copenlu/tydiqa_copenlu huggingface dataset:
Tornado climatology

One notable tornado of recent years was the Birmingham Tornado (UK) which struck Birmingham, United Kingdom, in July 2005. A row of houses was destroyed, but no one was killed. A strong F3 (T7) Tornado hit the small town Micheln in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany on 23 July 2004 leaving 6 people injured and more than 250 buildings massively damaged.[28]

Question: What country has the most tornadoes?

Economy of Kenya

The Social Pillar of Vision 2030 has the objective of improving the quality of life for all Kenyans. It aims to do this by targeting human and social welfare programs, specifically: education and training, health, environment, housing and urbanisation, children and social development, and youth and sports.[70]

Question: What is Kenya's largest export?

Emmons Glacier

List of glaciers in the United States

Question: What is the largest glacier on Mount Rainier?

French Fifth Republic

The Fifth Republic is France's third-longest political regime, after the hereditary and feudal monarchies of the Ancien Régime (Late Middle Ages – 1792) and the parliamentary Third Republic (1870–1940).

Question: When was the French Fifth Republic established?

Geography of Israel

Archaeology of Israel
Kurkar
Land of Israel
List of endemic flora of Israel
Maps of Ancient Israel
National parks and nature reserves of Israel
Outline of Israel
Tourism in Israel
Wildlife of Israel

Question: How large is Israel?

List of How I Met Your Mother characters

Ranjit is the only recurring character to appear in all nine seasons.

Question: Who was the main character in How I Met Your Mother?

Marlboro Man

Eric Lawson, who appeared in Marlboro print ads from 1978 to 1981, died at the age of 72 on January 10, 2014, of respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD. A smoker since age 14, Lawson later appeared in an anti-smoking commercial that parodied the Marlboro Man, and also in an Entertainment Tonight segment to discuss the negative effects of smoking.[29]

Question: When did the Marlboro Man first appear in Marlboro ad campaigns?

List of American Pie characters

Portrayed by John Cho and Justin Isfield
Appeared in: American Pie, American Pie 2, American Wedding, and American Reunion

Question: Who was the lead male character in American Pie?

Political ideologies in the United States

In terms of race, conservatives and liberals were fairly similar with more than 80% identifying as white and having been born in the United States. However, Republican voting conservatives like Enterprisers, Social Conservatives, and Pro-Government Conservatives had a higher white percentage than liberals, especially Enterprisers and Social Conservatives who were both 91% white compared to 83% of Liberals. Liberals were also the most likely of every group to be born outside of the United States with 20% of liberal respondents saying that they or their parents were born outside of the United States, while only around 12% of all conservative types answered "yes" to the same question.[20]

Question: How many people in America identify as liberals?
Andrew Lloyd Webber

Andrew Lloyd Webber was born in Kensington, London, the elder son of William Lloyd Webber (1914–1982), a composer and organist, and Jean Hermione Johnstone (1921–1993), a violinist and pianist.[11] His younger brother, Julian Lloyd Webber, has had a notable career as a solo cellist.

Question: When did Andrew Lloyd Weber write Cats?

Coco Chanel

During Chanel's affair with the Duke of Westminster in the 1930s, her style began to reflect her personal emotions. Her inability to reinvent the little black dress was a sign of such reality. She began to design a “less is more” aesthetic.[36]

Question: When did Gabrielle Bonheur "Coco" Chanel take the name "Coco"?

Number 470 Fire Bell

In June 1963, with the demolition of the Williams Street fire station imminent, Number 470 Bell was removed from the belltower.
Records indicate that, three weeks after Council's request to have the bell made available for its historical exhibition, Bathurst District Historical Society made a similar request to the Board. The Board Secretary informed the Society that it had already given approval to the council's request and suggested that the Society contact Council. It appears that the bell was subsequently handed over to the Society by Bathurst Council soon after its removal from the old station. Mr Doug Humphries (son of former resident volunteer fireman, Kevin Humphries), resided in both the Williams Street and George Street Fire Stations as a child. He recalls the bell being in the possession of the Bathurst Historical Society at No. 1 George Street:

Question: When did the Number 470 Fire Bell become heritage-listed?

