{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}
{{번역 중|en:List_of_largest_empires}}
[[파일:Combined_map_-_British_and_Mongol_Empires.svg|upright=1.5|alt=A map of the British and Mongol empires at their respective greatest extents|섬네일|[[대영 제국]]('''{{글씨 색|red|빨강색}}''')과 [[몽골 제국]]('''{{글씨 색|blue|파란색}}''')은 각각 역사상 첫 번째와 두 번째로 큰 제국이었다. 가장 큰 영토 확장을 이룬 몽골 제국의 정확한 범위는 학자들 사이에서 논쟁의 여지가 있다.]]

인류 역사상 여러 제국은 그 정의와 측정 방식에 따라 지금껏 최대 규모의 경쟁을 벌여왔다. 크기를 측정하는 데 있어 가능한 방법에는 면적과 인구, 경제나 국력 등이 포함된다. 이 중 면적이 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 이유는 상당히 정확한 정의를 가지고 있고 어느 정도의 정확성으로 실현 가능하게 측정할 수 있기 때문이다<ref>{{저널 인용|last=Taagepera|first=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=1978|title=Size and duration of empires: Systematics of size|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt8vx325vq/qt8vx325vq_noSplash_a2c2db5cdb06a3d4d4e35b2852a74948.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Social Science Research]]|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=111|doi=10.1016/0049-089X(78)90007-8|issn=0049-089X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707192527/https://escholarship.org/content/qt8vx325vq/qt8vx325vq_noSplash_a2c2db5cdb06a3d4d4e35b2852a74948.pdf|archive-date=2020-07-07|access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref>. 1978년부터 1997년까지 역사적 제국의 영토 범위에 관한 일련의 학술 논문을 발표한 에스토니아의 정치학자 [[레인 타게페라]]는 제국을 "구성 요소가 주권이 아닌 상대적으로 큰 주권을 가진 정치적 실체"로 정의했고<ref>{{저널 인용|last=Taagepera|first=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=1978|title=Size and duration of empires: Systematics of size|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt8vx325vq/qt8vx325vq_noSplash_a2c2db5cdb06a3d4d4e35b2852a74948.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Social Science Research]]|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=108–127|doi=10.1016/0049-089X(78)90007-8|issn=0049-089X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707192527/https://escholarship.org/content/qt8vx325vq/qt8vx325vq_noSplash_a2c2db5cdb06a3d4d4e35b2852a74948.pdf|archive-date=2020-07-07|access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Taagepera|first=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=1978|title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 3000 to 600 B.C.|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt6wf6m5qg/qt6wf6m5qg.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Social Science Research]]|volume=7|issue=2|pages=180–196|doi=10.1016/0049-089x(78)90010-8|issn=0049-089X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707202816/https://escholarship.org/content/qt6wf6m5qg/qt6wf6m5qg.pdf|archive-date=2020-07-07|access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last1=Taagepera|first1=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=1979|title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.|journal=[[Social Science History]]|volume=3|issue=3/4|pages=115–138|doi=10.2307/1170959|jstor=1170959}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|author=Taagepera|first=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=September 1997|title=Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt3cn68807/qt3cn68807.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[International Studies Quarterly]]|volume=41|issue=3|pages=475–504|doi=10.1111/0020-8833.00053|jstor=2600793|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707203055/https://escholarship.org/content/qt3cn68807/qt3cn68807.pdf|archive-date=2020-07-07|access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last1=Taagepera|first1=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=1979|title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.|journal=[[Social Science History]]|volume=3|issue=3/4|page=117|doi=10.2307/1170959|jstor=1170959}}</ref>, 제국이 논란의 여지가 없는 군사 및 조세 특권을 가지고 있는 지역으로 정의했다. 이 목록은 여러 제국에 대한 이용 가능한 데이터가 부족하기 때문에 완전하다고는 할 수 없다. 이러한 이유로 추정치에 대한 본질적인 불확실성 때문에 순위는 부여하지 않는다.

== 육지 면적에 의한 거대 제국 ==
맥락상 [[남극]] 대륙을 제외한 지구의 육지 면적은 {{convert|{{#expr:148940000-14200000}}|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sigfig=5}}이다.<ref>{{인용|title=World |date=2022-07-18 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/ |work=[[The World Factbook]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620115241/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/ |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |language=en |quote=land: 148.94 million sq km [...] Antarctica 14,200,000 sq km |access-date=2022-07-24 |archive-date=2022-06-20 |url-status=live}}</ref>
=== 거대 제국 ===
이 목록에 있는 제국의 크기는 당시 통제하고 있던 육지 면적으로 정의되며 이는 그들이 주장한 면적과 상당히 다를 수 있다. 예를 들어 [[1800년]]에 [[유럽]]의 열강은 자신들이 실효적으로 지배하지 못한 지구 육지 표면의 약 20%에 대해 집단적으로 소유권을 주장했다.<ref>{{서적 인용|last=Magdoff|first=Harry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9pWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|title=Imperialism: From the Colonial Age to the Present|date=1979|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-85345-498-4|pages=29|language=en|quote=[I]n 1800 Europe and its possessions, including former colonies, claimed title to about 55 percent of the earth's land surface: Europe, North and South America, most of India, and small sections along the coast of Africa. But much of this was merely claimed; effective control existed over a little less than 35 percent, most of which consisted of Europe itself. By 1878—that is, before the next major wave of European acquisitions began—an additional 6,500,000 square miles (16,800,000 square kilometers) were claimed; during this period, control was consolidated over the new claims and over all the territory claimed in 1800. Hence, from 1800 until 1878, actual European rule (including former colonies in North and South America), increased from 35 to 67 percent of the earth's land surface.|author-link=Harry Magdoff|access-date=2020-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719190026/https://books.google.com/books?id=A9pWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|archive-date=2020-07-19|url-status=live}}</ref>추정치가 다른 경우 항목은 가장 낮은 추정치를 기준으로 정렬된다. 둘 이상의 항목이 동일한 영역을 갖는 경우 가나다순으로 나열한다.

