{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}
{{다른 뜻 넘어옴|러너스 하이|영화|러너스 하이 (영화)}}
[[파일:Jogging Woman in Grass.jpg|thumb]]
'''운동의 신경생물학적 효과'''는 상당하여, 뇌구조(brain structure), 뇌기능(brain function), [[인지]](cognition)에 상관된 영향을 끼친다.<ref name="Summary as of August 2015">{{저널 인용|vauthors=Erickson KI, Hillman CH, Kramer AF|title=Physical activity, brain, and cognition|journal=Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences|date=August 2015|volume=4|pages=27–32|doi=10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.01.005 |s2cid=54301951| quote = <!--Research in children finds that higher fit and more active preadolescent children show greater hippocampal and basal ganglia volume, greater white matter integrity, elevated and more efficient patterns of brain activity, and superior cognitive performance and scholastic achievement. Higher fit and more physically active older adults show greater hippocampal, prefrontal cortex, and basal ganglia volume, greater functional brain connectivity, greater white matter integrity, more efficient brain activity, and superior executive and memory function.&nbsp;...<br />''Cognitive performance'': Cross-sectional, observational, and randomized clinical trials of PA in late adulthood have demonstrated that engaging in PA may preserve and/or enhance cognitive function even in cognitively impaired individuals (e.g., [18]). Summaries of these studies can now be found in several meta-analyses, most of which confirm that PA positively influences cognitive function in late adulthood with small to moderate sized effects [19]. In a meta-analysis of 18 randomized PA trials, engaging in moderate intensity PA resulted in enhanced cognitive function across all cognitive domains examined, but with the largest effect sizes for indices of executive function [20]. Meta-analyses of longitudinal observational studies have also confirmed that self-reported engagement in PA is associated with nearly a 40% reduced risk of experiencing cognitive decline over several years [21]. These, and other studies, make a convincing argument that both continuing to engage in, and starting to engage in, PA in late adulthood may have a profound effect on maintaining cognitive health, improving function, and reducing the risk of developing cognitive impairment.<br />''Brain structure'': There have been now more than 30 published studies of PA or fitness on brain structure in older adults (>60 years) with the majority showing positive associations (see [22]). Such effects are important since increasing age is associated with brain atrophy and loss of volume, which precedes and predicts conversion to dementia. Higher aerobic fitness levels have been associated with larger gray matter volumes in older adults in several areas including the frontal cortex [23,24], hippocampus [25,26], and caudate nucleus [27]. Longitudinal observational studies have also shown that greater amounts of PA are associated with larger gray matter volumes in these regions, and greater volume is, in turn, associated with a reduced risk of cognitive impairment [28]. These cross-sectional and observational results in older adults are further supported by clinical trials that have shown that six-months to one-year of regular PA is associated with an increase in both frontal cortex [29<sup>••</sup>,30] and hippocampal volume&nbsp;... These effects on gray matter volume are accompanied by differences found in white matter integrity. For example, several studies have reported that higher cardiorespiratory fitness levels and PA are associated with greater white matter integrity along several tracts linking frontal and subcortical areas [34–36] and that greater changes in fitness after an intervention was associated with an increase in white matter integrity [37]. In sum, there is now convincing evidence that PA and fitness influence brain structure, characterized by both gray matter volume and white matter integrity, in late adulthood.-->}}</ref><ref name="Exercise – neurotrophic factors + basal ganglia">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Paillard T, Rolland Y, de Souto Barreto P | title = Protective Effects of Physical Exercise in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease: A Narrative Review | journal = J Clin Neurol | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 212–219 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 26174783 | pmc = 4507374 | doi = 10.3988/jcn.2015.11.3.212 | quote = Aerobic physical exercise (PE) activates the release of neurotrophic factors and promotes angiogenesis, thereby facilitating neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, which in turn improve memory and cognitive functions.&nbsp;... Exercise limits the alteration in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and contributes to optimal functioning of the basal ganglia involved in motor commands and control by adaptive mechanisms involving dopamine and glutamate neurotransmission.}}</ref><ref name="Summary of effects">{{저널 인용| vauthors = McKee AC, Daneshvar DH, Alvarez VE, Stein TD | title = The neuropathology of sport | journal = Acta Neuropathol. | volume = 127 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–51 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24366527 | pmc = 4255282 | doi = 10.1007/s00401-013-1230-6 | quote = The benefits of regular exercise, physical fitness and sports participation on cardiovascular and brain health are undeniable&nbsp;... Exercise also enhances psychological health, reduces age-related loss of brain volume, improves cognition, reduces the risk of developing dementia, and impedes neurodegeneration.}}</ref><ref name="epigenome">{{저널 인용|vauthors=Denham J, Marques FZ, O'Brien BJ, Charchar FJ | title = Exercise: putting action into our epigenome | journal = Sports Med | volume = 44 | issue = 2 | pages = 189–209 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24163284 | doi = 10.1007/s40279-013-0114-1 | s2cid = 30210091 | quote = Aerobic physical exercise produces numerous health benefits in the brain. Regular engagement in physical exercise enhances cognitive functioning, increases brain neurotrophic proteins, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and prevents cognitive diseases [76–78]. Recent findings highlight a role for aerobic exercise in modulating chromatin remodelers [21, 79–82].&nbsp;... These results were the first to demonstrate that acute and relatively short aerobic exercise modulates epigenetic modifications. The transient epigenetic modifications observed due to chronic running training have also been associated with improved learning and stress-coping strategies, epigenetic changes and increased c-Fos-positive neurons&nbsp;... Nonetheless, these studies demonstrate the existence of epigenetic changes after acute and chronic exercise and show they are associated with improved cognitive function and elevated markers of neurotrophic factors and neuronal activity (BDNF and c-Fos).&nbsp;... The aerobic exercise training-induced changes to miRNA profile in the brain seem to be intensity-dependent [164]. These few studies provide a basis for further exploration into potential miRNAs involved in brain and neuronal development and recovery via aerobic exercise.}}</ref> 인간을 대상으로 한 대형 연구에서 하루 30분 정도의 지속적인 [[유산소 운동]](aerobic exercise)는 [[인지 기능]](cognitive function) 향상, 두뇌 [[유전자 발현]](gene expression)의 건강한 대체, [[신경가소성]](neuroplasticity)과 [[행동 가소성]](behavioral plasticity)에의 혜택을 유도한다. 