{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}
{{민족 정보
| 너비 = 
| 민족 = 튀르크족
| 그림 = Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png
| 인구전체 = 약 1억 4,000만 ~ 1억 6,000만 명
| 지역 = [[중앙아시아]]
| 지역1 = {{국기|튀르키예}}
| 인구1 = 7,400만 명
| 지역2 = {{국기|카자흐스탄}}
| 인구2 = 1,640만 명
| 지역3 = {{국기|우즈베키스탄}}
| 인구3 = 2,770만 명
| 지역4 = {{국기|아제르바이잔}}
| 인구4 = 817만 명
| 지역5 = {{국기|키르기스스탄}}
| 인구5 = 540만 명
| 지역6 = {{국기|투르크메니스탄}}
| 인구6 =  510만 명
| 지역7 = {{국기|몽골}}
| 인구7 = 135,618명
| 언어 = [[튀르크어파]]
| 종교 = [[이슬람교]], [[기독교]], [[유대교]], [[텡그리교]] 등
|민족계통 =
|기원발상 = [[동북아시아]]
|지역8={{국기|중국}}|인구8=1,164만 7000명|지역9={{국기|러시아}}|인구9=1,040만 명}}
'''튀르크족'''(Turk or Türkic People) 또는 '''투르크족'''은 [[튀르크어족]] 계열 언어를 사용하는 [[유럽]] 일부 지역, [[서아시아]], [[중앙아시아]], [[동아시아]] 및 [[북아시아]]의 다양한 [[민족]] 집단이다.<ref name="Britannica_Definition">{{괄호 없는 하버드 인용|Encyclopedia Britannica. Turkic peoples}}. "Turkic peoples, any of various peoples whose members speak languages belonging to the Turkic subfamily..."</ref><ref name="Yunusbayev_Definition">{{괄호 없는 하버드 인용|Yunusbayev et al.|2015|p=1}}. "The Turkic peoples represent a diverse collection of ethnic groups defined by the Turkic languages."</ref>

역사가와 언어학자에 따르면 튀르크조어는 중앙-동아시아 지역에서 유래했으며,<ref>{{괄호 없는 하버드 인용|Uchiyama|Gillam|Savelyev|Ning|2020}}: "Most linguists and historians agree that Proto-Turkic, the common ancestor of all ancient and contemporary Turkic languages, must have been spoken somewhere in Central-East Asia (e.g. Róna-Tas, Reference Róna-Tas1991, p. 35; Golden, Reference Golden1992, pp. 124–127; Menges, Reference Menges1995, pp. 16–19)."</ref> 잠재적으로 [[몽골]]이나 [[투바 공화국|투바]]에서 유래했다.<ref>{{괄호 없는 하버드 인용|Uchiyama|Gillam|Savelyev|Ning|2020}}: "The ultimate Proto-Turkic homeland may have been located in a more compact area, most likely in Eastern Mongolia"</ref><ref>{{괄호 없는 하버드 인용|Lee|Kuang|2017}}: "The best candidate for the Turkic Urheimat would then be northern and western Mongolia and Tuva, where all these haplogroups could have intermingled, rather than eastern and southern Mongolia..."</ref> 처음에 튀르크조어 사용자들은 잠재적으로 수렵채집민이자 농부였으나 나중에는 [[유목민]]이 되었다.<ref>{{괄호 없는 하버드 인용|Uchiyama|Gillam|Savelyev|Ning|2020}}:"To sum up, the palaeolinguistic reconstruction points to a mixed subsistence strategy and complex economy of the Proto-Turkic-speaking community. It is likely that the subsistence of the Early Proto-Turkic speakers was based on a combination of hunting–gathering and agriculture, with a later shift to nomadic pastoralism as an economy basis, partly owing to the interaction of the Late Proto-Turkic groups with the Iranian-speaking herders of the Eastern Steppe."</ref> 초기 및 [[고전후 시대|중세]] 투르크족 그룹은 부분적으로 [[이란족]], [[몽골족]], [[토하라인]], [[우랄어족|우랄족]] 및 예니세이인 등과 같은 이웃 민족과의 장기간 접촉을 통해 동아시아 및 서유라시아의 다양한 신체적 외모와 유전적 기원을 보여주었다.