EUROOPAN YHTEISÖJEN KOMISSIO 
Bryssel, 17.07.1995 
KOM(95)344 lopull 
Tiivistelmä 
VUOSIRAPORTISTA 
1. ELOKUUTA 1993 - 31. HEINÄKUUTA 1994 
Tempus 
& Tacis 
Koko Euroopan kattava yhteistyöohjelma korkeamman koulutuksen 
alalla Keski- ja Itä-Euroopan, 
vasta itsenäistyneiden entisten neuvostotasavaltojen ja Mongolian 
sekä Euroopan yhteisön välillä 

Valmistettu Euroopan yhteisön komissiolle 
XXII pääosasto (DG XXII) - koulutus, harjoittelu ja nuoriso 
Laatinut 
LI 
European Training Foundation 
Villa Gualino 
Viale Settimio Severo 65 
1-10133 Torino 
ITALY 
Tel: (39)11-630.22.22 
Fax: (39)11-630.22.00 
Euroopan koulutussäätiö, joka on Euroopan Unionin itsenäinen yksikkö, perustettiin 
tukemaan ja koordinoimaan EU:n ja Keski- ja Itä-Euroopassa ja Keski-Aasiassa 
sijaitsevien yhteistyömaiden välistä toimintaa koulutuksen ja harjoittelun alalla ja 
avustaa Euroopan yhteisön komissiota Tempus-ohjelman toteuttamisessa. 
& 
SISÄLLYSLUETTELO 
Sivu 
I. TEMPUKSEN KEHITYS 1990 - 1993 1 
I. 1. TEMPUS-OHJELMAN LÄHTÖKOHDAT 1 
I. 2. TEMPUKSEN ENSIMMÄINEN VAIHE 1990-1993 2 
I. 3. NEUVOSTON PÄÄTÖS 29.4.1993 TEMPUS II-OHJELMAN 
KÄYTTÖÖNOTOSTA 3 
II. KATSAUS TEMPUS-TOIMINTOIHIN 1993 - 1994 4 
Tempus (Phare) 4 
II. 1. BUDJETTI 4 
II. 2. KANSALLISTEN PRIORITEETTIEN PERUSTAMINEN JA 
TOIMINTAOHJEET PROJEKTIEN VALITSEMISEKSI 4 
II. 3. JEP-APURAHA TOIMINNOT: VUODEN 1994 VALINTAPROSEDUURIN 
TULOKSET 5 
II. 3.1. Analyysit prioriteettialueittain 6 
II. 3.2. Analyysit yhteistyömaiden, EU:n jäsenmaiden ja osaaottavien G24 
maiden mukaan 6 
II. 3.2.1. Yhteistyömaiden osanotto 6 
II, 3.2.2. Jäsenmaiden osanotto 6 
II. 3.2.3. G24 osanotto 6 
II. 3.3. JEP+-valinta 7 
II. 3.4. Erikoistoiminta rakenteellinen JEP: Eurotiedekunta 7 
II. 3.5. Yhteiseurooppalaisen verkoston (JENs) valinta 8 
II. 4. YKSILÖLLISET LIIKKUVUUSAPURAHAT 8 
II. 4.1. Etelän erikoistoimenpiteet 8 
II. 5. TÄYDENTÄVÄT TOIMENPITEET 9 
II. 5.1. CME+ .... 9 
II. 6. NUORISOVAIHTOTOIMINNOT , 10 
II. 7. TARKKAILUTOIMINNOT 10 
II. 7.1. Phare-yhteistyömaa monografit 11 
Tempus (Tacis)... 11 
II. 8. BUDJETTI 11 
II. 9. ESI-JEPSTRATEGIA JA PRIORITEETTIEN PERUSTAMINEN 11 
II. 10. VALINTAPROSEDUURI 12 
II. 11. VUODEN 1993 (ESI-JEPS) ja VUODEN 1994 (ESI-JEPS ja JEPS) 
VALINTAKIERROSTEN TULOKSET) 13 
II. 11.1. Analyysit prioriteettialueittain 14 
II. 11.2. Analyysit yhteistyömaan ja EU:n jäsenmaan mukaan 14 
Infurmuatio- ja kourdinointituiminnot 15 
II. 12. TIEDOTUSTOIMINTA TEMPUS (PHARELLE) JA TEMPUS (TACISILLE) 15 
II. 13. KOORDINOINTITOIMINNOT 16 
Tempus (Phare) 16 
Tempus (Tacis) 16 
III. PÄÄASIALLISET MUUTOKSET JA KEHITYKSET TEMPUKSESSA 
VUOSINA 1990- 1994 17 
III. 1. PHARE-YHTEYS 17 
III. 1.1. Kansallisten tukeen oikeuttavien prioriteettien kehitys 18 
III. 2. YHTEISTYÖVÄLINEET 18 
III. 2.1. Kehitykset käsitteessä yhteiseurooppalainen projekti (JEP) 18 
III. 2.2. Yhteydet yhteiseurooppalaisten projektien ja kansallisen 
korkeamman koulutuksen kehityksen välillä prioriteettialueiden 
määritelmän kautta 19 
III. 2.3. Merkittävä vähennys tuessa alueellisille yhteiseurooppalaisille 
projekteille 20 
III. 2.4. Painotus tulosten kestävyydelle ja levitystoimenpiteille: 
Yhteiseurooppalaiset verkostot (JENs) 20 
III. 2.5. Muutokset tarjotussa tuessa yksilöllisiin liikkuvuusapurahoihin 20 
III. 2.6. Muutokset tukeen oikeuttavissa toiminnoissa täydentävien 
toimenpiteiden puitteissa 21 
III. 3. PROJEKTIN TÄYTÄNTÖÖNPANOASIAT 22 
III. 3.1. Muutos lisääntyneeseen yhteistyömaiden vastuuseen 
projektikoordinoinnista ja -urakoinnista 22 
III. 3.2. Johdatus monivuotiseen rahoitukseen 22 
CL-
A 
I. TEMPUKSEN KEHITYS 1990 - 1993 
1.1. TEMPUS-OHJELMAN LÄHTÖKOHDAT 
Vuosien 1989 ja 1990 tapahtumilla Keski- ja Itä-Euroopassa oli dramaattinen vaikutus 
Euroopan Yhteisöön. Jäsenvaltiot yhdessä ja erikseen huomasivat kohtaavansa 
ennakoimattomia poliittisia ja taloudellisia haasteita, jotka vaikuttivat jo olemassa olevien 
ulkopuolisten suhteiden filosofiaan ja käytäntöön. Samaan aikaan ei ollut epäilystäkään 
nopean ja tehokkaan vastauksen tarpeesta näihin haasteisiin, ei ainoastaan hätäapuna, 
mutta myös tarjoamalla konkreettisia keinoja asiaankuuluville maille uusien perspektiivien 
ja päämäärien kehittämiseksi, jotka liittyvät mielekkääseen Eurooppa-käsitteeseen. 
Tähdäten integroituun maailmanlaajuiseen vastaukseen, yhteisö pyrki nopeasti tarjoamaan 
perusteelliset puitteet käytännön avun ja asiantuntemuksen tarjoamiseksi auttaakseen 
asiaankuuluvia maita uudelleenjärjestelemään taloutensa ja poliittiset järjestelmänsä, jotta ne 
voivat maksimoida mahdollisesti saamansa hyödyn uudesta tilanteesta. Ministerineuvosto sopi 
joulukuussa 1989 kaikenkattavasta apuohjelmasta. Phare-ohjelmana1 tunnettuna, se tarjosi 
puitteet yhteisön avulle, jonka tarkoituksena oli tukea taloudellista ja yhteiskunnallista 
uudistusprosessia Keski- ja Itä-Euroopan maissa. 
Korkeampi koulutus ja harjoittelu oltiin jo identifioitu yhteistyömaiden omasta toimesta 
yhdeksi yhteistyön prioriteetiksi, mutta ei suinkaan siksi, että he uskoivat että korkeamman 
koulutuksen parantamisella voisi olla mikään välitön ja dramaattinen vaikutus heidän 
poliittiseen ja taloudelliseen tilanteeseen, mutta ennemminkin koska se edusti hyvin 
näkyvää yhteistä investointia koko mantereen älyllisten resurssien tulevaisuuteen. Täten jo 
hyvin varhaisessa vaiheessa joukko koulutukseen erikoistuneita avustusohjelmia oli otettu 
käyttöön Pharen puitteissa, Tempuksen (Koko euroopan kattava liikuvuusohjelma 
yliopisto-opinnoille) ollessa laajamittaisin. 
Tässä valossa Ministerineuvosto pyysi Euroopan yhteisön komissiota joulukuussa 1989 
esittämään kiireellisesti yksityiskohtaisia ehdotuksia sopivia toimenpiteitä varten 
korkeamman koulutuksen ja harjoittelun alalla uudistusprosessin tukemiseksi Keski- ja 
Itä-Euroopassa ja jotka toteutettaisiin Pharen puitteissa. Tammikuussa 1990 Komissio välitti 
neuvostolle ja Euroopan Parlamentille suunnitelmansa sellaisen uuden ohjelman 
luomiseksi, joka olisi tarkoitettu erityisesti tunnistamaan ja täyttämään kyseessä olevan 
alueen erityiset tarpeet. 
Näihin aikoihin Phare tuli sanoista "Pologne, Hongrie: Assistance à la Restructuration Economique". Nykyinen 
täydellinen nimi on: "Phare-yhteisöohjelma taloudellisen uudelleenjärjestelyssä auttamiseksi Keski- ja Itä-
Euroopassa". 
Päätös, joka johti Tempuksen toteuttamiseen erillisenä jo olemassa olevista Yhteisön 
sisäisistä korkeamman koulutuksen ohjelmista (I .ten esimerkiksi ERASMUS ja COMETT) 
tai eri yhteisön tutkimustoiminnoista (kuten esimerkiksi kansainvälinen yhteistyö ja 
inhimilliset voimavarat ja tutkijoiden liikkuvuus) perustuen käsitykseen, että oli 
välttämätöntä, uudistusprosessin johtamiseksi, puuttua kyseessä olevien maiden 
ominaiseen yhteiskunnalliseen ulottuvuuteen, koska katsottiin, että suuret muutokset 
korkeammassa koulutuksessa mukana olevien opettajien ja opiskelijoiden käsityksissä ja 
asenteissa olisi tärkeä tekijä inhimillisten resurssien saatavuuden laajentamiseksi, joka olisi 
tarpeen uudistusprosessin edistymisessä omin voimin. Ei ollut ainoastaan kyse 
tulevaisuuden johtajien, tiedemiesten ja insinöörien ammatillisten ja teknisten taitojen 
parantamisesta, niin toivottavaa kuin tämä olisikin, vaan todettiin myös, että rakenteiden ja 
koulutusfilosofian kriittisellä tarkastuksella voitaisiin merkittävästi vähentää vastustusta, 
jota näissä yhteiskunnissa koetaan yleistä muutosta, relevanttien tietojen, tekniikoiden ja 
taitojen muokkaamista kohtaan sekä vanhojen ajatustapojen ja päätöksentekotapojen 
muutosta kohtaan. 
I. 2. TEMPUKSEN ENSIMMÄINEN VAIHE 1990 -1993 
Tempus otettiin käyttöön Neuvoston toimesta 7.5.1990 aluksi kolmen vuoden "pilottivaiheena" 
alkaen 1.7.1990, viiden vuoden perspektiivillä. Myöhempi neuvoston päätös jatkoi pilottivaihetta 
yhdellä vuodella heinäkuun 1994 loppuun saakka2. Vastuu ohjelman toteuttamisesta annettiin 
komissiolle. Neuvoston päätös, artikkeli 5 Tempus-ohjelman toteuttamisesta, määrää että 
komissiota avustaa johtajakomitea, jossa on kaksi jokaisen jäsenmaan nimittämää edustajaa ja 
jonka puheenjohtajana toimii komission edustaja. 
Alusta alkaen pääasiallinen väline yliopistojen väliselle yhteistyölle Tempus-ohjelmassa oli 
Yhteiseurooppalainen projekti (JEP), joka voi saada tukea enintään kolme vuotta ja siinä 
pitää olla mukana ainakin yksi yliopisto yhteistyömaasta (ECE) ja yhteistyöorganisaatioita, 
joista yhden on oltava yliopisto, ainakin kahdessa EU:n jäsenmaassa. Strategisesti ottaen, 
pyrkimyksenä tässä alkuvaiheessa oli Tempus-ohjelman tavoitteiden uudelleenjärjestely 
tukemalla aloitteita alhaalta lähtien, jotka painottivat uudistuksen perusaiheita oppikurs-
sikehityksen, henkilökunnan ja opiskelijoiden organisoidun liikkuvuuden (erityisesti 
uudelleenkoulutuksen ja ajantasalle saattamisjaksojen) avulla sekä ostamalla ja tukemalla 
välttämättömiä oppimis- ja kommunikaatiolaitteita. 
Tukea oli myös saatavilla erilaisiin toimenpiteisiin verkoston rakentamiseksi: Yksilölliset 
liikkuvuusapurahat henkilökunnalle opetustehtäviä, käytännön harjoittelua, henkilökunnan 
uudelleenkoulutusta ja ajanmukaistamista ja vierailuja varten, sekä täydennystoimenpide-
apurahoja eurooppalaisten korkeamman koulutuksen ja muilla aloilla toimivien järjestöjen 
levittämiseksi yhteistyömaihin. 
Tarjous tehtiin myös rajoitetusta tuesta nuorisotoiminnalle ja muille toiminnoille, joiden 
tarkoituksena oli parantaa nuorison tietoisuutta eurooppalaisesta ulottuvuudesta. 
Asiaankuuluvat kansalliset viranomaiset, jotka toimivat täysipäiväisesti perustetuissa 
kansallisissa Tempus-toimistoissa toteuttaakseen maansa panosta ohjelman täytäntöön­
panemiseksi. 
Katso tämän raportin kappaletta 1.3. ohjelman myöhemmästä kehityksestä. 
-3-
Toukokuun 1990 ja heinäkuun 1993 välisenä aikana inhimillisiin resursseihin erikoistunut 
yksikkö suoritti EU:n Tempus-toimiston3 tuella ja työskennellen läheisessä yhteistyössä 
jatkuvasti lisääntyvien yhteistyömaiden kansallisten viranomaisten kanssa neljä 
yhteiseurooppalaisten projektien valintaa, joiden tarkoituksena oli kohdata jälkimmäisten 
erityiset prioriteetit ylläkuvattujen runkojen puitteissa.4 Viimeinen näistä, kevään 1993 
valinta, pohjautui rajoitettuun hakemusten kutsuun, koska saatavilla olevat budjetit 
käytettiin kattamaan jäljelläolevat vuosina 1991/92 ja 1992/93 alkaneiden yhteiseuroop­
palaisten projektien kulut. Albania, Viro, Unkari, Latvia ja Liettua pystyivät hyväksymään 
vain rajoitetun määrän uusia hakemuksia ja Bulgaria, Tshekki, Slovakia ja Puola peruuttivat 
kutsun hakemuksista. Slovenia, jätti hakemusten kutsumisen avoimeksi, mutta jäljelläolevat 
varat sen jälkeen kun oli katettu ylimääräiset projektikulut, jotka oli jo hyväksytty kahtena 
edellisenä vuonna, osoittautuivat riittämättömiksi uusille projekteille. 
1.3. NEUVOSTON PÄÄTÖS 29.4.1993 TEMPUS II-OHJELMAN 
KÄYTTÖÖNOTOSTA 
Euroopan yhteisön opetusministerien marraskuussa 1992 tekemien alun näkökantojen 
vaihdosta ja Euroopan Parlamentin maaliskuussa 1993 tekemän myönteisen päätöksen 
seurauksena, neuvoston päätös koko Euroopan kattavasta korkeampaa koulutusta 
koskevasta yhteistyöohjelman toisen vaiheen käyttöönotosta (Tempus II) tehtiin 29.4.1993.5 
Tämä päätös jatkoi tehokkaasti Tempus-ohjelman toimintaa jo olemassa olevissa 
yhteistyömaissa ja laajensi sen myös entisiin neuvostotasavaltoihin mahdollistaen näin 
niiden tasavaltojen osallistumisen Tempus-ohjelmaan, jotka halusivat osoittaa osa yhteisön 
osoittamasta kokonaistuesta tähän tarkoitukseen. Vuoden 1994 alussa tapahtuneen 
akateemista vuotta 1994/95 koskevan valinnan aikana osaaottavat maat olivat Valkovenäjä, 
Kazakstan, Kirgisia, Moldova, Venäjä, Ukraina ja Uzbekistan. 
EU:n Tempus-toimisto on Euroopan Yhteistyörahaston autonominen toimisto, joka on sitoutunut auttamaan 
Euroopan yhteisöä Tempus-ohjelman toteuttamisessa. 
Ohjelmassa mukana olevien yhteistyömaiden määrä kasvoi toukokuun 1990 kahdesta alkuperäisestä (Puola ja 
Unkari) yhteensä yhteentoista helmikuuhun 1992 mennessä. Heinäkuussa 1993 ne olivat Albania, Bulgaria, 
Tshekki, Slovakia, Viro, Unkari, Latvia, Liettua, Puola, Romania ja Slovania. 
OJ N° L112/34 6 toukokuuta 1993. 
4-
II. KATSAUS TEMPUS-TOIMINTOIHIN 1993 - 1994 
Esityksen helpottamiseksi Tempus (Phare) ja Tempus (Tacis) käsitellään erikseen. 
Tempus (Phare) 
II. 1. BUDJETTI 
Ensisijainen tekijä tarkasteltaessa Tempus-ohjelmaa hallitsevia budjetillisia mekanismeja on, 
että Tempus yhdessätoista Itä- ja Keski-Euroopassa sijaitsevassa yhteistyömaassa 
muodostaa osan Pharea. Ratkaisevia tekijöitä ovat: 
• Kansallinen Phare-budjetti päätetään vuosittain komission toimesta. 
• Kansallisen budjetin puitteissa varojen järjestelystä sovitaan asiaankuuluvien 
kansallisten viranomaisten ja komission välillä jokaiselle yhteistyömaalle ehdotetun 
ohjelman puitteissa. Ehdotus budjetista Tempus- toimintoihin sijoitettavasta summasta 
sovitetaan näihin sääntöihin. 
Budjetin muodostamisprosessissa Tempus-toimintoja varten vuosille 1994/95 piti 
huomioida, että kevään 1994 valinta olisi ensimmäinen Tempuksen toisesta vaiheesta, ja 
ensimmäinen, jossa kaikissa yhteistyömaissa suoritettaisiin täysimittainen kutsu 
hakemuksille monivuotisen rahoituksen perusteella (vrt. § rV.3.2.). 
Yli 95.9 MECU kokonaisbudjetti varattiin vuotta varten. 
II. 2. KANSALLISTEN PRIORITEETTIEN PERUSTAMINEN JA 
TOIMINTAOHJEET PROJEKTIEN VALITSEMISEKSI 
Prioriteetit on perustettu, jotta Tempus sopisi selvästi jokaisen asiaankuuluvan 
yhteistyömaan korkeamman koulutuksen kehitystä koskeviin strategisiin puitteisiin ja jotta 
edistettäisiin synergiaa Tempuksesta rahoitettujen kehitystoimenpiteiden ja muiden Phare-
ohjelmasta tuettujen toimintojen välillä. 
Prioriteetit Tempuksen toteuttamiseksi ovat tulos yhteisön ja asiaankuuluvien 
yhteistyömaiden viranomaisten välisestä konsultaatiosta. Prioriteetit vuosille 1994/95 
tehtiin vuoden 1993 ensimmäisellä puoliskolla ja ne julkaistiin "Opas hakijoille"-julkaisussa. 
Täten Tempus on kyennyt lisäämään erityisten taloudellisten ja yhteiskunnallisten uudistus­
prosessien painoarvoa jokaisessa yhteistyömaassa ja myös luomaan valintaprosessin, joka 
välttää hakijoiden turhautumista antamalla heille enemmän ohjausta rohkaisten heidän 
pyrkimyksiään ainoastaan aloilla, jotka on lueteltu "Opas hakijoille"-julkaisussa. 
5-
Tempus-varauksen puitteissa, jonka jokainen yhteistyömaa on osoittanut Phare-
budjetistaan, tuettavat projektit valitaan yhteisellä päätöksentekoprosessilla, jolloin sekä 
komissio että kansalliset viranomaiset arvioivat projektien laadun, komissio keskittyessä 
missä määrin projektit mukautuvat tavoitteisiin ja Tempus-ohjelman kriteereihin, ja 
kansalliset viranomaiset arvioivat ennenkaikkea niiden asiaankuuluvuutta maidensa 
prioriteettitarpeille niin kuin he näkevät ne muuttuvassa korkeampaa koulutusta antavien 
systeemien uudelleenjärjestelytilanteessa. 
Komission lopullinen päätös minkä tahansa projektin tukemisesta syntyy monista 
syvällisistä keskusteluista liittyen erilaisiin arviointeihin. Ehtona hakemuksen 
lisäetenemiselle vuoden 1994/95 valintaproseduurissa on erityisesti ollut sekä vastaavan 
kansallisen Tempus-toimiston (usein konsultaatiossa kansallisen asiantuntijapaneelin 
kanssa) että EU:n Tempus-toimiston hyväksyntä siitä, että hakemus myötävaikuttaisi 
kansallisten Tempus-prioriteettien saavuttamiseen. 
Seuraamalla tätä proseduuria kaikki osapuolet pyrkivät saavuttamaan taloudellisten 
resurssien puitteissa, parhaimman mahdollisen tasapainon arviointikriteerien suhteen, jotka 
viittaavat sekä laatutekijöihin että prioriteettien noudattamiseen, jotka on perustettu niiden 
maiden toimesta, joihin apu on ohjattu. On välttämätöntä, että vaikkakin suuri osa 
hakemuksista yhteiseurooppalaisten projektien saamiseksi täyttävät eri vaaditut kriteerit, 
jotka mainittiin "Opas hakijoille"-julkaisussa , on mahdollista tukea vain suhteellisen pientä 
osaa niistä. 
II. 3. JEP-APURAHA TOIMINNOT: VUODEN 1994 VALINTA­
PROSEDUURIN TULOKSET 
Vuoden 1994 ensimmäisellä puoliskolla tehtiin valinta sellaisista yhteiseurooppalaisista 
projekteista, jotka aloittivat toimintansa akateemisena vuonna 1994/95. Tämän 
valintakierroksen tulokset ovat seuraavat: 
Vuonna 1994/95 tuettujen JEPsien lukumäärä 464 
Uudet JEPsit vuonna 1994/95 239 
Vuonna 1994/95 uudistettujen JEPsien lukumäärä 225 
Vuonna 1994 saatujen uusien JEP-ehdotusten lukumäärä 1,365 
Uusien prioriteettialueisiin sopivien JEP-ehdotusten lukumäärä 975 
Phare-budjetista Tempukselle vuonna 1994/95 osoitettu 95.9 MECU 
kokonaissumma 
II. 3.1. Analyysit prioriteettialueittain 
Kaikkiaan 1365 saadusta JEP-hakemuksesta, 975 (71%) oli osoitettu aiheisiin, jotka oli merkitty 
kohteena olevan yhteistyömaan kansallisten viranomaisten toimesta prioriteeteiksi. Lisää 
yksityiskohtia kansallisista prioriteeteista on saatavilla § UI Phare-maaraportit. 
II. 3.2. Analyysit yhteistyömaiden, EU:n jäsenmaiden ja osaaottavien 
G24 maiden mukaan 
II. 3.2.1. Yhteistyömaiden osanotto 
Instituutiot yhteistyömaissa toimivat koordinaattoreina 66.9% projekteista, jotka 
hyväksyttiin valinnassa vuodelle 1994/95. Niiden instituutioiden osuus viidessä 
yhteistyömaassa, joiden kansalliset viranomaiset ovat pyytäneet, että urakoitsijan rooli olisi 
avoin instituutioille vastaavissa maissa, muodostaa 32.2% kyseessä olevalla 
hakemuskierroksella valittujen projektien projektiurakoitsijoista.6 
Yksityiskohtainen analyysi yhteistyömaiden osaUistumisesta JEPs-projekteihin on annettu § HI. 
II. 3.2.2. Jäsenmaiden osanotto 
Kolme aktiivisimmin projekteihin osallistuvaa maata ovat Iso-Britannia, Saksa ja Ranska. 
Nämä maat sekä Belgia, ovat myöskin kärjessä jäsenmaiden keskuudessa projektien 
koordinaattorina ja urakoitsijana toimimisessa. Lukuisissa muissa maissa halukkuus 
osallistua ohjelmaan ei näy halukkuutena ottaa vastuu projektin koordinaattorina tai 
urakoitsijana toimimisesta. Monissa maissa, joissa jopa osallistumismäärät ovat olleet 
erityisen alhaisia on ryhdytty toimenpiteisiin jotta rohkaistaisiin yhteyksiä yhteistyömaihin 
nopeuttamalla yhteistyömaiden akatemioiden hakemuksia yksilöllisiin liikkuvuus-
apurahoihin, tarkoituksena ryhtyä projektivalmisteluihin aliedustetuissa jäsenmaissa (katso 
§ 4.1. Erikois toimenpiteet Etelälle). 
II. 3.2.3. G24 osanotto 
17% vuoden 1992/93 JEP-hakemuksista (viimeinen täysimittainen kutsu hakemuksille) 
kuului osanottajia G24 maista. Pelkästään nykyisellä valintakierroksella, vähän yli 210 
(15%) hakemuksessa oli mukana G24 maat, pääasiassa Skandinavian maat, Itävalta, Sveitsi 
ja Yhdysvallat. Vain harvoissa vastaanotetuissa hakemuksissa mainittiin kumppanina 
instituutioita Itävallasta, Kanadasta, Japanista tai Maltalta. Kaikkiaan 22 hakemuksessa oli 
mukana G24 osanottajia koordinaattorina, joista 18 hyväksyttiin tukeen oikeuttavaksi. 2/3 
näistä hakemuksista oli Ruotsista tulevien instituutioiden koordinoima, jäljelle jäävät 
itävaltalaisten tai suomalaisten instotuutioiden. Kenties on huomattavaa, että nämä ovat ne 
kolme maata, jotka ovat rahoittaneet niiden korkeampaa koulutusta antavien 
instituutioiden osallistumista Tempukseen. 
Projektikoordinaattori on organisaatio, joka on vastuussa hakija/projekti yhteenliittymän toimintojen 
koordinoinnista. Urakoitsija on organisaatio, jolla on sopimuksellinen vastuu komissiolle projektista ja se ei ole 
välttämättä samalla koordinoiva instituutio. 
7-
II. 3.3. JEP+-valinta 
Akateemisena vuonna 1993/94 perustettiin kolme uutta apurahakategoriaa Tempus-
ohjelman puitteissa, joista kaksi JEP+- ja CME+-otsikoiden alla oli tarkoitettu korjaamaan 
kansallisten prioriteettien osoittamien tarpeiden ja Euroopan akateemisten yhteisöjen 
aloitteiden välistä ristiriitaa.7 Koskien JEP+-toimintaa (tietoa CME+ katso § II.5.1.) 
kansallisia viranomaisia pyydettiin määrittelemään prioriteettiaiheet, joiden perusteella 
hakemuksia voitaisiin kutsua ja joihin akateemiset piirit voisivat ehdottaa projekteja, jotka 
voitaisiin rahoittaa yhteiseurooppalaisena projektina (tai täydentävänä toimenpiteenä. 
Ehdotetut JEP+ aiheet koskivat yliopiston taloudellisen johtamisen ja kirjaston 
informaatiopalvelujen parantamista, yliopiston kansainvälisten yhteistyölaitosten 
kehittämistä, eurooppa-opintojen etäopiskelun ja korkeamman koulutuksen tiedottajien 
kehittämistä. Näihin aiheisiin pyydettiin hakemuksia ja niiden ensimmäinen valintakierros 
tapahtui vuoden 1994 ensimmäisellä puoliskolla. Aiheet lueteltiin "Opas hakijoille"-
julkaisussa ja tarkempi kuvaus niistä on saatavilla EU:n Tempus-toimistosta ja vastaavista 
kansallisista Tempus-toimistoista. 
