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In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Contrary to the published literature , this group did reasonably well with aggressive management .
### Output Text: | Contrary to the published literature , this group did reasonably well with aggressive management . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Effect of intravenous nimodipine on blood pressure and outcome after acute stroke .
### Output Text: | Effect of intravenous <span class="chemical">nimodipine</span> on blood pressure and outcome after acute stroke . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE : The Intravenous Nimodipine West European Stroke Trial ( INWEST ) found a correlation between nimodipine - induced reduction in blood pressure ( BP ) and an unfavorable outcome in acute stroke .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE : The Intravenous <span class="chemical">Nimodipine</span> West European Stroke Trial ( INWEST ) found a correlation between <span class="chemical">nimodipine</span> - induced reduction in blood pressure ( BP ) and an unfavorable outcome in acute stroke . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We sought to confirm this correlation with and without adjustment for prognostic variables and to investigate outcome in subgroups with increasing levels of BP reduction .
### Output Text: | We sought to confirm this correlation with and without adjustment for prognostic variables and to investigate outcome in subgroups with increasing levels of BP reduction . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: METHODS : Patients with a clinical diagnosis of ischemic stroke ( within 24 hours ) were consecutively allocated to receive placebo ( n = 100 ) , 1 mg / h ( low - dose ) nimodipine ( n = 101 ) , or 2 mg / h ( high - dose ) nimodipine ( n = 94 ) .
### Output Text: | METHODS : Patients with a clinical diagnosis of ischemic stroke ( within 24 hours ) were consecutively allocated to receive placebo ( n = 100 ) , 1 mg / h ( low - dose ) <span class="chemical">nimodipine</span> ( n = 101 ) , or 2 mg / h ( high - dose ) <span class="chemical">nimodipine</span> ( n = 94 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The correlation between average BP change during the first 2 days and the outcome at day 21 was analyzed .
### Output Text: | The correlation between average BP change during the first 2 days and the outcome at day 21 was analyzed . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : Two hundred sixty - five patients were included in this analysis ( n = 92 , 93 , and 80 for placebo , low dose , and high dose , respectively ) .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : Two hundred sixty - five patients were included in this analysis ( n = 92 , 93 , and 80 for placebo , low dose , and high dose , respectively ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Nimodipine treatment resulted in a statistically significant reduction in systolic BP ( SBP ) and diastolic BP ( DBP ) from baseline compared with placebo during the first few days .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Nimodipine</span> treatment resulted in a statistically significant reduction in systolic BP ( SBP ) and diastolic BP ( DBP ) from baseline compared with placebo during the first few days . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In multivariate analysis , a significant correlation between DBP reduction and worsening of the neurological score was found for the high - dose group ( beta = 0 . 49 , P = 0 . 048 ) .
### Output Text: | In multivariate analysis , a significant correlation between DBP reduction and worsening of the neurological score was found for the high - dose group ( beta = 0 . 49 , P = 0 . 048 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Patients with a DBP reduction of > or = 20 % in the high - dose group had a significantly increased adjusted OR for the compound outcome variable death or dependency ( Barthel Index < 60 ) ( n / N = 25 / 26 , OR 10 . 16 , 95 % CI 1 . 02 to 101 . 74 ) and death alone ( n / N = 9 / 26 , OR 4 . 336 , 95 % CI 1 . 131 16 . 619 ) compared with all placebo patients ( n / N = 62 / 92 and 14 / 92 , respectively ) .
### Output Text: | Patients with a DBP reduction of > or = 20 % in the high - dose group had a significantly increased adjusted OR for the compound outcome variable death or dependency ( Barthel Index < 60 ) ( n / N = 25 / 26 , OR 10 . 16 , 95 % CI 1 . 02 to 101 . 74 ) and death alone ( n / N = 9 / 26 , OR 4 . 336 , 95 % CI 1 . 131 16 . 619 ) compared with all placebo patients ( n / N = 62 / 92 and 14 / 92 , respectively ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: There was no correlation between SBP change and outcome .
### Output Text: | There was no correlation between SBP change and outcome . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : DBP , but not SBP , reduction was associated with neurological worsening after the intravenous administration of high - dose nimodipine after acute stroke .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : DBP , but not SBP , reduction was associated with neurological worsening after the intravenous administration of high - dose <span class="chemical">nimodipine</span> after acute stroke . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: For low - dose nimodipine , the results were not conclusive .