<ref>{{괄호 없는 하버드 인용|Findley|2005|p=18}}: "Moreover, Turks do not all physically look alike. They never did. The Turks of Turkey are famous for their range of physical types. Given the Turks’ ancient Inner Asian origins, it is easy to imagine that they once presented a uniform Mongoloid appearance. Such traits seem to be more characteristic in the eastern Turkic world; however, uniformity of type can never have prevailed there either. Archeological evidence indicates that Indo-Europeans, or certainly Europoid physical types, inhabited the oases of the Tarim basin and even parts of Mongolia in ancient times. In the Tarim basin, persistence of these former inhabitants’ genes among the modern Uyghurs is both observable and scientifically demonstrable.32 Early Chinese sources describe the Kirghiz as blue-eyed and blond or red-haired. The genesis of Turkic ethnic groups from earliest times occurred in confederations of diverse peoples. As if to prove the point, the earliest surviving texts in Turkic languages are studded with terms from other languages."</ref><ref name="Golden2018">{{저널 인용|제목=The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks|저널=The Medieval History Journal|성=Golden|이름=Peter B.|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0971945818775373|날짜=2018-07-25|권=21|호=2|쪽=291–327|언어=en|doi=10.1177/0971945818775373|issn=0971-9458}}"Some DNA tests point to the Iranian connections of the Ashina and Ashide,133 highlighting further that the Turks as a whole ‘were made up of heterogeneous and somatically dissimilar populations’.134 Geographically, the accounts cover the regions of Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, the Yenisei zone and the Altay, regions with Turkic, Indo-European (Iranian [Saka] and Tokharian), Yeniseic, Uralic and other populations. Wusun elements, like most steppe polities of an ethno-linguistic mix, may have also played a substratal role."</ref><ref>{{괄호 없는 하버드 인용|Lee|Kuang|2017}}: "Both Chinese histories and modern dna studies indicate that the early and medieval Turkic peoples were made up of heterogeneous populations"</ref>

역사를 통틀어 많은 매우 다른 민족 집단이 [[언어 교체|언어 이동]], [[문화 변용|문화 적응]], [[정복]], [[인종간 결혼|혼합]], [[입양]] 및 [[개종]]을 통해 튀르크족의 일부가 되었다.{{Sfn|Yunusbayev et al.|2015}} 그럼에도 불구하고 튀르크족은 문화적 특성, 공통 [[유전자풀|유전자 풀]]의 조상 및 역사적 경험과 같은 비언어적 특성을 다양한 정도로 공유한다.{{Sfn|Yunusbayev et al.|2015}} 가장 주목할만한 현대 튀르크족에는 알타이인, [[아제리인]], [[추바시인]], [[가가우즈인]], [[카자흐인]], [[키르기스인]], [[튀르키예인|투르크멘인]], [[튀르키예인]], [[투바인]], [[위구르족]], [[우즈베크인]], [[야쿠트인]]이 포함된다.

== 기원 ==
튀르크족의 기원은 수많은 논란의 주제였다.{{Sfn|Yunusbayev et al.|2015}}<ref>{{저널 인용|제목=The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia|저널=PLOS Genetics|성=Yunusbayev|이름=Bayazit|성2=Metspalu|이름2=Mait|날짜=2015-04-21|권=11|호=4|쪽=e1005068|언어=en|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068|issn=1553-7404|pmc=4405460|pmid=25898006|성3=Metspalu|이름3=Ene|성4=Valeev|이름4=Albert|성5=Litvinov|이름5=Sergei|성6=Valiev|이름6=Ruslan|성7=Akhmetova|이름7=Vita|성8=Balanovska|이름8=Elena|성9=Balanovsky|이름9=Oleg}}</ref> 피터 벤자민 골든은 기후, 지형, 식물, 동물, 사람들의 생존 방식에 대한 튀르크조어 어휘 항목을 나열했고, 시베리아의 알타이-사얀 지역에 투르크조어가 위치해 있다고 제안했다.<ref>Golden, Peter Benjamin (2011). ''Studies on the peoples and cultures of the Eurasian steppes''. Bucureşti: Ed. Acad. Române. