{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}
{{인물 정보
|이름 = 폴 로버트 밀그럼
|원어명 = Paul Robert Milgrom
|그림 = 
|그림설명 = 
|본명 = 
|로마자 표기 = 
|출생일 = 1948년 4월 20일
|출생지 = 미국
|사망일 = 
|사망지 = 
|국적 = 미국
|학력 = 
|경력 = 스탠퍼드 대학교 인문과학교수
|직업 = 경제학자
|병역 = 
|활동기간 = 1987년 ~ 현재
|소속 = 스탠퍼드 대학교
|종교 = 
|배우자 = 낸시 스토키
|상훈 = 노벨 경제학상 (2020년)
|웹사이트 = 
|서명 = 
}}

{{번역 확장 필요|en|Paul Milgrom}}
[[파일:Paul Milgrom Headshot.jpg|섬네일|폴 밀그럼]]
'''폴 로버트 밀그럼'''(Paul Robert Milgrom, 1948년 4월 20일 ~ )은 [[미국]]의 [[경제학자]]이다. 1987년부터 [[스탠퍼드 대학교]]의 인문과학교수로 재직 중이다. 밀그럼은 [[게임 이론]], 특히 [[경제 이론]]과 가격 결정 전략의 전문가이다. 2020년에 경매 이론의 개선과 새 경매 형식의 발명에 대한 공로로 [[로버트 B. 윌슨]]과 함께 [[노벨 경제학상]]을 수상했다.<ref name=nobelpressrelease>{{보도자료 인용|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= October 12, 2020 |title= The Prize in Economic Sciences 2020 |url= https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2020/09/press-economicsciences2020.pdf |publisher= Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences}}</ref><ref>{{웹 인용|last1=Riley |first1=Charles |title=Nobel Prize in economics awarded to Paul Milgrom and Robert Wilson for auction theory |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/12/business/nobel-prize-economics/index.html?utm_source=digg |access-date=October 12, 2020}}</ref>

[[낸시 스토키]]와 공동으로 [[무거래 정리]](no-trade theorem)를 개발하였다. 여러 기업들의 공동 설립자이기도 한데, 그 기업들 중 가장 최근의 것으로는 옥셔노믹스(Auctionomics)가 있으며<ref name="auto">{{웹 인용|url=http://www.auctionomics.com/|title=Auctionomics}}</ref> 상업 [[경매]]와 [[거래소]]를 위한 [[소프트웨어]]와 서비스를 제공한다.

== 저서 ==
* {{서적 인용|author=Milgrom, Paul|title=The Structure of Information in Competitive Bidding|year=1979a|publisher=New York: Garland Press}} (Ph.D. Dissertation)
* {{저널 인용|author=Milgrom, Paul|title=A Convergence Theorem for Competitive Bidding with Differential Information|journal=Econometrica|year=1979b|volume=47|issue=3|pages=679–88|doi=10.2307/1910414|jstor=1910414}}
* {{저널 인용|author=Milgrom, Paul|title=An Axiomatic Characterization of Common Knowledge|journal=Econometrica|year=1981a|volume=49|issue=1|pages=219–222|doi=10.2307/1911137|jstor=1911137|url=http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/research/math/papers/393.pdf}}
* {{저널 인용|author=Milgrom, Paul|title=Rational Expectations, Information Acquisition, and Competitive Bidding|journal=Econometrica|year=1981b|volume=49|pages=921–943|doi=10.2307/1912511|issue=4|jstor=1912511}}
* {{저널 인용|author=Milgrom, Paul|title=Good News and Bad News: Representation Theorems and Applications|journal=Bell Journal of Economics|year=1981c|volume=12|pages=380–91|doi=10.2307/3003562|issue=2|jstor=3003562|citeseerx=10.1.1.465.6331}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Milgrom, Paul|author2=Roberts, John|title=Limit Pricing and Entry Under Incomplete Information: An Equilibrium Analysis|journal=Econometrica|year=1982|volume=50|pages=443–59|doi=10.2307/1912637|issue=2|jstor=1912637|url=http://www.dklevine.com/archive/refs4245.pdf}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Milgrom, Paul|author2=Roberts, John Roberts|title=Predation, Reputation, and Entry Deterrence|journal=Journal of Economic Theory|year=1982|volume=27|pages=280–312|doi=10.1016/0022-0531(82)90031-X|issue=2|issn=0022-0531|url=http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/research/math/papers/427.pdf}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Milgrom, Paul|author2=Stokey, Nancy|title=Information, Trade and Common Knowledge|journal=Journal of Economic Theory|year=1982|volume=26|issue=1|pages=17–27|doi=10.1016/0022-0531(82)90046-1|url=http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/research/math/papers/377.pdf}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Milgrom, Paul|author2=Weber, Robert|title=The Value of Information in a Sealed Bid Auction|journal=Journal of Mathematical Economics|year=1982a|volume=10|issue=1|pages=105–14|doi=10.1016/0304-4068(82)90008-8|issn=0304-4068|url=http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/research/math/papers/462.pdf|hdl=10419/220822|hdl-access=free}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Milgrom, Paul|author2=Weber, Robert|title=A Theory of Auctions and Competitive Bidding|journal=Econometrica|year=1982b|volume=50|pages=1089–1122|doi=10.2307/1911865|issue=5|jstor=1911865|citeseerx=10.1.1.186.4633}}