장기적 효과로는 뉴런 성장(neuron growth) 증가, 신경 활동(neurological activity) 증가(예 : [[c-Fos]] 및 [[뇌유래신경영양인자|BDNF]] signaling), 스트레스 대처 향상, [[행동의 인지적 통제]](cognitive control of behavior) 고양, [[서술 기억]](declarative memory), [[공간 기억]](spatial memory), [[작업 기억]](working memory) 향상, 인지적 통제(cognitive control) 및 기억에 관한 뇌구조 및 신경경로(neural pathways) 개선이 있다.<ref name="Summary as of August 2015" /><ref name="Exercise – neurotrophic factors + basal ganglia" /><ref name="Summary of effects" /><ref name="epigenome" /><ref name="Comprehensive review">{{서적 인용|vauthors=Gomez-Pinilla F, Hillman C | title = Comprehensive Physiology | chapter = The influence of exercise on cognitive abilities | journal = Compr. Physiol. | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 403–428 | date = January 2013 | pmid = 23720292 | pmc = 3951958 | doi = 10.1002/cphy.c110063 | quote = <!--A second recent meta-analysis (162) corroborated Colcombe and Kramer’s (30) findings, in that aerobic exercise was related to attention, processing speed, memory, and cognitive control.&nbsp;... Normal aging results in the loss of brain tissue (31), with markedly larger tissue loss evidenced in the frontal, temporal, and parietal cortices (16, 58, 149). As such, cognitive functions subserved by these brain regions (such as those involved in cognitive control and memory) are expected to decay more dramatically than other aspects of cognition. Specifically, age-related decreases in gray matter volume have been associated with decrements in a variety of cognitive control processes.&nbsp;... Decreases in gray matter volume may result from several factors including loss in the number of neurons, neuronal shrinkage, reduction in dendritic arborization, and alterations in glia (158). Further, decreases in white matter (brain tissue composed primarily of myelinated nerve fibers) volume, which represent changes in connectivity between neurons, also occur as a result of aging. Loss of white matter volume further relates to performance decrements on a host of cognitive tasks&nbsp;... aerobic fitness relates to larger hippocampal volume (23) and better relational memory performance (24), during preadolescent childhood.&nbsp;... Specifically, those assigned to the aerobic training group demonstrated increases in gray matter in the frontal lobes, including the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), supplementary motor area, middle frontal gyrus, dorsolateral region of the right inferior frontal gyrus, and the left superior temporal lobe (32). White matter volume changes were also evidenced for the aerobic fitness group with increases in white matter tracts within the anterior third of the corpus callosum (32).&nbsp;...  In addition, aerobic fitness has been shown to promote better functioning of brain, especially in neural networks involved in cognitive control of inhibition and attention (33).&nbsp;... In addition to BDNF, the actions of IGF-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (54) are considered essential for the angiogenic and neurogenic effects of exercise in the brain.&nbsp;... Randomized and crossover clinical trials demonstrate the efficacy of aerobic or resistance training exercise (2–4 months) as a treatment for depression in both young and older individuals.&nbsp;... exercise seems to have both preventative and therapeutic effects on the course of depression-->| isbn = 9780470650714 }}</ref><ref name="gray matter">{{저널 인용|vauthors=Erickson KI, Leckie RL, Weinstein AM | title = Physical activity, fitness, and gray matter volume | journal = Neurobiol. Aging | volume = 35 Suppl 2 | pages = S20–528 | date = September 2014 | pmid = 24952993 | pmc = 4094356 | doi = 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.034 | quote = <!--We conclude that higher cardiorespiratory fitness levels are routinely associated with greater gray matter volume in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus and less consistently in other regions. We also conclude that physical activity is associated with greater gray matter volume in the same regions that are associated with cardiorespiratory fitness including the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.&nbsp;... Meta-analyses (Colcombe and Kramer, 2003; Smith et al., 2010) suggest that the effects of exercise on the brain might not be uniform across all regions and that some brain areas, specifically those areas supporting executive functions, might be more influenced by participation in exercise than areas not as critically involved in executive functions.&nbsp;... The effects appear to be general in the sense that many different cognitive domains are improved after several months of aerobic exercise, but specific in the sense that executive functions are improved more than other cognitive domains.&nbsp;... physical activity and exercise may reduce the risk for AD (Barnes and Yaffe, 2011; Podewils et al., 2005; Sofi et al., 2011)&nbsp;... Erickson et al. (2010) reported that greater amounts of physical activity were associated with greater gray matter volume 9-years later in the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, parietal cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus.&nbsp;... higher fitness levels (VO2max) were associated with larger hippocampal volumes, better executive function, and faster processing speed.&nbsp;...  Verstynen et al. (2012) examined the association between cardiorespiratory fitness levels (VO2max) and the size of the basal ganglia&nbsp;... Verstynen et al. (2012) found that higher fitness levels were associated with greater volume of the caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens, and in turn, greater volumes were associated with better performance on a task-switching paradigm.&nbsp;... That is, higher physical activity levels mitigated the detrimental effects of lifetime stress on the size of the hippocampus.&nbsp;... The few randomized interventions published thus far have found results highly overlapping with the cross-sectional studies and suggest that the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus remain pliable in late life and that moderate intensity exercise for 6 months–1 year is sufficient for changing the size of these areas.-->}}</ref><ref name="exercise benefits">{{저널 인용|vauthors=Guiney H, Machado L | title = Benefits of regular aerobic exercise for executive functioning in healthy populations | journal = Psychon Bull Rev | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 73–86 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23229442 | doi = 10.3758/s13423-012-0345-4 | s2cid = 24190840 | quote = <!--Executive functions are strategic in nature and depend on higher-order cognitive processes that underpin planning, sustained attention, selective attention, resistance to interference, volitional inhibition, working memory, and mental flexibility&nbsp;... Data to date from studies of aging provide strong evidence of exercise-linked benefits related to task switching, selective attention, inhibition of prepotent responses, and working memory capacity; furthermore, cross-sectional fitness data suggest that working memory updating could potentially benefit as well. In young adults, working memory updating is the main executive function shown to benefit from regular exercise, but cross-sectional data further suggest that task-switching and post-error performance may also benefit. In children, working memory capacity has been shown to benefit, and cross-sectional data suggest potential benefits for selective attention and inhibitory control.