{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}
[[파일:IPv4_exhaustion_time_line-en.svg|섬네일|IPv4 주소 고갈 타임라인]]
'''IPv4 주소 고갈'''(IPv4 address exhaustion)은 할당되지 않은 [[IPv4]] 주소 풀(pool)이 고갈되는 것을 의미한다. 원래 [[인터넷]] 아키텍처에는 사용 가능한 주소가 43억 개 미만이었기 때문에 인터넷이 급격한 성장을 경험하기 시작한 1980년대 후반부터 주소 고갈이 예상되었다. 이러한 고갈은 후속 프로토콜인 [[IPv6]]의 개발 및 배포 이유 중 하나이다.<ref>{{저널 인용|last1=Li |first1=Kwun-Hung |last2=Wong |first2=Kin-Yeung |date=2021-06-14 |title=Empirical Analysis of IPv4 and IPv6 Networks through Dual-Stack Sites |journal=Information |language=en |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=246 |doi=10.3390/info12060246 |issn=2078-2489|doi-access=free }}</ref> IPv4와 IPv6는 인터넷에 공존한다.

IP 주소 공간은 [[IANA]](Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)와 최종 사용자 및 로컬 인터넷 레지스트리(예: [[인터넷 서비스 공급자]])에 대한 할당을 담당하는 지정된 영역에서 5개의 [[대륙별 인터넷 레지스트리]](RIR)에 의해 전 세계적으로 관리된다. IPv4 주소 고갈을 가속화한 주요 시장 요인에는 빠르게 증가하는 인터넷 사용자 수, 상시 접속 장치 및 모바일 장치가 포함되었다.

예상되는 부족 현상은 NAT([[네트워크 주소 변환]]), 1993년 [[CIDR]](클래스 없는 도메인 간 라우팅), 1998년 IPv6 등 여러 가지 새로운 기술을 만들고 채택하는 원동력이었다.

최상위 수준 고갈은 2011년 1월 31일에 발생했다.<ref>{{웹 인용|url=http://www.nro.net/news/ipv4-free-pool-depleted|title=Free Pool of IPv4 Address Space Depleted|last1=Smith|first1=Lucie|last2=Lipner|first2=Ian|date=3 February 2011|website=Number Resource Organization|access-date=3 February 2011|archive-date=13 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813211426/http://www.nro.net/news/ipv4-free-pool-depleted|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{웹 인용|url=http://www.icann.org/en/news/releases/release-03feb11-en.pdf|title=Available Pool of Unallocated IPv4 Internet Addresses Now Completely Emptied|website=[[ICANN]]|date=3 February 2011|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=8 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808112055/http://www.icann.org/en/news/releases/release-03feb11-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{웹 인용|url=http://www.icann.org/en/news/advisories/advisory-01feb11-en.pdf|title=Major Announcement Set on Dwindling Pool of Available IPv4 Internet Addresses|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=13 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313155455/http://www.icann.org/en/news/advisories/advisory-01feb11-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{웹 인용|url=http://mailman.nanog.org/pipermail/nanog/2011-February/032107.html|title=Five /8s allocated to RIRs – no unallocated IPv4 unicast /8s remain|author=ICANN, nanog mailing list|access-date=3 February 2011|archive-date=27 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827120045/http://mailman.nanog.org/pipermail/nanog/2011-February/032107.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 모든 RIR은 IPv6 전환을 위해 예약된 주소 풀을 제외하고 주소 풀을 모두 사용했다. 이는 아시아 태평양([[아태지역 네트워크 정보센터|APNIC]])<ref name="Huston">{{웹 인용|last=Huston|first=Geoff|title=IPv4 Address Report, daily generated|url=http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/index.html|access-date=16 January 2011|archive-date=6 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806020416/http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="APNIC">{{웹 인용|url=http://www.apnic.net/publications/news/2011/delegation|title=Two /8s allocated to APNIC from IANA|website=APNIC|date=1 February 2010|access-date=3 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807162237/http://www.apnic.net/publications/news/2011/delegation|archive-date=7 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="APNIC2">{{웹 인용|url=http://www.apnic.net/publications/news/2011/final-8|title=APNIC IPv4 Address Pool Reaches Final /8|website=APNIC|date=15 April 2011|access-date=15 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807162057/http://www.apnic.net/publications/news/2011/final-8|archive-date=7 August 2011}}</ref>의 경우 2011년 4월 15일, 라틴 아메리카 및 카리브해([[LACNIC]])<ref>{{웹 인용|url=https://www.nro.net/news/lacnic-enters-ipv4-exhaustion-phase|title=LACNIC Enters IPv4 Exhaustion Phase - The Number Resource Organization|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513141946/https://www.nro.net/news/lacnic-enters-ipv4-exhaustion-phase|url-status=live}}</ref>의 경우 2014년 6월 10일, 북미([[ARIN]])<ref name="ARIN IPv4 Free Pool Reaches Zero">{{웹 인용|url=https://www.arin.net/announcements/2015/20150924.html|title=ARIN IPv4 Free Pool Reaches Zero|website=American Registry for Internet Numbers|date=24 September 2015|access-date=25 September 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925133021/https://www.arin.net/announcements/2015/20150924.html|url-status=live}}</ref>의 경우 2015년 9월 24일, 아프리카([[AFRINIC]])<ref>{{웹 인용|url=https://afrinic.net/exhaustion|title=IPv4 Exhaustion - AFRINIC|website=Regional Internet Registry for Africa|date=17 January 2020|access-date=18 September 2020|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915081117/https://afrinic.net/exhaustion|url-status=live}}</ref>의 경우 2017년 4월 21일에 발생했다. 유럽, 중동, 중앙아시아([[RIPE NCC]])의 경우 2019년 11월 25일 기준이다.<ref>{{웹 인용|url=https://www.ripe.net/publications/news/about-ripe-ncc-and-ripe/the-ripe-ncc-has-run-out-of-ipv4-addresses|title=The RIPE NCC has run out of IPv4 Addresses|website=Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre|date=25 November 2019|access-date=25 November 2019|archive-date=25 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125145354/https://www.ripe.net/publications/news/about-ripe-ncc-and-ripe/the-ripe-ncc-has-run-out-of-ipv4-addresses|url-status=live}}</ref> 이러한 RIR은 여전히 복구된 주소 또는 특수 목적으로 예약된 주소를 할당한다. 개별 ISP는 여전히 할당되지 않은 IP 주소 풀을 보유하고 있으며 가입자에게 더 이상 필요하지 않은 주소를 재활용할 수 있다.

