{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}
{{언어 정보
|이름=네즈퍼스어
|자기이름=Niimiipuutímt
|나라=미국
|지역=[[아이다호주]]
|민족=[[네즈퍼스족]]
|인구=20명 (2007년)
|계통색=아메리카
|계통1=[[사합틴어족]]
|iso3=nez
|glotto=nezp1238
|glottorefname=Nez Perce
}}
'''네즈퍼스어'''(Nez Perce)는 [[미국]] [[아이다호주]]에 사는 [[네즈퍼스족]]의 언어이다. [[사합틴어족]]에 속한다. 네즈퍼스라는 이름은 “뚫은 코”를 뜻하는 프랑스어 “{{lang|fr|nez percé|네 페르세}}”에서 왔지만, 사실 네즈퍼스족은 코를 뚫지 않는다.<ref name="fun">{{웹 인용|url=http://www.bigorrin.org/nez_kids.htm|title=Facts for Kids: Nez Perce Indians (Nez Perces)|website=www.bigorrin.org|access-date=2017-02-09}}</ref> 프랑스인들은 코를 뚫는 관습이 있는 이웃 부족들과 네즈퍼스족을 혼동한 것으로 보인다.<ref name="fun"/> 네즈퍼스족은 스스로를 “사람들”이라는 뜻인 “니미푸(Nimipu)”라고 부른다.

네즈퍼스어는 심각한 [[소멸위기언어|소멸 위기]]에 처해 있다. 유창하게 구사하는 화자 수 집계는 출처마다 조금씩 다르지만 100명 미만인 것은 확실하다. 네즈퍼스족은 [[언어 재활]] 계획을 통해 네즈퍼스어를 재도입하려 시도하고 있지만, 현재로서 네즈퍼스어의 미래를 낙관할 수는 없다.<ref>{{웹 인용| title = Nimi'ipuu Language Teaching and Family Learning| work = NILI Projects| accessdate = 2017-08-10| url = http://pages.uoregon.edu/nwili/projects}}</ref>

== 음운론 ==
네즈퍼스어 음운론에는 [[모음조화]]([[노엄 촘스키]]와 [[모리스 핼리]]의 《[[영어의 음성체계]]》에 언급된 바 있음) 및 Crook (1999)가 기술한 복잡한 [[강세]] 체계가 있다.

=== 자음 ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ 네즈퍼스어 자음소<ref name=":0" />
! colspan="2"  rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | [[양순음]]
! colspan="2" | [[치경음]]
! rowspan="2" | [[경구개음]]
! colspan="2" | [[연구개음]]
! colspan="2" | [[구개수음]]
! rowspan="2" | [[성문음]]
|-
! <small>중설</small>
! <small>[[설측음|설측]]</small>
! <small>기본</small>
! <small>[[순음화]]</small>
! <small>기본</small>
! <small>순음화</small>
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[파열음]]
! <small>[[무성음|기본]]</small>
| {{IPA|p}}
| {{IPA|t}}
|
|
| {{IPA|k}}
| ({{IPA|kʷ}})
| {{IPA|q}}
| ({{IPA|qʷ}})
| {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
! <small>[[방출음|방출]]</small>
| {{IPA|pʼ}}
| {{IPA|tʼ}}
|
|
| {{IPA|kʼ}}
| ({{IPA|kʼʷ}})
| {{IPA|qʼ}}
| ({{IPA|qʼʷ}})
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[마찰음]]
! <small>[[무성음|기본]]</small>
|
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|ɬ}}
| ( {{IPA|ʃ}} )
| {{IPA|x}}
|
| {{IPA|χ}}
|
| {{IPA|h}}
|-
! <small>[[파찰음|파찰]]</small>
|
| {{IPA|ts}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!<small>[[방출음|방출]]</small>
|
|{{IPA|tsʼ}}
|{{IPA|tɬʼ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[공명음]]
! <small>기본</small>
| {{IPA|m}}
| {{IPA|n}}
| {{IPA|l}}
| {{IPA|j}}
|
| {{IPA|w}}
|
|
|
|-
! <small>[[성문음화]]</small>
| {{IPA|mʼ}}
| {{IPA|nʼ}}
| {{IPA|lʼ}}
| {{IPA|jʼ}}
|
| {{IPA|wʼ}}
|
|
|
|}

음소 /{{IPA|kʷ}}, {{IPA|kʼʷ}}, {{IPA|qʷ}}, {{IPA|qʼʷ}}, {{IPA|ʃ}}/는 하류 방언에만 나타난다.<ref name=":0" />

