{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}
{{다른 뜻|안비타명||영화}}
{{Infobox drug
| Watchedfields  = correct
| Verifiedfields = correct
| verifiedrevid  = 851154960
| INN    = Amfetamine
| image  = Racemic amphetamine 2.svg
| alt    = An image of the amphetamine compound
| image2 = D-Amphetamine molecule ball from xtal.png
| alt2   = A 3d image of the D-amphetamine compound
| width  = 300px
| width2 = 250px

<!-- Clinical data -->
| pronounce    = {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-amphetamine.ogg|æ|m|ˈ|f|ɛ|t|ə|m|iː|n}}
| tradename    = Adderall, {{nowrap|Adzenys XR-ODT}}, Dyanavel&nbsp;XR, Evekeo, [[#Pharmaceutical products|others]]
| Drugs.com    = {{Drugs.com|parent|amphetamine}}
| licence_US   = <!--Amphetamine-->
| pregnancy_US = C
| dependency_liability = 신체적 의존성: 없음<ref name="NHMH_3e-Physical dependence + psychostimulant addiction treatment">{{서적 인용| vauthors = Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Holtzman DM | title = Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience | year = 2015 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Medical | location = New York | isbn = 9780071827706 | edition = 3rd | chapter = Chapter 16: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders}}</ref><br />정신적 의존성: moderate<ref name="Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology">{{서적 인용| vauthors=Stahl SM | title=Prescriber's Guide: Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology | date=March 2017 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge, United Kingdom | isbn=9781108228749 | pages=45–51 | edition=6th | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hssDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA45#v=onepage | chapter=Amphetamine (D,L) | accessdate=5 August 2017 }}</ref>
| routes_of_administration = 경구
| class = {{abbr|CNS|central nervous system}} [[stimulant]], [[anorectic]]
| ATC_prefix   = N06
| ATC_suffix   = BA01

<!--Legal status-->
| legal_AU     = Schedule 8
| legal_BR     = A3
| legal_CA     = Schedule I
| legal_DE     = Anlage III
| legal_NZ     = Class B
| legal_UK     = Class B
| legal_US     = Schedule II
| legal_UN     = Psychotropic Schedule II
| legal_status =

