{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}
[[파일:CrossroadsAble2.gif|300px|섬네일|첫 번째 실험(에이블, Able)]]
[[파일:Crossroads_Baker.gif|300px|섬네일|두 번째 실험(베이커, Baker)]]
'''크로스로드 작전'''(Operation Crossroads)은 1946년 중반 미국이 [[비키니 환초]]에서 실시한 두 차례의 [[핵실험|핵무기 실험]]이다. 이는 1945년 7월 16일 [[트리니티 (핵 실험)|트리니티]] 이후 첫 번째 [[핵무기]] 실험이자, 1945년 8월 9일 [[히로시마·나가사키 원자폭탄 투하|나가사키 원자폭탄]] 이후 첫 핵폭발이었다. 실험의 목적은 핵무기가 군함에 미치는 영향을 조사하는 것이었다.

크로스로드 실험은 [[마셜 제도]]에서 실시된 많은 핵실험 중 첫 번째였으며, 사전에 공개적으로 발표되고 대규모 기자단을 포함한 초대된 청중이 참관한 최초의 시험이었다. 이 작전은 제2차 세계 대전 중 핵무기를 개발했던 맨해튼 프로젝트가 아닌 [[윌리엄 H. P. 블랜디]] 중장이 이끄는 합동군/해군 특수부대 1에 의해 수행되었다. 95척의 목표 선박 함대가 비키니 라군에 집결되어 1945년 나가사키에 투하된 것과 같은 팻 맨 플루토늄 내파형 핵무기를 두 번 폭발시켰다. 각각의 폭발력은 TNT 23킬로톤(96 TJ)이었다.

첫 번째 실험은 에이블(Able)이었다. 폭탄은 1946년 영화 [[길다]]에서 [[리타 헤이워스]]의 캐릭터 이름을 따서 길다로 명명되었으며 1946년 7월 1일 [[보잉 B-29 슈퍼포트리스]] 빅 스팅크스(데이브의 드림)에서 투하되었다. 목표 지점을 649m(2,130피트)만큼 빗나갔기 때문에 예상되는 선박 손상량보다 적다.

두 번째 실험은 베이커(Baker)였다. 이 폭탄은 헬렌 오브 비키니(Helen of bikini)로 알려졌으며 1946년 7월 25일 수중 90피트(27m)에서 폭발했다. 방사성 바다 물보라는 광범위한 오염을 일으켰다. 찰리(Charlie)라는 이름의 세 번째 심해 실험은 1947년에 계획되었지만 주로 미 해군이 베이커 실험 이후 대상 선박의 오염을 제거할 수 없었기 때문에 취소되었다. 결국, 자침이 아닌 폐기가 가능한 목표 선박은 9척뿐이었다. 찰리는 1955년 멕시코 해안(바하 캘리포니아)에서 수행된 심해 사격인 [[위그왐 작전]]으로 일정이 변경되었다.

비키니의 원주민은 LST-861을 타고 섬에서 대피했으며 대부분은 [[롱게리크 환초]]로 이동했다. 1950년대 일련의 대규모 열핵실험으로 인해 비키니는 방사능 오염으로 인해 자급 농업 및 어업에 적합하지 않게 되었다. 비키니는 2017년 현재 무인 상태로 남아 있지만 스포츠 다이버들이 가끔 방문하기도 한다.

기획자들은 크로스로드 작전 실험 참가자를 방사선 질환으로부터 보호하려고 시도했지만 한 연구에 따르면 참가자의 기대 수명이 평균 3개월 단축된 것으로 나타났다. 모든 표적 선박에 대한 베이커 테스트의 방사능 오염은 핵폭발로 인한 즉각적이고 집중된 방사능 낙진의 첫 번째 사례였다. [[미국 원자력위원회]]의 최장수 의장이자 화학자 [[글렌 T. 시보그]](Glenn T. Seaborg)는 베이커를 "세계 최초의 핵 재앙"이라고 불렀다.{{sfn|Weisgall|1994|p=ix}}