Kaikkiaan 11 JEP+-projektia valittiin tukea varten ja ne aloittivat toimintansa akateemisena 
vuonna 1994/95: 8 Puolalle, yksi Bulgarialle, Tshekille ja Romanialle. Niiden arvioidut 
kustannukset kolmivuotisen toteuttamisen aikana ovat 4,195,415 ECU. 
II. 3.4. Erikoistoiminta rakenteellinen JEP: Eurotiedekunta 
Toimintojen ensimmäinen vaihe Eurotiedekuntakeskuksen suojeluksessa on alkanut 
akateemisen henkilökunnan koulutuksella/ajanmukaistamisella (sisältäen kieliharjoittelun 
englannissa ja saksassa) ja Virossa, Latviassa ja Liettuassa sijaitsevien kirjastojen 
parantamisella. Nyt kursseja pidetään kumppanuusyliopistoissa Tartossa (EE), Riikassa 
(LTV) ja Vilnassa (LIT) opettajatiimien toimesta, joista jokaiseen kuuluu jäsen läntisestä 
yhteistyömaasta (kumppanit ovat: Tanska, Suomi, Saksa ja Ruotsi). Parhaillaan työ on 
keskittynyt neljään tieteenalaan, lakitiede, taloustiede, julkinen hallinto ja liikehallinto: 
avainalueita, jotka tekevät hyväksytyille kumppaniyliopistoille mahdolliseksi tulla 
asiantuntijakeskuksiksi, kyeten myötävaikuttamaan uudistusprosessissa. Verkostoa on 
tarkoitus laajentaa luonnollisena jatkeena Venäjällä sijaitseviin yliopistoihin (Kalingrad ja 
Pietari). 
Keskuksesta tulee laillisesti itsenäinen säätiö, jota rahoitetaan sekä kansallisin lahjoituksin 
että komission toimesta Tempus-ohjelman välityksellä. Kahden ensimmäisen 
toimintavuoden kokonaisbudjetti on arvioitu 3.5 MECU sisältäen akateemisen vuoden 
1993/94 kokonaisbudjetin 320,000 ECU, joka on varattu neljän mukana olevan 
yhteistyömaan kansallisesta Tempus-budjetista (Viro, Latvia, Liettua ja Puola) kansallisen 
JEPin puitteissa ja jolla rahoitetaan tarpeellinen valmistelutyö ja ensimmäisen vaiheen 
toiminnot. Vuodelle 1994/95 ylimääräiset 360,000 ECU on varattu neljästä kansallisesta 
Tempus-budjetista. 
Kolmas on JEN-toiminta, katso § II.3.5. 
8-
II. 3.5. Yhteiseurooppalaisen verkoston (JENs) valinta 
Yhteiseurooppalainen verkostotoiminta, joka aloitettiin 1993, myöntämällä ensimmäiset 
apurahat vuoden 1994 alussa suunniteltiin jotta menestyneimmät jo loppuunsaatetut 
yhteiseurooppalaiset projektit (eli ne 3-vuotiset projektit, joiden ensimmäinen osallistumis-
vuosi rahoitetiin niiden yhteistyömaiden toimesta, jotka olivat kauimmin olleet mukana 
Tempus-ohjelmasa) pystyisivät ylläpitämään verkostojaan, levittämään tuloksiaan ja 
tarjoamaan esimerkkejä hyvästä projektikäytännöstä korkeintaan kahden vuoden ajan. 
Vuonna 1993/94 tuki näille toiminnoille oli 769,005 ECU 30 projektille. 
II. 4. YKSILÖLLISET LIIKKUVUUSAPURAHAT 
Yksilöllisten liikkuvuusapurahojen valintaproseduurit ovat samanlaisia kuin ne joita käytettiin 
yhteiseurooppalaisia projekteja valittaessa. Yksilölliset liikkuvuusapurahat myönnetään 
kuitenkin vuosittain kahden hakukierroksen perusteella. Niiden hakemusten valinta, joita 
ehdotetaan komissiolle rahoituksen saamiseksi suoritetaan EU:n Tempus-toimiston toimesta 
EU:sta tuleville hakijoille, jotka hakevat apurahaa yhteistyömaihin matkustamiseksi. 
Hakemukset yhteistyömaista EU:hun matkustamiseksi arvioidaan vastaavan kansallisen 
Tempus-toimiston toimesta standardisoitujen valintakriteerien mukaan. 
Kahdella valintakierroksella 1993/94 suunniteltiin kaikkiaan 1491 yksittäisten 
yliopistohenkilökuntien vierailua yhteistyömaista yhteisön instotuutioihin, yhteensä 
3,573,752 ECU arvosta. Samaan aikaan yliopistohenkilökunnalle yhteisössä myönnettiin 
561,188 ECU 629 vierailun tekemiseksi yhteistyömaissa sijaitseviin instituutioihin. 
EU-hakijoille myönnettävien apurahojen lukumäärä oli epätavallisen suuri (353) vuoden 1993/94 
ensimmäisellä kierroksella, johtuen kenties siitä, että hakemukset olivat saaneet vaikutteita 
tiedonannosta joulukuussa 1992 (katso §1.2.), että monet maat olivat peruuttaneet JEP-
hakemusten kutsun, samalla kun potentiaaliset projektipartnerit etsivät vaihtoehtoisia 
rahoituslähteitä Tempuksen puitteissa kontaktien ja yhteistyön kehittämiseksi. 
Vuoden 1994 ensimmäisen puoliskon aikana tehtiin valinta yksilöllistä liikkuvuus-
apurahoista kandidaateille, jotka suunnittelivat aloittavansa toimintansa akateemisena 
vuonna 1994/95 (1994/95 kierros 1). Kaikkiaan 71,170 ECU annettiin 64 apurahalle 
yhteistyömaihin tehtäviä vierailuja varten, kun hakemuksia yhteensä saatiin 195. Samaan 
aikaan vielä 1,772,120 ECU myönnettiin 589 hakijalle yhteistyömaissa 978 joukosta, jotka 
toivoivat voivansa matkustaa Euroopan yhteisöön. 
II. 4.1. 'Etelän erikoistoimenpiteet' 
Vuonna 1993 toteutettiin erikoistoimenpide, joka oli suunniteltu edistämään yhteistyötä 
yhteistyömaiden ja parhaillaan rahoitetuissa yhteiseurooppalaisissa projekteissa 
aliedustettuina olevien jäsenmaiden välillä (Irlanti, Italia, Portugali ja Espanja). Toimenpide 
toteutettiin yksilöllisten liikkuvuus apurahojen muodossa, jotta akateemiset henkilöt 
yhteistyömaista voisivat matkustaa yllämainittuihin jäsenmaihin JEPs-valmistelujen 
konsultointia varten. Hakemukset erikoistoimenpidettä varten , ilmoitettu huhtikuussa 
1993, alistettiin tavanomaiselle IMG toisen kierroksen päättymispäivälle 15.6.1993, mutta 
toteutettiin nopeutetulla valintaprosessilla, joka suoritettiin kansallisten Tempus-
toimistojen toimesta (käyttäen jo olemassa olevia standardeja proseduureja ja kriteereitä). 
Menestyksekkäät kandidaatit pystyivät näin aloittamaan vierailunsa saman vuoden 
1.9. - 31.12. välisenä aikana, sallien näin JEP-hakemusten valmistelun ja lähettämisen ennen 
seuraavaa hakuajan umpeutumispäivämäärää, joka oli 31.1.1994. 
Yhteensä 112 Etelän erikoistoimenpiteet-apurahaa myönnettiin, kaikkiaan 116,265 ECU 
arvosta. 
II. 5. TÄYDENTÄVÄT TOIMENPITEET 
Vuoden 1993/94 kahdella valintakierroksella kaikkiaan 19 apurahaa (kokonaissumma 
188,595 ECU) myönnettiin järjestöille, jotta akateemiset verkostot voitaisiin laajentaa Itä- ja 
Keski-Eurooppaan, tai julkaisuille, opinnoille ja tutkimuksille, milloin nämä suoraan 
edistivät Tempuksen päämääriä yhteistyötä stimuloivina ja helpottavina. Valinta-
proseduurit olivat samanlaiset kuin JEPs-projekteille käytetyt. 
Vuoden 1994 ensimmäisellä puoliskolla suoritettiin valinta sellaisille täydentävien 
toimenpiteiden projekteille, joiden toimintojen oli tarkoitus alkaa akateemisena vuonna 
1994/95 (1994/95 kierros 1). Yhteensä vastaanotettiin 29 hakemusta, joista 14 rahoitettiin 
147,825 ECU arvosta. 
Vuoden 1994 aikana päätettiin työstää ehdotuksia toimenpiteen uudelleenjärjestelemiseksi. 
Uuden toimenpiteen, jonka on tarkoitus alkaa 1995/96 on kohdistettu entistä tarkemmin 
yhteistyömaiden korkeampaan koulutukseen liittyviin strategisiin kysymyksiin, tukien 
suunnittelua korkeampaa koulutusta antavissa instituutioissa toimenpiteillä, joiden 
tarkoituksena on JEPsin saavutusten levittäminen tietyn erityisen tieteenalan sisällä, ja 
korkeampaa koulutusta koskevien suuntalinjojen tekeminen kansallisella tasolla. 
II. 5.1. CME+ 
Vuoden 1993 kuluessa samaan aikaan JEP+ toiminnan kanssa, CME+ (vrt. § II.3.3.) esiteltiin 
lisäkeinona, jonka avulla voidaan antaa tukea erityisille prioriteeteille korkeamman 
koulutuksen uudistamiseksi kansallisella tasolla, kuten vastaavien yhteistyömaiden 
viranomaiset ovat määritelleet. Erityinen tarjousproseduuri laadittiin yksityiskohtaisten 
ohjeiden perusteella, jotka olivat saatavilla EU:n Tempus-toimistosta ja vastaavista 
kansallisista Tempus-toimistoista lokakuusta 1993 lähtien. Kaikkiaan 8 sellaista projektia 
(yksi Albaniasta, Bulgariasta, Unkarista, Latviasta ja Romaniasta ja 2 Puolasta) rahoitettiin 
vuonna 1994 kaikkiaan 269,120 ECU edestä. 
Erityisesti CME+~projektit, jotka oli tarkoitettu teknisen avun ja tuen tarjoamiseen 
kansallisille viranomaisille korkeampaan koulutukseen liittyvien toimintaperiaatteiden 
kehittämiseksi. Esimerkiksi Latviassa CME+ toiminta tuki käytännön opintoja, jotka 
liittyivät Latvian tiedeakatemian tutkimuslaitosten integroimiseen yliopistojen kanssa, kun 
taas Puolassa CME+-projekti tarjosi neuvoja Puolan Kansallisen Koulutuksen ministeriölle 
kansallisen korkeamman koulutuksen edistämiskeskuksen organisointiin liittyen. 
-ÎO-
II. 6. NUORISO VAIHTOTOIMINNOT 
Vuonna 1993/94 kuten aikaisempina vuosina, rajoitettu määrä rahoitusta oli saatavilla 
nuorisovaihtoon ja siihen liittyviin toimintoihin, joihin kuului organisotua 
kulttuurivuorovaikutusta, jonka tarkoituksena oli tarjota sellaisille nuorille (15-25 vuotiaille), 
jotka tavallisesti eivät kuulu korkeamman koulutuksen piiriin mahdollisuuksia osallistua 
eurooppalaiseen kokemukseen. 
Kaikkiaan 114 projektille varattiin varoja yhteensä 1,112,464 ECU kahdella valintakierroksella 
1993/94. 
Vuoden 1994 ensimmäisen puoliskon aikana valittiin sellaiset YEX-projektit, joiden 
toimintojen oli määrä alkaa syyskuussa 1994 (1994/95 kierros 1). Kaikkiaan 32 projektia 
ehdotettiin tuen saamiseksi 124 hakemuksen joukosta, kokonaisvarauksella 272,102 ECU. 
Näiden projektien lisäksi "Polish Youth Pilot Project" (puolalaisen nuorison pilottiprojektin) 
toimenpiteet aloitettiin yhdellä valintakierroksella 1992/93 ja sen toimintaa jatkettiin 1993/94. 
Tuki näille 33 innovatiiviselle projektille, joilla oli paikallista vaikutusta ja joita johtivat nuoret 
osanottajat itse, oli yhteensä 578,400 ECU tammikuun 1994 valintakierroksella. Myöhemmän 
valinnan 50% onnistumisaste oli yli kaksinkertainen verrattuna edelliseen kierrokseen: tosiasia, 
joka voidaan laajasti osoittaa Puolan kansallisen Tempus-toimiston intensiivisestä 
informaatiokampanjasta johtuvaksi. Väliaikainen EU:n Tempus-toimiston jäsen, joka työskenteli 
puolalaisessa NTO:ssa syyskuusta 1993 helmikuun 1994 loppuun myötävaikutti myös tähän 
työhön. Ylimääräinen valintakierros elokuussa 1994, jolloin saapui 41 hakemusta, toi pilotti­
projektit tuttuun kahteen vuosittaisen valintakierroksen malliin. 
II. 7. TARKKAILUTOIMINNOT 
Komissio ylläpiti täyden sisäisen tarkkailutoimintojen ohjelman kaikille Tempus-toiminnoille, 
suorittaen yksityiskohtaisia tutkimuksia ja analyysejä projektien lukuisista relevanteista 
näkökannoista (tilanne eri yhteistyömaissa, eri prioriteettialueet, yhteisön mukanaolo, G24-
maiden mukanaolo jne.), projekteista joita tuettiin edellisellä valintakierroksella. 
Intensiivisten paikkavierailuohjelmien organisointi ja toteuttaminen alkoi 1992/93 jatkuen 
raportoitavana ajanjaksona ja siihen liittyi kaikkiaan 36 vierailua yhteiseurooppalaisiin 
projekteihin kautta yhteistyömaiden. Projektien tarkkailu sisälsi kaksi eri vierailua, yksi 
mukana olevaan yhteistyömaan instituutioon, keskittyen edistyksen tarkkailuun, joka oli 
tapahtunut tavoiteasettelun toteuttamisessa, ja toinen vierailu, joka sisälsi taloudellisen 
tilintarkastuksen, joka suoritettiin sopimuksen tehneessä instituutiossa. 
Tärkeä tämän toiminnan uusi komponentti oli seitsemän institutionaalisen vierailun 
toteuttaminen, jotka oli tarkoitettu arvioimaan Tempukseen osallistumisen vaikutusta 
valittuihin instituutioihin. Vierailuryhmä oli erityisen kiinnostunut tutkimaan 
mahdollisuuksia luoda synergiaa projektien välille ja siitä miten projektien kokoonpano 
myötävaikutti instituutioiden kaikenkattavaan strategiakehitykseen. 
Raportti paikkavierailuohjelman tuloksista, jotka suoritettiin akateemisena vuotena 1993/94 
julkaistaan. 
11 
Näistä komission johtamista ja kyseessä olevien maiden kansallisten Tempus-toimistojen 
sekä niiden jäsenmaiden kuin keski- ja itäeurooppalaisten akateemisten asiantuntijaryhmien 
avustamista vierailuista saadut löydöt ja kokemukset ovat myötävaikuttaneet ohjelman 
sisäisten proseduurien määrittelyyn, vierailujen kohteena olleiden projektien edistymiseen 
ja toivottavasti yhteistyömaiden korkeammasta koulutuksesta vastuussa olevien 
hallintovirkamiesten strategiseen ajatteluun. 
II. 7.1. Phare-yhteistyömaa monografit 
Vuoden 1994 aikana aloitettiin sarja tutkimuksia Tempuksen vaikutuksesta (ensisijassa) 
seitsemässä yhdestätoista maasta, jotka olivat sopivia osallistumaan Tempus (Phareen) 
syyskuusta 1991 lähtien: Bulgaria, Tshekki, Unkari, Romania, Puola, Slovakia ja Slovenia. 
Ensimmäinen näistä tutkimuksista, joka on sopimussuhteessa EU:n Tempus-toimiston 
kanssa tutkii Tempuksen vaikutusta Slovakiaan ja se on julkaistu vuoden 1995 alussa. 
Tempus (Tacis) 
II. 8. BUDJETTI 
Kokonaisbudjetti Tempus (Tacisille) vuonna 1993/94 projektirahoituksen osalta oli 3.42 MECU. 
Vuonna 1994/95 oli saatavilla kaikkiaan 21.73 MECU projektirahoitukseen. 
II. 9. ESI-JEPSTRATEGIA JA PRIORITEETTIEN PERUSTAMINEN 
Tempus II toiminnat alkoivat akateemisena vuotena 1994/95. Kyetäkseen täytäntöönpanemaan 
elinkelpoisia Tempus (Tacis)-yhteiseurooppalaisia projekteja tuohon aikaan, komissio ryhtyi 
alustaviin toimenpiteisiin 1993/94, rahoittamalla esi-yhteiseurooppalaisia projekteja (Pre-JEPs). 
Nämä keskittyivät valmistelevaan henkilökunnan liikkuvuuteen sellaisten yliopistojen välillä, 
jotka suunnittelivat yhteistyötä institutionaalisella tasolla myöhempänä ajankohtana (esim. 
tutkimus- ja tiedonkeruuvierailut, institutionaalisen yhteistyön valmistelu, henkilökunnan 
ajanmukaistaminen ja uudelleenkoulutus, opetustehtävät jne). 
Maat, jotka ovat sopivia näihin esiohjelmavaiheen toimintoihin akateemisena vuonna 
1993/94 olivat Valkovenäjä, Venäjä ja Ukraina. Sopivat kumppanit avustettavissa maissa 
rajoitettiin yhteen yliopistoon projektia kohden, kun taas EU:ssa 2-3 korkeampaa koulutusta 
antavaa instituutiota pystyi osallistumaan. Yksi instituutio EU:n ulkopuolisesta (G24) 
maasta voi myös osallistua. 
12-
Projekteille annettava tuki kohdistui seuraaviin prioriteettialueisiin: 
• humanistiset- ja yhteiskuntatieteet 
• valtio-oppi ja taloustiede (ei kohdistettu kaupallisiin aineisiin/liikkeenjohtoon) 
• modernit eurooppalaiset kielet (ei kohdistettu kirjallisuuteen tai kielitieteisiin) 
• yliopistojohtamisen parantaminen. 
Komissio päätti myös, Tacis-ohjelman kaikenkattavien päämäärien näkökulmasta, että 
erityistä huomiota annettaisiin projekteille, jotka ovat relevantteja maatalousalalla, energia-
ja kuljetusalalla. 
Rohkaistaakseen tässä esi-ohjelmavaiheessa kuvailtua liikkuvuutta instituutioiden 
suunnitellun yhteistyön näkökulmasta komissio pyrki myös täyttämään tarpeet 
uudelleenperustetuille kontakteille IVY-maissa (Itsenäisten valtioiden yhteisö) toimivien 
akateemisten piirien ja heidän yhteisössä toimivien vastapuolten välille, samalla 
huomioiden tuen arvon institutionaaliselle kehitykselle optimaalisina keinoina Tempuksen 
vaikutuksen maksimoimiseksi IVY-maissa. 
Yhteenliittymille, jotka olivat lopettamassa yksivuotisia esi-JEPs-projekteja, tarjottiin 
mahdollisuus anoa rahoitusta kolmivuotisia yhteiseurooppalaisia projekteja varten, jotka 
pyrkivät joko esi-JEP yhteenliittymään kuuluvan instituution yliopistojohtamisen 
tarkasteluun ja parantamiseen tai oppiarvokurssien ja niiden sisällön uudelle­
enrakentamiseen ja kehittämiseen (sisältäen avustamisen uusien instituutioiden, 
tiedekuntien ja oppikurssien ja kurssien toteuttamiseen tarvittavan johtamisrakenteen 
luomisessa). Hakuajan päättymisajankohta oli 15.6.1994. Toinen hakuaika esi-JEP-
hakemuksille pidettiin myös vuoden 1994 alussa (hakuajan päättymisaika 28.4.1994). 
Omasta pyynnöstään Kazakstan, Kirgisia, Moldova ja Uzbekistan liitettiin myöhempään 
hakuaikaan. 
II. 10. VALINTAPROSEDUURI 
Käytettiin nelivaiheista valintaproseduuria: 
• Tekninen arviointi suoritettiin EU:n Tempus-toimiston toimesta. 
• Teknisen arvioinnin perusteella, laadittiin komission väliaikainen lista tuen saamiseksi 
ehdotetuista projekteista. 
• Akateemiset asiantuntijat sekä Euroopan Unionista että yhteistyömaista saivat 
konsultaatiota kaikista hakemuksista. 
• Lopullinen päätös talouden suhteen tehtiin komission toimesta. 
13-
II. 11. VUODEN 1943 (ESI-JEPS) ja VUODEN 1994 (ESI-JEPS ja JEPS) 
VALINTAKIERROSTEN TULOKSET 
Kaikenkattavat tulokset pre-JEP- ja JEP-valinnoista voidaan näyttää seuraavanlaisen 
taulukon avulla: 
Maa 
Valkovenäjä 
Venäjä 
Ukraina 
Kazakstan 
Kirgisia 
Moldova 
Uzbekistan 
Kokonais­
summa Esi­
projektit 
1993/94 
8 
57 
12 
77 Budjetti 
1993/94 
(MECU) 
0.38 
2.54 
0.50 
3.42 Esi­
projektit 
1994/95 
5 
39 
10 
9 
2 
5 
6 
76* Täysimit­
taiset 
projektit 
1994/95 
4 
20 
4 
28 Budjetti 
1994/95 
(MECU) 
2.10 
15.37 
3.32 
0.37 
0.09 
0.23 
0.25 
21.73 Kokonais­
kulutus 
maata kohti 
(MECU) 
2.48 
17.91 
3.82 
0.37 
0.09 
0.23 
0.25 
25.15 
Vuonna 1994/95 hiljattain valitun 76 esiprojektin lisäksi 50 yksivuotista vuonna 
1993/94 alkanutta esiprojektia saivat tukea 1994 ja ovat oikeutettuja hakemaan 
täysimittaisia projektiapurahoja 1995 (Valkovenäjä: 5; Venäjä: 37; Ukraina: 8). 
Humanistiset tieteet ja 
yhteiskuntatieteet, 
mukaanluettuna lakitiede 
Taloustiede ja politiikan 
tutkimus, sisältäen 
Eurooppa-opinnot 
Modernit eurooppalaiset 
kielet 
Yliopistojohtamisen 
parantaminen 
Muut 
Yhteensä Esiprojektit 
1993/94 
29 
14 
16 
18 
0 
77 Esiprojektit 
1994/95 
13 
25 
15 
18 
5 
76 Täysimittaiset 
projektit 1994/95 
7 
9 
5 
6 
0 
27 
14-
II. 11.1. Analyysit prioriteettialueittain 
Vuoden 1993/94 valintakierroksella saadusta 264 esi-JEP-hakemuksesta 222 kohdistui 
aiheisiin, jotka oli määritelty prioriteettiaiheiksi. 
Vuoden 1994/95 valintakierroksen 408 esi-JEP-hakemuksesta 335 kohdistui prioriteettiaiheisiin, 
jotka yhdessä taloustieteisiin, yliopiston johtamiseen ja moderneihin eurooppalaisiin kieliin 
osoitettujen hakemusten kanssa kattoivat yli puolet hakemuksista. 
Niiden maiden osalta, jotka ottivat osaa ensimmäistä kertaa (Kazakstan, Kirgisia, Moldova 
ja Uzbekistan) kaikkien alojen hakemukset katsottiin tukeen oikeuttaviksi. 
Käynnissä olevaa JEP-valintaa koskien, jonka osalta kutsu hakemuksille rajoitettiin jo 
olemassa oleville esi-JEP-yhteenliittymille, kaikki paitsi yksi hakemus olivat yhteneväisiä 
prioriteettivaatimusten kanssa, 
II. 11.2. Analyysit yhteistyömaan ja EU:n jäsenmaan mukaan 
Vuoden 1993/94 esi-JEP-valinnassa menestyneiden projektien jakaantuminen yhteistyömaiden 
välillä oli seuraavanlainen: Valkovenäjä, 8; Venäjä, 57; Ukraina, 12. Saatujen 264 hakemuksen 
jakauma näiden kolmen maan kesken oli suunnilleen samanlainen. Tämä tasapaino säilytettiin 
vuoden 1994/95 JEP-valinnassa, jolloin vuoden 1993/94 esi-JEP-yhteenliittymien lähettämistä 28 
hakemuksesta, jotka saavat tukea, 4 oli Valkovenäjälle, 20 Venäjälle ja 4 Ukrainalle. 
Vuoden 1994/95 esi-JEP-valintakierroksella, johon Kazakstan, Kirgisia, Moldova ja 
Uzbekistan osallistuivat ensimmäistä kertaa, yllä mainittu malli säilytettiin Valkovenäjän, 
Venäjän ja Ukrainan osalta, mutta yhdessä nämä kolme maata vastasivat yli 86% saaduista 
hakemuksista. 
Vuoden 1994 alkupuolella Valkovenäjällä, Venäjällä ja Ukrainalla sijaitseviin yliopistoihin 
tehdystä tiedotuskampanjasta johtuen, vuoden 1994/95 projektivalinnat olivat alueellisesti 
selvästi paremmin jakautuneet. 
Mitä jäsenmaihin tulee, vuoden 1993/94 valintakierrokselle osallistumisesta voidaan vetää 
hyvin vähän johtopäätöksiä johtuen sen esittelyajankohdasta. Hakemukset valmisteltiin 
lomien aikana sellaisten yliopistohenkilöiden toimesta, joilla oli vielä mahdollisuus siihen. 
Ranskassa, Saksassa, Alankomaissa ja Iso-Britanniassa sijaitsevat instituutiot olivat 
aktiivisimpia projektien koordinoinnissa (koordinointi ei ollut avoin yhteistyömaista 
tuleville kumppaneille). 
Vuoden 1994/95 esi-JEP-valinnasta muodostuu huomattavasti tasapainoisempi kuva. 
Edellisellä kierroksella vähiten edustettuina olleiden maiden osanotto kaksinkertaistui, kun 
taas JEP-valinnassa samojen maiden edustus parantui vuoden 1993/94 esi-JEPsien 10% 
osanotosta 16% sen jälkeen kehittyneissä JEPseissä. Merkittävä tekijä esi-JEP-osanoton 
parantuneeseen maantieteelliseen jakautumiseen vuonna 1994/95 on todennäköisesti ollut 
tiedotustilaisuuksien sarja maissa, jotka olivat vuonna 1993/94 vähiten edustettuina. 
-15 
Informaatio- ja koordinointitoiminnot 
11.12. TIEDOTUSTOIMINTA TEMPUS (PHARELLE) JA 
TEMPUS (TACISILLE) 
Ohjekirjanen julkaistiin yhdeksällä kielellä ja siinä annettiin lyhyt kuvaus ohjelmasta. 
Kahdenlaista yksityiskohtaisempaa tiedotusmateriaalia julkaistiin ajanjaksona, jota tämä raportti 
koskee: sellaisia, jotka oli tarkoitettu ohjelman käyttäjille (Opas hakijoille) ja sellaisia, jotka oli 
tarkoitettu Euroopan yhteisön instituutioiden, jäsenmaiden, kansallisten Tempus-toimistojen, 
Phare-koordinaattorien ja muiden yhteistyömaissa sijaitsevien instituutioiden (Phare) 
erikoistuneelle yleisölle ja joukkotiedotusvälineille (2 vuosiraporttia). 
Uusi painos Opas hakijoille-julkaisusta ja Tempus (Phare)-hakulomakkeista valmistettiin 
uudessa muodossa ja niitä levitettiin yhdeksällä yhteisön kielellä. Oppaan uudistettu muoto 
erillisineen kirjasineen jokaiselle Tempus (Phare)-toimenpiteelle, yleinen johdanto ja 
erillinen kirjanen, jossa annetaan tietoa yhteistyömaiden kansallisista prioriteeteista, 
suunniteltiin tarjoamaan käyttäjille tarpeellista tietoa selkeämmässä muodossa silti 
menettämättä ymmärrettävyyttä. 
