{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}
{{다른 뜻 넘어옴|아우슈비츠}}
{{세계유산|이름=아우슈비츠 비르케나우<br>– 독일 나치 강제 수용소 및<br>집단 학살 수용소 (1940~1945)|기준=(vi)|영문명='''Auschwitz Birkenau''',<br>German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940-1945)|불문명='''Auschwitz Birkenau''',<br>Camp allemand nazi de concentration et d'extermination (1940-1945)|등록구분=문화유산|지정번호=31|지역=[[유럽]]|등록년=[[1979년]]|소재국=폴란드|그림=Birkenau múzeum - panoramio (cropped).jpg}}
[[파일:Auschwitz I (22 May 2010).jpg|섬네일|300px|아우슈비츠 수용소 입구. “[[노동이 그대를 자유케 하리라]]”(AR''B''EIT MACHT FREI)라는 문구가 있다.]]

'''아우슈비츠 강제 수용소'''({{llang|de|Konzentrationslager Auschwitz}}, {{llang|en|Auschwitz concentration camp}}, {{문화어|오슈벵찜 수용소}})는 [[나치 독일]]이 [[유대인]]을 [[학살]]하기 위하여 만들었던 [[강제 수용소]]로, [[폴란드]]의 [[오시비엥침]]에 있는 옛 수용소이다. 위치는 [[폴란드]] [[바르샤바]]에서 약 300km 떨어진 곳이며, 좀 더 가까운 [[크라쿠프]]에서는 서쪽으로 약 70km 떨어져 있다. 이곳에서 처형된 사람들은 [[유대인]]·[[소련군]] 포로·[[장애인]]·[[동성애|동성애자]]·반나치주의자들이었다. 나치가 세운 강제수용소 중에서 최대 규모이며 백만명 이상이 살해당했다. 원래는 [[폴란드군]]의 병영이었으며 수용소의 건물들도 수용소 생성 후 새로 지어진 건물들 이외에는 전부 폴란드군 벽돌 막사이다. 아우슈비츠 수용소는 전체 28동으로 되어 있다.

[[1945년]] [[1월 27일]] [[소비에트 연방]]의 [[붉은 군대]]의 진주로 인하여 해방되었다. 현재는 박물관과 전시관으로 운영되고 있다. [[1947년]]에 세워진 희생자 박물관은 [[1979년]]에 유네스코에 의해 세계문화유산으로 지정되었다.<ref>{{웹 인용|title=The unloading ramps and selections |url=http://auschwitz.org/en/history/auschwitz-and-shoah/the-unloading-ramps-and-selections |publisher=Auschwitz-Birkenau State |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190121220003/http://auschwitz.org/en/history/auschwitz-and-shoah/the-unloading-ramps-and-selections |archive-date=21 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== 수용소 ==
아우슈비츠 강제 수용소는 과거 폴란드군 막사로 쓰인 아우슈비츠 I과, 이후 증축된 아우슈비츠 II 비르케나우({{llang|de|Auschwitz II-Birkenau}}), 아우슈비츠 III 모노비츠({{llang|de|Auschwitz III-Monowitz}})로 이루어졌다.

1940년 5월 20일에 아우슈비츠 I에 30명의 첫 수용자들이 도착했으며, 6월 14일에 [[타르누프]]에서 정치범, 유대인 등 폴란드 포로 728명으로 첫 대규모 이송을 받았다. 아우슈비츠 I에서 처형되거나 사망한 수용자들을 처리할 1화장장이 6월 말과 7월 초 사이에 지어졌으며, 그해 8월부터 본격적으로 대량학살에 사용될 2화장장에 역할을 넘기기 전인 1943년 7월까지 사용되었다.<ref>{{웹 인용|title=Auschwitz |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/auschwitz |url-status=live |access-date=2021-07-02 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en |quote=Auschwitz is the German name for the Polish city Oświęcim. Oświęcim is located in Poland, approximately 40 miles (about 64 km) west of Kraków. Germany annexed this area of Poland in 1939. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613200958/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/auschwitz |archive-date=13 June 2018}}</ref>

1941년 3월 아우슈비츠를 방문한 [[하인리히 힘러]]가 수용소의 확장을 지시하였고, 1941년 10월 아우슈비츠 I에서 3킬로미터 떨어진 곳에 아우슈비츠 II 비르케나우가 지어지기 시작했다. 아우슈비츠 II는 각 6개의 하위 수용소로 구성된 4개 부분의 수용소 시설로 계획되었으나, 두 부분만 완공된 채 나머지 시설은 중단되거나 취소되었다. 아우슈비츠 II의 가스실은 1942년 3월부터 운영되었으며, [[슈츠슈타펠]]이 벙커 1와 벙커 2로 불렀던 이들 가스실들은 1943년 봄에 새 화장장들이 세워지기 전까지 주로 사용되었으며, 아우슈비츠 II에는 2화장장부터 5화장장까지 들어서게 되었다.<ref>{{웹 인용|last=Auschwitz-Birkenau |first=Former German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp - Memorial and Museum |title=Poles in Auschwitz |url=http://auschwitz.org/en/education/study-visits/lectures/ |url-status=live |access-date=2021-07-08 |website=auschwitz.org |quote=The first transport of political prisoners to Auschwitz consisted almost exclusively of Poles. It was for them that the camp was founded, and the majority of prisoners were Polish for the first two years. They died of starvation, brutal mistreatment, beating, and sickness, and were executed and killed in the gas chambers. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812124017/http://auschwitz.org/en/education/study-visits/lectures/ |archive-date=12 August 2020}}</ref>

전시물자에 사용할 [[니트릴 고무|부나-N 합성고무]]를 생산하려는 [[IG 파르벤]]의 계획에 의해 아우슈비츠 I에서 동쪽으로 7킬로미터 떨어진 드보리({{llang|pl|Drowy}})와 모노비체({{llang|pl|Monowice}}, 독일명 모노비츠 {{llang|de|Monowitz}})지역에 아우슈비츠 III-모노비츠가 세워졌다.{{sfn|Steinbacher|2005|p=45}} 모노비츠 수용소에는 1942년 10월 30일에 처음 수용자가 수감되었으며, 이는 사기업에 의해 재정적으로 뒷받침되고 건설된 첫 수용소였다.

이밖에도 수용자들을 노동력으로 활용했던 [[크루프]]와 [[지멘스 (기업)|지멘스-슈케르트]] 등이 별도로 설치했던 수용소들이 존재했다. 석탄 광산, 제련소와 화학 공장들이 아우슈비츠의 외부 수용소들로 운영되었다.{{sfn|Longerich|2010|pp=38–39}}

== 수감시설 ==
[[파일:Vakttorn på auschwitz 2.jpg|섬네일|제2 철조망과 감시탑]]
[[파일:USHMM95273 -Siemens factory in KZ Bobrek.jpg|섬네일|죄수 건물, [[지멘스 AG|지멘스]] 공장]]
수감자들은 매우 좁은 크기의 방에서 생활했다. 이 방은 너무나 좁아서 일어서 있을 수가 없었다. 최초의 수용자들이 아우슈비츠에 온 것은 [[1940년]] 6월로, 폴란드 [[양심수]] 728명이 첫 수용자들이었다. 이후 아우슈비츠로 보내진 폴란드인 수용자들은 약 15만 명이며, 이중 7만 5천 명이 죽은 것으로 추산되고 있다.<ref name=deathcamps>{{웹 인용|url=https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005145 |title=Killing Centers: An Overview |website=Holocaust Encyclopedia |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914220116/https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005145 |archive-date=14 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== 학살 ==
