{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}
'''프로토타입 이론'''(Prototype theory) 또는 '''원형 이론'''은 [[인지 과학]], 특히 심리학 및 [[인지언어학]]의 [[분류|범주화]] 이론으로, 개념적 범주에 속하는 정도가 차등적으로 존재하며 일부 구성원은 다른 구성원보다 더 중심적이다. 이는 1971년 심리학자 [[엘리노어 로쉬]](Eleanor Rosch)의 연구와 함께 등장했으며, 전통적인 아리스토텔레스적 범주에서 벗어나 범주화 이론에서 '[[코페르니쿠스 혁명]]'으로 묘사됐다. 언어학자인 유지니오 코세리우(Eugenio Coseriu)와 구조적 의미론 패러다임의 다른 지지자들과 같이 전통적인 범주 이론을 여전히 지지하는 사람들로부터 비판을 받았다.

이 프로토타입 이론에서는 특정 언어의 특정 개념이 이 개념을 가장 잘 나타내는 실제 사례를 갖는다. 예를 들어, 가구 컨셉의 예를 묻는 질문에 옷장보다 소파가 더 자주 인용된다. 원형 이론은 음운론적 구조에서 의미론으로의 매핑의 일부로 언어학에도 적용되었다.

원형 이론을 공식화하면서 로쉬는 이전의 통찰력, 특히 [[루트비히 비트겐슈타인]](1953)과 [[로저 브라운]]의 "사물을 어떻게 호칭할 것인가?"(1958)에 의한 가족 유사에 기초한 범주 모델의 공식화로부터 부분적으로 끌어냈다.

== 같이 보기 ==
* [[프랜시스 골턴]]
* [[가족 유사성]]
* [[포크소노미]]
* [[이데아론]]

