copenlu/tydiqa_copenlu huggingface dataset:
Wind speed

In Canada, reference wind pressures are used in design and are based on the "mean hourly" wind speed having a probability of being exceeded per year of 1 in 50. The reference wind pressure (q) is calculated in Pascals using the following equation: q=(1/2)pV² where p is the air density in kg/m³ and V is wind speed in m/s.[11]

Question: What is the strongest recorded wind?

Rattlesnake

Rattlesnake skin has  a set of overlapping scales which cover the entire body, providing protection from a variety of threats including dehydration and physical trauma.[43] The typical rattlesnake, genus Crotalus, has the top of its head covered with small scales, except, with a few species, a few crowded plates directly over the snout.[44]  The skin of snakes is highly sensitive to contact, tension, and pressure; they are capable of feeling pain.[45]

Question: What is the rattle of a rattlesnake made of?

Critical Language Scholarship Program

The Critical Language Scholarship (CLS) Program is a United States Department of State cultural and educational exchange program which offers approximately 600 students from the United States the opportunity to participate in an intensive language study abroad. This nationally competitive program funds students who study one of the 15 critical need foreign languages, and is part of the National Security Language Initiative. The 15 critical languages include Arabic, Azerbaijani, Bengali, Chinese, Hindi, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Persian, Portuguese, Punjabi, Russian, Swahili, Turkish and Urdu. With an acceptance rate of less than 10%, the Critical Language Scholarship is one of the most competitive scholarships in the U.S. and the most prestigious language programs for U.S. citizens.[1][2][3]

Question: What is the age range of students in CLS?

Safety pin

Whilst the cover on the safety pin makes it less likely to hurt someone, a version was invented specially for use with babies' nappies, the nappy pin.  This is larger and stronger than the typical safety pin. Modern nappy pins have the sliding cap to lock the pin.

Question: Who invented the safety pin?

Rolex

Rolex SA offers products under the Rolex and Tudor brands. Montres Tudor (SA) has designed, manufactured and marketed Tudor watches since 6 March 1946. Rolex founder Hans Wilsdorf conceived of the Tudor Watch Company to create a product for authorized Rolex dealers to sell that offered the reliability and dependability of a Rolex, but at a lower price.[28] The number of Rolex watches was limited by the rate that they could produce in-house Rolex movements, thus Tudor watches were originally equipped with off-the-shelf movements while using similar quality cases and bracelets.[29]

Question: When was Rolex founded?

United States Secretary of the Treasury

The Secretary along with the Treasurer of the United States must sign Federal Reserve notes before they can become legal tender. The Secretary also manages the United States Emergency Economic Stabilization fund.

Question: Who is U.S. Treasury Secratary?
Para-alpine skiing classification

In 2010, there were three vision impaired classifications, B1, B2 and B3.  These classifications based on a gradient with B1 being the most severe and B3 being the least severe, with B3 skiers having vision around 2/60 to 6/60.[10] Beyond the level of vision impairment, research done at the Central Institute on Employment Abilities of the Handicapped in Moscow has found differences in functional capabilities based on differences in visual acuity, which plays a significant role in skiing.[11]

Question: When was the para-alpine skiing classification system developed?

President of Singapore

The national constitution sets strict eligibility conditions for the presidency. Before 1993, the president was chosen by the Parliament of Singapore. As a result of constitutional amendments passed in 1991, the presidency became a popularly elected office with certain custodial powers, particularly over government expenditure and key appointments to public offices. Wee Kim Wee was the first president to exercise custodial powers pursuant to the constitutional amendments of 1991[1]. The first president elected by popular vote was Ong Teng Cheong, who served from 1993 to 1999. In 2016, further amendments were passed providing for "reserved elections" for a particular community, if that community has not provided a president in the past five presidential terms.[2][3]

Question: Who is the current president of Singapore?

Siouan languages

Authors who call the entire family Siouan distinguish the two branches as Western Siouan and Eastern Siouan or as Siouan-proper and Catawban. Others restrict the name "Siouan" to the western branch and use the name Siouan–Catawban for the entire family. Generally, however, the name "Siouan" is used without distinction.

