{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}
{{법정 소송 정보
|이름      = 니카라과 v. 독일
|법원      = [[국제사법재판소]]
|그림      = 
|그림크기  = 
|그림링크  = 
|그림대체  = 
|그림설명  = 
|본명      =  Alleged Breaches of Certain International Obligations in Respect of the Occupied Palestinian Territory (Nicaragua v. Germany)
|시작날짜 = 2024년 3월 1일
|판결날짜  = 
|참조      = 
|핵심 주장 = "독일은 집단학살을 촉진하고 있으며, 어떠한 경우에도 집단학살을 방지하기 위해 할 수 있는 모든 조치를 취해야 할 의무를 다하지 못했다."<ref name="application">{{웹 인용|last=Argüello Gómez |first=Carlos J. |date=1 March 2024 |title=Application instituting proceedings |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/193/193-20240301-app-01-00-en.pdf#page=29 |website=International Court of Justice}}</ref>{{rp|at=¶&nbsp;16}}
|ECLI     =
|재판기록  = 
|이전행위  = 
|항소인    = 
|피항소인  = 
|이후행위  = 
|관련행위  = {{Hlist| [[이스라엘-하마스 전쟁]] | [[남아프리카 공화국 v. 이스라엘 (집단살해 협약)|남아프리카 공화국의 이스라엘 기소]] |}}
|주제      = {{Hlist| [[이스라엘–팔레스타인 분쟁]] | [[군사 점령]] | [[국제법]]}}
}}
{{전역상자 이스라엘-하마스 전쟁}}
2024년 3월 1일, [[니카라과]]는 [[독일]]이 [[이스라엘-하마스 전쟁]]에서 [[이스라엘]]을 지원한 것과 관련하여 [[집단살해죄의 방지와 처벌에 관한 협약]]을 근거로 '''점령된 팔레스타인 영토에 대한 특정 국제 의무 위반 혐의'''({{llang|en|Alleged Breaches of Certain International Obligations in Respect of the Occupied Palestinian Territory}})로 독일을 상대로 [[국제사법재판소]](ICJ)에 소송을 제기했다.<ref name="mee-2024-1-1">{{뉴스 인용|date=1 March 2024 |title=Nicaragua files application to World Court, accusing Germany of complicity in Gaza genocide |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/nicaragua-files-application-world-court-accusing-germany-complicity-gaza |work=Middle East Eye}}</ref><ref name=application /><ref name="reuters-2024-1-1">{{뉴스 인용|last=van den Berg |first=Stephanie |date=1 March 2024 |title=Nicaragua files case at World Court against Germany for aiding Israel |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/nicaragua-files-case-world-court-against-germany-aiding-israel-2024-03-01/ |work=Reuters}}</ref> 니카라과는 해당 소송에서, [[유엔 팔레스타인 난민 구호 사업 기구]](UNRWA)에 대한 독일의 자금 지원 재개와 이스라엘에 대한 군사 물자 지원 중단을 포함한 잠정적 보호 조치를 요청했다.<ref name="reuters-2024-1-1" /> 이 소송 이후 피고인 독일은 니카라과가 소송에서 제기한 의견과 상충된 의견을 내놓았다.

니카라과의 소송이 있기 약 3개월 전, 이스라엘-하마스 전쟁이 악화될 때 [[남아프리카 공화국]]은 [[이스라엘]]이 [[전쟁 범죄]]를 일으키고 있다는 이유로 [[남아프리카 공화국 v. 이스라엘 (집단살해 협약)|기소]]했다. 일부 학자들은 니카라과의 이 소송을 남아프리카 공화국이 건 소송의 연장선으로 보기도 한다. 다른 학자들은 니카라과의 소송을 전쟁 범죄 당사국이 아닌 전쟁 범죄에 기여한 국가를 기소했다는 점에 의미를 두기도 했다.

