{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}
{{진화생물학}}[[파일:Drosophila_speciation_experiment.svg|오른쪽|섬네일| [[말토스|맥아당]]과 [[녹말|전분]] 배지에서 두 줄의 [[노랑초파리|초파리]]를 사육하는 동종성 종분화 실험]]
[[근소적 종분화|종분화]]에 대한 실험은 잡종화, 강화, [[창시자 효과]] 등 모두에 대해 수행되었다. 대부분의 실험은 파리, 특히 [[초파리]]로 이루어졌다.<ref name="Coyne&Orr2004">{{인용|출판사=Sinauer Associates}}</ref> 그러나 더 최근의 연구에서는 효모, 곰팡이, 심지어 바이러스까지도 이용하여 실험했다.

실험실 실험(Laboratory experiment)은 개체군 크기가 작고 세대가 제한되어 있기 때문에 변종 종분화(동종 및 주변)에 도움이 되지 않는다고 제안되었다.<ref name="Florin&Odeen20023">{{인용|title=Laboratory environments are not conducive for allopatric speciation|author=Florin, Ann-Britt & Ödeen, Anders|journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology|year=2002|volume=15|issue=1|pages=10–19|doi=10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00356.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> 자연 연구에서 얻은 대부분의 추정치는 종분화에 수십만 년에서 수백만 년이 걸린다는 것을 나타낸다.<ref>{{인용|title="Patterns of Speciation in ''Drosophila''" Revisited|author1=Coyne, Jerry A.|author1-link=Jerry Coyne|author2=Orr, H. Allen|author2-link=H. Allen Orr|journal=Evolution|year=1997|volume=51|issue=1|pages=295–303|doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb02412.x|pmid=28568795|doi-access=free}}</ref> 다른 한편으로, 많은 종은 3000세대 미만에서 동종분화를 하고 있는 [[부어|원양]], [[저어|해저 지역]]에서 산란하는 유럽 가자미(''Platichthys flesus'')와 같이 더 빠르고 최근에 종분화한 것으로 생각된다.<ref>{{인용|title=Extraordinarily rapid speciation in a marine fish|author1=Momigliano, Paolo|author2=Jokinen, Henri|author3=Fraimout, Antoine|author4=Florin, Ann-Britt|author5=Norkko, Alf|author6=Merilä, Juha|journal=PNAS|year=2017|volume=114|issue=23|pages=6074–6079|doi=10.1073/pnas.1615109114|pmid=28533412|pmc=5468626|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/114/23/6074.full.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== 실험 목록 ==
현재 확인할 수 있는 6개의 출판물이 종분화에 대한 실험적 연구를 편집, 검토 및 분석하려고 시도했다.

# 1985년 존 링고, 데이비드 우드, 로버트 록웰, 해롤드 다우즈<ref name="Ringoetal19852">{{인용|title=An Experiment Testing Two Hypotheses of Speciation|author1=Ringo, John|author2=Wood, David|author3=Rockwell, Robert|author4=Dowse, Harold|journal=The American Naturalist|year=1985|volume=126|issue=5|pages=642–661|doi=10.1086/284445|s2cid=84819968}}</ref>
# 1993년 William R. Rice 와 Ellen E.<ref name="Rice&Hostert19932">{{인용|title=Laboratory Experiments on Speciation: What Have We Learned in 40 Years?|year=1993|author=Rice, William R. & Hostert, Ellen E.|journal=Evolution|volume=47|issue=6|pages=1637–1653|doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb01257.x|pmid=28568007|s2cid=42100751}}</ref>
# 2002년 Ann-Britt Florin 과 Anders Ödeen.<ref name="Florin&Odeen20022">{{인용|title=Laboratory environments are not conducive for allopatric speciation|author=Florin, Ann-Britt & Ödeen, Anders|journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology|year=2002|volume=15|issue=1|pages=10–19|doi=10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00356.x|doi-access=free}}</ref>
# 2002년 Mark Kirkpatrick 과 Virginie Ravigné.<ref name="Kirkpatrick&Ravigne20022">{{인용|title=Speciation by Natural and Sexual Selection: Models and Experiments|author=Kirkpatrick, Mark & Ravigné, Virginie|journal=The American Naturalist|year=2002|volume=159|pages=S22–S35|doi=10.1086/338370|pmid=18707367|s2cid=16516804}}</ref>
# 2004년 Jerry A. Coyne 및 H. Allen Orr<ref name="Coyne&Orr2004">{{인용|출판사=Sinauer Associates}}</ref>
# 2009년 제임스 D. 프라이.<ref name="Fry2003">Fry, James D. (2009). Laboratory Experiments on Speciation. In Garland, Theodore & Rose, Michael R. "Experimental Evolution: Concepts, Methods, and Applications of Selection Experiments". Pp. 631–656. {{Doi|10.1525/california/9780520247666.003.0020}}</ref>

==표==

이 표는 이 간행물에서 검토한 연구 및 데이터를 요약한 것이다. 또한 여러 현대적 실험을 참조하며 포괄적이지 않다.

표에서 세대 열에서 세미콜론으로 구분된 여러 숫자는 여러 실험이 수행되었음을 나타낸다. 복제(괄호 안)는 실험에 사용된 모집단의 수, 즉 실험이 복제된 횟수를 나타낸다. 다양한 유형의 선택이 실험 모집단에 부과되었으며 선택 유형 열로 표시된다. 각 실험의 음성 또는 양성 결과는 생식 분리 컬럼에 의해 제공된다.

