{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}
[[파일:Acra fortress - Givati Parking Lot dig 1.jpg|섬네일]]
'''아크라'''(Acra, 고대 그리스어: Ἄκρα, 히브리어: חקרא, חקרי Ḥaqra(h))는 "성채"라는 의미를 가지며 [[예루살렘]]에 요새가 있었던 것으로 생각되는 장소였다. [[셀레우코스 제국]]의 통치자인 [[안티오코스 4세 에피파네스]]가 기원전 168년에 도시를 약탈한 후 건설한 복합 단지이다. 아크라라는 이름은 나중에 [[플라비우스 요세푸스]](1세기 CE)에게 아크라와 "낮은 도시"로 알려졌던 당시 파괴된 요새와 관련된 도시 구역에 사용되기도 했다. 이 요새는 [[마카베오]] 반란을 둘러싼 사건에서 중요한 역할을 했으며, 이로 인해 [[하슈모나이 왕국]]이 형성되었다. "상부 도시"(upper city)는 [[유다 마카베오]]에 의해 점령되었고, 셀레우코스 수비대는 하부 "아크라"로 피신했으며, 예루살렘 내부의 이 마지막 적 요새를 파괴하는 임무는 타씨라는 성의 [[시몬 마카베오]]에게 맡겨졌다. 아크라에 대한 우리의 지식은 거의 전적으로 후대의 요세푸스의 저술과, 묘사된 사건이 있은 지 얼마 되지 않아 쓰여진 마카베오서 제1권과 제2권에 기초하고 있다.

== 출처 ==
{{참고 자료 시작|30em}}
* {{위키인용|ref=1Maccabees |reference=''[http://st-takla.org/pub_Deuterocanon/Deuterocanon-Apocrypha_El-Asfar_El-Kanoneya_El-Tanya__8-First-of-Maccabees.html 1 Maccabees]'' – Full text from St. Takla Haymanot Coptic Orthodox Church website. Alexandria, Egypt (full text also available in Arabic)}}
* {{위키인용|ref=2Maccabees |reference=''[http://st-takla.org/pub_Deuterocanon/Deuterocanon-Apocrypha_El-Asfar_El-Kanoneya_El-Tanya__9-Second-of-Maccabees.html 2 Maccabees]'' – Full text from St. Takla Haymanot Coptic Orthodox Church website. Alexandria, Egypt (full text also available in Arabic)}}
* {{위키인용|ref=Bar-Kohva2002 |reference=Bar-Kochva, Bezalel (2002). ''Judas Maccabeus: The Jewish Struggle Against the Seleucids''. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-01683-5}}}}
* {{위키인용|ref=Ben-Dov1981 |reference=Ben-Dov, Meir (1981). [http://www.ybz.org.il/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/cathedra18.1.pdf "The Seleucid Akra – South of the Temple Mount"] (in Hebrew). ''Cathedra''. Jerusalem, Israel: Yad Yizthak Ben-Zvi, '''18''': 22–35. {{ISSN|0334-4657}}}}
* {{위키인용|ref=Ben-Dov1985 |reference=Ben-Dov, Meir (1985). ''In the Shadow of the Temple: The Discovery of Ancient Jerusalem''. New York, New York: Harper & Row, Publishers. {{ISBN|0-06-015362-8}}}}
* {{저널 인용|ref=Decoster1989 |last=Decoster |first=Koen |author-link=Koen Decoster |title=Flavius Josephus and the Seleucid Acra in Jerusalem |journal=Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins |publisher=Deutscher Verein zur Erforschung Palästinas (German Society for the Exploration of Palestine) / O. Harrassowitz |location=Weisbaden, Germany|volume=105|pages=70–84|year=1989|issn=0012-1169|jstor=27931357|language=en }}
* {{위키인용|ref=De-Groot2004 |reference=De-Groot, Alon (2004). "Jerusalem in the Early Hellenistic Period" (in Hebrew). ''New Studies on Jerusalem''. Ramat Gan, Israel: Bar Ilan University Press, '''10'''.}}
* {{위키인용|ref=Dequeker1985 |reference=Dequeker, Luc (1985). "The City of David and the Seleucid Acra in Jerusalem" in Yigael Yadin; Chaïm Perelman; Edward Lipinski (eds.). ''The Land of Israel: Cross-roads of Civilizations''. Louvain, Belgium: Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. {{ISBN|90-6831-031-3}}}}
* {{저널 인용|last1=Feldman|first1=Louis H.|title=Josephus's Portrait of Hezekiah|journal=Journal of Biblical Literature|date=1992|volume=111|issue=4|pages=597–610|doi=10.2307/3267434|jstor=3267434}} {{subscription required |ref=Feldman1992}}