== 각주 ==
<references />

== 참고 ==
{{참고 자료 시작|30em}}
* {{인용
| last = Bradley
| first = David
| author-link = David J. Bradley
| year = 1948
| title = No Place to Hide
| location = Boston
| publisher = Little, Brown
| oclc = 622505066
}}
* {{인용
| year = 1946
| title = Operation Crossroads: The Effect of the Atomic Bomb on Naval Power
| periodical = [[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]]
| location = Chicago
| volume = 1| issue = 5, February 15, 1946
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GAwAAAAAMBAJ
| page = 1
| ref=CITEREFBulletin_Editors1946
}}
* {{인용
|last=Campbell
|first=Richard H.
|year=2005
|title=The Silverplate Bombers: A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B-29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs
|location=Jefferson, North Carolina
|publisher=McFarland & Company
|isbn= 0-7864-2139-8
|oclc=58554961
}}
* {{인용
| last = Christman
| first = Albert B.
| title = Target Hiroshima: Deak Parsons and the Creation of the Atomic Bomb
| location = Annapolis, Maryland
| publisher = Naval Institute Press
| year = 1998
| isbn = 1-55750-120-3
| oclc = 38257982
}}
* {{인용
| last = Compton
| first = Arthur H.
| title = Atomic Quest
| author-link = Arthur Compton
| location = New York
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| year = 1956
| oclc = 173307
}}
* {{인용
| last = Coster-Mullen
| first = John
| author-link=John Coster-Mullen
| year = 2003
| title = Atom Bombs: The Top Secret Inside Story of Little Boy and Fat Man
| location = Milwaukee
| publisher = Self published
}}
* {{인용
| last = Daly
| first = Thomas N.
| year = 1986
| title = Crossroads at Bikini
| periodical = Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute
| location = Annapolis, Maryland
| volume = 112| issue = 7, July 1986
| pages = 65–74
| issn = 0041-798X
}}
* {{인용
| last = Davis
| first = Jeffrey
| year = 1994
| title = Bombing Bikini Again (This Time With Money): Decades after their Atoll was Nearly Vaporized by Nuclear Tests, Bikinians Consider Selling their Home to Americans – as an Atomic Theme Park
| url = http://www.bikiniatoll.com/NYTM.html
| access-date = November 8, 2009
| periodical = New York Times Magazine
| location = New York
| issue = May 1, 1994
| issn = 0028-7822
}}
* {{인용
| last = Delgado
| first = James P.
| author-link = James P. Delgado
| year = 1991
| title = The Archeology of the Atomic Bomb: A Submerged Cultural Resources Assessment of the Sunken Fleet of Operation Crossroads at Bikini and Kwajalein Atoll Lagoons
| location = Santa Fe, New Mexico
| publisher = National Park Service
| url = https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Archeology_of_the_Atomic_Bomb,_National_Park_Service,_Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico,_1991_by_Delgado,_James_P.,_et_al._-_NNPS_903_D160_-38840-pg0000.pdf
| access-date = November 8, 2009
| asin = B0014H9NEW
}}
* {{인용
| last = Delgado
| first = James P.
| author-link = James P. Delgado
| year = 1996
| title = Ghost Fleet: The Sunken Ships of Bikini Atoll
| location = Honolulu
| publisher = University of Hawaii Press
| isbn = 978-0-8248-1864-7
| url = https://archive.org/details/ghostfleet00jame
}}
<!--
* {{인용
| last = Delgado
| first = James P.
| author-link = James P. Delgado
| year = 2006
| title = America at a Crossroads 60 Years Later
| periodical = Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute
| location = Annapolis, Maryland
| volume = 132| issue = 7, July 2006
| issn = 0041-798X
}} -->
* {{인용
| last = Fletcher
| first = E. Royce
| contribution = Nuclear Bomb Effects Computer
| url = http://www.fourmilab.ch/bombcalc/
| access-date = December 16, 2009
| editor-last = Glasstone
| editor-first = Samuel
| editor-link = Samuel Glasstone
| editor2-last = Dolan
| editor2-first = Philip
| editor2-link = Philip J. Dolan
| year = 1977
| title = The Effects of Nuclear Weapons
| edition = 3rd
| location = Washington, DC
| publisher = U.S. Government Printing Office: 1977 O-213-794
}}
* {{인용
| last = Glasstone
| first = Samuel
| author-link = Samuel Glasstone
| year = 1967
| title = Sourcebook on Atomic Energy
| edition = 3rd
| location = Huntington, New York
| publisher = Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, Inc. (1979 reprint edition)
| isbn = 978-0-88275-898-5
| url-access = registration
| url = https://archive.org/details/sourcebookonatom0000glas
}}
* {{인용
| last1 = Glasstone
| first1 = Samuel
| author-link = Samuel Glasstone
| last2 = Dolan
| first2 = Philip
| author2-link = Philip J. Dolan
| year = 1977
| title = The Effects of Nuclear Weapons
| edition = 3rd
| url = http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/www/effects/
| location = Washington, DC
| publisher = U.S. Government Printing Office: 1977 O-213-794
| isbn = 0-16-002036-0
}}
* {{인용
| last = Groves
| first = Leslie
| title = Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project
| location = New York
| publisher = Harper
| year = 1962
| isbn = 0-306-70738-1
| oclc = 537684
}}
* {{인용
| last = Hansen
| first = Chuck
| author-link = Chuck Hansen
