
69 
3 
2 
1 
1 
18 
228 
;&53 
57 
65 
4 
17 
2 
;17 
16 
V:H7 ICOUNTRY/REGION 
nil EX-YUGOSLAVIA 
ACP TOTAL 
AFRICA. Food Aid 
AFRICA: Burundi & Rwandan Refug 
EASTERN A CENTRAL AFRICA 
IVORY COAST 
KENYA 
LIBERIA 
NIGERIA 
NIGER 
SIERRAiEONE 
SOMALIA 
SUDAN 
ANGOLA 
HAITI 
CAPE VERDE 
GUINEA 
CARIBBEAN Region 
ETHIOPIA 
Floods : Congo, Benin, Mauritania 
C.I.S (1) 
ARMENIA 
AZERBAIJAN 
GEORGIA 
BELARUS 
KIRGYZSTAN 
MOLDOVA 
RUSSIAN FED 
TAJIKISTAN 
UKRAINE 
EASTERN EUROPE 
ALBANIA 
Baltic States 
RUMANIA 
TURKEY 
IRAK 
ASIA (2) 
CAMBODIA 
NEPAL 
LEBANON 
AFGHANISTAN 
BANGLADESH 
SRI LANKA 
ISRAEL 
PHILIPPINES 
THAILAND 
YEMEN 
INDONESIA 
NORTH KOREA 
PAKISTAN 
LAOS 
VIETNAM 
NORTH AFRICA 
ALGERIA 
LATIN AMERICA 
PERU 
NICARAGUA 
BOLIVIA 
COLOMBIA 
GUATEMALA 
ECUADOR 
CUBA 
MEXICO 
EL SALVADOR , 
Coordination & Monitoring 
Disaster Preparedness DECISION IN ECU 
234 670 000 
212 017 820 
8570000 
107 000 000 
20595000 
1950 000 
681000 
6 125 000 
400000 
565 000 
6 420 000 
6 010 000 
;21400000 
17 000000 
11 580 000 
440 720 
540000 
1905 000 
236100 
700 000 
137491000 
23955218 
28 831010 
27469772 
2735000 
'" 8 050000 
320 000 
29625000 
16 105 000 
500000 
2 900 000 
1150000 
1000 000 
500000 
250000 
24 873 500 
39 464 578 
5960000 
950 000 
1 875 000 
12695000 
2100 000 
3 125 000 
5 350000 
2 619 578 
2 320 000 
200 000 
100 OOO 
290 000 
200000 
1 180 000 
600000 
5 000 000 
5000000 
27 385 000 
1730000 
1990 000 
1 150000 
2 320 000 
2770000 
450 000 
15000000 
1225 000 
750000 
4 290 000 
4 000 614 
692092512 Nr of CONTRACTS 
223 
212 
'h \ 
17 
10 
5 
4 
13 
1 
4 
••••••:8 
20 
-M*9. 
39 
•?::& 
5 
'••' ••.•a' 
2 
K 1 
5 
225 
:;J42: 
47 
54 
3 
11 
1 
•m 
28 
4} 
EC CONTRACTS FOR HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE 1991 - 92 - 93 - 94 - 95 AS PER : 09/01/96 
TYPE OF 
CONTRACT 
EC COMMISSION-DIRECT IN % OR 
TOTAU IN •/. OR 
TOTAU 
COMMISSION/ECHO 
COMMISSION/AEC 
DELEGATIONS 1 793 855 
0 
220 000 8 474 142 
2 524 500 
370 000 45 324 321 
8 318 645 
1 652 000 104 381838 
11 581 577 
262 000 13,9% 
1.5% 
0,0% 64 026 854 
4 535 842 
500 000 13,0V. 
0,9V. 
