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In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: 22 - oxacalcitriol suppresses secondary hyperparathyroidism without inducing low bone turnover in dogs with renal failure .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">22 - oxacalcitriol</span> suppresses secondary hyperparathyroidism without inducing low bone turnover in dogs with renal failure . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND : Calcitriol therapy suppresses serum levels of parathyroid hormone ( PTH ) in patients with renal failure but has several drawbacks , including hypercalcemia and / or marked suppression of bone turnover , which may lead to adynamic bone disease .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : <span class="chemical">Calcitriol</span> therapy suppresses serum levels of parathyroid hormone ( PTH ) in patients with renal failure but has several drawbacks , including hypercalcemia and / or marked suppression of bone turnover , which may lead to adynamic bone disease . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A new vitamin D analogue , 22 - oxacalcitriol ( OCT ) , has been shown to have promising characteristics .
### Output Text: | A new <span class="chemical">vitamin D</span> analogue , <span class="chemical">22 - oxacalcitriol</span> ( <span class="chemical">OCT</span> ) , has been shown to have promising characteristics . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This study was undertaken to determine the effects of OCT on serum PTH levels and bone turnover in states of normal or impaired renal function .
### Output Text: | This study was undertaken to determine the effects of <span class="chemical">OCT</span> on serum PTH levels and bone turnover in states of normal or impaired renal function . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : Sixty dogs were either nephrectomized ( Nx , N = 38 ) or sham - operated ( Sham , N = 22 ) .
### Output Text: | METHODS : Sixty dogs were either nephrectomized ( Nx , N = 38 ) or sham - operated ( Sham , N = 22 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The animals received supplemental phosphate to enhance PTH secretion .
### Output Text: | The animals received supplemental <span class="chemical">phosphate</span> to enhance PTH secretion . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Fourteen weeks after the start of phosphate supplementation , half of the Nx and Sham dogs received doses of OCT ( three times per week ) ; the other half were given vehicle for 60 weeks .
### Output Text: | Fourteen weeks after the start of <span class="chemical">phosphate</span> supplementation , half of the Nx and Sham dogs received doses of <span class="chemical">OCT</span> ( three times per week ) ; the other half were given vehicle for 60 weeks . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Thereafter , the treatment modalities for a subset of animals were crossed over for an additional eight months .
### Output Text: | Thereafter , the treatment modalities for a subset of animals were crossed over for an additional eight months . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Biochemical and hormonal indices of calcium and bone metabolism were measured throughout the study , and bone biopsies were done at baseline , 60 weeks after OCT or vehicle treatment , and at the end of the crossover period .
### Output Text: | Biochemical and hormonal indices of <span class="chemical">calcium</span> and bone metabolism were measured throughout the study , and bone biopsies were done at baseline , 60 weeks after <span class="chemical">OCT</span> or vehicle treatment , and at the end of the crossover period . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : In Nx dogs , OCT significantly decreased serum PTH levels soon after the induction of renal insufficiency .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : In Nx dogs , <span class="chemical">OCT</span> significantly decreased serum PTH levels soon after the induction of renal insufficiency . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In long - standing secondary hyperparathyroidism , OCT ( 0 . 03 microg / kg ) stabilized serum PTH levels during the first months .
### Output Text: | In long - standing secondary hyperparathyroidism , <span class="chemical">OCT</span> ( 0 . 03 microg / kg ) stabilized serum PTH levels during the first months . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Serum PTH levels rose thereafter , but the rise was less pronounced compared with baseline than the rise seen in Nx control .
### Output Text: | Serum PTH levels rose thereafter , but the rise was less pronounced compared with baseline than the rise seen in Nx control . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These effects were accompanied by episodes of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia .
### Output Text: | These effects were accompanied by episodes of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In animals with normal renal function , OCT induced a transient decrease in serum PTH levels at a dose of 0 . 1 microg / kg , which was not sustained with lowering of the doses .
### Output Text: | In animals with normal renal function , <span class="chemical">OCT</span> induced a transient decrease in serum PTH levels at a dose of 0 . 1 microg / kg , which was not sustained with lowering of the doses . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In Nx dogs , OCT reversed abnormal bone formation , such as woven osteoid and fibrosis , but did not significantly alter the level of bone turnover .
