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In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: In contrast to the protection provided by the putative antagonists , the well - characterized sigma receptor agonist di - o - tolylguanidine ( DTG ) and the novel sigma receptor agonist BD1031 ( 3R - 1 - [ 2 - ( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl ) ethyl ] - 1 , 4 - diazabicyclo [ 4 . 3 . 0 ] nonane ) each worsened the behavioral toxicity of cocaine .
### Output Text: | In contrast to the protection provided by the putative antagonists , the well - characterized sigma receptor agonist <span class="chemical">di - o - tolylguanidine</span> ( <span class="chemical">DTG</span> ) and the novel sigma receptor agonist <span class="chemical">BD1031</span> ( <span class="chemical">3R - 1 - [ 2 - ( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl ) ethyl ] - 1 , 4 - diazabicyclo [ 4 . 3 . 0 ] nonane</span> ) each worsened the behavioral toxicity of <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: At doses where alone , they produced no significant effects on locomotion , BD1018 , BD1063 and LR132 significantly attenuated the locomotor stimulatory effects of cocaine .
### Output Text: | At doses where alone , they produced no significant effects on locomotion , <span class="chemical">BD1018</span> , <span class="chemical">BD1063</span> and <span class="chemical">LR132</span> significantly attenuated the locomotor stimulatory effects of <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: To further validate the hypothesis that the anti - cocaine effects of the novel ligands involved antagonism of sigma receptors , an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide against sigma1 receptors was also shown to significantly attenuate the convulsive and locomotor stimulatory effects of cocaine .
### Output Text: | To further validate the hypothesis that the anti - <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> effects of the novel ligands involved antagonism of sigma receptors , an antisense <span class="chemical">oligodeoxynucleotide</span> against sigma1 receptors was also shown to significantly attenuate the convulsive and locomotor stimulatory effects of <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Together , the data suggests that functional antagonism of sigma receptors is capable of attenuating a number of cocaine - induced behaviors .
### Output Text: | Together , the data suggests that functional antagonism of sigma receptors is capable of attenuating a number of <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> - induced behaviors . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Ranitidine - induced acute interstitial nephritis in a cadaveric renal allograft .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Ranitidine</span> - induced acute interstitial nephritis in a cadaveric renal allograft . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Ranitidine frequently is used for preventing peptic ulceration after renal transplantation .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Ranitidine</span> frequently is used for preventing peptic ulceration after renal transplantation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: This drug occasionally has been associated with acute interstitial nephritis in native kidneys .
### Output Text: | This drug occasionally has been associated with acute interstitial nephritis in native kidneys . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: There are no similar reports with renal transplantation .
### Output Text: | There are no similar reports with renal transplantation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: We report a case of ranitidine - induced acute interstitial nephritis in a recipient of a cadaveric renal allograft presenting with acute allograft dysfunction within 48 hours of exposure to the drug .
### Output Text: | We report a case of <span class="chemical">ranitidine</span> - induced acute interstitial nephritis in a recipient of a cadaveric renal allograft presenting with acute allograft dysfunction within 48 hours of exposure to the drug . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The biopsy specimen showed pathognomonic features , including eosinophilic infiltration of the interstitial compartment .
### Output Text: | The biopsy specimen showed pathognomonic features , including eosinophilic infiltration of the interstitial compartment . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Allograft function improved rapidly and returned to baseline after stopping the drug .
### Output Text: | Allograft function improved rapidly and returned to baseline after stopping the drug . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Liver disease caused by propylthiouracil .
### Output Text: | Liver disease caused by <span class="chemical">propylthiouracil</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: This report presents the clinical , laboratory , and light and electron microscopic observations on a patient with chronic active ( aggressive ) hepatitis caused by the administration of propylthiouracil .
### Output Text: | This report presents the clinical , laboratory , and light and electron microscopic observations on a patient with chronic active ( aggressive ) hepatitis caused by the administration of <span class="chemical">propylthiouracil</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This is an addition to the list of drugs that must be considered in the evaluation of chronic liver disease .
### Output Text: | This is an addition to the list of drugs that must be considered in the evaluation of chronic liver disease . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Withdrawal - emergent rabbit syndrome during dose reduction of risperidone .
