{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}
'''삼십육자모'''(三十六字母)는 [[중국 음운학]]에서 [[중국어]] [[중고 한어|중고음]]([[수나라]], [[당나라]]의 발음)의 [[성모]](聲母, 두[[자음]])를 나타내기 위해 쓰인 36가지의 [[한자]]이다.

[[당나라]] 말기의 승려 [[수온]](守溫)이 만든 30자모에 추가로 [[송나라]]의 학자들이 非母, 敷母, 奉母, 微母, 牀母, 娘母의 6자모를 덧붙여서 성립되었다고 여겨진다.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" align="center"
|+'''삼십육자모'''
! colspan="3" |[[조음 위치]]
! colspan="4" | [[청음과 탁음|청탁]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[오음 (음운학)|오음]]
! 현대 용어
! 전청(全淸)
! 차청(次淸)
! 전탁(全濁)
! 차탁(次濁)
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[입술소리|순음]]<br />(唇音)
| 중순음<br />(重唇音)
| [[양순음]]
| 幇
| 滂
| 竝
| 明
|-
| 경순음<br />(軽唇音)
| [[순치음]]
| 非
| 敷
| 奉
| 微
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[설음]]<br />(舌音)
| 설두음<br />(舌頭音)
| [[치조음]]
| 端
| 透
| 定
| 泥
|-
| 설상음<br />(舌上音)
| [[치경구개음]]<br/>또는 [[권설음]]
| 知
| 徹
| 澄
| 娘
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[치음 (음운학)|치음]]<br />(歯音)
| rowspan="2" | 치두음<br />(齒頭音)
| rowspan="2" | [[치경음]]
| 精
| 淸
| 從
|
|-
| 心
|
| 邪
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 정치음<br />(正歯音)
| rowspan="2" | [[치경구개음]]<br/>또는 [[권설음]]
| 照
| 穿
| 牀
|
|-
| 審
|
| 禪
|
|-
| colspan="2" | 아음(牙音)
| [[연구개음]]
| 見
| 溪
| 群
| 疑
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" | 후음(喉音)
| rowspan="2" | [[성문음]]
| 影
|
|
|
|-
| 曉
|
| 匣
|
|-
| [[경구개음]]
|
|
|
| 喩
|-
| colspan="2" | 반설음(半舌音)
| [[치경음]]
|
|
|
| 來
|-
| colspan="2" | 반치음(半齒音)
| [[경구개음]]
|
|
|
| 日
|}