King of the Hill

During the panel discussion for the return of Beavis and Butt-head at Comic-Con 2011, Mike Judge said that no current plans exist to revive King of the Hill, although he would not rule out the possibility of it returning.[19]

Question: How long did King of the Hill air?

Claire Labine

Head writer: December 1996 – April 1998

Question: Where was Claire Labine born?

History of socialism

In Minnesota, the General Drivers Local 574 of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters struck, despite an attempt to block the vote by AFL officials, demanding union recognition, increased wages, shorter hours, overtime rates, improved working conditions and job protection through seniority. In the battles that followed, which captured country-wide media attention, three strikes took place, martial law was declared and the National Guard was sent in. Two strikers were killed. Protest rallies of 40,000 were held. Farrell Dobbs, who became the leader of the local, had at the outset joined the "small and poverty-stricken" Communist League of America, founded by James P. Cannon and others in 1928 after their expulsion from the Communist Party USA for Trotskyism.[124]

Question: Who started socialism?

Botulinum toxin

Botulinum toxin has been recognized as a potential  agent for use in bioterrorism.[62] It can be absorbed through the eyes, mucous membranes, respiratory tract, or non-intact skin.[63]

Question: What company introduced Botox?
History of education in the United States

New Side Presbyterians in 1747 set up the College of New Jersey, in the town of Princeton; much later it was renamed as Princeton University. Baptists established Rhode Island College in 1764, and in 1804 it was renamed Brown University in honor of a benefactor.  Brown was especially liberal in welcoming young men from other denominations.

Question: Where was the first public school opened in the U.S.?

Mumps

The WHO, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the American Academy of Family Physicians, the British Medical Association and the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain currently recommend routine vaccination of children against mumps. The British Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain had previously recommended against general mumps vaccination, changing that recommendation in 1987.

Question: How contagious is Mumps?

Heckscher–Ohlin model

As a result: the capital-abundant country will export the capital-intensive good,the labor-abundant country will export the labor-intensive good.

Question: When was the Heckscher–Ohlin model developed?

2008 Orange Bowl

Virginia Tech's Eddie Royal fielded the opening kickoff from Kansas kicker Scott Webb, returning it 59yards to the 41-yard line of Kansas. The return gave the Virginia Tech offense excellent field position to begin the game. Tech quarterback Sean Glennon connected on an 11-yard pass to Justin Harper for a first down on the opening play of the game, but Kansas' defense stiffened on subsequent plays. After Virginia Tech's Tyrod Taylor entered the game at quarterback, Kansas sacked Taylor twice, pushing Virginia Tech 19yards backward, out of field goal range. Because of the sacks, Virginia Tech was forced to punt the ball away without scoring any points.[47]

Question: Who won the 2008 FedEx Orange Bowl?

List of awards and nominations received by Bob Dylan

Recordings of Bob Dylan were inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, which is a special Grammy award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least twenty-five years old, and that have "qualitative or historical significance."

Question: When did Bob Dylan win the Nobel Prize?

Kinshasa

There are road and rail links to Matadi, the sea port in the Congo estuary 150km (93mi) from the Atlantic Ocean.

Question: When did Kinshasa become the capital of the Congo?

Louis XIV of France

Despite the image of a healthy and virile king that Louis sought to project, evidence exists to suggest that his health was not that good. He had many ailments: for example, symptoms of diabetes, as confirmed in reports of suppurating periostitis in 1678, dental abscesses in 1696, along with recurring boils, fainting spells, gout, dizziness, hot flushes, and headaches.