Erilliset oppaat osoitettiin Tempus (Tacisin) esi-JEP-vaiheelle ja Tempus (Pharen) 
nuorisotoiminnoille ja myös ne tehtiin yhdeksällä kielellä, kun taas "Polish Pilot Project scheme 
for Youth Activities" (puolalaiselle pilottiprojektiohjelmalle nuorisotoimintoja varten) 
valmistettiin opas yhdessä hakulomakkeiden kanssa neljällä kielellä (DE, EN, FR, IT). 
Yhteenveto kaikista vuoden 1993/94 käynnissä olevista Tempus (Phare)-
yhteiseurooppalaisista projekteista ja täydentävistä toimenpiteistä julkaistiin vuoden 1993 
syksyllä, jota seurasi Vuosiraportti, joka koski ohjelman toimintoja ajalla 1.8.1992 - 31.7.1993. 
Toinen yhteenveto, jossa annettiin yksityiskohtia ensimmäisistä Tempus (Tacisin) esi-
JEPseistä ilmestyi keväällä 1994. 
Lisädokumentti, joka ilmestyi ensi kertaa, oli Paikka-vierailuohjelman vuosiraportti 1992/93, jossa 
annettiin yksityiskohtia Paikka-vierailuohjelman ensimmäisen vaiheen Tempus (Pharen) 
laatutarkastuksesta (vrt. § 11.7.). 
(Täydellinen lista Tempus-julkaisuista on annettu liitteessä). 
-16 
IL 13. KOORDINOINTITOIMINNOT 
Tempus (Phare) 
Yhteistyö komission ja yhteistyömaiden pääkaupunkeihin perustettujen kansallisten 
Tempus-toimistojen välillä tiivistyi raportoitavana ajanjaksona. Pääasiallisina 
yhteistyömuotoina ja koordinointitoimintojen tavoitteena pysyi säännöllinen konsultointi 
komission ja EU:n Tempus-toimiston välillä kahdenkeskisten ja yhteisten keskustelujen 
kautta, jotka koskivat sellaisia operationaalisia aiheita kuten valintaproseduurien ja 
tiedotustoiminnan valmistelua. 
Erityisen tärkeä on ollut kansallisten Tempus-toimistojen rooli komission ja niiden 
kansallisten viranomaisten välisten suhteiden sujumisen varmistamisessa kansallisten 
Tempus-prioriteettien määrittelyssä ja niiden yhteistyö Phare-koordinaattorien kanssa 
komission kanssa käytävien budjettineuvottelujen valmistelussa. 
Itse kansallisten Tempus-toimistojen rooli on kehittynyt jatkuvasti. Jotkut ovat lisänneet 
vastuualueeseensa JEPsiin suoritettavien Paikka-vierailujen organisoinnin omassa 
maassaan, ei ainoastaan ottamalla tehtäväkseen ensimmäistä kertaa vuoden 1993/94 
institutionaalisten vierailujen organisoinnin vaan myös perustamalla omia vierailuhjelmia 
täydentämään EU:n Tempus-toimiston koordinoimia vierailuohjelmia. Niiden järjestöllinen 
rooli ja niiden henkilökunnan osanotto vierailuohjelmien kehittämiseen olivat tärkeä apu 
tarkkailun tässä puolessa (vrt. § H.7.). 
Lisäksi Tempus-toimistot ovat ottaneet hoitaakseen lukuisia toimintoja esimerkiksi 
julkaisujen tekemisen ja tapaamisten (workshops) organisoinnin, joiden tarkoituksena on 
levittää omissa vastaavissa maissaan sekä Tempus-projektien tuloksia että projektissa 
käytettyjä hyviä toimintatapoja. 
Yhteistyö kansallisten Tempus-toimistojen ja EU:n Tempus-toimiston välillä muuttui hyvin 
molemminpuoliseksi, kun EU:n Tempus-toimiston henkilökunnan jäsen siirtyi väliaikaisesti 
Varsovassa sijaitsevaan kansalliseen Tempus-toimistoon avustamaan "Youth Activities Pilot 
Projects"-ohjelmassa (nuorisotoimintojen pilottiprojektiohjelmassa) ja kun toinen EU:n 
Tempus-toimiston henkilökunnan jäsen siirtyi Sofiassa sijaitsevaan Tempus-toimistoon 
osallistuakseen tiedotus-, koulutus- ja levitystoimintoihin. Sillä aikaa kansallisen Tempus-
toimiston henkilökunta oli osallistunut sarjaan koulutusistuntoja, joiden tarkoituksena oli 
parantaa EU:n Tempus-toimiston proseduurien yksityiskohtien ymmärtämistä ja 
laajemmassa perspektiivissä, myötävaikuttaa parantuneeseen yhteistyöhön vahvistamalla 
yhteistä työkulttuuria. 
Tempus (Tacis) 
Vuoden 1993/94 aikana Moskovaan perustettiin pieni toimisto, jossa oli töissä yksi 
Brysselistä palkattu henkilökunnan jäsen ja yksi paikanpäältä palkattu henkilö hoitamaan 
toimistoni tiineja. Toimiston tarkoituksena oli helpottaa Tempus (Tacis)-ohjelman 
toteuttamista Venäjällä ja IVY-maissa. 
-17 
III. PÄÄASIALLISET MUUTOKSET JA KEHITYKSET 
TEMPUKSESSA VUOSINA 1990 - 1994 
III. 1. PHARE-YHTEYS 
Euroopan yhteisön koulutukseen ja harjoitteluun liittyvistä ohjelmista saatu kokemus ja 
asiantuntemus, erityisesti ERASMUS- ja COMhTl -ohjelmasta saadut kokemukset, muodostivat 
perustan Tempukselle vuonna 1990. Koulutus oli määritelty yhdeksi Keski- ja Itä-Euroopan 
kehittyvien demokratioiden kanssa tehtävän yhteistyön prioriteettialueeksi. Lisäksi katsottiin, 
että Yhteisössä saadut kokemukset yliopistojen välisestä yhteistyöstä, opiskelijaliikkuvuudesta ja 
teollisuus-yliopisto yhteistyöstä voitaisiin hyödyntää sellaisen yhteistyöohjelman luomiseksi, 
joka vastaisi välittömästi Keski- ja Itä-Euroopassa tunnistettuihin koulutustarpeisiin. 
Siten Tempuksen päätavoite sen alkaessa 1990, kuten annettu neuvoston 17.5. tekemän 
päätöksen artikkeli 4 mukaan, oli myötävaikuttaa kyseessä olevissa maissa (alunperin 
Puolassa ja Unkarissa) annettavan koulutuksen parantamiseen, erityisesti tukemalla sekä 
opiskelijavaihtoa että opetushenkilökunnan vaihtoa ja liikkuvuutta. 
Erityistä tässä yhteydessä ja näiden tavoitteiden suhteen on, että nämä ovat olleet 
tärkeimpiä kehityksiä Tempuksessa vuodesta 1990 lähtien. Vähitellen on tiedostettu, että 
ainakin niin kauan kuin Tempusta rahoitetaan Phare-budjetista, joka on tarkoitettu 
tukemaan yhteistyömaiden taloudellista ja yhteiskunnallista uudistusta, Keski- ja Itä-
Euroopan maissa annettavan korkeamman koulutuksen uudistusta ei voida tarkastella 
eristyksissä tai kumppanuusohjelmana suhteessa yhteisön sisäisiin ohjelmiin, vaan se pitää 
huomioida yhtenä, vaikkakin tärkeänä apukeinona yhteisön avussa yhteiskunnallisen, 
taloudellisen ja poliittisen uudistuksen tukemiseksi. Tempukselle tämä on tarkoittanut 
ennemminkin strategisten uudistustavoitteiden määrittelyä jokaiselle asiaankuuluvalle 
maalle kuin tarjota tukea itsetarkoituksena yhteistyötä ja liikkuvuutta varten. 
Tämä tärkeä muutos painotuksessa näkyy neuvoston päätöksessä 1993 koskien Tempus II-
ohjelmaa, joka luo toimintalinjat kaudelle 1994-1998. Tämä teksti viittaa selvästi 
korkeamman koulutuksen kehityksen rooliin kaikenkattavassa uudistusprosessissa ja 
toteaa, että Tempuksen tavoitteena on edistää Phare- ja Tacis-ohjelmien kaikenkattavia tavoitteita ja 
toimintalinjoja taloudellisen ja yhteiskunnallisen uudistuksen yhteydessä ja korkeampaa koulutusta 
antavien systeemien kehitystä yhteistyömaissa. 
Tästä seuraa, että erityiset tavoitteet eivät enää ole vaihdon ja liikkuvuuden kehittäminen 
vaan tuen tarjoaminen: 
• oppikurssikehitykselle prioriteettialueissa; 
• korkeamman koulutuksen rakenteiden, sitä antavien instituutioiden ja niiden johdon 
uudistamiselle; 
• ammattitaitoihin liittyvän koulutuksen kehittämiselle, kyeten osoittamaan erityiset 
korkeamman ja edistyneemmän tason ammatilliset puutteet talousuudistuksen aikana, 
erityisesti parannettujen ja laajempien talousyhteyksien avulla. 
18 
Tämä muutos tavoitteissa ja läheisempi yhteys Phareen on aiheuttanut myös toisen 
huomaamattomamman muutoksen, nimittäin sen ettei Tempus ole kehittynyt kuten 
ERASMUS ohjelmana, joka on kohdistettu suurelle massalle yliopistoja, erityisesti 
Euroopan Unionin maissa. Kun tiedetään kuinka paljon vaaditaan kaikkien kumppaneiden 
omistautumista tavoitteiden saavuttamiseksi ja tulosten saamiseksi usein hyvin vaikeissa 
olosuhteissa, ohjelma pyrkii yhä enemmän houkuttelemaan vain niitä 
yliopistoja/tiedekuntia, jotka ovat tehneet tietoisen päätöksen siitä, että pyrkimys 
yhteistyöhön Keski- ja Itä-Euroopan kanssa on yksi niiden omista strategisista tavoitteista. 
III. 1.1. Kansallisten tukeen oikeuttavien prioriteettien kehitys 
Kansalliset prioriteetit ovat seurausta Pharen puitteissa kehittyneistä kansallisista 
strategioista täytäntöönpanoa varten. Laatu on jatkossakin pääkriteeri projekteja 
hyväksyttäessä, mutta maan erityistarpeita ja sen strategioita niiden täyttämiseksi 
painotetaan nykyään enemmän valintaprosessissa. 
Tämän prosessin kuluessa yksi tärkeä seikka Tempuksessa on muuttunut, mutta ilman 
ohjelman ja yleensä Euroopan Unionin koulutus- ja harjoitteluohjelmien erityispiirteiden 
menettämistä. Alhaalta lähtevä lähestymistapa, niissä hakemukset lähetetään vastaukseksi 
vuosittaisiin kutsuihin on säilynyt, mutta viimeisen kahden vuoden aikana on lisätty 
ylhäältä lähtevä elementti, kun hakijoilta ei vaadita ainoastaan kumppanien kanssa 
yhteisten akateemisten kiinnostuksenkohteiden ajamista, vaan myös sellaisten projektien 
toteuttamista, jotka edesauttavat kaikenkattavaa kansallista strategiaa uudistuksen 
toteuttamiseksi. Alat, joille on annettu etusija tukea myönnettäessä on määritelty jokaisen 
yhteistyömaan kansallisten viranomaisten toimesta konsultoiden Euroopan yhteisön 
komission kanssa ja ne on julkaistu "Opas hakijoille"-julkaisussa. Hakemuksia, jotka 
hakevat tukea, mutta eivät sovi näihin selvästi määriteltyihin prioriteettialueisiin, ei 
huomioida päätettäessä rahoituksen antamisesta. 
Aihetta kansallisista prioriteeteista Tempus-tuen saamiseksi kehitellään edelleen 
kappaleessa IV.2.2. 
III. 2. YHTEISTYÖVÄLINEET 
III. 2.1. Kehitykset käsitteessä yhteiseurooppalainen projekti (JEP) 
Yhteiseurooppalaista projektia (JEP), joka on vuonna 1990 esitelty instrumentti 
yhteistyöpuitteiden tarjoamiseksi toiminnoille, jotka on suunniteltu yhteistyömaissa 
annettavan korkeamman koulutuksen kehittämiseksi, on muutettu vuosien kuluessa 
yhdenmukaisesti yllä annettujen tavoitemuutosten kanssa (vaikkakin peruskäsite vähintään 
kahdesta yhteisöjäsenestä ja yhdestä Keski- ja Itä-Euroopassa sijaitsevasta yliopistosta 
säilyy). 
-19-
Ennenkaikkea rakenteelliset JEPsit (selvästi suurin osa) ja liikkuvuus JEPsit ovat selkeästi 
eroteltu. Rakenteellisten JEPsien osalta painotetaan selvästi aikaisempaa enemmän 
projektien tavoitteiden tunnistamista ja mahdollisten tulosten selkeyttä. Vasta näiden 
jälkeen ja näihin liittyen tarkastellaan toimintakuvausta ja tarpeellisia resursseja 
tavoitteiden täyttämiseksi annettuna ajanjaksona. Samanaikaisesti pidetään yhä 
tärkeämpänä, että ohjelmien keskeisestä hallinnosta vastaavat kykenevät tukemaan ja 
ohjaamaan projektikoordinaattoreita ja -urakoitsijoita koko projektin "elinajan" ja täten 
kykenevät toivottavasti lisäämään tehtäviksi otettujen toimintojen tehokkuutta ja projektien 
lopullista vaikutusta kansallisella tasolla. 
Liikkuvuusprojektit toisaalta pyrkivät luomaan verkoston opiskelijaliikkuvuuden 
organisoimiseksi ja myös itse opiskelijaliikkuvuuden tukemiseksi. Toiveena on, että muiden 
asioiden lomassa kokemukset tällaisissa projekteissa helpottaisivat siirtymävaihetta 
Euroopan Unionin ohjelmiin osallistumiseksi joskus tulevaisuudessa.. 
III. 2.2. Yhteydet yhteiseurooppalaisten projektien ja kansallisen 
korkeamman koulutuksen kehityksen välillä prioriteettialueiden 
määritelmän kautta 
Jotta Tempus voisi tukea tehokkaammin rakenteellista muutosprosessia edellä mainitulla 
tavalla, projektien tavoitteiden ja toimintojen tulee vastata rajoitettua määrää tukea saavia 
prioriteettialueita jokaisessa yhteistyömaassa. 
Joka tapauksessa tässä yritetään määritellä yhteinen kehys prioriteettikysymyksistä ja -
tavoitteista, joita voidaan käsitellä Tempus-projektien puitteissa ja jotka voidaan tiivistää 
seuraavalla tavalla 
• prioriteetti projekteille, jotka edistävät rakenteellista muutosta ja uudistusta, kuten 
esimerkiksi useiden saman instituutioiden laitosten yhteistyössä toteuttamien 
monitieteellisten opintojen edistäminen tai uusien kurssirakenteiden kehittäminen, 
koskien erityisesti lyhytaikaisia alempia korkeakoulututkintoja ja maisterintutkinnon 
jälkeisiä kursseja, jotka tarjoavat uusia yhteiskunnan muuttuviin tarpeisiin soveltuvia 
pätevöitymisiä; 
• prioriteetti aiheille tietyillä akateemisilla aloilla, kuten esimerkiksi liikkeenjohto ja 
taloustiede erityisesti liittyen rahoitustoimeen, pankkitoimeen ja yksityistämiseen tai 
aloilla, jotka liittyvät suoraan Phare-uudistusohjelmaan kuten maatalous, 
terveydenhuolto, julkinen hallinto jne.; lopuksi kysymykset, jotka liittyvät laajempaan 
eurooppalaiseen yhteistyöhön niinkuin esimerkiksi lakikysymykset ja Eurooppa-
opinnot; 
• etusija projekteille, jotka omaavat tiettyjä piirteitä kuten esimerkiksi useiden tietyn 
maan instituutioiden välistä yhteistyötä ja projekteja joita johdetaan paikallisesti sen 
sijaan että johtaminen tapahtuisi EU-partnereiden toimesta. 
On toivottavaa, että näiden muutosten kautta Tempus-ohjelmasta, jonka pääpaino on ollut 
yksityisissä professoreissa/laitoksissa kehittyy ohjelma, joka pystyy avustamaan 
institutionaalista kehitystä ja yhdenmukaisesti avustaa jokaisen maan korkeamman 
koulutuksen strategian kehitystä. 
-20-
III. 2.3. Merkittävä vähennys tuessa alueellisille yhteiseurooppalaisille 
projekteille 
Eräs sivutuote lisääntyneestä keskittymisestä kansallisiin prioriteetteihin tuen saamiseksi on 
ollut selvä alueellisten projektien, eli projektien joihin osallistuu useampi yhteistyömaa, 
määrän väheneminen. On selvää, että projektiehdotusten valmistaminen huomioonottaen 
samanaikaisesti usean maan prioriteetit on hankalaa. Tähän vaaditaan, että projekti on 
hyvin tärkeä kaikissa siihen kuuluvissa maissa. Rahoitusta on kuitenkin mahdollista saada 
jos yhteistyömaat sitä ehdottavat monimaa-Pharen puitteissa. 
Samanaikaisesti on tärkeää mainita, että toistaiseksi projektiraporteista ja paikkavierailuista 
kerätty aineisto ei anna ymmärtää, että yleisesti ottaen alueelliset projektit olisivat olleet 
onnistuneimpia toteutetuista Tempus-projekteista. Nämä projektit ovat usein koostuneet useista 
rinnakkain toimivista bilateraalisista projekteista, sen sijaan että projektit olisivat keskittyneet 
tiettyihin kysymyksiin alueellisesta näkökulmasta. Täten näiltä projekteilta on puuttunut 
kiintopiste ja niiden tuomaa alueellista "lisäarvoa" on usein ollut hankala määrittää. 
Erilainen alueellinen elementti, joka on kuitenkin muodostumassa yhä tärkeämmäksi useille 
eri maille, on rohkaisu yhteistyön aloittamiseksi useiden samaan projektiin kuuluvien 
yliopistojen välillä. Itse asiassa tämä onkin tärkeä yhteiseurooppalaisten projektien 
valintakriteeri monissa maissa. 
III. 2.4. Painotus tulosten kestävyydelle ja levitystoimenpiteille: 
Yhteiseurooppalaiset verkostot (JENs) 
Pyrkien maksimoimaan Tempus-projekteihin tähän mennessä investoidut resurssit ja niistä 
saadut hyödyt, käsite yhteiseurooppalaisesta verkostosta otettiin käyttöön vuonna 1993. 
Sen tarkoituksena on antaa rajoitettua tukea vielä kahden vuoden ajaksi parhaille JEPseille, 
joiden alkuperäinen kolmen vuoden rahoitusjakso oli loppunut. JENsien päätavoitteita ovat 
• osallistuminen kolmen Tempuksen puitteissa rahoitetun vuoden aikana saavutettujen 
tulosten ylläpitoon ja jotta saataisiin irti maksimaalinen hyöty jo annetusta 
taloudellisesta tuesta ja jo saavutetuista kehityksistä; 
• onnistuneimpien projektien tulosten levittämiseen rohkaiseminen, erityisesti 
kansallisella tasolla osallistuvissa yhteistyömaissa. 
Yleisesti ottaen projektien tulosten levittämisen tärkeyttä on korostettu erityisesti 
kansallisella tasolla. Tästä tarkemmin kappaleessa "Täydentävät toimenpiteet" (vrt. Fv\2.6.). 
III. 2.5. Muutokset tarjotussa tuessa yksilöllisiin liikkuvuusapurahoihin 
Selkein tähän kuuluva kehitystapahtuma sitten vuoden 1990 on ollut opiskelijaliikkuvuuden 
poistaminen Tempuksesta (lukuunottamatta yhteiseurooppalaisia projekteja) ja keskittyminen 
ainoastaan opetushenkilökunnan liikkuvuuteen. Tämä muutos on jälleen enimmäkseen 
selitettävissä tarpeella keskittää rajoitetut resurssit niihin ohjelman osiin, joilla on parhaimmat 
mahdollisuudet saada aikaan pysyviä strukturaalisia muutoksia yhteistyömaissa. Tässä 
yhteydessä tulisi kuitenkin myös samanaikaisesti mainita halu keskittää resursseja 
toimenpiteisiin, joilla on selkeä eurooppalainen "lisäarvo", sen sijaan että keskityttäisiin 
kahdenkeskiseen opiskelijaliikkuvuuteen yhden jäsenmaan ja yhden yhteistyömaan välillä. 
-21 
Mukaillen yleistä muutosta kohti kansallisia Tempus-toimintaperiaatteita, jotkut 
yhteistyömaat ovat kehitelleet maakohtaisia prioriteettejä, joiden perusteella yksilöllisiä 
liikkuvuusapurahoja myönnetään. On myös mielenkiintoista huomata minkä tärkeän 
merkityksen liikkuvuusapurahatuet ovat saaneet sellaisissa pienissä maissa, joilla on hyvin 
rajoitetut Tempus-budjetit ja siksi vähän yhteiseurooppalaisia projekteja. Yksilöllisten 
liikkuvuusapurahojen strateginen käyttö tarkoittaa, että tärkeät tieteenalat ja 
yliopistot/tiedekunnat voivat kaikesta huolimatta saada Tempus-tukea jossakin muodossa. 
Samaan aikaan, yksi aihe, jota voidaan tarkastella lähemmin tulevaisuudessa olisi ehkä 
yleisesti ottaen yksilöllisten liikuvuusapurahojen selkeämmin kohdistettu käyttö yhteyden 
luomiseksi, niihin henkilökunnan jäseniin/laitoksiin/tiedekuntiin, jotka eivät vielä ota osaa 
kansainvälisiin suhteisiin. 
III. 2.6. Muutokset tukeen oikeuttavissa toiminnoissa täydentävien 
toimenpiteiden puitteissa 
Täydentävät toimenpiteet, jotka alunperin perustuivat ERASMUS-malliin ja suunniteltiin 
tukemaan yliopistojärjestöjen laajentumista Keski- ja Itä-Eurooppaan, tuottamaan julkaisuja ja 
opintoja ja tutkimuksia, on nykyään suunniteltu uudelleen ottaen huomioon Tempuksen yleisten 
päämäärien tukemisen kuten annettu yllä ja tuen tarjoamisen projektirahoitusvälinettä 
täydentävänä ja tärkeänä Tempuksen vaikutuksen maksimoimiseksi lyhyellä tähtäimellä. 
Nykyään on olemassa kolme pääasiallista rahoitusmahdollisuutta: 
• tukea yliopistoja ja tiedekuntia strategiseen suunnitteluun ja institutionaaliseen 
kehitykseen tarvittavien kykyjen kehittämisessä ja vahvistamisessa yliopisto- tai 
tiedekuntatasolla, esimerkiksi sellaisilla alueilla kuin henkilökunnan kehittäminen, 
laadun varmistaminen, projektien muotoilu, hallinto, henkilöstöhallinto, 
kansainvälisten toimistojen luominen jne.; 
• tukea Tempus-tulosten levittämistä erityisesti kansallisella tasolla, tietyn tieteenalan tai 
sektorin sisällä; 
antaa tukea yhteistyömaiden kansallisille viranomaisille, jotta he voivat myötävaikuttaa 
kansallisen korkeampaa koulutusta koskevan strategian luomiseen aloilla, jotka on yksilöity 
apua tarvitseviksi, esimerkiksi tutkimuskeskusten integroiminen yliopistoihin tai 
kansallisten korkeamman koulutuksen edistämiskeskusten kehittäminen jne. 
22 
III. 3. PROJEKTIN TÄYTÄNTÖÖNPANO ASIAT 
Lopuksi rinnakkain ohjelman tavoitemuutosten ja saatavilla olevien rahoitusmahdollisuuksien 
kanssa, siellä on ollut joukko, toivottavasti vastaavia, projektin täytäntöönpanemiseen liittyviä 
kehityksiä. Mainitsemisen arvoisia ovat erityisesti seuraavat seikat. 
III. 3.1. Muutos lisääntyneeseen yhteistyömaiden vastuuseen projekti-
koordinoinnista ja -urakoinnista 
Muutaman viimeisen vuoden aikana mahdollisuus siirtää vastuu projektin johtamisesta, 
ennenkaikkea kaikille yhteistyömaille suhteessa projektikoordinointiin (eli akateeminen 
johtajuus) ja toisaalta niille maille, joiden pankkisysteemi ja lainsäädäntö pystyvät 
tarjoamaan tarvittavat palvelut, koskien urakkajohtajuutta (eli taloudellinen johtajuus), on 
tehty mahdolliseksi projektikumppaneiden niin toivoessa. Tämä on kysymys, mikä pitäisi 
ratkaista mahdollisten projektikumppaneiden kesken, mutta useissa yhteistyömaissa se on 
tärkeä seikka huomioitavaksi projektivalinnassa. Tällä tavoin toivotaan kyettävän 
varmistamaan siinä määrin kuin mahdollista, että projektit vastaavat yhteistyömaiden 
kumppaneiden tarpeita ja lisäksi varmistaa projektijohtamistaitojen siirto kokeneista 
Euroopan Unionissa sijaitsevista yliopistoista kollegoille yhteistyömaihin. Lopuksi on selvä, 
että kulut jotka ovat mukana kun projektihallinto hoidetaan yhteistyömaissa ovat selvästi 
alhaisemmat kuin silloin kun tehtävät hoidetaan EU:ssa. 
III. 3.2. Johdatus monivuotiseen rahoitukseen 
Tempus II alusta alkaen eli akateemisesta vuodesta 1994/95 eteenpäin menestyneet 
urakoitsijat saavat kolmen vuoden sopimuksen yhteiseurooppalaisille projekteilleen sen 
sijaan, että ovat riippuvaisia vuosittaisista uusimisproseduureista ja niiden lähes 
pakollisista viivästymisistä. Vaikka tietysti projekteja tarkkaillaan läheisesti koko niiden 
"elinajan" ja joka vuoden alussa vaadittavan tarkastetun budjettisuunnitelman avulla, on 
toivottavaa että nämä muutokset lisäävät joustavuutta selvästi koko projektin puitteissa. 
Näin viimeisen neljän vuoden aikana suhteessa projektitavoitteisiin, rahoitus-
mekanismeihin ja päivittäisiin täytäntöönpanoihin, lukuisia perustavia muutoksia on 
tapahtunut Tempuksessa. Toivottavaa on, että ohjelma tulevaisuudessa jatkaa 
keskittymistään apua saavien maiden tarpeisiin vastaamiseen ollen näin hyödyllinen apu 
korkeamman koulutuksen kehittämiseksi jokaisen maan kansallisissa puitteissa. 
2b 
ANNUAL REPORT 
1 AUGUST 1993 - 31 JULY 1994 
Tempus 
& Tacis 
Trans-European cooperation scheme for higher education between 
Central and Eastern Europe, 
the Newly Indépendant States of the former Soviet Union as well as Mongolia, 
and the European Union 
Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication 
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 1995 
1SBN92-827-0209-X 
© ECSC-EC-EAEC, Brussels • Luxembourg, 1995 
Reproduction is authorized, except for commercial purposest, provided the Ronrce ia acknowledged 
Printed in Belgium 
Prepared for the European Commission 
Directorate General XXII - Education, Training and Youth 
by the 
GÙ 
European Training Foundation 
Villa Guaiino 
Viole Settimio Severo 65 
1-10133 Torino 
ITALY 
Tel.: (39)11-630.22.22 
Fax: (39)11-630.22.00 
The European Training Foundation, which is an independent agency of the European Union, 
was estabUshed to support and coordinate activities between the EU and partner countries in 
Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia in the field of education and training, and assists 
the European Commission in the implementation of the Tempus Scheme. 