&nbsp;... Support for the idea that higher levels of aerobic activity may be associated with superior brain structure has been gained through cross-sectional studies in older adults and children (for a recent review, see Voss, Nagamatsu, et al., 2011).&nbsp;... only those in the aerobic exercise group exhibited improved connectivity between the left and right prefrontal cortices, two areas that are crucial to the effective functioning of the fronto-executive network.&nbsp;... Together, these studies provide evidence that regular aerobic exercise benefits control over responses during selective attention in older adults.&nbsp;... aerobic fitness is a good predictor of performance on tasks that rely relatively heavily on inhibitory control over prepotent responses (e.g., Colcombe et al., 2004, Study 1; Prakash et al., 2011) and also that regular aerobic exercise ''improves'' performance on such tasks&nbsp;... Overall, the results from the span and Sternberg tasks suggest that regular exercise can also confer benefits for the volume of information that children and older adults can hold in mind at one time.-->| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="BDNF depression">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Erickson KI, Miller DL, Roecklein KA | title = The aging hippocampus: interactions between exercise, depression, and BDNF | journal = Neuroscientist | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 82–97 | year = 2012 | pmid = 21531985 | pmc = 3575139 | doi=10.1177/1073858410397054 | quote = <!--Late adulthood is associated with increased hippocampal atrophy and dysfunction. &nbsp;... However, there is strong evidence that decreased BDNF is associated with age-related hippocampal dysfunction, memory impairment, and increased risk for depression, whereas increasing BDNF by aerobic exercise appears to ameliorate hippocampal atrophy, improve memory function, and reduce depression.&nbsp;...  For example, longitudinal studies have reported between 1% and 2% annual hippocampal atrophy in adults older than 55 years without dementia&nbsp;... Over a nine-year period, greater amounts of physical activity in the form of walking are associated with greater gray matter volume in several regions including prefrontal, temporal, and hippocampal areas.&nbsp;... The prefrontal cortex and hippocampus deteriorate in late adulthood, preceding and leading to deficits in executive and memory function. We examined in this review the evidence that age-related changes in BDNF might at least partially explain hippocampal atrophy and increased risk for memory impairment. We can conclude that 1) decreases in BDNF protein expression are associated with poorer hippocampal function and increased rates of geriatric depression and AD.&nbsp;... 3) Aerobic exercise enhances executive and memory function and reduces hippocampal atrophy in late adulthood, and this may be partially mediated through a BDNF pathway. -->}}</ref><ref name="cognitive control of exercise">{{저널 인용|vauthors=Buckley J, Cohen JD, Kramer AF, McAuley E, Mullen SP | title = Cognitive control in the self-regulation of physical activity and sedentary behavior | journal = Front Hum Neurosci | volume = 8 | page = 747 | year = 2014 | pmid = 25324754 | pmc = 4179677 | doi = 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00747 | quote = <!--Recent theory (e.g., Temporal Self-Regulation Theory; Hall and Fong, 2007, 2010, 2013) and evidence suggest that the relation between physical activity and cognitive control is reciprocal (Daly et al., 2013). Most research has focused on the beneficial effects of regular physical activity on executive functions-the set of neural processes that define cognitive control. Considerable evidence shows that regular physical activity is associated with enhanced cognitive functions, including attention, processing speed, task switching, inhibition of prepotent responses and declarative memory (for reviews see Colcombe and Kramer, 2003; Smith et al., 2010; Guiney and Machado, 2013; McAuley et al., 2013). Recent research demonstrates a dose-response relationship between fitness and spatial memory (Erickson et al., 2011)&nbsp;... The effects of physical activity on cognitive control appear to be underpinned by a variety of brain processes including: increased hippocampal volume, increased gray matter density in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), upregulation of neurotrophins and greater microvascular density&nbsp;... Together, this research suggests that an improvement in control processes, such as attention and inhibition or interference control, is associated with an improvement in self-regulation of physical activity.&nbsp;... Hoang et al. (2013) found that young adults who initially exhibited low levels of physical activity and remained relatively inactive for 25 years had nearly twofold greater odds of impaired executive function compared with those who exhibited higher activity levels; very-low physical activity patterns were associated with even more pronounced declines in executive functioning.&nbsp;… sedentary behavior indirectly led to poor executive function through depressive symptoms (Vance et al., 2005).&nbsp;… sedentary individuals display less capacity to quickly and accurately switch between tasks.-->| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Exercise healthy young adult 2016 SystRev">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Cox EP, O'Dwyer N, Cook R, Vetter M, Cheng HL, Rooney K, O'Connor H | title = Relationship between physical activity and cognitive function in apparently healthy young to middle-aged adults: A systematic review | journal = J. Sci. Med. Sport | volume = 19 | issue = 8 | pages = 616–628 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 26552574 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsams.2015.09.003 | quote = A range of validated platforms assessed CF across three domains: executive function (12 studies), memory (four studies) and processing speed (seven studies).&nbsp;... In studies of executive function, five found a significant ES in favour of higher PA, ranging from small to large. Although three of four studies in the memory domain reported a significant benefit of higher PA, there was only one significant ES, which favoured low PA. Only one study examining processing speed had a significant ES, favouring higher PA.<br />CONCLUSIONS: A limited body of evidence supports a positive effect of PA on CF in young to middle-aged adults. Further research into this relationship at this age stage is warranted.&nbsp;...<br />Significant positive effects of PA on cognitive function were found in 12 of the 14 included manuscripts, the relationship being most consistent for executive function, intermediate for memory and weak for processing speed.}}</ref> 인지에 끼치는 운동의 영향은 아동 및 대학생의 [[학업 성적]](academic performance) 향상, 성인의 생산성(productivity) 향상, 노년의 [[인지기능]](cognitive function) 유지, 특정 [[신경질환]](neurological disorder) 예방 및 치료, 전반적 [[삶의 질]](quality of life) 향상 등이 있다.