{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}
{{인공지능}}
{{컴퓨팅의 역사}}
'''인공지능(AI)의 역사'''는 고대에 장인이 지능이나 의식을 부여한 인공 존재에 대한 신화, 이야기, 소문과 함께 시작되었다. 현대 AI의 씨앗은 인간의 사고 과정을 기호의 기계적 조작으로 설명하려는 철학자들에 의해 심어졌다. 이 작업은 1940년대에 수학적 추론의 추상적 본질에 기반한 기계인 프로그래밍 가능한 디지털 컴퓨터의 발명으로 절정에 달했다. 이 장치와 그 배후의 아이디어는 소수의 과학자들로 하여금 전자 두뇌를 구축할 가능성에 대해 진지하게 논의하기 시작하도록 영감을 주었다.

AI 연구 분야는 1956년 여름 미국 다트머스 대학 캠퍼스에서 열린 워크샵에서 시작되었다.<ref>{{저널 인용|doi = 10.1016/j.bushor.2018.08.004|title = Siri, Siri, in my hand: Who's the fairest in the land? On the interpretations, illustrations, and implications of artificial intelligence|journal = Business Horizons|volume = 62|pages = 15–25|year = 2019|last1 = Kaplan|first1 = Andreas|last2 = Haenlein|first2 = Michael| s2cid=158433736 }}</ref> 참석한 사람들은 수십 년 동안 AI 연구의 리더가 될 것이다. 그들 중 많은 사람들이 인간만큼 지능적인 기계가 한 세대 안에 존재할 것이라고 예측했고, 이 비전을 실현하기 위해 수백만 달러를 받았다.<ref>{{Harvnb|Newquist|1994|pp=143–156}}</ref>

결국 상업 개발자와 연구자들이 프로젝트의 어려움을 지나치게 과소평가했다는 것이 명백해졌다.<ref>{{Harvnb|Newquist|1994|pp=144–152}}</ref> 1974년 제임스 라이트힐(James Lighthill)의 비판과 의회의 계속되는 압력에 대응하여 미국과 영국 정부는 인공 지능에 대한 방향 없는 연구에 대한 자금 지원을 중단했으며 그 이후의 어려운 시기는 나중에 "AI 겨울"로 알려지게 되었다. 7년 후, 일본 정부의 선견지명이 있는 이니셔티브는 정부와 산업계에 수십억 달러를 AI에 제공하도록 영감을 주었지만 80년대 후반에 투자자들은 환멸을 느끼고 다시 자금 지원을 철회했다.

AI에 대한 투자와 관심은 새로운 방법, 강력한 컴퓨터 하드웨어의 적용, 막대한 데이터 세트 수집으로 인해 기계 학습이 학계와 산업계의 많은 문제에 성공적으로 적용되었던 21세기의 첫 10년 동안 하락했다.

== 같이 보기 ==
* [[인공지능의 개요]]
== 참고문헌 ==
{{참고 자료 시작}}
* {{인용| last = Berlinski | first = David | title = The Advent of the Algorithm | year = 2000 | author-link = David Berlinski | publisher = Harcourt Books | isbn = 978-0-15-601391-8 | oclc = 46890682 | url = https://archive.org/details/adventofalgorith0000berl }}.
* {{인용|last=Buchanan |first=Bruce G. |title=A (Very) Brief History of Artificial Intelligence |date=Winter 2005 |url=http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/assets/PDF/AIMag26-04-016.pdf |magazine=[[AI Magazine]] |pages=53–60 |access-date=2007-08-30 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926023314/http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/assets/PDF/AIMag26-04-016.pdf |archive-date=26 September 2007}}.
* {{인용| last = Brooks | first = Rodney | title = Elephants Don't Play Chess | url=http://people.csail.mit.edu/brooks/papers/elephants.pdf | year =1990 | author-link=Rodney Brooks | journal = [[Robotics and Autonomous Systems]] | volume=6 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 3–15 | doi = 10.1016/S0921-8890(05)80025-9| access-date=2007-08-30 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.588.7539 }}.
* {{인용| last = Butler | first =  Samuel | title = Darwin Among the Machines | date = 13 June 1863 | url =https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-ButFir-t1-g1-t1-g1-t4-body.html | author-link = Samuel Butler (novelist) | work= [[The Press]], Christchurch, New Zealand | access-date = 10 October 2008 }}.