[[접합 전 생식 격리]](Pre-zygotic)는 개체군에서 생식하는 개체가 자손을 낳을 수 없음을 의미한다(효과적으로 긍정적인 결과). [[접합 후 격리]](Post-zygotic)는 번식하는 개체가 자손을 낳을 수 있었지만 불임 상태이거나 생존할 수 없었음을 의미한다(양성 결과도 마찬가지임). 음성 결과는 "없음"으로 표시된다. 즉, 실험에서 생식적 격리가 발생하지 않았다는 뜻이다.

표의 내용과 용어는 영문판을 그대로 사용하였다.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+종분화 실험에 대한 표<ref name="Coyne&Orr2004" /><ref name="Rice&Hostert1993">{{인용|title=Laboratory Experiments on Speciation: What Have We Learned in 40 Years?|year=1993|author=Rice, William R. & Hostert, Ellen E.|journal=Evolution|volume=47|issue=6|pages=1637–1653|doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb01257.x|pmid=28568007|s2cid=42100751}}</ref><ref name="Kirkpatrick&Ravigne2002">{{인용|title=Speciation by Natural and Sexual Selection: Models and Experiments|author=Kirkpatrick, Mark & Ravigné, Virginie|journal=The American Naturalist|year=2002|volume=159|pages=S22–S35|doi=10.1086/338370|pmid=18707367|s2cid=16516804}}</ref><ref name="Florin&Odeen2002">{{인용|title=Laboratory environments are not conducive for allopatric speciation|author=Florin, Ann-Britt & Ödeen, Anders|journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology|year=2002|volume=15|issue=1|pages=10–19|doi=10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00356.x|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Fry2003" />
!종
!특성
!세대
!테스트
!선택형
!유전적 부동
!생식적 격리
!출처
!실험한 해
|-
|''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]''
|[[Escape response]]
|18
|[[Vicariant]], reinforcement, parapatric/
sympatric
|Indirect; divergent
|Yes
|Pre-zygotic
|Grant & Mettler<ref>{{인용|title=Disruptive and stabilizing selection on the" escape" behavior of ''Drosophila melanogaster'' |author=Grant, B. S. & Mettler, L. E. |journal=Genetics |year=1969 |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=625–637 |doi=10.1093/genetics/62.3.625 |pmc=1212303 |pmid=17248452 }}</ref>
|1969
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|[[Animal locomotion|Locomotion]]
|112
|Vicariant
|Indirect; divergent
|No
|Pre-zygotic
|Burnet & Connolly<ref>Burnet, B. & Connolly, K. (1974). Activity and sexual behavior in ''Drosophila melanogaster''. In Abeelen, J. H. V. F. (eds). ''The Genetics of Behaviour''. North-Holland, Amsterdam. Pp. 201–258.</ref>
|1974
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|Temperature, [[humidity]]
|70–130
|Vicariant
|Indirect; divergent
|Yes
|Pre-zygotic
|Kilias et al.<ref>{{인용|title=A Multifactorial Genetic Investigation of Speciation Theory Using ''Drosophila melanogaster'' |author=Kilias, G., Alahiotis, S. N., & Pelecanos, M. |journal=Evolution |year=1980 |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=730–737 |doi=10.2307/2408027 |pmid=28563991 |jstor=2408027 }}</ref>
|1980
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|[[Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane|DDT]] adaptation
|600 [25 years, +15 years]
|Vicariant
|Direct
|No
|Pre-zygotic
|Boake et al.<ref>{{인용|title=Forty years of solitude: life-history divergence and behavioural isolation between laboratory lines of ''Drosophila melanogaster'' |author=Boake, C. R. B., Mcdonald, K., Maitra, S., Ganguly, R. |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |year=2003 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=83–90 |doi=10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00505.x |pmid=14635883 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|2003
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|
|17, 9, 9, 1, 1, 7, 7, 7, 7
|Vicariant; parapatric/
sympatric
|Direct, divergent
|
|Pre-zygotic in vicariance; none with gene flow
|Barker & Karlsson<ref>{{인용|title=Effects of population size and selection intensity on responses to disruptive selection in ''Drosophila melanogaster'' |author=Barker, J. S. F. & Karlsson, L. J. E. |journal=Genetics |year=1974 |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=715–735 |doi=10.2307/2407287 |jstor=2407287 |pmid=4217303 |pmc=1213230 }}</ref>
|1974
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|
|40; 50
|Reinforcement
|Direct; divergent
|
|Pre-zygotic
|Crossley<ref>{{인용|title=Changes in Mating Behavior Produced by Selection for Ethological Isolation Between Ebony and Vestigial Mutants of ''Drosophila melanogaster'' |author=Crossley, Stella A. |journal=Evolution |year=1974 |volume=28 |issue=4 | pages=631–647 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1974.tb00795.x |pmid=28564833 |s2cid=35867118 }}</ref>
|1974
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|Locomotion
|45
|Vicariant
|Direct; divergent
|No
|None
|van Dijken & Scharloo<ref>{{인용|title=Divergent selection on locomotor activity in ''Drosophila melanogaster''. I. Selection response |author=van Dijken, F. R. & Scharloo, W. |journal=Behavior Genetics |year=1979 |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=543–553 | doi=10.1007/BF01067350 |pmid=122270 |s2cid=39352792 }}</ref><ref>{{인용|title=Divergent selection on locomotor activity in ''Drosophila melanogaster''. II. Test for reproductive isolation between selected lines |author=van Dijken, F. R. & Scharloo, W. |year=1979 |journal=Behavior Genetics |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=555–561 |doi=10.1007/BF01067351 |pmid=122271 |s2cid=40169222 }}</ref>
|1979
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|
|
|Reinforcement
|Direct; divergent
|
|Pre-zygotic
|Wallace<ref>{{인용|title=Genetic divergence of isolated populations of ''Drosophila melanogaster'' | author=Wallace, B. |journal=Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Genetics |year=1953 |volume=9 | pages=761–764}}</ref>
