text
stringlengths 1
177k
|
|---|
Hangin' Nothin' but Our Hands Down is the debut album by Portland-based indie rock band Nurses, self-released in 2006. It was re-released by Sargent House in 2007.
Critical reception
Pitchfork Media wrote that the album "comes with its own set of eccentricities to justify an otherwise grandiose, ambitious, Radiohead/Muse sound." The Chicago Tribune called it "an impressive opening shot, swinging from the ramshackle, back-porch country of 'Marching In Places' to 'And Now the Curse of Marjorie,' which layers on twitchy riffs and stuttered drums until it sounds like Chapman is performing in a futuristic construction zone."
Track listing
"And Now the Curse of Marjorie" – 3:11
"Alone at Last" – 2:00
"Lots of Brass" – 3:36
"He Gots" – 2:22
"Hungry Mouth" – 3:05
"Wait for a Safe Sign" – 3:18
"Way Up High" – 2:07
"Act Now, You're King!" – 3:18
"Gettin' Angry" – 3:16
"It Came in a Flash" – 2:39
"Dem Leaves" – 4:05
"Marching in Places" – 3:04
Personnel
Aaron Chapman - vocals
References
2007 albums
Nurses (band) albums
Sargent House albums
|
《金都》（）是一齣2019年香港愛情電影，由黃綺琳執導，香港「首部劇情電影計劃」第四屆大專組的得獎作品，香港電影發展局電影發展基金與創意香港資助，鄧麗欣、朱栢康主演，2020年上映。靈感正是導演家附近的婚慶商場「金都商場」。。香港的票房收入527萬元，位列香港年度華語片第八位。
劇情
剛從洗衣店拿回婚紗的張莉芳 ( 鄧麗欣飾 ) ，在路上看到寵物店內某隻群養於籠中的小龜翻倒了。好心提醒店主的結果，是對方迫她買了籠中的另一隻龜。及後她便拿所有東西回到金都商場。這裡是她替中學同學母親打工的婚妙店所在地，也是其男朋友殷俊榮（Edward，朱柏康飾 ）開設婚紗攝影店的地方，更是他們一同租住樓上住宅同居的大廈。一天日常的工作接近完結時，Edward替曾離婚顧客處理證書映像，與及當年中學同學到婚紗店光顧等，勾起了莉芳十年前的一件往事。傍晚，當她收起被Edward指出不合適的衣服時，Edward的母親 ( 鮑起靜飾 ) 擅自帶著業主上來議論裝修與購入的事宜。那天晚上，她有所隱暪地向Edward表達各種煩惱，結果都被對方的冷笑話打發掉，不過內心心情還是有所舒緩。
翌日，莉芳去了多個政府登記處。原來十年前，還是中學生的莉芳厭惡黑道雙親，需要資金搬出去跟同學共住，於是跟婚紗店太子女阿怡 ( 林二汶飾 ) 一同以假結婚賺快錢。豈料自己的假婚姻到今天都沒有如當年仲介所說，於數年後自動解除了。原本要向阿怡訴苦的她，卻被帶到裝飾華麗的商場大門前。平日生活瑣事上顯得孩子氣的Edward，似乎在其媽媽壓力下正式求婚了。有點不知所措的莉芳，被Edward戴上了戒指，得到了整個商場同業祝福。懼怕會在簽字時露餡的她，及後借故向Edward母親表示不想鋪張舉辦盛宴。
莉芳開始致力尋找假結婚對象楊樹偉 ( 金楷傑飾 ) ，亦嘗試辦理單方面離婚。其他工作日常暫且繼續。就在某天拿婚紗回店時，樹偉終於現身。原來對方也在仲介失去聯絡後一直追尋莉芳，希望以這婚姻正式辦理單程證來香港定居，再準備在港住滿七年後移民美國，達成追逐自由的心願。雖說申請單程證的程序最快兩星期內會完成，但莉芳覺得牽扯進這些例行公事會非常複雜，寧願繼續之前未找到樹偉時已經進行，為期兩年的單方面離婚。只是世事不盡人意，Edward被媽媽哄說下，最終還是要替二人結婚舉行盛宴，更定了日期在下一年。莉芳苦無選擇，惟有接受樹偉的提議，還迫收了一卷人民幣作額外報酬。雙方在香港扮演各種婚後生活片段，拍下照片作申請評分之際，樹偉留意到Edward有點過份監控莉芳的生活，而莉芳對自己亦太拘束。
另一方面，莉芳陪同Edward和他母親在金都商場準備各種結婚和宴會事項。正當大家全心投入時，Edward慣常地翻看莉芳手袋，赫然發現她為單程證申請而準備的一封家書。向來樂天的Edward臉色一沉，質問莉芳，甚至將她拉回關上門的店中私下處理。莉芳無奈坦白假結婚的過去，並就替人申請單程證一事面對質疑而充滿悔恨，最終她說服Edward是為了結婚才做那麼多事。直到送走母親和回到家中，Edward仍充滿怨氣，就莉芳對感情和婚姻的態度有所懷疑。在雙方少有深情交流後，Edward最終向莉芳報以一吻。莉芳再次確認雙方多年來的感情，並發生關係。翌日早上，Edward發現莉芳整裝待發去協助樹偉，及至二人準備乘車前往樹偉家鄉福州面試，他都禁不住醋意，設法阻止二人獨處。
結果前往福州的旅程仍只有樹偉和莉芳二人。莉芳選擇不接收Edward連環轟炸的訊息，發掘了另一種生活模式，樹偉則指出他雖不認同Edward的過份監控，但認為對方前來阻截是出於對莉芳的真愛，值得珍惜。二人完成面試後回到樹偉家，莉芳才知道對方有女朋友，並在深夜睡不著時聽見女方懷孕了，使樹偉要在逗留內地結婚和隻身移民之間作出重要抉擇。隨後莉芳回港，與Edward回復了短暫的平凡生活，但對Edward而言她對自己的態度徹底變了。直到一天，莉芳收到樹偉的訊息，指自己可能會放棄比想像中更花時間的申請。她和Edward於是又展開了結婚的討論，及後演變成影響到鄰居的爭執，更使莉芳首次向Edward爆發了對結婚時機、Edward母親、沒有新居和男方陋習等不滿。過了一會，莉芳在香港再遇樹偉，發現他已決定留在內地，為孩子準備奶粉等物資。莉芳疑惑樹偉為何坦蕩地放棄多年追逐的自由，樹偉卻表示他作出決定亦是自由的體現，而結婚亦從來不代表捨棄所有自由，使莉芳有所頓悟。
最終在Edward監察下，莉芳與樹偉的離婚手續安然辦妥。眾人的關係再次穩定下來，莉芳也正式辭去婚紗店的工作，準備全心投入新婚後的家庭生活。期間她再遇前來還婚紗的中學同學，提及彼此當年的特殊關係。安心回家的她，突然被前來佈置家居的Edward母親告知，已把不合風水的小龜放生了。莉芳按捺不住Edward母親咄咄逼人和Edward有意息事寧人，冒雨去找小龜。她被趕過來的Edward安撫，呻道若結婚後連養龜的自由都沒有，又是否真的能促成幸福。Edward這次稍微明白對方苦惱，安慰說結婚未必幸福，但沒有結婚就肯定不會幸福。
翌日早上，Edward跑到寵物店，就著莉芳提過的細節，向店員要一隻翻倒了的小龜。但莉芳在他出門時早已下定決心，迅速穿上被指不合適的衣服，登上了往福州的車，並猶如上一次般選擇不接收Edward的訊息。回家看見空無一人的Edward，對莉芳只有一句提醒其改善陋習的留言，感到徬徨迷惘，追出金都商場門外，不知如何是好。而莉芳則前往探望新婚的樹偉，並把原本作申請單程證的報酬當成禮金。樹偉最後亦祝福莉芳新婚快樂，而莉芳則以Edward說過的一句冷笑話作回應。在福州多逗留一會時，她沒理會Edward又一次連環轟炸的訊息，只是訂了一張她與樹偉在家具店扮演共同生活時，早已看中的長桌。
不管其與Edward最終如何，莉芳都找到了自由。
演員
鄧麗欣 飾演 張莉芳
朱栢康 飾演 殷俊榮
金楷杰 飾演 楊樹偉
鮑起靜 飾演 殷母
林二汶 飾演 阿怡
飾演 Mandy
岑珈其 飾演 強仔
許素瑩 飾演 怡母
陳俞希 飾演 榮顧客
麥子樂 飾演 榮顧客
李駿碩 飾演 鄰居
陳健朗 飾演 地產經紀
盧鎮業 飾演 新郎
易健兒 飾演 新娘
發行
新型冠狀病毒疫情下，戲院一度關閉逾一個月，不少電影上映亦要延後。《金都》上映日期因戲院關閉，由原本5月公映而延至6月初。
票房
奬項及提名
播放時間
參考資料
外部連接
粵語電影
香港背景電影
福州背景电影
香港取景電影
2020年香港電影作品
香港劇情片
香港電影金像獎最佳原創電影音樂獲獎電影
香港電影金像獎新晉導演獲獎電影
首部劇情電影計劃得獎電影
高先電影
香港導演處女作
|
封錫祿（），字義侯，嘉定（今上海）人。刻竹圓雕高手。
嘉定竹刻世家，以刻竹聞名，好作梵僧佛像、仙翁天女，無人能出其右。金元钰《竹人录》稱其“性落拓不羁，天资敏妙，奇巧绝伦。”康熙四十二年（1703年）被召入宮。封錫爵、封錫祿、封錫璋兄弟三人曾合刻《貴妃醉酒》竹筆筒，號稱“三鼎足”。北京故宮博物院藏有封錫爵竹雕晚菘形筆筒，上海博物馆收藏有封锡禄《竹雕罗汉像》。
F
嘉定人
|
男人的霉菌症状有哪些？霉菌在我们的生活中无处不在，他比较青睐于温暖潮湿的环境，一有合适的环境就会大量的繁殖，必须采取措施来阻止霉菌的繁殖或切断其传播途径，就可以摆脱霉菌的感染。如果男方感染霉菌的话，有可能出现豆渣样白带，瘙痒症状不一定很明显，这种疾病可以通过性生活发生交叉感染。注意身体某部位霉菌的滋生，比如指甲，有时霉菌会侵入指甲造成灰指甲，所以指甲不要留长，经常清理。多汗的皮肤褶皱里，特别是胖人皮肤褶皱比较多，如果是夏季出汗多，有可能在褶皱处滋生霉菌。还有就是脚部也是霉菌滋生的有利环境，有脚气的人就更应该注意，防止引起其他部位感染。自己的内裤要单独洗，特别是家人或自己有足癣或灰指甲时更应该注意，为了防止交叉感染都应该分开来洗。不要滥用抗生素，大量吃抗生素可能会将有益人体健康的菌群给抑制住，破坏人体的天然防御屏障，造成霉菌的的大量繁殖。警惕洗衣机中隐藏霉菌，洗衣机用的久了肯定会滋生霉菌，最简单的方法就是用60度左右的水来彻底清洗就行了。同时洗完的衣物一定要在太阳下晾晒，阳光中的紫外线可以杀死残存的霉菌。在公共场所最好不要用公用的或者别人用过的洗具。同时选用适宜的个人清洁护理产品。正确的避孕，避孕药中的雌激素有促进霉菌侵袭的作用。如果反复发生霉菌性阴道炎，就尽量不要使用药物避孕。内裤最好选择棉质的，紧身化纤内裤会使阴道局部的温度及湿度增高，有利于霉菌生长。如果患有霉菌性阴道炎，自己治疗的同时，男方也应同时接受治疗，避免交叉感染。穿着全棉内裤。紧身化纤内裤会使阴道局部的温度及湿度增高，这可是霉菌拍手称快的“居住”环境！还是选用棉质的内裤吧。控制血糖，碱性产品清洗外阴.女性糖尿病人阴道糖原含量和酸度偏高，易于被霉菌侵害。所以，在控制血糖的同时，还要注意清洗外阴，选用pH值弱碱性产品。注意外阴卫生，穿棉线宽松透气的内衣，不要太紧身，养成良好的生活习惯，不要有多个性伴侣，避免感染性病。
|
《乳房》（）是1972年菲利普·罗斯的一部中篇小说，书中的主角大卫·凯普什变成了155英镑重的乳房。整篇小说中凯普什都在与自己作斗争。一部分的他屈从于肉体欲望，另一部分则想要理性。凯普什是一位文学教授，他将自己的困境与其他一些虚构人物——如卡夫卡《变形记》中的格里高尔·萨姆莎，以及果戈理短篇小说《鼻子》相提并论。整部小说中，他都在讨论当别人触碰他时、他与女友发生性关系时以及独自一人时所感到的各种生理和性的反应。
1972年美國小說
20世纪中篇小说
B
|
徐佛苏（）字运奎（又作应奎），号佛公，笔名心斋、文福兴等。湖南善化县（今长沙市）人。中国民主革命家、教育家、中华民国政府官员。
生平
徐佛苏早年曾任长沙学堂教员。光绪三十年（1904年），他参加华兴会。后来他因万福华枪击广西巡抚王之春案被捕，不久获释，随即赴日本，转投康有为领导的保皇会，任《新民丛报》撰述。1907年1月，他受梁启超委托调和保皇党与革命党间关系，但被革命党拒绝。光绪三十三年（1907年），他加入梁启超等人在东京成立的政闻社，参与《政论》杂志的出版。光绪三十四年（1908年）春，政闻社本部从日本迁到上海，他任常务员。宣统三年（1911年），他任宪友会常务干事，并任北京的立宪派报纸《国民公报》主编。1911年辛亥革命爆发之后，该报反对南京临时政府，遭到革命党责难。
1912年中华民国成立后，他历任大总统府顾问、1919年南北议和代表、币制局总裁、北平民国大学代理校长等职。
参考文献
长沙人
中华民国大陆时期政治人物
华兴会会员
|
Lothar Kolditz (born September 30, 1929) is a German chemist and former politician. He was president of the National Front of the German Democratic Republic.
Early life and education
Kolditz was born in the municipality of Zschorlau on September 30, 1929, the son of the carpenter Paul Kolditz and his wife Ella, née Bauer. From 1941 to 1948 he attended high school in Aue.
Kolditz studied chemistry from 1948 to 1952 at the Humboldt University of Berlin, graduating with a degree in chemistry. His undergraduate thesis "Über Kaliumborfluoridtetraschwefeltrioxyd und die Darstellung von Trisulfurylfluorid“ (About potassium borofluoride tetrasulfur trioxide and the preparation of trisulphuryl fluoride) was written under the guidance of Hans-Albert Lehmann.
In 1954 he also received his doctorate with his dissertation "About Polyarsenatophosphate" under the supervision of Erich Thilo. Kolditz then habilitated in 1957 with a thesis "On compounds of pentavalent phosphorus, arsenic and antimony with fluorine and chlorine".
Kolditz has been married to Ruth, née Schramm, since 1951; the couple has two daughters and lives in Steinförde (a district of Fürstenberg).
Academic career
In 1957, Kolditz was appointed as a professor at the Technical University of Leuna-Merseburg; where he would teach inorganic and radiochemistry. After Franz Hein retired, Kolditz was appointed to the Friedrich Schiller University in Jena in 1959. There he was the director of the Inorganic Chemistry Institute until 1962.
In 1962 Kolditz returned to the Humboldt University of Berlin, initially as a chair and director of the First Chemical Institute (1962–68). From 1965 to 1968 he was also Vice-Rector for Natural Sciences at the university. In 1969 he was elected as a corresponding member of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin. After the reforms at the university in 1968, he became Humboldt University's director of chemistry from 1971 to 1979. In 1972 he was elected a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic (formerly the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin, which was renamed that year).
From 1980 to 1990 Kolditz worked at the academy as director of the Central Institute for Inorganic Chemistry (ZIAC) in Berlin. The ZIAC was created in 1971 by merging the Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, founded in 1952, and the Institute for Applied Silicate Research, founded in 1951. The Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic and the ZIAC were dissolved on December 31, 1991, due to the reunification of Germany. As a result, Kolditz retired and has lived in Fürstenberg ever since.
Kolditz's publishing activities include around 350 original publications in academic journals, 37 patents and well over 200 colloquium lectures. He was a long-standing member of the editorial board of several journals. Kolditz has continued to contribute to scientific publications during his retirement.
Political career
In September 1971 he was appointed to the electoral commission of the German Democratic Republic in preparation for the 1971 East German general election. On October 30, 1981, Kolditz was elected President of the National Front of the German Democratic Republic, succeeding Erich Correns. In July 1982 Kolditz was elected as a member of the State Council of the GDR. From 1983 to 1990 he was a member of the presidium of the Society for German-Soviet Friendship (DSF). From 1986 to 1990 Kolditz was a member of the Presidential Council of the Cultural Association of the GDR. In the 1986 East German general election Kolditz was elected to the Volkskammer as a representative of the Cultural Association of the GDR.
Memberships, honors and Awards
1969, Corresponding member of the German Academy of Sciences
1972, National Prize of the German Democratic Republic, 3rd Class
1972, Full member of the Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic
1976, Clemens Winkler Medal of the Chemical Society of the German Democratic Republic
1983, Honorary Doctorate from the Freiberg University of Mining and Technology
1984, Patriotic Order of Merit, in Gold
1988, Foreign Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences
1989, Outstanding Scientist of the People
1992, Foreign Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences
1993, Member of the Leibniz Society of Sciences in Berlin
Publications
Textbooks/Books
Radiochemistry (Radiochemie). In: Gustav Hertz: Textbook of Nuclear Physics, Volume III, Applied Nuclear Physics (Lehrbuch der Kernphysik, Band III, Angewandte Kernphysik). 1962.
Editor: Włodzimierz Trzebiatowski: Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry (Lehrbuch der anorganischen Chemie). 1963.
Halides of Arsenic and Antimony. In: H. J. Emeleus: Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry. Vol. 7. Academic Press, New York/London 1965.
Halides of Arsenic and Antimony. In: Viktor Gutmann: Halogen Chemistry. Vol. 2. Academic Press New York/London 1967.
Editor: Inorganic: Text and practical book of inorganic chemistry; with an introduction to physical chemistry (Anorganikum: Lehr- und Praktikumsbuch der anorganischen Chemie; mit einer Einführung in die physikalische Chemie). 1967.
Compounds of Nb and Ta (Verbindungen von Niob und Tantal). In: Niedenzu, Lexington, Kentucky: Houben-Weyl, Methodicum Chimicum. Academic Press, New York/London 1974.
with Günter Kauschka: Exchange Reactions (Austauschreaktionen). In: Recent Developments in Inorganic Chemistry (Neuere Entwicklungen der anorganischen Chemie). 1974.
Editor and co-author: Inorganic Chemistry (Textbook) (Anorganische Chemie). 1978.
with Jurij Alexandrovič Buslaev und Eleonora Alexandrovna Kravčenko: Nuclear quadrupole resonance in inorganic chemistry. 1987.
Perfluorohalogenoorgano Compounds of Main Group Elements. In: Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry. 8th Edition. Springer 1994.
The Linden University 1945 to 1990 - reconstruction, consolidation and turbulence in chemistry, the Prorectorate for Natural Sciences (Die Lindenuniversität 1945 bis 1990 – Wiederaufbau, Konsolidierung und Turbulenzen in der Chemie, das Prorektorat für Naturwissenschaften). In: Wolfgang Girnus and Klaus Meier: Humboldt University under the Linden (Die Humboldt-Universität Unter den Linden 1945 bis 1990). Leipzig University Press 2010.
Preparation of Fluorine-Containing Molecular Halides and Heteropolar Salts with Elements of Group 15 and Niobium and Tantalum Halides; Fluoro and Fluorohydroxy Complexes of As, Sb and Sn. In: Herbert W. Roesky: Efficient Preparations of Fluorine Compounds. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2013.
External links
References
1929 births
Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in gold
Members of the Volkskammer
Members of the State Council of East Germany
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
Academic staff of the University of Jena
20th-century German chemists
Living people
|
蓬塔戈尔达（），是美国佛罗里达州夏洛特縣下属的一座城市。1882年建立，1887年建市。面积约为47.9平方公里（约合18.5平方英里）。根据2010年美国人口普查，该市有人口16,641人。论人口在本州排行第118。
参考资料
佛罗里达州城市
1882年佛羅里達州建立
1882年建立的聚居地
|
Fulltofta Church () is a medieval church in , in Hörby Municipality in the province of Skåne, Sweden. It belongs to the Diocese of Lund. During the Middle Ages, the church was a local pilgrimage site for the veneration of Magnhild of Fulltofta. It contains many medieval murals, uncovered during a restoration of the church in the early 20th century.
History
Fulltofta Church was built approximately 1160–1175, possibly by the same workshop responsible for building the nearby church of Bosjökloster, as indicated by the similarities between the unusual apses of the churches. These are decorated with sandstone lesenes. Fulltofta Church also has cornerstones of the same material, and still intact are the portals of the southern entrance and fragments of the northern portal. The main building material of the church is otherwise fieldstone. The tower is somewhat later, built during the 13th century and originally taller than it is at present. The church porch decorated with crow-stepped gables in front of the southern entrance was added during the course of the 14th century.
Inside, the vaulted ceiling of the church was constructed during the 15th century, replacing an earlier ceiling. In the 17th century, a burial chapel was built for the family owning the nearby estate Fulltofta gård. The tower was enlarged in 1809; the work was financed by the owner of Trollenäs Castle, Arwid Trolle. A major restoration of the church was carried out in 1953.
The church was built next to Fulltofta gård, an estate which at the time belonged to the Bishop of Lund. During the Middle Ages, the place became a pilgrimage site for the locally venerated Saint Magnhild of Fulltofta. According to legend, Magnhild was a pious woman who was shot to death with an arrow from a bow by an assassin hired by her daughter-in-law in 1215. Her body was buried in or near Fulltofta Church, which became a local pilgrimage site until the saint's body was moved to Lund Cathedral in a solemn procession in 1383. Close to the church, a small spring named after the saint is supposed to have appeared at the place where the casket containing her body touched the ground, according to the legend.
Interior
Murals
The interior of the church is richly decorated with medieval murals, dating from the second half of the 15th century. They are considered to be made by an artist known by the notname Skivarpsmästaren, after the murals in Skivarp Church which are believed to be by the same hand. They were rediscovered in 1907 after having been covered with whitewash since the Reformation, and uncovered in 1910–1912. The paintings have been described as being of high quality and depict almost exclusively scenes from the Bible (and with the exception only of other religious themes, e.g. the stigmatization of Saint Francis).
Furnishings
The oldest item in the church is the square-shaped baptismal font, of the same age as the church building. Of the church bells, the smaller one is medieval; it was made in the 15th century by a bell-maker named Jakob Jode or Yade in Stralsund. The other furnishings date from the time after the Reformation. The altarpiece is from 1636, probably made in the workshop of Jacob Kremberg in Lund. The pulpit is from the late 16th century. A stained glass window of the church, made in 1936 by artist Hugo Gelin, recounts the legend of Saint Magnhild.
References
External links
Churches in Skåne County
Churches in the Diocese of Lund
Romanesque architecture in Sweden
Church frescos in Sweden
|
Issogne Castle is a castle in Issogne, in lower Aosta Valley, in northwestern Italy. It is one of the most famous manors of the region, and is located on the right bank of the Dora Baltea at the centre of the inhabited area of Issogne. As a seigniorial residence of the Renaissance, the Castle has quite a different look from that of the austere Verrès Castle, which is located in Verrès, on the opposite bank of the river.
Issogne Castle is most noteworthy for its fountain in the form of pomegranate tree and its highly decorated portico, a rare example of medieval Alpine painting, with its frescoed cycle of scenes of daily life from the late Middle Ages.
History
Middle ages
The earliest mention of the castle of Issogne is in a papal bull issued by Pope Eugene III in 1151, which refers to a fortified building at Issogne, the property of the Bishop of Aosta. Some walling discovered in the cellars of the current castle may be evidence of a Roman villa, dating from the 1st century BC, on the site.
Tensions between the Bishop of Aosta and the De Verrecio family, lords of the nearby town of Verrès, reached boiling point around 1333, when the castle of Issogne, the episcopal seat, was attacked and damaged by fire. Issogne remained the seat of the bishop until 1379, when the bishop of Aosta submitted to the jurisdiction of the then lord of Verrès, Yblet of Challant. Ibleto transformed the episcopal stronghold into an elegant princely residence in Gothic style, with a series of towers and buildings enclosed by an encircling wall.
When Yblet died in 1409, the feud and castle of Issogne passed to his son Francis of Challant (French: François de Challant), who in 1424 received the title of Count of Challant from the Duke of Savoy. Francesco died in 1442, leaving no male heir. A long succession struggle between Francesco's daughter Catherine of Challant and her cousin James of Challant-Aymavilles (French: Jacques de Challant-Aymavilles) was won by James, who thus became the second Count of Challant and the new lord of Issogne.
Renaissance
From about 1480, further alterations were made to the Castle by James's son Luigi di Challant, and continued after his death in 1487 by his cousin, the prior George of Challant-Varey (French: Georges de Challant-Varey), to whom James's wife Marguerite de la Chambre had granted custody of his sons Philibert and Charles. George had new wings erected to connect the already existing buildings, unifying the complex into a single horseshoe shape surrounding a central courtyard. The decorations of the portico and the celebrated pomegranate fountain date to this period. The Castle hosted many illustrious guests, including the future emperor Sigismund of Luxemburg as he returned to Germany in 1414, and King Charles VIII of France in 1494.
Work on the Castle ended with the death of George of Challant in 1509. Philibert of Challant became the new lord of Issogne, and made the Castle a residence for himself, his wife Louise d'Aarberg and his son René of Challant, under whom the Castle reached its greatest splendour and hosted a rich and refined court.
Decline and rebirth
Renato di Challant left no male heir at his death in 1565. His possessions passed to Giovanni Federico Madruzzo, husband of René's daughter Isabelle, giving rise to an inheritance dispute between the Madruzzo family and Isabelle's cousins of the Challant family that lasted for more than a century. The lordship of Issogne and its Castle passed from the Madruzzo family to the Lenoncourt family, then in 1693 to Cristina Maurizia Del Carretto di Balestrina, and was finally returned to the Challant family in 1696.
In 1802, the last count of Challant, Giulio Giacinto, died, and the Challant family was extinguished. The Castle, already abandoned for some years, fell into decay and its furniture was removed. In 1872 the owner of the Castle, Baron Marius de Vautheleret, was forced to sell it at auction. It was acquired by the Turin painter Vittorio Avondo, who restored it, furnishing it with some of its original furniture bought back from the antique market, and with copies of furniture of the period. Avondo donated the Castle to the Italian state in 1907; in 1948 it passed to the Aosta Valley region.
The Castle may be visited by guided tour.
Interior of the Castle
From the exterior, the Castle looks like a fortified residence of fairly unprepossessing appearance, without any particular decoration, with angular turrets a little higher than the rest of the building. The Castle is situated at the centre of the inhabited area of Issogne.
The Castle was built to a quadrangular plan, three sides of which are occupied by the building and the fourth, oriented towards the south, comprises an Italian Garden, enclosed within a surrounding wall.
The courtyard and portico
The internal courtyard, enclosed within the three sides of the building, and the garden form one of the most interesting spaces of the Castle. At one time, one reached this space by passing from the countryside through principal gate and under a portico. Today, for practical reasons, the secondary entrance on the west side is used. This entrance faces an expansive field.
On the facades that face the courtyard, one finds the so-called "Miroir pour les infants de Challant", a series of frescoed heraldic arms that show the diverse branches of the Challant family and the principal matrimonial alliances of the house. The "miroir" was created in order to preserve a record of the family history and to transmit it to future generations. The surrounding wall of the garden, on the other hand, was decorated with monochromatic images of legends and heroes of antiquity, now unfortunately almost entirely obliterated.
At the centre of the courtyard, one finds the celebrated 'pomegranate fountain'. From the octagonal stone bowl of the fountain emerges a pomegranate tree made of wrought iron from which jets of water are sprayed. Strangely, although the fruit of the tree is clearly to be understood as that of the pomegranate the leaves, perhaps for symbolic reasons intended by the artist, are those of another tree - the oak. George of Challant probably had the fountain constructed as a wedding gift for the wedding of his favourite, Philibert of Challant, when Philibert married Louise d'Aarberg in 1502. It appears that the tree is to be read symbolically as the expression of the desire to unite the fertility and unity of the family represented by the pomegranate, with its seed-filled fruit, with the strength and antiquity signified by the oak. Amongst the branches of the pomegranate-oak, and somewhat difficult to discern, tiny dragons have been inserted.
The east side of the courtyard is occupied by the portico with its round arches and cross-vaults. The principal entrance of the Castle opens onto this portico and the interior of the building is nowadays also reached from this portico. The geometric decoration of the ribbing of the cross-vaults is typical of the rate of the fifteenth century.
The lunettes of the portico are decorated with frescoes giving realistic and humorous depictions of scenes daily life and the trades of the period. They represent an important iconographic testament to life between the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The 'lunette of the guard house' shows some soldiers, accompanied by some prostitutes, seated at a table and intent on playing cards or tric-trac. Their weapons and armour (including cuirasses, crossbows and halberds) are hung up on a rack attached to the wall. In the 'lunette of the bakery', recently kneaded bread is being pushed into an oven; a butcher turns meat on a spit while a cat tries to steal it from him. In the 'lunette of the tailor's shop', pieces of cloth are measured and cut, while on the shelves of the rear of the apothecary's shop, numerous jars of herbs and other medicines are shown. The 'lunette of the market' shows a fruit and vegetable market busy with numerous customers and vendors dressed in costumes of the period. Lastly, in the 'lunette of the small goods seller's shop', some forms of the typical Fontina cheese are shown; these are considered to the oldest representations of this cheese.
Besides their æsthetic function, these frescoes probably have a celebratory function, and are probably intended to show the abundance and peace obtained in the region thanks to the leadership of the lord of the Castle. The entire cycle has been attributed to an artist known as 'maître Colin' due to a graffito in the 'lunette of the guard house' that identifies 'Magister Collinus' as the author of the work. The same artist is known as the author of some paintings in the chapel on the first floor of the Castle.
The ground floor
The Castle comprises a total of about fifty rooms, although only about ten of them may visited with the guided tour. A door in the portico leads to the dining room, roofed by a vault and furnished with nineteenth-century furniture that Vittorio Avondo had made on the basis of Renaissance models. The dining room was joined to the kitchen by means of a service-hatch. The kitchen is divided into two parts by a wooden grate, creating two distinct spaces probably originally intended for the preparation of different types of food. The larger space, adjacent to the dining room, is provided with a large fireplace and an oven, while the smaller part includes a fireplace of smaller dimensions and a sink.
On the northern side, next to the staircase that leads to the second floor, one finds the so-called 'hall of justice' or 'lower halls', the principal presentation space of the Castle. It is a large hall on a rectangular plan, with the walls completely covered in a fresco of a fictive loggia with columns of marble, alabaster and transparent crystal. Scenes of the hunt, courtly life and northern landscapes are represented. The cycle of decoration culminates with the judgement of Paris, in which the commissioner of the work, George of Challant, is actually represented as Paris. The frescoes of this hall, probably completed before the death of George of Challant in 1509, have been attributed to the Master of Wuillerine, an artist thought to have been of the Franco-Flemish school, as may be deduced from the presence in the landscapes of houses with sharply-pitched roofs and windmills of the type typical in northern Europe. The Master of Wuillerine is also the author of an "ex voto" for the collegiate church of Saint Ursus at Aosta. The ceiling is of wood with the trusses left exposed. Placed along the walls on the long sides of the hall are placed carved wooden stalls, nineteenth-century recreations of the late-Gothic originals conserved in the Turin City Museum of Ancient Art. The rear wall of the hall is pierced by a large stone fireplace decorated by a griffin and a lion that hold the arms of the Challant family aloft.
The other rooms of the ground floor, which may not be visited, house the dispensary of the Castle, service rooms for the use of the kitchen (including a small goods store), the prisoner, the room reserved for the use of pilgrims, and rooms for the falconer, the guards, as well as other service rooms.
The first floor
The first floor of the Castle contains the rooms of the lords of the manor. They were also adapted by Vittorio Avondo when he acquired the Castle in the 19th century to his own personal use. One reaches this floor by means of a stone spiral staircase adjoining the 'hall of justice'. The same spiral staircase also provides access to the rooms of the ground floor as well as directly to the courtyard. The staircase if formed from a series of stone steps of trapezoidal shape. The wider part of the step is immured into the wall and the narrower part finished with a cylindrical element. Overlapping vertically in a series of steps, these cylindrical elements form a central column that give the staircase a significant static strength. The ceiling of the ramp is created by leaving the lower surface of the upper steps exposed, thus giving the appearance of a continuous ribbon that draws one on as one ascends the staircase.
One of the first rooms that one encounters as one climbs the staircase is the so-called 'chamber of Marguerite de la Chambre'. This was the private room first of Marguerite de la Chambre, wife of Luigi of Challant, and then of Mencia de Bragança, the wife of René of Challant. The room is covered by a wooden ceiling with exposed trusses. At the top of the wall, and located in the spaces between the exposed trusses, a frieze showing Marguerite's arms can be found. The furnishings of the room include a large stone fireplace and a canopied bed, a nineteenth-century copy of an original to be found in the Ussel Castle.
Next to the bedchamber can be found the private oratory of Marguerite de la Chambre, a small square room covered by a cross vault. This oratory is entirely covered in fresco, with scenes showing the Assumption of the Virgin, the martyrdom of St Catherine and St Margaret. One of these frescoes shows Marguerite herself praying in the company of her two daughters-in-law and her three sons. The entire cycle was repainted in 1936.
Next to Marguerite's room, and accessible either through it or by means of the staircase, is the large rectangular hall covered with a wooden ceiling called the 'chambre de Savoie' (the Savoy Chamber) in the inventory compiled at the death of Renato di Challant in 1565. At the back of this hall there is a large stone fireplace upon which are depicted the arms of the Savoy family, after which the room was originally named, and the united arms of the Challand and La Palud families, brought together by virtue of the wedding of Amadeus of Challant-Varey and Anne de La Palud, parents of the Prior George of Challant. The furnishings of this room reflect its organisation in the nineteenth century by Vittorio Avondo, who displayed his collection of antique arms and armour him; for this reason, the room has been called the 'hall of arms'. Completing the furnishing of the room is a series of pieces of furniture that are nineteenth-century copies of Late Gothic originals.
The last space that may be visited on the first floor is the chapel, situated in the eastern wing of the Castle, above the portico of the courtyard. This is a long and narrow room, covered by a series of cross-vaults that divide the space into five bays. A wooden railing divides the room into two spaces, thus probably separating the lords of the manner from their services. The wooden stalls in this room, placed against the wall, are nineteenth-century copies that Vittorio Avondo had made, while the winged altar is original to the Castle, having been made at the start of the sixteenth century. Avondo bought this altar back on the antique market after it had been sold by the previous proprietors of the manor. The wings of the polyptych and the frescoes of the chapel, showing scenes of the Nativity, the Prophets, the Apostles and the Doctors of the Church, have been attributed to Maître Colin, the same artist who created the lunettes of the portico in the courtyard and who had worked on the decoration of the collegiate church of Saint Ursus in Aosta, of which George of Challant was prior.
Among the spaces that cannot be visited on the guided tour there are the private rooms of René of Challant, of his daughters Philiberte and Isabelle, of Cardinal Cristoforo Madruzzo (uncle of Giovanni Federico Madruzzo, the husband of Isabella di Challant) and their antechambers and access spaces.
The second floor
The second floor is reached by continuing to ascend the stone spiral staircase. Corresponding to the rooms of Marguerite de la Chambre we find those spaces reserved to George of Challant. One of George's rooms, also known as the 'Chambre de Saint Maurice' because of the coffered ceiling, the coffers of which contain the cross of the Order of Cavaliers of Saint Maurice, is furnished in a way corresponding to the furnishings of Marguerite's room underneath it. The room features a canopied bed of the sixteenth century and a credenza and a commode made in the nineteenth century at the direction of Avondo but in the late Gothic style. The room is warmed by a large stone fireplace decorated with the arms of George of Challant upheld by a griffin and a lion.
From the room of George of Challant, one enters his private oratory, located again in correspondence to that of Marguerite. This, too, is a small space on a quadrangular plan, covered with a cross vault and completely frescoed. The frescoes, the work of the same anonymous Northern artist who decorated Marguerite's chapel, show the scene of the crucifixion, a pietà, and the entombment of Christ. George, the commissioner of the work, is depicted kneeling at the foot of the cross. As with many other paintings in the manor, the frescoes of George's oratory were repainted during a restoration in 1936.
From the principal staircase, one reaches the so-called 'Hall of the King of France', situated next to the rooms of George of Challant and over the 'hall of arms'. Its name would seem to have derived from probably having been the room in which Charles VIII of France stayed during his passage through Italy in 1494. In the sixteenth century, this was the wedding chamber of René of Challant and his wife Mencia.
The room is covered by a coffered ceiling and is warmed by a fireplace decorated with the lilies of the royal arms of France. The room is furnished with furniture in part bought back by Avondo, as for example the canopied bed with the arms of the Challant-Aymavilles branch acquired from a peasant in Ussel, and in part by nineteenth-century reconstructions.
Passing through the room of the King of France and through a series of access rooms, one reaches the 'Chamber of the Tower', situated in the north-west corner of the manor in the most ancient part of the Castle. The different windows of the room permitted a view of the Castles of Arnad and Verrès as well as of the Villa Castle in Challand. This space was probably used as a signalling tower. In case of danger, the lords of manor would have been able to take securer refuge in the more easily defended Verrès Castle.
To reach the last room that can be visited on this floor, it is necessary to pass through a loggia covered with a cross vault. This last room is located at the south-west extremity of the Castle. In an inventory of 1565, it is called the 'Chamber of the Emperor', probably in honour of the stay of the Emperor Sigismond of Luxemburg in 1414. The room is now called the 'Chamber of the Little Countess' in honour of the countess Isabelle of Challant, the daughter of René of Challant and Mencia de Bragança. It is furnished with a sixteenth-century bed of Tyrolese origin, reconstructed furniture commissioned by Avondo in the nineteenth century and a stone fireplace decorated with the arms of George of Challant.
In the eastern wing of the Castle, which may not be visited, one finds a loggia roofed with a cross vault and positioned in a location corresponding to the chapel, some rooms and access spaces, and the stairs that lead to the roof of the castle. According to a legend, the ghost of Bianca Maria Gaspardone would appear on the roof on moonlit nights. Gaspardone was the first wife of René of Challant. Gaspardone abandoned her marriage René after only some months, having become tired of the long absences of her husband. She was subsequently condemned to death for procuring the assassination of her former lover Ardizzino Valperga by Don Pietro di Cardona, her then current lover; she was executed at Milan in 1526.
The graffiti
One of the characteristic features of the Issogne Castle, apart from the famous frescoes and the pomegranate fountain, is the numerous graffiti that have been left in the course of centuries by visitors to and guests of the Castle, the servants and lords of the manor themselves. These graffiti have been preserved because the Castle has never undergone major change, and they provide valuable evidence about daily life in the Castle. These graffiti, usually incised on the walls, are present throughout the Castle but in particular are visible in the portico of the courtyard, in the corridors, and in the embrasures of the doors and windows.
