copenlu/tydiqa_copenlu huggingface dataset:
List of emperors of the Han dynasty

Since six was considered a lucky number, Han Emperors Jing and Wu changed the year count of their reigns back to the beginning every six years.[15] Since every six-year period was successively marked as yuannian (元年), eryuan (二元), sanyuan (三元), and so forth, this system was considered too cumbersome by the time it reached the fifth cycle wuyuan sannian (五元三年) in 114 BC.[16] In that year a government official suggested that the Han court retrospectively rename every "beginning" with new characters, a reform Emperor Wu accepted in 110BC.[17] Since Emperor Wu had just performed the religious feng (封) sacrifice at Mount Taishan, he named the new era yuanfeng (元封). This event is regarded as the formal establishment of era names in Chinese history.[18] Emperor Wu changed the era name once more when he established the 'Great Beginning' (太初 Taichu) calendar in 104 BC.[19] From this point until the end of Western Han, the court established a new era name every four years of an emperor's reign. By Eastern Han there was no set interval for establishing new era names, which were often introduced for political reasons and celebrating auspicious events.[19]

Question: Who was the first ruler of the Han dynasty?

Demographics of Antarctica

At least 11 children have been born in West Antarctica. The first was Emilio Marcos Palma, born on 7 January 1978 to Argentine parents at Esperanza, Hope Bay, near the tip of the Antarctic peninsula.[4] In 1984, Juan Pablo Camacho was born at the Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva Base, becoming the first Chilean born in Antarctica. Soon after, a girl, Gisella, was born at the same station. In 2001, National Geographic reported that eight children had been born at Esperanza alone.

Question: How many people are in Antarctica?

River Gipping

In 2007, the Inland Waterways Association decided that it would be better to set up a separate organisation to manage restoration of the navigation, and the River Gipping Trust was formed in May of that year. It is a private company limited by guarantee, and is registered at Companies House with company number 06145692. It is also registered as a charity.[26]

Question: Where does the River Gipping originate?

Chief Justice of the United States

Since the tenure of William Howard Taft, the office of the Chief Justice has moved beyond just first among equals.[14] The Chief Justice also:

Question: Who is the current Chief Justice?
Anzac Avenue

The current route begins in Petrie, at a roundabout intersection with state route 58 at Gympie Road and Dayboro Road. It proceeds north, then north-east, through Kallangur, before crossing the Bruce Highway near North Lakes. After passing the Westfield North Lakes shopping centre, it proceeds north-east again through developing urban areas near Mango Hill, before crossing Hays Inlet at Saltwater Creek, and intersecting with state route 26 at Deception Bay Road. Signed as both routes 71 and 26, it then turns eastward and proceeds through the suburbs of Rothwell and Kippa-Ring, reverting to route 71 only at an intersection with Elizabeth Avenue, before proceeding to Redcliffe, crossing state route 27 at Oxley Avenue, and terminating at a roundabout with Redcliffe Parade on the waterfront.[2]

Question: Where does Anzac Avenue begin?

Great Pacific garbage patch


 by Jennifer Ackerman Scientific American August 2010

, pictures

 on YouTube
 on YouTube
. Public Radio International. 13 December 2016
. Business Insider. 27 January 2017.


Question: When was the "plastic island" in the Pacific Ocean discovered?

Cuneiform law

c. 2350 BC - Reforms of Urukagina of Lagash - not extant, but referenced in other sources.
c. 2060 BC - Code of Ur-Nammu (or Shulgi?) of Ur - Neo-Sumerian (Ur-III). Earliest code of which fragments have been discovered. The code speaks of witchcraft and the flight of slaves.
c. 1934-1924 BC - Code of Lipit-Ishtar of Isin - With a typical epilogue and prologue, the law deals with penalties, the rights of ordinary people, right of kings, marriages, and more.
c. 1800 BC - Laws of the city of Eshnunna (sometimes ascribed to king Bilalama)
c. 1758 BC - Code of Hammurabi - The most famous, and also the most preserved of the ancient laws. Discovered in December 1901, it contains over 282 paragraphs of text, not including the prologue and epilogue.
c. 1500-1300 BC - Assyrian law
c. 1500-1400 BC - Hittite laws[2]

Question: What is cuneiform law?

