{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}
'''[[저마늄]]''' 또는 '''게르마늄'''은 자연에서 5가지의 [[안정 동위 원소]](<sup>70</sup>Ge, <sup>72</sup>Ge, <sup>73</sup>Ge, <sup>74</sup>Ge, <sup>76</sup>Ge)로 구성되어 있다. 이들 중 <sup>76</sup>Ge은 천연 동위 원소 중 가장 존재비율이 적은(약 7%) 동위 원소이자<ref name="nubase">{{저널 인용 |author=G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon |year=2003 |title=The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf |journal=[[Nuclear Physics A]] |volume=729 |issue= |pages=3–128 |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 |bibcode=2003NuPhA.729....3A |확인날짜=2008년 9월 23일 |보존url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923135135/http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf |보존날짜=2008년 9월 23일 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 약한 [[방사능]]을 띠는 [[동위 원소]]로, 1.78×10<sup>21</sup>년([[우주의 나이|우주 나이]]의 약 1300억 배)의 [[반감기]]를 거쳐 [[이중 베타 붕괴]]를 한다.<ref>{{저널 인용|author=A. M. Bakalyarov, A. Ya. Balysh, S. T. Belyaev, V. I. Lebedev, S. V. Zhukov |year=2003 |title=Results of the experiment on investigation of Germanium-76 double beta decay |pages=77–81 |volume=2 |issue=2 |journal=Phys.Part.Nucl.Lett.   ; Pisma   Fiz.Elem.Chast.Atom.Yadra   1-8 |arxiv=hep-ex/0309016 |bibcode = 2003hep.ex....9016B }}</ref> 안정 동위 원소인 <sup>74</sup>Ge는 가장 흔한 저마늄 동위 원소로, 전체의 약 36%를 차지한다. 이 밖에 [[원자량]] 58~89 사이에 최소 27가지의 인공 [[방사성 동위 원소]]가 발견되었으며, 이들 중 가장 안정한 것은 [[전자 포획]]을 통해 붕괴하는 <sup>68</sup>Ge(반감기 270.95일)이다. 붕괴 산물은 의학적인 용도로 많이 사용되는 <sup>68</sup>[[갈륨|Ga]]로, [[양전자]]를 방출한다. 대부분의 저마늄 방사성 동위 원소는 [[베타 붕괴]]한다.

저마늄의 표준 원자량은 72.630(8)[[원자량 단위|u]]이다.


