{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}

[[파일:Baitou Mountain Tianchi.jpg|섬네일|300px|right|백두산 천지 모습. 키가 작은 풀이 드문드문 나타나는 모습을 볼 수 있다.]]

'''고산 기후'''(高山氣候, alpine climate or highland climate)는 [[산림한계고도]]보다 높은 지역의 기후를 말한다. 이와 반대로 산림한계고도보다 낮은 지역에서의 기후는 [[산악 기후]]라고 한다. 고산 기후 지역에서는 [[수증기]] 양이 적어서 안개가 자주 나타나며, 기온의 변화는 크지 않다. 고도가 매우 높을수록, 산소가 부족해서 생기는 [[고산병]]이 나타나기도 한다.

[[한라산]]을 보면 알 수 있듯, 고도가 올라갈수록 [[활엽수]]에서 [[침엽수]]로 [[식생]]이 변화하다가 나중에는 나무의 크기가 작아지고 [[수목 한계선]]에 이르면 나무를 찾아보기 힘들다. 더 올라가면 조그마한 풀만 보이다가 아주 높은 곳일 경우, [[이끼류]]만 나타난다.

일부에서는 [[쾨펜의 기후 구분]]의 그룹 '''E'''에 고산 기후를 포함시키고 기호는 '''H'''로 쓰기도 한다.<ref>{{서적 인용|last1=McKnight|first1=Tom L|last2=Hess|first2=Darrel|year=2000|chapter=Climate Zones and Types: The Koppen System|title=Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation|pages=[https://archive.org/physicalgeographmckn/page/235}}</ref>

== 월간 추이 ==
{{Weather box
|location = [[마우나로아산]] 사면 기상대(1961–1990)
|single line = Y
|Jan record high F = 67
|Feb record high F = 85
|Mar record high F = 65
|Apr record high F = 67
|May record high F = 68
|Jun record high F = 71
|Jul record high F = 70
|Aug record high F = 68
|Sep record high F = 67
|Oct record high F = 66
|Nov record high F = 65
|Dec record high F = 67
|year record high F = 85
|Jan high F = 49.8
|Feb high F = 49.6
|Mar high F = 50.2
|Apr high F = 51.8
|May high F = 53.9
|Jun high F = 57.2
|Jul high F = 56.4
|Aug high F = 56.3
|Sep high F = 55.8
|Oct high F = 54.7
|Nov high F = 52.6
|Dec high F = 50.6
|Jan low F = 33.3
|Feb low F = 32.9
|Mar low F = 33.2
|Apr low F = 34.6
|May low F = 36.6
|Jun low F = 39.4
|Jul low F = 38.8
|Aug low F = 38.9
|Sep low F = 38.5
|Oct low F = 37.8
|Nov low F = 36.2
|Dec low F = 34.3
|Jan record low F = 19
|Feb record low F = 18
|Mar record low F = 20
|Apr record low F = 24
|May record low F = 27
|Jun record low F = 28
|Jul record low F = 26
|Aug record low F = 28
|Sep record low F = 29
|Oct record low F = 27
|Nov record low F = 25
|Dec record low F = 22
|year record low F = 18
|precipitation colour=green
|Jan precipitation inch = 2.3
|Feb precipitation inch = 1.5
|Mar precipitation inch = 1.7
|Apr precipitation inch = 1.3
|May precipitation inch = 1.0
|Jun precipitation inch = 0.5
|Jul precipitation inch = 1.1
|Aug precipitation inch = 1.5
|Sep precipitation inch = 1.3
|Oct precipitation inch = 1.1
|Nov precipitation inch = 1.7
|Dec precipitation inch = 2.0
|Jan precipitation days = 4
|Feb precipitation days = 5
|Mar precipitation days = 6
|Apr precipitation days = 5
|May precipitation days = 4
|Jun precipitation days = 3
|Jul precipitation days = 4
|Aug precipitation days = 5
|Sep precipitation days = 5
|Oct precipitation days = 5
|Nov precipitation days = 5
|Dec precipitation days = 4
|unit precipitation days = 0.01 inch
|Jan snow inch = 0.0
|Feb snow inch = 1.0
|Mar snow inch = 0.3
|Apr snow inch = 1.3
|May snow inch = 0.0
|Jun snow inch = 0.0
|Jul snow inch = 0.0
|Aug snow inch = 0.0
|Sep snow inch = 0.0
|Oct snow inch = 0.0
|Nov snow inch = 0.0
|Dec snow inch = 1.0
|source = NOAA<ref>{{웹 인용|work=MAUNA LOA SLOPE OBS, HAWAII|title=Period of Record Monthly Climate Summary|url=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?himaun|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=2012-06-05}}</ref>}}