== 배경 ==
=== 남아프리카의 이스라엘 기소 ===
{{본문|남아프리카 공화국 v. 이스라엘 (집단살해 협약)}}

이전에 법정에서 진행된 절차에서 [[남아프리카 공화국]]은 [[이스라엘]]이 [[집단학살 방지 협약]]을 위반하여 [[가자 지구]]에서 [[팔레스타인인]]에 대한 집단학살을 저질렀으며, 현재도 저지르고 있다고 주장했다. 또한, 이를 이스라엘이 팔레스타인에서 벌이는 행위를 더 넓은 맥락에서 설명하며, 남아프리카 공화국은 이를 75년 간의 [[아파르트헤이트]], 56년 간의 점령, 16년 간의 가자지구 봉쇄로 규정했다.<ref name="Maupas 2024 l976">{{뉴스 인용|last=Maupas |first=Stéphanie |date=January 1, 2024 |title=Israel-Hamas war: South Africa brings 'genocide' case before international courts |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/01/01/israel-hamas-war-south-africa-brings-genocide-case-before-international-courts_6391608_4.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106225144/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/01/01/israel-hamas-war-south-africa-brings-genocide-case-before-international-courts_6391608_4.html |archive-date=6 January 2024 |access-date=January 6, 2024 |work=[[Le Monde]].fr |quote='Long years of apartheid'... The South African lawyers have relied on UN reports, reports by Palestinian journalists and research by NGOs, because Israel prevents the international press from entering the Gaza Strip, as well as investigators from the International Criminal Court and the UN Human Rights Commission. They added that this genocide is committed "against a background of apartheid, expulsion, ethnic cleansing, annexation, occupation, discrimination and ongoing denial of the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination."}}</ref><ref name="Powell 2024 g408">{{웹 인용|last=Powell |first=Anita |date=January 5, 2024 |title=South Africa to Take Israel to Top UN Court on Genocide Claim in Gaza |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/south-africa-to-take-israel-to-top-un-court-on-genocide-claim-in-gaza-/7427539.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106225145/https://www.voanews.com/a/south-africa-to-take-israel-to-top-un-court-on-genocide-claim-in-gaza-/7427539.html |archive-date=6 January 2024 |access-date=January 6, 2024 |website=[[Voice of America]] |quote=In the court application, South Africa argues that the treatment of Palestinians also bears strong resemblance to South Africa's own racially motivated apartheid regime, which ended in 1994 with Mandela's election. "It is important," the submission reads, "to place the acts of genocide in the broader context of Israel's conduct towards Palestinians during its 75-year-long apartheid, its 56-year-long belligerent occupation of Palestinian territory and its 16-year-long blockade of Gaza, including the serious and ongoing violations of international law associated therewith, including grave breaches of the Fourth Geneva Convention, and other war crimes and crimes against humanity."}}</ref> 남아프리카 공화국은 [[국제사법재판소]](ICJ)에 이스라엘이 가자지구 안, 그리고 가자지구를 향한 군사 작전을 즉시 중단하도록 명령하는 긴급 잠정 보호 조치를 내릴 것을 요청했다.<ref>The request for provisional measures is made under Article 74 of the [https://www.icj-cij.org/rules Rules of the Court] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106135200/https://www.icj-cij.org/rules|date=6 January 2024}}, which states that "A request for the indication of provisional measures shall have priority over all other cases."</ref><ref name="ICJ_SA_proceedings_vs_IL_29Dec2023">{{웹 인용|date=December 29, 2023 |title=Proceedings instituted by South Africa against the State of Israel on 29 December 2023 |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20231228-app-01-00-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105144115/https://www.icj-cij.org/index.php/node/203394 |archive-date=January 5, 2024 |access-date=January 5, 2024 |website=[[International Court of Justice]]}} [https://jusmundi.com/en/document/pdf/other/en-proceedings-instituted-by-south-africa-against-the-state-of-israel-on-29-december-2023-application-instituting-proceedings-and-request-for-the-indication-of-provisional-measures-friday-29th-december-2023 ALT Link]</ref>

