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382,397
to denali national park on december 2, 1980, under congressional legislation signed by president jimmy carter, the park in which it is located was known as mount mckinley national park. = = = legacy and historical image = = = mckinley's biographer, h. wayne morgan remarks that mckinley died the most beloved president in history. however, the young, enthusiastic roosevelt quickly captured public attention after his predecessor's death. the new president made little effort to secure the trade reciprocity mckinley had intended to negotiate with other nations. controversy and public interest surrounded roosevelt throughout the seven and a half years of his presidency as memories of mckinley faded ; by
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[ "1896", ",", "during", "the", "serious", "economic", "depression", "resulting", "from", "the", "panic", "of", "1893", ",", "he", "had", "defeated", "his", "democratic", "rival", ",", "william", "jennings", "bryan", ".", "mckinley", "led", "the", "nation", "both", "to", "a", "return", "to", "prosperity", "and", "to", "victory", "in", "the", "spanish", "–", "american", "war", "in", "1898", ",", "taking", "possession", "of", "such", "spanish", "colonies", "as", "puerto", "rico", "and", "the", "philippines", ".", "re", "@", "-", "@", "elected", "hand", "##ily", "in", "a", "rematch", "against", "bryan", "in", "1900", ",", "according", "to", "historical", "writer", "eric", "ra", "##uch", "##way", ",", "\"", "it", "looked", "as", "if", "the", "mckinley", "administration", "would", "continue", "peace", "##ably", "unbroken", "for", "another", "four", "years", ",", "a", "government", "devoted", "to", "prosperity", "\"", ".", "mckinley", "'", "s", "original", "vice", "president", ",", "ga", "##rret", "hobart", ",", "had", "died", "in", "1899", ",", "and", "mckinley", "left" ]
521,636
1896, during the serious economic depression resulting from the panic of 1893, he had defeated his democratic rival, william jennings bryan. mckinley led the nation both to a return to prosperity and to victory in the spanish – american war in 1898, taking possession of such spanish colonies as puerto rico and the philippines. re @ - @ elected handily in a rematch against bryan in 1900, according to historical writer eric rauchway, " it looked as if the mckinley administration would continue peaceably unbroken for another four years, a government devoted to prosperity ". mckinley's original vice president, garret hobart, had died in 1899, and mckinley left
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[ "on", "a", "whistle", "@", "-", "@", "stop", "political", "tour", "by", "train", "on", "an", "unprecedented", "scale", ".", "hanna", "urged", "mckinley", "to", "match", "bryan", "'", "s", "tour", "with", "one", "of", "his", "own", ";", "the", "candidate", "declined", "on", "the", "grounds", "that", "the", "democrat", "was", "a", "better", "stump", "speaker", ":", "\"", "i", "might", "just", "as", "well", "set", "up", "a", "trap", "##ez", "##e", "on", "my", "front", "lawn", "and", "compete", "with", "some", "professional", "athlete", "as", "go", "out", "speaking", "against", "bryan", ".", "i", "have", "to", "think", "when", "i", "speak", ".", "\"", "instead", "of", "going", "to", "the", "people", ",", "mckinley", "would", "remain", "at", "home", "in", "canton", "and", "allow", "the", "people", "to", "come", "to", "him", ";", "according", "to", "historian", "r", ".", "hal", "williams", "in", "his", "book", "on", "the", "1896", "election", ",", "\"", "it", "was", ",", "as", "it" ]
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on a whistle @ - @ stop political tour by train on an unprecedented scale. hanna urged mckinley to match bryan's tour with one of his own ; the candidate declined on the grounds that the democrat was a better stump speaker : " i might just as well set up a trapeze on my front lawn and compete with some professional athlete as go out speaking against bryan. i have to think when i speak. " instead of going to the people, mckinley would remain at home in canton and allow the people to come to him ; according to historian r. hal williams in his book on the 1896 election, " it was, as it
555
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hanna biographer herbert croly, hobart, an early supporter of mckinley, helped ensure new jersey's support for him at the republican convention. historian stanley jones, in his study of the 1896 election, stated that hobart stopped off in canton, ohio, mckinley's hometown, en route to the convention in st. louis. jones wrote that the future vice president was selected several days in advance, after speaker of the house thomas reed of maine turned down the nomination. croly asserted that mckinley and hanna desired an easterner on the ticket to balance it and boost support in the mid @ - @ atlantic region. the conventional means of
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[ ",", "who", "was", "subsequently", "elected", "by", "the", "legislature", ".", "according", "to", "horne", "##r", ",", "\"", "it", "is", "difficult", "to", "know", "which", "mattered", "more", "to", "hanna", "β€”", "making", "sure", "his", "old", "friend", "sherman", "kept", "his", "job", "or", "making", "sure", "that", "for", "##aker", "did", "not", "get", "it", ".", "\"", "sherman", "was", "not", "magna", "##ni", "##mous", "in", "victory", ",", "telling", "friends", "that", "he", "would", "not", "rest", "until", "he", "\"", "tom", "##aha", "##wk", "##ed", "the", "last", "of", "for", "##aker", "'", "s", "crowd", "\"", ".", "nevertheless", ",", "at", "the", "republican", "state", "convention", ",", "for", "##aker", "and", "his", "supporters", "were", "able", "to", "gain", "their", "goal", "of", "half", "the", "delegates", "@", "-", "@", "at", "@", "-", "@", "large", "to", "the", "1892", "republican", "national", "convention", "in", "minneapolis", ",", "free", "to", "vote", "as", "they", "pleased", ".", "president" ]
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, who was subsequently elected by the legislature. according to horner, " it is difficult to know which mattered more to hanna β€” making sure his old friend sherman kept his job or making sure that foraker did not get it. " sherman was not magnanimous in victory, telling friends that he would not rest until he " tomahawked the last of foraker's crowd ". nevertheless, at the republican state convention, foraker and his supporters were able to gain their goal of half the delegates @ - @ at @ - @ large to the 1892 republican national convention in minneapolis, free to vote as they pleased. president
555
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830,621
years following 1888, hanna became a strong supporter of mckinley. revenue from tariffs was then a major source of income for the federal government. there was no federal income tax and tariff debates were passionate ; the 1888 presidential election had them as a major issue. many democrats supported a tariff for revenue only, that is, the purpose of tariffs should be to finance government, not to encourage american manufacturers. mckinley disagreed with that and sponsored the mckinley tariff of 1890. this act, passed by the republican @ - @ dominated congress, raised rates on imports to protect american industry. mckinley's tariff proved unpopular among many people who had to pay the increased prices
555
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politics. the county was closely divided between democrats and republicans, but hayes carried it that year in his statewide victory. in 1869, mckinley ran for the office of prosecuting attorney of stark county, an office usually then held by democrats, and was unexpectedly elected. when mckinley ran for re @ - @ election in 1871, the democrats nominated william a. lynch, a prominent local lawyer, and mckinley was defeated by 143 votes. as mckinley's professional career progressed, so too did his social life blossom as he wooed ida saxton, the daughter of a prominent canton family. they were married on january 25, 1871, in the newly
555
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the groundwork for the governor's 1896 presidential bid. it was hay's job to persuade potential supporters that mckinley was worth backing. nevertheless, hay found time for a lengthy stay in new hampshire β€” one visitor at the fells in mid @ - @ 1895 was rudyard kipling β€” and later in the year wrote, " the summer wanes and i have done nothing for mckinley. " he atoned with a $ 500 check to hanna, the first of many that were to follow. during the winter of 1895 – 96, hay passed along what he heard from other republicans influential in washington, such as massachusetts senator henry cabot
555
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436,382
tour, as the democrat was a better stump speaker. despite hanna's urgings to the candidate to get on the road, the former governor decided on a front porch campaign ; he would remain at home in canton and allow the people to come to him. as mckinley's wife, ida, was an invalid, this also boosted his image as a good husband. when mckinley, hanna and their associates saw the emotional appeal of the bryan campaign for free silver, they decided upon an extensive and expensive effort to educate the electorate. the mckinley campaign had two main offices ; one in chicago, effectively run by dawes, and one in new
555
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830,642
allison, morton and quay remained in the race. the credentials report served as a test vote, which the mckinley forces won easily. hanna, who was a delegate from ohio, was in full control of the convention. many westerners, including republicans, were supporters of free silver. mckinley's advisors had anticipated there would be strong feelings about the currency question, and pressed the candidate for a decision on what the party platform should say on the subject. mckinley had hoped to avoid this issue ; his surrogates had presented him as firmly for the gold standard in the east, where support for that policy was strong. western supporters, who often
555
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436,402
bid for election for a full six @ - @ year term, and were seen as a referendum on mckinley's first year in office β€” the president visited ohio to give several speeches, as did bryan. mckinley was active behind the scenes, urging republicans both inside and outside ohio to support the senator. the 1897 ohio republican convention voted to support hanna, as did county conventions in 84 of ohio's 88 counties. the republicans won the election, with the overwhelming number of republican victors pledged to vote for hanna. however, a number of republicans, mostly of the foraker faction, did not want to re @ - @ elect hanna,
555
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830,619
##aker, but foraker's light dimmed when he was defeated for a third two @ - @ year term in 1889. there were strong factional conflicts inside the ohio republican party. one source of bitterness was the 1888 republican national convention. ohio republicans had endorsed the state's senior senator, john sherman, for president. this was sherman's third attempt at the republican nomination ; among his supporters were cleveland industrialist mark hanna, and governor foraker, whom hanna had to that point strongly supported. after repeated balloting, sherman did not get close to the number of delegate votes needed to nominate, and when rumors swept the convention that
555
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a republican paper, stated of hanna, " and this is the man against whom has been waged a war than which political history furnishes none more venomous, vicious, and relentlessly vituperative. it is a disgraceful story, known of all men. " the blade, another republican paper, agreed, writing, " the fight against mr. hanna was the most malignantly traitorous contest ever waged in the political annals of ohio. " the cincinnati enquirer, a silver democratic paper, argued, " the republican contingent which stuck to the last against hanna has made a record which the victorious faction might
555
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436,352
unable to secure the nomination. according to hanna biographer thomas beer, at the republican convention of 1888 an accident displayed major mckinley favorably to marcus hanna. a distinct faction, made up of men from every part of the country, approached him with a suggestion that he let himself be nominated. mckinley refused, and bluntly. he had come there pledged to support john sherman and he would support john sherman... mr. hanna's admiration of major mckinley was profuse. he appreciated men who stuck to a losing bargain. mckinley began to pick up small numbers of votes although not a declared candidate. hanna became convinced that mckinley was the only ohio
555