<ref name="Summary as of August 2015" /><ref name="Depression QoL meta-analysis">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Schuch FB, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S, Richards J, Ward PB, Stubbs B | title = Exercise improves physical and psychological quality of life in people with depression: A meta-analysis including the evaluation of control group response | journal = Psychiatry Res. | volume = 241 | pages = 47–54 | date = July 2016 | pmid = 27155287 | doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.054 | s2cid = 4787287 | quote  = Exercise has established efficacy as an antidepressant in people with depression.&nbsp;... Exercise significantly improved physical and psychological domains and overall QoL.&nbsp;... The lack of improvement among control groups reinforces the role of exercise as a treatment for depression with benefits to QoL.| url = https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/exercise-improves-physical-and-psychological-quality-of-life-in-people-with-depression-a-metaanalysis-including-the-evaluation-of-control-group-response(9d2c5d0c-a5a9-4e46-a763-6b1398bce0f6).html }}</ref><ref name="Aging QoL review">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Pratali L, Mastorci F, Vitiello N, Sironi A, Gastaldelli A, Gemignani A | title = Motor Activity in Aging: An Integrated Approach for Better Quality of Life | journal =  International Scholarly Research Notices| volume = 2014 | pages = 257248 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 27351018 | doi = 10.1155/2014/257248 | pmc=4897547 | quote = Research investigating the effects of exercise on older adults has primarily focused on brain structural and functional changes with relation to cognitive improvement. In particular, several cross-sectional and intervention studies have shown a positive association between physical activity and cognition in older persons [86] and an inverse correlation with cognitive decline and dementia [87]. Older adults enrolled in a 6-month aerobic fitness intervention increased brain volume in both gray matter (anterior cingulate cortex, supplementary motor area, posterior middle frontal gyrus, and left superior temporal lobe) and white matter (anterior third of corpus callosum) [88]. In addition, Colcombe and colleagues showed that older adults with higher cardiovascular fitness levels are better at activating attentional resources, including decreased activation of the anterior cingulated cortex. One of the possible mechanisms by which physical activity may benefit cognition is that physical activity maintains brain plasticity, increases brain volume, stimulates neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, and increases neurotrophic factors in different areas of the brain, possibly providing reserve against later cognitive decline and dementia [89, 90].| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last1=Mandolesi |first1=Laura |last2=Polverino |first2=Arianna |last3=Montuori |first3=Simone |last4=Foti |first4=Francesca |last5=Ferraioli |first5=Giampaolo |last6=Sorrentino |first6=Pierpaolo |last7=Sorrentino |first7=Giuseppe |title=Effects of Physical Exercise on Cognitive Functioning and Wellbeing: Biological and Psychological Benefits |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |date=27 April 2018 |volume=9 |page=509 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00509 |pmid=29755380 |pmc=5934999 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

건강한 성인에게서, [[유산소 운동]](aerobic exercise)은 일정한 운동 이후에 인지에 순간적인 영향을 끼치며 몇 달 간 꾸준히 할 경우 지속적인 영향을 끼친다고 밝혀졌다.<ref name="Summary as of August 2015" /><ref name="Exercise healthy young adult 2016 SystRev" /><ref name="Neurobiological effects of acute exercise – 2017 review">{{저널 인용|author1=Basso JC, Suzuki WA|title=The Effects of Acute Exercise on Mood, Cognition, Neurophysiology, and Neurochemical Pathways: A Review|journal=Brain Plasticity|date=March 2017|volume=2|issue=2|pages=127–152|doi=10.3233/BPL-160040|pmid=29765853|pmc=5928534|doi-access=free|lay-source=Can A Single Exercise Session Benefit Your Brain?|lay-url=http://neurosciencenews.com/brain-exercise-6892/|lay-date=12 June 2017 | quote = A large collection of research in humans has shown that a single bout of exercise alters behavior at the level of affective state and cognitive functioning in several key ways. In terms of affective state, acute exercise decreases negative affect, increases positive affect, and decreases the psychological and physiological response to acute stress [28]. These effects have been reported to persist for up to 24 hours after exercise cessation [28, 29, 53]. In terms of cognitive functioning, acute exercise primarily enhances executive functions dependent on the prefrontal cortex including attention, working memory, problem solving, cognitive flexibility, verbal fluency, decision making, and inhibitory control [9]. These positive changes have been demonstrated to occur with very low to very high exercise intensities [9], with effects lasting for up to two hours after the end of the exercise bout (Fig. 1A) [27]. Moreover, many of these neuropsychological assessments measure several aspects of behavior including both accuracy of performance and speed of processing. McMorris and Hale performed a meta-analysis examining the effects of acute exercise on both accuracy and speed of processing, revealing that speed significantly improved post-exercise, with minimal or no effect on accuracy [17]. These authors concluded that increasing task difficulty or complexity may help to augment the effect of acute exercise on accuracy.&nbsp;... However, in a comprehensive meta-analysis, Chang and colleagues found that exercise intensities ranging from very light (<50% MHR) to very hard (>93% MHR) have all been reported to improve cognitive functioning [9].}}</ref> 런닝, 조깅, 빨리 걷기, 수영, 사이클 등 유산소 운동을 꾸준히 하는 사람들은 [[집중력|주의 조절]](attentional control), [[억제 조절]](inhibitory control), [[인지적 유연성]](cognitive flexibility), [[작업 기억]]의 갱신 및 수용 능력, [[서술 기억]], [[공간 기억]], 정보처리속도(information processing speed) 등 인지 기능을 측정하는 신경정신 기능 및 수행 검사(neuropsychological function and performance test)들에서 점수가 더 높다.<ref name="Summary as of August 2015" /><ref name="Comprehensive review" /><ref name="exercise benefits" /><ref name="cognitive control of exercise" /><ref name="Exercise healthy young adult 2016 SystRev" /><ref name="Neurobiological effects of acute exercise – 2017 review" /> 운동이 인지에 끼치는 순간적 영향으로는 주의력(attention), 작업기억, 인지적 유연성, 억제 조절, [[문제 해결]](problem solving), 의사 결정(decision making) 등 [[집행 기능]](executive function) 대부분의 향상, 운동 후 최대 2시간 동안의 정보처리속도 상승이 있다.<ref name="Neurobiological effects of acute exercise – 2017 review" />