### Output Text: | For low - dose <span class="chemical">nimodipine</span> , the results were not conclusive . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These results do not confirm or exclude a neuroprotective property of nimodipine .
### Output Text: | These results do not confirm or exclude a neuroprotective property of <span class="chemical">nimodipine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Neonatal pyridoxine responsive convulsions due to isoniazid therapy .
### Output Text: | Neonatal <span class="chemical">pyridoxine</span> responsive convulsions due to <span class="chemical">isoniazid</span> therapy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A 17 - day - old infant on isoniazid therapy 13 mg / kg daily from birth because of maternal tuberculosis was admitted after 4 days of clonic fits .
### Output Text: | A 17 - day - old infant on <span class="chemical">isoniazid</span> therapy 13 mg / kg daily from birth because of maternal tuberculosis was admitted after 4 days of clonic fits . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: No underlying infective or biochemical cause could be found .
### Output Text: | No underlying infective or biochemical cause could be found . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The fits ceased within 4 hours of administering intramuscular pyridoxine , suggesting an aetiology of pyridoxine deficiency secondary to isoniazid medication .
### Output Text: | The fits ceased within 4 hours of administering intramuscular <span class="chemical">pyridoxine</span> , suggesting an aetiology of <span class="chemical">pyridoxine</span> deficiency secondary to <span class="chemical">isoniazid</span> medication . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Ketamine sedation for the reduction of children ' s fractures in the emergency department .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Ketamine</span> sedation for the reduction of children ' s fractures in the emergency department . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND : There recently has been a resurgence in the utilization of ketamine , a unique anesthetic , for emergency - department procedures requiring sedation .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : There recently has been a resurgence in the utilization of <span class="chemical">ketamine</span> , a unique anesthetic , for emergency - department procedures requiring sedation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The purpose of the present study was to examine the safety and efficacy of ketamine for sedation in the treatment of children ' s fractures in the emergency department .
### Output Text: | The purpose of the present study was to examine the safety and efficacy of <span class="chemical">ketamine</span> for sedation in the treatment of children ' s fractures in the emergency department . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : One hundred and fourteen children ( average age , 5 . 3 years ; range , twelve months to ten years and ten months ) who underwent closed reduction of an isolated fracture or dislocation in the emergency department at a level - I trauma center were prospectively evaluated .
### Output Text: | METHODS : One hundred and fourteen children ( average age , 5 . 3 years ; range , twelve months to ten years and ten months ) who underwent closed reduction of an isolated fracture or dislocation in the emergency department at a level - I trauma center were prospectively evaluated . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Ketamine hydrochloride was administered intravenously ( at a dose of two milligrams per kilogram of body weight ) in ninety - nine of the patients and intramuscularly ( at a dose of four milligrams per kilogram of body weight ) in the other fifteen .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Ketamine hydrochloride</span> was administered intravenously ( at a dose of two milligrams per kilogram of body weight ) in ninety - nine of the patients and intramuscularly ( at a dose of four milligrams per kilogram of body weight ) in the other fifteen . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A board - certified emergency physician skilled in airway management supervised administration of the anesthetic , and the patients were monitored by a registered nurse .
### Output Text: | A board - certified emergency physician skilled in airway management supervised administration of the anesthetic , and the patients were monitored by a registered nurse . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Any pain during the reduction was rated by the orthopaedic surgeon treating the patient according to the Children ' s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale ( CHEOPS ) .
### Output Text: | Any pain during the reduction was rated by the orthopaedic surgeon treating the patient according to the Children ' s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale ( CHEOPS ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : The average time from intravenous administration of ketamine to manipulation of the fracture or dislocation was one minute and thirty - six seconds ( range , twenty seconds to five minutes ) , and the average time from intramuscular administration to manipulation was four minutes and forty - two seconds ( range , sixty seconds to fifteen minutes ) .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : The average time from intravenous administration of <span class="chemical">ketamine</span> to manipulation of the fracture or dislocation was one minute and thirty - six seconds ( range , twenty seconds to five minutes ) , and the average time from intramuscular administration to manipulation was four minutes and forty - two seconds ( range , sixty seconds to fifteen minutes ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The average score according to the Children ' s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale was 6 . 4 points ( range , 5 to 10 points ) , reflecting minimal or no pain during fracture reduction .