[ "of", "corn", "##ed", "beef", "hash", "and", "pancakes", ",", "over", "which", "the", "most", "important", "political", "decisions", "of", "the", "moment", "would", "be", "made", ".", "these", "meals", "were", "so", "politically", "important", "that", "president", "theodore", "roosevelt", "breakfast", "##ed", "with", "hanna", "every", "sunday", ".", "mckinley", "and", "other", "politically", "powerful", "people", "visited", "the", "home", "so", "much", "that", "it", "became", "known", "as", "the", "\"", "little", "white", "house", ".", "\"", "it", "was", "at", "just", "such", "a", "breakfast", "on", "march", "10", ",", "1902", ",", "that", "j", ".", "p", ".", "morgan", "asked", "senator", "hanna", "whether", "the", "united", "states", "government", "had", "any", "intention", "of", "filing", "an", "anti", "##trust", "lawsuit", "against", "the", "recently", "formed", "northern", "securities", "company", ".", "hanna", "said", "the", "government", "would", "not", "file", "suit", "against", "the", "trust", ".", "when", "the", "government", "filed", "suit", "hours", "later", ",", "morgan", "accused" ]
433,303
of corned beef hash and pancakes, over which the most important political decisions of the moment would be made. these meals were so politically important that president theodore roosevelt breakfasted with hanna every sunday. mckinley and other politically powerful people visited the home so much that it became known as the " little white house. " it was at just such a breakfast on march 10, 1902, that j. p. morgan asked senator hanna whether the united states government had any intention of filing an antitrust lawsuit against the recently formed northern securities company. hanna said the government would not file suit against the trust. when the government filed suit hours later, morgan accused
555
[ "which", "had", "emerged", "from", "the", "agricultural", "discontent", ".", "there", "were", "more", "demands", "for", "mckinley", "to", "speak", "than", "he", "could", "possibly", "fulfill", ".", "campaigning", "throughout", "the", "eastern", "half", "of", "the", "country", "on", "behalf", "of", "republican", "candidates", ",", "and", "vent", "##uring", "even", "to", "new", "orleans", ",", "in", "the", "democratic", "solid", "south", ",", "mckinley", "spoke", "to", "large", ",", "enthusiastic", "crowds", "as", "often", "as", "23", "times", "in", "a", "day", ".", "according", "to", "his", "biographer", ",", "margaret", "lee", "##ch", ",", "\"", "mckinley", "'", "s", "fe", "##r", "##vor", "was", "irresistible", "to", "his", "audiences", ".", "he", "was", "better", "than", "a", "spell", "##bin", "##der", ".", "he", "was", "a", "vote", "@", "-", "@", "get", "##ter", ".", "the", "w", "##hir", "##l", "##wind", "campaign", "of", "the", "governor", "of", "ohio", "was", "a", "sensation", "of", "the", "autumn", ".", "\"", "the", "1894" ]
830,629
which had emerged from the agricultural discontent. there were more demands for mckinley to speak than he could possibly fulfill. campaigning throughout the eastern half of the country on behalf of republican candidates, and venturing even to new orleans, in the democratic solid south, mckinley spoke to large, enthusiastic crowds as often as 23 times in a day. according to his biographer, margaret leech, " mckinley's fervor was irresistible to his audiences. he was better than a spellbinder. he was a vote @ - @ getter. the whirlwind campaign of the governor of ohio was a sensation of the autumn. " the 1894
555
[ "would", "make", "it", "easier", "to", "repay", "debts", ".", "polls", "in", "battle", "##ground", "midwest", "##ern", "states", ",", "and", "word", "from", "activists", "there", ",", "showed", "that", "bryan", "had", "made", "deep", "in", "##ro", "##ads", "into", "republican", "support", ".", "one", "survey", "in", "august", "showed", "that", "of", "the", "midwest", "##ern", "states", ",", "only", "wisconsin", "was", "safe", "for", "the", "republicans", ".", "by", "early", "in", "august", ",", "the", "mckinley", "campaign", "had", "decided", "upon", "a", "strategy", ":", "appeal", "to", "labor", "and", "established", "farmers", ".", "mckinley", ",", "on", "the", "urgent", "advice", "of", "his", "advisers", ",", "by", "the", "middle", "of", "that", "month", "had", "decided", "that", "the", "currency", "question", "must", "be", "addressed", "immediately", ",", "and", "the", "campaign", "machine", "began", "the", "process", "of", "generating", "millions", "of", "publications", "and", "sending", "hundreds", "of", "speakers", "into", "the", "field", ".", "the", "pamphlets", "contained", "quotes" ]
830,667
would make it easier to repay debts. polls in battleground midwestern states, and word from activists there, showed that bryan had made deep inroads into republican support. one survey in august showed that of the midwestern states, only wisconsin was safe for the republicans. by early in august, the mckinley campaign had decided upon a strategy : appeal to labor and established farmers. mckinley, on the urgent advice of his advisers, by the middle of that month had decided that the currency question must be addressed immediately, and the campaign machine began the process of generating millions of publications and sending hundreds of speakers into the field. the pamphlets contained quotes
555
[ "grew", "between", "the", "two", "men", ".", "president", "cleveland", "selected", "hanna", "as", "one", "of", "the", "union", "pacific", "railroad", "'", "s", "directors", "β€”", "part", "of", "the", "corporate", "board", "was", "then", "appointed", "by", "the", "government", ".", "the", "appointment", "was", "most", "likely", "at", "the", "recommendation", "of", "senator", "sherman", ".", "the", "industrialist", "'", "s", "work", "for", "the", "railroad", "was", "highly", "praised", "by", "its", "president", ",", "charles", "francis", "adams", ";", "hanna", "'", "s", "knowledge", "of", "the", "coal", "business", "led", "to", "him", "being", "appointed", "head", "of", "one", "of", "the", "board", "'", "s", "committees", "with", "responsibility", "in", "that", "area", ".", "hanna", "was", "a", "major", "campaign", "adviser", "and", "fundraiser", "for", "for", "##aker", "'", "s", "successful", "runs", "for", "governor", "in", "1885", "and", "1887", ".", "=", "=", "mckinley", "partisan", "(", "1888", "–", "96", ")", "=", "=", "=", "=", "=" ]
436,348
grew between the two men. president cleveland selected hanna as one of the union pacific railroad's directors β€” part of the corporate board was then appointed by the government. the appointment was most likely at the recommendation of senator sherman. the industrialist's work for the railroad was highly praised by its president, charles francis adams ; hanna's knowledge of the coal business led to him being appointed head of one of the board's committees with responsibility in that area. hanna was a major campaign adviser and fundraiser for foraker's successful runs for governor in 1885 and 1887. = = mckinley partisan ( 1888 – 96 ) = = = = =
555
[ "biographer", "william", "t", ".", "horne", "##r", ",", "held", "a", "gr", "##udge", "as", "a", "result", ".", "hanna", "had", "also", "opposed", "his", "re", "@", "-", "@", "election", "in", "the", "municipal", "elections", "held", "in", "early", "1897", ",", "speaking", "highly", "of", "mc", "##kis", "##son", "'", "s", "opponent", "to", "a", "reporter", ",", "and", "asking", "the", "reporter", "whether", "it", "was", "true", "that", "mc", "##kis", "##son", "had", "secured", "reno", "##mina", "##tion", "as", "mayor", "through", "fraud", ".", "despite", "poor", "treatment", "by", "the", "hanna", "campaign", "β€”", "mc", "##kis", "##son", "had", "been", "relegated", "to", "obscure", "rallies", ",", "except", "when", "called", "upon", "to", "introduce", "the", "candidate", "at", "a", "huge", "cleveland", "event", ",", "and", "the", "hanna", "supporters", "had", "sought", "to", "remove", "mc", "##kis", "##son", "men", "from", "election", "positions", "β€”", "mc", "##kis", "##son", "had", "publicly", "supported", "hanna", "for", "senator", ",", "making" ]
316,378
biographer william t. horner, held a grudge as a result. hanna had also opposed his re @ - @ election in the municipal elections held in early 1897, speaking highly of mckisson's opponent to a reporter, and asking the reporter whether it was true that mckisson had secured renomination as mayor through fraud. despite poor treatment by the hanna campaign β€” mckisson had been relegated to obscure rallies, except when called upon to introduce the candidate at a huge cleveland event, and the hanna supporters had sought to remove mckisson men from election positions β€” mckisson had publicly supported hanna for senator, making
555
[ "lay", ",", "and", "as", "he", "awaited", "the", "end", ",", "made", "the", "necessary", "plans", "and", "arrangements", "to", "return", "his", "friend", "'", "s", "remains", "to", "canton", ".", "at", "2", ":", "15", "am", "on", "september", "14", ",", "president", "mckinley", "died", ".", "=", "=", "=", "roosevelt", "years", "and", "death", "(", "1901", "–", "04", ")", "=", "=", "=", "mckinley", "'", "s", "death", "left", "hanna", "devastated", "both", "personally", "and", "politically", ".", "although", "the", "two", "had", "not", "been", "allies", ",", "the", "new", "president", ",", "roosevelt", ",", "reached", "out", "to", "hanna", ",", "hoping", "to", "secure", "his", "influence", "in", "the", "senate", ".", "hanna", "indicated", "that", "he", "was", "willing", "to", "come", "to", "terms", "with", "roosevelt", "on", "two", "conditions", ":", "that", "roosevelt", "carry", "out", "mckinley", "'", "s", "political", "agenda", ",", "and", "that", "the", "president", "cease", "from", "his", "habit", "of" ]
436,428
lay, and as he awaited the end, made the necessary plans and arrangements to return his friend's remains to canton. at 2 : 15 am on september 14, president mckinley died. = = = roosevelt years and death ( 1901 – 04 ) = = = mckinley's death left hanna devastated both personally and politically. although the two had not been allies, the new president, roosevelt, reached out to hanna, hoping to secure his influence in the senate. hanna indicated that he was willing to come to terms with roosevelt on two conditions : that roosevelt carry out mckinley's political agenda, and that the president cease from his habit of
555
[ "importance", "in", "a", "changing", "america", ".", "and", "to", "implement", "these", "strategies", ",", "mckinley", ",", "with", "hanna", "'", "s", "aid", ",", "created", "a", "larger", ",", "more", "organized", "campaign", "structure", "than", "had", "previously", "been", "seen", "in", "presidential", "campaigns", ".", "jones", "noted", ",", "\"", "the", "republican", "party", ",", "under", "the", "skill", "##ful", "leadership", "of", "mckinley", "and", "hanna", ",", "produced", "a", "combination", "of", "votes", "which", "gave", "it", "the", "victory", "in", "1896", "and", "which", "promised", "republican", "as", "##cend", "##ency", "for", "many", "years", "in", "the", "future", ".", "\"", "the", "1896", "presidential", "race", "is", "often", "considered", "a", "real", "##ign", "##ing", "election", ",", "when", "there", "is", "a", "major", "shift", "in", "voting", "patterns", ",", "upset", "##ting", "the", "political", "balance", ".", "mckinley", "was", "supported", "by", "middle", "@", "-", "@", "class", "and", "wealthy", "voters", ",", "urban", "laborers", ",", "and" ]
830,683
importance in a changing america. and to implement these strategies, mckinley, with hanna's aid, created a larger, more organized campaign structure than had previously been seen in presidential campaigns. jones noted, " the republican party, under the skillful leadership of mckinley and hanna, produced a combination of votes which gave it the victory in 1896 and which promised republican ascendency for many years in the future. " the 1896 presidential race is often considered a realigning election, when there is a major shift in voting patterns, upsetting the political balance. mckinley was supported by middle @ - @ class and wealthy voters, urban laborers, and
555
[ "calling", "hanna", "\"", "old", "man", "\"", ",", "something", "which", "greatly", "annoyed", "the", "senator", ".", "hanna", "warned", "roosevelt", ",", "\"", "if", "you", "don", "'", "t", ",", "i", "'", "ll", "call", "you", "teddy", ".", "\"", "roosevelt", ",", "who", "despised", "his", "nickname", ",", "agreed", "to", "both", "terms", ",", "though", "he", "imperfect", "##ly", "carried", "out", "the", "second", "condition", ".", "=", "=", "=", "=", "panama", "canal", "involvement", "=", "=", "=", "=", "hanna", "was", "a", "supporter", "of", "building", "a", "canal", "across", "central", "america", "to", "allow", "ships", "to", "pass", "between", "the", "atlantic", "and", "pacific", "oceans", "without", "making", "the", "lengthy", "journey", "around", "cape", "horn", ".", "the", "senator", "believed", "a", "route", "across", "the", "colombian", "province", "of", "panama", "to", "be", "superior", "to", "its", "nicaragua", "##n", "rival", ".", "how", "he", "came", "to", "support", "this", "route", "is", "uncertain", ",", "though" ]
436,429
calling hanna " old man ", something which greatly annoyed the senator. hanna warned roosevelt, " if you don't, i'll call you teddy. " roosevelt, who despised his nickname, agreed to both terms, though he imperfectly carried out the second condition. = = = = panama canal involvement = = = = hanna was a supporter of building a canal across central america to allow ships to pass between the atlantic and pacific oceans without making the lengthy journey around cape horn. the senator believed a route across the colombian province of panama to be superior to its nicaraguan rival. how he came to support this route is uncertain, though
555