Mauricio Macri

Macri also shifted Argentina's relations with the United States. Barack Obama praised him during a 2016 two-day visit: "I'm impressed because he has moved rapidly on so many of the reforms that he promised, to create more sustainable and inclusive economic growth, to reconnect Argentina with the global economy and the world community". Obama announced that the US would declassify its military and intelligence records of the 1970s Proceso de Reorganización Nacional.[117] Foreign Minister Susana Malcorra supported Democrat Hillary Clinton in the 2016 US presidential election, which was won by Republican Donald Trump. Macri forged diplomatic relations with Trump, tightening control of immigration, limiting the entry of convicted criminals and facilitating the deportation of foreigners who commit crimes. Those limits have been compared with Trump's border policies.[118]

Question: Who is president of Argentina?
European Grand Prix

The title was revived by the FIA after the war, when it was given to the 1947 Belgian Grand Prix. For the next thirty years (except 1953 and 1969–71), the title was distributed across several countries, including at the prestigious Monaco Grand Prix in 1963. The last race to receive the title was the 1977 British Grand Prix. All post-war honorific European Grands Prix were Formula One races except for the 1952 event, the Belgian Grand Prix, which was run to Formula Two regulations.

Question: When was the first European Grand Prix race?

Battle of Warsaw (1920)

After the Polish Kiev Offensive, Soviet forces launched a successful counterattack in summer 1920, forcing the Polish army to retreat westward in disarray. The Polish forces seemed on the verge of disintegration and observers predicted a decisive Soviet victory.

Question: Who led the Polish military in the Battle of Warsaw?

List of Scottish monarchs

With the Scottish Restoration, the Stuarts became Kings of Scotland once more but Scotland's rights were not respected. During the reign of Charles II the Scottish Parliament was dissolved and James was appointed Governor of Scotland. James II himself became James VII in 1685. His Catholicism was not tolerated, and he was driven out of England after three years. In his place came his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange, the ruler of the Dutch Republic. The two were accepted as monarchs of Scotland after a period of deliberation by the Scottish Parliament, and ruled together as William II and Mary II.

Question: Who was the last king of Scotland?

Autophagy

Autophagy (or autophagocytosis) (from the Ancient Greek αὐτόφαγος autóphagos, meaning "self-devouring"[1] and κύτος kýtos, meaning "hollow"[2]) is the natural, regulated mechanism of the cell that disassembles unnecessary or dysfunctional components.[3] It allows the orderly degradation and recycling of cellular components.[4][5]

Question: Who first identified the process of autophagy?

Splenda

In 2007, Merisant France prevailed in the Commercial Court of Paris against subsidiaries of McNeil Nutritionals LLC. The court awarded Merisant $54,000 in damages and ordered the defendants to cease advertising claims found to violate French consumer protection laws, including the slogans; "because it comes from sugar, sucralose tastes like sugar" and "With sucralose: comes from sugar and tastes like sugar".[28]

Question: What is Splenda made from?

Health care in France

The government has two responsibilities in this system:

Question: When was universal health care introduced in France?

Royal Australian Air Force

The Roulettes are the RAAF's formation aerobatic display team. They perform around Australia and South-east Asia, and are part of the RAAF Central Flying School (CFS) at RAAF Base East Sale, Victoria.[70] The Roulettes use the Pilatus PC-9 and formations for shows are done in a group of six aircraft. The pilots learn many formations including loops, rolls, corkscrews, and ripple roles. Most of the performances are done at the low altitude of 500 feet (150 metres).[71]

Question: When did the Royal Australian Air Force begin?
Avempace

Despite all the ideas that have been presented by Avempace, a central theory was never actually developed. He attributed this to being a very busy man and having his hands in a variety of a fields.[13]

Question: How long did Avempace live?

