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university of sydney in australia. after graduating she worked as a television reporter in sri lanka. she also attended the berlitz school of languages, where she learnt spanish and improved her french and arabic. according to fernandez, she had aspired to become an actress at a young age and fantasized about becoming a hollywood movie star. she received some training at the john school of acting. although, she was a television reporter, she accepted offers in the modeling industry, which came as a result of her pageant success. in 2006, she was crowned the winner of the miss universe sri lanka pageant and represented sri lanka at the world miss universe
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[ "2006", "pageant", "held", "in", "los", "angeles", ".", "in", "a", "2015", "interview", ",", "fernandez", "described", "the", "modeling", "industry", "as", "\"", "a", "good", "training", "ground", "\"", "and", "said", ":", "\"", "it", "is", "a", "medium", "that", "is", "about", "shed", "##ding", "your", "inhibition", "##s", ",", "knowing", "your", "body", ",", "confidence", "\"", ".", "in", "2006", ",", "she", "appeared", "in", "a", "music", "video", "for", "the", "song", "\"", "o", "sat", "##hi", "\"", "by", "music", "duo", "bath", "##iya", "and", "sant", "##hus", "##h", ".", "=", "=", "acting", "career", "=", "=", "in", "2009", ",", "fernandez", "traveled", "to", "india", "for", "a", "modeling", "assignment", ".", "she", "studied", "acting", "under", "the", "mentor", "##ship", "of", "theatre", "director", "barry", "john", ",", "and", "successfully", "auditioned", "for", "su", "##joy", "g", "##hosh", "'", "s", "fantasy", "film", "ala", "##din", "(", "2009", ")", "her", "acting", "debut", ".", "she" ]
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2006 pageant held in los angeles. in a 2015 interview, fernandez described the modeling industry as " a good training ground " and said : " it is a medium that is about shedding your inhibitions, knowing your body, confidence ". in 2006, she appeared in a music video for the song " o sathi " by music duo bathiya and santhush. = = acting career = = in 2009, fernandez traveled to india for a modeling assignment. she studied acting under the mentorship of theatre director barry john, and successfully auditioned for sujoy ghosh's fantasy film aladin ( 2009 ) her acting debut. she
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[ "played", "the", "love", "interest", "of", "rite", "##ish", "des", "##hm", "##uk", "##h", "'", "s", "character", ",", "a", "role", "based", "on", "the", "princess", "jasmine", "character", ".", "fernandez", "garnered", "mixed", "reviews", "for", "her", "performance", ".", "an", "##up", "##ama", "chopra", "of", "n", "##dt", "##v", "called", "her", "a", "\"", "plastic", "debut", "##ant", "[", "e", "]", "\"", ",", "and", "raj", "##ee", "##v", "mas", "##and", "of", "cnn", "@", "-", "@", "ibn", "felt", "that", "she", "was", ":", "\"", "easy", "on", "the", "eyes", "and", "appears", "confident", "but", "has", "precious", "little", "to", "do", "\"", ".", "although", "the", "film", "was", "a", "critical", "and", "commercial", "failure", ",", "she", "won", "the", "ii", "##fa", "award", "for", "star", "debut", "of", "the", "year", "-", "female", ".", "in", "2010", ",", "fernandez", "appeared", "opposite", "des", "##hm", "##uk", "##h", "in", "the", "science", "fiction", "romantic", "comedy", "ja", "##ane" ]
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played the love interest of riteish deshmukh's character, a role based on the princess jasmine character. fernandez garnered mixed reviews for her performance. anupama chopra of ndtv called her a " plastic debutant [ e ] ", and rajeev masand of cnn @ - @ ibn felt that she was : " easy on the eyes and appears confident but has precious little to do ". although the film was a critical and commercial failure, she won the iifa award for star debut of the year - female. in 2010, fernandez appeared opposite deshmukh in the science fiction romantic comedy jaane
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[ "ka", "##han", "se", "aa", "##yi", "hai", ".", "she", "was", "cast", "as", "a", "girl", "from", "venus", ",", "who", "lands", "on", "earth", "in", "search", "of", "love", ".", "the", "film", ",", "along", "with", "fernandez", "'", "s", "performance", ",", "received", "poor", "reviews", ";", "red", "##iff", ".", "com", "'", "s", "su", "##kan", "##ya", "ve", "##rma", "noted", ":", "\"", "she", "game", "##ly", "makes", "a", "fool", "of", "herself", "whilst", "api", "##ng", "the", "actions", "of", "movie", "stars", ",", "ranging", "from", "sri", "##dev", "##i", "'", "s", "na", "##agi", "##n", "dance", ",", "mit", "##hun", "cha", "##kra", "##var", "##thy", "'", "s", "disco", "dancer", "moves", ",", "to", "big", "b", "'", "s", "violent", "heads", "##hak", "##e", "in", "hum", ".", "her", "tara", "could", "be", "a", "keeper", "if", "only", "ja", "##ane", "ka", "##han", "se", "aa", "##yi", "hai", "wasn", "'", "t", "so", "intent", "on" ]
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kahan se aayi hai. she was cast as a girl from venus, who lands on earth in search of love. the film, along with fernandez's performance, received poor reviews ; rediff. com's sukanya verma noted : " she gamely makes a fool of herself whilst aping the actions of movie stars, ranging from sridevi's naagin dance, mithun chakravarthy's disco dancer moves, to big b's violent headshake in hum. her tara could be a keeper if only jaane kahan se aayi hai wasn't so intent on
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turning her into a love @ - @ struck barbie. " critic anupama chopra also criticized fernandez, calling her " a pin @ - @ prick on a balloon ". later that year, she made a cameo appearance in sajid khan's housefull in the song " dhanno ". mahesh bhatt's thriller murder 2 was fernandez's first commercial success and marker a turning point in her career. she took on the role of priya, a lonely model who is in a confused relationship with arjun bhagwat ( played by emraan hashmi ). fernandez was praised for
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the her performance, and for the boldness and sex appeal she displayed in the film. gaurav malini of the times of india stated that she was " tastefully tempting " but noted that her romance with hashmi was " literally half @ - @ baked ". the following year, fernandez appeared in the ensemble comedy housefull 2 alongside akshay kumar, john abraham, and asin. it became one of the top grossing productions of india that year and earned β‚Ή 1 @. @ 86 billion ( us $ 28 million ) worldwide. fernandez received mostly negative reviews for her performance. while gaurav malini praised her
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for her looks, ndtv called her a " blathering bimbo " who " find [ s ] no pleasure in [ her role ] ". despite the negative reviews, fernandez received a best supporting actress nomination at the 14th iifa awards for her performance. fernandez's first release of 2013 was race 2, an ensemble action thriller ( alongside saif ali khan, john abraham, deepika padukone, ameesha patel, and anil kapoor ) ), described as the " cinematic equivalent of a trashy novel " by critic rajeev masand. she played omisha, a femme fatale, a
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role which required her learn fencing and some acrobatics. the film emerged as a commercial success, with the domestic gross of more than β‚Ή 1 billion ( us $ 15 million ). in a particularly scathing review, saibal chatterjee of ndtv wrote that both fernandez and padukone " strut around like wound @ - @ up automatons that are all decked @ - @ up but have nowhere to go. " fernandez also appeared in an item number ( music video ) titled " jaadu ki jhappi " for prabhu deva's ramaiya vasta vaiya. in
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2014, fernandez appeared in sajid nadiadwala's directorial debut β€” the action film kick, a remake of a 2009 telugu film of same name. she starred opposite salman khan, playing shaina, a psychiatry student. she retained her real voice for the first time in kick. while sneha may francis commented that she is : " incredibly dazzling, and moves like a magic ", raja sen of rediff. com was more critical of her dialogue delivery, calling it " unfortunate. " the film received mixed reviews from critics, but with worldwide revenue of over β‚Ή 3 @. @ 75 billion ( us $ 56 million )
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, it became the fourth highest @ - @ grossing bollywood film. the film established fernandez as one of the most popular bollywood actresses. in 2015, fernandez featured in vicky singh's roy, a romantic thriller, which critic sarita a. tanwar described as a " boring, exhausting and pretentious " film. fernandez played dual roles, ayesha aamir, a filmmaker in a relationship with another filmmaker ( played by arjun rampal ) and tia desai, a girl in love with a thief ( played by ranbir kapoor ). while india tv called it " her best act till date ", critic rajeev mas
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##and felt that she " appears miscast in a part that required greater range. " roy failed to meet its box @ - @ office expectations, and was a commercial failure. later that year, she appeared in a guest appearance for the comedy @ - @ satire bangistan. karan malhotra's action drama brothers was fernandez's next release. co @ - @ starring alongside akshay kumar and sidharth malhotra, fernandez played jenny, a fearless mother struggling for her child, a role which she described as " challenging ", " intense ", and " difficult ". the role marked a departure from the
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glamorous characters that she had a reputation for portraying. film critics praised her performance, though their response to the film was mixed. dhriti sharma of zee news called her character " soft, timid and promising ", and praised her for : " convincingly pull [ ing ] off a pleasing character of a street fighter's wife ". film critic subhash k. jha noted that she : "... in a limited role gives her finest emotive shot ", while critic raja sen remarked : " [ she ] plays kumar's long @ - @ sobbing wife who gets so deliriously happy
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on seeing a text message that it may well have contained news about a kick sequel. " as of september 2015, fernandez has several projects in various stages of production. she has completed shooting for chandran rutnam's english @ - @ sri lankan crime @ - @ thriller according to mathew, and the horror thriller definition of fear, which marks her hollywood debut. fernandez has also signed on to appear in three other projects β€” rohit dhawan's dishoom opposite varun dhawan and john abraham as a part of three @ - @ film deal with nadiadwala grandson entertainment, remo d'souza's flying ja
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##t opposite tiger shroff, and in an indo @ - @ chinese film starring opposite abhay deol, amitabh bachchan, and jackie chan titled gold struck. = = personal life and other work = = fernandez shares a close bond with her family, and admits to missing being around them. she says : " i miss them so much everyday. you don't realise when you live away from home how difficult life can be [... ] at the same time, staying away from them has taught me to be more responsible. it has taught me so many things about myself, about priorities and time management. "
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[ "in", "march", "2012", ",", "fernandez", "turned", "vegetarian", "for", "a", "40", "@", "-", "@", "day", "period", "to", "observe", "lent", ",", "a", "period", "from", "ash", "wednesday", "to", "holy", "saturday", ".", "in", "2008", ",", "fernandez", "started", "dating", "bahrain", "##i", "prince", "hassan", "bin", "rashid", "al", "khalifa", ",", "whom", "she", "met", "at", "a", "mutual", "friend", "'", "s", "party", ";", "they", "separated", "in", "2011", ".", "while", "filming", "house", "##ful", "##l", "2", "in", "2011", ",", "fernandez", "began", "a", "romantic", "relationship", "with", "director", "sa", "##ji", "##d", "khan", ".", "the", "relationship", "attracted", "media", "coverage", "in", "india", "and", "there", "was", "speculation", "of", "an", "impending", "wedding", ".", "however", ",", "the", "relationship", "ended", "in", "may", "2013", ".", "in", "addition", "to", "acting", "in", "films", ",", "fernandez", "has", "supported", "charitable", "organisations", "and", "a", "number", "of", "causes", ".", "in", "2011", ",", "on", "the" ]
214
in march 2012, fernandez turned vegetarian for a 40 @ - @ day period to observe lent, a period from ash wednesday to holy saturday. in 2008, fernandez started dating bahraini prince hassan bin rashid al khalifa, whom she met at a mutual friend's party ; they separated in 2011. while filming housefull 2 in 2011, fernandez began a romantic relationship with director sajid khan. the relationship attracted media coverage in india and there was speculation of an impending wedding. however, the relationship ended in may 2013. in addition to acting in films, fernandez has supported charitable organisations and a number of causes. in 2011, on the
8
[ "behalf", "of", "people", "for", "the", "ethical", "treatment", "of", "animals", "(", "pet", "##a", ")", ",", "she", "sent", "a", "letter", "to", "the", "mumbai", "municipal", "commissioner", "asking", "for", "an", "end", "to", "horse", "@", "-", "@", "drawn", "carriage", "rides", "in", "mumbai", ".", "in", "early", "2013", ",", "she", "asked", "the", "consulate", "general", "of", "the", "philippines", ",", "william", "john", "t", "pere", "##ra", "in", "colombo", ",", "to", "haste", "##n", "the", "transfer", "of", "an", "elephant", "from", "its", "inadequate", "housing", "at", "the", "manila", "zoo", "to", "a", "humane", "sanctuary", ".", "later", "that", "year", ",", "she", "auction", "##ed", "a", "breakfast", "in", "mayfair", ",", "london", ",", "where", "she", "raised", "around", "Β£", "4000", "for", "the", "pr", "##ath", "##am", "ngo", ",", "which", "helps", "children", "'", "s", "primary", "education", ".", "in", "2014", ",", "fernandez", "was", "named", "\"", "woman", "of", "the", "year", "\"", "by" ]
215
behalf of people for the ethical treatment of animals ( peta ), she sent a letter to the mumbai municipal commissioner asking for an end to horse @ - @ drawn carriage rides in mumbai. in early 2013, she asked the consulate general of the philippines, william john t perera in colombo, to hasten the transfer of an elephant from its inadequate housing at the manila zoo to a humane sanctuary. later that year, she auctioned a breakfast in mayfair, london, where she raised around Β£ 4000 for the pratham ngo, which helps children's primary education. in 2014, fernandez was named " woman of the year " by
197
[ "pet", "##a", "(", "india", ")", "for", "advocating", "the", "protection", "of", "animals", ".", "the", "following", "year", ",", "she", "auction", "##ed", "her", "outfits", "on", "an", "online", "portal", "for", "a", "philanthropic", "cause", ".", "some", "of", "her", "outfits", "included", "the", "ones", "she", "wore", "in", "the", "song", "\"", "party", "on", "my", "mind", "\"", "(", "from", "race", "2", ")", "and", "\"", "hang", "##over", "\"", "(", "from", "kick", ")", ".", "in", "march", "2016", ",", "she", "was", "part", "of", "\"", "jacqueline", "builds", "\"", "campaign", "that", "raised", "funds", "for", "the", "victims", "of", "the", "2015", "south", "indian", "floods", ".", "fernandez", "has", "participated", "in", "several", "concert", "tours", "and", "televised", "award", "ceremonies", ".", "in", "2013", ",", "she", "performed", "at", "the", "temptation", "##s", "re", "##loaded", "in", "auckland", ",", "perth", ",", "and", "sydney", "alongside", "shah", "ru", "##kh", "khan", ",", "rani", "mu", "##ker" ]
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peta ( india ) for advocating the protection of animals. the following year, she auctioned her outfits on an online portal for a philanthropic cause. some of her outfits included the ones she wore in the song " party on my mind " ( from race 2 ) and " hangover " ( from kick ). in march 2016, she was part of " jacqueline builds " campaign that raised funds for the victims of the 2015 south indian floods. fernandez has participated in several concert tours and televised award ceremonies. in 2013, she performed at the temptations reloaded in auckland, perth, and sydney alongside shah rukh khan, rani muker
199
[ "##ji", ",", "and", "mad", "##hur", "##i", "di", "##xi", "##t", ".", "she", "also", "performed", "at", "the", "live", "talent", "show", "\"", "got", "talent", "world", "stage", "live", "\"", "with", "khan", ",", "pri", "##yan", "##ka", "chopra", "and", "var", "##un", "dh", "##awan", "the", "following", "year", ".", "in", "july", "2014", ",", "fernandez", "opened", "a", "restaurant", "in", "colombo", ",", "ka", "##ema", "sutra", ",", "in", "collaboration", "with", "chef", "dh", "##ars", "##han", "mu", "##ni", "##das", "##a", ",", "which", "special", "##ises", "in", "contemporary", "sri", "lankan", "cuisine", ".", "in", "the", "early", "2013", ",", "fernandez", "became", "the", "ambassador", "for", "h", "##tc", "one", ",", "which", "she", "end", "##ors", "##es", "in", "india", ".", "she", "was", "the", "face", "of", "indian", "br", "##idal", "fashion", "week", "β€”", "ib", "##f", "##w", "of", "2013", ".", "later", "that", "year", ",", "she", "became", "the", "spokesperson", "for", "gareth", "pu", "##gh" ]
217
##ji, and madhuri dixit. she also performed at the live talent show " got talent world stage live " with khan, priyanka chopra and varun dhawan the following year. in july 2014, fernandez opened a restaurant in colombo, kaema sutra, in collaboration with chef dharshan munidasa, which specialises in contemporary sri lankan cuisine. in the early 2013, fernandez became the ambassador for htc one, which she endorses in india. she was the face of indian bridal fashion week β€” ibfw of 2013. later that year, she became the spokesperson for gareth pugh
