{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}
{{민족 정보
|그림 = Kalash women traditional clothing.jpg
|그림설명= 칼라쉬인 소녀
|민족명=칼라쉬인
|인구전체 = 4100명에서 31000명 사이
|지역 =  [[파키스탄]]
|언어= 칼라쉬어
|종교= 원시 [[브라만교]]
|민족계통= [[인도아리아인]]
|관련민족= [[누리스탄인]]
}}
'''칼라샤인'''({{lang|kls|کالؕاしؕا}}) 또는 '''칼라쉬인'''은 [[파키스탄]] [[카이베르파크툰크와주]]의 치트랄구에 거주하는 [[인도아리아인|인도아리아]]계<ref name="West-2010-b">{{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA357|제목=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania|성=West|이름=Barbara A.|날짜=19 May 2010|출판사=[[Infobase Publishing]]|쪽=357|언어=en|isbn=9781438119137}}</ref> {{Efn|The Kalasha are a unique people living in just three valleys near Chitral, Pakistan, the capital of North-West Frontier Province, which borders Afghanistan ... However, it is much more likely, given their Indo-Aryan language, that the religion of the Kalasha is much more closely aligned to the Hinduism of their Indian neighbours that to the religion of Alexander the Great and his armies.<ref name=West-2010-b/>}} [[원주민]]이다.

그들은 파키스탄인 사이에서 독특한 종교 집단으로 여겨진다.<ref name="www2.unitar.org"/><ref name="The kalaṣa of kalaṣüm"/><ref>Augusto S. Cacopardo.</ref> 그들은 또한 파키스탄에서 가장 작은 [[민족 종교]] 집단으로 여겨지며,<ref name="The Express Tribune">{{뉴스 인용|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/988585/earthquake-was-allahs-wrath-for-kalash-communitys-immoral-ways/|제목='Earthquake was Allah's wrath for Kalash community's immoral ways'|날짜=10 November 2015|뉴스=[[The Express Tribune]]|확인날짜=11 November 2015}}</ref> 저자들이 [[애니미즘]]의 한 형태로 특징짓는 것을 전통적으로 실천하고 있다.<ref>{{웹 인용|url=https://atalayar.com/en/content/kalash-pakistans-last-animist-tribe|제목=The Kalash: Pakistan's last animist tribe|날짜=29 March 2021|웹사이트=Atalayar|언어=en|확인날짜=31 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="Searle-2013">{{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-BLJuEo8lT0C|제목=Colliding Continents: A geological exploration of the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Tibet|성=Searle, Mike|날짜=28 March 2013|출판사=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-165249-3}}</ref><ref name="Camerapix-1998">{{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlwOAQAAMAAJ|제목=Spectrum Guide to Pakistan|성=Camerapix|연도=1998|출판사=Interlink Books|isbn=978-1-56656-240-9}}</ref> {{Efn|Nowhere is this more evident than among the pagan Kalash, a non-Islamic community living in the isolated valleys of Chitral whose faith is founded on animism.<ref name=Camerapix-1998/>}}<ref name="Sheehan-1993">{{서적 인용|url=https://archive.org/details/pakistan00shee_0|제목=Pakistan|성=Sheehan, Sean|날짜=October 1993|출판사=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-1-85435-583-6}}</ref> 20세기 중반에 파키스탄의 칼라샤 마을 몇 곳을 이슬람교로 개종시키려는 시도가 있었지만, 이들은 개종에 반대했고, 공식적인 압력이 사라지자 대다수 사람들이 다시 자신들의 종교를 믿기 시작했다.<ref name="The kalaṣa of kalaṣüm" /> 그럼에도 불구하고, 일부 칼라샤인들은 이슬람교로 개종했지만, 이후 이슬람교로 개종했다는 이유로 그들의 공동체로부터 외면을 받았다.<ref name="Ahmed-1986">{{서적 인용|제목=Pakistan Society: Islam, ethnicity, and leadership in South Asia|성=Ahmed, Akbar S.|연도=1986|출판사=Mayflower Books|위치=New York, NY|쪽=23–28|장=The Islamization of the Kalash Kafirs|isbn=978-0-19-577350-7}}</ref><ref>{{웹 인용|url=http://www.ghrd.org/2021/03/01/tribe-of-kalash-the-last-kafir/|제목=Tribe of Kalash: The Last Kafir|날짜=1 March 2021|웹사이트=Global Human Rights Defence|언어=en-US|보존url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422022929/https://www.ghrd.org/2021/03/01/tribe-of-kalash-the-last-kafir/|보존날짜=22 April 2021|url-status=dead|확인날짜=11 April 2021}}</ref>