=== 모음 ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ 네즈퍼스어 모음소<ref name=":0">{{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Z3X0q28uB7cC&printsec=frontcover&dq=nez+perce+dictionary#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Nez Perce Dictionary|last=Haruo|first=Aoki|year=1994|isbn=9780520097636|location=|pages=|quote=|via=}}</ref>
!
! [[전설 모음|전설]]
! [[중설 모음|중설]]
! [[후설 모음|후설]]
|-
! [[고모음]]
| {{IPA|i}} {{IPA|iː}}
|
| {{IPA|u}} {{IPA|uː}}
|-
! [[중모음]]
|
|
| {{IPA|o}} {{IPA|oː}}
|-
! [[저모음]]
| {{IPA|æ}} {{IPA|æː}}
| {{IPA|a}} {{IPA|aː}}
|
|}
강세는 [[양음 부호]]로 표시한다(á, é, í, ó, ú).

== 문법 ==
여러 [[아메리카 원주민 언어]]와 마찬가지로 네즈퍼스어는 [[포합어]]이다. 네즈퍼스어 동사 하나는 영어 문장 하나에 해당하는 의미를 나타내기도 한다. 주어와 목적어의 인칭과 수가 동사 접사로 표시되며, 시제와 상 또한 동사 접사로 표시된다.

:{| cellpadding="4"
| '''<small>단어:</small>'''
| ʔaw̓líwaaʔinpqawtaca
|-
| '''<small>형태소:</small>'''
| ʔew&nbsp;-&nbsp;ʔilíw&nbsp;-&nbsp;wee&nbsp;-&nbsp;ʔinipí&nbsp;-&nbsp;qaw&nbsp;-&nbsp;tée&nbsp;-&nbsp;ce
|-
| '''<small>해석:</small>'''
| 1/2-3<small>OBJ</small>&nbsp;-&nbsp;fire&nbsp;-&nbsp;fly&nbsp;-&nbsp;grab&nbsp;-&nbsp;straight.through&nbsp;-&nbsp;go.away&nbsp;-&nbsp;<small>IMPERF.PRES.SG</small>
|-
| '''<small>번역:</small>'''
| '나는 그를 불 속에서 건져내려 간다.' &nbsp; (Cash Cash 2004:24)
|}

:{| cellpadding="4"
| '''<small>단어:</small>'''
| hitw̓alapáyna
|-
| '''<small>형태소:</small>'''
| hi&nbsp;-&nbsp;tiw̓ele&nbsp;-&nbsp;pááy&nbsp;-&nbsp;e
|-
| '''<small>해석:</small>'''
| 3<small>SUBJ</small>&nbsp;-&nbsp;in.rain&nbsp;-&nbsp;come&nbsp;-&nbsp;<small>PAST</small>
|-
| '''<small>번역:</small>'''
| '그는 빗속에 도착했다.' &nbsp; (Aoki 1979)
|}

=== 격 ===
네즈퍼스어에서 문장의 주어와 목적어에는 격 접미사가 붙을 수 있다. 네즈퍼스어는 격표시에 있어 자동사의 주어, 타동사의 주어, 타동사의 목적어를 모두 다르게 취급한다. 즉, 네즈퍼스어는 세계적으로 드문 [[삼분법 언어]]에 속한다. 격표지가 존재하기 때문에 어순은 자유로운 편이다. 네즈퍼스어는 어순을 통해 구정보와 신정보를 나타내지만, 주어와 목적어를 나타내지는 않는다.

자동사의 주어는 격표지가 붙지 않으며, 주어가 3인칭이라면 동사에 3인칭 주어 일치 접두사 hi-가 붙는다. 타동사의 주어에는 능격 접미사 -nim이 붙는다. (능격 접미사는 -im, -nm, -m 따위로 실현되기도 하며, 1, 2인칭 대명사에는 붙지 않는다). 타동사의 목적어에는 대격 접미사 -ne가 붙는다. (대격 접미사는 -e로 실현되기도 하며, 1, 2인칭 대명사에도 붙는다.) 타동사의 목적어가 3인칭이 아니라면, 자동사의 경우와 똑같이 주어 일치 접두사가 붙는다. 타동사의 목적어가 3인칭인 경우, 주어가 3인칭이 아니라면 동사에 일치 접두사 ʔe(w)- 가 붙고, 주어가 3인칭이라면 pée-가 붙는다.