== 표 ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; white-space:nowrap"
! rowspan="2" | 핵종<br />기호
! Z([[양성자|p]])
! N([[중성자|n]])
! &nbsp;<br />동위 원소 질량 (u)<br />&nbsp;
! rowspan="2" | 반감기<ref group="n">굵은 글꼴은 반감기가 우주의 나이보다 긴 동위 원소(거의 안정적)</ref>
! rowspan="2" | 붕괴<br />방식<ref>http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx</ref><ref group="n">약자:<br>IT: [[이성질핵 전이]]</ref>
! rowspan="2" | 붕괴<br />생성물<ref group="n">굵은 글꼴은 안정 동위 원소</ref>
! rowspan="2" | 핵<br />스핀
! rowspan="2" | 전형적<br />동위 원소<br />구성비<br />(몰 분율)
! rowspan="2" | 자연적<br />구성비<br />변동 범위<br />(몰 분율)
|-
! colspan="3" | 들뜬 에너지
|-
| <sup>58</sup>Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 26
| 57.99101(34)#
|
| [[양성자 방출|2p]]
| <sup>56</sup>Zn
| 0+
|
|
|-
| <sup>59</sup>Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| 58.98175(30)#
|
| 2p
| <sup>57</sup>Zn
| 7/2-#
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>60</sup>Ge
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 28
| rowspan=2|59.97019(25)#
| rowspan=2|30# ms
| [[베타 붕괴|β<sup>+</sup>]]
| <sup>60</sup>Ga
| rowspan=2|0+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| 2p
| <sup>58</sup>Zn
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>61</sup>Ge
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 29
| rowspan=2|60.96379(32)#
| rowspan=2|39(12) ms
| β<sup>+</sup>, p (80%)
| <sup>60</sup>Zn
| rowspan=2|(3/2-)#
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β<sup>+</sup> (20%)
| <sup>61</sup>Ga
|-
| <sup>62</sup>Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 30
| 61.95465(15)#
| 129(35) ms
| β<sup>+</sup>
| <sup>62</sup>Ga
| 0+
|
|
|-
| <sup>63</sup>Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| 62.94964(21)#
| 142(8) ms
| β<sup>+</sup>
| <sup>63</sup>Ga
| (3/2-)#
|
|
|-
| <sup>64</sup>Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| 63.94165(3)
| 63.7(25) s
| β<sup>+</sup>
| <sup>64</sup>Ga
| 0+
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>65</sup>Ge
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 33
| rowspan=2|64.93944(11)
| rowspan=2|30.9(5) s
| β<sup>+</sup> (99.99%)
| <sup>65</sup>Ga
| rowspan=2|(3/2)-
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β<sup>+</sup>, p (.01%)
| '''<sup>64</sup>Zn'''
|-
| <sup>66</sup>Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 34
| 65.93384(3)
| 2.26(5) h
| β<sup>+</sup>
| <sup>66</sup>Ga
| 0+
|
|
|-
| <sup>67</sup>Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 35
| 66.932734(5)
| 18.9(3) min
| β<sup>+</sup>
| <sup>67</sup>Ga
| 1/2-
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>67m1</sup>Ge
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 18.20(5) keV
| 13.7(9) µs
|
|
| 5/2-
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>67m2</sup>Ge
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 751.70(6) keV
| 110.9(14) ns
|
|
| 9/2+
|
|
|-
| <sup>68</sup>Ge<ref group="n"><sup>68</sup>[[갈륨|Ga]]의 제조에 이용</ref>
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 36
| 67.928094(7)
| 270.95(16) d
| [[전자 포획|ε]]
| <sup>68</sup>Ga
| 0+
|
|
|-
| <sup>69</sup>Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 37
| 68.9279645(14)
| 39.05(10) h
| β<sup>+</sup>
| '''<sup>69</sup>Ga'''
| 5/2-
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>69m1</sup>Ge
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 86.765(14) keV
| 5.1(2) µs
|
|
| 1/2-
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>69m2</sup>Ge
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 397.944(18) keV
| 2.81(5) µs
|
|
| 9/2+
|
|
|-
| <sup>70</sup>Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 38
| 69.9242474(11)
| colspan=3 align=center|'''안정'''
| 0+
| 0.2038(18)
|
|-
| <sup>71</sup>Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 39
| 70.9249510(11)
| 11.43(3) d
| ε
| '''<sup>71</sup>Ga'''
| 1/2-
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>71m</sup>Ge
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 198.367(10) keV
| 20.40(17) ms
| [[이성질핵 전이|IT]]
| <sup>71</sup>Ge
| 9/2+
|
|
|-
| <sup>72</sup>Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 40
| 71.9220758(18)
| colspan=3 align=center|'''안정'''
| 0+
| 0.2731(26)
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>72m</sup>Ge
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 691.43(4) keV
| 444.2(8) ns
|
|
| 0+
|
|
|-
| <sup>73</sup>Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| 72.9234589(18)
| colspan=3 align=center|'''안정'''
| 9/2+
| 0.0776(8)
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>73m1</sup>Ge