[ "courts", "of", "appeals", ",", "and", "28", "judges", "to", "the", "united", "states", "district", "courts", ".", "republicans", "were", "generally", "successful", "in", "state", "and", "local", "elections", "around", "the", "country", "in", "1899", ",", "and", "mckinley", "was", "optimistic", "about", "his", "chances", "at", "re", "@", "-", "@", "election", "in", "1900", ".", "mckinley", "'", "s", "popularity", "in", "his", "first", "term", "assured", "him", "of", "reno", "##mina", "##tion", "for", "a", "second", ".", "the", "only", "question", "about", "the", "republican", "ticket", "concerned", "the", "vice", "presidential", "nomination", ";", "mckinley", "needed", "a", "new", "running", "mate", "as", "hobart", "had", "died", "in", "late", "1899", ".", "mckinley", "initially", "favored", "eli", "##hu", "root", ",", "who", "had", "succeeded", "al", "##ger", "as", "secretary", "of", "war", ",", "but", "mckinley", "decided", "that", "root", "was", "doing", "too", "good", "a", "job", "at", "the", "war", "department", "to", "move", "him", ".", "he", "considered" ]
382,380
courts of appeals, and 28 judges to the united states district courts. republicans were generally successful in state and local elections around the country in 1899, and mckinley was optimistic about his chances at re @ - @ election in 1900. mckinley's popularity in his first term assured him of renomination for a second. the only question about the republican ticket concerned the vice presidential nomination ; mckinley needed a new running mate as hobart had died in late 1899. mckinley initially favored elihu root, who had succeeded alger as secretary of war, but mckinley decided that root was doing too good a job at the war department to move him. he considered
555
[ "ended", "by", "hanna", "'", "s", "sale", "of", "the", "herald", ",", "the", "latter", "had", "little", "trouble", "being", "elected", "as", "a", "district", "delegate", "to", "the", "1888", "republican", "national", "convention", ".", "among", "the", "delegates", "at", "@", "-", "@", "large", "were", "governor", "for", "##aker", "and", "congressman", "mckinley", ".", "hanna", "financed", "many", "of", "the", "arrangements", "for", "the", "sherman", "campaign", "and", "was", "widely", "regarded", "as", "its", "manager", ".", "sherman", ",", "as", "was", "customary", "at", "the", "time", ",", "remained", "in", "washington", "and", "did", "not", "attend", "the", "convention", "in", "chicago", ".", "there", "was", "widespread", "speculation", "in", "the", "press", "that", "governor", "for", "##aker", ",", "nominally", "a", "sherman", "supporter", ",", "would", "declare", "a", "favorite", "son", "candidacy", "or", "else", "support", "blaine", "if", "he", "entered", "the", "race", ".", "the", "convention", "dead", "##lock", "##ed", ",", "with", "sherman", "in", "the", "lead", "but" ]
436,351
ended by hanna's sale of the herald, the latter had little trouble being elected as a district delegate to the 1888 republican national convention. among the delegates at @ - @ large were governor foraker and congressman mckinley. hanna financed many of the arrangements for the sherman campaign and was widely regarded as its manager. sherman, as was customary at the time, remained in washington and did not attend the convention in chicago. there was widespread speculation in the press that governor foraker, nominally a sherman supporter, would declare a favorite son candidacy or else support blaine if he entered the race. the convention deadlocked, with sherman in the lead but
555
[ "mckinley", ",", "giving", "the", "former", "ohio", "governor", "a", "strong", "advantage", "going", "into", "the", "convention", ".", "according", "to", "williams", ",", "\"", "as", "early", "as", "march", "1896", ",", "the", "band", "##wa", "##gon", "had", "become", "a", "steam", "##roller", ".", "\"", "as", "the", "convention", "approached", ",", "journalists", "awoke", "to", "the", "fact", "that", "mckinley", "would", ",", "most", "likely", ",", "be", "the", "republican", "nominee", ".", "those", "newspapers", "that", "were", "democratic", "in", "their", "outlook", ",", "including", "publisher", "william", "randolph", "hearst", "'", "s", "new", "york", "journal", ",", "sent", "reporters", "to", "canton", "to", "dig", "up", "dirt", "on", "mckinley", ".", "the", "candidate", "had", "a", "sterling", "reputation", "for", "personal", "and", "political", "honesty", ",", "and", "reporters", "found", "that", "even", "mckinley", "'", "s", "few", "personal", "enemies", "spoke", "well", "of", "him", ".", "mckinley", "'", "s", "financial", "problem", "in", "1893", "was", "one", "of" ]
436,373
mckinley, giving the former ohio governor a strong advantage going into the convention. according to williams, " as early as march 1896, the bandwagon had become a steamroller. " as the convention approached, journalists awoke to the fact that mckinley would, most likely, be the republican nominee. those newspapers that were democratic in their outlook, including publisher william randolph hearst's new york journal, sent reporters to canton to dig up dirt on mckinley. the candidate had a sterling reputation for personal and political honesty, and reporters found that even mckinley's few personal enemies spoke well of him. mckinley's financial problem in 1893 was one of
555
[ "of", "the", "modern", "presidential", "campaign", ".", "his", "campaign", "for", "mckinley", "in", "1896", "broke", "new", "ground", "because", "of", "its", "highly", "system", "##ati", "##zed", "and", "centralized", "nature", ",", "as", "well", "as", "for", "its", "fundraising", "success", ".", "although", "hanna", "has", "been", "depicted", "as", "the", "first", "national", "political", "boss", ",", "historians", "agree", "that", "mckinley", "dominated", "the", "relationship", "between", "the", "two", ".", "nevertheless", ",", "hanna", "is", "recognized", "for", "his", "innovative", "campaign", "work", ".", "=", "=", "public", "image", "today", "=", "=", "new", "jersey", "senator", "bill", "bradley", "published", "a", "volume", "of", "memoirs", ",", "time", "present", ",", "time", "past", "in", "1996", ".", "in", "it", ",", "the", "democrat", "mentioned", "having", "written", "a", "high", "@", "-", "@", "school", "report", "on", "hanna", "β€”", "his", "history", "teacher", ",", "bradley", "related", ",", "told", "him", "that", "the", "lesson", "of", "the", "1896", "campaign" ]
436,445
of the modern presidential campaign. his campaign for mckinley in 1896 broke new ground because of its highly systematized and centralized nature, as well as for its fundraising success. although hanna has been depicted as the first national political boss, historians agree that mckinley dominated the relationship between the two. nevertheless, hanna is recognized for his innovative campaign work. = = public image today = = new jersey senator bill bradley published a volume of memoirs, time present, time past in 1996. in it, the democrat mentioned having written a high @ - @ school report on hanna β€” his history teacher, bradley related, told him that the lesson of the 1896 campaign
555
[ "pl", "##aud", "##its", "for", "his", "handling", "of", "the", "convention", "when", "called", "upon", "to", "pre", "##side", ".", "by", "1886", ",", "mckinley", ",", "senator", "john", "sherman", ",", "and", "governor", "joseph", "b", ".", "for", "##aker", "were", "considered", "the", "leaders", "of", "the", "republican", "party", "in", "ohio", ".", "sherman", ",", "who", "had", "helped", "to", "found", "the", "republican", "party", ",", "ran", "three", "times", "for", "the", "republican", "nomination", "for", "president", "in", "the", "1880s", ",", "each", "time", "failing", ",", "while", "for", "##aker", "began", "a", "meteor", "##ic", "rise", "in", "ohio", "politics", "early", "in", "the", "decade", ".", "hanna", ",", "once", "he", "entered", "public", "affairs", "as", "a", "political", "manager", "and", "generous", "contributor", ",", "supported", "sherman", "'", "s", "ambitions", ",", "as", "well", "as", "those", "of", "for", "##aker", ".", "the", "latter", "relationship", "broke", "off", "at", "the", "1888", "republican", "national", "convention", "," ]
382,315
plaudits for his handling of the convention when called upon to preside. by 1886, mckinley, senator john sherman, and governor joseph b. foraker were considered the leaders of the republican party in ohio. sherman, who had helped to found the republican party, ran three times for the republican nomination for president in the 1880s, each time failing, while foraker began a meteoric rise in ohio politics early in the decade. hanna, once he entered public affairs as a political manager and generous contributor, supported sherman's ambitions, as well as those of foraker. the latter relationship broke off at the 1888 republican national convention,
555
[ "helpful", ",", "for", "example", ",", "when", "you", "are", "good", "friends", "with", "the", "president", "of", "the", "united", "states", ",", "a", "man", "also", "personally", "very", "influential", "in", "ohio", "politics", ".", "in", "the", "end", ",", "\"", "hanna", "'", "s", "tactics", "β€”", "whatever", "they", "really", "were", "\"", "succeeded", ";", "he", "was", "re", "@", "-", "@", "elected", "with", "the", "bare", "##st", "possible", "majority", ".", "=", "=", "=", "=", "relationship", "with", "the", "president", "=", "=", "=", "=", "mark", "hanna", "and", "william", "mckinley", "continued", "their", "friendship", "as", "they", "assumed", "their", "offices", "in", "march", "1897", ".", "senator", "hanna", "was", "looking", "for", "a", "residence", ";", "president", "mckinley", "suggested", "that", "he", "stay", "at", "the", "executive", "mansion", "(", "as", "the", "white", "house", "was", "still", "formally", "known", ")", "until", "he", "found", "one", ".", "according", "to", "hearst", "'", "s", "new", "york" ]
436,405
helpful, for example, when you are good friends with the president of the united states, a man also personally very influential in ohio politics. in the end, " hanna's tactics β€” whatever they really were " succeeded ; he was re @ - @ elected with the barest possible majority. = = = = relationship with the president = = = = mark hanna and william mckinley continued their friendship as they assumed their offices in march 1897. senator hanna was looking for a residence ; president mckinley suggested that he stay at the executive mansion ( as the white house was still formally known ) until he found one. according to hearst's new york
555
[ "fill", "the", "vacancy", "caused", "by", "the", "resignation", "of", "john", "sherman", "to", "become", "secretary", "of", "state", "to", "president", "(", "and", "former", "ohio", "governor", ")", "william", "mckinley", ".", "hanna", "'", "s", "appointment", "was", "only", "good", "until", "the", "legislature", "met", "and", "made", "its", "own", "choice", ".", "the", "legislature", "elected", "hanna", "over", "his", "fellow", "republican", ",", "cleveland", "mayor", "robert", "mc", "##kis", "##son", ",", "both", "for", "the", "remainder", "of", "sherman", "'", "s", "original", "term", "(", "ex", "##pi", "##ring", "in", "1899", ")", "and", "for", "a", "full", "six", "@", "-", "@", "year", "term", "to", "conclude", "in", "1905", ".", "hanna", ",", "a", "wealthy", "industrialist", ",", "had", "successfully", "managed", "mckinley", "'", "s", "1896", "presidential", "campaign", ".", "the", "ohio", "republican", "party", "was", "bitterly", "divided", "between", "the", "faction", "led", "by", "mckinley", ",", "hanna", "and", "sherman", ",", "and", "one", "led" ]
316,359
fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of john sherman to become secretary of state to president ( and former ohio governor ) william mckinley. hanna's appointment was only good until the legislature met and made its own choice. the legislature elected hanna over his fellow republican, cleveland mayor robert mckisson, both for the remainder of sherman's original term ( expiring in 1899 ) and for a full six @ - @ year term to conclude in 1905. hanna, a wealthy industrialist, had successfully managed mckinley's 1896 presidential campaign. the ohio republican party was bitterly divided between the faction led by mckinley, hanna and sherman, and one led
555
[ "\"", "mckinley", "clubs", "\"", "in", "pennsylvania", "to", "force", "quay", "to", "spend", "time", "and", "money", "sho", "##ring", "up", "his", "base", ".", "a", "key", "to", "defeating", "the", "bosses", "'", "\"", "favorite", "son", "\"", "strategy", "was", "illinois", ".", "a", "young", "chicago", "businessman", "and", "mckinley", "supporter", ",", "charles", "da", "##wes", "(", "who", "would", "thirty", "years", "later", "be", "vice", "president", "under", "cool", "##idge", ")", "worked", "at", "illinois", "district", "and", "state", "conventions", "to", "elect", "delegates", "pledged", "to", "mckinley", ".", "da", "##wes", "and", "hanna", "worked", "closely", "together", ",", "with", "the", "latter", "relying", "on", "the", "young", "entrepreneur", "to", "secure", "support", "from", "his", "connections", "in", "the", "chicago", "business", "community", ".", "despite", "the", "opposition", "of", "illinois", "'", "republican", "political", "machine", ",", "da", "##wes", "and", "hanna", "were", "able", "to", "secure", "all", "but", "a", "few", "of", "illinois", "'", "delegates", "for" ]
436,372