### Output Text: | In Nx dogs , <span class="chemical">OCT</span> reversed abnormal bone formation , such as woven osteoid and fibrosis , but did not significantly alter the level of bone turnover . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In addition , OCT improved mineralization lag time , ( that is , the rate at which osteoid mineralizes ) in both Nx and Sham dogs .
### Output Text: | In addition , <span class="chemical">OCT</span> improved mineralization lag time , ( that is , the rate at which osteoid mineralizes ) in both Nx and Sham dogs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : These results indicate that even though OCT does not completely prevent the occurrence of hypercalcemia in experimental dogs with renal insufficiency , it may be of use in the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism because it does not induce low bone turnover and , therefore , does not increase the risk of adynamic bone disease .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : These results indicate that even though <span class="chemical">OCT</span> does not completely prevent the occurrence of hypercalcemia in experimental dogs with renal insufficiency , it may be of use in the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism because it does not induce low bone turnover and , therefore , does not increase the risk of adynamic bone disease . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Hypotension , bradycardia , and asystole after high - dose intravenous methylprednisolone in a monitored patient .
### Output Text: | Hypotension , bradycardia , and asystole after high - dose intravenous <span class="chemical">methylprednisolone</span> in a monitored patient . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We report a case of hypotension , bradycardia , and asystole after intravenous administration of high - dose methylprednisolone in a 73 - year - old patient who underwent electrocardiographic ( ECG ) monitoring throughout the episode .
### Output Text: | We report a case of hypotension , bradycardia , and asystole after intravenous administration of high - dose <span class="chemical">methylprednisolone</span> in a 73 - year - old patient who underwent electrocardiographic ( ECG ) monitoring throughout the episode . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: There was a history of ischemic cardiac disease 9 years earlier .
### Output Text: | There was a history of ischemic cardiac disease 9 years earlier . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The patient was admitted with a pulmonary - renal syndrome with hemoptysis , rapidly progressive renal failure , and hypoxemia that required mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit .
### Output Text: | The patient was admitted with a pulmonary - renal syndrome with hemoptysis , rapidly progressive renal failure , and hypoxemia that required mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: After receiving advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation , the patient recovered cardiac rhythm .
### Output Text: | After receiving advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation , the patient recovered cardiac rhythm . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The ECG showed a junctional rhythm without ventricular arrhythmia .
### Output Text: | The ECG showed a junctional rhythm without ventricular arrhythmia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This study reviews the current proposed mechanisms of sudden death after a high dose of intravenous methylprednisolone ( IVMP ) .
### Output Text: | This study reviews the current proposed mechanisms of sudden death after a high dose of intravenous <span class="chemical">methylprednisolone</span> ( <span class="chemical">IVMP</span> ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These mechanisms are not well understood because , in most cases , the patients were not monitored at the moment of the event .
### Output Text: | These mechanisms are not well understood because , in most cases , the patients were not monitored at the moment of the event . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Rapid infusion and underlying cardiac disease were important risk factors in the case reported here , and the authors discount ventricular arrhythmia as the main mechanism .
### Output Text: | Rapid infusion and underlying cardiac disease were important risk factors in the case reported here , and the authors discount ventricular arrhythmia as the main mechanism . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Worsening of levodopa - induced dyskinesias by motor and mental tasks .
### Output Text: | Worsening of <span class="chemical">levodopa</span> - induced dyskinesias by motor and mental tasks . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Ten patients who had Parkinson ' s disease with disabling dyskinesia were included in this study to evaluate the role of mental ( mental calculation ) and motor ( flexion / extension of right fingers , flexion / extension of left fingers , flexion / extension of the neck , speaking aloud ) tasks on the worsening of peak - dose dyskinesia following administration of an effective single dose of apomorphine .
### Output Text: | Ten patients who had Parkinson ' s disease with disabling dyskinesia were included in this study to evaluate the role of mental ( mental calculation ) and motor ( flexion / extension of right fingers , flexion / extension of left fingers , flexion / extension of the neck , speaking aloud ) tasks on the worsening of peak - dose dyskinesia following administration of an effective single dose of <span class="chemical">apomorphine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Compared with the score at rest ( 1 . 3 + / - 0 . 3 ) , a significant aggravation of the dyskinesia score was observed during speaking aloud ( 5 . 2 + / - 1 . 1 , p < 0 . 05 ) , movements of right ( 4 . 5 + / - 1 . 0 , p < 0 . 05 ) and left ( 3 . 7 + / - 0 . 8 , p < 0 . 05 ) fingers , movements of the neck ( 5 . 1 + / - 1 . 0 , p < 0 . 05 ) , and mental calculation ( 3 . 1 + / - 1 . 0 , p < 0 . 05 ) .
