{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}
{{번역 확장 필요|en|Lion Capital of Ashoka}}
[[파일:Sarnath capital.jpg|250px|섬네일|네 마리의 [[아시아사자]]가 원형 주판 위에 나란히 서 있다. 각 사자 아래에는 불교의 도덕법륜이 부조로 표현되어 있다. 차크라 사이에는 말, 황소, 코끼리, 사자 등 네 마리의 동물이 형상화되어 있다. 주판 아래의 건축용 종은 거꾸로 된 연꽃을 양식화한 것이다.]]
'''아소카의 사자주두'''는 기원전 250년경 [[마우리아 황제]] [[아소카]]가 [[인도]] [[사르나트]]에 세운 기둥의 [[주두]]이다.<ref>{{서적 인용|last=Gupta |first=Shobhna |url=http://archive.org/details/monumentsofindia0000gupt |title=Monuments of India |date=2003 |publisher= |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-81-241-0926-7 |pages=12 |quote=Ashoka, the great is also believed to have installed the Lion Capital pillar.}}</ref> 이 기둥의 가장 큰 특징은 북 모양의 주판 위에 실물 크기의 사자 네 마리가 나란히 놓여 있다는 것이다.{{sfn|Harle|1994|p=22}} 주판의 측면에는 바퀴가 부조로 장식되어 있으며, 그 사이에는 [[사자]], [[코끼리]], [[황소]], 질주하는 말 네 동물이 오른쪽에서 왼쪽으로 서로 뒤따르고 있다. 종 모양의 연꽃은 주두의 가장 낮은 부분을 이루고 있으며, 하나의 사암 블록으로 조각하고 고도로 연마한 2.1m(7피트) 높이의 전체가 금속 다웰로 기둥에 고정되어 있다. 아소카가 불교로 개종한 후 세워진 이 기둥은 약 2세기 전 고타마 붓다가 처음 설법한 장소를 기념하기 위해 세워졌다.

이 주두는 결국 무너져 땅에 묻혔다. 20세기 초에 인도 고고학 조사국(ASI)에 의해 발굴되었다. 발굴은 1904-1905년 ASI의 겨울 시즌에 F. O. 오텔에 의해 진행되었다. 묻히기 전에 부러졌던 기둥은 사르나트의 원래 위치에 그대로 남아 보호되고 있지만 방문객들이 볼 수 있도록 전시되어 있다. 사자주두의 연꽃 바로 위의 목 부분에 금이 갔고 사자 두 마리가 머리에 상처를 입었다. 주두는 발굴 현장에서 멀지 않은 곳에 있는 ASI에서 가장 오래된 유적지 박물관인 사르나트 박물관에 전시되어 있다.

사자주두는 1,600년 전 [[인더스 문명]]이 끝난 후 남아시아에서 처음으로 등장한 중요한 석조 조각 중 하나이다. 기원전 330년 [[아케메네스 제국]]이 멸망하기 전 이란의 페르세폴리스 기둥과 유사하다는 점과 갑작스러운 등장으로 인해 일부에서는 자연주의 조각의 전통이 보존되어 있던 이란 석공들이 동쪽으로 이동한 것으로 추측하기도 한다. 다른 사람들은 나무와 구리로 기둥을 세우는 전통은 인도에서 이미 존재했으며 석재로 전환한 것은 아이디어와 기술이 유동적이었던 제국과 시대의 작은 단계에 불과하다고 반박했다. 사자주두는 불교와 세속적인 상징이 풍부하다.

1947년 7월, 인도 임시 총리 [[자와할랄 네루]]는 인도 제헌의회에서 주판 위의 바퀴를 인도의 새 국기 중앙에 있는 바퀴의 모델로, 연꽃이 없는 주두 자체를 국장의 모델로 삼을 것을 제안했으며, 이 제안은 1947년 12월에 받아들여졌다.

== 각주 ==
{{각주}}

== 참고 문헌 ==
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* [[Charles Allen (writer)|Allen, Charles]], ''Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor'', 2012, Hachette UK, {{ISBN|1408703882}}, 9781408703885, [https://books.google.com/books?id=K4vHjbUtf_4C&pg=PT148&dq google books]
* {{인용|last1=Huntington |first1=John |title=Understanding The 5th century Buddhas of Sarnath: A newly identified Mudra and a new comprehension of the Dharmachakramudra|page=90, Fig.8 |url=https://huntingtonarchive.org/resources/downloads/jchArticles/5_48%20Sarnath%20Buddhas.pdf|date=2009| publisher   =[[Orientations]] (journal), 40}} see [https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139 Asher, p.139, note 34]
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== 외부 링크 ==
* [https://kevinstandagephotography.wordpress.com/2020/04/20/sarnath-archaeological-museum-ashoka-lion-capital/ Blog with excellent photos]
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/bce_299_200/ashoka/lioncapital/lioncapital.html For Pictures of the famous original "Lion Capital of Ashoka" preserved at the Sarnath Museum which has been adopted as the "National Emblem of India" and the Ashoka Chakra (Wheel) from which has been placed in the center of the "National Flag of India" - See "lioncapital" from Columbia University Website, New York, USA]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061203002426/http://www.culturopedia.com/symbols.html National symbols of India]
[[분류:종교와 사자]]
[[분류:마우리아 미술]]
[[분류:인도의 기념물]]
[[분류:불교의 상징]]
[[분류:사자 조각 작품]]
[[분류:인도의 조각품]]
[[분류:인도의 상징]]
[[분류:인도의 불교 조각품]]