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[특수:책찾기/978-973-1871-96-7|<bdi>978-973-1871-96-7</bdi>]].</ref> [[튀르크어족]]과 [[몽골어족]], [[퉁구스어족]], 특히 [[마르티너 로베이츠]]의 [[알타이 제어|트랜스유라시아어족 가설]]에서 제안된 것과 같은 가상의 고향인 [[만주]]에 대한 튀르크어의 계보학적 연결은 한동안 지지를 받았지만 비판도 받았고, 반대자들은 장기간의 접촉에 유사성을 돌렸다.<ref>{{저널 인용|제목=Genomic insights into the formation of human populations in East Asia|저널=Nature|성=Wang|이름=Chuan-Chao|성2=Yeh|이름2=Hui-Yuan|날짜=March 2021|권=591|호=7850|쪽=413–419|언어=en|bibcode=2021Natur.591..413W|doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03336-2|issn=1476-4687|pmc=7993749|pmid=33618348|성3=Popov|이름3=Alexander N.|성4=Zhang|이름4=Hu-Qin|성5=Matsumura|이름5=Hirofumi|성6=Sirak|이름6=Kendra|성7=Cheronet|이름7=Olivia|성8=Kovalev|이름8=Alexey|성9=Rohland|이름9=Nadin}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|제목=Diachrony of verb morphology: Japanese and the Transeurasian languages|저널=Diachronica|성=Fuente|이름=José Andrés Alonso de la|url=https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/dia.33.4.04alo|날짜=2016-01-01|권=33|호=4|쪽=530–537|언어=en|doi=10.1075/dia.33.4.04alo|issn=0176-4225}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|제목=New trends in European studies on the Altaic problem|저널=Journal of Language Relationship|성=Dybo|이름=Anna|날짜=2017-01-01|권=14|호=1–2|쪽=71–106|언어=en|doi=10.31826/jlr-2017-141-208|issn=2219-4029}}</ref> 언어학적 및 유전적 증거는 몽골에 튀르크 민족이 초기에 존재했음을 강력하게 시사한다.{{Sfn|Janhunen|2003}}{{Sfn|Yunusbayev et al.|2015}}{{Sfn|Uchiyama|Gillam|Savelyev|Ning|2020}}<ref>{{저널 인용|제목=The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia|저널=PLOS Genetics|성=Yunusbayev|이름=Bayazit|성2=Metspalu|이름2=Mait|날짜=2015-04-21|권=11|호=4|쪽=e1005068|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068|issn=1553-7390|pmc=4405460|pmid=25898006|성3=Metspalu|이름3=Ene|성4=Valeev|이름4=Albert|성5=Litvinov|이름5=Sergei|성6=Valiev|이름6=Ruslan|성7=Akhmetova|이름7=Vita|성8=Balanovska|이름8=Elena|성9=Balanovsky|이름9=Oleg}}</ref> 튀르크어 원어민은 [[둥베이|중국 북동부]]의 [[신석기 시대]] [[동아시아인|동아시아]] 농업 사회와 연결되었을 수 있으며, 이는 현대 튀르크어 사용자들 사이에서 다양한 수준의 동북아시아 유전 기반에 기초하여 [[싱룽와 문화]] 및 후속 [[훙산 문화]]와 관련이 있을 것이다.{{Sfn|Nelson et al.|2020}}{{Sfn|Li et al.|2020}}{{Sfn|Uchiyama|Gillam|Savelyev|Ning|2020}} 튀르크조어의 동아시아 기원설은 최근 여러 연구에서 확증되었다. 역사가들에 따르면, "원시 튀르크의 생존 전략에는 궁극적으로 중국 북동부의 기장 농업의 기원으로 거슬러 올라가는 전통인 농업 요소가 포함되었다."{{Sfn|Nelson et al.|2020}}{{Sfn|Li et al.|2020}} {{Sfn|Uchiyama|Gillam|Savelyev|Ning|2020}} 기원전 2,200년경 튀르크 민족의 조상은 아마도 서쪽으로 [[몽골]]로 이주하여 유목적인 생활 방식을 채택했으며 부분적으로 [[이란족|이란 민족]]에게서 이러한 생활 방식을 차용했다. [[흉노]], [[유연 (나라)|유연]] 및 [[선비족]]과 같은 유목 민족이 "동북아시아 유전자 풀에 속하거나 이에 가까운" 유전적 조상을 공유한다는 점을 감안할 때 튀르크조어 사용자들은 동북아시아에서 기원했을 가능성이 높다.<ref>{{괄호 없는 하버드 인용|Uchiyama|Gillam|Savelyev|Ning|2020}}: "Although current genetic evidence is not adequate to track the exact time and location for the origin of the proto-Turkic language, it is clear that it probably originated somewhere in northeastern Asia given the fact that the nomadic groups, such as the Rouran, Xiongnu and the Xianbei, all share a substratum genetic ancestry that falls into or close to the northeast Asian gene pool (Ning et al., Reference Ning, Li, Wang, Zhang, Li, Wu and Cuiin press; Li et al., Reference Li, Zhang, Zhao, Chen, Ochir, Sarenbilige and Zhou2018)."</ref>