* {{인용| last1 = Colby | first1 = Kenneth M. | last2 = Watt | first2 = James B. | last3 = Gilbert | first3 = John P. | title = A Computer Method of Psychotherapy: Preliminary Communication | date = 1966 | magazine = The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease | volume = 142 | issue = 2 | pages = 148–152 | url = https://exhibits.stanford.edu/feigenbaum/catalog/hk334rq4790| doi=10.1097/00005053-196602000-00005 | pmid = 5936301| s2cid = 36947398 }}.
* {{인용| last = Colby | first = Kenneth M. | title = Ten Criticisms of Parry | date = September 1974 | publisher = Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory | id = REPORT NO. STAN-CS-74-457 | url = http://i.stanford.edu/pub/cstr/reports/cs/tr/74/457/CS-TR-74-457.pdf | access-date = 17 June 2018}}.
* {{인용| title=AI set to exceed human brain power | date = 26 July 2006 | url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/07/24/ai.bostrom/ | work=CNN.com | access-date=16 October 2007 }}.
* {{인용| last = Copeland | first=Jack | title=Micro-World AI | url=http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/pages/Reference%20Articles/what_is_AI/What%20is%20AI06.html | year=2000 | author-link=Jack Copeland | access-date=8 October 2008}}.
* {{인용| last=Cordeschi | first=Roberto | title = The Discovery of the Artificial | year = 2002 | location=Dordrecht | publisher=Kluwer. }}.
* {{Crevier 1993}}
* {{인용| last = Darrach | first = Brad | title=Meet Shaky, the First Electronic Person | date=20 November 1970  | magazine=[[Life Magazine]] | pages = 58–68 }}.
* {{인용| last = Doyle | first = J. | title = What is rational psychology? Toward a modern mental philosophy | year = 1983 | magazine = [[AI Magazine]] | volume= 4 | issue =3 |pages = 50–53 }}.
* {{인용| last=Dreyfus | first=Hubert | title = Alchemy and AI  | year =1965 | author-link = Hubert Dreyfus | publisher = [[RAND Corporation]] Memo }}.
* {{인용| last=Dreyfus | first=Hubert | title = What Computers Can't Do  | year =1972 | location = New York  | publisher = MIT Press | isbn = 978-0-06-090613-9 | oclc=5056816 | title-link=What Computers Can't Do }}.
* {{인용| last=The Economist | title=Are You Talking to Me? | date=7 June 2007 | url=http://www.economist.com/science/tq/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9249338 | magazine=[[The Economist]] | access-date=16 October 2008}}.
* {{인용| last1 = Feigenbaum | first1 = Edward A. |title = The Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelligence and Japan's Computer Challenge to the World | year = 1983|last2=McCorduck | first2=Pamela | author-link = Edward Feigenbaum | publisher = Michael Joseph | isbn = 978-0-7181-2401-4 | title-link = Fifth generation computer }}.
* {{인용| last1=Hawkins | first1=Jeff | title=On Intelligence | year=2004 | last2=Blakeslee | first2=Sandra | author-link=Jeff Hawkins | location=New York, NY | publisher=Owl Books | isbn=978-0-8050-7853-4 | oclc=61273290 | title-link=On Intelligence }}.
* {{인용| last=Hebb | first=D.O.|  title=The Organization of Behavior |year=1949 | author-link=Donald Olding Hebb| location=New York| publisher=Wiley | isbn=978-0-8058-4300-2| oclc=48871099 }}.
* {{인용|last1=Hewitt |first1=Carl |title=A Universal Modular Actor Formalism for Artificial Intelligence |url=http://dli.iiit.ac.in/ijcai/IJCAI-73/PDF/027B.pdf |year=1973 |last2=Bishop |last3=Steiger |first2=Peter |first3=Richard |author-link=Carl Hewitt |author-link3=Richard Steiger |publisher=IJCAI |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229084457/http://dli.iiit.ac.in/ijcai/IJCAI-73/PDF/027B.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2009}}
* {{인용| last = Hobbes | first = Thomas
| title = Leviathan | year = 1651 | author-link=Hobbes | title-link = Leviathan (Hobbes book)
}}.
* {{인용| last = Hofstadter
| first = Douglas | title = Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid | date = 1999 | author-link = Douglas Hofstadter |orig-year=1979| publisher = Basic Books  | isbn = 978-0-465-02656-2 | oclc = 225590743
| title-link = Gödel, Escher, Bach }}.