0,1% 
MEMBER STATE GOVNTS 14,0% 
BELGIUM 
DENMARK 
FRANCE 
ITALY 
NETHERLANDS 
SPAIN 
UK 1 300 000 
4 812 000 
42 500 
1 822 000 
1 233 000 
4 252 000 20 000 000 
1 626 340 25 000 
0 
0 
0 
0 
3 621 195 4 848 000 
100 000 
500 000 
129 000 
796 000 0,6% 
0,0% 
0,1% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,1% 1,3% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,3% 
1,6% SUBTOTAL 
OTHER GOVERNMENTS 13 461 500 3 546195 0,8% 
WESTERN SAMOA 
MOZAMBIQUE 
GRENADA 
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 
WALUS AND FORTUNA 
NEW CALLEDONIA 
PHILIPPINES 
FIDJI 
CROATIA/MACEDONIA 75 000 
250 000 
400 000 
10 000 000 0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,2% 0.0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% SUBTOTAL 
EC NGOs (1) 
AUSTRIA 
BELGIUM 
DENMARK 
FINLAND 
FRANCE 
GERMANY 
GREECE 
IRELAND 
ITALY 
LUXEMBOURG 
NETHERLANDS 
PORTUGAL 
SPAIN 
SWEDEN 
UK NA 
28 156 900 
4 630 000 
NA 
27 057 209 
6 374 000 
4 296 000 
4 273 500 
0 
6 274 600 
? 
216 100 
NA 
7 408 320 NA 
20 187 650 
26 313 000 
NA 
38 579 700 
460 187 
1 745 000 
2105 000 
8 943 500 
0 
9 314 040 
244 000 
1 160 000 
NA 
2 394 600 NA 
25 098 353 
48 724 057 
NA 
88 634 711 
24 769 700 
886 600 
1 026 000 
16 406 961 
0 
16 212 795 
862 990 
19 021 832 
NA 
23 606 851 625 000 
35 256 810 
27 128 000 
0 
110 942 799 
29 357 380 
980 000 
2 335 260 
18 901 237 
445 266 
24 496 993 
1 945 000 
21 618 375 
350000 
34 054 623 0,1% 
4,7% 
3,6% 
0,0% 
14,7% 
3,9% 
0,1% 
0,3% 
2,5% 
0,0% 
3,3% 
0,3% 
2,9% 
0,0% 
4,5% 1 280 000 
28 000 000 
8 800 000 
0 
91 636 000 
32 629 000 
915 750 
2 368 000 
23 206 556 
850 000; 
25157 910 
3130720 
21 121 500 
940 000 
35 748 384 0,3% 
5,7% 
1,8% 
0,0% 
18,5% 
6,6% 
0,2% 
0,6% 
4,7% 
0,2% 
6,1% 
0,6% 
4,3% 
0,2% 
7,2% 
SUBTOTAL 
OTHER NGOs (1) 87 685 529 111446 577 264 250 750 308 334 733 40,9% 275 783 820 55,8% 
NORWAY 
AUSTRALIA 
SWITZERLAND 
USA 3761:000 
290 000 320 000 
1 232 000 744 692 
1 679 565 4170 000 
250 000 
1 237 140 
1 432 730 0,6% 
0.2% 
0,2% 800 000 
0 
1 746 000 
1 106 676 0,2% 
0,0% 
0,4% 
0,2% 
0,7% SUBTOTAL, 
LOCAL NGOs (1) 7 089 870 0,9% 3 652 676 
ANGOLA 
BANGLADESH 
BOLIVIA 
CHILI 
EL SALVADOR 
ETHIOPIA 
GHANA 
IRAQ - MISC - 1990 
JAMAICA 
LEBANON 
OCC. TERRITOTY (ISRL) 
PAKISTAN 
PHILIPPINES 
SUDAN 
TURKEY 338 000 
130 000 
420 000 
364 400 70 000 
58 000 
50 000 
500 000 
41 000 800 000 
1 245 000 600 000 0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0.0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,1% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 13 444 