The graffiti are mostly in French or Latin, and amongst them one finds visitors' reflections on how sad or happy they are to be leaving the Castle, a great number about life or money, confessions of being in love, and mocking jibes. The frescoed lunettes of the portico show, in addition to the signature of the painter Master Colin, comments on one or other of the professions depicted, while in the gallery that leads from the 'Chamber of the Little Countess', one may read an epitaph for the death of Count René de Challant ('XI julii 1565/obiit Renatus/comes de Challant', i.e. 'On the 11th of July 1565, René, count of Challant, died') and expressions of sadness on the occasion of the anniversary of that date.
References
Internal links
George of Challant
External links
Issogne Castle - Aosta Valley Tourism Office official website
Houses completed in 1509
Castles in Aosta Valley
Museums in Aosta Valley
Historic house museums in Italy
|
薩伏依的朱塞佩（，），阿斯蒂伯爵，薩丁尼亞國王维托里奥·阿梅迪奥三世的幼子。
朱塞佩於1802年去世，死後葬在阿爾蓋羅主教座堂。
萨伏依王朝
都灵人
意大利伯爵
死於瘧疾的人
|
小儿过敏性肺炎的症状有哪些症状？过敏性肺炎外源性过敏性肺泡炎是易感人群反复吸入各种具有抗原性的有机粉尘、低分子量化学物质，引起的一组弥漫性间质性肉芽肿性肺病。反复吸入含嗜热放线菌干草引起的农民肺即是其中的代表。那么小儿过敏性肺炎的症状有哪些症状呢？下面为大家介绍。1、吸入过敏原后少数病儿出现喘息、流涕等前驱表现，三到六小时后开始出现症状，表现为发热、干咳、呼吸急促、胸痛及缺氧、口唇、指趾末端发绀等，六到八小时上述症状达高峰，二十四小时症状基本消失。发作时肺部体征与哮喘发作时不同，多无喘鸣音，主要听到的是湿性啰音。2、急性型常在接触抗原后四到八小时发病，可有发热，畏寒，咳嗽和呼吸困难，也可出现厌食，恶心和呕吐。肺部听诊有细中吸气相湿性啰音，哮鸣音不常见。脱离抗原之后，症状一般在几小时内改善，但完全恢复需几周，反复发作可致肺纤维化。亚急性者可隐袭发病，咳嗽和呼吸困难持续数日至数周，病情不断发展者需要住院治疗。在慢性者，进行性活动后呼吸困难，咳嗽，乏力和体重下降可达数月至数年。疾病可发展为呼吸衰竭。3、尽管过去认为血清沉淀抗体阳性即可明确诊断，但血清抗体的存在既不敏感也不特异。诊断依据环境接触史，有关临床特点，胸部X线和肺功能测定及纤维支气管镜检查作出。接触病史可提供线索。接触致病抗原的病史并不易查出，尤其是空调肺。对疑难病例由专家进行的环境调查有助于诊断。对于难下结论或没有环境接触史的病人，可行肺活检。综上所述，小儿过敏性肺炎的症状有哪些症状，常见症状：气短、咳嗽、呼吸困难、头痛、乏力、发烧、冷汗、恶心、干咳、胸闷、发绀、食欲减退，早期诊断并避免接触抗原是治疗的关键所在，从患者的接触环境中除去致敏抗原对于治疗和预防都有关键作用。药物治疗仅对部分病例具有重要辅助作用。
|
André Brulé (26 September 1879 – 14 February 1953), was a French theatre and film actor. He created the character Arsène Lupin for the French stage in 1908.
He had a relationship with Ghislaine Dommanget, a French comedy actress, with whom he had a son. She later married Louis II, Prince of Monaco.
Filmography
Werther (1910): Werther
Le club des élégants (1912): John Veryle
Les frères corses The Corsican Brothers (1917)
People Who Travel a.k.a. Les gens du voyage (1938): Fernand
Vidocq (1938): Vidocq
L' étrange nuit de Noël (1939): Doctor Carter
Metropolitan (1939): Zoltini
Le château des quatre obèses (1939)
Retour de flamme (1943): Mr. De Nogrelles
External links
References
1879 births
1953 deaths
French male film actors
French male stage actors
Male actors from Bordeaux
20th-century French male actors
|
The Cheetah Girls is an American girl group formed in 2003, consisting of Raven-Symoné, Adrienne Bailon-Houghton, Kiely Williams and Sabrina Bryan.
The group was created by Disney, and was made famous by the eponymous Disney Channel original film and its sequels, The Cheetah Girls 2 and The Cheetah Girls: One World. The group has released three studio albums, Cheetah-licious Christmas, In Concert: The Party's Just Begun Tour, and TCG plus several RIAA certified platinum albums including The Cheetah Girls, The Cheetah Girls 2, and The Cheetah Girls: One World. All of their albums and soundtracks reached the Billboard 200. The soundtrack to their first film sold over 2 million copies. The group has launched a clothing line, several perfume collections, doll lines, room decor, a book series and video games. The group has had three North American tours, Cheetah-licious Christmas Tour, The Party's Just Begun Tour and One World Tour. The Cheetah Girls grossed over US$43 million from their second tour. They have sold over 11 million records worldwide.
Career
2002–2005: First movie and Cheetah-licious Christmas
The Cheetah Girls had a television movie, based on a best-selling series of young adult books of the same name by Deborah Gregory, which was filmed in October and November 2002, and debuted on August 15, 2003. The movie's DVD sold over 800,000 copies and the film received over 84 million viewers worldwide. The film starred Raven-Symoné, Sabrina Byran, Adrienne Bailon and Kiely Williams. During casting auditions for the film, the singer Solange Knowles was originally cast, but pulled out of the film due to the promotion and release of her debut album Solo Star. The role was then given to Williams, who along with Bailon was originally in the girl group 3LW. Though there had been no contractual plans to record as an actual music group, producer Debra Martin Chase was able to convince Disney to create new contracts and release the film's music as a soundtrack. The CD was a surprise success despite not having been promoted. Soon after the first soundtrack, plans were underway to turn the Cheetah Girls into a real-life recording group. Symoné however, decided to focus on solo work, leaving the trio of just Bailon, Bryan and Williams.
The Cheetah Girls was also supposed to be adapted into a primetime TV series for ABC in their 2004–2005 season. According to an article on the MTV news site, ABC was set to put the show into production in early 2004, with discussions also being held to write a role for fellow 3LW member, Jessica Benson. A later article, published in February 2004, states that The Cheetah Girls sitcom was delayed due to the success of That's So Raven. The article stated that because of this success, Raven would not be able to do the sitcom. ABC did not pick up the series. A pilot for the show was rumored to have been filmed, but the long-standing rumors about the pilot being filmed were later debunked by Williams and Bryan.
In late 2004, the girls recorded for the first time as a trio and recording act for the Disneymania 3 album, remaking the song "I Won't Say (I'm in Love)" from the Hercules soundtrack. The girls released their first record in October 2005 under Walt Disney Records, Cheetah-licious Christmas. The holiday album included classic Christmas songs as well as several original songs, one of which was co-written by all three girls. The album peaked at number 74 on the Billboard 200 albums chart. Its lead single, "Cheetah-licious Christmas", was rotated on Radio Disney and a music video for the song was shown on Disney Channel. A second single from the album, "Five More Days 'Til Christmas" was released as a promo single exclusively on Radio Disney. The following month, the girls went on tour to support the album, along with Aly & AJ as the opening act for the Jonas Brothers as special guests.
2006–2007: Second movie, TCG and tour
The Cheetah Girls began work on their debut album in January 2006. "We'll be making a real album, not a soundtrack," Adrienne Bailon says. "Some of the music on there will be produced by will.i.am from The Black Eyed Peas," she says. "It's important for people to see us as a real musical group. We have all this great marketing around us, with the movies and other things. But we are a musical group." However, when filming and recording for The Cheetah Girls 2 came up, the album was put on hold. Raven-Symoné returned for the film, which was shot on location in Barcelona, Spain in the spring of 2006.
The Cheetah Girls 2 premiere received a total of over 8.1 million viewers, making it the highest-rated premiere for a Disney Channel Original Movie at the time. Following the film's premiere, the group embarked on The Party's Just Begun Tour from September 2006 to March 2007. They also performed at the Disney Channel Games on April 24, 2007.
In an interview with Billboard about the postponed album, Sabrina Bryan stated that the girls worked on writing for the album during their tour, and that they hoped to gather an audience of older fans while simultaneously staying true to their younger fan base. Bryan also stated that the girls would work with producers they had worked with in the past as well as exploring new producers, such as Timbaland. The album was originally titled Who We Are, and set to be released on June 19, 2007 but this was postponed to September 25, 2007, with a release name of TCG. The track "So Bring It On" was released as the album's first single. "Fuego" was released as the second single from the album.
2007–2008: Third movie and disbandment
The third Cheetah Girls film was announced for pre-production in early 2007, with Adrienne Bailon revealing in March 2007 that the film would be filming for a three-month period in India and that the film would have a storyline and theme centered around Bollywood. The entirety of the main cast members was invited to return, but Raven-Symoné confirmed in August 2007 that she would not appear in the third film.
Although "catfights" and "territorial issues" were initially stated to be the reason, Symoné revealed that she did not appear in the third film due to feeling "excluded" and "ostracized" on the set of the second film, likely due to the fact that the three other girls had spent so much time together after being put together in the real-life Cheetah Girls recording group. It was also revealed that Raven and Williams didn't get along because of jealousy of Raven's role on The Cosby Show and Raven revealed she would have gone to jail if it wasn't for Lynn Whitfield, who played her mom, keeping her tame during filming.
The group began filming their third and final Cheetah Girls movie, entitled The Cheetah Girls: One World, in January 2008. It premiered on August 22, 2008 with its soundtrack released on August 19. The movie debuted with 6.2 million viewers, the lowest-ever rated premiere for the series. In the fall of 2008, the group went on tour to support the One World movie and soundtrack, which would be their last tour together. In late December 2008, the group disbanded.
Legacy
The Cheetah Girls were the first multi-ethnic girl music group to come out of the Disney Channel. The group not only featured young women of various races, backgrounds, and sizes, but it also showcased music from various cultures around the world. When the second movie took the group to Spain, they released “Amigas Cheetahs” and “Fuego” that featured Spanish lyrics and utilized costumes that are typical of Spanish culture.
The group was largely popular at the same time as a more “grown-up” multi-ethnic girl group, The Pussycat Dolls. This parallel is visible in their names, in their upbeat dance tracks, and even in their choreography. The largest difference is in the PG nature of The Cheetah Girls, they keep their choreography rather clean and they are always in layers that are not very revealing. This all helped the group gain popularity with tweens and parents alike.
The message in The Cheetah Girls films is that stardom is attainable as long as you remember that your close personal relationships are more important. The group staying together was always the main goal of the series. This female support shown in the movies communicated an idea of feminism to young girls watching. The music of the group speaks about “friends for life” and “sisters, we stand together” which gave young girls a foundation in feminism and an appreciation for other ethnicities.
The Cheetah Girls have inspired many artists that came after them. Popular celebrities such as Fifth Harmony (mainly Camila Cabello and Ally Brooke), The McClain Sisters, Zendaya, Olivia Holt and Brittany O'Grady have mentioned The Cheetah Girls as idols or an inspiration. Kehlani and rapper Cardi B have also paid homage to The Cheetah Girls by singing their songs.
Filmography
Discography
Albums
Cheetah-licious Christmas (2005)
TCG (2007)
Soundtracks
The Cheetah Girls (2003)
The Cheetah Girls 2 (2006)
The Cheetah Girls: One World (2008)
Tours
Cheetah-licious Christmas Tour (2005)
The Party's Just Begun Tour (2006–2007)
The One World Tour (2008)
Merchandise
There are Cheetah Girls-based clothing lines, toys, and video games. The clothing line was made available in Sears stores, and its launch was the most successful in Sears history.
Videos games have been produced for GBA and Nintendo DS, as well as a dancemat game. Toy instruments have been produced for the children's market.
The Cheetah Girls also have a doll line, released in 2007, inspired by the Disney Channel Original Movies (DCOMs). There are several versions of the dolls and the three members. The dolls were sold at Sears stores nationwide and several other retailers.
Miscellaneous
Book series
The Cheetah Girls started as a book series that was written by Deborah Gregory. There are two versions of the Cheetah Girls book series. The original, which was the inspiration for the first movie, and the other by Disney authors released as movie tie-ins.
DVDs
The Disney Channel Original Movies, and the concert DVD, are released with The Cheetah Girls 2 Special Edition Soundtrack. A 20-minute highlights DVD of the Girls' The Party's Just Begun Tour was released on July 10, 2007, along with a live audio CD of the tour. The first DVD released has sold over 800,000 copies. The Cheetah Girls have also released a California Adventures DVD and two compilation DVDs, DisneyMania 3 in Concert and Radio Disney's Totally 15th Birthday.
Toothbrushes
In 2006, Tooth Tunes released a toothbrush featuring a picture of The Cheetah Girls and plays a clip of their single "Shake a Tail Feather". It was one of the most popular toothbrushes for all girls in 2006.
References
External links
The Cheetah Girls on MySpace
The Cheetah Girls
American dance music groups
American girl groups
American contemporary R&B musical groups
American pop girl groups
American pop music groups
Raven-Symoné
Hollywood Records artists
Musical groups established in 2003
Musical groups disestablished in 2008
American musical trios
Walt Disney Records artists
|
熬夜肝损伤的怎么治疗？肝损伤是指肝脏受到外力影响，造成肝实质损害。由于肝脏是肝动脉和门静脉双血供系统，因此肝损伤以后容易出现腹腔内大出血，短时间内造成失血性休克，危及生命，另外创面还可以出现胆汁外渗，引起胆汁性腹膜炎。因此临床上对于肝损伤应当给予高度重视，特别应当注意腹部闭合性损伤，以免遗漏和延误抢救时机，对于肝损伤的患者，需要及时给予救治，必要时还需要急诊手术。肝损伤通常发生于腹部受到间接暴力或者直接力量的作用。可以分为开放性损伤和闭合性损伤两大类。肝脏闭合性损伤的症状表现为腹痛，呈全腹疼痛，与右上腹为明显，伴有失血的症状，比如脉搏细速、冷汗、眼窝下陷、尿少，甚至休克。病程比较长的肝脏闭合性损伤，还可能继发感染出现畏冷、发热，肝功能损伤、黄疸等症状。开放性的肝损伤除了具备腹部闭合性肝损伤之外，还可以在腹部发现外伤伤口。肝损伤是临床上比较通俗的一种说法，目前来说肝损伤的原因是非常多的，包括病毒性肝炎导致肝损伤，包括药物性、一些自身免疫性疾病，包括一些甲状腺功能问题，都可以出现肝脏损伤。所以出现肝脏损伤的时候，不要太着急，及时到医院就医，然后相应做一些检查，明确肝损伤原因之后，采取相应的处理措施，包括普通对症处理，就是保肝降酶治疗，如果是感染乙肝或丙肝之后，可以给予相应的抗病毒治疗。对于一些药物性的肝损伤，首先要把可疑药物，或损伤肝脏的药物停用，如果查不出确切原因，在必要的情况下，还要进行肝穿刺以明确病因，进行针对性的处理。及时补充高蛋白、高纤维素饮食，特别应补充维生素B族、维生素A、维生素C、维生素K及叶酸等。调整饮食结构。提倡高蛋白质、高维生素、低糖、低脂肪饮食。不吃或少吃动物性脂肪、甜食多吃青菜、水果和富含纤维素的食物，以及高蛋白质的瘦肉、河鱼、豆制品等。不吃零食，睡前不加餐。
|
眼部肌无力可以治好吗？眼部肌无力指的是发生在眼部的一种疾病，这属于一些自身免疫性的疾病，患病后会对患者的身体健康和生活质量造成极大的影响。目前人们对于眼部肌无力这类疾病的认识并不全面，要想治疗眼部肌无力需要了解该疾病的病因和症状。那么眼部肌无力对症进行治疗重要因素有哪些。要想了解眼部肌无力需要从其患病原因和发病症状入手，医学上认为遗传是引发眼部肌无力出现的重要因素。另外环境的因素、过度的劳累、不正确的生活习惯、滥用药物、内分泌的异常、长期的吸烟饮酒等原因相互作用也都会引发疾病产生。眼部肌无力的患病过程是非常漫长的，同时还具有反复发作的特点，患有眼部肌无力的首发症状就是眼睑下垂，在晨起的时候较轻，傍晚的时候会加重。长时间患有眼部肌无力还会出现持续性注视疲劳、瞳孔运动障碍以及视力减退等情况产生，这对患者的健康影响是很大的。任何年龄的人都可能患有眼部肌无力，一般女性的发病率会高于男性，该疾病多伴有胸腺瘤的情况出现。眼部肌无力具有反复发作的特点，该疾病会在分娩、手术、情绪激动、月经来潮等时期加重。对于眼部肌无力这类疾病积极的进行治疗是非常重要的，大多数的眼部肌无力患者都需要采取药物治疗，用药的途径是静脉注射和口服。用药需要坚持全面、足量、规则和正确的原则，该疾病治疗过程比较漫长，需要患者保持耐心才会有好的治疗效果出现。温馨提示：为了降低眼部肌无力复发的频率要求患者在平时的生活中多加注意，要密切关注气温的变化，注意防寒与保暖。多学习医学方面的相关情况，定期到医院复查，多多休息，确保充足的睡眠时间，避免剧烈的运动。
|
巯甲丙脯酸肾损害的鉴别诊断？1.原发性膜性肾病 本病好发于40岁以上男性，以肾病综合征为多见。在用ACEI前必须排除有无潜在的膜性肾病，并根据停药后反应来鉴别。ACEI所致者，停药后可自行缓解。2.急进性肾炎 本病全身症状较重，以严重的少尿、无尿、迅速发展为尿毒症为突出表现。尿检可见大量红细胞或肉眼血尿，少量或中等量蛋白尿，尿比重一般不低。肾活检有50%以上的肾小球有新月体形成，可资鉴别。3.氨基糖苷类抗生素所致的肾损害 本病患者有应用氨基糖苷类药物的病史，在用药5～7天后出现蛋白尿、血尿、管型尿，肾功能损害。肾活检见肾小球上皮细胞变性、空泡形成及坏死，间质炎细胞浸润，肾小球基本正常。
|
Beindou is a town and sub-prefecture in the Kissidougou Prefecture in the Faranah Region of Guinea. As of 2014 it had a population of 14,679 people.
References
Sub-prefectures of the Faranah Region
|
Falkenstein is a municipality in the district of Cham in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Cham (district)
|
希腊圣母堂（）是一座位於意大利罗马的天主教次级圣殿。
歷史
希腊圣母堂建於公元六世紀，坐落在古罗马的一个神庙和一个食品配送中心的遗迹上。由于它毗邻许多拜占庭式建筑，在公元七世纪教堂被称为「Schola Graeca」，附近的街道則称为「希臘街」。782年左右，教宗亚德一世重建该堂，描绘了逃离偶像破坏者迫害的希腊修士，而重建後的教堂則擁有三個中殿及一條門廊。由於教堂優美的設計，它得到了一個形容詞「cosmedin」（希腊语kosmidion，意思為美麗的）。在九世纪，尼古拉一世下令增建了圣尼古拉小礼拜堂，还建造了教宗住所，但是在1085年被诺曼人军队拆除。
該教堂也是執事級樞機領銜教堂 ，曾有二位領該教堂銜的樞機成為教宗，為格拉修二世和塞莱斯廷三世。
此外，教堂的修復工作於1118年至1124年完成。在教堂由本篤會的修士管理及一段時間的腐朽後，教堂於1718年修建成巴羅克風格（由居塞佩·萨尔迪於1718年設計），但這巴羅克風格的外型於1894年至1899年間被移除。
結構
由於真理之口藏放在這座教堂的關係，所以吸引了许多游客前來。教堂门廊的排水口上有一個古老的雕塑，但实际上更值得一看的是保存完好的中世纪早期合唱文稿和哥斯马特式的大理石镶嵌图案路面。而教堂的钟楼則是全罗马最高的中世纪钟楼。
教堂在未重建之前擁有一個中殿及兩條走廊，它們由四條壁柱及十八條古老的圓柱劃分。此外，我們可在地下室內找到舊教堂殘留的其他的碎片。中殿的上部分及凱旋門保存著在八世紀至十二世紀間創作的畫。Schola cantorum是在十三世紀創作的，而教堂的紅花崗岩主祭壇則在1123年製成。此外，祭衣间也收藏著一塊來自聖伯多祿大殿的八世紀馬賽克殘片。
参考资料
"S. Maria in Cosmedin" , in Mariano Armellini, Le chiese di Roma dal secolo IV al XIX.
Federico Gizzi, Le chiese medievali di Roma, Newton Compton.
外部链接
Churches of Rome wiki
Roma Interactive
Thayer's Gazetteer of Rome
Photo Gallery of Santa Maria in Cosmedin from the collection of Stevan Kordic
羅馬領銜聖堂
罗马宗座圣殿
|
Coller Capital is one of the largest global investors in the private equity secondary market ("secondaries"). It was founded in 1990 by the UK-based investor and philanthropist Jeremy Coller.
History
Coller Capital completed its first notable deal in 1998, when it acquired a $265-m portfolio of limited partnership interests from Shell's US Pensions Trust. Secondaries Investor magazine observed that the deal was unusual for its size, being at that point the single biggest secondary transaction on record, with Coller betting his entire $240-m eponymous fund.
The firm is now among the world’s biggest secondaries specialists. It has raised over $30-billion across nine funds. Some of its transactions are among the largest in the private equity secondary market, including deals of $1-billion without the need for syndication. It has also made single investments as small as $1-million.
Although Jeremy Coller did not create secondary investing, both he and his firm have come to be synonymous with the sector, with Private Equity News referring to Coller as "The Godfather of Secondaries".
Operations
The firm provides liquidity to private equity investors, acquiring interests in private equity funds, portfolios of private companies, and other private equity-related assets.
As a secondary investor, Coller Capital acquires original investors’ stakes in private equity funds, such as venture capital, buyout and mezzanine funds, together with portfolios of companies or stakes in companies, from financial institutions, corporates, government bodies, family offices or charitable foundations. It holds interests in over 850 private equity funds and around 8,000 companies on behalf of investors.
Coller Capital operates from offices in London, New York, Hong Kong and Korea. It reports 200+ employees and 29 partners. It has just completed raising capital for its eighth fund.
Funds
Publications
The firm publishes financial periodicals, white papers and surveys, including those by The Coller Institute of Venture at Tel Aviv University and the Coller Research Institute.
The Coller Capital Global Private Equity Barometer, a biannual survey of investors.
Private Equity Findings, debating academic research into private equity.
Private Equity Secondary Market, a white paper of the secondary market’s theoretical framework.
ESG Report, on the policies and practices of Coller Capital general partners.
Coller Venture Review, aimed at institutional investors and limited partners, venture capitalists, public policymakers, and scholars in related fields, issued by the Coller Institute of Venture at Tel Aviv University.
Awards
Financial News
European PE Secondaries Firm of the Year x 6
European Secondaries Deal of the Year
Real Deals
Secondaries House of the Year x 2
PE International
Secondaries Firm of the Year x 5
European Secondaries Firm of the Year x 2
European Secondaries Deal of the Year x 4
Global Secondaries Firm of the Year
Best Secondaries Firm
BVCA
Responsible Investment Award
Private Equity Wire
European Awards: Best Secondaries Manager
European Awards: Best Fundraising Firm (Secondaries)
IEMA
Sustainability Impact Awards: Sustainable Finance Award
References
External links
Coller Capital
Private equity firms of the United Kingdom
Financial services companies based in London
Private equity secondary market
|
做垫下巴手术一般需要多少钱？在临床上做垫下巴手术一般需要5千元-8千元，垫下巴也就是隆颏手术。玻尿酸做局部填充，或者局部放置假体，都可以达到隆颏的效果。下巴注射玻尿酸即可就可以达到比较好的效果，无青紫和肿胀期，而且外观自然，但效果不持久，只能维持3个月-6个月。下巴部位的假体有硅胶假体，假体多植入颏肌下方，术后存在1周-2周的肿胀期，而且后期存在假体移位或者外露的风险，但效果是永久性的。通常垫下巴的危害主要有：1、容易引发肌肉损伤，引发表情僵硬、局部皮肤凹陷等症状。2、可能会造成颏神经损伤，出现局部发麻、隐痛等症状。3、也有可能会引发栓塞，导致局部皮肤供血障碍问题。4、垫下巴就是将填充物放入下巴部位以此来达到改变下巴形态的作用。但是直接异物填充可能会出现明显的填充痕迹，影响垫下巴整形的效果。一般做垫下巴手术会很疼吗？通常因为涉及到手术的麻醉方式，多数情况之下，做下巴截骨的时候应该是做全麻手术，全麻手术患者是没有感觉的，醒了以后手术就结束了。术后是否会疼痛，多数患者的反应并没有像我们想象的，一天到晚老去打止疼针，并没有特别明显的反应。除了感觉下巴有点发麻、不适之外，并没有明显的疼痛感觉。颏部的隆颏，用硅胶去做手术，可以采取局麻的方式，可能患者在在打麻药的过程中和手术过程中会有一定的感觉，但是患者多数还是可以忍受的，并不是像想象的那么疼，术后基本上也不会疼得特别厉害。除非有一种情况，就是说术后这个区域出现血肿，一旦出现血肿之后，可能会有胀疼，这种情况发生率不高。有的时候比如患者做完手术以后突然来月经了，或者是有某种原因引起的血肿的发生。多数患者来说，血肿的发生率也不高，所以术后的疼痛并不明显。
|
《先进材料科学与技术》 （，通常简称为 STAM）是一部材料科学的国际开放获取期刊。2014年3月之后，STAM的文章以Creative Commons CC-BY许可证发布，而以前的内容受版权保护或在非商业CC-BY-NC-SA协议下发布。
参考文献
2000年建立的出版物
英语期刊
多学科科学期刊
材料学期刊
|
多伊爾維爾（）是位於美國科羅拉多州甘尼森縣的一個非建制地區。該地的面積和人口皆未知。
地理
多伊爾維爾的座標為，而該地的平均海拔高度為2455米（即8054英尺）。
參考文獻
Doyleville
Doyleville
|
Detroit City High School was a secondary school located in Detroit, Michigan, United States. It was one of the many public high schools in the Detroit Public School District. It closed in 2012 and demolished in 2016.
Sources
Trulia info
USNews and World Report
High schools in Detroit
2012 disestablishments in Michigan
Former high schools in Michigan
Detroit Public Schools Community District
Educational institutions disestablished in 2012
|
Meridian is a 1976 novel by Alice Walker. It has been described as Walker's "meditation on the modern civil rights movement." Meridian is about Meridian Hill, a young black woman in the late 1960s who is attending college as she embraces the civil rights movement at a time when the movement becomes violent. The story follows her life into the 1970s through a relationship that ultimately fails, and her continued efforts to support the movement.
Plot summary
Set in the 1960s and 1970s, Meridian centers on Meridian Hill, a student at the fictitious Saxon College, who becomes active in the Civil Rights Movement. She becomes romantically involved with another activist, Truman Held. They have a turbulent on-and-off relationship, during which she becomes pregnant by him.
After Meridian has an abortion, Truman becomes far more attached to her and longs for them to start a life together. Later, Truman becomes involved with a white woman, Lynne Rabinowitz, who is also active in the Civil Rights struggle, though perhaps for the wrong reasons.
As time passes, Truman attempts unsuccessfully, to achieve personal and financial success while Meridian continues to stay involved in the movement and fight for issues she deeply believes in.
Themes and critiques
Walker wrote the novel at a time when many young black people were shifting away from supporting the practice of nonviolence and civil disobedience that had characterized the early years of the movement and had begun to take on more militant and extreme positions thereby alienating some supporters. Several literary critics believe that the novel is a critique of the Civil Rights Movement from that period. They interpreted Walker's work as suggesting that the revolution never addressed the suffering of women. Rather it perpetuated destructive and often chauvinistic values.
Some critics thought that Walker used Meridian to showcase her womanist, as opposed to feminist attitudes. A strong believer in the inherent power of the woman, Walker depicts her title character as an innately tough and resolute person, though not one without problems. Walker argues that personal struggles are an unavoidable part of life. She believes this is how individuals overcome obstacles and ultimately define their characters. Meridian features earlier examples of strong female role models.
Disagreements in the civil rights movement
Throughout Meridian, Walker examines how Meridian, Anne-Marion, and other characters in the Civil Rights Movement have differing ideas of how to proceed for racial justice. Unlike her friend Anne-Marion, Meridian is not ready to become fully radicalized. Throughout the book Meridian risked her life to affirm the principle of integration, for it had already been established as law, rather than give up the practice of non violence. Toward the end of the novel, Meridian continues to risk her health and her own happiness to continue working in grassroots activism, long after the Civil Rights Movement, torn apart by differing ideas within the movement regarding the practice of non-violence, is declared over.
Motherhood
In Alice Walker's "Meridian", the theme of motherhood is very prevalent but is not highlighted in the traditional way. Meridian who becomes a mother really young has an experience with motherhood most would frown upon. In most cases mothers decide to stick with the child they birthed because that is what most people do but Meridian chose the opposite. Meridian does not take the traditional route of motherhood but instead she defies society rules and creates a life suitable for herself. She decides to give up her son to follow her desires of going to college and being a writer. In the book, the examples of motherhood around Meridian were very "heroic." However, this "heroism" was not out of strength it was out of necessity and Meridian sought to change that, with the action of giving up her child to pursue her dreams.
Upon getting pregnant out of wedlock in Meridian's teenage years she is expelled from school and forced to give up her education. Meridian after a few years decides to give up her son Eddie Jr because she realizes that her son had prevented her from achieving her dreams and ambitions. Meridian chose to give up her son because she did not want to repeat what her mother had done; her mother too had given up her teaching career upon having children. There are multiple other examples of the difficulties of motherhood in the book. Meridian's friend Nelda is also forced to give up her education upon getting pregnant. Another example was a thirteen-year-old girl who killed her child and was in prison for that crime. While visiting the girl Meridian's sympathies are not with the girl's murdered child but rather her sympathies are with the young mother who killed her child. These girls had dreams which became paralyzed by their teenage pregnancies.
Walker suggests in the novel that motherhood is not for all women despite society's expectations. The main character Meridian goes against the norms of society; she gives up her son Eddie Jr for adoption to pursue her education and becomes an activist in the civil rights movement.
Freedom Summer
After the monumental efforts of many to achieve the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Civil Rights Movement continued through the 60s and 70s through the organization of a new generation of young activists. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) organized student sit-ins at segregated lunch counters and what became known as Freedom Summer—an effort to register black voters in Mississippi. Over a thousand volunteers, mostly white college students from northern cities, joined with Mississippians to go door to door. In addition, the SNCC also set up "Freedom Schools," aimed at educating black children. Volunteers were met with resistance and violence, most notably the fates of three men: two white volunteers from NY, Michael Schwerner and Andrew Goodman and a local black man, James Chaney. Chaney, Schwerner, and Goodman were missing for over a month until their bodies were found murdered and buried in early August 1964. Walker sets the novel during this time with her three main characters, Meridian, Truman, and Lynne, getting involved in this movement and meeting each other through it.
References
1976 American novels
Novels by Alice Walker
Womanist novels
African-American novels
|
柳树河，位于中华人民共和国黑龙江省桦南县北部的一条河流，是小八虎力河左岸支流。有南、北两源，主源南柳树河发源于桦南县北部七峰林场以北完达山余脉七星砬子西南麓，蜿蜒向西南流经七峰林场、五七林场等地，于孟家岗镇长安村长发屯南转西流，在孟家岗镇西南右纳北柳树河后转南流，于中心村以西流流入向阳山水库。河流全长36千米，流域面积360平方千米，年均径流量0.63亿立方米。
参考资料
L
L
L
L
|
Serhiy Turyanskyi (; born 25 May 1962 in Kolomyia Raion, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast) is the Soviet and Ukrainian professional footballer, later the Ukrainian coach. He also played in the neighboring countries of Poland and Hungary.
Playing career
His primary football development obtained in the Kolomyia sport school. He made his professional debut in the Soviet Second League B in the beginning of the 1980s for couple of Moldavian clubs. Around mid-80s he played for the Lviv army-men, subsequently transferring to the fourth-runner of the Ivano-Frankivsk football, Prykarpattia. In 1988 Turyanskyi managed to play for Tavria as well as the amateur club from Nadvirna (Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast), eventually ending up back at Prykarpattia. Before playing abroad he also played in Vinnytsia. In 1993 Turyanskyi returned to native Prykarpattia for which played 70+ games and earning the honors of the Ukrainian First League. For short time he played in Tysmenytsia, a city next to Ivano-Frankivsk and later for Nyva Ternopil where he finished his career.
Honours
Ukrainian First League champion.
National team
Turyanskyi played only a single game for the national team on 15 March 1994. In the game against Israel he substituted Serhiy Konovalov on the 68th minute and later received a yellow card. Ukraine has lost the game at home 0:1.
References
External links
List of the official matches at FFU website
Statistics of the player at KLISF
National team participation
1962 births
Living people
Soviet men's footballers
Ukrainian men's footballers
Ukraine men's international footballers
Ukrainian expatriate men's footballers
Ukrainian Premier League players
FC Spartak Ivano-Frankivsk players
SC Tavriya Simferopol players
FC Nyva Ternopil players
FC Zimbru Chișinău players
Nyíregyháza Spartacus FC players
Expatriate men's footballers in Hungary
Ukrainian football managers
FC Nyva Vinnytsia players
FC SKA-Karpaty Lviv players
FC Beskyd Nadvirna players
FC Khutrovyk Tysmenytsia players
Men's association football forwards
FC Spartak Ivano-Frankivsk managers
FC Prykarpattia Ivano-Frankivsk (1998) managers
FC Karpaty Yaremche managers
Footballers from Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
|
Talwrn is a small village between the county town of Llangefni and Pentraeth on the Isle of Anglesey, north Wales. Talwrn is most notable for the Grade II-listed 16th-century manor house of Plas Llanddyfnan, which lies just to the north of the hamlet. Plas Llanddyfnan is a Queen Anne manor house from the early 18th century. Plas Llanddyfnan was owned by seven generations of the Griffiths family.
To the west and south of Talwrn are a number of unimproved fields which have been designated as a site of special scientific interest because of the botanical assemblage supported on the neutral grassland and mire.
References
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in West Gwynedd
Llanddyfnan
|
"A Drug Against War" is a song by industrial rock band KMFDM, taken from their 1993 album Angst. It was released as a single prior to the album. A music video, featuring animated depictions of the band's previous album covers and singles, was made for the single, and was subsequently shown on the MTV cartoon Beavis and Butt-head on 11 July 1994. It was re-released as a 7" in 2009. On 16 December 2010 it was made available as a downloadable song for the game Rock Band. In late 2011, the band released a new version of the song called "A Drug Against Wall Street", with lyrics in support of the Occupy Wall Street movement, and made it available for free download from their site.
Song
The song includes several militaristic samples. The primary one, in which someone calls for the bombing of enemy troops, comes from a live news broadcast about the Gulf War that Konietzko taped. The lyrics mix social criticism with regular reference to war, and the instruments simulate the sounds of missiles and gunfire. Eventually, the martial symbolism becomes so overt and over-the-top that academic S. Alexander Reed identifies this as a sign that it is meant satirically. Reed compares these militaristic themes to the "war on drugs", which is ironically referenced in the song's title and turned into an anti-war motto. According to Reed, the song's ironic use of militarism marks it as yet another social ill to be criticized.
Critical reception
Andy Hinds, in the 2002 book All Music Guide to Rock, called the song KMFDM's most over the top moment to date. Ten years after its release, Brad Filicky of CMJ New Music Report said "A Drug Against War" was one of the most potent speed metal songs ever. Joshua Landau of Allmusic said that while the song was "one of the best introductions to KMFDM's antagonistic guitars and viewpoints", the four track single was "only of interest to serious fans".
"A Drug Against War" was ranked No. 47 on COMA Music Magazine's 101 Greatest Industrial Songs of All Time.
Track listing
1993 release
2009 7" reissue
Personnel
Sascha Konietzko – vocals (1-4), programming (1-4), drum sequences and arrangement (3, 4), production
En Esch – drum sequences and arrangement (1, 2)
Mark Durante – guitars (1-3)
Svet Am – guitars (1-4)
Christine Siewert – backing vocals (4)
References
1993 singles
KMFDM songs
TVT Records singles
1993 songs
Speed metal songs
Wax Trax! Records singles
Songs written by Sascha Konietzko
Songs written by Günter Schulz
Songs written by En Esch
Songs written by Chris Shepard
|
Susan Hanley Duncan is an American academic administrator and lawyer serving as dean of the University of Mississippi School of Law since August 2017. She was the interim dean of the University of Louisville School of Law from 2012 to 2017.
Early life and education
Duncan is from Louisville, Kentucky. Her father John "Jack" Hanley was an attorney and her mother, Jean Kipp, was a teacher. Duncan graduated from the Sacred Heart Academy in 1984. She graduated cum laude from Miami University in 1987 with B.A. in speech communication and a minor in political science. She completed her spring 1986 semester in Luxembourg through the Miami University European Center. She earned a J.D. cum laude at the University of Louisville School of Law in 1991.
Career
Duncan worked as an associate from 1991 to 1992 at Boehl Stopher Graves & Deindoerfer in Louisville, Kentucky. From 1994 to 1996, she was an adjunct professor for legal methods at the Cecil C. Humphreys School of Law. She joined Brandeis School of Law in 1997 as an adjunct professor. She was an adjunct professor of legal studies at Spalding University in 1999. She returned to Brandeis in 1999 as a visiting professor where she was promoted to associate dean of academic affairs and faculty development in 2011 and full professor in 2012. She served as the interim dean from 2012 to 2017. Duncan was one of the top four candidates to become the Brandeis dean but the school eventually selected Colin Crawford. On August 1, 2017, joined the University of Mississippi School of Law as its dean, succeeding interim dean Debbie Bell. She is the first female dean to serve in a non interim capacity at the University of Mississippi School of Law on August 1, 2017. She became a fellow of the American Bar Foundation in 2020. In 2022, served as president of the Scribes legal society.
Personal life
Duncan is married has six daughters and one son.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Sacred Heart Academy (Louisville) alumni
Miami University alumni
University of Louisville School of Law alumni
University of Louisville faculty
University of Mississippi faculty
Lawyers from Louisville, Kentucky
American women legal scholars
American legal scholars
Deans of law schools in the United States
Women deans (academic)
21st-century American women lawyers
21st-century American lawyers
20th-century American women lawyers
20th-century American lawyers
21st-century American academics
|
凱塞爾旺縣（），是黎巴嫩的縣份，位於該國西部，由黎巴嫩山省負責管轄，首府設於朱尼耶，面積336平方公里，2008年人口123,600，人口密度每平方公里368人。
參考資料
https://elections.lebanese-forces.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/KESERWAN-JBEIL-1.pdf
黎巴嫩縣份
|
Shanghai South Railway Station () is an interchange station between Lines 1, 3 and 15 of the Shanghai Metro. It is the southern terminus of Line 3.
Both the metro station and the associated railway station were formerly named Xinlonghua () when Line 1 first opened on 28 May 1993. The interchange with Line 3 opened with the opening of that line on 26 December 2000. The interchange with line 15 opened on 23 January 2021.