[[파일:Turkic_origin_and_expansion.png|섬네일|[[Transeurasian language|트랜스유라시아 언어]] 가설에 따르면 투르크족은 유목 생활 방식을 채택하여 몽골 동부에서 서쪽으로 확장한 것으로 추정된다. {{Sfn|Uchiyama|Gillam|Savelyev|Ning|2020}}]]
2018년 [[상염색체]] [[단일염기 다형성|단일 염기 다형성]] 연구에 따르면 [[유라시아 스텝|유라시아 대초원]]은 서부 유라시아 계통의 인도유럽어족과 이란어를 사용하는 집단에서 튀르크어족과 몽골 계통의 동아시아 계통으로 서서히 전환되었음을 시사했다, 몽골에서 튀르크인들의 광범위한 이주와 지역 주민들의 느린 동화를 포함한다.<ref>{{저널 인용|제목=137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes|저널=Nature|성=Damgaard|이름=Peter de Barros|성2=Marchi|이름2=Nina|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0094-2|날짜=May 2018|권=557|호=7705|쪽=369–374|언어=en|bibcode=2018Natur.557..369D|doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2|issn=1476-4687|pmid=29743675|인용문=The diversification within the Turkic languages suggests that several waves of migrations occurred35, and on the basis of the impact of local languages gradual assimilation to local populations were already assumed36. The East Asian migration starting with the Xiongnu complies well with the hypothesis that early Turkic was their major language37. Further migrations of East Asians westwards find a good linguistic correlate in the influence of Mongolian on Turkic and Iranian in the last millennium38. As such, the genomic history of the Eurasian steppe is the story of a gradual transition from Bronze Age pastoralists of western Eurasian ancestry, towards mounted warriors of increased East Asian ancestry – a process that continued well into historical times.|성3=Rasmussen|이름3=Simon|성4=Peyrot|이름4=Michaël|성5=Renaud|이름5=Gabriel|성6=Korneliussen|이름6=Thorfinn|성7=Moreno-Mayar|이름7=J. Víctor|성8=Pedersen|이름8=Mikkel Winther|성9=Goldberg|이름9=Amy}}</ref>{{Sfn|Uchiyama|Gillam|Savelyev|Ning|2020}}

유전학적 자료에 따르면 중앙아시아의 튀르크어를 사용하는 민족들은 이란어를 사용하는 중앙아시아인, 특히 타지크어를 사용하는 민족들과 대조적으로 22%에서 60% 사이의 동아시아계 혈통 (동시베리아인들과 공유하는 "바이칼 수렵채집" 조상에 의해 표본화됨)을 가지고 있으며, 특히 [[타지크인]]은 철기 시대의 인도이란인에 대한 유전적 연속성을 보여준다.<ref>{{저널 인용|제목=Genetic continuity of Indo-Iranian speakers since the Iron Age in southern Central Asia|저널=Scientific Reports|성=Guarino-Vignon|이름=Perle|성2=Marchi|이름2=Nina|날짜=2022-01-14|권=12|호=1|쪽=733|언어=en|bibcode=2022NatSR..12..733G|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-04144-4|issn=2045-2322|pmc=8760286|pmid=35031610|성3=Bendezu-Sarmiento|이름3=Julio|성4=Heyer|이름4=Evelyne|성5=Bon|이름5=Céline}}</ref> 특정 투르크 민족, 특히 [[카자흐족]]은 훨씬 더 높은 동아시아 혈통을 보인다. 이것은 중세 튀르크 [[킵차크인|킵차크]]와 중세 몽골인 사이의 상당한 혼합을 통해 [[카자흐인|카자흐]] 게놈에 대한 [[몽골족]]의 상당한 영향으로 설명된다. 데이터는 몽골의 중앙아시아 침공이 카자흐족의 유전적 구성에 지속적인 영향을 미쳤음을 시사한다.