### Output Text: | Compared with the score at rest ( 1 . 3 + / - 0 . 3 ) , a significant aggravation of the dyskinesia score was observed during speaking aloud ( 5 . 2 + / - 1 . 1 , p < 0 . 05 ) , movements of right ( 4 . 5 + / - 1 . 0 , p < 0 . 05 ) and left ( 3 . 7 + / - 0 . 8 , p < 0 . 05 ) fingers , movements of the neck ( 5 . 1 + / - 1 . 0 , p < 0 . 05 ) , and mental calculation ( 3 . 1 + / - 1 . 0 , p < 0 . 05 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These results suggest that activation tasks such as " speaking aloud " could be used for objective assessment of dyskinesia severity .
### Output Text: | These results suggest that activation tasks such as " speaking aloud " could be used for objective assessment of dyskinesia severity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Urine N - acetyl - beta - D - glucosaminidase - - a marker of tubular damage ?
### Output Text: | Urine N - acetyl - beta - D - glucosaminidase - - a marker of tubular damage ? |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND : Although an indicator of renal tubular dysfunction , an increased urinary N - acetyl - beta - D - glucosaminidase ( NAG ) activity might reflect increased lysosomal activity in renal tubular cells .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : Although an indicator of renal tubular dysfunction , an increased urinary N - acetyl - beta - D - glucosaminidase ( NAG ) activity might reflect increased lysosomal activity in renal tubular cells . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : Puromycin aminonucleoside ( PAN ) was administered to Sprague Dawley rats to induce proteinuria .
### Output Text: | METHODS : <span class="chemical">Puromycin aminonucleoside</span> ( <span class="chemical">PAN</span> ) was administered to Sprague Dawley rats to induce proteinuria . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Total protein , albumin , NAG activity and protein electrophoretic pattern were assessed in daily urine samples for 33 days .
### Output Text: | Total protein , albumin , NAG activity and protein electrophoretic pattern were assessed in daily urine samples for 33 days . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The morphological appearance of the kidneys was examined on days three , four , six , eight and thirty three and the NAG isoenzyme patterns on days zero , four , eight and thirty three .
### Output Text: | The morphological appearance of the kidneys was examined on days three , four , six , eight and thirty three and the NAG isoenzyme patterns on days zero , four , eight and thirty three . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : Following intravenous PAN urine volume and urine NAG activity increased significantly by day two , but returned to normal by day four .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : Following intravenous <span class="chemical">PAN</span> urine volume and urine NAG activity increased significantly by day two , but returned to normal by day four . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: After day four all treated animals exhibited a marked rise in urine albumin , total protein excretion and NAG activity .
### Output Text: | After day four all treated animals exhibited a marked rise in urine albumin , total protein excretion and NAG activity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Electrophoresis showed a generalised increase in middle and high molecular weight urine proteins from day four onwards .
### Output Text: | Electrophoresis showed a generalised increase in middle and high molecular weight urine proteins from day four onwards . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Protein droplets first appeared prominent in tubular cells on day four .
### Output Text: | Protein droplets first appeared prominent in tubular cells on day four . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Peak urine NAG activity and a change in NAG isoenzyme pattern coincided with both the peak proteinuria and the reduction in intracellular protein and NAG droplets ( day six onwards ) .
### Output Text: | Peak urine NAG activity and a change in NAG isoenzyme pattern coincided with both the peak proteinuria and the reduction in intracellular protein and NAG droplets ( day six onwards ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : This animal model demonstrates that an increase in lysosomal turnover and hence urine NAG activity , occurs when increased protein is presented to the tubular cells .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : This animal model demonstrates that an increase in lysosomal turnover and hence urine NAG activity , occurs when increased protein is presented to the tubular cells . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Urine NAG activity is thus a measure of altered function in the renal tubules and not simply an indicator of damage .
### Output Text: | Urine NAG activity is thus a measure of altered function in the renal tubules and not simply an indicator of damage . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Cauda equina syndrome after spinal anaesthesia with hyperbaric 5 % lignocaine : a review of six cases of cauda equina syndrome reported to the Swedish Pharmaceutical Insurance 1993 - 1997 .