[[긍정적 정서성|긍정적 정서]](positive affect)를 촉진시키고, [[부정적 정서성|부정적 정서]](negative affect)를 억제하며, 극심한 심리적 스트레스에 대한 생물학적 반응을 감소시킴으로써, 유산소 운동은 기분과 감정상태에 단기적 장기적 효과를 끼친다.<ref name="Neurobiological effects of acute exercise – 2017 review" /> 단기적으로 유산소 운동은 [[항우울제]](antidepressant)이자 [[도취제]](euphoriant)로 작용하지만,<ref name="Euphoria review">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Cunha GS, Ribeiro JL, Oliveira AR | title = [Levels of beta-endorphin in response to exercise and overtraining] | language = pt | journal = Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol | volume = 52 | issue = 4 | pages = 589–598 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18604371 | doi = 10.1590/S0004-27302008000400004| quote = Interestingly, some symptoms of OT are related to beta-endorphin (beta-end(1-31)) effects. Some of its effects, such as analgesia, increasing lactate tolerance, and exercise-induced euphoria, are important for training.| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Runner's high euphoria primary">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Boecker H, Sprenger T, Spilker ME, Henriksen G, Koppenhoefer M, Wagner KJ, Valet M, Berthele A, Tolle TR | title = The runner's high: opioidergic mechanisms in the human brain | journal = Cereb. Cortex | volume = 18 | issue = 11 | pages = 2523–2531 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18296435 | doi = 10.1093/cercor/bhn013 | quote = The runner's high describes a euphoric state resulting from long-distance running.| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Exercise depression intervention">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Josefsson T, Lindwall M, Archer T | title = Physical exercise intervention in depressive disorders: meta-analysis and systematic review | journal = Scand J Med Sci Sports | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 259–272 | year = 2014 | pmid = 23362828 | doi = 10.1111/sms.12050 | s2cid = 29351791 | quote = <!--Physical activity has also become increasingly and firmly associated with improvements in mental health and psychological well-being (Mutrie, 2000; Landers & Arent, 2007). In particular, exercise is believed to be effective in preventing depression and also to significantly reduce depressive symptoms in clinical as well as in nonclinical populations (O’Neal et al., 2000; Landers & Arent, 2007). Several correlational studies show that exercise is negatively related to depressive symptoms (e.g., Galper et al., 2006; Hassmén et al., 2000). Moreover, a considerably large number of intervention studies have by now investigated the effect of various exercise programs on depression and the vast majority of them indicate that exercise significantly reduces depression (e.g., Blumenthal et al., 2007; Martinsen et al., 1985; Singh et al., 1997).&nbsp;... To date, it is not possible to determine exactly how effective exercise is in reducing depression symptoms in clinical and nonclinical depressed populations, respectively. However, the results from the present meta-analysis as well as from seven earlier meta-analyses (North et al., 1990; Craft & Landers, 1998; Lawlor & Hopker, 2001; Stathopoulou et al., 2006; Mead et al., 2009; Rethorst et al., 2009; Krogh et al., 2011) indicate that exercise has a moderate to large antidepressant effect. Some meta-analytic results (e.g., Rethorst et al., 2009) suggest that exercise may be even more efficacious for clinically depressed people.&nbsp;... In short, our final conclusion is that exercise may well be recommended for people with mild and moderate depression who are willing, motivated, and physically healthy enough to engage in such a program.-->}}</ref><ref name="Physical activity intervention">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, Curtis J, Ward PB | title = Physical activity interventions for people with mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = J Clin Psychiatry | volume = 75 | issue = 9 | pages = 964–974 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24813261 | doi = 10.4088/JCP.13r08765 | quote = This systematic review and meta-analysis found that physical activity reduced depressive symptoms among people with a psychiatric illness.  The current meta-analysis differs from previous studies, as it included participants with depressive symptoms with a variety of psychiatric diagnoses (except dysthymia and eating disorders).&nbsp;... This review provides strong evidence for the antidepressant effect of physical activity; however, the optimal exercise modality, volume, and intensity remain to be determined.&nbsp;...<br />Conclusion<br /> Few interventions exist whereby patients can hope to achieve improvements in both psychiatric symptoms and physical health simultaneously without significant risks of adverse effects.  Physical activity offers substantial promise for improving outcomes for people living with mental illness, and the inclusion of physical activity and exercise programs within treatment facilities is warranted given the results of this review.}}</ref> 반면 지속적인 운동은 기분과 [[자존감]](self-esteem)을 향상시킨다.<ref name="BDNF meta analysis">{{저널 인용|vauthors=Szuhany KL, Bugatti M, Otto MW | title = A meta-analytic review of the effects of exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor | journal = J Psychiatr Res | volume = 60C | pages = 56–64 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25455510 | pmc = 4314337 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.10.003 | quote = Consistent evidence indicates that exercise improves cognition and mood, with preliminary evidence suggesting that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may mediate these effects. The aim of the current meta-analysis was to provide an estimate of the strength of the association between exercise and increased BDNF levels in humans across multiple exercise paradigms. We conducted a meta-analysis of 29 studies (N = 1111 participants) examining the effect of exercise on BDNF levels in three exercise paradigms: (1) a single session of exercise, (2) a session of exercise following a program of regular exercise, and (3) resting BDNF levels following a program of regular exercise. Moderators of this effect were also examined. Results demonstrated a moderate effect size for increases in BDNF following a single session of exercise (Hedges'&nbsp;g&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.46, p&nbsp;<&nbsp;0.001). Further, regular exercise intensified the effect of a session of exercise on BDNF levels (Hedges'&nbsp;g&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.59, p&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.02). Finally, results indicated a small effect of regular exercise on resting BDNF levels (Hedges'&nbsp;g&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.27, p&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.005).&nbsp;... Effect size analysis supports the role of exercise as a strategy for enhancing BDNF activity in humans.}}</ref><ref name="Exercise children">{{저널 인용|vauthors=Lees C, Hopkins J | title = Effect of aerobic exercise on cognition, academic achievement, and psychosocial function in children: a systematic review of randomized control trials | journal = Prev Chronic Dis | volume = 10 | pages = E174 | year = 2013 | pmid = 24157077 | pmc = 3809922 | doi = 10.5888/pcd10.130010 | quote = This omission is relevant, given the evidence that aerobic-based physical activity generates structural changes in the brain, such as neurogenesis, angiogenesis, increased hippocampal volume, and connectivity (12,13). In children, a positive relationship between aerobic fitness, hippocampal volume, and memory has been found (12,13).&nbsp;... Mental health outcomes included reduced depression and increased self-esteem, although no change was found in anxiety levels (18).&nbsp;... This systematic review of the literature found that [aerobic physical activity (APA)] is positively associated with cognition, academic achievement, behavior, and psychosocial functioning outcomes. Importantly, Shephard also showed that curriculum time reassigned to APA still results in a measurable, albeit small, improvement in academic performance (24). &nbsp;... The actual aerobic-based activity does not appear to be a major factor; interventions used many different types of APA and found similar associations. In positive association studies, intensity of the aerobic activity was moderate to vigorous. The amount of time spent in APA varied significantly between studies; however, even as little as 45 minutes per week appeared to have a benefit.}}</ref>

