{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}
{{생물 분류
| 색 = 바이러스
| 이름=사람 메타뉴모바이러스 (HMPV)
| 역 = [[바이러스]]
| 계 = [[리보바이러스계]]
| 문 = [[네가르나바이러스문]]
| 강 = [[몬지바이러스강]]
| 목 = [[모노네가바이러스목]]
| 과 = [[뉴모바이러스과]]
| 속 = [[메타뉴모바이러스]]
| 종 = [[사람 메타뉴모바이러스]]
}}

'''사람 메타뉴모바이러스'''(human metapneumovirus, hMPV)는 [[뉴모바이러스과]]에 속하는 음성 단일가닥 [[RNA]] [[바이러스]]이다.<ref name="ICTVReport">{{웹 인용|title=ICTV Online (10th) Report|url=http://www.ictv.global/report/pneumoviridae}}</ref> [[조류 메타뉴모바이러스]] C형과 계통학적으로 매우 밀접하다. 2001년에 네덜란드에서 RAP-[[중합효소 연쇄 반응|PCR]](RNA Arbitrarily Primed -)기술을 통해 처음으로 분리되었다.<ref name=":1">{{저널 인용|last=van den Hoogen|first=Bernadette G.|last2=Jong|first2=Jan C. de|last3=Groen|first3=Jan|last4=Kuiken|first4=Thijs|last5=Groot|first5=Ronald de|last6=Fouchier|first6=Ron A.M.|last7=Osterhaus|first7=Albert D.M.E.|title=A newly discovered human pneumovirus isolated from young children with respiratory tract disease|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=7|issue=6|pages=719–724|doi=10.1038/89098|pmid=11385510|year=2001}}</ref> 근래에 유아의 [[호흡기 세포융합 바이러스]] 감염이 감소함에 따라 현재 유아 급성 호흡기 감염에 있어서 두 번째로 흔한 감염원이다.

hMPV는 2개월에서 3개월 사이의 유아에게서 피크를 찍는 [[호흡기 세포융합 바이러스]]보다 살짝 늦은 6개월에서 12개월 사이의 유아에게서 피크를 찍는다. 호흡기 세포융합 바이러스와 hMPV의 위험성과 의료적 증상은 서로 유사하다. 노인 역시 hMPV에 취약한 대상이다.

==분류==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+[[메타뉴모바이러스]]속에 속하는 바이러스종과 이름<ref>{{저널 인용|last=Amarasinghe|first=Gaya K.|last2=Bào|first2=Yīmíng|last3=Basler|first3=Christopher F.|last4=Bavari|first4=Sina|last5=Beer|first5=Martin|last6=Bejerman|first6=Nicolás|last7=Blasdell|first7=Kim R.|last8=Bochnowski|first8=Alisa|last9=Briese|first9=Thomas|date=2017-04-07|title=Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: update 2017 |journal=Archives of Virology|volume=162|issue=8|pages=2493–2504|doi=10.1007/s00705-017-3311-7 |pmid=28389807|pmc=5831667}}</ref>
|-
!속
!종
!바이러스 (축약어)
!NCBI 분류 ID
|- style="vertical-align:top"
| rowspan="2" |''메타뉴모바이러스''
| rowspan="1" | ''조류 메타뉴모바이러스''*
| rowspan="1" | 조류 메타뉴모바이러스(AMPV)
| rowspan="1" | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=38525 38525]
|- style="vertical-align:top"
| rowspan="1" | ''사람 메타뉴모바이러스''
| rowspan="1" | 사람 메타뉴모바이러스(hMPV)
| rowspan="1" | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=162145 162145]
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>모식종 <!-- 이건 왜 따로 떨어져 있는 것인지는 모르곘는데 잘 아시는 분이 정리좀 해주세요. -->