'''능격 접미사 -nim''' <br />
ᶍáᶍaas-nim hitwekǘxce<br />
grizzly-ergative he.is.chasing<br />
‘회색곰이 나를 쫓고 있다.’<br />
'''대격 접미사 -ne''' (여기서는 모음조화 때문에 -na로 나타난다)<br />
ʔóykalo-m titóoqan-m páaqaʔancix ᶍáᶍaas-na<br />
all-ergative people-ergative they.respect.him grizzly-accusative<br />
‘모든 사람이 회색곰을 존경한다.’<br />
'''자동사의 주어'''<br />
ᶍáᶍaac hiwéhyem<br />
grizzly has.come<br />
‘회색곰이 왔다.’ (Mithun 1999)

다음과 같이 다양한 어순이 나타난다.

'''VSO 어순'''<br />
kii pée-ten’we-m-e qíiw-ne ’ iceyéeye-nm<br />
this 3→3-talk-csl-past old.man-obj coyote-erg<br />
‘코요테가 노인에게 말했다.’<br />
'''SVO 어순''' <br />
Kaa háatya-nm páa-’nahna-m-a ’iceyéeye-ne<br />
and wind-erg 3→3-carry-csl-past coyote- obj<br />
‘그리고 바람이 코요테를 여기로 데려왔다.’<br />
'''SOV 어순''' <br />
Kawó’ kii háama-pim ’áayato-na pée-’nehnen-e<br />
then this husband-erg woman-obj 3→3-take.away- past<br />
‘그러자 남편이 여자를 데려갔다.’ (Rude 1992).

== 각주 ==
<references />

== 참고 문헌 ==
* {{서적 인용|ref=harv|last=Aoki|first=Haruo|title=Nez Perce Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3X0q28uB7cC|year=1994|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-09763-6}}
* {{서적 인용|ref=harv|last=Aoki|first=Haruo|title=Nez Perce Grammar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OqJSYEjWYuMC|year=1973|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02524-0}}
* Aoki, Haruo. (1979). ''[https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_nez_vertxt-1 Nez Perce texts]''. University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 90). Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-520-09593-6}}., [https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_nez_detail-1 2], [https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_nez_ortho-1 3]
* Aoki, Haruo; & Whitman, Carmen. (1989). ''Titwáatit: (Nez Perce Stories)''. Anchorage: National Bilingual Materials Development Center, University of Alaska. {{ISBN|0-520-09593-6}}. (Material originally published in Aoki 1979).
* Aoki, Haruo; & Walker, Deward E., Jr. (1989). ''Nez Perce oral narratives''. University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 104). Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-520-09593-6}}.
* Cash Cash, Phillip. (2004). [http://www.u.arizona.edu/~cashcash/Nez%20Perce%20Verb%20Morphology.pdf Nez Perce verb morphology] {{웨이백|url=http://www.u.arizona.edu/~cashcash/Nez%20Perce%20Verb%20Morphology.pdf |date=20100807154353 }}. (Unpublished manuscript, University of Arizona, Tucson).
* Crook, Harold D. (1999). The phonology and morphology of Nez Perce stress. (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles).
* Mithun, Marianne. (1999). ''The languages of Native North America''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-23228-7}} (hbk); {{ISBN|0-521-29875-X}}.
* Rude, Noel E. (1985). Studies in Nez Perce grammar and discourse. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Oregon).
* Rude, Noel. (1992). Word Order and Topicality in Nez Perce. ''Pragmatics of Word Order Flexibility, viii'', 193-208. John Benjamins Publishing.

