{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}
[[파일:Franklin_Peale.jpg|섬네일]]
'''프랭클린 필'''(Franklin Peale, 본명: 벤저민 프랭클린 필, Benjamin Franklin Peale, 1795년 10월 15일 ~ 1870년 5월 5일)은 1833년부터 1854년까지 [[필라델피아 조폐국]]의 미국 장교였다. 필은 [[미국 조폐국]]에 많은 혁신을 도입했지만 결국 혐의로 해고되었다. 개인적인 이익을 위해 자신의 지위를 이용했다.

필은 화가 [[찰스 윌슨 필]](Charles Willson Peale)의 아들로 그의 아버지가 필라델피아에서 운영하던 호기심 박물관인 필라델피아 박물관(Philadelphia Museum)에서 태어났다. 프랭클린 필의 교육은 대부분 비공식적이었지만 [[펜실베이니아 대학교]]에서 일부 수업을 들었다. 기계 제작에 능숙해졌다. 1820년에 그는 박물관에서 아버지의 조수가 되었고, 1827년 찰스 필이 사망한 후 박물관을 관리했다.

1833년 필은 조폐국에 고용되어 2년 동안 유럽으로 파견되어 주조 기술을 연구하고 보고했다. 개선 계획을 갖고 돌아와 1836년에 설치된 미국 최초의 증기 동력 주화 인쇄기를 설계했다. 필은 그해 필라델피아 조폐국의 멜터 앤 리파이너(Melter and Refiner)가 되었고, 3년 후 무급으로 일을 계속했던 [[애덤 에크펠트]] 현직자가 은퇴하자 치프 코이너(Chief Coiner)가 되었다. 에크펠트의 노동 덕분에 필은 조폐국 자산을 사용하여 메달 사업을 운영할 수 있었다. 이 부업은 결국 필의 몰락을 초래했다. 조각사 [[제임스 B. 롱에이커]] 및 멜터 앤 리파이너 리처드 시어스 맥컬로(Richard Sears McCulloh)와의 갈등으로 인해 필은 위법 행위로 기소되었고 1854년 [[프랭클린 피어스]] 대통령에 의해 해고되었다.

은퇴 후에도 필은 많은 시민 단체에 계속 참여하고 리더십을 발휘했다. 1870년에 사망했다. 화폐 작가 Q. 데이비드 바워스는 필의 경력에 대한 사실을 통해 작가들이 그에 대해 매우 다른 결론을 내릴 수 있다고 이야기한다.