==유행병==
어린이 입원환자 및 외래환자의 [[기도 (의학)|기도]] 감염 원인에서 hMPV는 6%에서 40%를 차지한다.<ref name=":0">{{저널 인용|last=Williams|first=John V.|last2=Harris|first2=Paul A.|last3=Tollefson|first3=Sharon J.|last4=Halburnt-Rush|first4=Lisa L.|last5=Pingsterhaus|first5=Joyce M.|last6=Edwards|first6=Kathryn M.|last7=Wright|first7=Peter F.|last8=Crowe|first8=James E. Jr.|date=2004-01-29|title=Human Metapneumovirus and Lower Respiratory Tract Disease in Otherwise Healthy Infants and Children|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=350|issue=5|pages=443–450|doi=10.1056/nejmoa025472|issn=0028-4793|pmid=14749452|pmc=1831873}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Boivin|first=Guy|last2=Serres|first2=Gaston De|last3=Côté|first3=Stéphanie|last4=Gilca|first4=Rodica|last5=Abed|first5=Yacine|last6=Rochette|first6=Louis|last7=Bergeron|first7=Michel G.|last8=Déry|first8=Pierre|title=Human Metapneumovirus Infections in Hospitalized Children1|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|language=en-us|volume=9|issue=6|pages=634–640|doi=10.3201/eid0906.030017|pmid=12781001|pmc=3000156|year=2003}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Edwards|first=Kathryn M.|last2=Zhu|first2=Yuwei|last3=Griffin|first3=Marie R.|last4=Weinberg|first4=Geoffrey A.|last5=Hall|first5=Caroline B.|last6=Szilagyi|first6=Peter G.|last7=Staat|first7=Mary A.|last8=Iwane|first8=Marika|last9=Prill|first9=Mila M.|date=2013-02-13|title=Burden of Human Metapneumovirus Infection in Young Children|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=EN|volume=368|issue=7|pages=633–643|doi=10.1056/nejmoa1204630|pmid=23406028|pmc=3662802}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Peiris|first=J.S. Malik|last2=Tang|first2=Wing-Hong|last3=Chan|first3=Kwok-Hung|last4=Khong|first4=Pek-Lan|last5=Guan|first5=Yi|last6=Lau|first6=Yu-Lung|last7=Chiu|first7=Susan S.|title=Children with Respiratory Disease Associated with Metapneumovirus in Hong Kong|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|language=en-us|volume=9|issue=6|pages=628–633|doi=10.3201/eid0906.030009|pmid=12781000|pmc=3000155|year=2003}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Ebihara|first=Takashi|last2=Endo|first2=Rika|last3=Kikuta|first3=Hideaki|last4=Ishiguro|first4=Nobuhisa|last5=Ishiko|first5=Hiroaki|last6=Hara|first6=Michimaru|last7=Takahashi|first7=Yutaka|last8=Kobayashi|first8=Kunihiko|date=January 2004|title=Human metapneumovirus infection in Japanese children|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=42|issue=1|pages=126–132|issn=0095-1137|pmid=14715742|doi=10.1128/jcm.42.1.126-132.2004|pmc=321731}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Choi|first=Eun Hwa|last2=Lee|first2=Hoan Jong|last3=Kim|first3=Sun Jung|last4=Eun|first4=Byung Wook|last5=Kim|first5=Nam Hee|last6=Lee|first6=Jin A.|last7=Lee|first7=Jun Ho|last8=Song|first8=Eun Kyung|last9=Park|first9=So Hee Kim1 Ji Yong|date=2006-09-01|title=The Association of Newly Identified Respiratory Viruses with Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Korean Children, 2000–2005|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=43|issue=5|pages=585–592|doi=10.1086/506350|pmid=16886150|issn=1058-4838}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Sloots|first=Theo P.|last2=Mackay|first2=Ian M.|last3=Bialasiewicz|first3=Seweryn|last4=Jacob|first4=Kevin C.|last5=McQueen|first5=Emily|last6=Harnett|first6=Gerald B.|last7=Siebert|first7=David J.|last8=Masters|first8=Brent I.|last9=Young|first9=Paul R.|date=August 2006|title=Human metapneumovirus, Australia, 2001-2004|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=12|issue=8|pages=1263–1266|doi=10.3201/eid1708.051239|issn=1080-6040|pmc=3291208|pmid=16965711}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Madhi|first=Shabir A.|last2=Ludewick|first2=Herbert|last3=Kuwanda|first3=Locadiah|last4=Niekerk|first4=Nadia van|last5=Cutland|first5=Clare|last6=Klugman|first6=Keith P.|title=Seasonality, Incidence, and Repeat Human Metapneumovirus Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in an Area With a High Prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Infection|journal=The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal|volume=26|issue=8|pages=693–699|doi=10.1097/inf.0b013e3180621192|pmid=17848880|year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Anderson|first=Evan J.|last2=Simões|first2=Eric A. F.|last3=Buttery|first3=Jim P.|last4=Dennehy|first4=Penelope H.|last5=Domachowske|first5=Joseph B.|last6=Jensen|first6=Kathryn|last7=Lieberman|first7=Jay M.|last8=Losonsky|first8=Genevieve A.|last9=Yogev|first9=Ram|date=2012-09-01|title=Prevalence and Characteristics of Human Metapneumovirus Infection Among Hospitalized Children at High Risk for Severe Lower Respiratory Tract Infection|journal=Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society|volume=1|issue=3|pages=212–222|doi=10.1093/jpids/pis069|pmid=26619409|issn=2048-7193}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Jain|first=Seema|last2=Williams|first2=Derek J.|last3=Arnold|first3=Sandra R.|last4=Ampofo|first4=Krow|last5=Bramley|first5=Anna M.|last6=Reed|first6=Carrie|last7=Stockmann|first7=Chris|last8=Anderson|first8=Evan J.|last9=Grijalva|first9=Carlos G.