{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}
{{언어분류
|이름=토토낙어족
|다른이름=토토낙·테페와어족
|지역=[[멕시코]]
|계통색=아메리카
|계통1=([[토토소케어족]]?)
|하위1=[[토토낙어파]]
|하위2=[[테페와어파]]
|glotto=toto1251
|glottorefname=Totonacan
}}
'''토토낙어족'''({{llang|en|Totonacan languages}}) 또는 '''토토낙·테페와어족'''({{llang|en|Totonac-Tepehua languages}})은 [[멕시코]]의 [[베라크루스주]], [[푸에블라주]], [[이달고주]]에서 약 28만 명의 [[토토낙족]]과 1만 명의 [[테페와족]] 인구가 사용하는 언어들로 이루어진 [[어족]]이다. 스페인인의 [[멕시코 정복]] 이전까지 토토낙어족 언어들은 [[멕시코만]] 연안 전체에 걸쳐 쓰이고 있었다.<ref>{{harv|Reid|Bishop|1974}}</ref> 식민 지배 동안에 토토낙어족 언어들은 가끔 문자로 기록되었으며, 적어도 한 권의 문법서가 편찬되었다.<ref>{{harv|Anonymous|1990}}</ref> 20세기에 들어와 원주민 정체성이 갈수록 핍박받게 되고 [[스페인어]]를 주된 언어로 사용하라는 압력이 강해짐에 따라 대부분의 토토낙어족 언어는 사용 인구 수가 감소했다.<ref>{{harv|Lam|2009}}</ref>

[[역사언어학]]을 바탕으로 토토낙어족 언어들을 다른 어족의 언어와 비교하는 작업은 최근에야 시작되었다. 토토낙어족은 [[마야어족]]이나 [[나와틀어]] 등 [[메소아메리카 언어 지역]]의 다른 언어들과 여러 지역적 특징을 공유한다. 최근 연구에 따르면 토토낙어족은 [[미헤소케어족]]과 같은 계통일 가능성이 있는데<ref>{{harv | Brown | Beck | Kondrak | Watters| 2011}}</ref> 아직 확실히 검증된 것은 아니다.

== 분류 ==
토토낙어족은 [[토토낙어파]]와 [[테페와어파]]라는 두 갈래로 나뉜다. 테페와어파는 일반적으로 [[피사플로레스 테페와어]], [[웨웨틀라 테페와어]], [[틀라치칠코 테페와어]]라는 3개 언어로 구성된다고 여겨진다. 토토낙어파는 내적 다양성이 상당히 더 크다. {{harvtxt|MacKay|1999}}는 {{harvtxt|García Rojas|1978}}를 바탕으로 토토낙어파를 다음의 네 갈래로 나눈다.

* '''파판틀라 토토낙어''': [[베라크루스주]]의 멕시코만 해안을 따라 [[엘에스콜린]], [[파판틀라]], [[카소네스]], 타힌, [[에스피날]] 등등의 마을에서 쓰인다.
* '''중북부 토토낙어''': 대략 베라크루스주의 [[포사리카]] 지역과 [[푸에블라주]]의 메카팔라파, [[판테펙]], [[시코테펙]] 지역 사이에서 쓰인다.
* '''중남부 토토낙어''': 주로 [[시에라노르테데푸에블라]] 지역, 예를 들어 푸에블라주의 [[사포티틀란데멘데스]], [[코아테펙]], [[웨웨틀라]] 등의 마을에서 쓰인다.
* '''미산틀라 토토낙어''': [[예쿠아틀라]] 및 [[미산틀라]] 근처의 여러 마을에서 쓰인다.