=== 모든 제국의 최대 범위 ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" <!-- discuss sortable on talk page. -->
! rowspan="2" width=200px|제국
! colspan="4" |최대 육지 면적
|-
! data-sort-type="number" width=100px| 백만&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>
! class="unsortable <!-- because of rounding, these values will not sort properly -->" width=100px| 백만&nbsp;평방&nbsp;마일
! class="unsortable <!-- because of rounding, these values will not sort properly -->" width=100px| 전세계의&nbsp;%
! width=150px|연도
|-
|[[대영 제국]]{{Efn|[[1945년]] [[캐나다]]의 998만 km2, [[1899년]] [[미국]]의 967만 km2, 1945년 [[호주]]의 768만 km2가 독립 이후 가장 큰 면적이었다.<ref name="Taagepera1997" />|group=Table1}}
|35.5<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{convert|35.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|26.35%
|{{Date table sorting|1920}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
|[[몽골 제국]]{{Efn|몽골 제국은 [[원나라]], [[차가타이 칸국]], [[일 칸국]], [[킵차크 칸국]] 등 네 지역으로 나뉘었다.|group=Table1}}
|24.0<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|24.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|17.81%
|{{Date table sorting|1270}}<ref name="Turchin2006">{{저널 인용|last1=Turchin|first1=Peter|author-link=Peter Turchin|last2=Adams|first2=Jonathan M.|last3=Hall|first3=Thomas D.|date=December 2006|title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires|url=http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Journal of World-Systems Research]]|volume=12|issue=2|pages=222–223|issn=1076-156X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707181315/http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf|archive-date=2020-07-07|access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref> 혹은 {{Date table sorting|1309}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
|[[러시아 제국]]{{Efn|group=Table1|그 후계 국가인 [[소련]]과 그 후계 국가인 [[러시아 연방]]은 각각 [[1945년]]에 2,230만 km2, 1991년에 1,710만 km2의 최대 범위에 도달했다.<ref name="Taagepera1997" />}}
|22.8<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|22.8|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|16.92%
|{{Date table sorting|1895}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[청나라]]{{Efn|group=Table1|후계 국가인 [[중화민국 (1912년~1949년)|중화민국]]과 [[중화인민공화국]]은 각각 [[1912년]]에 770만 km2, [[1950년]]에 970만 km2의 최대 범위에 도달했다.<ref name="Taagepera1997" />}}
|14.7<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|14.7|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|10.91%
|{{Date table sorting|1790}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[스페인 제국]]
|13.7<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{convert|13.7|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|10.17%
|{{Date table sorting|1810}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
|[[프랑스 식민제국]](제2제국)
|11.5<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{convert|11.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|8.53%
|{{Date table sorting|1920}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
|[[아바스 칼리파국]]
|11.1<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{convert|11.1|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|8.24%
|{{Date table sorting|750}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
|[[우마이야 칼리파국]]
|11.1<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{convert|11.1|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|8.24%
|{{Date table sorting|720}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
|[[원나라]]
|11.0<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{convert|11.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|8.16%
|{{Date table sorting|1310}}<ref name="Taagepera1997">{{저널 인용|author=Taagepera|first=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=September 1997|title=Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt3cn68807/qt3cn68807.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[International Studies Quarterly]]|volume=41|issue=3|pages=492–502|doi=10.1111/0020-8833.00053|jstor=2600793|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707203055/https://escholarship.org/content/qt3cn68807/qt3cn68807.pdf|archive-date=2020-07-07|access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref>
|-
|[[흉노]] 제국
|9.0<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|9.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|6.68%
|{{Date table sorting|-176}}<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[브라질 제국]]{{efn|[[1889년]] [[브라질]]이 [[포르투갈]]의 식민지였음에도 [[1820년]] 포르투갈보다 더 넓은 면적을 가진 것으로 기록된 이유는 1822년 브라질 독립 당시 포르투갈 정착민들이 브라질의 절반 정도만 실질적인 지배권을 가졌기 때문이다.<ref name="Taagepera1997" />|group=Table1|name=PortugalVsBrazil}}
|{{significant figures|8.337218|4}}<ref name="IBGE">{{웹 인용|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/areaterritorial/historico.shtm|title=Área Territorial Brasileira|website=www.ibge.gov.br|publisher=[[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]]|quote=A primeira estimativa oficial para a extensão superficial do território brasileiro data de 1889. O valor de 8.337.218 km<sup>2</sup> foi obtido a partir de medições e cálculos efetuados sobre as folhas básicas da Carta do Império do Brasil, publicada em 1883. [The first official estimate of the surface area of the Brazilian territory dates from 1889. A value of 8,337,218 km<sup>2</sup> was obtained from measurements and calculations made on drafts of the Map of the Empire of Brazil, published in 1883.]|language=pt|access-date=16 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023100101/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/areaterritorial/historico.shtm|archive-date=23 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{convert|8.337218|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|6.19%
|{{Date table sorting|1889}}<ref name="IBGE" />
|-
|[[대일본제국]]
|7.4<ref name="Conrad">{{저널 인용|last=Conrad|first=Sebastian|date=2014|title=The Dialectics of Remembrance: Memories of Empire in Cold War Japan|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/199424523.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Comparative Studies in Society and History]]|volume=56|issue=1|pages=8|doi=10.1017/S0010417513000601|issn=0010-4175|jstor=43908281|s2cid=146284542|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708000924/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/199424523.pdf|archive-date=2020-07-08|access-date=2020-07-07|quote=In 1942, at the moment of its greatest extension, the empire encompassed territories spanning over 7,400,000 square kilometers.}}</ref>–{{convert|3.285|mi2|km2|2|disp=number}}
|{{convert|7.4|km2|mi2|2|disp=number|abbr=}}–3.285<ref name="JapaneseEmpire">{{서적 인용|last=James|first=David H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ceklh3YT_38C&pg=PT331|title=The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Empire|date=2010-11-01|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136925467|language=en|quote=by 1942, this 'Empire' covered about 3,285,000 square miles|access-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706005539/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ceklh3YT_38C&pg=PT331|archive-date=6 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|5.49%–6.32%
|{{Date table sorting|1942}}<ref name="Conrad" /><ref name="JapaneseEmpire" />
|-
|[[명나라]]
|6.5<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|6.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|4.82%
|{{Date table sorting|1450}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[후한]]
|6.5<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|6.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|4.82%
|{{Date table sorting|100}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[라시둔 칼리파국]]
|6.4<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{convert|6.4|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|4.75%
|{{Date table sorting|655}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
|[[돌궐]]
|6.0<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|6.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|4.45%
|{{Date table sorting|557}}<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[전한]]
|6.0<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|6.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|4.45%
|{{Date table sorting|-50}}<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1979">{{저널 인용|last1=Taagepera|first1=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=1979|title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.|journal=[[Social Science History]]|volume=3|issue=3/4|pages=121–122, 124–129, 132–133|doi=10.2307/1170959|jstor=1170959}}</ref>
|-
|[[킵차크 칸국]]
|6.0<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|6.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|4.45%
|{{Date table sorting|1310}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[아케메네스 제국]]
|5.5<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|5.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|4.08%
|{{Date table sorting|-500}}<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[포르투갈 제국]]{{efn|group=Table1|name=PortugalVsBrazil}}(제2제국)
|5.5<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{convert|5.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|4.08%
|{{Date table sorting|1820}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
|[[당나라]]
|5.4<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|5.4|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|4.01%
|{{Date table sorting|715}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[마케도니아 왕국]]
|5.2<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|5.2|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|3.86%
|{{Date table sorting|-323}}<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[오스만 제국]]
|5.2<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|5.2|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|3.86%
|{{Date table sorting|1683}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[로마 제국]]
|5.0<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|5.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|3.71%
|{{Date table sorting|117}}<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[북원]]
|5.0<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{convert|5.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|3.71%
|{{Date table sorting|1368}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
|[[신나라]]
|4.7<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|4.7|km2|mi2|2|disp=number|abbr=}}
|3.49%
|{{Date table sorting|10}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[토번]]
|4.6<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|4.6|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|3.41%
|{{Date table sorting|800}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[선비족|선비]]
|4.5<ref name="OxfordArea">{{서적 인용|last1=Bang|first1=Peter Fibiger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mkLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92|title=The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience|last2=Bayly|first2=C. A.|last3=Scheidel|first3=Walter|date=2020-12-02|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977311-4|location=|pages=92–94|language=en}}</ref>
