copenlu/tydiqa_copenlu huggingface dataset:
Commercial Revolution

Similar town revolts led to the foundation of city-states throughout medieval Europe, such as in Russia (Novgorod Republic, 12th century), in Flanders (Battle of Golden Spurs, 14th century) in Switzerland (the towns of the Old Swiss Confederacy, 14th century), in Germany (the Hanseatic League, 14th–15th century), and in Prussia (Thirteen Years' War, 15th century).

Question: When did the Commercial Revolution end?

Kali Gandaki Gorge

The Kali Gandaki river source coincides with the Tibetan border and Ganges-Brahmaputra watershed divide. The river then flows south through the ancient kingdom of Mustang. It flows through a sheer-sided, deep canyon immediately south of the Mustang capital of Lo Manthang, then widens as it approaches Kagbeni where high Himalayan ranges begin to close in.  The river continues southward past Jomsom, Marpha, and Tukuche to the deepest part of the gorge about 7km south of Tukuche in the area of Lete. The gorge then broadens past Dana and Tatopani toward Beni.

Question: What is the deepest valley in the world?

Dialogical self

Inspired by the original ideas of William James and Mikhail Bakhtin, Hubert Hermans, Harry Kempen and Rens van Loon[8]  wrote the first psychological publication on the "dialogical self" in which they conceptualized the self in terms of a dynamic multiplicity of relatively autonomous I-positions in the (extended) landscape of the mind. In this conception, the I has the possibility to move from one spatial position to another in accordance with changes in situation and time. The I fluctuates among different and even opposed positions, and has the capacity to imaginatively endow each position with a voice so that dialogical relations between positions can be established. The voices function like interacting characters in a story, involved in processes of question and answer, agreement and disagreement. Each of them have a story to tell about their own experiences from their own stance. As different voices, these characters exchange information about their respective Me's and mines, resulting in a complex, narratively structured self.

Question: Who developed the concept of the dialogical self?

Francis E. Warren Air Force Base

From 1913 to 1916, during the Mexican Revolution, post artillery units were stationed along the border to prevent the struggle from coming onto American soil. During World War I, the post served as a mobilization point and training facility for field artillery and cavalry groups. As World War I began, Fort Russell had become one of the largest military posts in the United States.

Question: What is the oldest Air Force base in the U.S.?
History of the New England Patriots

Throughout his tenure as owner of the Patriots, Robert Kraft attempted to get a new stadium built somewhere in New England. After failing to reach an accord with either the City of Boston or the State of Rhode Island, in 1998 Kraft came close to reaching a deal with the Massachusetts Legislature for Kraft to build a new, self-financed stadium adjacent to the old stadium with the state providing $75 million in infrastructure improvements. However, Massachusetts House Speaker Tom Finneran refused to support the bill, saying that he did not want public money benefiting private interests. Unable to overcome Finneran's objections, Kraft reached a deal with Connecticut Governor John G. Rowland to build a new stadium in Hartford, Connecticut, originally scheduled to open in 2001.  However, after the stadium plan was approved by the Connecticut General Assembly, there were a number of problems discovered with the proposed stadium site that would result in considerable delay of the stadium construction.  At the same time, the NFL announced loan incentives where teams in the six largest markets (which included Boston) could be eligible to borrow up to $150 million from the league at advantageous interest rates and terms in order to build new stadiums. Furthermore, the Massachusetts Legislature, and Finneran, also indicated that they would be amenable to further discussions with Kraft.

Question: What year were the Patriots founded?

Voltaire

He mainly argued for religious tolerance and freedom of thought. He campaigned to eradicate priestly and aristo-monarchical authority, and supported a constitutional monarchy that protects people's rights.[18][19]

Question: What years did Voltaire live?

Pat Carroll (actress)

Lucas, Eddie (2011) Livingroom Legends: Chats with TV's Famous Faces: Interview With Pat Carroll.  

Question: Who voiced Ursula?