* {{위키인용|ref=Finkielsztejn1999 |reference=Finkielsztejn, Gerald (1999). "The Evidence of the Rhodian Amphora Stamps". ''New Studies on Jerusalem''. Ramat Gan, Israel: Bar Ilan University Press, '''5'''.}}
* {{위키인용|ref=Goodman2010 |reference=Goodman, Martin (2010). [http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=1&ArticleID=29 "Under the Influence&nbsp;– Hellenism in ancient Jewish life"]. ''Biblical Archaeology Review''. Washington, D.C.: The Biblical Archaeology Society, '''35''' (1). {{ISSN|0098-9444}}}}
* {{서적 인용|author=[[Josephus]]|title=The Jewish War |year=1980 |orig-year=First published 1959 |edition=Revised |id=(reprint) |translator-last=Williamson |translator-first=G.A. |editor=[[G. A. Williamson|Williamson, G. A.]] |publisher=Penguin Books |series=[[Penguin Classics]] |language=en |oclc= 633813720 |ref=Josephus1980}}
* {{서적 인용|last=Josephus |author-link=Josephus |title=Josephus Complete Works |publisher=Kregel Publications |translator=[[William Whiston]] |date=1981|location=Grand Rapids, Michigan |language=en |isbn=0-8254-2951-X |ref=Josephus1981}}
* {{위키인용|ref=Josephus |reference=Josephus, Flavius. William Whiston, A.M., translator (1895). ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0148 The Works of Flavius Josephus]''. Auburn and Buffalo, New York: John E. Beardsley. Retrieved 15 July 2010.}}
* {{위키인용|ref=Laperrousaz1979 |reference=Laperrousaz, Ernest-Marie (1979). [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/syria_0039-7946_1979_num_56_1_6687 "Encore l' 'Acra des Séleucides' et nouvelles remarques sur les pierres à bossages préhérodiennes de Palestine"] (in French). ''Syria''. Paris, Beirut: Institut Francais du Proche-Orient, '''56''': 99–144. {{doi|10.3406/syria.1979.6687}}}}
* {{위키인용|ref=Levine2002 |reference=Levine, Lee I. (2002). ''Jerusalem: Portrait of the City in the Second Temple Period (538 B.C.E.-70 C.E.)''. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Jewish Publication Society. {{ISBN|0-8276-0750-4}}}}
* {{위키인용|ref=Loria1981 |reference=Loria, Ben-Zion (1981). [http://www.ybz.org.il/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/cathedra21.1.pdf "The Location of the Akra – North of the Temple Mount"] (in Hebrew). ''Cathedra''. Jerusalem, Israel: Yad Yizthak Ben-Zvi, '''21''': 31–40. {{ISSN|0334-4657}}}}
* {{위키인용|ref=Mazar1975 |reference=Mazar, Benjamin (1975). ''The Mountain of the Lord''. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc. {{ISBN|0-385-04843-2}}}}
* {{위키인용|ref=Mazar2002 |reference=Mazar, Eilat (2002). ''The Complete Guide to the Temple Mount Excavations''. Jerusalem, Israel: Shoham Academic Research and Publication. {{ISBN|965-90299-1-8}}}}
* {{위키인용|ref=Pleket1980 |reference=Pleket H.W. and Stroud R.S. (eds.). (1980). ''Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, XXX''. Amsterdam, Netherlands: J.C. Gieben/Brill. {{ISBN|978-90-04-16495-6}}}}
* {{위키인용|ref=Ritmeyer1992 |reference=Ritmeyer, Leen (Mar/Apr 1992). [http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=18&Issue=2&ArticleID=1 "Locating the Original Temple Mount"]. ''Biblical Archaeology Review''. Washington, D.C.: The Biblical Archaeology Society, '''18''' (2). {{ISSN|0098-9444}}}}