|{{convert|4.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number|abbr=}}
|3.34%
|{{Date table sorting|200}}<ref name="OxfordArea" />
|-
|[[멕시코 제1제국]]
|4.429<ref name="rodr">{{서적 인용|last1=Rodríguez|first1=Jaime|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X6FIUUjtq0oC&pg=PA47|title=Myths, Misdeeds and Misunderstandings: The Roots of Conflict in US-Mexican Relations|last2=Vincent|first2=Kathryn|date=1997|publisher=Scholarly Resources Inc.|isbn=0-8420-2662-2|edition=First|location=Wilmington, DE, USA|page=47|chapter=The Colonization and Loss of Texas: A Mexican Perspective|quote=When it was founded in 1821, the Mexican Empire extended over 4,429,000 km<sup>2</sup> (not including the 445,683 km<sup>2</sup> temporarily added by the short-lived union of the Central American provinces).|access-date=14 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615060129/https://books.google.com/books?id=X6FIUUjtq0oC&pg=PA47|archive-date=2020-06-15|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{convert|4.429|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|3.29%
|{{Date table sorting|1821}}<ref name="rodr" />
|-
|[[티무르 제국]]
|4.4<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|4.4|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|3.27%
|{{Date table sorting|1405}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[파티마 칼리파국]]
|4.1<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|4.1|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|3.04%
|{{Date table sorting|969}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[동돌궐]]
|4.0<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|4.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|2.97%
|{{Date table sorting|624}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[무굴 제국]]
|4.0<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|4.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|2.97%
|{{Date table sorting|1690}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[훈족|훈 제국]]
|4.0<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|4.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|2.97%
|{{Date table sorting|441}}<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[셀레우코스 제국]]
|3.9<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|3.9|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|2.89%
|{{Date table sorting|-301}}<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[셀주크 제국]]
|3.9<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|3.9|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|2.89%
|{{Date table sorting|1080}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[이탈리아 왕국]]
|{{significant figures|(340409+3484470)/10^6|4}}<ref name="SoldatenAtlas" />
|{{convert|{{#expr:(340409+3484470)/10^6}}|km2|mi2|2|abbr=|disp=number}}
|2.84%
|{{Date table sorting|1941}}<ref name="SoldatenAtlas" />
|-
|[[일 칸국]]
|3.75<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|3.75|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|2.78%
|{{Date table sorting|1310}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[준가르]]
|3.6<ref name="OxfordArea" />
|{{convert|3.6|km2|mi2|2|disp=number|abbr=}}
|2.67%
|{{Date table sorting|1650}}<ref name="OxfordArea" />
|-
|[[사산 제국]]
|3.5<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|3.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|2.60%
|{{Date table sorting|550}}<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[서돌궐]]
|3.5<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|3.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|2.60%
|{{Date table sorting|630}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|서흉노
|3.5<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|3.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|2.60%
|{{Date table sorting|20}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[차가타이 칸국]]
|3.5<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|3.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|2.60%
|{{Date table sorting|1310}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /> 혹은 {{Date table sorting|1350}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[가즈나 왕조]]
|3.4<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|3.4|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|2.52%
|{{Date table sorting|1029}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[마우리아 제국]]
|3.4<ref name="Taagepera1979" />–5.0<ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|3.4|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}–{{convert|5.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|2.52%–3.71%
|{{Date table sorting|-261}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" /> 혹은 {{Date table sorting|-250}}<ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[프랑스 식민제국]]([[프랑스 제2제국|제2제국]])
|3.4<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{convert|3.4|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|2.52%
|{{Date table sorting|1670}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
|[[델리 술탄국]]
|3.2<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|3.2|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|2.37%
|{{Date table sorting|1312}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[독일 식민제국]]
|{{convert|{{#expr:(208780+1006412)/10^6}}|mi2|km2|3|abbr=|disp=number}}
|{{significant figures|(208780+1006412)/10^6|4}}<ref name="BritannicaGermany">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Germany |volume= 11 |last1= Ashworth |first1= Philip Arthur |last2= and |first2= others | pages = 804&ndash;828 |quote=Area English Sq. m. [...] German Empire: 208,780 Area (estimated) sq. m. [...] Total dependencies: 1,006,412}}</ref>
|2.34%
|{{Date table sorting|1911}}<ref name="BritannicaGermany" />
|-
|[[북송]]
|3.1<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|3.1|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|2.30%
|{{Date table sorting|980}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[서진]]
|3.1<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|3.1|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|2.30%
|{{Date table sorting|280}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[위구르 카간국]]
|3.1<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|3.1|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|2.30%
|{{Date table sorting|800}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[덴마크 식민제국]]
|3.0<ref name="Danish">{{웹 인용|last1=Korchmina|first1=Elena|last2=Sharp|first2=Paul|date=June 2020|title=Denmark and Russia: What can we learn from the historical comparison of two great Arctic agricultural empires?|url=http://www.ehes.org/EHES_187.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708001530/http://www.ehes.org/EHES_187.pdf|archive-date=2020-07-08|access-date=2020-07-04|publisher=[[European Historical Economics Society]]|page=3|quote=Around 1700, the Danish Empire covered around 3 million square kilometers}}</ref>
|{{convert|3.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|2.23&
|{{Date table sorting|1700}}<ref name="Danish" />
|-
|[[수나라]]
|3.0<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|3.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|2.23%
|{{Date table sorting|589}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[사파비 제국]]
|2.9<ref name="OxfordArea" />
|{{convert|2.9|km2|mi2|2|disp=number|abbr=}}
|2.15%
|{{Date table sorting|1630}}<ref name="OxfordArea" />
|-
|[[사만 토후국]]
|2.85<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|2.85|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|2.12%
|{{Date table sorting|928}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[동진]]
|2.8<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|2.8|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|2.08%
|{{Date table sorting|347}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[메디아]]{{efn|group=Table1|고고학적이고 문헌상의 역사적 증거에 대한 최근의 재평가는 현대 학자들로 하여금 메디아의 영역은 물론 통일된 국가로서의 존재에 대한 이전의 개념에 의문을 제기하게 했다.<ref name="MediaAndItsDiscontents">{{저널 인용|last=Waters|first=Matthew|date=2005|editor2-link=Michael Roaf|editor-last=Lanfranchi<!--- not the 17th century bishop --->|editor-first=Giovanni B.|editor2-last=Roaf|editor2-first=Michael|editor3-last=Rollinger|editor3-first=Robert|editor3-link=Robert Rollinger|title=Media and Its Discontents|jstor=20064424|journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]]|volume=125|issue=4|pages=517–533|issn=0003-0279}}</ref>}}
|2.8<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|2.8|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|2.08%
|{{Date table sorting|-585}}<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[유연 (나라)|유연]]
|2.8<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|2.8|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|2.08%
|{{Date table sorting|405}}<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[파르티아 제국]]
|2.8<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|2.8|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|2.08%
|1<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[비잔틴 제국]]
|2.7<ref name="Turchin2006" />–2.8<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|2.7|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}–{{convert|2.8|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|2.00%–2.08%
|{{Date table sorting|555}}<ref name="Turchin2006" /> 혹은 {{Date table sorting|450}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[요나라]]
|2.6<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|2.6|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.93%
|{{Date table sorting|947}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[인도-스키타이]]
|2.6<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|2.6|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.93%
|{{Date table sorting|20}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[그리스-박트리아 왕국]]
|2.5<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|2.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.86%
|{{Date table sorting|-184}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[마라타 제국]]
|2.5<ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|2.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.86%
|{{Date table sorting|1760}}<ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[후조]]
|2.5<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|2.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.86%
|{{Date table sorting|329}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[벨기에 식민제국]]
|{{significant figures|(29450+2336900)/10^6|4}}<ref name="SoldatenAtlas" />–{{Convert|{{#expr:(11800+940000)/10^6}}|mi2|km2|2|abbr=|disp=number}}