[[이스라엘 외무부]]는 남아프리카 공화국의 주장을 "근거 없는 것"으로 묘사했고,<ref name="JP0-11-01">{{웹 인용|date=2024-01-11 |title=Israel: South African genocide claims at ICJ are baseless |url=https://www.jpost.com/international/article-781745 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121155231/https://www.jpost.com/international/article-781745 |archive-date=21 January 2024 |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref>  남아프리카 공화국을 "하마스의 법적 대리인으로 기능하고 있다"고 비판했다.<ref name="X-Haiat-11Jan">{{웹 인용|date=2024-01-11 |title=Lior Haiat - Spokesperson of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs |url=https://twitter.com/LiorHaiat/status/1745427037039280207 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117031246/https://twitter.com/LiorHaiat/status/1745427037039280207 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref> 이스라엘은 2023년 10월 7일 하마스가 주도한 자국 영토 공격에 대응하여 국제법에 따른 자위전을 수행하고 있다고 주장했다.ref name="UNnews12">{{웹 인용|date=2024-01-12 |title=War against Hamas in Gaza is act of self-defence, Israel tells world court |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/01/1145452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112144239/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/01/1145452 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=UN News}}</ref> 이 공격으로 약 1,200명이 사망했으며, 그들 대부분은 민간인이었다. 이스라엘은 계속되는 민간인 거주 지역에 대한 미사일 공격, 이스라엘 인질의 납치 및 가자 지구에서의 억류를 지적하며,<ref>{{웹 인용|date=12 January 2024 |title=Public sitting in the case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel) |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240112-ora-01-00-bi.pdf |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=International Court of Justice |page=14 |quote=... thousands of Hamas and other militants breached Israeli sovereign territory by sea, land and air, invading over 20 Israeli communities, bases and the site of a music festival. What proceeded, under the cover of thousands of rockets fired indiscriminately into Israel, was the wholesale massacre, mutilation, rape and abduction of as many citizens as the terrorists could find before Israel's forces repelled them. Openly displaying elation, they tortured children in front of parents, and parents in front of children, burned people, including infants, alive, and systematically raped and mutilated scores of women, men and children. All told, some 1,200 people were butchered that day, more than 5,500 maimed, and some 240 hostages abducted, including infants, entire families, persons with disabilities and Holocaust survivors, some of whom have since been executed; many of whom have been tortured, sexually abused and starved in captivity |location=The Hague}}</ref><ref name="ICJ-Becker">{{웹 인용|last=Berman |first=Lazar |date=2024-01-12 |title=Full text of Israel's opening address against South Africa genocide case at World Court |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/s-africa-genocide-case-is-a-libel-aimed-to-deny-israel-the-right-to-defend-itself/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121235941/https://www.timesofisrael.com/s-africa-genocide-case-is-a-libel-aimed-to-deny-israel-the-right-to-defend-itself/ |archive-date=21 January 2024 |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=The Times of Israel}}</ref> 전쟁 내각과 군사 당국의 지침이 집단학살 의도가 없음을 주장했다. 민간인 사상자가 많다는 점을 인정하면서도, 이스라엘은 [[하마스]]와 다른 무장 단체들이 민간인 인프라를 군사 자산과 작전을 숨기기 위한 은신처로 사용한 결과라고 했다.<ref name="ICJ-Becker" /> 또한 이스라엘은 국제법을 준수하고 있으며, 해당 지역에 인도적 지원을 원활히 제공하고 있다고 주장했다.<ref name="UNnews12">{{웹 인용|date=2024-01-12 |title=War against Hamas in Gaza is act of self-defence, Israel tells world court |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/01/1145452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112144239/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/01/1145452 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=UN News}}</ref><ref name="ICJ-12Jan-72">{{웹 인용|date=12 January 2024 |title=Public sitting in the case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel) |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240112-ora-01-00-bi.pdf |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=International Court of Justice |page=72 |quote=The conflict with Hamas poses serious operational and legal challenges: in conducting close-quarter urban combat, while mitigating harm to the surroundings; in seeking to put a stop to Hamas' military use of hospitals, while minimizing disruption of medical services; in helping civilians leave areas of the most intense fighting, while Hamas forces them to stay in the line of fire; in facilitating the provision of aid, when that aid is constantly stolen by Hamas, to sustain its military efforts; in balancing humanitarian considerations with the need to act forcefully against an adversary that still fires rockets deep into our country and holds our citizens hostage. |location=The Hague}}</ref>