### Output Text: | Cauda equina syndrome after spinal anaesthesia with hyperbaric 5 % <span class="chemical">lignocaine</span> : a review of six cases of cauda equina syndrome reported to the Swedish Pharmaceutical Insurance 1993 - 1997 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Six cases of cauda equina syndrome with varying severity were reported to the Swedish Pharmaceutical Insurance during the period 1993 - 1997 .
### Output Text: | Six cases of cauda equina syndrome with varying severity were reported to the Swedish Pharmaceutical Insurance during the period 1993 - 1997 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: All were associated with spinal anaesthesia using hyperbaric 5 % lignocaine .
### Output Text: | All were associated with spinal anaesthesia using hyperbaric 5 % <span class="chemical">lignocaine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Five cases had single - shot spinal anaesthesia and one had a repeat spinal anaesthetic due to inadequate block .
### Output Text: | Five cases had single - shot spinal anaesthesia and one had a repeat spinal anaesthetic due to inadequate block . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The dose of hyperbaric 5 % lignocaine administered ranged from 60 to 120 mg .
### Output Text: | The dose of hyperbaric 5 % <span class="chemical">lignocaine</span> administered ranged from 60 to 120 mg . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Three of the cases were most likely caused by direct neurotoxicity of hyperbaric 5 % lignocaine .
### Output Text: | Three of the cases were most likely caused by direct neurotoxicity of hyperbaric 5 % <span class="chemical">lignocaine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In the other 3 cases , direct neurotoxicity was also probable , but unfortunately radiological investigations were not done to definitely exclude a compressive aetiology .
### Output Text: | In the other 3 cases , direct neurotoxicity was also probable , but unfortunately radiological investigations were not done to definitely exclude a compressive aetiology . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: All cases sustained permanent neurological deficits .
### Output Text: | All cases sustained permanent neurological deficits . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We recommend that hyperbaric lignocaine should be administered in concentrations not greater than 2 % and at a total dose preferably not exceeding 60 mg .
### Output Text: | We recommend that hyperbaric <span class="chemical">lignocaine</span> should be administered in concentrations not greater than 2 % and at a total dose preferably not exceeding 60 mg . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Systemic toxicity following administration of sirolimus ( formerly rapamycin ) for psoriasis : association of capillary leak syndrome with apoptosis of lesional lymphocytes .
### Output Text: | Systemic toxicity following administration of <span class="chemical">sirolimus</span> ( formerly <span class="chemical">rapamycin</span> ) for psoriasis : association of capillary leak syndrome with apoptosis of lesional lymphocytes . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND : Sirolimus ( formerly rapamycin ) is an immunosuppressive agent that interferes with T - cell activation .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : <span class="chemical">Sirolimus</span> ( formerly <span class="chemical">rapamycin</span> ) is an immunosuppressive agent that interferes with T - cell activation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: After 2 individuals with psoriasis developed a capillary leak syndrome following treatment with oral sirolimus lesional skin cells and activated peripheral blood cells were analyzed for induction of apoptosis .
### Output Text: | After 2 individuals with psoriasis developed a capillary leak syndrome following treatment with oral <span class="chemical">sirolimus</span> lesional skin cells and activated peripheral blood cells were analyzed for induction of apoptosis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: OBSERVATIONS : A keratome skin specimen from 1 patient with sirolimus - induced capillary leak syndrome had a 2 . 3 - fold increase in percentage of apoptotic cells ( to 48 % ) compared with an unaffected sirolimus - treated patient with psoriasis ( 21 % ) .
### Output Text: | OBSERVATIONS : A keratome skin specimen from 1 patient with <span class="chemical">sirolimus</span> - induced capillary leak syndrome had a 2 . 3 - fold increase in percentage of apoptotic cells ( to 48 % ) compared with an unaffected <span class="chemical">sirolimus</span> - treated patient with psoriasis ( 21 % ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Activated peripheral blood T cells from patients with psoriasis tended to exhibit greater spontaneous or dexamethasone - induced apoptosis than did normal T cells , particularly in the presence of sirolimus .