|1953
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|
|36; 31
|Reinforcement
|Direct; divergent
|
|Pre-zygotic
|Knight<ref>{{인용|title=Selection for sexual isolation within a species |author=Knight, G. R., Robertson, Alan, & Waddington, C. H. |journal=Evolution | year=1956 | volume=10 |issue=1 | pages=14–22 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1956.tb02825.x |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|1956
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|[[Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid|EDTA]] adaptation
|25, 25, 25, 14
|Semi-allopatric, reinforcement
|Indirect; divergent
|No
|Post-zygotic
|Robertson<ref>{{인용|title=A test of sexual isolation in ''Drosophila'' |author=Robertson, Forbes W.  |journal=Genetical Research |year=1966 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=181–187 |doi=10.1017/S001667230001003X |pmid=5922518 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{인용|title=The ecological genetics of growth in ''Drosophila'' 8. Adaptation to a New Diet |year=1966 |author=Robertson, Forbes W. |journal=Genetical Research |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=165–179 |doi=10.1017/S0016672300010028 |pmid=5922517 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|1966
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|
|25 (8)
|Vicariant; reinforcement; parapatric; sympatric
|Direct
|
|None
|Hostert<ref>{{인용|title=Reinforcement: a new perspective on an old controversy |author=Hostert, Ellen E. |journal=Evolution |year=1997 |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=697–702 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb03653.x |pmid=28568598 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|1997
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|Abdominal [[chaeta]]
number
|21–31
|Vicariant
|Direct
|Yes
|None
|Santibanez & Waddington<ref>{{인용|title=The origin of sexual isolation between different lines within a species |author=Koref Santibañez, S. & Waddington, C. H. |journal=Evolution |year=1958 |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=485–493 |doi=10.2307/2405959 |jstor=2405959 }}</ref>
|1958
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|[[Morphology of Diptera|Sternopleural]] chaeta number
|32
|Vicariant, reinforcement, parapatric/
sympatric
|Direct
|No
|None
|Barker & Cummins<ref>{{인용|title=The effect of selection for sternopleural bristle number in mating behaviour in ''Drosophila melanogaster'' |year=1969 |author=Barker, J. S. F. & Cummins, L. J. |journal=Genetics |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=713–719 |doi=10.1093/genetics/61.3.713 |pmid=17248436 |pmc=1212235 }}</ref>
|1969
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|[[Phototaxis]], [[geotaxis]]
|20
|Vicariant
|
|No
|None
|Markow<ref>{{인용|title=A genetic analysis of phototactic behavior in ''Drosophila melanogaster'' |author=Markow, Therese Ann |journal=Genetics |year=1975 |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=527–534 |doi=10.1093/genetics/79.3.527 |pmc=1213291 |pmid=805084 }}</ref><ref>{{인용|title=Mating preferences are not predictive of the direction of evolution in experimental populations of ''Drosophila'' |year=1981 |author=Markow, Therese Ann |journal=Science |volume=213 |issue=4514 |pages=1405–1407 |doi=10.1126/science.213.4514.1405 |pmid=17732575 |s2cid=15497733 }}</ref>
|1975; 1981
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|
|
|Peripatric
|
|Yes
|
|Rundle et al.<ref>{{인용|title=Single founder-flush events and the evolution of reproductive isolation |author=Rundle, H. D., Mooers, Arne Ø. & Whitlock, Michael C. |journal=Evolution |year=1998 |volume=52 |issue= 6|pages=1850–1855 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb02263.x |pmid=28565304 |s2cid=24502821 }}</ref>
|1998
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|
|
|Vicariant; peripatric
|
|Yes
|
|Mooers et al.<ref>{{인용|title=The effects of selection and bottlenecks on male mating success in peripheral isolates |author=Mooers, Arne Ø., Rundle, Howard D. & Whitlock, Michael C. |journal=American Naturalist |year=1999 |volume=153 |issue=4 |pages=437–444 |doi=10.1086/303186 |pmid=29586617 |s2cid=4411105 }}</ref>
|1999
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|
|12
|Reinforcement
|Divergent
|
|Pre-zygotic
|Thoday & Gibson<ref>{{인용|title=Isolation by disruptive selection |author=Thoday, J. M. & Gibson, J. B. |journal=Nature |year=1962 |volume=193 |issue=4821 |pages=1164–1166 |pmid=13920720 |doi=10.1038/1931164a0 |s2cid=5156234 }}</ref>
|1962
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|
|
|
|
|
|None
|Thoday & Gibson<ref>{{인용|title=The probability of isolation by disruptive selection |author=Thoday, J. M. & Gibson, J. B. |journal=Nature |year=1970 |volume=104 |issue=937 |pages=219–230 |doi=10.1086/282656|s2cid=85333360 }}</ref><ref>{{인용|title=Reproductive isolation by disruptive selection: Did it occur? |author=Scharloo, W. |journal=American Naturalist |year=1971 |volume=105 |issue=941 |pages=83–86 |doi=10.1086/282706 |s2cid=84204545 }}</ref>
|1970; 1971
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|
|16
|Reinforcement
|Indirect
|
|None
|Spiess & Wilke<ref>{{인용|title=Still another attempt to achieve assortive mating by disruptive selection in ''Drosophila'' |author=Spiess, E. B. & Wilke, C. M. |journal=Evolution |year=1984 |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=505–515 |doi=10.2307/2408700 |jstor=2408700 |pmid=28555983 }}</ref>
