{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}
[[파일:ams-ix.k.root-servers.net.jpg|290px|섬네일|[[시스코]] 7301 라우터와 [[주니퍼 네트웍스|주니퍼]] M7i. [[암스테르담 인터넷 익스체인지|AMS-IX]]의 K 루트 서버 인스턴스의 일부.]]
'''루트 네임 서버'''(root name server)는 [[인터넷]]의 [[도메인 네임 시스템]](DNS)의 [[DNS 루트 존|루트 존]]이다. 루트 존의 레코드의 요청에 직접 응답하고 적절한 [[최상위 도메인]](TLD)에 대해 [[네임 서버|권한이 있는 네임 서버]] 목록을 반환함으로써 다른 요청에 응답한다. 루트 네임 서버들은 인터넷 인프라스트럭처의 중요한 부분인데, 그 이유는 해당 서버들이 인간이 읽을 수 있는 호스트 이름을 [[호스트 (네트워크)|인터넷 호스트]] 간 통신에 사용되는 [[IP 주소]]로 변환([[도메인 네임 시스템|리졸브]])하는 첫 단계이기 때문이다.

DNS와 특정 프로토콜들의 제한, 즉 파편화되지 않은 [[사용자 데이터그램 프로토콜]](UDP) 패킷의 실질적인 크기 제한으로 인해 루트 서버 수를 13개 서버 주소로 제한하도록 결정되었다.<ref>{{메일링 인용|url=https://lists.isc.org/pipermail/bind-users/2011-November/085653.html |title=Reason for Limited number of Root DNS Servers |date=11 November 2011 |accessdate=8 January 2016 |mailing-list=bind-users |author=Mark Andrews, [[Internet Systems Consortium|ISC]] }}</ref><ref>{{웹 인용|url=https://www.netnod.se/dns/dns-root-server-faq|title=DNS root server FAQ|publisher=[[Netnod]]|accessdate=18 January 2016}}</ref> 2020년 1월 11일 기준으로 [[애니캐스트]] 어드레싱을 사용하면 루트 서버 인스턴스의 실제 수를 더 크게 잡을 수 있으며 그 수는 1034이다.<ref name="root-servers-org">{{웹 인용|url=https://root-servers.org/|title=root-servers.org|accessdate=11 January 2020}}</ref>

== 루트 도메인 ==
DNS는 컴퓨터, 서비스, 또는 [[인터넷]]에 참여하는 모든 리소스의 계층적 네이밍 시스템이다.  해당 계층의 최상단은 [[루트 도메인]]이다. 루트 도메인은 공식 명칭이 없으며 DNS 계층의 레이블은 [[빈 문자열]]이다. 인터넷 상의 모든 [[전체 주소 도메인 네임]](FQDN)은 루트 도메인의 경우 빈 문자열로 끝나는 것으로 간주할 수 있으므로 "{{mono|www.example.com'''.'''}}"처럼 [[마침표]] 문자(레이블 구분자)로 끝을 맺는다. 이는 일반적으로 명시적이지 않고 함축적인데, 현대의 DNS 소프트웨어는 도메인 이름을 IP 주소로 변환을 시도할 때 실제로는 점을 포함시켜 끝내는 작업을 요구하지는 않기 때문이다.

루트 도메인에는 인터넷의 모든 최상위 도메인을 포함한다. 2015년 7월 기준으로 730개의 [[일반 최상위 도메인]](gTLD)와 301개의 [[국가 코드 최상위 도메인]](ccTLD)를 루트 도메인에 포함시키며 총 1,058개의 TLD를 포함한다.<ref>{{웹 인용|url=https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db|title=Root Zone Database|publisher=IANA}}</ref> 게다가 [[.arpa|ARPA]] 도메인은 인터넷 어드레싱 및 기타 자원 관리 측면에서 기술적인 [[이름공간]]에 사용된다. {{mono|[[.test|TEST]]}} 도메인은 [[국제화 도메인 네임]]의 테스트를 위해 사용된다.