1 500 000 0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0.0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,3% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
SUBTOTAL 
UNITED NATIONS 0,1% 0,3% 
WFP 
FAO 
WHO 
UNDRO 
UNHCR 
UNICEF 
UNDP 
UNRWA 
SPECIAL UN OPERATIONS 0 
0 
22 640 600 
5 547 000 
198 000 
1 286 000 35 831 586 
3 809 500 
110 000 
78 232 580 
4 127 000 
470 500 
262 000 71318 781 
868 000 
9 250 000 
87 955 354 
13 631 599 
6 000 000 
700 000 47 355 716 
0 
500 000 
177 336 429 
11 908 135 
450 000 
3122 425 6,3% 
0,0% 
0,1% 
0,0% 
23,5% 
1,6% 
0.0% 
0,1% 
0,4% 29 155 000 
493 500 
46 885 500 
4 684 000 
575 000 
140 000 
2 008166 6,9% 
0,1% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
9,5% 
0,9% 
0,1% 
0,0% 
0,4% 
SUBTOTAL 
OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORG. 31,9% 83 941 166 17,0% 
ICRC 
FIRC 
CARITAS INTERNATIONAL 
LUTHERAN WORLD FEDERATION 
THE WORLD COUNCIL OF CHURCHES 27 693 000 
5 651 000 35 073 900 
1 666 000 
70 000 38 006 820 
26 001 135 
491560 
3160 440 
1 000 000 32 327 000 
37 163 603 
2 852 105 
92104 4,3% 
4,9% 
0,0% 
0,4% 
0,0% 40 385 000 
11 349 066 8,2% 
2,3% 
0,0% 
0,1% 
0,0% 
SUBTOTAL 
Decomltmments 
(I) TMCLODINO NATIONAL «ID CROSS ASSOCIATIONS 68 659 955 
(985 6881 72 434 812 9,6% 
C) THI »IAIN XSASCa» WHY M 1»J 7IO CONTIUCT AUOnHTS fi» MIKni) AU STJI^ 
mACCOMANaWnHTHECOMMESONDEaaoNOF2JOT.Yl«2 HENCE. CONTIACTS HAVE MEN SIGNED »Y DO VI FOU THE AMOmiT AlfDNOTBCBO THE«£UAININa DDTBtQJCE (12 5 MECl') COMSSTS OF 
ACCm^ÄJlTED AND OTUSEDFiSEtlVES FROM A LARGE NUMBER OF ACTIONS D) l»2 WmNECMOBECAiAEr^JLLYOPEKA-nONAL IN EARLY miUttSVœWIUTMUEDU.m.VTXtMilTOBtSVISTaATai.YXSB.Vtt 
AfJErraTOtnTLTZEDORDECOMUTTTED SO TTUT THE QIJRSTION OF STOItENDTNO RESERVES OTLL NOTARISE AGAIN 
H^ 10.6% 
ANNEX S5 
EUROPEAN COMMISSION (ECHO) FINANCIAL DECISIONS IN FAVOUR OF THE AFFECTED 
BURUNDI/RWANDAN POPULATION since the 21st October 1993 until December 1995 
AMOUNTS IN ECU 
As per 07- January-1996 
COUNTRY 
BURUNDI 
REGIONAL 
RWANDA 
TANZANIA 
ZAIRE DATE 
25/11/93 
25/11/93 
25/11/93 
22/12/93 
03/02/94 
28/03/94 
17/05/94 
15/12/94 
21/12/93 
16/03/94 
27/05/94 
21/06/94 
20/07/94 
27/07/94 
21/09/94 
20/12/94 
09/03/95 
25/07/95 
21/11/95 
28/10/93 
28/10/93 
28/10/93 
10/11/93 
15/12/93 
04/Q2/94 
09/04/94 
12/04/94 
11/05/94 
17/10/94 
15/11/93 
11/11/93 
29/04/94 
29/04/94 
15/11/93 Reason for Contribution 
Displaced Population 
Displaced Population 
Displaced Population 
Displaced Population 
Displaced Population 
Displaced Population 
Burundi Repatriates and Rwandan Refugees 
Displaced Population 
Burundi Refugees 
Burundi Refugees 
Rwandan, Burundi, Tanzania Refugees 