|date=2015-02-25|title=Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization among U.S. Children|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=EN|volume=372|issue=9|pages=835–845|doi=10.1056/nejmoa1405870|pmid=25714161|pmc=4697461}}</ref> 전세계적으로 퍼져있으며, 온대지방에서는 늦겨울에서 봄 사이에 호흡기 세포융합 바이러스, [[인플루엔자]]와 함께 계절성 바이러스로 따라온다.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Aberle|first=Judith H.|last2=Aberle|first2=Stephan W.|last3=Redlberger-Fritz|first3=Monika|last4=Sandhofer|first4=Michael J.|last5=Popow-Kraupp|first5=Therese|title=Human Metapneumovirus Subgroup Changes and Seasonality During Epidemics|journal=The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal|volume=29|issue=11|pages=1016–8|doi=10.1097/inf.0b013e3181e3331a|pmid=20489673|year=2010}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Williams|first=John V.|last2=Wang|first2=Chiaoyin K.|last3=Yang|first3=Chin-Fen|last4=Tollefson|first4=Sharon J.|last5=House|first5=Frances S.|last6=Heck|first6=Josh M.|last7=Chu|first7=Marla|last8=Brown|first8=Jennifer B.|last9=Lintao|first9=Linda D.|date=2006-02-01|title=The Role of Human Metapneumovirus in Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Children: A 20-Year Experience|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=193|issue=3|pages=387–395|doi=10.1086/499274|pmid=16388486|issn=0022-1899|pmc=1586246}}</ref> 또한 5세 이하의 어린이의 대부분이 이 바이러스에 노출되어있음이 [[혈청학]] 연구로 밝혀졌다.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Ebihara|first=Takashi|last2=Endo|first2=Rika|last3=Kikuta|first3=Hideaki|last4=Ishiguro|first4=Nobuhisa|last5=Yoshioka|first5=Mikio|last6=Ma|first6=Xiaoming|last7=Kobayashi|first7=Kunihiko|date=2003-06-01|title=Seroprevalence of human metapneumovirus in Japan|journal=Journal of Medical Virology|language=en|volume=70|issue=2|pages=281–283|doi=10.1002/jmv.10391|pmid=12696118|issn=1096-9071}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Wolf|first=Dana G.|last2=Zakay-Rones|first2=Zichria|last3=Fadeela|first3=Ayman|last4=Greenberg|first4=David|last5=Dagan|first5=Ron|date=2003-12-15|title=High Seroprevalence of Human Metapneumovirus among Young Children in Israel|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=188|issue=12|pages=1865–1867|doi=10.1086/380100|pmid=14673765|issn=0022-1899}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Hamelin|first=Marie-Eve|last2=Boivin|first2=Guy|date=February 2005|title=Development and validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human metapneumovirus serology based on a recombinant viral protein|journal=Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology|volume=12|issue=2|pages=249–253|doi=10.1128/CDLI.12.2.249-253.2005|issn=1071-412X|pmid=15699418|pmc=549303}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Leung|first=Jessica|last2=Esper|first2=Frank|last3=Weibel|first3=Carla|last4=Kahn|first4=Jeffrey S.|date=2005-03-01|title=Seroepidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) on the Basis of a Novel Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Utilizing hMPV Fusion Protein Expressed in Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|language=en|volume=43|issue=3|pages=1213–1219|doi=10.1128/jcm.43.3.1213-1219.2005|issn=0095-1137|pmid=15750086|pmc=1081231}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{저널 인용|last=Pavlin|first=Julie A.|last2=Hickey|first2=Andrew C.|last3=Ulbrandt|first3=Nancy|last4=Chan|first4=Yee-Peng|last5=Endy|first5=Timothy P.|last6=Boukhvalova|first6=Marina S.|last7=Chunsuttiwat|first7=Supamit|last8=Nisalak|first8=Ananda|last9=Libraty|first9=Daniel H.|date=2008-09-15|title=Human Metapneumovirus Reinfection among Children in Thailand Determined by ELISA Using Purified Soluble Fusion Protein|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=198|issue=6|pages=836–842|doi=10.1086/591186|pmid=18680407|issn=0022-1899|pmc=2648801}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Dunn|first=Sarah R.|last2=Ryder|first2=Alex B.|last3=Tollefson|first3=Sharon J.|last4=Xu|first4=Meng|last5=Saville|first5=Benjamin R.|last6=Williams|first6=John V.|date=2013-10-01|title=Seroepidemiologies of Human Metapneumovirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Young Children, Determined with a New Recombinant Fusion Protein Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay|journal=Clinical and Vaccine Immunology|language=en|volume=20|issue=10|pages=1654–1656|doi=10.1128/cvi.00750-12|issn=1556-6811|pmid=23945161|pmc=3807191}}</ref> 이처럼 거의 모든 사람이 어린 시절에 이 바이러스에 감염되지만, 이후에 다시 이 바이러스에 재감염되는 일이 빈번하게 일어난다.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Howard|first=Leigh M.|last2=Edwards|first2=Kathryn M.|last3=Zhu|first3=Yuwei|last4=Griffin|first4=Marie R.|last5=Weinberg|first5=Geoffrey A.|last6=Szilagyi|first6=Peter G.|last7=Staat|first7=Mary A.|last8=Payne|first8=Daniel C.|last9=Williams|first9=John V.|title=Clinical Features of Human Metapneumovirus Infection in Ambulatory Children Aged 5–13 Years|journal=Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society|volume=7|issue=2|pages=165–168|doi=10.1093/jpids/pix012|pmid=28369564|pmc=5954304|year=2017}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{저널 인용|last=Falsey|first=Ann R.|last2=Erdman|first2=Dean|last3=Anderson|first3=Larry J.|last4=Walsh|first4=Edward E.|date=2003-03-01|title=Human Metapneumovirus Infections in Young and Elderly Adults|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=187|issue=5|pages=785–790|doi=10.1086/367901|pmid=12599052|issn=0022-1899}}</ref>

