copenlu/tydiqa_copenlu huggingface dataset:
British Empire

The right of the Dominions to set their own foreign policy, independent of Britain, was recognised at the 1923 Imperial Conference.[163] Britain's request for military assistance from the Dominions at the outbreak of the Chanak Crisis the previous year had been turned down by Canada and South Africa, and Canada had refused to be bound by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923).[164][165] After pressure from the Irish Free State and South Africa, the 1926 Imperial Conference issued the Balfour Declaration of 1926, declaring the Dominions to be "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another" within a "British Commonwealth of Nations".[166] This declaration was given legal substance under the 1931 Statute of Westminster.[135] The parliaments of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Irish Free State and Newfoundland were now independent of British legislative control, they could nullify British laws and Britain could no longer pass laws for them without their consent.[167] Newfoundland reverted to colonial status in 1933, suffering from financial difficulties during the Great Depression.[168] The Irish Free State distanced itself further from the British state with the introduction of a new constitution in 1937, making it a republic in all but name.[169]

Question: When did the British Empire end?

Sui generis

For example, in road traffic law, a statute may require consideration of large vehicles separately from other vehicles.  The word large is ambiguous per se, but may be considered heavy.  Thus the relevant legislation (in Australian law) contains a section called Terms used or Definitions that itemises all words considered ambiguous, and confers specific interpretations consistent with natural language.  So, this list tells us that heavy vehicle means a vehicle with a GVM over 4.5 tons; and GVM means gross vehicle mass—the maximum loaded mass of the vehicle. Further explanations cover various contingencies.  Thus large is equivalent to heavy and is (for this unique case) clearly defined, sui generis.

Question: What does sui generis mean?

History of Albany, New York

Travellers of every rank complained bitterly of the inhospitality of the Albanians, and the avarice and close-fistedness of the merchants.  [The environment had not] modified one jot the cold, taciturn, stingy Dutchman. They admitted that Albany was a place where a man with a modest competence could, in time, acquire riches; where a man with money could, in a short space of time, amass a fortune. But nobody would ever go to Albany who could by any possibility stay away, nor, being there, would tarry one moment longer than necessary."[35]

Question: When was Albany, NY established?
Tutankhamun

The exhibition included 80 exhibits from the reigns of Tutankhamun's immediate predecessors in the Eighteenth dynasty, such as Hatshepsut, whose trade policies greatly increased the wealth of that dynasty and enabled the lavish wealth of Tutankhamun's burial artifacts, as well as 50 from Tutankhamun's tomb. The exhibition does not include the gold mask that was a feature of the 1972–1979 tour, as the Egyptian government has decided that damage which occurred to previous artifacts on tours precludes this one from joining them.[80]

Question: How did Tutankhamun die?

List of Fox television affiliates (table)

Stations are listed alphabetically by state and city of license.

Question: How many Fox affiliate TV stations are there?

Documentary film

Film Calling mr. Smith (1943) was anti-nazi color film[19][20][21] created by Stefan Themerson and being both documentary and avant-garde film against war. It was one of the first anti-nazi films in history.

Question: What was the first documentary film?

Encryption

Conventional methods for deleting data permanently from a storage device involve overwriting its whole content with zeros, ones or other patterns – a process which can take a significant amount of time, depending on the capacity and the type of the medium. Cryptography offers a way of making the erasure almost instantaneous. This method is called crypto-shredding. An example implementation of this method can be found on iOS devices, where the cryptographic key is kept in a dedicated 'Effaceable Storage'.[23] Because the key is stored on the same device, this setup on its own does not offer full confidentiality protection in case an unauthorised person gains physical access to the device.

Question: What is encryption?

BMW

In 1992, BMW acquired a large stake in California-based industrial design studio DesignworksUSA, which they fully acquired in 1995.

Question: How old is BMW?