Iain Macleod

Cousins wanted to call out the petrol tanker drivers, in breach of another agreement, but was blocked from doing so by the TUC. The strike ended after seven weeks, and Macmillan dated the government's recovery in the polls from this point.[42] Macleod had acquired a national reputation as a tough figure.[1]

Question: When was Iain Norman Macleod born?

Horror film

Another influential American horror film of the 60s was George A. Romero's Night of the Living Dead (1968). Produced and directed by Romero on a budget of $114,000, it grossed $30 million internationally. Considered to be the first true zombie movie, the film began to combine psychological insights with gore. Distancing the era from earlier gothic trends, late 1960s films brought horror into everyday life.

Question: What was the first ever horror movie?

SS Ancon (1901)

The Panama Railroad Company replaced SS Ancon in 1938 with a larger steam turbine cargo liner named Ancon which later saw considerable action as the Navy command and communications ship USS<i>Ancon(AGC-4) in World War II. The old Ancon remained in Panama Canal service as Ex Ancon until sold privately.[1]

Question: What was the first vessel to cross the Panama Canal?

Lean manufacturing

A3 problem solving
Cellular manufacturing
Efficiency Movement
5S (methodology)
Industrial engineering
Ishikawa diagram
Just-in-time manufacturing
JobShopLean
Kanban
Key performance indicator
Lean CFP driven
Lean dynamics
Lean higher education
Lean Six Sigma
Lean software development
Lean thinking
Poka-yoke
Production flow analysis
Push-pull strategy
Six Sigma
Spaghetti plot
Takt time
Total productive maintenance
Value stream mapping

Question: What is lean manufacturing?

Preamble to the United States Constitution

The phrase has also been interpreted to support the federal supremacy clause and that state nullification of any federal law,[78] dissolution of the Union,[79] or secession from it,[80] are not contemplated by the Constitution.

Question: Who wrote the Preamble to the US Constitution?

António de Oliveira Salazar

In 1968, Salazar suffered a brain hemorrhage when he fell in a bath.[89] As he became incapacitated, President Tomás, after hearing from various experts, appointed Marcelo Caetano in his place with some reluctance. Despite the injury, Salazar lived for another two years. When he unexpectedly recovered lucidity, his intimates did not tell him he had been removed from power, instead allowing him to "rule" in privacy until his death in July 1970.[90]

Question: When was António de Oliveira Salazar born?
Power Nine

Ancestral Recall allows the player to draw three cards at an extremely low cost.[10] It originated as part of a set of five cards known as "Boons", one of each color, which gave three of something (e.g. mana, life, damage) for the cost of one mana. Ancestral Recall is the only rare Boon and the only one not to have been reprinted since the Unlimited set.[11]

Question: What's the rarest Magic card in existence?

Nation state

Pakistan, even being an ethnically diverse country and officially a federation, is regarded as a nation state[58] due to its ideological basis on which it was given independence from British India as a separate nation rather than as part of a unified India. Different ethnic groups in Pakistan are strongly bonded by their common Muslim identity, common cultural and social values, common historical heritage, a national lingua franca (Urdu) and joint political, strategic and economic interests.[58][59]

Question: When was Belgium established as a nation state?

Civil war

Following  II, the major European powers divested themselves of their colonies at an increasing rate: the number of ex-colonial states jumped from about 30 to almost 120 after the war. The rate of state formation leveled off in the 1980s, at which point few colonies remained.[34] More states also meant more states in which to have long civil wars. Hironaka statistically measures the impact of the increased number of ex-colonial states as increasing the post-II incidence of civil wars by +165% over the pre-1945 number.[35]

Question: What is a civil war?