Cloud

These cumuliform clouds of free convection have clear-cut medium-grey flat bases and white domed tops in the form of small sproutings and generally do not produce precipitation.[52] They usually form in the low level of the troposphere except during conditions of very low relative humidity when the clouds bases can rise into the middle altitude range. Moderate cumulus is officially classified as low-level and more informally characterized as having vertical extent that can involve more than one altitude level.[26]

Question: Why is are clouds white?
History of the Long Island Rail Road

In June 1879, under a mortgage foreclosure, what was left of the South Side Railroad was sold, and it was conveyed to the newly organized Brooklyn and Montauk Railroad, which was immediately leased as the Montauk Division to the LIRR. In 1881, the line was extended east from Patchogue to Eastport by the Brooklyn and Montauk Railroad, connecting it to the Sag Harbor Branch, opening on July 17, 1881.[70] This created a continuous rail line along the South Shore to Sag Harbor.[30] It was thought that the line connecting the Main Line to Sag Harbor via Eastport could be abandoned, but residents got the LIRR to use the line as a cutoff for trains between the Main Line and the Montauk Division, and as a way for passengers to travel between the North and South Forks. This service was termed as a "scoot". These trains ran from Greenport to Sag Harbor, and later to Montauk.[30] In October 1889, the Brooklyn and Montauk Railroad merged into the LIRR.[60]

Question: When was the Long Island Rail Road established?

List of Cleveland Browns seasons

For a complete team history, see History of the Cleveland Browns.

Question: When did the the Cleveland Browns win their last superbowl?

Harris Corporation

In 1979, Harris formed a semiconductor joint venture Matra Harris Semiconductors (MHS), from which Harris withdrew in 1989. After further changes MHS was taken over by Atmel.[9]

Question: When was Harris Corporation founded?

Gregorian chant

Beside the length of the syllables (measured in tenths of seconds), each text syllable was evaluated in terms of its position within the word to which it belongs, defining such variables as "the syllable has or has not the main accent", "the syllable is or is not at the end of a word", etc., and in terms of the particular sounds produced (for instance, the syllable contains the vowel "i"). The various neume elements were evaluated by attaching different duration values to them, both in terms of semiological propositions (nuanced durations according to the manner of neume writing in Chris Hakkennes’ Graduale Lagal[60]), and in terms of fixed duration values that were based on mensuralistic notions, however with ratios between short and long notes ranging from 1: 1, via 1: 1.2, 1: 1.4, etc. to 1: 3. To distinguish short and long notes, tables were consulted that were established by Van Kampen in an unpublished comparative study regarding the neume notations according to St Gallen and Laon codices. With some exceptions, these tables confirm the short vs. long distinctions in Cardine’s 'Semiologie Gregorienne'.

Question: When did Gregorian chant first develop?

Sahara

In the post–World War II era, several mines and communities have developed to utilize the desert's natural resources. These include large deposits of oil and natural gas in Algeria and Libya, and large deposits of phosphates in Morocco and Western Sahara.

Question: How large is the Sahara desert?
Westminster Cathedral

Those chapels which may be entered from the aisles of the nave are also 6.7 metres (22ft) wide, and roofed with simple barrel vaulting. The chapel of Saints Gregory and Augustine, next to the baptistery, from which it is separated by an open screen of marble, was the first to have its decoration completed. The marble lining of the piers rises to the springing level of the vaulting and this level has determined the height of the altar reredos, and of the screen opposite. On the side wall, under the windows, the marble dado rises to but little more than half this height. From the cornices the mosaic decoration begins on the walls and vault. This general arrangement applies to all the chapels yet each has its own distinct artistic character. Thus, in sharp contrast to the chapel dedicated to St. Gregory and St. Augustine which contains vibrant mosaics, the chapel of the Holy Souls employs a more subdued, almost funereal style, decoration with late Victorian on a background of silver.[13]

Question: Who designed Westminster Cathedral?

Spontaneous recovery

All drugs and stimulants of the brain can affect how someone learns, consolidates, and retrieves certain memories. For example, cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain, causing an increase of dopamine in the synaptic cleft. This will elicit a rewarding feeling of liberation and security that can become addictive to some people. Although, because of the increased dopamine levels in the brain, consolidation of memory can be affected which will then inhibit the chances of recovering that memory. Studies show that rats who were given cocaine were unable to perform motor tasks as successfully as the control group.[47] Also, cannabis has also shown negative effects regarding the ability to spontaneously recover memories because the plasticity strength of the initial memories are so inhibited due to the reduced neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft.