Question: What's the Siouan language?

Portuguese man o' war

A small fish, Nomeus gronovii (the man-of-war fish or shepherd fish), is partially immune to the venom from the stinging cells and can live among the tentacles. It seems to avoid the larger, stinging tentacles but feeds on the smaller tentacles beneath the gas bladder. The Portuguese man o' war is often found with a variety of other marine fish, including yellow jack.

Question: How do man-o-wars move?

Mahlon Loomis

The October 1965 issue of Popular Electronics printed an article, "The Real Inventor of Wireless", authored by Thomas Appleby[48] and on March 15, 1967 Appleby founded the non-profit "Mahlon Loomis Scientific Foundation, Inc." in Washington, D.C., "dedicated to scientific research in the name of Mahlon Loomis".[49] He also prepared a more extensive review of Loomis' life, Mahlon Loomis: Inventor of Radio, which was published in 1967.

Question: When was Mahlon Loomis born?
Lake Victoria

The Victoria haplochromines are distinctly sexually dimorphic (males relatively brightly colored; females dull),[41] and their ecology is extremely diverse, falling into at least 16 groups, including detritivores, zooplanktivores, insectivores, prawn-eaters, molluscivores and piscivores.[37] As a result of predation by the introduced Nile perch, eutrophication and other changes to the ecosystem, it is estimated that at least 200 species (about 40 percent) of Lake Victoria haplochromines have become extinct.[34][37][42] Initially it was feared that this number was even higher, by some estimates 65 percent of the total species,[43] but several species that were feared extinct have been rediscovered after the Nile perch started to decline in the 1990s.[37][44] Several of the remaining species are seriously threatened and additional extinctions are possible.[45] Some species have survived in nearby small satellite lakes,[44] have survived in refugias among rocks or papyrus sedges (protecting them from the Nile perch),[46] or have adapted to the human-induced changes in the lake itself.[37][42] Such adaptions include a larger gill area (adaption for oxygen-poor water), changes in the feeding apparatus, changes to the eyes (giving them a better sight in turbid water)[31][37] and smaller head/larger caudal peduncle (allowing faster swimming).[47] The piscivorous (affected by both predation and competition from Nile perch[48]), molluscivorous and insectivorous haplochromines were particularly hard hit with many extinctions.[37] Others have become extinct in their pure form, but survive as hybrids between close relatives (especially among the detritivores).[34][37] The zooplanktivores have been least affected and in the late 1990s had reached densities similar to, or above, the densities before the drastic declines, although consisting of fewer species and often switching their diet towards macroinvertebrates.[31][37] Some of the threatened Lake Victoria cichlid species have captive "insurance" populations in zoos, public aquaria and among private aquarists, and a few species are extinct in the wild (only survive in captivity).[49][50][51][52][53]

Question: What is the largest lake in Africa?

Anterior cingulate cortex

It has been stated that "The cognitive consequences of anterior cingulate lesions remain rather equivocal, with a number of case reports of intact general neuropsychological and executive function in the presence of large anterior dorsal cingulate lesions.[24] For an alternative view of anterior cingulate, see Rushworth's review (2007).[25]

Question: What is the primary function of the anterior cingulate cortex?

LGBT culture in Austin, Texas

Throughout the mid-20th century, Austin had several gay bars, long before its LGBT movement began. These included Apartment, Cabaret, Insomnia Club, Manhattan Club, Pearl Street Warehouse, and Red River Lounge.[2]

Question: When is Austin's Pride Parade?
Single parent

"Father" has been variously defined throughout history as provider, dad, and even sire,[46] carrying connotations of being demanding, disciplinary, and even cruel. Yet, as the writer Armstrong Williams remarks in the article "The Definition of Father," "...every father must take the time to be a dad as well as a friend, disciplinarian, shoulder to cry on, dance partner, coach, audience, adviser, listener, and so much more." Williams, the writer quoted above, goes on to say that he viewed his father as the driving force in his family and also someone who brought strength and compassion to his family.[47] In addition to these qualities, the single father must take on the role of the mother, a role that extends deep into morality, devotion, and the ability to set up an educational yet nurturing environment.[48] Thus it is the father's role to be a source of both resilience and strength, and love and compassion.[47]

Question: What percentage of U.S. mothers are single moms?

