{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}

'''우주의 왕'''( [[수메르어]] : ''[[루갈|lugal]] ki-sár-ra'.{{Sfn|Levin|2002}} 또는 ''lugal kiš-ki''.{{Sfn|Steinkeller|2013}} [[아카드어|Akkadian]] : ''šarru kiššat māti''.{{Sfn|Levin|2002}} 'šar-kiššati'.{{Sfn|Levin|2002}} 또는 ''šar kiššatim'.{{Sfn|Roaf|Zgoll|2001}}), 또는 '''전체의 왕''', '''만물의 왕''',{{Sfn|Steinkeller|2013}} '''세계의 왕'''{{Sfn|Stevens|2014}}은 고대 메소포타미아에서 강력한 군주가 [[세계 정복|세계 지배]]를 주장하는 용도로 사용한 위대한 위신의 칭호였다. 이 칭호는 [[유대-기독교]]와 [[아브라함 종교|아브라함]]의 전통에서 때때로 [[야훼]]에게 적용된다.

칭호의 어원은 고대 수메르 도시 [[키시]](수메르어: ''kiš''.{{Sfn|The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature}} Akkadian: 'kiššatu'.{{Sfn|Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary}})에서 파생되었으며, 원래 의미는 '''키시의 왕'''이다. 문자 그대로 "우주의 왕"을 의미하는 ''šar kiššatim''의 방정식은  [[아카드 제국|아카드 시대]]에 만들어졌지만 "키시의 왕"이라는 칭호는 더 오래되었고 이미 키시가 제1의 도시로 여겨졌기 때문에 특히 다른 모든 메소포타미아 도시보다 권위 있는 것으로 여겨졌다. [[수메르 종교|수메르 전설]]에서 키시는 전설적인 [[대홍수 신화|대홍수]] 이후 왕권이 하늘에서 내려진 곳이다.

우주의 왕이라는 칭호를 사용한 최초의 통치자는 [[사르곤|아카드의 사르곤]]이며 사르곤의 아카드 제국의 상징적 후손이라고 주장하는 후신국들에서도 이 칭호가 사용되었다. 이 칭호는 [[셀레우코스 제국]] 치하에서 최종적으로 사용되었고, 안티오코스 1세는 "우주의 왕"으로 언급된 마지막 통치자로 알려졌다.

적어도 [[아시리아]] 통치자들 사이에서는 우주의 왕이라는 칭호가 정상적인 방법으로 계승되지 않았을 가능성이 있다. 이 칭호는 모든 신아시리아 왕들에게 부여된 것이 아니며 일부 왕들은 통치 기간이 몇 년밖에 되지 않았기 때문에 아마도 7번의 성공적인 군사 원정을 통해 각 왕이 개별적으로 이 칭호를 얻어야 했을 것이다. ''šar kibrāt erbetti''("세계 네 사방의 왕")라는 유사한 칭호는 나침반의 네 지점 모두에서 성공적인 군사 원정을 통해 얻었을 가능성이 있다. 일부 학자들은 우주왕과 세계사방왕의 칭호는 거의 동일한 의미를 가지고 있지만, 우주왕은 우주권을 다스린다는 점에서 차이가 있고, 세계사방왕은 지구를 지배한다는 점에서 다른 칭호로 여긴다.