|{{convert|{{#expr:(29450+2336900)/10^6}}|km2|mi2|2|disp=number|abbr=}}–{{Significant figures|(11,800+940,000)/10^6|2}}<ref name="Townsend">{{서적 인용|last1=Townsend|first1=Mary Evelyn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P4-OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA19|title=European Colonial Expansion Since 1871|last2=Peake|first2=Cyrus Henderson|date=1941|publisher=J.B. Lippincott|pages=19|language=en|access-date=2020-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719233455/https://books.google.com/books?id=P4-OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA19|archive-date=2020-07-19|url-status=live}}</ref>
|1.76%–1.83%
|{{Date table sorting|1941}}<ref name="SoldatenAtlas" /> 혹은 {{Date table sorting|1939}}<ref name="Townsend" />
|-
|[[금나라]]
|2.3<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|2.3|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.71%
|{{Date table sorting|1126}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[진나라]]
|2.3<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|2.3|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.71%
|{{Date table sorting|-220}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[화레즘 제국]]
|2.3<ref name="Turchin2006" />–3.6<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{convert|2.3|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}–{{convert|3.6|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.71%–2.67%
|{{Date table sorting|1210}}<ref name="Turchin2006" /> 혹은 {{Date table sorting|1218}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
|[[남송]]
|2.1<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{convert|2.1|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.56%
|{{Date table sorting|1127}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
|[[네덜란드 식민제국]]
|2.1<ref name="OxfordArea" />
|{{convert|2.1|km2|mi2|2|disp=number|abbr=}}
|1.56%
|{{Date table sorting|1938}}<ref name="OxfordArea" />
|-
|[[맘루크 술탄국]]
|2.1<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|2.1|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.56%
|{{Date table sorting|1300}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /> 혹은 {{Date table sorting|1400}}<ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[키예프 루스]]
|2.1<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|2.1|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.56%
|{{Date table sorting|1000}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[프랑스 제1제국]]
|2.1<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{convert|2.1|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.56%
|{{Date table sorting|1813}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
|[[포르투갈 제국]](제3제국)
|2.1<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{convert|2.1|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.56%
|{{Date table sorting|1900}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
|[[고르 제국]]
|2.0<ref name="OxfordArea" />
|{{convert|2.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.48%
|{{Date table sorting|1200}}<ref name="OxfordArea" />
|-
|[[무와히드 칼리파국]]
|2.0<ref name="Turchin2006" />–2.3<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{convert|2.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}–{{convert|2.3|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.48%–1.71%
|{{Date table sorting|1200}}<ref name="Turchin2006" /> 혹은 {{Date table sorting|1150}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
|[[북위 (북조)|북위]]
|2.0<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|2.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.48%
|{{Date table sorting|450}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[서로마 제국]]
|2.0<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|2.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.48%
|{{Date table sorting|395}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[송 (남조)|유송]]
|2.0<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|2.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.48%
|{{Date table sorting|450}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[위 (삼국)|위나라]]
|2.0<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|2.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.48%
|{{Date table sorting|263}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[잉카 제국]]
|2.0<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|2.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.48%
|{{Date table sorting|1527}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[전진 (오호 십육국)|전진]]
|2.0<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|2.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.48%
|{{Date table sorting|376}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[전조 (오호 십육국)|전조]]
|2.0<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|2.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.48%
|{{Date table sorting|316}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[쿠샨 제국]]
|2.0<ref name="Turchin2006" />–2.5<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|2.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}–{{convert|2.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.48%–1.86%
|{{Date table sorting|200}}<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[굽타 제국]]
|1.7<ref name="Taagepera1979" />–3.5<ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|1.7|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}–{{convert|3.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.26%–2.60%
|{{Date table sorting|440}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" /> 혹은 {{Date table sorting|400}}<ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[아이유브 술탄국]]
|1.7<ref name="Taagepera1997" />–2.0<ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|1.7|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}–{{convert|2.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.26%–1.48%
|{{Date table sorting|1200}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /> 혹은 {{Date table sorting|1190}}<ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[에프탈]]
|1.7<ref name="Turchin2009" />–4.0<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|1.7|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}–{{convert|4.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.26%–2.97%
|{{Date table sorting|500}}<ref name="Turchin2009" /> 혹은 {{Date table sorting|470}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[부와이흐 왕조]]
|1.6<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|1.6|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.11%
|{{Date table sorting|980}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[북제]]
|1.5<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|1.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.11%
|{{Date table sorting|557}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[북주]]
|1.5<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|1.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.11%
|{{Date table sorting|577}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|북흉노
|1.5<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|1.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.11%
|{{Date table sorting|60}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[오 (삼국)|오나라]]
|1.5<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|1.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.11%
|{{Date table sorting|221}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[신아시리아 제국]]
|1.4<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{convert|1.4|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|1.04%
|{{Date table sorting|-670}}<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|동마우리아 제국
|1.3<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|1.3|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.96%
|{{Date table sorting|-210}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[양 (남조)|소량]]
|1.3<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|1.3|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.96%
|{{Date table sorting|502}},<ref name="Taagepera1979" /> {{Date table sorting|549}},<ref name="Taagepera1979" /> 혹은 {{Date table sorting|579}}<ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[카자르 제국]]
|{{Convert|{{#expr:0.5}}|mi2|km2|2|abbr=|disp=number}}
|0.50<ref name="Hughes1873">{{서적 인용|last=Hughes|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bovAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA175|title=A Class-book of Modern Geography: With Examination Questions|date=1873|publisher=G. Philip & Son|pages=175|language=en|quote=In size it is about 500,000 square miles|author-link=William Hughes (geographer)|access-date=2020-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826013805/https://books.google.com/books?id=3bovAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA175|archive-date=2020-08-26|url-status=live}}</ref>
|0.96%
|{{Date table sorting|1873}}<ref name="Hughes1873" />
|-
|[[상나라]]
|1.25<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{convert|1.25|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.93%
|{{Date table sorting|-1122}}<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|[[악숨 왕국]]
|1.25<ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|1.25|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.93%
|{{Date table sorting|350}}<ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[스리위자야]]
|1.2<ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|1.2|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.89%
|{{Date table sorting|1200}}<ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[프랑크 왕국]]
|1.2<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|1.2|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.89%
|{{Date table sorting|814}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[말리 제국]]
|1.1<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|1.1|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.82%
|{{Date table sorting|1380}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[인도-그리스 왕국]]
|1.1<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|1.1|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.82%
|{{Date table sorting|-150}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[폴란드-리투아니아]]
|1.1<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|1.1|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.82%
|{{Date table sorting|1480}}<ref name="Turchin2006" /> 혹은 {{Date table sorting|1650}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
|[[구르자라-프라티하라]]
|1.0<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{convert|1.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.74%
|{{Date table sorting|860}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
|[[무라비트 왕조]]
|1.0<ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|1.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.74%
|{{Date table sorting|1120}}<ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[서요]]
|1.0<ref name="Taagepera1997" />–1.5<ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|1.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}–{{convert|1.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.74%–1.11%
|{{Date table sorting|1130}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /> 혹은 {{Date table sorting|1210}}<ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[서하]]