[[1941년]] [[9월]], [[소련군]] 포로와 [[유대인]] 수용자들이 처음으로 [[독가스]]실에서 학살당한 것이 아우슈비츠에서의 첫 학살이었다. 독가스실에서는 한 번에 약 2,000여 명의 수용자가 학살당했다. 대부분의 피해자들이 노동력이 없는 노인과 여성, 그리고 [[어린이]]들이었는데, 수용소 도착 즉시 선별되어 보내졌다. 독가스실은 대개 샤워실의 모양을 하고 있었는데, 나치는 학살 피해자들에게 샤워를 하라고 하여 옷을 벗게 한 뒤, 가스실에 보내어 [[학살]]하였다. 사용된 독가스는 효과가 빨리 나타나는 [[치클론 B]]였는데, 제조사인 [[회흐스트 주식회사]]는 전후에 나치의 유대인 학살 가담 전과 때문에 도덕성에 상처를 받았다.<ref>《현대문명진단》/이원복 글, 그림/조선일보사 출판국</ref> 학살 피해자들의 시체는 시체 소각로에서 대량으로 불태워졌는데 하루에 약 1,500구에서 2,000구까지의 시체가 소각되었고, 이들의 옷과 신발은 분류되었다. 또한 수용자들의 머리카락을 잘라 카펫과 가발을 만들었다. 이러한 나치의 만행은 현재 독일 역사교과서에 자세히 서술되어 있다.<ref>{{harvnb|Czech|2000|p=121}}; for serial number 1, {{harvnb|Strzelecka|Setkiewicz|2000|p=65}}.</ref>

== 희생자 수 ==
[[파일:Crematorium at Auschwitz I 2012.jpg|섬네일|250px|시체 소각로]]
기존에 아우슈비츠에서 학살당한 사람은 약 400만 명이며 이 중에서 약 250만 명이 유대인이라고 알려져왔다. 처음에 이 수용소를 해방한 옛 소련군의 발표였다. 그러나 이 숫자에 대한 반론도 있다. "과장되고 꾸며낸 얘기가 많다"는 제목으로 씌여진 뉴스위크지 [[1995년]] [[1월 18일]] 자의 기사<ref>뉴스위크 [[1995년]] 1월 18일 자, 아우슈비츠 해방 50주년 특집</ref>에 의하면, 아우슈비츠에서 죽은 사람은 유대인을 포함하여 110만 ~ 150만 명으로 추산했으며, 가장 많은 희생자가 유대인인 것은 분명하지만, 정확하게 몇 명이나 죽었는지는 알 수 없다고 했다. 유태인 외에 나머지 희생자들은 폴란드 양심수, 나치에 저항한 동유럽 슬라브족, 동유럽인들과 옛 소련군 포로 (주로 정치장교), 집시민족 등이었다. 이어 2005년 아우슈비츠 해방 60주년 행사를 알리는 기사에서는 유태인 희생자 수를 100만 명으로 쓰고 있다. 아우슈비츠에서 희생당한 러시아인, 동유럽인들은 300만명에 달하는 것으로 추정하고 있다.{{sfn|Gutman|1998|p=16}}

== 같이 보기 ==
* [[홀로코스트]]
* [[독일의 전쟁 범죄]]
* [[학살|대량 학살]]
* [[안네의 일기]]

== 각주 ==
{{각주}}

== 참고 문헌 ==
{{참고 자료 시작|30em}}
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*{{서적 인용|last=Gerlach |first=Christian |author-link=Christian Gerlach |year=2016 |title=The Extermination of the European Jews |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-88078-7}}
*{{서적 인용|last1=Gradowski |first1=Zalmen |author-link1=Zalman Gradowski |editor1-last=Roskies |editor1-first=David |title=The Literature of Destruction: Jewish Responses to Catastrophe |date=1989 |publisher=The Jewish Publication Society |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0827603141 |pages=548–564 |chapter=The Czech Transport: A Chronicle of the Auschwitz ''Sonderkommando''}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Gradowski |first=Zalmen |title=From the Heart of Hell. Manuscripts of a Sonderkommando Prisoner, Found in Auschwitz |year=2017 |publisher=Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum |location=Oświęcim |isbn=978-8377042465}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Greif |first=Gideon |author-link=Gideon Greif |title=We Wept Without Tears: Testimonies of the Jewish Sonderkommando from Auschwitz |title-link=We Wept Without Tears |year=2005 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, CT |isbn=978-0-300-13198-7}}<!--
*{{서적 인용|last=Guterman |first=Belah |title=A Narrow Bridge to Life: Jewish Forced Labor and Survival in the Gross-Rosen Camp System, 1940–1945 |year=2008 |publisher=Berghahn Books |location=New York |isbn=0-85745-053-0}}-->
*{{서적 인용|last=Gutman |first=Yisrael |author-link=Yisrael Gutman |editor1-last=Gutman |editor1-first=Yisrael |editor2-last=Berenbaum |editor2-first=Michael |editor2-link=Michael Berenbaum |title=Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp |chapter=Auschwitz—An Overview |pages=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/5 5–33] |year=1998 |orig-year=1994 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=0-253-32684-2}}
*{{서적 인용|last1=Haar |first1=Ingo |editor1-last=Beer |editor1-first=Mathias |editor2-last=Beyrau |editor2-first=Dietrich |editor3-last=Rauh |editor3-first=Cornelia |title=Deutschsein als Grenzerfahrung: Minderheitenpolitik in Europa zwischen 1914 und 1950 |date=2009 |publisher=Klartext |isbn=978-3837500974 |pages=35–59 |language=de |chapter=Inklusion und Genozid: Raum- und Bevölkerungspolitik im besetzten Polen 1939 bis 1944}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Harding |first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Harding (writer) |title=Hanns and Rudolf: The German Jew and the Hunt for the Kommandant of Auschwitz |title-link=Hanns and Rudolf |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4767-1184-3}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Hayes |first=Peter|author-link=Peter Hayes (historian) |title=Industry and Ideology: IG Farben in the Nazi Era |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2001|orig-year=1987 |isbn=0-521-78110-8}}