== 각주 ==

=== 인용주 ===
{{각주|group=n}}

=== 출처주 ===
{{각주|20em}}

=== 서지 ===
{{참고 자료 시작|40em}}
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*{{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqS5LDtxrcYC&q=akkadian+titulary|title=Political history of Post-Kassite Babylonia (1158-722 b. C.) (A)|last=Brinkman|first=J. A.|publisher=Gregorian Biblical BookShop|year=1968}}
*{{서적 인용|title=Reallexikon Der Assyriologie Und Vorderasiatischen Archãologie: Libanukšbas̆ - Medizin (Vol 7)|last=Brinkman|first=J. A.|publisher=Walter De Gruyter|year=1990|editor-last=Ebeling|editor-first=Erich|chapter=Mār-bīti-apla-uṣur|editor-last2=Meissner|editor-first2=Bruno|editor-last3=Edzard|editor-first3=Dietz Otto|title-link=Reallexikon der Assyriologie}}
* {{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSOYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA283|title=The Sumerian World|last=Crawford|first=Harriet|author-link=Harriet Crawford|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-0415569675}}
* {{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MC_nBQAAQBAJ&q=Nabopolassar+titles|title=The Inscriptions of Nabopolassar, Amel-Marduk and Neriglissar|last=Da Riva|first=Rocío|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2013|isbn=978-1614515876}}
* {{저널 인용|last=Dalley|first=Stephanie|date=2013|title=Gods from north‐eastern and north‐western Arabia in cuneiform texts from the First Sealand Dynasty, and a cuneiform inscription from Tell en‐Naṣbeh, c.1500 BC|journal=Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy|volume=24|issue=2|pages=177–185|doi=10.1111/aae.12005}}
* {{저널 인용|last=Frahm|first=Eckart|date=1999|title=Reviewed Work: Analysis of Variants in the Assyrian Royal Titulary from the Origins to Tiglath-pileser III by Barbara Cifola|journal=Archiv für Orientforschung|volume=46/47|pages=367–373|jstor=41668489}}
*{{저널 인용|last=Frye|first=Richard Nelson|date=1983|title=The political history of Iran under the Sasanians|journal=The Cambridge History of Iran|volume=3|issue=1|pages=116–180|doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521200929.006|isbn=9781139054942}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Grayson|first=A. Kirk|title=Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC: II (858–745 BC)|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2002|isbn=0-8020-0886-0|location=Toronto|orig-date=1996}}
*{{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fx1by4b1HzEC&pg=PA112|title=Among the host of Heaven: the Syro-Palestinian pantheon as bureaucracy|last=Handy|first=Lowell K.|publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=1994|isbn=978-0931464843}}
* {{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NGwYAgAAQBAJ&q=%C5%A1ar-ki%C5%A1%C5%A1ati&pg=PA333|title=Experiencing Power, Generating Authority: Cosmos, Politics, and the Ideology of Kingship in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia|last1=Hill|first1=Jane A.|last2=Jones|first2=Philip|last3=Morales|first3=Antonio J.|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2013|isbn=9781934536643}}
*{{서적 인용|title=Handbook of Syrian Coins: Royal and Civic Issues, Fourth to First Centuries BC|last=Hoover|first=Oliver D.|publisher=Classical Numismatic Group|year=2009|isbn=978-0980238747|series=[The Handbook of Greek Coinage Series, Volume 9]}}
*{{저널 인용|last=Johnson|first=Eric L.|date=1997|title=Christ, the Lord of Psychology|journal=Journal of Psychology and Theology|volume=25|issue=1|pages=11–27|doi=10.1177/009164719702500102|s2cid=170727529}}
* {{서적 인용|url=https://www.academia.edu/12695404|title=Early Neo-Assyrian State Ideology Relations of Power in the Inscriptions and Iconography of Ashurnasirpal II (883–859) and Shalmaneser III (858–824)|last=Karlsson|first=Mattias|publisher=Instutionen för lingvistik och filologi, Uppsala Universitet|year=2013|isbn=978-91-506-2363-5}}
* {{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m4ulCwAAQBAJ&q=%C5%A1ar-ki%C5%A1%C5%A1ati|title=Relations of Power in Early Neo-Assyrian State Ideology|last=Karlsson|first=Mattias|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|year=2016|isbn=9781614519683}}
* {{저널 인용|last=Karlsson|first=Mattias|date=2017|title=Assyrian Royal Titulary in Babylonia|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Assyrian-Royal-Titulary-in-Babylonia-Karlsson/2cfd46ae324d0804179abf4092c92569ae485500?navId=references|s2cid=6128352}}
*{{저널 인용|last=Kuligowski|first=Waldemar|date=2014|title=33 meters of sacrum. The analysis of discourses surrounding the statue of Christ the King of the Universe in Świebodzin|url=https://repozytorium.amu.edu.pl/handle/10593/10987|journal=Art in Contemporary Cultural Systems. Central and Eastern Europe|pages=137–148|isbn=978-83-63795-34-4}}