꾸준한 유산소 운동은 다양한 [[중추신경계통 질환]](central nervous system disorder) 관련 증상들을 개선시키고, 이러한 장애들을 위한 [[보조 치료]](adjunct therapy)로 사용될 수 있다. [[주요 우울 장애]](major depressive disorder)와 [[주의력결핍 과잉행동장애]](attention deficit hyperactivity disorder)에 대한 운동 치료 효과는 명백히 입증되었다.<ref name="Depression QoL meta-analysis" /><ref name="Exercise depression intervention" /><ref name="Exercise MDD antidepressant">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Mura G, Moro MF, Patten SB, Carta MG | title = Exercise as an add-on strategy for the treatment of major depressive disorder: a systematic review | journal = CNS Spectr | volume = 19 | issue = 6 | pages = 496–508 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24589012 | doi = 10.1017/S1092852913000953 | s2cid = 32304140 | quote = Considered overall, the studies included in the present review showed a strong effectiveness of exercise combined with antidepressants.&nbsp;...<br />Conclusions<br /> This is the first review to have focused on exercise as an add-on strategy in the treatment of MDD. Our findings corroborate some previous observations that were based on few studies and which were difficult to generalize.<sup>41,51,73,92,93</sup> Given the results of the present article, it seems that exercise might be an effective strategy to enhance the antidepressant effect of medication treatments. Moreover, we hypothesize that the main role of exercise on treatment-resistant depression is in inducing neurogenesis by increasing BDNF expression, as was demonstrated by several recent studies.}}</ref><ref name="ADHD exercise 2016 SystRev">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Den Heijer AE, Groen Y, Tucha L, Fuermaier AB, Koerts J, Lange KW, Thome J, Tucha O | title = Sweat it out? The effects of physical exercise on cognition and behavior in children and adults with ADHD: a systematic literature review | journal = J. Neural Transm. (Vienna) | volume = 124| issue = Suppl 1| pages = 3–26| date = July 2016 | pmid = 27400928 | pmc = 5281644 | doi = 10.1007/s00702-016-1593-7 | quote = <!--Cardio exercise seems acutely beneficial regarding various executive functions (e.g., impulsivity), response time and several physical measures. Beneficial chronic effects of cardio exercise were found on various functions as well, including executive functions, attention and behavior. The acute and chronic effects of non-cardio exercise remain more questionable but seem predominantly positive too. Research provides evidence that physical exercise represents a promising alternative or additional treatment option for patients with ADHD. Acute and chronic beneficial effects of especially cardio exercise were reported with regard to several cognitive, behavioral, and socio-emotional functions.<br />Cardio exercise: chronic effects<br />Cardio exercise (e.g., running and jumping) has also been linked to longer lasting effects on cognition in children with ADHD, resulting in improved attention (including auditory sustained attention and selective attention/information processing), executive functioning (including set shifting, (accuracy of) response inhibition and planning), verbal working memory, and cognitive speed (Chang et al. 2014; Choi et al. 2014; Gapin and Etnier 2010; Kang et al. 2011; Smith et al. 2013; Verret et al. 2012; Ziereis and Jansen 2015). However, a lack of robustness of chronic effects on cognition after cardio exercise is shown by some studies not reporting affected functions [e.g., (working) memory], and by studies not confirming significant beneficial long-term effects in the areas of inhibition, processing speed, planning, memory span, and continuous motor timing (Gapin and Etnier 2010; Smith et al. 2013). The lack of agreement in findings might partly be explained by the small sample sizes examined in the latter two studies (n = 14 and n = 18, respectively, which is less than the requested n = 34 for a one-factorial within subject design) and their consequential low statistical power.&nbsp;...<br />It is assumed that physical exercise entails similar neurobiological effects as stimulants (e.g., increased availability of monoaminergic catecholamines in the brain, Fritz and O’Connor 2016; Wigal et al. 2013) and that these effects result in improved functioning in overlapping areas of cognition. A number of studies even showed (cognitive) gains of physical exercise on top of medication treatment (i.e., when children were on stimulant medication during the exercise bouts and tests; Choi et al. 2014; Gapin and Etnier 2010; Jensen and Kenny 2004; Kang et al. 2011; Maddigan et al. 2003; Mahon et al. 2008; McKune et al. 2003; Tantillo et al. 2002; Verret et al. 2012).-->}}</ref><ref name="ADHD Exercise 2014">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Kamp CF, Sperlich B, Holmberg HC | title = Exercise reduces the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and improves social behaviour, motor skills, strength and neuropsychological parameters | journal = Acta Paediatr. | volume = 103 | issue = 7 | pages = 709–14 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 24612421 | doi = 10.1111/apa.12628 | s2cid = 45881887 | url = http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-22594 | quote = The present review summarises the impact of exercise interventions (1–10 weeks in duration with at least two sessions each week) on parameters related to ADHD in 7-to 13-year-old children. We may conclude that all different types of exercise (here [[Modern yoga|yoga]], active games with and without the involvement of balls, walking and athletic training) attenuate the characteristic symptoms of ADHD and improve social behaviour, motor skills, strength and neuropsychological parameters without any undesirable side effects. Available reports do not reveal which type, intensity, duration and frequency of exercise is most effective in this respect and future research focusing on this question with randomised and controlled long-term interventions is warranted.}}</ref> 미국 신경학회(American Academy of Neurology)의 [[경도인지장애]](mild cognitive impairment) 환자를 위한 임상 실습 가이드라인(clinical practice guideline)에서는 실제 임상가들이 1주일에 2번씩 꾸준한 운동을 이 증상을 진단받은 환자들에게 권고할 것을 지시한다.<ref name="December 2017 AAN Clinical Practice Guideline for MCI">{{저널 인용| vauthors=Petersen RC, Lopez O, Armstrong MJ, Getchius T, Ganguli M, Gloss D, Gronseth GS, Marson D, Pringsheim T, Day GS, Sager M, Stevens J, Rae-Grant A | title=Practice guideline update summary: Mild cognitive impairment&nbsp;– Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology | journal=Neurology | date=January 2018 | volume=90 | issue=3 | pages=126–135 | pmid=29282327 | pmc=5772157 | doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000004826 | series=Special article | lay-source=Exercise may improve thinking ability and memory | lay-url=https://www.aan.com/AAN-Resources/Details/press-room/current-press-release/december-27-2017/ | lay-date=27 December 2017 | quote=In patients with MCI, exercise training (6 months) is likely to improve cognitive measures and cognitive training may improve cognitive measures.&nbsp;... Clinicians should recommend regular exercise (Level B).