== 출처 ==
* {{서적 인용
  | author = American Philosophical Society
  | author-link = American Philosophical Society
  | title = Laws and Regulations of the American Philosophical Society
  | url =https://archive.org/details/lawsandregulati00socigoog
  | year = 1886
  | publisher =Press of McCalla & Stavely
  | location = Philadelphia
  | oclc = 11529086
  | ref = {{sfnRef|American Philosophical Society}}
}}
* {{서적 인용
  | last = Bowers
  | first = Q. David
  | author-link = Q. David Bowers
  | year = 2001
  | title = The Harry W. Bass, Jr. Museum Sylloge
  | publisher = Harry W. Bass, Jr. Foundation
  | location = Dallas, TX
  | isbn = 0-943161-88-6
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Bowers 2001}}
  }}
* {{서적 인용
  | last = Bowers
  | first = Q. David
  | author-link = Q. David Bowers
  | year = 2004
  | title = A Guide Book of Double Eagle Gold Coins
  | publisher = Whitman Publishing
  | location = Atlanta, GA
  | isbn = 978-0-7948-1784-8
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Bowers 2004}}
  }}
* {{서적 인용
  | last = Bowers
  | first = Q. David
  | author-link = Q. David Bowers
|title=A Guide Book of Shield and Liberty Head Nickels
|publisher=Whitman Publishing
|location=Atlanta, GA
|year=2006
|isbn=0-7948-1921-4
| ref = {{sfnRef|Bowers 2006}}
}}
* {{서적 인용
  | last = Breen
  | first = Walter
  | author-link = Walter Breen
  | year = 1988
  | title = Walter Breen's Complete Encyclopedia of U.S. and Colonial Coins
  | publisher = Doubleday
  | location = New York
  | isbn = 978-0-385-14207-6
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Breen}}
  }}
* {{저널 인용
 | last = Burdette
 | first = Roger
 | title = Benjamin Franklin Peale – Inventions and Innovations for the United States Mint, 1835 to 1852
 | journal = Journal of Numismatic Research
 | volume = 1
 | issue = 2
 | date =Spring 2013
 | pages = 9–133
 | publisher = Seneca Mill Press LLC
 | location = Great Falls, VA
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Burdette 2013a}}
}}
* {{서적 인용
 | last = Burdette
 | first = Roger
 | title = From Mine to Mint
 | year = 2013
 | publisher = Seneca Mill Press LLC
 | location = Great Falls, VA
 | isbn =978-0-9768986-7-2
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Burdette 2013b}}
}}
* {{서적 인용
  | author = Bureau of the Mint
  | year = 1904
  | title = Laws of the United States Relating to the Coinage
  | publisher = United States Government Printing Office
  | location = Washington, D.C.
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rmtAAAAAYAAJ
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Bureau of the Mint}}
  }}
* {{저널 인용
  | last = Clark
  | first = Cathy L.
  | date = March 2000
  | title = Steam Power: A Pressing Issue
  | pages = 287–291
  | journal = The Numismatist
  | location = Colorado Springs, CO
  | publisher = American Numismatic Association
  | ref ={{sfnRef|Clark}}
  }}
* {{콘퍼런스 인용
  | first = Richard G.
  | last = Doty
  | date = November 4–5, 1989
  | title = 'An Onerous and Delicate Task': Franklin Peale's Mission South, 1837
  | pages = 67–82
  | editor1-last = Metcalf
  | editor1-first = William E.
  | work = America's Gold Coinage
  | publisher = [[American Numismatic Society]]
  | location = New York
  | isbn =0-89722-238-5
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Doty}}
  }}
* {{저널 인용
 | last = Edson
 | first = Edith McLane
 | title = Notes and Documents: A James Peale Puzzle: Captain Allen McLane's Encounter with British Dragoons
 | journal = The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
 | volume = 125
 | issue = 4
 | date = October 2001
 | jstor = 20093480
 | pages = 30–46
 | publisher = The Historical Society of Pennsylvania
 | location = Philadelphia
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Edson}}
}}
* {{서적 인용
  | last = Evans
  | first = George G.
  | year = 1890
  | title = Illustrated History of the United States Mint
  | edition = revised
  | publisher = George G. Evans
  | location = Philadelphia
  | oclc = 8390241
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Evans}}
  | ol = 24183503M
 }}
* {{저널 인용
 | last = Ferguson
 | first = Eugene S.
 | title = Technical Museums and International Exhibitions
 | journal = Technology and Culture
 | volume = 6
 | issue = 1
 | date =Winter 1965
 | jstor = 3100950
 | pages = 30–46
 | publisher = The Johns Hopkins University Press
 | location = Baltimore, MD
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Ferguson 1965a}}
| doi = 10.2307/3100950
 | s2cid = 111639302
 }}
* {{서적 인용
  | editor-last = Ferguson
  | editor-first = Eugene S.
  | year = 1965
  | url = https://archive.org/stream/bulletinunitedst2381965unit#page/n7/mode/2up
  | title = Early Engineering Reminiscences (1815–40) of George Escol Sellers
  | publisher = Smithsonian Institution
  | location = Washington, D.C.
  | oclc = 522166
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Ferguson 1965b}}
  }}
* {{서적 인용
  | last = Frazer
  | first = Persifor
  | title = The Franklin Institute: Its Services and Deserts
  | url =https://archive.org/details/franklininstitu00frazgoog
  | year = 1908
  | publisher = [[The Franklin Institute]]
  | location = Philadelphia
  | oclc = 45262206
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Frazer}}
}}
* {{서적 인용
  | last = Lange
  | first = David W.
  | year = 2006
  | title = History of the United States Mint and its Coinage
  | publisher = Whitman Publishing
  | location = Atlanta, GA
  | isbn = 978-0-7948-1972-9
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Lange}}
  }}
* {{저널 인용
 | last = Nepomucene
 | first = Sister St. John
 | title = Franklin Peale's Visit to Europe in the Mint Service
 | journal = Journal of Chemical Education
 | date = March 1955
 | volume = 32
 | issue = 3
 | doi = 10.1021/ed032p156
 | pages = 155–159
 | publisher = American Chemical Society
 | location = New York
 | bibcode = 1955JChEd..32..156N