|1954
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|
|
|Reinforcement
|Direct; divergent
|
|Pre-zygotic
|Ehrman<ref>{{인용|title=Natural selection and the origin of reproductive isolation |author=Ehrman, Lee |journal=American Naturalist |year=1971 |volume=105 |issue= 945|pages=479–483 |doi=10.1086/282739 |s2cid=85401244 }}</ref><ref>{{인용|title=More on natural selection and the origin of reproductive isolation |author=Ehrman, Lee |journal=American Naturalist |year=1973 |volume=107 |issue=954 |pages=318–319 |doi=10.1086/282835 |s2cid=83780632 }}</ref><ref>{{인용|title=Still more on natural selection and the origin of reproductive isolation |author=Ehrman, Lee |journal=American Naturalist |year=1979 |volume=113 |issue=1 |pages=148–150 |doi=10.1086/283371 |s2cid=85237458 }}</ref><ref>{{인용|title=Fourth report on natural selection for the origin of reproductive isolation |author=Ehrman, Lee |journal=American Naturalist |year=1983 |volume=121 |issue=2 |pages=290–293 |doi=10.1086/284059 |s2cid=83654887 }}</ref>
|1971; 1973; 1979; 1983
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|Sternopleural chaeta number
|5; 27; 27; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1
|Parapatric/

sympatric
|
|
|None
|Chabora<ref>{{인용|title=Disruptive selection for sternopleural chaeta number in various strains of ''Drosophila melanogaster'' |author=Chabora, Alice J. |journal=American Naturalist |year=1968 |volume=102 |issue=928 |pages=525–532 |doi=10.1086/282565 |s2cid=84885812 }}</ref>
|1968
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|
|
|
|
|
|None
|Scharloo<ref>{{인용|title=Stabilizing and disruptive selection on a mutant character in ''Drosophila''. I. The phenotypic variance and its components. |author=Scharloo, W., Hoogmoed, M. S. & Kuile, A. T. |journal=Genetics |year=1967 |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=709–726 |doi=10.1093/genetics/56.4.709 |pmc=1211648 |pmid=6061662 }}</ref>
|1967
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|
|1, 1
|
|
|
|
|Coyne & Grant<ref>{{인용|title=Disruptive selection on I-maze activity in ''Drosophila melanogaster'' |author=Coyne, Jerry A. & and Grant, Bruce |journal=Genetics |year=1972 |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=185–188 |doi=10.1093/genetics/71.1.185 |pmc=1212770 |pmid=17248572 }}</ref>
|1972
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|
|25
|
|
|
|
|Rice<ref>{{인용|title=Disruptive selection on habitat preference and the evolution of reproductive isolation: an exploratory experiment |author=Rice, W. R. |journal=Evolution |year=1985 |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=645–656 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00401.x |pmid=28561974 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|1985
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|
|25
|
|Disruptive
|
|Pre-zygotic
|Rice & Salt<ref>{{인용|title=Speciation via disruptive selection on habitat preference |author=Rice, William R. & Salt, George, W. |journal=American Naturalist |year=1988 |volume=131 |issue=6 |pages=911–917 |doi=10.1086/284831 |s2cid=84876223 }}</ref>
|1988
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|
|35; 35
|Sympatric
|
|
|Pre-zygotic
|Rice & Salt<ref>{{인용|title=The evolution of reproductive isolation as a correlated character under sympatric conditions: experimental evidence |author=Rice, William R. & Salt, George, W. |journal=Evolution |year=1990 |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=1140–1152 |doi=10.2307/2409278 |jstor=2409278 |pmid=28563894 }}</ref>
|1990
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|[[Sodium chloride|NaCl]] and [[Copper(II) sulfate|CuSO<sub>4</sub>]] levels in food
|[3 years in allopatry, 1 in sympatry]
|Allopatric; reinforcement; sympatric
|
|
|Pre-zygotic in allopatry, none in sympatry
|Wallace<ref>{{인용|title=''Drosophila melanogaster'' populations selected for resistances to NaCl and CuSO<sub>4</sub> in both allopatry and sympatry |author=Wallace, B. |journal=Journal of Heredity |year=1982 |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=35–42 |pmid=6802898 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109572 }}</ref>
|1982
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|
|
|Reinforcement
|
|
|
|Ehrman et al.<ref>Ehrman, Lee, White, Marney A. & Wallace, B. (1991). A long-term study involving ''Drosophila melanogaster'' and toxic media. In Hecht, M. K., Wallace, B., & Maclntyre, R. J. (eds). Evolutionary biology, vol. 25. Plenum Press, New York. Pp. 175–209</ref>
|1991
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|
|
|Reinforcement
|
|
|
|Fukatami & Moriwaki<ref>{{인용|title=Selection for sexual isolation in Drosophila melanogaster by a modification of Koopman's method |year=1970 |author=Fukatami, A & Moriwaki, D. |journal=The Japanese Journal of Genetics |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=193–204 |doi=10.1266/jjg.45.193 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|1970
|-
|''[[Drosophila simulans]]''
|[[Morphology of Diptera|Scutellar bristles]], development speed, wing width; [[Desiccation tolerance|desiccation resistance]], [[fecundity]], [[ethanol]] resistance; [[courtship display]], re-mating speed, [[Lek mating|lek behavior]]; [[pupa]]tion height, clumped egg laying, general activity
|[3 years]
|Vicariant; peripatric
|
|Yes
|Post-zygotic