* {{인용| last = Howe | first = J. | title = Artificial Intelligence at Edinburgh University: a Perspective | date = November 1994 | url=http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/about/AIhistory.html | access-date= 30 August 2007}}.
* {{인용| last1 = Kaplan | first1 = Andreas | last2 = Haenlein | first2 = Michael | title = Siri, Siri in my Hand, who's the Fairest in the Land? On the Interpretations, Illustrations and Implications of Artificial Intelligence | journal = Business Horizons | volume = 62 | pages = 15–25 | date = 2018 | doi = 10.1016/j.bushor.2018.08.004 | s2cid = 158433736 }}.
* {{인용| last=Kolata | first = G. | title=How can computers get common sense? | year=1982 | journal=Science | volume = 217 | issue= 4566 | pages=1237–1238 |bibcode = 1982Sci...217.1237K | doi = 10.1126/science.217.4566.1237 | pmid = 17837639 }}.
* {{인용| last = Kurzweil | first = Ray | title = The Singularity is Near | year = 2005 | author-link = Ray Kurzweil | publisher = Viking Press | isbn=978-0-14-303788-0 | oclc = 71826177 | title-link = The Singularity is Near }}.
* {{인용| last = Lakoff | first = George | title = Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind | year = 1987 | author-link = George Lakoff | publisher = University of Chicago Press. | isbn = 978-0-226-46804-4 | url = https://archive.org/details/womenfiredangero00lako_0 }}.
* {{인용| last1=Lenat | first1=Douglas | title = Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems | year = 1989 |  last2=Guha | first2=R. V.| author-link=Douglas Lenat | publisher = Addison-Wesley| isbn=978-0-201-51752-1 | oclc=19981533 }}.
* {{인용| last = Levitt | first = Gerald M. | title = The Turk, Chess Automaton|year = 2000|location = Jefferson, N.C. | publisher = McFarland| isbn = 978-0-7864-0778-1 }}.
* {{인용| last = Lighthill | first = Professor Sir James | title = Artificial Intelligence: a paper symposium| year = 1973 | author-link=James Lighthill |
contribution= [[Lighthill report|Artificial Intelligence: A General Survey]] | publisher = [[Science Research Council]]}}
* {{인용 | last = Lucas | first = John | title = Minds, Machines and Gödel | url = http://users.ox.ac.uk/~jrlucas/Godel/mmg.html | year = 1961 | author-link = John Lucas (philosopher) | journal = [[Philosophy (journal)|Philosophy]] | volume = 36 | issue = XXXVI | pages = 112–127 | doi = 10.1017/S0031819100057983 | s2cid = 55408480 | access-date = 15 October 2008 | archive-date = 2007-08-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070819165214/http://users.ox.ac.uk/~jrlucas/Godel/mmg.html | url-status =  }}
* {{인용
 |last=Maker
 |first=Meg Houston
 |title=AI@50: AI Past, Present, Future
 |url=http://www.engagingexperience.com/2006/07/ai50_ai_past_pr.html
 |year=2006
 |location=Dartmouth College
 |access-date=16 October 2008
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008120238/http://www.engagingexperience.com/2006/07/ai50_ai_past_pr.html
 |archive-date=8 October 2008
}}
* {{인용| last=Markoff | first=John | title=Behind Artificial Intelligence, a Squadron of Bright Real People | date=14 October 2005
| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/14/technology/14artificial.html?_r=1&ei=5070&en=11ab55edb7cead5e&ex=1185940800&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1185805173-o7WsfW7qaP0x5/NUs1cQCQ&oref=slogin | author-link=John Markoff | work=[[The New York Times]] | access-date=16 October 2008 }}
* {{인용| last1 = McCarthy | first1 = John | title = A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence | date = 31 August 1955 | url = http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html | last2 = Minsky | last3 = Rochester | last4 = Shannon | first2 = Marvin | first3 = Nathan | first4 = Claude | author-link = John McCarthy (computer scientist) | author3-link = Nathaniel Rochester (computer scientist) | author4-link = Claude Shannon | access-date = 16 October 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080930164306/http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html | archive-date = 30 September 2008 | url-status = dead }}
* {{인용| last1 = McCarthy  | first1 = John | title=Machine Intelligence 4
 | url=http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/mcchay69/mcchay69.html  | year = 1969
| last2 = Hayes | first2=P. J. | author2-link=Patrick J. Hayes | pages = 463–502 | contribution= Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of artificial intelligence | publisher=Edinburgh University Press | editor-last=Meltzer | editor2-last=Mitchie | editor-first=B. J. | editor2-first=Donald | editor-link=Bernard Meltzer (computer scientist) | editor2-link=Donald Mitchie | access-date=16 October 2008
}}
* {{인용| last=McCorduck | first=Pamela | title = Machines Who Think | year = 2004 | edition=2nd | location=Natick, MA | publisher=A. K. Peters, Ltd. | isbn=978-1-56881-205-2 | oclc=52197627}}.