== 각주 ==
<references />

== 참고 문헌 ==
{{참고 자료 시작|indent=yes}}<!--BEGIN biblio format. If indent param. is used, Pls use a colon (:) instead of asterisk (*) for bullet markers in the references list -->
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:{{저널 인용|last=Beck|first=David| year=2008 | title=Ideophones, adverbs, and predicate qualification in Upper Necaxa Totonac| journal=International Journal of American Linguistics | volume=74 | issue=1 | pages=1–46 | ref = harv | doi=10.1086/529462|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1134838}}
:{{저널 인용|last=Beck|first=David| year=2011 | title=Upper Necaxa Totonac Dictionary| publisher=Mouton de Gruyter| location=Berlin | ref = harv}}
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:{{저널 인용|last=Bishop|first=Ruth G.| year=1984 | title=Consonant play in lexical sets in Northern Totonac | journal= Summer Institute of Linguistics Mexico Workpapers | volume=5 | pages=24–31 | ref = harv}}
:{{저널 인용|last=Brown|first=Cecil H.|last2=Beck|first2=David|last3=Kondrak|first3=Grzegorz|last4=Watters|first4=James K.|last5= Wichmann|first5=Søren| title=Totozoquean | journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=77|issue=3|pages=323–372|year=2011|ref = harv |doi=10.1086/660972}}
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:{{저널 인용|last=de Léon|first=Lourdes|last2=Levinson|first2=Stephen C.|year=1992|title=Spatial Description in Mesoamerican Languages (Introduction)|journal=Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung|volume=45|issue=6|pages=527–29}}
:{{서적 인용| last=García Rojas | first = Blanca|year=1978| title=Dialectología de la zona totonaco-tepehua. | publisher= Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (Master’s Thesis) | place = México D. F. | ref = harv|language=es}}
:{{서적 인용| last=Ichon |first=Alain| year=1969 | title=La religión de los totonacos de la sierra | location=México, D.F. | publisher=Instituto Nacional Indigenísta | ref = harv |language=es}}
:{{저널 인용|last=INALI |date=14 January 2008 |title=Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas  |url=http://www.inali.gob.mx/pdf/CLIN_completo.pdf |format=[[PDF]] online facsimile|journal=Diario Oficial de la Federación |location=México, D.F. |publisher=Imprenta del Gobierno Federal, SEGOB |volume=652 |issue=9 |oclc=46461036 | ref = harv|language=es}}
:{{저널 인용|last=Lam|first=Yvonne|year=2009|title=The straw that broke the language's back: Language shift in the Upper Necaxa Valley of Mexico|journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language|volume=2009|issue=195| pages=219–233 | ref = harv|doi=10.1515/ijsl.2009.012}}
:{{서적 인용|last=Levy|first=Paulette| year=1987 | title=Fonologia del Totonaco de Papantla | publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México | place=México, D.F. | ref = harv|language=es}}
:{{서적 인용|last=Levy|first=Paulette| year=1990 | title=Totonaco de Papantla, Veracruz | publisher=El Colegio de México | place=México, D.F. | ref = harv|language=es}}
:{{서적 인용|last=Levy|first=Paulette| year=1992 | chapter=Body Part Prefixes in Papantla Totonac | editor1-first=Léon | editor1-last=de Lourdes | editor2-first=Stephen C. | editor2-last=Levinson | title=Spatial Description in Mesoamerican Languages | pages=530–542 | ref = harv}}
:{{저널 인용|last=Levy|first=Paulette| year=1999 | title=From "part" to "shape": Incorporation in Totonac and the issue of classification by verbs | journal=International Journal of American Linguistics | volume=65 |issue=2| pages=127–175 | ref = harv | doi=10.1086/466380}}
:{{서적 인용|last=Levy|first=Paulette| year=2012 | chapter=Totonaco de Papantla: El Cerro del Carbón | editor-last=Paulette Levy & David Beck | title=Las lenguas totonacas y tepehuas: Textos y otros materiales para sus estudios | pages=345–466 | location=Mexico City | publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México | ref = harv|language=es}}
:{{서적 인용|last=Levy|first=Paulette|last2=Beck (eds.)|first2=David|year=2012|title = Las lenguas totonacas y tepehuas: Textos y otros materiales para sus estudios|location= México, D.F.|publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México | ref= harv|language=es}}
:{{서적 인용|last=MacKay|first=Carolyn|title=A Grammar of Misantla Totonac | location=Salt Lake City | publisher=University of Utah Press | year=1999 | isbn=0-87480-455-8 | ref = harv}}