Cyberpunk 2077

Night City is an American megacity in the Free State of California, controlled by corporations and unassailed by the laws of both country and state. It sees conflict from rampant gang wars and its ruling entities contending for dominance. The city is contingent on robotics for everyday aspects like waste collection, maintenance, and public transportation.[24] Homelessness abounds, but does not preclude the poor from modifying themselves with technology, which has brought people to addiction and violence. If they become a threat, the armed force Psycho Squad is deployed to deal with them.[4][25] Because of the constant threat of physical harm, all citizens are allowed to own and openly carry firearms in public.[26]

Question: Who is the publisher of Cyberpunk 2077?

Sting (Middle-earth)

In real Europe, a bilbo blade (sometimes spelled "bilbow") was an exceptionally fine blade, named after the city of Bilbao where such blades were made.  It is possible that Bilbo's name and his acquisition of this sharp blade were connected in the author's mind.[2]

Question: In what Tolkien book does Sting make its first appearance?
Effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation in the United States

During El Niño, the jet stream is oriented from west to east across the southern portion of the United States, making the region  more susceptible to severe weather outbreaks.  During La Niña, the jet stream and severe weather are likely to be farther north than normal.[13]

Question: How does El Nino affect North American weather patterns?

History of Indigenous Australians

In 2004, the Australian Government abolished The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC), which had been Australia's top Indigenous organisation. The Commonwealth cited corruption and, in particular, made allegations concerning the misuse of public funds by ATSIC's chairman, Geoff Clark, as the principal reason. Indigenous specific programmes have been mainstreamed, that is, reintegrated and transferred to departments and agencies serving the general population. The Office of Indigenous Policy Coordination was established within the then Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, and now with the Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs to coordinate a "whole of government" effort.

Question: How old is Aboriginal culture?

Speed limits in Germany

In 2015, the German Safety Council recommended that the general limit be set at 80km/h (50mph) for rural roads less than six meters wide.[25] The proposed speed would reduce the differential with trucks 3.5 metric tonne trucks, which generally travel at 60km/h (37mph).  In 2013, rural roads spanned approximately 200,000 kilometers in length, and killed at least 1,934 people.

Question: What's the speed limit on the autobahn?

Hindu–Arabic numeral system

The Hindu–Arabic system is designed for positional notation in a decimal system. In a more developed form, positional notation also uses a decimal marker (at first a mark over the ones digit but now more usually a decimal point or a decimal comma which separates the ones place from the tenths place), and also a symbol for "these digits recur ad infinitum". In modern usage, this latter symbol is usually a vinculum (a horizontal line placed over the repeating digits). In this more developed form, the numeral system can symbolize any rational number using only 13 symbols (the ten digits, decimal marker, vinculum, and a prepended dash to indicate a negative number).

Question: When were Arabic numerals adopted in Europe?

U.S. Route 20

In 2012, the Historic US Route 20 Association was formed to identify, promote and preserve the history of the route and original alignments that were once signed "Route 20" from Boston to Newport.[8]

Question: What highway goes across the United States?

Grammy Award records

Santana's Supernatural and U2's How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb hold the record for most honoured album having won nine awards. Supernatural won nine awards in 2000 and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb won three awards in 2005 and won a further six in 2006 giving it a total of nine awards.

Question: Who has the most Grammy nominations?
Vasco Núñez de Balboa

He traveled to the New World in 1500 and, after some exploration, settled on the island of Hispaniola. He founded the settlement of Santa María la Antigua del Darién in present-day Panama in 1510, which was the first permanent European settlement on the mainland of the Americas (a settlement by Alonso de Ojeda the previous year at San Sebastián de Urabá had already been abandoned).

Question: When was Vasco Núñez de Balboa born?

2019 Pacific typhoon season

In Vietnam, Pabuk caused one death,[12] and the losses were estimated at ₫27.87 billion (US$1.2 million).[13] Eight people in Thailand were killed,[14][15] and the estimated losses in the country were about ฿3.2 billion (US$100 million).[16] Pabuk also killed one person in Malaysia.[17]

Question: What is the typical Pacific typhoon season?