* {{인용| last1 = McCullough | first1 = W. S. | title = A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity | year = 1943 | last2 = Pitts | first2 = W. | author-link = Warren McCullough | journal= Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics | volume= 5 | issue = 4| pages = 115–127 | doi = 10.1007/BF02478259 }}
* {{인용
| last1=Menabrea |first1=Luigi Federico | title=Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage
| url= http://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/sketch.html | year=1843
| last2=Lovelace | first2=Ada
| author-link=Ada Lovelace
| journal=[[Scientific Memoirs]] |volume=3
|access-date=2008-08-29}} With notes upon the Memoir by the Translator
* {{인용
| last = Minsky | first = Marvin | title = Computation: Finite and Infinite Machines
| year = 1967
| author-link=Marvin Minsky
| location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J. | publisher = Prentice-Hall }}
* {{인용| last1 = Minsky | first1 = Marvin | title = Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry | year = 1969 | last2 = Papert | first2 = Seymour | author-link = Marvin Minsky | author2-link = Seymour Papert | publisher = The MIT Press | isbn = 978-0-262-63111-2 | oclc = 16924756 | url = https://archive.org/details/perceptronsintro00mins }}
* {{인용 | last = Minsky | first = Marvin | title = A Framework for Representing Knowledge | url = http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/papers/Frames/frames.html | year = 1974 | author-link = Marvin Minsky | access-date = 16 October 2008 | archive-date = 2021-01-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210107162402/http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/papers/Frames/frames.html | url-status =  }}
* {{인용
| last = Minsky | first = Marvin | title = The Society of Mind
| year = 1986
| author-link=Marvin Minsky
| publisher = Simon and Schuster
| isbn=978-0-671-65713-0 | oclc = 223353010 | title-link = The Society of Mind }}
* {{인용
| last = Minsky | first = Marvin | title=It's 2001. Where Is HAL?
| url=http://www.ddj.com/hpc-high-performance-computing/197700454?cid=RSSfeed_DDJ_AI | year = 2001
| author-link=Marvin Minsky
| publisher=Dr. Dobb's Technetcast
| access-date=8 August 2009 }}
* {{인용| last = Moravec | first = Hans | title = The Role of Raw Power in Intelligence | url = http://www.frc.ri.cmu.edu/users/hpm/project.archive/general.articles/1975/Raw.Power.html | year = 1976 | author-link = Hans Moravec | access-date = 16 October 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232511/http://www.frc.ri.cmu.edu/users/hpm/project.archive/general.articles/1975/Raw.Power.html | archive-date = 3 March 2016 | url-status = dead }}
* {{인용| last = Moravec | first = Hans | title = Mind Children | year = 1988 | publisher = Harvard University Press | isbn = 978-0-674-57618-6 | oclc = 245755104 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/mindchildren00hans }}
* {{인용|last=NRC|title=Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research|year=1999|author-link=United States National Research Council|chapter=Developments in Artificial Intelligence|publisher=National Academy Press|isbn=978-0-309-06278-7|oclc=246584055|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/fundingrevolutio00nati}}
* {{인용| last1 = Newell | first1 = Allen | title=Computers and Thought | year = 1963 | last2 = Simon | first2=H. A. | author-link=Allen Newell | contribution=GPS: A Program that Simulates Human Thought|location= New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill | editor-last= Feigenbaum |editor2-last= Feldman | editor-first= E.A. |editor2-first= J. | isbn=978-0-262-56092-4 | oclc = 246968117}}
* {{인용| last = Newquist | first = HP | title=The Brain Makers: Genius, Ego, And Greed in the Quest For Machines That Think | year = 1994 | author-link=HP Newquist |location= New York|publisher=Macmillan/SAMS | isbn=978-0-9885937-1-8 |oclc=313139906}}
* {{인용| last=Nick | first=Martin | title=Al Jazari: The Ingenious 13th Century Muslim Mechanic | url=http://www.alshindagah.com/marapr2005/jaziri.html | year=2005 | publisher=Al Shindagah
| access-date=16 October 2008 }}.*
* {{인용| last=O'Connor | first=Kathleen Malone | title=The alchemical creation of life (takwin) and other concepts of Genesis in medieval Islam| pages=1–435 | url=http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI9503804 |year=1994 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania | access-date=2007-01-10}}
* {{인용| last=Olsen | first=Stefanie | title =Newsmaker: Google's man behind the curtain
| date=10 May 2004 | url=http://news.cnet.com/Googles-man-behind-the-curtain/2008-1024_3-5208228.html | publisher=[[CNET]]
| access-date=17 October 2008 }}.