인간 메타뉴모바이러스로 인해 야기되는 대표적 질병은 [[감기]](상부 [[기도 (의학)|기도]] 감염)이다. 그러나 [[미숙아]],<ref>{{저널 인용|last=Williams|first=John V.|last2=Maitre|first2=Nathalie|date=2016-07-28|title=Human metapneumovirus in the preterm neonate: current perspectives|journal=Research and Reports in Neonatology|language=English|volume= 6|pages=41–49|doi=10.2147/rrn.s76270|pmid=27891060|pmc=5120728}}</ref> 65세 이상의 노인,<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{저널 인용|last=Walsh|first=Edward E.|last2=Peterson|first2=Derick R.|last3=Falsey|first3=Ann R.|date=2008-12-08|title=Human Metapneumovirus Infections in Adults: Another Piece of the Puzzle|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine|volume=168|issue=22|pages=2489–2496|doi=10.1001/archinte.168.22.2489|pmid=19064834|pmc=2783624|issn=0003-9926}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{저널 인용|last=Widmer|first=Kyle|last2=Zhu|first2=Yuwei|last3=Williams|first3=John V.|last4=Griffin|first4=Marie R.|last5=Edwards|first5=Kathryn M.|last6=Talbot|first6=H. Keipp|date=2012-07-01|title=Rates of Hospitalizations for Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human Metapneumovirus, and Influenza Virus in Older Adults|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=206|issue=1|pages=56–62|doi=10.1093/infdis/jis309|pmid=22529314|pmc=3415933|issn=0022-1899}}</ref> 면역결핍 환자의<ref>{{저널 인용|last=Shahda|first=S.|last2=Carlos|first2=W.g.|last3=Kiel|first3=P.j.|last4=Khan|first4=B.a.|last5=Hage|first5=C.a.|date=2011-06-01|title=The human metapneumovirus: a case series and review of the literature|journal=Transplant Infectious Disease|language=en|volume=13|issue=3|pages=324–328|doi=10.1111/j.1399-3062.2010.00575.x|pmid=21631655|issn=1399-3062|pmc=3107511}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Chu|first=Helen Y.|last2=Renaud|first2=Christian|last3=Ficken|first3=Elle|last4=Thomson|first4=Blythe|last5=Kuypers|first5=Jane|last6=Englund|first6=Janet A.|date=2014-12-01|title=Respiratory Tract Infections Due to Human Metapneumovirus in Immunocompromised Children|journal=Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society|volume=3|issue=4|pages=286–293|doi=10.1093/jpids/piu100|pmid=25419459|issn=2048-7193|pmc=4240341}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Seo|first=Sachiko|last2=Gooley|first2=Ted A.|last3=Kuypers|first3=Jane M.|last4=Stednick|first4=Zachary|last5=Jerome|first5=Keith R.|last6=Englund|first6=Janet A.|last7=Boeckh|first7=Michael|date=2016-07-15|title=Human Metapneumovirus Infections Following Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Factors Associated With Disease Progression|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=63|issue=2|pages=178–185|doi=10.1093/cid/ciw284|pmid=27143659|pmc=4928387|issn=1058-4838}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Shah|first=Dimpy P.|last2=Shah|first2=Pankil K.|last3=Azzi|first3=Jacques M.|last4=Chaer|first4=Firas El|last5=Chemaly|first5=Roy F.|title=Human metapneumovirus infections in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients and hematologic malignancy patients: A systematic review|journal=Cancer Letters|volume=379|issue=1|pages=100–106|doi=10.1016/j.canlet.2016.05.035|pmid=27260872|pmc=4935561|year=2016}}</ref> 경우 감기보다 더 치명적인 질병이 걸려 입원환자로 전환되는 경우가 있다. 노인에게 hMPV가 인플루엔자만큼 치명적인 바이러스로 작용함이 입원환자와 응급실 방문환자를 대상으로 한 연구를 통해 밝혀졌다.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Widmer|first=Kyle|last2=Griffin|first2=Marie R.|last3=Zhu|first3=Yuwei|last4=Williams|first4=John V.|last5=Talbot|first5=H. Keipp|date=2014-05-01|title=Respiratory syncytial virus- and human metapneumovirus-associated emergency department and hospital burden in adults|journal=Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses|language=en|volume=8|issue=3|pages=347–352|doi=10.1111/irv.12234|pmid=24512531|pmc=3984605|issn=1750-2659}}</ref> 또한 [[천식]] 환자나<ref>{{저널 인용|last=Williams|first=John V.|last2=Tollefson|first2=Sharon J.|last3=Heymann|first3=Peter W.|last4=Carper|first4=Holliday T.|last5=Patrie|first5=James|last6=Crowe Jr.|first6=James E.|title=Human metapneumovirus infection in children hospitalized for wheezing|journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology|volume=115|issue=6|pages=1311–1312|doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2005.02.001|pmid=15940152|pmc=1476700|year=2005}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last=García-García|first=M.l.|last2=Calvo|first2=C.|last3=Casas|first3=I.|last4=Bracamonte|first4=T.|last5=Rellán|first5=A.|last6=Gozalo|first6=F.|last7=Tenorio|first7=T.|last8=Pérez-Breña|first8=P.|date=2007-05-01|title=Human metapneumovirus bronchiolitis in infancy is an important risk factor for asthma at age 5|journal=Pediatric Pulmonology|language=en|volume=42|issue=5|pages=458–464|doi=10.1002/ppul.20597|pmid=17427899|issn=1099-0496}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Khetsuriani|first=Nino|last2=Kazerouni|first2=N. Neely|last3=Erdman|first3=Dean D.