|Ringo et al.<ref name="Ringoetal1985">{{인용|title=An Experiment Testing Two Hypotheses of Speciation|author1=Ringo, John|author2=Wood, David|author3=Rockwell, Robert|author4=Dowse, Harold|journal=The American Naturalist|year=1985|volume=126|issue=5|pages=642–661|doi=10.1086/284445|s2cid=84819968}}</ref>
|1985
|-
|''[[Drosophila paulistorum]]''
|
|131; 131
|Reinforcement
|Direct
|
|Pre-zygotic
|Dobzhansky et al.<ref>{{인용|title=Partially Successful Attempt to Enhance Reproductive Isolation Between Semispecies of ''Drosophila paulistorum'' |author1=Dobzhansky, Theodosius |author2=Pavlovsky, O. |author3=Powell, J. R. |journal=Evolution |year=1976 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=201–212 |doi=10.2307/2407696 |jstor=2407696 |pmid=28563045 }}</ref>
|1976
|-
|''D. paulistorum''
|
|[5 years]
|Vicariant
|
|
|
|Dobzhansky and Pavlovsky<ref>{{인용|title=Spontaneous origin of an incipient species in the ''Drosophila paulistorum'' complex |author=Dobzhansky, Theodosius & Pavlovsky, O. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |year=1966 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=723–733 |pmid=5219677 |pmc=224220 |doi=10.1073/pnas.55.4.727 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|1966
|-
|''[[Drosophila willistoni]]''
|[[pH]] adaptation
|34–122
|Vicariant
|Indirect; divergent
|No
|Pre-zygotic
|Kalisz & Cordeiro<ref>{{인용|title=Adaptation of ''Drosophila willistoni'' experimental populations to extreme pH medium |author=de Oliveira, Alice Kalisz & Cordeiro, Antonio Rodrigues |journal=Heredity |year=1980 |volume=44 |pages=123–130 |doi=10.1038/hdy.1980.11 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|1980
|-
|''[[Drosophila pseudoobscura]]''
|[[Carbohydrate]] source
|12
|Vicariant
|Indirect
|Yes
|Pre-zygotic
|Dodd<ref>{{인용|title=Reproductive Isolation as a Consequence of Adaptive Divergence in ''Drosophila pseudoobscura'' |author=Dodd, Diane M. B. |journal=Evolution |year=1989 |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=1308–1311 |doi=10.2307/2409365 |jstor=2409365 |pmid=28564510 }}</ref>
|1989
|-
|''D. pseudoobscura''
|Temperature adaptation
|25–60
|Vicariant
|Direct
|
|
|Ehrman<ref>{{인용|title=Genetic divergence in M. Vetukhiv's experimental populations of ''Drosophila pseudoobscura'' 1. Rudiments of sexual isolation |author=Ehrman, Lee |journal=Genetical Research |year=1964 |volume=5 |pages=150–157 |doi=10.1017/S0016672300001099 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{인용|title=Genetic divergence in M. Vetukhiv's experimental populations of ''Drosophila pseudoobscura'' 2. Longevity |author=Mouradael, K. |journal=Genetical Research |volume=6 |year=1965 |pages=139–146 |pmid=14297592 |doi=10.1017/S0016672300004006 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{인용|title=Genetic divergence in M. Vetukhiv's experimental populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura 3. Divergence in Body Size |author=Anderson, Wyatt, W. |journal=Genetical Research |year=1966 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=255–266 |doi=10.1017/S0016672300009666 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{인용|title=Genetic divergence in M. Vetukhiv's experimental populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura: IV. Relative viability |author=Kitagawa, Osamu |journal=Genetical Research |year=1967 |volume=10 |issue=7 |pages=303–312 |doi=10.1017/S001667230001106X |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{인용|title=Genetic divergence in M. Vetukhiv's experimental populations of ''Drosophila pseudoobscura''. 5. A further study of rudiments of sexual isolation |author=Ehrman, Lee |journal=American Midland Naturalist |year=1969 |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=272–276 |doi=10.2307/2423835 |jstor=2423835 }}</ref>
|1964;
1969
|-
|''D. pseudoobscura''
|Phototaxis, geotaxis
|5–11
|Vicariant
|Indirect
|No
|Pre-zygotic
|del Solar<ref>{{인용|title=Sexual isolation caused by selection for positive and negative phototaxis and geotaxis in ''Drosophila pseudoobscura'' |author=del Solar, Eduardo |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |year=1966 |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=484–487 |pmc=224398 |pmid=5229969 |doi=10.1073/pnas.56.2.484|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|1966
|-
|''D. pseudoobscura''
|
|
|Vicariant; peripatric
|
|
|Pre-zygotic
|Powell<ref>{{인용|title=The Founder-Flush Speciation Theory: An Experimental Approach |author=Powell, Jeffrey R. |journal=Evolution |year=1978 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=465–474 |doi=10.2307/2407714 |jstor=2407714 |pmid=28567948 }}</ref><ref>{{인용|title=Founder-Flush Speciation: An Update of Experimental Results with ''Drosophila'' |author=Dodd, Diane M. B. & Powell, Jeffrey R. |year=1985 |journal=Evolution |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=1388–1392 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb05704.x |pmid=28564258 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|1978; 1985
|-
|''D. pseudoobscura''
|
|
|Peripatric; vicariant
|
|Yes
|
|Galiana et al.<ref>{{인용|title=Founder-flush speciation in ''Drosophila pseudoobscura'': a large scale experiment |author=Galiana, Augustí, Moya, Andres & Ayala, Fransisco J. |journal=Evolution |year=1993 |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=432–444 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb02104.x |pmid=28568735 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|1993
|-
|''D. pseudoobscura''
|Temperature [[Photoperiodism|photoperiod]]; food
|37 (78) [33–34 months]
|Vicariant