== 음가 ==

[[왕리 (언어학자)|왕리]]가 추정한 발음을 정리한 것이다.<ref>{{서적 인용|저자=王力|날짜=1997|제목=汉语语音史|출판사=中国社会科学出版社|쪽=490-496|isbn=750042017X|원본연도=1985 번체 초판}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 성모
! [[선진 시대|선진]]
! [[전한]]
! [[후한]]
! [[남북조 시대|남북조]]
! [[수나라|수]]·[[당나라|당]]
! [[오대 십국 시대|오대]]
! [[송나라|송]]
! [[원나라|원]]
! [[명나라|명]]·[[청나라|청]]
! 현대
|- style="font-size:larger"
! colspan="2" | 幇
| colspan="10" | {{IPA|p}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! colspan="2" | 滂
| colspan="10" | {{IPA|pʰ}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! rowspan="2" | 竝
! 平
| rowspan="2" colspan="6" | {{IPA|b}}
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|pʰ}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 病
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|p}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! colspan="2" | 明
| colspan="10" | {{IPA|m}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! colspan="2" | 非
| colspan="5" | {{IPA|p}}
| colspan="5" | {{IPA|f}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! colspan="2" | 敷
| colspan="5" | {{IPA|pʰ}}
| colspan="5" | {{IPA|f}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! colspan="2" | 奉
| colspan="5" | {{IPA|b}}
| colspan="1" | {{IPA|v}}
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|f}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! colspan="2" | 微
| colspan="5" | {{IPA|m}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɱ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|v}}
| colspan="1" | {{IPA|w}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! colspan="2" | 端
| colspan="10" | {{IPA|t}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! colspan="2" | 透
| colspan="10" |{{IPA|tʰ}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! rowspan="2" | 定
! 同
| rowspan="2" colspan="6" | {{IPA|d}}
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|tʰ}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 獨
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|t}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! colspan="2" | 泥
| colspan="10" | {{IPA|n}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! rowspan="2" | 知
! 卓
| rowspan="2" colspan="5" | {{IPA|t}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ʈ}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|t͡ɕ}}
| rowspan="2" colspan="3" | {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂ}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 竹
|- style="font-size:larger"
! rowspan="2" | 徹
! 逴
| rowspan="2" colspan="5" | {{IPA|tʰ}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ʈʰ}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|t͡ɕʰ}}
| rowspan="2" colspan="3" | {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂʰ}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 畜
|- style="font-size:larger"
! rowspan="4" | 澄
! 幢
| rowspan="4" colspan="5" | {{IPA|d}}
| rowspan="4" | {{IPA|ɖ}}
| rowspan="2" style="border-right:0" | {{IPA|t͡ɕʰ}}
| rowspan="2" colspan="3" | {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂʰ}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 蟲
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 濁
| rowspan="2" style="border-right:0" | {{IPA|t͡ɕ}}
| rowspan="2" colspan="3" | {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂ}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 逐
|- style="font-size:larger"
! colspan="2" | 娘
| colspan="10" | {{IPA|n}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! rowspan="2" | 精
! 臧
| rowspan="2" colspan="9" style="border-right:0" | {{IPA|t͡s}}
| style="border-left:0" | <!-- t͡s -->
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 將
| t͡ɕ
|- style="font-size:larger"
! rowspan="2" | 淸
! 倉
| rowspan="2" colspan="9" style="border-right:0" | {{IPA|t͡sʰ}}
| style="border-left:0" | <!-- t͡sʰ -->
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 蹌
| t͡ɕʰ
|- style="font-size:larger"
! rowspan="4" | 從
! 藏
| rowspan="4" colspan="6" | {{IPA|d͡z}}
| rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="border-right:0" | {{IPA|t͡sʰ}}
| style="border-left:0" | <!-- t͡sʰ -->
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 墻
| t͡ɕʰ
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 臟
| rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="border-right:0" | {{IPA|t͡s}}
| style="border-left:0" | <!-- t͡s -->
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 匠
| t͡ɕ
|- style="font-size:larger"
! rowspan="2" | 心
! 桑
| rowspan="2" colspan="9" style="border-right:0" | {{IPA|s}}
| style="border-left:0" | <!-- s -->
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 相
| ɕ
|- style="font-size:larger"
! rowspan="2" | 邪
! 隨
| rowspan="2" colspan="6" | {{IPA|z}}
| rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="border-right:0" | {{IPA|s}}
| style="border-left:0" | <!-- s -->
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 祥
| ɕ
|- style="font-size:larger"
! rowspan="2" | 照
! 支
| rowspan="2" colspan="5" | {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂ}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ʂ}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|t͡ɕ}}
| rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="border-left:0" | {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂ}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 章
|- style="font-size:larger"
! rowspan="2" | 穿
! 蚩
| rowspan="2" colspan="5" | {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂʰ}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ʂʰ}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|t͡ɕʰ}}
| rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="border-left:0" | {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂʰ}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 昌
|- style="font-size:larger"
! rowspan="3" | 牀
! 鋤
| rowspan="3" colspan="5" | {{IPA|ɖ͡ʐ}}
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|ʐ}}
| {{IPA|t͡ɕʰ}}
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂʰ}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 助
| {{IPA|t͡ɕ}}
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂ}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 士
| {{IPA|ɕ}}
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|ʂ}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! rowspan="2" | 審
! 詩
| rowspan="2" colspan="6" | {{IPA|ʂ}}
| {{IPA|ɕ}}
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|ʂ}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 商
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|ʂ}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! rowspan="3" | 禪
! 時
| rowspan="3" colspan="6" | {{IPA|ʐ}}
| {{IPA|ɕ}}
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|ʂ}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 常
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|t͡ɕʰ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂʰ}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 尙
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|ʂ}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! rowspan="4" | <!-- 36자모에 없는 성모 -->
! 莊
| colspan="6" | {{IPA|t͡s}}
| {{IPA|t͡ɕ}}
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂ}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 初
| colspan="6" | {{IPA|t͡sʰ}}
| {{IPA|t͡ɕʰ}}
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂʰ}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 山
| colspan="5" | {{IPA|ɕ}}
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|ɕ}}
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|ʂ}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 俟
| colspan="5" | {{IPA|ʑ}}
| {{IPA|z}}
| {{IPA|ɕ}}
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|s}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! rowspan="2" | 見
! 剛
| rowspan="2" colspan="9" style="border-right:0" | {{IPA|k}}
| style="border-left:0" | <!-- k -->
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 姜
| {{IPA|t͡ɕ}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! rowspan="2" | 溪
! 康
| rowspan="2" colspan="9" style="border-right:0" | {{IPA|kʰ}}
| style="border-left:0" | <!-- kʰ -->
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 羌
| {{IPA|t͡ɕʰ}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! rowspan="2" | 群
! 狂
| rowspan="2" colspan="6" | {{IPA|ɡ}}
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|kʰ}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 共
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|k}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! rowspan="5" | 疑
! 昂
| rowspan="5" colspan="7" | {{IPA|ŋ}}
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|∅}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 吾
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|w}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 迎
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|j}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 牛
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|j}}
| {{IPA|n}} / {{IPA|ɲ}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 齧
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|n}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! rowspan="3" | 影
! 安
| {{IPA|ʔ}}
| colspan="9" | {{IPA|∅}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 煙
| colspan="10" | {{IPA|j}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 彎
| colspan="10" | {{IPA|w}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! rowspan="2" | 曉
! 漢
| rowspan="2" colspan="5" | {{IPA|x}}
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | {{IPA|h}}
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="border-right:0" | {{IPA|x}}
| style="border-left:0" | <!-- x -->
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 獻
| {{IPA|ɕ}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! rowspan="3" | 匣
! 寒
| rowspan="3" colspan="6" | {{IPA|ɣ}}
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|ɦ}}
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|h}}
| rowspan="3" style="border-right:0" | {{IPA|x}}
| rowspan="2" style="border-left:0" | <!-- x -->
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 完
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 賢
| {{IPA|ɕ}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! rowspan="4" | 喩
! 于
| rowspan="2" colspan="5" | {{IPA|j̃}}
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | {{IPA|j}}
| rowspan="4" colspan="3" | {{IPA|j}} / {{IPA|w}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 爲
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 余
| rowspan="2" colspan="3" | {{IPA|ʎ}}
| rowspan="2" colspan="4" | {{IPA|j}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! 維
|- style="font-size:larger"
! colspan="2" | 來
| colspan="10" | {{IPA|l}}
|- style="font-size:larger"
! colspan="2" | 日
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|ɲ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɳ}}
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|ɽ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɻ}}
|}

== 참고 문헌 ==

<references/>

[[분류:중국어 음운론]]
[[분류:명수 36]]