:{{서적 인용|last=MacKay|first=Carolyn | last2=Trechsel | first2=Frank R. | year=2012a | chapter=Tepehua de Pisaflores, Veracruz | editor-last=Paulette Levy & David Beck | title=Las lenguas totonacas y tepehuas: Textos y otros materiales para sus estudios | pages=107–118 | location=México, D.F. | publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México | ref = harv|language=es}}
:{{서적 인용|last=MacKay|first=Carolyn | last2=Trechsel | first2=Frank R. | year=2012b | chapter=Totonaco de Misantla, Veracruz | editor-last=Paulette Levy & David Beck | title=Las lenguas totonacas y tepehuas: Textos y otros materiales para sus estudios | pages=119–179 | location=México, D.F. | publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México | ref = harv|language=es}}
:{{저널 인용|last1=MacKay|first1=C. J.|last2=Trechsel|first2= F. R. |year=2015|title=Totonac-Tepehua genetic relationships|journal=Amerindia|volume= 37|issue=2|pages=121–158}}
:{{서적 인용|last=McFarland|first=Teresa| year=2012 | chapter=Totonaco de Filomeno Mata | editor-last=Paulette Levy & David Beck | title=Las lenguas totonacas y tepehuas: Textos y otros materiales para sus estudios | pages=269–291 | location=México, D.F. | publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México | ref = harv|language=es}}
:{{서적 인용|last=McQuown|first=Norman| year=1990 | origyear=1940 | title=Gramatica de la lengua totonaca (Coatepec, Sierra Norte de Puebla)|publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México|place=México, D.F. | ref = harv}}
:{{저널 인용|last=Mithun|first=Marianne|year=1984|title=The Evolution of Noun Incorporation|journal=Language|volume=60|issue=4|pages= 847–94|doi=10.2307/413800|ref=harv|jstor=413800}}
:{{저널 인용|last=Nichols|first=Johanna|year=1986|title= Head-marking and dependent-marking grammar|journal=Language|volume=6|issue=2|pages=56–119|doi=10.1353/lan.1986.0014}}
:{{서적 인용|last=Reid|first=A.A.|first2=Ruth G.|last2=Bishop|year=1974|title=Diccionario de Totonaco de Xicotepec de Juarez, Puebla|place=México D.F.|publisher=Instituto Lingüístico de Verano (ILV) | ref = harv|language=es}}
:{{서적 인용|last=Roman Lobato|first=Gabriela| year=2012 | chapter=Totonaco de San JUan Ozelonacaxtla, Puebla | editor-last=Paulette Levy & David Beck | title=Las lenguas totonacas y tepehuas: Textos y otros materiales para sus estudios | pages=321–344 | location=México, D.F. | publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México | ref = harv|language=es}}
:{{서적 인용|last=Smythe Kung|first=Susan| year=2006 | chapter=Simbolismo sonoro y lenguaje expresivo en el tepehua de Huehuetla [Sound symbolism and expressive language in Huehuetla Tepehua] | editor-first=María del Carmen | editor-last=Morúa | title=Memorias del VIII Encuentro Internacional de Lingüística en el Noroeste, tomo 3 | pages=331–354 | location=Hermosillo | publisher=Editorial UniSon | ref = harv|language=es}}
:{{서적 인용|last=Smythe Kung|first=Susan| year=2012 | chapter=Tepehua de Huehuetla | editor-last=Paulette Levy & David Beck | title=Las lenguas totonacas y tepehuas: Textos y otros materiales para sus estudios | pages=65–106 | location=México, D.F. | publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México | ref = harv|language=es}}
:{{서적 인용|last=Tino|first=Jorge| year=2012 | chapter=Totonaco de Olintla | editor-last=Paulette Levy & David Beck | title=Las lenguas totonacas y tepehuas: Textos y otros materiales para sus estudios | pages=293–319 | location=México, D.F. | publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México | ref = harv|language=es}}
:{{서적 인용|last=Watters|first=James K.| year=2012 | chapter=Tepehua de Tlachichilco | editor-last=Paulette Levy & David Beck | title=Las lenguas totonacas y tepehuas: Textos y otros materiales para sus estudios | pages=43–64 | location=México, D.F. | publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México | ref = harv|language=es}}
{{참고 자료 끝}}

== 외부 링크 ==
{{위키공용분류}}
* [http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~totonaco/ Upper Necaxa Totonac Project]
* {{웹 인용
| title = CLAS postgrad researcher Lucia Brandi in publishing first for Mexican indigenous language, Kgoyom Totonaco
| work = SOCLAS Blog
| accessdate = 2012-08-07
| date = 2012-07-25
| url = http://soclas.wordpress.com/2012/07/25/clas-postgrad-researcher-lucia-brandi-in-publishing-first-for-mexican-indigenous-language/
}}

{{어족}}

{{전거 통제}}

[[분류:토토낙어족| ]]
[[분류:어족]]
[[분류:교착어]]
[[분류:메소아메리카의 언어]]