Question: When was Louis XIV king?
Calypso music

It is thought that the name "calypso" was originally "kaiso" which is now believed to come from Efik "ka isu" ("go on!") and Ibibio "kaa iso" ("continue, go on"), used in urging someone on or in backing a contestant.[2] There is also a Trinidadian term "cariso" that means "old-time" calypsos.[3]  The term "calypso" is recorded from the 1930s onwards. Alternatively, the insert for The Rough Guide to Calypso and Soca (published by World Music Network) favours John Cowley's arguments in Carnival, Canboulay and Calypso: Traditions in the Making, that the word might be a corruption of the French carrouseaux and through the process of patois and Anglicization became caliso and then finally "calypso"; however, Cowley also notes that the first mention of the word "calypso" is given in a description of a dance in 1882 by Abbé Masse.[4]

Question: When did calypso music become popular in the U.S.?

Oxytocin (medication)

The use of oxytocin as a medication can result in excessive contraction of the uterus that can risk the health of the baby.[3] Common side effects in the mother include nausea and a slow heart rate.[3] Serious side effects include rupture of the uterus and with excessive dose, water intoxication.[3] Allergic reactions including anaphylaxis may also occur.[3]

Question: Why do we use Oxytocin?

Papal conclave

And I, (name), Cardinal (name), promise, vow and swear. Thus, may God help me and these Holy Gospels which I touch with my hand.[75][76]

Question: How many votes does it take to elect a pope?

List of Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes

All seven seasons of the series are available on individual DVD box sets for Regions 1, 2 and 4. Two complete series collections (The Chosen Collection and The Complete DVD Collection) have been released separately for these regions.

Question: How many seasons does Buffy the Vampire Slayer have?

Air New Zealand

Economy class is available on all aircraft, in a 3-3-3 configuration on the 787, and a 3-4-3 configuration on the 777-200ER and the 777-300ER aircraft. The seats have a pitch of 31 to 34 inches (790 to 860mm), have a 6-inch recline, and have a flexible edge seat base to provide more leg support when reclined. Each seat has its own AVOD entertainment system, with a 9-inch screen on the 787 and 777-200ER, and a 10.6-inch touchscreen on the 777-300ER.

Question: When was Air New Zealand founded?
Donald Campbell

"...I'm under way, all systems normal; brake swept up, er... air pressure warning light on... I'm coming onto track now and er... I'll open up just as soon as I am heading down the lake, er doesn't look too smooth from here, doesn't matter, here we go... Here we go... [pause 3 seconds]... Passing through four... five coming up... a lot of water, nose beginning to lift, water all over the front of the engine again... and the nose is up... low pressure fuel warning light... going left... OK we're up and away... and passing through er... tramping very hard at 150... very hard indeed... FULL POWER... Passing through 2... 25 out of the way... tramping like hell Leo, I don't think I can get over the top, but I'll try, FULL HOUSE... and I can't see where I am... FULL HOUSE – FULL HOUSE – FULL HOUSE... POWER OFF NOW!... I'M THROUGH!... power... (garbled) er passing through 25 vector off Peel Island... passing through 2... I'm lighting like mad... brake gone down... er... engine lighting up now... relighting... passing Peel Island... relight made normal... and now... down at Brown Howe... passing through 100... er... nose hasn't dropped yet... nose down."[9]

Question: Where was Donald Malcolm Campbell born?

Isle of Wight

Newport is the centrally located county town, with a population of about 25,000[74] and the island's main shopping area. Located next to the River Medina, Newport Quay was a busy port until the mid-19th century.
Ryde, the largest town with a population of about 30,000, is in the northeast. It is Victorian with the oldest seaside pier in England and miles of sandy and pebble beaches.
Cowes hosts the annual Cowes Week and is an international sailing centre.
East Cowes is famous for Osborne House, Norris Castle and as the home from 1929 to 1964 of Saunders-Roe, the historic aircraft, flying boat, rocket and hovercraft company.
Sandown is a popular seaside resort. It is home to the Isle of Wight Zoo, the Dinosaur Isle geological museum and one of the island's two 18-hole golf courses.
Shanklin, just south of Sandown, attracts tourists with its high summer sunshine levels, sandy beaches, Shanklin Chine and the old village.
Ventnor, built on the steep slopes of St Boniface Down on the south coast of the island, leads down to a picturesque bay that attracts many tourists. Ventnor Haven is a small harbour.