<ref>{{저널 인용|제목=Genetic substructure and admixture of Mongolians and Kazakhs inferred from genome-wide array genotyping|저널=Annals of Human Biology|성=Zhao|이름=Jing|성2=Wurigemule|이름2=null|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33059477/|날짜=December 2020|권=47|호=7–8|쪽=620–628|doi=10.1080/03014460.2020.1837952|issn=1464-5033|pmid=33059477|성3=Sun|이름3=Jin|성4=Xia|이름4=Ziyang|성5=He|이름5=Guanglin|성6=Yang|이름6=Xiaomin|성7=Guo|이름7=Jianxin|성8=Cheng|이름8=Hui-Zhen|성9=Li|이름9=Yingxiang}}</ref><ref name=":2">Estimating the impact of the Mongol expansion upon the gene pool of Central Asians. ЛД Дамба · 2018</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|제목=The medieval Mongolian roots of Y-chromosomal lineages from South Kazakhstan|저널=BMC Genetics|성=Zhabagin|이름=Maxat|성2=Sabitov|이름2=Zhaxylyk|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12863-020-00897-5|날짜=2020-10-22|권=21|호=1|쪽=87|doi=10.1186/s12863-020-00897-5|issn=1471-2156|pmc=7583311|pmid=33092538|성3=Tarlykov|이름3=Pavel|성4=Tazhigulova|이름4=Inkar|성5=Junissova|이름5=Zukhra|성6=Yerezhepov|이름6=Dauren|성7=Akilzhanov|이름7=Rakhmetolla|성8=Zholdybayeva|이름8=Elena|성9=Wei|이름9=Lan-Hai}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|제목=Genetic Relationship Among the Kazakh People Based on Y-STR Markers Reveals Evidence of Genetic Variation Among Tribes and Zhuz|저널=Frontiers in Genetics|성=Khussainova|이름=Elmira|성2=Kisselev|이름2=Ilya|날짜=2022|권=12|쪽=801295|doi=10.3389/fgene.2021.801295|issn=1664-8021|pmc=8777105|pmid=35069700|성3=Iksan|이름3=Olzhas|성4=Bekmanov|이름4=Bakhytzhan|성5=Skvortsova|이름5=Liliya|성6=Garshin|이름6=Alexander|성7=Kuzovleva|이름7=Elena|성8=Zhaniyazov|이름8=Zhassulan|성9=Zhunussova|이름9=Gulnur}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|제목=The Connection of the Genetic, Cultural and Geographic Landscapes of Transoxiana|저널=Scientific Reports|성=Zhabagin|이름=Maxat|성2=Balanovska|이름2=Elena|날짜=2017-06-08|권=7|호=1|쪽=3085|언어=en|bibcode=2017NatSR...7.3085Z|doi=10.1038/s41598-017-03176-z|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5465200|pmid=28596519|성3=Sabitov|이름3=Zhaxylyk|성4=Kuznetsova|이름4=Marina|성5=Agdzhoyan|이름5=Anastasiya|성6=Balaganskaya|이름6=Olga|성7=Chukhryaeva|이름7=Marina|성8=Markina|이름8=Nadezhda|성9=Romanov|이름9=Alexey}}</ref>

== 튀르크제족 ==
* 원시 튀르크족 : 오늘날 튀르크 제족들의 조상이다.
* [[흉노족]]
* [[훈족]] : [[서로마 제국]]의 멸망에 기여한 튀르크계 민족이다. 일부 학계에서는 '''훈(Hun)'''이 [[흉노족]]의 별칭으로 쓰인 적이 있다는 점 때문에 [[흉노족]]과 연관짓기도 한다.<ref>de la Vaissière, Étienne (2015). 〈The Steppe World and the Rise of the Huns〉. Maas, Michael. 《The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila》. Cambridge University Press. 175–192쪽. ISBN 978-1-107-63388-9.</ref>
* [[후나족]]
* [[괵튀르크족]]
* [[위구르족]]
* [[철륵]]
** [[카자흐인]]
** [[키르기스인]]
* [[에프탈족]]
* [[오구르 튀르크족]]
** [[아바르족]]<ref>Kristó, Gyula (1996). Hungarian History in the Ninth Century. Szegedi Középkorász Műhely. ISBN 1-4039-6929-9.</ref> : [[아바르 카간국]]을 건설한 민족이다.
** [[하자르족]] : [[하자르 카간국]]을 건설한 민족으로 [[동슬라브인]]들의 문화 형성에 영향을 끼쳤으며,<ref><дека името Украина доаѓа од старословенскиот поим украина што значи „гранична област“ или „крајина“{{웹 인용|url=http://litopys.org.ua/rizne/nazva_eu.htm |title=З Енциклопедії Українознавства; Назва "Україна" |publisher=Litopys.org.ua |accessdate=October 31, 2011</ref> 거의 대부분의 튀르크 제족들이 [[텡그리교]]나 [[이슬람]]을 숭배한 것과 달리 [[유대교]]를 주로 믿었다.
* [[킵차크인|킵차크족]] : [[킵차크 칸국]]의 어원이 된 튀르크계 민족.
