copenlu/tydiqa_copenlu huggingface dataset:
History of agriculture

After 1492, a global exchange of previously local crops and livestock breeds occurred. Maize, potatoes, sweet potatoes and manioc were the key crops that spread from the New World to the Old, while varieties of wheat, barley, rice and turnips traveled from the Old World to the New. There had been few livestock species in the New World, with horses, cattle, sheep and goats being completely unknown before their arrival with Old World settlers. Crops moving in both directions across the Atlantic Ocean caused population growth around the world and a lasting effect on many cultures.[119] Maize and cassava were introduced from Brazil into Africa by Portuguese traders in the 16th century,[120] becoming staple foods, replacing native African crops.[121]

Question: When did agriculture begin?

Weighing scale

Buoyancy – Objects in air develop a buoyancy force that is directly proportional to the volume of air displaced. The difference in density of air due to barometric pressure and temperature creates errors.[20]
Error in mass of reference weight
Air gusts, even small ones, which push the scale up or down
Friction in the moving components that causes the scale to reach equilibrium at a different configuration than a frictionless equilibrium should occur.
Settling airborne dust contributing to the weight
Mis-calibration over time, due to drift in the circuit's accuracy, or temperature change
Mis-aligned mechanical components due to thermal expansion or contraction of components
Magnetic fields acting on ferrous components
Forces from electrostatic fields, for example, from feet shuffled on carpets on a dry day
Chemical reactivity between air and the substance being weighed (or the balance itself, in the form of corrosion)
Condensation of atmospheric water on cold items
Evaporation of water from wet items
Convection of air from hot or cold items
Gravitational differences for a scale which measures force, but not for a balance.[21]
Vibration and seismic disturbances

Question: What was the first digital scale?

Ray

The Rays, an American musical group active in the 1950s
Ray (musician), stage name of Japanese singer Reika Nakayama (born 1990)
Ray J, stage name of singer William Ray Norwood, Jr. (born 1981)
Ray (Frazier Chorus album)
Ray (L'Arc-en-Ciel album)
Rays (Michael Nesmith album)
Ray (soundtrack), a soundtrack of the film Ray
Ray (EP), an album by Panic Channel
"Ray" (song), a song by Millencolin
Ray or re, the second scale degree in solfege

Question: What is a ray in geometry?
Breast milk

Breastfeeding also provides health benefits for the mother. It assists the uterus in returning to its pre-pregnancy size and reduces post-partum bleeding, as well as assisting the mother in returning to her pre-pregnancy weight. Breastfeeding also reduces the risk of breast cancer later in life.[15][16] Lactation protects both mother and infant from both types of diabetes.[17] Lactation may protect the infant from specifically developing Type 2 diabetes because studies have shown that bioactive ingredients in human breast milk could prevent excess weight gain during childhood via contributing to a feeling of energy and satiety. A lower risk of child-onset diabetes may more applicable to infants who were born from diabetic mothers.[14] The reason is because while breastfeeding for at least the first 6 months of life minimizes the risk of Type 1 diabetes from occurring in the infant, inadequate breastfeeding in an infant prenatally exposed to diabetes was associated with a higher risk of the child developing diabetes later on.[14] However, it can be argued that human breastfeeding may contribute to protective effects against the development of Type 1 diabetes due to the fact that the alternative of bottle-feeding may expose infants to unhygienic feeding conditions.[18]

Question: How much protein is in human breast milk?

Hundred Years' War

After the deaths of Charles V and du Guesclin in 1380, France lost its main leadership and overall momentum in the war. Charles VI succeeded his father as king of France at the age of 11, and he was thus put under a regency led by his uncles, who managed to maintain an effective grip on government affairs until about 1388, well after Charles had achieved royal majority.

Question: When did the Hundred Years' War begin?

Members of the Australian Senate, 2016–2019

In accordance with section 13 of the Constitution,[1] it was left to the Senate to decide which Senators were allocated the full six-year terms ending on 30 June 2022 and which Senators were allocated three-year terms ending on 30 June 2019. The senate resolved that the first elected six of twelve Senators in each state would serve six-year terms, while the last six elected in each state would serve three-year terms. This was the Senate practice on the seven previous occasions that have required allocation of long and short terms.[2] In 1983 the Joint Select Committee on Electoral Reform had unanimously recommended an alternative "recount" method to reflect proportional representation,[3] and section 282 of the Commonwealth Electoral Act was inserted to provide for a recount on that basis.[4] This alternative method had been supported by both Labor and the Coalition in bipartisan senate resolutions passed in 1998[5] and 2010.[6]
[7][2][8] Despite this, an agreement between Liberal's Mathias Cormann and Labor's Penny Wong led the Senate to choose the method that awarded longer, six year terms to Labor's Deborah O'Neill and Liberal's Scott Ryan at the expense of The Greens' Lee Rhiannon and the Justice Party's Derryn Hinch being allocated shorter, three year terms.[9][10][11]

Question: How many members are in the Senate of Australia?
Iftah Ya Simsim

The present show is a collaboration between the Abu Dhabi Education Council, Twofour54, Arab Bureau of Education for the Gulf States and Bidaya Media.[3]

Question: When was Iftah Ya Simsim born?