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Nepomucene}}
}}
* {{저널 인용
 | last = Patterson III
 | first = Robert
 | title = An Obituary Notice of Franklin Peale
 | journal = Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
 | volume = 11
 | issue = 81
 | date = December 16, 1870
| jstor = 981519
 | pages = 597–604
 | publisher = American Philosophical Society
 | location = Philadelphia
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Patterson}}
}}
* {{서적 인용
  | last = Pessolano-Filos
  | first = Francis
  | year = 1983
  | title = The Venus Numismatics Dictionary of Artists, Designers, Modellers, Engravers, and Die Sinkers Whose Works Were Commissioned by or Struck by the United States Mint 1792–1977
  | publisher = Eros Publishing Company
  | location = New York
  | isbn = 0-911571-00-0
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Pessolano-Filos}}
  }}
* {{서적 인용
  | last = Proud
  | first = Robert
  | title = The Proud Papers
  | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=d18EAAAAYAAJ
  | year = 1903
  | publisher = Stan. V. Henkels (auctioneer)
  | location = Philadelphia
  | oclc = 5573300
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Proud}}
}}
* {{서적 인용
  | editor-last = Reed
  | editor-first = P. Bradley
  | title = Coin World Almanac
  | edition = 6th
  | year = 1990
  | publisher = Amos Press Inc.
  | location = Sidney, OH
  | isbn =  0-88687-460-2
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Coin World Almanac}}
  }}
* {{서적 인용
  | last = Sellers
  | first = Charles Coleman
  | year = 1980
  | title = Mr. Peale's Museum: Charles Willson Peale and the First Popular Museum of Natural Science and Art
  | publisher = W.W. Norton & Co.
  | location = New York
  | isbn = 978-0-393-05700-3
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Sellers}}
  | url-access = registration
  | url = https://archive.org/details/mrpealesmuseumch00sell
  }}
* {{저널 인용
  | last = Smith
  | first = Pete
  | date = August 1994
  | title = Peale Helped Mechanize the Mint
  | journal = The Numismatist
  | location = Colorado Springs, CO
  | publisher = American Numismatic Association
  | ref ={{sfnRef|Smith 1994}}
  }}
* {{저널 인용
  | last = Smith
  | first = Pete
  | date = January 1997
  | title = Adam Eckfeldt Struck the First U.S. Coins
  | journal = The Numismatist
  | location = Colorado Springs, CO
  | publisher = American Numismatic Association
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Smith 1997}}
  }}
* {{웹 인용
 |last        = Smith
 |first       = Pete
 |year        = 2010
 |title       = American Numismatic Biographies
 |publisher   = The Numismatic Bibliomania Society
 |url         = http://www.coinbooks.org/resources/anb_2010.pdf
 |access-date  = January 1, 2014
|ref         = {{sfnRef|Smith 2010}}
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20140907174507/http://www.coinbooks.org/resources/anb_2010.pdf
 |archive-date = September 7, 2014
}}
* {{서적 인용
  | last = Snow
  | first = Richard
  | year = 2009
  | title = A Guide Book of Flying Eagle and Indian Head Cents
  | publisher = Whitman Publishing
  | location = Atlanta. GA
  | isbn = 978-0-7948-2831-8
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Snow}}
  }}
* {{서적 인용
  | last = Taxay
  | first = Don
  | year = 1983
  | title = The U.S. Mint and Coinage
  | publisher = Sanford J. Durst Numismatic Publications
  | location = New York
  | edition = reprint of 1966
  | isbn = 978-0-915262-68-7
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Taxay}}
  }}
* {{서적 인용
  | author = United States Senate
  | title = Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States
  | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=HGAUAAAAYAAJ
  | year = 1887
  | volume = IV
  | location = Washington, D.C.
  | publisher = [[United States Government Printing Office]]
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Senate journal vol. iv}}
}}
* {{서적 인용
  | author = United States Senate
  | title = Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States
  | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=0GIUAAAAYAAJ
  | year = 1887
  | volume = V
  | location = Washington, D.C.
  | publisher = [[United States Government Printing Office]]
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Senate journal vol. v}}
}}
* {{서적 인용
  | author = United States Senate Committee on Claims
  | date = February 19, 1873
| title = Report No. 454
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mKsFAAAAQAAJ&q=%22franklin+peale%22&pg=PA483
  | location = Washington, D.C.
  | publisher = [[United States Government Printing Office]]
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Senate report}}
  }}
* {{서적 인용
  | last = Watson
  | first = Jesse P.
  | year = 1926
  | title = The Bureau of the Mint: Its History, Activities and Organization.
  | publisher = The Johns Hopkins Press
  | location = Baltimore
  | series =Service Monographs of the United States Government, No. 37
  | oclc = 4121674
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Watson}}
  }}
* {{저널 인용
 | last = Whitehead
 | first = James L.
 | title = The Mission of Franklin Peale to Europe, 1833 to 1835
 | journal = Pennsylvania History
 | volume = 18
 | issue = 3
 | date = July 1951
 | jstor = 27769224
 | pages = 197–212
 | publisher = Penn State University Press
 | location = University Park, PA
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Whitehead}}
}}
* {{서적 인용
  | last = Wright
  | first = Robert E.
  | year = 2010
  | title = The First Wall Street: Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, and the Birth of American Finance
  | publisher = University of Chicago Press
  | location = Chicago
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SAq5Jpg9LT4C
  | isbn = 978-0-226-91029-1
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Wright}}
  }}
{{전거 통제}}

[[분류:1795년 출생]]
[[분류:1870년 사망]]
[[분류:필라델피아 출신]]
[[분류:펜실베이니아 대학교 동문]]