* [[쿠만족]](폴로베츠족)
* [[오구즈 튀르크족]]
** [[페체네그족]]<ref>Maḥmūd, Kāshgarī; James Kelly (1982). Türk Şiveleri Lügatı = Dīvānü Luġāt-It-Türk. Duxbury, Mass: Tekin.</ref>
** [[튀르키예인]]
** [[우즈베크인]]
** [[튀르크멘인]]
** [[아제리인]]
* [[타타르인]]
* [[노가이인]]
* [[투바인]]
* [[사라족]]
* [[바시키르인]]
* [[야쿠트인]]
* [[카라칼팍인]]

== 튀르크 민족 국가 ==
[[파일:TurkicLanguages.png|섬네일|300px|튀르크어파에 속하는 모어 화자 수.<ref>[http://www.sisainlive.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=4854 실크로드에 타오르는 투르크 민족주의] {{웨이백|url=http://www.sisainlive.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=4854 |date=20160304113137 }} 시사인 96호, 2009.07.13</ref>]]
* [[튀르키예]]: 인구 7,400만 명
* [[카자흐스탄]]: 인구 1,640만 명
* [[우즈베키스탄]]: 인구 2,770만 명
* [[아제르바이잔]]: 인구 817만 명
* [[키르기스스탄]]: 인구 540만 명
* [[투르크메니스탄]]: 인구 510만 명

== 러시아 자치 공화국 ==
* [[알타이 공화국]] : 러시아 내 공화국 인구 20만 명
* [[바슈코르토스탄]] : 러시아 내 공화국 인구 410만 명
* [[타타르족]] : 러시아 내 공화국 인구 380만 명
* [[투바 공화국]] : 러시아 내 공화국 인구 30만 명
* [[크림 자치 공화국]] : 러시아 내 공화국 인구 70만명 (크림 자치 공화국 인구 200만 명 중 약 35% 정도)

== 같이 보기 ==
* [[튀르크족의 이주]]
* [[튀르크몽골 전통]]
== 각주 ==
{{각주}}

== 참고 문헌 ==
{{참고 자료 시작|3}}
<!-- R -->
*{{인용|last=Brook|first=Kevin Alan|year=2018|title=The Jews of Khazaria|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield}}
* {{웹 인용|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Turkic-peoples |title=Turkic peoples |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=21 June 2020 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopedia Britannica. Turkic peoples}}}}
* {{저널 인용|last1=Damgaard |first1=P. B. |last2=Marchi |first2=N. |display-authors=1 |date=9 May 2018 |title=137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0094-2 |access-date=11 April 2020 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |publisher=[[Nature Research]] |volume=557 |issue=7705 |pages=369–373 |bibcode= 2018Natur.557..369D|doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2 |pmid=29743675 |hdl=1887/3202709 |s2cid=13670282 |ref={{harvid|Damgaard et al.|2018}}|hdl-access=free }}
* {{서적 인용| last=Findley | first=Carter V. | date = 2005 | title = The Turks in World History | publisher = Oxford University Press, USA | pages = | isbn = 978-0-19-517726-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ToAjDgAAQBAJ}}
* {{서적 인용| last1 = Fisher | first1 = William Bayne | last2 = Avery | first2= P. | last3 = Hambly | first3 = G. R. G | last4 = Melville | first4 = C. | title = The Cambridge History of Iran | volume = 7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H20Xt157iYUC&pg=PA330 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | location = Cambridge | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0521200950}}
* {{서적 인용|last=Golden|first=Peter Benjamin|title=Studies on the peoples and cultures of the Eurasian steppes|date=2011|publisher=Ed. Acad. Române|location=Bucureşti|isbn=978-973-1871-96-7}}
* {{서적 인용|last1=Janhunen |first1=Juha |author-link1=Juha Janhunen |year=2003 |chapter=Ethnicity and language in prehistoric Northeast Asia |editor-last1=Blench |editor-first1=Roger |editor-link1=Roger Blench |editor-last2=Spriggs |editor-first2=Matthew |editor-link2=Matthew Spriggs |title=Archaeology and Language II: Archaeological Data and Linguistic Hypotheses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=48iKiprsRMwC |series=[[One World Archaeology]] |volume=29 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages=195–208 |isbn=0-415-11761-5 }}
* {{서적 인용| last = Khanbaghi | first = Aptin | title = The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran | publisher = I.B. Tauris | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-84511-056-7}}
* {{저널 인용|last1=Lee |first1=Joo-Yup |last2=Kuang |first2=Shuntu |date=18 October 2017 |title=A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/inas/19/2/article-p197_197.xml |access-date=20 June 2020 |journal=Inner Asia |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=197–239 |doi=10.1163/22105018-12340089 |issn=2210-5018 |doi-access=free }}
* {{저널 인용|last1=Li |first1=Tao |last2=Ning |first2=Chao |display-authors=1 |date=June 2020 |title=Millet agriculture dispersed from Northeast China to the Russian Far East: Integrating archaeology, genetics, and linguistics |journal=Archaeological Research in Asia |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=22 |issue=100177 |page= 100177|doi=10.1016/j.ara.2020.100177 |doi-access=free |ref={{harvid|Li et al.|2020}}}}