{{Weather box
|location = [[워싱턴산]] 정상 부근 해발고도 1910m 지점
|single line = Y
|Jan high F = 13.6
|Feb high F = 14.7
|Mar high F = 20.7
|Apr high F = 30.4
|May high F = 41.3
|Jun high F = 50.4
|Jul high F = 54.1
|Aug high F = 53.3
|Sep high F = 47.1
|Oct high F = 36.4
|Nov high F = 28.1
|Dec high F = 18.4
|year high F =34.0
|Jan mean F=4.8
|Feb mean F=6.2
|Mar mean F=12.9
|Apr mean F=23.9
|May mean F=35.6
|Jun mean F=45.0
|Jul mean F=49.1
|Aug mean F=48.2
|Sep mean F=41.6
|Oct mean F=30.2
|Nov mean F=20.7
|Dec mean F=10.1
|year mean F=
|Jan low F = −4.1
|Feb low F = −2.4
|Mar low F =  5.0
|Apr low F = 17.4
|May low F = 29.8
|Jun low F = 39.5
|Jul low F = 44.0
|Aug low F = 43.0
|Sep low F = 36.1
|Oct low F = 24.0
|Nov low F = 13.3
|Dec low F =  1.7
|year low F =20.6
|Jan record high F = 48
|Feb record high F = 43
|Mar record high F = 54
|Apr record high F = 60
|May record high F = 66
|Jun record high F = 72
|Jul record high F = 71
|Aug record high F = 72
|Sep record high F = 69
|Oct record high F = 62
|Nov record high F = 52
|Dec record high F = 47
|year record high F =72
|Jan record low F = −47
|Feb record low F = −46
|Mar record low F = −38
|Apr record low F = −20
|May record low F =  −2
|Jun record low F =   8
|Jul record low F =  24
|Aug record low F =  20
|Sep record low F =   9
|Oct record low F =  −5
|Nov record low F = −20
|Dec record low F = −46
|year record low F= −47
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 6.44
|Feb precipitation inch = 6.77
|Mar precipitation inch = 7.67
|Apr precipitation inch = 7.44
|May precipitation inch = 8.18
|Jun precipitation inch = 8.40
|Jul precipitation inch = 8.77
|Aug precipitation inch = 8.32
|Sep precipitation inch = 8.03
|Oct precipitation inch = 9.27
|Nov precipitation inch = 9.85
|Dec precipitation inch = 7.73
|year precipitation inch=96.87
|snow colour = green
|Jan snow inch = 44.0
|Feb snow inch = 40.1
|Mar snow inch = 45.1
|Apr snow inch = 35.6
|May snow inch = 12.2
|Jun snow inch =  1.0
|Jul snow inch =  0.0
|Aug snow inch =  0.1
|Sep snow inch =  2.2
|Oct snow inch = 17.6
|Nov snow inch = 37.8
|Dec snow inch = 45.5
|year snow inch=281.2
|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|unit snow days = 0.1 in
|Jan precipitation days = 19.7
|Feb precipitation days = 17.9
|Mar precipitation days = 19.0
|Apr precipitation days = 17.4
|May precipitation days = 17.4
|Jun precipitation days = 16.8
|Jul precipitation days = 16.5
|Aug precipitation days = 15.2
|Sep precipitation days = 13.9
|Oct precipitation days = 16.8
|Nov precipitation days = 19.1
|Dec precipitation days = 20.7
|year precipitation days=210.4
|Jan snow days = 19.3
|Feb snow days = 17.3
|Mar snow days = 16.6
|Apr snow days = 13.1
|May snow days =  6.4
|Jun snow days =  0.9
|Jul snow days =  0.1
|Aug snow days =  0.2
|Sep snow days =  1.7
|Oct snow days =  9.1
|Nov snow days = 14.6
|Dec snow days = 19.2
|year snow days=118.5
|Jan sun =  92.0 |Jan percentsun = 32
|Feb sun = 106.9 |Feb percentsun = 36
|Mar sun = 127.6 |Mar percentsun = 34
|Apr sun = 143.2 |Apr percentsun = 35
|May sun = 171.3 |May percentsun = 37
|Jun sun = 151.3 |Jun percentsun = 33
|Jul sun = 145.0 |Jul percentsun = 31
|Aug sun = 130.5 |Aug percentsun = 30
|Sep sun = 127.2 |Sep percentsun = 34
|Oct sun = 127.1 |Oct percentsun = 37
|Nov sun =  82.4 |Nov percentsun = 29
|Dec sun =  83.1 |Dec percentsun = 30
|year sun=1487.6 |year percentsun =33
|source = NOAA (normals 1981–2010, sun 1961–1990)<ref name = "NWS Gray, ME">{{웹 인용
| url = http://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=gyx
| title = NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data
| publisher = [[미국 해양대기청]]
| accessdate = June 19, 2013
}}</ref><ref name=NCDCtxt>{{웹 인용|title=Station Name: NH MT WASHINGTON |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |url=ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USW00014755.normals.txt |accessdate=9 June 2014}}</ref><ref name = NOAAsun >{{웹 인용|title=WMO Climate Normals for MOUNT WASHINGTON, NH 1961–1990 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72613.TXT |accessdate=9 June 2014}}</ref>
|source 2 = extremes 1933–present<ref name="Mount Washington Normals, Means, and Extremes">{{웹 인용 |title=Mount Washington Observatory: Normals, Means and Extreme |publisher=Mount Washington Observatory |url=http://www.mountwashington.org/weather/normals.php |accessdate=7 August 2010 |archive-date=2014-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702061331/http://www.mountwashington.org/weather/normals.php |url-status= }}</ref><ref>{{웹 인용|date=14 January 2013 |title=Today's Weather atop Mount Washington |publisher=Mount Washington Observatory |url=http://www.mountwashington.org/weather/summit.php |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Df8SgIz3?url=http://www.mountwashington.org/weather/summit.php |archivedate=14 January 2013 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref>
}}

== 같이 보기 ==
* [[고산 식물]]
* [[쾨펜의 기후 구분]]

== 각주 ==
{{각주}}

{{쾨펜}}

{{전거 통제}}

[[분류:기후]]
[[분류:오스트레일리아의 기후]]