### Output Text: | Withdrawal - emergent rabbit syndrome during dose reduction of <span class="chemical">risperidone</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Rabbit syndrome ( RS ) is a rare extrapyramidal side effect caused by prolonged neuroleptic medication .
### Output Text: | Rabbit syndrome ( RS ) is a rare extrapyramidal side effect caused by prolonged neuroleptic medication . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Here we present a case of withdrawal - emergent RS , which is the first of its kind to be reported .
### Output Text: | Here we present a case of withdrawal - emergent RS , which is the first of its kind to be reported . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The patient developed RS during dose reduction of risperidone .
### Output Text: | The patient developed RS during dose reduction of <span class="chemical">risperidone</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The symptom was treated successfully with trihexyphenidyl anticholinergic therapy .
### Output Text: | The symptom was treated successfully with <span class="chemical">trihexyphenidyl</span> anticholinergic therapy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The underlying mechanism of withdrawal - emergent RS in the present case may have been related to the pharmacological profile of risperidone , a serotonin - dopamine antagonist , suggesting the pathophysiologic influence of the serotonin system in the development of RS .
### Output Text: | The underlying mechanism of withdrawal - emergent RS in the present case may have been related to the pharmacological profile of <span class="chemical">risperidone</span> , a <span class="chemical">serotonin</span> - <span class="chemical">dopamine</span> antagonist , suggesting the pathophysiologic influence of the <span class="chemical">serotonin</span> system in the development of RS . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynamic assessment of the effects of E4031 , cisapride , terfenadine and terodiline on monophasic action potential duration in dog .
### Output Text: | Pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynamic assessment of the effects of <span class="chemical">E4031</span> , <span class="chemical">cisapride</span> , <span class="chemical">terfenadine</span> and <span class="chemical">terodiline</span> on monophasic action potential duration in dog . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: 1 .
### Output Text: | 1 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Torsades de pointes ( TDP ) is a potentially fatal ventricular tachycardia associated with increases in QT interval and monophasic action potential duration ( MAPD ) .
### Output Text: | Torsades de pointes ( TDP ) is a potentially fatal ventricular tachycardia associated with increases in QT interval and monophasic action potential duration ( MAPD ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: TDP is a side - effect that has led to withdrawal of several drugs from the market ( e . g . terfenadine and terodiline ) .
### Output Text: | TDP is a side - effect that has led to withdrawal of several drugs from the market ( e . g . <span class="chemical">terfenadine</span> and <span class="chemical">terodiline</span> ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: 2 .
### Output Text: | 2 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The potential of compounds to cause TDP was evaluated by monitoring their effects on MAPD in dog .
### Output Text: | The potential of compounds to cause TDP was evaluated by monitoring their effects on MAPD in dog . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Four compounds known to increase QT interval and cause TDP were investigated : terfenadine , terodiline , cisapride and E4031 .
### Output Text: | Four compounds known to increase QT interval and cause TDP were investigated : <span class="chemical">terfenadine</span> , <span class="chemical">terodiline</span> , <span class="chemical">cisapride</span> and <span class="chemical">E4031</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: On the basis that only free drug in the systemic circulation will elicit a pharmacological response target , free concentrations in plasma were selected to mimic the free drug exposures in man .
### Output Text: | On the basis that only free drug in the systemic circulation will elicit a pharmacological response target , free concentrations in plasma were selected to mimic the free drug exposures in man . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Infusion regimens were designed that rapidly achieved and maintained target - free concentrations of these drugs in plasma and data on the relationship between free concentration and changes in MAPD were obtained for these compounds .
### Output Text: | Infusion regimens were designed that rapidly achieved and maintained target - free concentrations of these drugs in plasma and data on the relationship between free concentration and changes in MAPD were obtained for these compounds . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: 3 .
### Output Text: | 3 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: These data indicate that the free ED50 in plasma for terfenadine ( 1 . 9 nM ) , terodiline ( 76 nM ) , cisapride ( 11 nM ) and E4031 ( 1 . 9 nM ) closely correlate with the free concentration in man causing QT effects .