== 루트 서버 주소 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
! 문자
! [[IPv4]] 주소
! [[IPv6]] 주소
! [[자율 시스템|AS-number]]<ref name="root_org">AS-numbers and IP-addresses from [https://root-servers.org/ Root-servers.org homepage] checked 9 January 2014</ref>
! 과거 이름
! 운용자
! 위치 사이트 수(글로벌/로컬)<ref>Location and sites from [http://root-servers.org/ Root-servers.org homepage] {{웨이백|url=http://root-servers.org/ |date=20170824002054 }} checked 10 October 2014</ref>
! 소프트웨어
|-
! [http://a.root-servers.org/ A]
| {{IPaddr|198.41.0.4}}
| {{IPaddr|2001:503:ba3e::2:30}}
| AS19836,<ref name="root_org"/><ref group="note">[https://stat.ripe.net/widget/bgplay#w.resource=AS19836&w.ignoreReannouncements=true&w.rrcs=0,1,6,7,11,14,3,4,5,10,12,13,15&w.starttime=1356998400&w.endtime=1389250800&w.instant=null&w.type=bgp AS19836] is not listed by the RIPEstat tool, though one can see it in   https://stat.ripe.net/AS19836#tabId=at-a-glance</ref> AS36619, AS36620, AS36622, AS36625, AS36631, AS64820<ref group="note">[http://www.ris.ripe.net/cgi-bin/riswhois.cgi?address=198.41.0.4&matchtype=L&submit=Query+RISwhois AS64820] is listed as "private use" in RIPE's RISwhois tool</ref><ref name="RISwhois_A">{{웹 인용|url=http://www.ris.ripe.net/cgi-bin/riswhois.cgi?address=198.41.0.4&matchtype=L&submit=Query+RISwhois |title=RIS – RIPE Network Coordination Centre |publisher=Ris.ripe.net |accessdate=23 January 2014}}</ref>
| ns.internic.net
| [[Verisign]]
| Distributed using [[애니캐스트]]<br/>5/0
|[[NSD]] and Verisign ATLAS
|-
! [https://b.root-servers.org/ B]
| {{IPaddr|199.9.14.201}}<ref group="note">Originally it was {{IPaddr|128.9.0.107}}; It was changed to {{IPaddr|192.228.79.201}} from January 2004 to October 2017.</ref><ref>{{웹 인용|url=https://b.root-servers.org/news/2017/08/09/new-ipv4.html|title=B-Root's IPv4 address to be renumbered 2017-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{웹 인용|url=http://www.root-servers.org/news/new-ip-b.html|title=New IPv4 address for b.root-servers.net|확인날짜=2020-02-13|archive-date=2020-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214193424/https://root-servers.org/news/new-ip-b.html}}</ref>
| {{IPaddr|2001:500:200::b}}<ref>{{웹 인용|url=http://www.iana.org/domains/root/servers|title=List of Root Servers}}</ref>
| AS394353<ref>{{웹 인용|url=https://root-servers.org/|title=Root Server Technical Operations Assn|date=7 August 2017|publisher=root-servers.org|accessdate=7 August 2017}}</ref>
| ns1.isi.edu
| [[서던캘리포니아 대학교|USC]]-[[Information Sciences Institute|ISI]]
| Distributed using [[애니캐스트]]<br>6/0
| [[BIND]]
|-
! [https://c.root-servers.org/ C]
| {{IPaddr|192.33.4.12}}
| {{IPaddr|2001:500:2::c}}
| AS2149<ref name="root_org"/><ref>{{웹 인용|url=http://www.ris.ripe.net/cgi-bin/riswhois.cgi?address=192.33.4.12&matchtype=L&submit=Query+RISwhois |title=RIS – RIPE Network Coordination Centre |publisher=Ris.ripe.net |date=13 October 2013 |accessdate=23 January 2014}}</ref>
| c.psi.net
| [[Cogent Communications]]
| Distributed using [[애니캐스트]]<br>8/0
| [[BIND]]
|-
! [http://d.root-servers.org/ D]
| {{IPaddr|199.7.91.13}}<ref group="note">Since 3 January 2013; originally was {{IPaddr|128.8.10.90}}.</ref><ref>{{웹 인용|url=http://d.root-servers.org/renumber.html|title=D-Root is Changing its IPv4 Address on 3 January 2013|access-date=16 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310100321/http://d.root-servers.org/renumber.html|archive-date=10 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| {{IPaddr|2001:500:2d::d}}
| AS27<ref name="root_org"/><ref>[http://www.ris.ripe.net/cgi-bin/riswhois.cgi?address=199.7.91.13&matchtype=L&submit=Query+RISwhois RISwhois], excluding less-specific AS3303 route announcement</ref>
| terp.umd.edu
| [[메릴랜드 대학교|University of Maryland]]
| Distributed using [[애니캐스트]]<br>50/67
| [[NSD]]<ref name="d">[http://d.root-servers.org/history.html D-root History page]</ref>
|-
! [https://e.root-servers.org/ E]
| {{IPaddr|192.203.230.10}}
| {{IPaddr|2001:500:a8::e}}
| AS21556<ref name="root_org"/><ref name="RISwhois_E">{{웹 인용|url=http://www.ris.ripe.net/cgi-bin/riswhois.cgi?address=192.203.230.10&matchtype=L&submit=Query+RISwhois |title=RIS – RIPE Network Coordination Centre |publisher=Ris.ripe.net |accessdate=30 October 2017}}</ref>
| ns.nasa.gov
| [[에임스 연구 센터|NASA Ames Research Center]]
| Distributed using [[애니캐스트]]<br>125/141
| [[BIND]] and [[NSD]]
|-
! [https://www.isc.org/f-root/ F]
| {{IPaddr|192.5.5.241}}
| {{IPaddr|2001:500:2f::f}}
| AS3557,<ref name="root_org"/><ref name="RISwhois_F"/> AS1280, AS30132<ref name="RISwhois_F">{{웹 인용|url=http://www.ris.ripe.net/cgi-bin/riswhois.cgi?address=192.5.5.241&matchtype=L&submit=Query+RISwhois |title=RIS – RIPE Network Coordination Centre |publisher=Ris.ripe.net |accessdate=23 January 2014}}</ref>
| ns.isc.org
| [[Internet Systems Consortium]]
| Distributed using [[애니캐스트]]<br>57/0
| [[BIND]]<ref name="f">{{웹 인용 |url=https://www.isc.org/community/f-root/ |제목=F-root {{!}} Internet Systems Consortium |확인날짜=2020-02-13 |보존url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325180234/http://www.isc.org/community/f-root |보존날짜=2013-03-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! [https://disa.mil/G-Root G]<ref group="note">Formerly [https://web.archive.org/web/20110621074912/http://www.nic.mil/ http://www.nic.mil/ (Internet Archive link)]; unlike all other DNS root servers, G-Root does not implement a homepage under root-servers.org, i.e. [http://g.root-servers.org/ http://g.root-servers.org/]{{깨진 링크|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref>