264
[ "'", "s", "designed", "forever", "##mark", "diamonds", "in", "mumbai", ",", "and", "was", "at", "the", "inaugural", "opening", "of", "the", "forever", "21", "store", "in", "mumbai", ".", "that", "year", ",", "she", "also", "launched", "gill", "##ette", "sha", "##ving", "system", "with", "ar", "##ba", "##az", "khan", "and", "adi", "##tya", "roy", "ka", "##pur", ".", "while", "anal", "##ys", "##ing", "fernandez", "'", "s", "career", ",", "india", "tv", "noted", ":", "\"", "slowly", "and", "steadily", "jacqueline", "fernandez", "is", "climbing", "up", "the", "ladder", "of", "success", "[", ".", ".", ".", "]", "jacqueline", "is", "comfortably", "grasping", "every", "aspect", "of", "the", "work", ",", "which", "an", "actress", "is", "required", "to", "do", "and", "is", "accordingly", "giving", "results", ".", "\"", "on", "the", "contrary", ",", "char", "##u", "tha", "##kur", "of", "india", "today", "criticized", "her", "acting", "skills", ",", "but", "remarked", "that", ":", "\"", "[", "she", "has", "]", "managed", "to" ]
218
' s designed forevermark diamonds in mumbai, and was at the inaugural opening of the forever 21 store in mumbai. that year, she also launched gillette shaving system with arbaaz khan and aditya roy kapur. while analysing fernandez's career, india tv noted : " slowly and steadily jacqueline fernandez is climbing up the ladder of success [... ] jacqueline is comfortably grasping every aspect of the work, which an actress is required to do and is accordingly giving results. " on the contrary, charu thakur of india today criticized her acting skills, but remarked that : " [ she has ] managed to
725
[ "find", "her", "feet", "in", "bollywood", "now", "by", "banking", "on", "g", "##lam", "##orous", "roles", "\"", ".", "in", "2008", "and", "2011", ",", "fernandez", "featured", "in", "the", "uk", "magazine", "eastern", "eye", "'", "s", "\"", "world", "'", "s", "sex", "##iest", "asian", "women", "\"", "list", ",", "ranking", "twelfth", ".", "she", "was", "ranked", "third", "on", "the", "times", "of", "india", "'", "s", "listing", "of", "the", "\"", "most", "desirable", "woman", "\"", "in", "2013", "and", "2014", ",", "after", "being", "ranked", "eighth", ",", "seventh", "and", "fourteenth", ",", "respectively", ",", "in", "the", "preceding", "three", "years", ".", "in", "2013", ",", "red", "##iff", ".", "com", "placed", "her", "on", "their", "list", "of", "\"", "bollywood", "'", "s", "best", "dressed", "actresses", "\"", ".", "the", "following", "year", ",", "she", "held", "the", "sixty", "second", "position", "in", "the", "indian", "edition", "of", "the", "forbes", "'", "celebrity", "100", "," ]
219
find her feet in bollywood now by banking on glamorous roles ". in 2008 and 2011, fernandez featured in the uk magazine eastern eye's " world's sexiest asian women " list, ranking twelfth. she was ranked third on the times of india's listing of the " most desirable woman " in 2013 and 2014, after being ranked eighth, seventh and fourteenth, respectively, in the preceding three years. in 2013, rediff. com placed her on their list of " bollywood's best dressed actresses ". the following year, she held the sixty second position in the indian edition of the forbes'celebrity 100,
655
[ "a", "list", "based", "on", "the", "income", "and", "popularity", "of", "india", "'", "s", "celebrities", ".", "she", "has", "been", "the", "cover", "model", "for", "many", "indian", "editions", "of", "magazines", ",", "including", ":", "vogue", ",", "f", "##hm", ",", "maxim", ",", "cosmopolitan", ",", "graz", "##ia", ",", "elle", ",", "verve", ",", "harper", "'", "s", "bazaar", ",", "women", "'", "s", "health", ",", "and", "l", "'", "off", "##ici", "##el", "among", "others", ".", "=", "=", "film", "##ography", "=", "=", "=", "=", "tv", "appearances", "=", "=", "=", "john", "cullen", "=", "barry", "john", "cullen", "(", "born", "august", "2", ",", "1964", ")", "is", "a", "canadian", "former", "professional", "ice", "hockey", "centre", "who", "played", "in", "the", "national", "hockey", "league", "(", "nhl", ")", "for", "the", "pittsburgh", "penguins", ",", "hartford", "whale", "##rs", ",", "toronto", "maple", "leafs", "and", "tampa", "bay", "lightning", ".", "he", "was", "a" ]
220
a list based on the income and popularity of india's celebrities. she has been the cover model for many indian editions of magazines, including : vogue, fhm, maxim, cosmopolitan, grazia, elle, verve, harper's bazaar, women's health, and l'officiel among others. = = filmography = = = = tv appearances = = = john cullen = barry john cullen ( born august 2, 1964 ) is a canadian former professional ice hockey centre who played in the national hockey league ( nhl ) for the pittsburgh penguins, hartford whalers, toronto maple leafs and tampa bay lightning. he was a
588
[ "stand", "##out", "player", "for", "boston", "university", "and", "is", "the", "school", "'", "s", "all", "@", "-", "@", "time", "leading", "scorer", ".", "after", "the", "buffalo", "sabres", "selected", "him", "in", "the", "1986", "nhl", "supplemental", "draft", "but", "chose", "not", "to", "offer", "him", "a", "contract", ",", "cullen", "signed", "with", "the", "flint", "spirits", "of", "the", "international", "hockey", "league", "(", "i", "##hl", ")", "for", "the", "1987", "–", "88", "season", "where", "he", "was", "named", "the", "i", "##hl", "'", "s", "co", "@", "-", "@", "rookie", "of", "the", "year", "and", "most", "valuable", "player", "after", "leading", "the", "league", "in", "scoring", ".", "his", "career", "was", "halted", "in", "1997", "when", "he", "was", "diagnosed", "with", "non", "@", "-", "@", "ho", "##d", "##g", "##kin", "l", "##ym", "##ph", "##oma", ".", "he", "attempted", "a", "brief", "comeback", "in", "1998", "after", "an", "18", "@", "-", "@", "month" ]
221
standout player for boston university and is the school's all @ - @ time leading scorer. after the buffalo sabres selected him in the 1986 nhl supplemental draft but chose not to offer him a contract, cullen signed with the flint spirits of the international hockey league ( ihl ) for the 1987 – 88 season where he was named the ihl's co @ - @ rookie of the year and most valuable player after leading the league in scoring. his career was halted in 1997 when he was diagnosed with non @ - @ hodgkin lymphoma. he attempted a brief comeback in 1998 after an 18 @ - @ month
587
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222
battle with the disease, for which the nhl awarded him the bill masterton memorial trophy, before retiring to serve as an assistant coach for a year with the lightning. cullen played in two nhl all @ - @ star games in his career. he joined his brother in the car dealership business after leaving the game, and briefly operated his own dealership until forced to close during the automotive industry crisis of 2008 – 10. cullen was born in puslinch @ - @ ontario on august 2, 1964. he is one of six children of barry and loretta cullen. his father and uncles brian and ray all played in the nhl, and while
587
[ "cullen", "and", "his", "three", "brothers", "all", "played", "as", "well", ",", "their", "father", "never", "pressured", "them", ",", "preferring", "that", "they", "enjoy", "the", "game", ".", "he", "idol", "##ized", "his", "elder", "brother", "terry", ",", "who", "was", "considered", "a", "top", "nhl", "prospect", "until", "terry", "'", "s", "career", "was", "ended", "when", "he", "suffered", "a", "broken", "neck", "after", "being", "hit", "from", "behind", "into", "the", "boards", "during", "a", "college", "game", ".", "while", "his", "brother", "was", "highly", "sought", "by", "american", "universities", ",", "john", "received", "only", "two", "scholarship", "offers", ",", "choosing", "to", "play", "for", "boston", "university", "(", "bu", ")", "in", "1983", ".", "at", "the", "same", "time", ",", "his", "mother", "loretta", "was", "diagnosed", "with", "skin", "cancer", ".", "following", "her", "death", "early", "in", "his", "freshman", "year", ",", "cullen", "contemplated", "returning", "to", "his", "ontario", "home", ",", "but", "was", "convinced", "by" ]
223
cullen and his three brothers all played as well, their father never pressured them, preferring that they enjoy the game. he idolized his elder brother terry, who was considered a top nhl prospect until terry's career was ended when he suffered a broken neck after being hit from behind into the boards during a college game. while his brother was highly sought by american universities, john received only two scholarship offers, choosing to play for boston university ( bu ) in 1983. at the same time, his mother loretta was diagnosed with skin cancer. following her death early in his freshman year, cullen contemplated returning to his ontario home, but was convinced by
192
[ "his", "father", "to", "continue", "with", "both", "school", "and", "hockey", ".", "he", "used", "the", "game", "to", "cope", "with", "the", "loss", "and", "dedicated", "every", "game", "he", "played", "to", "his", "mother", "'", "s", "memory", ".", "cullen", "felt", "that", "the", "inspiration", "he", "drew", "from", "his", "mother", "'", "s", "battle", "allowed", "him", "to", "become", "a", "better", "player", ".", "=", "=", "playing", "career", "=", "=", "cullen", "was", "a", "stand", "##out", "with", "bu", ";", "he", "was", "named", "the", "east", "coast", "athletic", "conference", "rookie", "of", "the", "year", "in", "1983", "–", "84", "after", "leading", "his", "team", "in", "scoring", "with", "56", "points", ".", "the", "national", "hockey", "league", "passed", "him", "over", ",", "however", ",", "as", "he", "went", "un", "##claim", "##ed", "in", "the", "1984", "nhl", "entry", "draft", ".", "he", "was", "named", "to", "the", "hockey", "east", "all", "@", "-", "@", "star" ]
224
his father to continue with both school and hockey. he used the game to cope with the loss and dedicated every game he played to his mother's memory. cullen felt that the inspiration he drew from his mother's battle allowed him to become a better player. = = playing career = = cullen was a standout with bu ; he was named the east coast athletic conference rookie of the year in 1983 – 84 after leading his team in scoring with 56 points. the national hockey league passed him over, however, as he went unclaimed in the 1984 nhl entry draft. he was named to the hockey east all @ - @ star
588
[ "teams", "in", "1985", ",", "1986", "and", "1987", ",", "and", "a", "national", "collegiate", "athletic", "association", "east", "second", "team", "all", "@", "-", "@", "american", "in", "1986", ".", "he", "graduated", "as", "bu", "'", "s", "all", "@", "-", "@", "time", "scoring", "leader", "with", "241", "points", ",", "and", "was", "named", "to", "bu", "'", "s", "hockey", "east", "25th", "anniversary", "team", "in", "2009", ".", "passed", "over", "in", "the", "entry", "draft", ",", "cullen", "was", "finally", "selected", "by", "the", "buffalo", "sabres", "in", "the", "1986", "nhl", "supplemental", "draft", ".", "when", "the", "sabres", "failed", "to", "offer", "him", "a", "contract", ",", "cullen", "signed", "with", "the", "flint", "spirits", "of", "the", "international", "hockey", "league", "(", "i", "##hl", ")", "for", "the", "1987", "–", "88", "season", ".", "he", "led", "the", "league", "with", "157", "points", ",", "scoring", "48", "goals", ",", "and", "won", "the", "james", "ga" ]
225
teams in 1985, 1986 and 1987, and a national collegiate athletic association east second team all @ - @ american in 1986. he graduated as bu's all @ - @ time scoring leader with 241 points, and was named to bu's hockey east 25th anniversary team in 2009. passed over in the entry draft, cullen was finally selected by the buffalo sabres in the 1986 nhl supplemental draft. when the sabres failed to offer him a contract, cullen signed with the flint spirits of the international hockey league ( ihl ) for the 1987 – 88 season. he led the league with 157 points, scoring 48 goals, and won the james ga
588
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226
##tschene memorial trophy as league most valuable player while sharing the gary f. longman memorial trophy with ed belfour as rookie of the year. cullen's outstanding season in flint caught the attention of the sabres and the pittsburgh penguins. he signed a contract with the penguins for the league minimum, passing up a superior contract offer from buffalo as he remained upset at how they released him the year before. = = = national hockey league = = = cullen made his nhl debut in 1988 – 89, appearing in 79 games with the penguins and scoring 49 points. he was given a greater role with the penguins the following year after mario le
587
[ "##mie", "##ux", "missed", "21", "games", "due", "to", "a", "back", "injury", "and", "responded", "by", "scoring", "32", "goals", "and", "92", "points", "to", "finish", "third", "in", "team", "scoring", ".", "additionally", ",", "he", "played", "for", "team", "canada", "at", "the", "1990", "world", "championship", ",", "scoring", "four", "points", "in", "ten", "games", ".", "cullen", "had", "his", "best", "season", "in", "1990", "–", "91", ".", "as", "one", "of", "the", "team", "'", "s", "top", "offensive", "centres", ",", "he", "scored", "94", "points", "in", "the", "penguins", "'", "first", "65", "games", "and", "played", "in", "his", "first", "nhl", "all", "@", "-", "@", "star", "game", ".", "however", ",", "when", "le", "##mie", "##ux", "returned", "after", "missing", "an", "additional", "50", "@", "-", "@", "games", "due", "to", "injury", ",", "cullen", "'", "s", "playing", "time", "and", "production", "declined", ".", "the", "penguins", "'", "needs", "led", "them", "to", "complete" ]
227
##mieux missed 21 games due to a back injury and responded by scoring 32 goals and 92 points to finish third in team scoring. additionally, he played for team canada at the 1990 world championship, scoring four points in ten games. cullen had his best season in 1990 – 91. as one of the team's top offensive centres, he scored 94 points in the penguins'first 65 games and played in his first nhl all @ - @ star game. however, when lemieux returned after missing an additional 50 @ - @ games due to injury, cullen's playing time and production declined. the penguins'needs led them to complete
830
[ "a", "blockbuster", "trade", "on", "march", "1", ",", "1991", ".", "cullen", "was", "sent", "to", "the", "hartford", "whale", "##rs", ",", "along", "with", "za", "##rley", "za", "##la", "##ps", "##ki", "and", "jeff", "parker", "in", "exchange", "for", "hartford", "'", "s", "all", "@", "-", "@", "time", "leading", "scorer", ",", "ron", "francis", ",", "along", "with", "ul", "##f", "samuel", "##sson", "and", "grant", "jennings", ".", "the", "penguins", "almost", "turned", "down", "the", "deal", "as", "they", "were", "concerned", "about", "giving", "up", "cullen", "'", "s", "play", "##making", "and", "leadership", "abilities", ",", "while", "his", "former", "teammates", "credited", "cullen", "as", "being", "the", "primary", "reason", "they", "were", "in", "a", "playoff", "position", "at", "the", "time", "the", "trade", "happened", ".", "after", "the", "penguins", "won", "their", "first", "stanley", "cup", "that", "season", ",", "phil", "bo", "##ur", "##que", "later", "said", "it", "\"", "broke", "his", "heart", "\"", "that", "cullen" ]
228
a blockbuster trade on march 1, 1991. cullen was sent to the hartford whalers, along with zarley zalapski and jeff parker in exchange for hartford's all @ - @ time leading scorer, ron francis, along with ulf samuelsson and grant jennings. the penguins almost turned down the deal as they were concerned about giving up cullen's playmaking and leadership abilities, while his former teammates credited cullen as being the primary reason they were in a playoff position at the time the trade happened. after the penguins won their first stanley cup that season, phil bourque later said it " broke his heart " that cullen
501
[ "was", "not", "able", "to", "share", "in", "that", "championship", ".", "in", "hartford", ",", "cullen", "worked", "to", "overcome", "the", "team", "'", "s", "fans", "'", "disappointment", "at", "losing", "francis", ".", "the", "hartford", "fans", "initially", "boo", "##ed", "him", "to", "show", "their", "dissatisfaction", "with", "the", "trade", ".", "he", "scored", "16", "points", "in", "13", "regular", "season", "games", "to", "finish", "the", "season", "with", "110", "points", "combined", "between", "the", "penguins", "and", "whale", "##rs", ",", "and", "was", "the", "team", "'", "s", "best", "player", "in", "their", "first", "round", "loss", "to", "the", "boston", "bruins", "in", "the", "1991", "stanley", "cup", "playoffs", ".", "he", "initially", "accepted", "an", "invitation", "to", "join", "the", "canadian", "team", "at", "the", "1991", "canada", "cup", ",", "but", "subsequently", "chose", "not", "to", "participate", "as", "his", "contract", "had", "expired", ",", "leading", "to", "greater", "insurance", "concerns", ".", "still", "without", "a", "contract" ]
229
was not able to share in that championship. in hartford, cullen worked to overcome the team's fans'disappointment at losing francis. the hartford fans initially booed him to show their dissatisfaction with the trade. he scored 16 points in 13 regular season games to finish the season with 110 points combined between the penguins and whalers, and was the team's best player in their first round loss to the boston bruins in the 1991 stanley cup playoffs. he initially accepted an invitation to join the canadian team at the 1991 canada cup, but subsequently chose not to participate as his contract had expired, leading to greater insurance concerns. still without a contract
573