|1.0<ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|1.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.74%
|{{Date table sorting|1100}}<ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[스키티아]]
|1.0<ref name="Turchin2009">{{저널 인용|last=Turchin|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Turchin|date=2009|title=A theory for formation of large empires|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4f5d/7c534b86b3833e1e27381113584873e35ec7.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=[[Journal of Global History]]|language=en|volume=4|issue=2|pages=202|doi=10.1017/S174002280900312X|s2cid=73597670|issn=1740-0228|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131162633/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4f5d/7c534b86b3833e1e27381113584873e35ec7.pdf|archive-date=2020-01-31|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref>
|{{convert|1.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.74%
|{{Date table sorting|-400}}<ref name="Turchin2009" />
|-
|[[신성 로마 제국]]
|1.0<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{convert|1.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.74%
|{{Date table sorting|1050}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
|[[이집트 신왕국]]
|1.0<ref name="Turchin2006" /><ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{convert|1.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.74%
|nowrap|{{Date table sorting|-1450}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" /> 혹은 {{Date table sorting|-1300}}<ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[촉한]]
|1.0<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|1.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.74%
|{{Date table sorting|221}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[크메르 제국]]
|1.0<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|1.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.74%
|{{Date table sorting|1290}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[타히르 토후국]]
|1.0<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{convert|1.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.74%
|{{Date table sorting|800}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
|[[푸슈야부티 왕조]]
|1.0<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|1.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.74%
|{{Date table sorting|625}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /> 혹은 {{Date table sorting|648}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /><ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[프톨레마이오스 왕국]]
|1.0<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|1.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.74%
|{{Date table sorting|-301}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[하자르]]
|1.0<ref name="Taagepera1997" />–3.0<ref name="Turchin2006" />
|{{convert|1.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}–{{convert|3.0|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.74%–2.23%
|{{Date table sorting|900}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" /> 혹은 {{Date table sorting|850}}<ref name="Turchin2006" />
|-
|[[스웨덴 제국]]
|0.99<ref name="Sundberg">{{서적 인용|last=Sundberg|first=Ulf|url=https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/156474/sundberg_ulf.pdf|title=Swedish defensive fortress warfare in the Great Northern War 1702–1710|date=2018|publisher=Åbo Akademis förlag|isbn=978-951-765-897-3|location=Åbo|pages=26|oclc=1113941754|quote=In 1700, the Swedish Empire covered a land area of 990,000 square kilometers and had 2,500,000 inhabitants.|author-link=Ulf Sundberg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703214934/https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/156474/sundberg_ulf.pdf|archive-date=2020-07-03}}</ref>
|{{convert|0.99|km2|mi2|2|disp=number|abbr=}}
|0.73%
|{{Date table sorting|1700}}<ref name="Sundberg" />
|-
|[[나치 독일]]
|{{significant figures|823505/10^6|3}}<ref name="SoldatenAtlas">{{서적 인용|url=https://archive.org/details/Tornisterschrift-des-Oberkommandos-der-Wehrmacht-Soldaten-Atlas|title=Soldaten-Atlas (Tornisterschrift des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht, Heft 39)|publisher=[[Bibliographisches Institut]] |year=1941|location=[[Leipzig]]|pages=8, 32}}</ref>
|{{convert|{{#expr:823505/10^6}}|km2|mi2|2|disp=number|abbr=}}
|0.61%
|{{Date table sorting|1941}}<ref name="SoldatenAtlas" />
|-
|[[송가이 제국]]
|0.8<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{convert|0.8|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.59%
|{{Date table sorting|1550}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
|[[아카드 제국]]
|0.8<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{convert|0.8|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.59%
|{{Date table sorting|-2250}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|[[아바르]]
|0.8<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|0.8|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.59%
|{{Date table sorting|600}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[초 (춘추 전국)|초나라]]
|0.8<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|0.8|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.59%
|{{Date table sorting|-300}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[훈족]]
|0.8<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|0.8|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.59%
|{{Date table sorting|287}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[이집트 제26왕조]]
|0.65<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{convert|0.65|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.48%
|{{Date table sorting|-550}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|[[힉소스]]
|0.65<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{convert|0.65|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.48%
|{{Date table sorting|-1650}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|[[로즈비 제국]]
|0.624<ref name="Rozvi">{{서적 인용|last=Cornell|first=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TnmteYTFUmIC|title=Lost Lands and Forgotten People|publisher=Sterling Publishing Company|year=1978|isbn=978-0-8069-3926-1|page=24|language=en|quote=Zimbabwe continued to grow, reaching the height of its power in 1700, under the rule of the Rozwi people. When the first Europeans arrived on the African coast, they heard tales of a great stone city, the capital of a vast empire. The tales were true, for the Rozwi controlled 240,000 square miles (624,000 sq km)}}</ref>
|{{convert|0.624|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.46%
|{{Date table sorting|1700}}<ref name="Rozvi" />
|-
|[[오스트리아-헝가리]]
|{{convert|0.239977|mi2|km2|2|abbr=|disp=number}}
|{{significant figures|0.239977|2}}<ref name="BritannicaAustriaHungary">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Austria-Hungary |volume= 03 |last1= Briliant |first1= Oscar |last2= and |first2= others | pages = 2&ndash;39 |quote= It occupies about the sixteenth part of the total area of Europe, with an area (1905) of 239,977 sq. m.}}</ref>
|0.46%
|{{Date table sorting|1905}}<ref name="BritannicaAustriaHungary" />
|-
|[[서고트 왕국]]
|0.6<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|0.6|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.45%
|{{Date table sorting|580}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[코르도바 칼리파국]]
|0.6<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{convert|0.6|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.45%
|{{Date table sorting|1000}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
|[[포르투갈 제국]](제1제국)
|0.6<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{convert|0.6|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.45%
|{{Date table sorting|1580}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
|[[주나라]]
|0.55<ref name="Taagepera1978a">{{저널 인용|last=Taagepera|first=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=1978|title=Size and duration of empires: Systematics of size|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt8vx325vq/qt8vx325vq_noSplash_a2c2db5cdb06a3d4d4e35b2852a74948.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Social Science Research]]|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=116–117|doi=10.1016/0049-089X(78)90007-8|issn=0049-089X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707192527/https://escholarship.org/content/qt8vx325vq/qt8vx325vq_noSplash_a2c2db5cdb06a3d4d4e35b2852a74948.pdf|archive-date=2020-07-07|access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref>
|{{convert|0.55|km2|mi2|2|disp=number|abbr=}}
|0.41%
|{{Date table sorting|-1100}}<ref name="Taagepera1978a" />
|-
|[[시크 제국]]
|{{convert|0.20|mi2|km2|2|abbr=|disp=number}}
|0.20<ref name="Sikh">{{서적 인용|last=Singh|first=Amarpal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RHWoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT16|title=The First Anglo-Sikh War|date=2010-08-15|publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited|isbn=978-1-4456-2038-1|language=en|quote=By 1839, the year of his death, the Sikh kingdom extended from Tibet and Kashmir to Sind and from the Khyber Pass to the Himalayas in the east. It spanned 600 miles from east to west and 350 miles from north to south, comprising an area of just over 200,000 square miles.}}</ref>
|0.39%
|{{Date table sorting|1839}}<ref name="Sikh" />
|-
|[[리디아]]
|0.5<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{convert|0.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.37%
|{{Date table sorting|-585}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|[[마가다]]
|0.5<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|0.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.37%
|{{Date table sorting|-510}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[사타바하나]]
|0.5<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|0.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.37%
|{{Date table sorting|150}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[서사트라프]]
|0.5<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|0.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.37%
|{{Date table sorting|100}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[신바빌로니아 제국]]
|0.5<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{convert|0.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.37%
|{{Date table sorting|-562}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|[[이집트 제25왕조]]
|0.5<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{convert|0.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.37%
|{{Date table sorting|-715}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|[[이집트 중왕국]]
|0.5<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{convert|0.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.37%
|{{Date table sorting|-1850}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|[[코르도바 토후국]]
|0.5<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{convert|0.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.37%