=== 모음조화 ===
* {{저널 인용| doi = 10.2307/411831 | author = Aoki, Haruo | year = 1966 | title = Nez Perce vowel harmony and proto-Sahaptian vowels| journal = Language | volume = 42 | issue = 4| pages = 759–767 | jstor = 411831 }}
* {{저널 인용| doi = 10.1086/465006 | author = Aoki, Haruo | year = 1968 | title = Toward a typology of vowel harmony | url = | journal = International Journal of American Linguistics | volume = 34 | issue = 2| pages = 142–145 }}
* [[노엄 촘스키|Chomsky, Noam]]; & [[모리스 핼리|Halle, Morris]]. (1968). ''Sound pattern of English'' (pp.&nbsp;377–378). Studies in language. New York: Harper & Row.
* Hall, Beatrice L.; & Hall, R. M. R. (1980). Nez Perce vowel harmony: An Africanist explanation and some theoretical consequences. In R. M. Vago (Ed.), ''Issues in vowel harmony'' (pp.&nbsp;201–236). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
* {{저널 인용| doi = 10.2307/411901 | author = Jacobsen, William | year = 1968 | title = On the prehistory of Nez Perce vowel harmony| journal = Language | volume = 44 | issue = 4| pages = 819–829 | jstor = 411901 }}
* Kim, Chin (1978). 'Diagonal' vowel harmony?: Some implications for historical phonology. In J. Fisiak (Ed.), ''Recent developments in historical phonology'' (pp.&nbsp;221–236). The Hague: Mouton.
* {{저널 인용| author = Lightner, Theodore | year = 1965 | title = On the description of vowel and consonant harmony | url = | journal = Word | volume = 21 | issue = 2| pages = 244–250 | doi = 10.1080/00437956.1965.11435427 }}
* {{저널 인용| doi = 10.1086/464860 | author = Rigsby, Bruce | year = 1965 | title = Continuity and change in Sahaptian vowel systems | url = | journal = International Journal of American Linguistics | volume = 31 | issue = 4| pages = 306–311 }}
* {{저널 인용| doi = 10.2307/411752 |author1=Rigsby, Bruce |author2=Silverstein, Michael | year = 1969 | title = Nez Perce vowels and proto-Sahaptian vowel harmony| journal = Language | volume = 45 | issue = 1| pages = 45–59 | jstor = 411752 }}
* {{저널 인용| doi = 10.1086/464954 | author = Zimmer, Karl | year = 1967 | title = A note on vowel harmony | url = | journal = International Journal of American Linguistics | volume = 33 | issue = 2| pages = 166–171 }}
* {{저널 인용| doi = 10.1086/465146 | author = Zwicky, Arnold | year = 1971 | title = More on Nez Perce: On alternative analyses | url = | journal = International Journal of American Linguistics | volume = 37 | issue = 2| pages = 122–126 | hdl = 1811/85957 }}

== 학습 자료 ==
=== 사전과 어휘 ===
* Aoki, Haruo. (1994). ''Nez Perce dictionary''. University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 112). Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-520-09763-7}}.
* {{웹 인용
| title = Nez Perce Literature and vocabulary
| work = Indigenous Peoples' Literature
| accessdate = 2013-09-21
| url = http://www.indigenouspeople.net/nezperce.htm
}}
* {{웹 인용
| last = McBeth
| first = Sue
| title = Nez Perce-English Dictionary samples
| accessdate = 2013-09-21
| url = http://www.lib.uidaho.edu/mcbeth/dictionary.htm
}}
* {{웹 인용
| title = Nez Perce-English Vocabulary
| work = Nez Perce National Historical Park
| accessdate = 2013-09-21
| url = http://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/nepe/NezPerceLanguage.pdf
}}
* {{서적 인용
| last = Morvillo
| first = Anthony
| title = A Dictionary of the Numípu Or Nez Perce Language
| accessdate = 2013-09-21
| date = 1895
| url = https://books.google.com/books/about/A_dictionary_of_the_Num%C3%ADpu_or_Nez_Perce.html?id=UDtOAAAAYAAJ
}}
* {{웹 인용
| title = Nez Perce Language and the Nez Perce Indian Tribe (Nimipu, Nee-me-poo, Chopunnish, Sahaptin)
| work = native-languages.org
| accessdate = 2013-09-21
| url = http://www.native-languages.org/nez.htm
}}

=== 문법 ===
* Aoki, Haruo. (1965). [http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0fx0928s ''Nez Perce grammar'']. University of California, Berkeley.
* Aoki, Haruo. (1970). ''Nez Perce grammar''. University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 62). Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-520-09259-7}}. (Reprinted 1973, California Library Reprint series).
* {{서적 인용
| publisher = Indian Boys' Press
| last = Missionary in the Society of Jesus in the Rocky Mountains
| title = A Numipu or Nez-Perce grammar
| location = Desmet, Idaho
| accessdate = 2013-09-21
| url = https://archive.org/details/cihm_17529
}}