[ "when", "the", "1991", "–", "92", "season", "began", ",", "cullen", "missed", "the", "first", "four", "games", "before", "signing", "a", "four", "@", "-", "@", "year", "deal", "with", "hartford", "worth", "a", "total", "of", "$", "4", "million", ".", "he", "returned", "to", "score", "77", "points", "in", "77", "games", "in", "his", "first", "full", "season", "with", "the", "whale", "##rs", "and", "represented", "the", "team", "at", "the", "1992", "all", "@", "-", "@", "star", "game", ".", "midway", "through", "the", "1992", "–", "93", "nhl", "season", ",", "the", "whale", "##rs", "sent", "cullen", "to", "the", "toronto", "maple", "leafs", "for", "toronto", "'", "s", "second", "round", "selection", "at", "the", "1993", "nhl", "entry", "draft", ".", "cullen", "was", "excited", "to", "play", "for", "his", "father", "'", "s", "old", "team", ",", "but", "injuries", "reduced", "his", "ability", "to", "perform", ".", "his", "most", "significant", "injury", "was", "a", "her", "##nia", "##ted" ]
230
when the 1991 – 92 season began, cullen missed the first four games before signing a four @ - @ year deal with hartford worth a total of $ 4 million. he returned to score 77 points in 77 games in his first full season with the whalers and represented the team at the 1992 all @ - @ star game. midway through the 1992 – 93 nhl season, the whalers sent cullen to the toronto maple leafs for toronto's second round selection at the 1993 nhl entry draft. cullen was excited to play for his father's old team, but injuries reduced his ability to perform. his most significant injury was a herniated
587
[ "disc", "in", "his", "neck", "that", "doctors", "initially", "feared", "would", "end", "his", "career", ".", "a", "bulky", "neck", "brace", "allowed", "cullen", "to", "return", "and", "play", "out", "his", "contract", "in", "toronto", ".", "when", "the", "leafs", "chose", "not", "to", "re", "@", "-", "@", "sign", "him", "following", "the", "1993", "–", "94", "season", ",", "he", "returned", "to", "the", "penguins", "for", "one", "season", "before", "tony", "es", "##po", "##sit", "##o", "convinced", "him", "to", "sign", "with", "the", "tampa", "bay", "lightning", "in", "1995", ".", "cullen", "enjoyed", "immediate", "success", "with", "line", "##mates", "shawn", "burr", "and", "alexander", "se", "##li", "##van", "##ov", "as", "the", "trio", "combined", "to", "score", "130", "points", "and", "helped", "lead", "the", "lightning", "to", "the", "first", "playoff", "appearance", "in", "franchise", "history", ".", "they", "were", "eliminated", "by", "the", "philadelphia", "flyers", "in", "five", "games", "while", "cullen", "led", "the", "team", "in", "playoff" ]
231
disc in his neck that doctors initially feared would end his career. a bulky neck brace allowed cullen to return and play out his contract in toronto. when the leafs chose not to re @ - @ sign him following the 1993 – 94 season, he returned to the penguins for one season before tony esposito convinced him to sign with the tampa bay lightning in 1995. cullen enjoyed immediate success with linemates shawn burr and alexander selivanov as the trio combined to score 130 points and helped lead the lightning to the first playoff appearance in franchise history. they were eliminated by the philadelphia flyers in five games while cullen led the team in playoff
573
[ "scoring", "with", "three", "goals", "and", "three", "assists", ".", "the", "lightning", "looked", "to", "improve", "in", "1996", "–", "97", ";", "cullen", "was", "leading", "the", "team", "in", "scoring", ",", "but", "was", "suffering", "flu", "@", "-", "@", "like", "symptoms", "that", "he", "could", "not", "shake", ".", "as", "tampa", "was", "fighting", "for", "a", "playoff", "spot", ",", "he", "played", "through", "his", "condition", "for", "weeks", ".", "=", "=", "=", "cancer", "and", "comeback", "=", "=", "=", "after", "two", "months", "of", "quietly", "dealing", "with", "his", "symptoms", ",", "cullen", "'", "s", "wife", "finally", "called", "team", "trainers", "and", "asked", "them", "to", "check", "into", "his", "illness", ".", "the", "team", "took", "an", "x", "@", "-", "@", "ray", "and", "found", "a", "large", "black", "shadow", "in", "his", "chest", ".", "he", "underwent", "a", "cat", "scan", "which", "revealed", "cullen", "had", "a", "baseball", "@", "-", "@", "sized" ]
232
scoring with three goals and three assists. the lightning looked to improve in 1996 – 97 ; cullen was leading the team in scoring, but was suffering flu @ - @ like symptoms that he could not shake. as tampa was fighting for a playoff spot, he played through his condition for weeks. = = = cancer and comeback = = = after two months of quietly dealing with his symptoms, cullen's wife finally called team trainers and asked them to check into his illness. the team took an x @ - @ ray and found a large black shadow in his chest. he underwent a cat scan which revealed cullen had a baseball @ - @ sized
830
[ "tumor", ";", "he", "was", "diagnosed", "as", "having", "non", "@", "-", "@", "ho", "##d", "##g", "##kin", "l", "##ym", "##ph", "##oma", ".", "the", "diagnosis", "ended", "his", "season", ",", "and", "he", "immediately", "began", "chemotherapy", "treatments", "that", "quickly", "reduced", "his", "cancer", ".", "the", "tumor", "was", "gone", "by", "september", "1997", ",", "but", "a", "pre", "##ca", "##ution", "##ary", "test", "prior", "to", "training", "camp", "revealed", "that", "cullen", "still", "had", "cancer", "cells", "in", "his", "body", ".", "he", "missed", "the", "entire", "1997", "–", "98", "nhl", "season", "as", "he", "continued", "to", "battle", "the", "disease", ",", "while", "his", "teammates", "wore", "a", "uniform", "patch", "with", "his", "#", "12", "in", "support", "throughout", "the", "year", ".", "on", "one", "day", "during", "his", "treatments", ",", "as", "his", "wife", "was", "wheeling", "him", "down", "a", "hospital", "corridor", ",", "cullen", "went", "into", "cardiac", "arrest", ",", "requiring", "doctors" ]
233
tumor ; he was diagnosed as having non @ - @ hodgkin lymphoma. the diagnosis ended his season, and he immediately began chemotherapy treatments that quickly reduced his cancer. the tumor was gone by september 1997, but a precautionary test prior to training camp revealed that cullen still had cancer cells in his body. he missed the entire 1997 – 98 nhl season as he continued to battle the disease, while his teammates wore a uniform patch with his # 12 in support throughout the year. on one day during his treatments, as his wife was wheeling him down a hospital corridor, cullen went into cardiac arrest, requiring doctors
821
[ "to", "use", "a", "def", "##ib", "##rill", "##ator", "to", "revive", "him", ".", "he", "underwent", "a", "bone", "marrow", "transplant", "that", "briefly", "reduced", "his", "immune", "system", "to", "the", "point", "that", "he", "could", "have", "very", "little", "human", "contact", ".", "another", "examination", "in", "april", "1998", "revealed", "that", "the", "cancer", "was", "finally", "gone", ",", "and", "cullen", "immediately", "began", "training", "for", "a", "comeback", ".", "the", "lightning", "signed", "cullen", "to", "a", "one", "@", "-", "@", "year", ",", "$", "500", "@", ",", "@", "000", "contract", "for", "the", "1998", "–", "99", "season", ".", "he", "played", "his", "first", "game", "in", "nearly", "18", "months", "on", "september", "18", ",", "1998", ",", "in", "an", "exhibition", "game", "between", "the", "lightning", "and", "sabres", "at", "innsbruck", ",", "austria", ".", "cullen", "scored", "the", "game", "@", "-", "@", "winning", "goal", "in", "a", "3", "–", "1", "victory", "," ]
234
to use a defibrillator to revive him. he underwent a bone marrow transplant that briefly reduced his immune system to the point that he could have very little human contact. another examination in april 1998 revealed that the cancer was finally gone, and cullen immediately began training for a comeback. the lightning signed cullen to a one @ - @ year, $ 500 @, @ 000 contract for the 1998 – 99 season. he played his first game in nearly 18 months on september 18, 1998, in an exhibition game between the lightning and sabres at innsbruck, austria. cullen scored the game @ - @ winning goal in a 3 – 1 victory,
239
[ "after", "which", "he", "said", "he", "sat", "on", "the", "bench", "in", "disbelief", "over", "how", "he", "was", "given", "a", "second", "chance", ".", "he", "was", "named", "to", "the", "roster", "and", "was", "greeted", "with", "a", "loud", "standing", "o", "##vation", "by", "the", "fans", "in", "tampa", "bay", "when", "he", "was", "introduced", "prior", "to", "their", "season", "opening", "game", ".", "cullen", "appeared", "in", "four", "of", "the", "lightning", "'", "s", "first", "eight", "games", ",", "but", "it", "was", "evident", "that", "he", "had", "lost", "much", "of", "his", "speed", "and", "strength", ".", "the", "lightning", "assigned", "him", "to", "the", "i", "##hl", "'", "s", "cleveland", "lumber", "##jack", "##s", ",", "but", "also", "gave", "him", "the", "option", "of", "retiring", "and", "taking", "up", "a", "position", "as", "an", "assistant", "coach", ".", "he", "chose", "to", "accept", "the", "demo", "##tion", ",", "giving", "himself", "one", "month", "to", "determine", "if" ]
235
after which he said he sat on the bench in disbelief over how he was given a second chance. he was named to the roster and was greeted with a loud standing ovation by the fans in tampa bay when he was introduced prior to their season opening game. cullen appeared in four of the lightning's first eight games, but it was evident that he had lost much of his speed and strength. the lightning assigned him to the ihl's cleveland lumberjacks, but also gave him the option of retiring and taking up a position as an assistant coach. he chose to accept the demotion, giving himself one month to determine if
584
[ "he", "could", "continue", "playing", ".", "he", "appeared", "in", "six", "games", "for", "cleveland", ",", "and", "in", "one", "game", "against", "the", "chicago", "wolves", "tied", "an", "i", "##hl", "record", "when", "he", "scored", "seven", "points", "in", "a", "7", "–", "3", "victory", ".", "however", ",", "a", "bout", "of", "bro", "##nch", "##itis", "led", "cullen", "to", "fear", "that", "his", "cancer", "had", "returned", ".", "tests", "came", "back", "negative", ",", "but", "after", "spending", "time", "with", "his", "family", ",", "he", "realized", "that", "neither", "he", "nor", "his", "family", "were", "interested", "in", "returning", "to", "cleveland", ".", "cullen", "announced", "his", "retirement", "on", "november", "28", ",", "1998", ",", "and", "accepted", "the", "lightning", "offer", "to", "become", "an", "assistant", "coach", ".", "in", "recognition", "of", "his", "comeback", "attempt", ",", "the", "nhl", "named", "him", "the", "1999", "winner", "of", "the", "bill", "master", "##ton", "memorial", "trophy", "for", "dedication" ]
236
he could continue playing. he appeared in six games for cleveland, and in one game against the chicago wolves tied an ihl record when he scored seven points in a 7 – 3 victory. however, a bout of bronchitis led cullen to fear that his cancer had returned. tests came back negative, but after spending time with his family, he realized that neither he nor his family were interested in returning to cleveland. cullen announced his retirement on november 28, 1998, and accepted the lightning offer to become an assistant coach. in recognition of his comeback attempt, the nhl named him the 1999 winner of the bill masterton memorial trophy for dedication
587
[ "and", "per", "##se", "##verance", ",", "while", "the", "i", "##hl", "renamed", "its", "comeback", "player", "of", "the", "year", "award", "the", "john", "cullen", "award", ".", "former", "lightning", "head", "coach", "terry", "crisp", "has", "stated", "publicly", "that", "cullen", "was", "a", "player", "that", "stood", "out", "as", "something", "special", "saying", "β€œ", "john", "cullen", ".", ".", ".", "beat", "cancer", "and", "came", "back", "to", "play", "and", "helped", "us", "win", ".", "”", "cullen", "and", "his", "wife", "valerie", "have", "three", "daughters", ",", "kennedy", "and", "twins", "karl", "##yn", "and", "ko", "##rt", "##land", ".", "unwilling", "to", "spend", "so", "much", "time", "away", "from", "his", "family", ",", "he", "left", "the", "lightning", "in", "1999", "and", "settled", "in", "the", "atlanta", "area", ",", "joining", "his", "brother", "'", "s", "car", "dealers", "##hip", "in", "jones", "##boro", ",", "georgia", ".", "he", "had", "always", "expected", "to", "become", "a", "car", "dealer" ]
237
and perseverance, while the ihl renamed its comeback player of the year award the john cullen award. former lightning head coach terry crisp has stated publicly that cullen was a player that stood out as something special saying β€œ john cullen... beat cancer and came back to play and helped us win. ” cullen and his wife valerie have three daughters, kennedy and twins karlyn and kortland. unwilling to spend so much time away from his family, he left the lightning in 1999 and settled in the atlanta area, joining his brother's car dealership in jonesboro, georgia. he had always expected to become a car dealer
134
[ "after", "his", "hockey", "career", ",", "as", "his", "father", ",", "uncles", "and", "brother", "all", "worked", "in", "the", "industry", ".", "after", "app", "##rent", "##icing", "under", "his", "brother", "for", "five", "years", ",", "he", "bought", "a", "dodge", "dealers", "##hip", "in", "new", "##nan", ",", "georgia", "in", "2007", ".", "however", ",", "he", "owned", "the", "dealers", "##hip", "for", "less", "than", "two", "years", "before", "chrysler", "closed", "him", "down", "as", "part", "of", "its", "recovery", "plan", "in", "response", "to", "the", "automotive", "industry", "crisis", "of", "2008", "–", "2010", ".", "he", "has", "since", "returned", "to", "his", "brother", "'", "s", "dealers", "##hip", ",", "serving", "as", "its", "general", "manager", ".", "cullen", "'", "s", "battle", "with", "cancer", "inspired", "tim", "##m", "harmon", "of", "the", "mo", "##ffi", "##tt", "cancer", "centre", "to", "partner", "with", "the", "lightning", "to", "raise", "awareness", "and", "money", "for", "cancer", "research", ".", "the" ]
238
after his hockey career, as his father, uncles and brother all worked in the industry. after apprenticing under his brother for five years, he bought a dodge dealership in newnan, georgia in 2007. however, he owned the dealership for less than two years before chrysler closed him down as part of its recovery plan in response to the automotive industry crisis of 2008 – 2010. he has since returned to his brother's dealership, serving as its general manager. cullen's battle with cancer inspired timm harmon of the moffitt cancer centre to partner with the lightning to raise awareness and money for cancer research. the
192
[ "nhl", "itself", "joined", "the", "cause", "in", "the", "winter", "of", "1998", ",", "creating", "the", "hockey", "fights", "cancer", "program", "to", "raise", "money", "for", "research", ".", "cullen", "has", "spent", "time", "promoting", "the", "initiative", ".", "prior", "to", "marrying", "his", "wife", "valerie", ",", "john", "dated", "carolyn", "be", "##sse", "##tte", "the", "future", "wife", "of", "john", "f", ".", "kennedy", ",", "jr", ".", "the", "two", "met", "while", "attending", "university", "in", "boston", ".", "=", "=", "career", "statistics", "=", "=", "=", "=", "=", "regular", "season", "and", "playoffs", "=", "=", "=", "=", "=", "=", "international", "=", "=", "=", "cullen", "is", "the", "namesake", "of", "the", "john", "cullen", "award", ",", "previously", "given", "to", "key", "i", "##hl", "players", ".", "=", "sms", "er", "##zh", "##er", "##zog", "ferdinand", "max", "=", "for", "the", "iron", "##cl", "##ad", "present", "at", "the", "battle", "of", "lissa", "of", "the", "same" ]
239
nhl itself joined the cause in the winter of 1998, creating the hockey fights cancer program to raise money for research. cullen has spent time promoting the initiative. prior to marrying his wife valerie, john dated carolyn bessette the future wife of john f. kennedy, jr. the two met while attending university in boston. = = career statistics = = = = = regular season and playoffs = = = = = = international = = = cullen is the namesake of the john cullen award, previously given to key ihl players. = sms erzherzog ferdinand max = for the ironclad present at the battle of lissa of the same
587
[ "name", ",", "see", "sms", "er", "##zh", "##er", "##zog", "ferdinand", "max", "(", "1865", ")", ".", "sms", "er", "##zh", "##er", "##zog", "ferdinand", "max", "(", "german", ":", "\"", "his", "majesty", "'", "s", "ship", "archduke", "ferdinand", "max", "\"", ")", "was", "a", "pre", "@", "-", "@", "dread", "##no", "##ught", "battleship", "built", "by", "the", "austro", "@", "-", "@", "hungarian", "navy", "in", "1902", ".", "the", "second", "ship", "of", "the", "er", "##zh", "##er", "##zog", "karl", "class", ",", "she", "was", "launched", "on", "3", "october", "1903", ".", "she", "was", "assigned", "to", "the", "iii", "battleship", "division", ".", "for", "most", "of", "world", "war", "i", ",", "er", "##zh", "##er", "##zog", "ferdinand", "max", "remained", "in", "her", "home", "port", "of", "pol", "##a", ",", "in", "present", "@", "-", "@", "day", "croatia", ",", "except", "for", "four", "engagements", ".", "in", "1914", ",", "she", "formed", "part", "of" ]
240
name, see sms erzherzog ferdinand max ( 1865 ). sms erzherzog ferdinand max ( german : " his majesty's ship archduke ferdinand max " ) was a pre @ - @ dreadnought battleship built by the austro @ - @ hungarian navy in 1902. the second ship of the erzherzog karl class, she was launched on 3 october 1903. she was assigned to the iii battleship division. for most of world war i, erzherzog ferdinand max remained in her home port of pola, in present @ - @ day croatia, except for four engagements. in 1914, she formed part of
874