|last4=Lu|first4=Xiaoyan|last5=Redd|first5=Stephen C.|last6=Anderson|first6=Larry J.|last7=Teague|first7=W. Gerald|title=Prevalence of viral respiratory tract infections in children with asthma|journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology|volume=119|issue=2|pages=314–321|doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2006.08.041|pmid=17140648|year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Williams|first=John V.|last2=Crowe|first2=James E.|last3=Enriquez|first3=Rachel|last4=Minton|first4=Patricia|last5=Peebles|first5=R. Stokes|last6=Hamilton|first6=Robert G.|last7=Higgins|first7=Stanley|last8=Griffin|first8=Marie|last9=Hartert|first9=Tina V.|date=2005-10-01|title=Human Metapneumovirus Infection Plays an Etiologic Role in Acute Asthma Exacerbations Requiring Hospitalization in Adults|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=192|issue=7|pages=1149–1153|doi=10.1086/444392|pmid=16136455|pmc=1476781|issn=0022-1899}}</ref> [[만성 폐쇄성 폐질환]]<ref>{{저널 인용|last=Vicente|first=Diego|last2=Montes|first2=Milagrosa|last3=Cilla|first3=Gustavo|last4=Pérez-Trallero|first4=Emilio|date=July 2004|title=Human Metapneumovirus and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=10|issue=7|pages=1338–1339|doi=10.3201/eid1007.030633|issn=1080-6040|pmc=3323314|pmid=15338546}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Martinello|first=Richard A.|last2=Esper|first2=Frank|last3=Weibel|first3=Carla|last4=Ferguson|first4=David|last5=Landry|first5=Marie L.|last6=Kahn|first6=Jeffrey S.|title=Human metapneumovirus and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=Journal of Infection|volume=53|issue=4|pages=248–254|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2005.11.010|pmid=16412516|year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Kan-o|first=Keiko|last2=Ramirez|first2=Ruben|last3=MacDonald|first3=Martin I.|last4=Rolph|first4=Michael|last5=Rudd|first5=Penny A.|last6=Spann|first6=Kirsten M.|last7=Mahalingam|first7=Suresh|last8=Bardin|first8=Philip G.|last9=Thomas|first9=Belinda J.|date=2017-05-15|title=Human Metapneumovirus Infection in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Impact of Glucocorticosteroids and Interferon|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=215|issue=10|pages=1536–1545|doi=10.1093/infdis/jix167|pmid=28379462|issn=0022-1899}}</ref> 환자의 경우 hMPV 감염은 더욱 치명적일 수 있다. 장기 간호시설의 환자들 사이에서 hMPV가 급증해 사망자가 발생한 사례가 다수 있다.<ref>{{저널 인용|last=Boivin|first=Guy|last2=Serres|first2=Gaston De|last3=Hamelin|first3=Marie-Eve|last4=Côté|first4=Stéphanie|last5=Argouin|first5=Marco|last6=Tremblay|first6=Geneviève|last7=Maranda-Aubut|first7=Renée|last8=Sauvageau|first8=Chantal|last9=Ouakki|first9=Manale|date=2007-05-01|title=An Outbreak of Severe Respiratory Tract Infection Due to Human Metapneumovirus in a Long-Term Care Facility|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=44|issue=9|pages=1152–1158|doi=10.1086/513204|pmid=17407031|issn=1058-4838}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Louie|first=Janice K.|last2=Schnurr|first2=David P.|last3=Pan|first3=Chao-Yang|last4=Kiang|first4=David|last5=Carter|first5=Connie|last6=Tougaw|first6=Sandra|last7=Ventura|first7=Jean|last8=Norman|first8=Agnes|last9=Belmusto|first9=Vivian|date=2007-09-01|title=A Summer Outbreak of Human Metapneumovirus Infection in a Long-Term-Care Facility|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=196|issue=5|pages=705–708|doi=10.1086/519846|pmid=17674312|issn=0022-1899}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Neu|first=Natalie|last2=Plaskett|first2=Theresa|last3=Hutcheon|first3=Gordon|last4=Murray|first4=Meghan|last5=Southwick|first5=Karen L.|last6=Saiman|first6=Lisa|date=June 2012|title=Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus in a Pediatric Long-Term Care Facility|journal=Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology|volume=33|issue=6|pages=545–550|doi=10.1086/665727|pmid=22561708|issn=0899-823X}}</ref><ref>{{웹 인용|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6246a1.htm|title=Outbreaks of Human Metapneumovirus in Two Skilled Nursing Facilities — West Virginia and Idaho, 2011–2012|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Yang|first=Zifeng|last2=Suzuki|first2=Akira|last3=Watanabe|first3=Oshi|last4=Okamoto|first4=Michiko|last5=Ohmi|first5=Akira|last6=Huang|first6=Wenbo|last7=Nishimura|first7=Hidekazu|date=2014|title=Outbreak of human metapneumovirus infection in a severe motor-and-intellectual disabilities ward in Japan|journal=Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=67|issue=4|pages=318–321|issn=1884-2836|pmid=25056083|doi=10.7883/yoken.67.318}}</ref> 2020년 일본 [[아와시]]의 한 노인시설에서는 17명의 hMPV환자가 발생해 5명이 사망했다.<ref>{{뉴스 인용|url=http://www.ggilbo.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=744295|제목=신종 코로나와도 유사한 '메타뉴모 바이러스' 日 노인 5명 사망해|성=김해인 인턴기자|이름=|날짜=2020.02.10|뉴스=금강일보|출판사=|확인날짜=}}</ref>