Rwandan, Burundi, Tanzania Refugees 
Rwanda, BurundiZaire, Uganda, Tanzania 
Rwanda, Burundi.Zaire, Uganda, Tanzania 
Refugees & Disp. pop. in Central/East Africa 
Rwandan/Burundi Populations 
Rwanda, Burundi, Zaire.Tanzania 
Rwanda, Burundi, Zaire.Tanzania 
Rwanda, Burundi, Zaire.Tanzania 
Burundi Refugees 
3urundi Refugees 
Displaced population 
3urundi Refugees 
Burundi Refugees 
Refugees and displaced population 
Conflict 
Conflict & Drought 
Conflict 
Rehabilitation-Electricity & Water 
ïurundi Refugees 
Burundi Refugees 
Rwandan Refugees 
Rwandan Refugees 
ïurundi Refugees PARTNER 
ICRC/ONG 
UN 
ONG 
ONG 
ONG/UN 
ONG/UN 
ONG 
ONG 
ONG/UN/IFRC 
ONG/UN 
UNHCR/ICRC 
UNHCR 
HCR/ONG/IC 
UN/ONG/ICRC 
ONG 
ONG/UN/IFRC 
WFP 
UNHCR/NGO 
UN/ONG/ICRC 
ONG 
ONG 
ONG/UN 
UN 
ONG 
ICRC/ONG 
ONG 
ONG 
ONG/ICRC 
GTZ 
ONG 
UN/ONG 
ONG 
ONG 
UN/ONG AMOUNT 
1 000 000 
1 000 000 
1 000 000 
1 000 000 
1 000 000 
14 000 000 
1 000 000 
5 000 000 
18 300 000 
13 500 000 
12 000 000 
19 000 000 
12 000 000 
75 000 000 
4 500 000 
45 000 000 
12 000 000 
25 000 000 
70 000 000 
1 000 000 
1000 000 
1 000 000 
1 000 000 
1 000 000 
8 000 000 
500 000 
1 000 000 
1 000 000 
5 000 000 TOTAL 
25 000 000 
306 300 000 
20 500 000 
1 000 000 
1 000 000 
680 000 
450 000 
3 130 000 
500 000 
500 000 
TOTAL 1993-December 1995 355 430 000 
MS 
ANNEX S6 
Breakdown of Community Aid to the Former 
Yugoslavia, 1991-1995 by Republic 
Republic % 
Bosnia-Herzegovina 52,4% 
Croatia (+ UNPAS) 21,4% 
Serbia and Montenegro 18,0% 
Slovenia 0,7% 
F.Y.R. of Macedonia .4,2% 
All Republics 3,1% 
Turkey and Hungary 0,2% 
Total 100% 
Breakdown of Community Aid to the Former 
Yugoslavia, 1995 by Relief Items 
Relief Items % 
FoodAid 32,4% 
Sanitation 8,6% 
Medical Aid 16,3% 
logistics 8,4% 
Psychosocial 3,3% 
Emergency Rehabilitation 17,6% 
Miscellaneous 13,3% 
Total 100% 
-So 
ANNEX S7 
I Breakdown of Items for Humanitarian Assistance 
(37,9%) FOOD 
^^~-J-J' I __—>-^*^^ (3,814) 0THER SERVICES /MISCELLANEOUS 
(13,8%) TRANSPORT 
1 993 
1 994 Breakdown of Items for Humanitarian Assistance 
(28,0%) NON-FOOD 
(14,6%) TRANSPORT (2,4%) CONTINGENCY RESERVE 
(9,1%) EXPATRIATE STAFF 
(2,7%) LOCAL STAFF 
(9,1%) OTHER SERVICES / MISCELLANEOUS 
1 995 Breakdown of Items for Humanitarian Assistance 
(2,1%) RESERVE 
(9,8%) EXPATRIATE STAFF 
(0,8%) MISCELLANEOUS (STAFF) 
(3,2%) LOCAL STAFF 
(0,8%) OTHER SERVICES 
(16,0%) TRANSPORT 
(28,2%) NON-FOOD 
t\ 

ISSN 1024-4492 
KOM(96) 105 lopullinen 
ASIAKIRJAT 
n n 
Luettelonumero : CB-CO-96-113-FI-C 
ISBN 92-78-01451-6 
Euroopan yhteisöjen virallisten julkaisujen toimisto 
L-2985 Luxemburg 
X2.