Places nearby
Shanghai South railway station
Gallery
References
Shanghai Metro stations in Xuhui District
Line 1, Shanghai Metro
Line 3, Shanghai Metro
Line 15, Shanghai Metro
Railway stations in China opened in 1993
|
罗章（），中国人民解放军将领、中国人民解放军开国少将。
曾任中国人民解放军新疆军区军事法院院长。1955年，授予中国人民解放军少将。
参考
Z
中国人民解放军开国少将
|
，是一个已撤销的乡级行政区，2016年1月14日，贵州省人民政府批复同意册亨县部分乡镇行政区划调整，撤销，将其所辖行政区域划归双江镇。
参考资料
黔西南州已撤消的乡镇
|
利物浦女子足球會（）是一間附屬於利物浦足球俱乐部的女子足球會。於1989年成立時稱為「牛頓女子足球會」（Newton L.F.C.），兩年後更名為「諾斯利女子足球會」（Knowsley L.F.C.），是英格蘭女子足球超級聯賽的始創成員之一，自1994年開始獲利物浦足球俱乐部授權採用今名。
利物浦女子隊成為於2011年3月首次舉辦的英格蘭足球總會女子超級聯賽的8支始創成員之一。
榮譽
英格蘭足球總會女子北區組超級聯賽
冠軍（3）：2003/04年、2006/07年、2009/10年；
參考資料
外部連結
Liverpool LFC official site
Liverweb Ladies Archive
利物浦市足球俱樂部
英格蘭女子足球會
利物浦足球俱樂部
1989年建立的足球俱樂部
足總女子超級聯賽始創成員
|
还在哺乳期能烫发染发吗？哺乳期是指产后产妇用自己的乳汁哺育婴儿的时期，从开始哺乳到停止哺乳的期间，一般需要10个月到1年左右。《女性员工劳动保护特别规定》第九条规定，对于不满1岁婴儿的女性员工，雇佣单位不得延长劳动时间，或安排夜班劳动。使用者必须在每天的工作时间内为哺乳期的女员工安排1小时的喂奶时间。女性工作人员生产多胎的情况下，1名喂奶的婴儿每天增加1小时的喂奶时间。长期以来，为了保护母婴健康，降低婴幼儿死亡率，国际上保护、促进和支持母婴育儿。哺乳期保健为指导母乳喂养和哺乳期卫生，包括影响母乳分泌、乳汁分泌的因素，包括哺乳方法和乳房护理、母乳喂养、休息、睡眠、断奶等。哺乳期是哺乳动物生长发育的重要阶段。比如，狮子的喂奶时间是三个月。狗的哺乳期是30~45天。雌性兔子的哺乳期间一般是30~40天。哺乳动物的乳成分很复杂。种子、食物、季节、年龄、胎次、哺乳期及个人特性等会影响乳汁的成分。各种哺乳动物的乳汁都含有水、蛋白质、脂肪、糖、无机盐和维生素。乳中的蛋白质主要是酪氨酸，其次是乳清蛋白和乳球蛋白。乳液是乳液中麦芽抑制乳汁分泌，乳汁减少，对宝宝健康不利。辛辣、刺激的食物是韭菜、大蒜、辣椒、胡椒、茴香、酒等食品的哺乳期妈妈尽量不吃刺激的食物。刺激性的食物不仅容易伤害唾液，容易损害血液，而且会增强血气而减弱。油炸食品，高脂肪的食物消化不好。喂奶时母亲的消化能力很弱。油炸食品的营养在油炸食品中损失很多。在哺乳中吃的话对产后的健康不好。韭菜、麦芽水、人参等食物能抑制乳汁分泌，母乳供给不足。在喂奶期间，烟草、酒和咖啡应尽可能远离。香烟的危害对宝宝有多大影响？大家都知道这个。少量的酒可以促进乳汁分泌，但过量会抑制乳汁分泌。咖啡里含有咖啡因。的成分。在喂奶的时候妈妈还是不要喝为好。
|
标准桃金娘油肠溶胶囊(成人装)的副作用（不良反应）？该品即使在使用大剂量时亦极少发生不良反应.极个别有胃肠不适及原有的肾结石和胆结石的移动.偶有过敏反应，如：皮疹、面部浮肿、呼吸困难和循环障碍。
|
Melvin Mercedes (born November 2, 1990) is a Dominican former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) in one game for the Detroit Tigers on August 15, 2014.
Professional career
Detroit Tigers
The Detroit Tigers purchased Mercedes' contract after the 2012 season, adding him to their 40-man roster.
The Tigers promoted Mercedes to the major leagues on August 14, 2014. Before being called up, Mercedes had a 4.33 ERA and a 1.33 WHIP in 41 appearances for the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens. Mercedes made his major league debut on August 15, when he pitched two scoreless innings, allowing no hits or walks, and recording two strikeouts. On August 17, Mercedes was optioned back to the Toledo Mud Hens. On December 11, 2014, Mercedes was designated for assignment by the Tigers. On December 19, 2014, Mercedes was outrighted to Triple-A Toledo.
During the 2015 season, he split time between the Double-A Erie SeaWolves and Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens. On December 23, 2015, the Tigers re-signed Mercedes to a minor league contract. On March 23, 2016, Mercedes was released by the Tigers.
Guerreros de Oaxaca
On May 6, 2016, Mercedes signed with the Guerreros de Oaxaca of the Mexican Baseball League. He was released on July 7, 2016.
York Revolution
On April 5, 2017, Mercedes signed with the York Revolution of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. He was released on May 14, 2017.
References
External links
1990 births
Cardenales de Lara players
Connecticut Tigers players
Detroit Tigers players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Dominican Summer League Tigers players
Guerreros de Oaxaca players
Erie SeaWolves players
Gulf Coast Tigers players
Lakeland Flying Tigers players
Living people
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Mexican League baseball pitchers
People from El Seibo Province
Toledo Mud Hens players
Toros del Este players
West Michigan Whitecaps players
York Revolution players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
|
侏獴（学名：），是非洲的一种小型食肉动物，属于獴科。
特征
侏獴是一种典型的獴，尖头，小耳，长尾，肢短，爪长，比一般的獴要小许多，一般体长18-28厘米，体重210-350克。体毛柔软，一般为红棕或深褐色，四肢和腹部颜色较浅。背部有斑点。
分布与栖息地
侏獴是一种温顺的动物，主要生活在干燥的草地、开阔的森林或灌木地区，有时也靠近建筑物，它们最高可住在海拔2000米的地方。
侏獴分布在东非到中南非洲的广大的地区。
行为
侏獴一般在夜间活动，是群居动物。种群的数量从2到20头不等，雌獴的数量要比雄獴多，有严格的等级，有一对领头獴。领头的雌獴是整个种群的领导，雄獴则主要负责勘探附近的情况。
只有领头的雌獴有权力生养幼獴。侏獴的妊娠期为53天，一胎产6仔。
食物
侏獴以昆虫（主要是白蚁、草蜢以及蟋蟀）、蜘蛛、蝎子、小蜥蜴、小鸟和小鼠，蛇肉 蛇蛋有时也吃水果
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
|
Dylan Ouédraogo (born 22 July 1998) is a professional footballer who plays as a centre back or a left back for Stade Lausanne Ouchy. Born in France, he plays for the Burkina Faso national team.
Club career
A youth product of Monaco, Ouédraogo signed with the Cypriot club Apollon Limassol on 4 August 2018.
International career
Ouédraogo was born in France and is Burkinabé by descent. He debuted for the Burkina Faso national team in a 2–0 friendly loss to Morocco on 24 March 2017.
References
External links
Ouedraogo Monaco Profile
1998 births
Living people
Footballers from Marseille
Citizens of Burkina Faso through descent
Burkinabé men's footballers
Burkina Faso men's international footballers
French men's footballers
French sportspeople of Burkinabé descent
Sportspeople of Burkinabé descent
Men's association football defenders
Apollon Limassol FC players
AS Monaco FC players
Oud-Heverlee Leuven players
FC Stade Lausanne Ouchy players
Cypriot First Division players
Ligue 1 players
Belgian Pro League players
Challenger Pro League players
Swiss Super League players
French expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
French expatriate sportspeople in Monaco
French expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
Burkinabé expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Burkinabé expatriate sportspeople in Monaco
Burkinabé expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in Monaco
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
21st-century Burkinabé people
|
淡墨櫻，一顆古老的櫻花，樹齡估計約為1500年，品種為江戶彼岸櫻。位於日本岐阜縣本巢市淡墨公園中，相傳由繼體天皇手植，被認為是日本三大櫻之一，由日本政府指定為天然紀念物。本巢市指定此樹為市花。
盛開時為白色，帶著淡淡的墨色，因此得名。樹高16.3公尺。
歷史
1922年（大正11年）10月12日，被日本政府指定為國家級天然記念物。
外部链接
根尾谷淡墨ザクラ - 本巣市
植物天然紀念物
岐阜縣旅遊景點
本巢市
|
The 1998 Winter Olympics, officially known as the and commonly known as Nagano 1998 (), was a winter multi-sport event held from 7 to 22 February 1998, mainly in Nagano, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, with some events taking place in the nearby mountain communities of Hakuba, Karuizawa, Nozawa Onsen, and Yamanouchi. The city of Nagano had previously been a candidate to host the 1940 Winter Olympics (which were later cancelled), as well as the 1972 Winter Olympics, but had been eliminated at the national level by Sapporo on both occasions.
The games hosted 2,176 athletes from 72 nations competing in 7 sports and 68 events. The number of athletes and participating nations were a record at the time. The Games saw the introduction of women's ice hockey, curling and snowboarding. National Hockey League players were allowed to participate in the men's ice hockey for the first time. Azerbaijan, Kenya, Macedonia, Uruguay, and Venezuela made their debut at the Winter Olympics.
The athlete who won the most medals at these games was the Russian cross-country skier Larisa Lazutina who won five medals, including three gold. The Norwegian cross-country skier Bjørn Dæhlie won four medals, including three gold, which took his total Olympic medal total to 12, including eight gold, which is a record for Winter Olympics. Czech men's ice hockey team won the gold medal. In Ski Jumping, Kazuyoshi Funaki won two gold medals and one silver for host Japan. The American Figure skater Tara Lipinski became the youngest champion in Olympic history at the age of 15 years and 255 days. Germany dominated the medal table with 29 medals, including 12 gold. Germany was followed by Norway and Russia, who won 25 and 18 medals respectively. Canada, which finished fourth in the medal table with 15 medals, including six gold, had its most successful Winter Olympics up until that point.
The host was selected on 15 June 1991, over Salt Lake City, Östersund, Jaca and Aosta. They were the third Olympic Games and second Winter Olympics to be held in Japan, after the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo. The games were succeeded by the 1998 Winter Paralympics from 5 to 14 March. These were the final Winter Olympic Games under the IOC Presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch.
The hosting of the games improved transportation networks with the construction of the high-speed Shinkansen, the Nagano Shinkansen, now the Hokuriku Shinkansen, between Tokyo and Nagano Station, via Ōmiya and Takasaki. In addition, new highways were built, including the Nagano Expressway and the Jōshin-etsu Expressway and upgrades were made to existing roads.
Host city selection
In 1932, Japan won the rights to host the 1940 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. At that time, organizers of the Summer Olympics had priority in choosing the venue for the Winter Olympics the same year. Several Japanese cities, including Nagano, prepared a bid. Sapporo was chosen; however, the games never took place because of World War II. In 1961, Nagano declared its intention to host the 1968 Winter Olympics but lost to Sapporo, the winning Japanese bid, who lost to Grenoble, France, and Sapporo eventually won the right to host the 1972 Winter Olympics.
Japanese private sector organizations, in 1983, began publicly discussing a possible bid. Two years later, in 1985, the Nagano Prefectural Assembly, decided to begin the process to bid, for its third time, for a Winter Olympics. The bid committee was established in July 1986, they submitted their bid to the Japanese Olympic Committee (JOC) in November of the same year. Other Japanese cities that were bidding were Asahikawa, Yamagata, and Morioka. 1 June 1988, the JOC selected Nagano in the first round of national voting, receiving 34 of 45 votes. In 1989, the bid committee was reorganized, with the Japanese Prime Minister as head of the committee. The number of committee members was 511.
On 12 February 1990, the bid delegation presented its candidature at the International Olympic Committee in Lausanne before Juan Antonio Samaranch. Other candidate cities for the 1998 Olympics were Aosta, Italy; Jaca, Spain; Östersund, Sweden; Salt Lake City, United States, and Sochi, Soviet Union (now Russia). The host city selection was held in Birmingham, United Kingdom, on 15 June 1991, at the 97th IOC session. After the first round of voting, Nagano led, with Aosta and Salt Lake City tied for last. Aosta was eliminated in a run-off against Salt Lake City. After the second round of voting, Nagano led with Salt Lake City in second, and Jaca was eliminated. Following round 3, Nagano continued to lead, with Salt Lake City in second, and Östersund was eliminated. Finally, Nagano prevailed over Salt Lake City by just 4 votes in the fifth round of voting, becoming the third Japanese city to host the games after Tokyo in 1964 Summer Olympics and Sapporo in 1972. Nagano, at 36°N, is the southernmost city in the Northern hemisphere to host the Winter Olympics (1960 Winter Olympics host Squaw Valley, California is 39°N). In June 1995, Salt Lake was chosen as the host of the following 2002 Winter Olympics.
Following a 2002 Winter Olympic bid scandal that occurred in the summer of 2000, Atlanta, host of the 1996 Summer Olympics, Nagano, and Sydney, host of the 2000 Summer Olympics, were suspected of similar improprieties in bidding practices. Although nothing illegal was ever done, gifts to IOC members were considered morally dubious. The Nagano Olympic bid committee spent approximately $14 million to entertain the 62 International Olympic Committee members and many of their companions. The precise figures are unknown since Nagano, after the IOC asked that the entertainment expenditures not be made public, destroyed the financial records, according to bid member Junichi Yamaguchi.
Organization
Five months after the city was selected, the Nagano Olympic Organizing Committee (NAOC) was created. Eishiro Saito, Chairman of Japan Business Federation (Keidanren) was selected as president of the committee. There were four Vice Presidents: Goro Yoshimura, the Governor of Nagano Prefecture; Hironoshin Furuhashi, president of the Japanese Olympic Committee; Yoshiaki Tsutsumi, the president of the Ski Association of Japan; and Tasuku Tsukada, the Mayor of Nagano City. In addition, the Vice Minister of the Ministry of Home Affairs, Tadashi Tsuda, served as director-general. Tsuda was replaced by Makoto Kobayashi in 1993.
The organizing committee recognized three goals for the games, which they referred to as "Games from the Heart": promote youth participation, coexistence with nature, create a festival with peace and friendship at its centre. To realize the first goal, a camp bringing together 217 young people from 51 countries was created, along with the program of "One school, one country" in Nagano Prefecture. This program organized cultural exchanges with other countries. In addition, more than 100,000 tickets were reserved for children. For the second point, the organizers attempted to minimize the impact on their nature and the local ecosystem. Regarding the third point, an international truce organized by the United Nations in 1997 was adopted during the games.
In June 1998, four months after the Games, the NAOC presented a donation of US$1 million to the Olympic Museum in Lausanne. This value come of the revenue of tickets sales and another actions from the committee. In October of the same year, NAOC also donated the 3-D high vision theater and some structures that were used in Nagano Olympic Villages to the Olympic Museum.
In February 1999, one year after the Games, the IOC awarded the Nagano the Olympic Cup, and presented the city a replica of the sculpture of stylized athletes raising the Olympic Flag by the Swiss artist Nag Arnoldi.
Economic aspects
The costs of construction and of the land of the Olympic venues totaled ¥106.6 billion, approximately 914 million US dollars. Of this, the Japanese national government spent ¥51.1 billion, the Nagano prefectural government spent ¥29.6 billion, and the cities and towns of Nagano, ¥23.4 billion; Hakuba, ¥1 billion; and Nozawa Onsen, ¥1.1 billion; shared the remaining ¥25.5 billion. The most expensive venue was impressive M-Wave, the indoor rink which hosted the long-track speed skating events. It cost near ¥34.8 billion. The two ice hockey venues, Big Hat and Aqua Wing Arena cost ¥19.1 and ¥9.1 billion respectively. The White Ring (arena), which hosted figure skating and short-track speed skating cost ¥14.2 billion, the Spiral, which hosted bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton, cost ¥10.1 billion. Another ¥8.6 billion was spent on the Hakuba Ski Jumping Stadium, ¥7 billion for Snow Harp – the cross-country skiing venue, and ¥3 billion for the biathlon venue at Nozawa Onsen Snow Resort.
The organizing committee financed all costs, totaling ¥113.9 billion. It spent ¥99.4 billion for operational expenses, ¥21.6 billion for public relations, ¥20.7 billion for installations, ¥18.4 billion for telecommunications, ¥15.9 billion for running the competitions, and ¥14.4 billion for administration. Television rights were worth ¥35.4 billion, and marketing earned ¥31.3 billion. Ticket sales were worth ¥10.5 billion. The total cost of the Nagano Games is estimated to have been US$15.25 billion (in 2015), of which the largest factor in the cost of the games was the extension of the shinkansen to Nagano. This compares, for example, with US$2.5 billion for the 2002 Winter Olympics, US$4.35 billion for the 2006 Winter Olympics, US$7.56 billion for the 2010 Winter Olympics, and US$51 billion for the 2014 Winter Olympics
Transportation
Nagano is situated at the Japanese Alps area and receives large snowfalls every year. These combined to make transportation an important challenge for the organizing committee. In addition, the Olympic Village was a distance of 7 kilometers from the center of the city, and sporting events were spread over five surrounding cities. The complicating matters were that many of the venues had one single road in-out, which limited possibilities and led to traffic jams.
To improve access to Nagano, the government decided to link the prefecture with the high-speed shinkansen train network. Called Nagano Shinkansen (now the Hokuriku Shinkansen), it was inaugurated five months before the start of the Games. This reduced by half the travel time between Tokyo and Nagano, to 79 minutes for 221 kilometers. The length of the track between Takasaki Station and Nagano Station is 125.7 km, which includes 63.4 km of tunnels. The high speed train network carried 655,000 passengers during the Games.
Two highways, the Nagano Expressway and the Jōshin-etsu Expressway, were also built in the Nagano region. In May 1993, the 75.8-kilometer section of the Nagano Expressway was completed, and in October 1997, the 111.4 kilometer section of the Jōshin-etsu Expressway was completed. In addition, another 114.9 kilometers of roads within Nagano Prefecture were improved.
Transportation systems for the Games ran for 33 days, from the opening of the Athletes Village until 3 days after the Paralympics closing ceremony,when the Village was when the village was decommissioned from its functions. Approximately 64% of the athletes arrived between 1 and 6 February, and 74% left Nagano between 22 and 25 February. Logistical operations were directed from the operational centre situated at the Organizing Committee headquarters. Two regional logistical minor hubs were created in Hakuba and Yamanouchi, as well as a traffic center for buses and cars in Karuizawa. Originally it was expected that both athletes and media delegations would arrive entirely via Narita International Airport, which did not happen given the high demand for plane tickets. So some delegations had to arrive via Kansai International Airport and Chubu Centrair International Airport in Nagoya The members of the IOC and the delegations who arrived in Narita traveled to Nagano via Shinkansen.
To improve transportation for spectators, the number and hours of local trains were extended. During the heaviest traffic days, more cars and buses were put in service and up to 68 parking areas, for 8,000 vehicles were at available for various Olympic delegations, and another 17 parking areas for 23,000 cars for spectators. Approximately 1,200 vehicles had navigation systems which transmitted their locations in a GPS system.
As one of the principal aims of the Games was to respect nature, many vehicles were considered ecological or semi-ecological. In addition, there were more than 100 electric vehicles, hybrid mini-buses and other environmentally-friendly vehicles.
Marketing
The emblem of the 1998 Winter Olympics consisted of a stylized snow flower with each petal representing an athlete participating in a winter sport. The figure could also represent a snowflake, or a mountain flower, which refers to the importance of the natural environment to the city of Nagano. Similarly, Tokyo used cherry blossoms in its logo for its candidature for the 2020 Summer Olympics.
Landor Associates conceived the official mascots that were used by the communication team for the Games. They consisted of four owlets, Sukki, Nokki, Lekki and Tsukki, also called Snowlets. The names were chosen from more than 47,000 suggestions. Four represents the number of years between each Olympic Games, and also represent the four elements, fire, air, earth, and water.
The official poster for the Games was designed by the graphic designer Masuteru Aoba presented a thrush perched on ski poles with light in the background shining on snow-capped mountain peaks. Here, as with the emblem and the mascots, the importance of the natural environment in these Olympic Games and a desire to create harmony between athletes and the natural surroundings are shown. In addition to the official poster, a separate poster was created for the opening ceremony. Marketing for the games cost the organizing committee 5.9 billion yen.
These Olympic Games were sponsored by 11 worldwide partners, 8 gold partners, and 18 official supports and suppliers. Marketing revenues for sponsoring or for the rights to use the emblems and mascots of the Games totaled 31.3 billion yen.
Mascots
Sukki, Nokki, Lekki and Tsukki, also known as the Snowlets, are the 1998 Winter Olympic mascots and are four snowy owls. They represent respectively fire (Sukki), air (Nokki), earth (Lekki) and water (Tsukki) and together they represent the four major islands of Japan.
Sponsors of the 1998 Winter Olympics
The development of Rights Packages were based on International Olympic Committee policy of offering exclusive rights to a limited number of companies, with one company allowed to purchase the rights for any single product or service category, and these were based on previous Games, with adaptations for the local market. Sponsors were permitted to use the emblem and mascots as long as consent was obtained from the International Olympic Committee, Japanese Olympic Committee, and the NAOC. Hospitality packages for sponsors included priority for accommodations, tickets, and transportation services. The Sponsor Hospitality Village, next to the Nagano Olympic Stadium, welcomed 32,000 guests.
To promote awareness of the sponsors, advertising was done in various media from 1995, and on banners and buses immediately before the games. Dick Pound noted, during the Games, the excellence of the marketing program, citing the "perfect example of how the private and public sectors can work together".
The Games had 11 Worldwide Olympic Partners, eight Gold Sponsors and 18 Official Supporters and Suppliers.
Worldwide Olympic Partners:
The Coca-Cola Company
IBM
John Hancock Financial
Kodak
McDonald's
Panasonic
Samsung Electronics
Time Inc.
United Parcel Service
Visa Inc.
Xerox (Fuji Xerox)
Gold Sponsors:
Amway
Hachijuni Bank
KDDI
Kirin Company
Mizuno Corporation
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
Seiko
Toyota
Official Supporters and Suppliers:
Bridgestone
Brother Industries
Corona Corp.
Hanamaruki Foods
Hitachi Zosen Corporation
Idemitsu Kosan
Japan Agricultural Cooperatives
Japan Airlines
KOKUYO
MAYEKAWA
Marudai Foods
Oji Paper Company
Pia Corporation
Sankosya Corporation
Snow Brand Milk Products
Tokio Marine
Tokyo Gas
Yamazaki Baking
Ticket sales
From 7 February 1997, the organizing committee put up for sale 1,286,000 tickets for the various competitions and ceremonies. The number of tickets sold was 1,149,615, which represented 89.4% of available tickets. Including people connected to the Games, the total number of spectators was 1,275,529. This number was slightly higher than in 1994.This was a result of a bigger availability of tickets was also reflected in the total capacity of the arenas used, which were mostly larger than those used four years earlier.But slightly lower than the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary. Tickets sales were a success in the domestic market,as the japonese people finished the process of purchase with a reservation list of 6 million. For the most popular events, a lottery system was used. In total, ticket sales raised 10.5 billion yen for the organizing committee.
The ice hockey matches represented 295,802 tickets sold, 26% of the total. Tickets sold for alpine skiing totaled 166,092; for ski jumping, 96,000, and speed skating, 93,000. For multiple sports, ski jumping, Nordic combined, freestyle skiing, all three skating disciplines, bobsleigh, and curling, as well as the ceremonies, all tickets were sold. By contrast,due the local demands and low interest only 56.6% of the 146,000 available tickets for cross-country skiing were sold.
Cost and cost overrun
The Oxford Olympics Study established the outturn cost of the Nagano 1998 Winter Olympics at US$2.2 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 56% in real terms. This includes sports-related costs only, that is, (i) operational costs incurred by the organizing committee for the purpose of staging the Games, e.g., expenditures for technology, transportation, workforce, administration, security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services, and (ii) direct capital costs incurred by the host city and country or private investors to build, e.g., the competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. Indirect capital costs are not included, such as for road, rail, or airport infrastructure, or for hotel upgrades or other business investment incurred in preparation for the Games but not directly related to staging the Games. The cost and cost overrun for Nagano 1998 compares with costs of US$2.5 billion and a cost overrun of 13% for Vancouver 2010, and costs of US$51 billion and a cost overrun of 289% for Sochi 2014, the latter being the most costly Olympics to date. Average cost for Winter Games since 1960 is US$3.1 billion, average cost overrun is 142%.
Venues
Sport sites
For the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan, a total of fourteen sports venues, all within Nagano Prefecture, were used. Construction of these venues, and of the Olympic Stadium which hosted the ceremonies, began in 1990 and lasted until 1997, with construction and land costs totaling 106.6 billion yen. The most expensive venue constructed for the games was the multi-use arena who hosted the speed skating events M-Wave built 5 kilometers from Nagano Station. Between March 1996 and November 1997, these sites were tested with 16 different World Championship events, World Cups, and another international competitions to allow the organizers to prepare for the running of the Games.
Five new venues were used, localized all inside city of Nagano urban area. The project to build the Olympic Stadium and the 4 arenas already existed before the idea of the bid. However, these plans were accelerated soon after the submission of the proposal to the Japanese Olympic Committee, since Nagano did not have any infrastructure to host events such as concerts or international congresses. The Nagano Olympic Stadium is the main sporting venue of the south of city,is on nearby Shinonoi Station area, and approximately 9 kilometers from Nagano Station. Outside from their structure,the stadium, resembles a cherry blossom, a symbol of Japan . During the Games the structure could accommodate 50,000 people.But with 15,000 temporary stands added, but now with permanent structures can accommodates until 35,000 spectators. Big Hat Arena named for its shape, was the principal venue of ice hockey tournament. Big Hat, located approximately 2 kilometers from Nagano Station, had a capacity of 10,104 spectators. Aqua Wing Arena was the second ice hockey arena at the Games. Shaped like a wing, it had a capacity of 6000 during the Olympics. After the Games, it was modified into an indoor swimming 25m pool. Aqua Wing is approximately 5 kilometers from Nagano Station. Its closest stations are Kita-Nagano Station and Asahi Station. M-Wave, used for speed skating, is the first indoor, long-track speed skating venue in Japan. It was built to accommodate 10,000 spectators. The venue, which gets its name from its M-shape, representing the surrounding mountains and harmonize with the skyline, is approximately 5 kilometers from Nagano Station. Finally, White Ring, with a maximum capacity of 7,351 spectators, was built for figure skating and short track speed skating. White Ring, which is used as a public gymnasium, is approximately 6 kilometers from Nagano Station.
Hakuba village is situated 50 kilometers west of the city of Nagano. Hakuba hosted three Olympics sites. Alpine skiing's downhill, super-G and combined were situated at Happo'one Resort. Three courses between altitudes of 840 meters and 1,765 meters were used, one for the men's, women's and combined for both men's and women's. The site has a capacity of 20,000 spectators. Hakuba Ski Jumping Stadium was the first ski jump built in Japan with parallel 90 and 120 K-point hills. The ski jumping stadium can accommodate 45,000 spectators. Snow Harp Kamishiro was built for cross country skiing and Nordic combined. It includes three tracks of 4.8, 4.8, and 7.8 kilometers, 6 meters wide. The stadium is another 1.2 kilometers. In total, Snow Harp has 19 kilometers of tracks. Up to 20,000 spectators can be accommodated.
Nozawa Onsen Ski Resort, in the town of Nozawaonsen, was site of biathlon. Nozawa is approximately 50 kilometers north of Nagano. At Nozawa Onsen, the stadium was built around six existing tracks. Two tracks, of 4 kilometers and 7 kilometers, were used for the Games. The stadium can accommodate 20,000 spectators.
Two sites in the town of Yamanouchi, approximately 30 kilometers northeast of Nagano, were used. Giant slalom was held at Mount Yakebitai at Shiga Kogen Resort, at an altitude between 1,530 and 1,969 meters. The site can accommodate 20,000 spectators. Also in Shiga Kogen, at Mount Higashidate, giant slalom events in Alpine skiing and snowboarding were held. Kanbayashi Snowboard Park was the site of the half pipe events. The track is 120 meters long and 15 meters wide, with walls of 3.5 meters. 10,000 spectators can be accommodated at Kanbayashi.
The town of Iizuna, approximately 12 kilometers northwest of Nagano, was the site of freestyle skiing and bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton at Iizuna Kogen Ski Area. 8,000 spectators can watch the free style skiing on a course that 250 meters long and 12,000 can watch the jumps. The Spiral, which held the sledding events, was the first artificially refrigerated track in Asia. It is 1700 meters long, with a difference in height of 114 meters and 15 turns. At the Spiral, approximately 40,000 saplings, mainly beech and oak, were planted two per square meter, as part of the environmental stewardship committed during the Winter Games. The site can accommodate 10,000 spectators.
Finally, the town of Karuizawa, approximately 80 southwest of Nagano, hosted the curling events at Kazakoshi Park Arena. The venue was built as a multi-purpose venue. Its ice surface is 60 meters by 30. Its maximum capacity is 1,924 spectators. The town of Karuizawa also hosted the equestrian events at the 1964 Summer Olympics, thus becoming the first venue in the world to host both the Summer Olympics and Winter Olympics,as Beijing was the first city to host the two events.The chinese capital hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2022 Winter Olympics.
Accommodation
To accommodate the athletes and officials during the Games, the Olympic Village was constructed in Imai district, approximately 7 kilometers south of Nagano Station. Along with the construction of the village, Imai Station was opened in 1997. The village was constructed by the city of Nagano as public and low coast residential housing, and loaned to the organizing committee during the Games. The Village occupies an area that is 19 hectares, composed of 23 buildings with a total of 1,032 apartments. Temporary restaurants and shops were also available during the Games. The Village was open for the Olympics from 24 January to 25 February 1998 and 1 to 19 March for the Paralympics, and accommodated nearby 4,000 people. Several prominent people were recognized as faces of the Olympic Village, including the Honorary Mayor Yasuko Konoe, Mayor Shozo Sasahara, and Deputy Mayors Takanori Kono, Hiroko Chiba, and Shun'ichi Bobby Hirai.
Because the curling arena was in Karuizawa, 90 kilometers away, a satellite village was built in Karuizawa, 7 kilometers from the arena. It was open from 4 to 16 February 1998. In addition, a section of the Shiga Kogen Prince Hotel, 58 kilometers from the Olympic Village, was reserved for 180 snowboarders and officials.
In addition to athletes and officials, members of the Olympic and Paralympic family and other personnel were housed in 900 hotels and another structures in Nagano and surrounding regions, which represented 234,207 nights between 24 January to 25 February 1998. The members of the International Olympic Committee stayed in the Kokusai 21 Hotel in downtown Nagano. In total, the Olympic family included 18,350 people. Finally, two another media villages were built in the districts of Yanagimachi, near Nagano Station, and Asahi, across the street from the M-Wave.
The Games
The Olympic torch relay
The Olympic torch was lit by sunlight during a ceremony organized by the Temple of Hera at Olympia, Greece on 19 December 1997. A Greek alpine skier started the relay towards Athens where a ceremony was held at the Panathenaic Stadium. On 22 December, the flame was transported to Japan by airplane.After a leg held in Tokyo Metropolitan Region between 23 December to 3 January,the 1998 Winter Olympics torch relay flame was divided into three parts in order for it to pass through every Japanese prefecture by three distinct routes: the Sea of Japan Route, the Pacific Route, and the Eastern Route. The start, on 6 January, was from Okinawa, Kagoshima, and Sapporo.On 23 January,the three flames arrived on Nagano Prefecture and toured their 120 municipalities.Finally,they arrived in Nagano City on the night of 6 February. The following day, after traveling through each district of the city, the relays arrived on the same time at the central square where three former athletes passed the flames to three members of the organizing committee who lited a celebration cauldron gathering the flame into one. After that, the flame was used to light another torch held by then lit a cauldron who lited a torch held by Juan Antonio Samaranch. On the early hours of the 7 February morning, the final leg started and the flame travelled another 10 kilometers, and the figure skater Midori Ito lit the cauldron at Nagano Olympic Stadium during the opening ceremonies.
The Olympic Flame Relay in Japan was sponsored by Coca-Cola, lasted 33 days and travelled 1.162 kilometers. A group of 5.5 million people took part in relay activities. Over the distance of the relay, which was run or skied, the flame was always followed by a group of six people: the main runner who carried the flame, some who accompanied the carrier, and four people in supporting roles, for a total of 6,901 people. In addition, each relay was followed by two groups of 11 vehicles and more than 20 people.
The shape of the torch represented a traditional Japanese torch called taimatsu. It was built with aluminum, was 55 centimeters long, and weighed 1.3 kilograms. The exterior of the torch was painted silver, to represent winter. Runners were blue and white uniform mixing the main look of the games colour blue and the white as snow. The runners' uniforms included logos for the Nagano Olympics and the Olympic Games, a logo of the relay, and of Coca-Cola.
Participating National Olympic Committees
72 nations participated in the 1998 Winter Olympic Games for a total of 2,176 athletes, of which 787 were female and 1,389 were male. With the addition of five countries and another 439 athletes since the 1994 Winter Olympic Games at Lillehammer, Norway, these were the largest Winter Olympics ever at the time. The nations of Azerbaijan, Kenya, Macedonia, Uruguay, and Venezuela participated in their first Winter Olympic Games. Iran returned to the Winter games after a 22-year absence, and North Korea, India, Ireland, and Yugoslavia returned after 6 years. Five countries, Fiji, Mexico, San Marino, American Samoa, and Senegal, which were at the 1994 Games, did not participate in 1998.
The United States had the largest athlete delegation with 186, followed by host Japan with 156, Canada with 144, and Germany with 125. Despite the large number of participating delegations, 40 of the 72 delegations had less than 10 athletes, with 12 nations having one sole athlete. 15 nations had between 11 and 50 athletes, 11 nations had between 51 and 100 athletes, and six nations had more than 101 athletes. Nations that participated in the ice hockey tournaments generally had the largest athlete delegations. With the exception of Norway and Switzerland, all 12 national delegations with 60 or more athletes participated in either or both of the female or male ice hockey tournaments.
The number in parentheses represents the number of athletes participating in official events.
Calendar
The 1998 Winter Olympics were held from Saturday, 7 February to Sunday, 22 February. This was 16 days and included three weekends. The number of events increased from 61 at the 1994 Winter Olympics to 68 in 1998. Two sports, curling and snowboarding were added to the program, as was women's ice hockey. This increased the number of sports to seven, and the number of disciplines to 14. The sporting program started and ended with ice hockey. The first matches started at 4:00 pm on 7 February featuring Kazakhstan defeating Italy 5–3, and Slovakia tying Austria 2–2. The final match was played on Sunday 22 February from 1:45 pm, and the Czech Republic defeated Russia 1–0.
Due to adverse weather conditions, multiple events were delayed, including six alpine skiing races, snowboarding, and biathlon. Of these, the men's downhills was delayed five days.
All dates are in Japan Standard Time (UTC+9)
Ceremonies
Opening ceremony
The opening ceremony took place at Nagano Olympic Stadium, Nagano, Japan, on 7 February 1998. Japanese figure skater, Midori Ito, the first female skater to land seven triple jumps in a free skating competition and also the first asian world champion in 1989, and the silver medalist at the 1992 Winter Olympics, lit the cauldron during the ceremony.
Seiji Ozawa, a Japanese conductor, directed an orchestra from five continents (Beijing, Berlin, Cape Town, New York City, and Sydney - and the crowd in the Nagano Olympic Stadium), to perform the fourth movement of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 (Ode to Joy). This was the first time a simultaneous international audio-visual performance had been achieved and was also the last time that the Olympics Opening ceremonies were held on a morning timeslot in the host city.
In all, 2,302 athletes from 72 countries and regions participated in the Games, including 814 female athletes and 1488 male athletes. Both the number of participating delegations and the number of athletes participating in the competition were, at the time, the most ever hosted at the Winter Olympics.
Medal ceremonies
The Olympic Charter determines that the medal ceremonies for indoor events (skating, ice hockey, and curling) were had to be at the event venues immediately after the finals, with the exceptions of the bronze medal presentations for the ice hockey events and the men's 50 kilometre freestyle cross-country skiing , which took place directly after the events. The Olympic Charter also determines that snow and glide events (skiing, biathlon),the medal awards had to be held in two parts,the first was a simple ceremony in which bouquets of flowers or gifts were presented, and the second part of the medal ceremonies are held on the same night of competions at the Olympic Medals Plaza.In Nagano,this plaza was localizated at the Nagano City Central Square, approximately midway between the city's main train stations:Nagano Station and Zenkō-ji. During the night ceremonies,before the medals delivery,a short fanfare of music was played, the athletes has positioned, and the medals, in the order of gold, silver, and bronze, were awarded. Finally, the national flags of the athletes were raised, and the national anthem of the winning athlete(s) was played. In all, 167,200 tickets were sold for the 65 medal ceremonies, which were started at 7:00 p.m. each night. National and international artists presented every evening at the place before the medal presentations.
The gold, silver, and bronze medals each measured 80 mm in diameter and 9.7 mm in thickness. The gold medals weighed 256 g, the silver 250 g, and the bronze 230 g. The medals were made using a traditional Japanese lacquerware technique known as , in which a brass core is imprinted with the design by layering gold powder onto the wet lacquer using a method called maki-e. On the front of the medals are borders of olive leaves, and in the center, a maki-e morning sun rises over a cloisonné emblem of the Nagano Olympics. On the reverse side, the snowflower emblem of the Games sits above a maki-e image of the mountains surrounding Nagano glowing in the morning sunrise. The initial lacquering was handcrafted by artisans from the town Kiso, Nagano, and the metals components were added at the Mint Bureau of the Japanese Ministry of Finance.
In addition to the medals awarded to the athletes in each event, more than 19,000 commemorative medals were given to all athletes, officials, International Olympic Committee members, media personnel, volunteers and others. These medals, made by the Mint Bureau in cooperation with NAOC, were made from an alloy of 90% copper and 10% zinc. As the Olympic Charter also determines, diplomas, written in Japanese, French, and English, were given to the top eight finishers in each event, and every participant also received a commemorative diploma.
Closing ceremony
The closing ceremonies, like those of the opening, took place in the Nagano Olympic Stadium, with 60,000 spectators, including Akihito, the Emperor of Japan at the time, and his wife Empress Michiko. After the athletes entered, hundreds of drums were beat and a traditional hose and lion dance was presented. At the Antwerp Ceremony, Tasuku Tsukada, then mayor of Nagano presented the Olympic Flag to Deedee Corradini, then mayor of Salt Lake City, the host of the 2002 Winter Olympics, after this moment Juan Antonio Samaranch declared the games closed. This was followed by a performance from the Japanese singer Anri and the Olympic Cauldron was extinguished. The ceremony ended with the words "" ("Goodbye, Thank you") and a major fireworks performance accompanied by the song: "Ile Aiye" or "Let's Make a Circle and Dance" performed by Japanese pop group Agharta.