이 용어는 바이족, 치마니셰이족, 반테족, 아쉬쿤어족, 트레가미어족을 포함한 많은 뚜렷한 사람들을 지칭하기 위해 사용된다.<ref name="The kalaṣa of kalaṣüm">{{웹 인용|url=http://www.nuristan.info/Nuristani/Kalasha/kalasha.html|제목=Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: The Kalasha of Kalashüm|웹사이트=www.nuristan.info|확인날짜=31 December 2022}}</ref> 칼라쉬인은 아시아의 원주민으로 간주되며, 그들의 조상은 아마도 더 남쪽에 있는 다른 위치에서 치트랄 계곡으로 이주해 왔다.<ref name="www2.unitar.org">{{웹 인용|url=http://www2.unitar.org/hiroshima/programmes/whs07/materials/Country%20Presentations/Pakistan.pdf|제목=The Kalash – Protection and Conservation of an Endangered Minority in the Hindukush Mountain Belt of Chitral, Northern Pakistan|보존url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707041729/http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/programmes/whs07/materials/Country%20Presentations/Pakistan.pdf|보존날짜=7 July 2007}}</ref><ref>{{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cd0rAAAAMAAJ&q=kalash+tsiyam|제목=Folk: dansk etnografisk tidsskrift|성=Nicolaisen|이름=Johannes|성2=Yde|이름2=Jens|날짜=1963|출판사=Dansk etnografisk forening.|언어=en}}</ref> 칼라쉬는 민요와 서사시에서 이를 "트시얌"이라고 부른다.<ref>{{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dXlAAAAMAAJ&q=kalash+tsiyam|제목=East and West|날짜=1992|출판사=Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente|언어=en}}</ref> 그들은 [[알렉산드로스 대왕]]의 원정에서 남겨진 그리스 군대의 후손이라고 주장하지만, 그가 그 지역을 통과했다는 증거는 없다.<ref>{{웹 인용|url=https://www.dawn.com/2012/09/29/in-the-land-of-infidels/|제목=In the land of infidels|성=Shah|이름=Danial|날짜=29 September 2012|웹사이트=DAWN.COM|언어=en|확인날짜=16 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="Strand-nuristan-kalaṣa">{{웹 인용|url=http://www.nuristan.info/Nuristani/Kalasha/kalasha.html|제목=The kalaṣa of kalaṣüm Strand|성=Strand, R.|저자링크=Richard|웹사이트=nuristan.info}}</ref>{{Efn|According to their traditions, the Väi fled the Ghaznavid invasion of Kâma, following the Kunar up to&nbsp;mâdeš&nbsp;and&nbsp;samâlâm&nbsp;in the Shigal Valley and thence over the watershed to their main community of&nbsp;väigal. Accounts of the Gawâr people state that the Väi expropriated the current site of Väigal from the Gawâr, who fled to the Kunar Valley. As the Väi expanded, they established the communities listed above.
:
At a probable later time, Âṣkuňu-speaking immigrants from the community of Nakara in the Titin Valley in Laghmân migrated eastward, settled the community of&nbsp;gřâmsaňâ gřâm&nbsp;in the middle Pech Valley, and thence moved further on into the lower Wâigal basin. There they established the community of&nbsp;nišeigrâm&nbsp;and gradually settled the district of&nbsp;čimi, which includes the communities of&nbsp;müldeš,&nbsp;kegal, and&nbsp;akuṇ. The&nbsp;čima-nišei, as these people call themselves, drove out the native&nbsp;preǰvře˜inhabitants to the neighbouring valley of Tregâm. They apparently adopted the language,&nbsp;väi-alâ, of the upper valley inhabitants (varǰan); so that today both the Čima-Nišei and the Väi speak Kalaṣa-alâ, although with a distinct division of dialects. The inhabitants of the hamlet of&nbsp;vânt&nbsp;were originally refugees from later Muslim invaders in Tregâm; they speak Kalaṣa-alâ but are not reckonned as either Väi or Čima-Nišei.<ref name=Strand-nuristan-kalaṣa/>}} 그들은 또한 [[간다라인]]의 후손으로 여겨지기도 한다.<ref name="Ludwig"/>