### Output Text: | The average score according to the Children ' s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale was 6 . 4 points ( range , 5 to 10 points ) , reflecting minimal or no pain during fracture reduction . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Adequate fracture reduction was obtained in 111 of the children .
### Output Text: | Adequate fracture reduction was obtained in 111 of the children . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Ninety - nine percent ( sixty - eight ) of the sixty - nine parents present during the reduction were pleased with the sedation and would allow it to be used again in a similar situation .
### Output Text: | Ninety - nine percent ( sixty - eight ) of the sixty - nine parents present during the reduction were pleased with the sedation and would allow it to be used again in a similar situation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Patency of the airway and independent respiration were maintained in all of the patients .
### Output Text: | Patency of the airway and independent respiration were maintained in all of the patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Blood pressure and heart rate remained stable .
### Output Text: | Blood pressure and heart rate remained stable . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Minor side effects included nausea ( thirteen patients ) , emesis ( eight of the thirteen patients with nausea ) , clumsiness ( evident as ataxic movements in ten patients ) , and dysphoric reaction ( one patient ) .
### Output Text: | Minor side effects included nausea ( thirteen patients ) , emesis ( eight of the thirteen patients with nausea ) , clumsiness ( evident as ataxic movements in ten patients ) , and dysphoric reaction ( one patient ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: No long - term sequelae were noted , and no patients had hallucinations or nightmares .
### Output Text: | No long - term sequelae were noted , and no patients had hallucinations or nightmares . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : Ketamine reliably , safely , and quickly provided adequate sedation to effectively facilitate the reduction of children ' s fractures in the emergency department at our institution .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : <span class="chemical">Ketamine</span> reliably , safely , and quickly provided adequate sedation to effectively facilitate the reduction of children ' s fractures in the emergency department at our institution . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Ketamine should only be used in an environment such as the emergency department , where proper one - on - one monitoring is used and board - certified physicians skilled in airway management are directly involved in the care of the patient .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Ketamine</span> should only be used in an environment such as the emergency department , where proper one - on - one monitoring is used and board - certified physicians skilled in airway management are directly involved in the care of the patient . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Cyclosporine and tacrolimus - associated thrombotic microangiopathy .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Cyclosporine</span> and <span class="chemical">tacrolimus</span> - associated thrombotic microangiopathy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The development of thrombotic microangiopathy ( TMA ) associated with the use of cyclosporine has been well documented .
### Output Text: | The development of thrombotic microangiopathy ( TMA ) associated with the use of <span class="chemical">cyclosporine</span> has been well documented . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Treatments have included discontinuation or reduction of cyclosporine dose with or without concurrent plasma exchange , plasma infusion , anticoagulation , and intravenous immunoglobulin G infusion .
### Output Text: | Treatments have included discontinuation or reduction of <span class="chemical">cyclosporine</span> dose with or without concurrent plasma exchange , plasma infusion , anticoagulation , and intravenous immunoglobulin G infusion . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: However , for recipients of organ transplantation , removing the inciting agent is not without the attendant risk of precipitating acute rejection and graft loss .
### Output Text: | However , for recipients of organ transplantation , removing the inciting agent is not without the attendant risk of precipitating acute rejection and graft loss . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The last decade has seen the emergence of tacrolimus as a potent immunosuppressive agent with mechanisms of action virtually identical to those of cyclosporine .
### Output Text: | The last decade has seen the emergence of <span class="chemical">tacrolimus</span> as a potent immunosuppressive agent with mechanisms of action virtually identical to those of <span class="chemical">cyclosporine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: As a result , switching to tacrolimus has been reported to be a viable therapeutic option in the setting of cyclosporine - induced TMA .
### Output Text: | As a result , switching to <span class="chemical">tacrolimus</span> has been reported to be a viable therapeutic option in the setting of <span class="chemical">cyclosporine</span> - induced TMA . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: With the more widespread application of tacrolimus in organ transplantation , tacrolimus - associated TMA has also been recognized .
### Output Text: | With the more widespread application of <span class="chemical">tacrolimus</span> in organ transplantation , <span class="chemical">tacrolimus</span> - associated TMA has also been recognized . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: However , literature regarding the incidence of the recurrence of TMA in patients exposed sequentially to cyclosporine and tacrolimus is limited .