3 
CONTENTS 
Page 
I. THE DEVELOPMENT OF TEMPUS 1990 - 1993 1 
1.1. THE ORIGINS OF THE TEMPUS SCHEME 1 
I. 2. THE FIRST PHASE OF TEMPUS 1990 - 1993... 2 
I. 3. THE COUNCIL DECISION OF 29 APRIL 1993 ADOPTING 
TEMPUS II 3 
n. OVERVIEW OF TEMPUS ACTIVITIES 1993 - 1994 4 
Tempus (Phare) 4 
H. 1. THE BUDGET 4 
II. 2. THE ESTABUSHMENT OF NATIONAL PRIORITIES AND 
PROCEDURE FOR PROJECT SELECTION 4 
II. 3. JEP GRANT ACTIVITIES: RESULTS OF THE 1994 SELECTION 
PROCEDURE 5 
II. 3.1. Analysis by priority area 6 
II. 3.2. Analysis by Partner country, EU Member State and G24 
participant country , 6 
II. 3.2.1. Partner country participation 6 
II. 3.2.2. Member State participation 6 
II. 3.2.3. G24 participation 6 
II. 3.3. The JEP+ selection 7 
II. 3.4. Special action structural JEP: Eurofaculty 7 
II. 3.5. Joint European Network selection (JENs) 8 
II. 4. INDIVIDUAL MOBILITY GRANTS 8 
D. 4.1. Special Action South 8 
II. 5. COMPLEMENTARY MEASURES 9 
II. 5.1. CME+ 9 
II. 6. YOUTH EXCHANGE ACTIVITIES 10 
II. 7. MONITORING ACTIVITIES 10 
II. 7.1. Phare partner country monographs 11 
Tempus (Tacis) 11 
n. 8. THE BUDGET 11 
II. 9. THE PRE-JEP STRATEGY AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF 
PRIORITIES.... 11 
n. 10. SELECTION PROCEDURE 12 
II. 11. RESULTS OF THE 1993 (PRE-JEPS) AND THE 1994 (PRE-JEPS AND 
JEPS) SELECTION ROUNDS 13 
II. 11.1. Analysis by priority area 14 
II. 11.2. Analysis by Partner country and EU Member State 14 
Information and coordination activities 15 
II. 12. INFORMATION ACTIVITIES FOR TEMPUS (PHARE) AND 
TEMPUS (TACIS) 15 
II. 13. COORDINATION ACTIVITIES 16 
Tempus (Phare) 16 
Tempus (Tacis) 16 
III. PHARE COUNTRY REPORTS 17 
III. 1. ALBANIA 18 
III. 2. BULGARIA 20 
III. 3. CZECH REPUBLIC 23 
III. 4. ESTONIA 26 
III. 5. HUNGARY 28 
III. 6. LATVIA 31 
ffl. 7. LITHUANIA 33 
III. 8. POLAND 35 
III. 9. ROMANIA t...38 
III. 10. SLOVAKIA 42 
III. 11. SLOVENIA 46 
3 
IV. MAIN CHANGES AND DEVELOPMENTS IN TEMPUS 1990 - 1994 49 
IV. 1. THE PHARE CONTEXT 49 
IV. 1.1. Development of national priorities for support 50 
IV. 2. INSTRUMENTS OF COOPERATION 50 
IV. 2.1. Development in the Joint European Project (JEP) concept 50 
IV. 2.2. Links between Joint European Projects and national higher 
education development via the definition of priority areas 51 
IV. 2.3. Major Decrease in Support to Regional Joint European 
Projects 52 
IV. 2.4. Emphasis on the Sustainability of results and on dissemination 
activities: Joint European Networks(JENs) 52 
IV. 2.5. Changes in the Individual Mobility Grant support offered , 52 
IV. 2.6. Changes in the activities eligible for support under 
Complementary Measures 53 
IV. 3. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES 54 
IV. 3.1. The move to increased partner country responsibility for 
project coordination and contractorship 54 
IV. 3.2. The introduction of pluriannual funding 54 
ANNEX 1 - TEMPUS PUBLICATIONS 
ANNEX 2 - STATISTICAL TABLES 
r 
A 
I. THE DEVELOPMENT OF TEMPUS 1990 - 1993 
1.1. THE ORIGINS OF THE TEMPUS SCHEME 
The events of 1989 and 1990 in Central and Eastern Europe had a dramatic impact on the 
European Community. The Member States individually and collectively found themselves 
facing unprecedented political and economic challenges to the established philosophy and 
procedures in external relations. At the same time there was no doubting the urgency of 
making an appropriately rapid and effective response to ihese challenges, not only in terms 
of emergency assistance but also by providing concrete ways for the countries concerned to 
develop new perspectives and new goals linked to a meaningful concept of Europe. 
Aiming for an integrated global response, the Community quickly sought to provide a 
comprehensive framework for the provision of practical assistance and expertise to help the 
countries concerned restructure their economies and political systems so that they could 
maximise the benefits they might derive from the new situation. An overall programme of 
assistance was agreed by the Council of Ministers in December 1989. Known as Phare1, it 
provided the framework for Community assistance in order to support the economic and 
social reform processes in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. 
Higher education and training had already been identified by the partner countries 
themselves as one of the priorities for cooperation, not because they believed that action to 
ameliorate higher education could have any immediate and dramatic impact upon their 
political and economic situation, but rather because it represented a highly salient joint 
investment in the future of the whole continent's intellectual resources. Thus from a very 
early stage a number of specialised programmes of assistance in tile education field were 
embedded within Phare, the largest being Tempus — the Trans-European Mobility Scheme for 
University Studies. 
It was in this perspective that the Council of Ministers asked the European Commission in 
December 1989 to present detailed proposals urgently, to be effected within the Phare 
framework, for appropriate measures in the field of higher education and training to 
support the reform process in Central and Eastern Europe. In January 1990 the Commission 
submitted to the Council and the European Parliament its plans to create a new programme 
specifically designed to identify and meet the distinctive needs of the area concerned. 
At that time Phare stood for "Pologne, Hongrie: Assistance à la Restructuration Economique''. The current full 
name is Thare-Community programme for assistance for economic restructuring in the countries of Central and 
Eastern Europe". 
Underlying the decision to establish the Tempus Scheme as an operation separate from 
existing intra-Community higher education programmes (such as ERASMUS and 
COMt.ll) or various community research activities (such as international cooperation and 
human capital and mobility of researchers) was the perception that it was essential, in 
managing the reform process, to intervene in the social dimension specific to the countries 
concerned, because it was perceived that profound changes in the outlook and attitudes of 
those engaged as teachers or students in higher education would be a critical factor in 
enhancing the availability of the human resources needed to forward the reform process 
itself. It was not solely a question of improving the professional and technical training of 
future managers, scientists and engineers, desirable as this would be, but it was also 
recognised that through the critical revision of the structures and philosophy of education a 
vital contribution could be made to overcoming the resistance to necessary change 
throughout society, shaping more relevant knowledge, techniques and skills, and above all 
replacing old ways of thinking and decision-making with new ones. 
1.2. THE FIRST PHASE OF TEMPUS 1990 -1993 
Tempus was adopted by the Council on 7 May 1990, for an initial 'pilot phase' of three years 
beginning on 1 July 1990, within a perspective of five years. A later Council Decision 
extended the pilot phase for one year, until the end of June 1994.2 Responsibility for the 
implementation of the Scheme was assigned to the Commission. In accordance with 
Article 5 of the Council Decision establishing the Tempus Scheme, the Commission is 
assisted by a Management Committee composed of two representatives appointed by each 
Member State and chaired by a Commission representative. 
From the start the main vehicle for the inter-university cooperation envisaged under the 
Tempus Scheme was the Joint European Project (JEP), supported for a maximum period of 
three years and involving the participation of at least one university from a partner 
country (ECE), and of partner organisations, of which one had to be a university, in at least 
two EU Member States. Strategically speaking, the approach in this initial period was to 
pursue the restructuring objectives of the Tempus Scheme by supporting initiatives 'from 
below' which addressed the fundamental issues of reform through curriculum 
development, organised mobility of staff (particularly for retraining and updating periods) 
and students, and purchase and support of essential learning and communications 
equipment. 
Support for various activities intended to build up effective networks was also available: 
Individual Mobility Grants for staff for teaching assignments, practical placements, staff 
retraining and updating and visits, as well as Complementary Measures grants for the 
extension to the partner countries of European associations in higher education and other 
activities. 
Provision was also made for limited support for Youth Activities and related activities 
intended to improve young people's awareness of the European dimension. 
The national authorities concerned established a National Tempus Office in each of the 
partner countries involved full-time in carrying out its country's contribution to the 
implementation of the Scheme. 
See Section 1.3. of this Report for subsequent development of the Scheme. 
Between May 1990 and July 1993 the Task Force Human Resources, with the support of the 
EC Tempus Office3, working in close cooperation with the national authorities of a 
continually increasing number of partner countries, carried out four selections of Joint 
European Projects targeted to meet the latter's specific priorities within the framework 
outlined above4. The last of these, the selection of spring 1993, was based upon a restricted 
call for applications as available budgets were used to cover the remaining costs of Joint 
European Projects begun in 1991/92 and 1992/93, with Albania, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, 
Lithuania able to accept only a very limited number of new proposals, and Bulgaria, the 
Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland cancelling the call for applications. For Slovenia, the 
call for applications had remained open, but funds remaining after covering the budgetary 
'overhang' of projects already accepted in the two previous years proved insufficient to 
allow funding of new projects. 
1.3. THE COUNCIL DECISION OF 29 APRIL 1993-ADOPTING 
TEMPUS II 
Following an initial exchange of views among the Education Ministers of the European 
Community in November 1992, and the positive opinion of the European Parliament 
rendered in March 1993, the Council Decision adopting the second phase of the Trans-
European cooperation Scheme for higher education (Tempus II) was taken on 
29 April 1993.5 This Decision effectively continued the operation of the Tempus Scheme to 
the existing partner countries and also extended it to the Republics of the former Soviet 
Union enabling those Republics wishing to devote a part of the overall funds made 
available to them by the Community to participation in the Tempus Scheme. By the time of 
the selection carried out in early 1994 for academic year 1994/95 the participating Republics 
were Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, The Russian Federation, Ukraine and 
Uzbekistan. 
The EC Tempus Office is an autonomous office of the European Cooperation Fund, which is contracted to assist 
the Commission of the European Communities in the implementation of the Tempus Scheme. 
The partner countries involved in the Scheme increased from the initial two of May 1990 (Poland and Hungary) 
to a total of eleven by February 1992. In July 1993, these were Albania, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, the Slovak 
Republic Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovenia. 
OJ N8 L112/34,6 May 1993. 
-4 
IL OVERVIEW OF TEMPUS ACTIVITIES 1993 - 1994 
For ease of exposition Tempus (Phare) and Tempus (Tacis) will be considered separately. 
Tempus (Phare) 
IL 1. THE BUDGET 
The overriding factor with regard to the budgetary mechanisms governing the Tempus 
programme is that Tempus in the eleven partner countries of Eastern and Central Europe 
forms part of Phare. The critical factors are: 
• the national Phare budget is decided annually by the Commission. 
• Within that national budget, the disposition of the funds is agreed between the 
national authorities concerned and the Commission in the framework of the Indicative 
Programme for each partner country. The proposition of the budget allocated to 
Tempus activities is set within these rules. 
The budget-forming process for Tempus activities in 1994/95 had to take into consideration 
that the selection of spring 1994 would be the first of the Second Phase of Tempus, and the 
first in which all partner countries a full call for applications would be made on the basis of 
pluri-annual funding (cf. § IV. 3.2.). 
A total budget of over 95.9 MECU was allocated for the year. 
II. 2. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF NATIONAL PRIORITIES AND 
PROCEDURE FOR PROJECT SELECTION 
Priorities have been established in order to fix Tempus clearly within a strategic framework 
for higher education development within each country concerned and to promote synergy 
between developments funded through Tempus and other activities supported within the 
Phare Programme. 
The priorities for implementation of Tempus are the outcome of a process of consultation 
between the Commission and the authorities of each partner country. The priorities for 
1994/95 were elaborated in the first half of 1993 and published in the Guide for Applicants. 
In this way Tempus has been able to continue to develop greater relevance for the specific 
processes of economic and social reform in each partner country and also to establish a 
selection process which avoids frustration of applicants by giving them more guidance in 
order to encourage their efforts only within the fields listed in the Guide for Applicants. 
Within the Tempus allocation provided from its Phare budget by each of the partner 
countries, projects are selected for support within a co-decision making process whereby 
both the Commission and the national authorities assess the quality of the projects, the 
Commission concentrating on the extent to which projects conform to the objectives and 
criteria of the Tempus Scheme, and the national authorities judging first and foremost their 
relevance to the priority needs of their country as they perceive them in the developing 
situation of the restructuring of their higher education systems. 
The final decision by the Commission to fund any given project is the outcome of a series of 
in-depth discussions of convergent assessments. In particular, agreement by both the 
respective National Tempus Office (often in consultation with national expert panels) and 
the EC Tempus Office that an application proposed a significant contribution to the 
achievement of national Tempus priorities has been a precondition for an application's 
further progress through the 1994/95 selection procedure. 
By following this procedure all parties seek to achieve, within the constraints on financial 
resources, the best possible balance of judgements, with reference to both quality factors 
and respect for the priorities established by the countries to which the assistance is directed. 
Inevitably, although a high proportion of applications for Joint European Projects conform 
to the various desiderata mentioned in the Guide for Applicants, it is still only possible at the 
end of the selection process to support a relatively low percentage of them. 
II. 3. JEP GRANT ACTIVITIES: RESULTS OF THE 1994 SELECTION 
PROCEDURE 
During the first half of 1994 the selection took place of Joint European Projects beginning 
their activities with the commencement of the academic year 1994/95. The results of that 
selection round are as follows: 
Number of JEPs supported in 1994/95 464 
Number of new JEPs in 1994/95 239 
Number of JEPs renewed in 1994/95 225 
Number of new JEP proposals received in 1994 1,365 
Number of new JEP proposals in priority areas 975 
Total amounts available for Tempus in 1994/95 from the Phare 95.9 MECU 
budget 
IL 3.1. Analysis by priority area 
Of the total of 1365 JEP applications received, 975 (71%) addressed issues designated as 
priorities by the national authorities of the target partner country. Further details of 
national priorities are available in § III Phare Country reports. 
II. 3.2. Analysis by partner country, EU Member State and G24 
participant country 
IL 32.1. Partner country participation 
Institutions in partner countries act as coordinators in 66.9% of projects accepted in the 
selection for 1994/95. Institutions in the five partner countries whose national authorities 
have asked for the role of contractor to be open to institutions in their respective countries 
together account for 32.2% of project contractors of projects selected in the present 
application round6. 
Detailed analysis of participation by Partner countries in JEPs is provided in § III. 
II. 322. Member State participation 
The three countries participating most in projects are the UK, Germany and France 
respectively. These countries, with Belgium, also take the lead among Member States in 
acting as coordinators and contractors of projects. In a number of other countries 
willingness to participate in the Scheme is not matched by a willingness to undertake the 
responsibilities of coordinator or contractor of a project. In a number of countries where 
even participation rates have been particularly low measures have been taken to encourage 
links with the partner countries by means of accelerated processing of applications from 
partner country academics for grants for Individual Mobility in order to undertake project-
preparation in the under-represented Member States (see § II. 4.1. Special Action South). 
II. 323. G24 participation 
17% of JEP applications in 1992/93 (the last full call for applications) involved participants 
from G24 countries. In the present selection round alone, just over 210 (15%) applications 
involved G24 countries, predominantly the Scandinavian countries, Austria, Switzerland 
and the United States. Only a few applications were received in which institutions in 
Australia, Canada, Japan, and Malta were named as partners. A total of 22 applications 
involved G24 participants as coordinators, of which 18 were accepted for funding. Two 
thirds of these applications were coordinated by institutions in Sweden, the remainder by 
institutions in Austria or Finland. It is perhaps significant that these are the three countries 
which have established funds to support participation in Tempus by their higher education 
establishment. 
The project coordinator is the organisation responsible for coordinating the activities of the applicant/project 
consortium. The contractor is the organisation with contractual responsibility to the Commission for the project 
and is not necessarily also the coordinating institution. 
IL 3.3. JEP+-valinta 
Akateemisena vuonna 1993/94 perustettiin kolme uutta apurahakategoriaa Tempus-
ohjelman puitteissa, joista kaksi JEP+- ja CME+-otsikoiden alla oli tarkoitettu korjaamaan 
kansallisten prioriteettien osoittamien tarpeiden ja Euroopan akateemisten yhteisöjen 
aloitteiden välistä ristiriitaa.7 Koskien JEP+-toimintaa (tietoa CME+ katso §11.5.1.) 
kansallisia viranomaisia pyydettiin määrittelemään prioriteettiaiheet, joiden perusteella 
hakemuksia voitaisiin kutsua ja joihin akateemiset piirit voisivat ehdottaa projekteja, jotka 
voitaisiin rahoittaa yhteiseurooppalaisena projektina (tai täydentävänä toimenpiteenä. 
Ehdotetut JEP+ aiheet koskivat yliopiston taloudellisen johtamisen ja kirjaston 
informaatiopalvelujen parantamista, yliopiston kansainvälisten yhteistyölaitosten 
kehittämistä, eurooppa-opintojen etäopiskelun ja korkeamman koulutuksen tiedottajien 
kehittämistä. Näihin aiheisiin pyydettiin hakemuksia ja niiden ensimmäinen valintakierros 
tapahtui vuoden 1994 ensimmäisellä puoliskolla. Aiheet lueteltiin "Opas hakijoille"-
julkaisussa ja tarkempi kuvaus niistä on saatavilla EU:n Tempus-toimistosta ja vastaavista 
kansallisista Tempus-toimistoista. 
Kaikkiaan 11 JEP+-projektia valittiin tukea varten ja ne aloittivat toimintansa akateemisena 
vuonna 1994/95: 8 Puolalle, yksi Bulgarialle, Tshekille ja Romanialle. Niiden arvioidut 
kustannukset kolmivuotisen toteuttamisen aikana ovat 4,195,415 ECU. 
II. 3.4. Erikoistoiminta rakenteellinen JEP: Eurotiedekunta 
Toimintojen ensimmäinen vaihe Eurotiedekuntakeskuksen suojeluksessa on alkanut 
akateemisen henkilökunnan koulutuksella/ajanmukaistamisella (sisältäen kieliharjoittelun 
englannissa ja saksassa) ja Virossa, Latviassa ja Liettuassa sijaitsevien kirjastojen 
parantamisella. Nyt kursseja pidetään kumppanuusyliopistoissa Tartossa (ÉE), Riikassa 
(LTV) ja Vilnassa (LIT) opettajatiimien toimesta, joista jokaiseen kuuluu jäsen läntisestä 
yhteistyömaasta (kumppanit ovat: Tanska, Suomi, Saksa ja Ruotsi). Parhaillaan työ on 
keskittynyt neljään tieteenalaan, lakitiede, taloustiede, julkinen hallinto ja liikehallinto: 
avainalueita, jotka tekevät hyväksytyille kumppaniyliopistoille mahdolliseksi tulla 
asiantuntijakeskuksiksi, kyeten myötävaikuttamaan uudistusprosessissa. Verkostoa on 
tarkoitus laajentaa luonnollisena jatkeena Venäjällä sijaitseviin yliopistoihin (Kalingrad ja 
Pietari). 
Keskuksesta tulee laillisesti itsenäinen säätiö, jota rahoitetaan sekä kansallisin lahjoituksin 
että komission toimesta Tempus-ohjelman välityksellä. Kahden ensimmäisen 
toimintavuoden kokonaisbudjetti on arvioitu 3.5 MECU sisältäen akateemisen vuoden 
1993/94 kokonaisbudjetin 320,000 ECU, joka on varattu neljän mukana olevan 
yhteistyömaan kansallisesta Tempus-budjetista (Viro, Latvia, Liettua ja Puola) kansallisen 
JEPin puitteissa ja jolla rahoitetaan tarpeellinen valmistelutyö ja ensimmäisen vaiheen 
toiminnot. Vuodelle 1994/95 ylimääräiset 360,000 ECU on varattu neljästä kansallisesta 
Tempus-budjetista. 
Kolmas on JEN-toiminta, katso § II.3.5. 
3-
II. 3.5. Joint European Network selection (JENs) 
The Joint European Network Action launched in 1993, with the first grants awarded in 
early 1994, was designed to allow the most successful already-completed Joint European 
Projects (i.e. those 3-year projects funded in the first year of participation of the partner 
countries which had been involved longest in the Tempus Scheme) over a period of up to 
two years to maintain their networks, disseminate their results and offer examples of good 
practice. Support for these activities in 1993/94 amounted to 769,005 ECU for 30 projects. 
II. 4. INDIVIDUAL MOBILITY GRANTS 
Selectipn procedures for award of Individual Mobility Grants are similar to those employed 
for selection of Joint European Projects. However, Individual Mobility Grants are awarded 
on the basis of two selection rounds each year. Selection of applications to be proposed to 
the Commission for funding is carried out by the EC Tempus Office for applicants within 
the EU seeking grants to travel to the partner countries. Applications to travel from partner 
countries to the EU are evaluated by the respective National Tempus Offices according to 
standardised selection criteria. 
In the two selection rounds of 1993/94 a total of 1491 visits by individual university staff 
from partner countries were planned to institutions within the Community at a total cost of 
3,573,752 ECU. At the same time university staff within the Community were awarded 
funding of 561,188 ECU to make 629 visits to institutions within the partner countries. 
The number of grants awarded to EU applicants was unusually large (353) in the first 
round of 1993/94 with applications perhaps being stimulated by the announcement of the 
cancellation of the call for JEP applications by many countries in December 1992 (see § 1.2.) 
as potential project partners sought alternative sources of funding within Tempus for 
developing contacts and cooperation. 
During the first half of 1994 the selection took place for the award of Individual Mobility 
Grants for candidates planning to begin their activities with the commencement of the 
academic year 1994/95 (1994/95 round 1). A total of 71,170 ECU was disbursed for 
64 grants for visits to the partner countries after receipt of 195 applications. At the same 
time a further 1,772,120 ECU was awarded to 589 of the 978 applicants in the partner 
countries wishing to travel to the European Community. 
II. 4.1. 'Special Action South' 
A special action took place in 1993 designed to promote cooperation between the partner 
countries and Member States under-represented in Joint European Projects currently 
funded (Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain). The Action took the form of Individual Mobility 
Grants to enable academics from the partner countries to travel to the above Member States 
in order to consult about preparation of JEPs. Applications for the Special Action, 
announced in April 1993, were submitted for the usual IMG second-round closing date of 
15 June 1993, but with an accelerated selection process carried out by the National Tempus 
Offices (using the existing standard procedures and criteria). Successful candidates were 
-9 
thus able to commence their visits between 1 September and 31 December of the same year, 
thereby allowing preparation and submission of JEP applications by the next closing date 
for applications on 31 January 1994. 
A total of 112 Special Action South Grants were awarded at a total cost of 116,265 ECU. 
II. 5. COMPLEMENTARY MEASURES 
In the two selection rounds of 1993/94 a total of 19 grants (at a total cost of 188,595 ECU) 
were awarded to Associations in order allow extension of academic networks to Eastern 
and Central Europe, or for publications, studies and surveys where these directly promoted 
the aims of Tempus as stimulants and facilitators of cooperation. Selection procedures were 
analogous to those employed for JEPs. 
During the first half of 1994 the selection took place of Complementary Measures Projects 
to begin their activities with the commencement of the academic year 1994/95 (1994/95 
round 1). Twenty nine applications were received, of which 14 were funded at a cost of 
147^25 ECU. 
During 1994 the decision was taken to develop proposals for restructuring the Action. The 
new Action, to be launched in 1995/%, is designed to be more closely targeted on strategic 
issues related to higher education in the partner countries with support for planning within 
higher education institutions, for measures aimed at dissemination of the achievements of 
JEPs within a particular subject area, and for higher education policy making at national 
level. 
II. 5.1. CME+ 
During 1993 to coincide with the JEP+ action, a CME+ (cf. § II. 3.3.) was launched as an 
additional means by which to give support to particular priorities for higher education 
reform at national level, as defined by the authorities in the respective partner countries. 
A special tender procedure was devised on the basis of detailed terms of reference available 
from the EC Tempus Office and respective National Tempus Offices from October 1993. 
A total of 8 such projects (one each for Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Latvia and Romania, 
and two for Poland) were financed in 1994 at a total cost of 269,120 ECU. 
In particular the CME+ projects aimed at providing technical assistance and support to 
national authorities in the field of higjher education policy development. In Latvia, for 
example, the CME+ action supported a feasibility study for the integration with the 
universities of the research institutes of the Latvian academy of sciences, while in Poland a 
CME+ project offered advice to the Polish Ministry of National Education about 
organisation of a national higher education accreditation centre. 
- 10 -
IL 6. YOUTH EXCHANGE ACTTVITIES 
In 1993/94, as in previous years, a limited amount of funding was available for youth 
exchanges and related activities involving organised cultural interactions intended to 
provide opportunities for young people (15-25 years old) normally outside higher 
education to participate in a European experience. 
A total of 114 projects were allocated funds totalling 1,112,464 ECU in the two selection 
rounds of 1993/94. 
During the first half of 1994 the selection took place of YEX projects beginning their 
activities in September 1994 (1994/95 round 1). Thirty two projects were proposed for 
funding from a total of 124 applications, with a total allocation of 272,102 ECU. 
In addition to these projects the Polish Youth Pilot Project actions, launched with a single 
selection round in 1992/93, was continued in 1993/94. Support for 33 of these innovative 
projects with local impact and managed by the young participants themselves amounted to 
578,400 ECU in the selection round of January 1994. The success rate of 50% in the latter 
selection was more than twice that of the previous selection round: a fact largely 
attributable to the intensive information campaign waged by the Polish National Tempus 
Office. Secondment of a member of the EC Tempus Office to the Polish NTO from 
September 1993 to the end of February 1994 also contributed to this work. An additional 
selection round in August 1994, for which 41 applications were received, brought the Pilot 
Projects into the familiar pattern of two selection rounds per year. 
II. 7. MONITORING ACTIVITIES 
The Commission maintained a full programme of internal monitoring procedures for all 
Tempus actions, carrying out detailed surveys and analyses of a number of relevant aspects 
(situation in the different partner countries, the different priority areas, Community 
involvement, G24 involvement etc.) of projects supported in the previous selection round. 
The organisation and implementation of an intensive programme of site visits begun in 
1992/93 continued during the period under report, and involved a total of 36 visits to a 
representative sample of ongoing Joint European Projects throughout the partner countries. 
The monitoring of projects included two different visits, one to the partner country 
institution involved, concentrating on the progress made towards the realisation of the 
objectives set, and a financial audit carried out at the contracting institution. 
An important new component of this activity was the implementation of seven 'institutional 
visits' intended to assess the impact on the selected institutions of their participation in 
Tempus. The visit team was particularly interested to investigate the possibility of synergy 
between projects and how the ensemble of projects contributed to the overall development 
strategy of the institutions. 
A report setting out the main results of the Site Visit Programme carried out in the 
academic year 1993/94 will be published. 
11-
The findings and experience acquired from these visits, which were led by the Commission, 
assisted by the National Tempus Offices of the countries concerned, and involved teams of 
academic experts from both the Member States and Central and Eastern Europe, have 
contributed to the refinement of procedures within the programme, to the progress of 
projects visited, and, it is hoped, to the strategic thinking of those responsible for 
administration of higher education in the partner countries. 
II. 7.1. Phare partner country monographs 
During the course of 1994 work began on a series of studies of the impact of Tempus in the 
seven (in the first instance) of the eleven countries eligible to participate in Tempus (Phare) 
since September 1991: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Poland, the Slovak 
Republic and Slovenia. The first of these studies, written under contract to the EC Tempus 
Office, examines the impact of Tempus in the Slovak Republic and has been published in 
early 1995. 