|Divergent
|Yes
|None
|Rundle<ref>{{인용|title=Divergent environments and population bottlenecks fail to generate premating isolation in ''Drosophila pseudoobscura'' |author=Rundle, Howard D. |journal=Evolution |year=2003 |volume=57 | issue=11 |pages=2557–2565 |doi=10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb01499.x |pmid=14686531 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|2003
|-
|''D. pseudoobscura &''
''[[Drosophila persimilis]]''
|
|22; 16; 9
|Reinforcement
|Direct; divergent
|
|Pre-zygotic
|Koopman<ref>{{인용|title=Natural Selection for Reproductive Isolation Between ''Drosophila pseudoobscura'' and ''Drosophila persimilis'' |author=Koopman, Karl F. |journal=Evolution |year=1950 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=135–148 |doi=10.2307/2405390 |jstor=2405390 }}</ref>
|1950
|-
|''D. pseudoobscura &''
''D. persimilis''
|
|18 (4)
|
|Direct
|
|Pre-zygotic
|Kessler<ref>{{인용|title=Selection For and Against Ethological Isolation Between ''Drosophila pseudoobscura'' and ''Drosophila persimilis'' |author=Kessler, Seymour |journal=Evolution |year=1966 |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=634–645 |doi=10.2307/2406597 |jstor=2406597 |pmid=28562900 }}</ref>
|1966
|-
|''[[Drosophila mojavensis]]''
|
|12
|
|Direct
|
|Pre-zygotic
|Koepfer<ref>{{인용|title=Selection for Sexual Isolation Between Geographic Forms of ''Drosophila mojavensis''. I Interactions Between the Selected Forms |author=Koepfer, H. Roberta |journal=Evolution |year=1987 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=37–48 |doi=10.2307/2408971 |jstor=2408971 |pmid=28563762 }}</ref>
|1987
|-
|''D. mojavensis''
|Development time
|13
|
|Divergent
|Yes
|None
|Etges<ref>{{인용|title=Premating isolation is determined by larval rearing substrates in cactophilis ''Drosophila mojavensis''. IV. Correlated responses in behavioral isolation to artificial selection on a life-history trait |author=Etges, W. J. |journal=American Naturalist |year=1998 |volume=152 |issue=1 |pages=129–144 |doi=10.1086/286154 |pmid=18811406 |s2cid=17689372 }}</ref>
|1998
|-
|''[[Drosophila adiastola]]''
|
|
|Peripatric
|
|Yes
|Pre-zygotic
|Arita & Kaneshiro<ref>{{인용|title=Ethological Isolation Between Two Stocks of ''Drosophila Adiastola'' Hardy |author=Arita, Lorna H. & Kaneshiro, Kenneth Y. |journal=Hawaiian Entomological Society |year=1979 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=31–34 }}</ref>
|1974
|-
|''[[Drosophila silvestris]]''
|
|
|Peripatric
|
|Yes
|
|Ahearn<ref>{{인용|title=Evolution of behavioral reproductive isolation in a laboratory stock of ''Drosophila silvestris'' | author=Ahearn, J. N. |journal=Experientia |year=1980 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=63–64 |doi=10.1007/BF02003975 | s2cid=43809774 }}</ref>
|1980
|-
|''[[Housefly|Musca domestica]]''
|Geotaxis
|38
|Vicariant
|Indirect
|No
|Pre-zygotic
|Soans et al.<ref>{{인용|title=Evolution of Reproductive Isolation in Allopatric and Sympatric Populations |author1=Soans, A. Benedict |author2=Pimentel, David |author3=Soans, Joyce S. |journal=The American Naturalist |year=1974 |volume=108 |issue=959 |pages=117–124 |doi=10.1086/282889 |s2cid=84913547 }}</ref>
|1974
|-
|''M. domestica''
|Geotaxis
|16
|Vicariant
|Direct; divergent
|No
|Pre-zygotic
|Hurd & Eisenburg<ref>{{인용|title=Divergent Selection for Geotactic Response and Evolution of Reproductive Isolation in Sympatric and Allopatric Populations of Houseflies |author=Hurd, L. E. & Eisenberg, Robert M. |journal=The American Naturalist |year=1975 |volume=109 |issue=967 |pages=353–358 |doi=10.1086/283002 |s2cid=85084378 }}</ref>
|1975
|-
|''M. domestica''
|
|
|Peripatric
|
|Yes
|
|Meffert & Bryant<ref>{{인용|title=Mating propensity and courtship behavior in serially bottlenecked lines of the housefly |author=Meffert, L. M. & Bryant, E. H. |journal=Evolution |year=1991 |volume=45 |issue= 2|pages=293–306 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1991.tb04404.x |pmid=28567864 |s2cid=13379387 }}</ref>
|1991
|-
|''M. domestica''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Regan et al.<ref>{{인용|title=A direct experimental test of founder-flush effects on the evolutionary potential for assortative mating |author1=Regan, J. L. |author2=Meffert, L. M. |author3=Bryant, E. H. |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |year=2003 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=302–312 |pmid=14635869 |doi=10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00521.x |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|2003
|-
|''[[Melon fly|Bactrocera cucurbitae]]''
|Development time
|40–51
|
|Divergent
|Yes
|Pre-zygotic
|Miyatake & Shimizu<ref>{{인용|title=Genetic correlations between life-history and behavioral traits can cause reproductive isolation |author=Miyatake, Takahisa & Shimizu, Toru |journal=Evolution |year=1999 |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=201–208 |doi=10.2307/2640932 |pmid=28565193 |jstor=2640932 }}</ref>
|1999
|-
|''[[Zea mays]]''
|
|6; 6
|Reinforcement
|Direct; divergent
|
|Pre-zygotic
|Paterniani<ref>{{인용|title=Selection for Reproductive Isolation between Two Populations of Maize, ''Zea mays'' L. |author=Paterniani, E. | journal=Evolution |year=1969 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=534–547 |doi=10.2307/2406851 |jstor=2406851 |pmid=28562870 }}</ref>
|1969
|-
|''[[Drosophila grimshawi]]''
|
|
|Peripatric
|
|
|