[[아프가니스탄]]과 인접한 [[누리스탄주|누리스탄]](역사적으로 카피리스탄 으로 알려져 있음) 지방에 사는 이웃 민족인 [[누리스탄인]]은 한때 동일한 문화를 가졌고 몇 가지 사소한 차이점을 제외하면 칼라쉬인과 매우 유사한 신앙을 가졌다.<ref name="saxena">{{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTgv1ZYGZdoC&q=kalash+nuristani+religion&pg=PA72|제목=Himalayan Languages: Past and Present|성=Saxena|이름=Anju|날짜=12 May 2011|출판사=[[Walter de Gruyter]]|쪽=72|언어=en|isbn=9783110898873}}</ref><ref name="folklore">{{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&q=kalash+nuristani+religion&pg=PA318|제목=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka|연도=2003|출판사=[[Taylor & Francis]]|쪽=318|언어=en|isbn=9780415939195}}</ref>

역사적으로 최초로 기록된 이슬람의 영토 침입은 11세기에 가즈나 왕조에 의해 이루어졌지만,<ref name="Caocopardo">[https://books.google.com/books?id=DVgrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29 Pagan Christmas: Winter Feasts of the Kalasha of the Hindu Kush], By Augusto S. Cacopardo</ref> 이들은 티무르의 침략 기간인 1339년에 처음으로 존재가 증명되었다.<ref name="Ludwig">{{서적 인용|제목=Historical and Political Gazetteer of Afghanistan|연도=1985|편집자-성=Adamec, L.W.|편집자-링크=Ludwig W. Adamec|권=6|출판사=Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt Graz|쪽=349|인용문=He identifies them more particularly with the Gandhari, that is to say, the former inhabitants of what is now known as the Mohmand country.}}</ref> [[누리스탄주]]는 1895~96년에 강제로 [[이슬람교]]로 개종했지만 일부 증거에 따르면 누리스탄인들은 계속해서 자신들의 관습을 따르고 있었다.<ref name="Iranica">{{백과사전 인용|출판사=[[Columbia University]]}}</ref> 반면 치트랄의 칼라쉬인들은 그들만의 분리된 문화적 전통을 유지해 왔다.<ref name="Newby, Eric 2008">Newby, Eric.</ref>