* {{저널 인용|authors=Kreps, David; Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John; Wilson, Robert|title=Rational Cooperation in the Finitely‑Repeated Prisoners' Dilemma|journal=Journal of Economic Theory|year=1982|volume=27|pages=245‑252|doi=10.1016/0022-0531(82)90029-1|issue=2|url=http://www.dklevine.com/archive/refs4239.pdf}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Engelbrecht-Wiggans, R.|author2=Milgrom, Paul R.|author3=Weber, Robert J.|title=Competitive bidding and proprietary information|journal=Journal of Mathematical Economics|year=1983|volume=11|issue=2|pages=161–169|doi=10.1016/0304-4068(83)90034-4|url=http://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d05/d0531.pdf|access-date=2021-10-17|archive-date=2020-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018144224/http://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d05/d0531.pdf|url-status=}}
* {{저널 인용|author=Milgrom, Paul|title=Axelrod's "The Evolution of Cooperation"|journal=The RAND Journal of Economics|year=1984|volume=15|issue=2|pages=305–309|doi=10.2307/2555683|jstor=2555683}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Milgrom, Paul|author2=Weber, Robert|title=Distributional Strategies for Games with Incomplete Information|journal=Mathematics of Operations Research|year=1985|volume=10|pages=619–32|doi=10.1287/moor.10.4.619|issue=4|url=http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/research/math/papers/428.pdf|hdl=10419/220788|hdl-access=free}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Glosten, Larry|author2=Milgrom, Paul|title=Bid, Ask and Transactions Prices in a Specialist Market with Insider Trading|journal=Journal of Financial Economics|year=1985|volume=14|pages=71‑100|doi=10.1016/0304-405X(85)90044-3|issue=1|citeseerx=10.1.1.460.947|issn=0304-405X}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Milgrom, Paul|author2=Roberts, John|title=Price and Advertising Signals of Product Quality|journal=Journal of Political Economy|year=1986a|volume=94|pages=796–821|jstor=1833203|issue=4|doi=10.1086/261408|s2cid=154506015|url=http://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d07/d0709.pdf|access-date=2021-10-17|archive-date=2020-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806034037/http://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d07/d0709.pdf|url-status=}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Milgrom, Paul|author2=Roberts, John|title=Relying on the Information of Interested Parties|journal=The RAND Journal of Economics|year=1986b|volume=17|issue=1|pages=18–32|jstor=2555625|doi=10.2307/2555625|url=http://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d07/d0749.pdf|access-date=2021-10-17|archive-date=2020-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806050128/http://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d07/d0749.pdf|url-status=}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Holmstrom, Bengt|author2=Milgrom, Paul|title=Aggregation and Linearity in the Provision of Intertemporal Incentives|journal=Econometrica|year=1987|volume=55|pages=303–328|doi=10.2307/1913238|jstor=1913238|issue=2|url=http://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d07/d0742.pdf|access-date=2021-10-17|archive-date=2020-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031144952/https://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d07/d0742.pdf|url-status=}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Milgrom, Paul|author2=Roberts, John|title=Informational Asymmetries, Strategic Behavior, and Industrial Organization|journal=The American Economic Review|year=1987|volume=77|issue=2|pages=184–193|jstor=1805448}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Milgrom, Paul|author2=Oster, Sharon|title=Job Discrimination, Market Forces and the Invisibility Hypothesis|journal=Quarterly Journal of Economics|year=1987|volume=102|issue=3|pages=453–476|doi=10.2307/1884213|jstor=1884213|url=http://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d07/d0708-r.pdf|access-date=2021-10-17|archive-date=2020-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806133828/http://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d07/d0708-r.pdf|url-status=}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Milgrom, Paul|author2=Roberts, John|title=An Economic Approach to Influence Activities and Organizational Responses|journal=American Journal of Sociology|year=1988|volume=94|pages=S154–S179|doi=10.1086/228945|jstor=2780245|s2cid=154341784}}