*{{저널 인용|last1=Hayes |first1=Peter |title=Auschwitz, Capital of the Holocaust |journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies |date=2003 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=330–350 |doi=10.1093/hgs/dcg005 |s2cid=144058870}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Hilberg |first=Raul |author-link=Raul Hilberg |title=The Destruction of the European Jews |year=1961 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven; London |isbn=978-0-300-09592-0}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Hilberg |first=Raul |editor1-last=Gutman |editor1-first=Yisrael |editor2-last=Berenbaum |editor2-first=Michael |title=Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp |chapter=Auschwitz and the 'Final Solution' |pages=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/81 81–92] |year=1998 |orig-year=1994 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=0-253-32684-2}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Hoess |first=Rudolf |author-link=Rudolf Höss |title=Commandant of Auschwitz: The Autobiography of Rudolf Hoess |year=2003 |orig-year=1951 |translator=Constantine FitzGibbon |publisher=Phoenix Press |location=London |isbn=1-84212-024-7 |ref={{sfnref|Höss|2003}} }}
*{{웹 인용|title=One Hundredth and Eighth Day, Monday, 15 April 1946, Morning Session |date=15 April 1946 |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_Vol-XI.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_Vol-XI.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |publisher=The International Military Tribunal |location=Nuremberg |pages=396–422 |ref={{sfnref|The International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg|1946}} }}
*{{서적 인용|last=Iwaszko |first=Tadeusz |editor-last1=Długoborski |editor-first1=Wacław |editor-last2=Piper |editor-first2=Franciszek |title=Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp |volume=I: The Establishment and Organization of the Camp |title-link=Auschwitz 1940–1945 |date=2000a |publisher=Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum |location=Oświęcim |chapter=Reasons for confinement in the camp and categories of prisoners |pages=11–43 |isbn=978-8385047872 |oclc=874340863}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Iwaszko |first=Tadeusz |editor-last1=Długoborski |editor-first1=Wacław |editor-last2=Piper |editor-first2=Franciszek |title=Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp |title-link=Auschwitz 1940–1945 |volume=II: The Prisoners—Their Life and Work |date=2000b |publisher=Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum |location=Oświęcim |chapter=The Housing, Clothing and Feeding of the Prisoners |pages=51–63 |isbn=978-8385047872 |oclc=874337926}}<!--
*{{서적 인용|last=Kárný |first=Miroslav |author-link=Miroslav Kárný |editor1-last=Gutman |editor1-first=Yisrael |editor2-last=Berenbaum |editor2-first=Michael |title=Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp |url-access = registration |chapter=The Vrba and Wetzler Report |pages=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/553 553–568] |year=1998 |orig-year=1994 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=0-253-32684-2}}-->
*{{서적 인용|last=Kater |first=Michael H. |author-link=Michael Hans Kater |title=Doctors Under Hitler |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |location=Chapel Hill |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8078-4858-6}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Keren |first=Nili |editor1-last=Gutman |editor1-first=Yisrael |editor2-last=Berenbaum |editor2-first=Michael |title=Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp |chapter=The Family Camp |pages=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/428 428–440] |year=1998 |orig-year=1994 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=0-253-32684-2}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Kitchens |first=James H. |title=The Bombing of Auschwitz: Should the Allies Have Attempted It? |chapter=The Bombing of Auschwitz Re-examined |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312198381/page/80 80–100] |editor=Neufeld, Michael J. |editor2=Berenbaum, Michael |year=2000 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |isbn=0-312-19838-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312198381/page/80 }}