=== 텍스트와 학습 과정 ===
* {{웹 인용
| title = Nimipuutimt Calendar and Nez Perce Tribe Language Program
| accessdate = 2013-09-21
| url = http://www.nezperce.org/Official/languageprogram.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130923082702/http://www.nezperce.org/Official/languageprogram.htm
| archive-date = 2013-09-23
| url-status = dead
}}
* Aoki, Haruo. (1979). ''[https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_nez_vertxt-1 Nez Perce texts]''. University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 90). Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-520-09593-6}}., [https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_nez_detail-1 2], [https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_nez_ortho-1 3]
* Aoki, Haruo; & Whitman, Carmen. (1989). ''Titwáatit: (Nez Perce Stories)''. Anchorage: National Bilingual Materials Development Center, University of Alaska. {{ISBN|0-520-09593-6}}. (Material originally published in Aoki 1979).
* {{웹 인용
| title = Nez Perce Language Courses
| format = Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures and American Indian Studies Program, University of Idaho
| accessdate = 2013-09-21
| url = http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~rfrey/NPLang.htm
}}
* {{웹 인용
| last = Rockliff
| first = J. A.
| title = The Life of Jesus Christ from the Four Gospels in the Nez Perce Language
| accessdate = 2013-09-21
| date = 1915
| url = https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_nez_gen-1
}}
* {{웹 인용
| title = Nez Perce language - Audio Bible stories and lessons
| work = Global Recordings Network
| accessdate = 2013-09-21
| url = http://globalrecordings.net/en/language/229
}}
* {{웹 인용
| title = Nez Perce Language Courses
| format = Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures and American Indian Studies Program, University of Idaho
| accessdate = 2013-09-21
| url = http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~rfrey/NPLang.htm
}}
* {{웹 인용
| title = Nez Perce Literature and vocabulary
| work = Indigenous Peoples' Literature
| accessdate = 2013-09-21
| url = http://www.indigenouspeople.net/nezperce.htm
}}
* Watters, Mari. (1990). ''Nez Perce tapes and texts''. [5 audio cassettes & 1 booklet]. Moscow, Idaho: Mari Watters Productions, Upward Bound, College of Education, University of Idaho.

== 외부 링크 ==
* {{웹 인용
| title = Haruo Aoki Papers on the Nez Perce Language
| work = California Language Archive
| accessdate = 2013-09-22
| url = http://cla.berkeley.edu/collection/4
}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL94hr8ur6xv5MZ-L3r-ki2YkSJqcNNAmc Nez Perce language videos] (유튜브)
* [http://www.u.arizona.edu/~cashcash/ 필립 캐시 캐시의 웹사이트] {{웨이백|url=http://www.u.arizona.edu/~cashcash/ |date=20130923031037 }} (네즈퍼스 연구자)
** [http://www.u.arizona.edu/~cashcash/sounds/nezperce_sounds.html Nez Perce sounds] {{웨이백|url=http://www.u.arizona.edu/~cashcash/sounds/nezperce_sounds.html |date=20100807150533 }}
** [http://www.u.arizona.edu/~cashcash/bighole/redthunder.html Joseph Red Thunder: Speech of August 6, 1989 at the Big Hole National Battlefield Commemorating our Nez Perce Ancestors] {{웨이백|url=http://www.u.arizona.edu/~cashcash/bighole/redthunder.html |date=20130923031821 }} (has audio)
** [http://www.u.arizona.edu/~cashcash/chief_joseph.mov Hinmatóowyalahtq'it: Speech of 1877 as retold by Jonah Hayes (ca. 1907)]{{깨진 링크|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (.mov)
** [http://www.u.arizona.edu/~cashcash/fox.swf Fox narrative animation] {{웨이백|url=http://www.u.arizona.edu/~cashcash/fox.swf |date=20130923030801 }} (.swf)
** [http://www.u.arizona.edu/~cashcash/Nez%20Perce%20Verb%20Morphology.pdf Nez Perce Verb Morphology] {{웨이백|url=http://www.u.arizona.edu/~cashcash/Nez%20Perce%20Verb%20Morphology.pdf |date=20100807154353 }} (.pdf)
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20060903202835/http://www.u.arizona.edu/~cashcash/seize_with_the_mouth.pdf wéeyekweʔnipse ‘to sing one’s spirit song’: Performance and metaphor in Nez Perce spirit-singing] (.pdf)
** [http://www.u.arizona.edu/~cashcash/Timnakni_Timat.pdf Tɨmnákni Tímat (Writing from the Heart): Sahaptin Discourse and Text in the Speaker Writing of X̣ílux̣in] {{웨이백|url=http://www.u.arizona.edu/~cashcash/Timnakni_Timat.pdf |date=20130923030922 }} (.pdf)
* [http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/karten/amer/namerim.htm A map of American languages (TITUS project)]
* [http://live/search/detailedlanguagerecord?ethnocode=nez Nez Percé]{{깨진 링크|url=http://live/search/detailedlanguagerecord?ethnocode=nez }}, [[로제타 프로젝트]]
* [http://www.language-archives.org/language/nez 네즈퍼스어 관련 OLAC 자료]

{{전거 통제}}

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