### Output Text: | However , literature regarding the incidence of the recurrence of TMA in patients exposed sequentially to <span class="chemical">cyclosporine</span> and <span class="chemical">tacrolimus</span> is limited . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We report a case of a living donor renal transplant recipient who developed cyclosporine - induced TMA that responded to the withdrawal of cyclosporine in conjunction with plasmapheresis and fresh frozen plasma replacement therapy .
### Output Text: | We report a case of a living donor renal transplant recipient who developed <span class="chemical">cyclosporine</span> - induced TMA that responded to the withdrawal of <span class="chemical">cyclosporine</span> in conjunction with plasmapheresis and fresh frozen plasma replacement therapy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Introduction of tacrolimus as an alternative immunosuppressive agent resulted in the recurrence of TMA and the subsequent loss of the renal allograft .
### Output Text: | Introduction of <span class="chemical">tacrolimus</span> as an alternative immunosuppressive agent resulted in the recurrence of TMA and the subsequent loss of the renal allograft . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Patients who are switched from cyclosporine to tacrolimus or vice versa should be closely monitored for the signs and symptoms of recurrent TMA .
### Output Text: | Patients who are switched from <span class="chemical">cyclosporine</span> to <span class="chemical">tacrolimus</span> or vice versa should be closely monitored for the signs and symptoms of recurrent TMA . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Analgesic effect of intravenous ketamine in cancer patients on morphine therapy : a randomized , controlled , double - blind , crossover , double - dose study .
### Output Text: | Analgesic effect of intravenous <span class="chemical">ketamine</span> in cancer patients on <span class="chemical">morphine</span> therapy : a randomized , controlled , double - blind , crossover , double - dose study . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Pain not responsive to morphine is often problematic .
### Output Text: | Pain not responsive to <span class="chemical">morphine</span> is often problematic . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Animal and clinical studies have suggested that N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) antagonists , such as ketamine , may be effective in improving opioid analgesia in difficult pain syndromes , such as neuropathic pain .
### Output Text: | Animal and clinical studies have suggested that <span class="chemical">N - methyl - D - aspartate</span> ( <span class="chemical">NMDA</span> ) antagonists , such as <span class="chemical">ketamine</span> , may be effective in improving opioid analgesia in difficult pain syndromes , such as neuropathic pain . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A slow bolus of subhypnotic doses of ketamine ( 0 . 25 mg / kg or 0 . 50 mg / kg ) was given to 10 cancer patients whose pain was unrelieved by morphine in a randomized , double - blind , crossover , double - dose study .
### Output Text: | A slow bolus of subhypnotic doses of <span class="chemical">ketamine</span> ( 0 . 25 mg / kg or 0 . 50 mg / kg ) was given to 10 cancer patients whose pain was unrelieved by <span class="chemical">morphine</span> in a randomized , double - blind , crossover , double - dose study . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Pain intensity on a 0 to 10 numerical scale ; nausea and vomiting , drowsiness , confusion , and dry mouth , using a scale from 0 to 3 ( not at all , slight , a lot , awful ) ; Mini - Mental State Examination ( MMSE ) ( 0 - 30 ) ; and arterial pressure were recorded before administration of drugs ( T0 ) and after 30 minutes ( T30 ) , 60 minutes ( T60 ) , 120 minutes ( T120 ) , and 180 minutes ( T180 ) .
### Output Text: | Pain intensity on a 0 to 10 numerical scale ; nausea and vomiting , drowsiness , confusion , and dry mouth , using a scale from 0 to 3 ( not at all , slight , a lot , awful ) ; Mini - Mental State Examination ( MMSE ) ( 0 - 30 ) ; and arterial pressure were recorded before administration of drugs ( T0 ) and after 30 minutes ( T30 ) , 60 minutes ( T60 ) , 120 minutes ( T120 ) , and 180 minutes ( T180 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Ketamine , but not saline solution , significantly reduced the pain intensity in almost all the patients at both doses .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Ketamine</span> , but not saline solution , significantly reduced the pain intensity in almost all the patients at both doses . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This effect was more relevant in patients treated with higher doses .
### Output Text: | This effect was more relevant in patients treated with higher doses . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Hallucinations occurred in 4 patients , and an unpleasant sensation ( " empty head " ) was also reported by 2 patients .