|{{Date table sorting|756}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
|[[코살라]]
|0.5<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|0.5|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.37%
|{{Date table sorting|-543}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[하나라]]
|0.45<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{convert|0.45|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.33%
|{{Date table sorting|-1800}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|[[히타이트 신왕국]]
|0.45<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{convert|0.45|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.33%
|{{Date table sorting|-1250}}{{Spaced en dash}}{{Date table sorting|-1220}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|[[불가리아 제1제국]]
|0.4<ref name="Класика и стил">{{서적 인용|last1=Rashev |first1=Rasho |title=Българската езическа култура VII -IX в./Bulgarian Pagan Culture VII – IX cтр. 38 |language=bg |date=2008 |publisher=Класика и стил |isbn=9789543270392}}</ref>{{Request quotation|date=September 2022}}
|{{convert|0.4|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.30%
|{{Date table sorting|850}}<ref name="Класика и стил">{{서적 인용|last1=Rashev |first1=Rasho |title=Българската езическа култура VII -IX в./Bulgarian Pagan Culture VII – IX cтр. 38 |language=bg |date=2008 |publisher=Класика и стил |isbn=9789543270392}}</ref>{{Request quotation|date=September 2022}}
|-
|[[소코토 칼리파국]]
|0.4<ref name="Sokoto">{{서적 인용|last=Wesseling|first=H. L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdHMCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA93|title=The European Colonial Empires: 1815-1919|date=2015-10-23|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-89507-7|pages=93|language=en|quote=Islam spread quickly in Hausaland, which, after the jihad of 1804, was incorporated into the Sokoto Caliphate, a vast empire of 400,000 square kilometres.|author-link=Henk Wesseling|access-date=2020-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708001930/https://books.google.com/books?hl=sv&lr=&id=PdHMCgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA93|archive-date=2020-07-08|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{convert|0.4|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.30%
|{{Date table sorting|1804}}<ref name="Sokoto" />
|-
|[[아시리아]](중기)
|0.4<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{convert|0.4|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.30%
|{{Date table sorting|-1080}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|[[이집트 고왕국]]
|0.4<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{convert|0.4|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.30%
|{{Date table sorting|-2400}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|[[중세 프랑스]]
|0.4<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{convert|0.4|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.30%
|{{Date table sorting|1250}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
|[[라틴 제국]]
|0.35<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|0.35|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.26%
|{{Date table sorting|1204}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[고대 카르타고]]
|0.3<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{convert|0.3|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.22%
|{{Date table sorting|-220}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[미탄니]]
|0.3<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{convert|0.3|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.22%
|{{Date table sorting|-1450}}{{Spaced en dash}}{{Date table sorting|-1375}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|[[인더스 문명]]{{efn|group=Table1|응집력 있는 정치적 실체를 구성했는지는 부분은 불확실하다.<ref name="Taagepera1978a" />}}
|0.3<ref name="Taagepera1978a" />
|{{convert|0.3|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.22%
|{{Date table sorting|-1800}}<ref name="Taagepera1978a" />
|-
|[[고바빌로니아 제국]]
|0.25<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{convert|0.25|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.19%
|{{Date table sorting|-1690}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|[[아샨티 제국]]
|0.25<ref name="IlliffeAsante">{{서적 인용|last=Iliffe |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlHE51ScKTUC&pg=PA143 |title=Africans: The History of a Continent |date=1995-08-25 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-48422-0 |pages=143 |language=en |quote=At its peak around 1820 the empire embraced over 250,000 square kilometres [...] |author-link=John Iliffe (historian)}}</ref>
|{{convert|0.25|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.19%
|{{Date table sorting|1820}}<ref name="IlliffeAsante" />
|-
|[[아즈텍 제국]]
|0.22<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{convert|0.22|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.16%
|{{Date table sorting|1520}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
|[[줄루 왕국]]
|{{convert|0.08|mi2|km2|2|abbr=|disp=number}}
|0.08<ref name="Zulu">{{저널 인용|last=Gluckman|first=Max|author-link=Max Gluckman|date=1960|title=The Rise of a Zulu Empire|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-rise-of-a-zulu-empire/|journal=[[Scientific American]]|volume=202|issue=4|pages=162|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0460-157|issn=0036-8733|jstor=24940454|bibcode=1960SciAm.202d.157G|url-access=subscription|access-date=2020-07-07|quote=By 1822 he had made himself master over 80,000 square miles}}</ref>
|0.16%
|{{Date table sorting|1822}}<ref name="Zulu" />
|-
|바빌론 제4왕조(이신 제2왕조)
|0.2<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{convert|0.2|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.15%
|{{Date table sorting|-1130}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|[[엘람]](슈트루케스 왕조)
|0.2<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{convert|0.2|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.15%
|{{Date table sorting|-1160}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|[[우라르투]]
|0.2<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{convert|0.2|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.15%
|{{Date table sorting|-800}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|[[프리기아]]
|0.2<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{convert|0.2|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.15%
|{{Date table sorting|-750}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|[[동주]]
|0.15<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{convert|0.15|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.11%
|{{Date table sorting|-770}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|[[아시리아]](초기)
|0.15<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{convert|0.15|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.11%
|{{Date table sorting|-1730}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|[[오요 제국]]
|0.15<ref name="Oyo">{{서적 인용|last=Thornton|first=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVZDHeVEeywC&pg=PA104|title=Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800|date=1998-04-28|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-62724-5|pages=104|language=en|quote=By 1680, the Oyo Empire (in Nigeria) may have exceeded 150,000 square kilometers, though not by much.}}</ref>
|{{convert|0.15|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.11%
|{{Date table sorting|1680}}<ref name="Oyo" />
|-
|[[히타이트 고왕국]]
|0.15<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{convert|0.15|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.11%
|{{Date table sorting|-1530}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|[[히타이트 중왕국]]
|0.15<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{convert|0.15|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.11%
|{{Date table sorting|-1450}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|[[카넴-보르누 제국]](세프와 왕조)
|{{convert|0.05|mi2|km2|2|abbr=|disp=number}}
|0.05<ref name="Bornu">{{서적 인용|last1=Hughes|first1=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0J4BAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA281|title=A Class-book of Modern Geography: With Examination Questions, Notes, & Index|last2=Williams|first2=J. Francon|date=1892|publisher=G. Philip & son|pages=281|language=en|quote=It has an area of perhaps 50,000 square miles.|author-link=William Hughes (geographer)|author-link2=John Francon Williams|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530113925/https://books.google.com/books?id=0J4BAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA281|archive-date=2021-05-30|url-status=live}}</ref>
|0.10%
|{{Date table sorting|1892}}<ref name="Bornu" />
|-
|[[라르사]]
|0.1<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{convert|0.1|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.07%
|{{Date table sorting|-1750}}{{Spaced en dash}}{{Date table sorting|-1700}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|[[우르 제3왕조]]
|0.1<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{convert|0.1|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.07%
|{{Date table sorting|-2000}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|[[타라스칸]]
|0.075<ref name="Tarascan">{{학위논문 인용|last=Blanford|first=Adam Jared|date=2014|title=Rethinking Tarascan Political and Spatial Organization|type=PhD thesis|publisher=[[University of Colorado Boulder]]|page=6|s2cid=147339315|url=https://scholar.colorado.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/xw42n795p|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213021458/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/59c1/6f2a2864d85d403b223a9735015be38f4f10.pdf|archive-date=2020-02-13|access-date=2023-03-24|quote=By A.D. 1450, the Tarascan ''Uacúsecha'' were leaders of an empire that spanned 75,000 square kilometers of west Mexico}}</ref>
|{{convert|0.075|km2|mi2|2|disp=number|abbr=}}
|0.06%
|{{Date table sorting|1450}}<ref name="Tarascan" />
|-
|[[라가시]]
|0.05<ref name="Taagepera1978a" />
|{{convert|0.05|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.04%
|{{Date table sorting|-2400}}<ref name="Taagepera1978a" />
|-
|[[수메르]]
|0.05<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{convert|0.05|km2|mi2|2|disp=number}}
|0.04%
|{{Date table sorting|-2400}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="5" |{{Notelist|group=Table1}}
|}

=== 현재까지의 거대 제국 연표 ===
명확히 이전의 모든 제국들보다 더 컸다고 할 수 있는 최초의 제국은 [[상하 이집트]]였는데 이 제국은 [[기원전 3000년]] 경 이전의 가장 큰 문명에 10배에 달하는 면적을 차지했다<ref>{{저널 인용|last=Taagepera|first=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=1997|title=Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt3cn68807/qt3cn68807.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[International Studies Quarterly]]|language=en|volume=41|issue=3|pages=480|doi=10.1111/0020-8833.00053|issn=0020-8833|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707203055/https://escholarship.org/content/qt3cn68807/qt3cn68807.pdf|archive-date=2020-07-07|access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref>.