### Output Text: | Activated peripheral blood T cells from patients with psoriasis tended to exhibit greater spontaneous or <span class="chemical">dexamethasone</span> - induced apoptosis than did normal T cells , particularly in the presence of <span class="chemical">sirolimus</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : Severe adverse effects of sirolimus include fever , anemia , and capillary leak syndrome .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : Severe adverse effects of <span class="chemical">sirolimus</span> include fever , anemia , and capillary leak syndrome . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: These symptoms may be the result of drug - induced apoptosis of lesional leukocytes , especially activated T lymphocytes , and possibly release of inflammatory mediators .
### Output Text: | These symptoms may be the result of drug - induced apoptosis of lesional leukocytes , especially activated T lymphocytes , and possibly release of inflammatory mediators . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Because patients with severe psoriasis may develop capillary leak from various systemic therapies , clinical monitoring is advisable for patients with inflammatory diseases who are treated with immune modulators .
### Output Text: | Because patients with severe psoriasis may develop capillary leak from various systemic therapies , clinical monitoring is advisable for patients with inflammatory diseases who are treated with immune modulators . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Effect of lithium maintenance therapy on thyroid and parathyroid function .
### Output Text: | Effect of <span class="chemical">lithium</span> maintenance therapy on thyroid and parathyroid function . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: OBJECTIVES : To assess changes induced by lithium maintenance therapy on the incidence of thyroid , parathyroid and ion alterations .
### Output Text: | OBJECTIVES : To assess changes induced by <span class="chemical">lithium</span> maintenance therapy on the incidence of thyroid , parathyroid and ion alterations . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These were evaluated with respect to the duration of lithium therapy , age , sex , and family history ( whether or not the patient had a first - degree relative with thyroid disease ) .
### Output Text: | These were evaluated with respect to the duration of <span class="chemical">lithium</span> therapy , age , sex , and family history ( whether or not the patient had a first - degree relative with thyroid disease ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: DESIGN : Prospective study .
### Output Text: | DESIGN : Prospective study . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: SETTING : Affective Disorders Clinic at St .
### Output Text: | SETTING : Affective Disorders Clinic at St . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Mary ' s Hospital , Montreal .
### Output Text: | Mary ' s Hospital , Montreal . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: PATIENTS : One hundred and one patients ( 28 men and 73 women ) with bipolar disorder receiving lithium maintenance therapy ranging from 1 year ' s to 32 years ' duration .
### Output Text: | PATIENTS : One hundred and one patients ( 28 men and 73 women ) with bipolar disorder receiving <span class="chemical">lithium</span> maintenance therapy ranging from 1 year ' s to 32 years ' duration . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The control group consisted of 82 patients with no psychiatric or endocrinological diagnoses from the hospital ' s out - patient clinics .
### Output Text: | The control group consisted of 82 patients with no psychiatric or endocrinological diagnoses from the hospital ' s out - patient clinics . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: OUTCOME MEASURES : Laboratory analyses of calcium , magnesium and thyroid - stimulating hormone levels performed before beginning lithium therapy and at biannual follow - up .
### Output Text: | OUTCOME MEASURES : Laboratory analyses of <span class="chemical">calcium</span> , <span class="chemical">magnesium</span> and thyroid - stimulating hormone levels performed before beginning <span class="chemical">lithium</span> therapy and at biannual follow - up . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : Hypothyroidism developed in 40 patients , excluding 8 patients who were hypothyroid at baseline .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : Hypothyroidism developed in 40 patients , excluding 8 patients who were hypothyroid at baseline . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: All patients having first - degree relatives affected by thyroid illness had accelerated onset of hypothyroidism ( 3 . 7 years after onset of lithium therapy ) compared with patients without a family history ( 8 . 6 years after onset of lithium therapy ) .
### Output Text: | All patients having first - degree relatives affected by thyroid illness had accelerated onset of hypothyroidism ( 3 . 7 years after onset of <span class="chemical">lithium</span> therapy ) compared with patients without a family history ( 8 . 6 years after onset of <span class="chemical">lithium</span> therapy ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Women over 60 years of age were more often affected by hypothyroidism than women under 60 years of age ( 34 . 6 % versus 31 . 9 % ) .
### Output Text: | Women over 60 years of age were more often affected by hypothyroidism than women under 60 years of age ( 34 . 6 % versus 31 . 9 % ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Magnesium levels in patients on lithium treatment were unchanged from baseline levels .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Magnesium</span> levels in patients on <span class="chemical">lithium</span> treatment were unchanged from baseline levels . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: After lithium treatment , calcium levels were higher than either baseline levels or control levels .