*{{저널 인용|last=Krahelska |first=Halina |author-link=Halina Krahelska |title=Oświęcim. Pamiętnik więźnia |trans-title=Auschwitz: Diary of a prisoner |journal=WIĘŹ |date=January 1985 |orig-year=1942 |volume=1–3 |issue=315 |pages=5–47 |publisher=Towarzystwo WIĘŹ |location=Warsaw |language=pl |url=http://www.wiez.pl/czasopismo/;s,czasopismo_szczegoly,id,215,art,6714 |access-date=27 April 2014 |archive-date=9 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809171624/http://www.wiez.pl/czasopismo/;s,czasopismo_szczegoly,id,215,art,6714 |url-status=dead }}
*{{서적 인용|last=Krakowski |first=Shmuel |editor1-last=Gutman |editor1-first=Yisrael |editor2-last=Berenbaum |editor2-first=Michael |title=Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp |chapter=The Satellite Camps |pages=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/50 50–60] |year=1998 |orig-year=1994 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=0-253-32684-2}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Kubica |first=Helena |editor1-last=Gutman |editor1-first=Yisrael |editor2-last=Berenbaum |editor2-first=Michael |title=Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp |chapter=The Crimes of Josef Mengele |pages=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/317 317–337] |year=1998 |orig-year=1994 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=0-253-32684-2}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Kubica |first=Helena |title=Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945. Volume 1 |editor1-last=Megargee |editor1-first=Geoffrey P. |publisher=Indiana University Press, in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |date=2009 |pages=233–234 |chapter=Budy |isbn=978-0-253-35328-3}}}<!--
*{{서적 인용|last=Langbein |first=Hermann |author-link1 = Hermann Langbein |editor1-last=Gutman |editor1-first=Yisrael |editor2-last=Berenbaum |editor2-first=Michael |title=Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp |chapter=The Auschwitz underground |pages=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/484 484–502] |year=1998 |orig-year=1994 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=0-253-32684-2}}-->
*{{서적 인용|last=Langfus |first=Leib|author-link=Leib Langfus |editor-last1=Długoborski |editor-first1=Wacław |editor-last2=Piper |editor-first2=Franciszek |title=Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp |volume=IV: The Resistance Movement |title-link=Auschwitz 1940–1945 |date=2000 |publisher=Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum |location=Oświęcim |isbn=978-8385047872 |oclc=874233579 |chapter=Appendix 3. Notes by Members of the Sonderkommando [...] The Extermination Procedure in the Bunker}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Lasik |first=Aleksander |author-link=Aleksander Lasik |editor1-last=Gutman |editor1-first=Yisrael |editor2-last=Berenbaum |editor2-first=Michael |title=Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp |chapter=Historical–Sociological Profile of the Auschwitz SS |pages=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/271 271–287] |year=1998a |orig-year=1994 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=0-253-32684-2}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Lasik |first=Aleksander |editor1-last=Gutman |editor1-first=Yisrael |editor2-last=Berenbaum |editor2-first=Michael |title=Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp |chapter=Rudolf Höss: Manager of Crime |pages=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/288 288–300] |year=1998b |orig-year=1994 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=0-253-32684-2}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Lasik |first=Aleksander |editor-last1=Długoborski |editor-first1=Wacław |editor-last2=Piper |editor-first2=Franciszek |title=Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp |title-link=Auschwitz 1940–1945 |volume=I: The Establishment and Organization of the Camp |date=2000a |publisher=Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum |location=Oświęcim |chapter=Organizational Structure of Auschwitz Concentration Camp |pages=145–279 |isbn=978-8385047872 |oclc=874340863}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Lasik |first=Aleksander |editor-last1=Długoborski |editor-first1=Wacław |editor-last2=Piper |editor-first2=Franciszek |title=Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp |title-link=Auschwitz 1940–1945 |volume=V: Epilogue |date=2000b |publisher=Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum |location=Oświęcim |chapter=The Apprehension and Punishment of the Auschwitz Concentration Camp Staff |pages=99–117 |isbn=978-8385047872 |oclc=929235229}}