History of the Food and Drug Administration

All of the initial drugs approved for the treatment of HIV/AIDS were approved through accelerated approval mechanisms. For example, a "treatment IND" was issued for the first HIV drug, AZT, in 1985, and approval was granted just two years later in 1987.[18] Three of the first five drugs targeting HIV were approved in the United States before they were approved in any other country.

Question: When was the FDA formed?

Leif Erikson

Thorvald Asvaldsson was banished from Norway for manslaughter and went into exile in Iceland accompanied by young Erik. When Erik was himself banished from Iceland, he travelled further west to an area he named Greenland, where he established the first permanent settlement in 986.[16][18] Tyrker, one of Erik's thralls, had been specially trusted to keep in charge of Erik's children, as Leif later referred to him as his "foster father".[19]

Question: Who actually discovered America?
Cider

The composition of cider is defined in the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code and "means the fruit wine prepared from the juice or must of apples and no more than 25% of the juice or must of pears".
Cider has been made in Australia since its early settlement. Primarily this production has been for limited local usage, with national commercial distribution and sales dominated by two brands: Mercury Cider and Strongbow. Since early 2005, they have been joined in the market by numerous new producers including Three Oaks Cider, Pipsqueak, and Tooheys 5 Seeds Cider as well as imported brands like Magners, Weston's, Monteith's, Kopparberg, Rekorderlig, and Somersby.

Question: How long does cider take to ferment?

Ecosystem

Energy and carbon enter ecosystems through photosynthesis, are incorporated into living tissue, transferred to other organisms that feed on the living and dead plant matter, and eventually released through respiration.[15]

Question: Who first defined ecosystems?

Mona Lisa

That Leonardo painted such a work, and its date, were confirmed in 2005 when a scholar at Heidelberg University discovered a marginal note in a 1477 printing of a volume written by the ancient Roman philosopher Cicero. Dated October 1503, the note was written by Leonardo's contemporary Agostino Vespucci. This note likens Leonardo to renowned Greek painter Apelles, who is mentioned in the text, and states that Leonardo was at that time working on a painting of Lisa del Giocondo.[13]

Question: Where is the Mona Lisa painting located today?

Third Sacred War

Aeschines, Speeches
Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica
Justin, Epitome of Pompeius Trogus's Philippic History
Polyaenus, Stratagems in War

Question: When was the Third Sacred War?

Stolen Generations

The study indicated that removed Aboriginal people were less likely to have completed a secondary education, three times as likely to have acquired a police record, and were twice as likely to use illicit drugs as were Aboriginal people who grew up in their ethnic community.[29] The only notable advantage "removed" Aboriginal people achieved was a higher average income. The report noted this was likely due to the increased urbanisation of removed individuals, and greater access to welfare payments than for Aboriginal people living in remote communities.[29] There seemed little evidence that removed mixed-race Aborigines had been successful in gaining better work even in urbanised areas.

Question: When did Australia kidnap Aboriginal children?
Antarctica

A census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010. The research is part of the global Census of Marine Life and has disclosed some remarkable findings. More than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions, having bridged the gap of 12,000km (7,456mi). Large animals such as some cetaceans and birds make the round trip annually. More surprising are small forms of life such as sea cucumbers and free-swimming snails found in both polar oceans. Various factors may aid in their distribution – fairly uniform temperatures of the deep ocean at the poles and the equator which differ by no more than 5 °C, and the major current systems or marine conveyor belt which transport eggs and larval stages.[90]

Question: How large is Antarctica by area?

Milwaukee Bucks

On April 16, 2014, long-time Bucks owner Herb Kohl agreed to sell a majority interest of the team to New York-based billionaires Wes Edens, and Marc Lasry for $550 million, but Kohl still retains a significant minority interest in the team. The new owners are expected to keep the team in Milwaukee, and are also expected to contribute $100 million toward building a new arena for the franchise.[23] Approval from the NBA Board of Governors came on May 15, a month later.[11][24]

Question: When were the Milwaukee Bucks founded?