* {{인용| last=Olsen | first=Stefanie | title =Spying an intelligent search engine
| date=18 August 2006 | url=http://news.cnet.com/Spying-an-intelligent-search-engine/2100-1032_3-6107048.html | publisher=[[CNET]]
| access-date=17 October 2008 }}.
* {{인용| last = Pearl | first = J. | title = Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems: Networks of Plausible Inference | year = 1988 | author-link=Judea Pearl | location=San Mateo, California| publisher=Morgan Kaufmann | isbn=978-1-55860-479-7 | oclc = 249625842 }}.
* {{Russell Norvig 2003}}.
* {{인용| last1 = Poole | first1 = David | title = Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach | url = https://archive.org/details/computationalint00pool | year = 1998 | last2 = Mackworth | last3 = Goebel | first2 = Alan | first3 = Randy | publisher = Oxford University Press. | isbn = 978-0-19-510270-3 }}.
* {{인용| last=Samuel| first=Arthur L.| title=Some studies in machine learning using the game of checkers| date=July 1959| url=http://domino.research.ibm.com/tchjr/journalindex.nsf/600cc5649e2871db852568150060213c/39a870213169f45685256bfa00683d74?OpenDocument| author-link=Arthur Samuel (computer scientist)| journal=IBM Journal of Research and Development| volume=3| issue=3| pages=210–219| doi=10.1147/rd.33.0210| access-date=2007-08-20| citeseerx=10.1.1.368.2254| archive-date=2016-03-03| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191010/http://domino.research.ibm.com/tchjr/journalindex.nsf/600cc5649e2871db852568150060213c/39a870213169f45685256bfa00683d74?OpenDocument| url-status=}}.
* {{Searle 1980}}.
* {{인용| title = Heuristic Problem Solving: The Next Advance in Operations Research
| year = 1958
| last1 =Simon | last2=Newell | first1 = H. A. | first2=Allen | author-link=Herbert A. Simon | journal =Operations Research | volume=6 | pages =1–10  | doi =10.1287/opre.6.1.1 }}.
* {{인용| last= Simon| first = H. A. | title=The Shape of Automation for Men and Management | year = 1965 | location = New York | publisher =Harper & Row }}.
* {{인용| last = Skillings | first =  Jonathan | title = Newsmaker: Getting machines to think like us
| url = http://news.cnet.com/Getting-machines-to-think-like-us---page-2/2008-11394_3-6090207-2.html?tag=st.next | year = 2006 | publisher=[[CNET]]
| access-date=8 October 2008 }}.
* {{인용| last=Tascarella | first=Patty | title=Robotics firms find fundraising struggle, with venture capital shy | date=14 August 2006
| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/stories/2006/08/14/focus3.html?b=1155528000%5E1329573 | work=[[Pittsburgh Business Times]]
| access-date= 15 March 2016 }}.
* {{인용| last=Turing | first=Alan | title=On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem
| date=1936–37 | url=http://www.abelard.org/turpap2/tp2-ie.asp | series=2 | journal=Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society | issue = 42 | pages= 230–265
| doi = 10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230 | access-date=8 October 2008 | volume=s2-42| s2cid=73712 }}.
* {{Turing 1950}}.
* {{인용| last = Weizenbaum  | first = Joseph | title = Computer Power and Human Reason | year = 1976 | author-link=Joseph Weizenbaum | publisher = W.H. Freeman & Company  | isbn=978-0-14-022535-8 | oclc = 10952283 | title-link = Computer Power and Human Reason }}.
{{참고 자료 끝}}

== 각주 ==
{{각주}}

[[분류:인공지능의 역사| ]]
[[분류:컴퓨팅의 역사]]