|Jones, Widemo, & Arrendal<ref>{{인용|title=Sexual selection and peripatric speciation: the Kaneshiro model revisited |author=Ödeen, Anders & Florin, Ann-Britt |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |year=2002 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=301–306 |doi=10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00378.x |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|N/A
|-
|''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Leu & Murry<ref>{{인용|title=Experimental evolution of mating discrimination in budding yeast |author=Leu, J. Y. & Murray, A. W. |journal=Current Biology |year=2006 |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=280–286 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2005.12.028 |pmid=16461281 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|2006
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|
|
|Reinforcement
|
|
|
|Harper & Lambert<ref>{{인용|title=The population genetics of reinforcing selection |year=1983 |author=Harper, A. A. & Lambert, D. M. |journal=Genetica |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=15–23 |doi=10.1007/BF00123305 |s2cid=7947934 }}</ref>
|1983
|-
|''[[Tribolium castaneum]]''
|[[Pupa]]<nowiki/>l weight
|15 (6)
|
|Disruptive
|
|
|Halliburton & Gall<ref>{{인용|title=Disruptive selection and assortative mating in ''Tribolium castaneum'' |year=1981 |author=Halliburton, Richard & Gall, G. A. E. |journal=Evolution |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=829–843 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1981.tb04947.x |pmid=28581046 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|1983
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|Geotaxis
|
|
|Divergent
|
|
|Lofdahl et al.<ref>{{인용|title=Incipient reproductive isolation and evolution in laboratory ''Drosophila melanogaster'' selected for geotaxis |author1=Lofdahl, L. Katharine |author2=Hu, Dan |author3=Ehrman, Lee |author4=Hirsch, Jerry |author5=Skoog, Linda |journal=Animal Behaviour |year=1992 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=783–786 |doi=10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80307-0 |s2cid=53257556 }}</ref>
|1992
|-
|D. pseudoobscura
|
|[10 years]
|
|
|
|
|Moya et al.<ref>{{인용|title=Founder-effect speciation theory: failure of experimental corroboration |author1=Moya, A. |author2=Galiana, A. |author3=Ayala, F. J. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |year=1995 |volume=92 |issue=9 |pages=3983–3986 |pmid=7732017 |pmc=42086 |doi=10.1073/pnas.92.9.3983 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|1995
|-
|''[[Neurospora]]''
|
|
|
|Divergent
|
|
|Dettman et al.<ref>{{인용|title=Divergent adaptation promotes reproductive isolation among experimental populations of the filamentous fungus ''Neurospora'' |author1=Dettman, Jeremy R. |author2=Anderson, James B. |author3=Kohn, Linda M. |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |year=2008 |volume=8 |issue=35 |pages=35 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-35 |pmid=18237415 |pmc=2270261 }}</ref>
|2008
|-
|''S. cerevisiae''
|
|500
|
|Divergent
|
|
|Dettman et al.<ref>{{인용|title=Incipient speciation by divergent adaptation and antagonistic epistasis in yeast|year=2007|author1=Dettman, Jeremy R. |author2=Sirjusingh, Caroline |author3=Kohn, Linda M. |author4=Anderson, James B. |journal=Nature|volume=447|issue=7144|pages=585–588|doi=10.1038/nature05856|pmid=17538619|s2cid=4382609}}</ref>
|2007
|-
|''[[Sepsis cynipsea]]''
|
|35
|
|
|
|
|Martin & Hosken<ref>{{인용|title=The evolution of reproductive isolation through sexual conflict |author=Martin, Oliver Y. & Hosken, David J. |journal=Nature |year=2003 |volume=423 |issue=6943 |pages=979–982 |doi=10.1038/nature01752 |pmid=12827200 |s2cid=4379725 }}</ref>
|2003
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Wigby & Chapman<ref>{{인용|title=No evidence that experimental manipulation of sexual conflict drives premating reproductive isolation in ''Drosophila melanogaster'' |author=Wigby, S. & Chapman, T. |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |year=2006 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=1033–1039 |doi=10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01107.x |pmid=16780504 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|2006
|-
|''D. pseudoobscura''
|Sexual conflict
|48–52 (4; 4; 4)
|
|
|
|
|Bacigalupe et al.<ref>{{인용|title=Sexual conflict does not drive reproductive isolation in experimental populations of ''Drosophila pseudoobscura'' |author1=Bacigalupe, L. D. |author2=Crudgington, H. S. |author3=Hunter, F. |author4=Moore, A. J. |author5=Snook, R. R. |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |year=2007 |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=1763–1771 |doi=10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01389.x |pmid=17714294 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|2007
|-
|''D. serrata''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Rundle et al.<ref>{{인용|title=Divergent selection and the evolution of signal traits and mating preferences |author1=Rundle, Howard D. |author2=Chenoweth, Steve F. |author3=Doughty, Paul |author4=Blows, Mark W. |journal=PLOS Biology |year=2005 |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=e368 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030368 |pmid=16231971 |pmc=1262626 }}</ref>
|2005
|-
|''[[Drosophila serrata]] & D.  birchii''
|Mate recognition
|9 (3; 3)
|Reinforcement
|Natural
|
|Pre-zygotic