<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->
| bioavailability = oral: {{nowrap|75–100%}}<ref name="Drugbank-dexamph">{{백과사전 인용| title=Dextroamphetamine | section-url=http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01576#pharmacology | work=DrugBank | publisher= University of Alberta | accessdate=5 November 2013 | date=8 February 2013 | section=Pharmacology }}</ref>
| protein_bound = {{nowrap|15–40%}}<ref name="Drugbank-amph">{{백과사전 인용| title=Amphetamine | section-url=http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00182#pharmacology | work=DrugBank | publisher= University of Alberta | accessdate=5 November 2013 | date=8 February 2013 | section=Pharmacology }}</ref>
| metabolism = [[CYP2D6]],<ref name="FDA Pharmacokinetics">{{웹 인용| title = Adderall XR Prescribing Information | url = http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf | pages = 12–13 | publisher = Shire US Inc | work = United States Food and Drug Administration |date=December 2013 | accessdate = 30 December 2013 }}</ref> [[Dopamine β-hydroxylase|DBH]],<ref name="Substituted amphetamines, FMO, and DBH">{{서적 인용| author = Glennon RA |veditors=Lemke TL, Williams DA, Roche VF, Zito W | title=Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry | date=2013 | publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | location=Philadelphia, USA | isbn=9781609133450 | pages=646–648 | edition=7th | section-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sd6ot9ul-bUC&pg=PA646 | section=Phenylisopropylamine stimulants: amphetamine-related agents}}</ref><ref name="DBH amph primary">{{저널 인용| author = Taylor KB | title = Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Stereochemical course of the reaction | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 249 | issue = 2 | pages = 454–458 | date = January 1974 | pmid = 4809526 | accessdate = 6 November 2014 | url = http://www.jbc.org/content/249/2/454.full.pdf }}</ref> [[Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3|FMO3]]<ref name="Substituted amphetamines, FMO, and DBH" /><ref name="FMO">{{저널 인용|vauthors=Krueger SK, Williams DE | title = Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism | journal = Pharmacol. Ther. | volume = 106 | issue = 3 | pages = 357–387 |date=June 2005 | pmid = 15922018 | pmc = 1828602 | doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001}}<br />[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ Table 5: N-containing drugs and xenobiotics oxygenated by FMO]</ref><ref name="FMO3-Primary">{{저널 인용|vauthors=Cashman JR, Xiong YN, Xu L, Janowsky A | title = N-oxygenation of amphetamine and methamphetamine by the human flavin-containing monooxygenase (form 3): role in bioactivation and detoxication | journal = J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. | volume = 288 | issue = 3 | pages = 1251–1260 | date = March 1999 |pmid = 10027866 }}</ref>
| metabolites = {{nowrap|[[4-hydroxyamphetamine]]}}, {{nowrap|[[4-hydroxynorephedrine]]}}, {{nowrap|[[4-hydroxyphenylacetone]]}}, [[benzoic acid]], [[hippuric acid]], [[norephedrine]], [[phenylacetone]]<ref name="FDA Pharmacokinetics" /><ref name="Metabolites"/>
| onset = {{abbr|IR|Immediate release}} dosing: {{nowrap|30–60}}&nbsp;minutes<ref name="Medscape Adderall Pharmacology">{{백과사전 인용|title = amphetamine/dextroamphetamine | section = Pharmacology |section-url = http://reference.medscape.com/drug/adderall-amphetamine-%20%20dextroamphetamine-342997#10 | website = Medscape | publisher = WebMD | accessdate = 21 January 2016 | quote = Onset of action: 30–60 min }}</ref><br />{{abbr|XR|Extended release}} dosing: {{nowrap|1.5–2}}&nbsp;hours<ref name="Millichap: onset, peak, and duration">{{서적 인용| author = Millichap JG |  editor = Millichap JG | title = Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Handbook: A Physician's Guide to ADHD | year = 2010 | publisher = Springer | location = New York, USA | isbn = 9781441913968 | pages = 112 | edition = 2nd | chapter = Chapter 9: Medications for ADHD | quote = <br />Table 9.2 Dextroamphetamine formulations of stimulant medication<br />Dexedrine [Peak:2–3&nbsp;h] [Duration:5–6&nbsp;h]&nbsp;...<br />Adderall [Peak:2–3&nbsp;h] [Duration:5–7&nbsp;h]<br />Dexedrine spansules [Peak:7–8&nbsp;h] [Duration:12&nbsp;h]&nbsp;...<br />Adderall XR [Peak:7–8&nbsp;h] [Duration:12&nbsp;h]<br />Vyvanse [Peak:3–4&nbsp;h] [Duration:12&nbsp;h]}}</ref><ref name="XR onset-duration">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Brams M, Mao AR, Doyle RL | title = Onset of efficacy of long-acting psychostimulants in pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | journal = Postgrad. Med. | volume = 120 | issue = 3 | pages = 69–88 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18824827 | doi = 10.3810/pgm.2008.09.1909}}</ref>
| elimination_half-life = {{nowrap|{{abbr|D-amph|dextroamphetamine}}}}: {{nowrap|9–11}}&nbsp;hours<ref name="FDA Pharmacokinetics" /><ref name="Adderall IR">{{웹 인용| title=Adderall IR Prescribing Information | url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/011522s042lbl.pdf | publisher = Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. | work = United States Food and Drug Administration | date=October 2015 | accessdate=18 May 2016 | pages=1–6}}</ref><br />{{nowrap|{{abbr|L-amph|levoamphetamine}}}}: {{nowrap|11–14}}&nbsp;hours<ref name="FDA Pharmacokinetics" /><ref name="Adderall IR" /><br />[[pH]]-dependent: {{nowrap|7–34}}&nbsp;hours<ref name="HSDB Toxnet October 2017 Full archived record">{{백과사전 인용| title=Amphetamine | section=Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics | url=http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+300-62-9 | work=United States National Library of Medicine&nbsp;– Toxicology Data Network | publisher=Hazardous Substances Data Bank | accessdate=2 October 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002194327/https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search2/cgi-bin/sis/search2/f?.%2Ftemp%2F~mdjW95%3A1%3AFULL | archive-date=2 October 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| duration_of_action = {{abbr|IR|Immediate release}} dosing: {{nowrap|3–6}}&nbsp;hours<ref name="Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology" /><ref name="Millichap: onset, peak, and duration" /><ref name="Narcolepsy guide">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Mignot EJ | title = A practical guide to the therapy of narcolepsy and hypersomnia syndromes | journal = Neurotherapeutics | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 739–752 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23065655 | pmc = 3480574 | doi = 10.1007/s13311-012-0150-9 }}</ref><br /> {{abbr|XR|Extended release}} dosing: {{nowrap|8–12}}&nbsp;hours<ref name="Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology" /><ref name="Millichap: onset, peak, and duration" /><ref name="Narcolepsy guide"/>
| excretion = Primarily [[renal]];<br />[[pH]]-dependent {{nowrap|range: 1–75%}}<ref name="FDA Pharmacokinetics" />