Neath and Tennant Canal

From the northern terminus, a tramway connected the canal to iron works at Aberdare and Hirwaun. This was built in 1803, and included an incline just north of Glynneath, which was powered by a high-pressure Trevithick steam engine.[4] The Tappenden brothers had bought into the iron industry in 1802, and built the tramway because of high tolls on the Glamorganshire Canal,[8] but by 1814 they were bankrupt, and had no further connections with the canal.[4]

Question: How long are the Neath and Tennant Canals?

Demographics of California

Note: Births in table do not add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

Question: What is the majority race in California?

Digital electronics

Another common testing scheme provides a test mode that forces some part of the logic machine to enter a "test cycle."  The test cycle usually exercises large independent parts of the machine.

Question: Is analog or digital more reliable?

AnnaLynne McCord

In 2008, she was the eighteenth actress to be cast in The CW series 90210, portraying antiheroine Naomi Clark. Initially, the part of Clark was conceived as a supporting role. However, by the end of the first season, media outlets had begun referring to McCord as the series' lead.[3][4] For the role of Naomi Clark, she was nominated for a Teen Choice Award and received the Hollywood Life Young Hollywood Superstar of Tomorrow award in 2009. In 2010, she won a Breakthrough of the Year Award in the category of "Breakthrough Standout Performance".

Question: When did the character AnnaLynne McCord first appear on 90210?
The Secret of Monkey Island

The Secret of Monkey Island has featured regularly in lists of "top" games, such as Computer Gaming World's Hall of Fame[57] and IGN's Video Game Hall of Fame.[58] In 1991, PC Format placed The Secret of Monkey Island on its list of the 50 best computer games of all time, calling it "genuinely funny".[59] In 1996, Computer Gaming World ranked it as the 19th best game of all time, writing, "Who could ever forget the insult-driven duel system or the identity of the mysterious Swordmaster?".[60] In 2004, readers of Retro Gamer voted it as the 33rd top retro game.[61] IGN named The Secret of Monkey Island one of the ten best LucasArts adventure games in 2009,[62] and ranked the Xbox Live Arcade version as the 20th best title of all time for that platform in 2010.[63] In 2017, The Secret of Monkey Island ranked 78th in the "Scientifically Proven Best Video Games of All Time," a statistical meta-analysis compiled by Warp Zoned of 44 "top games" lists published between 1995 and 2016.[64]

Question: How much money did The Secret of Monkey Island make?

Lanthanum

The La3+ ion is similarly-sized to the early lanthanides of the cerium group (those up to samarium and europium) that immediately follow in the periodic table, and hence it tends to occur along with them in phosphate, silicate and carbonate minerals, such as monazite (MIIIPO4) and bastnäsite (MIIICO3F), where M refers to all the rare earth metals except scandium and the radioactive promethium (mostly Ce, La, and Y).[31] Bastnäsite is usually lacking in thorium and the heavy lanthanides, and the purification of the light lanthanides from it is less involved. The ore, after being crushed and ground, is first treated with hot concentrated sulfuric acid, evolving carbon dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, and silicon tetrafluoride: the product is then dried and leached with water, leaving the early lanthanide ions, including lanthanum, in solution.[32]

Question: Who discovered lanthanum?

Backgammon

Short nardi: Set-up and rules the same as backgammon.[59]

Long nardi: A game which starts with all fifteen checkers placed in one line-on 24-point and on 11-point. The two players move their checkers in opposing directions, from the 24-point towards the 1-point, or home board. In long nardi one checker by itself can block a point. There is no hitting in long nardi. The objective of the game is bearing all checkers off the board. There is no doubling cube.


Question: How many pieces are used in backgammon?

Daniel Rutherford

He died in Edinburgh on 15 December 1819.