Tempus (Tacis) 
II. 8. THE BUDGET 
The total budget available to Tempus (Tacis) in 1993/94 for project finance amounted to 
3.42 MECU. 
In 1994/95 a total of 21.73 MECU was made available for project finance. 
II. 9. THE PRE-JEP STRATEGY AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF 
PRIORITIES 
Tempus II activities commenced with the academic year 1994/95. In order to be able to 
implement viable Tempus (Tacis) Joint European Projects at that time, the Commission 
undertook preliminary action in 1993/94, by financing one-year Pre-Joint European Projects 
(Pre-JEPs). These concentrated on preparatory mobility of staff between universities 
planning cooperation on an institutional level at a later date (e.g. study and information 
gathering visits, preparation of institutional cooperation, staff updating and retraining, 
teaching assignments etc.). 
The countries eligible for these pre-programme phase activities for the academic year 
1993/94 were Belarus, the Russian Federation, and Ukraine. Eligible partners in the 
beneficiary countries were restricted to one university per project, while in the EU two to 
three higher education institutions could participate. One institution from a non-EU (G24) 
country could also participate. 
-12 
Support for projects focused on the following priority areas: 
• humanities and social sciences 
• political sciences and economics (not focusing on business/management) 
• modern European languages (not focusing on literature or linguistics) 
• improvement of university management. 
The Commission also decided, in view of the overall aims of the Tacis Programme, that 
particular consideration would be given to projects relevant to the fields of agriculture, 
energy and transport. 
By encouraging the preliminary mobility envisaged in this pre-programme phase, within 
the perspective of a planned cooperation between institutions, the Commission sought to 
iiicci urc uccvi ivsi «.ne ic-^aiauiiaitLiiciii ui \.vsiit.a\_ia ucincat av.a«aciiiM.S m uic uu yi'tcwiy 
Independent States) and their counterparts in the Community while at the same time 
recognising the value of support to institutional development as the optimum means of 
maximising the impact of Tempus in the NIS. 
Consortia completing their one-year pre-JEPs were offered the opportunity to apply for 
funding for three-year Joint European Projects aiming at either review and improvement of 
university management at the eligible institution of the pre-JEP consortium or at 
restructuring and development of degree courses and their content (including assistance in 
the creation of new institutions, faculties and curricula and the necessary management 
structure for the implementation of courses). The application deadline was 15 June 1994. 
A second call for applications for pre-JEPs was also held in early 1994 (deadline 
28 April 1994). At their request Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova and Uzbekistan were 
included in the latter call. 
11.10. SELECTION PROCEDURE 
A four stage selection procedure was employed: 
• A technical evaluation was carried out by the EC Tempus Office. 
• On the basis of the technical assessment the Commissions* provisional list of projects 
proposed for support was drawn up. 
• Academic experts from both the European Union and the partner countries were 
consulted about all applications. 
• The final decision with regard to finance was taken by the Commission. 
-13 
IL 11. RESULTS OF THE 1993 (PRE-JEPS) AND THE 1994 (PRE-JEPS 
AND JEPS) SELECTION ROUNDS 
The overall results of the pre-JEP and JEP selections can be shown in table form as follows: 
Country 
Belarus 
Russia 
Ukraine 
Kazakhstan 
Kyrgyzstan 
Moldova 
Uzbekistan 
Total Pre-projects 
1993/94 
8 
57 
12 
77 Budget 
1993/94 
(MECU) 
0.38 
2.54 
0.50 
3.42 Pre-projects 
1994/95 
5 
39 
10 
9 
2 
5 
6 
76» Full-scale 
projects 
1994/95 
4 
20 
4 
28 Budget 
1994/95 
(MECU) 
2.10 
15.37 
3.32 
0.37 
0.09 
023 
0.25 
21.73 Total 
spending 
per country 
(MECU) 
2.48 
17.91 
3.82 
0.37 
0.09 
0.23 
0.25 
25.15 
In addition to the 76 pre-projects newly selected in 1994/95, 50 one year pre-projects 
started in 1993/94 were receiving support in 1994 and will be eligible to apply for full-
scale project grants in 1995 (Belarus: 5; Russian Federation: 37; Ukraine: 8) 
Humanities and Social 
Sciences, including Law 
Economics and Political 
Sciences including 
European Studies 
Modern European 
Languages 
Improvement of University 
Management 
Others 
Total Pre-projects 
1993/94 
29 
14 
16 
18 
0 
77 Pre-projects 
1994/95 
13 
25 
15 
18 
5 
76 Full-scale projects 
1994/95 
7 
9 
5 
6 
0 
27 
IL 11.1. Analysis by priority area 
Of the 264 pre-JEP applications received in the 1993/94 selection round 222 addressed the 
issues designated as priorities. 
In the 1994/95 selection round of 408 Pre-JEP applications, 335 addressed designated 
priorities, with applications in Economics, University Management and Modern European 
Languages together constituting more than half of all applications. 
For those partner countries participating for the first time (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, 
Moldova and Uzbekistan) applications in all fields were considered for funding. 
For the JEP selection of course, where the call for applications was restricted to existing 
pre-JEP consortia, all but one application complied with priority requirements. 
II. 11.2. Analysis by partner country and EU Member State 
In the 1993/94 pre-JEP selection the distribution of successful projects between the partner 
countries was as follows: Belarus, 8; Russian Federation, 57; Ukraine, 12. The 264 applications 
received were targeted at the three countries in roughly the same proportion. This balance 
was maintained in the 1994/95 JEP selection when, of the 28 applications funded from those 
submitted by the 1993/94 pre-JEP consortia, 4 were for Belarus, 20 for the Russian 
Federation and 4 for the Ukraine. 
The 1994/95 pre-JEP selection round, in which Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova and 
Uzbekistan participated for the first time, the above pattern for Belarus, the Russian 
Federation, and Ukraine was maintained but together these three countries accounted for 
more than 86% of the total number of applications received. 
Following information missions to regional universities in Belarus, the Russian Federation 
and Ukraine carried out in early 1994, the 1994/95 project selections resulted in a 
significantly better regional distribution of projects. 
As far as Member States are concerned, little can be concluded from the pattern of 
participation in the 1993/94 selection round because of the timing of its launch. 
Applications were prepared during the vacation by those academics still free to do so. 
Institutions in France, Germany, the Netherlands and the UK were the most active in 
coordination of projects (coordination was not open to partners in the partner countries). 
In the 1994/95 pre-JEP selection a more balanced picture emerges. Participation by those 
Member States least represented in the previous selection doubled while in the JEP 
selection representation of the same countries improved from a 10% participation in the 
1993/94 pre-JEPs to one of 16% in the JEPs subsequently developed. A series of information 
campaigns in those countries least represented in 1993/94 is Ukely to have been a significant 
factor in the improved geographical distribution of pre-JEP participation in 1994/95. 
-15 
Information and coordination activities 
11.12. INFORMATION ACTIVITIES FOR TEMPUS (PHARE) AND 
TEMPUS (TACIS) 
A leaflet was published in the nine languages giving a brief outline of the Scheme. 
More detailed information materials published during the period under report were of two 
kinds: those aimed at users of the Scheme (the Guides for Applicants) and those designed 
for the more specialised audience of the institutions of the European Community, the 
Member States, the National Tempus Offices, Phare Coordinators and other institutions in 
the partner countries (Phare), and the media (the two Annual Reports). 
A new edition of the Guide for Applicants and application forms for Tempus (Phare) was 
prepared in a new format and distributed in the nine Community languages. The Guide's 
revised format with separate booklets for each of the Tempus (Phare) Actions, a general 
introduction and separate booklet giving details of national priorities of the partner 
countries priorities, was designed to provide essential information to users with enhanced 
clarity but without loss of comprehensiveness. 
Separate Guides were issued for the Pre-JEP phase of Tempus (Tacis) and for Tempus 
(Phare) Youth Activities were also prepared in the nine languages, while for the Polish Pilot 
Project scheme for Youth Activities a Guide with application forms was prepared in four 
languages (DE, EN, FR, IT). 
A Compendium of all Tempus (Phare) Joint European Projects and Complementary 
Measures projects running in 1993/94 was published in the autumn of 1993, followed by 
the Annual Report covering activities of the Scheme in the period 1 August 1992 to 
31 July 1993. A second Compendium giving details of the first Tempus (Tacis) pre-JEPs 
appeared in Spring 1994. 
An additional document, appearing for the first time, was the Site Visit Programme Annual 
Report 1992/93 giving details of the first stages of the Site Visit Programme's quality audit 
of Tempus (Phare) (cf. § II. 7.). 
(A full list of Tempus publications is given in annex). 
- lb 
IL 13. COORDINATION ACTIVITIES 
Tempus (Phare) 
Cooperation between the Commission and the National Tempus Offices established in the 
capital cities of the partner countries continued to intensify during the period under report. 
The regular consultation with the Commission and the EC Tempus Office through bilateral 
and joint discussions on operational matters such as preparation of selection procedures 
and information activities continued to be a key feature of cooperation and a focus for 
coordination activities. 
Of particular importance has been the pivotal role of the National Tempus Offices in 
ensuring smooth liaison between the Commission and their national authorities in relation 
to the definition of national Tempus priorities and also with their Phare coordinators in the 
preparation of the budget discussions with the Commission. 
The role of the National Tempus Offices themselves has continued to develop. Some have 
added to their responsibilities in relation to the organisation of Site visits to JEPs in their 
countries, not only by undertaking for the first time in 1993/94 the organisation of 
institutional visits, but also by instituting visit programmes of their own to complement the 
visit programme coordinated from the EC Tempus Office. Their organisational role and the 
participation of their staff in the latter made an important contribution to this aspect of 
monitoring (cf. § II. 7 ). 
In addition the Tempus Offices have undertaken a variety of activities, among them 
production of publications and organisation of workshops, aimed at disseminating 
throughout their respective countries both the achievements of Tempus projects and good 
practice within projects. 
Cooperation between the National Tempus Offices and the EC Tempus Office became 
increasingly reciprocal in its function, with the secondment of a member of EC Tempus 
Office staff to the National Tempus Office in Warsaw to assist with the Youth Activities 
Pilot Projects scheme, and of a second EC Tempus Office staff member to the National 
Tempus Office in Sofia to participate in information, training and dissemination activities. 
National Tempus Office staff meanwhile have attended a series of training sessions 
intended to improve understanding of the details of EC Tempus Office procedures and, in a 
wider perspective, to contribute to improved cooperation through reinforcement of a 
common working culture. 
Tempus (Tacis) 
During the course of 1993/94 a small office was established in Moscow, with one Brussels-
appointed staff member and locally appointed secretarial support, to facilitate 
implementation of Tempus (Tacis) in the Russian Federation and Newly Independent 
States. 
-17 
III. PHARE COUNTRY REPORTS 
In addition to the material provided in the following country reports the reader's attention 
is drawn to the following publications: 
• The Tempus monograph series (see II. 7.1.). 
• Joint European Projects 1990-93 (Prague: 1994, Czech National Tempus Office). 
• Evaluation of the Hungarian experience of the Tempus Program 1990-93 (Budapest: 1994, 
Hungarian National Tempus Office). 
• Report on the implementation of the Tempus (Phare) Programme 1990/91-1993/94 (Warsaw: 
1994, Polish National Tempus Office). 
• Report on the results of the first series of Tempus Projects: JEP 1990-93 (Bratislava: 1994, 
Slovak National Tempus Office). 
18 
Tämä muutos tavoitteissa ja läheisempi yhteys Phareen on aiheuttanut myös toisen 
huomaamattomamman muutoksen, nimittäin sen ettei Tempus ole kehittynyt kuten 
ERASMUS ohjelmana, joka on kohdistettu suurelle massalle yliopistoja, erityisesti 
Euroopan Unionin maissa. Kun tiedetään kuinka paljon vaaditaan kaikkien kumppaneiden 
omistautumista tavoitteiden saavuttamiseksi ja tulosten saamiseksi usein hyvin vaikeissa 
olosuhteissa, ohjelma pyrkii yhä enemmän houkuttelemaan vain niitä 
yliopistoja/tiedekuntia, jotka ovat tehneet tietoisen päätöksen siitä, että pyrkimys 
yhteistyöhön Keski- ja Itä-Euroopan kanssa on yksi niiden omista strategisista tavoitteista. 
III. 1.1. Kansallisten tukeen oikeuttavien prioriteettien kehitys 
Kansalliset prioriteetit ovat seurausta Pharen puitteissa kehittyneistä kansallisista 
strategioista täytäntöönpanoa varten. Laatu on jatkossakin pääkriteeri projekteja 
hyväksyttäessä, mutta maan erityistarpeita ja sen strategioita niiden täyttämiseksi 
painotetaan nykyään enemmän valintaprosessissa. 
Tämän prosessin kuluessa yksi tärkeä seikka Tempuksessa on muuttunut, mutta ilman 
ohjelman ja yleensä Euroopan Unionin koulutus- ja harjoitteluohjelmien erityispiirteiden 
menettämistä. Alhaalta lähtevä lähestymistapa, missä hakemukset lähetetään vastaukseksi 
vuosittaisiin kutsuihin on säilynyt, mutta viimeisen kahden vuoden aikana on lisätty 
ylhäältä lähtevä elementti, kun hakijoilta ei vaadita ainoastaan kumppanien kanssa 
yhteisten akateemisten kiinnostuksenkohteiden ajamista, vaan myös sellaisten projektien 
toteuttamista, jotka edesauttavat kaikenkattavaa kansallista strategiaa uudistuksen 
toteuttamiseksi. Alat, joille on annettu etusija tukea myönnettäessä on määritelty jokaisen 
yhteistyömaan kansallisten viranomaisten toimesta konsultoiden Euroopan yhteisön 
komission kanssa ja ne on julkaistu "Opas hakijoille"-julkaisussa. Hakemuksia, jotka 
hakevat tukea, mutta eivät sovi näihin selvästi määriteltyihin prioriteettialueisiin, ei 
huomioida päätettäessä rahoituksen antamisesta. 
Aihetta kansallisista prioriteeteista Tempus-tuen saamiseksi kehitellään edelleen 
kappaleessa IV.2.2. 
III. 2. YHTEISTYÖVÄLINEET 
III. 2.1. Kehitykset käsitteessä yhteiseurooppalainen projekti (JEP) 
Yhteiseurooppalaista projektia (JEP), joka on vuonna 1990 esitelty instrumentti 
yhteistyöpuitteiden tarjoamiseksi toiminnoille, jotka on suunniteltu yhteistyömaissa 
annettavan korkeamman koulutuksen kehittämiseksi, on muutettu vuosien kuluessa 
yhdenmukaisesti yllä annettujen tavoitemuutosten kanssa (vaikkakin peruskäsite vähintään 
kahdesta yhteisöjäsenestä ja yhdestä Keski- ja Itä-Euroopassa sijaitsevasta yliopistosta 
säilyy). 
19 
III. 1.3. Reflection of Albanian priorities in the projects accepted in 
1994/95 
In the 1994/95 JEP selection the following areas have been defined as priorities for Albania: 
•fi Development of new curricula in the areas of biotechnology and environmental studies. 
This area has been covered by 2 newly accepted projects. One of these projects aims at 
the creation of an environment option for the training of engineers in the third, fourth 
and fifth year at the Polytechnic University of Tirana, while the other aims at the 
upgrading of the curriculum in biotechnology and environmental sciences in 
12 different fields of study in biology at the University of Tirana. 
<- Updating and retraining of teachers in the areas of tourism, and finance and banking. 
This area is covered by two projects. One of them aims at teacher training, and 
development of courses and management training programmes in tourism and the 
hotel trade at 2 Albanian universities (University of Tirana and Polytechnic University 
of Korea). The other one aims at the development of a one-year postgraduate course in 
banking at the University of Tirana. 
<• Introduction of practical training and the updating of medicine and veterinary medicine courses 
at pre-clmical/ftrst cycle level. 
This area is represented by one project aiming at the modernisation of the Faculty of 
Medicine at the University of Tirana, including restructuring of medical studies from 
undergraduate to practitioner doctorate level with regard to course content, laboratory 
equipment and teacher training. 
AU the Albanian priority areas have been covered by the newly accepted JEPs. 
III. 1.4. Geographical distribution of JEPs 
Four of the seven Albanian higher education institutions were participating in JEPs in 1994. 
One application in the 1994/95 selection round was submitted by an Albanian coordinating 
institution, but was not accepted for funding. 
20 
IA. 2. BULGARIA 
in. 2.1. Budget 
Bulgaria joined the Tempus Scheme in the academic year 1991/92 and by the end of 
1993/94 had benefited from a total investment in the Scheme of 30.63 MECU. 
III. 2.2. Projects 
By the end of 1993/94 awards had been made for Bulgarian participation in 80 Joint 
European Projects, 35 Complementary Measures Grants and 28 Youth Exchange projects, 
while 564 Individual Mobility Grants had been awarded for travel between Bulgarian and 
EU higher education institutions. 
III. 22.1. Subject areas 
The overall distribution of Joint European Projects between disciplines is as follows: 
Distribution of JEPi by Discipline 
MedSd 
Architecture. Uifata/Regioul 3* S"fd 
Pbuiag ,0* 
Laagiafe* '* 
EaviroameaUi Sa 5* 
OlhwS* 
AgricA 
Food Sd 5% • Social! 
Il HwnnmfimadBu 
Nami So/Matenauc» 
O 
AitudDaigi 
III. 222. Perspectives in 1994/95 
In the selection round completed in June 1994, funding was awarded to 32 new Joint 
European Projects, and 80 Individual Mobility Grants were awarded for travel between 
Bulgarian and EU higher education institutions (first of two IMG selection rounds for 
1994/95). 
Four Complementary Measures Grants (including one CME+ project) and 2 Youth 
Exchange projects were funded in June 1994, the first of two selection rounds for the 
academic year 1994/95. 
-21-
in. 2.3. Reflection of Bulgarian priorities in the projects accepted for 
1994/95 
In the 1994/95 JEP selection the following areas have been defined as priorities for Bulgaria: 
•o- Introduction of interdisciplinary studies in cooperation with more than one Bulgarian 
university, specifically: 
m widening the perspective of the technical universities by introducing non­
technical subject areas (e.g. humanities, economics, social sciences etc.); 
• introduction of modern information technology in the faculties of humanities in 
universities; 
• development of inter-university centres to assist in the introduction of a more 
interdisciplinary element in higher education institutions. 
This broad area has been covered by 15 (nearly a half of all new Bulgarian JEPs) newly 
accepted projects. For example, this area (and the area of development of open and distance 
learning on a post-graduate level, see priorities below) is represented by a project aiming at 
the establishment of an Innovation Centre for open and distance learning at the Open 
Faculty of the Higher Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering in Sofia using 
multimedia methods and preparing new teaching materials for at least 13 interdisciplinary 
subjects. The project is coordinated by the Sofia partner institution and it involves the 
University of Plovdiv as well as 9 EU partner institutions. 
-> In addition, priority has been given to projects with the following objectives: 
m modernisation of curricula to European standards aiming at the international 
recognition of Bulgarian degrees (covered by 5 newly accepted projects, examples 
presented below while discussing target disciplines); 
• initial training of secondary school teachers and retraining of higher education 
teaching staff (covered by 4 newly accepted projects, examples presented below); 
• development of continuing education and open and distance learning on a post­
graduate level (covered by 10 newly accepted projects, examples presented 
below); 
in the following subject areas: 
• Materials science 
This area has been covered by 3 newly accepted projects, e.g. one of them aims at the 
creation of new curricula in polymeric materials science for undergraduate and 
postgraduate students and continuing education of secondary school teachers and 
specialists from industry at the Higher Institute of Chemical Technology in Sofia. 
• General practitioner education and health care 
This area has been covered by 4 newly accepted projects, e.g. one of them aims at the 
establishment of an university centre for interdisciplinary studies in the field of 
biochemistry, clinical chemistry, clinical and molecular immunology and genetics 
aiming at graduate and postgraduate students at the Sofia University. 
• Agriculture and agricultural economics 
This area has been covered by 2 newly accepted projects, e.g. one of them aims at the 
development and implementation of vocationally oriented integrated short 
programmes in agricultural business, marketing systems and environmental and 
animal welfare for university undergraduate students and for professionals. 
• Environmental protection 
This area has been covered by 6 newly accepted projects, e.g. one project aims at the 
introduction of a new interdisciplinary postgraduate course in environmental 
protection and sustainable development, leading to a Masters Degree at European 
level, development of curricula to western standards leading to an internationally 
recognised degree, at the development of industry-university collaboration for the 
effective dissemination of expertise to Bulgarian enterprises. The project involves two 
Bulgarian universities (Higher Institute of Chemical Technology in Sofia and Higher 
Institute of Economics and Finance 'D.A. Tsenov' in Svishtov) as well as a Bulgarian 
enterprise and EU partner institutions. 
• Social and economic sciences relating to social and economic changes (i.e. social 
psychology, minority integration, political science) 
This area has been covered by 2 newly accepted projects. One of these projects aims at the 
development and implementation of three postgraduate programmes (in business 
informatics, computational linguistics and cognitive science), an undergraduate programme 
in information sciences, and two other curricula (one for information technology support in 
social sciences and the other one in humanities) at 8 Bulgarian universities. 
• European law and European studies 
This area has been covered by 2 newly accepted projects, one of which aims at the 
creation of an Inter-University Centre for postgraduate European Studies attached to 
the Centre of European Studies in Sofia including the elaboration and the 
establishment of a one-year postgraduate course as well as the establishment of a 
group of European Units in Bulgarian universities. 
• Modern European languages 
This area has been covered by 2 newly accepted projects, one of them aiming at the 
production of a regional team of trainers for inter-active methodologies of language 
teaching and establishment of a regional network in East Bulgaria for the teaching of 
English, Spanish and other target European languages for both initial and in-service 
teacher training. The project involves two Bulgarian universities: Free University of 
Bourgas and Higher Pedagogical Institute 'Konstantin Preslavski' in Shoumen, as well 
as British, German and Spanish partner institutions. 
All Bulgarian priorities have been covered by the newly accepted projects, both the 
structural requirements (e.g. modernisation of curricula to European standards) and the 
target disciplines (e.g. environmental protection). In many cases one newly accepted project 
covers more than one priority area listed for Bulgaria. 
III. 2.4. Geographical distribution 
There are 73 Bulgarian institutions, located in 20 different towns, involved in JEPs running 
in 1994/95. 40 of these institutions (55%) are located in Sofia. Varna and Plovdiv are the 
other towns, apart from the capital, well represented in the running JEPs. 
-23-
in. 3. CZECH REPUBLIC 
in. 3.1. Budget 
The Czech RepubUc, first as part of the Czechoslovak Federal State and since January 1993 
as a separate entity has participated in the Tempus Scheme since the academic year 
1990/91. By the end of 1993/94 the Czech Republic had benefited from an estimated total 
investment in the Scheme of more than 34 MECU8. 
III. 3.2. Projects 
By the end of 1993/94 awards had been made for Czech participation in 114 Joint European 
Projects 38 Cofpoiyrportfa pr Measures Grants 47 Youth Exchance protects and 10 ^oint 
European Networks, while 912 Individual Mobility Grants had been awarded for travel 
between the Czech Republic and EU higher education institutions. 
III. 32.1. Subject areas 
The overall distribution of Joint European Projects between disciplines is as follows: 
Distribution of JEPs by Discipline 
Environmental Sci 
10% 
Agriculture & Food 
Sci 3% 
Languages 11% Architecture & 
Urban/Regional 
Planning 1% 
Management & 
Busmen 19% 
Natural Sci/Maths 
9% D 
H Social Science 
H Nauaal Sci/Matbematic* 
63 Enginecrim. Technology A. Infonnatict 
O ArtADnign 
H Agriculnac A Food Science* 
H Other (inc. educationAeacher training) 
• Environmental Sciencei 
H AichiiecnjreAUifaanfflegicadnaamiig 
8 The estimate has been made on the customary basis of division of funding according to the relative sizes of the 
populations of the Czech Lands and Slovakia, i.e. in a ratio of 2:1. 
III. 322. Perspectives in 1994/95 
In the selection round completed in June 1994, funding was awarded to 15 new Joint 
European Projects (including 1 JEP+), and 40 Individual Mobility Grants were awarded for 
travel between Czech and EU higher education institutions (first of two HAG selection 
rounds for 1994/95). 
Four Complementary Measures Grants and 2 Youth Exchange projects were funded in 
June 1994, the first of two selection rounds for the academic year 1994/95. 
III. 3.3. Reflection of Czech priorities in the projects accepted in 1994/95 
In the 1994/95 JEP selection the following areas have been defined as priorities for the 
Czech Republic: 
4- Economics in the areas of: 
• agricultural economics (1 projects accepted); 
• instruments of market economy (1 project accepted); 
• public relations and marketing (3 projects accepted). 
This area has been covered by 5 newly accepted projects. For example, one of these projects 
aims at the creation of necessary conditions for the integration of Prague School of 
Economics (the project's coordinator) into the Community of European Management 
Schools (CEMS) through implementation of a credit transfer system, renovation of 
undergraduate courses to make them compatible with the CEMS common body of 
knowledge, and the creation of 6 new graduate courses for a target group of 20 students 
following the CEMS programme. 
<- Law in the areas of: 
m European law (1 project accepted); 
• mercantile/commercial law; 
• development of constitutional and public law; 
• consumer law. 
Very low level of interest in this area (only 4 applications submitted) resulted in one 
application accepted for funding which is coordinated by Charles University in Prague. The 
project is devoted to preparation of basis for future compatibility of the Czech Republic 
legislation with that of the European Union. It aims at restructuring and development of 
new curricula and teaching materials at undergraduate level for both the general course 
'European Community Law' and the European Community Law—specialised course at two 
Czech universities (Charles University in Prague and University of West Bohemia in 
Piisen). It also aims at development of a 2-year PhD course for Public Administrators, and 
at creation of a new 'Institute of Comparative Law and Law Integration'. Apart from the two 
Czech higher education institutions, 4 other Czech and EU partners are involved in the project. 
-> Medical sciences in the areas of: 
m cardiovascular and cancerous diseases (1 project accepted); 
• general practitioner education (introduction and development); 1 project accepted. 
25 
The target discipline of medical sciences has been covered by 2 projects accepted, and a 
project devoted to education of general practitioners coordinated by Charles University in 
Prague constitutes a good example of Czech priorities coverage. The small network of 
partners (one Czech and 2 EU partners only) aims at development of new curricula to 
introduce the basis of primary care concepts putting a special emphasis on aspects such as 
health in the family unit and the community, principles of epidemiology and doctor-patient 
communication skills. 
<> Environmental studies in the areas of. 
• waste processing (2 projects accepted); 
• soil and subterranean water protection (1 project accepted); 
• new energy sources (1 project accepted); 
• wood science. 
This area has been covered by 4 newly accepted projects. For example, one of these projects 
includes aspects of cooperation with industry and is coordinated by a Czech institution 
(Technical University of Mining and Metallurgy of Ostrava). The project aims at the 
development of an Inter-University centre in waste identification, processing and control, 
which will act as a regional training and advisory centre for industrialists and local 
government. It also aims at development of a new modular syllabus 'Programme of the 
Protection of Environment* consisting of 9 modules and with a target group of 120 
undergraduates, 20 postgraduates and 40 industrialists and entrepreneurs. Apart from the 
Czech coordinator, the project involves both Czech and EU partners, including industrial 
partners. 
Preference has been given to projects 
• with interdisciplinary aspects; 
• prepared in cooperation with industry; 
> in which the coordinator and/or contractor is Czech 
All Czech priorities have been covered by the newly accepted projects, both the structural 
requirements (e.g. projects with aspects of university/ industry cooperation) and the target 
disciplines. Among the structural requirements giving preference to projects with Czech 
coordinator and/or contractor was the most successful priority, with all but one project 
fulfilling this requirement. Some projects cover more than one priority area listed for the 
Czech RepubUc. 
III. 3.4. Geographical distribution of running JEPs in the Czech Republic 
in 1994/95 
There are 41 Czech institutions, located in 16 different towns, involved in JEPs running in 
1994/95.13 of these institutions (32%) are located in Prague. Brno, Ostrava and Libérée are 
the other towns, apart from the capital, well represented in running JEPs. 