Question: What can we learn with Spontaneous recovery?

Pythagorean theorem

By using the Maclaurin series for the hyperbolic cosine, cosh x ≈ 1 + x2/2, it can be shown that as a hyperbolic triangle becomes very small (that is, as a, b, and c all approach zero), the hyperbolic relation for a right triangle approaches the form of Pythagoras's theorem.

Question: When was the Pythagorean theorem introduced?

Chronology of home stadiums for current National Football League teams

The following is a chronology of National Football League home stadiums, that is, all home stadiums of teams currently playing in the National Football League (NFL), and their locations and capacities. It contains all past and present (in bold) home stadiums used by the current 32 members of the National Football League since 1920, along with future home stadiums presently under construction (in italics immediately above the present stadium). It is ordered by the conference and division to which the team belongs.[1]

Question: What is the oldest NFL stadium?
Emily Deschanel

Deschanel was raised Roman Catholic, but is no longer practicing, and has expressed agnostic views, saying "I am more of a spiritual person, if anything, and I am of the belief that we don't know, and I'm not going to pretend that I do."[15]

Question: Who played Bones on Bones?

Abraham Jacob Hollandersky

 from BoxRec



 held by Special Collections & Archives, Nimitz Library at the United States Naval Academy

Question: How tall was Abe "The Newsboy" Hollandersky?

Paz de la Huerta

A 163-minute version of the film competed in the main competition of the 2009 Cannes Film Festival.[11][12] Festival screenings of subsequent versions followed throughout the year, including the Toronto, Sitges, London, and Stockholm international film festivals.[13] The final 154-minute cut premiered at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival.[9][14] It premiered in France on 5 May 2010 through Wild Bunch Distribution.[15] The Japanese release followed ten days later.[16]
Distribution rights for the United States were picked up at Sundance by IFC Films.[17]

Question: What character di Paz de la Huerta play in Enter the Void?

Golden Age of Piracy

A number of factors caused Anglo-American pirates, some of whom had cut their teeth during the buccaneering period, to look beyond the Caribbean for treasure as the 1690s began.  The fall of Britain's Stuart period had restored the traditional enmity between Britain and France, thus ending the profitable collaboration between English Jamaica and French Tortuga.  The devastation of Port Royal by an earthquake in 1692 further reduced the Caribbean's attractions by destroying the pirates' chief market for fenced plunder.[15]  Caribbean colonial governors began to discard the traditional policy of "no peace beyond the Line", under which it was understood that war would continue (and thus letters of marque would be granted) in the Caribbean regardless of peace treaties signed in Europe; henceforth, commissions would be granted only in wartime, and their limitations would be strictly enforced. Furthermore, much of the Spanish Main had simply been exhausted; Maracaibo alone had been sacked three times between 1667 and 1678,[16] while Río de la Hacha had been raided five times and Tolú eight.[17]

Question: When was the Golden Age of Piracy?

Middle Ages

 Academic peer reviewed articles and encyclopedia.
 Resources for Medieval Studies.
 The Internet Connection for Medieval Resources.

 Interactive maps of the Medieval era (Flash plug-in required).
 Learning resources from the British Library including studies of beautiful medieval manuscripts.
 News and articles about the period.
Medieval Worlds,  Comparative and interdisciplinary articles about the period.

Question: What does medieval mean?

Belshazzar

The most important sources for the time of Belshazzar are the Nabonidus Chronicle, the Cyrus Cylinder, and the Verse Account of Nabonidus—which, despite its name, was commissioned by the Persian conqueror Cyrus the Great.[11]

Question: Who was the last king of Babylon?
Smallpox

Smallpox vaccination within three days of exposure will prevent or significantly lessen the severity of smallpox symptoms in the vast majority of people. Vaccination four to seven days after exposure can offer some protection from disease or may modify the severity of disease.[46] Other than vaccination, treatment of smallpox is primarily supportive, such as wound care and infection control, fluid therapy, and possible ventilator assistance. Flat and hemorrhagic types of smallpox are treated with the same therapies used to treat shock, such as fluid resuscitation. People with semi-confluent and confluent types of smallpox may have therapeutic issues similar to patients with extensive skin burns.[50]

Question: When was the last case of smallpox in the US?