<!--Identifiers-->
| IUPAC_name       = <center>(''RS'')-1-phenylpropan-2-amine</center>
| synonyms         = α-methylphenethylamine
| CAS_number_Ref   = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CAS_number       = 300-62-9
| PubChem          = 3007
| IUPHAR_ligand    = 4804
| DrugBank_Ref     = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank         = DB00182
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID     = 13852819
| UNII_Ref         = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII             = CK833KGX7E
| KEGG_Ref         = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG             = D07445
| ChEBI_Ref        = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI            = 2679
| ChEMBL_Ref       = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL           = 405
| NIAID_ChemDB     = 018564
| PDB_ligand       = 

<!--Chemical and physical data-->
| C=9 | H=13 | N=1
| molecular_weight = 135.20622&nbsp;g/mol<ref name="PubChem Header">{{백과사전 인용| title=Amphetamine | section-url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=3007 | work=PubChem Compound Database | publisher = United States National Library of Medicine&nbsp;– National Center for Biotechnology Information | accessdate=17 April 2015 | date=11 April 2015 | section=Compound Summary }}</ref>
| chirality        = [[Racemic mixture]]<ref name="Proper definition" />
| density          = .936
| density_notes    = at 25&nbsp;°C<ref name="PubChem - amphetamine density">{{백과사전 인용| title=Amphetamine | section = Density | url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/amphetamine | section-url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/amphetamine#section=Density | work=PubChem Compound Database | publisher=United States National Library of Medicine&nbsp;– National Center for Biotechnology Information | accessdate=9 November 2016 | date=5 November 2016}}</ref>
| melting_point    = 11.3
| melting_notes    = (predicted)<ref name="Chemspider">{{백과사전 인용| section-url=http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.13852819.html | work=ChemSpider | publisher = Royal Society of Chemistry | title=Amphetamine | accessdate=6 November 2013 | section=Properties: Predicted – EPISuite }}</ref>
| boiling_point    = 203
| boiling_notes    = at 760&nbsp;[[Millimeter of mercury|mmHg]]<ref name="Properties">{{백과사전 인용| title=Amphetamine | section-url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=3007#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties | work=PubChem Compound Database | publisher = United States National Library of Medicine&nbsp;– National Center for Biotechnology Information | accessdate=13 October 2013 | section=Chemical and Physical Properties }}</ref>
| smiles           = NC(CC1=CC=CC=C1)C
| StdInChI         = 1S/C9H13N/c1-8(10)7-9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6,8H,7,10H2,1H3
| StdInChIKey      = KWTSXDURSIMDCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| StdInChI_Ref     = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey_Ref  = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
}}
'''암페타민'''(Amphetamine, '''a'''lpha-[[메틸기|'''m'''ethyl]][[펜에틸아민|'''ph'''en'''et'''hyl'''amine''']]의 준말)은 [[피로]]와 [[식욕]]을 낮추고 기민성을 증가시키는 [[펜에틸아민]] 계열의 [[중추신경계]] [[각성제]]의 일종으로, 주로 [[주의력결핍 과다행동장애]](ADHD), [[기면증]], [[비만증]] 등의 치료제로 쓰인다.<ref name="Amph Uses">{{저널 인용 | author = Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ | 제목 = Amphetamine, past and present – a pharmacological and clinical perspective | journal = J. Psychopharmacol. | volume = 27 | issue = 6 | pages = 479–496 | month = June | year = 2013 | pmid = 23539642 | pmc = 3666194 | doi = 10.1177/0269881113482532 }}</ref>

[[노르에피네프린]] 및 [[도파민]]의 재흡수 억제제로 작용하여 (NDRI) 각성 효과를 일으키며, 특히 도파민의 분비를 촉진하고 관련 신경전달계를 개선하여 ADHD의 증상 완화 및 치료에 탁월한 효과를 보인다. 또한 일시적으로 반응속도, 근력의 향상을 보여 경기력 향상 약물로 남용되기도 했다.