Question: What is the population of the Isle of Wight?
Varieties of Chinese

In southern China (not including Hong Kong and Macau), where the difference between Standard Chinese and local dialects is particularly pronounced, well-educated Chinese are generally fluent in Standard Chinese, and most people have at least a good passive knowledge of it, in addition to being native speakers of the local dialect. The choice of dialect varies based on the social situation. Standard Chinese is usually considered more formal and is required when speaking to a person who does not understand the local dialect. The local dialect (be it non-Standard Chinese or non-Mandarin altogether) is generally considered more intimate and is used among close family members and friends and in everyday conversation within the local area.  Chinese speakers will frequently code switch between Standard Chinese and the local dialect.  Parents will generally speak to their children in dialect, and the relationship between dialect and Mandarin appears to be mostly stable; even a diglossia. Local languages give a sense of identity to local cultures.

Question: Which dialect of Chinese has the most speakers?

Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)

Casimir was the last male member of the Piast dynasty and was succeeded by his nephew, Louis I of Hungary of the Angevin dynasty. The upsurge of the monarchy continued under Louis, during the union of Hungary and Poland.

Question: Who was the King of Poland during the 1100's?

Transplant rejection

Cell debris can be recognized as damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), on membranes of phagocytes, which thereupon secrete proinflammatory cytokines, recruiting more phagocytes to traffic to the area by sensing the concentration gradient of the secreted cytokines (chemotaxis).

Question: What does transplant rejection mean?

William O'Brien

With the outbreak of World War I on 4 August 1914, Asquith proposed a Suspensory Bill for the Home Rule Bill. It received Royal Assent simultaneously with its counterpart, the Government of Ireland Act 1914, on the 18 September. Although the two controversial Bills had now finally reached the statute books, the Suspensory Act ensured that Home Rule would be postponed for the duration of the conflict. [37] In the debate on 15 September in the House of Commons concerning the Suspensory Bill, O'Brien made it again clear "that while we are prepared to pay almost any other price for a general national settlement, there is one price which some of us, at all events, will never in any possible circumstances consent to pay, and that is the dismemberment of our ancient Irish nation". He concluded by turning to 'our fellow countrymen in Ulster' in proposing to secure for them a position of undiminished citizenship in this Empire under some projected scheme of federalism. [38]

Question: When was William O'Brien born?
Cretaceous


Tyrannosaurus rex, one of the largest land predators of all time, lived during the late Cretaceous.
Up to 2 m long and 0.5 m high at the hip, Velociraptor was feathered and roamed the late Cretaceous.
Triceratops, one of the most recognizable genera of the Cretaceous
A pterosaur, Anhanguera piscator
Confuciusornis, a genus of crow-sized birds from the Early Cretaceous
Ichthyornis was a toothed seabird-like ornithuran from the late Cretaceous period


Question: When did the Cretaceous period begin?

Halley's Comet

Halley's 1986 apparition was the least favourable on record. The comet and Earth were on opposite sides of the Sun in February 1986, creating the worst viewing circumstances for Earth observers for the last 2,000 years.[96] Halley's closest approach was 0.42 AU.[97] Additionally, with increased light pollution from urbanization, many people failed to even see the comet. It was possible to observe it in areas outside of cities with the help of binoculars.[98] Further, the comet appeared brightest when it was almost invisible from the northern hemisphere in March and April.[99] Halley's approach was first detected by astronomers David Jewitt and G. Edward Danielson on 16 October 1982 using the 5.1m Hale telescope at Mount Palomar and a CCD camera.[100] The first person to visually observe the comet on its 1986 return was amateur astronomer Stephen James O'Meara on 24 January 1985. O'Meara used a home-built 24-inch telescope on top of Mauna Kea to detect the magnitude 19.6 comet.[101] On 8 November 1985, Stephen Edberg (then serving as the Coordinator for Amateur Observations at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory) and Charles Morris were the first to observe Halley's Comet with the naked eye in its 1986 apparition.[102][103]

Question: Who discovered Halley's Comet?