-26 
IE. 4. ESTONIA 
m. 4.1. Budget 
Estonia joined the Tempus Scheme in the academic year 1992/93 and by the end of 1993/94 
had benefited from a total investment in the Scheme of 4.63 MECU. 
III. 4.2. Projects 
By the end of 1993/94 awards had been made for Estonian participation in 14 Joint 
European Projects, 4 Complementary Measures Grants and 4 Youth Exchange projects, 
while 156 Individual Mobility Grants had been awarded for travel between Estonian and 
EU higher education institutions. 
III. 42.1. Subject areas 
The overall distribution of Joint European Projects between disciplines is as follows: 
Distribution of JEPs by Discipline 
Agriculture & Food 
Science 11% 
Environmental Sci 6% 
Engineering, 
Technology & 
Informatics 
22% 
Architecture & 
Urban/Regional 
Planning 
6% Management and 
Business 6% 
Natural Sci/Maths 
11% H Humarotiei 
D Social Science 
H Management and Butine» 
• Nanaal Sci/Mathematia 
D Medical Science* 
• Art JtDeiign 
I Oner (inc. educationAeacber training) 
I Architecture * Urban/Regional Planning 
I Engineering, Technology A. Informatics 
I Environmental Sciences 
I Agriculture A Food Science 
III. 422. Perspectives in 1994/95 
In the selection round completed in June 1994, funding was awarded to 6 new Joint 
European Projects, and 23 Individual Mobility Grants were awarded for travel between 
Estonian and EU higher education institutions (first of two IMG selection rounds for 
1994/95). 
No Complementary Measures Grants or Youth Exchange projects were funded in June 
1994, the first of two selection rounds for the academic year 1994/95. 
27-
III. 4.3. Reflection of Estonian priorities in the projects accepted for 
1994/95 
In the 1994/95 JEP selection the following areas have been defined as priorities for Estonia: 
<• Promotion of interdisciplinary studies. 
This area has been covered by two newly accepted projects. One of them aims at the 
development of modular in-service postgraduate diploma courses and a pre-service 
certificate of competence in information technology for Estonian teachers of all disciplines 
and sectors at 3 Estonian universities (Tallinn Pedagogical University, Tallinn Technical 
University and Tartu University). The other project aims at the development and 
introduction of new curricula (and teaching materials) in product development and 
entrepreneurship for undergraduate studies and for continuing education courses at the 
Centre of Continuing Education at Tallinn Technical University. 
<- Introduction of new types of management and structures in Estonian higher education 
institutions. 
This area has not been covered by any new projects accepted due to the low quality of the 
applications submitted. 
•> Introduction of new disciplines and methodology in Estonian higher education institutions. 
This area has been covered by 3 newly accepted projects. One project aims at the creation of 
two centres for Analytical Philosophy at Tallinn Pedagogical University and Tartu 
University, and at the development of courses for graduate students and graduates of the 
humanities and social sciences. The second project aims at the creation of a new 
Department of Laboratory Medicine at Tartu University, and at the development and 
introduction of undergraduate and postgraduate curricula in laboratory medicine. The 
third project aims at further development of existing courses and the creation of new ones 
by introducing the teaching of contemporary music at the Estonian Academy of Music in 
Tallinn. 
Special consideration has been given to projects which will have a multiplier effect within 
the higher education system. 
Two out of three Estonian priority areas have been covered by the newly accepted projects. 
One other project accepted was a regional JEP, therefore not falling strictly into national 
Estonian priorities. 
III. 4.4. Geographical distribution of running JEPs in Estonia in 1994/95 
There are 10 Estonian institutions, located in 2 towns (Tallinn and Tartu), involved in JEPs 
running in 1994/95.7 of these institutions (70%) are located in the capital, Tallinn. 
28 
m. 5. HUNGARY 
in. 5.1. Budget 
Hungary has participated in the Tempus Scheme since the academic year 1990/91, and by 
the end of 1993/94 had benefited from a total investment in the Scheme of 59.9 MECU. 
in. 5.2. Projects 
By the end of 1993/94 awards had been made for Hungarian participation in 204 Joint 
European Projects, 73 Complementary Measures Grants, 75 Youth Exchange projects, and 
8 Joint European Networks while 944 Individual Mobility Grants-had been awarded for 
travel between Hungarian and EU higher education institutions. 
III. 52.1. Subject areas 
The overall distribution of Joint European Projects between disciplines is as follows: 
Distribution of JEPs by Discipline 
Architecture; planning 
Engineering. Technology ft 
Informatics 
17% 
Art A Design 
Medical Sciences 
8% 
Other (inc. training) 
10% Agriculture ft Food 
8% 
Management ft Business 
14% 
Natural Sciences ft 
Mathematics 
9% M Social Science 
O Agriculture A. Food 
B Management é. Business 
O Natural Scieacei & Mathematics 
OLaafuafct 
Bother (inc. training) 
M Medical Sciences 
II Art* Design 
'Engineering. Technology A. 
Informatics 
D AidtNecture; pbaaing 
III. 522. Perspectives in 1994/95 
In the selection round completed in June 1994, funding was awarded to 41 new Joint 
European Projects, and 24 Individual Mobility Grants were awarded for travel between 
Hungarian and EU higher education institutions (first of two IMG selection rounds for 
1994/95). 
29 
Four Complementary Measures Grants (including 1 CME+) and 6 Youth Exchange projects 
were funded in June 1994, the first of two selection rounds for the academic year 1994/95. 
in. 5.3. Reflection of Hungarian priorities in the projects accepted for 
1994/95 
In the 1994/95 JEP selection the following areas have been defined as priorities for 
Hungary: 
<- Development of new curricula leading to the creation of new academic and professional profiles 
in higher education institutions coherent with the development strategy of the institutions 
concerned. 
This area has been very well covered by applications submitted which resulted in 
acceptance of 20 new projects with this type of objective. For example, one of these projects 
aims at the establishment of an undergraduate degree programme in Agro-Management at 
Debrecen University of Agricultural Sciences. 
•*• Comprehensive development of a whole institution or a large part of it in accordance with the 
development strategy of the institution concerned. 
This area has not been covered by any newly accepted projects due to poor quality of 
applications submitted, in particular due to absence of an institutional development 
strategy document in the applications received. 
-> Postgraduate education: course development and the establishment of PhD programmes in 
universities. 
This area has been well covered by the applications submitted which resulted in acceptance 
of 10 new projects with this type of objective. For example, one of these projects aims at the 
development of veterinary education in Hungary through preparation of the University of 
Veterinary Sciences in Budapest to be accredited as an 'EU-recognised veterinary training 
institute' including creation of 7 new/updated curricula with adequate teaching materials, a 
postgraduate continuing education programme providing courses in 9 different areas, and 
an operational PhD programme in 8 different areas. 
<- Development of university management. 
This area was not very well covered by applications submitted, therefore only 3 new 
projects were accepted with this type of objective. One of these projects aims at the 
development of management strategies and techniques at the Hungarian universities of 
Budapest, Pecs, Debrecen and Veszprém, and of their capacity to carry out long and 
medium term policies of university management, quality of evaluation systems and 
university-enterprise cooperation. 
30 
o- Development of university capacity to provide contii. jing education. 
This area was not very well covered by applications submitted, therefore it is covered by 
4 new projects accepted only. One of these projects aims at the development of 
undergraduate, postgraduate and continuing education and distance learning programmes 
in mechatronics at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at Miskolc University, and at the 
creation of a Continuing Education Centre to act as an interface with Hungarian industry 
and to provide training for industrial and technical school staff. 
In addition, projects which aimed to achieve one or more of the above objectives in the field 
of European studies were given priority. However, due to limited number and quality of 
such proposals, this area has been covered by only 2 newly accepted projects to date. One 
of them aims at the creation of a Centre for European Studies and Training at the Budapest 
University of Economics. 
In the framework of the above mentioned objectives, preference was also given to projects 
which deal with as many of the following aspects as possible: 
development of teaching methods that can be used with greater numbers of 
students; 
development of joint curricula with EU universities leading to mutual recognition 
of periods of study and double degrees (7 such projects accepted); 
diversification of university activities (particularly those which respond to 
changing employment needs); 
development of university/industry (enterprise) cooperation (6 such projects 
accepted); 
improvement of cooperation between Hungarian higher education institutions; 
development of cooperation in initial education between higher education 
institutions and research institutes; 
support for trans-European networks for student mobility (8 new mobility 
projects have been accepted); 
Hungarian coordination of projects (78% of newly accepted projects with 
Hungarian involvement have Hungarian coordinators); 
attraction of complementary funding; 
continuation of funding after the maximum three-year period of Tempus funding; 
development of multiplier effect (e.g. teacher training); 
inclusion of activities which support the integration of Hungary into the European 
Union. 
Some of the projects accepted fall in more than one priority area. Most of the Hungarian 
priorities, including the preferences, have been covered by the newly accepted projects. 
III. 5.4. Geographical distribution of running JEPs in Hungary in 1994/95 
There are 90 Hungarian institutions, located in 25 different towns, involved in JEPs running 
in 1994/95.44 of these institutions (49%) are located in Budapest. Debrecen, Pecs, Györ and 
Szeged are the other towns, apart from the capital, well represented in running JEPs. 
31 
HL 6. LATVIA 
in. 6.1. Budget 
Latvia joined the Tempus Scheme in the academic year 1992/93 and by the end of 1993/94 
had benefited from a total investment in the Scheme of 62 MECU. 
in. 6.2. Projects 
By the end of 1993/94 awards had been made for Latvian participation in 17 Joint European 
Projects, 2 Complementary Measures Grants and 12 Youth Exchange projects, while 
139 Individual Mobility Grants had been awarded for travel between Latvian and EU 
higher education institutions. 
III. 62.1. Subject areas 
The overall distribution of Joint European Projects between disciplines is as follows: 
Distribution of JEPs by Discipline 
Environmental Sci. 
6* 
Engineering. Technology A 
informatics 
19% 
Medical Sciences 
6% 
Natural Sci/Matbematics 
6% Social Sci. 13» 
Agriculture & Food Set 
19* 
Management and Business 
18% D Social! 
IB Agncvhnre A Pood Set. 
a 
B Other (ntc. education/teacher aainiag) 
flfl Medicat Science» 
B Art and Design 
B Engineering. Technology A Mannaan 
B Aichnecturc; Urban/regional ptaaning 
B Environmental Science» 
III. 622. Perspectives in 1994/95 
In the selection round completed in June 1994 funding was awarded 6 new Joint European 
Projects, 2 Complementary Measures Grants and 1 Youth Exchange project, and 
25 Individual Mobility Grants had been awarded for travel between Latvian and EU higher 
education institutions. The second selection round for Complementary Measures, Youth 
Exchange and Individual Mobility Grants for 1994/95 has yet to be completed. 
-32 
m. 6.3. Reflection of Latvian priorities in the projects accepted for 
1994/95 
In the 1994/95 the following project objectives have been defined as priorities for Latvia: 
<• Introduction of new educational technologies and teaching methods for adult education and the 
updating of primary, secondary and university level teachers. 
This area has been covered by 2 newly accepted projects. One of them aims at development 
of centres for adult education with a view to restructuring the Latvian In-service Teacher 
Training system, as well as at restructuring/ creation of curricula in the subject areas of 
adult education, history, social studies, mother tongue (Latvian), mathematics, science and 
special education for general in-service teacher training courses and postgraduate courses 
at 4 Latvian higher education institutions (Daugavpils Pedagogical Institute, Liepaja 
Pedagogical Higher School, Institute for the Advancement of Education in Riga and the 
University of Latvia in Riga). The other project aims at creation of multimedia laboratories 
at Daugavpils Pedagogical Institute and Liepaja Pedagogical Higher School with a view to 
implementing a course in 'Computer and Multimedia Technology Education' for initial 
teacher training and to dispensing teacher refresher courses. 
<• Development of new curricula and studies within the national Phare priority areas of 
agriculture, environment and energy studies. Project coordinators were encouraged to find co-
financing for complementary activities relating to those areas. 
This area has been covered by one newly accepted project aiming at the establishment of a 
centre at the University of Latvia (Riga) for state-of-the-art computational methods in 
mechanical engineering for energy and environmental studies including development of 
new courses in mechanical, process and materials engineering at BSc. and MSc. level. 
<• Development of mobility projects, particularly for students and staff from small/peripheral 
universities in Latvia with a view to improving their international contacts. 
This area has been covered by two newly accepted JEPs. One of these projects aims at the 
creation of a network for mobility whereby undergraduate and post-graduate students 
from European countries, in particular from Latvia, will undertake a mobility period in 
another university with full academic recognition. The other one aims at the introduction of 
two courses for choir conducting and music therapy, at updating of existing and 
introduction of new courses in the Departments of Symphonic Conducting, Wind 
Instruments and Vocal Studies and at the restructuring of the final examination (BA) in the 
Piano and String Departments at the Jazeps Vitola Latvian Academy of Music in Riga. 
All the Latvian priority areas have been covered by the newly accepted JEPs. One project 
accepted was a regional project, therefore not falling strictly into national Latvian priorities. 
The priorities for JEPs in 1994/95 addressed a number of structural issues while calling for 
new curricula in the Phare priority areas for Latvia of agriculture, environment and energy 
studies. 
in. 6.4. Geographical distribution of running JEPs in Latvia 
There are 18 Latvian institutions, located in 6 different towns, involved in JEPs running in 
1994/95. 13 of these institutions (72%) are located in Riga (the capital of Latvia). The 
remaining 5 towns have one institution each involved. 
33 
in. 7. LITHUANIA 
in. 7.1. Budget 
Lithuania joined the Tempus Scheme in the academic year 1992/93 and by the end of 
1993/94 had benefited from a total investment in the Scheme of 6.70 MECU. 
in. 7.2. Projects 
By the end of 1993/94 awards had been made for Lithuanian participation in 16 Joint 
European Projects, 7 Complementary Measures Grants and 11 Youth Exchange projects, 
while 147 Individual Mobility Grants had been awarded for travel between Lithuanian and 
EU higher education institutions. 
UI. 72.1. Subject areas 
The overall distribution of Joint European Projects between disciplines is as follows: 
Distribution of JEPi by Discipline 
Environmental Sci 
6% 
Social Sci It* 
Engineering. Technology 
& informatics 
28% Il Social Science 
B Agricuaura A Pood Sci. 
CD 
Qatar (inc. 
An and Dong* 
| Bag—mag. Tachnokigy A inftanmks 
UI. 722. Perspectives in 1994/95 
In the selection round completed in June 1994, funding was awarded to 5 new Joint 
European Projects, and 21 Individual Mobility Grants were awarded for travel between 
Lithuanian and EU higher education institutions (first of two IMG selection rounds for 
1994/95). 1 Complementary Measures Grant and 1 Youth Exchange project were funded in 
June 1994, the first of two selection rounds for the academic year 1994/95. 
34 
in. 7.3. Reflection of Lithuanian priorities in the projects accepted for 
1994/95 
In the 1994/95 the following areas have been defined as priorities for Lithuania: 
<- Environmental studies in the areas of: 
m energy saving; 
• material saving technologies. 
This area has been covered by 2 newly accepted projects. One of them aims at the 
restructuring of teaching programmes in mechanical construction, management, and 
administration at the faculties of Environmental Chemistry /Engineering at the Kaunas 
University of Technology, and at the establishment of a Centre for resources and 
technology in the area of environment. The other one aims at the establishment of a 
network of Environmental Centres at four participating Lithuanian universities (Kaunas 
University of Technology, Lithuanian Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Vytautas 
Magnus University in Kaunas and Vilnius University) that will offer an educational 
programme in environmental protection and sustainable development to be taken as 
further qualification after a Bachelor degree or as single courses integrated into BA, MSc. or 
PhD courses. 
<- Restructuring of agricultural education with a particular emphasis on agricultural reform and 
agricultural technology. 
This area has been covered by one newly accepted JEP which aims at the restructuring of 
existing curricula and integration of applied research activities into the teaching at the 
Lithuanian Academy of Agricultural Engineering and the Lithuanian Academy of 
Veterinary Medicine. 
<- Multi-disciplinary approach to transport and communication studies. 
This area has been covered by one newly accepted JEP which aims at the transfer of 
knowledge and technology within the broad areas pertaining to transport, distribution and 
logistics, including the establishment of a Training Centre' within the Transport 
Management Department at the Vilnius Technical University and the revision and updating 
of curricula and training and the development of new courses. 
« 
Preference was given to projects which develop the integration of research into universities 
and individual faculties. All the Lithuanian priority areas have been covered by the newly 
accepted JEPs. One project accepted was a regional project, therefore not falling strictly into 
national Lithuanian priorities. 
in. 7.4. Geographical distribution of distribution of running JEPs in 
Lithuania 
There are 16 Lithuanian institutions, located in 5 different towns, involved in JEPs running 
in 1994/95. 5 of these institutions (31%) are located in Vilnius (the capital of Lithuania). 
Kaunas and Siauliali are the other towns, apart from Vilnius, well represented in the 
running JEPs. 
35-
in. 8. POLAND 
in. 8.1. Budget 
Poland has participated in the Tempus Scheme since the academic year 1990/91, and by the 
end of 1993/94 had benefited from a total investment in the Scheme of 97.53 MECU. 
III. 8.2. Projects 
By the end of 1993/94 awards had been made for Polish participation in 248 Joint European 
Projects, 76 Complementary Measures Grants, 171 Youth Exchange projects, 51 Youth 
Exchange Pilot Projects9 and 16 Joint European Networks, while 2190 Individual Mobility 
Grants had been awarded for travel between Polish and EU higher education institutions. 
III. 82.1. Subject areas 
The overall distribution of Joint European Projects between disciplines is as follows: 
Distribution of JEPs by Discipline 
Engineering. Technology A 
Informatics 
25* 
Arcntecture. Urban/Regional 
Manning 2* 
Other (inc. education/ 
teacher training) 7» 
Environmental Sciences 9% Management and Business 
24* 
Agriculture and Food 
Science 3* AnaadDeuga I* 
Medical Socnces 6* 
Natural Science and 
Mathematics 
I* • Social Saenoe 
L_J Humenuia 
H Management and Butin 
EU ArtaadDanga 
D Medical Sciences 
B Natural Saane» 
DD Agriculture and Food Science 
ana cAvffonsnanny Seances 
H Other (inc. «ducalioa/lirhcr naJaiag) 
• Aidnecnne. Uttiaa/Begwaal Plaaaiag 
H BagJaawint, Tachaotogy alafarunnc* 
III. 822. Perspectives in 1994/95 
In the selection round completed in June 1994, funding was awarded to 91 new Joint 
European Projects, and 117 Individual Mobility Grants were awarded for travel between 
Polish and EU higher education institutions (first of two IMG selection rounds for 1994/95). 
8 Complementary Measures Grants and 13 Youth Exchange projects were funded in June 
1994, the first of two selection rounds for the academic year 1994/95. 
(1994/95 JEN and Youth Exchange Pilot Project grants were yet to be awarded at the time 
of writing) 
9 In the first of two selection rounds for the budget year 1993/94,33 Youth Exchange Pilot Projects were awarded 
grants in January 1994. 
in. 8.3. Reflection of Polish priorities in projects accepted for 1994/95 
The Polish priorities presented in the Guide for Applicants 1994/95 were: 
• Development of university-industry cooperation; 
• Development and restructuring of short cycle higher education courses; 
• Introduction and modernisation of postgraduate courses. 
in 6 broad target disciplines. 
The Polish authorities had originally defined what percentage of the total of accepted 
projects were to fall in each discipline. However, this turned out to be difficult to 
implement, as the applications submitted did not follow the same pattern. Therefore, as it 
can be seen in the table below, the projects accepted followed the pattern of applications 
submitted in distribution per discipline rather than that originally stipulated. 
Priority areas 
Economics/ management 
• 
Engineering/ technology 
European studies/ modem 
European languages 
Environmental protection 
Social and political sciences 
Medicine/ Natural sciences/ 
Mathematics/ History/ 
Archaeology/ Art and Design recommended % 
of total 
15% 
15% 
25% 
15% 
15% 
15% % of applications 
submitted 
24% 
36% 
10% 
16% 
7% 
7% % of projects 
accepted 
23% 
36% 
12% 
12% 
5% 
11% 
The priority area of economics and management has been covered by 19 newly accepted 
projects. One of these projects aims at the creation of a third cycle training centre for 
management of marketing for agriculture and agro-food at the Agricultural Academy in 
Warsaw. It also aims at the development of partnerships between Polish agricultural and 
agro-food industries and the beneficiary academy. 
The area of engineering and technology has been covered by 29 newly accepted projects. For 
example, one of these projects aims at the development of a new Bachelor degree, at the 
upgrading of the MSc degree and at the introduction of post-diploma courses for 
professionals in business informatics at the Department of Information Systems of the 
University of Gdansk. 
The area of European studies and modern European languages has been covered by 10 newly 
accepted projects. One of these projects aims at the preparation of a new undergraduate 
course in European Union Economics and Polish integration within the European Union at 
two Polish universities (Academy of Economics in Wroclaw and the University of 
Wroclaw). The target audience will be students of business and law and the courses will 
include the training of teachers and postgraduate students and the development of teaching 
materials. 
-37-
The area of environmental protection has been covered by 10 newly accepted projects. One of 
these projects aims at the introduction of interdisciplinary courses on environmental 
monitoring (short courses, first degree and postgraduate level) at the Faculty of Electronics 
of Gdansk Technical University. The courses will be complemented by the establishment of 
a laboratory for pollution monitoring, the upgrading of library software and the retraining 
of staff from the university, enterprises and public services. 
The area of social and political sciences has been covered by 4 newly accepted projects, one of 
which, for example, aims at the introduction of short cycle-courses for the training of social 
welfare professionals at the Institute of Applied Social Sciences of Warsaw University. 
The area comprising 6 different disciplines (medicine, natural sciences, mathematics, history, 
archaeology, art and design) has been covered by 9 newly accepted JEPs. One of these projects 
aims at the development of a new curriculum in environmental chemistry at first degree, 
MSc and PhD level at 3 Polish universities (Jagiellonian University in Cracow, Adam 
Mickiewicz University in Poznan and the University of Wroclaw), including the retraining 
of teachers and students, the organisation of practical placements and the setting up of a 
laboratory. 
All Polish priorities have been covered by the newly accepted projects, both in the terms of 
the structural requirements (e.g. development of university-industry cooperation) and of 
the target disciplines, although in the case of the disciplines the distribution of projects 
accepted was slightly different from that originally defined. That is why pre-defining the 
distribution of subject areas has been abandoned for the future (1995/96) JEP selection. 
in. 8.4. Geographical distribution of running JEPs in Poland in 1994/95 
There are 167 Polish institutions, located in 38 different towns, involved in JEPs running in 
1994/95. 38 of these institutions (23%) are located in Warsaw. Katowice, Cracow, Lodz, 
Poznan and Wroclaw are the other towns, apart from the capital, well represented in 
running JEPs. 
38 
in. 9. ROMANIA 
in. 9.1. Budget 
Romania joined the Tempus Scheme in the academic year 1991/92 and by the end of 
1993/94 had benefited from a total investment in the Scheme of 41.75 MECU. 
in. 9.2. Projects 
By the end of 1993/94 awards had been made for Romanian participation in 94 Joint 
European Projects, 32 Complementary Measures Grants and 44 Youth Exchange projects, 
while 692 Individual Mobility Grants had been awarded for travel between Romanian and 
EU higher education institutions. 
HI. 92.1 Subject areas 
The overall distribution of Joint European Projects between disciplines is as follows: 
Distribution of JEPs by Discipline 
AgnciritureAFcndSd 
5* 
Engineering, Technology 
Alnfannetics 
33* 
Architecture A Urban/Regional 
12* Soft* 
Natural Sd/Mathemntics 
9* O Agriculture A Pood Scàeacet 
B Social Seamen 
• AnftDcsiga 
B Natural SdMathenaric* 
B AKfcnacamAUrtaWllsgioaalt 
B Bagiaauing.Tadaaology a.Urforaano 
III. 922. Perspectives in 1994/95 
In the selection round completed in June 1994, funding was awarded to 24 new Joint 
European Projects, and 110 Individual Mobility Grants were awarded for travel between 
Romanian and EU higjher education institutions (first of two IMG selection rounds for 
1994/95). 3 Complementary Measures Grants and 6 Youth Exchange project were funded in 
June 1994, the first of two selection rounds for the academic year 1994/95. 
-39 
m. 9.3. Reflection of Romanian priorities in the projects accepted for 
1994/95 
The Romanian priorities presented for the 1994/95 JEP selection were: 
<• Development of short-cycle higher education (colegii) in universities in the subject areas of 
engineering, applied economics, agriculture and secretarial studies. 
This objective is to be fulfilled by two newly accepted projects. One of them aims at the 
development of short cycle higher education in 4 Romanian universities (Academy of 
Economic Studies in Bucharest, Institute of Architecture 'Ion Mincu' in Bucharest, 
Politehnica University Bucharest and the Technical University of Cluj-Napoca) in the fields 
of engineering, applied economics, secretarial activities and architecture through updating 
of the concerned curricula and the creation/modernisation of appropriate laboratories and 
through the implementation of a centre for cooperation with industry. 
+ Development of university/enterprise cooperation via the creation of university centres which 
offer training/retraining courses to enterprises. 
This area has been covered by 4 newly accepted projects, e.g. see the example above. 
<• Creation of Masters degree courses in natural sciences and humanities. 
Only one project with this type of objective was accepted in the 1994/95 selection. It aims at 
the creation of a new Masters degree in philosophy (fifth year of study) at the Faculty of 
Philosophy of Bucharest University and introduction of philosophy courses in the 
curriculum of Politehnica University Bucharest. 
+• Development of student mobility. 
Two new mobility JEPs were accepted for funding. 
Priority was given to projects in the following subject areas: 
+ Environmental protection in the areas of. 
m development of curricula in environmental sciences; 
• nuclear safety and radioactive protection. 
This area has been covered by 3 newly accepted projects, all of them devoted to the 
development of curricula. For example, one of these projects aims at the creation of an 
educational centre for environmentally friendly fanning technologies, to be used by 
graduates, postgraduates and continuing education students at the University of 
Agricultural Sciences in Bucharest and at two technical universities (Timisoara and lasi). It 
involves the creation of 4 new curricula in that area. 
4- Health sciences in the area of health care management. 
This area has been covered by 2 newly accepted projects. One of them aims at design and 
implementation of new curricula in health care management at undergraduate and 
postgraduate level at the Universities of Medicine and Pharmacy in Bucharest and lasi. 
40 
<• Social sciences in the area of social welfare and unemployment. 
This area has been covered by 2 newly accepted JEPs, one of which aims at the 
establishment of doctoral level training centred around labour-related social sciences at the 
University of lasi, at the development of the School for Social Workers at the same 
university, and at the creation of a postgraduate diploma of social action at the University 
of Suceava. 
4- Economic sciences. 
m business administration and management for small and medium sized private 
enterprises in industry, services and agriculture; 
• banking and public finance. 
This area has been covered by 5 newly accepted projects, all of them in business 
administration and management. One of these projects aims at the creation of an 
AdmirJsUalioit ^European Institute of Enterprises composed-of seven branches at partner 
Romanian universities10 and teaching of intensive continuing training courses in the field of 
enterprise management and administration, of hotel and tourism activities, and of doctoral 
and master level courses in management and administration of enterprises. 
4- High technology. 
m development of courses in data transmission and distributed processing (4 
projects accepted); 
• new materials technology (3 projects accepted). 
This area has been covered by 7 newly accepted projects. For example, one project aims at 
the creation of a Technology Transfer Centre in computer aided design at the Technical 
University of Cluj-Napoca providing education in the form of short courses for engineers 
and undergraduate engineering students, and at the installation of an Information Point 
connected to European networks as well as upgrading of the library. The TU of Cluj-
Napoca is the project's coordinator and the Transylvania' University in Brasov is also 
involved. 