==유전체==
hMPV의 유전체 구조는 [[호흡기 세포융합 바이러스]]와 유사하나 몇 가지 차이점이 존재한다. 첫째로 hMPV에는 비구조[[유전자]] NS1, NS2가 존재하지 않으며, 둘째로 hMPV의 안티센스 RNA 유전체에 있는 8개의 [[오픈 리딩 프레임]]이 호흡기 세포융합 바이러스의 3’-N-P-M-F-M2-SH-G-L-5’과는 다르다.<ref>{{저널 인용|last=van den Hoogen|first=Bernadette G.|last2=Bestebroer|first2=Theo M.|last3=Osterhaus|first3=Albert D. M. E.|last4=Fouchier|first4=Ron A. M.|date=2002-03-30|title=Analysis of the genomic sequence of a human metapneumovirus|journal=Virology|volume=295|issue=1|pages=119–132|doi=10.1006/viro.2001.1355|issn=0042-6822|pmid=12033771|hdl=1765/3864|url=http://repub.eur.nl/pub/3864}}</ref> 이보다는 조류 메타뉴모바이러스와 훨씬 유사하며, 특히 조류 메타뉴모바이러스 C와 유사하다. 계통학적 분석을 통해 hMPV에 소분류로 A와 B가 존재하며, 각각은 또 A1/A2와 B1/B2의 아류형으로 구성됨이 밝혀졌다.