역사적으로는 1887년 발견된 이후 비충혈 제거제로서 의학적으로 쓰여왔으며 [[우울증]] 치료제로도 사용되어 왔다.<ref name="Amph Uses" /><ref name="Benzedrine">{{저널 인용 | author=Rasmussen N | 제목=Making the first anti-depressant: amphetamine in American medicine, 1929–1950 | journal=J . Hist. Med. Allied Sci. | volume=61 | issue=3 | pages=288–323 | month = July | year = 2006 | pmid=16492800 | doi=10.1093/jhmas/jrj039}}</ref><ref name="drugpolicy">{{웹 인용 | 제목=Methamphetamine facts | url=http://www.drugpolicy.org/drug-facts/methamphetamine-facts | work=DrugPolicy.org | accessdate=19 October 2013 }}</ref> 정신적 의존이 나타날 수 있어 한국, 일본 등 일부 국가에서는 사용이 금지되어 있으나 이들을 제외한 전 세계 183개국에서 의료적 처방이 승인되어 있다.<ref name="UN Convention">{{웹 인용|title=Convention on psychotropic substances |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=VI-16&chapter=6&lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331074842/https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=VI-16&chapter=6&lang=en |archive-date=31 March 2016 |website=United Nations Treaty Collection |publisher=United Nations |access-date=11 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> 약의 상표명으로 에베케오(Evekeo), 애더럴(Adderall) 등이 있다.

== 합성 ==
{{multiple image
<!-- Essential parameters -->
| align     = center
| direction = vertical
| width     = 600
<!-- Extra parameters -->
| header = 암페타민 합성 경로
| header_align = center
| header_background = 
| footer = 
| footer_align = 
| footer_background = 
| background color = 
|image1=Amphetamine from benzaldehyde en.png
|width1=600
|caption1=방식 1
|alt1=
|image2=Amphetamine Synthesis V.1.svg
|width2=600
|caption2=방식 2
|alt2=
|image3=Amphetamine - Leuckart reaction.png
|width3=600
|caption3=방식 3
|alt3=
}}

== 약품명 ==
:- 벤제드린(Benzedrine)
:- 이브케오(evekeo)
:- 바아반스(vyvanse)
:- 젠데디 (zendedi)
:- 덱시드린(Dexedrine)

== 같이 보기 ==
{{위키공용분류}}
* [[메스암페타민]]
* [[치환 암페타민]]

== 참조 ==
<references />

== 외부 링크 ==
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pccompound&DbFrom=pccompound&Cmd=Link&LinkName=pccompound_pccompound&LinkReadableName=Similar%20Compounds&IdsFromResult=3007&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pccompound.Pccompound_ResultsPanel.Pccompound_RVDocSum List of 504 Compounds Similar to Amphetamine (PubChem)]
* [http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/?nnodeid=25479 EMCDDA drugs profile: Amphetamine (2007)]
* [http://www.drugs.com/Amphetamine Drugs.com - Amphetamine]

{{보강장애}}
{{전거 통제}}

[[분류:암페타민| ]]
[[분류:식욕억제제]]
[[분류:기관지 확장제]]
[[분류:심장혈관계통에 작용하는 약]]
[[분류:도취제]]
[[분류:자극제]]
[[분류:독일의 발명품]]
[[분류:도파민 수용체 작용제]]
[[분류:세로토닌 수용체 작용제]]
[[분류:TAAR1 작용제]]
[[분류:펜에틸아민]]
[[분류:5-HT1A 작용제]]
[[분류:세계 반도핑 기구 금지 약물]]
[[분류:VMAT 억제제]]
[[분류:스포츠와 약물]]
[[분류:경기력 향상 약물]]