Preference was given to projects in which 
• the Coordinator was a Romanian university (83% of new JEPs accepted are 
coordinated by Romanian institutions); 
• two or more Romanian universities participated in the project (92% of new JEPs 
accepted have more than one Romanian partner university); 
• there was direct student involvement in the formulation and management of mobility 
projects. 
All Romanian priorities have been covered by the newly accepted projects, both the 
structural requirements (e.g. development of university/enterprise cooperation) and the 
target disciplines. 
*° University Transylvania' in Brasov, University 'Babes Bolyai' in Cluj-Napoca, University 'Ovidius' in Constanta, 
University of Craiova, University ' Alexandra loan Cuza' in lasi, and University of Timisoara. 
41 
in. 9.4. Geographical distribution of running JEPs in Romania in 
1994/95 
There are 135 Romanian institutions, located in 22 different towns, involved in JEPs 
running in 1994/95. 36 of these institutions (27%) are located in Bucharest. Brasov, lasi, 
Cluj-Napoca and Timisoara are the other towns, apart from the capital, well represented in 
running JEPs. 
In 1994,29 of the 50 higher education institutions in Romania were participating in JEPs. 
-42 
in. 10. SLOVAKIA 
in. 10.1. Budget 
The Slovak RepubUc, first as part of the Czechoslovak Federal State and since January 1993 
as a separate entity has participated in the Tempus Scheme since the academic year 
1990/91. By the end of 1993/94 the Slovak Republic had benefited from an estimated total 
investment in the Scheme of more than 17.83 MECU11. 
in. 10.2. Projects 
By the end of 1993/94 awards had been made for Slovak participation in 82 Joint European 
Projects, 20 Complementary Measures Grants, 26 Youth Exchange projects'and 2 Joint 
European Networks while 472 Individual Mobility Grants had been awarded for travel 
between Slovak and EU higher education institutions. 
UI. 102.1 Subject areas 
The overall distribution of Joint European Projects between disciplines is as follows: 
Distribution of JEPs by Discipline 
Afriontaae A Food Scieacc 
6% 
Medical Sci 6% Maaaf ement A Business 
14% 
Natural So/Maths S% 
Architecture. Urban/Regional 
Ptanaiaf 1% 
Eapaeeriag, Techaotofy 4 
Informatics 33% • Natural! 
B Afcasacauc, Uibaa/Ranioaal Plaaaiat 
H Bapaamaf. Technology A lafonnauct 
E3 Art*Dmupi 
O SoctalSàeace 
Other (inc educatioaAcacher niant) 
Evravanvntal Scjfwrf 
Africain** * Pood Science 
III. 1022. Perspectives in 1994195 
In the selection round completed in June 1994, funding was awarded to 15 new Joint 
European Projects, and 27 Individual Mobility Grants were awarded for travel between 
Slovak and EU higher education institutions (first of two IMG selection rounds for 
1994/95). One Complementary Measures Grants and 3 Youth Exchange projects were 
funded in June 1994, the first of two selection rounds for the academic year 1994/95. 
11 The estimate has been made on the customary basis of division of funding according to the relative sizes of the 
populations of the Czech Lands and Slovakia, i.e. in a ratio of 2:1. 
The last two figures are estimates only. 
43-
in. 10.3. Reflection of Slovak priorities in the projects accepted for 
1994/95 
The Slovak priorities presented for the 1994/95 JEP selection were: 
<• Promotion of university/enterprise cooperation. 
This objective is to be fulfilled by 3 newly accepted projects. An example is presented 
below, in the discussion of priority subject areas. 
-^ Introduction of short cycle university education (Bachelor degree level) in Slovak universities. 
This objective is to be fulfilled by 3 newly accepted projects. An example is presented 
below, in the discussion of priority subject areas. 
+ Introduction of a credit system and the creation of modular structured degrees in the Slovak 
higher education system. 
This objective is to be fulfilled by 3 newly accepted projects. An example is presented 
below, in the discussion of priority subject areas. 
+ Development of multi-disciplinary mobility projects as an instrument for structural change in 
higher education institutions. 
3 new mobility projects were accepted for funding. One of them aims at the creation of a 
student mobility network in the areas of European studies, environmental law, social 
welfare and social policy. The project will support the design and implementation of a new 
undergraduate bachelor degree programme in European studies at Safarik University in 
Presov (the project's coordinator), the consolidation of the social work department in the 
same university and the broadening of knowledge in ecology and environmental law at the 
Technical University of Zvolen through the retraining of staff and the development of new 
teaching materials. 
Priority was given to projects in the following subject areas: 
+ Economics and European integration in the areas of: 
m macroeconomics; 
• banking and accounting; 
• tourism and catering; 
• regional planning. 
This subject area has been covered by 4 newly accepted projects (one JEP in each sub-area). 
For example, one of these projects aims at the establishment of a Graduate Education 
Centre for Accounting in Small and Medium Size Companies at the Management College in 
Comenius University in Bratislava that will cover graduate education (4th and 5th years of 
studies) in accounting in SMEs. Practical training will be an obligatory part of the degree. 
The project also aims at the development of a Consultancy Centre at Comenius University 
which will provide services to the industry (this project falls within the priority objective of 
promotion of university/enterprise cooperation). 
4- Law in the areas of: 
• European law and comparative law; 
> environmental law. 
This area has been covered by 2 newly accepted projects, both in European law. One of 
them aims at the establishment of a centre for European law study courses focusing on 
international and European law at the Law Faculty of Comenius University in Bratislava in 
order to provide training/continuing training for specialists and university teachers. New 
curricula for European law will be developed for law students and postgraduate law 
students as well as participants from other subject areas. Safarik University in Kosice is also 
involved in the JEP. 
4 Social sciences m the areas of: 
• European studies (1 project accepted); 
• social welfare and social policy; 
• health care management (1 project accepted). 
This area has been covered by 2 newly accepted projects. One of them aims at the 
establishment of a one-year full time PhD in European studies at the Academia 
Istropolitana in Bratislava. The course will be taught in English for a target group of 
25 students and will cover the following study areas: European culture and social history, 
and European integration and cooperation. 
4 Environmental protection in the areas of 
• processing of solid and liquid wastes; 
• waste free combustion technology. 
This area has been covered by 4 newly accepted projects including 3 JEPs in waste processing 
and 1 in general environmental protection. One of these projects aims at the development of a 
short-cycle degree (three years) in environmental science, safety and waste management 
with a modular structure including a credit system of study points to be implemented at 
the Faculty of Materials Science and Technology at the Slovak Technical University in 
Trnava. The degree will put special emphasis on environmental biology and chemistry, 
management, legal and social subjects, modern scientific methods for data processing, 
monitoring and error signalling methods (this project falls in the priority objectives of 
introduction of short cycle university education and introduction of a credit system and the creation 
of modular structured degrees). 
4 Introduction of modern technologies in the areas of. 
• quality control from the point of view of EU standards; 
• transport logistics; 
• food science. 
This area has been covered by 2 newly accepted projects, both in transport logistics. One of 
them aims at the introduction of new courses in the field of transport modelling and 
planning, transport prognosis and optimisation in the undergraduate and postgraduate 
curricula of the faculty of Management Science at the University of transport and 
Communication in Zilina. It also aims at the creation of a training centre and a laboratory 
that will run courses in transport logistics for university staff and specialists, as well as the 
newly introduced courses for students. 
Preference was given to projects in which the coordinator and/or contractor is based in the 
Slovak RepubUc. 80% of newly accepted projects with Slovak participation are coordinated 
by Slovak institutions, and 73% have Slovak contractors. 
-45 
All Slovak priorities have been covered by the newly accepted projects, both the structural 
requirements (e.g. development of university/enterprise cooperation) and the target 
disciplines. In many cases newly accepted Slovak projects cover more than one priority 
area. 
in. 10.4. Geographical distribution of running JEPs in the Slovak 
Republic in 1994/95 
There are 25 Slovak institutions, located in 11 different towns, involved in JEPs running in 
1994/95. 9 of these institutions (36%) are located in Bratislava. Kosice, Nitra and Zilina are 
the other towns, apart from the capital, weU represented in running JEPs. 
m. 11. SLOVENIA 
m. 11.1. Budget 
Slovenia has participated in the Tempus Scheme since 1991/92 as a part of the former 
federal state of Yugoslavia and since the academic year 1992/93 as an independent state. By 
the end of 1993/94 Slovenia had benefited from a total investment in the Scheme of 6.57 
MECU. 
in. 11.2. Projects 
By the end of 1993/94 awards had been made for Slovenian participation in 20 Joint 
European Projects, 5 Complementary Measures Grants and 9 Youth Exchange projects, 
while 217 Individual Mobility Grants had been awarded for travel between Slovenian and 
EU higher education institutions. 
m. 112.1. Subject areas 
The overall distribution of Joint European Projects between disciplines is as follows: 
Distribution of JEPs by Discipline 
Architecture & 
Urban/Ret ioaal Planning 
2% 
Engineering. Technology A 
Informâtes 
34% Management and Business 
17% 
Agriculture A Food Sci 2% D 
B Maaatemea aad Busioeu 
B Aaricukurc A Food Seance 
jip Eos^iMmat Tedraicfy a. lafannauci 
LJ An*Design 
Other (iac educationAeadur training) 
Ennroameatal Sci 
Natural Sri/Mathematics 
Medical Sciaaoai 
Architecture * Urbaa/Rcgioaal Plaaaug 
III. 1122. Perspectives in 1994/95 
In the selection round completed in June 1994, funding was awarded to 5 new Joint 
European Projects, and 44 Individual Mobility Grants were awarded for travel between 
Slovenian and EU higher education institutions (first of two IMG selection rounds for 
1994/95). Two Complementary Measures Grants and 1 Youth Exchange project were 
funded in June 1994, the first of two selection rounds for the academic year 1994/95. 
-47-
III. 11.3. Reflection of Slovenian priorities in the projects accepted for 
1994/95 
The following subject areas were presented as Slovenian priorities for the 1994/95 JEP 
selection: 
4- Management and economics in the areas of. 
m banking and public finance; 
• the establishment of short cycle courses in tourism in coastal areas. 
This area has been covered by 2 newly accepted projects. One aims at the restructuring of 
the Department of Finance at the University of Ljubljana through the development of 
curricula in banking and public finance in areas of specialisation at the 4-year graduate level 
and at the 2-year graduate level. The other project aims at the development of a new 
~,,~~~:~.- «-~u„~i ~^.*-~~ (^^ u^~.~;i-~.i;«~. ^~ J *.*,..~^OT. m~.*~,.~**.~*+~ ~( »k» \A-.ri*im'* -»«•'J T «-.*•*";.* 
JUI/V.11U1 0>\_JlVSVa bUIUV. IU1 IIUJ^IIUUIT lUlU iUUllJUl; tkOUUklUlUlt. V/l UIV- KlUiitUllt. U1IU A »U4AIV 
College in Portoroz, development of part-time programmes for continuing education and 
retraining of people working in the tourism sector. 
4 The development of short cycle courses in graphics technology. 
No new projects have been supported in this area. 
4- Social sciences in the area of the development of curricula and in-service training in public 
administration. 
This area has been covered by 1 newly accepted project which aims at the introduction of 
new curricula in public administration at the University of Ljubljana with well-trained staff, 
starting at undergraduate level, and at the development of a system of courses for in-
service and on-the-job training for civil servants and administrators. 
4- The development of universities' capacities to provide retraining and updating courses for 
secondary school teachers. 
No projects have been supported in this area. 
4- Modern European languages m the area of interpreting and translating. 
This area has been covered by 1 newly accepted project. It aims at the creation of a new 
department at the Faculty of Arts at the University of Ljubljana, as well as of the Centre for 
Translation and Interpreting with a programme to start in 1997/98 for English, German, 
French, Italian and Spanish. 
4- European law 
This area has been covered by 1 newly accepted project which aims at the restructuring of 
the European law course at the Ljubljana and Maribor universities with the development of 
a postgraduate Masters degree course in European law and the creation of an International 
Summer School in European Law. 
5 out of 7 Slovenian priority areas have been covered by newly accepted JEPs due to the 
fact that only 5 new projects could be accepted for funding on the basis of the 1994/95 
Slovenian national budget. Moreover, in the two remaining priority areas the applications 
submitted were of insufficient quality. 
III. 11.4. Geographical distribution of running JEPs in Slovenia in 
1994/95 
There are 14 Slovenian institutions, located in 6 different towns, involved in JEPs nmning in 
1994/95. 9 of these institutions (64.3%) are located in Ljubljana (the capital of Slovenia). 
Maribor, Kranj, Domzale, Izola, and Portoroz are the other towns represented in running 
JEPs. 
49-
IV. MAIN CHANGES AND DEVELOPMENTS IN TEMPUS 
1990 - 1994 
IV. 1. THE PHARE CONTEXT 
The experience and expertise gained in European Community programmes in the education 
and training field, in particular ERASMUS and COMETT, formed the basis for Tempus in 
1990. Training having been designated as one of the priority areas for cooperation with the 
emerging Central and Eastern European democracies, it was felt that the experience gained 
in inter-university cooperation, student mobility and industry-university cooperation in the 
Community could usefully be drawn upon to create a companion scheme intended as an 
immediate response to identified training needs in Central and Eastern Europe. 
Thus the principal objective of Tempus at its adoption in 1990, as set out in Article 4 of the 
Council Decision of 17 May, was to contribute to the improvement of training in the 
countries concerned (initially Poland and Hungary) in particular via support to exchange 
and mobility of both students and teaching staff. 
It is in particular with regard to this context and these objectives that these have been major 
developments in Tempus since 1990. There has been the gradual realisation that - at least 
as long as Tempus is financed from the Phare budget designed to support economic and 
social reform in the partner countries - higher education reform in the countries of Central 
and Eastern Europe cannot be regarded in isolation or in terms of a companion scheme to 
intra-Community Schemes but must be considered as one, albeit important, aid measure in 
the context of Community support for the process of social, economic and political reform. 
For Tempus this has meant defining strategic reform objectives for each country concerned 
rather than providing support for cooperation and mobility as an end in itself. 
This important change in emphasis is reflected in the terms of the 1993 Tempus II Council 
Decision which sets out the guide lines for the period 1994 - 1998. This text clearly refers to 
the role of higher education developrrient in the overall reform process and states that the 
objectives of Tempus are to promote, as part of the overall objectives and guidelines of the Phare 
and Tacis programmes in the context of economic and social reform, the development of the higher 
education systems in the partner countries. 
As a result, the specific objectives named are no longer the development of exchange and 
mobility but the provision of support to 
• the development of curricula in priority areas; 
• the reform of higher education structures, institutions and their management; 
• the development of skill-related training to address specific higher and advanced level 
skill shortages during economic reform, in particular through improved and extended 
links to industry. 
V\ 
This shift in objectives and the closer link to Phare have also brought about another, less 
perceptible change, namely that Tempus has not developed like ERASMUS as a programme 
targeted towards the great mass of universities, especially in European Union countnes. 
Given the considerable commitment necessary from ail partners involved to reach 
objectives and obtain results often in very difficult conditions, the programme increasingly 
tends to attract only those universities/faculties which have taken the conscious decision to 
pursue cooperation with Central and Eastern Europe as one of their own strategic 
objectives. 
IV. 1.1. Development of national priorities for support 
The development of national priorities for support has arisen as national strategies for 
implementation have developed within the Phare framework. Quality remains a major 
criterion for acceptance of projects, but the specific needs of a country and its strategies for 
meeting them are now given greater weight in the selection process. 
During this process an important aspect of Tempus has been modified, but without the loss 
of what is distinctive in the Scheme and in all education and training programmes of the 
European Union. The 'bottom-up' approach whereby applications are submitted in 
response to annual calls for application has been retained but over the last two years has 
been given a top-down' element as applicants have been required not simply to pursue the 
academic interests they share with their partners but to submit projects which will 
contribute to an overall national strategy for reform. Areas to be given priority for support 
are defined by the national authorities in each partner country in consultation with the 
European Commission and published in the Guide for Applicants. Applications for support 
for projects which do not fall within these clearly defined priority areas are not assessed for 
funding. 
The issue of national priorities for Tempus support is further developed under IV 2.2 
below. 
IV. 2. INSTRUMENTS OF COOPERATION 
IV. 2.1. Development in the Joint European Project (JEP) concept 
In line with the shift in objectives set out above, the Joint European Project (JEP), the 
instrument introduced in 1990 to provide the cooperative framework in which activities 
designed to promote the development ot the higher education m the partner countries 
should take place, has been modified over the years (although the basic concept ot à 
minimum of two Community partners and one university in dt least one Central and 
eastern European country remains) 
51 
First of all, a distinction has been made between structural JEPs (the vast majority) and 
mobility JEPs. As far as structural JEPs are concerned, much greater emphasis than before 
is placed on the identification of project objectives and precise potential output and only in 
this context on the description of the activities and resources necessary to attain this 
objectives in a given period. At the same time it is considered increasingly important that 
those responsible for the central management of the programme are able to give support 
and guidance to project coordinators and contractors throughout the 'life' of their project 
and thus, it is hoped, to increase the effectiveness of the activities undertaken and the final 
impact of the project at national level. 
Mobility projects, on the other hand, aim at the creation of a network for the organisation of 
student mobility as much as at the support of student mobility itself. It is hoped that, 
among other things, experience in such projects could help to facilitate the transition to 
participation in European Union programmes at some stage in the future. 
IV. 2.2. Links between Joint European Projects and national higher 
education development via the definition of priority areas 
In order to enable Tempus to contribute more effectively to the structural reform process as 
set out above, projects objectives and activities have to correspond to a limited number of 
priority areas for support per partner country. 
Here an attempt has nevertheless been made to define a common framework of priority 
issues and objectives that can be addressed by Tempus projects which can be summarised 
as follows 
• priority to projects furthering structural changes and reforms, for example, the 
promotion of multi-disciplinary studies involving cooperation between different 
departments within a institution, or the development of new course structures, 
particularly short cycle bachelor degrees and postgraduate courses offering new 
qualifications adapted to the changing needs of society; 
• priority to subjects in certain academic areas, for example business management and 
economics especially areas linked to finance, banking and privatisation or areas 
directly linked to Phare reform programme such as agriculture, health, public 
achxiinistration etc.; finally, issues linked to broader European cooperation such as law 
and European studies; 
• preference to projects demonstrating certain features, for example promoting 
cooperation between several institutions within a particular country, projects managed 
by local rather than EU partners. 
It is hoped that these modifications will enable Tempus to develop from a scheme the major 
impact of which has been at the level of the individual professors/department involved to a 
programme contributing to institutional development and in a coherent way to the 
realisation of each country's higher education strategy. 
52 
IV. 2.3. Major Decrease in Support to Regional Joint European Projects 
One by-product of the increasing concentration on national priorities for support has been a 
sharp reduction in the number of regional projects, i.e. projects involving more than one 
partner country. The difficulty in preparing project proposals corresponding to the 
priorities of several countries at the same time is evident. This presupposes that the project 
represents a very high priority for all countries concerned. However, funding remains 
possible if proposed by the partner countries within the programming of Multi-country Phare. 
At the same time it is important to mention that evidence gathered until now from project 
reports and site visits does not suggest that, overall, regional projects have been among the 
most successful Tempus projects implemented. They have often tended to be a series of 
bilateral projects working in parallel rather than projects looking at a particular issue from a 
regional viewpoint. Thus, they have lacked focus and the regional 'value-added' has often 
been difficult to determine. 
A regional element of a different nature is, however, becoming increasingly important for a 
number of different countries, namely encouragement of cooperation between several of 
their universities within the same project. Indeed, this represents an important selection 
criterion for Joint European Project for many countries. 
IV. 2.4. Emphasis on the Sustainability of results and on dissemination 
activities: Joint European Networks (JENs) 
With a view to maximising the benefits and the impact of the resources invested in Tempus 
projects hitherto the concept of Joint European Network was introduced in 1993 with a 
view to giving limited support for a further two year to the best JEPs having come to the 
end of their initial three year funding period. The main objectives of JENs are 
• to contribute to the maintenance of the results achieved during the three years of 
Tempus funding and thus ensure the maximum benefit from the financial support 
awarded and the developments already accomplished; 
• to encourage the dissemination of the outputs of the most successful projects, 
particularly at national level in the partner countries concerned. 
In general, increased importance is being attached to the importance of dissemination of 
project outputs, in particular at national level. This is discussed in more detail below in the 
Section on Complementary Measures (cf. IV.2.6.) 
IV. 2.5. Changes in the Individual Mobility Grant support offered 
The most obvious development here since 1990 has been the removal of student mobility 
from Tempus (other than in Joint European Projects), and the concentration solely on 
teaching staff mobility. Again this change can be explained mainly by the need to 
concentrate limited resources on the programme components most likely to bring about 
lasting structural change in the partner countries. However, at the same time the desire to 
concentrate resources on measures with a clear European 'value-added' element rather than 
on bilateral student mobility between one Member State and one partner country should 
also be mentioned in this context. 
53 
In line with the overall move towards national policies for Tempus country-specific 
priorities for support for individual mobility grants have also been developed by some 
partner countries. It is also interesting to note the particular importance which individual 
mobility grant support has assumed for small countries with very limited Tempus budgets 
and therefore very few Joint European Projects. Strategic use of Individual Mobility Grants 
means that important subject areas and universities/faculties can nevertheless receive some 
form of Tempus support. 
At the same time, one issue which could be considered more closely in the future would 
perhaps be a more targeted use of individual mobility grants overall in order to reach those 
staff members/departments/faculties not yet participating in international relations. 
IV. 2.6. Changes in the activities eligible for support under 
Complementary Measures 
Complementary Measures, originally based on the ERASMUS model and designed to give 
support to the extension of university associations to Central and Eastern Europe, for 
publications and for studies and survey have now been completely redesigned with a view 
to undeipinning the overall aims of Tempus as set out above, and to providing support 
complementary to the main instrument of project funding and important with regard to 
maximising the impact of Tempus in the medium term. There are now three main funding 
possibilities: 
• support to universities and faculties to develop and strengthen capacities for strategic 
planning and institutional development at the level of the university or faculty, for 
example in areas such as staff development, quality assurance, project formulation, 
adrninistration, personnel management, the creation of international offices etc.; 
• support for the dissemination of Tempus results in particular at national level within 
particular subject areas or sectors; 
• support for the national authorities of the partner countries in order to contribute to 
the elaboration of national higher education strategy in an area of identified need, for 
example with regard to the integration of research institutes into the universities or for 
the development of a national higher education accreditation centre etc. 
54 
IV. 3. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES 
Finally, alongside the changes in programme objectives and in funding possibilities 
available there have been a number of, hopefully corresponding, developments concerning 
project implementation Worthy of mention are in particular following aspects: 
IV. 3.1. The move to increased partner country responsibility for project 
coordination and contractorship 
Over the last few years the possibility of the transfer of project management 
responsibilities, first of all - for all partner countries- with regard to project coordination 
(i.e. academic leadership) and secondly - for those countries whose banking systems and 
legislation are able to provide the necessary services -concerning contractual responsibility 
(i.e. financial leadership) has been made possible where the project partners so wish. This is 
a question to be resolved among the partners of each potential project but for a number of 
partner countries is an important aspect to be taken into account in project selection. It is 
hoped in this way both to ensure to as large a degree as possible that projects correspond to 
the needs of the partner country partners and secondly to encourage the transfer of project 
management skills from experienced European Union universities to colleagues in the 
partner countries. Finally, it is clear that the costs involved when project adrninistration is 
undertaken in the partner countries are considerably less than when tasks are undertaken in 
the EU. 
IV. 3.2. The introduction of pluriannual funding 
From the beginning of Tempus II, i.e. from academic year 1994/95 onwards, successful 
contractors will receive a three year contract for their Joint European Projects rather than 
having to depend on annual renewal procedures and their almost unavoidable delays. 
While of course projects will be closely monitored throughout their "lives" and revised 
budgetary planning requested at the beginning of each year, it is hoped that in this way to 
increase flexibility within a clear overall project framework. 
Thus, over the last four years with regard to programme objectives, funding mechanisms 
and day-to-day implementation a number of fundamental changes have occurred within 
Tempus. It is hoped that in the future the programme will continue to develop in response 
to the needs of the beneficiary countries thus making a useful contribution to higher 
education development within each national context. 
ANNEX 1 
TEMPUS PUBLICATIONS 
Tempus publications issued during the period 1 August 1993 - 31 July 1994: 
2. Tempus (Phare) Guide for applicants 1994/95, in 9 languages, giving full details of the 
Scheme, its objectives and selection criteria, together with application forms for the various 
activities. 
DA 
DE 
EN 
ES 
FR 
GR 
IT 
NL 
PT Catalogue Nc 
Catalogue N° 
Catalogue Nc 
Catalogue N° 
Catalogue Nc 
Catalogue N° 
Catalogue Nc 
Catalogue N° 
Catalogue Nc 16 CY-79 
16 CY-79 
16 CY-79 
16 CY-79 
16 CY-79 
16 CY-79 
16 CY-79 
16 CY-79 
16 CY-79 •93-695-DA-C 
•93-695-DE-C 
•93-695-EN-C 
93-695-ES-C 
93-695-FR-C 
93-695-GR-C 
93-695-IT-C 
•93-695-NL-C 
93-695-PT-C ISBN: 
ISBN: 
ISBN: 
ISBN: 
ISBN: 
ISBN: 
ISBN: 
ISBN: 
ISBN: 92-826-6132-6 
92-826-6133-4 
92-826-6135-0 
92-826-6131-8 
92-826-6136-9 
92-826-6134-2 
92-826-6137-7 
92-826-6138-5 
92-826-6139-3 
Tempus (Phare) Youth activities Guidelines, Academic Year 1994/95, in 9 languages, 
providing details of this part of the Tempus Scheme, together with an application form. 
DA 
DE 
EN 
ES 
FR 
GR 
IT 
NL 
PT Catalogue N° 11 
Catalogue N° 11 
Catalogue N° 11 
Catalogue N° 11 
Catalogue N° 11 
Catalogue N° 11 
Catalogue N° 11 
Catalogue N° 11 
Catalogue N° 11 16 CY-79 
16 CY-79 
16 CY-79 
16 CY-79 
16 CY-79 
16 CY-79 
16 CY-79 
16 CY-79 
16 CY-79 93-704-DA-C 
•93-704-DE-C 
•93-704-EN-C 
•93-704-ES-C 
93-704-FR-C 
93-704-GR-C 
•93-704-IT-C 
93-704-NL-C 
93-704-PT-C ISBN: 
ISBN: 
ISBN: 
ISBN. 
ISBN: 
ISBN: 
ISBN: 
ISBN: 
ISBN: 92-826-6150-4 
92-826-6151-2 
92-826-6153-9 
92-826-6149-0 
92-826-6154-7 
92-826-6152-0 
92-826-6155-5 
92-826-6156-3 
92-826-6157-1 
Tempus (Phare) Pilot Projects with Poland, period of 1 June 1994 to 31 December 1995, in 4 
languages (DE, EN, FR, IT ), providing details of this special action of the Tempus Scheme, 
together with an application form 
Catalogue N° none ISBN: none 
4. Tempus (Phare) Compendium for 1993/94, in EN (introduction in DE, EN, FR) giving details 
of all JEPs and Complementary Measures projects currently running, together with indexes. 
EN Catalogue N° 11 16 CY-80-93-678-EN-C ISBN: 92-826-6670-0 
-1- o^ 
Tempus (Phare) Annual Report 1992/93 in 9 languages. 