Nick Adams (actor, born 1931)

After three years of struggle and optimistic self-promotion, his first film role came in 1951, an uncredited one-liner as a Western Union delivery boy in George Seaton's Somebody Loves Me (1952). This allowed him to join the Screen Actors Guild, but he was unable to find steady acting work, even when "creatively" claiming he had appeared with Palance in The Silver Tassie in New York. Undaunted, Adams joined a theater workshop run by Arthur Kennedy. In January 1952, Adams enlisted in the United States Coast Guard.

Question: When was Nick Adams born?

Civil and political rights

Civil and political rights form the original and main part of international human rights.[4] They comprise the first portion of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (with economic, social, and cultural rights comprising the second portion). The theory of three generations  of human rights considers this group of rights to be "first-generation rights", and the theory of negative and positive rights considers them to be generally negative rights.

Question: What do civil rights mean?

Petrified Forest National Park

During the Pueblo I Era, most sites were single-family homes, but as soils became exhausted many sites were abandoned by 1250CE in favor of very large multi-room pueblos close to more dependable sources of water.[23] The Pueblo Builders constructed two of these large pueblos, one called Stone Axe, about 0.5 miles (0.8km) east of the park, and the other at Puerco Pueblo, which overlooks the Puerco River near the middle of the park.[24] There they built about 100 one-story rooms around an open plaza.[24] The rooms had no windows or doors but each could be entered by climbing a ladder and descending through a hole in the roof. At its peak, perhaps 200 people lived in this pueblo.[24] Over time, however, a persistently dry climate led to out-migration, and the last residents abandoned Puerco Pueblo in about 1380CE.[25]

Question: How large is Petrified Forest National Park?
Bill Lawry

In the four Tests, sixteen catches were dropped, with around 60 dropped in a total of 12 first-class matches,[56] while the tired pace spearhead Graham McKenzie took 1/333 and was thought to be suffering from hepatitis. Behind the scenes, the South African Cricket Board approached the Australian Cricket Board attempting to organise a Fifth Test. The players were unreceptive to this after spending five months overseas in what was then an amateur sport. The proposed extra match fell through after a pay standoff led behind the scenes by Ian Chappell, later to spearhead the breakaway World Series Cricket (WSC), which offered players substantial remuneration. The dispute was the genesis of WSC, and on the team's return to Australia, Lawry sent the Board a letter expressing player grievances. According to Chappell, "That was the end of Lawry as captain of Australia. Then it was just a matter of finding any excuse to get rid of him."[49][57] Lawry was largely ineffective, with 193 runs at 24.13 with only one half century in the First Test.[10] Apart from media criticism of the team's performances, Lawry was also slated for refusing to make a speech at the end of the series and refusing a gift from an umpire at the end of the Fourth Test.[58] Lawry also had personal differences with Ian Chappell, Doug Walters, Ashley Mallett and Brian Taber, which reduced morale and led to a deterioration in Australia's performances on the field.[59]

Question: Where was William Morris "Bill" Lawry born?

Anatolian Shepherd

There appears to be only one health survey of Anatolian Shepherds,[17] done in 2004 by the UK Kennel Club.[18]  The median life span for the 23 deceased dogs (a small sample size) in the survey was 10.75 years. This is 3–4 years longer than other breeds of their size, which have median longevities of 6–8 years.[19] The leading causes of death of the dogs in the survey were cancer (22%), "combinations" (17%), cardiac (13%), and old age (13%).

Question: When were Anatolian shepherds first bred?