*{{서적 인용|last1=Levi |first1=Primo |author-link=Primo Levi |title=If This is a Man and The Truce |title-link=If This Is a Man |date=2001 |orig-year=1947 and 1963 |publisher=Little, Brown (Abacus) |location=London |isbn=0-349-10013-6}}
*{{서적 인용|last1=Levi |first1=Primo |title=The Drowned and the Saved |date=2017 |orig-year=1986 |publisher=Simon & Schuster Paperbacks |location=New York |isbn=978-1-5011-6763-8 |title-link=The Drowned and the Saved}}<!--
*{{서적 인용|last1=Lifton |first1=Robert Jay |author-link1 = Robert Jay Lifton |last2=Hackett |first2=Amy |editor1-last=Gutman |editor1-first=Yisrael |editor2-last=Berenbaum |editor2-first=Michael |title=Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp |chapter=The Auschwitz Prisoner Administration |pages=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/363 363–378] |year=1998 |orig-year=1994 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=0-253-32684-2}}-->
*{{서적 인용|last=Longerich |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Longerich |title=Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-280436-5 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford and New York}}<!--
*{{서적 인용|last=Longerich |first=Peter |year=2012 |title=Heinrich Himmler: A Life |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford and New York |isbn=978-0-19-959232-6}}-->
*{{서적 인용|last1=Mais |first1=Yitzchak |last2=Engel |first2=David |last3=Fogelman |first3=Eva |title=Daring to Resist: Jewish Defiance in the Holocaust |year=2007 |publisher=Museum of Jewish Heritage |location=New York |isbn=978-0-9716859-2-5}}<!--
*{{서적 인용|last=Majer |first=Diemut |title="Non-Germans" Under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945 |year=2003 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore and London |isbn=978-0-8018-6493-3}}-->
*{{서적 인용|last=Matthäus |first=Jürgen |author-link=Jürgen Matthäus |editor-last=Browning |editor-first=Christopher |editor-link=Christopher Browning |year=2004 |chapter=Operation Barbarossa and the Onset of the Holocaust, June–December 1941 |title=The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939&nbsp;– March 1942 |location=Lincoln and Jerusalem |publisher=University of Nebraska Press and Yad Vashem |pages=[https://archive.org/details/originsoffinalso00brow/page/244 244–308] |isbn=0-8032-1327-1}}
*{{서적 인용|last1=Mehring |first1=Sigrid |title=First Do No Harm: Medical Ethics in International Humanitarian Law |date=2015 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-27916-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrmjBQAAQBAJ |access-date=2 October 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201215421/https://books.google.com/books?id=JrmjBQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
*{{서적 인용|last1=Müller |first1=Filip |author-link=Filip Müller |title=Eyewitness Auschwitz: Three Years in the Gas Chambers |url=https://archive.org/details/eyewitnessauschw00fili |url-access=registration |date=1999 |orig-year=1979 |publisher=Ivan R. Dee |location=Chicago |isbn=978-1566632713 }}
*{{서적 인용|last=Neufeld |first=Michael J. |title=The Bombing of Auschwitz: Should the Allies Have Attempted It? |chapter=Introduction to the Controversy |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312198381/page/1 1–9] |editor=Neufeld, Michael J. |editor2=Berenbaum, Michael |year=2000 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |isbn=0-312-19838-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312198381/page/1 }}
*{{웹 인용|title=The Nobel Peace Prize for 1986 |publisher=Norwegian Nobel Committee |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1986/press.html |date=14 October 1986 |access-date=25 August 2013 |ref={{sfnRef|Norwegian Nobel Committee|1986}} |archive-date=3 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103105632/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1986/press.html |url-status=live }}
*{{서적 인용|last=Nyiszli |first=Miklós |author-link=Miklós Nyiszli |title=Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account |year=2011 |orig-year=1960 |publisher=Arcade Publishing |location=New York |isbn=978-1-61145-011-8}}
*{{서적 인용|last1=Perl |first1=Gisella |author-link1=Gisella Perl |title=I Was a Doctor in Auschwitz |date=1948 |url=https://archive.org/details/IWasADoctorInAuschwitz |publisher=International Universities Press |location=New York |oclc=937965417 }}