DA 
DE 
EN 
ES 
FR 
GR 
IT 
NL 
PT Catalogue Nc 
Catalogue Nc 
Catalogue N° 
Catalogue Ne 
Catalogue N° 
Catalogue Nc 
Catalogue N° 
Catalogue N° 
Catalogue Nc 11 16 
11 16 
11 16 
11 16 
11 16 
11 16 
11 16 
11 16 
1116 CY-82-93-
CY-82-93-
CY-82-93-
CY-82-93-
CY-82-93-
CY-82-93-
CY-82-93-
CY-82-93-
CY-82-93-133-DA-C 
133-DE-C 
133-EN-C 
133-ES-C 
133-FR-C 
133-GR-C 
133-IT-C 
133-NL-C 
133-PT-C ISBN: 
ISBN: 
ISBN: 
ISBN: 
ISBN: 
ISBN: 
ISBN: 
ISBN: 
ISBN: 92-826-7156-9 
92-826-7157-7 
92-826-7159-3 
92-826-7155-0 
92-826-7160-7 
92-826-7158-5 
92-826-7161-5 
92-826-7162-3 
92-826-7163-1 
6. Tempus (Phare) Site Visit Programme Annual Report 1992/93 in 9 languages. 
DA Catalogue N° 11 16 CY-81-93-131-DA-C 
DE Catalogue N° 11 16 CY-81-93-131-DE-C 
EN Catalogue N° 11 16 CY-81-93-131-EN-C 
ES Catalogue N° 11 16 CY-81-93-131-ES-C 
FR Catalogue N° 11 16 CY-81-93-131-FR-C 
GR Catalogue N° 11 16 CY-81-93-131-GR-C 
IT Catalogue N° 11 16 CY-81-93-131-IT-C 
NL Catalogue N° 11 16 CY-81-93-131-NL-C 
PT Catalogue N° 11 16 CY-81-93-131-PT-C ISBN: 92 
ISBN: 92 
ISBN: 92 
ISBN: 92 
ISBN: 92 
ISBN: 92 
ISBN: 92 
ISBN: 92 
ISBN: 92 826-6821-5 
826-6822-3 
826-6824-X 
826-6820-7 
826-6825-8 
826-6823-1 
826-6826-6 
826-6827-4 
826-6828-2 
7. Tempus (Tacis) Guide for applicants Pre-JEP phase Academic Year 1994/95 in 9 languages. 
DA 
DE 
EN 
ES 
FR 
GR 
IT 
NL 
PT Catalogue Nc 
Catalogue Ne 
Catalogue Nc 
Catalogue Nc 
Catalogue Nc 
Catalogue Nc 
Catalogue Nc 
Catalogue Nc 
Catalogue N° 16 CY-81 
16 CY-81 
16 CY-81 
16 CY-81 
16 CY-81 
16 CY-81 
16 CY-81-
16 CY-81 
16 CY-81 93-139 
93-139-
93-139-
93-139 
93-139-
93-139-
93-139-
93-139-
93-139-DA-C 
DE-C 
EN-C 
ES-C 
FR-C 
GR-C 
IT-C 
NL-C 
PT-C ISBN 
ISBN 
ISBN 
ISBN 
ISBN 
ISBN 
ISBN 
ISBN 
ISBN 92-826-6812-6 
92-826-6813-4 
92-826-6815-0 
.•92-826-6811-8 
92-826-6816-9 
: 92-826-6814-2 
92-826-6817-7 
92-826-6818-5 
92-826-6819-3 
8. Tempus (Tacis) Compendium for 1993/94, in EN giving details of all Pre-JEPs projects 
currently running, together with indexes 
Catalogue N° none ISBN: none 
9. Tempus Leaflet, in 9 languages, giving a brief outline of the Scheme 
Catalogue N° none ISBN: none 
ANNEX2 
STATISTICAL TABLES 
JEP DISTRIBUTION BY SUBJECT AREA 
Subject area 
100: Humanities 
200: Social Sciences 
300: Management and Business 
400: Natural Sciences and Mathematics 
500: Applied Sciences and Technologies 
600: Art and Design 
700: Languages 
800: Other 
900: JEP+ Subject Areas 
Total Supported projects 
(new and renewal projects) 
Number 
13 
46 
78 
24 
240 
4 
19 
29 
11 
464 2.8 
9.9 
16.8 
5.1 
51.7 
1.0 
4.1 
6.3 
2.3 
100 
-1-
OVERALL STATISTICS ON JEP SELECTION 1994/95 
Supported applications (new and renewal projects) 
Coordinating country 
%. 
B 
D 
DK 
E 
F 
GR 
I 
IRL 
L 
NL 
P 
UK 
WE 
ALB 
BG 
CZ 
EE 
H 
LT 
LV 
PL 
RO 
SLO 
SK 
A 
AUS 
CDN 
CH 
IS 
J 
N 
NZ 
S 
SF 
T 
USA 
Total 22 
25 
12 
5 
43 
12 
18 
3 
0 
18 
3 
57 
0 
21 
21 
5 
43 
2 
5 
78 
29 
17 
18 
2 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
4 
1 
0 
0 
464 4.6 
5.3 
2.5 
1.0 
9.2 
2.5 
3.8 
0.5 
0.0 
3.8 
0.5 
12.2 
0.0 
4.4 
4.4 
1.0 
9.2 
0.4 
1.1 
16.8 
6.3 
3.7 
3.9 
0.8 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
1.7 
0.4 
0.0 
0.0 
100.0 Country invorvment 
% 
131 
223 
68 
121 
196 
83 
145 
76 
1 
132 
66 
270 
17 
59 
41 
19 
66 
20 
19 
175 
51 
24 
33 
25 
0 
3 
4 
0 
0 
10 
0 
39 
23 
1 
14 
2123 28.2 
48.1 
14.7 
26.1 
42.2 
17.9 
31.3 
16.4 
0.2 
28.4 
14.2 
58.2 
3.7 
12.7 
8.8 
4.1 
14.2 
4.3 
4.1 
37.7 
11.0 
5.2 
7.1 
8.6 
0.0 
0.6 
0.9 
0.0 
0.0 
2.2 
0.0 
16.7 
9.9 
0.2 
3.0 
100.0 
TEMPUS SCHEME: OVERALL FIGURES 
1. BUDGET: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources 23.16 
23.16 70.5 
55.5 
15.0 98.0 
85.5 
12.5 •129.15 
108.00 
10.25 
10.90 95.9 
95.9 416.71 
368.06 
37.75 
10.90 
* To finance pluri-aimuil activities 
2. PROJECTS: 
Number of Individual Mobility Grants supported 
(each person can visit more than one country) 
Staff: 
Students: from EU to ECE 
from ECE to EU 
from EU to ECE 
from ECE to EU Number of Joint European Projects supported 
national projects 
regional projects 
of which: renewed 
new 
Mobility flows within Joint European Projects 
(new + renewed): 
Staff: (total) 
from ECE1 to EU 
from EU to ECE 
from ECE to ECE 
Students: (total) 
from ECE to EU 
from EU to ECE 
from ECE to ECE 153 
118 
35 
153 
1,308 
724 
584 
1,218 
1,033 
185 452 
357 
95 
134 
318 
5,198 
3,148 
2,050 
3,099 
2,747 
352 643 
506 
137 
403 
240 
9,870 
6,014 
3,794 
62 
6,407 
5,612 
786 
9 504 
414 
90 
465 
39 
9,518 
5,876 
3,436 
206 
6,166 
5,253 
873 
40 464 
428 
36 
225 
239 
• 989 
93chfr 
25^94 
15,762 
9,864 
268 
16,890 
14,645 
2,196 
49 
Number of Complementary Measures supported 40 37 42 19 25 163 
Number of Youth Activities supported 65 66 106 114 93 444 
ECE = Eastern and Central Europe 
The pluri-annual concept implies that precise mobility breakdowns are unavailable at this stage. 
Ill-
OVERALL FIGURES BY ELIGIBLE COUNTRY 
Fact Sheet Albania 
1990 IsazsL 1991 1992 1993 Tempus 
aaaaaaaalBaBai 
1. BUDGET: 1 1994 I TOTAL 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources 1.25 
1.20 
0.05 •4.94 
2.50 
0.04 
2.40 2.4 
2.4 8.59 
6.10 
0.09 
2.40 
• To finance pluri-armual activities 
2. PROJECTS: 
Number of Joint European Projects supported 
national projects 
regional projects 
of which: renewed 
new 
Mobility flows within Joint European Projects 
(new 4- renewed): 
Staff: from ALB (total) 
to EU 
to ECE 
to ALB (total) 
from EU 
from ECE 
Students: from ALB (total) 
to EU 
to ECE 
to ALB (total) 
from EU 
from ECE 9 
8 
1 
1 
8 
47 
47 
48 
48 
50 
50 14 
13 
1 
9 
5 
124 
124 
73 
73 
65 
65 
6 
6 17 
17 
12 
5 13 
171 
171 
121 
121 
115 
115 
6 
6 
Number of Individual Mobility Grants supported 
(each person can visit more than one country) 
Staff: from EU to ALB 
from ALB to EU 
Students: from EU to ALB 
from ALB to EU 63 
9 
54 163 
37 
126 191 
9 
182 417 
55 
362 
Number of Complementary Measures supported 
(number of projects in which ALB is involved) 
Number of Youth Activities supported 
(number of projects in which ALB is involved) - 2 - 2 
IV 
Fact Sheet Bulgaria 
1990 Jemnusl, 
1991 1992 | Tempus 
1993 | 1994 g TOTAL 
1. BUDGET: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources 6.0 
5.0 
1.0 8.92 
8.00 
0.92 •15.71 
15.00 
0.71 12.0 
12.0 42.63 
40.0 
2.63 
* To finance piuri-amual activities 
2. PROJECTS: 
Number of Joint European Projects supported 
national projects 
regional projects 
of which: renewed 
new 53 
31 
22 
7 
46 86 
59 
27 
52 
34 66 
49 
17 
66 59 
54 
5 
27 
32 80 
Mobility flows within Joint European Projects 
(new + renewed): 
Staff: 
Students: from BG (total) 
toEU 
to ECE 
to BG (total) 
from EU 
from ECE 
from BG (total) 
to EU 
to ECE 
to BG (total) 
from EU 
from ECE 259 
259 
150 
150 
70 
70 607 
607 
341 
341 
295 
295 
29 
29 620 
620 
344 
344 
321 
321 
57 
57 
| 
I Number of Complementary Measures supported 
I (number of projects in which BG is involved) 1,486 
1,486 
835 B 
835 
686 
686 I 
86 
86 
Number of Individual Mobility Grants supported 
(each person can visit more than one country) 
Staff: from EU to BG 
from BG to EU 
Students: from EU to BG 
from BG to EU 140 
16 
102 
22 128 
20 
108 296 
54 
242 246 
19 
155 
: 810 
109 
607 
22 
_ 
Number of Youth Activities supported 
(number of projects in which BG is involved) 12 35 
Fact Sheet Czech Republic2 
1990 Tempus I 
1991 1992 1993 Tempus 
1994 I TOTAL 
1. BUDGET: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources •10.94 
8.00 
2.94 5.5 
5.5 16.44 
13.50 
2.94 
• To finance pluri-annual activities 
2. PROJECTS: 
Number of Joint European Projects supported 
national projects 
regional projects 
of which: renewed 
new 81 
26 
55 
81 41 
23 
18 
26 
15 
Mobility flows within Joint European Projects 
(new + renewed): 
Staff: from CZ (total) 
to EU 
to ECE 
to CZ (total) 
from EU 
from ECE 
Students: from CZ (total) 
to EU 
to ECE 
to CZ (total) 
from EU 
from ECE 691 
671 
20 
428 
417 
11 
612 
608 
4 
130 
126 
4 691 
671 
20 
428 
417 
11 
612 
608 
4 
130 
126 
4 
Number of Individual Mobility Grants supported 
(each person can visit more than one country) 
Staff: from EU to CZ 
from CZ to EU 
Students: from EU to CZ 
from CZ to EU 240 
89 
151 83 
29 
54 323 
118 
205 
Number of Complenientary Measures supported 
(number of projects in which CZ is involved) 3 8 11 
Number of Youth Activities supported 
(number of projects in which CZ is involved) 15 9 24 
for 1990-1992 see fact sheet Czechoslovakia 
- VI 
Fact Sheet Slovak Republic3 
1990 1991 
1. BUDGET: empusl 
1 1992 JTempusDj 
1993 | 1994 | TOTAL 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources •6.18 
5.00 
1.18 5.0 
5.0 11.18 
10.00 
1.18 
• To finance pluri-annual activities 
2. PROJECTS: 
Number of Joint European Projects supported 
national projects 
regional projects 
of which: renewed 
new 
Mobility flows within Joint EuroDean Proiects 
(new + renewed): 
Staff: from SK (total) 
to EU 
to ECE 
to SK (total) 
from EU 
from ECE 
Stodents: from SK (total) 
toEU 
to ECE 
to SK (total) 
from EU 
from ECE 46 
12 
34 
44 
2 
365 
351 
14 
226 
210 
16 
292 
289 
3 
41 
36 
5 33 
19 
14 
18 
15 2 
365 
351 
14 
226 
210 
16 
292 
289 
3 
41 
36 
5 
Number of Individual Mobility Grants supported 
(each person can visit more than one country) 
Staff: from EU to SK 
from SK to EU 
Students: from EU to SK 
from SK to EU 136 
41 
95 73 
9 
64 209 
50 
159 
Number of Complementary Measures supported 
(number of projects in which SK is involved) 2 4 6 
3 Number of Youth Activities supported 
(number of projects in which SK is involved) 10 
for 1990-1992 see fact sheet Czechoslovakia 
VU 
Fact Sheet Former Czechoslovakia 
1. BUDGET: I 1990 Tempus I 
1991 1992 1993 Tempus 
1994 I TOTAL 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources 3.7 
3.7 12.8 
9.0 
3.8 18.46 
15.00 
3.46 34.96 
27.70 
7.26 
2. PROJECTS: 
Number of Joint European Projects supported 
national projects 
regional projects 
of which: renewed 
new 
Mobility flows within Joint European Projects 
(new + renewed): 
Staff: from CS (total) 
toEU 
to ECE 
to CS (total) 
from EU 
from ECE 
Students: from CS (total) 
to EU 
to ECE 
to CS (total) 
from EU 
from ECE 39 
39 
39 
141 
141 
119 
119 
154 
154 
28 
28 124 
57 
67 
50 
74 
636 
636 
405 
405 
500 
500 
70 
70 163 
70 
93 
125 
38 
1,192 
1,181 
11 
660 
649 
11 
980 
979 
1 
167 
165 
2 145 
1,969 
1,958 
11 
1,184 
1,173 
11 
1,634 
1,633 
1 
265 
263 
2 
Number of Individual Mobility Grants supported 
(each person can visit more than one country) 
Staff: from EU to CS 
from CS to EU 
Students: from EU to CS 
from CS to EU 287 
58 
175 
1 
53 452 
70 
222 
16 
144 269 
78 
191 1,008 
206 
588 
17 
197 
Number of Complementary Measures supported 
(number of projects in which CS is involved) 24 21 53 
Number of Youth Activities supported 
(number of projects in which CS is involved) 14 22 12 48 
- Vlll-
Fact Sheet Estonia 
1990 
1. BUDGET: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources Tempus I 
aaaBaaBBB 1991 1992 
1.01 
1.00 
0.01 1993 Tempus 
1994 1 TOTAL 
•3.62 
1.50 
0.02 
2.10 1.5 
1.5 6.13 
4.00 
0.03 
2.10 
• To finance pluri-annual activities 
2. PROJECTS: 
Number of Joint European Projects supported 
national projects 
regional projects 
of which: renewed 
new 17 
11 
6 
11 
6 19 
15 
4 
6 
13 14 
Mobility flows within Joint European Projects 
(new + renewed): 
Staff: 
Students: from EE (total) 
toEU 
to ECE 
to EE (total) 
from EU 
from ECE 
from EE (total) 
to EU 
to ECE 
to EE (total) 
from EU 
from ECE 57 
57 
33 
33 
36 
36 
1 
1 67 
62 
5 
65 
56 
9 
63 
63 
8 
8 124 
119 
5 
98 
89 
9 
99 
99 
9 
9 
Number of Individual Mobility Grants supported 
(each person can visit more than one country) 
Staff: from EU to EE 
from EE to EU 
Students: from EU to EE 
from EE to EU 43 
10 
33 113 
20 
93 62 
5 
57 218 
35 
183 
Number of Complementary Measures supported 
(number of projects in which EE is involved) 
Number of Youth Activities supported 
(number of projects in which EE is involved) - 4 2 6 
-IX 
Fact Sheet Hungary 
1990 Tempus I 
1991 1992 1993 1994 I TOTAL 
1. BUDGET: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources 62 
6.2 16.1 
12.0 
4.1 19.27 
16.00 
3.27 *1S\33 
16.0 
2.33 16.00 
16.00 75.9 
66.2 
9.7 
• To finance pluri-annual activities 
2. PROJECTS: 
Number of Joint European Projects supported 
of which: national projects 
regional projects 
renewed 
new 63 
63 
63 161 
89 
72 
62 
99 179 
91 
88 
155 
24 125 
75 
50 
107 
18 66 
52 
14 
25 
41 245 
Mobility flows within Joint European Proiects 
(new + renewed): 
Staff: from H (total) 
toEU 
to ECE 
to H (total) 
from EU 
from ECE 
Students: from H (total) 
toEU 
to ECE 
to H (total) 
from EU 
from ECE 224 
224 
192 
192 
403 
403 
74 
74 678 
678 
455 
455 
844 
844 
160 
160 1,115 
1,103 
12 
802 
790 
12 
1,419 
1,417 
2 
232 
230 
2 988 
971 
17 
517 
496 
21 
1,179 
1,178 
1 
197 
191 
6 3,005 
2,976 
29 
1,966 
1,933 
33 
3^45 
3,842 
3 
663 
655 
8 
Number of Individual Mobility Grants supported 
(each person can visit more than one country) 
Staff: from EU to H 
from H to EU 
Students: from EU to H 
from H to EU 351 
124 
83 
24 
120 284 
63 
77 
5 
139 125 
65 
60 184 
82 
102 63 
22 
41 1,007 
356 
363 
29 
259 
Number of Complenientary Measures supported 
(number of projects in which H is involved) 27 23 16 7 7 80 
Number of Youth Activities supported 
(number of projects in which H is involved) 32 17 13 13 13 88 
Fact Sheet Lithuania 
1990 Tempus I 
1991 
1. BUDGET: 
* To finance pluri-annual activities Tempus PJ 
1992 1 1993 | 1994 | TOTAL 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
J Regional funds 
| Other Phare sources 1.5 
1.5 •5.2 
2.5 
2.7 2.0 
2.0 
1 8.7 
6.0 
2.7 .1 
2. PROJECTS: 
Number of Joint European Projects supported 
national projects 
regional projects 
of which: renewed 
new 
Mobility flows within Joint European Proiects 
(new + renewed): 
Staff: from LT (total) 
to EU 
to ECE 
1 to LT (total) 
from EU 
from ECE 
Students: from LT (total) 
toEU 
to ECE 
to LT (total) 
from EU 
from ECE 11 
7 
4 
11 
83 
83 
36 
36 
65 
65 
11 
11 16 
11 
5 
11 
5 
142 
133 
9 
96 
90 
6 
89 
89 
19 
19 20 
14 
6 
15 
5 y 
21 
225 
216 
9 
132 
126 
6 
154 
154 
30 
30 
Number of Individual Mobility Grants supported 
(each person can visit more than one country) 
Staff: from EU to LT 
from LT to EU 
Students: from EU to LT 
from LT to EU 34 
12 
22 113 
45 
68 46 
4 
42 193 
61 
132 
Number of Complenientary Measures supported 
(number of projects in which LT is involved) 11 
Number of Youth Activities supported 
(number of projects in which LT is involved) 3 8 4 15 
-XI-
Fact Sheet Latvia 
1990 Tempus 1 
1991 1992 
1. BUDGET: 1993 1994 I TOTAL 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources 1.5 
1.5 «4.7 
2.0 
2.7 2.0 
2.0 &2 
5.5 
2.7 
* To finance pluri-annual activities 
2. PROJECTS: 
Number of Joint European Projects supported 
national projects 
regional projects 
of which: renewed 
new 
Mobility flows within Joint European Projects 
(new + renewed): 
Staff: fromLV 
toEU 
to ECE 
toLV 
from EU 
from ECE 
Students: from LV 
toEU 
to ECE 
toLV 
from EU 
from ECE 11 
7 
4 
11 
95 
95 
45 
45 
52 
52 15 
9 
6 
9 
6 
124 
116 
8 
95 
89 
6 
138 
138 
40 
40 19 
13 
6 
13 
6 23 
219 
211 
8 
140 
134 
6 
190 
190 
40 
40 
Number of Individual Mobility Grants supported 
(each person can visit more than one country) 
Staff: from EU toLV 
fromLV to EU 
Students: from EU to LV 
fromLV to EU 43 
14 
29 96 
31 
65 75 
4 
71 214 
49 
165 
Number of Complenientary Measures supported 
(number of projects in which LV is involved) - 2 14 90 
Number of Youth Activities supported 
(number of projects in which LV is involved) 5 7 58 229 
-Xll 
Fact Sheet Poland 
1. BUDGET: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources 29.51 
26.00 
3.51 •37.52 
35.00 
2.52 
* To finance pluri-annual activities 
2. PROJECTS: 
Number of Joint European Projects supported 
national projects 
regional projects 
of which: renewed 
new 85 
85 
85 144 
76 
68 
82 
62 245 
150 
95 
145 
100 155 
105 
50 
154 
1 175 
154 
21 
84 
91 339 
Mobility flows within Joint European Projects 
(new + renewed): 
Staff: 
Students: from PL (total) 
to EU 
to ECE 
to PL (total) 
from EU 
from ECE 
from PL (total) 
to EU 
to ECE 
to PL (total) 
from EU 
from ECE 326 
326 
256 
256 
467 
467 
58 
58 786 
786 
550 
550 
879 
879 
53 
53 1,724 
1,719 
5 
1,178 
1,173 
5 
1,764 
1,763 
1 
251 
250 
1 1,557 
1,536 
21 
958 
931 
27 
1,506 
1,496 
10 
265 
261 
4 
Number of Individual Mobility Grants supported 
(each person can visit more than one country) 
Staff: from EU to PL 
from PL to EU 
Students: from EU to PL 
from PL to EU 
Number of Complementary Measures supported 
H (number of projects in which PL is involved) 31 24 19 14 4393 
4,367 
26 
2^42 
2,910 
32 
4,616 
4,605 
11 
627 
622 
5 
90 
Number of Youth Activities supported 
(number of projects in which PL is involved) 26 20 66 59 58 229 
- xni 
Fact Sheet Romania 
1. BUDGET: 1 1990 TempusI 
1991 1992 1993 Tempus ui 
1994 | TOTAL 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources 10.2 
10.0 
0.2 13.32 
13.00 
0.32 •18.23 
18.00 
0.23 12.0 
12.0 53.75 
53.00 
0.75 
• To finance pluri-annual activities 
2. PROJECTS: 
Number of Joint European Projects supported 
national projects 
regional projects 
of which: renewed 
new 69 
62 
7 
6 
63 104 
85 
19 
73 
31 87 
78 
9 
87 51 
49 
2 
27 
24 118 
Mobility flows within Joint European Projects 
(new + renewed): 
Staff: 
Students: fromRO 
to EU 
to ECE 
toRO 
from EU 
from ECE 
fromRO 
to EU 
to ECE 
toRO 
from EU 
from ECE 498 
498 
287 
287 
316 
316 
57 
57 901 
901 
575 
575 
817 
817 
84 
84 1,045 
1,041 
4 
575 
575 
842 
842 
91 
91 2,444 
2,440 
4 
1,437 
1,437 
1,975 
1,975 
232 
232 
Number of Individual Mobility Grants supported 
(each person can visit more than one country) 
Staff: from EU toRO 
fromRO to EU 
Students: from EU to RO 
fromRO to EU 182 
16 
95 
1 
70 273 
31 
242 237 
64 
173 192 
30 
162 884 
131 
672 
1 
70 
Number of Complementary Measures supported 
(number of projects in which RO is involved) 18 11 3 9 41 
Number of Youth Activities supported 
(number of projects in which RO is involved) 10 18 16 9 53 
-X1V-
Fact Sheet Slovenia 
1. BUDGET: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources 2.81 
2.30 
0.51 •3.76 
2.50 
0.26 
1.00 
* To finance pluri-annual activities 
2. PROJECTS: 
Number of Joint European Projects supported 
national projects 
regional projects 
of which: renewed 
new 44 
24 
20 
24 
20 38 
25 
13 
38 2.50 
2.50 
24 
18 
6 
19 
5 9.07 
7.30 
0.77 
1.00 
25 
Mobility flows within Joint European Projects 
(new + renewed): 
Staff: 
Students: from SLO 
toEU 
to ECE 
to SLO 
from EU 
from ECE 
from SLO 
toEU 
to ECE 
to SLO 
from EU 
from ECE 225 
221 
4 
106 
104 
2 
138 
138 
16 
16 256 
251 
5 
162 
155 
7 
166 
164 
2 
39 
38 
1 
Number of Complementary Measures supported 
(number of projects in which SLO is involved) 481 
472 
9 
268 
259 
9 
304 
302 
2 
55 
54 
1 
1 Number of Individual Mobility Grants supported 
1 (each person can visit more than one country) 
Staff: from EU to SLO 
from SLO to EU 
Students: from EU to SLO 
from SLO to EU 95 
6 
89 122 
24 
98 81 
9 
72 298 
39 
259 
10 
Number of Youth Activities supported 
(number of projects in which SIX) is involved) 
• 4 5 3 12 
XV 
Fact Sheet Former Yugoslavia 
1. BUDGET: I Temposi 
I 1990 | 1991 | 1992 n 
2. PROJECTS: 1993 | 1994 | TOTAL 
BBBaaBBBaaaBaaaBBaBBaBaaaBBBBBBBaBBBBB 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources 7.3 
6.0 
1.3 73 
6.0 
1.3 
Number of Joint European Projects supported 
national projects 
regional projects 
of which: renewed 
new 
Mobility flows within Joint European Projects 
(new + renewed): 
Staff: from YU 
to EU 
to ECE 
toYU 
from EU 
from ECE 
Students: from YU 
to EU 
to ECE 
toYU 
from EU 
from ECE 71 
42 
29 
13 
58 
291 
291 
203 
203 
138 
138 
12 
12 58 
291 
291 
203 
203 
138 
138 
12 
12 
1 Number of Individual Mobility Grants supported 
I (each person can visit more than one country) 
Staff: from EU to YU 
from YU toEU 
Students: from EU to YU 
from YU to EU 155 
18 
96 
3 
38 155 
18 
% 
3 
38 
Number of Complementary Measures supported 
(number of projects in which YU is involved) 19 19 
Number of Youth Activities supported 
(number of projects in which YU is involved) 
xvi -
Fact Sheet Former DDR 
1. BUDGET: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources 0.9 
0.9 
2. PROJECTS: 
Number of Joint European Projects supported 
national projects 
regional projects 
of which: renewed 
new 
Mobility flows within Joint European Projects 
(new + renewed): 
Staff: from DDR 
to EU 
to ECE 
to DDR 
from EU 
from ECE 
Students: from DDR 
to EU 
to ECE 
to DDR 
from EU 
from ECE 12 
12 
12 
33 
33 
17 
17 
9 
9 
25 
25 12 
33 
33 
17 
17 
9 
9 
25 
25 
Number of Individual Mobility Grants supported 
(each person can visit more than one country) 
Staff: 
Students: from EU to DDR 
from DDR to EU 
from EU to DDR 
from DDR to EU 50 
9 
32 50 
9 
32 
Number of Complementary Measures supported 
(number of projects in which DDR is involved) 17 
INumber of Youth Activities supported 
(number of projects in which DDR is involved) 
xvii-
European Commission 
Tempus (Phare) & (Tacis) - Annual report - 1.8.1993-31.7.1994 
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publication!: of the European Communities 
1995-84 pp.-21.0x29.7 cm 
ISBN 92-827-02O9-X 
ISSN 1024-4492 
KOM(95) 344 lopullinen 
x\l3JL/JL J\.J.JVaJ x\ A 
FI 16 U 
Luettelonumero : CB-CO-95-374-FI-C 
ISBN 92-77-91762-8 
Euroopan yhteisöjen virallisten julkaisujen toimisto 
L-2985 Luxemburg 
bC\J iv;