== 출처 ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Brent Berlin|Berlin, B.]] & [[Paul Kay|Kay, P.]] (1969): ''[[Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution]]'', Berkeley.
* [[Eugenio Coseriu|Coseriu, E.]], Willems, K and Leuschner, T, (2000) ''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294751901_Structural_Semantics_and_Cognitive_Semantics Structural Semantics and 'Cognitive' Semantics]'', in Logos and Language
* Dirven, R. & Taylor, J. R. (1988): "The conceptualisation of vertical Space in English: The Case of Tall", in: Rudzka-Ostyn, B.(ed): ''Topics in Cognitive Linguistics''. Amsterdam.
* [http://www.galton.org/essays/1870-1879/galton-1879-jaigi-composite-portraits.pdf Galton, F. (1878). Composite portraits. ''Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland'', Vol.8, pp.132–142.] doi=10.2307/2841021
* Gatsgeb, H. Z., Dundas, E. M., Minshew, M. J., & Strauss, M. S. (2012). Category formation in autism: Can individuals with autism form categories and prototypes of dot patterns?. Journal of Autism and Development Disorders, 42(8), 1694–1704. {{doi|10.1007/s10803-011-1411-x}}
* Gatsgeb, H. Z., Wilkinson, D. A., Minshew, M. J., & Strauss, M. S. (2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3134577/ Can individuals with autism abstract prototypes of natural faces?]. Journal of Autism and Development Disorders, 41(12), 1609–1618. doi: 10.1007/s10803-011-1190-4
* {{위키인용|id=Gardenfors2004 |reference=Gärdenfors, P. (2004): ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=FSLFjw1EcBwC&q=%22prototype+theory%22 Conceptual Spaces: The Geometry of Thought]'', MIT Press.}}
* Lakoff, G. (1987): ''Women, fire and dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind'', London.
* Lieto, A., Pozzato, G.L. (2019): ''[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0952813X.2019.1672799 A description logic framework for commonsense conceptual combination integrating typicality, probabilities and cognitive heuristics]'', Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, doi: 10.1080/0952813X.2019.1672799.
* [[Elizabeth Loftus|Loftus]], E.F., "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Elizabeth_Loftus/publication/232568875_Spreading_activation_within_semantic_categories_Comments_on_Rosch%27s_Cognitive_representation_of_semantic_categories/links/0c9605157494219ab6000000.pdf Spreading Activation Within Semantic Categories: Comments on Rosch’s “Cognitive Representations of Semantic Categories”]", Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Vol.104, No.3, (September 1975), p.&nbsp;234-240.
* Medin, D. L., Altom, M. W., & Murphy, T. D. (1984). [https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/given-versus-induced-category-representations-use-of-prototype-an Given versus induced category representations: Use of prototype and exemplar information in classification]. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 10(3), 333–352. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.10.3.333
* Mario Mikulincer Peri Kedem & Dov Paz (1990) The impact of trait anxiety and situational stress on the categorization of natural objects, Anxiety Research, 2:2, 85–101, DOI: 10.1080/08917779008249328
* Mikulincer, Mario & Kedem-Friedrich, Peri & Paz, Dov. (1990). Anxiety and categorization—1. The structure and boundaries of mental categories. Personality and Individual Differences. 11. 805–814. 10.1016/0191-8869(90)90189-X.
* Mikulincer, Mario & Paz, Dov & Kedem-Friedrich, Peri. (1990). Anxiety and categorization—2. Hierarchical levels of mental categories. Personality and Individual Differences. 11. 815–821. 10.1016/0191-8869(90)90190-3.
* Molesworth, C. J., Bowler, D. M., & Hampton, J. A. (2005). [http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/90780/7/Divjak_Arppe_2013_CL.pdf Extracting prototypes from exemplars what can corpus data tell us about concept representation?]. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(6), 661–672. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00383.x
* Molesworth, C. J., Bowler, D. M., & Hampton, J. A. (2008). [http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/4242/1/When%20prototypes%20are%20not%20best.pdf When prototypes are not best: Judgments made by children with autism]. Journal of Autism and Development Disorders, 38(9), 1721–1730. doi: 10.1007/s10803-008-0557-7
* [[Eleanor Rosch|Rosch]], E., "Classification of Real-World Objects: Origins and Representations in Cognition", pp.&nbsp;212–222 in Johnson-Laird, P.N. & Wason, P.C., ''Thinking: Readings in Cognitive Science'', Cambridge University Press, (Cambridge), 1977.
* [[Eleanor Rosch|Rosch]], E. (1975): “Cognitive Reference Points”, ''Cognitive Psychology'' 7, 532–547.
* [[Eleanor Rosch|Rosch]], E., "Cognitive Representations of Semantic Categories", ''Journal of Experimental Psychology: General'', Vol.104, No.3, (September 1975), pp.&nbsp;192–233.
* [[Eleanor Rosch|Rosch]], E.H. (1973): "Natural categories", ''Cognitive Psychology'' 4, 328–350.
* [[Eleanor Rosch|Rosch]], E., "Principles of Categorization", pp.&nbsp;27–48 in Rosch, E. & Lloyd, B.B. (eds), ''Cognition and Categorization'', Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, (Hillsdale), 1978.
* [[Eleanor Rosch|Rosch]], E., "Prototype Classification and Logical Classification: The Two Systems", pp.&nbsp;73–86 in Scholnick, E.K. (ed), ''New Trends in Conceptual Representation: Challenges to Piaget’s Theory?'', Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, 1983.
* [[Eleanor Rosch|Rosch]], E., "Reclaiming Concepts", ''Journal of Consciousness Studies'', Vol.6, Nos.11-12, (November/December 1999), pp.&nbsp;61–77.
* [[Eleanor Rosch|Rosch]], E., "Reply to Loftus", ''Journal of Experimental Psychology: General'', Vol.104, No.3, (September 1975), pp.&nbsp;241–243.
* [[Eleanor Rosch|Rosch]], E. & Mervis, C.B., "Family Resemblances: Studies in the Internal Structure of Categories", ''Cognitive Psychology'', Vol.7, No.4, (October 1975), pp.&nbsp;573–605.
* [[Eleanor Rosch|Rosch]], E., Mervis, C.B., Gray, W., Johnson, D., & Boyes-Braem, P., ''Basic Objects in Natural Categories, Working Paper No.43'', Language Behaviour Research Laboratory, University of California (Berkeley), 1975.
* [[Eleanor Rosch|Rosch]], E., Mervis, C.B., Gray, W., Johnson, D., & Boyes-Braem, P., "Basic Objects in Natural Categories", ''Cognitive Psychology'', Vol.8, No.3, (July 1976), pp.&nbsp;382–439.
* Smith, J. D., & Minda, J. P. (2002). [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.387.5745&rep=rep1&type=pdf Distinguishing prototype-based and exemplar-based processes in dot-pattern category learning]. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28(4), 1433–1458. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.31.6.1433
* Taylor, J. R.(2003): ''Linguistic Categorization'', Oxford University Press.
* [[Ludwig Wittgenstein|Wittgenstein, L.]], ''[[Philosophical Investigations]] (Philosophische Untersuchungen)'', Blackwell Publishers, 2001 ({{ISBN|0-631-23127-7}}).
{{div col end}}

[[분류:인지과학]]
[[분류:의미론 (언어학)]]
[[분류:심리학 이론]]
[[분류:의미 유사도]]
[[분류:인지언어학]]
[[분류:언어철학]]