| series = Swords of Armageddon: US Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945
| title = Volume VII: The Development of US Nuclear Weapons
| location = Sunnyvale, California
| publisher = Chukelea Publications
| year = 1995
| isbn =978-0-9791915-1-0
| oclc = 231585284
}}
* {{인용
| last = Institute of Medicine
| first = National Academy of Sciences
| editor-last1=Thaul |editor-first1=William |editor-last2= Page |editor-first2=William F. |editor-last3=Crawford |editor-first3= Harriet
| year = 1996
| title = The Five Series Study: Mortality of Veteran Participants in the CROSSROADS Nuclear Test: Study pursuant to 1983 Public Law 98–160
| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK225007/
| publisher = [[National Academies Press|National Academy Press]]
| access-date = May 16, 2009
| author-link = United States National Academy of Sciences
| location=Washington, DC
| isbn = 978-0-585-14895-3
| oclc = 43477109
}}
* {{인용
| year = 1947
| title = What Science Learned at Bikini
| magazine = [[Life (magazine)|Life]]
| issn = 0024-3019
| location = New York
| volume = 23| issue = 16, August 11, 1947
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=V04EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA74
| pages = 74–85
| ref = CITEREFLife_Editors1947
}}
* {{인용
|author=Navy History and Heritage Command
|publisher=Navy History and Heritage Command
|year=2002
|title=Operation Crossroads: Fact Sheet
|location=Washington, DC
|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq76-1.htm
|access-date=January 1, 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024121304/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq76-1.htm
|archive-date=October 24, 2012
}}
* {{인용
| last = Newson
| first = Henry W.
| title = Memorandum to Norris Bradbury, December 17, 1945, Possible Difficulties in Naval Tests
| year = 1945
| location = Los Alamos, New Mexico
| publisher = Los Alamos National Laboratory, DOE/CIC 120851
}}
<!--
* {{인용
| last = Niedenthal
| first = Jack
| year = 2009
| title = The world's debt to Bikini
| periodical = [[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]] Web Edition
| location = Chicago
| issue = March 11, 2009
| url = http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/op-eds/the-worlds-debt-to-bikini
| access-date = December 5, 2009
}} -->
* {{인용
| last = Oertling
| first = Thomas James
| year = 1996
| title = Ships' Bilge Pumps: a History of their Development, 1500–1900
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WU7mG9K5A40C&q=Thomas+James+Oertling
| location = Vancouver, BC
| publisher = Texas A&M University Press
| isbn = 978-0-89096-722-5
}}
* {{인용
| last = Peterson
| first = Howard C.
| title = Memorandum to General J. Lawton Collins, February 12, 1946
| year = 1946
| location = Washington, DC
| publisher = Records of the Office of the Secretary of War, RG 107 (Atomic Energy Folder), National Archives
}}
* {{인용
| last = Shurcliff
| first = William A.
| year = 1946
| title = Operation Crossroads: The Official Pictorial Record
| url = https://archive.org/details/operationcrossro00unit
| location = New York
| publisher = William H. Wise and Co.
| access-date = December 14, 2009
| oclc = 1223420
}}
* {{인용
| last = Shurcliff
| first = William A.
| year = 1947
| title = Bombs at Bikini: The Official Report of Operation Crossroads
| url = https://archive.org/details/bombsatbikinioff00unit
| location = New York
| publisher = William H. Wise and Co.
| access-date = December 14, 2009
| oclc = 1492066
}}
* {{인용
| last = Strauss
| first = Lewis
| author-link = Lewis Strauss
| year = 1962
| title = Men and Decisions
| location = Garden City, New York
| publisher = Doubleday
| oclc = 456825
}}
* {{인용
| last = Szilard
| first = Leo
| author-link = Leo Szilard
| editor-last = Weart
| editor-first = Spencer R.
| editor-link = Spencer R. Weart
| editor2-last = Szilard
| editor2-first = Gertrude Weiss
| year = 1978
| title = Leo Szilard: his Version of the Facts: Selected Recollections and Correspondence
| location = Cambridge, Massachusetts
| publisher = MIT Press
| isbn = 978-0-262-69070-6
| bibcode = 1979lshv.book.....W
}}
* {{인용
| last = Warren
| first = Stafford L.
| year = 1947
| title = Conclusions: Tests Proved Irresistible Spread of Radioactivity
| magazine = [[Life (magazine)|Life]]
| location = New York
| volume = 23| issue = 16, August 11, 1947
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=V04EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA86
| pages = 86, 88
}}
* {{인용
| last = Waters
| first = Odale D. Jr.
| year = 1986
| title = Crossroads: A Tin Can Perspective
| periodical = Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute
| location = Annapolis, Maryland
| volume = 112| issue = 7, July 1986
| pages = 72–74
| issn = 0041-798X
}}
* {{인용
| last = Weisgall
| first = Jonathan
| year = 1994
| title = Operation Crossroads: The Atomic Tests at Bikini Atoll
| location = Annapolis, Maryland
| publisher = Naval Institute Press
| isbn = 978-1-55750-919-2
| url-access = registration
| url = https://archive.org/details/operationcrossro0000weis
}}
{{참고 자료 끝}}