[[빈트 서프]]는 이것이 실험이라고 생각하여 TCP/IP를 공동 개발했으며 32비트이면 충분하다고 생각했다고 인정했다.<ref>{{웹 인용|last=Perry |first=Tekla |date=2023-05-07 |title=Vint Cerf on 3 Mistakes He Made in TCP/IP |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/vint-cerf-mistakes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508022726/https://spectrum.ieee.org/vint-cerf-mistakes |archive-date=2023-05-08 |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{웹 인용|last1=Moses |first1=Asher |last2=Grubb |first2=Ben |date=2011-01-21 |title=Internet Armageddon all my fault: Google chief |url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/internet-armageddon-all-my-fault-google-chief-20110121-19z9i.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203001502/https://www.smh.com.au/technology/internet-armageddon-all-my-fault-google-chief-20110121-19z9i.html |archive-date=2023-02-03 |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{웹 인용|last=Trout |first=Christopher |date=2011-01-26 |title=Vint Cerf on IPv4 depletion: 'Who the hell knew how much address space we needed?' |url=https://www.engadget.com/2011-01-26-vint-cerf-on-ipv4-depletion-who-the-hell-knew-how-much-address.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203025920/https://www.engadget.com/2011-01-26-vint-cerf-on-ipv4-depletion-who-the-hell-knew-how-much-address.html |archive-date=2023-02-03 |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=[[Engadget]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{웹 인용|date=2008-01-29 |title=Google IPv6 Conference 2008: What will the IPv6 Internet look like? |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZo69JQoLb8 |website=Google TechTalks channel on [[YouTube]] |at=Cerf quote starts 13½ minutes into the video |quote=I'm serious, the decision to put a 32-bit address space on there was the result of a year's battle among a bunch of engineers who couldn't make up their minds about 32, 128 or variable length. And after a year of fighting I said - I'm now at ARPA, I'm running the program, I'm paying for this stuff and using American tax dollars - and I wanted some progress because we didn't know if this is going to work. So I said - 32 bits, it is enough for an experiment, it is 4.3 billion terminations - even the defense department doesn't need 4.3 billion of anything and it couldn't afford to buy 4.3 billion edge devices to do a test anyway. So at the time I thought we were doing a experiment to prove the technology and that if it worked we'd have an opportunity to do a production version of it. Well - it just escaped! - it got out and people started to use it and then it became a commercial thing. So, this [IPv6] is the production attempt at making the network scalable. Only 30 years later.}}</ref>

== 같이 보기 ==
* [[경계 경로 프로토콜]]

== 각주 ==
{{각주}}

== 외부 링크 ==
*[//www.iana.org/assignments/ipv4-address-space/ipv4-address-space.xhtml Official current state of {{IPaddr|/8}} allocations, as maintained by IANA]
*[//www.icann.org/en/news/announcements/announcement-2-10feb08-en.htm ICANN recovers Large Block of Internet Addresses (14.0.0.0/8)] 2008-02-10
*[//www.icann.org/en/resources/policy/global-addressing/proposal-ipv4-report-29nov07-en.htm Global Policy Proposal for Remaining IPv4 Address Space – Background Report] 2008-09-08
*RIR IPv4 status: [//www.apnic.net/community/ipv4-exhaustion/graphical-information APNIC] [//www.ripe.net/internet-coordination/ipv4-exhaustion/ipv4-available-pool-graph RIPE]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100608114541/http://www.networkworld.com/news/2010/060710-tech-argument-ipv6-nat.html IPv6 vs. carrier-grade NAT/squeezing more out of IPv4]
* [https://www.apnic.net/community/ecosystem/igf/articles/ip-addressing-in-china-2004 IP addressing in China and the myth of address shortage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231135/https://www.apnic.net/community/ecosystem/igf/articles/ip-addressing-in-china-2004 |date=3 March 2016 }}

[[분류:기술 위험]]
[[분류:인터넷 구조]]
[[분류:IPv4]]
[[분류:IP 주소]]