* {{위키인용|ref=Rocca2008 |reference=Rocca, Samuel (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Gup5vH_B-aoC ''The Forts of Judaea 168 BC – AD 73'']. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-84603-171-7}}.}}
* {{위키인용|ref=Schäfer2003 |reference=Schäfer, Peter (2003). ''The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World'', Second Edition. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-30587-X}}}}
* {{위키인용|ref=Schiffman1991 |reference=Schiffman, Lawrence H. (1991). ''From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism''. Jersey City, New Jersey: KTAV Publishing House, Inc. {{ISBN|0-88125-371-5}}.}}
* {{위키인용|ref=Schwartz2004 |reference=Schwartz, Daniel (2004) (in Hebrew). ''2 Maccabees''. Jerusalem, Israel: Yad Yitzhak Ben Zvi. {{ISBN|965-217-233-2}}}}
* {{위키인용|ref=Schwartz1986 |reference=Schwartz, Joshua (1986). [http://www.ybz.org.il/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/cathedra37.1.pdf "Be'er Haqar, Bor Heqer and the Seleucid Akra"] (in Hebrew). ''Cathedra''. Jerusalem, Israel: Yad Yizthak Ben-Zvi, 37: 3–16. {{ISSN|0334-4657}}}}
* {{위키인용|ref=Shotwell1964 |reference=Shotwell, W. A. (1964). "The Problem of the Syrian Akra". ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research''. Boston, Massachusetts: ASOR, '''176''': 10–19. {{ISSN|0003-097X}}}}
* {{위키인용|ref=Sievers1994 |reference=Sievers, Joseph (1994). "Jerusalem, The Akra, and Josephus" in Parente & Sievers. ''Josephus and the History of the Greco-Roman Period''. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Brill. {{ISBN|978-90-04-10114-2}}}}
* {{위키인용|ref=Sola1843 |reference=Sola, D. A.; M. J. Raphall; translators. (1843). ''[http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/etm/index.htm Eighteen Treatises from the Mishna]''. London: Sherwood, Gilbert, and Piper, Paternoster Row.}}
* {{위키인용|ref=Stern1993 |reference=Stern, Ephraim; Ayelet Lewinson-Gilboa; Joseph Aviram (eds.). (1993). "The Acra" in ''The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. vol. 2.'' Israel: The Israel Exploration Society and Carta. {{ISBN|978-0-13-276296-0}}}}
* {{위키인용|ref=Tsafrir1980 |reference=Tsafrir, Yoram (1980). [http://www.ybz.org.il/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/cathedra14.pdf "The Location of the Seleucid Akra in Jerusalem"] (in Hebrew). ''Cathedra''. (Jerusalem: Yad Yizthak Ben-Zvi) 14: 17–40. {{ISSN|0334-4657}}}}
* {{위키인용|ref=Wightman1990 |reference=Wightman, Gregory J. (1990). [http://aias.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Bulletin%20of%20the%20Anglo-Israel%20Archaeological%20Society%20-%201989-1990%20-%20Volume%2009..pdf "Temple Fortresses in Jerusalem Part I: The Ptolemaic and Seleucid Akras"]. ''Bulletin of the Anglo-Israeli Archaeological Society''. London, United Kingdom: Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society, '''9''': 29–40. {{ISSN|0266-2442}}}}
* Williamson (1980) [first published 1959]: see Josephus (1980).
{{참고 자료 끝}}

== 외부 링크 ==
* {{뉴스 인용|last=Palermo |first=Elizabeth |title=Acra at Last? Site of Ancient Jewish Revolt Unearthed |language=en |publisher=[[Live Science]] |date=3 November 2015 |url=https://www.livescience.com/52671-greek-citadel-unearthed-jerusalem.html |access-date=16 September 2020}}
{{전거 통제}}
[[분류:기원전 2세기 완공된 건축물]]
[[분류:셀레우코스 제국의 군사사]]
[[분류:성전산]]