### Output Text: | These data indicate that the free ED50 in plasma for <span class="chemical">terfenadine</span> ( 1 . 9 nM ) , <span class="chemical">terodiline</span> ( 76 nM ) , <span class="chemical">cisapride</span> ( 11 nM ) and <span class="chemical">E4031</span> ( 1 . 9 nM ) closely correlate with the free concentration in man causing QT effects . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: For compounds that have shown TDP in the clinic ( terfenadine , terodiline , cisapride ) there is little differentiation between the dog ED50 and the efficacious free plasma concentrations in man ( < 10 - fold ) reflecting their limited safety margins .
### Output Text: | For compounds that have shown TDP in the clinic ( <span class="chemical">terfenadine</span> , <span class="chemical">terodiline</span> , <span class="chemical">cisapride</span> ) there is little differentiation between the dog ED50 and the efficacious free plasma concentrations in man ( < 10 - fold ) reflecting their limited safety margins . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: These data underline the need to maximize the therapeutic ratio with respect to TDP in potential development candidates and the importance of using free drug concentrations in pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynamic studies .
### Output Text: | These data underline the need to maximize the therapeutic ratio with respect to TDP in potential development candidates and the importance of using free drug concentrations in pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynamic studies . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Bladder retention of urine as a result of continuous intravenous infusion of fentanyl : 2 case reports .
### Output Text: | Bladder retention of urine as a result of continuous intravenous infusion of <span class="chemical">fentanyl</span> : 2 case reports . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Sedation has been commonly used in the neonate to decrease the stress and pain from the noxious stimuli and invasive procedures in the neonatal intensive care unit , as well as to facilitate synchrony between ventilator and spontaneous breaths .
### Output Text: | Sedation has been commonly used in the neonate to decrease the stress and pain from the noxious stimuli and invasive procedures in the neonatal intensive care unit , as well as to facilitate synchrony between ventilator and spontaneous breaths . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Fentanyl , an opioid analgesic , is frequently used in the neonatal intensive care unit setting for these very purposes .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Fentanyl</span> , an opioid analgesic , is frequently used in the neonatal intensive care unit setting for these very purposes . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Various reported side effects of fentanyl administration include chest wall rigidity , hypotension , respiratory depression , and bradycardia .
### Output Text: | Various reported side effects of <span class="chemical">fentanyl</span> administration include chest wall rigidity , hypotension , respiratory depression , and bradycardia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Here , 2 cases of urinary bladder retention leading to renal pelvocalyceal dilatation mimicking hydronephrosis as a result of continuous infusion of fentanyl are reported .
### Output Text: | Here , 2 cases of urinary bladder retention leading to renal pelvocalyceal dilatation mimicking hydronephrosis as a result of continuous infusion of <span class="chemical">fentanyl</span> are reported . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Fatal myeloencephalopathy due to accidental intrathecal vincristin administration : a report of two cases .
### Output Text: | Fatal myeloencephalopathy due to accidental intrathecal <span class="chemical">vincristin</span> administration : a report of two cases . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We report on two fatal cases of accidental intrathecal vincristine instillation in a 5 - year old girl with recurrent acute lymphoblastic leucemia and a 57 - year old man with lymphoblastic lymphoma .
### Output Text: | We report on two fatal cases of accidental intrathecal <span class="chemical">vincristine</span> instillation in a 5 - year old girl with recurrent acute lymphoblastic leucemia and a 57 - year old man with lymphoblastic lymphoma . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The girl died seven days , the man four weeks after intrathecal injection of vincristine .
### Output Text: | The girl died seven days , the man four weeks after intrathecal injection of <span class="chemical">vincristine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Clinically , the onset was characterized by the signs of opistothonus , sensory and motor dysfunction and ascending paralysis .
### Output Text: | Clinically , the onset was characterized by the signs of opistothonus , sensory and motor dysfunction and ascending paralysis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Histological and immunohistochemical investigations ( HE - LFB , CD - 68 , Neurofilament ) revealed degeneration of myelin and axons as well as pseudocystic transformation in areas exposed to vincristine , accompanied by secondary changes with numerous prominent macrophages .
### Output Text: | Histological and immunohistochemical investigations ( HE - LFB , CD - 68 , Neurofilament ) revealed degeneration of myelin and axons as well as pseudocystic transformation in areas exposed to <span class="chemical">vincristine</span> , accompanied by secondary changes with numerous prominent macrophages . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The clinical course and histopathological results of the two cases are presented .