|Higgie et al.<ref>{{인용|title=Natural selection and the reinforcement of mate recognition |author1=Higgie, Megan |author2=Chenoweth, Steve F. |author3=Blows, Mark W. |journal=Science |year=2000 |volume=290 |issue=5491 |pages=519–521 |doi=10.1126/science.290.5491.519 |pmid=11039933 |url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:10714/Higgie_et_al_200.pdf }}</ref>
|2000
|-
|[[Lambda phage|''Enterobacteria phage λ'']]
|''[[Escherichia coli]]'' receptor exploitation
|35 cycles (6)
|Vicariant, sympatric
|
|
|Pre-zygotic
|Meyer et al.<ref>{{인용|title=Ecological speciation of bacteriophage lambda in allopatry and sympatry |author1=Meyer, Justin R. |author2=Dobias, Devin T. |author3=Medina, Sarah J. |author4=Servilio, Lisa |author5=Gupta, Animesh |author6=Lenski, Richard E. |journal=Science |year=2016 |volume=354 |issue=6317 |pages=1301–1304 |doi=10.1126/science.aai8446 |pmid=27884940 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|2016
|-
|[[Tetranychus urticae]]
|Resistance to host plant toxin
|
|
|
|
|
|Overmeer<ref>{{인용|title=Intersterility as a Consequence of Insecticide Selections in ''Tetranychus urticae'' Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) |author=Overmeer, W. P. J. |journal=Nature |year=1966 |volume=209 |issue=321 |pages=321 |doi=10.1038/209321a0 |pmid=5950361 |s2cid=4190896 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|1966
|-
|''T. urticae''
|Resistance to host plant toxin
|
|
|
|
|
|Fry<ref>{{인용|title=The role of adaptation to host plants in the evolution of reproductive isolation: Negative evidence from ''Tetranychus urticae'' Koch |author=Fry, James D. |journal=Experimental & Applied Acarology |year=1999 |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=379–387 |doi=10.1023/A:1006245711950 |s2cid=2329637 |hdl=2027.42/41783 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
|1999
|-
|''Helianthus annus'' × ''H. petiolaris'' and ''H. anomalus''
|
|
|Hybrid
|
|
|
|Rieseburg et al.<ref>{{인용|title=Role of Gene Interactions in Hybrid Speciation: Evidence from Ancient and Experimental Hybrids |year=1996 |author1=Rieseberg, L. H. |author2=Sinervo B. |author3=Linder, C. R. |author4=Ungerer, M.C. |author5=Arias, D. M. |journal=Science |volume=272 |issue=5262 |pages=741–745 |doi=10.1126/science.272.5262.741 |pmid=8662570 |s2cid=39005242 }}</ref>
|1996
|-
|''S. cerevisiae''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Greig et al.<ref>{{인용|title=Hybrid speciation in experimental populations of yeast |author1=Greig, Duncan |author2=Louis, Edward J. |author3=Borts, Rhona H. |author4=Travisano, Michael |journal=Science |year=2002 |volume=298 |issue=5599 |pages=1773–1775 |doi=10.1126/science.1076374 |pmid=12459586 |s2cid=29972396 }}</ref>
|2002
|-
|''D. melanogaster''
|[[Life history theory|Life history]]
|
|
|
|
|
|Ghosh & Joshi<ref>{{인용|title=Evolution of reproductive isolation as a by-product of divergent life-history evolution in laboratory populations of ''Drosophila melanogaster'' |author=Ghosh, Shampa M. & Joshi, Amitabh |journal=Ecology and Evolution |year=2012 |volume=2 |issue=12 |pages=3214–3226 |doi=10.1002/ece3.413 |pmid= 23301185|pmc=3539013 }}</ref>
|2012
|-
|''[[Drosophila subobscura]]''
|Mate behavior
|
|
|
|
|
|Bárbaro et al.<ref>{{인용|title=Evolution of mating behavior between two populations adapting to common environmental conditions |author1=Bárbaro, Margarida |author2=Mira, Mário S. |author3=Fragata, Inês |author4=Simões, Pedro |author5=Lima, Margarida |author6=Lopes-Cunha, Miguel |author7=Kellen, Bárbara |author8=Santos, Josiane |author9=Varela, Susana A. M. |author10=Matos, Margarida |author11=Magalhães, Sara |journal=Ecology and Evolution |year=2015 |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=1609–1617 |doi=10.1002/ece3.1454 |pmid= 25937905|pmc=4409410 }}</ref>
|2015
|-
|Digital organisms
|
|~42,000; ~850 (20)
|Ecological
|
|
|Post-zygotic
|Anderson & Harmon<ref>{{인용|title=Ecological and Mutation-Order Speciation in Digital Organisms |author=Anderson, Carlos J. R. & Harmon, Luke |journal=The American Naturalist |year=2014 |volume=183 |issue=2 |pages=257–269 |doi=10.1086/674359 |pmid=24464199 |s2cid=30400444 }}</ref>
|2014
|-
|''[[Schizosaccharomyces pombe]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|Complete reproductive isolation
|Seike et al.<ref>{{인용|title=Molecular coevolution of a sex pheromone and its receptor triggers reproductive isolation in ''Schizosaccharomyces pombe'' |author1=Seike, Taisuke |author2=Nakamura, Taro |author3=Shimoda, Chikashi |journal=PNAS |year=2015 |volume=112 |issue=14 |pages=4405–4410 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1501661112 |pmid= 25831518|pmc=4394278 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|2015
|-
|''D. pseudoobscura''
|Courtship song
|130
|
|
|
|
|Debelle et al.<ref>{{인용|title=Evolution of divergent female mating preference in response to experimental sexual selection |author1=Debelle, Allan |author2=Ritchie, Michael G. |author3=Snook, Rhonda R. |journal=Evolution |year=2014 |volume=68 |issue=9 |pages=2524–2533 |doi=10.1111/evo.12473 |pmid= 24931497|pmc=4262321 }}</ref>
|2014
|-
|''[[Callosobruchus maculatus]]''
|
|40 (16)
|
|
|
|
|Debelle et al.<ref>{{인용|title=Natural selection hampers divergence of reproductive traits in a seed beetle |author1=Fricke, C |author2=Andersson, C. |author3=Arnqvist, G. |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |year=2010 |volume=23 |issue=9 |pages=1857–1867 |doi=10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02050.x |pmid= 20646133|s2cid=13815274 }}</ref>
|2010
|}
== 각주 ==
<references />

{{진화2}}

[[분류:종분화]]
[[분류:생물학 실험]]