* {{저널 인용|author=Milgrom, Paul|title=Employment Contracts, Influence Activities, and Efficient Organization Design|journal=Journal of Political Economy|year=1988|volume=96|pages=42–60|jstor=1830709|issue=1|doi=10.1086/261523|s2cid=154458173|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6pf6c5j6}}
* {{저널 인용|author=Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts|title=Communication and Inventories as Substitutes in Organizing Production|journal=Scandinavian Journal of Economics|year=1988|volume=90|issue=3|pages=275–289|doi=10.2307/3440309|jstor=3440309}}
* {{저널 인용|author=Milgrom, Paul|title=Auctions and Bidding: A Primer|journal=The Journal of Economic Perspectives|year=1989|volume=3|issue=3|pages=3–22|jstor=1942756|doi=10.1257/jep.3.3.3}}
* {{저널 인용|authors=Fudenberg, Drew; Holmstrom, Bengt and Paul Milgrom|title=Short-term contracts and long-term agency relationships|journal=Journal of Economic Theory|year=1990|volume=51|issue=1|pages=154–159|jstor=2006561|doi=10.1016/0022-0531(90)90048-O|hdl=1721.1/64269|hdl-access=free}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Milgrom, Paul|author2=Roberts, John|title=The Efficiency of Equity in Organizational Decision Processes|journal=The American Economic Review|year=1990a|volume=80|issue=2|pages=1–31|doi=10.1016/0022-0531(90)90048-O|jstor=2006561|issn=0022-0531|hdl=1721.1/64269|hdl-access=free}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Milgrom, Paul|author2=Roberts, John|title=The Economics of Modern Manufacturing: Technology, Strategy and Organization|journal=American Economic Review|year=1990b|volume=80|pages=511–28|issue=3|jstor=2006681}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Milgrom, Paul|author2=Roberts, John|title=Rationalizability, Learning and Equilibrium in Games With Strategic Complementarities|journal=Econometrica|year=1990c|volume=58|pages=1255–1278|jstor=2938316|issue=6|doi=10.2307/2938316}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Milgrom, Paul|author2=North, Douglass C.|author3=Weingast, Barry R.|title=The role of institutions in the revival of trade: the law merchant, private judges, and the champagne fairs|journal=Economics and Politics|year=1990|volume=2|issue=1|pages=1–23|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0343.1990.tb00020.x|citeseerx=10.1.1.669.1678}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Holmstrom, Bengt|author2=Milgrom, Paul|title=Multitask Principal-Agent Analyses: Incentive Contracts, Asset Ownership and Job Design|journal=Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization|year=1991|volume=7|pages=303–328|jstor=764957|doi=10.1093/jleo/7.special_issue.24|citeseerx=10.1.1.715.3715}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Abreu, D.|author2=Milgrom, Paul|author3=Pearce, David|title=Information and Timing in Repeated Partnerships|journal=Econometrica|year=1991|volume=59|pages=1713–1733|jstor=2938286|issue=6|doi=10.2307/2938286|citeseerx=10.1.1.295.1370}}
* {{저널 인용|authors=Milgrom, Paul; Qian, Yingi; Roberts, John|title=Complementarities, Momentum, and the Evolution of Modern Manufacturing|journal=The American Economic Review|year=1991|volume=81|issue=2|pages=84–88|jstor=2006831}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Milgrom, Paul|author2=Roberts, John|title=Adaptive and sophisticated learning in normal form games|journal=Games and Economic Behavior|year=1991|volume=82|issue=100|pages=82–100|doi=10.1016/0899-8256(91)90006-Z|issn=0899-8256}}
* {{서적 인용|author1=Milgrom, Paul|author2=Roberts, John|title=Economics, Organization and Management|year=1992|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0132246507|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/economicsorganiz00milg}}