* {{서적 인용|title=Identities and Societies in the Ancient East-Mediterranean Regions|last=Kämmerer|first=Thomas R.|publisher=Ugarit Verlag|year=2014|isbn=978-3868350623}}
* {{저널 인용|last=Levin|first=Yigal|date=2002|title=Nimrod the Mighty, King of Kish, King of Sumer and Akkad|journal=Vetus Testamentum|volume=52|issue=3|pages=350–366|doi=10.1163/156853302760197494}}
* {{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_EtJAgAAQBAJ&q=Subartu+Martu|title=The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy|last=Liverani|first=Mario|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-0415679060}}
*{{저널 인용|last=Luckenbill|first=Daniel David|date=1925|title=The First Inscription of Shalmaneser V|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/370064|journal=The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures|volume=41|issue=3|pages=162–164|doi=10.1086/370064 |s2cid=170658223 }}
*{{서적 인용|url=https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/misc/ancient-records-assyria-and-babylonia-volume-2-historical-records-assyria|title=Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia Volume 2: Historical Records of Assyria From Sargon to the End|last=Luckenbill|first=Daniel David|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1927}}
* {{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9R8uDwAAQBAJ&q=lugalzagesi+king+of+lands|title=Mesopotamia and the Rise of Civilization: History, Documents, and Key Questions|last=McIntosh|first=Jane R.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2017|isbn=978-1440835469}}
*{{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDijjc_D5P0C&q=%22king+of+lands%22|title=A History of Ancient Israel and Judah|last=Miller|first=James Maxwell|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1986|isbn=978-0664223588}}
*{{저널 인용|last=Maeda|first=Tohru|date=1981|title="King of Kish" in Pre-Sargonic Sumer|journal=Orient|volume=17|pages=1–17|doi=10.5356/orient1960.17.1|doi-access=free}}
*{{저널 인용|last1=Mondzain|first1=Marie-José|date=2013|title=Iconic Space and the Rule of Lands|journal=Hypatia|volume=15|issue=4|pages=58–76|ref=CITEREFMondzainFranses2000|last2=Franses|first2=Rico|jstor=3810674}}
*{{저널 인용|last=Peat|first=Jerome|date=1989|title=Cyrus "King of Lands," Cambyses "King of Babylon": The Disputed Co-Regency|journal=Journal of Cuneiform Studies|volume=41|issue=2|pages=199–216|doi=10.2307/1359915|jstor=1359915|s2cid=163504463 }}
* {{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LJqnCgAAQBAJ|title=Religion and Ideology in Assyria|last=Pongratz-Leisten|first=Beate|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|year=2015|isbn=978-1614514824}}
* {{저널 인용|last1=Roaf|first1=Michael|last2=Zgoll|first2=Annette|date=2001|title=Assyrian Astroglyphs: Lord Aberdeen's Black Stone and the Prisms of Esarhaddon|journal=Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie|volume=91|issue=2|pages=264–295|doi=10.1515/zava.2001.91.2.264|s2cid=161673588}}
*{{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GE1sBQAAQBAJ&q=Naram-Sin+of+akkad+titulary|title=Ritual, Performance, and Politics in the Ancient Near East|last=Ristvet|first=Lauren|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-1107065215}}
* {{저널 인용|last=Rollinger|first=Robert|date=2017|title=Dadusa's stela and the vexed question of identifying the main actors on the relief|journal=Iraq|volume=79|pages=203–212|doi=10.1017/irq.2017.6|s2cid=165075295 }}
*{{저널 인용|last=Steinkeller|first=Piotr|date=2013|title=An archaic "prisoner plaque" from kiš|journal=Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale|volume=107|pages=131–157|doi=10.3917/assy.107.0131}}
* {{저널 인용|last=Stevens|first=Kahtryn|date=2014|title=The Antiochus Cylinder, Babylonian Scholarship and Seleucid Imperial Ideology.|journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies|volume=134|pages=66–88|jstor=43286072|doi=10.1017/S0075426914000068|url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/15105/1/15105.pdf}}
*{{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c1aFAgAAQBAJ&q=%22cuneiform%22%2C+%22king+of+the+universe%22&pg=PA51|title=Cuneiform Texts and the Writing of History|last=Van De Mieroop|first=Marc|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=978-0415195331}}
* {{저널 인용|last=Yamada|first=Shigeo|date=2014|title=Inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III: Chronographic-Literary Styles and the King's Portrait|journal=Orient|volume=49|pages=31–50|doi=10.5356/orient.49.31|doi-access=free}}
* {{저널 인용|last=Zimansky|first=Paul E.|date=1985|title=Ecology and Empire: The Structure of the Urartian State|url=https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/saoc/saoc-41-ecology-and-empire-structure-urartian-state|journal=Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization (SAOC)|volume=41|pages=295–310}}
{{참고 자료 끝}}