| {{IPaddr|192.112.36.4}}<ref group="note" name="noping">Unlike all other DNS root servers, G-Root does not respond to [[핑|pings]].</ref>
| {{IPaddr|2001:500:12::d0d}}<ref group="note" name="noping" />
| AS5927<ref name="root_org"/><ref>{{웹 인용|url=http://www.ris.ripe.net/cgi-bin/riswhois.cgi?address=192.112.36.4&matchtype=L&submit=Query+RISwhois |title=RIS – RIPE Network Coordination Centre |publisher=Ris.ripe.net |date=18 September 2013 |accessdate=23 January 2014}}</ref>
| ns.nic.ddn.mil
| [[Defense Information Systems Agency]]
| Distributed using [[애니캐스트]]<br>6/0
| [[BIND]]
|-
! [https://h.root-servers.org/ H]
| {{IPaddr|198.97.190.53}}<ref group="note">Since 1 December 2015; originally was {{IPaddr|128.63.2.53}}.</ref><ref name="hrootchange" />
| {{IPaddr|2001:500:1::53}}<ref group="note">Since 1 December 2015; originally was {{IPaddr|2001:500:1::803f:235}}.</ref><ref name="hrootchange">{{웹 인용|publisher=DNSOP|url=https://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/dnsop/current/msg15330.html|title=Advance notice – H-root address change on December 1, 2015 | date=31 August 2015 | accessdate=19 February 2018}}</ref>
| AS1508<ref name="hrootchange"/><ref group="note">Since 1 December 2015; originally was AS13.</ref><ref>{{웹 인용|url=http://www.ris.ripe.net/cgi-bin/riswhois.cgi?address=128.63.2.53&matchtype=L&submit=Query+RISwhois |title=RIS – RIPE Network Coordination Centre |publisher=Ris.ripe.net |date=2 January 2014 |accessdate=23 January 2014}}</ref>
| aos.arl.army.mil
| [[United States Army Research Laboratory|U.S. Army Research Lab]]
| [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]], Maryland & [[샌디에고]], California<br>2/0
| [[NSD]]
|-
! [https://web.archive.org/web/20101123140731/http://i.root-servers.org/ I]
| {{IPaddr|192.36.148.17}}
| {{IPaddr|2001:7fe::53}}
| AS29216<ref name="root_org"/><ref>{{웹 인용|url=http://www.ris.ripe.net/cgi-bin/riswhois.cgi?address=192.36.148.17&matchtype=L&submit=Query+RISwhois |title=RIS – RIPE Network Coordination Centre |publisher=Ris.ripe.net |accessdate=23 January 2014}}</ref>
| nic.nordu.net
| [[Netnod Internet Exchange i Sverige|Netnod]]
| Distributed using [[애니캐스트]]<br/>58/0
| [[BIND]]
|-
! [http://j.root-servers.org/ J]
| {{IPaddr|192.58.128.30}}<ref group="note">Since November 2002; originally was {{IPaddr|198.41.0.10}}.</ref>
| {{IPaddr|2001:503:c27::2:30}}
| AS26415,<ref name="root_org"/><ref name="RISwhois_J">{{웹 인용|url=http://www.ris.ripe.net/cgi-bin/riswhois.cgi?address=192.58.128.30&matchtype=L&submit=Query+RISwhois |title=RIS – RIPE Network Coordination Centre |publisher=Ris.ripe.net |accessdate=23 January 2014}}</ref> AS36626, AS36628, AS36632<ref name="RISwhois_J"/>
| {{n/a}}
| [[Verisign]]
| Distributed using [[애니캐스트]]<br>61/13