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 550px"
|-
!제국
!영토 면적<br>(백만 km<sup>2</sup>)
!연도
|-
|[[상하 이집트]]
|0.1<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{Date table sorting|-3000}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[이집트 고왕국]]
|0.25<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{Date table sorting|-2850}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|0.4<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{Date table sorting|-2400}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[아카드 제국]]
|0.65<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{Date table sorting|-2300}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|0.8<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{Date table sorting|-2250}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|[[이집트 신왕국]]
|1.0<ref name="Taagepera1978">{{저널 인용|last=Taagepera|first=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=1978|title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 3000 to 600 B.C.|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt6wf6m5qg/qt6wf6m5qg.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Social Science Research]]|volume=7|issue=2|pages=182–189|doi=10.1016/0049-089x(78)90010-8|issn=0049-089X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707202816/https://escholarship.org/content/qt6wf6m5qg/qt6wf6m5qg.pdf|archive-date=2020-07-07|access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref>
|{{Date table sorting|-1450}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|[[상나라]]
|1.25<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{Date table sorting|-1122}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|[[신아시리아 제국]]
|1.4<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|{{Date table sorting|-670}}<ref name="Taagepera1978" />
|-
|[[메디아]]{{efn|group=Table2|고고학적이고 문헌상의 역사적 증거에 대한 최근의 재평가는 현대 학자들로 하여금 메디아의 영역은 물론 통일된 국가로서의 존재에 대한 이전의 개념에 의문을 제기하게 했다<ref name="MediaAndItsDiscontents" />. 메디아가 신아시리아 제국의 규모를 결코 능가하지 못한다면 후자는 아케메네스 제국이 그것을 능가할 때까지 세계에서 가장 큰 제국으로 남아 있었다<ref name="Taagepera1978" /><ref name="Taagepera1979" />}}.
|2.8<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{Date table sorting|-585}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[아케메네스 제국]]
|3.6<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{Date table sorting|-539}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|5.5<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{Date table sorting|-500}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[흉노]] 제국
|9.0<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|{{Date table sorting|-176}}<ref name="Taagepera1979" />
|-
|[[우마이야 칼리파국]]
|11.1<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{Date table sorting|720}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[몽골 제국]]
|13.5<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{Date table sorting|1227}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
|24.0<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{Date table sorting|1309}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[대영 제국]]
|24.5<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{Date table sorting|1880}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
|35.5<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|{{Date table sorting|1920}}<ref name="Taagepera1997" />
|-
| colspan="3" |{{Notelist|group=Table2}}
|}

=== 당시의 거대 제국 연표 ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 550px"
!러시아
!거대 제국 시기의<br>영토 면적<br>(백만 km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name="Taagepera1978a" />
!대략적 주기<ref name="Taagepera1978a" />
|-
|[[상하 이집트]]
|0.1
|{{Date table sorting|-3000}}
|-
|[[이집트 고왕국]]
|0.25–0.4
|{{Date table sorting|-2800}}{{Spaced en dash}}{{Date table sorting|-2400}}
|-
|[[아카드 제국]]
|0.2–0.6
|{{Date table sorting|-2300}}{{Spaced en dash}}{{Date table sorting|-2200}}
|-
|[[인더스 문명]]{{efn|group=Table3| 이것이 얼마나 응집력 있는 정치적 실체를 구성했는지는 불확실하다. [[기원전 2100년]]에 가장 큰 제국이 인더스 문명이 아니라고 한다면 [[이집트 제1중간기]]는 면적이 0.1만 km<sup>2</sup>0.1만 km2였다.}}
|0.15
|{{Date table sorting|-2100}}
|-
|[[이집트 중왕국]]
|0.2–0.5
|{{Date table sorting|-2000}}{{Spaced en dash}}{{Date table sorting|-1800}}
|-
|[[하나라]]
|0.4
|{{Date table sorting|-1700}}
|-
|[[힉소스]]
|0.65
|{{Date table sorting|-1600}}
|-
|[[이집트 신왕국]]
|0.65–1.0
|{{Date table sorting|-1500}}{{Spaced en dash}}{{Date table sorting|-1300}}
|-
|[[상나라]]
|0.9–1.1
|{{Date table sorting|-1250}}{{Spaced en dash}}{{Date table sorting|-1150}}
|-
|[[이집트 신왕국]]
|0.5–0.6
|{{Date table sorting|-1100}}{{Spaced en dash}}{{Date table sorting|-1050}}
|-
|[[주나라]]
|0.35–0.45
|{{Date table sorting|-1000}}{{Spaced en dash}}{{Date table sorting|-900}}
|-
|[[신아시리아 제국]]
|0.4–1.4
|{{Date table sorting|-850}}{{Spaced en dash}}{{Date table sorting|-650}}
|-
|[[메디아]]{{efn|group=Table3|고고학적이고 문헌상의 역사적 증거에 대한 최근의 재평가는 현대 학자들로 하여금 메디아의 영역은 물론 통일된 국가로서의 존재에 대한 이전의 개념에 의문을 제기하게 했다<ref name="MediaAndItsDiscontents" /> [[기원전 600년]]에 거대 제국이 메디아가 아니라고 한다면 [[이집트 말기왕조]]의 면적이 0.55만 km<sup>2</sup>였다.}}
|3.0
|{{Date table sorting|-600}}
|-
|[[아케메네스 제국]]
|2.5–5.5
|{{Date table sorting|-550}}{{Spaced en dash}}{{Date table sorting|-350}}
|-
|[[마케도니아 제국]]