### Output Text: | The clinical course and histopathological results of the two cases are presented . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A review of all reported cases in the literature is given .
### Output Text: | A review of all reported cases in the literature is given . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A better controlled regimen for administering vincristine and intrathecal chemotherapy is recommended .
### Output Text: | A better controlled regimen for administering <span class="chemical">vincristine</span> and intrathecal chemotherapy is recommended . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Palpebral twitching in a depressed adolescent on citalopram .
### Output Text: | Palpebral twitching in a depressed adolescent on <span class="chemical">citalopram</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Current estimates suggest that between 0 . 4 % and 8 . 3 % of children and adolescents are affected by major depression .
### Output Text: | Current estimates suggest that between 0 . 4 % and 8 . 3 % of children and adolescents are affected by major depression . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We report a favorable response to treatment with citalopram by a 15 - year - old boy with major depression who exhibited palpebral twitching during his first 2 weeks of treatment .
### Output Text: | We report a favorable response to treatment with <span class="chemical">citalopram</span> by a 15 - year - old boy with major depression who exhibited palpebral twitching during his first 2 weeks of treatment . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This may have been a side effect of citalopram as it remitted with redistribution of doses .
### Output Text: | This may have been a side effect of <span class="chemical">citalopram</span> as it remitted with redistribution of doses . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The 3 - week sulphasalazine syndrome strikes again .
### Output Text: | The 3 - week <span class="chemical">sulphasalazine</span> syndrome strikes again . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A 34 - year - old lady developed a constellation of dermatitis , fever , lymphadenopathy and hepatitis , beginning on the 17th day of a course of oral sulphasalazine for sero - negative rheumatoid arthritis .
### Output Text: | A 34 - year - old lady developed a constellation of dermatitis , fever , lymphadenopathy and hepatitis , beginning on the 17th day of a course of oral <span class="chemical">sulphasalazine</span> for sero - negative rheumatoid arthritis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Cervical and inguinal lymph node biopsies showed the features of severe necrotising lymphadenitis , associated with erythrophagocytosis and prominent eosinophilic infiltrates , without viral inclusion bodies , suggestive of an adverse drug reaction . A week later , fulminant drug - induced hepatitis , associated with the presence of anti - nuclear autoantibodies ( but not with other markers of autoimmunity ) , and accompanied by multi - organ failure and sepsis , supervened .
### Output Text: | Cervical and inguinal lymph node biopsies showed the features of severe necrotising lymphadenitis , associated with erythrophagocytosis and prominent eosinophilic infiltrates , without viral inclusion bodies , suggestive of an adverse drug reaction . A week later , fulminant drug - induced hepatitis , associated with the presence of anti - nuclear autoantibodies ( but not with other markers of autoimmunity ) , and accompanied by multi - organ failure and sepsis , supervened . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: She subsequently died some 5 weeks after the commencement of her drug therapy . Post - mortem examination showed evidence of massive hepatocellular necrosis , acute hypersensitivity myocarditis , focal acute tubulo - interstitial nephritis and extensive bone marrow necrosis , with no evidence of malignancy .
### Output Text: | She subsequently died some 5 weeks after the commencement of her drug therapy . Post - mortem examination showed evidence of massive hepatocellular necrosis , acute hypersensitivity myocarditis , focal acute tubulo - interstitial nephritis and extensive bone marrow necrosis , with no evidence of malignancy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: It is thought that the clinico - pathological features and chronology of this case bore the hallmarks of the so - called " 3 - week sulphasalazine syndrome " , a rare , but often fatal , immunoallergic reaction to sulphasalazine .
### Output Text: | It is thought that the clinico - pathological features and chronology of this case bore the hallmarks of the so - called " 3 - week <span class="chemical">sulphasalazine</span> syndrome " , a rare , but often fatal , immunoallergic reaction to <span class="chemical">sulphasalazine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Intravenous administration of prochlorperazine by 15 - minute infusion versus 2 - minute bolus does not affect the incidence of akathisia : a prospective , randomized , controlled trial .