" mckinley clubs " in pennsylvania to force quay to spend time and money shoring up his base. a key to defeating the bosses'" favorite son " strategy was illinois. a young chicago businessman and mckinley supporter, charles dawes ( who would thirty years later be vice president under coolidge ) worked at illinois district and state conventions to elect delegates pledged to mckinley. dawes and hanna worked closely together, with the latter relying on the young entrepreneur to secure support from his connections in the chicago business community. despite the opposition of illinois'republican political machine, dawes and hanna were able to secure all but a few of illinois'delegates for
555
[ "money", "as", "the", "equivalent", "of", "35", "cents", "in", "gold", ".", "hanna", "hoped", "that", "grant", ",", "who", "was", "elected", ",", "would", "institute", "policies", "which", "would", "return", "full", "value", "to", "the", "currency", ".", "the", "firm", "built", "many", "vessels", "and", "also", "gained", "interests", "in", "a", "wide", "variety", "of", "firms", ",", "which", "in", "turn", "used", "the", "rhodes", "steamer", "##s", ".", "hanna", "also", "purchased", "cleveland", "'", "s", "opera", "house", ",", "allowing", "it", "to", "remain", "open", "at", "times", "when", "it", "could", "not", "pay", "its", "full", "rent", ".", "during", "grant", "'", "s", "first", "four", "@", "-", "@", "year", "term", ",", "hanna", "began", "to", "involve", "himself", "in", "politics", ".", "at", "first", "his", "interest", "was", "purely", "local", ",", "supporting", "republican", "candidates", "for", "municipal", "and", "cu", "##yah", "##oga", "county", "offices", ".", "in", "1869", ",", "he", "was", "elected", "to" ]
436,339
money as the equivalent of 35 cents in gold. hanna hoped that grant, who was elected, would institute policies which would return full value to the currency. the firm built many vessels and also gained interests in a wide variety of firms, which in turn used the rhodes steamers. hanna also purchased cleveland's opera house, allowing it to remain open at times when it could not pay its full rent. during grant's first four @ - @ year term, hanna began to involve himself in politics. at first his interest was purely local, supporting republican candidates for municipal and cuyahoga county offices. in 1869, he was elected to
555
[ "at", "noon", ",", "the", "candidate", "would", "be", "declared", "elected", ".", "otherwise", ",", "there", "would", "be", "a", "roll", "@", "-", "@", "call", "vote", "of", "all", "legislators", ",", "with", "a", "majority", "of", "those", "present", "needed", "to", "elect", ".", "if", "a", "vacancy", "occurred", "when", "the", "legislature", "was", "not", "in", "session", ",", "the", "governor", "could", "make", "a", "temporary", "appointment", "to", "serve", "until", "law", "##makers", "convened", ".", "beginning", "in", "about", "1888", ",", "there", "were", "rival", "factions", "seeking", "control", "of", "the", "republican", "party", "of", "ohio", ".", "in", "1896", ",", "one", "faction", "was", "led", "by", "senator", "john", "sherman", ",", "former", "governor", "william", "mckinley", ",", "and", "mckinley", "'", "s", "political", "manager", ",", "cleveland", "industrialist", "mark", "hanna", ".", "the", "other", "grouping", "was", "led", "by", "former", "governor", "joseph", "for", "##aker", ",", "who", "had", "the", "support", "of", "ohio", "'" ]
316,363
at noon, the candidate would be declared elected. otherwise, there would be a roll @ - @ call vote of all legislators, with a majority of those present needed to elect. if a vacancy occurred when the legislature was not in session, the governor could make a temporary appointment to serve until lawmakers convened. beginning in about 1888, there were rival factions seeking control of the republican party of ohio. in 1896, one faction was led by senator john sherman, former governor william mckinley, and mckinley's political manager, cleveland industrialist mark hanna. the other grouping was led by former governor joseph foraker, who had the support of ohio '
555
[ "in", "1900", ",", "and", "mckinley", "was", "unanimously", "reno", "##minated", "at", "the", "republican", "national", "convention", "that", "year", ".", "he", "allowed", "the", "convention", "to", "make", "its", "own", "choice", "of", "running", "mate", ",", "and", "it", "selected", "roosevelt", ",", "by", "then", "governor", "of", "new", "york", ".", "senator", "hanna", "bitterly", "opposed", "that", "choice", ",", "but", "nevertheless", "raised", "millions", "for", "the", "mckinley", "/", "roosevelt", "ticket", ",", "which", "was", "elected", ".", "hay", "accompanied", "mckinley", "on", "his", "nationwide", "train", "tour", "in", "mid", "@", "-", "@", "1901", ",", "during", "which", "both", "men", "visited", "california", "and", "saw", "the", "pacific", "ocean", "for", "the", "only", "times", "in", "their", "lives", ".", "the", "summer", "of", "1901", "was", "tragic", "for", "hay", ";", "his", "older", "son", "ad", "##el", "##bert", ",", "who", "had", "been", "consul", "in", "pretoria", "during", "the", "boer", "war", "and", "was", "about", "to" ]
148,250
in 1900, and mckinley was unanimously renominated at the republican national convention that year. he allowed the convention to make its own choice of running mate, and it selected roosevelt, by then governor of new york. senator hanna bitterly opposed that choice, but nevertheless raised millions for the mckinley / roosevelt ticket, which was elected. hay accompanied mckinley on his nationwide train tour in mid @ - @ 1901, during which both men visited california and saw the pacific ocean for the only times in their lives. the summer of 1901 was tragic for hay ; his older son adelbert, who had been consul in pretoria during the boer war and was about to
555
[ "own", "party", ",", "and", "with", "the", "start", "of", "1892", ",", "mckinley", "was", "talked", "about", "as", "a", "potential", "candidate", ".", "at", "the", "1892", "republican", "national", "convention", "in", "minneapolis", ",", "mckinley", "'", "s", "keynote", "address", "sparked", "wild", "applause", "from", "a", "convention", "friendly", "to", "him", ".", "this", "popularity", "did", "not", "translate", "into", "delegate", "votes", ";", "harrison", "'", "s", "supporters", "were", "in", "control", "of", "the", "convention", "throughout", ".", "hanna", ",", "a", "delegate", "from", "ohio", ",", "promoted", "mckinley", "to", "delegates", ".", "mckinley", ",", "never", "a", "declared", "candidate", ",", "finished", "third", ",", "a", "fraction", "of", "a", "vote", "behind", "blaine", ",", "who", "had", "declared", "himself", "not", "to", "be", "a", "candidate", ".", "despite", "harrison", "'", "s", "success", ",", "mckinley", "was", "carried", "from", "the", "convention", "hall", "to", "his", "hotel", "by", "supporters", "after", "he", "ad", "##jou", "##rned", "the" ]
436,362
own party, and with the start of 1892, mckinley was talked about as a potential candidate. at the 1892 republican national convention in minneapolis, mckinley's keynote address sparked wild applause from a convention friendly to him. this popularity did not translate into delegate votes ; harrison's supporters were in control of the convention throughout. hanna, a delegate from ohio, promoted mckinley to delegates. mckinley, never a declared candidate, finished third, a fraction of a vote behind blaine, who had declared himself not to be a candidate. despite harrison's success, mckinley was carried from the convention hall to his hotel by supporters after he adjourned the
555
[ "friend", "and", "close", "adviser", "to", "him", ".", "although", "hanna", "remained", "active", "in", "business", "and", "in", "promoting", "other", "republicans", ",", "in", "the", "years", "after", "1888", ",", "he", "spent", "an", "increasing", "amount", "of", "time", "boost", "##ing", "mckinley", "'", "s", "political", "career", ".", "in", "1889", ",", "with", "the", "republicans", "in", "the", "majority", ",", "mckinley", "sought", "election", "as", "speaker", "of", "the", "house", ".", "he", "failed", "to", "gain", "the", "post", ",", "which", "went", "to", "thomas", "b", ".", "reed", "of", "maine", ";", "however", ",", "speaker", "reed", "appointed", "mckinley", "chairman", "of", "the", "ways", "and", "means", "committee", ".", "the", "ohio", "##an", "guided", "the", "mckinley", "tariff", "of", "1890", "through", "congress", ";", "although", "mckinley", "'", "s", "work", "was", "altered", "through", "the", "influence", "of", "special", "interests", "in", "the", "senate", ",", "it", "imposed", "a", "number", "of", "protective", "tariffs", "on", "foreign" ]
382,317
friend and close adviser to him. although hanna remained active in business and in promoting other republicans, in the years after 1888, he spent an increasing amount of time boosting mckinley's political career. in 1889, with the republicans in the majority, mckinley sought election as speaker of the house. he failed to gain the post, which went to thomas b. reed of maine ; however, speaker reed appointed mckinley chairman of the ways and means committee. the ohioan guided the mckinley tariff of 1890 through congress ; although mckinley's work was altered through the influence of special interests in the senate, it imposed a number of protective tariffs on foreign
555
[ "for", "striking", "into", "money", ",", "and", "also", "joined", "the", "large", "major", "##ities", "in", "each", "house", "that", "over", "##rod", "##e", "hayes", "'", "veto", "of", "the", "legislation", ".", "in", "so", "doing", ",", "mckinley", "voted", "against", "the", "position", "of", "the", "house", "republican", "leader", ",", "his", "fellow", "ohio", "##an", "and", "friend", ",", "james", "garfield", ".", "from", "his", "first", "term", "in", "congress", ",", "mckinley", "was", "a", "strong", "advocate", "of", "protective", "tariffs", ".", "the", "primary", "purposes", "of", "such", "imp", "##ost", "##s", "was", "not", "to", "raise", "revenue", ",", "but", "to", "allow", "american", "manufacturing", "to", "develop", "by", "giving", "it", "a", "price", "advantage", "in", "the", "domestic", "market", "over", "foreign", "competitors", ".", "mckinley", "biographer", "margaret", "lee", "##ch", "noted", "that", "canton", "had", "become", "prosperous", "as", "a", "center", "for", "the", "manufacture", "of", "farm", "equipment", "because", "of", "protection", ",", "and", "that" ]
382,313
for striking into money, and also joined the large majorities in each house that overrode hayes'veto of the legislation. in so doing, mckinley voted against the position of the house republican leader, his fellow ohioan and friend, james garfield. from his first term in congress, mckinley was a strong advocate of protective tariffs. the primary purposes of such imposts was not to raise revenue, but to allow american manufacturing to develop by giving it a price advantage in the domestic market over foreign competitors. mckinley biographer margaret leech noted that canton had become prosperous as a center for the manufacture of farm equipment because of protection, and that
555
[ "##ati", "##fied", ",", "believing", "that", "bryan", "'", "s", "selection", "would", "result", "in", "an", "easy", "victory", "for", "mckinley", ".", "despite", "the", "confidence", "of", "the", "republicans", ",", "the", "nomination", "of", "bryan", "sparked", "great", "excitement", "through", "the", "nation", ".", "his", "program", "of", "prosperity", "through", "free", "silver", "struck", "an", "emotional", "chord", "with", "the", "american", "people", "in", "a", "way", "that", "mckinley", "'", "s", "protective", "tariff", "did", "not", ".", "many", "republican", "leaders", "had", "gone", "on", "vacation", "for", "the", "summer", ",", "believing", "that", "the", "fight", ",", "on", "their", "terms", ",", "would", "take", "place", "in", "the", "fall", ".", "bryan", "'", "s", "endorsement", ",", "soon", "after", "chicago", ",", "by", "the", "pop", "##uli", "##sts", ",", "his", "statement", "that", "he", "would", "undertake", "a", "nationwide", "tour", "on", "an", "unprecedented", "scale", ",", "and", "word", "from", "local", "activists", "of", "the", "strong", "silver" ]
263,859
##atified, believing that bryan's selection would result in an easy victory for mckinley. despite the confidence of the republicans, the nomination of bryan sparked great excitement through the nation. his program of prosperity through free silver struck an emotional chord with the american people in a way that mckinley's protective tariff did not. many republican leaders had gone on vacation for the summer, believing that the fight, on their terms, would take place in the fall. bryan's endorsement, soon after chicago, by the populists, his statement that he would undertake a nationwide tour on an unprecedented scale, and word from local activists of the strong silver
555
[ ",", "should", "not", "become", "secretary", "of", "state", ".", "for", "##aker", "met", "with", "mckinley", ",", "but", "failed", "to", "convince", "him", ".", "bush", "##nell", "(", "who", "would", "get", "to", "appoint", "a", "temporary", "replacement", ")", "and", "for", "##aker", "(", "a", "close", "political", "ally", "of", "the", "governor", ")", "did", "not", "want", "to", "appoint", "hanna", ";", "their", "faction", "had", "several", "candidates", ",", "including", "bush", "##nell", "himself", ",", "for", "the", "next", "election", "for", "sherman", "'", "s", "seat", "in", "1898", ".", "bush", "##nell", "and", "for", "##aker", "resisted", "for", "a", "month", "once", "the", "pending", "appointment", "of", "sherman", "became", "known", "in", "january", "1897", ",", "during", "which", "time", "the", "governor", "offered", "the", "seat", "to", "congressman", "theodore", "e", ".", "burton", ",", "who", "declined", ".", "it", "was", "not", "until", "february", "21", "that", "bush", "##nell", "finally", "announced", "hanna", "'", "s", "appointment" ]