* {{서적 인용|last=Mecit |first=Songül |title=The Rum Seljuqs: Evolution of a Dynasty |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1134508990 }}
* {{저널 인용|last1=Nelson |first1=Sarah |author-link1=Sarah Milledge Nelson |last2=Zhushchikhovskaya |first2=Irina |display-authors=1 |date=14 February 2020 |title=Tracing population movements in ancient East Asia through the linguistics and archaeology of textile production |journal=Evolutionary Human Sciences |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=2 |issue=e5 |doi=10.1017/ehs.2020.4 |doi-access=free |ref={{harvid|Nelson et al.|2020}}}}
* {{서적 인용|editor1-last=Peacock |editor1-first=A.C.S. |editor2-last=Yıldız |editor2-first=Sara Nur |title=The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East |year=2013 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1848858879 }}
* {{저널 인용|last1=Robbeets |first1=Martine |author-link1=Martine Robbeets |date=1 January 2017 |title=Austronesian influence and Transeurasian ancestry in Japanese |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ldc/7/2/article-p210_4.xml |access-date=20 June 2020 |journal=Language Dynamics and Change |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=210–251 |doi=10.1163/22105832-00702005 |doi-access=free |issn=2210-5832 }}
* {{서적 인용|last1=Robbeets |first1=Martine |author-link1=Martine Robbeets |year=2020 |chapter=The Transeurasian homeland: where, what and when? |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/43039094 |editor-last1=Robbeets |editor-first1=Martine |editor-link1=Martine Robbeets |editor-last2=Savelyev |editor-first2=Alexander |title=The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-oxford-guide-to-the-transeurasian-languages-9780198804628 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-880462-8 }}
* {{서적 인용| last=Tekin | first=Talat | title=Irk bitig (the book of omens) | place=Wiesbaden | publisher=Otto Harrassowitz | year=1993 | isbn=978-3-447-03426-5 | url=http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/Tekin%20Talat/Tekin_Irk%20Bitig%20-%20The%20Book%20of%20Omens%201993.pdf  }}
* {{저널 인용|last1=Uchiyama|first1=Junzo|last2=Gillam|first2=J. Christopher|last3=Savelyev|first3=Alexander|last4=Ning|first4=Chao|display-authors=1|date=21 May 2020 |title=Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia |journal=Evolutionary Human Sciences |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume= 2|doi=10.1017/ehs.2020.11 |doi-access=free }} [[파일:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].
* {{서적 인용|last=de la Vaissière |first=Étienne |title=The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-107-63388-9 |editor-last=Maas |editor-first=Michael |pages=175–192 |chapter=The Steppe World and the Rise of the Huns |author-link=Étienne de la Vaissière }}
* {{서적 인용| last = Yarshater | first = Ehsan | title = Encyclopedia Iranica | publisher = Routledge & Kegan Paul | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-933273-56-6}}
* {{저널 인용|last1=Yunusbayev |first1=Bayazit |last2=Metspalu |first2=Mait |display-authors=1 |date=21 April 2015 |title=The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia |journal=[[PLOS One]] |publisher=[[PLOS]] |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages= e1005068|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068 |pmc=4405460 |pmid=25898006 |ref={{harvid|Yunusbayev et al.|2015}}}}
{{참고 자료 끝}}

== 추가 자료 ==

* Amanjolov A.S., "History of the Ancient Turkic Script", Almaty, "Mektep", 2003, {{ISBN|9965-16-204-2}}
* Baichorov S.Ya., "Ancient Turkic runic monuments of the Europe", Stavropol, 1989 (in Russian).
* Baskakov, N.A. 1962, 1969. ''Introduction to the study of the Turkic languages''. Moscow (in Russian).
* [[Beckwith, Christopher I.]] (2009): ''Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present''. Princeton: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-691-13589-2}}.
* Boeschoten, Hendrik & Lars Johanson. 2006. ''Turkic languages in contact''. Turcologica, Bd. 61. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. {{ISBN|3-447-05212-0}}.