*{{웹 인용|title=Permanent exhibition – grounds of former Auschwitz I Concentration Camp |publisher=Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum |url=http://en.auschwitz.org/z/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=52&Itemid=99999999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501142530/http://en.auschwitz.org/z/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=52&Itemid=99999999 |archive-date=1 May 2014 |access-date=10 February 2016 |url-status=dead |ref={{sfnRef|Permanent exhibition – Auschwitz I}} }}
*{{저널 인용|last1=Piper |first1=Franciszek |author-link=Franciszek Piper |title=Estimating the Number of Deportees to and Victims of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Camp |journal=Yad Vashem Studies |date=1991 |volume=XXI |pages=49–103 |issn=0084-3296}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Piper |first=Franciszek |editor1-last=Gutman |editor1-first=Yisrael |editor2-last=Berenbaum |editor2-first=Michael |title=Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp |chapter=The System of Prisoner Exploitation |pages=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/34 34–49] |year=1998a |orig-year=1994 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=0-253-32684-2}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Piper |first=Franciszek |editor1-last=Gutman |editor1-first=Yisrael |editor1-link=Yisrael Gutman |editor2-last=Berenbaum |editor2-first=Michael |title=Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp |chapter=The Number of Victims |pages=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/61 61–76] |year=1998b |orig-year=1994 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=0-253-32684-2}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Piper |first=Franciszek |editor1-last=Gutman |editor1-first=Yisrael |editor2-last=Berenbaum |editor2-first=Michael |title=Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp |chapter=Gas Chambers and Crematoria |pages=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/157 157–182] |year=1998c |orig-year=1994 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=0-253-32684-2}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Piper |first=Franciszek |editor-last1=Długoborski |editor-first1=Wacław |editor-last2=Piper |editor-first2=Franciszek |title=Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp |title-link=Auschwitz 1940–1945 |volume=I: The Establishment and Organization of the Camp |date=2000a |publisher=Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum |location=Oświęcim |chapter=The Origins of the Camp |pages=39–62 |oclc=929235229 |isbn=978-8385047872}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Piper |first=Franciszek |editor-last1=Długoborski |editor-first1=Wacław |editor-last2=Piper |editor-first2=Franciszek |title=Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp |title-link=Auschwitz 1940–1945 |volume=III: Mass Murder |date=2000b |publisher=Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum |location=Oświęcim |oclc=929235229 |isbn=978-8385047872}}
*{{서적 인용|last1=Pressac |first1=Jean-Claude |author-link=Jean-Claude Pressac |last2=van Pelt |first2=Robert-Jan |editor1-last=Gutman |editor1-first=Yisrael |editor2-last=Berenbaum |editor2-first=Michael |title=Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp |chapter=The Machinery of Mass Murder at Auschwitz |pages=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/183 183–245] |year=1998 |orig-year=1994 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=0-253-32684-2}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Rees |first=Laurence |author-link=Laurence Rees |title=Auschwitz: A New History |year=2005 |publisher=Public Affairs, member of Perseus Books Group |location=New York |isbn=1-58648-303-X |url=https://archive.org/details/auschwitznewhist00rees }}
*{{저널 인용|last=Rosen |first=Alan |title=Tracking Jewish time in Auschwitz |journal=Yad Vashem Studies |year=2014 |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=11–46 |publisher=Yad Vashem |oclc=1029349665}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Snyder |first=Timothy |author-link=Timothy D. Snyder |title=Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin |year=2010 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-465-00239-9 |title-link=Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Spitz |first=Vivien |title=Doctors from Hell: the Horrific Account of Nazi Experiments on Humans |year=2005 |publisher=Sentient |location=Boulder, Colorado |isbn=978-1-59181-032-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/doctorsfromhellh00spit }}