Body odor

Humans have few olfactory receptor cells compared to dogs and few functional olfactory receptor genes compared to rats. This is in part due to a reduction of the size of the snout in order to achieve depth perception as well as other changes related to bipedalism. However, it has been argued that humans may have larger brain areas associated with olfactory perception compared to other species.[12]

Question: What bacteria are responsible for smelly body odor?
Moons of Neptune

The mass distribution of the Neptunian moons is the most lopsided of the satellite systems of the giant planets in the Solar System. One moon, Triton, makes up nearly all of the mass of the system, with all other moons together comprising only one third of one percent. This is similar to the moon system of Saturn, where Titan makes up more than 95% of the total mass, but is different from the more balanced systems of Jupiter and Uranus. The reason for the lopsidedness of the present Neptunian system is that Triton was captured well after the formation of Neptune's original satellite system, much of which would have been destroyed in the process of capture.[29][32]

Question: How many moons does Neptune have?

Power League Wrestling

By the start of the 2000s, many of the original members of PLW had retired and the promotion ceased having a "regular" roster. PLW remained a popular destination of the New England independent circuit however. The promotion often had to turn down offers from wrestlers due to the limited number of spots at PLW events. A number of regional stars had been visiting the promotion since its earliest years. Among these were former International World Class Championship Wrestling stars Tony Atlas, Chief Dave Foxx, Robbie Ellis, Gary Apollo, and The Pink Assassin. The latter three wrestlers would become semi-regulars during the next decade. PLW was particularly popular with older veterans as its events allowed them to reunite with old friends.[2] The promotion also showcased talent from Chaotic Wrestling, Century Wrestling Alliance, Eastern Wrestling Alliance, Northeast Championship Wrestling[11] and Yankee Pro Wrestling.[12] Its core group of regular performers[2] included Doink the Clown,[13] Evan Siks,[14] Michael Sain, and Rick Fuller.[15] The promotion eventually made efforts to rotate wrestlers so as to free up spots and introduce newer wrestlers. Future WWE superstars such as Johnny Curtis and Kenn Phoenix also spent their early careers in the promotion.[2]

Question: Who founded Power League Wrestling?

El Niño

As warm water spreads from the west Pacific and the Indian Ocean to the east Pacific, it takes the rain with it, causing extensive drought in the western Pacific and rainfall in the normally dry eastern Pacific.  Singapore experienced the driest February in 2014 since records began in 1869, with only 6.3mm of rain falling in the month and temperatures hitting as high as 35°C on 26 February. The years 1968 and 2005 had the next driest Februaries, when 8.4mm of rain fell. [86]

Question: What is the origin of the name of the weather phenomenon El Nino?
UFO (TV series)

Kill Straker, a Question of Priorities was also released in Italy, as "UFO - Distruggete Base Luna", the second film of the Italian series, while Invasion: UFO was released in Italy in 1974, too (as "UFO - Annientate SHADO... Uccidete Straker... Stop", the final film of the Italian film series), in the United States in 1980 and in 1985 in West Germany (by International Home Video as "Weltraumkommando S.H.A.D.O." and by MTC Video as "Spacecommand S.H.A.D.O.").

Question: On what network did the British TV show UFO originally air?

National Collegiate Athletic Association

By the 1980s, televised college football had become a larger source of income for the NCAA. In September 1981, the Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma and the University of Georgia Athletic Association filed suit against the NCAA in district court in Oklahoma. The plaintiffs stated that the NCAA's football television plan constituted price fixing, output restraints, boycott, and monopolizing, all of which were illegal under the Sherman Act. The NCAA argued that its pro-competitive and non-commercial justifications for the plan – protection of live gate, maintenance of competitive balance among NCAA member institutions, and the creation of a more attractive "product" to compete with other forms of entertainment – combined to make the plan reasonable. In September 1982, the district court found in favour of the plaintiffs, ruling that the plan violated antitrust laws. It enjoined the Association from enforcing the contract. The NCAA appealed all the way to the United States Supreme Court, but lost in 1984 in the 7–2 ruling NCAA v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma.[9] (If the television contracts the NCAA had with ABC, CBS, and ESPN had remained in effect for the 1984 season, they would have generated some $73.6 million for the Association and its members.)

Question: When was the NCAA founded?

Mary-Kate Olsen

As adults, the Olsen twins have devoted much of their attention to the world of fashion. They head a designer fashion label, "The Row," as well as "Elizabeth and James",[24] "Olsenboye", and "StyleMint"[26] retail collections.

Question: How much are the Olsen twins worth?