* {{저널 인용|author=Bresnahan, Timothy F.|author2=Milgrom, Paul|author3=Paul, Jonathan|title=The Real Output of the Stock Exchange|journal=Output Measurement in the Services Sectors|year=1992|pages=195–216}}
* {{저널 인용|author=Meyer, Margaret|author1-link= Margaret A. Meyer |author2=Paul Milgrom|author3=Roberts, John|title=Organizational Prospects, Influence Costs, and Ownership Changes|journal=Journal of Economics & Management Strategy|year=1992|volume=1|pages=9–35|doi=10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00009.x|issue=1}}
* {{저널 인용|author=Milgrom, Paul|title=Comparing Optima: Do Simplifying Assumptions Affect Conclusions?|journal=Journal of Political Economy|year=1994|volume=102|issue=3|pages=607–615|doi=10.1086/261948|jstor=2138625|s2cid=153568621}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Milgrom, Paul|author2=Roberts, John|title=Comparing Equilibria|journal=The American Economic Review|year=1994|volume=84|issue=3|pages=441–459|jstor=2118061}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Milgrom, Paul|author2=Shannon, Chris|title=Monotone Comparative Statics|journal=Econometrica|year=1994|volume=62|pages=157–180|jstor=2951479|issue=1|doi=10.2307/2951479}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Holmstrom, Bengt|author2=Milgrom, Paul|title=The Firm as an Incentive System|journal=The American Economic Review|year=1994|volume=84|pages=972–991|jstor=2118041|issue=4}}
* {{저널 인용|authors=Greif, Avner; Milgrom, Paul; Weingast, Barry R.|title=Coordination, Commitment, and Enforcement: The Case of the Merchant Guild|journal=Journal of Political Economy|year=1994|volume=102|issue=4|pages=745–776|jstor=2138763|doi=10.1086/261953|s2cid=154501745}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Milgrom, Paul|author2=Roberts, John|title=Complementarities and Fit: Strategy, Structure and Organizational Change in Manufacturing|journal=Journal of Accounting and Economics|year=1994|volume=19|issue=2–3|pages=179–208|doi=10.1016/0165-4101(94)00382-f|issn=0165-4101}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Milgrom, Paul|author2=Roberts, John|title=The Economics of Modern Manufacturing: Reply|journal=The American Economic Review|year=1995|volume=85|issue=4|pages=997–999|jstor=2118249}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Milgrom, Paul|author2=Roberts, John|title=The LeChatelier Principle|journal= The American Economic Review|year=1996a|volume=86|issue=1|pages=113–128|jstor=2118261}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Milgrom, Paul|author2=Roberts, John|title=Coalition-Proofness and Correlation with Arbitrary Communication Possibilities|journal=  Games and Economic Behavior|year=1996b|volume=17|issue=1|pages=173–179|doi=10.1006/game.1996.0096}}
* {{저널 인용|author=Milgrom, Paul|title=Game theory and the spectrum auctions|journal=European Economic Review|year=1998|volume=42|issue=3–5|pages=771–778|doi=10.1016/S0014-2921(97)00146-3|issn=0014-2921}}
* {{저널 인용|author=Milgrom, Paul|title=Putting Auction Theory to Work: The Simulteneous Ascending Auction|journal=Journal of Political Economy|year=2000|volume=108|issue=2|pages=245–272|doi=10.1086/262118|jstor=262118|citeseerx=10.1.1.195.7314|s2cid=14242011}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Ausubel, Lawrence M.|author2=Milgrom, Paul|title=Ascending Auctions with Package Bidding|journal=The B.E. Journal of Theoretical Economics|year=2002|volume=1|issue=1|doi=10.2202/1534-5963.1019|citeseerx=10.1.1.528.8990|s2cid=1083684|issn=1534-5963}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Milgrom, Paul|author2=Segal, Ilya|title=Envelope Theorems for Arbitrary Choice Sets|journal=Econometrica|year=2002|volume=70|pages=583–601|jstor=2692283|issue=2|doi=10.1111/1468-0262.00296|citeseerx=10.1.1.217.4736|ssrn=312251}}
* {{서적 인용|author=Milgrom, Paul|title=Putting Auction Theory to Work|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-53672-1}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Hatfield, John W.|author2=Milgrom, Paul|title=Matching with Contracts|journal=The American Economic Review|year=2005|volume=95|issue=4|pages=913–935|doi=10.1257/0002828054825466|jstor=4132699|url=http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/0002828054825466}}