Fastest propeller-driven aircraft

The FAI record for the fastest piston-powered aircraft over a long-distance circuit is the 2000-km record of 720.13km/h (447.47mph) set on 22 May 1948 by Jacqueline Cochran in a P-51C. (She also holds the 100-km record of 755.67km/hr, set in December 1947.) Higher speed records exist; some are unofficial and some were officially-timed one-way trips aided by tailwinds. Examples of the latter: a B-29 averaged 725km/h (450mph) from Burbank to Floyd Bennett Field (3957km in 5.455 hours) on 11 December 1945, and Joe DeBona averaged 903.75km/h (562mph) from Los Angeles LAX to New York Idlewild (3981km (2472mi) in 4.405 hours) in a P-51 on 30 March 1954. On September 12, 2003, the modified P-51 Dago Red, piloted by Skip Holm, averaged 507.105mph (816.1 kph) during the 6 lap (c.50 miles) Reno Air Races Friday Gold Race.

Question: What was the fastest fighter plane used by the U.S. in World War II?

Heavy metal music

Metalcore, a hybrid of extreme metal and hardcore punk,[268] emerged as a commercial force in the mid-2000s decade. Through the 1980s and 1990s, metalcore was mostly an underground phenomenon;[269] pioneering bands include Earth Crisis,[270][271] other prominent bands include Converge,[270] Hatebreed[271][272] and Shai Hulud.[273][274] By 2004, melodic metalcore—influenced as well by melodic death metal—was popular enough that Killswitch Engage's The End of Heartache and Shadows Fall's The War Within debuted at numbers 21 and 20, respectively, on the Billboard album chart.[275]

Question: Who was the first heavy metal band?

Sydney Opera House

During the 2000 Summer Olympics, the venue served as the focal point for the triathlon events. The event had a 1.5km (0.9mi) swimming loop at Farm Cove, along with competitions in the neighbouring Royal Botanical Gardens for the cycling and running portions of the event.[66]

Question: How much money did the Sydney Opera House cost to build?
Bolshoi Ballet

Despite staging many famous ballets, it struggled to compete with the reputation of the Imperial Russian Ballet, today's Mariinsky Ballet of St. Petersburg. It was not until the appointment of Alexander Gorsky as Ballet Master in 1900 that the company began to develop its own unique identity, with acclaimed productions of new or restaged ballets including, Don Quixote (1900), Coppélia  (1901), Swan Lake  (1901), La fille mal gardée  (1903),  Giselle  (1911), Le Corsaire  (1912) and La Bayadère (1917).[4]

Question: When was the Bolshoi Ballet formed?

Egg

Brood parasitism occurs in birds when one species lays its eggs in the nest of another. In some cases, the host's eggs are removed or eaten by the female, or expelled by her chick. Brood parasites include the cowbirds and many Old World cuckoos.

Question: What bird lays the smallest egg?

WFRV-TV

The station launched their second subchannel on September 1, 2016 with Bounce TV[17] as part of a group deal made between Bounce TV's parent company and Nexstar (Bounce was the only Katz network available to WFRV in Green Bay, as Scripps' WGBA-TV and WACY-TV carry Katz's other three networks as subchannels under a previous agreement, which will likely be maintained as Scripps purchased Katz at the start of October 2017).[18]

Question: What is the CBS-affiliated TV station for Green Bay, WI?

Interstate 75

I-75 continues northbound through the hilly, rugged terrain of the Cumberland Plateau region of Kentucky passing through London and Richmond, eventually reaching Lexington, where it briefly runs concurrently with I-64 before splitting off in the direction of Georgetown and Covington. Near Walton, I-71 merges with I-75, making for yet another overlapped portion of freeway. I-275, which is a beltway around Cincinnati, Ohio is then intersected by I-71/I-75. After passing through Covington, the freeway crosses the Ohio River via the lower level of the Brent Spence Bridge (while the southbound direction uses the upper level) and continues into downtown Cincinnati.