528,384
, should not become secretary of state. foraker met with mckinley, but failed to convince him. bushnell ( who would get to appoint a temporary replacement ) and foraker ( a close political ally of the governor ) did not want to appoint hanna ; their faction had several candidates, including bushnell himself, for the next election for sherman's seat in 1898. bushnell and foraker resisted for a month once the pending appointment of sherman became known in january 1897, during which time the governor offered the seat to congressman theodore e. burton, who declined. it was not until february 21 that bushnell finally announced hanna's appointment
555
[ "to", "delay", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "was", "indeed", "associated", "with", "iq", "and", "with", "ego", "res", "##ili", "##ency", "(", "e", ".", "g", ".", ",", "higher", "delay", "##ers", "were", "rated", "as", "more", "responsible", ",", "consistent", ",", "li", "##ka", "##ble", ",", "sympathetic", ",", "generous", ";", "less", "hostile", ",", "moody", ",", "self", "@", "-", "@", "ind", "##ul", "##gent", ",", "rebellious", ")", ",", "but", "was", "also", "independently", "associated", "with", "ego", "control", "(", "e", ".", "g", ".", ",", "higher", "delay", "##ers", "were", "rated", "as", "\"", "tends", "toward", "over", "@", "-", "@", "control", "of", "needs", "and", "impulse", "##s", ",", "\"", "\"", "favors", "conservative", "values", "in", "a", "number", "of", "areas", ".", "\"", ".", "the", "researchers", "noted", "that", "individual", "differences", "in", "ego", "control", "(", "i", ".", "e", ".", ",", "overall", "imp", "##uls", "##ivity", ")", "may", "play", "a", "larger" ]
269,052
to delay gratification was indeed associated with iq and with ego resiliency ( e. g., higher delayers were rated as more responsible, consistent, likable, sympathetic, generous ; less hostile, moody, self @ - @ indulgent, rebellious ), but was also independently associated with ego control ( e. g., higher delayers were rated as " tends toward over @ - @ control of needs and impulses, " " favors conservative values in a number of areas. ". the researchers noted that individual differences in ego control ( i. e., overall impulsivity ) may play a larger
85
[ "the", "relative", "ability", "to", "def", "##er", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "remains", "stable", "throughout", "development", ".", "children", "who", "can", "better", "control", "impulse", "##s", "grow", "up", "to", "be", "adults", "who", "also", "have", "better", "control", ".", "practicing", "def", "##erre", "##d", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "is", "quite", "beneficial", "to", "cognitive", "abilities", "throughout", "life", ".", "=", "=", "=", "behavioral", "factors", "=", "=", "=", "behavior", "##ists", "focus", "on", "the", "acquisition", "and", "teaching", "of", "delayed", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", ",", "and", "have", "developed", "therapeutic", "techniques", "for", "increasing", "ability", "to", "delay", ".", "behavior", "analysts", "capital", "##ize", "on", "the", "effective", "principles", "of", "reinforcement", "when", "shaping", "behavior", "by", "making", "rewards", "contingent", "on", "the", "person", "'", "s", "current", "behavior", ",", "which", "promotes", "learning", "a", "delay", "of", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", ".", "it", "is", "important", "to", "note", "that", "for", "a", "behavior", "modification", "regime", "##n" ]
269,026
the relative ability to defer gratification remains stable throughout development. children who can better control impulses grow up to be adults who also have better control. practicing deferred gratification is quite beneficial to cognitive abilities throughout life. = = = behavioral factors = = = behaviorists focus on the acquisition and teaching of delayed gratification, and have developed therapeutic techniques for increasing ability to delay. behavior analysts capitalize on the effective principles of reinforcement when shaping behavior by making rewards contingent on the person's current behavior, which promotes learning a delay of gratification. it is important to note that for a behavior modification regimen
85
[ "supplies", "if", "they", "waited", ".", "after", "the", "children", "successfully", "waited", "for", "the", "reward", ",", "better", "supplies", "could", "not", "be", "\"", "found", "\"", "and", "so", "they", "had", "to", "use", "the", "cr", "##ayo", "##ns", "and", "stick", "##ers", "that", "were", "in", "poor", "shape", ".", "comparing", "these", "children", "to", "ones", "who", "received", "their", "promised", "rewards", "re", "##lia", "##bly", "revealed", "different", "results", "on", "subsequent", "marsh", "##mal", "##low", "tests", "measuring", "delayed", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", ".", "children", "who", "had", "learned", "that", "the", "researcher", "'", "s", "promise", "was", "unreliable", "quickly", "succumbed", "to", "eating", "the", "marsh", "##mal", "##low", ",", "waiting", "only", "an", "average", "of", "3", "minutes", ".", "conversely", ",", "children", "who", "had", "learned", "that", "the", "researcher", "was", "reliable", "were", "able", "to", "wait", "an", "average", "of", "12", "minutes", ",", "with", "many", "of", "them", "waiting", "the", "full", "15", "minutes" ]
269,059
supplies if they waited. after the children successfully waited for the reward, better supplies could not be " found " and so they had to use the crayons and stickers that were in poor shape. comparing these children to ones who received their promised rewards reliably revealed different results on subsequent marshmallow tests measuring delayed gratification. children who had learned that the researcher's promise was unreliable quickly succumbed to eating the marshmallow, waiting only an average of 3 minutes. conversely, children who had learned that the researcher was reliable were able to wait an average of 12 minutes, with many of them waiting the full 15 minutes
85
[ "in", "other", "words", ",", "ad", "##hd", "was", "not", "associated", "with", "delayed", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "above", "and", "beyond", "the", "influence", "of", "iq", ")", ".", "this", "may", "stem", "from", "the", "high", "correlation", "between", "intelligence", "and", "delayed", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", ",", "and", "suggests", "that", "the", "tie", "between", "delayed", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "and", "ad", "##hd", "could", "benefit", "from", "more", "investigation", ".", "internal", "##izing", "disorders", ".", "difficulty", "delaying", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "also", "plays", "a", "role", "in", "internal", "##izing", "disorders", "like", "anxiety", "and", "depression", ".", "a", "hallmark", "behavior", "in", "anxiety", "is", "avoidance", "of", "feared", "or", "anxiety", "@", "-", "@", "pro", "##voking", "situations", ".", "by", "seeking", "the", "immediate", "relief", "that", "comes", "with", "avoidance", ",", "a", "person", "is", "su", "##cc", "##umb", "##ing", "to", "the", "pull", "of", "instant", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "over", "the", "larger", "reward", "from", "overcoming" ]
269,042
in other words, adhd was not associated with delayed gratification above and beyond the influence of iq ). this may stem from the high correlation between intelligence and delayed gratification, and suggests that the tie between delayed gratification and adhd could benefit from more investigation. internalizing disorders. difficulty delaying gratification also plays a role in internalizing disorders like anxiety and depression. a hallmark behavior in anxiety is avoidance of feared or anxiety @ - @ provoking situations. by seeking the immediate relief that comes with avoidance, a person is succumbing to the pull of instant gratification over the larger reward from overcoming
85
[ "reward", "in", "order", "to", "receive", "a", "larger", "or", "more", "enduring", "reward", "later", ".", "a", "growing", "body", "of", "literature", "has", "linked", "the", "ability", "to", "delay", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "to", "a", "host", "of", "other", "positive", "outcomes", ",", "including", "academic", "success", ",", "physical", "health", ",", "psychological", "health", ",", "and", "social", "competence", ".", "a", "person", "'", "s", "ability", "to", "delay", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "relates", "to", "other", "similar", "skills", "such", "as", "patience", ",", "impulse", "control", ",", "self", "@", "-", "@", "control", "and", "will", "##power", ",", "all", "of", "which", "are", "involved", "in", "self", "@", "-", "@", "regulation", ".", "broadly", ",", "self", "@", "-", "@", "regulation", "encompasses", "a", "person", "'", "s", "capacity", "to", "adapt", "the", "self", "as", "necessary", "to", "meet", "demands", "of", "the", "environment", ".", "delaying", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "is", "the", "reverse", "of", "delay", "discount" ]
269,009
reward in order to receive a larger or more enduring reward later. a growing body of literature has linked the ability to delay gratification to a host of other positive outcomes, including academic success, physical health, psychological health, and social competence. a person's ability to delay gratification relates to other similar skills such as patience, impulse control, self @ - @ control and willpower, all of which are involved in self @ - @ regulation. broadly, self @ - @ regulation encompasses a person's capacity to adapt the self as necessary to meet demands of the environment. delaying gratification is the reverse of delay discount
85
[ "display", "the", "least", "effective", "strategies", "for", "delaying", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", ",", "such", "as", "looking", "at", "the", "reward", "and", "thinking", "about", "its", "ar", "##ous", "##ing", "features", ".", "by", "5", "years", "old", ",", "most", "children", "are", "able", "to", "demonstrate", "better", "self", "@", "-", "@", "control", "by", "recognizing", "the", "counter", "@", "-", "@", "productivity", "of", "focusing", "on", "the", "reward", ".", "five", "@", "-", "@", "year", "@", "-", "@", "olds", "often", "choose", "instead", "to", "actively", "distract", "themselves", "or", "even", "use", "self", "@", "-", "@", "instructions", "to", "remind", "themselves", "of", "the", "con", "##ting", "##ency", "that", "waiting", "produces", "a", "reward", "of", "a", "greater", "value", ".", "between", "8", "and", "13", "years", "old", ",", "children", "develop", "the", "cognitive", "ability", "to", "differentiate", "and", "employ", "abstract", "versus", "ar", "##ous", "##ing", "thoughts", "in", "order", "to", "distract", "their", "minds", "from" ]
269,036
display the least effective strategies for delaying gratification, such as looking at the reward and thinking about its arousing features. by 5 years old, most children are able to demonstrate better self @ - @ control by recognizing the counter @ - @ productivity of focusing on the reward. five @ - @ year @ - @ olds often choose instead to actively distract themselves or even use self @ - @ instructions to remind themselves of the contingency that waiting produces a reward of a greater value. between 8 and 13 years old, children develop the cognitive ability to differentiate and employ abstract versus arousing thoughts in order to distract their minds from
85
[ "##ing", ",", "which", "is", "\"", "the", "preference", "for", "smaller", "immediate", "rewards", "over", "larger", "but", "delayed", "rewards", "\"", "and", "refers", "to", "the", "\"", "fact", "that", "the", "subjective", "value", "of", "reward", "decreases", "with", "increasing", "delay", "to", "its", "receipt", ".", "\"", "it", "is", "theo", "##rized", "that", "the", "ability", "to", "delay", "rewards", "is", "under", "the", "control", "of", "the", "cognitive", "@", "-", "@", "affect", "##ive", "personality", "system", "(", "caps", ")", ".", "several", "factors", "can", "affect", "a", "person", "'", "s", "ability", "to", "delay", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", ".", "cognitive", "strategies", ",", "such", "as", "the", "use", "of", "distracting", "or", "\"", "cool", "\"", "thoughts", ",", "can", "increase", "delay", "ability", ",", "as", "can", "neurological", "factors", ",", "such", "as", "strength", "of", "connections", "in", "the", "frontal", "@", "-", "@", "st", "##ria", "##tal", "pathway", ".", "behavioral", "researchers", "have", "focused", "on", "the" ]
269,010