[ "the", "austro", "@", "-", "@", "hungarian", "flotilla", "sent", "to", "protect", "the", "escape", "of", "the", "german", "ships", "sms", "go", "##eb", "##en", "and", "sms", "br", "##es", "##lau", "from", "the", "british", "@", "-", "@", "held", "mediterranean", ";", "she", "advanced", "as", "far", "as", "br", "##ind", "##isi", "before", "being", "recalled", "to", "her", "home", "port", ".", "her", "sole", "combat", "engagement", "occurred", "in", "late", "may", "1915", ",", "when", "she", "participated", "in", "the", "bombardment", "of", "the", "italian", "port", "city", "of", "an", "##cona", ".", "she", "also", "took", "part", "in", "suppress", "##ing", "a", "major", "mutiny", "among", "the", "crew", "members", "of", "several", "armored", "cruisers", "stationed", "in", "cat", "##taro", "between", "1", "–", "3", "february", "1918", ".", "she", "also", "attempted", "to", "break", "through", "the", "ot", "##rant", "##o", "barrage", "in", "june", "of", "that", "year", ",", "but", "had", "to", "retreat", "when", "the", "dread" ]
241
the austro @ - @ hungarian flotilla sent to protect the escape of the german ships sms goeben and sms breslau from the british @ - @ held mediterranean ; she advanced as far as brindisi before being recalled to her home port. her sole combat engagement occurred in late may 1915, when she participated in the bombardment of the italian port city of ancona. she also took part in suppressing a major mutiny among the crew members of several armored cruisers stationed in cattaro between 1 – 3 february 1918. she also attempted to break through the otranto barrage in june of that year, but had to retreat when the dread
873
[ "##no", "##ught", "sms", "s", "##zen", "##t", "ist", "##van", "was", "sunk", ".", "after", "the", "war", ",", "er", "##zh", "##er", "##zog", "ferdinand", "max", "was", "awarded", "to", "the", "united", "kingdom", "as", "a", "war", "prize", "in", "1920", ".", "er", "##zh", "##er", "##zog", "ferdinand", "max", "displaced", "10", "@", ",", "@", "47", "##2", "long", "tons", "(", "10", "@", ",", "@", "640", "t", ")", ".", "she", "was", "41", "##4", "feet", "2", "inches", "(", "126", "@", ".", "@", "2", "m", ")", "long", ",", "had", "a", "beam", "of", "71", "feet", "5", "inches", "(", "21", "@", ".", "@", "8", "m", ")", "and", "a", "draft", "of", "24", "feet", "7", "inches", "(", "7", "@", ".", "@", "5", "m", ")", ".", "she", "was", "manned", "by", "700", "men", ".", "she", "and", "her", "sisters", "were", "the", "last", "and", "largest", "pre", "@", "-", "@" ]
242
##nought sms szent istvan was sunk. after the war, erzherzog ferdinand max was awarded to the united kingdom as a war prize in 1920. erzherzog ferdinand max displaced 10 @, @ 472 long tons ( 10 @, @ 640 t ). she was 414 feet 2 inches ( 126 @. @ 2 m ) long, had a beam of 71 feet 5 inches ( 21 @. @ 8 m ) and a draft of 24 feet 7 inches ( 7 @. @ 5 m ). she was manned by 700 men. she and her sisters were the last and largest pre @ - @
845
[ "dread", "##no", "##ught", "class", "built", "by", "the", "austro", "@", "-", "@", "hungarian", "navy", ",", "surpassing", "the", "habsburg", "class", "by", "approximately", "2", "@", ",", "@", "000", "tonnes", "(", "1", "@", ",", "@", "96", "##8", "long", "tons", ")", ".", "she", "was", "propelled", "by", "two", "two", "@", "-", "@", "shaft", ",", "four", "cylinder", "vertical", "triple", "expansion", "steam", "engines", ".", "on", "trials", ",", "they", "developed", "18", "@", ",", "@", "000", "i", "##hp", "(", "13", "@", ",", "@", "42", "##3", "kw", ")", ",", "which", "propelled", "the", "ship", "at", "a", "speed", "of", "20", "@", ".", "@", "5", "knots", "(", "38", "@", ".", "@", "0", "km", "/", "h", ";", "23", "@", ".", "@", "6", "mph", ")", ".", "er", "##zh", "##er", "##zog", "ferdinand", "max", "carried", "a", "primary", "armament", "of", "four", "24", "@", "-", "@", "cent", "##imeter" ]
243
dreadnought class built by the austro @ - @ hungarian navy, surpassing the habsburg class by approximately 2 @, @ 000 tonnes ( 1 @, @ 968 long tons ). she was propelled by two two @ - @ shaft, four cylinder vertical triple expansion steam engines. on trials, they developed 18 @, @ 000 ihp ( 13 @, @ 423 kw ), which propelled the ship at a speed of 20 @. @ 5 knots ( 38 @. @ 0 km / h ; 23 @. @ 6 mph ). erzherzog ferdinand max carried a primary armament of four 24 @ - @ centimeter
844
[ "(", "9", "@", ".", "@", "4", "in", ")", "/", "40", "caliber", "guns", "in", "two", "twin", "turrets", "on", "the", "center", "##line", ".", "these", "guns", "were", "an", "austro", "@", "-", "@", "hungarian", "replica", "of", "the", "british", "24", "cm", "/", "40", "(", "9", "@", ".", "@", "4", "\"", ")", "k", "##rup", "##p", "c", "/", "94", ",", "which", "was", "used", "on", "the", "habsburg", "##s", ".", "her", "secondary", "armament", "consisted", "of", "twelve", "19", "@", "-", "@", "cent", "##imeter", "(", "7", "@", ".", "@", "5", "in", ")", "/", "42", "caliber", "guns", ",", "also", "made", "by", "sk", "##oda", ",", "mounted", "in", "eight", "single", "case", "##mates", "on", "either", "wing", "of", "the", "ship", "and", "two", "twin", "turrets", "on", "the", "center", "##line", ".", "shell", "20", "@", ",", "@", "000", "metres", "(", "22", "@", ",", "@", "000", "yd", ")" ]
244
( 9 @. @ 4 in ) / 40 caliber guns in two twin turrets on the centerline. these guns were an austro @ - @ hungarian replica of the british 24 cm / 40 ( 9 @. @ 4 " ) krupp c / 94, which was used on the habsburgs. her secondary armament consisted of twelve 19 @ - @ centimeter ( 7 @. @ 5 in ) / 42 caliber guns, also made by skoda, mounted in eight single casemates on either wing of the ship and two twin turrets on the centerline. shell 20 @, @ 000 metres ( 22 @, @ 000 yd )
847
[ "at", "maximum", "elevation", "with", "a", "muzzle", "velocity", "of", "800", "metres", "per", "second", "(", "2", "@", ",", "@", "600", "ft", "/", "s", ")", ".", "the", "gun", "weighed", "12", "@", ".", "@", "1", "tons", "and", "could", "fire", "three", "rounds", "per", "minute", ".", "the", "ships", "had", "a", "tertiary", "armament", "for", "protection", "against", "torpedo", "boats", "in", "the", "form", "of", "the", "6", "@", ".", "@", "6", "centimetres", "(", "2", "@", ".", "@", "6", "in", ")", "/", "45", "caliber", "gun", ",", "also", "manufactured", "by", "sk", "##oda", ".", "anti", "@", "-", "@", "aircraft", "and", "airship", "protection", "was", "covered", "by", "the", "four", "37", "@", "-", "@", "mill", "##imeter", "(", "1", "@", ".", "@", "5", "in", ")", "vickers", "anti", "@", "-", "@", "aircraft", "guns", "on", "the", "ship", "bought", "from", "britain", "in", "1910", "and", "mounted", "onto", "er", "##zh" ]
245
at maximum elevation with a muzzle velocity of 800 metres per second ( 2 @, @ 600 ft / s ). the gun weighed 12 @. @ 1 tons and could fire three rounds per minute. the ships had a tertiary armament for protection against torpedo boats in the form of the 6 @. @ 6 centimetres ( 2 @. @ 6 in ) / 45 caliber gun, also manufactured by skoda. anti @ - @ aircraft and airship protection was covered by the four 37 @ - @ millimeter ( 1 @. @ 5 in ) vickers anti @ - @ aircraft guns on the ship bought from britain in 1910 and mounted onto erzh
846
[ "##er", "##zog", "karl", ".", "er", "##zh", "##er", "##zog", "ferdinand", "max", "was", "also", "fitted", "with", "two", "above", "water", "45", "@", "-", "@", "cent", "##imeter", "(", "17", "@", ".", "@", "7", "in", ")", "torpedo", "tubes", ",", "although", "rarely", "used", ".", "=", "=", "service", "history", "=", "=", "at", "the", "outbreak", "of", "world", "war", "i", ",", "er", "##zh", "##er", "##zog", "ferdinand", "max", "was", "in", "the", "iii", "division", "of", "the", "austrian", "@", "-", "@", "hungarian", "battle", "@", "-", "@", "fleet", ".", "she", "was", "mobilized", "on", "the", "eve", "of", "the", "war", "along", "with", "the", "remainder", "of", "the", "fleet", "to", "support", "the", "flight", "of", "sms", "go", "##eb", "##en", "and", "sms", "br", "##es", "##lau", ".", "the", "two", "german", "ships", "were", "attempting", "to", "break", "out", "of", "messina", ",", "which", "was", "surrounded", "by", "british", "troops", ",", "and", "make" ]
246
##erzog karl. erzherzog ferdinand max was also fitted with two above water 45 @ - @ centimeter ( 17 @. @ 7 in ) torpedo tubes, although rarely used. = = service history = = at the outbreak of world war i, erzherzog ferdinand max was in the iii division of the austrian @ - @ hungarian battle @ - @ fleet. she was mobilized on the eve of the war along with the remainder of the fleet to support the flight of sms goeben and sms breslau. the two german ships were attempting to break out of messina, which was surrounded by british troops, and make
873
[ "their", "way", "to", "turkey", ".", "the", "breakout", "succeeded", ".", "when", "the", "flotilla", "had", "advanced", "as", "far", "south", "as", "br", "##ind", "##isi", "in", "south", "eastern", "italy", ",", "the", "austro", "@", "-", "@", "hungarian", "ships", "were", "recalled", ".", "in", "company", "with", "other", "units", "of", "the", "austro", "hungarian", "navy", ",", "er", "##zh", "##er", "##zog", "ferdinand", "max", "took", "a", "minor", "part", "in", "the", "bombardment", "of", "an", "##cona", "on", "24", "may", "1915", ".", "there", "she", "and", "her", "sisters", "ex", "##pen", "##ded", "24", "rounds", "of", "240", "mm", "armor", "@", "-", "@", "piercing", "shells", "at", "signal", "and", "se", "##ma", "##ph", "##ore", "stations", "as", "well", "as", "74", "rounds", "of", "190", "mm", "shells", "aimed", "at", "italian", "gun", "@", "-", "@", "batteries", "and", "other", "port", "installations", ".", "a", "major", "mutiny", "among", "crews", "of", "the", "armored", "cruisers", "stationed", "in" ]
247
their way to turkey. the breakout succeeded. when the flotilla had advanced as far south as brindisi in south eastern italy, the austro @ - @ hungarian ships were recalled. in company with other units of the austro hungarian navy, erzherzog ferdinand max took a minor part in the bombardment of ancona on 24 may 1915. there she and her sisters expended 24 rounds of 240 mm armor @ - @ piercing shells at signal and semaphore stations as well as 74 rounds of 190 mm shells aimed at italian gun @ - @ batteries and other port installations. a major mutiny among crews of the armored cruisers stationed in
873
[ "cat", "##taro", ",", "including", "sank", "##t", "georg", "and", "kaiser", "karl", "vi", ",", "began", "on", "1", "february", "1918", ".", "two", "days", "later", ",", "er", "##zh", "##er", "##zog", "ferdinand", "max", "and", "her", "sisters", "arrived", "in", "the", "port", "and", "assisted", "with", "the", "suppression", "of", "the", "mutiny", ".", "following", "the", "restoration", "of", "order", "in", "the", "naval", "base", ",", "the", "armored", "cruisers", "sank", "##t", "georg", "and", "kaiser", "karl", "vi", "were", "decommissioned", "and", "er", "##zh", "##er", "##zog", "ferdinand", "max", "and", "her", "sisters", "were", "stationed", "in", "cat", "##taro", "in", "their", "place", ".", "on", "the", "morning", "of", "11", "june", ",", "admiral", "mi", "##k", "##los", "ho", "##rth", "##y", "planned", "a", "major", "assault", "on", "the", "ot", "##rant", "##o", "barrage", ";", "the", "three", "er", "##zh", "##er", "##zog", "karl", "##s", "and", "the", "four", "te", "##get", "##th", "##off", "@", "-", "@" ]
248
cattaro, including sankt georg and kaiser karl vi, began on 1 february 1918. two days later, erzherzog ferdinand max and her sisters arrived in the port and assisted with the suppression of the mutiny. following the restoration of order in the naval base, the armored cruisers sankt georg and kaiser karl vi were decommissioned and erzherzog ferdinand max and her sisters were stationed in cattaro in their place. on the morning of 11 june, admiral miklos horthy planned a major assault on the otranto barrage ; the three erzherzog karls and the four tegetthoff @ - @
873
[ "class", "battleships", "were", "to", "provide", "support", "for", "the", "nova", "##ra", "@", "-", "@", "class", "cruisers", "on", "an", "assault", "on", "the", "allied", "defenses", "at", "the", "strait", "of", "ot", "##rant", "##o", ".", "the", "plan", "was", "intended", "to", "replicate", "the", "success", "of", "the", "raid", "conducted", "one", "year", "earlier", ".", "ho", "##rth", "##y", "'", "s", "plan", "was", "to", "destroy", "the", "block", "##ading", "fleet", "by", "lu", "##ring", "allied", "ships", "to", "the", "cruisers", "and", "lighter", "ships", ",", "which", "were", "protected", "from", "the", "heavier", "guns", "of", "the", "battleships", ",", "including", "the", "guns", "of", "the", "er", "##zh", "##er", "##zog", "karl", "class", ".", "however", ",", "on", "the", "morning", "of", "10", "june", ",", "the", "dread", "##no", "##ught", "s", "##zen", "##t", "ist", "##van", "was", "torpedo", "##ed", "and", "sunk", "by", "an", "italian", "torpedo", "boat", ".", "ho", "##rth", "##y", "felt", "that" ]
249
class battleships were to provide support for the novara @ - @ class cruisers on an assault on the allied defenses at the strait of otranto. the plan was intended to replicate the success of the raid conducted one year earlier. horthy's plan was to destroy the blockading fleet by luring allied ships to the cruisers and lighter ships, which were protected from the heavier guns of the battleships, including the guns of the erzherzog karl class. however, on the morning of 10 june, the dreadnought szent istvan was torpedoed and sunk by an italian torpedo boat. horthy felt that
874
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250
the element of surprise had been compromised, and therefore called off the operation. this was to be the last military action erzherzog ferdinand max was to take part in, and she and her sisters spent the rest of their career in port. near the end of world war i, the erzherzog karl @ - @ class battleships were handed over to the newly formed state of slovenes, croats and serbs but erzherzog ferdinand max was later transferred to great britain as a war reparation. she was later broken up for scrap in 1921. = ancient egyptian deities = ancient egyptian deities are the gods and goddesses worshipped
350
[ "in", "ancient", "egypt", ".", "the", "beliefs", "and", "rituals", "surrounding", "these", "gods", "formed", "the", "core", "of", "ancient", "egyptian", "religion", ",", "which", "emerged", "sometime", "in", "pre", "##his", "##tory", ".", "deities", "represented", "natural", "forces", "and", "phenomena", ",", "and", "the", "egyptians", "supported", "and", "app", "##eased", "them", "through", "offerings", "and", "rituals", "so", "that", "these", "forces", "would", "continue", "to", "function", "according", "to", "ma", "##at", ",", "or", "divine", "order", ".", "after", "the", "founding", "of", "the", "egyptian", "state", "around", "310", "##0", "bc", ",", "the", "authority", "to", "perform", "these", "tasks", "was", "controlled", "by", "the", "pharaoh", ",", "who", "claimed", "to", "be", "the", "gods", "'", "representative", "and", "managed", "the", "temples", "where", "the", "rituals", "were", "carried", "out", ".", "the", "gods", "'", "complex", "characteristics", "were", "expressed", "in", "myths", "and", "in", "intricate", "relationships", "between", "deities", ":", "family", "ties", ",", "loose", "groups", "and" ]
251
in ancient egypt. the beliefs and rituals surrounding these gods formed the core of ancient egyptian religion, which emerged sometime in prehistory. deities represented natural forces and phenomena, and the egyptians supported and appeased them through offerings and rituals so that these forces would continue to function according to maat, or divine order. after the founding of the egyptian state around 3100 bc, the authority to perform these tasks was controlled by the pharaoh, who claimed to be the gods'representative and managed the temples where the rituals were carried out. the gods'complex characteristics were expressed in myths and in intricate relationships between deities : family ties, loose groups and
19
[ "hi", "##era", "##rch", "##ies", ",", "and", "combinations", "of", "separate", "gods", "into", "one", ".", "deities", "'", "diverse", "appearances", "in", "art", "β€”", "as", "animals", ",", "humans", ",", "objects", ",", "and", "combinations", "of", "different", "forms", "β€”", "also", "all", "##uded", ",", "through", "symbolism", ",", "to", "their", "essential", "features", ".", "in", "different", "eras", ",", "various", "gods", "were", "said", "to", "hold", "the", "highest", "position", "in", "divine", "society", ",", "including", "the", "solar", "deity", "ra", ",", "the", "mysterious", "god", "am", "##un", ",", "and", "the", "mother", "goddess", "isis", ".", "the", "highest", "deity", "was", "usually", "credited", "with", "the", "creation", "of", "the", "world", "and", "often", "connected", "with", "the", "life", "@", "-", "@", "giving", "power", "of", "the", "sun", ".", "some", "scholars", "have", "argued", ",", "based", "in", "part", "on", "egyptian", "writings", ",", "that", "the", "egyptians", "came", "to", "recognize", "a", "single", "divine" ]
252
hierarchies, and combinations of separate gods into one. deities'diverse appearances in art β€” as animals, humans, objects, and combinations of different forms β€” also alluded, through symbolism, to their essential features. in different eras, various gods were said to hold the highest position in divine society, including the solar deity ra, the mysterious god amun, and the mother goddess isis. the highest deity was usually credited with the creation of the world and often connected with the life @ - @ giving power of the sun. some scholars have argued, based in part on egyptian writings, that the egyptians came to recognize a single divine
35
[ "power", "that", "lay", "behind", "all", "things", "and", "was", "present", "in", "all", "the", "other", "deities", ".", "yet", "they", "never", "abandoned", "their", "original", "poly", "##the", "##istic", "view", "of", "the", "world", ",", "except", "possibly", "during", "the", "era", "of", "ate", "##nism", "in", "the", "14th", "century", "bc", ",", "when", "official", "religion", "focused", "exclusively", "on", "the", "imp", "##erson", "##al", "sun", "god", "ate", "##n", ".", "gods", "were", "assumed", "to", "be", "present", "throughout", "the", "world", ",", "capable", "of", "influencing", "natural", "events", "and", "the", "course", "of", "human", "lives", ".", "people", "interact", "##ed", "with", "them", "in", "temples", "and", "unofficial", "shrines", ",", "for", "personal", "reasons", "as", "well", "as", "for", "larger", "goals", "of", "state", "rites", ".", "egyptians", "prayed", "for", "divine", "help", ",", "used", "rituals", "to", "com", "##pel", "deities", "to", "act", ",", "and", "called", "upon", "them", "for", "advice", ".", "humans", "'" ]