Taiga

Some of the larger cities situated in this biome are Murmansk,[52] Arkhangelsk, Yakutsk, Anchorage,[53] Yellowknife, Tromsø, Luleå, and Oulu.

Question: How many miles does the Taiga cover?
Blue-footed booby

Experiments have shown that asynchronous hatching may also reduce sibling rivalry. Experimentally manipulated synchronous broods produced more aggressive chicks; chicks in asynchronous broods were less violent. This pattern of behavior arguably occurs through a clearly established brood hierarchy in asynchronously hatched siblings. Although asynchronous hatching is not vital for the formation of brood hierarchies (the experimentally synchronous broods established them as well), it does aid in efficient brood reduction when food levels are low. Subordinate chicks in asynchronous broods die more quickly, thus relieving the parents of the burden of feeding both offspring when resources are insufficient to properly do so.[28]

Question: What do blue-footed boobies eat?

Turner Field

The first World Series game ever played at Turner Field was Game 1 of the 1999 World Series, where the starting pitcher Maddux and the Braves were defeated 4–1 by the New York Yankees' Orlando Hernández and series MVP Mariano Rivera; the Braves went on to lose the series by a four-game sweep.[36] The only Major League Baseball All-Star Game ever to be played at Turner Field was in 2000. Atlanta's Chipper Jones hit the lone home run in the game, and Braves outfielder Andruw Jones drove in a run as the National League was defeated 6–3.[37]

Question: When was Turner Field demolished?

List of Georgia Bulldogs head football coaches

Dooley is the leader in seasons coached and games won, with 201 victories during his 25 years with the Bulldogs.[1][2] Robert Winston has the highest winning percentage with a record of 5–1 (.833), and Charles A. Barnard has the lowest winning percentage at 1–5 (.167).[2] Four of the team's coaches—Pop Warner, Butts, Dooley and Donnan—have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.[4][5][6][7]

Question: Who is head coach for the Georgia Bulldogs?

List of Nobel laureates in Literature

As of 2017, the Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded to 114 individuals.[6] When he received the award in 1958, Russian-born Boris Pasternak was forced to publicly reject the award under pressure from the government of the Soviet Union. In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre made known that he did not wish to accept the Nobel Prize in Literature,[7] as he had consistently refused all official honors in the past.[8] However the Nobel committee does not acknowledge refusals, and includes Pasternak and Sartre in its list of Nobel laureates.[9]

Question: When was the first Nobel Prize for literature awarded?

Shinkansen

In addition, the Basic Plan specified that the Jōetsu Shinkansen should start from Shinjuku, not Tokyo Station, which would have required building an additional 30km of track between Shinjuku and Ōmiya. While no construction work was ever started, land along the proposed track, including an underground section leading to Shinjuku Station, remains reserved. If capacity on the current Tokyo–Ōmiya section proves insufficient, at some point, construction of the Shinjuku–Ōmiya link may be reconsidered.

Question: When was the first bullet train built?
Written Chinese

Regular script is considered the archetype for Chinese writing, and forms the basis for most printed forms.  In addition, regular script imposes a stroke order, which must be followed in order for the characters to be written correctly.[29]  (Strictly speaking, this stroke order applies to the clerical, running, and grass scripts as well, but especially in the running and grass scripts, this order is occasionally deviated from.)  Thus, for instance, the character 木 mù "wood" must be written starting with the horizontal stroke, drawn from left to right; next, the vertical stroke, from top to bottom; next, the left diagonal stroke, from top to bottom; and lastly the right diagonal stroke, from top to bottom.[30]

Question: When did the Chinese writing system develop?

Septic tank

The fermentation processes cause the contents of a septic tank to be anaerobic with a low redox potential, which keeps phosphates in a soluble and, thus, mobilized form. Phosphates discharged from a septic tank into the environment can trigger prolific plant growth including algal blooms, which can also include blooms of potentially toxic cyanobacteria.

Question: How big is the average septic tank?