== 주해 ==
{{Notelist}}

== 같이 보기 ==
* [[훈자족]]
== 각주 ==
{{각주|25em}}

== 서지 ==
 {{참고 자료 시작|25em}}

* {{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qgMAQAAMAAJ|title=Heavens of Hindukush|author=Raza, M. Hanif|date=1998|publisher=Colorpix|page=123|isbn=9789698010133|ref={{sfnref|Raza|1998}}}}
* {{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSImJbqr4yMC&pg=PA277|title=Culture, Creation, and Procreation: Concepts of Kinship in South Asian Practice|date=2000|editor2=Rao, Aparna|publisher=Berghahn Books|page=277|isbn=978-1-57-181912-3|ref={{sfnref|Berghahn Books|2000}}|editor1=Böck, Monika}}
* {{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_1tAAAAMAAJ|title=The Last Eden|author=Lines, Maureen|date=2003|publisher=Alhamra|page=311|isbn=978-9-69-516126-5|ref={{sfnref|Maureen Lines|2003}}}}
* {{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ov1tAAAAMAAJ|title=The Kalasha People of North-Western Pakistan|author=Lines, Maureen|date=1996|publisher=Emjay Books International|page=49|ref={{sfnref|Maureen Lines}}}}
* Cacopardo, Augusto S. (2016) ''Pagan Christmas. Winter Feasts of the Kalasha of the Hindu Kush''. Gingko Library. London.
* {{서적 인용|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_work.asp?id=32906|title=Languages of Chitral|last=Decker|first=Kendall D.|year=1992|publisher=National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University|isbn=978-969-8023-15-7}}
* {{서적 인용|title=Report on a Linguistic Mission to Afghanistan.|last=Morgenstierne|first=Georg|year=2007|series=Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning, Oslo|volume=Serie C I-2|publisher=Ishi Press International|location=Bronx, NY|orig-year=1926|isbn=978-0-923891-09-1|title-link=Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture}}
* {{저널 인용|title=Pakistan's Kalash People|journal=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]|last=Denker|first=Debra|date=October 1981|pages=458–473}}
* Sir George Scott Robertson, 1896. ''The Kafirs of The Hindu-Kush'', London: Lawrence & Bullen Ltd.
* [[Georg Morgenstierne]] ''Report on a Linguistic Mission to North-Western India'' {{ISBN|978-0-923891-14-5}}
* [[Georg Morgenstierne]], 1973. Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages, Vol. IV: The Kalasha Language. Oslo.
* [[Georg Morgenstierne]], 1947. The spring festival of the Kalash Kafirs.In: India Antiqua. Fs. J.Ph. Vogel. Leiden: Brill, pp 240–248
* Trail, Gail H, ''Tsyam revisited: a study of Kalasha origins.'' In: [[Elena Bashir]] and Israr-ud-Din (eds.), Proceedings of the second International Hindukush Cultural Conference, 359–76. Hindukush and Karakoram Studies, 1. Karachi: Oxford University Press (1996).
* Parkes, Peter (1987). "Livestock Symbolism and Pastoral Ideology among the Kafirs of the Hindu Kush." Man 22:637-60.
* D. Levinson et al., Encyclopedia of world cultures, MacMillan Reference Books (1995).
* {{서적 인용|title=Culture, Creation, and Procreation: Concepts of Kinship in South Asian Practice|author1=Rao, Aparna|author2=Böck, Monika|year=2000|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-57181-911-6}}
* Viviane Lièvre, Jean-Yves Loude, Kalash Solstice: Winter Feasts of the Kalash of North Pakistan, Lok Virsa (1988)
* {{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HNyJS9YfbyoC|title=Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minorities of Pakistan: Constitutional and Legal Perspectives|author1=Ali, Shaheen Sardar|author2=Rehman, Javaid|year=2001|publisher=Curzon|isbn=9780700711598}}
* Paolo Graziosi, ''The Wooden Statue of Dezalik, a Kalash Divinity, Chitral, Pakistan'', Man (1961).
* Maraini Fosco, ''Gli ultimi pagani'', Bur, Milano, 2001.
* M. Witzel, The Ṛgvedic Religious System and its Central Asian and Hindukush Antecedents. In: A. Griffiths & J.E.M. Houben (eds.). The Vedas: Texts, Language and Ritual. Groningen: Forsten 2004: 581–636.
* Mytte Fentz, The Kalasha. Mountain People of the Hindu Kush. Rhodos Publishers, Copenhagen 2010. {{ISBN|9788772459745}}.
* [https://www.academia.edu/5800056 Religion as a Space for Kalash Identity: A Case Study of Village Bumburetin Kalash Valley, District Chitral], Dr. Anwaar Mohyuddin

{{참고 자료 끝}}

== 외부 링크 ==
* [http://www.indigenouspeople.net/Pakistan.pdf IUCN, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, Kalash Protection and conservation of an endangered Minority in the Hindu Kush]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13469826 BBC article on Kalash women]
* [http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/szic/pdf_files/2-%20Zaheer%20Bahram%20MUSLIM%20IMPACT%20ON_june15.pdf Muslim Impact on Religion and Culture of the Kalash] Zaheer-ud-Din in Al-Adwa 43:30 (2015)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131109234711/http://kalashaheritage.org/ Kalasha Heritage] A website used by the Kalasha people to promote, conserve and protect the Kalasha tangible and intangible heritage
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151105042749/http://hgm2002.hgu.mrc.ac.uk/Abstracts/Publish/WorkshopPosters/WorkshopPoster11/hgm0533.htm Investigation of the Greek ancestry of northern Pakistani ethnic groups using Y chromosomal DNA variation]
* [https://elinepa.org/the-kalash-people-in-northern-pakistan/ The Kalash People in Northern Pakistan] by Dimitra Stasinopoulou, ELINEPA, 2019
{{전거 통제}}

[[분류:인도아리아인]]
[[분류:남아시아의 원주민]]
[[분류:파키스탄의 민족]]
[[분류:고대 힌두교]]
[[분류:다르드인]]
[[분류:칼라쉬인]]