253
power that lay behind all things and was present in all the other deities. yet they never abandoned their original polytheistic view of the world, except possibly during the era of atenism in the 14th century bc, when official religion focused exclusively on the impersonal sun god aten. gods were assumed to be present throughout the world, capable of influencing natural events and the course of human lives. people interacted with them in temples and unofficial shrines, for personal reasons as well as for larger goals of state rites. egyptians prayed for divine help, used rituals to compel deities to act, and called upon them for advice. humans '
35
[ "relations", "with", "their", "gods", "were", "a", "fundamental", "part", "of", "egyptian", "society", ".", "=", "=", "definition", "=", "=", "the", "beings", "in", "ancient", "egyptian", "tradition", "who", "might", "be", "labeled", "as", "deities", "are", "difficult", "to", "count", ".", "egyptian", "texts", "list", "the", "names", "of", "many", "deities", "whose", "nature", "is", "unknown", "and", "make", "vague", ",", "indirect", "references", "to", "other", "gods", "who", "are", "not", "even", "named", ".", "the", "egypt", "##ologist", "james", "p", ".", "allen", "estimates", "that", "more", "than", "1", "@", ",", "@", "400", "deities", "are", "named", "in", "egyptian", "texts", ",", "whereas", "his", "colleague", "christian", "lei", "##tz", "says", "there", "are", "\"", "thousands", "upon", "thousands", "\"", "of", "gods", ".", "the", "egyptian", "language", "'", "s", "terms", "for", "these", "beings", "were", "nt", "##r", ",", "\"", "god", "\"", ",", "and", "its", "feminine", "form", "nt", "##rt", ",", "\"", "goddess", "\"" ]
254
relations with their gods were a fundamental part of egyptian society. = = definition = = the beings in ancient egyptian tradition who might be labeled as deities are difficult to count. egyptian texts list the names of many deities whose nature is unknown and make vague, indirect references to other gods who are not even named. the egyptologist james p. allen estimates that more than 1 @, @ 400 deities are named in egyptian texts, whereas his colleague christian leitz says there are " thousands upon thousands " of gods. the egyptian language's terms for these beings were ntr, " god ", and its feminine form ntrt, " goddess "
35
[ ".", "scholars", "have", "tried", "to", "disc", "##ern", "the", "original", "nature", "of", "the", "gods", "by", "proposing", "et", "##ym", "##ologies", "for", "these", "words", ",", "but", "none", "of", "these", "suggestions", "has", "gained", "acceptance", ",", "and", "the", "terms", "'", "origin", "remains", "obscure", ".", "the", "hi", "##ero", "##gly", "##phs", "that", "were", "used", "as", "id", "##eo", "##gram", "##s", "and", "deter", "##mina", "##tive", "##s", "in", "writing", "these", "words", "show", "some", "of", "the", "traits", "that", "the", "egyptians", "connected", "with", "divinity", ".", "the", "most", "common", "of", "these", "signs", "is", "a", "flag", "flying", "from", "a", "pole", ".", "similar", "objects", "were", "placed", "at", "the", "entrances", "of", "temples", ",", "representing", "the", "presence", "of", "a", "deity", ",", "throughout", "ancient", "egyptian", "history", ".", "other", "such", "hi", "##ero", "##gly", "##phs", "include", "a", "falcon", ",", "reminiscent", "of", "several", "early", "gods", "who", "were", "depicted", "as" ]
255
. scholars have tried to discern the original nature of the gods by proposing etymologies for these words, but none of these suggestions has gained acceptance, and the terms'origin remains obscure. the hieroglyphs that were used as ideograms and determinatives in writing these words show some of the traits that the egyptians connected with divinity. the most common of these signs is a flag flying from a pole. similar objects were placed at the entrances of temples, representing the presence of a deity, throughout ancient egyptian history. other such hieroglyphs include a falcon, reminiscent of several early gods who were depicted as
350
[ "falcons", ",", "and", "a", "seated", "male", "or", "female", "deity", ".", "the", "feminine", "form", "could", "also", "be", "written", "with", "an", "egg", "as", "deter", "##mina", "##tive", ",", "connecting", "goddess", "##es", "with", "creation", "and", "birth", ",", "or", "with", "a", "cobra", ",", "reflecting", "the", "use", "of", "the", "cobra", "to", "depict", "many", "female", "deities", ".", "the", "egyptians", "distinguished", "nt", "##r", "##w", ",", "\"", "gods", "\"", ",", "from", "rm", "##t", ",", "\"", "people", "\"", ",", "but", "the", "meanings", "of", "the", "egyptian", "and", "the", "english", "terms", "do", "not", "match", "perfectly", ".", "the", "term", "nt", "##r", "may", "have", "applied", "to", "any", "being", "that", "was", "in", "some", "way", "outside", "the", "sphere", "of", "everyday", "life", ".", "deceased", "humans", "were", "called", "nt", "##r", "because", "they", "were", "considered", "to", "be", "like", "the", "gods", ",", "whereas", "the", "term", "was", "rarely", "applied" ]
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falcons, and a seated male or female deity. the feminine form could also be written with an egg as determinative, connecting goddesses with creation and birth, or with a cobra, reflecting the use of the cobra to depict many female deities. the egyptians distinguished ntrw, " gods ", from rmt, " people ", but the meanings of the egyptian and the english terms don't match perfectly. the term ntr may have applied to any being that was in some way outside the sphere of everyday life. deceased humans were called ntr because they were considered to be like the gods, whereas the term was rarely applied
350
[ "to", "many", "of", "egypt", "'", "s", "lesser", "supernatural", "beings", ",", "which", "modern", "scholars", "often", "call", "\"", "demons", "\"", ".", "egyptian", "religious", "art", "also", "depicts", "places", ",", "objects", ",", "and", "concepts", "in", "human", "form", ".", "these", "person", "##ified", "ideas", "range", "from", "deities", "that", "were", "important", "in", "myth", "and", "ritual", "to", "obscure", "beings", ",", "only", "mentioned", "once", "or", "twice", ",", "that", "may", "be", "little", "more", "than", "metaphor", "##s", ".", "confronting", "these", "blurred", "distinctions", "between", "gods", "and", "other", "beings", ",", "scholars", "have", "proposed", "various", "definitions", "of", "a", "\"", "deity", "\"", ".", "one", "widely", "accepted", "definition", ",", "suggested", "by", "jan", "ass", "##mann", ",", "says", "that", "a", "deity", "has", "a", "cult", ",", "is", "involved", "in", "some", "aspect", "of", "the", "universe", ",", "and", "is", "described", "in", "mythology", "or", "other", "forms", "of", "written", "tradition", "." ]
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to many of egypt's lesser supernatural beings, which modern scholars often call " demons ". egyptian religious art also depicts places, objects, and concepts in human form. these personified ideas range from deities that were important in myth and ritual to obscure beings, only mentioned once or twice, that may be little more than metaphors. confronting these blurred distinctions between gods and other beings, scholars have proposed various definitions of a " deity ". one widely accepted definition, suggested by jan assmann, says that a deity has a cult, is involved in some aspect of the universe, and is described in mythology or other forms of written tradition.
19
[ "according", "to", "a", "different", "definition", ",", "by", "dimitri", "meek", "##s", ",", "nt", "##r", "applied", "to", "any", "being", "that", "was", "the", "focus", "of", "ritual", ".", "from", "this", "perspective", ",", "\"", "gods", "\"", "included", "the", "king", ",", "who", "was", "called", "a", "god", "after", "his", "coronation", "rites", ",", "and", "deceased", "souls", ",", "who", "entered", "the", "divine", "realm", "through", "funeral", "ceremonies", ".", "likewise", ",", "the", "pre", "##emi", "##nen", "##ce", "of", "the", "great", "gods", "was", "maintained", "by", "the", "ritual", "devotion", "that", "was", "performed", "for", "them", "across", "egypt", ".", "the", "first", "written", "evidence", "of", "deities", "in", "egypt", "comes", "from", "the", "early", "d", "##yna", "##stic", "period", "(", "c", ".", "310", "##0", "–", "268", "##6", "bc", ")", ".", "deities", "must", "have", "emerged", "sometime", "in", "the", "preceding", "pre", "##dy", "##nas", "##tic", "period", "(", "before", "310", "##0", "bc" ]
258
according to a different definition, by dimitri meeks, ntr applied to any being that was the focus of ritual. from this perspective, " gods " included the king, who was called a god after his coronation rites, and deceased souls, who entered the divine realm through funeral ceremonies. likewise, the preeminence of the great gods was maintained by the ritual devotion that was performed for them across egypt. the first written evidence of deities in egypt comes from the early dynastic period ( c. 3100 – 2686 bc ). deities must have emerged sometime in the preceding predynastic period ( before 3100 bc
35
[ ")", "and", "grown", "out", "of", "prehistoric", "religious", "beliefs", ".", "pre", "##dy", "##nas", "##tic", "artwork", "depicts", "a", "variety", "of", "animal", "and", "human", "figures", ".", "some", "of", "these", "images", ",", "such", "as", "stars", "and", "cattle", ",", "are", "reminiscent", "of", "important", "features", "of", "egyptian", "religion", "in", "later", "times", ",", "but", "in", "most", "cases", "there", "is", "not", "enough", "evidence", "to", "say", "whether", "the", "images", "are", "connected", "with", "deities", ".", "as", "egyptian", "society", "grew", "more", "sophisticated", ",", "clearer", "signs", "of", "religious", "activity", "appeared", ".", "the", "earliest", "known", "temples", "appeared", "in", "the", "last", "centuries", "of", "the", "pre", "##dy", "##nas", "##tic", "era", ",", "along", "with", "images", "that", "resemble", "the", "icon", "##og", "##raph", "##ies", "of", "known", "deities", ":", "the", "falcon", "that", "represents", "ho", "##rus", "and", "several", "other", "gods", ",", "the", "crossed", "arrows", "that", "stand", "for", "ne" ]
259
) and grown out of prehistoric religious beliefs. predynastic artwork depicts a variety of animal and human figures. some of these images, such as stars and cattle, are reminiscent of important features of egyptian religion in later times, but in most cases there is not enough evidence to say whether the images are connected with deities. as egyptian society grew more sophisticated, clearer signs of religious activity appeared. the earliest known temples appeared in the last centuries of the predynastic era, along with images that resemble the iconographies of known deities : the falcon that represents horus and several other gods, the crossed arrows that stand for ne
19
[ "##ith", ",", "and", "the", "enigma", "##tic", "\"", "set", "animal", "\"", "that", "represents", "set", ".", "many", "egypt", "##ologists", "and", "anthropologist", "##s", "have", "suggested", "theories", "about", "how", "the", "gods", "developed", "in", "these", "early", "times", ".", "gustave", "je", "##qui", "##er", ",", "for", "instance", ",", "thought", "the", "egyptians", "first", "revered", "primitive", "fe", "##tish", "##es", ",", "then", "deities", "in", "animal", "form", ",", "and", "finally", "deities", "in", "human", "form", ",", "whereas", "henri", "frank", "##fort", "argued", "that", "the", "gods", "must", "have", "been", "envisioned", "in", "human", "form", "from", "the", "beginning", ".", "some", "of", "these", "theories", "are", "now", "regarded", "as", "too", "sim", "##pl", "##istic", ",", "and", "more", "current", "ones", ",", "such", "as", "siegfried", "more", "##nz", "'", "hypothesis", "that", "deities", "emerged", "as", "humans", "began", "to", "distinguish", "themselves", "from", "and", "person", "##ify", "their", "environment", ",", "are", "difficult", "to", "prove" ]
260
##ith, and the enigmatic " set animal " that represents set. many egyptologists and anthropologists have suggested theories about how the gods developed in these early times. gustave jequier, for instance, thought the egyptians first revered primitive fetishes, then deities in animal form, and finally deities in human form, whereas henri frankfort argued that the gods must have been envisioned in human form from the beginning. some of these theories are now regarded as too simplistic, and more current ones, such as siegfried morenz'hypothesis that deities emerged as humans began to distinguish themselves from and personify their environment, are difficult to prove
789
[ ".", "pre", "##dy", "##nas", "##tic", "egypt", "originally", "consisted", "of", "small", ",", "independent", "villages", ".", "because", "many", "deities", "in", "later", "times", "were", "strongly", "tied", "to", "particular", "towns", "and", "regions", ",", "many", "scholars", "have", "suggested", "that", "the", "pantheon", "formed", "as", "di", "##spar", "##ate", "communities", "coal", "##es", "##ced", "into", "larger", "states", ",", "spreading", "and", "inter", "##ming", "##ling", "the", "worship", "of", "the", "old", "local", "deities", ".", "but", "others", "have", "argued", "that", "the", "most", "important", "pre", "##dy", "##nas", "##tic", "gods", "were", ",", "like", "other", "elements", "of", "egyptian", "culture", ",", "present", "all", "across", "the", "country", "despite", "the", "political", "divisions", "within", "it", ".", "the", "final", "step", "in", "the", "formation", "of", "egyptian", "religion", "was", "the", "unification", "of", "egypt", ",", "in", "which", "rulers", "from", "upper", "egypt", "made", "themselves", "pharaoh", "##s", "of", "the", "entire", "country", ".", "these", "sacred" ]
261
. predynastic egypt originally consisted of small, independent villages. because many deities in later times were strongly tied to particular towns and regions, many scholars have suggested that the pantheon formed as disparate communities coalesced into larger states, spreading and intermingling the worship of the old local deities. but others have argued that the most important predynastic gods were, like other elements of egyptian culture, present all across the country despite the political divisions within it. the final step in the formation of egyptian religion was the unification of egypt, in which rulers from upper egypt made themselves pharaohs of the entire country. these sacred
19
[ "kings", "and", "their", "subordinate", "##s", "assumed", "the", "exclusive", "right", "to", "interact", "with", "the", "gods", ",", "and", "kings", "##hip", "became", "the", "un", "##ifying", "focus", "of", "the", "religion", ".", "new", "gods", "continued", "to", "emerge", "after", "this", "transformation", ".", "some", "important", "deities", "like", "isis", "and", "am", "##un", "are", "not", "known", "to", "have", "appeared", "until", "the", "old", "kingdom", "(", "c", ".", "268", "##6", "–", "218", "##1", "bc", ")", ".", "places", "and", "concepts", "could", "suddenly", "inspire", "the", "creation", "of", "a", "deity", "to", "represent", "them", ",", "and", "deities", "were", "sometimes", "created", "to", "serve", "as", "opposite", "@", "-", "@", "sex", "counterparts", "to", "established", "gods", "or", "goddess", "##es", ".", "kings", "were", "said", "to", "be", "divine", ",", "although", "only", "a", "few", "continued", "to", "be", "worshipped", "long", "after", "their", "deaths", ".", "some", "non", "@", "-", "@", "royal", "humans" ]
262
kings and their subordinates assumed the exclusive right to interact with the gods, and kingship became the unifying focus of the religion. new gods continued to emerge after this transformation. some important deities like isis and amun are not known to have appeared until the old kingdom ( c. 2686 – 2181 bc ). places and concepts could suddenly inspire the creation of a deity to represent them, and deities were sometimes created to serve as opposite @ - @ sex counterparts to established gods or goddesses. kings were said to be divine, although only a few continued to be worshipped long after their deaths. some non @ - @ royal humans
19
[ "were", "said", "to", "have", "the", "favor", "of", "the", "gods", "and", "were", "ve", "##ner", "##ated", "accordingly", ".", "this", "ve", "##ner", "##ation", "was", "usually", "short", "@", "-", "@", "lived", ",", "but", "the", "court", "architects", "im", "##hot", "##ep", "and", "am", "##en", "##hot", "##ep", "son", "of", "ha", "##pu", "were", "regarded", "as", "gods", "centuries", "after", "their", "lifetime", "##s", ",", "as", "were", "some", "other", "officials", ".", "through", "contact", "with", "neighboring", "civilizations", ",", "the", "egyptians", "also", "adopted", "foreign", "deities", ".", "de", "##dun", ",", "who", "is", "first", "mentioned", "in", "the", "old", "kingdom", ",", "may", "have", "come", "from", "nu", "##bia", ",", "and", "ba", "##al", ",", "ana", "##t", ",", "and", "as", "##tar", "##te", ",", "among", "others", ",", "were", "adopted", "from", "can", "##aan", "##ite", "religion", "during", "the", "new", "kingdom", "(", "c", ".", "1550", "–", "107", "##0", "bc", ")", "." ]
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were said to have the favor of the gods and were venerated accordingly. this veneration was usually short @ - @ lived, but the court architects imhotep and amenhotep son of hapu were regarded as gods centuries after their lifetimes, as were some other officials. through contact with neighboring civilizations, the egyptians also adopted foreign deities. dedun, who is first mentioned in the old kingdom, may have come from nubia, and baal, anat, and astarte, among others, were adopted from canaanite religion during the new kingdom ( c. 1550 – 1070 bc ).