Medal table
In all, 24 of the 72 participating nations at these Games won at least one medal, as shown in the table below. A total of 15 countries won at least one gold medal and 18 nations won two or more medals. In total, 205 medals were distributed. Germany finished on top of the table with 29 medals, including 12 gold, nine silver, and eight bronze. Germany, which finished in third place in the medal standings at the 1994 Winter Olympics, won most of its medals in Alpine skiing, speed skating, and luge, in which it won all three gold medals. German female athletes won 22 of the country's 29 medals. Norway finished in second, as in 1994, with 25 medals, including nine won in cross-country skiing and five in biathlon. Russia, which finished atop the medals standing in 1994, finished in third in 1998, with 9 gold medals, including the five gold at the stake on the women's cross-country skiing. Canada moved from a discret seventh in 1994 to fourth in 1998 with 6 gold medals, and the United States remained in fifth place. Netherlands finished in 6th place, 12 places higher than in 1994 and their domination at the speed skating started with 5 gold medals. Host Japan beat its previous record of medals at a Winter Games, with 10 medals, including respectable 5 gold medals. Australia became the second country from the Southern Hemisphere to win a medal, a bronze in alpine skiing. Also, Denmark each won your first ever medal, the silver at women's curling. In addition, Bulgaria and the Czech Republic each won their first gold medals at a Winter Olympics in women's biathlon and men's ice hockey respectively. Finally, Kazakhstan won its first medal from a female athlete.
Podium sweeps
Sports
The 1998 Winter Olympics featured 68 medal events over 14 disciplines in seven sports. This was an increase from 61 events in 12 disciplines across six sports from the 1994 Winter Olympics. Curling was the additional sport, snowboarding was an additional discipling in skiing, and women's ice hockey was added to the ice hockey program.
Biathlon
The biathlon competitions took place at Nozawa Onsen Snow Resort, north of Nagano City. The six events were the sprint, individual, and relay, for both men and women. In all, 183 athletes took part, including 96 men and 87 women from 32 countries. Norway and Germany each won five medals, with Uschi Disl from the latter country winning one gold, one silver, and one bronze.
The first event was the women's 15 km individual race that took place in falling snow on 9 February. The surprise gold medalist was Ekaterina Dafovska from Bulgaria, who had been ranked 51st at the previous Biathlon World Cup. Her gold medal was the first-ever Bulgarian gold medal at a Winter Olympics. Her time was 54:52.0, with only one target missed. Olena Petrova from Ukraine won the silver, 17.8 seconds behind, and Uschi Disl won the bronze, 25.9 seconds behind Dafovska.
The first men's event, the 20 km individual race, took place on 11 February. The Norwegian Halvard Hanevold missed his second-last target, but finished first in a time of 56:16.4. The Italian Pieralberto Carrara, who missed no targets, target, won the silver, 5.05 seconds behind. The Belarusian Alexei Aidarov was 30.1 seconds behind the Norwegian, and won the bronze.
Bobsleigh
The bobsleigh competitions took place at the Spiral, in Iizuna, just north of Nagano City. The Spiral course measured 1700 m in length, with fifteen curves, descended 113 m from start to finish, and included two short uphill sections. The two events were the two-man and four-man, for men only. Female competitors would begin competing in the two woman events at the subsequent Winter Olympics, the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City.
In all, 156 athletes took part from 28 countries. The bobsleigh events resulted in two ties, for the two-man gold and for the four-man bronze. This was the first time in Olympic bobsleigh history that there were ties for the medal positions. Christoph Langen and Markus Zimmermann won bronze in the two-man competition and were part of the winning four-man team. In all, Germany win one gold and one bronze; Italy and Canada also won one gold each when the two-man team. Six team in all won medals. The first time since the 1968 Winter Olympics did more than four countries win bobsleigh medals. In addition, Germany and Switzerland were the only two countries to place two sleds in the top ten of either event.
The 1996 and 1997 Bobsleigh World Champions were teams from Germany and Italy respectively. However, Günther Huber and Antonio Tartaglia from Italy tied with the two-man team from Canada, Pierre Lueders: and Dave MacEachern for the gold medal, each with combined times of 3:37.24. No silver medal was awarded. The German team of Christoph Langen and Markus Zimmermann were 0.65 seconds behind, and were awarded the bronze.
In the four-man event, bad weather restricted the competition to three runs only. The German team of Christoph Langen, Markus Zimmermann, Marco Jakobs and Olaf Hampel completed the three runs in 2:39.41 for the gold medal. The Swiss team of Marcel Rohner, Markus Nüssli, Markus Wasser, and Beat Seitz finished second with a time of 2:40.01. Two teams, were awarded bronze medals after completing the three runs in 2:40.06. These were the team from Great Britain, made up of Sean Olsson, Dean Ward, Courtney Rumbolt, and Paul Attwood; and the team from France, composed of Bruno Mingeon, Emmanuel Hostache, Éric Le Chanony, and Max Robert.
Curling
Curling was included in the program for the Nagano Olympics in 1993 following discussions that had begun in 1992. At the time, it was considered that curling was making its official Olympic debut following its appearance as a demonstration sport at the 1932, 1988, and 1992. At the Games in Nagano, both the men's and the women's curling tournament took place at Kazakoshi Park Arena in Karuizawa, Nagano, 30 minutes by bullet train (shinkansen) south of Nagano City. Eight teams played a total of seven games in the round robin in both tournaments, with the four best teams going to the semifinals. Canada won gold in the women's competition and silver in the men's; Switzerland won the gold in the men's tournament.
In the men's tournament, the Mike Harris team from Canada easily completed the round-robin tournament winning six of its seven games, only losing to the Eigil Ramsfjell team from Norway. In the semi-finals, the Canadian team defeated Tim Somerville's team from the United States by a score of 7–1; and in the other semi-final, the team from Switzerland led by Patrick Hürlimann defeated Norway 8–7. In the gold medal game, Switzerland shocked Canada by winning 9–3. In the bronze medal game, Eigil Ramsfjell's team from Norway defeated Tim Somerville's USA team by a score of 9–4.
In the women's tournament, the Sandra Schmirler team from Canada and the Elisabet Gustafson team from Sweden easily completed the round-robin tournament, with both teams winning six of their seven games. Canada only lost to the Dordi Nordby team from Norway, and Sweden's only loss was to Canada. In the semi-finals, the Canadian team defeated the team led by Kirsty Hay representing team Great Britain by a score of 6–5; and in the other semi-final, the team from Denmark led by Helena Blach Lavrsen defeated Sweden 7–5. In the gold medal game, Canada defeated Denmark by a score of 7–5. In the bronze medal game, Elisabet Gustafso's team from Sweden defeated Kirsty Hay's GB team by a score of 10–6.
Ice hockey
The ice hockey matches took place at two purpose-built arenas in Nagano City, Big Hat and Aqua Wing Arena. The ice hockey events were significant for two reasons: the first Olympic ice hockey tournament for women and the participation of players from the NHL. The Czech Republic defeated Russia in the gold medal game for the men's final, and Americans defeated Canadians in the gold medal game for the women's final.
The men's competition began on 7 February with eight teams playing in two groups of four, Group A and B, with each team playing three games. The winners of these two groups, Kazakhstan and Belarus, advanced to join Groups C and D, composed of the six highest ranked men's national ice hockey teams in the world. Russia, Czech Republic, and Finland were joined by Kazakhstan in Group C; Canada, Sweden, and USA were joined by Belarus in Group D. On 22 February, with 10,010 spectators in attendance at Big Hat, the Czech Republic defeated Russia in the gold medal game for the men's final, 1–0, with the lone goal of the match scored with 12 minutes remaining. Finland defeated Canada for the bronze medal by a score of 3–2.
The first women's ice hockey world championship, a biennial tournament, took place in 1990. Discussions to include women's ice hockey at the 1998 games began in 1992, and it was decided to include them in the program in 1993. The tournament included six teams playing in a one-group round-robin tournament. The top two team advanced to the gold medal game, and the teams ranked third and fourth played in the bronze medal match. The favorites were the Canadians, who had won the three previous world championships, with the Americans finishing second each time. In the round-robin tournament, the Americans finished first, with the Canadians second. In the last round-robin game, the Americans handily defeated the Canadians, 7–4, with the two teams scoring nine goals in the third period. In the gold medal match, with 8,626 fans in attendance at Big Hat, the Americans defeated the Canadians 3–1. Team Finland defeated Team China 4–1 for the bronze medal.
Luge
The luge competitions took place in Iizuna, Nagano, at the Spiral (Nagano Bobsleigh-Luge Park), the first purpose-built permanent bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track in Asia. In all, 24 nations took part in the luge events, with four countries, India, South Korea, New Zealand, and Venezuela making their Olympic debut in luge events. There were three events, men's single, women's single, and doubles. Germany won all three gold medals, one silver, and one bronze. The United States won one silver and one bronze. Italy and Austria rounded out the medal table.
The first event with 24 lugers was the men's singles. Each athlete completed four runs over two days, 8 and 9 February. The German athlete, Georg Hackl, who had won gold at the 1992 Winter Olympics and 1994 Winter Olympics, had entered the competition winless in the 1997–1998 season. Hackl raced in a newly designed luge and aerodynamic shoes. Several team protested but these protests were rejected. Hackl dominated all four races, and finished with a time of 3:18.436, half a second ahead of the Italian Armin Zöggeler. Zöggeler finished .154 seconds ahead of Jens Müller of Germany, who had won gold at the 1988 Winter Olympics when he competed for East Germany.
On 10 and 11 February, the women's singles event took place, with each athlete completing four runs. In all, 29 athletes took part. The race for gold was very tight between two German athletes, Silke Kraushaar and Barbara Niedernhuber, with Kraushaar winning by .002 seconds, with a total time of 3:23.779 – the smallest margin of victory ever at the Olympics. Angelika Neuner of Austria won the bronze, 0.474 seconds behind the gold medalist.
The two-race doubles competition, which in theory were open to females, consisted of 17 male pairs. The event took place 13 February. The Germans Stefan Krauße and Jan Behrendt, who had competed together for 14 years, won the gold medal with a time of 1:41.105. Two American teams won silver and bronze, with Chris Thorpe and Gordy Sheer finishing .022 seconds behind the gold medalists and Brian Martin and Mark Grimmette a further .09 seconds behind. The win by Krauße and Behrendt was their
four medal at the Olympics since they won silver at the 1988 Winter Olympics when they competed for East Germany. This was the first time since the introduction of luge at the 1964 Winter Olympics that athletes other than those from Austria, Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union won medals.
Skating
Figure skating
The figure skating events took place at the White Ring (arena), an indoor arena built for the Games in Nagano City. Medals were awarded in four events: men's and women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance. The pairs event took place from 8–10 February, followed by the men's singles from 12 to 14 February, the ice dance from 13 to 16 February, and the women's singles from 18 to 20 February. The exhibition gala took place on 21 February. Russia won five medals, including three gold and two silver. The USA won one gold and one silver. France won two bronze medals. Canada won one silver, with China and Germany each winning one bronze. American figure skater Tara Lipinski became the youngest competitor in Winter Olympics history to earn a gold medal in an individual event.
Short track speed skating
Six short track speed skating events took place at the White Ring (arena) from 17 to 21 February. A total of 18 nations were representing among the skaters. Four countries won medals. South Korea won six medals, including three gold. Canada won four medals, including two gold. Host Japan won one gold and one silver; and China won five silver and one bronze medal.
The 14th ranked Japanese skater Takafumi Nishitani beat the Olympic record in the 500m semi-finals. In the final, he led from the start and won the gold medal with a time of 42.862 seconds. The Canadian Marc Gagnon, who was in second place, fell with two laps remaining. The Chinese skater An Yulong won the silver with a time of 43.022, 0.5 seconds of the Japanese skater Hitoshi Uematsu. In the 1000 meters, world record holder Marc Gagnon was disqualified for obstruction in the quarter-finals. The Chinese skater Li Jiajun, who led for most of the final, was passed by the South Korean skater, Kim Dong-sung, in the final corner. Kim won with a time of 1:32.375, 0.053 seconds ahead of the silver medalist. The Canadian Éric Bédard won the bronze, .223 seconds further behind. In the 5000m relays, world-title holders from Italy led at the beginning of the relay but were passed by the Canadians, and fell. With about one-quarter of the race left, a Chinese skater fell, bringing down with him a South Korean skater, allowing the Canadians to easily win the gold, with a time of 7:06.075. The South Koreans were .701 seconds behind, with the Chinese finishing with the bronze a further 4 seconds back. The Japanese team won the B-Final with a time that was five seconds faster than the gold medalists.
In the women's 500m final, the Canadian Isabelle Charest collided with the Chinese Wang Chunlu, and both fell. Charest was disqualified and Wang, angry, never finished the race. The Canadian Annie Perreault won the gold with a time of 46.568 seconds, 0.059 seconds ahead of Yang Yang (S) of China. Because these were the only two to finish the race, the bronze medal went to the winner of the B-Final, the South Korean Chun Lee-kyung. In the 1000m race, the Chinese skater Yang Yang (A) led the race but was passed by the 500m bronze medalist, Chun, in the last straight away to the finish line. Chun won the race with a time of 1:42.776 seconds. Yang Yang (A) was disqualified for using her elbow to try to block Chun. Yang Yang (S) won the silver, 0.567 seconds behind the gold medalist from South Korea. Won Hye-kyung, also of South Korea, won the bronze a further 0.18 seconds behind. In the 3000m relay, the Chinese team led for most of the race but the South Korean skater Kim Yun-mi passed Yang Yang (A) in the last changeover. Both teams beat the World Record, with the South Koreans finishing with a time of 4:16.260, and the Chinese were 0.123 seconds behind. The Canadian team won bronze with a time of 4:21.205.
Speed skating
From 8–20 February 171 athletes from 25 countries took part in the long-track speed skating events that were held in Nagano City at M-Wave, Japan's first indoor, long-track speed skating venue. In all, eight countries won medals. The Netherlands won 11 medals, including five gold and four silver. Canada, host Japan, and the USA also won multiple medals. Twelve Olympic records and five World records were established at the Games on the ice at M-Wave. Gianni Romme and Marianne Timmer, both of the Netherlands, each won two gold medals. The Nagano Olympics were the first where athletes wore clap skates.
On the men's side, the world record holder in the men's 500m was the Japanese skater Hiroyasu Shimizu. Shimizu was the smallest skater at the Games, 1.62m tall. The 500m was run over two races for the first time at these Games. Shimizu was fastest in both races becoming only the second ever Japanese to win a singles title at the Olympic Games. Finishing in second and third were the Canadian skaters, Jeremy Wotherspoon and Kevin Overland, who are 1.91m and 1.84 m tall, respectively. Shimizu's combined time was 1:11.35, 0.49 seconds ahead of Wotherspoon, and another 0.02 seconds ahead of Overland. The 1500m was won by Norwegian Ådne Søndrål with a world record time of 1:47.87. Søndrål was 0.26 and 0.65 seconds ahead of two Dutch skaters, Ids Postma, and Rintje Ritsma. In the 1000m, Postma won gold, with a time of 1:10.64, followed by another Dutch skater Jan Bos, who was 0.07 seconds behind, and Shimizu who won the bronze with a time of 1:11.00. In the 5000m, the Dutch skater Gianni Romme won gold, with a world record time of 6:22.20, followed by Ritsma, who was 6.04 seconds behind, and Bart Veldkamp, representing Belgium who won the bronze with a time of 6:28.31. Finally, in the 10,000m, three Dutch skaters won medals. Romme won gold with a world record time, 15 seconds ahead of the world record, of 13:15.33, Bob de Jong won silver, and Ritsma won bronze.
On the women's side, the 500 m title was won by the Canadian Catriona Le May Doan, the favorite, who beat or equalled the world record four times before the Games. Her teammate, Susan Auch, finished second. Both were coached by Susan's brother, Derrick Auch. Tomomi Okazaki, of host Japan, won the bronze medal. In the 1500m, Dutch skater Marianne Timmer won gold with a world record time of 1:57.58. The German skater Gunda Niemann was second, 1.08 seconds behind, and the American skater Chris Witty won bronze with a time of 1:58.97. In the 1000m, Timmer won gold again, with a time of 1:16.51. Witty won silver, 0.26 seconds behind, and Le May Doan won bronze with a time of 1:17.37. The German skater Franziska Schenk, one of the favorites, fell during the second lap. In the 3000m, German skaters won all three medals. Niemann won gold with a time of 4:07.29; Claudia Pechstein won silver, 1.18 seconds back; and Anni Friesinger won bronze with a time of 4:09.44. Finally, in the 5000m, Pechstein won gold with a world record time of 6:59.61; Niemann was 0.04 seconds back for silver, and the Kazakh skater Lyudmila Prokasheva won bronze, with a time of 7:11.14. Prokasheva's medal was the first medal by a female Kazakh athlete at any Winter Olympics.
Skiing
Alpine skiing
The Alpine skiing events took place at Hakuba Happoone Winter Resort in Hakuba village, 50 kilometers west of Nagano City, and at Mount Higashidate in the Shiga Highlands in Yamanouchi, Nagano, 30 kilometers northeast of Nagano City. In all, 249 athletes, 141 males and 108 females, from 49 countries, took part in the 10 Alpine skiing events, men's and women's downhill, super-G, giant slalom, slalom, and combined. Austria won 11 medals, including three gold. Germany also won three gold, and six medals in total. Seven other countries also won medals, including Australia, whose Zali Steggall won that countries first ever individual Winter Olympics medal. The most successful athletes at these Games were Katja Seizinger from Germany, who won two gold medals and one bronze; and Hermann Maier, from Austria, who won two gold medals.
Cross-country skiing
The cross-country skiing events took place at Nozawa Onsen Ski Resort, in the town of Nozawaonsen, approximately 50 kilometers north of Nagano. In all, 228 athletes, including 126 men and 102 women, from 37 countries took part. Russia won eight medals, including five gold medals, and Norway won nine medals, including four gold medals. Six other countries also won medals, including Finland with one gold and two bronze, and Italy with two silver and two bronze. Larisa Lazutina from Russia won five medals, including three gold; and Bjørn Dæhlie from Norway won four medals, including three gold.
Freestyle skiing
The freestyle skiing competition was held at the Iizuna Kogen Ski Area, 12 kilometers north of Nagano, from 8 to 18 February. It was the third consecutive Games that freestyle skiing events took place. The four events, men's and women's moguls and aerials, involved 110 athletes from 25 countries . The United States won three gold medals. Host Japan won one gold medal. Athletes from Finland won a silver and a bronze medal. Six other countries took home either one silver or one bronze medal.
In men's moguls, the American Jonny Moseley was first after the qualifications. Two cousins from Finland, Janne Lahtela and Sami Mustonen, who had never medalled at the FIS Freestyle Ski World Cup, were ranked second and third behind Moseley. Moseley easily won the final with a score of 26.93. Lahtela was .93 points behind, and Mustonen was another .24 points behind. The Canadian, Jean-Luc Brassard, gold medalist from the 1994 Winter Olympics, finished in fourth. In men's aerials, the American Eric Bergoust, who had fallen during training, overtook the other competitors with a score of 255.64 points. The Frenchmen, Sébastien Foucras, and the Belarusian, Dmitri Dashinski, were second and third. The Canadian, Nicolas Fontaine, world champion in 1997, only managed 10th place after falling on his second jump.
The Japanese moguls skier, Tae Satoya, 11th after qualifications, surprised everyone by winning the gold medal with a score of 25.06. She was the first female Japanese Olympic champion. The German, Tatjana Mittermayer scored 24.62 points and won the silver medal. The Norwegian, Kari Traa, won the bronze with a score of 24.09 points. In women's aerials, American Nikki Stone won the gold medal with a score of 193.00 points. The ex-gymnast, Xu Nannan from China won silver with a score of 186.97, and Colette Brand from Switzerland won bronze with a score of 171.83.
Nordic combined skiing
The Nordic combined events were held at the Hakuba Ski Jumping Stadium and the Snow Harp, both in Hakuba village, 50 kilometers west of Nagano City. In all, 53 athletes from 14 countries, took part in the two events, individual and team. Norway won both gold medals. Finland won both silver medals. France and Russia each won one of the bronze medals.
The first event was the individual competition that took place on 13 and 14 February. In all, there were 48 athletes. The silver medalist from the 1994 Winter Olympics, the Norwegian Bjarte Engen Vik, was the 1997–98 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup leader. At the Hakuba Ski Jumping Stadium, Vik led after the first two jumps. He was followed by the Russian Valeri Stoliarov. The following day, the skiers left, in order of the placement following the ski jump, along te 15 kilometer cross-country race at the Snow Harp. The race was skied in the rain. Vik led throughout and finished with a 27.5 second lead over second place. With three kilometers to the finish line, the Finnish athlete, 18-year-old Samppa Lajunen, who was sixth after the jumps, caught up with Stoliarov. The skied together until the stadium, and 60 meters from the finish line, Lajunen passed the Russian and picked up the silver medal 0.7 seconds ahead of Stoliarov who won the bronze. The fastest athlete on the course was the Swiss skier, Marco Zarucchi, who was 43rd after the jumps, finished in 25th place.
Eleven nations took part in the team event on 19 and 20 February. At previous Olympics, the team event involved three athletes per team, with the completing a 3x10 kilometer relay. At Nagano, the team was enlarged to four athletes who completed a 4x5 kilometer relay. After the jumps, the team from Finland led by four seconds ahead of the Austrians, eight seconds ahead of the Norwegians, nine ahead of the Czechs, and 29 seconds ahead of the Japanese. The relay took place in rain. The Norwegians quickly took the lead and never looked back. The last Norwegian skier had the time to grab his country's flag with 500 meters from the finish line, and they won gold with more than one minute lead over the team from Finland. The French team, sixth after the jumps, won the bronze medal ahead of the Austrians. The Japanese, gold medalists at the 1992 Winter Olympics and 1994 Winter Olympics finished in fifth.
Ski jumping
The ski jumping competitions took place at the Hakuba Ski Jumping Stadium in Hakuba village, 50 kilometers west of Nagano City. In all, 68 athletes from 19 countries participated. For the first time, the top 30 jumpers qualified for the second round. Host Japan won the most medals, including two gold in the large hill and large hill team. Finland, Germany, and Austria rounded out the medal table. Kazuyoshi Funaki from Yoichi, Hokkaido in Japan won two gold and one silver for the host country.
The normal hill jumps took place on 11 February in front of 45,000 spectators. The Japanese, who had dominated the 1997–98 FIS Ski Jumping World Cup season, were the favorites. With a jump of 91.5 meters, Masahiko Harada led after the first round ahead of the Finnish jumper, Jani Soininen
Kazuyoshi Funaki, who was fourth after the first round, took the lead with a jump of 90.5 meters in the second round. After a delay caused by strong wind, Soininen took the lead with only Harada still to jump. A sidewind blew when Harada jumped, and only managed 84.5 meters to finish in fifth place overall. Soininen won gold with 234.5 points, Funaki was second with 233.5, and the Austrian Andreas Widhölzl finished third with 232.5 points.
On 15 February, the large hill jump competition took place. 60,000 spectators gathered at Hakuba Ski Jumping Stadium. Normal hill bronze medalist Widhölzl led after the first round, ahead of the Japanese jumper Takanobu Okabe, Jani Soininen et Funaki. In the second round, Funaki jumped 132.5 m, and, for the first time at the Olympics, received perfect points for his style. He jumped into first place and won the gold medal with 272.3 points overall. It was the first Japanese gold medal in ski jumping since the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo. Harada jumped next. Unfortunately, the measurement system was installed between 95 and 135 meters and his jump was beyond that. He was measured manually to be 136 meters. He also had good points but only managed to win the bronze medal with 258.3. meters. Soininen won the silver with a combined score of 260.8 points.
At the 1994 Winter Olympics, the Japanese team were the favorites but Harada jumped poorly, costing the Japanese the gold medal. Again, in 1998, the Japanese were the favorites. The team event took place on 17 February. The start was slowed by 30 minutes because of heavy falling snow. The first two Japanese jumpers, Okabe at Hiroya Saitō, jumped Japan into first place. Harada completely missed his jump, jumping only 79.5 meters, and despite Funaki having a good jump, Japan drop from first to fourth after the first round behind Austria, Germany, and Norway. Okabe jumped 137 meters, which was an Olympic record. Saitō followed this with a good jump. Harada was next, and like Okabe, jumped 137 meters. The last jumper was Funaki who jumped 125 meters, and the Japanese team became Olympic champions with 933.0 points. The Germans won silver with 897.4 points, and the Austrians finished with 881.5 points for the bronze.
Snowboarding
In the decade leading up the games, snowboarding had become popular in both North America and Europe, as well as Japan, and as a result, in August 1994, the NAOC received a request from the IOC president Samaranch to consider including snowboarding at the 1998 Winter Olympics. To reduce costs, NAOC asked the host community to cover a portion of the costs – the town Yamanouchi agreed – and FIS was expected to support financially as well. In November 1995, the NAOC executive board agreed to add snowboarding, and this was approved by the IOC at their December meeting the following month in Karuizawa. This was the first Winter Olympics with snowboarding events. The events took place at Mount Yakebitai and Kanbayashi Snowboard Park in Yamanouchi, Nagano, 30 kilometers northeast of Nagano City, from 8 to 12 February. In all, 125 athletes from 22 countries participated in the men's and women's halfpipe and giant slalom. Athletes from Germany won two medals, including one gold. Athletes from Switzerland, France, and Canada also won gold medals.
In the men's giant slalom, the Canadian Jasey-Jay Anderson won the first race with a half-second lead ahead of Rebagliati. During the second race, the event was temporary delayed because of snow and fog. Ross Rebagliati finished with a combined time of 2:03.96, 0.02 seconds ahead of the Italian Thomas Prugger, and another 0.10 seconds ahead of the Swiss Ueli Kestenholz. Controversy occurred when three days after the men's giant slalom, the International Olympic Committee determined that gold medalist Rebagliati from Canada, was disqualified after testing positive for marijuana. It was the first time in Olympic history that an athlete was disqualified for marijuana. The Canadian Olympic Committee lodged a protest and the case quickly went to the Court of Arbitration for Sport where it was ruled that because marijuana was not classified as a "banned" substance, the medal should be returned to the Canadian athlete. In the halfpipe, the gold medal went to the Swiss Gian Simmen, who had the highest score, 85.2, despite a heavy rain. The Norwegian Daniel Franck won the silver with a score of 82.4, and the American Ross Powers won the bronze with a score of 82.1.
The women's giant slalom was delayed one day because of a snowstorm. The big favorite, the Frenchwoman Karine Ruby won the first race with almost two seconds ahead of her compatriot Isabelle Blanc. Ruby won the second race, with Blanc missing the last gate and falling. Ruby's combined time was 2:17.34. The German Heidi Renoth won the silver with a time of 2:19.17, and the Austrian Brigitte Köck won the bronze with a time of 2:19.42. In the halfpipe, the Norwegian Stine Brun Kjeldaas won the qualification round. However, in the finals, the German Nicola Thost, a former gymnast, finished second in both legs, scored 74.6 points, which was enough for the gold medal. Stine Brun Kjeldaas finished fourth in the first leg and first in second, winning the silver with 74.2 points. The American Shannon Dunn-Downing won the first leg, but finished seventh in the second leg, leaving her with the bronze with a score of 72.8.
Mascots
The mascots of the 1998 Winter Olympics are four owls named Sukki, Nokki, Lekki and Tsukki, also known as the Snowlets.
Media
The Nagano Olympics were covered by more than 10,000 members of the media, including 8,329 accredited journalists, of which 2,586 were from newspaper media and 5,743 television and radio journalists. The Organizing Committee established Main Press Center (MPC, over two buildings, and 17 annexes throughout the different sites.
The MPC, which is today the Wakasato Civic Cultural Hall, was built beside Big Hat, the main ice hockey venue. The MPC had a surface area of 42,728 m2, with one principal room for 600 journalists of 1430m2 and another of 5100m2 that was rented by various press agencies. The largest press offices at the Games were Kyodo News, Associated Press, Agence France-Presse, Reuters, and Deutsche Presse-Agentur. The MPC also included a press conference room for 600 people.
The host broadcaster for the Games, the Olympic Radio and Televisions Organization (ORTO'98) was established as a separate organization within NAOC, the organizing committee. ORTO'98 was created between NHK, the Japanese national broadcaster, the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB), and NAOC. A total of 1647 staff worked 386 cameras at the various venues and events, with coverage increasing by 55% over the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer. The Games were broadcast in 160 countries, 40 more than in Lillehammer, and it was estimated that 10.7 billion viewers watched the Games over the 16-day period. Some events were filmed and broadcast in analog high-definition television, with NHK broadcasting over 270 hours of coverage in Japan.
Broadcasting rights totaled 513 million US dollars, which was a record for the Winter Olympics, and all contracts with 16 broadcasting rights' holders were record sums. This money was split 60–40 between NAOC and the International Olympic Committee. The American broadcasting network, CBS, paid 375 million US dollars, to distribute the Games in the United States. This would be the last Olympic Games so far to not air on NBC in the US, as they acquired the exclusive rights to both the summer and winter games beginning in 2000.
Broadcasting rights
Asia – ABU, ATV
Australia – Network Ten
Canada – CBC
Europe – EBU
Jamaica – CVM TV
Japan – NOJC
Malaysia – Astro
New Zealand – TVNZ
North Africa – URTNA
South Africa – SABC
South Korea – KBS
South America – OTI
Sub-Saharan Africa – Supersport
United Kingdom – BBC
United States – CBS
See also
1998 Winter Olympics flu epidemic
References
Notes
Citations
External links
Downloadable PDF: Volume 1 , Volume 2 , Volume 3, Appendix , retrieved on 17 January 2010.
1998 Winter Olympics Official website
Winter Olympics
Olympic Games in Japan
Winter Olympics by year
1998 in multi-sport events
Sports competitions in Nagano (city)
February 1998 sports events in Asia
Winter sports competitions in Japan
|
Malcolm Ross O'Neill (born March 25, 1940) was the United States Assistant Secretary of the Army for Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology, having been sworn into office by United States Under Secretary of the Army Joseph W. Westphal on March 10, 2010, and resigned June 3, 2011.
Biography
Malcolm Ross O'Neill was born in Chicago in 1940, where he graduated from Senn High School in 1958. He was educated at DePaul University, receiving a B.Sc. in Physics. In 1962, he joined the United States Army and was commissioned as a Field Artillery Officer. Following postings to Fort Sill, Fort Benning, Fort Bragg, Redstone Arsenal, and the Defense Language Institute at the Presidio of Monterey, O'Neill began his first tour of duty during the Vietnam War beginning in January 1965. There, he was posted at the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam. He spent 1966-67 as an instructor, and then aide-de-camp at Redstone Arsenal. In 1967-68, O'Neill was a student at the United States Army Ordnance Center and School at Aberdeen Proving Ground. He then spent 1968-70 completing a master's degree in Physics at Rice University. He returned to Vietnam in June 1970, serving as Assistant Chief of Staff of the United States Army Support Command until June 1971. He then spent 1971-72 at the United States Army Command and General Staff College, and then returned to Rice University, completing his Ph.D. in Physics in August 1974.
From 1974 to 1976, he was posted to the United States Army Missile Command at Redstone Arsenal. He then spent 1977 to 1980 at DARPA. After studying at the United States Army War College 1980-81, he spent 1981-83 in Munich as Deputy Program Manager of the NATO Patriot Management Office. He then spent the second half of 1983 as Chief of Staff of the United States Army Missile Command at Redstone Arsenal. In 1984, he was project manager for the Multiple Launch Rocket System, posted at Redstone Arsenal. He spent 1985-87 as Director for Kinetic Energy Weapons in the Office of the Secretary of Defense.
From 1987 to 1989, O'Neill was commanding general of the United States Army Laboratory Command in Adelphi, Maryland. He worked in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army (Research, Development and Acquisition) 1989-90, and was Deputy Director, then Acting Director, of the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization 1990-93. From 1993 to 1996, he was Director of the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization. O'Neill retired from the Army in 1996, having achieved the rank of Lieutenant General.
In 1996, O'Neill joined Lockheed Martin as Vice President for Operations and Best Practices in the Space and Strategic Missiles Division. In 2000, he became Lockheed Martin's Chief Technical Officer, a position he held until 2006. He left Lockheed Martin in 2006, becoming Chairman of the United States National Academies's Board on Army Science and Technology.
President of the United States Barack Obama nominated O'Neill to be United States Assistant Secretary of the Army for Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology in 2010, and O'Neill was sworn into office by United States Under Secretary of the Army Joseph W. Westphal on March 10, 2010, and resigned effective June 3, 2011.
Honors and awards
Ronald Reagan Award, US Department of Defense, Missile Defense Agency (2012)
Member of the National Academy of Engineering (2008) ("For exceptional leadership and innovative management of national missile-defense programs and other high-profile military-technology capabilities.")
Honorary Fellow of AIAA (2007)
Fellow of AIAA (2003)
Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Army Distinguished Service Medal
Defense Superior Service Medal
Legion of Merit (4)
Bronze Star Medal (4)
Purple Heart (2)
Meritorious Service Medal
Air Medal
Dates of O'Neill's Promotions
References
External links
1940 births
Living people
Military personnel from Chicago
DePaul University alumni
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
Recipients of the Air Medal
Rice University alumni
American physicists
Recipients of the Meritorious Service Medal (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Army generals
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
United States Army civilians
|
Grońsko is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lwówek, within Nowy Tomyśl County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately west of Lwówek, north of Nowy Tomyśl, and west of the regional capital Poznań.
References
Villages in Nowy Tomyśl County
|
小三阳是什么途径传染？小三阳指是指患者或乙肝病毒携带者体内乙型肝炎病毒的免疫学指标，是乙肝表面抗原阳性（HBsAg）、乙肝e抗体阳性、乙肝核心抗体阳性三者阳性的俗称，这种定性的检测方法可以快速的筛查乙型肝炎病毒感染的情况。那么，小三阳是什么途径传染呢?我们一起来详细的了解一下吧。乙肝病毒感染之后，可以分为病毒复制称为大三阳，病毒不复制的时候称为小三阳。乙肝的传播途径有三种：第一种是通过血液传播；第二种是通过性传播；第三种通过母婴传播。小三阳的传染性相对比较小，传播的可能性也比较小。因为一般情况下，血中病毒的含量相对比较低。但是小三阳也具有一定的传染性，所以家庭成员和生活密切接触人，最好检查乙肝五项，看看家庭成员当中和密切接触的人当中，表面抗体是否阳性。表面抗体阳性，不需要接种乙肝疫苗。表面抗体阴性，需要接种乙肝疫苗进行预防。所以，小三阳也具有传染性。小三阳属于一种传染性疾病，传染途径考虑有以下几种：第一种，通过血液传播，在小三阳病毒感染者和患者的血液和体液中存在HBV，通过人体破损的皮肤，黏膜传染乙肝病毒。第二种，通过母婴传播，传播途径本质上属于血液传播。第三种，分娩后传播，通过接触母亲唾液和母乳喂养等传播途径。第四种，性接触传播，通过唾液、精液和阴道分泌物中含有的HBV。小三阳是乙肝的一种表现形式，临床意义是乙肝病毒复制量逐渐减少或者不复制。传播途径有三种：1、血液传播，包括输血、手术、外伤、纹眉、纹眼线、打耳洞、修牙、补牙、拔牙、洗牙和不洁注射等。2、性传播，男性小三阳患者精液当中含有病毒，女性小三阳患者阴道分泌液当中含有病毒，可以通过性生活传播乙肝病毒。3、母婴传播，小三阳孕妇血液和羊水中含有乙肝病毒，可以通过分娩传染给新生儿。
|
诺和灵30R瓶装注射液成分或处方？中性可溶性人 胰岛素 insulin 30?%, 低精蛋白锌人 胰岛素 insulin 70?%(妊娠分级: B)
|
Nevnihal Erdoğan (born 21 August 1959) is a Turkish architect and professor of architecture at the University of Kocaeli in İzmit.
Biography
Family and personal life
Erdoğan was born on August 21, 1959, in Kars, Turkey.
She grew up bilingual, Turkish and English in a Turkish family from a father named Jemal And a mother named Hanim.
Academic career
Erdoğan received a diploma in architecture from Istanbul Technical University in 1982, and M.S and Ph.D. from Istanbul Technical University in 1984 and 1992. She worked as lecture at Trakya University Department of Architecture during the years of 1992-2006 and is currently a professor in the Department of Architecture, University of Kocaeli. She has been as visiting scholarship at the University of California, Irvine, Department of Urban and Regional Planning School of Social Ecology and University of Wisconsin UW-Milwaukee School of Architecture.
She gave undergraduate and graduate courses and supervised Master thesis and Doctoral thesis, and is currently teaching architecture design; theory of design at undergraduate and graduate level. Her research interests are in the interrelationship between culture and architecture, housing and settlement, architecture design.
Works
The majority of Erdoğan's publications have focused on historical Istanbul, Edirne and Izmit cities and their architecture. Her publication appears in the Journal of Architecture and Planning Research, Social Indicators Research, Open House International.
She is an author of eleven books, four-section of book, editor of two proceedings and more than sixty papers issued in national and international proceeding books. She has completed various architectural projects and has participated in national-international competitions, research/projects.
In 2011–12, during her Aga Khan post-doctoral fellowship, she will investigate the urban history and architectural context of Ottoman Edirne.
1st International Urban Planning-Architecture-Design Congress, Urban Transformation, Conference 2014 and 12th International Conference: Standardization, Prototypes, and Quality: A Means of Balkan Countries’Collaboration’ 2015 were organized as Congress chair by her. Erdoğan was the duty of dean at University of Kocaeli Faculty of Architecture and Design between 2013 and 2016. Now she is conducting to head of Architecture at University of Kocaeli.
Books
Selected articles
A Model Suggestion for Determining Physical and Socio-Cultural Changes of Traditional Settlements in Turkey, A/Z ITU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, vol.14 No.2, 2017, pp. 81–93.( Atik, D., Erdoğan, N., )
Cultural Traditions and Domestic Space: Ağaçbekler Home, SAGE Open, DOI:10.1177/215824401773815, 2017, pp. 1–16.(Erdoğan, N.,)
Investigation the Relationship Between Culture and Traditional Housing Architecture in Urfa, Turkey, Journal of Architectural and Planning Research (JAPR), 33:4 (Winter, 2016), pp. 309–325.(Erdoğan, N.,)
Vernacular Builtscape Metamorphosis in Turkey, Journal of Architecture and Planning Research (JAPR), 25:3 (Autumn 2008), pp 221– 239 (Erdoğan, N.)