Question: When was Daniel Rutherford born?
Macedonian language

Macedonian nouns (именки, imenki) belong to one of three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter) and are inflected for number (singular and plural), and marginally for case. The gender opposition is not distinctively marked in the plural.[140]  The Macedonian nominal system distinguishes two numbers (singular and plural), three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter), case and definiteness. Definiteness is expressed by three definite articles pertaining to the position of the object (unspecified, proximate, and distal), which are suffixed to the noun.

Question: What language is spoken in Macedonia?

French invasion of Russia

Twenty train battalions provided most of the transportation, with a combined load of 8,390 tons.[39] Twelve of these battalions had a total of 3,024 heavy wagons drawn by four horses each, four had 2,424 one-horse light wagons and four had 2,400 wagons drawn by oxen.[39] Auxiliary supply convoys were formed on Napoleon's orders in early June 1812, using vehicles requisitioned in East Prussia.[41] Marshal Nicolas Oudinot's IV Corps alone took 600 carts formed into six companies.[42] The wagon trains were supposed to carry enough bread, flour and medical supplies for 300,000 men for two months.[42] Two river flotillas at Danzig and Elbing carried enough supplies for 11 days.[39] The Danzig flotilla sailed by way of canals to the Niemen river.[39] After the war began, the Elbing flotilla assisted in building up forward depots at Tapiau, Insterburg, and Gumbinnen.[39]

Question: When did Napoleon try to invade Russia?

Parthenon

Some studies of the Acropolis, including of the Parthenon and its façade, have conjectured that many of its proportions approximate the golden ratio.[60] However, such theories have been discredited by more recent studies, which have shown that the proportions of the Parthenon do not match the golden proportion.[61][62]

Question: When did construction begin on the Parthenon?

Harold Wilson

Between 1964 and 1968, benefits in kind were significantly progressive, in that over the period those in the lower half of the income scale benefited more than those in the upper half. On average those receiving state benefits benefited more in terms of increases in real disposable income than the average manual worker or salaried employee between 1964 and 1969.[70] From 1964 to 1969, low-wage earners did substantially better than other sections of the population. In 1969, a married couple with two children were 11.5% per cent richer in real terms, while for a couple with three children, the corresponding increase was 14.5%, and for a family with four children, 16.5%.[86] From 1965 to 1968, the income of single pensioner households as a percentage of other one adult households rose from 48.9% to 52.5%. For two pensioner households, the equivalent increase was from 46.8% to 48.2%.[28] In addition, mainly as a result of big increases in cash benefits, unemployed persons and large families gained more in terms of real disposable income than the rest of the population during Wilson's time in office.[40]

Question: How long was Wilson Prime Minister?
Coniston massacre

Randall Stafford had been in Alice Springs requesting police to attend to prevent the spearing of his cattle. He returned to be told of the murder and "dismemberment" of Brooks but chose to wait for the police. No one returned to the soak and no one attempted to retrieve the body. On 11 August, the Government Resident J. C. Cawood sent Constable William Murray, the officer in charge at Barrow Creek who also held the post of Chief Protector of Aborigines,[lower-alpha 6] to Coniston to investigate the complaints of cattle spearing. Told of the murder, Murray drove back to Alice Springs and telephoned Cawood, who refused to send reinforcements, telling Murray to deal with the Aboriginal people as he saw fit. Returning to Coniston, Murray questioned Dodger and Skipper who described the circumstances of the murder and named Bullfrog, Padirrka, and Marungali as the killers. According to his own report, Murray also obtained the names of 20 accomplices (he never recorded the names, or explained how his informants, who were not eyewitnesses, knew them; nor were these inconsistencies ever questioned at later proceedings). Murray organised a posse consisting of tracker Paddy, Alex Wilson, Dodger, tracker Major (elder brother of Brooks' boy Skipper), Randall Stafford and two white itinerants Jack Saxby and Billie Brisco.[lower-alpha 7]

Question: Who was killed in the Coniston massacre?