Tristan und Isolde

On 21 July 1865, having sung the role only four times, Ludwig Schnorr von Carolsfeld died suddenly – prompting speculation that the exertion involved in singing the part of Tristan had killed him. (The stress of performing Tristan has also "claimed" the lives of conductors Felix Mottl in 1911 and Joseph Keilberth in 1968. Both men died after collapsing while conducting the second act of the opera.) Malvina sank into a deep depression over her husband's death, and never sang again, although she lived for another 38 years.

Question: When did Wagner compose Tristan und Isolde?

St. Audoen's Church, Dublin (Church of Ireland)

The old disused graveyard of St Audoen's has been converted into a recreation ground.  Many notables were buried there, including many Bishops and Lord Mayors of the city and the families of Ball, Bath, Blakeney, Browne, Cusack, Desminier, Fagan, Foster, Fyan, Gifford, Gilbert, Malone, Mapas, Molesworth, Penteny, Perceval, Quinn, Talbot and Ussher.[22] The Curate-assistant Christopher Teeling McCready (died 1913) collected detailed genealogies of some of these families in seven hand-written volumes, which are now in Marsh's Library.

Question: What is the oldest church in Ireland?
Jim Bridenstine

On September 1, 2017, the White House announced that Bridenstine was President Donald Trump's preferred pick to head NASA. The choice was quickly criticized by both Republican and Democratic politicians, saying that NASA should be headed by a "space professional", not a politician or a Trump ally.[28] Critics drew attention to Bridenstine's lack of formal qualifications in science or engineering (unlike previous appointees to that post).[29][30] Florida Republican senator Marco Rubio said that Bridenstine's political history could prove controversial and delay the confirmation process, saying "I just think it could be devastating for the space program", while Democratic Senator Bill Nelson, also of Florida and a former Payload Specialist for NASA who flew on STS-61-C, said "The head of NASA ought to be a space professional, not a politician."[31][30] CNN found that Bridenstine's Facebook, YouTube and Twitter accounts were entirely deleted, while most of the interviews on his Soundcloud were deleted, at a time when Congress would be examining his record for his confirmation hearing.[32]

Question: Who is the current head of NASA?

Penicillin

The first step is the condensation of three amino acids—L-α-aminoadipic acid, L-cysteine, L-valine into a tripeptide.[58][59][60] Before condensing into the tripeptide, the amino acid L-valine must undergo epimerization to become D-valine.[61][62] The condensed tripeptide is named δ-(L-α-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteine-D-valine (ACV). The condensation reaction and epimerization are both catalyzed by the enzyme δ-(L-α-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteine-D-valine synthetase (ACVS), a nonribosomal peptide synthetase or NRPS.
The second step in the biosynthesis of penicillin G is the oxidative conversion of linear ACV into the bicyclic intermediate isopenicillin N by isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS), which is encoded by the gene pcbC.[58][59] Isopenicillin N is a very weak intermediate, because it does not show strong antibiotic activity.[61]
The final step is a transamidation by isopenicillin N N-acyltransferase, in which the α-aminoadipyl side-chain of isopenicillin N is removed and exchanged for a phenylacetyl side-chain. This reaction is encoded by the gene penDE, which is unique in the process of obtaining penicillins.[58]

Question: When was penicillin discovered?

Trade unions in Germany

After the establishment of the association of pressmen, associations of cigarette, textile, and metal workers were founded in the expanding German cities. In addition, there were associations of miners, tailors, bakers, shoe makers and construction workers.

Question: What's the biggest union in Germany?

Cogito, ergo sum

Archimedes used to demand just one firm and immovable point in order to shift the entire earth; so I too can hope for great things if I manage to find just one thing, however slight, that is certain and unshakable. (AT VII 24; CSM II 16)[lower-alpha 21]

Question: When did Descartes write "I think, therefore I am"?