Comparison of Urban Housing Satisfaction in Modern and Traditional Neighborhoods in Edirne, Social Indicators Research (2007) 81:127-148. (Erdoğan, N., Akyol, A., Ataman, B., Dökmeci, V., )
Socioenvironmental Determinants of Social Interactions in A Squatter Settlement in İstanbul, Journal of Architecture and Planning Research (JAPR), 13:4 (Winter,1996), ( Erdoğan, N., Sağlamer, G., Dökmeci, V., Dikbaş, A., )
A Comparative Study on Squatter Settlements and Vernacular Architecture, Open House International, vol.18, No.1 pp:41-49, 1993 (Sağlamer, G., Erdoğan N.,)
Günümüz Küresel Kentlerin Öncülleri: Osmanlı Döneminde Levant Liman Kentleri, YAPI, Sayı:438, 2018, sf.58-63. (Erdoğan, N,)
İstanbul: Mega Kentten Küreselleşen Kente-Kırmızı Saçlı Kadın, Gösteri Dergisi, Mart-Nisan-Mayıs/2018 sayı:325 sf.62-68 (Erdoğan, N,)
References
1959 births
Living people
People from Kars
People from İzmit
Academic staff of Trakya University
Turkish architects
Kocaeli University alumni
|
中度自闭症的表现症状？自闭症又称儿童孤独症，是广泛性发育障碍的一种亚型，以男性多见，起病于婴幼儿期，主要表现为不同程度的言语发育障碍、人际交往障碍、兴趣狭窄和行为方式刻板。约有三分之四的病人伴有明显的精神发育迟滞，部分患儿在一般性智力落后的背景下某方面具有较好的能力。自闭症病因，一遗传，遗传因素对孤独症的作用已趋于明确，但具体的遗传方式还不明了。二围生期因素，围生期各种并发症，如产伤、宫内窒息等较正常对照组多。三免疫系统异常，发现T淋巴细胞数量减少，辅助T细胞和B细胞数量减少、抑制-诱导T细胞缺乏、自然杀伤细胞活性减低等。四神经内分泌和神经递质，与多种神经内分泌和神经递质功能失调有关。研究发现孤独症病人的单胺系统，如5-羟色胺和儿茶酚胺发育不成熟，松果体-丘脑下部-垂体-肾上腺轴异常，导致5-HT、内啡肽增加，促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）分泌减少。中度自闭症的表现症状，一语言障碍，语言与交流障碍是孤独症的重要症状，是大多数儿童就诊的主要原因。语言与交流障碍可以表现为多种形式，多数孤独症儿童有语言发育延迟或障碍，通常在两岁和三岁时仍然不会说话，他们对语言的感受和表达运用能力均存在某种程度的障碍。二社会交往障碍，病人不能与他人建立正常的人际关系。年幼时即表现出与别人无目光对视，表情贫乏，缺乏期待父母和他人拥抱、爱抚的表情或姿态，也无享受到爱抚时的愉快表情，甚至对父母和别人的拥抱、爱抚予以拒绝。分不清亲疏关系，对待亲人与对待其他人都是同样的态度。这就是中度自闭症的表现症状。
|
TJ may refer to:
Fictional characters
T.J. Detweiler, the protagonist of Recess
T.J. Hammond, a character in the miniseries Political Animals
T. J. Hooker, an American television show and title character
TJ Wagner, a comic book character known as Nocturne
Tamara Johansen, a character in the television series Stargate Universe
Theodore Jay Jarvis Johnson, a fictional character from the TV series Power Rangers Turbo and Power Rangers in Space
TJ Kippen, a recurring character on the Disney Channel series Andi Mack
People
T. J. (given name), shared by several people
Thomas Jefferson, third president of the United States
Teddyson John, Saint Lucian brand ambassador, singer and songwriter
Places
Tajikistan (ISO 3166-1 country code TJ)
Tianjin, China (Guobiao abbreviation TJ)
Tijuana, Mexico
Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain
Businesses and organizations
Schools
Temasek Junior College in eastern Singapore
Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology
Tongji University in Shanghai, China
Transport
Thanjavur Junction railway station in Tamil Nadu, India (Indian Railways station code)
TransJakarta in Jakarta, Indonesia
Trans Jogja in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Other businesses and organizations
T.J.'s, a nightclub and live music venue in Newport, Wales
Trader Joe's, a chain of specialty grocery stores
Law
Therapeutic jurisprudence, the study of the effect that legal rules and procedures produce on individuals involved in legal processes
Tribunal de Justiça, or Court of Justice, the appellate courts of Brazil
Science and technology
.tj, the country code top level domain (ccTLD) for Tajikistan
Terajoule, a unit of energy equal to 1012 joules
Thermal Junction, or Junction temperature, in semiconductors
Tommy John surgery, a surgical procedure named after a former Major League Baseball pitcher
Other uses
Tj (digraph)
TJ, aka Creation Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, published by Creation Ministries International
Tamgha-i-Jurat, the fourth highest military award of Pakistan
Jeep TJ, the Canadian name for the 1997-2006 Jeep Wrangler, an off-road vehicle
Tajikistani somoni (Symbol TJS), the currency of Tajikistan
A Theory of Justice, a book by John Rawls
toimitusjohtaja, the Finnish equivalent to CEO
Triple jump, a discipline in athletics
Turbojugend, the international fan club of the Norwegian rock band Turbonegro
See also
Teejay (disambiguation)
Tejay (disambiguation)
Tjay (disambiguation)
TJ Maxx
Nicknames
|
The Parliament of Bats was a Parliament of England that was held in 1426 in Leicester. Meetings took place in the great hall of Leicester Castle. The King at the time, Henry VI, was an infant, and the session saw him knighted in St Mary de Castro Church across the road from the Castle Great Hall.
The parliament is so-called because members and their attendants were not allowed to carry swords by the Duke of Gloucester, and so armed themselves with clubs, or bats—tensions being high because of the ongoing dispute between Cardinal Beaufort, the Bishop of Winchester and off-and-on Lord Chancellor, and the Duke of Gloucester, the King's uncle and regent. The Parliament saw Beaufort removed permanently as Lord Chancellor and replaced with John Kemp.
See also
Regency government, 1422–1437
References
History of Leicester
15th-century English parliaments
1426 establishments in England
1426 in England
|
楚昭王（），出土楚国文献又写作卲王 ，芈姓，熊氏，名珍，一作轸，楚平王與秦公主孟嬴之子。
楚平王為其子太子建求聯姻於秦國，娶到了孟嬴，但孟嬴甚美，於是楚平王受到費無忌的挑撥，自納為妃，生子軫，即楚昭王。前516年，楚平王死，不满10岁的太子继立，是为昭王。
大事记
楚昭王元年（前515年），诛费无忌以平息国人之怒。
楚昭王四年（前512年），吴国二父公奔楚，楚以扞吴之地封之。
楚昭王五年（前511年），吴伐楚，取六、潜两城。
楚昭王七年（前509年），楚命子常伐吴，楚大败于豫章。
楚昭王十年冬（前506年）伍員率吳師伐楚，柏举之战中，楚国战败，吴军攻入郢都，楚昭王出亡，逃到雲夢澤時，被吳軍射傷，又輾轉逃到鄖國、隨國。申包胥入秦國乞師救援，秦公起初不答應，申包胥便跪秦庭而哭，七日不絕，秦哀公感其忠誠，於是出兵救楚，于楚昭王十一年六月败吳兵于稷，楚昭王回到郢都，賞功臣，包胥逃而不受。吴夫概见吴国兵几而自立为王。阖闾引兵平叛。夫概奔楚，楚以堂谿之地（今河南遂平县文城乡）封之，号为堂谿氏，生产春秋时期天下九大宝剑之首的棠溪宝剑。历时10月余的大战终于结束，郢都经吴师蹂躏，残破不堪。于是，昭王决定迁都，而仍称之为郢。 从昭王十一年冬（前505年）起作为首都的郢，称为“载郢”。其地早就有楚人聚居。大约在战国中晚期之际，已被称为“江陵”。载郢的遗址，最迟在东汉晚期，已被称为“纪南城”。载郢成为首都以后，原来的郢都就以“鄢郢”见称了。
楚昭王十二年（前504年），吴伐楚，取番。楚迁都至郢。
楚昭王十六年（前500年），楚灭顿国，灭胡城。
楚昭王二十七年春（前489年），吴伐陈国，楚救之。十月，楚昭王病重，見“雲如眾赤鳥，夾日以飛”的天象。三天后，昭王派使者将此事告知周太史并询问对策。周太史答道，楚王身要遭祸事，可以为禜祭，移祸于令尹。。诸将相请以身为祷，为王承祸，昭王不许，说：“将相之于孤犹股肱也，今移祸焉，庸为去是身乎 。”昭王姬妾越姬时亦在身旁，说：“昔日妾虽口不言，心既许之矣。妾闻信者不负其心，义者不虚设其事。妾死王之义，不死王之好也。 ”，遂自杀，不久昭王亦身死。时孔子在陈，赞曰：“楚昭王通大道矣。其不失国，宜哉！”
家庭
父
楚平王
母
伯嬴
妹
芈畀我（季芈畀我），楚昭王之妹，母伯嬴。
妻妾
貞姜
越姬，越王勾践之女，生熊章
蔡姬
子女
熊章
注释
楚國君主
|
Lemuel “LeMel” Humes is an American songwriter/composer, musician, singer, and producer. He is perhaps best-known for his longstanding songwriting and production relationship with R&B/soul singer Miki Howard, particularly his work on her early/breakthrough albums.
Career
Humes began his recording career in the early 1980s, releasing the single "Dance So Fine" under the name Nijel in 1982.
Working as a staff songwriter for Warner Brothers Music Publishing, he earned more public recognition when he wrote and produced nearly all of the tracks on Miki Howard's Atlantic Records debut album, Come Share My Love, including the top-ten R&B chart hit title track. Humes also played various keyboards and provided backing vocals throughout the album, while also arranging several songs. His other highlights on the album include a vocal duet with Howard on the song "I Can't Wait (to See You Alone)" and performing all instruments (via the "Kurzweil 250 Computer Systems") on the song "My Friend". Humes continued working with Howard, writing and producing several songs on her second album, Love Confessions, including (again) the title track.
This early success segued into work with other artists, including Whitney Houston (co-writing the album track "Where You Are" from the Whitney (1987) album), Stephanie Mills (producing "Comfort of a Man" on her Home album), The Pointer Sisters (co-writing their final top 40 R&B hit of the 1980s, "He Turned Me Out", featured on the soundtrack to the 1988 film Action Jackson), Ray Charles (writing "Let Me Take Over" on his My World album), Thelma Houston, and Meli'sa Morgan. He scored his first number one R&B hit in 1989, writing and producing Stacy Lattisaw's duet with Johnny Gill, "Where Do We Go from Here".
Humes also continued to work with Miki Howard throughout the 1990s and into the 2000s, returning to a prominent role on her Femme Fatale and Can't Count Me Out albums, the first of which included her number one R&B hit, "Ain't Nobody Like You".
Select Discography
Songs written/composed
Miki Howard
"Come Share My Love" (writer)
"Come Back to Me Lover" (writer)
"I Wanna Be There" (writer)
"Love Confessions" (writer)
"Ain't Nobody Like You" (writer)
"Something I've Never Had" (writer)
Whitney Houston
"Where You Are"
Stacy Lattisaw
"Where Do We Go from Here" (duet with Johnny Gill) (also produced)
The Pointer Sisters
"He Turned Me Out"
Ray Charles
"Let Me Take Over"
Thelma Houston
"High"
Meli'sa Morgan
"So Long, Goodbye"
Sweet Obsession
"I Want to Know"
Amii Stewart
"Stay With Me (We Can Work it Out)"
Songs/Albums produced
Miki Howard
Come Share My Love (producer)
"Imagination" (producer)
"But I Love You" (producer)
"Cigarette Ashes on the Floor" (producer)
"I've Been Through It" (producer)
Stephanie Mills
"Comfort of a Man"
Milira
"Three's a Crowd"
References
American record producers
American male songwriters
Living people
American male composers
Year of birth missing (living people)
|
小行星5616（）是一颗围绕太阳公转的小行星。1987年9月29日，在陶腾堡发现了此天体。
这颗小行星的绝对星等为28.74363等。
参考文献
小行星带天体
1987年发现的小行星
|
桃莉·蕾貝卡·巴顿（，）是美國歌手、詞曲作者、女演員、商人和慈善家，她以鄉村音樂的創作和演唱而聞名。桃莉·巴頓在1967年以她的專輯《》首次亮相。在1960年代剩下的時間裡，他成功的獲得了穩定的成功，有獨自演唱作品又有與合唱的作品，她的銷售和排行榜榜單高峰是在七十年代，並持續到八十年代，桃莉在1990年代後期的專輯銷量較低。然而在新的千禧年，她又取得了商業上的成功，自從2000年以來發行了獨立唱片公司的專輯，包括她在自己創立的桃莉唱片公司所發行的專輯。
紀錄
桃莉·巴頓是有史以來最受尊敬的女性鄉村歌手，她獲得了25個美國唱片工業協會頒發的金唱片、白金唱片和多白金唱片獎項，她在告示牌鄉村音樂榜單上有25首歌曲達到第一名，這是所有女性藝術家最佳的紀錄(與Reba McEntire並列)。她擁有41張職業生涯十大鄉村專輯，創下所有藝術家的紀錄，並且在過去的四十年裡她擁有110張職業生涯的單曲。她曾獲得9項格萊美獎，2項奧斯卡獎提名，10項美國鄉村音樂協會獎，7項美國鄉村音樂學院獎，3項全美音樂獎，也是僅有的七位女性藝人中的一位獲得美國鄉村音樂協會“年度藝人獎”的女藝人之一。巴頓獲得了47項格萊美獎的提名。
1999年桃莉·巴頓被納入鄉村音樂名人堂。她已經創作了三千多首歌曲，其中包括以“I Will Always Love You”桃莉在美國兩次登上榜單，以及惠妮·休斯頓在國際流行歌曲的登上榜單，知名歌曲還有“”、“ ”和“”。她也是少數同時能獲得奧斯卡獎、格萊美獎、托尼獎和艾美獎提名的少數人之一。作為一個演員，她曾演出過的電影，如1980年的朝九晚五，並且在1982年演出的《》獲得金球獎最佳女主角的提名，1984年還有演出《》，1989年的《》和2012年的《》。
她以独特的女高音、通俗的幽默、华丽的服饰和风骚的身姿而闻名，尤其她40DD的豪乳，最為普羅大眾津津乐道。
参考文献
外部連結
"Dolly Parton" , inductee page at Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum
Dolly Parton Historical Archive
美國女歌手
美國鄉村音樂創作歌手
美国企业家
美國電視主持人
美國女高音
美國慈善家
美國電影女演員
美國電視女演員
美國女配音員
美國創作歌手
美國巡迴演唱歌手
美國鄉村歌曲創作歌手
美國女創作歌手
美国回忆录撰写人
美國基督徒
葛萊美終身成就獎獲得者
阿巴拉契亚地区人物
肯尼迪中心荣誉奖得主
Dolly Parton
鄉村音樂名人堂入選者
葛萊美獎獲獎者
葛萊美終身成就獎獲獎者
甘迺迪中心榮譽獎獲獎者
歌曲作者名人堂入選者
美國國家藝術獎章獲獎者
摇滚名人堂入选者
20世紀作曲家
21世纪女性作家
20世纪美国女演员
21世纪美国女演员
20世紀美國企業家
20世紀美國鄉村音樂歌手
21世紀美國鄉村音樂歌手
20世紀美國作家
20世紀美國女企業家
21世紀美國女企業家
20世紀美國鄉村音樂女歌手
21世紀美國鄉村音樂女歌手
|
高血糖和糖尿病有区别吗？当血糖值高于正常范围即为高血糖。正常情况下，人体能够通过激素调节和神经调节这两大调节系统确保血糖的来源与去路保持平衡，使血糖维持在一定水平。但是在遗传因素与环境因素的共同作用下，两大调节功能发生紊乱，就会出现血糖水平的升高。糖尿病是一组以高血糖为特征的代谢性疾病。高血糖则是由于胰岛素分泌缺陷或其生物作用受损，或两者兼有引起。糖尿病时长期存在的高血糖，导致各种组织，特别是眼、肾、心脏、血管、神经的慢性损害、功能障碍。糖尿病表现为血糖升高，但并非所有的高血糖均可诊断为糖尿病。人体产生正常应激反应，会导致血糖临时升高；应用激素类药物如强的松、地塞米松，也可以促进血糖增高。发现血糖升高及时到医院就诊，排除影响血糖的因素，进一步考虑是否有糖尿病的可能。不论是空腹血糖受损，糖耐量降低，还是已经确诊的糖尿病，血糖都是高于正常值上线的。都需要进行适当的饮食控制，体育锻炼，必要时进行药物治疗。吃得多而体重不重，这种情况不一定是血糖高引起的，可以去医院进行适当的化验检查。怀疑是糖尿病的话，可以考虑做个糖耐量实验的，那么就是可以明确是不是糖尿病了，在考虑针对性的治疗，才能帮助改善的。合理膳食，均衡营养，适度进行体育锻炼，提高身体素质，减少疾病发生的可能。如果您还有其他关于高血糖和糖尿病的区别的问题，请到附近专业正规的医院去咨询，并及时治疗。
|
松江花鳥園車站（），中文也會被稱為松江沃格爾公園車站或松江鳥園車站，是位於日本島根縣松江市大垣町，屬於一畑電車北松江線的鐵路車站。
車站為2001年為配合松江花鳥園的開幕所設立，車站月台距離松江花鳥園的入口僅不到100公尺。
車站構造
松江花鳥園車站的月台為1面1線的側式月台，月台位於軌道的北側，月台上舍有一間候車室，月台的雨遮屋頂以常見於神社建築的作為裝飾。
車站周邊
松江花鳥園
宍道湖
註記
參考資料
相關條目
松江花鳥園
外部連結
松江花鳥園車站 - 一畑電車
Tsuefoogerupaaku
北松江線車站
2001年启用的铁路车站
松江市鐵路車站
|
Webtrekk GmbH is a German company that offers marketing analytics and customer intelligence software. With Webtrekk, companies can connect, analyze and activate user and marketing data across all devices. Since 2019, Webtrekk is part of the marketing technology service provider, Mapp.
History
Webtrekk was founded in 2004 by CEO Christian Sauer and CTO Norman Wahnschaff. In 2009, Webtrekk received a €1 million venture capital investment from Corporate Finance Partners as the winners of an Awin-sponsored Publisher Initiative Contest. In 2012, Webtrekk won the Frost & Sullivan Award for "Finally Bringing the ‘Real Time’ Into Online/Digital Analytics". In 2014, Webtrekk closed its third round of financing, collecting a total of up to €25 million from DPE Deutsche Private Equity. In 2018, Webtrekk won the bronze International Stevie Award in the category "Business or Competitive Intelligence“ for its cross device tracking tool, the Cross Device Bridge. In 2019, Webtrekk was honored with the German Stevie Award in Gold for its Realtime Predictions. In 2019, Webtrekk was acquired by the marketing technology service provider Mapp.
Products and services
Webtrekk provides a variety of products to gain insights from data and trigger marketing activities. Products and services are cross-channel campaign reporting and AI-enabled marketing intelligence. The Webtrekk Customer Analytics suite includes user-centric analytics, personalized product recommendations, customer intelligence dashboards, customer journey tracking, tag integration, and web behavior re-targeting. The Webtrekk Data Streams enable raw data to be captured, processed and streamed in real time.
Since its acquisition, Webtrekk and Mapp consolidate their offerings. Webtrekk's customers also have access to Mapp's cross-channel marketing cloud.
Consulting and support are another part of Webtrekk's offering. A consulting unit works with customers on specific, large-scale projects, while a support team is available to answer questions about the functions and interface of Webtrekk products.
Access to raw, first-party data is a core component of Webtrekk's products. That data can be exported in real-time to data warehouses and BI systems or used to carry out in-depth analyses within the Customer Analytics suite. The suite's customizable dashboard engine enables customers to display, and can be connected to external data sources such as social media channels and CRM systems.
Customers
Webtrekk has more than 400 customers, including FlixBus, ING, and MyToys. Focus industries are finance, publishing and e-commerce.
Privacy Certification
The products have been privacy certified by the German TÜV association to confirm Data Privacy and Security. All of Webtrekk's data servers are located in the European Union and housed in data centres that have been certified by the International Organization for Standardization.
See also
Customer journey
References
External links
Web Analysis in Real Time – Case Study By Exasol
Companies based in Berlin
Software companies of Germany
Web analytics
|
鱼鳞病会长在脸上吗？鱼鳞病会长到脸上去，如果不治好，会遍布全身。鱼鳞病,有的叫蛇皮,中医称此病为叠瓦癣.人们习惯地称之为鱼鳞病或蛇皮.叠瓦癣是由共心性毛癣菌所引起的一种浅部真菌感染.结合患者自己免疫力，根据患者平常的用药情况和季节的变化规律，采用纯中药生物制剂和抗复发熏蒸疗法，针对不同的病情应用不同的治疗方案，从根本上解决复发的难题。以为是过敏就去买过敏药，但买药的时候老板告诉我可能是鱼鳞病，上医院一看还真的是这个病，现在脸上很痒，挠就有些白色的划痕留在脸上，治疗了一段时间，现在感觉好多了，有关鱼鳞病会长在脸上吗的问题，让我们一起来说说鱼鳞病会长在脸上吗。症状一：对于鱼鳞病较为严重的患者来说，皮肤即为粗糙，常伴有糠秕状鳞屑，厚为3-8毫米，鱼鳞病患者的病情因人而异，多呈现为菱形或多角形，淡褐色或深褐色，状如鱼鳞，可伴发四肢躯干仰面及腰部两伸侧，可覆盖大部分或全身。症状二：鱼鳞病皮损通常是全身对称性出现，以发生于身体屈侧部位的较重，严重者甚至会连累至脸部、颈部等部位。症状三：鱼鳞病初期症状皮损好发于四肢、小腹及腰背等部位。鱼鳞病患者起初症状表现以皮肤干燥、粗糙为主。有明显的斑纹，状如鱼鳞或蛇皮状易起白皮，有灰褐色鱼鳞片或黑色鱼鳞状鳞屑。严重的可遍及全身。温馨提醒：多吃含有丰富维他命的新鲜蔬果或是服用维他命c与b，多吃碱性食物如：葡萄、绿茶、海带、蕃茄、芝麻、黄瓜、胡萝卜、香蕉、苹果、橘子、萝卜、绿豆、意仁等。
|
小港口（）是为游艇和小船提供停泊的設施。小港口与港口的不同之处在于，小港口不停靠大型客船或货船，货船也不能在此裝卸货物。
航海用语
水路交通基础设施
|
孕期宫颈炎出血应该怎么治疗？孕期宫颈炎出血可以中医治疗。这种治疗方法既可以调节病人的内分泌，同时还可以帮助病人止血，此外中医治疗副作用也比较小。但是这种治疗方法疗程比较长，治疗时间比较久。宫颈炎是妇科常见疾病之一，多见于育龄妇女，为宫颈受损伤和病原体侵袭而致，包括子宫颈阴道部炎症及子宫颈管黏膜炎症。宫颈是阻止下生殖道病原体进入上生殖道的重要防线，但宫颈管单层柱状上皮本身抗感染能力较差，若受到性交、分娩、流产、手术等机械性刺激而受损，就更易发生感染。临床上将宫颈炎分为急性和慢性两种，以慢性炎症为多。急性宫颈炎主要表现为宫颈红肿，颈管黏膜水肿，常伴急性阴道炎或急性子宫内膜炎。慢性宫颈炎有宫颈糜烂、宫颈肥大、宫颈息肉、宫颈腺囊肿和宫颈外翻等多种表现。慢性宫颈炎与宫颈癌有一定关系，故应积极防治。30岁以上有宫颈炎的妇女应定期做宫颈刮片检查癌细胞。急性宫颈炎主要表现为阴道分泌物增多，呈黏液脓性，阴道分泌物刺激可引起外阴瘙痒及灼热感。可有性交痛、下腹坠痛等症状。若合并尿路感染，可出现尿急、尿频、尿痛。若为淋病奈瑟菌感染，因尿道旁腺、前庭大腺受累，可见尿道口、阴道口黏膜充血、水肿以及多量脓性分泌物。常于阴道炎和子宫内膜炎同时发生。葡萄球菌、链球菌等化脓菌感染可向上蔓延导致盆腔结缔组织炎。沙眼衣原体感染所致的急性宫颈炎症状常不明显，甚至无症状。白带增多、点滴状出血或尿路刺激征是其常见症状。孕期宫颈炎出血应该注重身体保健。平时应该注重膳食平衡，治疗期间可以适当多吃些蛋白质丰富的食物补充蛋白质增强体质。多吃瓜果蔬菜补充维生素提升免疫力。治疗期间应该尽量避免从事重体力劳动，可以适当进行锻炼但应该避免剧烈运动。
|
Disasters can have high costs associated with responding to and recovering from them. This page lists the estimated economic costs of relatively recent disasters.
The costs of disasters vary considerably depending on a range of factors, such as the geographical location where they occur. When a large disaster occurs in a wealthy country, the financial damage may be large, but when a comparable disaster occurs in a poorer country, the actual financial damage may appear to be relatively small. This is in part due to the difficulty of measuring the financial damage in areas that lack insurance. For example, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, with a death toll of around 230,000 people, cost a 'mere' $15 billion, whereas in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, in which 11 people died, the damage was six times higher.
The most expensive disaster in human history is the Chernobyl disaster, costing an estimated $700 billion. Chernobyl's circumstances make it a unique but particularly devastating situation that is, hopefully, unlikely to ever happen again. Estimations have only increased over time, with the recent figure coming from the release of new government data up to 2016. Furthermore, the cost is expected to perpetually increase for several thousand years as cleanup operations and the economic impact of the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone continue indefinitely. The most expensive natural disaster is the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, costing an estimated $360 billion.
Over $1 billion
This table lists disasters which are estimated to have an economic cost of at least 1 billion United States dollars without taking inflation into account.
Under $1 billion
This table lists notable disasters which are estimated to have an economic cost of less than 1 billion United States dollars without taking inflation into account. This includes historical disasters, such as the Great Chicago Fire, which would surpass the value of $1 billion in modern currency.
Note: All damage figures are listed in millions of United States dollars.
References
Cost
History of insurance
|
State Route 82 (SR-82) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Utah. It is a short connector road, only long, that connects the towns of Tremonton and Garland in Box Elder County.
Route description
State Route 82 starts at SR-102 (Main Street) in Tremonton and travels north as 300 East. As it leaves Tremonton and enters the town of Garland it becomes Main Street and continues north into the center of town. At the two-mile point, the route intersects Factory Street (the central east–west road in Garland) and turns east onto the street. From here the route continues east for out of Garland, then turns north onto 5400 West for less than half a mile before ending at its intersection with SR-13.
History
The road from SR-1 (US-91, now SR-90) in Brigham City north to the Idaho state line became a state highway in 1910. It was initially assigned the SR-17 designation in the 1920s, but in 1927 the state legislature changed the designation to SR-41 (now SR-13). The portion south of SR-42 (now SR-102) in Tremonton became part of U.S. Route 30S in 1926, and the entire route became Utah's portion of a southern extension of U.S. Route 191 in the late 1930s. A new alignment around Tremonton and Garland was defined in 1935, with the old route becoming State Route 82.
The southern half-mile of the route was originally located three blocks to the west of the modern route, along Tremont Street, going north to 600 North, then east to 300 East. In 1955, the segment of 300 East between Main Street and 600 North was added to the state highway system as State Route 82A. SR-82A was decommissioned in 1964, but SR-82 was rerouted to what had been SR-82A for safety and economic reasons; the original route on Tremont Street and 600 North was transferred to local jurisdiction at that time.
On May 20, 1977, State Route 82 was renumbered as State Route 126. This was because the legislature redesignated SR-82 as the legislative designation for what was then I-80N. This renumbering was only temporary, however, as on August 26 that same year, I-80N was renumbered to what is now I-84, releasing SR-82 back to its original route. At the same time, SR-84 was designated as I-84, and the former SR-84 was renumbered to the newly vacated SR-126.
Major intersections
References
082
082
State Route 82
|
Maredudd, also found in the form Meredydd and in other spellings, is a Welsh male given name. The English-language name Meredith derives from it. A pet form of the name was Bedo, which has also entered the English language in names such as Beddoe and Beddoes.
Below is a list of people who have borne the name.
Maredudd
Maredudd ab Ieuan ap Robert (died 1525), a landed gentleman
Maredudd ab Owain (died c. 999), king of Deheubarth
Maredudd ab Owain Glyndŵr ( late 14th – early 15th centuries), a participant in his father Owain Glyndŵr's revolt against English rule
Maredudd ab Owain ab Edwin (died 1072), a prince of Deheubarth
Maredudd ap Bleddyn (1047–1132), king of Powys
Maredudd ap Cynan ab Owain Gwynedd ( – 1212), a member of the royal house of Gwynedd
Maredudd ap Gruffydd (1131–1155), prince of Deheubarth
Maredudd ap Llywelyn ap Maredudd ap Cynan (died 1255), thought to have been lord of Meirionnydd
Maredudd ap Rhobert (died 1244), lord of Cedewain
Maredudd ap Rhys (fl. 1450 – 1485), a poet and priest
Maredudd ap Rhys Gryg (died 1271), a prince of Deheubarth
Maredudd ap Tewdws (died c. 797), king of Dyfed
Maredudd ap Tudur (c. 1406), a soldier and nobleman of the family subsequently known as the Tudors
Meredydd
Meredydd Barker, a playwright
Meredydd Evans (1919–2015), a singer and scholar of Welsh folk music; also a television producer and activist
Meredydd Hughes, a police officer
See also
Bedo (disambiguation)
Welsh masculine given names
|
資源回收筒是微軟Windows作業系統裡的其中一個系統資料夾，用以把刪除的檔案暫時保留，留待將來進行回復或永久刪除。
簡介
微軟於Windows 95開始引入資源回收筒，它主要負責暫存被有意地或是意外地刪除的檔案。通常只有透過檔案總管刪掉的檔案才會被移到資源回收筒；至於在命令提示字元刪除的檔案則屬於永久刪除。從Windows 2000開始，微軟提供API讓其他應用程式可以把檔案移到資源回收筒。另外，它不只用來存放被刪除的檔案，其被刪除的時間甚至檔案的原始路徑也會被記錄下來。
資源回收筒只會保留由硬碟被刪除的檔案。至於其他儲存裝置如卸除式磁碟或網絡磁碟機，被刪除的檔案通常都是被直接永久刪除。
資源回收筒會根據其狀態而改變其圖示的樣子。如果裡面沒有存放任何檔案，那麼其圖示就會呈現一個空筒子的形狀；否則，圖示呈現出來的將會是一個裝滿了廢紙的筒子形狀。
資源回收筒本身有一個設定，供以設定其所能儲存的被刪掉檔案總量。Windows Vista以前，預設其容量一般是總硬碟容量的10%，而使用者亦可將其設置成總硬碟容量的0%至100%，但一般不允許總量超過3.99GB。如果資源回收筒內含的檔案容量已達至其設定的數值，那麼最舊的被刪除檔案將會被自動刪除以容納新進的檔案。如果一個檔案的容量已經超過設定的容量，那麼檔案不會被移進去，而會被直接刪除。值得注意的是，總量不能超過3.99GB這個限制不適用於Windows Vista以後的系統。
實際位置及運作
資源回收筒的實際位置取決於所使用的作業系統及檔案系統。在FAT檔案系統及Windows 98以前的系統，它的路徑通常在 磁碟機編號:\RECYCLED。在NTFS檔案系統及Windows NT至Windows XP，它的路徑則是在 磁碟機編號:\RECYCLER。至於Windows Vista以上的系統，它則位於 磁碟機編號:\$Recycle.Bin。
使用者可以經桌面或檔案總管進入資源回收筒，而這亦是唯一一個Windows XP預設會顯示在桌面的圖示。Windows XP以後的作業系統裡，不同的使用者不能看到其他使用者所刪除的檔案。而Windows 2000以前的系統，所有使用者都能看到其他使用者刪除的檔案。
在Windows Vista以前，當一個檔案被移到資源回收筒，它的檔名就會被改成如下格式： D<原始位置的磁碟機編號><檔案編號>.<原始擴充檔名>。另外，裡面有一個叫info2的隱藏檔案，裡面以二進制編碼儲存了原始檔案的路徑和檔名。Windows Vista以後，檔案的額外資訊則以 %$I<檔案編號>.<原始擴充檔名>命名，原始檔案則以 $R<檔案編號>.<原始擴充檔名>命名。
當使用者透過資源回收筒檢視檔案或把檔案回復時，檔名會回復成原始的檔名。當資源回收筒被清空，原始文件才会从文件系统中删除，這時仍能透過一些反刪除的軟件將磁區上的資料回復成檔案；但當那部份的磁區被新寫入的檔案覆蓋後，則再也不能回復那部分的檔案。
使用方法
在檔案總管，使用者能透過以下方法把檔案移到資源回收筒：
在檔案上右鍵，並在選單選擇刪除；
選擇要刪除的檔案，並按下鍵盤的刪除鍵；
選擇要刪除的檔案，並在Windows XP檔案總管左面的「檔案及資料夾工作」選擇刪除；
選擇要刪除的檔案，並在Windows XP檔案總管上方功能表列的檔案選單中選擇刪除；
在某些提供把檔案移到資源回收筒的應用程式中刪除檔案；
將要刪除的檔案拖曳至資源回收筒。
另外，使用者還能在使用以上方法刪除檔案時緊按Shift鍵，這樣檔案將不會被移進資源回收筒，而是被直接刪除。要注意的是，如果在將檔案拖曳至資源回收檔時緊按Shift鍵，這樣檔案被刪除時將不會出現任何提示訊息，而檔案將會直接被永久刪除。
參考
Windows组件
en:Recycle Bin (Windows)
ru:Корзина (файловая система)
|
莱格尼察公国（波兰语：Księstwo Legnickie，捷克语：Lehnické knížectví）或称列格尼茨公国（德语：Herzogtum Liegnitz）是西里西亚诸公国之一。它的首都是下西里西亚的莱格尼察。
莱格尼察城堡于1163年成为西里西亚公爵的住所，从1248年起成为一个公国的所在地，由皮亚斯特王朝的西里西亚分支统治，直到1675年该家族绝嗣。萊格尼查公國由秃头波列斯瓦夫二世建立 ，莱格尼察与大多数其他西里西亚公国一样，之后归入哈布斯堡所属的波希米亚，并最终在第一次西里西亚战争后成为普鲁士势力范围。
西里西亚诸公国
|
鲁斯塔姆·奥鲁杰夫（，）生于俄罗斯伊尔库茨克州乌斯季伊利姆斯克，是一名阿塞拜疆男子柔道运动员。奥鲁杰夫在七岁时开始练习柔道，之后他参加了多项青少年赛事。16岁（一说14岁）时，他离开了俄罗斯，移居至阿塞拜疆巴库。最初他主攻66公斤级项目，在转攻73公斤级项目后，他开始在国际赛场上取得一些成功。
参考资料
阿塞拜疆柔道运动员
阿塞拜疆奧林匹克運動會銀牌得主
2016年夏季奧林匹克運動會獎牌得主
2012年夏季奧林匹克運動會柔道運動員
2016年夏季奧林匹克運動會柔道運動員
2020年夏季奧林匹克運動會柔道運動員
奧林匹克運動會柔道獎牌得主
|
药物性水肿的原因是什么？引起药物性水肿的常见药物有：1.速尿速尿虽然是一种治疗水肿的常见利尿剂，但有些特发性水肿的妇女较长时间应用速尿之后反而会使水肿加重。这是因为这种病人有肾素—血管紧张—醛固酮系统反应性增强，人在站立时易出现水肿，而速尿可加重这种作用 医学 教育网搜集整理。2.胰岛素服用胰岛素出现药物性水肿多在开始用药的阶段，水肿轻者仅局限于下肢，重者可波 及全身，这种水肿多在数天内消退。3.消炎痛是一种常用于关节痛、神经痛、肌肉痛的抗炎药，这种药可抑制前列腺素的生成，引起水的潴留，对部分人可产生水肿。4.氯丙嗪类药物这类药物会使体内排钠减少，导致水肿。5.糖皮质激素类药物如强的松、氢化可的松、地塞米松等，可直接引起水钠潴留，长期使用后可出现上半身水肿性肥胖。此外，还有消心痛、心痛定等药物，都可引起不同程度的水肿。
|
为什么月经前两天会有排卵的症状呢？排卵是每个女性每月都会出现的一种生理现象。是一种正常的身体表现，这个时候也是女性最容易怀孕的时候，所以也叫易孕期，那么女性的排卵期在月经前两天会出现吗。我们一起来看看。这个也是有可能的，排卵也不一定是排卵期。女性排卵一般会有一定的规律，但是有时候这个也会受自身的心情、环境、气候等因素影响，直接导致排卵时间的提亲后者延后，有时甚至是不排卵，所以说在月经前两天排卵的可能性也是有，只是针对于月经规律的女性来说，可能性不大，但也不是百分之百的。饮食要调整。在月经期间，因失去一部分的血液，血液中的血浆蛋白、铁、钾、钙、镁等物质也随之消失，因此，在月经干净后的1~5天内，应多补充蛋白质、矿物质以及补血的食物。不妨选择既有美容功效又有补血作用的食物，如牛奶、牛肉、鸡蛋、菠菜、樱桃、苹果等等。多参加体育锻炼。月经后，不妨多参加一些体育锻炼，如跑步、游泳、体操等有氧运动，这样能够帮助身体进行自我调节，增强身体免疫力；同时，要保证作息正常，尽量不要熬夜，保证充足的睡眠。适当舒缓压力。月经不调与精神压力、情绪都有很大的关系。如果长期处于精神压力消极的情绪，容易使自己体内的内分泌受到影响，引起月经不调。因此，要适当放松自己，注意保持乐观的情绪，避免多想消极、不愉快的事情。月经前的女性需注意热敷小腹，防受凉，少使用凉水洗衣服，多吃蔬菜水果。避免过劳，不宜吃生冷、酸辣、酒类等刺激性食物，多饮开水，保持大便通畅，减少盆腔充血，注意适当休息和保持充足的睡眠。
|
趙善政（），大天兴建立者，趙善政原为大长和清平侍中。928年，东川节度使楊干貞杀死大长和皇帝郑隆亶，拥立赵善政为骠信（国君），定国号为大天兴，改元尊圣。次年，杨干贞废赵善政自立，建大义宁国。赵善政的谥号为悼康皇帝。
南诏君主
S
|
Tage Mahal is a 2004 release by Jon Oliva's Pain. It was the first non-Savatage related release by Jon Oliva since 1994's Doctor Butcher.
Ironically, just like Savatage, the band faced a problem with its name. Oliva originally wanted to call the band 'Tage Mahal, as a homage to Savatage, although Oliva admits he could have called the band "Savatage, or Jon Oliva's Savatage, or Savatage Lite, but I didn't do that out of respect for the guys that were in Savatage."
Prior to the album's release, Oliva discovered a blues musician Taj Mahal. Under the Consumer Confusion law, the album would have been pulled off the shelves, despite the 'Tage spelling. Instead of holding the record up thinking of a new title, Oliva instructed SPV to simply swap the titles around.
Oliva noted the album was "received great, but it sold shit because the record company didn't do anything with it" because Oliva believes the label wanted a new Savatage record, but both Oliva and long-time producer, Paul O'Neill said no. As a result, on the band's 2006 and 2007 tours, the band has not performed songs from the album as part of their set.
The only song on the album not credited solely to Oliva, "The Nonsensible Ravings of the Lunatic Mind", which was co-written by Savatage guitarist Chris Caffery, is an outtake from Savatage's most recent release, 2001's Poets and Madmen.
Track listing
Personnel
Jon Oliva – lead vocals, keyboards, guitars
Matt LaPorte – guitars
Kevin Rothney – bass
John Zahner – keyboards
Christopher Kinder – drums
Additional musicians
Steve Wacholz – drums on "No Escape" and "Nowhere to Run"
References
2004 albums
Jon Oliva's Pain albums
SPV/Steamhammer albums
|
岑德雷伊是羅馬尼亞的城鎮，位於該國東南部，距離首府斯洛博齊亞24公里，由雅洛米察縣負責管轄，面積107.91平方公里，海拔高度18米，2009年人口12,847，大多數居民信奉東正教。
羅馬尼亞城市
|
Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the amino acids are produced. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesize all amino acids. For example, humans can synthesize 11 of the 20 standard amino acids. These 11 are called the non-essential amino acids).