### Output Text: | Hallucinations occurred in 4 patients , and an unpleasant sensation ( " empty head " ) was also reported by 2 patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These episodes reversed after the administration of diazepam 1 mg intravenously .
### Output Text: | These episodes reversed after the administration of <span class="chemical">diazepam</span> 1 mg intravenously . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Significant increases in drowsiness were reported in patients treated with ketamine in both groups and were more marked with ketamine 0 . 50 mg / kg .
### Output Text: | Significant increases in drowsiness were reported in patients treated with <span class="chemical">ketamine</span> in both groups and were more marked with <span class="chemical">ketamine</span> 0 . 50 mg / kg . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A significant difference in MMSE was observed at T30 in patients who received 0 . 50 mg / kg of ketamine .
### Output Text: | A significant difference in MMSE was observed at T30 in patients who received 0 . 50 mg / kg of <span class="chemical">ketamine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Ketamine can improve morphine analgesia in difficult pain syndromes , such as neuropathic pain .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Ketamine</span> can improve <span class="chemical">morphine</span> analgesia in difficult pain syndromes , such as neuropathic pain . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: However , the occurrence of central adverse effects should be taken into account , especially when using higher doses .
### Output Text: | However , the occurrence of central adverse effects should be taken into account , especially when using higher doses . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This observation should be tested in studies of prolonged ketamine administration .
### Output Text: | This observation should be tested in studies of prolonged <span class="chemical">ketamine</span> administration . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Paclitaxel , cisplatin , and gemcitabine combination chemotherapy within a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach in metastatic nonsmall cell lung carcinoma .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Paclitaxel</span> , <span class="chemical">cisplatin</span> , and <span class="chemical">gemcitabine</span> combination chemotherapy within a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach in metastatic nonsmall cell lung carcinoma . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND : Cisplatin - based chemotherapy combinations improve quality of life and survival in advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma ( NSCLC ) .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : <span class="chemical">Cisplatin</span> - based chemotherapy combinations improve quality of life and survival in advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma ( NSCLC ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The emergence of new active drugs might translate into more effective regimens for the treatment of this disease .
### Output Text: | The emergence of new active drugs might translate into more effective regimens for the treatment of this disease . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility , response rate , and toxicity of a paclitaxel , cisplatin , and gemcitabine combination to treat metastatic NSCLC .
### Output Text: | METHODS : The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility , response rate , and toxicity of a <span class="chemical">paclitaxel</span> , <span class="chemical">cisplatin</span> , and <span class="chemical">gemcitabine</span> combination to treat metastatic NSCLC . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Thirty - five consecutive chemotherapy - naive patients with Stage IV NSCLC and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 - 2 were treated with a combination of paclitaxel ( 135 mg / m ( 2 ) given intravenously in 3 hours ) on Day 1 , cisplatin ( 120 mg / m ( 2 ) given intravenously in 6 hours ) on Day 1 , and gemcitabine ( 800 mg / m ( 2 ) given intravenously in 30 minutes ) on Days 1 and 8 , every 4 weeks .
### Output Text: | Thirty - five consecutive chemotherapy - naive patients with Stage IV NSCLC and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 - 2 were treated with a combination of <span class="chemical">paclitaxel</span> ( 135 mg / m ( 2 ) given intravenously in 3 hours ) on Day 1 , <span class="chemical">cisplatin</span> ( 120 mg / m ( 2 ) given intravenously in 6 hours ) on Day 1 , and <span class="chemical">gemcitabine</span> ( 800 mg / m ( 2 ) given intravenously in 30 minutes ) on Days 1 and 8 , every 4 weeks . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Although responding patients were scheduled to receive consolidation radiotherapy and 24 patients received preplanned second - line chemotherapy after disease progression , the response and toxicity rates reported refer only to the chemotherapy regimen given .
### Output Text: | Although responding patients were scheduled to receive consolidation radiotherapy and 24 patients received preplanned second - line chemotherapy after disease progression , the response and toxicity rates reported refer only to the chemotherapy regimen given . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : All the patients were examined for toxicity ; 34 were examinable for response .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : All the patients were examined for toxicity ; 34 were examinable for response . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: An objective response was observed in 73 . 5 % of the patients ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 55 . 6 - 87 . 1 % ) , including 4 complete responses ( 11 . 7 % ) .