10
[ "in", "greek", "and", "roman", "times", ",", "from", "332", "bc", "to", "the", "early", "centuries", "ad", ",", "deities", "from", "across", "the", "mediterranean", "world", "were", "revered", "in", "egypt", ",", "but", "the", "native", "gods", "remained", ",", "and", "they", "often", "absorbed", "the", "cult", "##s", "of", "these", "newcomers", "into", "their", "own", "worship", ".", "=", "=", "characteristics", "=", "=", "modern", "knowledge", "of", "egyptian", "beliefs", "about", "the", "gods", "is", "mostly", "drawn", "from", "religious", "writings", "produced", "by", "the", "nation", "'", "s", "scribe", "##s", "and", "priests", ".", "these", "people", "were", "the", "elite", "of", "egyptian", "society", "and", "were", "very", "distinct", "from", "the", "general", "populace", ",", "most", "of", "whom", "were", "ill", "##iter", "##ate", ".", "little", "is", "known", "about", "how", "well", "this", "broader", "population", "knew", "or", "understood", "the", "sophisticated", "ideas", "that", "the", "elite", "developed", ".", "common", "##ers", "'", "perceptions", "of", "the" ]
264
in greek and roman times, from 332 bc to the early centuries ad, deities from across the mediterranean world were revered in egypt, but the native gods remained, and they often absorbed the cults of these newcomers into their own worship. = = characteristics = = modern knowledge of egyptian beliefs about the gods is mostly drawn from religious writings produced by the nation's scribes and priests. these people were the elite of egyptian society and were very distinct from the general populace, most of whom were illiterate. little is known about how well this broader population knew or understood the sophisticated ideas that the elite developed. commoners'perceptions of the
1
[ "divine", "may", "have", "differed", "from", "those", "of", "the", "priests", ".", "the", "populace", "may", ",", "for", "example", ",", "have", "mistaken", "the", "religion", "'", "s", "symbolic", "statements", "about", "the", "gods", "and", "their", "actions", "for", "literal", "truth", ".", "but", "overall", ",", "what", "little", "is", "known", "about", "popular", "religious", "belief", "is", "consistent", "with", "the", "elite", "tradition", ".", "the", "two", "traditions", "form", "a", "largely", "co", "##hesive", "vision", "of", "the", "gods", "and", "their", "nature", ".", "most", "egyptian", "deities", "represent", "natural", "or", "social", "phenomena", ".", "the", "gods", "were", "generally", "said", "to", "be", "im", "##man", "##ent", "in", "these", "phenomena", "β€”", "to", "be", "present", "within", "nature", ".", "the", "types", "of", "phenomena", "they", "represented", "include", "physical", "places", "and", "objects", "as", "well", "as", "abstract", "concepts", "and", "forces", ".", "the", "god", "shu", "was", "the", "dei", "##fication", "of", "all", "the", "world" ]
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divine may have differed from those of the priests. the populace may, for example, have mistaken the religion's symbolic statements about the gods and their actions for literal truth. but overall, what little is known about popular religious belief is consistent with the elite tradition. the two traditions form a largely cohesive vision of the gods and their nature. most egyptian deities represent natural or social phenomena. the gods were generally said to be immanent in these phenomena β€” to be present within nature. the types of phenomena they represented include physical places and objects as well as abstract concepts and forces. the god shu was the deification of all the world
35
[ "'", "s", "air", ";", "the", "goddess", "mere", "##ts", "##eger", "oversaw", "a", "limited", "region", "of", "the", "earth", ",", "the", "the", "##ban", "nec", "##ropolis", ";", "and", "the", "god", "si", "##a", "person", "##ified", "the", "abstract", "notion", "of", "perception", ".", "major", "gods", "often", "had", "many", "roles", "and", "were", "involved", "in", "several", "types", "of", "phenomena", ".", "for", "instance", ",", "k", "##hn", "##um", "was", "the", "god", "of", "elephant", "##ine", "island", "in", "the", "midst", "of", "the", "nile", ",", "the", "river", "that", "was", "essential", "to", "egyptian", "civilization", ".", "he", "was", "credited", "with", "producing", "the", "annual", "nile", "flood", "that", "fe", "##rti", "##lized", "the", "nation", "'", "s", "farmland", ".", "perhaps", "as", "an", "out", "##growth", "of", "this", "life", "@", "-", "@", "giving", "function", ",", "he", "was", "said", "to", "create", "all", "living", "things", ",", "fashion", "##ing", "their", "bodies", "on", "a" ]
266
' s air ; the goddess meretseger oversaw a limited region of the earth, the theban necropolis ; and the god sia personified the abstract notion of perception. major gods often had many roles and were involved in several types of phenomena. for instance, khnum was the god of elephantine island in the midst of the nile, the river that was essential to egyptian civilization. he was credited with producing the annual nile flood that fertilized the nation's farmland. perhaps as an outgrowth of this life @ - @ giving function, he was said to create all living things, fashioning their bodies on a
34
[ "potter", "'", "s", "wheel", ".", "gods", "could", "share", "the", "same", "role", "in", "nature", ";", "ra", ",", "at", "##um", ",", "k", "##he", "##pr", "##i", ",", "ho", "##rus", ",", "and", "other", "deities", "acted", "as", "sun", "gods", ".", "despite", "their", "diverse", "functions", ",", "most", "gods", "had", "an", "over", "##ar", "##ching", "role", "in", "common", ":", "maintaining", "ma", "##at", ",", "the", "universal", "order", "that", "was", "a", "central", "principle", "of", "egyptian", "religion", "and", "was", "itself", "person", "##ified", "as", "a", "goddess", ".", "but", "some", "deities", "represented", "disruption", "to", "ma", "##at", ".", "most", "prominently", ",", "ape", "##p", "was", "the", "force", "of", "chaos", ",", "constantly", "threatening", "to", "ann", "##ih", "##ila", "##te", "the", "order", "of", "the", "universe", ",", "and", "set", "was", "an", "am", "##bi", "##valent", "member", "of", "divine", "society", "who", "could", "both", "fight", "disorder", "and", "f", "##ome", "##nt" ]
267
potter's wheel. gods could share the same role in nature ; ra, atum, khepri, horus, and other deities acted as sun gods. despite their diverse functions, most gods had an overarching role in common : maintaining maat, the universal order that was a central principle of egyptian religion and was itself personified as a goddess. but some deities represented disruption to maat. most prominently, apep was the force of chaos, constantly threatening to annihilate the order of the universe, and set was an ambivalent member of divine society who could both fight disorder and foment
350
[ "it", ".", "not", "all", "aspects", "of", "existence", "were", "seen", "as", "deities", ".", "although", "many", "deities", "were", "connected", "with", "the", "nile", ",", "no", "god", "person", "##ified", "it", "in", "the", "way", "that", "ra", "person", "##ified", "the", "sun", ".", "short", "@", "-", "@", "lived", "phenomena", ",", "like", "rainbow", "##s", "or", "eclipse", "##s", ",", "were", "not", "represented", "by", "gods", ";", "neither", "were", "elements", "like", "fire", "and", "water", "or", "many", "other", "components", "of", "the", "world", ".", "the", "roles", "of", "each", "deity", "were", "fluid", ",", "and", "each", "god", "could", "expand", "its", "nature", "to", "take", "on", "new", "characteristics", ".", "as", "a", "result", ",", "gods", "'", "roles", "are", "difficult", "to", "cat", "##ego", "##rize", "or", "define", ".", "but", "despite", "their", "flexibility", ",", "the", "gods", "had", "limited", "abilities", "and", "spheres", "of", "influence", ".", "not", "even", "the", "creator", "god" ]
268
it. not all aspects of existence were seen as deities. although many deities were connected with the nile, no god personified it in the way that ra personified the sun. short @ - @ lived phenomena, like rainbows or eclipses, were not represented by gods ; neither were elements like fire and water or many other components of the world. the roles of each deity were fluid, and each god could expand its nature to take on new characteristics. as a result, gods'roles are difficult to categorize or define. but despite their flexibility, the gods had limited abilities and spheres of influence. not even the creator god
34
[ "could", "reach", "beyond", "the", "boundaries", "of", "the", "cosmos", "that", "he", "created", ",", "and", "even", "isis", ",", "though", "she", "was", "said", "to", "be", "the", "clever", "##est", "of", "the", "gods", ",", "was", "not", "om", "##nis", "##cie", "##nt", ".", "richard", "h", ".", "wilkinson", ",", "however", ",", "argues", "that", "some", "texts", "from", "the", "late", "new", "kingdom", "suggest", "that", ",", "as", "beliefs", "about", "the", "god", "am", "##un", "evolved", ",", "he", "was", "thought", "to", "approach", "om", "##nis", "##cie", "##nce", "and", "om", "##ni", "##pres", "##ence", "and", "to", "trans", "##cend", "the", "limits", "of", "the", "world", "in", "a", "way", "that", "other", "deities", "did", "not", ".", "the", "deities", "with", "the", "most", "limited", "and", "specialized", "domains", "are", "often", "called", "\"", "minor", "di", "##vin", "##ities", "\"", "or", "\"", "demons", "\"", "in", "modern", "writing", ",", "although", "there", "is", "no", "firm", "definition" ]
269
could reach beyond the boundaries of the cosmos that he created, and even isis, though she was said to be the cleverest of the gods, was not omniscient. richard h. wilkinson, however, argues that some texts from the late new kingdom suggest that, as beliefs about the god amun evolved, he was thought to approach omniscience and omnipresence and to transcend the limits of the world in a way that other deities did not. the deities with the most limited and specialized domains are often called " minor divinities " or " demons " in modern writing, although there is no firm definition
35
[ "for", "these", "terms", ".", "among", "these", "lesser", "deities", ",", "egypt", "##ologist", "claude", "tr", "##au", "##neck", "##er", "draws", "a", "distinction", "between", "\"", "genie", "##s", "\"", "β€”", "specialized", "patron", "spirits", "of", "certain", "places", ",", "objects", ",", "or", "activities", ",", "such", "as", "the", "sea", "or", "marsh", "god", "wa", "##d", "##j", "@", "-", "@", "we", "##r", "and", "the", "harvest", "goddess", "rene", "##nut", "##et", "β€”", "and", "demons", ",", "who", "have", "a", "more", "dangerous", "character", ".", "many", "demons", "are", "hostile", ",", "causing", "illness", "and", "other", "troubles", "among", "humans", ".", "their", "power", "can", "also", "be", "protective", ";", "they", "may", "guard", "certain", "places", "in", "the", "du", "##at", ",", "the", "realm", "of", "the", "dead", ",", "or", "advise", "and", "watch", "over", "humans", ".", "egyptians", "believed", "the", "landscape", "was", "full", "of", "these", "unpredictable", "divine", "powers", ".", "demons", "often", "act" ]
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for these terms. among these lesser deities, egyptologist claude traunecker draws a distinction between " genies " β€” specialized patron spirits of certain places, objects, or activities, such as the sea or marsh god wadj @ - @ wer and the harvest goddess renenutet β€” and demons, who have a more dangerous character. many demons are hostile, causing illness and other troubles among humans. their power can also be protective ; they may guard certain places in the duat, the realm of the dead, or advise and watch over humans. egyptians believed the landscape was full of these unpredictable divine powers. demons often act
350
[ "as", "servants", "and", "messengers", "to", "the", "greater", "gods", ",", "but", "their", "position", "in", "the", "hierarchy", "is", "not", "fixed", ".", "the", "protective", "deities", "be", "##s", "and", "ta", "##wer", "##et", "originally", "had", "minor", ",", "demon", "@", "-", "@", "like", "roles", ",", "but", "over", "time", "they", "came", "to", "be", "credited", "with", "great", "influence", ".", "divine", "behavior", "was", "believed", "to", "govern", "all", "of", "nature", ".", "except", "for", "the", "few", "deities", "who", "disrupted", "the", "divine", "order", ",", "the", "gods", "'", "actions", "maintained", "ma", "##at", "and", "created", "and", "sustained", "all", "living", "things", ".", "they", "did", "this", "work", "using", "a", "force", "the", "egyptians", "called", "he", "##ka", ",", "a", "term", "usually", "translated", "as", "\"", "magic", "\"", ".", "he", "##ka", "was", "a", "fundamental", "power", "that", "the", "creator", "god", "used", "to", "form", "the", "world", "and", "the", "gods", "themselves" ]
271
as servants and messengers to the greater gods, but their position in the hierarchy is not fixed. the protective deities bes and taweret originally had minor, demon @ - @ like roles, but over time they came to be credited with great influence. divine behavior was believed to govern all of nature. except for the few deities who disrupted the divine order, the gods'actions maintained maat and created and sustained all living things. they did this work using a force the egyptians called heka, a term usually translated as " magic ". heka was a fundamental power that the creator god used to form the world and the gods themselves
35
[ ".", "the", "gods", "'", "actions", "in", "the", "present", "are", "described", "and", "praised", "in", "hymns", "and", "fun", "##era", "##ry", "texts", ".", "in", "contrast", ",", "mythology", "mainly", "concerns", "the", "gods", "'", "actions", "during", "a", "vaguely", "imagined", "past", "in", "which", "the", "gods", "were", "present", "on", "earth", "and", "interact", "##ed", "directly", "with", "humans", ".", "the", "events", "of", "this", "past", "time", "set", "the", "pattern", "for", "the", "events", "of", "the", "present", ".", "periodic", "occurrences", "were", "tied", "to", "events", "in", "the", "myth", "##ic", "past", ";", "the", "succession", "of", "each", "new", "pharaoh", ",", "for", "instance", ",", "re", "##ena", "##cted", "ho", "##rus", "'", "accession", "to", "the", "throne", "of", "his", "father", "os", "##iri", "##s", ".", "myths", "are", "metaphor", "##s", "for", "the", "gods", "'", "actions", ",", "which", "humans", "cannot", "fully", "understand", ".", "they", "contain", "seemingly", "contradictory", "ideas", ",", "each" ]
272
. the gods'actions in the present are described and praised in hymns and funerary texts. in contrast, mythology mainly concerns the gods'actions during a vaguely imagined past in which the gods were present on earth and interacted directly with humans. the events of this past time set the pattern for the events of the present. periodic occurrences were tied to events in the mythic past ; the succession of each new pharaoh, for instance, reenacted horus'accession to the throne of his father osiris. myths are metaphors for the gods'actions, which humans cannot fully understand. they contain seemingly contradictory ideas, each
350
[ "expressing", "a", "particular", "perspective", "on", "divine", "events", ".", "the", "contradiction", "##s", "in", "myth", "are", "part", "of", "the", "egyptians", "'", "many", "@", "-", "@", "face", "##ted", "approach", "to", "religious", "belief", "β€”", "what", "henri", "frank", "##fort", "called", "a", "\"", "multi", "##plicity", "of", "approaches", "\"", "to", "understanding", "the", "gods", ".", "in", "myth", ",", "the", "gods", "behave", "much", "like", "humans", ".", "they", "feel", "emotion", ";", "they", "can", "eat", ",", "drink", ",", "fight", ",", "weep", ",", "sick", "##en", ",", "and", "die", ".", "some", "have", "unique", "character", "traits", ".", "set", "is", "aggressive", "and", "imp", "##ulsive", ",", "and", "tho", "##th", ",", "patron", "of", "writing", "and", "knowledge", ",", "is", "prone", "to", "long", "@", "-", "@", "wind", "##ed", "speeches", ".", "yet", "overall", ",", "the", "gods", "are", "more", "like", "arch", "##ety", "##pes", "than", "well", "drawn", "characters", ".", "their" ]
273
expressing a particular perspective on divine events. the contradictions in myth are part of the egyptians'many @ - @ faceted approach to religious belief β€” what henri frankfort called a " multiplicity of approaches " to understanding the gods. in myth, the gods behave much like humans. they feel emotion ; they can eat, drink, fight, weep, sicken, and die. some have unique character traits. set is aggressive and impulsive, and thoth, patron of writing and knowledge, is prone to long @ - @ winded speeches. yet overall, the gods are more like archetypes than well drawn characters. their
350
[ "behavior", "is", "inconsistent", ",", "and", "their", "thoughts", "and", "motivation", "##s", "are", "rarely", "stated", ".", "most", "myths", "about", "them", "lack", "highly", "developed", "characters", "and", "plots", ",", "because", "the", "symbolic", "meaning", "of", "the", "myths", "was", "more", "important", "than", "elaborate", "storytelling", ".", "the", "first", "divine", "act", "is", "the", "creation", "of", "the", "cosmos", ",", "described", "in", "several", "creation", "myths", ".", "they", "focus", "on", "different", "gods", ",", "each", "of", "which", "may", "act", "as", "creator", "deities", ".", "the", "eight", "gods", "of", "the", "og", "##do", "##ad", ",", "who", "represent", "the", "chaos", "that", "pre", "##cede", "##s", "creation", ",", "give", "birth", "to", "the", "sun", "god", ",", "who", "establishes", "order", "in", "the", "newly", "formed", "world", ";", "pt", "##ah", ",", "who", "em", "##bo", "##dies", "thought", "and", "creativity", ",", "gives", "form", "to", "all", "things", "by", "en", "##vision", "##ing", "and", "naming" ]
274
behavior is inconsistent, and their thoughts and motivations are rarely stated. most myths about them lack highly developed characters and plots, because the symbolic meaning of the myths was more important than elaborate storytelling. the first divine act is the creation of the cosmos, described in several creation myths. they focus on different gods, each of which may act as creator deities. the eight gods of the ogdoad, who represent the chaos that precedes creation, give birth to the sun god, who establishes order in the newly formed world ; ptah, who embodies thought and creativity, gives form to all things by envisioning and naming