### Output Text: | After <span class="chemical">lithium</span> treatment , <span class="chemical">calcium</span> levels were higher than either baseline levels or control levels . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Thus , lithium treatment counteracted the decrease in plasma calcium levels associated with aging .
### Output Text: | Thus , <span class="chemical">lithium</span> treatment counteracted the decrease in plasma <span class="chemical">calcium</span> levels associated with aging . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : Familial thyroid illness is a risk factor for hypothyroidism and hypercalcemia during lithium therapy .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : Familial thyroid illness is a risk factor for hypothyroidism and hypercalcemia during <span class="chemical">lithium</span> therapy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Severe immune hemolytic anemia associated with prophylactic use of cefotetan in obstetric and gynecologic procedures .
### Output Text: | Severe immune hemolytic anemia associated with prophylactic use of <span class="chemical">cefotetan</span> in obstetric and gynecologic procedures . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Second - and third - generation cephalosporins , especially cefotetan , are increasingly associated with severe , sometimes fatal immune hemolytic anemia .
### Output Text: | Second - and third - generation <span class="chemical">cephalosporins</span> , especially <span class="chemical">cefotetan</span> , are increasingly associated with severe , sometimes fatal immune hemolytic anemia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We noticed that 10 of our 35 cases of cefotetan - induced hemolytic anemias were in patients who had received cefotetan prophylactically for obstetric and gynecologic procedures .
### Output Text: | We noticed that 10 of our 35 cases of <span class="chemical">cefotetan</span> - induced hemolytic anemias were in patients who had received <span class="chemical">cefotetan</span> prophylactically for obstetric and gynecologic procedures . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Eight of these cases of severe immune hemolytic anemia are described .
### Output Text: | Eight of these cases of severe immune hemolytic anemia are described . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Effects of nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs on hemostasis in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage .
### Output Text: | Effects of nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs on hemostasis in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Platelet function is impaired by nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) with prominent anti - inflammatory properties .
### Output Text: | Platelet function is impaired by nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) with prominent anti - inflammatory properties . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Their safety in patients undergoing intracranial surgery is under debate .
### Output Text: | Their safety in patients undergoing intracranial surgery is under debate . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage ( SAH ) were randomized to receive either ketoprofen , 100 mg , three times a day ( ketoprofen group , n = 9 ) or a weak NSAID , acetaminophen , 1 g , three times a day ( acetaminophen group , n = 9 ) starting immediately after the diagnosis of aneurysmal SAH .
### Output Text: | Patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage ( SAH ) were randomized to receive either <span class="chemical">ketoprofen</span> , 100 mg , three times a day ( <span class="chemical">ketoprofen</span> group , n = 9 ) or a weak NSAID , <span class="chemical">acetaminophen</span> , 1 g , three times a day ( <span class="chemical">acetaminophen</span> group , n = 9 ) starting immediately after the diagnosis of aneurysmal SAH . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Treatment was continued for 3 days postoperatively .
### Output Text: | Treatment was continued for 3 days postoperatively . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Test blood samples were taken before treatment and surgery as well as on the first , third , and fifth postoperative mornings .
### Output Text: | Test blood samples were taken before treatment and surgery as well as on the first , third , and fifth postoperative mornings . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Maximal platelet aggregation induced by 6 microM of adenosine diphosphate decreased after administration of ketoprofen .
### Output Text: | Maximal platelet aggregation induced by 6 microM of <span class="chemical">adenosine diphosphate</span> decreased after administration of <span class="chemical">ketoprofen</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Aggregation was lower ( P < . 05 ) in the ketoprofen group than in the acetaminophen group just before surgery and on the third postoperative day .
### Output Text: | Aggregation was lower ( P < . 05 ) in the <span class="chemical">ketoprofen</span> group than in the <span class="chemical">acetaminophen</span> group just before surgery and on the third postoperative day . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In contrast , maximal platelet aggregation increased in the acetaminophen group on the third postoperative day as compared with the pretreatment platelet aggregation results ( P < . 05 ) .
### Output Text: | In contrast , maximal platelet aggregation increased in the <span class="chemical">acetaminophen</span> group on the third postoperative day as compared with the pretreatment platelet aggregation results ( P < . 05 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: One patient in the ketoprofen group developed a postoperative intracranial hematoma .