### Output Text: | An objective response was observed in 73 . 5 % of the patients ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 55 . 6 - 87 . 1 % ) , including 4 complete responses ( 11 . 7 % ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: According to intention - to - treat , the overall response rate was 71 . 4 % ( 95 % CI , 53 . 7 - 85 . 4 % ) .
### Output Text: | According to intention - to - treat , the overall response rate was 71 . 4 % ( 95 % CI , 53 . 7 - 85 . 4 % ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: After 154 courses of therapy , the median dose intensity was 131 mg / m ( 2 ) for paclitaxel ( 97 . 3 % ) , 117 mg / m ( 2 ) for cisplatin ( 97 . 3 % ) , and 1378 mg / m ( 2 ) for gemcitabine ( 86 . 2 % ) .
### Output Text: | After 154 courses of therapy , the median dose intensity was 131 mg / m ( 2 ) for <span class="chemical">paclitaxel</span> ( 97 . 3 % ) , 117 mg / m ( 2 ) for <span class="chemical">cisplatin</span> ( 97 . 3 % ) , and 1378 mg / m ( 2 ) for <span class="chemical">gemcitabine</span> ( 86 . 2 % ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: World Health Organization Grade 3 - 4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia occurred in 39 . 9 % and 11 . 4 % of patients , respectively .
### Output Text: | World Health Organization Grade 3 - 4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia occurred in 39 . 9 % and 11 . 4 % of patients , respectively . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: There was one treatment - related death .
### Output Text: | There was one treatment - related death . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Nonhematologic toxicities were mild .
### Output Text: | Nonhematologic toxicities were mild . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: After a median follow - up of 22 months , the median progression free survival rate was 7 months , and the median survival time was 16 months .
### Output Text: | After a median follow - up of 22 months , the median progression free survival rate was 7 months , and the median survival time was 16 months . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : The combination of paclitaxel , cisplatin , and gemcitabine is well tolerated and shows high activity in metastatic NSCLC .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : The combination of <span class="chemical">paclitaxel</span> , <span class="chemical">cisplatin</span> , and <span class="chemical">gemcitabine</span> is well tolerated and shows high activity in metastatic NSCLC . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This treatment merits further comparison with other cisplatin - based regimens .
### Output Text: | This treatment merits further comparison with other <span class="chemical">cisplatin</span> - based regimens . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Serotonergic antidepressants and urinary incontinence .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Serotonergic antidepressants</span> and urinary incontinence . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Many new serotonergic antidepressants have been introduced over the past decade .
### Output Text: | Many new <span class="chemical">serotonergic antidepressants</span> have been introduced over the past decade . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Although urinary incontinence is listed as one side effect of these drugs in their package inserts there is only one report in the literature .
### Output Text: | Although urinary incontinence is listed as one side effect of these drugs in their package inserts there is only one report in the literature . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This concerns 2 male patients who experienced incontinence while taking venlafaxine .
### Output Text: | This concerns 2 male patients who experienced incontinence while taking <span class="chemical">venlafaxine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In the present paper the authors describe 2 female patients who developed incontinence secondary to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors paroxetine and sertraline , as well as a third who developed this side effect on venlafaxine .
### Output Text: | In the present paper the authors describe 2 female patients who developed incontinence secondary to the selective <span class="chemical">serotonin</span> reuptake inhibitors <span class="chemical">paroxetine</span> and <span class="chemical">sertraline</span> , as well as a third who developed this side effect on <span class="chemical">venlafaxine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In 2 of the 3 cases the patients were also taking lithium carbonate and beta - blockers , both of which could have contributed to the incontinence .
### Output Text: | In 2 of the 3 cases the patients were also taking <span class="chemical">lithium carbonate</span> and beta - blockers , both of which could have contributed to the incontinence . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Animal studies suggest that incontinence secondary to serotonergic antidepressants could be mediated by the 5HT4 receptors found on the bladder .
### Output Text: | Animal studies suggest that incontinence secondary to <span class="chemical">serotonergic antidepressants</span> could be mediated by the 5HT4 receptors found on the bladder . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Further research is needed to delineate the frequency of this troubling side effect and how best to treat it .
### Output Text: | Further research is needed to delineate the frequency of this troubling side effect and how best to treat it . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Acute cocaine - induced seizures : differential sensitivity of six inbred mouse strains .