Question: How far does I75 go?

Microwave oven

Any object containing pointed metal can create an electric arc (sparks) when microwaved. This includes cutlery, crumpled aluminium foil (though some foil used in microwaves are safe, see below), twist-ties containing metal wire, the metal wire carry-handles in paper Chinese take-out food containers, or almost any metal formed into a poorly conductive foil or thin wire; or into a pointed shape.[57] Forks are a good example: the tines of the fork respond to the electric field by producing high concentrations of electric charge at the tips. This has the effect of exceeding the dielectric breakdown of air, about 3 megavolts per meter (3×106 V/m). The air forms a conductive plasma, which is visible as a spark. The plasma and the tines may then form a conductive loop, which may be a more effective antenna, resulting in a longer lived spark. When dielectric breakdown occurs in air, some ozone and nitrogen oxides are formed, both of which are unhealthy in large quantities.

Question: What company first sold the microwave oven?
Early history of video games

The ancestors to these games include the cathode-ray tube amusement device, the earliest known interactive electronic game as well as the first to incorporate a cathode ray tube screen.[5] The player simulates an artillery shell trajectory on a CRT screen connected to an oscilloscope, with a set of knobs and switches. The device uses purely analog electronics and does not use any digital computer or memory device or execute a program.[6] It was patented by Thomas T. Goldsmith, Jr. and Estle Ray Mann in 1947.[7] While the idea behind the game was potentially to use a television set as the display and thus sell the invention to consumers, as Goldsmith and Mann worked at television designer DuMont Laboratories, the patent, the first for an electronic game, was never used and the device never manufactured beyond the original handmade prototypes.[6][8][9] This, along with the lack of electronic logic circuits, keeps the device from being considered the first video game. Around the same time as the device was invented, the earliest known written computer game was developed by Alan Turing and David Champernowne in 1948, a chess simulation called Turochamp, though it was never actually implemented on a computer as the code was too complicated to run on the machines of the time. Turing tested the code in a game in 1952 where he mimicked the operation of the code in a real chess game against an opponent, but was never able to run the program on a computer.[9]

Question: What was the first video game?

Postpartum depression

Postpartum depression is found across the globe, with rates varying from 11% to 42%.[66] Around 3% to 6% of women will experience depression during pregnancy or shortly after giving birth.[42] About 1 in 750 mothers will have postpartum depression with psychosis and their risk is higher if they have had postpartum episodes in the past.[42]

Question: What mental effects can a mother experience after childbirth?

Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum

Margaret Gray's time as Chairperson was distinguished with the production and delivery of Ailie's Garden, the biodiversity and play area at the rear of the Smith in 2002.  A membership drive, assisted with the first colour-printed Friends leaflet, took the membership to over 900, a significant achievement for a small museum.  Moira Lawson who became Chair in 2004 was heavily involved in the fund raising and project management for Ailie's Garden, as well as in the fundraising for the purchase of the Wallace painting.  Her culinary skills are important in providing the special social events which punctuate the Smith's year – the exhibition openings, celebrations and children's events.

Question: When was the Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum first opened?
Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin

On 6 March, the coffin with Stalin's body was displayed at the Hall of Columns in the House of the Unions and it stayed there for three days.[1] On 9 March, the body of Stalin was delivered to Red Square[2] to be interred in Lenin's Mausoleum where he lay in state until 1961.[3][4] Speeches were delivered by Khrushchev, Malenkov, Molotov, and Beria. After the speeches, pallbearers carried the coffin to the mausoleum. As Stalin's body was being put into the mausoleum, a moment of silence was observed nationwide at 12:00 pm (Moscow time). As bells of the Kremlin tower chimed the hour, marking the interment of Stalin's coffin, sirens and horns wailed nationwide along with the 21-gun salute which was fired within the precincts of the Kremlin. Similar observance also held in other Warsaw Pact countries alongside with China, Mongolia and North Korea. Right after the silence ended, a military band played the Soviet State Anthem. After the anthem played, a military parade of the Moscow Garrison was held in Stalin's honor. In the public's efforts to pay their respects to Stalin's casket, a number of people died as they were crushed and trampled by the amassed crowd.[5] Khrushchev provided an estimate that 109 people died in the crowd.[6]

Question: How did Joseph Stalin died?