Ischemia

Restoration of blood supply to ischemic tissues can cause additional damage known as reperfusion injury that can be more damaging than the initial ischemia. Reintroduction of blood flow brings oxygen back to the tissues, causing a greater production of free radicals and reactive oxygen species that damage cells.  It also brings more calcium ions to the tissues causing further calcium overloading and can result in potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias and also accelerates cellular self-destruction. The restored blood flow also exaggerates the inflammation response of damaged tissues, causing white blood cells to destroy damaged cells that may otherwise still be viable.[8]

Question: What are the origins of the word ischemic?
Maternal mortality in the United States

In the 1950s, the maternal mortality rate in the United Kingdom and the United States was the same—1 in 1000 pregnant and new mothers died. By 2018, the rate in the UK was three times lower than in the United States,[32] due to implementing a standardized protocol.[25] In 2010, Amnesty International published a 154-page report on maternal mortality in the United States.[18] In 2011, the United Nations described maternal mortality as a human rights issue at the forefront of American healthcare, as the mortality rates worsened over the years.[33] According to a 2015 WHO report, in the United States the MMR between 1990 and 2013 "more than doubled from an estimated 12 to 28 maternal deaths per 100,000 births."[34] By 2015, the United States had a higher MMR than the "Islamic Republic of Iran, Libya and Turkey".[26][35] In the 2017 NPR and ProPublica series "Lost Mothers: Maternal Mortality in the U.S." based on a six-month long collaborative investigation, they reported that the United States has the highest rate of maternal mortality than any other developed country, and it is the only country where mortality rate has been rising.[36] The maternal mortality rate in the United States is three times higher than that in neighboring Canada[25] and six times higher than in Scandinavia.[37]

Question: What percentage of women in the U.S. die from complications during birth?

Green pheasant

The male (cock) has dark green plumage on the breast, neck, mantle, and flanks. The male also has bluish-purplish hood with clear ear-tufts, red wattle, and long, pale grey-banded tail. The female is smaller than the male, with a shorter tail, and has brownish black colored plumage, with dark brown feather fringed pale brown.[3]

Question: What is Japan's national bird?

History of British newspapers

The Times was long the most influential prestige newspaper, although far from having the largest circulation. It gave far more attention to serious political and cultural news.[30] In 1922, John Jacob Astor (1886-1971), son of the 1st Viscount Astor (1849-1919), bought The Times from the Northcliffe estate. The paper advocated appeasement of Hitler's demands.  Its editor Geoffrey Dawson was closely allied with Prime Minister  Neville Chamberlain, and pushed hard for the Munich Agreement in 1938.  Candid news reports by Norman Ebbutt from Berlin that warned of warmongering were rewritten in London to support the appeasement policy.  In March 1939, however, it reversed course and called for urgent war preparations.[31][32]

Question: What was the first newspaper ever printed in the U.K.?

Rachel

 Media related to Jacob and Rachel at Wikimedia Commons
 The dictionary definition of רחל at Wiktionary

Question: Where did the biblical character Rachel live?
The Secret of NIMH

The Secret of NIMH debuted on super 8 film and several home video formats in 1983, including VHS,[3] Betamax, CED Videodisc, Video8,[14] and LaserDisc,[15] which were distributed by MGM/UA Home Video in North America, and Warner Home Video in Europe, Australia, and Japan.[16][17] A Video 2000 version was also released exclusively in Europe.[16] With a $79 purchase price in the US, the VHS version sold approximately 25,000 copies within the first few months.[3]

Question: When was the book The Secret of NIMH first published?

MP3

This observation caused a revolution in audio encoding. Early on bitrate was the prime and only consideration. At the time MP3 files were of the very simplest type: they used the same bit rate for the entire file: this process is known as Constant Bit Rate (CBR) encoding. Using a constant bit rate makes encoding simpler and less CPU intensive. However, it is also possible to create files where the bit rate changes throughout the file. These are known as Variable Bit Rate The bit reservoir and VBR encoding were actually part of the original MPEG-1 standard. The concept behind them is that, in any piece of audio, some sections are easier to compress, such as silence or music containing only a few tones, while others will be more difficult to compress. So, the overall quality of the file may be increased by using a lower bit rate for the less complex passages and a higher one for the more complex parts. With some advanced MP3 encoders, it is possible to specify a given quality, and the encoder will adjust the bit rate accordingly. Users that desire a particular "quality setting" that is transparent to their ears can use this value when encoding all of their music, and generally speaking not need to worry about performing personal listening tests on each piece of music to determine the correct bit rate.

Question: When were MP3s invented?