* [[Chavannes, Édouard]] (1900): ''Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux.'' Paris, Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient. Reprint: Taipei. Cheng Wen Publishing Co. 1969.
* Clausen, Gerard. 1972. ''An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Deny,  Jean et al. 1959–1964. ''Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta''. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Turks | volume= 27 |last= Eliot |first=Charles Norton Edgcumbe |author1-link= Charles Eliot (diplomat) | pages = 468&ndash;473 |short=1}}
* Findley, Carter Vaughn. 2005. ''The Turks in World History''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-516770-8}}; {{ISBN|0-19-517726-6}} (pbk.)
* Golden, Peter B. ''An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples: Ethnogenesis and state-formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East'' (Otto Harrassowitz (Wiesbaden) 1992) {{ISBN|3-447-03274-X}}
* {{서적 인용|author=Peter B. Golden|title=An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281319978|year= 1992|publisher=O. Harrassowitz|isbn=978-3-447-03274-2}}
* {{서적 인용|author=Peter B. Golden|title=Studies on the Peoples and Culture sof the Eurasian Steppes|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281319966|year= 2011|publisher= Editura Academiei Române – Editura Istro|isbn= 978-973-27-2152-0}}
* Heywood, Colin. ''The Turks (The Peoples of Europe)'' (Blackwell 2005), {{ISBN|978-0-631-15897-4}}.
* Hostler, Charles Warren. ''The Turks of Central Asia'' (Greenwood Press, November 1993), {{ISBN|0-275-93931-6}}.
* Ishjatms N., "Nomads In Eastern Central Asia", in the "History of civilizations of Central Asia", Volume 2, UNESCO Publishing, 1996, {{ISBN|92-3-102846-4}}.
* Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998. ''The Turkic languages''. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-08200-5}}.
* Johanson, Lars. 1998. "The history of Turkic." In: Johanson & Csató, pp.&nbsp;81–125. [http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html Classification of Turkic languages] {{웨이백|url=http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html |date=20110408063746 }}
* Johanson, Lars. 1998. "Turkic languages." In: ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. CD 98. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 5 September. 2007. [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-80003/Turkic-languages Turkic languages: Linguistic history].
* Karatay, Osman. The Genesis of the Turks: An Ethno-Linguistic Inquiry into the Prehistory of Central Eurasia. United Kingdom, Cambridge Scholars Publishing., 2022.
* Kyzlasov I.L., "Runic Scripts of Eurasian Steppes", Moscow, Eastern Literature, 1994, {{ISBN|5-02-017741-5}}.
* Lebedynsky, Iaroslav. (2006). ''Les Saces: Les « Scythes » d'Asie, VIII<sup>e</sup> siècle apr. J.-C.'' Editions Errance, Paris. {{ISBN|2-87772-337-2}}.
* Malov S.E., "Monuments of the ancient Turkic inscriptions. Texts and research", M.-L., 1951 (in Russian).
* Mukhamadiev A., "Turanian Writing", in "Problems Of Lingo-Ethno-History Of The Tatar People", Kazan, 1995 (Азгар Мухамадиев, "Туранская Письменность", "Проблемы лингвоэтноистории татарского народа", Казань, 1995) (in Russian).
* Menges, K. H. 1968. ''The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies''. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
* Öztopçu, Kurtuluş. 1996. Dictionary of the Turkic languages: English, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uighur, Uzbek. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-14198-2}}
* Alpamysh, H.B. Paksoy: [http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-1/ Central Asian Identity under Russian Rule] {{웨이백|url=http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-1/ |date=20201109034048 }} (Hartford: AACAR, 1989)
* {{서적 인용|author=H. B. Paksoy|title=Alpamysh: Central Asian Identity Under Russian Rule|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KkOGNefbfsC&q=burxan+furxan|year=1989|publisher=AACAR|isbn=978-0-9621379-9-0}}
* Samoilovich, A. N. 1922. ''Some additions to the classification of the Turkish languages''. Petrograd.
* Schönig, Claus. 1997–1998. "A new attempt to classify the Turkic languages I-III." ''Turkic Languages'' 1:1.117–133, 1:2.262–277, 2:1.130–151.
* Vasiliev D.D. Graphical fund of Turkic runiform writing monuments in Asian areal. М., 198 (in Russian).
* Vasiliev D.D. Corpus of Turkic runiform monuments in the basin of Enisei. М., 1983 (in Russian).
* Voegelin, C.F. & F.M. Voegelin. 1977. ''Classification and index of the World's languages''. New York: Elsevier.

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