Persona 4

A live stage production titled VisuaLive: Persona 4(VISUALIVE『ペルソナ4』,VisuaLive: Perusona Fo) took place from March 15–20, 2012. Actors starring in the stage production include Toru Baba as the audience-named protagonist, Takahisa Maeyama as Yosuke Hanamura, Minami Tsukui as Chie Satonaka, Risa Yoshiki as Yukiko Amagi, Jyōji Saotome as Daisuke Nagase, Motohiro Ota as Kou Ichijo, and Masashi Taniguchi as Ryotaro Dojima, and Masami Ito as Tohru Adachi. Kappei Yamaguchi and Rie Kugimiya reprised their roles as Teddie and Rise in voice.[102] Following the announcement, Youichiro Omi was cast as Kanji Tatsumi on December 1, 2011.[103] VisuaLive: Persona 4 chronicled the events of the game up until Kanji's inclusion into the party. A second stage production, titled VisuaLive: Persona 4: The Evolution(VISUALIVE『ペルソナ4 The Evolution』,VisuaLive: Perusona Fo The Evolution), chronicled the second half of the events of the story and took place from October 3–9, 2012. Additions to the cast include Yuriya Suzuki as Rise Kujikawa, Juria Kawakami as Naoto Shirogane, Yasuhiro Roppongi as Tarou Namatame, Shotaro Mamiya as Izanami and Arisa Nakajima as Margaret. Yumi Sugimoto replaced Yoshiki as Yukiko Amagi.

Question: When was the game Persona 4 created?

List of countries by incarceration rate

North Korea. Little information exists regarding North Korea's incarceration rate. The U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea estimates 150,000 to 200,000 incarcerated based on testimony of defectors from the state police bureau, which roughly equals 600-800 people incarcerated per 100,000.[11] For more info see Prisons in North Korea.

Question: What is the incarceration rate in China?
Demographics of Poland

Like many developed nations, Poland is ageing. In 1950, the median age was 25.8: half of the Polish population was younger, half older. Today it is 38.2. If current trends continue, it may be 51 by 2050.[2] As the population is ageing, it also started to decline in the 1990s mainly due to low birth rates and continued emigration which impacted the economy, however this has started to change. The number of children born in Polish families (TFR of 1.31, down from 2 in 1990) is one of the lowest in Central Europe, but has started to improve in recent years.[3][4]

Question: How many people live in Poland?

Dubbo RAAF Stores Depot

The former RAAF Stores Depot has strong associations with the thousands of military personnel and civilian employees who worked there between 1942 and 1996. It is also significant to the Dubbo community for its association with the major role played by the RAAF and the Australian military generally in economic and social life during World War II and over the succeeding decades.[1]

Question: When was the Dubbo RAAF Stores Depot constructed?

Arrow (TV series)

Season two received acclaim from critics for the action sequences, storytelling, performances of the cast, drama, and the portrayal of Slade Wilson.[90] Rotten Tomatoes reported a 96% approval rating based on 14 reviews, with the site's consensus reading: "The second season of Arrow boasts more fantastic action, as well as a widening cast of intriguing, richly written characters."[91] Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly gave the first half of season two a rating of B+, saying, "Arrow possesses an intelligence that shines through its TV-budget production values, which aren't too shabby. The writing is adult and witty, the action is exciting, and Amell holds the center with well-cultivated ease."[92] The A.V. Club's Carrie Raisler gave the first half of season two a rating of A-. She said, "Arrow [has] officially established itself as one of the most satisfying shows on television. The most satisfying thing of all is that it did so by respecting its characters ... [Arrow respects] the character's comic-book roots in its overarching plotlines, all while using the network-appropriate soap-opera stories to do the heavy character lifting."[93]

Question: Who is Arrow?