##ing, which is " the preference for smaller immediate rewards over larger but delayed rewards " and refers to the " fact that the subjective value of reward decreases with increasing delay to its receipt. " it is theorized that the ability to delay rewards is under the control of the cognitive @ - @ affective personality system ( caps ). several factors can affect a person's ability to delay gratification. cognitive strategies, such as the use of distracting or " cool " thoughts, can increase delay ability, as can neurological factors, such as strength of connections in the frontal @ - @ striatal pathway. behavioral researchers have focused on the
85
[ "mother", "'", "s", "level", "of", "control", "and", "how", "close", "a", "child", "stays", "to", "the", "mother", "while", "exploring", "the", "environment", ".", "children", "who", "have", "controlling", "mothers", "and", "explore", "their", "environment", "at", "a", "far", "distance", "from", "her", "are", "able", "to", "employ", "more", "cooling", "strategies", "and", "delay", "rewards", "longer", ".", "similarly", ",", "children", "who", "stay", "close", "to", "a", "non", "@", "-", "@", "controlling", "mothers", "also", "use", "more", "cool", "strategies", "and", "demonstrate", "longer", "delays", ".", "this", "suggests", "that", "some", "children", "of", "controlling", "mothers", "have", "better", "learned", "how", "to", "distract", "themselves", "from", "or", "effectively", "avoid", "int", "##rus", "##ive", "stimuli", ",", "although", "additional", "effects", "on", "their", "emotional", "compete", "##ncy", "are", "speculated", "but", "unknown", ".", "a", "greater", "capacity", "to", "delay", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "by", "using", "effective", "attention", "##al", "strategies", "is", "also", "seen", "in", "preschool", "##ers" ]
269,057
mother's level of control and how close a child stays to the mother while exploring the environment. children who have controlling mothers and explore their environment at a far distance from her are able to employ more cooling strategies and delay rewards longer. similarly, children who stay close to a non @ - @ controlling mothers also use more cool strategies and demonstrate longer delays. this suggests that some children of controlling mothers have better learned how to distract themselves from or effectively avoid intrusive stimuli, although additional effects on their emotional competency are speculated but unknown. a greater capacity to delay gratification by using effective attentional strategies is also seen in preschoolers
85
[ "##cy", "competes", "with", "the", "frequency", ",", "quantity", "or", "sal", "##ien", "##cy", "of", "the", "reward", ",", "and", "the", "delay", "is", "gradually", "increased", ".", "one", "study", "demonstrated", "that", "any", "verbal", "activity", "while", "waiting", "for", "reinforcement", "increases", "delay", "to", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "in", "participants", "with", "ad", "##hd", ".", "in", "another", "study", ",", "3", "children", "diagnosed", "with", "ad", "##hd", "and", "demonstrating", "imp", "##uls", "##ivity", "were", "trained", "to", "prefer", "reward", "rate", "and", "sal", "##ien", "##cy", "more", "than", "im", "##media", "##cy", "through", "manipulation", "of", "the", "quality", "of", "the", "reinforce", "##rs", "and", "by", "systematically", "increasing", "the", "delay", "with", "a", "changing", "@", "-", "@", "criterion", "design", ".", "post", "@", "-", "@", "assessment", "of", "the", "children", "illustrated", "that", "self", "@", "-", "@", "control", "can", "transfer", "to", "un", "##train", "##ed", "dimensions", "of", "reinforcement", ";", "such", "as", "an", "increase" ]
269,034
##cy competes with the frequency, quantity or saliency of the reward, and the delay is gradually increased. one study demonstrated that any verbal activity while waiting for reinforcement increases delay to gratification in participants with adhd. in another study, 3 children diagnosed with adhd and demonstrating impulsivity were trained to prefer reward rate and saliency more than immediacy through manipulation of the quality of the reinforcers and by systematically increasing the delay with a changing @ - @ criterion design. post @ - @ assessment of the children illustrated that self @ - @ control can transfer to untrained dimensions of reinforcement ; such as an increase
85
[ "the", "delay", "con", "##ting", "##ency", "is", "self", "@", "-", "@", "imposed", "(", "delay", "can", "be", "terminated", "at", "the", "will", "of", "the", "person", "waiting", ")", "or", "externally", "imposed", "by", "another", "person", ",", "institution", "or", "circumstance", ".", "when", "the", "con", "##ting", "##ency", "is", "self", "@", "-", "@", "imposed", ",", "the", "physical", "presence", "of", "the", "reward", "seems", "to", "aid", "in", "delaying", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", ".", "on", "the", "other", "hand", ",", "when", "the", "delay", "is", "externally", "imposed", ",", "children", "are", "not", "able", "to", "wait", "as", "long", "when", "the", "reward", "is", "present", ",", "suggesting", "greater", "frustration", "under", "these", "circumstances", ".", "engaging", "in", "work", "or", "an", "assigned", "task", "can", "generate", "an", "effective", "distraction", "from", "a", "reward", "and", "enable", "a", "person", "to", "wait", "for", "a", "longer", "delay", ",", "as", "long", "as", "the", "reward", "is", "not" ]
269,054
the delay contingency is self @ - @ imposed ( delay can be terminated at the will of the person waiting ) or externally imposed by another person, institution or circumstance. when the contingency is self @ - @ imposed, the physical presence of the reward seems to aid in delaying gratification. on the other hand, when the delay is externally imposed, children are not able to wait as long when the reward is present, suggesting greater frustration under these circumstances. engaging in work or an assigned task can generate an effective distraction from a reward and enable a person to wait for a longer delay, as long as the reward is not
85
[ "the", "amount", "of", "money", "being", "offered", ",", "but", "also", "showed", "wide", "individual", "variation", "in", "the", "threshold", "of", "later", "reward", "that", "was", "mo", "##tiv", "##ating", "enough", "to", "for", "##go", "the", "immediate", "reward", ".", "the", "subjective", "value", "of", "a", "reward", "can", "also", "stem", "from", "the", "way", "one", "describes", "the", "potential", "reward", ".", "as", "prospect", "theory", "states", ",", "people", "are", "heavily", "loss", "@", "-", "@", "ave", "##rse", ".", "people", "tend", "to", "value", "a", "commodity", "more", "when", "it", "is", "considered", "to", "be", "something", "that", "can", "be", "lost", "or", "given", "up", "than", "when", "it", "is", "evaluated", "as", "a", "potential", "gain", ".", "the", "duration", "of", "time", "until", "an", "eventual", "reward", "also", "affects", "participants", "'", "choice", "of", "immediate", "or", "delayed", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", ".", "a", "2001", "study", "demonstrated", "that", "if", "a", "reward", "will", "not", "be" ]
269,030
the amount of money being offered, but also showed wide individual variation in the threshold of later reward that was motivating enough to forgo the immediate reward. the subjective value of a reward can also stem from the way one describes the potential reward. as prospect theory states, people are heavily loss @ - @ averse. people tend to value a commodity more when it is considered to be something that can be lost or given up than when it is evaluated as a potential gain. the duration of time until an eventual reward also affects participants'choice of immediate or delayed gratification. a 2001 study demonstrated that if a reward will not be
85
[ "for", "the", "researcher", "to", "return", "in", "order", "to", "double", "the", "reward", "to", "two", "marsh", "##mal", "##low", "##s", ".", "=", "=", "=", "=", "social", "/", "cultural", "influences", "=", "=", "=", "=", "it", "is", "difficult", "to", "teach", "delayed", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "when", "children", "grow", "up", "expecting", "a", "large", ",", "instant", "reward", "for", "their", "years", "of", "schooling", ".", "societal", "impacts", "and", "current", "media", "trends", "have", "had", "the", "effect", "of", "teaching", "people", "to", "expect", "instant", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", ".", "the", "idea", "of", "waiting", "for", "a", "good", "job", ",", "earned", "through", "working", "from", "the", "bottom", "up", ",", "frequently", "upset", "##s", "and", "fr", "##ust", "##rates", "emerging", "adults", "in", "today", "'", "s", "society", ".", "this", "desire", "for", "immediate", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "is", "not", "only", "found", "in", "workplace", "##s", ",", "but", "also", "in", "inter", "##personal", "relationships" ]
269,060
for the researcher to return in order to double the reward to two marshmallows. = = = = social / cultural influences = = = = it is difficult to teach delayed gratification when children grow up expecting a large, instant reward for their years of schooling. societal impacts and current media trends have had the effect of teaching people to expect instant gratification. the idea of waiting for a good job, earned through working from the bottom up, frequently upsets and frustrates emerging adults in today's society. this desire for immediate gratification is not only found in workplaces, but also in interpersonal relationships
85
[ "same", ",", "but", "the", "monkeys", "preferred", "the", "risk", "##ier", "choice", ".", "they", "speculated", "that", "the", "monkeys", "did", "not", "see", "their", "action", "as", "risky", ",", "but", "rather", "as", "a", "large", ",", "delayed", "reward", ".", "they", "reasoned", "that", "the", "monkeys", "viewed", "the", "large", "reward", "as", "certain", ":", "if", "they", "did", "not", "get", "the", "large", "reward", "the", "first", "time", "around", ",", "they", "would", "eventually", "get", "it", ",", "but", "at", "a", "longer", "delay", ".", "to", "test", "for", "this", "theory", ",", "they", "gave", "the", "same", "test", "while", "varying", "the", "time", "between", "the", "opportunities", "to", "choose", "a", "reward", ".", "they", "found", "that", "as", "the", "interval", "increased", ",", "the", "number", "of", "times", "that", "the", "monkeys", "chose", "the", "more", "risky", "reward", "decreased", ".", "while", "this", "occurred", "in", "mac", "##aq", "##ue", "monkeys", ",", "the", "varying", "interval", "time" ]
269,067
same, but the monkeys preferred the riskier choice. they speculated that the monkeys did not see their action as risky, but rather as a large, delayed reward. they reasoned that the monkeys viewed the large reward as certain : if they did not get the large reward the first time around, they would eventually get it, but at a longer delay. to test for this theory, they gave the same test while varying the time between the opportunities to choose a reward. they found that as the interval increased, the number of times that the monkeys chose the more risky reward decreased. while this occurred in macaque monkeys, the varying interval time
85
[ "whose", "mothers", "had", "been", "responsive", "and", "supportive", "during", "particularly", "stress", "##ful", "times", "of", "self", "@", "-", "@", "regulation", "when", "the", "child", "was", "a", "todd", "##ler", ",", "indicating", "that", "maternal", "responsive", "##ness", "during", "highly", "demanding", "times", "is", "crucial", "for", "the", "development", "of", "self", "@", "-", "@", "regulation", ",", "self", "@", "-", "@", "control", "and", "emotional", "compete", "##ncy", ".", "=", "=", "=", "=", "reliability", "of", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "=", "=", "=", "=", "researchers", "have", "investigated", "whether", "the", "reliability", "of", "the", "reward", "affects", "one", "'", "s", "ability", "to", "delay", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", ".", "reliability", "of", "the", "reward", "refers", "to", "how", "well", "the", "reward", "received", "matches", "what", "the", "person", "was", "expecting", "or", "promised", "in", "terms", "of", "quality", "and", "quantity", ".", "for", "example", ",", "researchers", "told", "children", "that", "they", "would", "receive", "better", "art" ]
269,058
whose mothers had been responsive and supportive during particularly stressful times of self @ - @ regulation when the child was a toddler, indicating that maternal responsiveness during highly demanding times is crucial for the development of self @ - @ regulation, self @ - @ control and emotional competency. = = = = reliability of gratification = = = = researchers have investigated whether the reliability of the reward affects one's ability to delay gratification. reliability of the reward refers to how well the reward received matches what the person was expecting or promised in terms of quality and quantity. for example, researchers told children that they would receive better art
85