== 외부 링크 ==
* [https://ia801302.us.archive.org/32/items/bombsatbikinioff00unit/bombsatbikinioff00unit_bw.pdf  Bombs at Bikini] The Official Report of Operation Crossroads, Joint Task Force One
* [http://content.lib.washington.edu/donaldsonweb/index.html Lauren R. Donaldson Collection, served as a radiation monitor for Operation Crossroads] – University of Washington Digital Collection
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20000521071018/http://history.navy.mil/ac/bikini/bikini1.htm A series of watercolour paintings], made by U.S. Military combat artists, as a report of the tests.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19970206084507/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq4-1.htm US Navy and Nuclear Weapons Testing]
* {{Internet Archive film|id=gov.ntis.ava13712vnb1|title=Operations Crossroads (1949)}}
* {{Internet Archive film|id=1946-06-13_Atom_Test_Nears|title=Atom Test Nears, 1946/06/13 (1946)}}
* {{Internet Archive film|id=1946-07-01_Operations_Crossroads_Underway|title=Operations Crossroads Underway, 1946/07/01 (1946)}}
* {{Internet Archive film|id=1946-07-08_First_Pictures_Atomic_Blast|title=First Pictures Atomic Blast!, 1946/07/08 (1946)}}
* {{Internet Archive film|id=gov.doe.0800002|title=Nuclear Test Film – Project Crossroads}} (42m32s)
* {{Internet Archive film|id=AtomBomb1946|title=Atom Bomb (Joe Bonica's Movie of the Month) (ca. 1955)}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130218065013/http://www.dtra.mil/documents/ntpr/relatedpub/DNATR8205V1.pdf Analysis of Radiation Exposure for Naval Units of Operation Crossroads – Volume I-Basic Report]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130218065343/http://www.dtra.mil/documents/ntpr/relatedpub/DNATR8205V2.pdf Analysis of Radiation Exposure for Naval Units of Operation Crossroads – Volume II-(Appendix A) Target Ships]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130218065519/http://www.dtra.mil/documents/ntpr/relatedpub/DNATR8205V3.pdf Analysis of Radiation Exposure for Naval Units of Operation Crossroads – Volume II-(Appendix B) Support Ships]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130218141446/http://www.dtra.mil/documents/ntpr/relatedpub/DNATR84119.pdf Internal Dose Assessment – Operation Crossroads]
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Archeology_of_the_Atomic_Bomb,_National_Park_Service,_Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico,_1991_by_Delgado,_James_P.,_et_al._-_NNPS_903_D160_-38840-pg0000.pdf The Archeology of the Atomic Bomb, National Park Service.]
{{맨해튼 계획}}
{{전거 통제}}

[[분류:비키니 핵 실험]]
[[분류:암호명]]
[[분류:강제 이주]]
[[분류:미국의 군사 계획]]
[[분류:1946년 군사사]]
[[분류:1946년 과학]]
[[분류:1946년 환경]]