|5.2
|{{Date table sorting|-323}}
|-
|[[셀레우코스 제국]]
|4.0
|{{Date table sorting|-300}}
|-
|[[마우리아 제국]]
|3.5
|{{Date table sorting|-250}}
|-
|[[한나라]]
|2.5
|{{Date table sorting|-200}}
|-
|[[흉노]] 제국
|5.7
|{{Date table sorting|-150}}
|-
|[[한나라]]
|4.2–6.5
|{{Date table sorting|-100}}{{Spaced en dash}}기원후{{Date table sorting|200}}
|-
|[[로마 제국]]
|4.4
|{{Date table sorting|250}}–{{Date table sorting|350}}
|-
|[[사산 제국]]
|3.5
|{{Date table sorting|400}}
|-
|[[훈족|훈 제국]]
|4.0
|{{Date table sorting|450}}
|-
|[[사산 제국]]
|3.5
|{{Date table sorting|500}}
|-
|[[돌궐]]
|3.0–5.2
|{{Date table sorting|550}}–{{Date table sorting|600}}
|-
|[[라시둔 칼리파국]]
|5.2
|{{Date table sorting|650}}
|-
|[[우마이야 칼리파국]]
|9.0–11.0
|{{Date table sorting|700}}–{{Date table sorting|750}}
|-
|[[아바스 칼리파국]]
|8.3–11.0
|{{Date table sorting|750}}–{{Date table sorting|800}}
|-
|티베트
|2.5–4.7
|{{Date table sorting|850}}–{{Date table sorting|950}}
|-
|[[송나라]]
|3.0
|{{Date table sorting|1000}}
|-
|[[셀주크 제국]]
|3.0–4.0
|{{Date table sorting|1050}}–{{Date table sorting|1100}}
|-
|티베트
|2.5
|{{Date table sorting|1150}}
|-
|[[금나라]]
|2.3
|{{Date table sorting|1200}}
|-
|[[몽골 제국]]
|18.0–24.0
|{{Date table sorting|1250}}–{{Date table sorting|1300}}
|-
|[[원나라]]
|11.0
|{{Date table sorting|1350}}
|-
|[[티무르 제국]]
|4.0
|{{Date table sorting|1400}}
|-
|[[명나라]]
|4.7–6.5
|{{Date table sorting|1450}}–{{Date table sorting|1500}}
|-
|[[오스만 제국]]
|4.3
|{{Date table sorting|1550}}
|-
|[[러시아 차르국]]
|6.0–12.0
|{{Date table sorting|1600}}–{{Date table sorting|1700}}
|-
|[[러시아 제국]]
|14.0–17.0
|{{Date table sorting|1750}}–{{Date table sorting|1800}}
|-
|[[대영 제국]]
|23.0–34.0
|{{Date table sorting|1850}}–{{Date table sorting|1925}}
|-
|[[소련]]
|22.5
|{{Date table sorting|1950}}–{{Date table sorting|1975}}
|-
| colspan="3" |{{Notelist|group=Table3}}
|}

== 세계 인구 비율당 거대 제국 ==
시간이 지남에 따라 세계 인구가 증가하는 경향 때문에 어떤 목적에서는 절대적 인구 수치가 당시 세계 인구에서 차지하는 비중보다 서로 다른 제국 간의 비교에 덜 관련이 있다<ref>{{서적 인용|last1=Scheidel|first1=Walter|title=The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2020|isbn=978-0-19-977311-4|editor-last=Bang|editor-first=Peter Fibiger|editor-link=Peter Fibiger Bang|location=|pages=102|language=en|chapter=The Scale of Empire: Territory, Population, Distribution|author-link=Walter Scheidel|editor-last2=Bayly|editor-first2=C. A.|editor-link2=Christopher Bayly|editor-last3=Scheidel|editor-first3=Walter|editor-link3=Walter Scheidel|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mkLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA102}}</ref>. 가장 인구가 많은 두 제국이 세계 인구에서 차지하는 비중은 기원전 400년 경 이후 대부분 30~40%였다. 가장 인구가 많은 제국은 대부분 중국이었다<ref>{{서적 인용|last=Myrdal|first=Janken|title=Ecology and Power: Struggles over Land and Material Resources in the Past, Present and Future|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-1-136-33529-7|editor-last=Hornborg|editor-first=Alf|pages=43|language=en|chapter=Empire: The comparative study of imperialism|editor-last2=Clark|editor-first2=Brett|editor-link2=Brett Clark (sociologist)|editor-last3=Hermele|editor-first3=Kenneth|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dkWqOb82PxgC&pg=PA43}}</ref>.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!제국
!세계 인구<br>대비<br>제국의 인구<ref name="OxfordPopulation">{{서적 인용|last1=Scheidel|first1=Walter|title=The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2020|isbn=978-0-19-977311-4|editor-last=Bang|editor-first=Peter Fibiger|editor-link=Peter Fibiger Bang|location=|pages=103|language=en|chapter=The Scale of Empire: Territory, Population, Distribution|author-link=Walter Scheidel|editor-last2=Bayly|editor-first2=C. A.|editor-link2=Christopher Bayly|editor-last3=Scheidel|editor-first3=Walter|editor-link3=Walter Scheidel|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mkLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA103}}</ref>
!연도<ref name="OxfordPopulation"/>
|-
|[[청나라]]
|37
|{{Date table sorting|1800}}
|-
|[[북송]]
|33
|{{Date table sorting|1100}}
|-
|[[전한]]
|32
|{{Date table sorting|1}}
|-
|[[몽골 제국]]
|31
|{{Date table sorting|1290}}
|-
|[[로마 제국]]
|30
|{{Date table sorting|150}}
|-
|[[진 (위진)|진나라]](삼국 통일)
|28
|{{Date table sorting|280}}
|-
|[[명나라]]
|28
|{{Date table sorting|1600}}
|-
|[[진나라]](전국 통일)
|24
|{{Date table sorting|-220}}
|-
|[[무굴 제국]]
|24
|{{Date table sorting|1700}}
|-
|[[당나라]]
|23
|{{Date table sorting|900}}
|-
|[[델리 술탄국]]
|23
|{{Date table sorting|1350}}
|-
|[[대영 제국]]
|23
|{{Date table sorting|1938}}
|-
|[[대일본제국]]
|20
|{{Date table sorting|1943}}
|-
|[[마우리아 제국]]
|19
|{{Date table sorting|-250}}
|-
|[[전진 (오호 십육국)|전진]]
|19
|{{Date table sorting|376}}
|-
|[[북주]]
|16
|{{Date table sorting|580}}
|-
|[[마케도니아 제국]]
|15
|{{Date table sorting|-323}}
|-
|[[하르샤]]
|15
|{{Date table sorting|647}}
|-
|[[굽타 제국]]
|13
|{{Date table sorting|450}}
|-
|[[북위 (북조)|북위]]
|13
|{{Date table sorting|500}}
|-
|[[우마이야 칼리파국]]
|13
|{{Date table sorting|750}}
|-
|[[아케메네스 제국]]
|12
|{{Date table sorting|-450}}
|-
|[[전연]]
|12
|{{Date table sorting|366}}
|-
|[[금나라]]
|12
|{{Date table sorting|1200}}
|-
|[[나치 독일]]
|12
|{{Date table sorting|1943}}
|}

== 같이 보기 ==
* [[제국의 목록]]
* [[옛 나라 목록]]
* [[세계 제국]]
* [[면적순 나라 목록]]
* [[국내 총생산순 나라 목록]]
* [[인구순 나라 목록]]

== 각주 ==
{{각주|30em}}

{{제국}}

[[분류:제국]]
[[분류:옛 제국]]