Atomic mass

The amount that the ratio of atomic masses to mass number deviates from 1 is as follows: the deviation starts positive at hydrogen-1, then decreases until it reaches a local minimum at helium-4. Isotopes of lithium, beryllium, and boron are less strongly bound than helium, as shown by their increasing mass-to-mass number ratios.

Question: What is atomic mass?

Abdurrahman Wahid

All religions insist on peace. From this we might think that the religious struggle for peace is simple ... but it is not. The deep problem is that people use religion wrongly in pursuit of victory and triumph. This sad fact then leads to conflict with people who have different beliefs.[61]

Question: When was Gus Dur born?

ReCAPTCHA

The reCAPTCHA tests are displayed from the central site of the reCAPTCHA project, which supplies the words to be deciphered.  This is done through a JavaScript API with the server making a callback to reCAPTCHA after the request has been submitted.  The reCAPTCHA project provides libraries for various programming languages and applications to make this process easier.  reCAPTCHA is a free service (that is, the CAPTCHA images are provided to websites free of charge, in return for assistance with the decipherment),[26] but the reCAPTCHA software itself is not open-source.[27]

Question: Who developed Recaptcha?
Sorley MacLean

For 1,500 years, Scottish Gaelic literature had developed a rich corpus of song and poetry across "literary, sub-literary, and non-literate" registers; it retained the ability to convey "an astonishingly wide range of human experience".[35]:392-3 MacLean's work drew on this "inherited wealth of immemorial generations";[35]:393 according to MacInnes, few people were as intimately familiar with the entire corpus of Gaelic poetry, written and oral, as MacLean.[35]:416 In particular, MacLean was inspired by the intense love poetry of William Ross, written in the eighteenth century.[36]:67 Of all poetry, MacLean held in highest regard the Scottish Gaelic songs composed before the nineteenth century by anonymous, illiterate poets and passed down via the oral tradition.[3][8]:17[35]:397 He once said that Scottish Gaelic song-poetry was "the chief artistic glory of the Scots, and of all people of Celtic speech, and one of the greatest artistic glories of Europe".[8]:17

Question: What years did Sorley MacLean live?

Macedonia (region)

Bulgaria joined the Axis powers in 1941, when German troops prepared to invade Greece from Romania reached the Bulgarian borders and demanded permission to pass through Bulgarian territory. Threatened by direct military confrontation, Tsar Boris III had no choice but to join the fascist block, which officially happened on 1 March 1941. There was little popular opposition, since the Soviet Union was in a non-aggression pact with Germany.

Question: How large is the region of Macedonia?

Sex reassignment surgery (male-to-female)

Breast augmentation is the enlargement of the breasts. Some trans women choose to undergo this procedure if hormone therapy does not yield satisfactory results. Usually, typical growth for trans women is one to two cup sizes below closely related females such as the mother or sisters. Estrogen is responsible for fat distribution to the breasts, hips and buttocks, while progesterone is responsible for developing the actual milk glands. Progesterone also rounds out the breast to an adult Tanner stage-5 shape and matures and darkens the areola.

Question: Where was the first sex change operation performed?

Cincinnati Bengals

The Bengals flagship radio stations are WCKY, "ESPN 1530" and WEBN-FM, with WLW AM 700 joining in following the end of the Reds' season.   Most preseason and regular season games, are telecast on WKRC-TV, Local 12, the CBS affiliate. The current TV announcers for preseason games are Dan Hoard on play-by-play, and Dave Lapham as analyst.[30]

Question: How old is the Cincinnati Bengals?