*{{뉴스 인용|author=Staff |title=Auschwitz 70th anniversary: Survivors warn of new crimes |work=BBC News |date=27 January 2015 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-30996555 |access-date=27 January 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|BBC News|2015a}} |archive-date=27 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127090458/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-30996555 |url-status=live }}
*{{뉴스 인용|author=Staff |title=British school students 'stole Auschwitz artefacts' |work=BBC News |date=9 September 2016 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-37322599 |access-date=10 September 2016 |ref={{sfnRef|BBC|2016}} |archive-date=10 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910002722/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-37322599 |url-status=live }}
*{{서적 인용|last=Stangneth |first=Bettina |author-link=Bettina Stangneth |title=Eichmann Before Jerusalem: The Unexamined Life of a Mass Murderer |year=2014 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York |isbn=978-0-307-95967-6}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Steinbacher |first=Sybille |author-link=Sybille Steinbacher |title=Auschwitz: A History |year=2005 |orig-year=2004 |publisher=Ecco Press |location=New York |isbn=0-06-082581-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/auschwitzhistory00stei }}
*{{서적 인용|last=Stone |first=Dan |author-link=Dan Stone (historian) |title=The Liberation of the Camps: The End of the Holocaust and Its Aftermath |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven and London |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-300-20457-5}}
*{{서적 인용|last1=Strzelecka |first1=Irena |author1-link=Irena Strzelecka |last2=Setkiewicz |first2=Piotr |editor-last1=Długoborski |editor-first1=Wacław |editor-last2=Piper |editor-first2=Franciszek |title=Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp |volume=I: The Establishment and Organization of the Camp |title-link=Auschwitz 1940–1945 |date=2000 |publisher=Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum |location=Oświęcim |chapter=The Construction, Expansion and Development of the Camp and its Branches |pages=63–138 |isbn=978-8385047872 |oclc=874340863}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Strzelecka |first=Irena |editor-last1=Długoborski |editor-first1=Wacław |editor-last2=Piper |editor-first2=Franciszek |editor-link2=Franciszek Piper |title=Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp |volume=II: The Prisoners—Their Life and Work |title-link=Auschwitz 1940–1945 |date=2000a |publisher=Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum |location=Oświęcim |chapter=Quarantine on Arrival |pages=45–50 |isbn=978-8385047872 |oclc=874337926}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Strzelecka |first=Irena |editor-last1=Długoborski |editor-first1=Wacław |editor-last2=Piper |editor-first2=Franciszek |editor-link2=Franciszek Piper |title=Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp |volume=II: The Prisoners—Their Life and Work |title-link=Auschwitz 1940–1945 |date=2000b |publisher=Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum |location=Oświęcim |chapter=The Working Day for Auschwitz Prisoners |pages=65–70 |isbn=978-8385047872 |oclc=874337926}}
*{{서적 인용|last1=Strzelecka |first1=Irena |editor-last1=Długoborski |editor-first1=Wacław |editor-last2=Piper |editor-first2=Franciszek |title=Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp |title-link=Auschwitz 1940–1945 |volume=II: The Prisoners—Their Life and Work |date=2000c |publisher=Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum |location=Oświęcim |chapter=Women in the Auschwitz Concentration Camp |pages=171–200 |isbn=978-8385047872 |oclc=874337926}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Strzelecka |first=Irena |editor-last1=Długoborski |editor-first1=Wacław |editor-last2=Piper |editor-first2=Franciszek |editor-link2=Franciszek Piper |title=Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp |volume=II: The Prisoners—Their Life and Work |title-link=Auschwitz 1940–1945 |date=2000d |publisher=Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum |location=Oświęcim |chapter=Experiments |pages=347–369 |isbn=978-8385047872 |oclc=874337926}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Strzelecka |first=Irena |editor-last1=Długoborski |editor-first1=Wacław |editor-last2=Piper |editor-first2=Franciszek |editor-link2=Franciszek Piper |title=Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp |volume=II: The Prisoners—Their Life and Work |title-link=Auschwitz 1940–1945 |date=2000e |publisher=Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum |location=Oświęcim |chapter=Punishment and Torture |pages=372–398 |isbn=978-8385047872 |oclc=874337926}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Strzelecki |first=Andrzej |editor-last1=Długoborski |editor-first1=Wacław |editor-last2=Piper |editor-first2=Franciszek |editor-link2=Franciszek Piper |title=Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp |title-link=Auschwitz 1940–1945 |volume=V: Epilogue |date=2000a |publisher=Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum |location=Oświęcim |chapter=The Liquidation of the Camp |pages=9–85 |isbn=978-8385047872 |oclc=929235229}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Strzelecki |first=Andrzej |editor-last1=Długoborski |editor-first1=Wacław |editor-last2=Piper |editor-first2=Franciszek |editor-link2=Franciszek Piper |title=Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp |title-link=Auschwitz 1940–1945 |volume=II: The Prisoners—Their Life and Work |date=2000b |publisher=Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum |location=Oświęcim |chapter=Utilization of the Victims' Corpses |pages=399–418 |isbn=978-8385047872 |oclc=929235229}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Świebocki |first=Henryk |author-link=Henryk Świebocki |editor-last1=Długoborski |editor-first1=Wacław |editor-last2=Piper |editor-first2=Franciszek |title=Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp |volume=IV: The Resistance Movement |title-link=Auschwitz 1940–1945 |date=2000 |publisher=Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum |location=Oświęcim |isbn=978-8385047872 |oclc=874233579}}
*{{서적 인용|editor1-last=Świebocki |editor1-first=Henryk |title=London Has Been Informed: Reports by Auschwitz Escapees |date=2002 |publisher=The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum |location=Oświęcim}}
*{{서적 인용|last1=Szabó |first1=Zoltán Tibori |editor1-last=Braham |editor1-first=Randolph L. |editor2-last=vanden Heuvel |editor2-first=William |title=The Auschwitz Reports and the Holocaust in Hungary |date=2011 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |chapter=The Auschwitz Reports: Who Got Them, and When?}}
*{{서적 인용|last=van Pelt |first=Robert-Jan |author-link=Robert-Jan van Pelt |editor1-last=Gutman |editor1-first=Yisrael |editor2-last=Berenbaum |editor2-first=Michael |title=Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp |chapter=A Site in Search of a Mission |pages=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofauschwi00yisr/page/93 93–156] |year=1998 |orig-year=1994 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=0-253-32684-2}}
*{{서적 인용|last=van Pelt |first=Robert Jan |title=The Case for Auschwitz: Evidence from the Irving Trial |year=2016 |orig-year=2002 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=978-0-253-02298-1}}
*{{서적 인용|last1=Westermann |first1=Edward B. |editor1-last=Cesarani |editor1-first=David |editor1-link=David Cesarani |title=Holocaust. Volume 5: Responses to the persecution and mass murder of the Jews |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0415318716 |pages=195–211 |chapter=The Royal Air Force and the bombing of Auschwitz: first deliberations, January 1941}}
*{{서적 인용|last=Wachsmann |first=Nikolaus |author-link=Nikolaus Wachsmann |year=2015 |title=KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |location=New York |isbn=978-0-374-11825-9}}
*{{저널 인용|last=Wittmann |first=Rebecca Elizabeth |author-link=Rebecca Wittmann |title=Indicting Auschwitz? The Paradox of the Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial |journal=German History |date=October 2003 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=505–532 |doi=10.1191/0266355403gh294oa}}
*{{서적 인용|last1=Wittmann |first1=Rebecca |title=Beyond Justice: The Auschwitz Trial |date=2005 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0674016941 |url=https://archive.org/details/beyondjusticeaus00witt_0 }}
*{{서적 인용|last1=Zarembina |first1=Natalia |last2=Harriman |first2=Florence Jaffray |author-link2=Florence Jaffray Harriman |title=Oswiecim, Camp of Death (Underground Report) |year=1944 |publisher=Poland Fights |location=New York |oclc=3899327}}
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{{폴란드의 세계유산}}
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[[분류:아우슈비츠 강제 수용소| ]]
[[분류:1940년 설립]]
[[분류:1945년 폐지]]
[[분류:폴란드의 세계유산]]
[[분류:홀로코스트]]
[[분류:유럽의 관광]]