350
[ "them", ";", "at", "##um", "produces", "all", "things", "as", "em", "##ana", "##tions", "of", "himself", ";", "and", "am", "##un", ",", "according", "to", "the", "myths", "promoted", "by", "his", "priesthood", ",", "preceded", "and", "created", "the", "other", "creator", "gods", ".", "these", "and", "other", "versions", "of", "the", "events", "of", "creation", "were", "not", "seen", "as", "contradictory", ".", "each", "gives", "a", "different", "perspective", "on", "the", "complex", "process", "by", "which", "the", "organized", "universe", "and", "its", "many", "deities", "emerged", "from", "und", "##iff", "##ere", "##nti", "##ated", "chaos", ".", "the", "period", "following", "creation", ",", "in", "which", "a", "series", "of", "gods", "rule", "as", "kings", "over", "the", "divine", "society", ",", "is", "the", "setting", "for", "most", "myths", ".", "the", "gods", "struggle", "against", "the", "forces", "of", "chaos", "and", "among", "each", "other", "before", "withdrawing", "from", "the", "human", "world", "and", "installing", "the", "historical", "kings", "of", "egypt" ]
275
them ; atum produces all things as emanations of himself ; and amun, according to the myths promoted by his priesthood, preceded and created the other creator gods. these and other versions of the events of creation were not seen as contradictory. each gives a different perspective on the complex process by which the organized universe and its many deities emerged from undifferentiated chaos. the period following creation, in which a series of gods rule as kings over the divine society, is the setting for most myths. the gods struggle against the forces of chaos and among each other before withdrawing from the human world and installing the historical kings of egypt
12
[ "to", "rule", "in", "their", "place", ".", "a", "recurring", "theme", "in", "these", "myths", "is", "the", "effort", "of", "the", "gods", "to", "maintain", "ma", "##at", "against", "the", "forces", "of", "disorder", ".", "they", "fight", "vicious", "battles", "with", "the", "forces", "of", "chaos", "at", "the", "start", "of", "creation", ".", "ra", "and", "ape", "##p", ",", "battling", "each", "other", "each", "night", ",", "continue", "this", "struggle", "into", "the", "present", ".", "another", "prominent", "theme", "is", "the", "gods", "'", "death", "and", "revival", ".", "the", "clear", "##est", "instance", "where", "a", "god", "dies", "is", "the", "myth", "of", "os", "##iri", "##s", "'", "murder", ",", "in", "which", "that", "god", "is", "resurrected", "as", "ruler", "of", "the", "du", "##at", ".", "the", "sun", "god", "is", "also", "said", "to", "grow", "old", "during", "his", "daily", "journey", "across", "the", "sky", ",", "sink", "into", "the", "du", "##at", "at", "night", "," ]
276
to rule in their place. a recurring theme in these myths is the effort of the gods to maintain maat against the forces of disorder. they fight vicious battles with the forces of chaos at the start of creation. ra and apep, battling each other each night, continue this struggle into the present. another prominent theme is the gods'death and revival. the clearest instance where a god dies is the myth of osiris'murder, in which that god is resurrected as ruler of the duat. the sun god is also said to grow old during his daily journey across the sky, sink into the duat at night,
34
[ "and", "emerge", "as", "a", "young", "child", "at", "dawn", ".", "in", "the", "process", "he", "comes", "into", "contact", "with", "the", "re", "##ju", "##ven", "##ating", "water", "of", "pri", "##mo", "##rdial", "chaos", ".", "fun", "##era", "##ry", "texts", "that", "depict", "ra", "'", "s", "journey", "through", "the", "du", "##at", "also", "show", "the", "corpses", "of", "gods", "who", "are", "en", "##li", "##ven", "##ed", "along", "with", "him", ".", "instead", "of", "being", "change", "##lessly", "immortal", ",", "the", "gods", "periodically", "died", "and", "were", "reborn", "by", "repeating", "the", "events", "of", "creation", ",", "thus", "renew", "##ing", "the", "whole", "world", ".", "but", "it", "was", "always", "possible", "for", "this", "cycle", "to", "be", "disrupted", "and", "for", "chaos", "to", "return", ".", "some", "poorly", "understood", "egyptian", "texts", "even", "suggest", "that", "this", "cal", "##ami", "##ty", "is", "destined", "to", "happen", "β€”", "that", "the", "creator", "god", "will", "one", "day" ]
277
and emerge as a young child at dawn. in the process he comes into contact with the rejuvenating water of primordial chaos. funerary texts that depict ra's journey through the duat also show the corpses of gods who are enlivened along with him. instead of being changelessly immortal, the gods periodically died and were reborn by repeating the events of creation, thus renewing the whole world. but it was always possible for this cycle to be disrupted and for chaos to return. some poorly understood egyptian texts even suggest that this calamity is destined to happen β€” that the creator god will one day
350
[ "dissolve", "the", "order", "of", "the", "world", ",", "leaving", "only", "himself", "and", "os", "##iri", "##s", "amid", "the", "pri", "##mo", "##rdial", "chaos", ".", "gods", "were", "linked", "with", "specific", "regions", "of", "the", "universe", ".", "in", "egyptian", "tradition", ",", "the", "world", "includes", "the", "earth", ",", "the", "sky", ",", "and", "the", "du", "##at", ".", "surrounding", "them", "is", "the", "dark", "form", "##lessness", "that", "existed", "before", "creation", ".", "the", "gods", "in", "general", "were", "said", "to", "dwell", "in", "the", "sky", ",", "although", "gods", "whose", "roles", "were", "linked", "with", "other", "parts", "of", "the", "universe", "were", "said", "to", "live", "in", "those", "places", "instead", ".", "most", "events", "of", "mythology", ",", "set", "in", "a", "time", "before", "the", "gods", "'", "withdrawal", "from", "the", "human", "realm", ",", "take", "place", "in", "an", "earthly", "setting", ".", "the", "deities", "there", "sometimes", "interact", "with", "those", "in" ]
278
dissolve the order of the world, leaving only himself and osiris amid the primordial chaos. gods were linked with specific regions of the universe. in egyptian tradition, the world includes the earth, the sky, and the duat. surrounding them is the dark formlessness that existed before creation. the gods in general were said to dwell in the sky, although gods whose roles were linked with other parts of the universe were said to live in those places instead. most events of mythology, set in a time before the gods'withdrawal from the human realm, take place in an earthly setting. the deities there sometimes interact with those in
350
[ "the", "sky", ".", "the", "du", "##at", ",", "in", "contrast", ",", "is", "treated", "as", "a", "remote", "and", "inaccessible", "place", ",", "and", "the", "gods", "who", "dwell", "there", "have", "difficulty", "communicating", "with", "those", "in", "the", "world", "of", "the", "living", ".", "the", "space", "outside", "the", "cosmos", "is", "also", "said", "to", "be", "very", "distant", ".", "it", "too", "is", "inhabited", "by", "deities", ",", "some", "hostile", "and", "some", "beneficial", "to", "the", "other", "gods", "and", "their", "orderly", "world", ".", "in", "the", "time", "after", "myth", ",", "most", "gods", "were", "said", "to", "be", "either", "in", "the", "sky", "or", "in", "##vis", "##ibly", "present", "within", "the", "world", ".", "temples", "were", "their", "main", "means", "of", "contact", "with", "humanity", ".", "each", "day", ",", "it", "was", "believed", ",", "the", "gods", "moved", "from", "the", "divine", "realm", "to", "their", "temples", ",", "their", "homes", "in", "the" ]
279
the sky. the duat, in contrast, is treated as a remote and inaccessible place, and the gods who dwell there have difficulty communicating with those in the world of the living. the space outside the cosmos is also said to be very distant. it too is inhabited by deities, some hostile and some beneficial to the other gods and their orderly world. in the time after myth, most gods were said to be either in the sky or invisibly present within the world. temples were their main means of contact with humanity. each day, it was believed, the gods moved from the divine realm to their temples, their homes in the
350
[ "human", "world", ".", "there", "they", "inhabited", "the", "cult", "images", ",", "the", "statues", "that", "depicted", "deities", "and", "allowed", "humans", "to", "interact", "with", "them", "in", "temple", "rituals", ".", "this", "movement", "between", "realms", "was", "sometimes", "described", "as", "a", "journey", "between", "the", "sky", "and", "the", "earth", ".", "as", "temples", "were", "the", "focal", "points", "of", "egyptian", "cities", ",", "the", "god", "in", "a", "city", "'", "s", "main", "temple", "was", "the", "patron", "god", "for", "the", "city", "and", "the", "surrounding", "region", ".", "deities", "'", "spheres", "of", "influence", "on", "earth", "centered", "on", "the", "towns", "and", "regions", "they", "presided", "over", ".", "many", "gods", "had", "more", "than", "one", "cult", "center", ",", "and", "their", "local", "ties", "changed", "over", "time", ".", "they", "could", "establish", "themselves", "in", "new", "cities", ",", "or", "their", "range", "of", "influence", "could", "contract", ".", "therefore", ",", "a", "given" ]
280
human world. there they inhabited the cult images, the statues that depicted deities and allowed humans to interact with them in temple rituals. this movement between realms was sometimes described as a journey between the sky and the earth. as temples were the focal points of egyptian cities, the god in a city's main temple was the patron god for the city and the surrounding region. deities'spheres of influence on earth centered on the towns and regions they presided over. many gods had more than one cult center, and their local ties changed over time. they could establish themselves in new cities, or their range of influence could contract. therefore, a given
40
[ "deity", "'", "s", "main", "cult", "center", "in", "historical", "times", "is", "not", "necessarily", "his", "or", "her", "place", "of", "origin", ".", "the", "political", "influence", "of", "a", "city", "could", "affect", "the", "importance", "of", "its", "patron", "deity", ".", "when", "kings", "from", "the", "##bes", "took", "control", "of", "the", "country", "at", "start", "of", "the", "middle", "kingdom", "(", "c", ".", "205", "##5", "–", "1650", "bc", ")", ",", "they", "elevated", "the", "##bes", "'", "patron", "gods", "β€”", "first", "the", "war", "god", "mont", "##u", "and", "then", "am", "##un", "β€”", "to", "national", "prominence", ".", "in", "egyptian", "belief", ",", "names", "express", "the", "fundamental", "nature", "of", "the", "things", "to", "which", "they", "refer", ".", "in", "keeping", "with", "this", "belief", ",", "the", "names", "of", "deities", "often", "relate", "to", "their", "roles", "or", "origins", ".", "the", "name", "of", "the", "predatory", "goddess", "se", "##kh", "##met", "means" ]
281
deity's main cult center in historical times is not necessarily his or her place of origin. the political influence of a city could affect the importance of its patron deity. when kings from thebes took control of the country at start of the middle kingdom ( c. 2055 – 1650 bc ), they elevated thebes'patron gods β€” first the war god montu and then amun β€” to national prominence. in egyptian belief, names express the fundamental nature of the things to which they refer. in keeping with this belief, the names of deities often relate to their roles or origins. the name of the predatory goddess sekhmet means
35
[ "\"", "powerful", "one", "\"", ",", "the", "name", "of", "the", "mysterious", "god", "am", "##un", "means", "\"", "hidden", "one", "\"", ",", "and", "the", "name", "of", "the", "goddess", "ne", "##kh", "##bet", ",", "who", "was", "worshipped", "in", "the", "city", "of", "ne", "##kh", "##eb", ",", "means", "\"", "she", "of", "ne", "##kh", "##eb", "\"", ".", "but", "many", "other", "names", "have", "no", "certain", "meaning", ",", "even", "when", "the", "gods", "who", "bear", "them", "are", "closely", "tied", "to", "a", "single", "role", ".", "the", "names", "of", "the", "sky", "goddess", "nut", "and", "the", "earth", "god", "ge", "##b", "do", "not", "resemble", "the", "egyptian", "terms", "for", "sky", "and", "earth", ".", "the", "egyptians", "also", "devised", "false", "et", "##ym", "##ologies", "giving", "more", "meanings", "to", "divine", "names", ".", "a", "passage", "in", "the", "coffin", "texts", "render", "##s", "the", "name", "of", "the", "fun", "##era", "##ry", "god" ]
282
" powerful one ", the name of the mysterious god amun means " hidden one ", and the name of the goddess nekhbet, who was worshipped in the city of nekheb, means " she of nekheb ". but many other names have no certain meaning, even when the gods who bear them are closely tied to a single role. the names of the sky goddess nut and the earth god geb don't resemble the egyptian terms for sky and earth. the egyptians also devised false etymologies giving more meanings to divine names. a passage in the coffin texts renders the name of the funerary god
34
[ "so", "##kar", "as", "sk", "r", ",", "meaning", "\"", "cleaning", "of", "the", "mouth", "\"", ",", "to", "link", "his", "name", "with", "his", "role", "in", "the", "opening", "of", "the", "mouth", "ritual", ",", "while", "one", "in", "the", "pyramid", "texts", "says", "the", "name", "is", "based", "on", "words", "shouted", "by", "os", "##iri", "##s", ",", "connecting", "so", "##kar", "with", "the", "most", "important", "fun", "##era", "##ry", "deity", ".", "the", "gods", "were", "believed", "to", "have", "many", "names", ".", "among", "them", "were", "secret", "names", "that", "conveyed", "their", "true", "nature", "##s", "more", "profoundly", "than", "others", ".", "to", "know", "the", "true", "name", "of", "a", "deity", "was", "to", "have", "power", "over", "it", ".", "the", "importance", "of", "names", "is", "demonstrated", "by", "a", "myth", "in", "which", "isis", "poison", "##s", "the", "superior", "god", "ra", "and", "refuses", "to", "cure", "him", "unless", "he", "reveals", "his", "secret" ]
283
sokar as sk r, meaning " cleaning of the mouth ", to link his name with his role in the opening of the mouth ritual, while one in the pyramid texts says the name is based on words shouted by osiris, connecting sokar with the most important funerary deity. the gods were believed to have many names. among them were secret names that conveyed their true natures more profoundly than others. to know the true name of a deity was to have power over it. the importance of names is demonstrated by a myth in which isis poisons the superior god ra and refuses to cure him unless he reveals his secret
350
[ "name", "to", "her", ".", "upon", "learning", "the", "name", ",", "she", "tells", "it", "to", "her", "son", ",", "ho", "##rus", ",", "and", "by", "learning", "it", "they", "gain", "greater", "knowledge", "and", "power", ".", "in", "addition", "to", "their", "names", ",", "gods", "were", "given", "epithet", "##s", ",", "like", "\"", "possess", "##or", "of", "sp", "##len", "##dor", "\"", ",", "\"", "ruler", "of", "ab", "##yd", "##os", "\"", ",", "or", "\"", "lord", "of", "the", "sky", "\"", ",", "that", "describe", "some", "aspect", "of", "their", "roles", "or", "their", "worship", ".", "because", "of", "the", "gods", "'", "multiple", "and", "overlapping", "roles", ",", "deities", "can", "have", "many", "epithet", "##s", "β€”", "with", "more", "important", "gods", "acc", "##um", "##ulating", "more", "titles", "β€”", "and", "the", "same", "epithet", "can", "apply", "to", "many", "deities", ".", "some", "epithet", "##s", "eventually", "became", "separate", "deities", ",", "as", "with", "were", "##the" ]
284
name to her. upon learning the name, she tells it to her son, horus, and by learning it they gain greater knowledge and power. in addition to their names, gods were given epithets, like " possessor of splendor ", " ruler of abydos ", or " lord of the sky ", that describe some aspect of their roles or their worship. because of the gods'multiple and overlapping roles, deities can have many epithets β€” with more important gods accumulating more titles β€” and the same epithet can apply to many deities. some epithets eventually became separate deities, as with werethe
350
[ "##ka", "##u", ",", "an", "epithet", "applied", "to", "several", "goddess", "##es", "meaning", "\"", "great", "en", "##chan", "##tres", "##s", "\"", ",", "which", "came", "to", "be", "treated", "as", "an", "independent", "goddess", ".", "the", "host", "of", "divine", "names", "and", "titles", "expresses", "the", "gods", "'", "multi", "##far", "##ious", "nature", ".", "=", "=", "=", "relationships", "=", "=", "=", "egyptian", "deities", "are", "connected", "in", "a", "complex", "and", "shifting", "array", "of", "relationships", ".", "a", "god", "'", "s", "connections", "and", "interactions", "with", "other", "deities", "helped", "define", "its", "character", ".", "thus", "isis", ",", "as", "the", "mother", "and", "protector", "of", "ho", "##rus", ",", "was", "a", "great", "healer", "as", "well", "as", "the", "patron", "##ess", "of", "kings", ".", "such", "relationships", "were", "the", "base", "material", "from", "which", "myths", "were", "formed", ".", "family", "relationships", "are", "a", "common", "type", "of", "connection", "between", "gods", "." ]
285
##kau, an epithet applied to several goddesses meaning " great enchantress ", which came to be treated as an independent goddess. the host of divine names and titles expresses the gods'multifarious nature. = = = relationships = = = egyptian deities are connected in a complex and shifting array of relationships. a god's connections and interactions with other deities helped define its character. thus isis, as the mother and protector of horus, was a great healer as well as the patroness of kings. such relationships were the base material from which myths were formed. family relationships are a common type of connection between gods.