### Output Text: | Intravenous administration of <span class="chemical">prochlorperazine</span> by 15 - minute infusion versus 2 - minute bolus does not affect the incidence of akathisia : a prospective , randomized , controlled trial . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: STUDY OBJECTIVE : We sought to compare the rate of akathisia after administration of intravenous prochlorperazine as a 2 - minute bolus or 15 - minute infusion .
### Output Text: | STUDY OBJECTIVE : We sought to compare the rate of akathisia after administration of intravenous <span class="chemical">prochlorperazine</span> as a 2 - minute bolus or 15 - minute infusion . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : We conducted a prospective , randomized , double - blind study in the emergency department of a central - city teaching hospital .
### Output Text: | METHODS : We conducted a prospective , randomized , double - blind study in the emergency department of a central - city teaching hospital . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Patients aged 18 years or older treated with prochlorperazine for headache , nausea , or vomiting were eligible for inclusion .
### Output Text: | Patients aged 18 years or older treated with <span class="chemical">prochlorperazine</span> for headache , nausea , or vomiting were eligible for inclusion . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Study participants were randomized to receive 10 mg of prochlorperazine administered intravenously by means of 2 - minute push ( bolus group ) or 10 mg diluted in 50 mL of normal saline solution administered by means of intravenous infusion during a 15 - minute period ( infusion group ) .
### Output Text: | Study participants were randomized to receive 10 mg of <span class="chemical">prochlorperazine</span> administered intravenously by means of 2 - minute push ( bolus group ) or 10 mg diluted in 50 mL of normal saline solution administered by means of intravenous infusion during a 15 - minute period ( infusion group ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The main outcome was the number of study participants experiencing akathisia within 60 minutes of administration .
### Output Text: | The main outcome was the number of study participants experiencing akathisia within 60 minutes of administration . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Akathisia was defined as either a spontaneous report of restlessness or agitation or a change of 2 or more in the patient - reported akathisia rating scale and a change of at least 1 in the investigator - observed akathisia rating scale .
### Output Text: | Akathisia was defined as either a spontaneous report of restlessness or agitation or a change of 2 or more in the patient - reported akathisia rating scale and a change of at least 1 in the investigator - observed akathisia rating scale . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The intensity of headache and nausea was measured with a 100 - mm visual analog scale .
### Output Text: | The intensity of headache and nausea was measured with a 100 - mm visual analog scale . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : One hundred patients were enrolled .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : One hundred patients were enrolled . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: One study participant was excluded after protocol violation .
### Output Text: | One study participant was excluded after protocol violation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Seventy - three percent ( 73 / 99 ) of the study participants were treated for headache and 70 % ( 70 / 99 ) for nausea .
### Output Text: | Seventy - three percent ( 73 / 99 ) of the study participants were treated for headache and 70 % ( 70 / 99 ) for nausea . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In the bolus group , 26 . 0 % ( 13 / 50 ) had akathisia compared with 32 . 7 % ( 16 / 49 ) in the infusion group ( Delta = - 6 . 7 % ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] - 24 . 6 % to 11 . 2 % ) .
### Output Text: | In the bolus group , 26 . 0 % ( 13 / 50 ) had akathisia compared with 32 . 7 % ( 16 / 49 ) in the infusion group ( Delta = - 6 . 7 % ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] - 24 . 6 % to 11 . 2 % ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The difference between the bolus and infusion groups in the percentage of participants who saw a 50 % reduction in their headache intensity within 30 minutes was 11 . 8 % ( 95 % CI - 9 . 6 % to 33 . 3 % ) .
### Output Text: | The difference between the bolus and infusion groups in the percentage of participants who saw a 50 % reduction in their headache intensity within 30 minutes was 11 . 8 % ( 95 % CI - 9 . 6 % to 33 . 3 % ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The difference in the percentage of patients with a 50 % reduction in their nausea was 12 . 6 % ( 95 % CI - 4 . 6 % to 29 . 8 % ) .
### Output Text: | The difference in the percentage of patients with a 50 % reduction in their nausea was 12 . 6 % ( 95 % CI - 4 . 6 % to 29 . 8 % ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSION : A 50 % reduction in the incidence of akathisia when prochlorperazine was administered by means of 15 - minute intravenous infusion versus a 2 - minute intravenous push was not detected .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSION : A 50 % reduction in the incidence of akathisia when <span class="chemical">prochlorperazine</span> was administered by means of 15 - minute intravenous infusion versus a 2 - minute intravenous push was not detected . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The efficacy of prochlorperazine in the treatment of headache and nausea likewise did not appear to be affected by the rate of administration , although no formal statistical comparisons were made .