* {{저널 인용|author=Ausubel, Lawrence M.; Cramton, Peter; Milgrom, Paul|title=The Clock-Proxy Auction: A Practical Combinatorial Auction Design|journal=In Combinatorial Auctions, Edited by Cramton, P., Shoham, Y., and Steinberg, R.|publisher=MIT Press|year=2006|doi=10.7551/mitpress/9780262033428.001.0001|isbn=978-0-2620-3342-8|editor1-last=Cramton|editor1-first=Peter|editor2-last=Shoham|editor2-first=Yoav|editor3-last=Steinberg|editor3-first=Richard}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Ausubel, Lawrence M.|author2=Milgrom, Paul|title=The Lovely but Lonely Vickrey Auction|journal=In Combinatorial Auctions|pages=17–40|editor1=Cramton, P.|editor2=Shoham, Y.|editor3=Steinberg, R.|year=2006a|publisher=MIT press|doi=10.7551/mitpress/9780262033428.003.0002|citeseerx=10.1.1.120.7158|isbn=9780262033428}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Ausubel, Lawrence M.|author2=Milgrom, Paul|title=Ascending Proxy Auctions|journal=In Combinatorial Auctions|editor1=Cramton, P.|editor2=Shoham, Y.|editor3=Steinberg, R.|year=2006b}}
* {{저널 인용|author=Milgrom, Paul|title=Package Auctions and Exchanges|journal=Econometrica|year=2007|volume=75|issue=4|pages=935–965|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0262.2007.00778.x|jstor=4502017}}
* {{저널 인용|author=Milgrom, Paul|title=What the Seller Won't Tell You: Persuasion and Disclosure in Markets|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|year=2008|volume=22|issue=2|pages=115–131|doi=10.1257/jep.22.2.115|jstor=27648244|doi-access=free}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Hall, Robert E.|author2=Milgrom, Paul R.|title=The Limited Influence of Unemployment on the Wage Bargain|journal=The American Economic Review|year=2008|volume=98|issue=4|pages=1653–1674|jstor=29730140|doi=10.1257/aer.98.4.1653|citeseerx=10.1.1.516.6267|s2cid=18040832}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Day, R.|author2=Milgrom, Paul|title=Core-selecting package auctions|journal=International Journal of Game Theory|year=2008|volume=36|issue=3–4|pages=393–407|doi=10.1007/s00182-007-0100-7|citeseerx=10.1.1.529.9950|s2cid=7593117}}
* {{저널 인용|author=Milgrom, Paul|title=Assignment Messages and Exchanges|journal=American Economic Journal: Microeconomics|year=2009|volume=1|issue=2|pages=95–113|doi=10.1257/mic.1.2.95|citeseerx=10.1.1.487.2981}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Milgrom, Paul|author2=Bruno Strulovici|title=Substitute goods, auctions, and equilibrium|journal=Journal of Economic Theory|year=2009|volume=144|issue=1|pages=212–247|doi=10.1016/j.jet.2008.05.002|citeseerx=10.1.1.497.9686}}
* {{저널 인용|author=Milgrom, Paul|title=Ascending Prices and Package Bidding: A Theoretical and Experimental Analysis|journal=American Economic Journal: Microeconomics|year=2010|volume=2|issue=3|pages=160–185|doi=10.1257/mic.2.3.160|citeseerx=10.1.1.727.4004}}
* {{저널 인용|author=Milgrom, Paul|title=Simplified mechanisms with an application to sponsored-search auctions|journal=Games and Economic Behavior|year=2010|volume=70|issue=1|pages=62–70|doi=10.1016/j.geb.2008.12.003|citeseerx=10.1.1.151.6989|ssrn=1022220}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Levin, Jonathan|author2=Milgrom, Paul|title=Online Advertising: Heterogeneity and Conflation in Market Design|journal=American Economic Review|year=2010|volume=100|issue=2|pages=603–607|doi=10.1257/aer.100.2.603|citeseerx=10.1.1.727.1750}}
* {{저널 인용|author=Milgrom, Paul|title=Critical Issues in the Practice of Market Design|journal=Economic Inquiry|year=2011|volume=49|issue=2|pages=311–320|doi=10.1111/j.1465-7295.2010.00357.x|s2cid=153765277}}
* {{저널 인용|author1=Budish, E.|author2=Che, Y.-K.|author3=Kojima, F.|author4=Milgrom, Paul|title=Designing Random Allocation Mechanisms: Theory and Applications|journal=American Economic Review|year=2013|volume=103|issue=2|pages=585–623|doi=10.1257/aer.103.2.585|citeseerx=10.1.1.649.5582}}

== 각주 ==
{{각주}}

== 외부 링크 ==
* {{공식 웹사이트}}
* {{GoogleScholar|b4cFNacAAAAJ}}
* {{Nobelprize}}
* [https://authors.econbiz.de/128712139 Paul Milgom] on EconBiz Author Profiles

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{{2020년 노벨상 수상자}}
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