### Output Text: | Acute <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> - induced seizures : differential sensitivity of six inbred mouse strains . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Mature male and female mice from six inbred stains were tested for susceptibility to behavioral seizures induced by a single injection of cocaine .
### Output Text: | Mature male and female mice from six inbred stains were tested for susceptibility to behavioral seizures induced by a single injection of <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Cocaine was injected ip over a range of doses ( 50 - 100 mg / kg ) and behavior was monitored for 20 minutes .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Cocaine</span> was injected ip over a range of doses ( 50 - 100 mg / kg ) and behavior was monitored for 20 minutes . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Seizure end points included latency to forelimb or hindlimb clonus , latency to clonic running seizure and latency to jumping bouncing seizure .
### Output Text: | Seizure end points included latency to forelimb or hindlimb clonus , latency to clonic running seizure and latency to jumping bouncing seizure . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A range of strain specific sensitivities was documented with A / J and SJL mice being most sensitive and C57BL / 6J most resistant .
### Output Text: | A range of strain specific sensitivities was documented with A / J and SJL mice being most sensitive and C57BL / 6J most resistant . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: DBA / 2J , BALB / cByJ and NZW / LacJ strains exhibited intermediate sensitivity .
### Output Text: | DBA / 2J , BALB / cByJ and NZW / LacJ strains exhibited intermediate sensitivity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: EEG recordings were made in SJL , A / J and C57BL / 6J mice revealing a close correspondence between electrical activity and behavior .
### Output Text: | EEG recordings were made in SJL , A / J and C57BL / 6J mice revealing a close correspondence between electrical activity and behavior . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Additionally , levels of cocaine determined in hippocampus and cortex were not different between sensitive and resistant strains .
### Output Text: | Additionally , levels of <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> determined in hippocampus and cortex were not different between sensitive and resistant strains . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Additional studies of these murine strains may be useful for investigating genetic influences on cocaine - induced seizures .
### Output Text: | Additional studies of these murine strains may be useful for investigating genetic influences on <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> - induced seizures . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Hypotension following the initiation of tizanidine in a patient treated with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor for chronic hypertension .
### Output Text: | Hypotension following the initiation of <span class="chemical">tizanidine</span> in a patient treated with an <span class="chemical">angiotensin</span> converting enzyme inhibitor for chronic hypertension . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Centrally acting alpha - 2 adrenergic agonists are one of several pharmacologic agents used in the treatment of spasticity related to disorders of the central nervous system .
### Output Text: | Centrally acting alpha - 2 adrenergic agonists are one of several pharmacologic agents used in the treatment of spasticity related to disorders of the central nervous system . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In addition to their effects on spasticity , certain adverse cardiorespiratory effects have been reported .
### Output Text: | In addition to their effects on spasticity , certain adverse cardiorespiratory effects have been reported . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Adults chronically treated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors may have a limited ability to respond to hypotension when the sympathetic response is simultaneously blocked .
### Output Text: | Adults chronically treated with <span class="chemical">angiotensin</span> converting enzyme inhibitors may have a limited ability to respond to hypotension when the sympathetic response is simultaneously blocked . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The authors present a 10 - year - old boy chronically treated with lisinopril , an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor , to control hypertension who developed hypotension following the addition of tizanidine , an alpha - 2 agonist , for the treatment of spasticity .
### Output Text: | The authors present a 10 - year - old boy chronically treated with <span class="chemical">lisinopril</span> , an <span class="chemical">angiotensin</span> converting enzyme inhibitor , to control hypertension who developed hypotension following the addition of <span class="chemical">tizanidine</span> , an alpha - 2 agonist , for the treatment of spasticity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The possible interaction of tizanidine and other antihypertensive agents should be kept in mind when prescribing therapy to treat either hypertension or spasticity in such patients .
### Output Text: | The possible interaction of <span class="chemical">tizanidine</span> and other antihypertensive agents should be kept in mind when prescribing therapy to treat either hypertension or spasticity in such patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Two mouse lines selected for differential sensitivities to beta - carboline - induced seizures are also differentially sensitive to various pharmacological effects of other GABA ( A ) receptor ligands .
### Output Text: | Two mouse lines selected for differential sensitivities to <span class="chemical">beta - carboline</span> - induced seizures are also differentially sensitive to various pharmacological effects of other <span class="chemical">GABA</span> ( A ) receptor ligands . |