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 13.2845(15) keV
| 2.92(3) µs
|
|
| 5/2+
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>73m2</sup>Ge
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 66.726(9) keV
| 499(11) ms
|
|
| 1/2-
|
|
|-
| <sup>74</sup>Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 42
| 73.9211778(18)
| colspan=3 align=center|'''안정'''
| 0+
| 0.3672(15)
|
|-
| <sup>75</sup>Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 43
| 74.9228589(18)
| 82.78(4) min
| β<sup>-</sup>
| '''<sup>75</sup>As'''
| 1/2-
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>75m1</sup>Ge
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 139.69(3) keV
| rowspan=2|47.7(5) s
| IT (99.97%)
| <sup>75</sup>Ge
| rowspan=2|7/2+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β<sup>-</sup>
| '''<sup>75</sup>As'''
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>75m2</sup>Ge
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 192.18(7) keV
| 216(5) ns
|
|
| 5/2+
|
|
|-
| <sup>76</sup>Ge<ref group="n">[[원시 핵종|원시]] [[방사성 핵종]]</ref>
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 44
| 75.9214026(18)
| '''1.78(8)×10<sup>21</sup> a'''
| β<sup>-</sup>β<sup>-</sup>
| '''<sup>76</sup>Se'''
| 0+
| 0.0783(7)
|
|-
| <sup>77</sup>Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| 76.9235486(18)
| 11.30(1) h
| β<sup>-</sup>
| <sup>77</sup>As
| 7/2+
| 
| 
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>77m</sup>Ge
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 159.70(10) keV
| rowspan=2|52.9(6) s
| β<sup>-</sup> (79%)
| <sup>77</sup>As
| rowspan=2|1/2-
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| IT (21%)
| <sup>77</sup>Ge
|-
| <sup>78</sup>Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 46
| 77.922853(4)
| 88(1) min
| β<sup>-</sup>
| <sup>78</sup>As
| 0+
|
|
|-
| <sup>79</sup>Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 47
| 78.9254(1)
| 18.98(3) s
| β<sup>-</sup>
| <sup>79</sup>As
| (1/2)-
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>79m</sup>Ge
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 185.95(4) keV
| rowspan=2|39.0(10) s
| β<sup>-</sup> (96%)
| <sup>79</sup>As
| rowspan=2|(7/2+)#
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| IT (4%)
| <sup>79</sup>Ge
|-
| <sup>80</sup>Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 48
| 79.92537(3)
| 29.5(4) s
| β<sup>-</sup>
| <sup>80</sup>As
| 0+
|
|
|-
| <sup>81</sup>Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 49
| 80.92882(13)
| 7.6(6) s
| β<sup>-</sup>
| <sup>81</sup>As
| 9/2+#
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>81m</sup>Ge
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 679.13(4) keV
| rowspan=2|7.6(6) s
| β<sup>-</sup> (99%)
| <sup>81</sup>As
| rowspan=2|(1/2+)
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| IT (1%)
| <sup>81</sup>Ge
|-
| <sup>82</sup>Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 50
| 81.92955(26)
| 4.55(5) s
| β<sup>-</sup>
| <sup>82</sup>As
| 0+
|
|
|-
| <sup>83</sup>Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 51
| 82.93462(21)#
| 1.85(6) s
| β<sup>-</sup>
| <sup>83</sup>As
| (5/2+)#
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>84</sup>Ge
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 52
| rowspan=2|83.93747(32)#
| rowspan=2|0.947(11) s
| β<sup>-</sup> (89.2%)
| <sup>84</sup>As
| rowspan=2|0+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β<sup>-</sup>, n (10.8%)
| <sup>83</sup>As
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>85</sup>Ge
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 53
| rowspan=2|84.94303(43)#
| rowspan=2|535(47) ms
| β<sup>-</sup> (86%)
| <sup>85</sup>As
| rowspan=2|5/2+#
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β<sup>-</sup>, n (14%)
| <sup>84</sup>As
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>86</sup>Ge
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 54
| rowspan=2|85.94649(54)#
| rowspan=2|>150 ns
| β<sup>-</sup>, n
| <sup>85</sup>As
| rowspan=2|0+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β<sup>-</sup>
| <sup>86</sup>As
|-
| <sup>87</sup>Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 55
| 86.95251(54)#
| 0.14# s
|
|
| 5/2+#
|
|
|-
| <sup>88</sup>Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 56
| 87.95691(75)#
| >=300 ns
|
|
| 0+
|
|
|-
| <sup>89</sup>Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 57
| 88.96383(97)#
| >150 ns
|
|
| 3/2+#
|
|
|}

== 각주 ==
{{각주}}
; 내용주
<references group="n" />

{{동위 원소 색인}}

{{전거 통제}}

[[분류:저마늄|동위 원소]]
[[분류:저마늄 동위 원소| ]]
[[분류:원소별 동위 원소 목록]]