α-Ketoglutarates: glutamate, glutamine, proline, arginine
Most amino acids are synthesized from α-ketoacids, and later transaminated from another amino acid, usually glutamate. The enzyme involved in this reaction is an aminotransferase.
α-ketoacid + glutamate ⇄ amino acid + α-ketoglutarate
Glutamate itself is formed by amination of α-ketoglutarate:
α-ketoglutarate + ⇄ glutamate
The α-ketoglutarate family of amino acid synthesis (synthesis of glutamate, glutamine, proline and arginine) begins with α-ketoglutarate, an intermediate in the Citric Acid Cycle. The concentration of α-ketoglutarate is dependent on the activity and metabolism within the cell along with the regulation of enzymatic activity. In E. coli citrate synthase, the enzyme involved in the condensation reaction initiating the Citric Acid Cycle is strongly inhibited by α-ketoglutarate feedback inhibition and can be inhibited by DPNH as well high concentrations of ATP. This is one of the initial regulations of the α-ketoglutarate family of amino acid synthesis.
The regulation of the synthesis of glutamate from α-ketoglutarate is subject to regulatory control of the Citric Acid Cycle as well as mass action dependent on the concentrations of reactants involved due to the reversible nature of the transamination and glutamate dehydrogenase reactions.
The conversion of glutamate to glutamine is regulated by glutamine synthetase (GS) and is a key step in nitrogen metabolism. This enzyme is regulated by at least four different mechanisms: 1. Repression and depression due to nitrogen levels; 2. Activation and inactivation due to enzymatic forms (taut and relaxed); 3. Cumulative feedback inhibition through end product metabolites; and 4. Alterations of the enzyme due to adenylation and deadenylation. In rich nitrogenous media or growth conditions containing high quantities of ammonia there is a low level of GS, whereas in limiting quantities of ammonia the specific activity of the enzyme is 20-fold higher. The confirmation of the enzyme plays a role in regulation depending on if GS is in the taut or relaxed form. The taut form of GS is fully active but, the removal of manganese converts the enzyme to the relaxed state. The specific conformational state occurs based on the binding of specific divalent cations and is also related to adenylation. The feedback inhibition of GS is due to a cumulative feedback due to several metabolites including L-tryptophan, L-histidine, AMP, CTP, glucosamine-6-phosphate and carbamyl phosphate, alanine, and glycine. An excess of any one product does not individually inhibit the enzyme but a combination or accumulation of all the end products have a strong inhibitory effect on the synthesis of glutamine. Glutamine synthase activity is also inhibited via adenylation. The adenylation activity is catalyzed by the bifunctional adenylyltransferase/adenylyl removal (AT/AR) enzyme. Glutamine and a regulatory protein called PII act together to stimulate adenylation.
The regulation of proline biosynthesis can depend on the initial controlling step through negative feedback inhibition. In E. coli, proline allosterically inhibits Glutamate 5-kinase which catalyzes the reaction from L-glutamate to an unstable intermediate L-γ-Glutamyl phosphate.
Arginine synthesis also utilizes negative feedback as well as repression through a repressor encoded by the gene argR. The gene product of argR, ArgR an aporepressor, and arginine as a corepressor affect the operon of arginine biosynthesis. The degree of repression is determined by the concentrations of the repressor protein and corepressor level.
Erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate: phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan
Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, the aromatic amino acids, arise from chorismate. The first step, condensation of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate (DAHP) from PEP/E4P, uses three isoenzymes AroF, AroG, and AroH. Each one of these has its synthesis regulated from tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, respectively. The rest of the enzymes in the common pathway (conversion of DAHP to chorismate) appear to be synthesized constitutively, except for shikimate kinase, which can be inhibited by shikimate through linear mixed-type inhibition.
Tyrosine and phenylalanine are biosynthesized from prephenate, which is converted to an amino acid-specific intermediate. This process is mediated by a phenylalanine (PheA) or tyrosine (TyrA) specific chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydrogenase. PheA uses a simple dehydrogenase to convert prephenate to phenylpyruvate, while TyrA uses a NAD-dependent dehydrogenase to make 4-hydroxylphenylpyruvate. Both PheA and TyrA are feedback inhibited by their respective amino acids. Tyrosine can also be inhibited at the transcriptional level by the TyrR repressor. TyrR binds to the TyrR boxes on the operon near the promoter of the gene that it wants to repress.
Tryptophan biosynthesis involves conversion of chorismate to anthranilate using anthranilate synthase. This enzyme requires either glutamine as the amino group donor or ammonia itself. Anthranilate synthase is regulated by the gene products of trpE and trpG. trpE encodes the first subunit, which binds to chorismate and moves the amino group from the donor to chorismate. trpG encodes the second subunit, which facilitates the transfer of the amino group from glutamine. Anthranilate synthase is also regulated by feedback inhibition: tryptophan is a co-repressor to the TrpR repressor.
Oxaloacetate/aspartate: lysine, asparagine, methionine, threonine, and isoleucine
The oxaloacetate/aspartate family of amino acids is composed of lysine, asparagine, methionine, threonine, and isoleucine. Aspartate can be converted into lysine, asparagine, methionine and threonine. Threonine also gives rise to isoleucine. The associated enzymes are subject to regulation via feedback inhibition and/or repression at the genetic level. As is typical in highly branched metabolic pathways, additional regulation at each branch point of the pathway. This type of regulatory scheme allows control over the total flux of the aspartate pathway in addition to the total flux of individual amino acids. The aspartate pathway uses L-aspartic acid as the precursor for the biosynthesis of one fourth of the building block amino acids.
Aspartate
The biosynthesis of aspartate frequently involves the transamination of oxaloacetate.
The enzyme aspartokinase, which catalyzes the phosphorylation of aspartate and initiates its conversion into other amino acids, can be broken up into 3 isozymes, AK-I, II and III. AK-I is feed-back inhibited by threonine, while AK-II and III are inhibited by lysine. As a sidenote, AK-III catalyzes the phosphorylation of aspartic acid that is the committed step in this biosynthetic pathway. Aspartate kinase becomes downregulated by the presence of threonine or lysine.
Lysine
Lysine is synthesized from aspartate via the diaminopimelate (DAP) pathway. The initial two stages of the DAP pathway are catalyzed by aspartokinase and aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase. These enzymes play a key role in the biosynthesis of lysine, threonine, and methionine. There are two bifunctional aspartokinase/homoserine dehydrogenases, ThrA and MetL, in addition to a monofunctional aspartokinase, LysC. Transcription of aspartokinase genes is regulated by concentrations of the subsequently produced amino acids, lysine, threonine, and methionine. The higher these amino acids concentrations, the less the gene is transcribed. ThrA and LysC are also feed-back inhibited by threonine and lysine. Finally, DAP decarboxylase LysA mediates the last step of the lysine synthesis and is common for all studied bacterial species. The formation of aspartate kinase (AK), which catalyzes the phosphorylation of aspartate and initiates its conversion into other amino acids, is also inhibited by both lysine and threonine, which prevents the formation of the amino acids derived from aspartate. Additionally, high lysine concentrations inhibit the activity of dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHPS). So, in addition to inhibiting the first enzyme of the aspartate families biosynthetic pathway, lysine also inhibits the activity of the first enzyme after the branch point, i.e. the enzyme that is specific for lysine's own synthesis.
Asparagine
The biosynthesis of asparagine originates with aspartate using a transaminase enzyme. The enzyme asparagine synthetase produces asparagine, AMP, glutamate, and pyrophosphate from aspartate, glutamine, and ATP. In the asparagine synthetase reaction, ATP is used to activate aspartate, forming β-aspartyl-AMP. Glutamine donates an ammonium group, which reacts with β-aspartyl-AMP to form asparagine and free AMP.
Two asparagine synthetases are found in bacteria. Both are referred to as the AsnC protein. They are coded for by the genes AsnA and AsnB. AsnC is autogenously regulated, which is where the product of a structural gene regulates the expression of the operon in which the genes reside. The stimulating effect of AsnC on AsnA transcription is downregulated by asparagine. However, the autoregulation of AsnC is not affected by asparagine.
Methionine
Biosynthesis by the transsulfuration pathway starts with aspartic acid. Relevant enzymes include aspartokinase, aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, homoserine dehydrogenase, homoserine O-transsuccinylase, cystathionine-γ-synthase, Cystathionine-β-lyase (in mammals, this step is performed by homocysteine methyltransferase or betaine—homocysteine S-methyltransferase.)
Methionine biosynthesis is subject to tight regulation. The repressor protein MetJ, in cooperation with the corepressor protein S-adenosyl-methionine, mediates the repression of methionine's biosynthesis. The regulator MetR is required for MetE and MetH gene expression and functions as a transactivator of transcription for these genes. MetR transcriptional activity is regulated by homocystein, which is the metabolic precursor of methionine. It is also known that vitamin B12 can repress MetE gene expression, which is mediated by the MetH holoenzyme.
Threonine
In plants and microorganisms, threonine is synthesized from aspartic acid via α-aspartyl-semialdehyde and homoserine. Homoserine undergoes O-phosphorylation; this phosphate ester undergoes hydrolysis concomitant with relocation of the OH group. Enzymes involved in a typical biosynthesis of threonine include aspartokinase, β-aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, homoserine dehydrogenase, homoserine kinase, threonine synthase.
The biosynthesis of threonine is regulated via allosteric regulation of its precursor, homoserine, by structurally altering the enzyme homoserine dehydrogenase. This reaction occurs at a key branch point in the pathway, with the substrate homoserine serving as the precursor for the biosynthesis of lysine, methionine, threonin and isoleucine. High levels of threonine result in low levels of homoserine synthesis. The synthesis of aspartate kinase (AK), which catalyzes the phosphorylation of aspartate and initiates its conversion into other amino acids, is feed-back inhibited by lysine, isoleucine, and threonine, which prevents the synthesis of the amino acids derived from aspartate. So, in addition to inhibiting the first enzyme of the aspartate families biosynthetic pathway, threonine also inhibits the activity of the first enzyme after the branch point, i.e. the enzyme that is specific for threonine's own synthesis.
Isoleucine
In plants and microorganisms, isoleucine is biosynthesized from pyruvic acid and alpha-ketoglutarate. Enzymes involved in this biosynthesis include acetolactate synthase (also known as acetohydroxy acid synthase), acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase, dihydroxyacid dehydratase, and valine aminotransferase.
In terms of regulation, the enzymes threonine deaminase, dihydroxy acid dehydrase, and transaminase are controlled by end-product regulation. i.e. the presence of isoleucine will downregulate threonine biosynthesis. High concentrations of isoleucine also result in the downregulation of aspartate's conversion into the aspartyl-phosphate intermediate, hence halting further biosynthesis of lysine, methionine, threonine, and isoleucine.
Ribose 5-phosphates: histidine
In E. coli, the biosynthesis begins with phosphorylation of 5-phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate (PRPP), catalyzed by ATP-phosphoribosyl transferase. Phosphoribosyl-ATP converts to phosphoribosyl-AMP (PRAMP). His4 then catalyzes the formation of phosphoribosylformiminoAICAR-phosphate, which is then converted to phosphoribulosylformimino-AICAR-P by the His6 gene product. His7 splits phosphoribulosylformimino-AICAR-P to form D-erythro-imidazole-glycerol-phosphate. After, His3 forms imidazole acetol-phosphate releasing water. His5 then makes L-histidinol-phosphate, which is then hydrolyzed by His2 making histidinol. His4 catalyzes the oxidation of L-histidinol to form L-histidinal, an amino aldehyde. In the last step, L-histidinal is converted to L-histidine.
In general, the histidine biosynthesis is very similar in plants and microorganisms.
HisG → HisE/HisI → HisA → HisH → HisF → HisB → HisC → HisB → HisD (HisE/I and HisB are both bifunctional enzymes)
The enzymes are coded for on the His operon. This operon has a distinct block of the leader sequence, called block 1:
Met-Thr-Arg-Val-Gln-Phe-Lys-His-His-His-His-His-His-His-Pro-Asp
This leader sequence is important for the regulation of histidine in E. coli. The His operon operates under a system of coordinated regulation where all the gene products will be repressed or depressed equally. The main factor in the repression or derepression of histidine synthesis is the concentration of histidine charged tRNAs. The regulation of histidine is actually quite simple considering the complexity of its biosynthesis pathway and, it closely resembles regulation of tryptophan. In this system the full leader sequence has 4 blocks of complementary strands that can form hairpin loops structures. Block one, shown above, is the key to regulation. When histidine charged tRNA levels are low in the cell the ribosome will stall at the string of His residues in block 1. This stalling of the ribosome will allow complementary strands 2 and 3 to form a hairpin loop. The loop formed by strands 2 and 3 forms an anti-terminator and translation of the his genes will continue and histidine will be produced. However, when histidine charged tRNA levels are high the ribosome will not stall at block 1, this will not allow strands 2 and 3 to form a hairpin. Instead strands 3 and 4 will form a hairpin loop further downstream of the ribosome. The hairpin loop formed by strands 3 and 4 is a terminating loop, when the ribosome comes into contact with the loop, it will be “knocked off” the transcript. When the ribosome is removed the His genes will not be translated and histidine will not be produced by the cell.
3-Phosphoglycerates: serine, glycine, cysteine
Serine
Serine is the first amino acid in this family to be produced; it is then modified to produce both glycine and cysteine (and many other biologically important molecules). Serine is formed from 3-phosphoglycerate in the following pathway:
3-phosphoglycerate → phosphohydroxyl-pyruvate → phosphoserine → serine
The conversion from 3-phosphoglycerate to phosphohydroxyl-pyruvate is achieved by the enzyme phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase. This enzyme is the key regulatory step in this pathway. Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase is regulated by the concentration of serine in the cell. At high concentrations this enzyme will be inactive and serine will not be produced. At low concentrations of serine the enzyme will be fully active and serine will be produced by the bacterium. Since serine is the first amino acid produced in this family both glycine and cysteine will be regulated by the available concentration of serine in the cell.
Glycine
Glycine is biosynthesized from serine, catalyzed by serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT). The enzyme effectively replaces a hydroxymethyl group with a hydrogen atom.
SHMT is coded by the gene glyA. The regulation of glyA is complex and is known to incorporate serine, glycine, methionine, purines, thymine, and folates, The full mechanism has yet to be elucidated. The methionine gene product MetR and the methionine intermediate homocysteine are known to positively regulate glyA. Homocysteine is a coactivator of glyA and must act in concert with MetR. On the other hand, PurR, a protein which plays a role in purine synthesis and S-adeno-sylmethionine are known to down regulate glyA. PurR binds directly to the control region of glyA and effectively turns the gene off so that glycine will not be produced by the bacterium.
Cysteine
The genes required for the synthesis of cysteine are coded for on the cys regulon. The integration of sulfur is positively regulated by CysB. Effective inducers of this regulon are N-acetyl-serine (NAS) and very small amounts of reduced sulfur. CysB functions by binding to DNA half sites on the cys regulon. These half sites differ in quantity and arrangement depending on the promoter of interest. There is however one half site that is conserved. It lies just upstream of the -35 site of the promoter. There are also multiple accessory sites depending on the promoter. In the absence of the inducer, NAS, CysB will bind the DNA and cover many of the accessory half sites. Without the accessory half sites the regulon cannot be transcribed and cysteine will not be produced. It is believed that the presence of NAS causes CysB to undergo a conformational change. This conformational change allows CysB to bind properly to all the half sites and causes the recruitment of the RNA polymerase. The RNA polymerase will then transcribe the cys regulon and cysteine will be produced.
Further regulation is required for this pathway, however. CysB can down regulate its own transcription by binding to its own DNA sequence and blocking the RNA polymerase. In this case NAS will act to disallow the binding of CysB to its own DNA sequence. OAS is a precursor of NAS, cysteine itself can inhibit CysE which functions to create OAS. Without the necessary OAS, NAS will not be produced and cysteine will not be produced. There are two other negative regulators of cysteine. These are the molecules sulfide and thiosulfate, they act to bind to CysB and they compete with NAS for the binding of CysB.
Pyruvate: alanine, valine, and leucine
Pyruvate, the result of glycolysis, can feed into both the TCA cycle and fermentation processes. Reactions beginning with either one or two molecules of pyruvate lead to the synthesis of alanine, valine, and leucine. Feedback inhibition of final products is the main method of inhibition, and, in E. coli, the ilvEDA operon also plays a part in this regulation.
Alanine
Alanine is produced by the transamination of one molecule of pyruvate using two alternate steps: 1) conversion of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate using a glutamate-alanine transaminase, and 2) conversion of valine to α-ketoisovalerate via Transaminase C.
Not much is known about the regulation of alanine synthesis. The only definite method is the bacterium's ability to repress Transaminase C activity by either valine or leucine (see ilvEDA operon). Other than that, alanine biosynthesis does not seem to be regulated.
Valine
Valine is produced by a four-enzyme pathway. It begins with the condensation of two equivalents of pyruvate catalyzed by acetohydroxy acid synthase yielding α-acetolactate. The second step involves the NADPH+-dependent reduction of α-acetolactate and migration of methyl groups to produce α, β-dihydroxyisovalerate. This is catalyzed by acetohydroxy isomeroreductase. The third step is the dehydration of α, β-dihydroxyisovalerate catalyzed by dihydroxy acid dehydrase. In the fourth and final step, the resulting α-ketoisovalerate undergoes transamination catalyzed either by an alanine-valine transaminase or a glutamate-valine transaminase. Valine biosynthesis is subject to feedback inhibition in the production of acetohydroxy acid synthase.
Leucine
The leucine synthesis pathway diverges from the valine pathway beginning with α-ketoisovalerate. α-Isopropylmalate synthase catalyzes this condensation with acetyl CoA to produce α-isopropylmalate. An isomerase converts α-isopropylmalate to β-isopropylmalate. The third step is the NAD+-dependent oxidation of β-isopropylmalate catalyzed by a dehydrogenase. The final step is the transamination of the α-ketoisocaproate by the action of a glutamate-leucine transaminase.
Leucine, like valine, regulates the first step of its pathway by inhibiting the action of the α-Isopropylmalate synthase. Because leucine is synthesized by a diversion from the valine synthetic pathway, the feedback inhibition of valine on its pathway also can inhibit the synthesis of leucine.
ilvEDA operon
The genes that encode both the dihydroxy acid dehydrase used in the creation of α-ketoisovalerate and Transaminase E, as well as other enzymes are encoded on the ilvEDA operon. This operon is bound and inactivated by valine, leucine, and isoleucine. (Isoleucine is not a direct derivative of pyruvate, but is produced by the use of many of the same enzymes used to produce valine and, indirectly, leucine.) When one of these amino acids is limited, the gene furthest from the amino-acid binding site of this operon can be transcribed. When a second of these amino acids is limited, the next-closest gene to the binding site can be transcribed, and so forth.
Commercial syntheses of amino acids
The commercial production of amino acids usually relies on mutant bacteria that overproduce individual amino acids using glucose as a carbon source. Some amino acids are produced by enzymatic conversions of synthetic intermediates. 2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid is an intermediate in the industrial synthesis of L-cysteine for example. Aspartic acid is produced by the addition of ammonia to fumarate using a lyase.
References
External links
NCBI Bookshelf Free Textbook Access
Metabolism
|
别尔沙季（，，）是烏克蘭西部文尼察州海辛區内的城市及其行政中心。距離州府文尼察124公里，面積7.1平方公里，海拔高度171米，市內的教堂建於18世紀，2011年人口13,223。
参考文献
外部連結
Bershad RADA - Bershad RADA
Bershad RDA - Bershad RDA
Bershad city and Bershad's district - portal of Bershad
portal of Bershad city - portal of Bershad city
Bershad. Electronic Jewish encyclopedia
文尼察州城市
海辛區
烏克蘭猶太人大屠殺地點
|
East Columbia is a neighborhood in North and Northeast Portland, Oregon, consisting of a main area west and north of the Sunderland neighborhood, and a smaller exclave on the Columbia River south of Hayden Island and east of Bridgeton.
The neighborhood includes the Columbia Children's Arboretum (1999) and the Columbia Edgewater Golf Club.
References
External links
Official Website
Guide to East Columbia Neighborhood (PortlandNeighborhood.com)
East Columbia Street Tree Inventory Report
Neighborhoods in Portland, Oregon
Oregon populated places on the Columbia River
Northeast Portland, Oregon
North Portland, Oregon
|
Westhulme Hospital, also known for some time as Westhulme Fever Hospital, was an institution in Oldham, England. At one time a hospital for infectious diseases, it later became a site used by several health-related organisations.
History
Westhulme Hospital was one of several isolation hospitals established in Lancashire during the 1870s as a response to smallpox epidemics prevalent in the region at that time. Opening in 1878, it was larger and more suited to treating a range of infectious diseases than some other examples, such as those at Blackpool and Blackburn. It initially comprised three eight-bed wards and three single-bed rooms in wooden buildings. Scarlet fever cases were a substantial proportion of its early intake and in 1880, coinciding with the introduction of local legislation making notification of infectious diseases compulsory, it was decided to create more permanent structures. The new buildings attracted 13,000 people visiting as viewers. Following initial suspicions concerning its function, the hospital catered for patients from a wide demographic, including mothers with children, tradespeople and paupers.
A substantial portion of its area was subsumed in the 1980s when the Chadderton Way road was built and the hospital itself closed in around 1990.
In 2006, the Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust announced that it was to sell the site, which at that time housed its offices, to alleviate a £28m debt crisis. The 284 staff on the site were to be redeployed among the Trust's other hospital sites. In 2012, after 135 years, it was reported that outline planning permission was in place for development of the remainder for housing purposes, although one potential alternative was for it to be used for car park facilities serving the Royal Oldham Hospital. The site was subsequently developed as an Audi car dealership for Jardine Motors Group, which opened in 2017.
Notable people
Notable people associated with the hospital included James Niven who was superintendent there in the 1880s.
References
Hospitals in Greater Manchester
Hospitals established in 1878
1878 establishments in England
Defunct hospitals in England
Buildings and structures in Oldham
Fever hospitals
|
The Polish Embassy in Dublin () is the diplomatic mission of the Republic of Poland in Ireland. It is located in the capital city of Ireland, Dublin.
As of September 2023, the current Polish Ambassador to Ireland is Arkady Rzegocki.
The embassy is also represented by an Honorary Consul in the western city of Limerick.
See also
Ireland–Poland relations
List of ambassadors of Poland to Ireland
Foreign relations of Ireland
List of diplomatic missions in Ireland
References
Diplomatic missions in Dublin (city)
Diplomatic missions of Poland
Ireland–Poland relations
|
Final Combat可以指：
蓋世豪俠
大衝鋒
非中文名称消歧义
|
John Chadburn (12 February 1873 – December 1923) was an English footballer who played in the Football League for Lincoln City, Notts County, Wolverhampton Wanderers, West Bromwich Albion and Liverpool. He also played in the Southern League for Plymouth Argyle. Born in Mansfield, Chadburn could play as a full back and an outside forward.
Career
Chadburn joined English Football League side Lincoln City in 1892. He made his first team debut on 7 September 1893 in a 1–1 draw against Rotherham Town. He scored 10 times during the season in 27 appearances in total. This earned him a move to First Division Notts County where he remained for three seasons.
He joined Wolverhampton Wanderers in October 1897, making his club debut on 27 November 1897 in a 2–1 win at Preston North End. Chadburn was unable to hold down a regular first team place at Molineux, and made just 12 appearances in total over two seasons.
He moved to their Black Country rivals West Bromwich Albion in January 1900. Here, he helped the club win promotion as champions back to the top flight in the 1901–02 campaign.
Liverpool signed him during the summer of 1903 but he only managed two first team appearances for the Merseyside club, the opening fixtures of the 1903–04 season. He joined Southern League side Plymouth Argyle towards the end of the campaign, their first as a professional club, and made his debut in March 1904. He appeared sporadically for the first team, scoring one goal in 15 appearances, before being released at the end of the 1904–05 season. He had a brief spell with Swindon Town and went on to play for Mansfield Mechanics and Woodhouse Rangers before retiring from competitive football in 1909.
References
1873 births
1923 deaths
Footballers from Mansfield
English Football League players
Lincoln City F.C. players
Notts County F.C. players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Liverpool F.C. players
Barnsley F.C. players
Mansfield Mechanics F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C. players
Reading F.C. players
Southern Football League players
Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
Swindon Town F.C. players
Western Football League players
Men's association football outside forwards
Men's association football fullbacks
English men's footballers
|
脑梗死后遗症的康复护理？脑梗死是最常见的一种脑血管疾病，脑梗死死亡率、复发率都性很高，不仅给患者身心造成极大的痛苦，而且给社会和家庭带来巨大的精神和经济负担。而形成脑梗死的根本原因在于脑血管内部出现血粘度高、血脂高、血压高、血糖高、血小板聚集等血液病史，和动脉粥样硬化斑块形成等血管病变，由两种病变共同作用结果形成的血栓堵塞脑动脉所致，导致脑局部的血液中断和脑组织缺血缺氧坏死。如果影响到由脑神经控制的运动神经系统，就会出现偏瘫、肢体障碍等相关后遗症；如果影响到脑神经控制的语言中枢神经，就会导致语言障碍甚至失语等相应神经系统症状。有不少的脑梗塞病人，在住院一段时间后病情稳定好转出院后没有好好护理，出现复发的也有，所以出院后的防护工作很重要，首先是要针对具体情况来护理，如果脑梗塞后遗留有后遗症，比如偏瘫、失语等功能障碍，要坚持去做康复治疗，出院后可到一些社区做康复治疗，尽最大可能改善功能障碍，以防症状加重。再有就是要注意预防发作，这些预防工作包括对危险因素的去除、饮食及锻炼等，一般来说脑梗塞病人要低盐低脂饮食，要戒烟限酒，抽烟可能是脑卒中的危险因素因此要戒烟，酒也要尽量少喝。最后就是对药物的服用，要根据个人情况来服药，一般脑梗塞要常规每天服用抗血小板药物，高血压的要吃降压药物，最好服用长效降压药物，使血压平稳；有高血脂的要服用降脂药物，伴有糖尿病要控制血糖等等，这些患者和家属出院后都是要了解并要重视的。药物外建议服用疏通微循环的多肽地龙，天然的膳食营养调理品，避免过多用西药给身体造成的副作用。
|
Grml 是一個基於Debian的Linux作業系統。它能夠在Live CD上運作，但也支持隨身碟。Grml很適合系統管理員與進行一般文書工作的使用者。它包含了X Window系統以及簡單的視窗管理員，例如wmii、fluxbox與openbox。这讓它可以運作一些圖形介面應用程式，例如Mozilla Firefox。
Grml的預設shell為zsh。
功能特性
Grml搭載系統管理工具、安全與網絡相關軟件、數據恢復與取證工具、編輯器、shell以及許多文書工具。此外，Grml關注於網頁可訪問性，提供了對螢幕閱讀器的內核支持以及一些相關軟件，例如brltty、emacspeak和flite。
Grml的另一特性是其以作爲登錄時的默認shell程序。經Grml定製的zsh配置可以從其項目倉庫中檢索。
從2009年早些時候開始，Grml分發的ISO映像就包含了MirOS bsd4grml。後者是一個最小化的MirOS BSD分支。在代號爲「Lackdose-Allergie」的2009.05版本之後，Grml的ISO映像支持直接寫入USB閃存碟、CF/SD卡、硬盘等存儲介質並直接從其中啓動。從2010.12版本起，Grml默認使用ISOLINUX作爲bootloader，提供了一致的菜單。
參考鏈接
外部連結
Grml官方網站
Debian
Linux發行版
|
Danebod (pronounced "DAHN-a-bo", or "DAN-a-bo") is a historic district at the south edge of the railway town of Tyler in southwestern Minnesota. Founded in 1885 by Danish Evangelical Lutherans led by Rev. Hans Jørgen Pedersen (1851–1905), the district comprises a group of buildings dating back to 1888 from Minnesota's oldest Danish immigrant settlement. Danebod remains until this day a predominantly Danish Lutheran, close-knit religious community. An annual celebration named Æbleskiver Days, held on the fourth weekend of July, celebrates Danish heritage and culture and includes a parade that goes down the town's main street with floats that are made by the various Danebod neighborhoods.
On the basis of its cultural and architectural significance, four buildings from Danebod were added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on June 30, 1975 as the "Danebod Historic Complex".
Etymology
The name "Danebod" honors Denmark's first queen, Queen Thyra Danebod, the consort of tenth-century Danish king Gorm the Old. Queen Thyra is recorded in medieval accounts to have directed the building of the Danevirke, a defensive earthwork across Jutland as protection against foes to the south. Due to her importance and good policies, she was given the name Danebod, which can be variously translated as "one who mends, comforts, or saves the Danes".
History
The native inhabitants of the area which later became Danebod were the Dakota Sioux people.
Establishment
On September 8, 1872, two Danish pioneer pastors, Adam Dan and Rasmus Andersen, established a small organization in Neenah, Wisconsin, which later became the Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. At one of the churches' conventions in Clinton, Iowa, in 1884, the Danish farmer Rasmus Hansen of Elk Horn, Iowa, suggested that "the Danish Church should help all the families living around in cities, who would prefer living in the countryside, where they could find a fitting spot for a Danish colony." A committee was appointed for the purpose of finding a piece of land for the scattered Danish immigrants to settle. The committee consisted of the Grundtvigian Evangelical-Lutheran pastors F. L. Grundtvig (the son of N. F. S. Grundtvig), Kristian Anker, Rasmus Hansen, Jens C. Kjær, and C. Bruhn. This committee soon made arrangements with Winona and the St. Peter Railroad Company to purchase of land in the southeastern part of Lincoln County, Minnesota. An agreement with the land agent, A. Bojsen, stipulated that for three years this land was to be sold only to Danish people. The land was rolling prairie by the hills of Buffalo Ridge, just south of the community of Tyler, Minnesota. By June 27, 1885, seventy settlers from various states, towns, and communities had made the area their home.
The pioneer settlers were all Grundtvigians; a faction within the Danish National Church. The Grundtvigians represented a nationalistic and liberal religious tradition, in staunch contrast to pietists and fundamentalists in the Church Association for the Inner Mission in Denmark. Grundtvigians believed in celebrating life, but they lived for the present, and were often nicknamed "Happy Danes". While salvation was the gift of Christianity, being saved was not a focus. The Bible was the Holy Book, but was not to be taken literally, and the Apostles' Creed rather than the Bible was their source of Christianity. Grundtvigians were also nationalists who wanted to "rewaken the Danes in appreciation of their identity", and its founder, Nikolaj Frederik Severin Grundtvig, is quoted for his writing: "first a Dane and then a Christian" in 1848. The Grundtvigians stressed four elects of a "true people": a common land, a common language, a common history and forefathers, and common culture through songs, folk dancing, language, cuisine, etc. Grundtvigians established Danebod to "save the Danes from total Americanization", and the colony's only written and spoken language remained Danish for several decades after its establishment. On Sunday, June 28, 1885, the pioneers arranged a festival to celebrate the new colony. The population grew rapidly in the early 1890s, and by the year 1895, 222 people lived in the Danish Colony of Danebod.
Late 19th century
On July 11, 1886, a meeting was held at the home of P. N. Clausen at which the Danebod congregation was formally organized with fifteen members. The church council consisted of its president, P. N. Clausen, secretary M. Lauritsen, and treasurer Jørgen Jacobsen. At first there were no regular church services and no resident pastor. Instead, the people met in various homes to sing Danish hymns and listen to a reading of the sermon by a layman. The pastor of Sleepy Eye, Minnesota, S. C. Madsen, and other ministers occasionally conducted services in town. The congregation later hired the Danish settler, pastor Hans Jørgen Pedersen (1851–1905) of Gowen, Michigan. He arrived with his family on April 12, 1888. Pedersen had a humble upbringing in Denmark, where he later studied at Ryslinge Folk High School before emigrating to America in 1875. He was an eloquent preacher, resourceful, and became involved in community activities throughout the area. He quickly assumed leadership and thus, in a sense, became the founder of Danebod. One of the pastor's six children, Sigurd Pedersen, described their first arrival in Danebod in his autobiography: "It was a chilly morning, when the committee stood on the platform to bid welcome to the new pastor and his wife, trailed by six children, and the rear held up by the trusty hired man, Søren Olsen, who was to keep count of the straying flock and see that the last luggage was not forgotten. Friends invited us over for breakfast in the home of H. J. Nelsen, the merchant. Then the committee guided us to a small house on the corner just west of the present-day Chevrolet dealer, where businessman Carl Cold Sorensen brought the first automobiles to the area in the early 1900s. The committee had left no kindling in this small house, but Søren Olsen soon discovered that the kitchen range was in place and claimed to be able to manipulate the same if kindling could be provided. Across the street was a large general store, and father sent us there to beg Mr. Lauritsen for some kindling. We were given old boxes to break up, and we soon had our arms full and Søren had a blazing fire in a few minutes." In September 1888, it was decided at a convention in Elk Horn, Iowa, to give the congregation at Danebod of land, and the Danebod Lutheran Church was dedicated on Sunday, June 16, 1895. Pedersen died in 1905, and the Reverend Thorvald Knudsen succeeded him at Danebod.
Pastor H. J. Pedersen, like most early pastors in the synod, had received his training in a folk school, and he was convinced that the success of the new congregation and colony depended on the establishment of such a Danish-speaking folk school. Danebod Folk School opened December 1, 1888, with Pedersen as president. Other teachers were Carl Hansen and Christian Hansen. Among the first students were Niels Petersen and Kristian Klink, both Danish immigrants. Klink was a stonemason educated in Denmark, and he helped pastor Pedersen in building the Stone Hall. It was built of native rock. Farmers hauled rocks from the shores of Swan Lake just south of Danebod, and Klink and his helpers split and shaped the rocks. The Stone Hall was finished in the fall of 1889, and the first public gathering in the Stone Hall was at Klink's funeral in November 1889. The Stone Hall quickly became the center of the new colony, and Sunday services were conducted here, as well as numerous weddings, baptisms and funerals. The students at the Danebod Folk School used the building as a gym hall, and young people would meet here to socialize, meet up with friends, and participate in singing games. Three years later, the Stone Hall was now too small for worship services. It was decided to build a new church, and the Cross Church at Danebod was dedicated on Sunday, June 16, 1895.
Early 20th century
A Ladies' Aid society was established on July 15, 1903, with board members Marie Hovgaard, Anna P. C. Petersen, Henrietta Hansen, and Sine C. Jensen. At first, Sunday school was conducted an hour prior to the church services on Sunday, but in 1907 it was decided to hold Sunday school during the time of worship service. As early as 1904, the synod had discussed the possibility of establishing a children's home at Tyler. On November 1, 1906, a children's home opened in the residence of K. H. Duus, who temporarily moved to Askov, Minnesota. A Folk School Association was organized in 1912. As early as 1888, the colony organized its first Danish elementary school for its children, Børneskolen, which was in use until 1939. In her travel diary entitled My Big Adventure of 1915–1916: The joys and hazards of motor touring in 1915, Danebod local Ragna C. Olson (1905–2007) described the average school day in 1914: "We had an hour of religion, then learned how to read and write Danish, some history, and the last hour we girls learned work such as knitting, crocheting and embroidery. In the afternoons, they taught us English, writing, reading and arithmetic." Ragna Olsen (previously Sorensen) was the daughter of the Danish pioneers Johanne Marie Sorensen (1877–1947) and Carl Cold Sorensen (1879–1967), both of whom hold a place in Danebod history for bringing the first motorized vehicles to Tyler in the early 1900s.
On Sunday, February 25, 1917, Danebod Folk School burned to the ground. Fortunately, the fire burned slowly. The students and the quickly summoned neighbors had time to rescue much of the furniture and other items of high value. Nearby buildings were saved, but the Folk School was beyond rescue. In the fall of 1917, nine months after the disastrous fire, a new and larger Folk School was dedicated. Speakers at the dedicatory exercises were Pastor Knudsen, C. P. Højbjerg, Aage Møller, P. Rasmussen, and Kristian Østergaard. Meanwhile, a terrible epidemic of influenza swept the county, and all churches and schools were temporarily closed in an effort to halt the deadly disease; but many people died. Another catastrophe followed on August 21, 1918, when a devastating tornado tore through Lincoln County. It was the fourth most deadly tornado in Minnesota history and took the lives of 36 people and injured a dozen more.
Culture
Danebod has continued to be a haven for Danish culture through the 20th century and into the 21st. The elementary school, university, library, newspapers, and church services remained Danish language for decades (and remained the most widely spoken language until the 1940s). Danebod remains a predominantly Danish-American town. It is customary to fly the Danish flag, Dannebrog, and Danish cuisine, music, cultural celebrations, language, literature, and the Evangelical Lutheran religious tradition remain important parts of life for the more than 200 inhabitants. Until 1947 church services were held solely in the Danish language, but has since offered one weekly service in Danish. Danebod is sometimes referred to as "the home of the Nissemænd," a reference to the mythological tomte of folklore. There is a sign on Tyler Street saying: "Welcome to Tyler. Home of the Nissemaend".
During the 1930s, a combination of financial pressure and low enrollment forced the Danish-language based Danebod Folk School to close down. The building was re-opened in 1946 and has since 1947 offered annual summer family camps. Danebod Folk Camp offers Danish cuisine, Danish folk dance, Danish art, and other Danish cultural experiences. In the spirit of the Danish Folk School system, camp attendees sing Danish songs, dance traditional Danish folk dance, work on crafts and have Danish-based lectures throughout the day.
There are several annual Danish-inspired celebrations in town, including the town parade, Grundlovsdag (Danish Constitution Day), Fastelavn, and Æbleskiver Days. Æbleskiver are traditional Danish pancakes in a distinctive spherical shape. Æbleskiver Days is one of the town's top attractions, and has been held annually by Danish descendants for more than a hundred years. During this two-day festival held on the 4th weekend of every July, Danebod celebrates its Danish heritage and community. During this festival, there is a parade inspired by Danish traditions and culture that goes down Main Street with floats made by the various neighborhoods. Traditional Danish foods such as medisterpølse, frikadeller, rabarbergrød, rødkål, cream wafers, cinnamon sticks, rosettes, kisses, as well as æbleskiver, smørrebrød, Danish coffee, liver-pâté, and sweets are also popular during the festival. Other activities during Æbleskiver Days include traditional Danish folk dancing, Danish art displays, Danish folk song singing, children's activities, and the fairground fair called Tivoli The Scandinavian tradition of singing and dancing around the Christmas tree still takes place at the center of the Gym Hall during Christmas time. Some families keep up the tradition of celebrating Christmas Eve on December 24. There is a town fair on the Danish Constitution Day, June 5. There are still quite a few Danish speakers, especially among the elders.
Danebod Historic Complex
Recognized for its architectural and cultural significance, the Danebod Historic Complex, at 101 Danebod Court, was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on June 30, 1975. The complex includes four historic buildings: the Folk School (built in 1888, rebuilt in 1917), Stone Hall (1889), Cross Church or Danebod Lutheran Church (1893), and Gym Hall (1904). Most of these buildings survived the disastrous fire of 1917, except for the Folk School, which burned down and was rebuilt the same year. These buildings also stood through the devastating 1918 tornado, which killed 36 people in the community.