[ "reward", "in", "favor", "of", "a", "higher", "pay", "##off", "in", "the", "future", ".", "the", "ability", "to", "delay", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "also", "appears", "to", "be", "a", "buffer", "against", "rejection", "sensitivity", "(", "the", "tendency", "to", "be", "anxious", "when", "anticipating", "inter", "##personal", "rejection", ")", ".", "in", "a", "20", "@", "-", "@", "year", "follow", "@", "-", "@", "up", "of", "the", "marsh", "##mal", "##low", "experiment", ",", "individuals", "with", "vulnerability", "to", "high", "rejection", "sensitivity", "who", "had", "shown", "strong", "delay", "of", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "abilities", "as", "preschool", "##ers", "had", "higher", "self", "@", "-", "@", "esteem", "and", "self", "@", "-", "@", "worth", "and", "more", "adaptive", "coping", "skills", ",", "in", "comparison", "to", "the", "individuals", "who", "had", "high", "rejection", "sensitivity", "but", "low", "delay", "of", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "as", "four", "@", "-", "@", "year", "@", "-", "@", "olds", ".", "these" ]
269,019
reward in favor of a higher payoff in the future. the ability to delay gratification also appears to be a buffer against rejection sensitivity ( the tendency to be anxious when anticipating interpersonal rejection ). in a 20 @ - @ year follow @ - @ up of the marshmallow experiment, individuals with vulnerability to high rejection sensitivity who had shown strong delay of gratification abilities as preschoolers had higher self @ - @ esteem and self @ - @ worth and more adaptive coping skills, in comparison to the individuals who had high rejection sensitivity but low delay of gratification as four @ - @ year @ - @ olds. these
85
[ "the", "form", "of", "anxiety", "or", "\"", "ne", "##uro", "##sis", ".", "\"", "other", "psycho", "##anal", "##ytic", "researchers", "describe", "a", "more", "nu", "##ance", "##d", ",", "and", "less", "universally", "positive", ",", "view", "of", "delayed", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", ".", "david", "c", ".", "fund", "##er", "and", "jack", "block", "theo", "##rized", "that", "a", "person", "'", "s", "tendency", "to", "delay", ",", "or", "not", "delay", ",", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "is", "just", "one", "element", "of", "a", "broader", "construct", "called", "ego", "control", ",", "defined", "as", "a", "person", "'", "s", "ability", "to", "mod", "##ulate", "or", "control", "impulse", "##s", ".", "ego", "control", "\"", "ranges", "from", "ego", "under", "##con", "##tro", "##l", "at", "one", "end", "to", "ego", "over", "##con", "##tro", "##l", "at", "the", "other", ",", "\"", "according", "to", "fund", "##er", ".", "these", "tendencies", "are", "thought", "to", "be", "relatively", "stable", "in", "each", "individual" ]
269,049
the form of anxiety or " neurosis. " other psychoanalytic researchers describe a more nuanced, and less universally positive, view of delayed gratification. david c. funder and jack block theorized that a person's tendency to delay, or not delay, gratification is just one element of a broader construct called ego control, defined as a person's ability to modulate or control impulses. ego control " ranges from ego undercontrol at one end to ego overcontrol at the other, " according to funder. these tendencies are thought to be relatively stable in each individual
85
[ "four", "@", "-", "@", "year", "@", "-", "@", "olds", "with", "a", "marsh", "##mal", "##low", "and", "told", "the", "children", "that", "they", "had", "two", "options", ":", "(", "1", ")", "ring", "a", "bell", "at", "any", "point", "to", "summon", "the", "experiment", "##er", "and", "eat", "the", "marsh", "##mal", "##low", ",", "or", "(", "2", ")", "wait", "until", "the", "experiment", "##er", "returned", "(", "about", "15", "minutes", "later", ")", ",", "and", "earn", "two", "marsh", "##mal", "##low", "##s", ".", "the", "message", "was", ":", "\"", "small", "reward", "now", ",", "bigger", "reward", "later", ".", "\"", "some", "children", "broke", "down", "and", "ate", "the", "marsh", "##mal", "##low", ",", "whereas", "others", "were", "able", "to", "delay", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "and", "earn", "the", "coveted", "two", "marsh", "##mal", "##low", "##s", ".", "in", "follow", "@", "-", "@", "up", "experiments", ",", "mis", "##chel", "found", "that", "children", "were" ]
269,016
four @ - @ year @ - @ olds with a marshmallow and told the children that they had two options : ( 1 ) ring a bell at any point to summon the experimenter and eat the marshmallow, or ( 2 ) wait until the experimenter returned ( about 15 minutes later ), and earn two marshmallows. the message was : " small reward now, bigger reward later. " some children broke down and ate the marshmallow, whereas others were able to delay gratification and earn the coveted two marshmallows. in follow @ - @ up experiments, mischel found that children were
85
[ "-", "@", "term", "outcomes", ".", "for", "mala", "##da", "##ptive", "coping", "behaviors", "such", "as", "self", "@", "-", "@", "injury", ",", "substance", "use", "or", "avoidance", ",", "there", "are", "generally", "no", "long", "@", "-", "@", "term", "pro", "##s", ".", "meanwhile", ",", "abs", "##tine", "##nce", "from", "acting", "on", "a", "harmful", "urge", "(", "i", ".", "e", ".", ",", "delayed", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", ")", "generally", "results", "in", "long", "@", "-", "@", "term", "benefits", ".", "this", "realization", "can", "be", "a", "powerful", "impetus", "for", "change", ".", "=", "=", "=", "=", "psycho", "##anal", "##ytic", "drives", "and", "impulse", "##s", "=", "=", "=", "=", "si", "##gm", "##und", "freud", "viewed", "the", "struggle", "to", "delay", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "as", "a", "person", "'", "s", "efforts", "to", "overcome", "the", "instinct", "##ive", ",", "li", "##bid", "##inal", "drive", "of", "the", "id", ".", "according", "to", "classic" ]
269,047
- @ term outcomes. for maladaptive coping behaviors such as self @ - @ injury, substance use or avoidance, there are generally no long @ - @ term pros. meanwhile, abstinence from acting on a harmful urge ( i. e., delayed gratification ) generally results in long @ - @ term benefits. this realization can be a powerful impetus for change. = = = = psychoanalytic drives and impulses = = = = sigmund freud viewed the struggle to delay gratification as a person's efforts to overcome the instinctive, libidinal drive of the id. according to classic
85
[ "relationship", "=", "=", "=", "=", "the", "more", "positive", "emotions", "and", "behavior", "that", "a", "12", "-", "to", "24", "@", "-", "@", "month", "@", "-", "@", "old", "todd", "##ler", "displays", "when", "coping", "with", "separation", "from", "a", "parent", ",", "the", "better", "s", "/", "he", "is", "3", "@", ".", "@", "5", "years", "later", "at", "using", "cooling", "strategies", "in", "order", "to", "delay", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", ".", "this", "suggests", "that", "the", "emotional", "skills", "and", "processes", "required", "for", "coping", "with", "social", "and", "inter", "##personal", "frustration", "##s", "are", "similar", "to", "those", "utilized", "for", "coping", "with", "the", "ag", "##gra", "##vation", "of", "goal", "@", "-", "@", "directed", "delay", "of", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", ".", "maternal", "attachment", "also", "influences", "the", "development", "of", "a", "child", "'", "s", "ability", "to", "delay", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", ".", "an", "interaction", "has", "been", "found", "between", "a" ]
269,056
relationship = = = = the more positive emotions and behavior that a 12 - to 24 @ - @ month @ - @ old toddler displays when coping with separation from a parent, the better s / he is 3 @. @ 5 years later at using cooling strategies in order to delay gratification. this suggests that the emotional skills and processes required for coping with social and interpersonal frustrations are similar to those utilized for coping with the aggravation of goal @ - @ directed delay of gratification. maternal attachment also influences the development of a child's ability to delay gratification. an interaction has been found between a
85
[ "did", "not", "affect", "pigeons", "'", "choices", "in", "another", "study", ".", "this", "suggests", "that", "research", "looking", "into", "varying", "risk", "sensitivity", "of", "different", "species", "is", "needed", ".", "when", "provided", "a", "choice", "between", "a", "small", ",", "short", "delay", "reward", ",", "and", "a", "large", ",", "long", "delay", "reward", ",", "there", "is", "an", "imp", "##ulsive", "preference", "for", "the", "former", ".", "additionally", ",", "as", "the", "delay", "time", "for", "the", "small", "/", "short", "and", "large", "/", "long", "reward", "increases", ",", "there", "is", "a", "shift", "in", "preference", "toward", "the", "larger", ",", "delayed", "reward", ".", "this", "evidence", "only", "supports", "hyper", "##bolic", "discount", "##ing", ",", "not", "exponential", ".", "=", "=", "=", "ecological", "factors", "=", "=", "=", "although", "predicting", "reward", "preference", "seems", "simple", "when", "using", "empirical", "models", ",", "there", "are", "a", "number", "of", "ecological", "factors", "that", "seem", "to", "affect" ]
269,068
did not affect pigeons'choices in another study. this suggests that research looking into varying risk sensitivity of different species is needed. when provided a choice between a small, short delay reward, and a large, long delay reward, there is an impulsive preference for the former. additionally, as the delay time for the small / short and large / long reward increases, there is a shift in preference toward the larger, delayed reward. this evidence only supports hyperbolic discounting, not exponential. = = = ecological factors = = = although predicting reward preference seems simple when using empirical models, there are a number of ecological factors that seem to affect
85
[ "granted", "for", "an", "extensive", "amount", "of", "time", ",", "such", "as", "180", "–", "300", "months", "(", "15", "–", "25", "years", ")", ",", "the", "monetary", "amount", "of", "the", "reward", "is", "inc", "##ons", "##e", "##quent", "##ial", ";", "instead", ",", "the", "bulk", "of", "the", "participants", "choose", "the", "immediate", "reward", ",", "even", "if", "their", "delayed", "reward", "would", "be", "quite", "large", ".", "delayed", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "has", "its", "limits", ",", "and", "a", "delay", "can", "only", "be", "so", "long", "before", "it", "is", "judged", "to", "be", "not", "worth", "the", "effort", "it", "takes", "to", "wait", ".", "=", "=", "=", "=", "behavioral", "training", "=", "=", "=", "=", "=", "=", "=", "=", "=", "applications", "in", "classroom", "settings", "=", "=", "=", "=", "=", "in", "a", "year", "3", "elementary", "classroom", "in", "south", "wales", "a", "teacher", "was", "having", "difficulty", "keeping", "three", "girls" ]
269,031
granted for an extensive amount of time, such as 180 – 300 months ( 15 – 25 years ), the monetary amount of the reward is inconsequential ; instead, the bulk of the participants choose the immediate reward, even if their delayed reward would be quite large. delayed gratification has its limits, and a delay can only be so long before it is judged to be not worth the effort it takes to wait. = = = = behavioral training = = = = = = = = = applications in classroom settings = = = = = in a year 3 elementary classroom in south wales a teacher was having difficulty keeping three girls
85
[ "role", "in", "delayed", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "when", "the", "incentives", "are", "larger", "and", "more", "mo", "##tiv", "##ating", ".", "writing", "in", "1998", ",", "fund", "##er", "described", "delayed", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "as", "a", "\"", "mixed", "bag", ".", "\"", "he", "concluded", ":", "\"", "participants", "who", "exhibited", "the", "most", "delay", "were", "not", "just", "'", "better", "'", "at", "self", "@", "-", "@", "control", ",", "but", "in", "a", "sense", "they", "seemed", "unable", "to", "avoid", "it", ".", "…", "delay", "##ers", "are", "in", "general", "smart", "and", "well", "@", "-", "@", "adjusted", ",", "but", "they", "also", "tend", "to", "be", "somewhat", "over", "##con", "##tro", "##lled", "and", "un", "##ne", "##ces", "##sari", "##ly", "inhibit", "##ed", ".", "\"", "=", "=", "=", "environmental", "/", "social", "factors", "=", "=", "=", "factors", "affecting", "one", "'", "s", "ability", "to", "delay", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "depend", "on", "whether" ]
269,053
role in delayed gratification when the incentives are larger and more motivating. writing in 1998, funder described delayed gratification as a " mixed bag. " he concluded : " participants who exhibited the most delay were not just'better'at self @ - @ control, but in a sense they seemed unable to avoid it. … delayers are in general smart and well @ - @ adjusted, but they also tend to be somewhat overcontrolled and unnecessarily inhibited. " = = = environmental / social factors = = = factors affecting one's ability to delay gratification depend on whether
85