&nbsp;... Recommendation<br />For patients diagnosed with MCI, clinicians should recommend regular exercise (twice/week) as part of an overall approach to management (Level B).}}</ref> 임상적 증거들에 대한 검토를 통해서도, [[알츠하이머병]](Alzheimer’s disease)이나 [[파킨슨병]](Parkinson's disease)과 같은 특정 [[신경변성질환]](neurodegenerative disorder)을 앓고 있는 환자들에게 보조치료로서 운동을 권고한다.<ref name="Alz 1">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Farina N, Rusted J, Tabet N | title = The effect of exercise interventions on cognitive outcome in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review | journal = Int Psychogeriatr | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 9–18 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 23962667 | doi = 10.1017/S1041610213001385 | s2cid = 24936334 | quote = Six RCTs were identified that exclusively considered the effect of exercise in AD patients. Exercise generally had a positive effect on rate of cognitive decline in AD. A meta-analysis found that exercise interventions have a positive effect on global cognitive function, 0.75 (95% CI&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.32–1.17).&nbsp;... The most prevalent subtype of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease (AD), accounting for up to 65.0% of all dementia cases&nbsp;... Cognitive decline in AD is attributable at least in part to the buildup of amyloid and tau proteins, which promote neuronal dysfunction and death (Hardy and Selkoe, 2002; Karran et al., 2011). Evidence in transgenic mouse models of AD, in which the mice have artificially elevated amyloid load, suggests that exercise programs are able to improve cognitive function (Adlard et al., 2005; Nichol et al., 2007). Adlard and colleagues also determined that the improvement in cognitive performance occurred in conjunction with a reduced amyloid load. Research that includes direct indices of change in such biomarkers will help to determine the mechanisms by which exercise may act on cognition in AD.}}</ref><ref name="Alz 2">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Rao AK, Chou A, Bursley B, Smulofsky J, Jezequel J | title = Systematic review of the effects of exercise on activities of daily living in people with Alzheimer's disease | journal = Am J Occup Ther | volume = 68 | issue = 1 | pages = 50–56 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24367955 | doi = 10.5014/ajot.2014.009035 | quote = Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by loss in cognitive function, abnormal behavior, and decreased ability to perform basic activities of daily living [(ADLs)]&nbsp;... All studies included people with AD who completed an exercise program consisting of aerobic, strength, or balance training or any combination of the three. The length of the exercise programs varied from 12 weeks to 12 months.&nbsp;... Six studies involving 446 participants tested the effect of exercise on ADL performance&nbsp;... exercise had a large and significant effect on ADL performance (z&nbsp;=&nbsp;4.07, p&nbsp;<&nbsp;.0001; average effect size&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.80).&nbsp;... These positive effects were apparent with programs ranging in length from 12 wk (Santana-Sosa et al., 2008; Teri et al., 2003) and intermediate length of 16 wk (Roach et al., 2011; Vreugdenhil et al., 2012) to 6 mo (Venturelli et al., 2011) and 12 mo (Rolland et al., 2007). Furthermore, the positive effects of a 3-mo intervention lasted 24 mo (Teri et al., 2003).&nbsp;... No adverse effects of exercise on ADL performance were noted.&nbsp;... The study with the largest effect size implemented a walking and aerobic program of only 30 min four times a week (Venturelli et al., 2011).| pmc = 5360200 }}</ref><ref name="Parkinson 1">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Mattson MP | title = Interventions that improve body and brain bioenergetics for Parkinson's disease risk reduction and therapy | journal = J Parkinsons Dis | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–13 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24473219 | doi = 10.3233/JPD-130335 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Parkinson 2">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Grazina R, Massano J | title = Physical exercise and Parkinson's disease: influence on symptoms, disease course and prevention | journal = Rev Neurosci | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 139–152 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23492553 | doi = 10.1515/revneuro-2012-0087 | s2cid = 33890283 }}</ref><ref name="Parkinson 3">{{저널 인용| vauthors = van der Kolk NM, King LA | title = Effects of exercise on mobility in people with Parkinson's disease | journal = Mov. Disord. | volume = 28 | issue = 11 | pages = 1587–1596 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 24132847 | doi = 10.1002/mds.25658 | s2cid = 22822120 }}</ref><ref name="Parkinson physiotherapy Cochrane">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Tomlinson CL, Patel S, Meek C, Herd CP, Clarke CE, Stowe R, Shah L, Sackley CM, Deane KH, Wheatley K, Ives N | title = Physiotherapy versus placebo or no intervention in Parkinson's disease | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 9 | issue = 9| pages = CD002817 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 24018704 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD002817.pub4 | pmc = 7120224 }}</ref> 꾸준한 운동은 신경변성질환 발병율을 낮춘다고 알려져 있다.<ref name="Parkinson 2" /><ref name="Longitudinal SystRev dementia">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Blondell SJ, Hammersley-Mather R, Veerman JL | title = Does physical activity prevent cognitive decline and dementia?: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies | journal = BMC Public Health | volume = 14 | pages = 510 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24885250 | pmc = 4064273 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2458-14-510 | quote = Longitudinal observational studies show an association between higher levels of physical activity and a reduced risk of cognitive decline and dementia. A case can be made for a causal interpretation. Future research should use objective measures of physical activity, adjust for the full range of confounders and have adequate follow-up length. Ideally, randomised controlled trials will be conducted.&nbsp;... On the whole the results do, however, lend support to the notion of a causal relationship between physical activity, cognitive decline and dementia, according to the established criteria for causal inference.}}</ref> 임상전 증거(preclinical evidence)와 신생 임상 증거(emerging clinical evidence)들은 [[약물 중독]](drug addiction) 치료 및 예방에 운동을 보조치료 수단으로 사용할 수 있다는 것을 보여준다.<ref name="Addiction review 2016">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Carroll ME, Smethells JR | title = Sex Differences in Behavioral Dyscontrol: Role in Drug Addiction and Novel Treatments | journal = Front. Psychiatry | volume = 6 | pages = 175 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26903885 | pmc = 4745113 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00175 | quote = There is accelerating evidence that physical exercise is a useful treatment for preventing and reducing drug addiction&nbsp;... In some individuals, exercise has its own rewarding effects, and a behavioral economic interaction may occur, such that physical and social rewards of exercise can substitute for the rewarding effects of drug abuse.