All four structures were built in a simplified Greek Cross floor plan to signify a religious purpose. Closest to Lake Danebod stands the Folk High School, a three-story wooden building with eight gables. Next to the Folk High School stands the multipurpose Stone Hall, and across the street stands the Gym Hall with its iconic twin towers. Danebod Lutheran Church is located on the town's main street, appropriately named Tyler Street, and is in the shape of a Greek cross on the outside.
The Danebod Lutheran Church (also known as the Cross Church at Danebod) was dedicated Sunday, June 16, 1895. It is a cruciform clapboard building with a square placed obliquely in the center. The tower in the middle is carried at a 45 degree angle to the arms of the cross. The outside and interior detailing of the church is Eastlake. It was built largely with volunteer labor and money pledged by the early settlers, who had little to give. Points of interest include the altar chairs, kerosene lamps, architectural structure, wainscoting walls and ceiling, porthole windows as in a ship, hand-carving on the altar, pulpit and railing, the candelabra and altar cloth, hand-carved stone baptismal font, the Star of Bethlehem in the ceiling, Bertel Thorvaldsen's statue of Christ, the Celtic cross, and pictures in the narthex. The church is located at 101 Danebod Court. The church was established by the organization that later became the Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (DELCA). This organization later merged into the Lutheran Church in America (LCA) in 1962 and then into the largest Lutheran church in the U.S. in 1988: the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA). Danebod Lutheran Church remains a part of the ELCA still today.
The Danebod Stone Hall was built in 1889 and is a single-floor stone building in the form of a Latin cross. Its entrance wing features medieval-inspired crenellations, but the rest of the building with its pedimented windows are closer to being Greek Revival. It was built from native field rock hauled in by farmers and split and shaped by a Danish stonemason named Kristian Klink. The Stone Hall was used as the first church, later as a gymnasium and assembly hall. Points of interest are the outdoor old bell from the former children's school, fresco from the Gym Hall, the old chandelier from the Cross Church, old photographs, and handcut field stone in the structure. The Stone Hall is now a museum housing a collection of photographs, publications and objects important in Danebod history. It is also a venue for activities, lectures and discussion groups, and is typically open for public viewing during the Danebod Family Camp sessions.
The Danebod Gym Hall was erected in 1904 and is a cruciform clapboard building. The two sides of the entrance arm project forward to the eaves, and the sides plus a small roof enclose the entrance. It was originally built as a space for Danish gymnastics, folk dancing, music, theatrical performances, larger social gatherings, and worship for the Folk School students and other locals. Every year in the Gym Hall, the Danebod Lutheran Church upholds the Danish tradition of dancing around the Christmas tree. The basement is also commonly used for crafts such as stained glass and woodworking. In 1928 it was enlarged with a stage, basement and furnace. Many home talent plays were presented there, and it is still used for an occasional play, and is also used by the camps and retreats for folk dancing. Points of interest are the statue with an original canvas curtain with advertising, bars used years ago by gymnasts (on the south wall), and the original wainscoting on the walls.
The Danebod Folk School was first built in the year 1888, but it burned to the ground on February 25, 1917. It was soon rebuilt, and nine months later the current school building was completed. A three-story brick building, it has gable ends carried up as parapets. The four-story crenelated corner tower and the pointed arches at the entrance are from Gothic and native Danish architecture. The Folk School was renovated in 1946 and is now used by the Danebod Lutheran Church for camps and retreats, and as a meeting place for local groups and clubs. Points of interest are the hand-carved podium in the lecture hall, the picture behind the podium, the hand-carved wooden cross on the podium, collection plates made by Dr. Thomsen, and also the statuary in the lecture hall and sitting rooms, pictures in the sitting rooms, and the small podium in the dining room. Early settlers of the colony founded a residential school in the Danish tradition of folk High Schools and fostered the concept of "learning for living", by which individuals sought to become enlightened and thoughtful citizens. The Folk School Building stands as a testament to these values, and continues to serve as a place for fellowship and lifelong learning. Each dormitory style room is unique in plan and decoration. A large kitchen and dining area provide a perfect setting for group meals and activities. A lecture hall and several classrooms allow ample space for programming.
References
External links
Danebod website
Danebod at MNopedia
Danebod photos @ MHS
Buildings and structures in Lincoln County, Minnesota
Buildings and structures completed in 1888
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Danish-American culture in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Lincoln County, Minnesota
|
巨大儿的西医治疗？(1)孕妇应该做糖尿病筛查，一旦发现妊娠期糖尿病，应该遵从医生对营养摄取的指导，避免胎儿增长过快，诱发巨大儿，并应积极控制血糖。科学合理地补充营养，坚持运动。(2)若阴道分娩，大的胎儿往往产程长容易发生难产，即使胎头娩出了，有时会因为胎儿过大，胎肩娩出时很困难。分娩时发生肩难产，生后要仔细检查胎儿锁骨是否骨折。骨折常发生在锁骨中部，受伤侧肩部活动受限，局部肿胀，折断处有骨摩擦音，胎儿拥抱反射消失，如局部无症状，怀疑骨折，X线照片可帮助确诊，锁骨骨折不需要外固定，护理时勿牵动患肢，二周后痊愈预后良好，另外巨大儿生后要注意红细胞增多症，当静脉血红细胞压积>65%即可诊断，症状是表情淡漠，嗜睡，肌张力低，活动后皮肤呈红紫色，有时气急、青紫、呼吸暂停等。出现的神经症状是因低血糖，低血钙造成。一旦发生应及时进行换血疗法。(3)巨大儿阴道分娩前应及时行会阴侧切，娩出后，应仔细检查软产道，如有损伤，应予修补。并注意预防及处理产后出血。巨大儿阴道分娩很容易肩难产，如发生难产情况，可采取助前肩娩出法和助后肩娩出法。胎位不正并合并有糖尿病孕妇的巨大儿应采用剖宫产。
|
苍白球黑质红核色素变性的诊断是什么？血液、尿液及脑脊液检查均无异常发现，尚无特异性生化实验证实本病。1.CT检查示脑室扩大，外侧裂明显增大、脑沟扩大、尾状核、脑干、小脑萎缩;可见纹状体低密度病灶，也有报道出现高密度病灶。2.MRI检查T2WI示双苍白球外侧低信号，内侧有小的高信号，称为“虎眼征”(eye of the tiger)。3.骨髓巨噬细胞和周围血淋巴细胞的Giemsa-Wright染色中可找到海蓝色组织细胞(seablue histiocytes)。这种细胞在340nm波长的显微镜下，见光中有PAS阳性的荧光物质，有诊断意义。4.静脉注射59Fe标记的铁盐(枸橼酸亚铁)，SPECT显像示基底基区聚集增加，比正常人消退延迟，这也有诊断参考价值。
|
谢尔盖·米哈伊洛维奇·布林（，，），又譯為謝吉·布林，苏联出生的美国籍犹太裔電腦科學家與企业家，並与拉里·佩奇合作建立以搜索引擎和線上廣告技術聞名、世界最大的網路公司Google。他在福布斯2019年億萬富翁排行榜中名列第14位，資產達到498億美元。在2019年美國400富豪榜，以535億美元的資產，排名第7名。在2020年9月公佈的福布斯美國400富豪榜排名第9名，資產達657億美元。
布林出生在苏联，大約在6歲時與父母移居至美國，之後於馬里蘭大學學院市分校上學，並沿著其祖父與父親的腳步學習数学，同時雙修了计算机科学。畢業後，謝爾蓋進入史丹佛大學。不过，布林在史丹佛攻读博士期间选择了休学，與在史丹佛結識了拉里·佩奇。兩人開始使用宿舍裡廉價的主機，應用布林所設計的資料探勘系統為基礎，試圖編寫出一個卓越的搜尋引擎。隨著這項計劃越來越有成功的可能性，兩人遂先暫停其在史丹佛的大學學業，在从苏珊·沃西基（后成为Google高级副总裁）借來的車庫裡持續發展Google。
早期生活
謝爾蓋·布林出生在苏联莫斯科的一个犹太家庭，父母兩人皆畢業於莫斯科國立大學。父親米哈伊尔·布林當時在莫斯科一所學校任教，並曾經在蘇聯國家計劃委員會就職，「試圖利用數據來證明蘇聯人的生活水平遠比美國人高得多，這就是我在蘇聯時期的主要工作內容，可是事實又是如何呢？」接受訪-{}-問時他如此表示。
謝爾蓋6岁時（1979年），全家決定自蘇聯移民至美国居住。移民至美國後，他的父亲成為一位在马里兰大学任教的数学教授，而母亲叶夫根尼娅·布林則為美國航空航天局的戈達德太空飛行中心工作。
在蘇聯的童年生活
謝爾蓋·布林6岁時，他的家人認為他們必须移民到美国。布林一家在蘇聯首都莫斯科中心擁有一棟小公寓，內部共有三間房間（總計約30平方公尺），並和祖母共同居住在一起。在《The Google Story》的作者Mark Malseed訪問布林家庭中，謝爾蓋的父親曾表示：「在还没上大学時我就已經被迫放弃成为宇航员的梦想。在蘇聯，儘管當時苏联在法律和官方上都聲稱並没有反犹太主义；但在现实中，苏联共产党卻透過拒絕接受犹太人上大學等方式，將其排斥在高層的專業人士外。犹太人也因此被物理学部门排斥，尤其……」米哈伊尔因此在報考大學時將其主修科目改為數學。然而雖然在大學的數學這科，他每次都有A的優異成績，但他說：「在研究所仍沒有人特別注意我，只因為我是一位猶太人。」童年時的布林很早就知道自己的父親無法追求他所希望的職業，然而直到在美國才知道這件事的細節，謝爾蓋告訴Malseed說：「我很早以前就已經知道我父親不能追求他所追求的人生......」
1977年在謝爾蓋即將就學前，他父親參加了位於波蘭華沙的一次數學研討會，在「與美國、法國、英國、德國等國家的學者相互交流」後，米哈伊尔向他妻子及母親說現在就應該馬上移民。「我們不能再在這裡待下去了」米哈伊尔說：「在西方和我同樣專業的人並非是怪物。」在對自己和兒子的未來仔細考慮後，謝爾蓋的父親決定移居美國。他於之後的訪問中補充說道：「我是當時家裡中，唯一認為移民是一重要決定……」「我離開前蘇聯除了自身原因外，主要就是考慮到了布林的前途。當時我並沒有考慮過布林會成為一名產業鉅子，我只是希望他能順利拿到博士學位，最後成為一名對社會有用的人。當然最好是像我一樣成為一名教授。」
與父親相比，謝爾蓋的祖母對於要從莫斯科移民並不甚願意。而謝爾蓋的母親，Malseed在其文章提到：「對於葉夫根尼婭來說，這決定將會影響謝爾蓋的未來走向，但謝爾蓋的父親認為他已經思考了更多有關謝爾蓋的未來……」謝爾蓋的母親亦選擇了丈夫的決定，夫妻倆仍最後決定舉家遷移至美國。1978年9月，謝爾蓋一家正式提出了申請，但在此時父親「立刻被裁員」，而母親人也毫無理由地被迫辭去工作，兩人突然頓失工作。在等待簽證的8個月中，謝爾蓋的雙親只能做臨時工以維持家計，並沒有穩定的收入，但也無法確定出境簽證能被通過。這段時間兩人亦要負責照顧謝爾蓋的生活，而父親也趁機教導其程式設計。1979年5月，他們的出境簽證成功獲准，布林一家正式離開了蘇聯。
1990年的夏天在謝爾蓋即將17岁生日的几个星期前，他父亲带着兒子謝爾蓋參與持续两周的苏联高中数学资优学生國際交流计划。「謝爾蓋回忆說此次旅行唤起了他童年的恐惧」，他也记起他第一次「一时面对苏联的迫害，冲动地向警車扔石头」。Malseed 在其文章提到：「在第二天旅行至一家莫斯科市區的療養院附近，謝爾蓋靠近其父親、直視父親的眼睛說道：『謝謝你當初選擇帶領我們離開蘇聯。』」2000年10月，在一次訪談中布林說：「我知道等待出境那段時間是一段相當艱苦的時光，我現在也十分感激當時我們仍決定移民至美國。」
美國教育
謝爾蓋·布林在馬里蘭州就讀小學，但他從家裡學到比學校更多的知識。其身为馬里蘭大學數學系教授的父親培養了他在数学上的興趣，而他的亲属也帮他保有了說俄羅斯語的能力。在就讀小學一年級時，謝爾蓋就向老師提交了一份有關電腦打印輸出的設計方案，而在那時電腦就像黑白電視一樣，只有少數人擁有並懂得如何使用。
1990年9月，謝爾蓋讀完位於绿带城的高中後，進入马里兰大学学习電腦科学和数学，并于1993年5月获得理學学士学位榮譽。而后他获得美国国家科学基金会的奖学金，进入史丹佛大学后，他進入了Wolfram Research參與了Mathematica的編輯。
發展搜索引擎
谢尔盖进入不久就对搜索引擎产生了兴趣，他曾独立或与他人合作发表了许多关于信息收集和关键字索引的论文，也曾经写了一些小的测试性程序。1995年3月史丹佛大學的新生歡迎會上，謝爾蓋負責帶領新來的研究生拉里·佩奇利用周末時間認識校園，這也是兩人的第一次相遇。在一次的《經濟學人》雜誌訪問中，謝爾蓋開玩笑地說：「我们俩都有些令对方厌恶」。两人似乎在大多数课题项目上都持不同意见，但在共同相处了一段时间以后，两人就「在智力上惺惺相惜，成为了親密的好友」。當時，布林專注于開發資料探勘系统而佩奇把重心放在了推广从一篇学术论文在其他论文中的引用量来推断其重要性这一概念。最後兩人共同計劃編寫出一超文本的大規模網路搜尋引擎。
為了讓計劃實現，他們利用宿舍中的廉價電腦中編寫出程式，並於網路上測試這新開發的搜尋引擎。這個引擎首先為斯坦福大學內部的學生、教師和管理人員使用，並且迅速流行起來，大學的技術認證中心並為這項技術申請專利。然而僅靠史丹佛的硬體的基礎設施已讓迅速發展的計劃趨向極限，但他們倆認為他們已成功創造出一嶄新的搜尋引擎，遂先暫停有關博士學位的課程與研究，持續開發這系統。
Mark Malseed在文章中寫道：「他們倆向全體師生、各自的家人和友人募集研發基金，兩人共同度過困境，成功購置了一些伺服器，此外還租借了一位於門洛帕克的車庫作為基地……（不久之後）昇陽電腦的公司創辦人、副總裁兼史丹福校友的安迪·貝托爾斯海姆表示願意簽下10萬美元的支票來贊助『Google公司』。但那時有一問題為：Google公司仍未實際存在，也尚未正式申請創辦公司。兩個禮拜後，當兩位創辦人仍忙著處理文件資料時，並沒有地方可安全放置這筆錢。」1998年9月7日，25歲的拉里和24歲的布林正式創建了Google公司，而當時公司僅提供使用PageRank的搜索引擎的服務。
《經濟學人》雜誌在介紹謝爾蓋的生活態度的文章上，總結了Google的最初宗旨：「使世界上所有的信息，能被普遍和有用的被搜尋到。」，並將其與現代印刷術的發明者約翰內斯·谷登堡互做比較：
這樣的類似的比較也出現在《The Google Story》的文中：「並不是自從古騰堡開始……任何的發明將會讓人改變其早先利用資訊的方式，而這當中做的最徹底的就是屬於Google了。」
私人生活
2007年5月，謝爾蓋·布林在巴哈馬娶了安妮·沃西基（苏珊·沃西基的妹妹）為妻。妻子安妮·沃西基是一位生物技術博士，且於1996年於耶魯大學榮獲生物學理學學士；之後她將重點放在醫學信息學上，並與謝爾蓋共同希望能找出新方法來改善這方面的課題。他們倆亦深深影響醫學信息學，並帶領著人類基因組計劃。「對於布林來說，他將遺傳學視為一個龐大的資料庫和種種數據資料的問題。」他的妻子並以此想法創辦了23andMe（23即指人的23對染色體），試圖讓每個人都能了解自己的基因。在一次Google的時代精神會議上，謝爾蓋提出他希望總有一天人們都能了解自己的基因排序，藉此來幫助醫生、患者、研究人員分析這些數據，來解決身體上的問題。
謝爾蓋·布林的母親叶夫根尼娅之後被診斷有帕金森氏症，2008年謝爾蓋決定將她移往馬里蘭大學醫學院接受治療。在藉由23andMe的研究後，謝爾蓋得知帕金森氏症通常並不會直接遺傳下來。而當這件事被別人提起，並詢問他說不知道這件事是否會比較高興時，他說他提早知道意味著現在就能夠立刻提早抵禦此疾病，然而他仍有可能因為與母親相同的LRRK2基因突變，而在之後幾年發病。《經濟學人》雜誌的評論中說道：「布林得知他的LRRK2基因突變將會是他之後的一個身體隱憂後，並沒有影響到他對Google搜尋引擎程式的改良與除錯。他能夠藉由幫助自己的同時，也能夠幫助到別人，他認為自己算是十分幸運的……」
2013年8月，Google發言人向《華爾街日報》旗下科技網站All Things D證實，謝爾蓋和安妮·沃西基已分居數月，根據部分媒體報導，謝爾蓋和下屬阿曼達·羅森堡的婚外情，是導致夫妻倆分居的主因。2015年6月，與安妮·沃西基離婚。
谷歌退出中國
由於童年時因為家庭因素而離開了蘇聯，謝爾蓋對於「Google必須要藉由審查搜尋引擎的結果，來安撫中华人民共和国政府」感到不甚願意，但隨著中國經濟的進步，Google仍決定加入中國市場， 他向《財星》雜誌採訪時解釋其理由：
然而在2010年1月12日，Google在其官方部落格發布一篇題為《新的中國策略》（A new approach to China）的文章，指出大約在一個月前有大規模針對該公司電腦系統和其他基礎設施的網路攻擊，其他攻擊目標還包括許多Gmail帳戶資料，並導致其智慧財產權遭竊。Google宣布不再同意繼續審查其搜索引擎，要求獲得「在中國境內提供一個不經審查的搜索引擎」權利；甚至如果協商不成，可能會考慮關閉Google.cn乃至於Google中國，完全退出中國市場。而在這次反對審查制度的決策之前，其實Google早已醞釀了數週，兩名創始人謝爾蓋·布林和拉里·佩奇均參與了高層討論。在討論中以首席执行官埃里克·施密特為首，認為應該繼續在中國經營，並盡力改變其政權型態；但謝爾蓋反駁說公司已經盡了力，是應該離開了。討論的結果是謝爾蓋的意見佔了上風。 而在攻擊事件後，Google工程師亦確實追蹤到攻擊者可能為中國政府或是代理的駭客所為。
《紐約時報》報導說：「這次攻擊的主要目標為擁有Gmail帳戶的中國人權活躍人士，但也對至少20家分別從事金融、科網、傳媒和化工等各方領域的其他大型公司，進行針對性攻擊。」之後又持續報導此次攻擊說：「這次襲擊亦可能包含Google最重要的密碼系統，而如果遭掌控將可能控制數以百萬的世界各地用戶。」
2010年3月22日，Google正式將Google中國兩域名（google.cn和g.cn）的網頁搜尋、圖片搜尋和資訊（新聞）搜尋重定向至Google香港的域名（google.com.hk），並透過位在美國及香港的伺服器，提供未經審查過濾的搜尋引擎服務。同樣的，域名註冊公司Go Daddy也在3月24日一場討論中國網路自由的美國國會聽證會中，宣佈將停止辦理新的「.cn」域名申請。負責Google對於這次事件發言的謝爾蓋本人，在接受採訪時補充說道：「對於我們來說，總是在討論如何能夠爭取更多在網路上的公開和自由。我們相信這將是最好的事情，因為我們可以繼續維護網路開放性和自由傳遞信息的原則。」
只有少數大公司聲援他們這項舉動，不過很多網際網路言論自由支持者對這一舉動感到歡喜，甚至在美國贏得了多數的讚譽，也廣受美國國會議員的認同。參議會議員拜倫·多甘稱道：「Google這次決定是勇敢的一步，這將有利於人們更能自由的表達和傳遞資訊。」而眾議會議員鮑勃·古德拉特則說：「我十分讚賞Google停止對Google.cn搜索結果的審查，所踏出的勇敢第一步……」但是從企業遠景來看，很多人都意識到該舉動將可能會影響Google公司的利潤，《新共和》雜誌（The New Republic）雜誌便說道：「Google將因為它撤出中國而付出沉重的代價，然而這就是為什麼這次拒絕審查的舉動，是十分值得讚美的。」
獎項和認可
2009年11月，《富比士》雜誌把謝爾蓋和拉里共同列入影響世界的重要人物第五名。而在早些年的2月，謝爾蓋由於「領導索引和檢索等有關搜尋系統的快速發展」，獲選進入了美國國家工程學院，這可說是「在工程師中最高的榮譽」。2003年，謝爾蓋和拉里因為「具體表現了企業家精神，以及展現創建新公司的動力」，自位於西班牙的西班牙IE商學院中得到企業管理碩士的名譽學位。2004年，兩人收到了的「最高工程獎」，並被推舉為哥倫比亞大學的董事，Marconi Foundation的主席在宣布基金會的獲獎人後，祝賀他們兩人的發明「從根本上，改變了倚靠訊息檢索的今日」。
谢尔盖擔任Google董事兼技術總監期間，个人身价曾估计达到175亿美元，这令他一度成为全球排名26美国排名12的富翁。2010年根據《富比士》雜誌報導，他與拉里·佩奇在世界富人排行榜上並列為第24名。
其他事項
謝爾蓋·布林在其他事業上，名氣甚至可能超越他對Google的貢獻。例如他和拉里·佩奇藉由Google的慈善機構 google.org，企圖解決世界的能源和氣候等問題；並投資可替代能源技術的發展，以尋求更廣泛的可再生能源。Google承認：「我們的創始人企圖利用科學技術，來解決真正的麻煩問題。」他們也試圖支援企業開發創新的解決方案，且將這計畫分享給全球。例如2010年10月，他們投資一座負責協助東海岸電力網路的大型海上風力發電廠，而這也可能成為美國第一座「海上風力發電廠」。
謝爾蓋·布林經常受邀進行學術演講，並曾出現在許多電視節目和紀錄片，包括查理·罗斯、CNBC和CNN等電視頻道。2004年他和拉里佩奇共同被提名為ABC世界新闻的本周人物。2007年，他和拉里佩共同為电影《》的制作人。
2008年6月，謝爾蓋·布林投資近450萬美元以成為太空遊客，並與維吉尼亞州的太空探險公司簽約。這筆資金將作為預約金，提早預訂2011年世界首架專門執行私人任務的航天飛機的座位。布林在一份聲明中說他認為這次旅行僅是一項投資：「我對太空的探索和商業開發深信不疑，我期待著進入太空，軌道任務探險家團讓我既能保留參與太空遊的機會，又能直接進行投資。」
谢尔盖和拉里·佩奇共同擁有一架波音767飞机和一架阿爾法教練機；此外還有以Google公司作為所有人，用每年140萬美元的價格在租了一棟房屋和兩架，用于他们的商务和个人需求。其中兩人所有的波音767飞机经过特殊设计，可以容纳50人，内部裝橫有巨大的床；而兩架灣流五飛機上則安裝有美國國家航空暨太空總署的科學儀器，以在飛行時收集相關實驗數據。
謝爾蓋是的一位成員，AmBAR是一個網路組織，主要成員為在美國使用俄語的商務人士（包括海外國民和移民人士）。
2011年11月，谢尔盖·布林和前妻安妮·沃西基共同创立的布林-沃西基基金会向维基媒体基金会捐款50万美元。
話語
「楊致遠相當有天賦，如果他想要在Google工作時，我們將會非常興奮。」
「YouTube和DoubleClick要能夠大幅度的盈利，至少還得等上一、兩年的時間。」
「如果微軟成功收購雅虎，不但違背了相應的反壟斷法，而且將使今後的網路使用者面臨更少的選擇；如果微軟收購雅虎計劃變成了現實，這將不利於網路產業的蓬勃發展。」
「當一個人太容易賺得金錢時，將會混合多餘東西在真正的創新及企業精神。那段艱困的時光，為矽谷帶來最美好的日子。」
「於是我們想出這概念：並不是所有網頁都是相同的；或許人是同一人，但網頁並不是。」
「科技是含有民主概念的機器。因為隨著硬體和軟體的進步，幾乎任何東西你都可以自行添加，這意味著在我們有生之年都能擁有同樣力量的工具。」
电影
参考文献
外部链接
谢尔盖在伯克利加州大学的演讲（2005年秋）：涉及维基百科和搜索引擎的发展，Google的革命等等
福布斯世界富豪排行 Forbes.com
媒体报道
Linux Journal采访（2000年8月31日）
在网吧中的电视采访（2000年10月6日）
Search Engine Watch采访（2003年10月16日）
英国电视4台采访（2004年3月31日）
时代杂志的播客报道
Fortunes That Roared In 2004 Forbes.com
参见
拉里·佩奇
Google公司
Alphabet Inc.
Google執行長
TED演讲人
馬利蘭大學學院市分校校友
美國計算機科學家
美國企业家
美國億萬富豪
俄罗斯犹太裔美国人
史丹佛大學校友
軟體開發
猶太企業家
美國科技公司創辦人
归化美国公民的苏联人
蘇聯猶太人
Б
TR35获得者
|
Drecelj is a village in the municipalities of Sokolac (Republika Srpska) and Olovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Demographics
According to the 2013 census, its population was just 1, a Bosniak living in the Olovo part with no people living in the Sokolac part.
References
Populated places in Olovo
Populated places in Sokolac
|
田林纤树蛙（学名：）一种于中国广西壮族自治区田林县岑王老山地区的两栖动物，隶属于树蛙科纤树蛙属。
形态特征
田林纤树蛙体型中等，雄蛙体长30.3～35.9毫米，雌蛙体长35.6～38.7毫米。身体背部呈灰褐色到米黄色，具倒“Y”形棕色斑；前后腋窝淡黄色，前肢有2条褐色横斑，后肢有3条褐色横斑；喉及胸部灰色具小污斑；腹部米黄色。
参考文献
tianlinensis
2018年描述的动物
广西动物
中国特有两栖动物
|
去检查肝功能是不是不能吃早餐啊？平常在医院做肝功能的检查包含以下几方面。一是转氨酶：包含谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶，当肝脏受损，甚至轻微损伤时，这两个酶都会有明显升高。所以当这两个酶升高时，提示肝脏受损，但酶的高低不一定意味着肝脏损伤严重程度。二是胆红素：包含总胆红素、直接胆红素以及间接胆红素，胆红素升高，也提示肝功能受损，若以间接胆红素升高为主时，提示肝功能下降。若直接胆红素升高为主时，则提示肝脏胆管排泄异常，造成胆汁淤积或梗阻。三是其他酶：如胆碱酯酶下降，提示肝脏基础功能较差。若是γ-谷氨酰转肽酶升高，则提示有胆管损伤。肝功能检查的方法，一般指的是肝功能生化学指标的一些检查，即常规说的肝功的大生化。它其实不是一个指标，是包括一系列的指标，当然最重要的指标是谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶的变化，因为这两个酶是反应肝功能非常敏感的一个指标。如果发现肝功能不正常需要有条理进行一下措施：1、及时进行身体全方位的检查，查明具体病因，针对病因制定切实可行的治疗方案。2、不可以盲目自行用药，滥用药只会加重病情。3、预防并发症的发生。检查肝功能需要留取空腹血，建议在抽血前一天夜里12点以后不要吃饭，不要喝水，一早到医院抽取空腹血。早饭后检查肝功，容易导致检查结果出现误差，因为饭后检查血液中的成分会有所改变，给准确得出结果造成一定困扰。有的医院可以给出检查结果，当然不能避免有一些误差。不过一般给予结论，还是可以参考的。毕竟是需要医师签字生效的，没有人会胡乱给您结果的，当然检查肝功能最好是空腹。
|
（学名：Processus）为叶蝉科的一个属。
下属物种
本属包括以下物种：
参考文献
C
C
|
大连治口臭医院哪家好？患者如果出现口臭，在临床上有两种情况可以导致。首先，见于口腔卫生没有做到位的患者，在睡觉之前没有刷牙或者在睡前吃了食物，食物的残渣容易在口腔里面滋生细菌，导致口臭的发生。其次，除了口腔卫生没有做到位之外，幽门螺旋杆菌的感染也会导致口臭。患者一般有腹胀、腹痛、消化不良等临床表现，并且还有反酸等症状发生。可以选择到医院做幽门螺旋杆菌检测，采用药物控制，一般能够取得良好的效果。如果患者口臭比较严重，建议先到医院的口腔科就诊，随后到消化内科就诊。口臭的原因比较多，有的是外源性、有的是内源性。比如吃蒜、葱这类食物，吃味道比较大的食物以后，有可能在嘴里残留口臭。但实际上更多的口臭原因是来自于口腔内。因为口腔不是封闭的环境，要跟外界沟通，进食、喝水，甚至呼吸也会从口腔里过，所以口腔是有一定细菌的。如果牙齿刷得不干净，细菌会驻留在口腔，比如牙齿缝隙、牙齿表面的地方。如果长期停留在那里，细菌会不断的增殖。且细菌会分解食物或者口腔里的成分，形成特殊的气味，这才是口臭的根本原因。除了细菌停留在牙齿周围、牙齿缝隙、牙齿表面以外，还有可能出现在舌体上或者黏膜上面，也会构成口臭，所以说一定要把口腔做好清洁。口臭可由生理性因素和病理性因素引起，两种治疗方法不同：1、生理因素引起口臭，建议患者从加强口腔护理、改善生活方式上进行治疗。患者需勤刷牙漱口、定期洗牙清洁口腔，此外规律作息、清淡饮食、避免辛辣刺激食物、适量运动，提高机体免疫力，也有助于改善口臭。2、病理因素引起口臭，一些口源性疾病或非口源性疾病，也可引起口臭，治疗的关键是到口腔科或其他相关科室治疗原发病，原发病的到缓解后口臭自然也可缓解。
|
跑步后肾痛是什么原因？肾痛是指腰部肾区疼痛的一种不适症状，多种原因可以导致肾痛，如感染，囊肿、结石、劳累等。肾位于脊柱后面靠近腰部的左右两块，在发现肾痛后应寻找病因，以防因不注意而导致原有病情加重。常见致病菌：感染所导致的肾痛，最常见的致病菌为金黄色葡萄球菌，细菌可以由其他部位化脓病灶经血液进入肾脏、例如疖、痛、脓肿、感染伤口、上呼吸道感染、及肾邻近组织感染等。初期病变局限于肾皮质形成多发微小脓肿，继之可集合成多房性脓肿，部分病人可由小脓肿融合成大脓肿，成为肾痛，少数病人到晚期，近皮质肾痛可穿破包膜，发展成为肾周脓肿，近肾盏的脓肿可穿孔向肾盂引流，则尿中可找到细菌。其它原因如囊肿、结石等也可以引起肾痛，通常输尿管结石会让人感到剧烈的疼痛；肾囊肿及各种类型的肾炎由于肾间质受损也会引起肾痛；长时间采取坐姿或走了很长时间的路之后也会感到肾部发酸、发胀似的疼痛。当跑步出现肾疼的时候一定要马上停下来，不过这个时候也不要太过惊慌。跑步时肾疼的原因还是比较多的，可能是跑步姿势不正确导致的。如果是这个原因引起的话，那么不需要太过担心，可以通过改变一下姿势来进行调整。所以当跑步时出现肾疼的情况时，不要病急乱投医。开始可以先观察一段时间，如果这种情况长期存在或者自身感觉确实不太好的情况下，那就去医院做一个详细的检查。有时候跑步出现肾疼也可能是正常情况，比如说那些很长时间没有运动锻炼的人，突然间开始大量的跑步，就有可能出现肾疼的现象。还有那些体质本身较弱的人跑步时也有可能出现肾疼的现象。而这些情况都是可以调理改善的，不需要太过担心。当然，当跑步时出现肾疼也有可能预示着身体存在某些疾病。比如存在腰肌劳损这种疾病，那么跑步时出现肾疼的可能性是比较大的。对于这种人来说，一定要做好腰部的保护和护理。
|
During WWII United States Naval Construction Battalions ("Seabees") modified/created all of the main armament flame throwing tanks that were used in the Pacific War: by USMC in the Battle of Saipan, Battle of Tinian, Battle of Iwo Jima, and by the U.S. Army in the Battle of Okinawa.
They were a weapon Japanese troops feared and the Marine Corps said was the best weapon they had in the taking of Iwo Jima. After Okinawa the Army stated that the tanks had a psychological presence on the battlefield. U.S. troops preferred to follow them over standard armor for the fear they put in the enemy.
Pacific field commanders had tried field modified mechanized flame throwers early on, with the Marine Corps deciding to leave further development to the Army. The Navy had an interest in flame throwing and five Navy Mark I flamethrowers arrived in Hawaii in April 1944. The Navy deemed them "unsuitable" due to their weight and turned the over to the Army's Chemical Warfare Service. In May a top secret composite unit was assembled at Schofield Barracks. It was led by Colonel Unmacht of the US Army Chemical Warfare Service, Central Pacific Area (CENPAC) Col. Unmacht began the project with only the 43rd Chemical Laboratory Company. They modified the first light tank designating it a "Satan". The flame tank group was expanded with men from the 5th Marine tank battalion and 25 from the 117th CB. The newly attached Seabees went over what the Army had created and concluded it was a little over engineered. They recommended reducing the number of moving parts from over a hundred to a half dozen.
V Amphibious Corps (VAC) wanted mechanized flamethrowing capabilities for the Marianas operations. VAC had ordered and received two shipments of Canadian Ronson F.U.L. Mk IV flamethrowers (30 flamethrowers in total) to field modify tanks. With a war to wage field modification was much quicker than going through official military procurement channels. The 117th CB was assigned to the upcoming Saipan operation. Col Unmacht worked out an arrangement to not only keep the 117th Seabees he had, but get more. Augmented by the additional Seabees, the group worked sun up to sundown and, with Seabee can-do twenty-four M3s were modified to start the campaign. The very first, made by the 43rd Co, was christened "Hells Afire". The installation configuration of the flamethrower components limited the turret's traverse to 180°. As Satans were produced Colonel Unmacht had the Seabees conduct a comprehensive series of 40-hour classes on flame tank operation with first and second eschelon maintenance. First, for officers and enlisted of the Marine Corps and then later for the Army. The Satans had a range of and were the first tanks to have the main armament swapped for flame throwers. They were divided between the 2nd and 4th Marine Divisions for Siapan and Tinian with Tinian being more favorable to their use.
Four Seabees received Navy/Marine Corps commendations for their work from Lt. Gen. Holland M. Smith Commanding General(USMC) FMF Pacific.
At least 7 were awarded the Bronze Star.
Mid-September the Army decided to officially form a CWS "Flame Thrower Group" with Col Unmacht requesting 56 additional Seabees. The group included more Army CWS and 81st Ordnance men as well. It was apparent that a larger flamethrower on a bigger tank would be more desirable, but very few tanks were available for conversion. Operation Detachment was next and Col Unmacht's group located eight M4A3 Sherman medium tanks for it. The Seabees worked to combine the best elements from three different flame units: the Ronson, the Navy model I and those Navy Mk-1s the Navy gave up. MMS1c A.A. Reiche and EM2c Joseph Kissel are credited with designing the CB-H1. Installation required 150 lbs of welding rod, 1100 electrical connections, and cost between $20,000-25,000 per tank(adj. for inflation $288,000-$360,000 in 2019). The CB-H1 flamethrower operated on 300 psi which gave it a range of and could transverse 270°. This model was quickly superseded by the CB-H2 which was far better. EM2c Kissel and SF1c J.T. Patterson accompanied the tanks to oversee maintenance during the battle of Iwo Jima. Kissel filled in as an assistant driver/gunner with tank crews on 20 days of the operation.
In November 1944, prior to the rave USMC reviews of Iwo Jima, the Fleet Marine Force had requested 54 mechanized flame throwers, nine for each of the Marine Corps divisions On Iwo the tanks all landed D-day and went into action on D+2, sparingly at first. As the battle progressed, portable flame units sustained casualty rates up to 92%, leaving few troops trained to use the weapon. More and more calls came for the Mark-1s to the point that the Marines became dependent upon the tanks and would hold up their assault until a flame tank was available. Since each tank battalion had only four they were not assigned. Rather, they were "pooled" and would dispatch from their respective refueling locations as the battle progressed. One the 4th Division tanks had a 50 cal. machine gun coaxial to the flamethrower as well as concrete armor to counter placement of magnetic charges. Towards the end of the battle, 5th Marine tanks used between gallons per day.
For Okinawa the 10th Army decided that the entire 713th Tank Battalion would provisionally convert to flame. The battalion was tasked to support both the Army and the Marine Corps assault. It was ordered to Schofield Barracks on Nov 10. There the Seabees supervised three officers and 60 enlisted of the 713th convert all 54 of their tanks to Ronsons. The Ronsons did not have the range of either the CB-H1 or CB-H2.
In June 1945, the 43rd Chemical Lab. Co. had developed a stabilized flamethrower fuel (napalm). They oversaw CB construction of an activating plant that produced over 250,000 gallons. The 713th went through 200,000 gallons on Okinawa. Also in June, the Army cancelled all further production orders for any more M4 Shermans. This caused Under Secretary of War Robert Patterson to place an expedite on Col. Unmacht's production of flame tanks. They were given a "Triple A" procurement priority, the same given to the B-29 and the Atomic bomb projects.
Another 72 tanks were ordered by the Marine Corps for the planned invasion of Japan of which Col. Unmacht's crews had 70 ready by Victory over Japan Day. In total Unmacht's Flame Tank Group produced 354 tanks.
The military did not have uniform terminology for referencing mechanized flamethrowers so there is some wording variation in documents.
The Seabees produced 11 different models of flame throwing tanks off three basic variations identified with a POA-CWS-H number
"Primary" where the main armament was removed and replaced.
The first eight had Navy CB-H1 or CB-H2 flamethrowers. US Army Chemical Corps variously identified these tanks as POA-CWS-H1, (Pacific Ocean Area-Chemical Warfare Section-Hawaii) CWS-POA-H2, CWS-POA-H1 H2, OR CWS-"75"-H1 H2 mechanized flamethrowers. US Marine and US Army observer documents from Iwo Jima refer to them as the CB-Mk-1 or CB-H1. Marines on the lines simply called them the Mark I. The official USMC designation was "M4 A3R5". The Japanese referred to them as M1 tanks and it is speculated that they did so due to a poor translation of "MH-1".
The next 54 tanks had Ronson flamethrowers. That made them the third tank variant produced. Army records identify them as POA-CWS-H1s.
Some of these tanks were configured with an external long hose supplying a M2-2 portable flamethrower that ground troops could use. This variation could throw some . A drawback to this attachment was all the fuel it took to charge the hose line so it could fire diminished the tank's overall effectiveness. Army documents post-war refer to this variation as being a CWS-POA-H1.
"Auxiliary" where the flame thrower was mounted coaxial to the main armament. Eighteen of the first generation model were on the way to the 10th Army on Okinawa, but the island was taken before they arrived, so they were given to the 3rd Marine Division tank battalion on Guam.
75mm main armament with Ronson
75mm main armament H1a-H5a
105mm main armament with Ronson
105mm main armament with H1a-H5a USMC designation M4-A3E8. These would be at Inchon in 1950.
In mid-1945 the Seabees started producing the second generation of these tanks. These H1a-H5a Shermans, with either 75mm or 105mm main armaments, were jointly referred to as CWS-POA-5s.