[ "to", "succeed", ",", "the", "reward", "must", "have", "some", "value", "to", "the", "participant", ".", "without", "a", "reward", "that", "is", "meaningful", ",", "providing", "delayed", "or", "immediate", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "serves", "little", "purpose", ",", "as", "the", "reward", "is", "not", "a", "strong", "reinforce", "##r", "of", "the", "desired", "behavior", ".", "behavior", "theorists", "see", "delaying", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "as", "an", "adaptive", "skill", ".", "it", "has", "been", "shown", "that", "learning", "to", "delay", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "promotes", "positive", "social", "behavior", ",", "such", "as", "sharing", "and", "positive", "peer", "interactions", ".", "for", "example", ",", "students", "who", "learn", "to", "delay", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "are", "better", "able", "to", "complete", "their", "assigned", "activities", ".", "to", "put", "it", "simply", ",", "if", "someone", "undertake", "##s", "an", "activity", "with", "the", "promise", "of", "a", "delayed", "reward", "after", ",", "the", "task", "'", "s", "completion", "becomes", "more" ]
269,027
to succeed, the reward must have some value to the participant. without a reward that is meaningful, providing delayed or immediate gratification serves little purpose, as the reward is not a strong reinforcer of the desired behavior. behavior theorists see delaying gratification as an adaptive skill. it has been shown that learning to delay gratification promotes positive social behavior, such as sharing and positive peer interactions. for example, students who learn to delay gratification are better able to complete their assigned activities. to put it simply, if someone undertakes an activity with the promise of a delayed reward after, the task's completion becomes more
85
[ "significant", "differences", "between", "samples", "with", "o", "##cd", "and", "healthy", "controls", "in", "delayed", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", ",", "while", "finding", "substantially", "improved", "delayed", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "among", "those", "with", "ob", "##ses", "##sive", "@", "-", "@", "com", "##pu", "##ls", "##ive", "personality", "disorder", ".", ")", "depression", "is", "also", "associated", "with", "lower", "capacity", "to", "delay", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", ",", "though", "the", "direction", "of", "cause", "and", "effect", "is", "not", "clear", ".", "a", "depressed", "person", "who", "has", "difficulty", "pushing", "him", "or", "herself", "to", "engage", "in", "previously", "enjoyed", "activities", "is", "(", "deliberately", "or", "not", ")", "prior", "##iti", "##zing", "short", "@", "-", "@", "term", "comfort", "and", "is", "demonstrating", "an", "impaired", "ability", "to", "delay", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", ".", "there", "is", "evidence", "that", "individuals", "who", "engage", "in", "deliberate", "self", "@", "-", "@", "harm", "(", "i", ".", "e", ".", "," ]
269,044
significant differences between samples with ocd and healthy controls in delayed gratification, while finding substantially improved delayed gratification among those with obsessive @ - @ compulsive personality disorder. ) depression is also associated with lower capacity to delay gratification, though the direction of cause and effect is not clear. a depressed person who has difficulty pushing him or herself to engage in previously enjoyed activities is ( deliberately or not ) prioritizing short @ - @ term comfort and is demonstrating an impaired ability to delay gratification. there is evidence that individuals who engage in deliberate self @ - @ harm ( i. e.,
85
[ ".", "g", ".", ",", "classical", "and", "opera", "##nt", "conditioning", ")", ",", "and", "approach", "behavior", "are", "the", "three", "main", "functions", "of", "reward", ".", "as", "an", "aspect", "of", "reward", ",", "pleasure", "provides", "a", "definition", "of", "reward", ";", "however", ",", "while", "all", "pleas", "##urable", "stimuli", "are", "reward", "##ing", ",", "not", "all", "reward", "##ing", "stimuli", "are", "pleas", "##urable", "(", "e", ".", "g", ".", ",", "ex", "##tri", "##nst", "##ic", "rewards", "like", "money", ")", ".", "the", "motivation", "##al", "or", "desirable", "aspect", "of", "reward", "##ing", "stimuli", "is", "reflected", "by", "the", "approach", "behavior", "that", "they", "induce", ",", "whereas", "the", "pleas", "##urable", "component", "of", "int", "##rin", "##stic", "rewards", "is", "derived", "from", "the", "con", "##sum", "##mat", "##ory", "behavior", "that", "en", "##su", "##es", "upon", "acquiring", "them", ".", "a", "ne", "##uro", "##psy", "##cho", "##logical", "model", "which", "distinguishes", "these", "two", "components" ]
470,063
. g., classical and operant conditioning ), and approach behavior are the three main functions of reward. as an aspect of reward, pleasure provides a definition of reward ; however, while all pleasurable stimuli are rewarding, not all rewarding stimuli are pleasurable ( e. g., extrinstic rewards like money ). the motivational or desirable aspect of rewarding stimuli is reflected by the approach behavior that they induce, whereas the pleasurable component of intrinstic rewards is derived from the consummatory behavior that ensues upon acquiring them. a neuropsychological model which distinguishes these two components
85
[ "only", "for", "it", "to", "be", "res", "##ub", "##mit", "##ted", "six", "weeks", "later", "after", "his", "death", ".", "the", "recommendation", "was", "endorsed", "by", "commander", "kerr", ",", "admiral", "lyon", "(", "the", "commander", "@", "-", "@", "in", "@", "-", "@", "chief", "at", "nor", "##e", ")", "and", "rear", "admiral", "rogers", "(", "the", "flag", "officer", "in", "charge", "at", "ha", "##r", "##wich", ")", ".", "the", "recommendation", "was", "rejected", "by", "the", "admiralty", ",", "citing", "the", "same", "reasons", "hi", "##chen", "##s", "had", "himself", "given", ".", "=", "delayed", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "=", "delayed", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", ",", "or", "def", "##erre", "##d", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", ",", "is", "the", "ability", "to", "resist", "the", "temptation", "for", "an", "immediate", "reward", "and", "wait", "for", "a", "later", "reward", ".", "generally", ",", "delayed", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "is", "associated", "with", "resisting", "a", "smaller", "but", "more", "immediate" ]
269,008
only for it to be resubmitted six weeks later after his death. the recommendation was endorsed by commander kerr, admiral lyon ( the commander @ - @ in @ - @ chief at nore ) and rear admiral rogers ( the flag officer in charge at harwich ). the recommendation was rejected by the admiralty, citing the same reasons hichens had himself given. = delayed gratification = delayed gratification, or deferred gratification, is the ability to resist the temptation for an immediate reward and wait for a later reward. generally, delayed gratification is associated with resisting a smaller but more immediate
85
[ ",", "such", "that", "someone", "who", "tends", "toward", "under", "##con", "##tro", "##l", "will", "\"", "grab", "whatever", "rewards", "are", "immediately", "available", "even", "at", "the", "cost", "of", "long", "@", "-", "@", "term", "gain", "\"", "and", "someone", "who", "tends", "toward", "over", "##con", "##tro", "##l", "will", "\"", "delay", "or", "even", "for", "##go", "pleasures", "even", "when", "they", "can", "be", "had", "without", "cost", ".", "\"", "by", "this", "view", ",", "delay", "of", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "may", "be", "adaptive", "in", "certain", "settings", ",", "but", "inappropriate", "or", "even", "costly", "in", "other", "settings", ".", "fund", "##er", "and", "block", "draw", "a", "distinction", "between", "the", "ego", "@", "-", "@", "control", "model", ",", "in", "which", "delayed", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "is", "seen", "as", "a", "general", "tendency", "to", "contain", "motivation", "##al", "impulse", "##s", "(", "whether", "or", "not", "it", "is", "adaptive", "in", "a", "specific", "instance" ]
269,050
, such that someone who tends toward undercontrol will " grab whatever rewards are immediately available even at the cost of long @ - @ term gain " and someone who tends toward overcontrol will " delay or even forgo pleasures even when they can be had without cost. " by this view, delay of gratification may be adaptive in certain settings, but inappropriate or even costly in other settings. funder and block draw a distinction between the ego @ - @ control model, in which delayed gratification is seen as a general tendency to contain motivational impulses ( whether or not it is adaptive in a specific instance
85
[ "noise", "immediately", "for", "90", "seconds", "rather", "than", "turning", "it", "off", "for", "the", "120", "seconds", "after", "a", "60", "@", "-", "@", "second", "delay", "was", "issued", ".", "findings", "illustrate", "that", "participants", "chose", "not", "to", "delay", "their", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "for", "the", "relief", "of", "noise", "but", "rather", "instantly", "silence", "it", "for", "a", "shorter", "amount", "of", "time", ".", "=", "=", "=", "=", "individual", "threshold", "##s", "for", "delay", "=", "=", "=", "=", "in", "a", "2011", "study", ",", "researchers", "tested", "to", "see", "if", "people", "would", "willingly", "choose", "between", "instant", "and", "delayed", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "by", "offering", "them", "a", "set", "amount", "of", "(", "hypothetical", ")", "money", "that", "they", "could", "receive", "presently", ",", "or", "telling", "them", "they", "could", "wait", "a", "month", "for", "more", "money", ".", "results", "suggested", "that", "willingness", "to", "delay", "gr", "##ati", "##fication", "depended", "on" ]
269,029
noise immediately for 90 seconds rather than turning it off for the 120 seconds after a 60 @ - @ second delay was issued. findings illustrate that participants chose not to delay their gratification for the relief of noise but rather instantly silence it for a shorter amount of time. = = = = individual thresholds for delay = = = = in a 2011 study, researchers tested to see if people would willingly choose between instant and delayed gratification by offering them a set amount of ( hypothetical ) money that they could receive presently, or telling them they could wait a month for more money. results suggested that willingness to delay gratification depended on
85
[ ",", "while", "another", "test", "build", "was", "developed", "alongside", ".", "later", "order", "forms", ",", "such", "as", "those", "by", "electronics", "boutique", ",", "set", "the", "date", "in", "november", ".", "on", "october", "10", ",", "2001", ",", "games", "##pot", "reported", "that", "morrow", "##ind", "'", "s", "release", "date", "had", "been", "set", "back", "to", "march", "2002", ".", "on", "october", "12", ",", "a", "press", "release", "from", "beth", "##es", "##da", "gave", "the", "date", "of", "\"", "spring", "2002", "\"", ",", "confirming", "games", "##pot", "'", "s", "su", "##pp", "##osition", "of", "delay", "without", "agreeing", "on", "the", "more", "specific", "date", "of", "\"", "march", "\"", ".", "though", "no", "rational", "##e", "behind", "the", "delay", "was", "given", "at", "the", "time", ",", "developer", "pete", "hines", "later", "attributed", "the", "delay", "to", "a", "need", "for", "game", "testing", "and", "balancing", ".", "although", "the", "pc", "version", "of", "morrow", "##ind" ]
689,534
, while another test build was developed alongside. later order forms, such as those by electronics boutique, set the date in november. on october 10, 2001, gamespot reported that morrowind's release date had been set back to march 2002. on october 12, a press release from bethesda gave the date of " spring 2002 ", confirming gamespot's supposition of delay without agreeing on the more specific date of " march ". though no rationale behind the delay was given at the time, developer pete hines later attributed the delay to a need for game testing and balancing. although the pc version of morrowind
85
[ "an", "increase", "in", "do", "##pa", "##mine", "activity", ",", "the", "basal", "gang", "##lia", "circuit", "is", "altered", "in", "a", "way", "that", "makes", "the", "same", "response", "easier", "to", "ev", "##oke", "when", "similar", "situations", "arise", "in", "the", "future", ".", "this", "is", "a", "form", "of", "opera", "##nt", "conditioning", ",", "in", "which", "do", "##pa", "##mine", "plays", "the", "role", "of", "a", "reward", "signal", ".", "in", "the", "reward", "system", ",", "reward", "is", "the", "attractive", "and", "motivation", "##al", "property", "of", "a", "stimulus", "that", "induce", "##s", "app", "##eti", "##tive", "behavior", "(", "also", "known", "as", "approach", "behavior", ")", "–", "and", "con", "##sum", "##mat", "##ory", "behavior", ".", "a", "reward", "##ing", "stimulus", "is", "one", "that", "has", "the", "potential", "to", "cause", "an", "approach", "to", "it", "and", "a", "choice", "to", "be", "made", "to", "consume", "it", "or", "not", ".", "pleasure", ",", "learning", "(", "e" ]
470,062
an increase in dopamine activity, the basal ganglia circuit is altered in a way that makes the same response easier to evoke when similar situations arise in the future. this is a form of operant conditioning, in which dopamine plays the role of a reward signal. in the reward system, reward is the attractive and motivational property of a stimulus that induces appetitive behavior ( also known as approach behavior ) – and consummatory behavior. a rewarding stimulus is one that has the potential to cause an approach to it and a choice to be made to consume it or not. pleasure, learning ( e
85