35
[ "deities", "often", "form", "male", "and", "female", "pairs", ",", "reflecting", "the", "importance", "of", "pro", "##cre", "##ation", "in", "egyptian", "religious", "thought", ".", "families", "of", "three", "deities", ",", "with", "a", "father", ",", "mother", ",", "and", "child", ",", "represent", "the", "creation", "of", "new", "life", "and", "the", "succession", "of", "the", "father", "by", "the", "child", ",", "a", "pattern", "that", "connects", "divine", "families", "with", "royal", "succession", ".", "os", "##iri", "##s", ",", "isis", ",", "and", "ho", "##rus", "formed", "the", "qui", "##ntes", "##sen", "##tial", "family", "of", "this", "type", ".", "the", "pattern", "they", "set", "grew", "more", "widespread", "over", "time", ",", "so", "that", "many", "deities", "in", "local", "cult", "centers", ",", "like", "pt", "##ah", ",", "se", "##kh", "##met", ",", "and", "their", "child", "ne", "##fer", "##tum", "at", "memphis", "and", "am", "##un", ",", "mu", "##t", ",", "and", "k", "##hon", "##su", "at", "the" ]
286
deities often form male and female pairs, reflecting the importance of procreation in egyptian religious thought. families of three deities, with a father, mother, and child, represent the creation of new life and the succession of the father by the child, a pattern that connects divine families with royal succession. osiris, isis, and horus formed the quintessential family of this type. the pattern they set grew more widespread over time, so that many deities in local cult centers, like ptah, sekhmet, and their child nefertum at memphis and amun, mut, and khonsu at the
19
[ "##bes", ",", "were", "assembled", "into", "family", "triad", "##s", ".", "genealogical", "connections", "like", "these", "are", "change", "##able", ",", "in", "keeping", "with", "the", "multiple", "perspectives", "in", "egyptian", "belief", ".", "hat", "##hor", ",", "as", "a", "fertility", "goddess", ",", "could", "act", "as", "mother", "to", "any", "child", "god", ",", "including", "the", "child", "form", "of", "the", "sun", "god", ",", "although", "in", "other", "circumstances", "she", "was", "the", "sun", "god", "'", "s", "daughter", ".", "other", "divine", "groups", "were", "composed", "of", "deities", "with", "inter", "##rel", "##ated", "roles", ",", "or", "who", "together", "represented", "a", "region", "of", "the", "egyptian", "mythological", "cosmos", ".", "there", "were", "sets", "of", "gods", "for", "the", "hours", "of", "the", "day", "and", "night", "and", "for", "each", "no", "##me", "(", "province", ")", "of", "egypt", ".", "some", "of", "these", "groups", "contain", "a", "specific", ",", "symbolic", "##ally", "important", "number", "of" ]
287
##bes, were assembled into family triads. genealogical connections like these are changeable, in keeping with the multiple perspectives in egyptian belief. hathor, as a fertility goddess, could act as mother to any child god, including the child form of the sun god, although in other circumstances she was the sun god's daughter. other divine groups were composed of deities with interrelated roles, or who together represented a region of the egyptian mythological cosmos. there were sets of gods for the hours of the day and night and for each nome ( province ) of egypt. some of these groups contain a specific, symbolically important number of
34
[ "deities", ".", "paired", "gods", "can", "stand", "for", "opposite", "but", "inter", "##rel", "##ated", "concepts", "that", "are", "part", "of", "a", "greater", "unity", ".", "ra", ",", "who", "is", "dynamic", "and", "light", "@", "-", "@", "producing", ",", "and", "os", "##iri", "##s", ",", "who", "is", "static", "and", "sh", "##roud", "##ed", "in", "darkness", ",", "merge", "into", "a", "single", "god", "each", "night", ".", "groups", "of", "three", "are", "linked", "with", "plurality", "in", "ancient", "egyptian", "thought", ",", "and", "groups", "of", "four", "con", "##note", "complete", "##ness", ".", "rulers", "in", "the", "late", "new", "kingdom", "promoted", "a", "particularly", "important", "group", "of", "three", "gods", "above", "all", "others", ":", "am", "##un", ",", "ra", ",", "and", "pt", "##ah", ".", "these", "deities", "stood", "for", "the", "plurality", "of", "all", "gods", ",", "as", "well", "as", "for", "their", "own", "cult", "centers", "(", "the", "major", "cities", "of", "the" ]
288
deities. paired gods can stand for opposite but interrelated concepts that are part of a greater unity. ra, who is dynamic and light @ - @ producing, and osiris, who is static and shrouded in darkness, merge into a single god each night. groups of three are linked with plurality in ancient egyptian thought, and groups of four connote completeness. rulers in the late new kingdom promoted a particularly important group of three gods above all others : amun, ra, and ptah. these deities stood for the plurality of all gods, as well as for their own cult centers ( the major cities of the
35
[ "##bes", ",", "he", "##lio", "##polis", ",", "and", "memphis", ")", "and", "for", "many", "three", "##fold", "sets", "of", "concepts", "in", "egyptian", "religious", "thought", ".", "sometimes", "set", ",", "the", "patron", "god", "of", "the", "nineteenth", "dynasty", "kings", "and", "the", "em", "##bo", "##diment", "of", "disorder", "within", "the", "world", ",", "was", "added", "to", "this", "group", ",", "which", "emphasized", "a", "single", "coherent", "vision", "of", "the", "pantheon", ".", "nine", ",", "the", "product", "of", "three", "and", "three", ",", "represents", "a", "multitude", ",", "so", "the", "egyptians", "called", "several", "large", "groups", "\"", "en", "##nea", "##ds", "\"", ",", "or", "sets", "of", "nine", ",", "even", "if", "they", "had", "more", "than", "nine", "members", ".", "the", "most", "prominent", "en", "##nea", "##d", "was", "the", "en", "##nea", "##d", "of", "he", "##lio", "##polis", ",", "an", "extended", "family", "of", "deities", "descended", "from", "the", "creator", "god", "at", "##um" ]
289
##bes, heliopolis, and memphis ) and for many threefold sets of concepts in egyptian religious thought. sometimes set, the patron god of the nineteenth dynasty kings and the embodiment of disorder within the world, was added to this group, which emphasized a single coherent vision of the pantheon. nine, the product of three and three, represents a multitude, so the egyptians called several large groups " enneads ", or sets of nine, even if they had more than nine members. the most prominent ennead was the ennead of heliopolis, an extended family of deities descended from the creator god atum
34
[ ",", "which", "incorporates", "many", "important", "gods", ".", "the", "term", "\"", "en", "##nea", "##d", "\"", "was", "often", "extended", "to", "include", "all", "of", "egypt", "'", "s", "deities", ".", "this", "divine", "ass", "##em", "##bla", "##ge", "had", "a", "vague", "and", "change", "##able", "hierarchy", ".", "gods", "with", "broad", "influence", "in", "the", "cosmos", "or", "who", "were", "mythological", "##ly", "older", "than", "others", "had", "higher", "positions", "in", "divine", "society", ".", "at", "the", "apex", "of", "this", "society", "was", "the", "king", "of", "the", "gods", ",", "who", "was", "usually", "identified", "with", "the", "creator", "deity", ".", "in", "different", "periods", "of", "egyptian", "history", ",", "different", "gods", "were", "most", "frequently", "said", "to", "hold", "this", "ex", "##al", "##ted", "position", ".", "ho", "##rus", "was", "the", "most", "important", "god", "in", "the", "early", "d", "##yna", "##stic", "period", ",", "ra", "rose", "to", "pre", "##emi", "##nen", "##ce", "in" ]
290
, which incorporates many important gods. the term " ennead " was often extended to include all of egypt's deities. this divine assemblage had a vague and changeable hierarchy. gods with broad influence in the cosmos or who were mythologically older than others had higher positions in divine society. at the apex of this society was the king of the gods, who was usually identified with the creator deity. in different periods of egyptian history, different gods were most frequently said to hold this exalted position. horus was the most important god in the early dynastic period, ra rose to preeminence in
35
[ "the", "old", "kingdom", ",", "am", "##un", "was", "supreme", "in", "the", "new", ",", "and", "in", "the", "pt", "##ole", "##ma", "##ic", "and", "roman", "periods", ",", "isis", "was", "the", "divine", "queen", "and", "creator", "goddess", ".", "newly", "prominent", "gods", "tended", "to", "adopt", "characteristics", "from", "their", "predecessors", ".", "isis", "absorbed", "the", "traits", "of", "many", "other", "goddess", "##es", "during", "her", "rise", ",", "and", "when", "am", "##un", "became", "the", "ruler", "of", "the", "pantheon", ",", "he", "was", "con", "##jo", "##ined", "with", "ra", ",", "the", "traditional", "king", "of", "the", "gods", ",", "to", "become", "a", "solar", "deity", ".", "=", "=", "=", "manifestation", "##s", "and", "combinations", "=", "=", "=", "the", "gods", "were", "believed", "to", "manifest", "in", "many", "forms", ".", "the", "egyptians", "had", "complex", "conception", "of", "the", "human", "soul", ",", "consisting", "of", "several", "parts", ".", "the", "spirits", "of", "the", "gods" ]
291
the old kingdom, amun was supreme in the new, and in the ptolemaic and roman periods, isis was the divine queen and creator goddess. newly prominent gods tended to adopt characteristics from their predecessors. isis absorbed the traits of many other goddesses during her rise, and when amun became the ruler of the pantheon, he was conjoined with ra, the traditional king of the gods, to become a solar deity. = = = manifestations and combinations = = = the gods were believed to manifest in many forms. the egyptians had complex conception of the human soul, consisting of several parts. the spirits of the gods
1
[ "were", "composed", "of", "many", "of", "these", "same", "elements", ".", "the", "ba", "was", "the", "component", "of", "the", "human", "or", "divine", "soul", "that", "affected", "the", "world", "around", "it", ".", "any", "visible", "manifestation", "of", "a", "god", "'", "s", "power", "could", "be", "called", "its", "ba", ";", "thus", ",", "the", "sun", "was", "called", "the", "ba", "of", "ra", ".", "a", "depiction", "of", "a", "deity", "was", "considered", "a", "ka", ",", "another", "component", "of", "its", "being", ",", "which", "acted", "as", "a", "vessel", "for", "that", "deity", "'", "s", "ba", "to", "inhabit", ".", "the", "cult", "images", "of", "gods", "that", "were", "the", "focus", "of", "temple", "rituals", ",", "as", "well", "as", "the", "sacred", "animals", "that", "represented", "certain", "deities", ",", "were", "believed", "to", "house", "divine", "bas", "in", "this", "way", ".", "gods", "could", "be", "ascribed", "many", "bas", "and", "ka", "##s", ",", "which" ]
292
were composed of many of these same elements. the ba was the component of the human or divine soul that affected the world around it. any visible manifestation of a god's power could be called its ba ; thus, the sun was called the ba of ra. a depiction of a deity was considered a ka, another component of its being, which acted as a vessel for that deity's ba to inhabit. the cult images of gods that were the focus of temple rituals, as well as the sacred animals that represented certain deities, were believed to house divine bas in this way. gods could be ascribed many bas and kas, which
35
[ "were", "sometimes", "given", "names", "representing", "different", "aspects", "of", "the", "god", "'", "s", "nature", ".", "everything", "in", "existence", "was", "said", "to", "be", "one", "of", "the", "ka", "##s", "of", "at", "##um", "the", "creator", "god", ",", "who", "originally", "contained", "all", "things", "within", "himself", ",", "and", "one", "deity", "could", "be", "called", "the", "ba", "of", "another", ",", "meaning", "that", "the", "first", "god", "is", "a", "manifestation", "of", "the", "other", "'", "s", "power", ".", "divine", "body", "parts", "could", "act", "as", "separate", "deities", ",", "like", "the", "eye", "of", "ra", "and", "hand", "of", "at", "##um", ",", "both", "of", "which", "were", "person", "##ified", "as", "goddess", "##es", ".", "nationally", "important", "deities", "gave", "rise", "to", "local", "manifestation", "##s", ",", "which", "sometimes", "absorbed", "the", "characteristics", "of", "older", "regional", "gods", ".", "ho", "##rus", "had", "many", "forms", "tied", "to", "particular", "places", ",", "including" ]
293
were sometimes given names representing different aspects of the god's nature. everything in existence was said to be one of the kas of atum the creator god, who originally contained all things within himself, and one deity could be called the ba of another, meaning that the first god is a manifestation of the other's power. divine body parts could act as separate deities, like the eye of ra and hand of atum, both of which were personified as goddesses. nationally important deities gave rise to local manifestations, which sometimes absorbed the characteristics of older regional gods. horus had many forms tied to particular places, including
34
[ "ho", "##rus", "of", "ne", "##kh", "##en", ",", "ho", "##rus", "of", "bu", "##hen", ",", "and", "ho", "##rus", "of", "ed", "##fu", ".", "such", "local", "manifestation", "##s", "could", "be", "treated", "almost", "as", "separate", "beings", ".", "during", "the", "new", "kingdom", ",", "one", "man", "was", "accused", "of", "stealing", "clothes", "by", "an", "oracle", "supposed", "to", "communicate", "messages", "from", "am", "##un", "of", "pe", "@", "-", "@", "k", "##hen", "##ty", ".", "he", "consulted", "two", "other", "local", "oracle", "##s", "of", "am", "##un", "hoping", "for", "a", "different", "judgment", ".", "gods", "'", "manifestation", "##s", "also", "differed", "according", "to", "their", "roles", ".", "ho", "##rus", "could", "be", "a", "powerful", "sky", "god", "or", "vulnerable", "child", ",", "and", "these", "forms", "were", "sometimes", "counted", "as", "independent", "deities", ".", "gods", "were", "combined", "with", "each", "other", "as", "easily", "as", "they", "were", "divided", ".", "a", "god", "could" ]
294
horus of nekhen, horus of buhen, and horus of edfu. such local manifestations could be treated almost as separate beings. during the new kingdom, one man was accused of stealing clothes by an oracle supposed to communicate messages from amun of pe @ - @ khenty. he consulted two other local oracles of amun hoping for a different judgment. gods'manifestations also differed according to their roles. horus could be a powerful sky god or vulnerable child, and these forms were sometimes counted as independent deities. gods were combined with each other as easily as they were divided. a god could
35
[ "be", "called", "the", "ba", "of", "another", ",", "or", "two", "or", "more", "deities", "could", "be", "joined", "into", "one", "god", "with", "a", "combined", "name", "and", "icon", "##ography", ".", "local", "gods", "were", "linked", "with", "greater", "ones", ",", "and", "deities", "with", "similar", "functions", "were", "combined", ".", "ra", "was", "connected", "with", "the", "local", "deity", "sob", "##ek", "to", "form", "sob", "##ek", "@", "-", "@", "ra", ";", "with", "his", "fellow", "ruling", "god", ",", "am", "##un", ",", "to", "form", "am", "##un", "@", "-", "@", "ra", ";", "with", "the", "solar", "form", "of", "ho", "##rus", "to", "form", "ra", "@", "-", "@", "ho", "##rak", "##ht", "##y", ";", "and", "with", "several", "solar", "deities", "as", "ho", "##rem", "##akh", "##et", "@", "-", "@", "k", "##he", "##pr", "##i", "@", "-", "@", "ra", "@", "-", "@", "at", "##um", ".", "on", "rare", "occasion", ",", "even" ]
295
be called the ba of another, or two or more deities could be joined into one god with a combined name and iconography. local gods were linked with greater ones, and deities with similar functions were combined. ra was connected with the local deity sobek to form sobek @ - @ ra ; with his fellow ruling god, amun, to form amun @ - @ ra ; with the solar form of horus to form ra @ - @ horakhty ; and with several solar deities as horemakhet @ - @ khepri @ - @ ra @ - @ atum. on rare occasion, even
35
[ "deities", "of", "different", "sexes", "were", "joined", "in", "this", "way", ",", "producing", "combinations", "like", "os", "##iri", "##s", "@", "-", "@", "ne", "##ith", "and", "mu", "##t", "@", "-", "@", "min", ".", "this", "linking", "of", "deities", "is", "called", "sync", "##ret", "##ism", ".", "unlike", "other", "situations", "for", "which", "this", "term", "is", "used", ",", "the", "egyptian", "practice", "was", "not", "meant", "to", "fuse", "competing", "belief", "systems", ",", "although", "foreign", "deities", "could", "be", "sync", "##ret", "##ized", "with", "native", "ones", ".", "instead", ",", "sync", "##ret", "##ism", "acknowledged", "the", "overlap", "between", "their", "roles", ",", "and", "extended", "the", "sphere", "of", "influence", "for", "each", "of", "them", ".", "sync", "##ret", "##ic", "combinations", "were", "not", "permanent", ";", "a", "god", "who", "was", "involved", "in", "one", "combination", "continued", "to", "appear", "separately", "and", "to", "form", "new", "combinations", "with", "other", "deities", ".", "but", "closely", "connected" ]
296
deities of different sexes were joined in this way, producing combinations like osiris @ - @ neith and mut @ - @ min. this linking of deities is called syncretism. unlike other situations for which this term is used, the egyptian practice was not meant to fuse competing belief systems, although foreign deities could be syncretized with native ones. instead, syncretism acknowledged the overlap between their roles, and extended the sphere of influence for each of them. syncretic combinations were not permanent ; a god who was involved in one combination continued to appear separately and to form new combinations with other deities. but closely connected
343
[ "deities", "did", "sometimes", "merge", ".", "ho", "##rus", "absorbed", "several", "falcon", "gods", "from", "various", "regions", ",", "such", "as", "k", "##hen", "##ty", "@", "-", "@", "ir", "##ty", "and", "k", "##hen", "##ty", "@", "-", "@", "k", "##het", "##y", ",", "who", "became", "little", "more", "than", "local", "manifestation", "##s", "of", "him", ";", "hat", "##hor", "sub", "##sume", "##d", "a", "similar", "cow", "goddess", ",", "bat", ";", "and", "an", "early", "fun", "##era", "##ry", "god", ",", "k", "##hen", "##ti", "@", "-", "@", "am", "##ent", "##iu", ",", "was", "su", "##pp", "##lan", "##ted", "by", "os", "##iri", "##s", "and", "an", "##ub", "##is", ".", "=", "=", "=", "the", "ate", "##n", "and", "possible", "mono", "##the", "##ism", "=", "=", "=", "in", "the", "reign", "of", "ak", "##hen", "##ate", "##n", "(", "c", ".", "135", "##3", "–", "133", "##6", "bc", ")", "in", "the", "mid", "@", "-" ]
297
deities did sometimes merge. horus absorbed several falcon gods from various regions, such as khenty @ - @ irty and khenty @ - @ khety, who became little more than local manifestations of him ; hathor subsumed a similar cow goddess, bat ; and an early funerary god, khenti @ - @ amentiu, was supplanted by osiris and anubis. = = = the aten and possible monotheism = = = in the reign of akhenaten ( c. 1353 – 1336 bc ) in the mid @ -
35
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@ new kingdom, a single solar deity, the aten, became the sole focus of the state religion. akhenaten ceased to fund the temples of other deities and erased the gods'names and images on monuments, targeting amun in particular. this new religious system, sometimes called atenism, differed dramatically from the polytheistic worship of many gods in all other periods. whereas, in earlier times, newly important gods were integrated into existing religious beliefs, atenism insisted on a single understanding of the divine that excluded the traditional multiplicity of perspectives. yet atenism may not have been full monotheism, which totally excludes
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belief in other deities. there is evidence suggesting that the general populace was still allowed to worship other gods in private. the picture is further complicated by atenism's apparent tolerance for some other deities, like shu. for these reasons, the egyptologist dominic montserrat suggested that akhenaten may have been monolatrous, worshipping a single deity while acknowledging the existence of others. in any case, atenism's aberrant theology did not take root among the egyptian populace, and akhenaten's successors returned to traditional beliefs. = = = unity of the divine in traditional religion = = = scholars have
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