2024년 1월 26일, 국제사법재판소는 임시 조치 요청에 관한 명령을 내렸으며, 이스라엘이 1948년 집단살해 협약에 따라 집단 학살로 간주될 수 있는 모든 행위를 방지하기 위한 모든 조치를 취하도록 명령했다.<ref name="BBC says ICJ says">{{뉴스 인용|title=Gaza war: ICJ says Israel must prevent genocidal acts in Gaza |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-68097640 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126093118/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-68097640 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name="Patrick Kingsley">{{뉴스 인용|date=26 January 2024 |title=Israel-Hamas War: Update from Patrick Kingsley |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/01/26/world/israel-hamas-gaza-news/333c0a8f-4e98-5a9f-8514-ef9aaf4f1e53 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126131634/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/01/26/world/israel-hamas-gaza-news/333c0a8f-4e98-5a9f-8514-ef9aaf4f1e53 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{웹 인용|date=2024-01-26 |title=Order respecting South Africa's request for provisional measures |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240126-ord-01-00-en.pdf |website=International Court of Justice}}</ref> 법원은 "남아프리카 공화국이 이스라엘이 가자 지구에서 저지른 것으로 주장한 행위 및 작전 행위 중 적어도 일부는 [집단살해] 협약의 조항에 해당할 가능성이 있다"고 밝혔다.<ref name="Time">{{잡지 인용|last=Rajvanshi |first=Astha |date=January 26, 2024 |title=U.N. Court Says Israel Must Prevent Genocidal Acts in Gaza, But Doesn't Order a Ceasefire |url=https://time.com/6588931/icj-ruling-israel-genocidal-acts-gaza-south-africa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126150958/https://time.com/6588931/icj-ruling-israel-genocidal-acts-gaza-south-africa/ |archive-date=26 January 2024 |access-date=January 26, 2024 |magazine=TIME |location=}}</ref> 남아프리카 공화국이 요청한 가자 지구 내 군사 작전 중단에 대해서는 이스라엘에 명령하지 않았다.<ref>{{웹 인용|date=2024-01-27 |title=Israel-Hamas war: ICJ stops short of ordering cease-fire, tells Israel to prevent acts of genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/live-blog/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-rcna135801 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127072101/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/live-blog/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-rcna135801 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{뉴스 인용|date=2024-01-27 |title=World Court stops short of Gaza ceasefire order for Israel |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-braces-world-court-ruling-focuses-attack-south-gaza-2024-01-26/ |access-date=2024-01-27 |work=Reuters}}</ref> 남아프리카 공화국과 이스라엘 양측의 관계자들은 각자가 이를 승리로 간주하며 법원의 결정을 환영했다.<ref>{{웹 인용|last=AlLawati |first=Nadeen Ebrahim, Abbas |date=2024-01-26 |title=Why both South Africa and Israel are welcoming the UN court's ruling in a landmark genocide case |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/26/middleeast/israel-genocide-case-icj-ruling-analysis-mime-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127071852/https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/26/middleeast/israel-genocide-case-icj-ruling-analysis-mime-intl/index.html |archive-date=27 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> 또한 법원은 가자 지구에서 억류된 인질들의 운명에 대해 "심각한 우려"를 표명했고, 최종 판결 전 가자 지구의 비극적 상황이 "더 악화될 심각한 위험에 처해 있다"고 인정했다.<ref name="auto4">{{뉴스 인용|date=26 January 2024 |title=Israel reined in by ICJ rulings on Gaza - but will it obey? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68113223 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126200114/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68113223 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |via=www.bbc.com}}</ref>

=== 니카라과-팔레스타인 관계 ===

== 각주 ==
{{각주}}

[[분류:국제사법재판소 판례]]
[[분류:니카라과-독일 관계]]
[[분류:니카라과-이스라엘 관계]]
[[분류:니카라과-팔레스타인 관계]]
[[분류:독일-팔레스타인 관계]]
[[분류:독일-이스라엘 관계]]