|[[NSD]] and Verisign ATLAS
|-
! [https://www.ripe.net/analyse/dns/k-root/ K]
| {{IPaddr|193.0.14.129}}
| {{IPaddr|2001:7fd::1}}
| AS25152<ref name="root_org"/><ref>{{웹 인용|url=http://www.ris.ripe.net/cgi-bin/riswhois.cgi?address=193.0.14.129&matchtype=L&submit=Query+RISwhois |title=RIS – RIPE Network Coordination Centre |publisher=Ris.ripe.net |date=20 June 2013 |accessdate=23 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{웹 인용|url=https://www.peeringdb.com/asn/25152|title=Peering Networks Detailed View|date=21 October 2013|publisher=Peeringdb.com|accessdate=23 January 2014}}</ref>
| {{n/a}}
| [[RIPE NCC]]
| Distributed using [[애니캐스트]]<br>5/23
| [[BIND]], [[NSD]] and [[Knot DNS]]<ref name="k">[http://k.root-servers.org/ K-root Homepage]</ref>
|-
! [http://l.root-servers.org/ L]
| {{IPaddr|199.7.83.42}}<ref group="note">Since 1 November 2007; originally was {{IPaddr|198.32.64.12}}.</ref><ref>{{웹 인용|publisher=[[ICANN]]|url=https://www.icann.org/news/blog/advisory-l-root-changing-ip-address-on-1st-november|title=Advisory — "L Root" changing IP address on 1 November}}</ref>
| {{IPaddr|2001:500:9f::42}}<ref group="note">Since 23 March 2016; originally was {{IPaddr|2001:500:3::42}}.</ref><ref>{{웹 인용|publisher=[[ICANN]]|url=http://www.dns.icann.org/2015/11/05/l-root-ipv6-renumbering/|title=L-Root IPv6 Renumbering|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422133507/http://www.dns.icann.org/2015/11/05/l-root-ipv6-renumbering/|archivedate=22 April 2016}}</ref>
| AS20144<ref name="root_org"/><ref>[http://www.ris.ripe.net/cgi-bin/riswhois.cgi?address=199.7.83.42&matchtype=L&submit=Query+RISwhois], excluding less-specific AS3303 route announcement</ref><ref>{{웹 인용|url=https://www.peeringdb.com/asn/20144|title=Peering Networks Detailed View|date=15 April 2013|publisher=Peeringdb.com|accessdate=23 January 2014}}</ref>
| {{n/a}}
| [[ICANN]]
| Distributed using anycast<br/>161/0
| [[NSD]] and [[Knot DNS]]<ref name="l">[http://l.root-servers.org/ l.root-servers.net]</ref>
|-
! [https://m.root-servers.org/ M]
| {{IPaddr|202.12.27.33}}
| {{IPaddr|2001:dc3::35}}
| AS7500<ref name="root_org"/><ref>{{웹 인용|url=http://www.ris.ripe.net/cgi-bin/riswhois.cgi?address=202.12.27.33&matchtype=L&submit=Query+RISwhois |title=RIS – RIPE Network Coordination Centre |publisher=Ris.ripe.net |date=21 October 2013 |accessdate=23 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{웹 인용|url=https://www.peeringdb.com/asn/7500|title=Peering Networks Detailed View|date=23 December 2013|publisher=Peeringdb.com|accessdate=23 January 2014}}</ref>
| {{n/a}}
| [[WIDE Project]]
| Distributed using anycast<br>6/1
| [[BIND]]
|}
[[파일:Root-current.svg|섬네일|500px|right|애니캐스트 인스턴스를 포함한 13개의 논리 네임 서버의 지도. 2006년 말 기준.]]
{{-}}