Woolwich

In the 18th century, Woolwich Cricket Club, later Royal Artillery Cricket Club, were well-known cricket clubs. Cricket and other sports were mainly played by military officers and students at the Royal Military Academy. Arsenal F.C. was founded in 1886 by workers at the Royal Arsenal. Initially known as Dial Square, then Royal Arsenal and then Woolwich Arsenal, they soon drew large crowds to their ground in Plumstead. In 1913 they moved to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury, North London. Royal Ordnance Factories F.C. was founded in response to Woolwich Arsenal joining the League but only lasted a few years.

Question: When did Woolwich become a district of London?
Loki

Loki has been depicted in or is referred to in an array of media in modern popular culture. During the 19th century, Loki was depicted in a variety of manners, sometimes strongly at odds. According to Stefan Arvidssen, "the conception of Loki varied during the nineteenth century. Sometimes he was presented as a dark-haired Semitic fifth columnist among the Nordic Aesir, but sometimes he was described as a Nordic Prometheus, a heroic bearer of culture".[65] Famously, Loki appears in Richard Wagner's opera cycle Ring of the Nibelung as Loge (a play on Old Norse loge "fire"). He is depicted as an ally of the gods (specifically Wotan's assistant rather than Donner's), although he generally dislikes them and thinks of them as greedy, as they refuse to return the Rhine Gold to its rightful owners. In the conclusion of the first opera Das Rheingold he reveals his hope to turn into fire and destroy Valhalla, and in the final opera Götterdämmerung Valhalla is set alight, destroying the Gods.[66]

Question: Who are Loki's three children?

Lowest temperature recorded on Earth

The current apparatus for achieving low temperatures has two stages. The first utilizes a helium dilution refrigerator to get to temperatures of millikelvins, then the next stage uses adiabatic nuclear demagnetisation to reach picokelvins.

Question: What is the coldest place on Earth?

Polyvinyl chloride

The European Commission has set new rules to promote the recovery of PVC waste for use in a number of construction products. It says: "The use of recovered PVC should be encouraged in the manufacture of certain construction products because it allows the reuse of old PVC ... This avoids PVC being discarded in landfills or incinerated causing release of carbon dioxide and cadmium in the environment".

Question: Who developed PVC?

Rib cage

The transversus thoracis muscle is innervated by one of the intercostal nerves and superiorly attaches at the posterior surface of the lower sternum.  Its inferior attachment is the internal surface of costal cartilages two through six and works to depress the ribs.[9]

Question: How many ribs do humans have?

Manuel I of Portugal

This period of time technically ended the presence of Jews in Portugal. Afterwards, all converted Jews and their descendants would be referred to as "New Christians", and they were given a grace period of thirty years in which no inquiries into their faith would be allowed; this was later extended to end in 1534.[3]

Question: When did King Manuel I become king of Portugal?
Cello

Established non-traditional cello groups include Apocalyptica, a group of Finnish cellists best known for their versions of Metallica songs, Rasputina, a group of cellists committed to an intricate cello style intermingled with Gothic music, the Massive Violins, an ensemble of seven singing cellists known for their arrangements of rock, pop and classical hits, Von Cello, a cello fronted rock power trio, Break of Reality who mix elements of classical music with the more modern rock and metal genre, Cello Fury, a cello rock band that performs original rock/classical crossover music, and Jelloslave, a Minneapolis-based Cello duo with two percussionists. These groups are examples of a style that has become known as cello rock. The crossover string quartet bond also includes a cellist. Silenzium and Cellissimo Quartet are Russian (Novosibirsk) groups playing rock and metal and having more and more popularity in Siberia. Cold Fairyland from Shanghai, China is using a cello along a Pipa as the main solo instrument to create East meets West progressive (folk) rock.

Question: When was the cello invented?

War on Poverty

Deregulation, growing criticism of the welfare state, and an ideological shift to reducing federal aid to impoverished people in the 1980s and 1990s culminated in the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996, which President Bill Clinton claimed, "ended welfare as we know it."

Question: When did LBJ start his War on Poverty?

Red dwarf

Because low-mass red dwarfs are fully convective, helium does not accumulate at the core, and compared to larger stars such as the Sun, they can burn a larger proportion of their hydrogen before leaving the main sequence. As a result, red dwarfs have estimated lifespans far longer than the present age of the universe, and stars less than 0.8M☉ have not had time to leave the main sequence. The lower the mass of a red dwarf, the longer the lifespan. It is believed that the lifespan of these stars exceeds the expected 10-billion-year lifespan of our Sun by the third or fourth power of the ratio of the solar mass to their masses; thus, a 0.1M☉ red dwarf may continue burning for 10 trillion years.[15][19] As the proportion of hydrogen in a red dwarf is consumed, the rate of fusion declines and the core starts to contract. The gravitational energy released by this size reduction is converted into heat, which is carried throughout the star by convection.[20]

Question: What is the most common type of star?