Abi Branning

The 2016 storyline in which Abi lies that she has suffered a miscarriage to cover up a pregnancy lie was criticised by Zoe Clark-Coates, co-founder and CEO of The Mariposa Trust, who said, "To regularly see TV shows using fake miscarriages as light entertainment could make people question genuine losses."[35] In August 2017, Fitzgerald was longlisted for "Best Bad Girl" at the 2017 Inside Soap Awards, while she and Aaron Sidwell (Steven Beale) were longlisted for "Best Partnership".[36] Fitzgerald made the viewer-voted shortlist in the "Best Bad Girl" category,[37] but lost out to Gillian Kearney, who portrays Emma Barton in Emmerdale.[38] The scene where Lauren and Abi fell from the roof of The Queen Vic was awarded "Scene of the Year" at the 2018 British Soap Awards, tying with Doctors who also won the same award for "The Bollywood Proposal".[39] Abi's death was nominated for "Most devastating Soap Death" at the 2018 Digital Spy Reader Awards; it came in seventh place with 6.4% of the total votes.[40]

Question: When was Abi Branning introduced on EastEnders?

List of Hunter × Hunter characters

Voiced by: Wataru Takagi (Japanese),[18] Benjamin Diskin (English)

Question: Who is the main character in the Hunter × Hunter manga series?

Immanuel Kant

Kant calls practical "everything that is possible through freedom", and the pure practical laws that are never given through sensuous conditions but are held analogously with the universal law of causality are moral laws. Reason can give us only the "pragmatic laws of free action through the senses", but pure practical laws given by reason a priori[110] dictate "what ought to be done".[111][112]

Question: Who developed Kantian philosophy?
List of birds

Fregatae
Fregatidae: frigatebirds
Sulae
Sulidae: boobies and gannets
Anhingidae: darters
Phalacrocoracidae: cormorants and shags

Question: How many species of birds are there?

Commonwealth of Nations

These criteria were unenforceable for two decades,[50] until, in 1991, the Harare Declaration was issued, dedicating the leaders to applying the Singapore principles to the completion of decolonisation, the end of the Cold War, and the end of apartheid in South Africa.[51] The mechanisms by which these principles would be applied were created, and the manner clarified, by the 1995 Millbrook Commonwealth Action Programme, which created the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group (CMAG), which has the power to rule on whether members meet the requirements for membership under the Harare Declaration.[52] Also in 1995, an Inter-Governmental Group was created to finalise and codify the full requirements for membership. Upon reporting in 1997, as adopted under the Edinburgh Declaration, the Inter-Governmental Group ruled that any future members would have to have a direct constitutional link with an existing member.[53]

Question: What is the largest member state in the Commonwealth?

Glutamine

The most eager consumers of glutamine are the cells of intestines,[6] the kidney cells for the acid-base balance, activated immune cells,[14] and many cancer cells.[7][8][11][15]

Question: What is the most abundant amino acid in the human body?

Leader of the Government in the Senate (Australia)

The longest-serving Leader of the Government in the Senate was George Pearce, who held the position for a cumulative total of 15 years in three separate terms between 1914 and 1937. Uniquely, from 10 January to 1 February 1968, the positions of Prime Minister and Leader of the Government in the Senate were held by the same person, John Gorton. After the disappearance of Harold Holt, Gorton – a senator – was elected leader of the Liberal Party and thus ascended to the prime ministership. In line with constitutional convention, he resigned from the Senate to contest a by-election to the House of Representatives.

Question: Who is head of the Senate in Australia?

May Revolution

The priest Juan Nepomuceno Solá then proposed that the Cabildo should receive the provisional command, until the formation of a governing junta made up of representatives from all populations of the Viceroyalty.[114] Manuel Alberti, Miguel de Azcuénaga (who would be members of the Primera Junta some days later), Escalada and Argerich (or Aguirre) supported his vote, among others.[114]

Question: What was the May Revolution about?

RNA

Primary transcript RNAs are often modified by enzymes after transcription. For example, a poly(A) tail and a 5' cap are added to eukaryotic pre-mRNA and introns are removed by the spliceosome.

Question: Why is RNA needed?

Scream (1996 film)

—Director Wes Craven on his conflict with MPAA censorship during production of Scream[12]

Question: What is the name of the procduction company that produced Scream?