== 내용주 ==
{{각주|group=note}}

== 각주 ==
{{각주}}

== 추가 문헌 ==
* [https://root-servers.org/ Root Server Technical Operations Association]
* [https://www.iana.org/domains/root/servers List of Root Servers, IANA]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200213093835/https://www.circleid.com/posts/dns_root_servers_google_maps/ Root Servers' Geographical Locations on Google Maps]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030927191521/http://www.rssac.org/ DNS Root Server System Advisory Committee]
* [https://www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/2004/the-internet-domain-name-system-explained-for-non-experts-by-daniel-karrenberg/ DNS Root Name Servers Explained For Non-Experts]
* [https://www.internetsociety.org/briefings/020/ DNS Root Name Servers Frequently Asked Questions]{{깨진 링크|url=https://www.internetsociety.org/briefings/020/ }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051229123012/http://www.apnic.net/services/rootserver/ Location of Root servers in Asia-Pacific]
* [https://www.bind9.net/dnshealth/ Bogus Queries received at the Root Servers] {{웨이백|url=https://www.bind9.net/dnshealth/ |date=20060821195930 }}
* RFC 2826 – IAB Technical Comment on the Unique DNS Root
* RFC 2870 – Root Name Server Operational Requirements
* RFC 4697 – Observed DNS Resolution Misbehavior (from observations on the Root Servers)
* [https://project-is-offline.orsn.net/ ORSN, Open Root Server Network – an unrelated, competing DNS-based name infrastructure] {{웨이백|url=https://project-is-offline.orsn.net/ |date=20210520005311 }}

== 외부 링크 ==
* [https://root-servers.org/ Root Server Technical Operations Association]
* [https://www.iana.org/domains/root/files Root Files, IANA]
* [https://project-is-offline.orsn.net/ orsn.org Open Root Server Network] {{웨이백|url=https://project-is-offline.orsn.net/ |date=20210520005311 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070606075755/http://private.dnsstuff.com/info/roottimes.htm Root Server response times]
* [https://www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/2004/the-internet-domain-name-system-explained-for-non-experts-by-daniel-karrenberg/ DNS root nameservers explained for non-experts]

[[분류:도메인 네임 시스템]]