"Periscope Mount" This model was based upon work done by the U.S. Army at Fort Knox. The flame thrower was mounted through the assistant driver's hatch alongside their tank periscope which meant that the bow machine gun could be retained. 176 were produced. Word spread that one of these tanks lost a crew when the flamethrower nozzle took a hit. The Marine Corps did not want this design.
H1 periscope
H1A periscope
H1B periscope
Examples labeled POA-CWS-H1 and POA-CWS-H5 are on display at the Mahaffey Museum at Fort Leonard Wood Missouri.
5th Marine CB-H1 in action on D+22,
Example M42 B1E9
The Marines preferred the CB tanks to any produced in the U.S. at that time. The Marine Corps and Army both felt that the flame throwing tanks saved U.S. troops lives and kept the casualty numbers lower than they would have been had the tanks not been used. They also agreed that they would need many for the invasion of the Japanese homeland.
Postwar the Army stood down the provisional 713th keeping no flame tanks. The Marine Corps came close to doing the same. When the Korean War broke out they were able to put together nine CWS-POA-H5s from Pendelton and Hawaii. Together they formed a platoon, named the "Flame Dragons", in the 1st tank battalion. They landed at Inchon in 1950 and were the only U.S. mechanized flame unit to be in Korea.
Col. Unmacht 1946 Military Review flame tank article.
References
Seabees
|
肝硬化严重吗？肝硬化严重吗？注意！肝硬化并非不治之症！从大量实验研究发现，肝脏内胶原纤维的增生和降解是一个动态平衡的过程，合成和降解的强弱程度，决定着肝脏纤维化的发展速度，如果能够对纤维化的合成进行人为的抑制，并且对它的降解加以促进，就能使肝纤维化逆转。这种治疗方法从根本上改变了人们将肝硬化视为不治之症的传统观念。很多慢性肝炎患者以为肝硬化是必然的结果，常常为此感到忧心忡忡，非常悲观。其实这种担心是多余的。在临床观察当中，确实有部分的肝炎患者会演变为肝硬化。但是实际上，发展为肝硬化的也是极少数的。一部分患者在经过一段时期的正规治疗后活动性病变会慢慢停止，并非都是发展为肝硬化。需要特别注意的是，在慢性肝炎期是治疗的最重要的阶段，治疗得当，肝功能得到改善，病毒指标转阴，是可以预防肝纤维化的形成的，从而也会防止发展为肝硬化。如果在肝炎期，盲目的追求一些祖传妙方，缺乏科学的治疗，不及时阻止肝纤维化的形成，那么发生肝硬化也只是时间早晚的问题了。肝硬化——定期复查三项1、采血化验肝功能中的凝血酶原时间、凝血酶原活动度、碱性磷酸酶、Y-谷氨酰转肽酶、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶；血常规中的血小板计数、白细胞分类；肿瘤标志物中的甲胎蛋白；肾功能五项中的尿素氮；以及胆红质，都是肝硬化患者，需要定期复查的项目及基础参考指标。2、影像检查全腹部B超，肝脏、胆囊、脾脏B超检查，食管钡餐、心肺透视。3、其他项目肝脏、胆囊、脾脏CT扫描，同位素肝扫描。
|
Krishnananda Agamavagisha (a.k.a. Mahamahopadhyaya Krishnananda Bhattacharya) was a noted Kulin Bengali Brahmin of Nabadwip, Nadia district origin and a renowned Pandita (Scholar) and Sadhaka of Tantra tradition who lived around 1575 CE. He is the author of the Tantrasara.
He (being the introducer of Navya Tantric-scripture, Tantrasara) is considered to be one among the four pillars of Shreehatta origin scholars in Nabadwip worked for Sanatana philosophy, alongside Raghunatha (introducer of Navya Nyaya), Raghunandana (introducer of Navya Smriti), and Vishvambhara: Chaitanya (introducer of Navya Vaishnava).
Agamavagisha was born from Acharya Mahesh Bhattacharya in the year 1533 at Nabadwip. He had four sons - Kashinatha, Mathuranatha, Harinatha and Vishvanath. He had a brother Sahasraksha who was a staunch Vaishnava and a worshipper of Lord Krishna. Krishnananda was ascent from Ramatoshana Vidyalankara, the author of Pranatoshani.
Contributions
He is considered one of the greatest exponents of Tantric activism in Bengal. He authored Brihat Tantrasara, one of the most exhaustive worship and sadhana text for Tantra. Aagameshwari Kali puja, the oldest Kali Puja of Nabadwip was started by him.
To his credit he popularized Kali Puja, in Bengal and turned it into a household practice. Before that, Kali Puja was considered a complicated form of worshipping not suitable for common people, which required high degree of expertise in Tantric sadhana. Krishnananda took it upon himself to reform the Tantra practice by removing the terrifying parts and establish it as a benevolent, tender and devotional practice for commoners.
Death
It is believed that he underwent death in meditative trance at Mallarpur, Birbhum.
Dakshina Kali
The development of worship of the form of Goddess Kali as Dakshinakali, is also often attributed to Krishnananda Agamavagisha.
It is said that during this time, there was no idol of goddess Kali, known to anyone. Kali Puja used to take place using Tantric substances. One day Krishnananda, had a dream where goddess Kali said that whoever Krishnananda will first see in the morning, should be used as an inspiration to create her idol.
Krishnananda, went out in the early morning and saw a village woman, applying cow dung patties on a wall. She was supported by her right foot on a rock in front of her and was dark skinned with long untied hair touching her knee. Suddenly becoming conscious about presence of another male around her she stuck her tongue out in shame, as was the practice in the society of that era.
Krishnananda was deeply moved by this posture and took it as an inspiration to create an idol of Maa Kaali. It is said that since then, Maa Kali is being worshipped in Bengal in this form as all forgiving, tender and divine mother.
Popular culture
Rajorshi Dey's 2019 Bengali thriller film, Purba Paschim Dakshin was based on the Tantra cult of Krishnananda Agamavagisha. The film is an adaptation of the book Ebong Inquisition, by Avik Sarkar. Paran Bandopadhyay played the role of Agamavagisha.
See also
Kali
Ramprasad Sen
Dakshina Kali
Shakti
References
16th-century Bengalis
16th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians
Bengali Hindus
Bengali Hindu saints
Bengali-language writers
Indian Hindu yogis
Sanskrit scholars from Bengal
Shaktas
|
Troy Van Leeuwen (born January 5, 1970) is an American musician and record producer. He is best known as a guitarist and multi-instrumentalist in the rock band Queens of the Stone Age, with whom he has recorded five studio albums. Joining the band in 2002, he is the second-longest-serving member of the band, after founding member Josh Homme. Van Leeuwen is also a member of the supergroup Gone Is Gone and has fronted his own projects, Enemy and Sweethead. As of 2021, Van Leeuwen is a co-producer and musical contributor to the anonymous American hardcore punk musical collective the Armed.
Originally a member of Failure, Van Leeuwen joined the alternative rock supergroup A Perfect Circle in 1999, contributing to their first two studio albums, Mer de Noms (2000) and Thirteenth Step (2003), before joining Queens of the Stone Age to tour in support of their third studio album, Songs for the Deaf (2002). Van Leeuwen has remained in the band ever since, recording five albums with the band to date: Lullabies to Paralyze (2005), Era Vulgaris (2007), ...Like Clockwork (2013), Villains (2017) and In Times New Roman... (2023).
Van Leeuwen has contributed to several other Queens of the Stone Age-related side-projects, including The Desert Sessions, Mondo Generator, Eagles of Death Metal and The Gutter Twins. In 2016, Van Leeuwen was a member of Iggy Pop's touring band, supporting his album, Post Pop Depression (2016), recorded with his Queens of the Stone Age bandmates Josh Homme and Dean Fertita.
Biography
Van Leeuwen has a Dutch surname (he has ancestors from the Netherlands and has described himself as a third-generation American). He became interested in music at an early age and his dad would play early rock and roll records such as Chuck Berry. His first big influence in learning how to play rock came through listening to Led Zeppelin records. Playing drums initially, Van Leeuwen sought to imitate Zeppelin drummer, John Bonham, but later switched to guitar and discovered that he had an aptitude for it. He cites Jimmy Page as a big influence:
Music career
In the late 1980s, Van Leeuwen played in Jester, a successful southern California band fronted by vocalist Eric Book. Jester released an EP, which is the earliest and most rare recording of a 16-year-old Van Leeuwen. He then played in a small band called Little Boots, with which he recorded a number of demos and played a few shows before the band's breakup. His next band was 60 Cycle, which released their debut "Pretender" in 1995, and their self-titled album the following year. It was during his time in 60 Cycle that Van Leeuwen met Kellii Scott, and the two started working on a project (later to be known as Enemy). Van Leeuwen went on to play in Failure. The band released three records and didn't enjoy any commercial success, but was praised by critics as a talented and almost revolutionary group. It was during a tour with Failure when Van Leeuwen met former Kyuss guitarist Josh Homme, who was presently playing rhythm guitar with The Screaming Trees. After the breakup of Failure, Van Leeuwen became a session musician and recording engineer, working with groups such as Orgy, Crazy Town, Coal Chamber and KoRn.
A Perfect Circle
It was during his time as a session musician that Van Leeuwen met Tool frontman Maynard James Keenan, who offered him a spot in his and Billy Howerdel's new band, A Perfect Circle. The band played their first show at LA's Viper Club Reception on August 15, 1999. After playing shows in Los Angeles, the band entered the studio to begin work on their debut album, Mer de Noms. The album was released on May 23, 2000, making it the highest ever debut for a new rock band, selling over 188,000 copies in its first week, and appearing at number four on the Billboard 200. Van Leeuwen toured extensively with the band, initially as the opening act for Nine Inch Nails, followed a number of headlining tours around the world. Van Leeuwen recorded guitar parts on only three tracks of A Perfect Circle's second album, Thirteenth Step, before successfully auditioning for a spot in Josh Homme's Queens of the Stone Age.
Queens of the Stone Age
After outperforming Jeordie White and others in the audition, Van Leeuwen was welcomed as the band's second guitarist for their Songs for the Deaf tour. Besides playing guitar, Van Leeuwen also performed on lap steel guitar, keyboards, backing vocals and occasionally bass guitar. Due to the band's schedule, Van Leeuwen had only one week to learn 30 songs before the tour began. For the European leg of the album's supporting tour, Dave Grohl left to return to his main band Foo Fighters. He was replaced with former Danzig drummer Joey Castillo. Songs for the Deaf was a critical and commercial success, and the singles "No One Knows" and "Go with the Flow" became hits on both radio and MTV. The tour culminated in a number of headline dates in Australia in January 2004.
Van Leeuwen's first recording with QOTSA was Lullabies to Paralyze. The band entered the studio with long-time collaborator and multi-instrumentalist Alain Johannes, who replaced Nick Oliveri on the album. Van Leeuwen aimed to fill in some of the gaps in the music where he felt the sound could be expanded through atmospheric and ambient textures made by guitar, lap steel and piano. The album (the title of which is taken from a lyric in Mosquito Song from Songs for the Deaf) featured several guest appearances, most notably ZZ Top's Billy Gibbons, who performed backing vocals and lead guitar on "Burn the Witch" and the ZZ Top cover, "Precious and Grace". Despite reportedly turning down an invitation to remain with the band, Mark Lanegan recorded vocals on new tracks, and appeared with the band on the supporting tour when scheduling and his health permitted. The album was leaked onto the internet in February 2005, and was aired by Australian radio on March 3, 2005, as an unsubstantiated 'World Premiere'. The album was then officially released on March 22, 2005, in the US, and debuted as number 5 on the Billboard Music Chart: the greatest initial success of any QOTSA record to date. On November 22, 2005, the band released a live album/DVD set called Over the Years and Through the Woods, which featured a live concert filmed in London, and bonus features (including rare videos dating from 1998 to 2005).
After touring to support the album, the band headed back into the studio in July 2006. A year later, Van Leeuwen reported that the band had written new material that was "still in its infancy", which Homme later suggested might be released as an EP. This matured into their 2007 release Era Vulgaris, to which Van Leeuwen contributed a significant amount of material.
Several sites reported that the album would include many guest vocalists, including Trent Reznor from Nine Inch Nails, Julian Casablancas from The Strokes, Mark Lanegan, Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top, and wittingly, deceased humorist Erma Bombeck. Josh Homme described the record as "dark, hard, and electrical, sort of like a construction worker". Era Vulgaris was completed in early April 2007 and released in June 2007 in the US The tracks "Sick, Sick, Sick" and "3's & 7's" were released as singles in early June. Bassist Michael Shuman (Wires on Fire, Jubilee) and keyboardist Dean Fertita (The Waxwings, The Raconteurs) took over touring duties from Alain Johannes and Natasha Shneider respectively.
Following a subsequent interview with Homme, The Globe and Mail reported that the EP "could contain as many as 10 B-sides recorded during the Era Vulgaris sessions." It was since reported however that the EP would not be released due to the record label's unwillingness to put out another QOTSA release at this time. In a September issue of NME Magazine, Homme stated that he was going back to make the new QOTSA and Desert Sessions records, along with remastering the 1998 (QOTSA) self-titled album for an early 2009 release. Homme also stated Queens' new album is going to be a "desert orgy in the dark".
In 2013, QOTSA released ...Like Clockwork, Van Leeuwen's third full album with the band. On the album, Van Leeuwen plays guitar, percussion, twelve-string guitar, twelve-string slide guitar, lap steel, synthesizers, acoustic guitar and provides vocals. The album was the first QOTSA album to reach number one on the Billboard 200. It also reached number two on the UK Albums Chart and was nominated for three Grammy Awards, including Best Rock Album.
Other musical work
In 2001, Van Leeuwen joined the supergroup Revenge of the Triads with Nine Inch Nails keyboardist Charlie Clouser and Snake River Conspiracy bassist/producer Jason Slater. Van Leeuwen, who acted the band's main vocalist, described the band as a mixture of all three of the members influences, and stated that the band did not fit in any specific genre. The band was signed to LMC Records, an independent label distributed by MCA Records, and worked on a debut album before breaking up almost exactly a year later due to problems with LMC not paying the band and the members' losing interest in the project. The album remains unfinished and unreleased.
In 2005, Van Leeuwen released Hooray For Dark Matter with his side project Enemy. The album features bassist Eddie Nappi from the Mark Lanegan Band, and his former bandmate from Failure Kelli Scott on drums (who had replaced Quicksand's Alan Cage). Van Leeuwen describes Enemy as his "big, dumb rock trio", and "a vehicle driven by pure and utter disgust of mediocrity and general frustration with the human condition". During Van Leeuwen's time with A Perfect Circle, Enemy recorded a five track demo in what he called "Guerilla-style recording" at various studios. The band (unusually) offered to be signed by a record label by advertising for the princely sum of $250,000 on eBay. Enemy was ultimately signed by Control Group/TCG, who released their debut album. After joining the Queens of the Stone Age, Van Leeuwen has also contributed music to band members' various side projects: such as The Desert Sessions, Mondo Generator, Eagles of Death Metal, The Gutter Twins and Mark Lanegan's solo album Bubblegum. After the Era Vulgaris tour's end, Van Leeuwen began touring with his current side project, Sweethead.
In 2016, Van Leeuwen toured with Iggy Pop, Josh Homme, Matt Helders and Matt Sweeney in support of their album Post Pop Depression. He also formed Gone Is Gone, a supergroup also consisting of Troy Sanders, the singer and bass player from Mastodon, Tony Hajjar, the drummer for At the Drive-In, and Mike Zarin, a multi-instrumentalist who appeared with Van Leeuwen on Sweethead's Descent To The Surface. An EP will be released in the summer of 2016, and the band is developing a studio album for release later in the year. In 2017, he contributed guitar parts to Chelsea Wolfe's fifth studio album, Hiss Spun.
In 2022, Van Leeuwen took on touring guitarist duties for The Damned on the US dates of their tour, temporarily replacing Captain Sensible. Later that year, he served as the touring guitarist for alternative rock band Jane's Addiction while longtime member Dave Navarro was ill with long COVID.
Musical equipment
According to Van Leeuwen, Queens of the Stone Age (and Homme in particular) have a "veil of secrecy" regarding their exact setup, in order to maintain a unique guitar sound. However, over time Van Leeuwen eventually disclosed some information regarding his gear. When he first joined the band in 2002 for the Songs for the Deaf promotional tour, he leaned toward duplicating Josh Homme's setup, favoring Ampeg guitar combos and specific pedals. All of his guitars were fitted with a variety of Seymour Duncan pickups, most often Customs or JB. During the Lullabies to Paralyze period, both Homme and Van Leeuwen favored semi-hollow guitars with P-90 pickups due to their natural resonance. To prohibit "bad feedback", he stuffed pieces of foam into the F-holes of some. On Era Vulgaris he switched to Fender Telecasters and Jaguars, recorded through small, cheap amps. His guitars are tuned in standard 440, mostly E, and C, though one-off tunings have appeared on a few songs.
He is a steady user of Mastery Bridges, utilizing their Offset and Tele models in addition to the Offset Vibrato. Troy has also said that his live rig is considerably different than what he uses during recording, due to the fact that he considers most of his vintage equipment too unreliable for touring. He uses custom gauge Dunlop 11's for standard tuning and 12's for lower tunings. Van Leeuwen uses Silver Hercos .75mm picks, the same picks Jimmy Page uses, and got a signature version of them in early 2017.
Other instruments
In addition to guitar and lap steel, Troy has also played a Clavia Nord Electro keyboard and later a Moog Little Phattie synthesizer during live performances and recordings. After Nick Oliveri's departure from the band, Troy also played an Epiphone Rivoli bass or a Custom Yamaha SA-bass during several Queens of the Stone Age recordings and the tour following Lullabies to Paralyze, sharing bass playing duties with Alain Johannes, as well as using a blue 1967 Mosrite Ventures bass in the "Little Sister" video. Following Era Vulgaris in which bassist Michael Shuman and keyboardist/guitarist Dean Fertita were hired, Troy went back to being primarily the lead guitarist live—although he also occasionally contributes with synths, lap steel, and back up vocals.
Selected discography
Van Leeuwen has appeared on a wide range of albums from various bands and performers from many genres.
References
External links
Mister Enemy – Troy Van Leeuwen fansite
Official Queens of the Stone Age Website
Official Enemy MySpace
Living people
American rock singers
American multi-instrumentalists
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Slide guitarists
American rock bass guitarists
American male bass guitarists
American rock keyboardists
American percussionists
American people of Dutch descent
American alternative rock musicians
American rock musicians
Queens of the Stone Age members
A Perfect Circle members
1970 births
21st-century American singers
21st-century American bass guitarists
Failure (band) members
|
复方氨酚穿心莲片禁忌症是什么？1? 对本品过敏着禁用。 2? 严重肝肾功能不全患者禁用。 3? 孕妇及哺乳期妇女禁用。 4? 3岁以下儿童禁用。
|
子午岭战役是第二次國共內戰時期發生在陕西省的一場戰役，作戰雙方是中國國民黨和中国共产党，最終中國國民黨獲勝。
序幕
綿延300公里长的子午岭在关中具有重要地位，因为它是中國共产党陕甘宁边区西南部的天然屏障。子午岭东面可俯瞰榆林至咸阳的公路，西面可俯瞰西安至兰州的公路，從子午嶺出發两日之内即可到达西安。在第二次中日战争期间，由王宏坤领导的第385师进驻该地区，并被数倍于其軍隊數量的中國國民黨軍隊包围。衝突最終在第二次國共內戰中全面爆發。
1947年8月，中國國民黨部署了两个师，共六个旅，向位於子午岭的中國共產黨軍隊發動進攻。包括警一旅、警三旅在内的中國共產黨軍隊以及西野第四纵隊指揮部和骑六师向北撤退，並擺脫了中國國民黨的追擊，然后再次折返关中，抵達子午岭的九岘一帶。
策略
当西野第四纵隊指揮部及骑六师來到子午岭的九岘时，中國國民黨的侦察兵发现了它们。1947年8月13日，中國國民黨軍隊从偵察兵那里获得情报后，他們迅速采取行动。马继援的计划是首先在24小时内包围共軍，然后將被包围的共軍歼灭。马继援将亲自完成這次包圍行動。
而共軍的策略最初是擺脫國軍而不是與之作戰，因为在榆林战役之后，西野第四纵隊原本的任务是來到國統區切断兰州 — 西宁的公路威胁國軍的后方，以迫使國軍為應對出現的共軍而无法前往其他地区作戰。在共軍的侦察兵首次发现在国民党军队驻扎在牙村和金村庙後，西野第四纵隊司令王世泰原本計劃撤退，但是其他人强烈反对迫使他改变了主意。由於這批共軍有些人先前在合水战役後被國軍整编第82师痛擊，因而部分共軍士兵强烈希望指挥官能组织一次进攻，來为他们在先前陣亡的战友报仇。关中地委副书记赵伯平等共产党人声称不能丟下平民不管，因此王世泰派出侦察员前去偵察國軍实力。
但是，共軍的侦察员犯了一个严重错误，他们错误地认为国民党的先遣隊独立骑兵第5团就是國軍的所有兵力，而没有意识到国軍整編第82师很快就会趕來。基于这个错误的报告，西野第四纵隊司令王世泰确信，凭借当前的共軍兵力，他们能够歼灭國軍，并据此制定了计划，打算在九岘以西伏擊國軍。共軍于1947年8月15日凌晨开始正式部署伏軍。
第一次战斗
西華池戰役後，国軍调整了部署，胡宗南指令国民党整编第82师马家军前去包圍子午嶺。国民党整編第82师第100旅驻扎在宁县，国民党整編第82师第8骑兵旅驻扎在庆阳，国民党整編第82师第5骑兵团进驻正宁。
1947年8月14日，國軍独立骑兵第5团和国軍整編第100旅第2团在金村庙和豆家梁遇到了共軍。高学文独立营被迫向东撤退，最终擺脫了國軍。國軍在付家莊又遭到了共軍阻擋。尽管國軍设法将共軍趕走，并擊伤了共軍游击队指挥官姚鹏飞，但这些共軍的阻擋为其他共軍撤离和重新部署提供了急需的时机。
计划变更
1947年8月15日早晨，共軍侦察到了国軍整編第100旅和国軍整編第8骑兵旅。中共合水县委书记李科是第一位获悉这一消息的高級官員，他立即前去九岘將這一消息向大家報告，表示他们所面对的敌人不是只有國軍的独立第5骑兵团，而且是整个國軍的整編第82师。这一重要情报使得共軍眾人震驚，共軍立即将计划从最初的伏击更改为拖延國軍行進以掩護部隊撤退，因为共軍充分意识到國軍享有绝对的优势。尽管共軍试图脱离國軍追擊，但这根本是不可能的，並且共軍也缺乏無線電設備。此外地形有利于國軍骑兵，也增大了共軍撤军的難度。当有些共軍接到撤退命令时，它们已经与國軍遭遇，因此必须阻斷國軍前進。
由於天氣原因，國軍推進速度也很慢，由於不知其他軍隊的狀況，整編第28師師長马继援對马步銮率領的整編第8骑兵旅遲遲無法趕來感到憤怒。经过无线电通讯，马继援获悉，大雨和泥石流拖延了马步銮的骑兵行進速度，國軍整編第8骑兵旅最終在傍晚抵達战场。國軍迫不及待地等待了很长时间，马继援决定在包围圈完成之前就对共軍发动进攻，正式進攻将于1947年8月15日上午10:00发起。
第二次战斗
8月15日上午10:00，国軍骑兵对警一旅三团的阵地发动了进攻，共軍遭受了惨重的人员伤亡，第三营第五连的“穆成光排”被國軍全殲。战斗一直持续到下午警一旅三团最終收到了撤退的命令，命令在战斗开始之前就已下達，共军逐渐向东撤退。
共軍的警1旅第3团第1营第1连没有及时撤退，并被國軍骑兵包围。包括副連長杨占奎在內的大部分士兵陣亡，连长王三绪在弹药耗盡後跳崖，但他很幸运存活下來，几周后从重伤中恢复过来。到下午4:00，共軍警1旅第3团成功撤離，而共軍警3旅第5团開始負責與國軍交戰以拖延國軍推進速度。同时，警1旅第2团和第6骑兵师也在侧翼与國軍交战，以拖延國軍，共軍很快脱离了國軍的追趕，並开始有计划的撤退。
共軍撤退
共軍计划的有组织的撤退並没有达到预期，因为道路上都是大量运送物资的驴子，从而拖延了共軍抵達预定位置的速度。1947年8月15日下午，从九岘撤往黑风疙瘩的途中，政治政委王秉祥发现，国軍骑兵从杨家塬來到北柴桥，行進速度已經超過了共軍，並開始對共軍展開包圍。同时，另一支國軍骑兵从木瓜塬來到桃树庄，试图切断共軍的逃跑路线。到此时，西野第四纵隊司令已经从战场上撤离并脱离了國軍追擊。其余的共軍部隊有被歼灭的危险。
撤退途中，共軍政治委员王秉祥偶然遇到了撤退途中的警一旅警三团殘餘部隊，并意识到形勢對共軍非常不利。到这个时候，所有的共軍收到了撤退命令，每个人都将在下午3:00停止與國軍作戰，然后在晚上向东撤退。到傍晚，所有剩余的共軍開始向东逃脱。
國軍追擊
共軍的迅速撤退使國軍產生怀疑，他们担心这只是共軍的誘敵深入策略。1947年8月15日下午3:00，虽然大部分共军撤退了，但谨慎的国军没有选择追击。又过了一个小时，国军整编第100旅向共军发动了骑兵冲锋，并意识到共军已经撤退。国军小心翼翼地向推进，在下午6:00之前，他们占据了先前共军所佔據的所有位置。此時，马步銮（的指挥下的整編第8旅在下了将近12个小时的大雨之后终于抵達戰場。马继援感到非常不满，因为他原本的包围共軍的计划由于马步銮延误而失败了。在經過商討後，國軍决定在夜间追擊共軍。
1947年8月15日晚上，共軍一分为二，其中一部分由警1旅第三团组成，這一部分裡面有地方高级干部。共军用许多驴来帮助运送物资，这導致道路擁擠，从而严重减慢了共軍撤退速度，撤退的共軍整晚只移动了20公里。
而追赶的國軍骑兵同样速度缓慢。到午夜时分，國軍侦察员向他们的司令马继援报告说，前方的地形对于骑兵来说非常困难，而且茂密的森林非常适合敌人伏击。在不断遭到敌人伏击的骚扰之后，谨慎的國軍决定停止追擊並就地駐扎，並打算在次日早晨继续追击。实际上，夜晚的黑暗帮助了共軍，王秉祥与他的共军于1947年8月15日夜间成功地抵達了康家塬。
第三次戰鬥
1947年8月16日上午，國軍的独立第5骑兵团追赶上了撤退缓慢的西野第四纵隊。国軍独立第5骑兵团和共軍第3旅第5团之间的战斗在上午10:00左右爆发，后者立即占据山頭作为阻止國軍推進的據點，其他共軍大部隊继续向东撤退。随着战斗的进行，马继援派遣侦察兵探查共軍確切的數量。
到中午，國軍的重型武器來到戰場。马继援命令整編第100旅进攻共军阵地，但國軍的进攻却被多次击退。過了一个小时，马继援改变了战术，命令国民党整編第8骑兵旅第1团和独立第5骑兵团從側面進攻共軍陣地，而国民党整編第8骑兵旅第2团則绕过共軍的阵地继续向前追击撤退的共軍。
共軍警3旅第5团團長黄罗斌意识到，由于國軍骑兵开始绕开共軍阵地以追击撤退的共軍，因而那些阻止國軍推進的共軍據點不再有意义。他还意识到國軍正在包围他的部队，这有被對方消灭的危险。黄罗斌立即命令其部队向北撤退到槐树庄槐，黄罗斌的部隊行动如此迅速，以至于到下午4:00，他们已经彻底摆脱了國軍的追擊。但是，他们撤军的速度太快，不仅擺脫了國軍，共产党第3旅第5团在撤退到达安全区后也没有与其他共軍聯絡，這導致共軍也無法得知黄罗斌部隊的確切位置。
共軍进一步撤退
王世泰率领两个营以及大量文职干部，背负着沉重的物资，继续撤退，直到傍晚，撤退的共軍终于停下休息，并就他们的下一步行动举行了会议。为了避免被國軍一起歼灭，共軍决定将部隊分成小组。一部分将向东南撤退到建庄，剩下的共军将由王世泰亲自带队向北撤退到正宁县。在高锦纯指挥下的包括第6骑兵师，警1旅的一部分和所有文职干部在内的共軍在放弃了大部分设备和物资后成功撤退，并最终抵達陕西宜君县。
由王世泰领导的较小的一支軍隊远没有那么幸运。在兵力分散后，王世泰率队向西南撤退。但是，国民党骑兵的反应非常迅速，直到1947年8月17日下午，王世泰抵達陕西和甘肃的邊境雕翎关，但仍无法摆脱國軍的追擊。看到他的部队连续两天两夜没有休息，王世泰制定了一个新计划。警三团团长葛海洲将领导共产党警三团第1营与國軍交战，并带领警三团第1营向北移动，远离警三团第2营和第3营。在大雨和漆黑的夜晚掩護下，警三团第1营成功擺脫了國軍騎兵的追擊。
國軍撤退
1947年8月17日，天黑后，王世泰在雕翎关举行了另一場会议，并决定派两名官员牛书申和刘懋功与留下来負責掩护撤退的警二团联系。警二团重新加入警三团。王世泰和其参谋高维嵩将带领警三旅返回甘肃东部，以寻找警三旅第5团。
1947年8月17日晚上，马继援有点沮丧，因为前一天与共軍的最后一次交战之后，再也沒發現共軍的主力。此外，由于茂密的森林和多山的地形大大降低了骑兵的機動性，搜索和消滅共軍的軍事行动也变得越来越困难。马继援通过无线电向在西宁的父亲马步芳表达了他的顧慮，后者立即命令其撤退，马步芳声称國軍在這種環境下有被伏击的危险。马继援意识到他的部队将面临的潜在危险，尤其是自从榆林战役以来没有遇到共軍的主力，并且如果共軍在附近部署伏軍的話，深入共軍腹地的國軍会有被消灭的危险。结果，马继援下令在第二天黎明時分全部撤退。
国軍整編第82师撤退到西峰、合水和庆阳。整編第82师第8骑兵旅第2团是追擊最遠的国軍部队。1947年8月18日下午，國軍撤退到桃树庄時，遇到了王世泰领导的部队。随后雙方进行了短暂的战斗，之後双方停止交战。
在撤退到木瓜塬后，王秉祥听到桃树庄方向傳來的枪击声，并立即将游击队带到了槍聲槍聲響起的地方增援。但是，在他们加入战斗之前，刚到达高家坳時枪声就停止了。王秉祥和他的游击队观察到有数十名共軍骑兵從山脊上撤退。几天后，王秉祥和他的游击队战士得知，撤退的共軍骑兵实际上是西野第四纵隊指揮部的成员，包括其上级王世泰。當時国軍整編第82师的第8骑兵旅第2团團長马福寿已准备撤离，正朝着金村庙方向撤退，因此没有追擊撤退的共軍。當時如果國軍知道這批人是西野第四纵隊指揮部的成员，他们一定会追擊，而王世泰及其隨從人员肯定无法逃脱。
後續
因为马继援過於謹慎，因此此次戰役國軍並沒有取得實質性的收穫。由于担心共軍設伏，并且不知道共軍的真实实力，國軍撤退過快，甚至沒有去破坏共軍所丟棄的补给和武器，其中大部分在國軍撤军幾天後又被共軍回收。不過西野第四纵队的第六骑兵师在撤退时丟棄的三把山炮被國軍帶走，并将它们送往西安，作为子午岭戰役獲勝的戰利品。
另見
中国战争列表
国民革命军
中国人民解放军历史
国共内战
参考文献
Zhu, Zongzhen and Wang, Chaoguang, Liberation War History, 1st Edition, Social Scientific Literary Publishing House in Beijing, 2000, (set)
Zhang, Ping, History of the Liberation War, 1st Edition, Chinese Youth Publishing House in Beijing, 1987, (pbk.)
Jie, Lifu, Records of the Libration War: The Decisive Battle of Two Kinds of Fates, 1st Edition, Hebei People's Publishing House in Shijiazhuang, 1990, (set)
Literary and Historical Research Committee of the Anhui Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Liberation War, 1st Edition, Anhui People's Publishing House in Hefei, 1987,
Li, Zuomin, Heroic Division and Iron Horse: Records of the Liberation War, 1st Edition, Chinese Communist Party History Publishing House in Beijing, 2004,
Wang, Xingsheng, and Zhang, Jingshan, Chinese Liberation War, 1st Edition, People's Liberation Army Literature and Art Publishing House in Beijing, 2001, (set)
Huang, Youlan, History of the Chinese People's Liberation War, 1st Edition, Archives Publishing House in Beijing, 1992,
Liu Wusheng, From Yan'an to Beijing: A Collection of Military Records and Research Publications of Important Campaigns in the Liberation War, 1st Edition, Central Literary Publishing House in Beijing, 1993,
Tang, Yilu and Bi, Jianzhong, History of Chinese People's Liberation Army in Chinese Liberation War, 1st Edition, Military Scientific Publishing House in Beijing, 1993 – 1997, (Volum 1), 7800219615 (Volum 2), 7800219631 (Volum 3), 7801370937 (Volum 4), and 7801370953 (Volum 5)
1947年国共内战战役
陕西民国时期战役
甘肃民国时期战役
1947年8月
|
怎么判断有子宫内膜炎？子宫内膜炎是各种原因引起的子宫内膜结构发生炎性改变，细菌可沿阴道，宫颈上行或沿输卵管下行以及经淋巴系统到达子宫内膜。通常宫腔有良好的引流条件及周期性内膜剥脱，使炎症极少有机会长期停留于子宫内膜，那么怎么判断有子宫内膜炎呢？下面为大家介绍。1、子宫内膜炎可以分为急性子宫内膜炎和慢性子宫内膜炎，急性子宫内膜炎的主要表现是发热、体温升高、下腹疼痛，有时会有不规则的阴道出血。慢性子宫内膜炎主要表现是下腹疼痛、阴道有少量的不规则的出血、月经经期延长、月经过多还伴有不孕的情况。2、急性子宫内膜炎：急性内膜炎会有轻度的发烧、下腹疼痛痛、白带量增多等，并且白带中容易带血且有恶臭。急性子宫个内膜炎如果治疗不及时的话，容易发展成为子宫肌炎、盆腔炎甚至是败血症等。慢性子宫内膜炎：通常情况下，慢性子宫内膜炎都是又急性子宫内膜炎发展而来，但也可能会由久时间的输卵管炎或者宫颈炎的扩散而形成;宫内节育器、妊娠或者人流之后，宫内避孕器、分娩或人流之后，残留的胎盘或者胎盘附着物恢复不全，也很容易引起子宫内膜的慢性炎症。3、较多发生于未产妇，但严重痛经者极少，可能由于内膜过度增厚，阻碍组织正常退变坏死，刺激子宫过度痉挛性收缩所致。约有百分之四十的病人主诉在月经间歇期间有下腹坠胀痛、腰骶部酸痛。综上所述，怎么判断有子宫内膜炎，慢性子宫内膜炎的主要症状是：月经不调或者是子宫出现出血，伴随下腹痛或者有坠胀感、白带量增多发烧等，另外，子宫增大，有触痛，子宫旁周围组织增厚压痛。如果老年人患了慢性子宫内膜炎，则会出现绝经后再次阴道出血，且有白带增多，变得稀薄、并且白带会带血。
|
得带状疱疹期间禁忌？带状疱疹是指由于感染水痘-带状疱疹病毒引起了皮肤病。带状疱疹临床症状是一侧的胸部、背部、头面部、臀部及下肢的疼痛，疼痛的位置决定于受侵犯的神经。带状疱疹具有自愈性，但如未得到及时治疗，会伴有明显的神经痛，甚至皮疹完全愈合后这种疼痛还会持续很长时间，严重影响生活质量。带状疱疹的病因是人体感染水痘-带状疱疹病毒后，发生水痘或呈隐性感染。当机体免疫力降低时，如创伤、疲劳、恶性肿瘤、病后虚弱、使用免疫抑制剂等，潜伏的病毒被激活，沿感觉神经轴索下行到达该神经所支配区域的皮肤区域增殖，引起带状疱疹。带状疱疹典型症状是患处有灼热感或者神经痛，出现潮红斑，继而出现粟粒至黄豆大小的丘疹，簇状分布而不融合，继之迅速变为水疱，疱壁紧张发亮，疱液澄清，外周绕以红晕，各簇水疱群间皮肤正常。发疹前有轻度乏力、低热、纳差等。带状疱疹治疗方针是抗病毒治疗，减少复发，提高生活质量。带状疱疹可采用药物治疗，若病人出现神经痛，可以用止痛药物。若药物难以控制时即应考虑用感觉神经阻滞疗法或射频温控热凝术进行神经阻滞、毁损。手术硬脊膜下腔脊髓背根毁损治疗、垂体毁损、交感干神经节毁损等。得带状疱疹期间禁忌是少食煎烤、油炸之品，忌鱼腥虾蟹、狗肉、羊肉等发物，忌酸涩收敛食物，如石榴、菠菜、豌豆，忌辛辣刺激食物。饮食宜清淡、易消化，多吃新鲜水果、蔬菜，多饮水。结痂未脱落前，禁搓澡、泡澡、蒸桑拿等．会阴部有结痂应避免性生活，以防止感染发生。
|
骶棘肌锻炼方法和名称是什么？在腰部受损时称功能性腰痛、慢性下腰损伤、腰臀肌筋膜炎等，实为腰部肌肉及其附着点筋膜或骨膜的慢性损伤性炎症，是腰痛的常见原因之一。腰部酸痛或胀痛，部分刺痛或灼痛，.劳累时加重，休息时减轻;适当活动和经常改变体位时减轻，活动过度又加重。人们日渐要骶棘肌锻炼加强身体的素质，使背后肌肉发达，在锻炼时也要有方法，以及名称。在我们腰肌劳损，长期过度负重，脊柱结构失稳，弯腰时间太长，腰部肌肉持续紧张，都需要我们较强对腰部肌肉的锻炼。人体腰部的重要性是不言而喻的，因为腰部是连接人体上半身和下半的中间支柱，承担着人体百分之六十以上的重力。实践证明提高腰部的肌肉力量以及增加腰部的肌肉是保护腰部的最好方法首先动静结合法，把动力练习和静力练习有机的结合起来，先动后静。即先做动力练习至极限，而后固定在需要锻炼部位的角度上静止用力六到八秒，可做二到四组。二是，退让结合法用动力练习收缩重。复五到六次，做不起来后再做二到三次退让性工作。这样的结合能使肌肉得到更深的刺激。三是，先衰竭法是目前增大肌肉围径的有效方法。其做法是。要想发展那块肥肉，先选择只发展这块肌肉的局部肌肉练习来训练，做六到十次直到疲劳，使其衰竭，然后在三到五秒之内跑向另器械，做一个以发展这块肌肉为主的综合肌肉群练习，用百分之七十九的重量做到极限，这样交替训练四组左右，肌肉会感受到极大的刺激。这样能有效地刺激肌肉生长，促进其发育。把躯干向后弯曲后，再挺身起立或者躯干向前弯曲后，再站立伸直。在动作的过程中，只是以躯干向前弯曲再伸直的动作。
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.