### Output Text: | The efficacy of <span class="chemical">prochlorperazine</span> in the treatment of headache and nausea likewise did not appear to be affected by the rate of administration , although no formal statistical comparisons were made . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Combined antiretroviral therapy causes cardiomyopathy and elevates plasma lactate in transgenic AIDS mice .
### Output Text: | Combined antiretroviral therapy causes cardiomyopathy and elevates plasma <span class="chemical">lactate</span> in transgenic AIDS mice . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) is implicated in cardiomyopathy ( CM ) and in elevated plasma lactate ( LA ) in AIDS through mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction .
### Output Text: | Highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) is implicated in cardiomyopathy ( CM ) and in elevated plasma <span class="chemical">lactate</span> ( <span class="chemical">LA</span> ) in AIDS through mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: To determine mitochondrial events from HAART in vivo , 8 - week - old hemizygous transgenic AIDS mice ( NL4 - 3Delta gag / pol ; TG ) and wild - type FVB / n littermates were treated with the HAART combination of zidovudine , lamivudine , and indinavir or vehicle control for 10 days or 35 days .
### Output Text: | To determine mitochondrial events from HAART in vivo , 8 - week - old hemizygous transgenic AIDS mice ( NL4 - 3Delta gag / pol ; TG ) and wild - type FVB / n littermates were treated with the HAART combination of <span class="chemical">zidovudine</span> , <span class="chemical">lamivudine</span> , and <span class="chemical">indinavir</span> or vehicle control for 10 days or 35 days . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: At termination of the experiments , mice underwent echocardiography , quantitation of abundance of molecular markers of CM ( ventricular mRNA encoding atrial natriuretic factor [ ANF ] and sarcoplasmic calcium ATPase [ SERCA2 ] ) , and determination of plasma LA .
### Output Text: | At termination of the experiments , mice underwent echocardiography , quantitation of abundance of molecular markers of CM ( ventricular mRNA encoding atrial natriuretic factor [ ANF ] and sarcoplasmic <span class="chemical">calcium</span> ATPase [ SERCA2 ] ) , and determination of plasma <span class="chemical">LA</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Myocardial histologic features were analyzed semiquantitatively and results were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy .
### Output Text: | Myocardial histologic features were analyzed semiquantitatively and results were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: After 35 days in the TG + HAART cohort , left ventricular mass increased 160 % by echocardiography .
### Output Text: | After 35 days in the TG + HAART cohort , left ventricular mass increased 160 % by echocardiography . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Molecularly , ANF mRNA increased 250 % and SERCA2 mRNA decreased 57 % .
### Output Text: | Molecularly , ANF mRNA increased 250 % and SERCA2 mRNA decreased 57 % . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Biochemically , LA was elevated ( 8 . 5 + / - 2 . 0 mM ) .
### Output Text: | Biochemically , <span class="chemical">LA</span> was elevated ( 8 . 5 + / - 2 . 0 mM ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Pathologically , granular cytoplasmic changes were found in cardiac myocytes , indicating enlarged , damaged mitochondria .
### Output Text: | Pathologically , granular cytoplasmic changes were found in cardiac myocytes , indicating enlarged , damaged mitochondria . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Findings were confirmed ultrastructurally .
### Output Text: | Findings were confirmed ultrastructurally . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: No changes were found in other cohorts .
### Output Text: | No changes were found in other cohorts . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: After 10 days , only ANF was elevated , and only in the TG + HAART cohort .
### Output Text: | After 10 days , only ANF was elevated , and only in the TG + HAART cohort . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Results show that cumulative HAART caused mitochondrial CM with elevated LA in AIDS transgenic mice .
### Output Text: | Results show that cumulative HAART caused mitochondrial CM with elevated <span class="chemical">LA</span> in AIDS transgenic mice . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A Phase II trial of cisplatin plus WR - 2721 ( amifostine ) for metastatic breast carcinoma : an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study ( E8188 ) .