== 바이러스학 ==
hMPV는 코와 허파의 상피세포를 감염시키는데, [[당단백질]]을 통해 [[헤파란황산염]] 및 [[글리코사미노글리칸]]과 반응하여 세포막에 부착할 것으로 추측된다. 또한 hMPV의 융합 단백질에 있는 [[아르기닌]]-[[글라이신]]-[[아스파라긴]](RGD) 모티프가 [[인테그린]]을 세포 수용체삼아<ref>{{저널 인용|doi=10.1073/pnas.0801433106|pmid=19164533|pmc=2629439|title=Integrin &nbsp;v&nbsp;1 promotes infection by human metapneumovirus|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=106|issue=5|pages=1566–1571|year=2009|last1=Cseke|first1=G.|last2=Maginnis|first2=M. S.|last3=Cox|first3=R. G.|last4=Tollefson|first4=S. J.|last5=Podsiad|first5=A. B.|last6=Wright|first6=D. W.|last7=Dermody|first7=T. S.|last8=Williams|first8=J. V.}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|doi=10.1128/JVI.06706-11|pmid=22238303|pmc=3302303|title=Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) Binding and Infection Are Mediated by Interactions between the HMPV Fusion Protein and Heparan Sulfate|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=86|issue=6|pages=3230–3243|year=2012|last1=Chang|first1=A.|last2=Masante|first2=C.|last3=Buchholz|first3=U. J.|last4=Dutch|first4=R. E.}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|doi=10.1128/JVI.01133-12|pmid=22933271|pmc=3486500|title=The Human Metapneumovirus Fusion Protein Mediates Entry via an Interaction with RGD-Binding Integrins|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=86|issue=22|pages=12148–12160|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=R. G.|last2=Livesay|first2=S. B.|last3=Johnson|first3=M.|last4=Ohi|first4=M. D.|last5=Williams|first5=J. V.}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|doi=10.1128/JVI.03491-13|pmid=24478423|pmc=3993731|title=Roles of the Putative Integrin-Binding Motif of the Human Metapneumovirus Fusion (F) Protein in Cell-Cell Fusion, Viral Infectivity, and Pathogenesis|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=88|issue=8|pages=4338–4352|year=2014|last1=Wei|first1=Y.|last2=Zhang|first2=Y.|last3=Cai|first3=H.|last4=Mirza|first4=A. M.|last5=Iorio|first5=R. M.|last6=Peeples|first6=M. E.|last7=Niewiesk|first7=S.|last8=Li|first8=J.}}</ref> 바이러스가 세포 내부에 [[엔도솜]]의 형태로 침투할 수 있도록 한다.<ref>{{저널 인용|doi=10.1128/JVI.01287-06|pmid=16971452|pmc=1642150|title=Characterization of Human Metapneumovirus F Protein-Promoted Membrane Fusion: Critical Roles for Proteolytic Processing and Low pH|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=80|issue=22|pages=10931–10941|year=2006|last1=Schowalter|first1=R. M.|last2=Smith|first2=S. E.|last3=Dutch|first3=R. E.}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005303|pmid=26629703|pmc=4667933|title=Human Metapneumovirus is Capable of Entering Cells by Fusion with Endosomal Membranes|journal=PLOS Pathogens|volume=11|issue=12|pages=e1005303|year=2015|last1=Cox|first1=Reagan G.|last2=Mainou|first2=Bernardo A.|last3=Johnson|first3=Monika|last4=Hastings|first4=Andrew K.|last5=Schuster|first5=Jennifer E.|last6=Dermody|first6=Terence S.|last7=Williams|first7=John V.}}</ref>