=== 웹사이트 ===
{{참고 자료 시작|40em}}
*{{웹 인용|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Daniel+4%3A3&version=NRSV|title=Daniel 4:3 - BibleGateway|website=www.biblegateway.com|language=en|access-date=24 March 2019|ref=CITEREFDaniel 4:3|df=dmy-all}}
*{{웹 인용|url=http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?searchword=l=kic%20t=SN&charenc=gcirc|title=The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature|website=etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=17 February 2019|ref=CITEREFThe Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature|df=dmy-all}}
* {{웹 인용|url=http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd/epsd/e3066.html|title=Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary (EPSD)|website=psd.museum.upenn.edu|language=en|access-date=17 February 2019|ref=CITEREFElectronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary|df=dmy-all}}
*{{웹 인용|url=http://kavehfarrokh.com/iranica/achaemenid-era/a-new-translation-of-the-cyrus-cylinder-by-the-british-museum/|title=A New Translation of the Cyrus Cylinder by the British Museum|last=Farrokh|first=Kaveh|website=kavehfarrokh.org|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119194017/http://kavehfarrokh.com/iranica/achaemenid-era/a-new-translation-of-the-cyrus-cylinder-by-the-british-museum/|archive-date=19 January 2019|url-status=live|access-date=19 January 2019|ref=CITEREFNew Cyrus Cylinder Translation|df=dmy-all}}
*{{웹 인용|url=http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=12118|title=La civilisation écrite sous l'empire d'Akkad|website=cartelen.louvre.fr|language=en|access-date=29 March 2019|ref=CITEREFLa civilisation écrite sous l'empire d'Akkad|df=dmy-all}}
*{{웹 인용|url=https://www.livius.org/sources/content/cyrus-cylinder/cyrus-cylinder-translation/|title=Livius - Cyrus Cylinder Translation|website=www.livius.org|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119193513/https://www.livius.org/sources/content/cyrus-cylinder/cyrus-cylinder-translation/|archive-date=19 January 2019|url-status=live|access-date=19 January 2019|ref=CITEREFCyrus Cylinder Translation|df=dmy-all}}
*{{웹 인용|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalm+47%3A2&version=NIV|title=Psalm 47:2 - BibleGateway|website=www.biblegateway.com|language=en|access-date=24 March 2019|ref=CITEREFPsalm 47:2|df=dmy-all}}
*{{웹 인용|url=http://www.jewfaq.org/prayref.htm|title=Judaism 101–Common Prayers and Blessings|last=Rich|first=Tracey R.|date=1998|website=www.jewfaq.org|language=en|access-date=24 March 2019|df=dmy-all}}
* {{웹 인용|url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlj/2017/cdlj2017_001.html|title=The Names of the Leaders and Diplomats of Marḫaši and Related Men in the Ur III Dynasty|last1=Yanli|first1=Chen|last2=Yuhong|first2=Wu|date=2017|website=cdli.ucla.edu|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120174531/https://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlj/2017/cdlj2017_001.html|archive-date=20 January 2019|url-status=live|access-date=20 January 2019|ref=CITEREFUr III Dynasty|df=dmy-all}}
{{참고 자료 끝}}

[[분류:우주의 왕| ]]
[[분류:왕족 칭호]]
[[분류:아카드]]
[[분류:바빌론]]
[[분류:수메르]]
[[분류:아시리아]]
[[분류:고대 메소포타미아]]
[[분류:기원전 24세기 설립]]
[[분류:기원전 3세기 폐지]]