### Output Text: | One patient in the <span class="chemical">ketoprofen</span> group developed a postoperative intracranial hematoma . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Coagulation ( prothrombin time [ PT ] , activated partial thromboplastin time [ APPT ] , fibrinogen concentration , and antithrombin III [ AT III ] ) was comparable between the two groups .
### Output Text: | Coagulation ( prothrombin time [ PT ] , activated partial thromboplastin time [ APPT ] , fibrinogen concentration , and antithrombin III [ AT III ] ) was comparable between the two groups . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Ketoprofen but not acetaminophen impaired platelet function in patients with SAH .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Ketoprofen</span> but not <span class="chemical">acetaminophen</span> impaired platelet function in patients with SAH . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: If ketoprofen is used before surgery on cerebral artery aneurysms , it may pose an additional risk factor for hemorrhage .
### Output Text: | If <span class="chemical">ketoprofen</span> is used before surgery on cerebral artery aneurysms , it may pose an additional risk factor for hemorrhage . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Nitric oxide synthase expression in the course of lead - induced hypertension .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Nitric oxide</span> synthase expression in the course of <span class="chemical">lead</span> - induced hypertension . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We recently showed elevated reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) , reduced urinary excretion of NO metabolites ( NOx ) , and increased NO sequestration as nitrotyrosine in various tissues in rats with lead - induced hypertension .
### Output Text: | We recently showed elevated reactive <span class="chemical">oxygen</span> species ( ROS ) , reduced urinary excretion of <span class="chemical">NO</span> metabolites ( NOx ) , and increased <span class="chemical">NO</span> sequestration as <span class="chemical">nitrotyrosine</span> in various tissues in rats with <span class="chemical">lead</span> - induced hypertension . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This study was designed to discern whether the reduction in urinary NOx in lead - induced hypertension is , in part , due to depressed NO synthase ( NOS ) expression .
### Output Text: | This study was designed to discern whether the reduction in urinary NOx in <span class="chemical">lead</span> - induced hypertension is , in part , due to depressed <span class="chemical">NO</span> synthase ( NOS ) expression . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Male Sprague - Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a lead - treated group ( given lead acetate , 100 ppm , in drinking water and regular rat chow ) , a group given lead and vitamin E - fortified chow , or a normal control group given either regular food and water or vitamin E - fortified food for 12 weeks .
### Output Text: | Male Sprague - Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a <span class="chemical">lead</span> - treated group ( given <span class="chemical">lead acetate</span> , 100 ppm , in drinking water and regular rat chow ) , a group given <span class="chemical">lead</span> and <span class="chemical">vitamin E</span> - fortified chow , or a normal control group given either regular food and water or <span class="chemical">vitamin E</span> - fortified food for 12 weeks . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Tail blood pressure , urinary NOx excretion , plasma malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , and endothelial and inducible NOS ( eNOS and iNOS ) isotypes in the aorta and kidney were measured .
### Output Text: | Tail blood pressure , urinary NOx excretion , plasma <span class="chemical">malondialdehyde</span> ( <span class="chemical">MDA</span> ) , and endothelial and inducible NOS ( eNOS and iNOS ) isotypes in the aorta and kidney were measured . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The lead - treated group exhibited a rise in blood pressure and plasma MDA concentration , a fall in urinary NOx excretion , and a paradoxical rise in vascular and renal tissue eNOS and iNOS expression .
### Output Text: | The <span class="chemical">lead</span> - treated group exhibited a rise in blood pressure and plasma <span class="chemical">MDA</span> concentration , a fall in urinary NOx excretion , and a paradoxical rise in vascular and renal tissue eNOS and iNOS expression . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Vitamin E supplementation ameliorated hypertension , lowered plasma MDA concentration , and raised urinary NOx excretion while significantly lowering vascular , but not renal , tissue eNOS and iNOS expression .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Vitamin E</span> supplementation ameliorated hypertension , lowered plasma <span class="chemical">MDA</span> concentration , and raised urinary NOx excretion while significantly lowering vascular , but not renal , tissue eNOS and iNOS expression . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Vitamin E supplementation had no effect on either blood pressure , plasma MDA , or NOS expression in the control group .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Vitamin E</span> supplementation had no effect on either blood pressure , plasma <span class="chemical">MDA</span> , or NOS expression in the control group . |