== 검출 ==

hMPV는 [[역전사 중합효소 연쇄반응]]([[역전사 효소|RT]]-PCR)을 통해 호흡기 표본으로부터 RNA를 증폭하여 검출한다. 이외에도 [[핵산]]을 이용해서 저렴하게 검출할 수 있는데, 구체적인 방법은 다음과 같다.

#[[면역 형광법]]을 통해 비인두(鼻咽頭) 분비물로부터 직접 hMPV 항원을 찾는다.
#[[단클론항체]]를 사용한 면역형광염색을 통해 비인두(鼻咽頭) 분비물을 직접 찾거나, 아니면 이를 쉘 바이알(shell vial)에서 배양한 후 찾는다.
# 면역형광검정법(- assay)를 통해 hMPV 특이적 항체를 찾는다.
#[[다클론항체]]를 통해 배양된 세포로부터 직접 분리한다.

==전염==
전염 경로가 완전히 밝혀지지는 않았으나, 감염된 분비물, 비말, 에어로졸, 혹은 [[매개물]]을 통해 전염될 것으로 여겨진다. 병원에서 hMPV에 감염된 사례도 보고되었다.<ref>{{저널 인용|last=Peiris|first=JS |author2=Tang, WH |author3=Chan, KH |author4=Khong, PL |author5=Guan, Y |author6=Lau, YL |author7=Chiu, SS|title=Children with respiratory disease associated with metapneumovirus in Hong Kong|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|date=June 2003|volume=9|issue=6|pages=628–633|pmid=12781000|pmc=3000155|doi=10.3201/eid0906.030009}}</ref>

==치료==
아직 뚜렷한 치료법이 개발되지 않았으나,<ref name="pmid18516301">{{저널 인용|vauthors=Bao X, Liu T, Shan Y, Li K, Garofalo RP, Casola A |title=Human Metapneumovirus Glycoprotein G Inhibits Innate Immune Responses |journal=PLOS Pathog. |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=e1000077 |date=May 2008 |pmid=18516301 |pmc=2386556 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1000077 |editor1-last=Baric |editor1-first=Ralph S.}}</ref> 모형동물에서는 [[리바비린]]이 효과를 보인다.<ref name="pmid17458775">{{저널 인용|vauthors=Deffrasnes C, Hamelin ME, Boivin G |title=Human metapneumovirus |journal=Semin Respir Crit Care Med |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=213–21 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17458775 |doi=10.1055/s-2007-976493 }}</ref>

==진화==

조류 메타뉴모바이러스가 1970년대에 보고된 것에 비해, hMPV는 2001년이 되어서야 알려졌다. 베이즈 추론법에 의하면 hMPV는 대략 1800년대에 조류 메타뉴모바이러스에서 분리되었으며 궁극적으로는 119년에서 133년 전에 발생한 것으로 보인다.<ref name=deGraaf2008>{{저널 인용|vauthors=de Graaf M, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA, Holmes EC |title=Evolutionary dynamics of human and avian metapneumoviruses |journal=J. Gen. Virol. |volume=89 |issue=Pt 12 |pages=2933–42 |year=2008 |pmid=19008378 |doi=10.1099/vir.0.2008/006957-0 }}</ref>

== 각주 ==
{{각주|2}}

== 외부 링크 ==
* [http://www.ictv.global/report/pneumoviridae '''ICTV Online (10th) Report''' ''Pneumoviridae'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070918095408/http://www.biotrin.com/products.php?id=43&show=1&cat=1 hMPV EIA kit]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070911083417/http://www.biotrin.com/humanmetapnuemovirus.html hMPV, Human Metapneumovirus]
* [http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.do?decorator=paramyxo Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Paramyxoviridae]{{깨진 링크|url=http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.do?decorator=paramyxo }}
{{바이러스성 질병}}
{{감기}}
{{분류군 식별자|from=Q743338}}
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