### Output Text: | A Phase II trial of <span class="chemical">cisplatin</span> plus <span class="chemical">WR - 2721</span> ( <span class="chemical">amifostine</span> ) for metastatic breast carcinoma : an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study ( E8188 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND : Cisplatin has minimal antitumor activity when used as second - or third - line treatment of metastatic breast carcinoma .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : <span class="chemical">Cisplatin</span> has minimal antitumor activity when used as second - or third - line treatment of metastatic breast carcinoma . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Older reports suggest an objective response rate of 8 % when 60 - 120 mg / m2 of cisplatin is administered every 3 - 4 weeks .
### Output Text: | Older reports suggest an objective response rate of 8 % when 60 - 120 mg / m2 of <span class="chemical">cisplatin</span> is administered every 3 - 4 weeks . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Although a dose - response effect has been observed with cisplatin , the dose - limiting toxicities associated with cisplatin ( e . g . , nephrotoxicity , ototoxicity , and neurotoxicity ) have limited its use as a treatment for breast carcinoma .
### Output Text: | Although a dose - response effect has been observed with <span class="chemical">cisplatin</span> , the dose - limiting toxicities associated with <span class="chemical">cisplatin</span> ( e . g . , nephrotoxicity , ototoxicity , and neurotoxicity ) have limited its use as a treatment for breast carcinoma . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: WR - 2721 or amifostine initially was developed to protect military personnel in the event of nuclear war .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">WR - 2721</span> or <span class="chemical">amifostine</span> initially was developed to protect military personnel in the event of nuclear war . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Amifostine subsequently was shown to protect normal tissues from the toxic effects of alkylating agents and cisplatin without decreasing the antitumor effect of the chemotherapy .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Amifostine</span> subsequently was shown to protect normal tissues from the toxic effects of <span class="chemical">alkylating agents</span> and <span class="chemical">cisplatin</span> without decreasing the antitumor effect of the chemotherapy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Early trials of cisplatin and amifostine also suggested that the incidence and severity of cisplatin - induced nephrotoxicity , ototoxicity , and neuropathy were reduced .
### Output Text: | Early trials of <span class="chemical">cisplatin</span> and <span class="chemical">amifostine</span> also suggested that the incidence and severity of <span class="chemical">cisplatin</span> - induced nephrotoxicity , ototoxicity , and neuropathy were reduced . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : A Phase II study of the combination of cisplatin plus amifostine was conducted in patients with progressive metastatic breast carcinoma who had received one , but not more than one , chemotherapy regimen for metastatic disease .
### Output Text: | METHODS : A Phase II study of the combination of <span class="chemical">cisplatin</span> plus <span class="chemical">amifostine</span> was conducted in patients with progressive metastatic breast carcinoma who had received one , but not more than one , chemotherapy regimen for metastatic disease . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Patients received amifostine , 910 mg / m2 intravenously over 15 minutes .
### Output Text: | Patients received <span class="chemical">amifostine</span> , 910 mg / m2 intravenously over 15 minutes . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: After completion of the amifostine infusion , cisplatin 120 mg / m2 was administered over 30 minutes .
### Output Text: | After completion of the <span class="chemical">amifostine</span> infusion , <span class="chemical">cisplatin</span> 120 mg / m2 was administered over 30 minutes . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Intravenous hydration and mannitol was administered before and after cisplatin .
### Output Text: | Intravenous hydration and <span class="chemical">mannitol</span> was administered before and after <span class="chemical">cisplatin</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Treatment was administered every 3 weeks until disease progression .
### Output Text: | Treatment was administered every 3 weeks until disease progression . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : Forty - four patients were enrolled in the study of which 7 ( 16 % ) were ineligible .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : Forty - four patients were enrolled in the study of which 7 ( 16 % ) were ineligible . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A median of 2 cycles of therapy was administered to the 37 eligible patients .
### Output Text: | A median of 2 cycles of therapy was administered to the 37 eligible patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Six partial responses were observed for an overall response rate of 16 % .
### Output Text: | Six partial responses were observed for an overall response rate of 16 % . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Most patients ( 57 % ) stopped treatment because of disease progression .
### Output Text: | Most patients ( 57 % ) stopped treatment because of disease progression . |