&nbsp;... The value of this form of treatment for drug addiction in laboratory animals and humans is that exercise, if it can substitute for the rewarding effects of drugs, could be self-maintained over an extended period of time. Work to date in [laboratory animals and humans] regarding exercise as a treatment for drug addiction supports this hypothesis.&nbsp;... However, a <abbr title="randomized controlled trial">RTC</abbr> study was recently reported by Rawson et al. (226), whereby they used 8 weeks of exercise as a post-residential treatment for METH addiction, showed a significant reduction in use (confirmed by urine screens) in participants who had been using meth 18 days or less a month.&nbsp;... '''Animal and human research on physical exercise as a treatment for stimulant addiction indicates that this is one of the most promising treatments on the horizon.''' [emphasis added]| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Running vs addiction">{{저널 인용|vauthors=Lynch WJ, Peterson AB, Sanchez V, Abel J, Smith MA | title = Exercise as a novel treatment for drug addiction: a neurobiological and stage-dependent hypothesis | journal = Neurosci Biobehav Rev | volume = 37 | issue = 8 | pages = 1622–1644 |date=September 2013  | pmid = 23806439 | pmc = 3788047 | doi = 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.011 | quote = <!--[exercise] efficacy may be related to its ability to normalize glutamatergic and dopaminergic signaling and reverse drug-induced changes in chromatin via epigenetic interactions with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the reward pathway.&nbsp;... these data show that exercise can affect dopaminergic signaling at many different levels, which may underlie its ability to modify vulnerability during drug use initiation. Exercise also produces neuroadaptations that may influence an individual's vulnerability to initiate drug use. Consistent with this idea, chronic moderate levels of forced treadmill running blocks not only subsequent methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference, but also stimulant-induced increases in dopamine release in the NAc (Chen et al., 2008) and striatum (Marques et al., 2008).&nbsp;... [These] findings indicate the efficacy of exercise at reducing drug intake in drug-dependent individuals&nbsp;... wheel running [reduces] methamphetamine self-administration under extended access conditions (Engelmann et al., 2013)&nbsp;... These findings suggest that exercise may "magnitude"-dependently prevent the development of an addicted phenotype possibly by blocking/reversing behavioral and neuro-adaptive changes that develop during and following extended access to the drug.&nbsp;... Exercise has been proposed as a treatment for drug addiction that may reduce drug craving and risk of relapse. Although few clinical studies have investigated the efficacy of exercise for preventing relapse, the few studies that have been conducted generally report a reduction in drug craving and better treatment outcomes (see Table 4).&nbsp;... Taken together, these data suggest that the potential benefits of exercise during relapse, particularly for relapse to psychostimulants, may be mediated via chromatin remodeling and possibly lead to greater treatment outcomes.-->}}</ref><ref name="Natural and drug addictions">{{저널 인용| vauthors= Olsen CM | title = Natural rewards, neuroplasticity, and non-drug addictions | journal = Neuropharmacology | volume = 61 | issue = 7 | pages = 1109–1122 |date=December 2011  | pmid = 21459101 | pmc = 3139704 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.010 | quote = Similar to environmental enrichment, studies have found that exercise reduces self-administration and relapse to drugs of abuse (Cosgrove et al., 2002; Zlebnik et al., 2010). There is also some evidence that these preclinical findings translate to human populations, as exercise reduces withdrawal symptoms and relapse in abstinent smokers (Daniel et al., 2006; Prochaska et al., 2008), and one drug recovery program has seen success in participants that train for and compete in a marathon as part of the program (Butler, 2005).&nbsp;... In humans, the role of dopamine signaling in incentive-sensitization processes has recently been highlighted by the observation of a dopamine dysregulation syndrome in some patients taking dopaminergic drugs. This syndrome is characterized by a medication-induced increase in (or compulsive) engagement in non-drug rewards such as gambling, shopping, or sex (Evans et al., 2006; Aiken, 2007; Lader, 2008).}}</ref><ref name="Exercise Rev 3">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Linke SE, Ussher M | title = Exercise-based treatments for substance use disorders: evidence, theory, and practicality | journal = Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | pages = 7–15 | year = 2015 | pmid = 25397661 | doi = 10.3109/00952990.2014.976708 | pmc=4831948 | quote = The limited research conducted suggests that exercise may be an effective adjunctive treatment for SUDs. In contrast to the scarce intervention trials to date, a relative abundance of literature on the theoretical and practical reasons supporting the investigation of this topic has been published.&nbsp;... numerous theoretical and practical reasons support exercise-based treatments for SUDs, including psychological, behavioral, neurobiological, nearly universal safety profile, and overall positive health effects.}}</ref><ref name="Exercise, addiction prevention, and ΔFosB">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Zhou Y, Zhao M, Zhou C, Li R | title = Sex differences in drug addiction and response to exercise intervention: From human to animal studies | journal = Front. Neuroendocrinol. | volume = 40| pages = 24–41| date = July 2015 | pmid = 26182835 | doi = 10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.07.001 | quote = Collectively, these findings demonstrate that exercise may serve as a substitute or competition for drug abuse by changing ΔFosB or cFos immunoreactivity in the reward system to protect against later or previous drug use.&nbsp;... As briefly reviewed above, a large number of human and rodent studies clearly show that there are sex differences in [[drug addiction]] and exercise. The sex differences are also found in the effectiveness of exercise on drug addiction prevention and treatment, as well as underlying neurobiological mechanisms. The postulate that exercise serves as an ideal intervention for drug addiction has been widely recognized and used in human and animal rehabilitation.&nbsp;... In particular, more studies on the neurobiological mechanism of exercise and its roles in preventing and treating drug addiction are needed. | pmc=4712120}}</ref> 또한 꾸준한 운동은 [[뇌암]](brain cancer)의 보조치료 수단으로도 제안된다.<ref name="Neurooncology">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Cormie P, Nowak AK, Chambers SK, Galvão DA, Newton RU | title = The potential role of exercise in neuro-oncology | journal = Front. Oncol. | volume = 5 | pages = 85 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25905043 | pmc = 4389372 | doi = 10.3389/fonc.2015.00085 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

== 같이 보기 ==
* [[인지 기능]]
* [[정동]](affect)
** [[긍정적 정서성]]
** [[부정적 정서성]]
* [[주의 조절]]
* [[집행 기능]]
** [[공간 기억]]
** [[기획]](planning)
** [[문제 해결]]
** [[서술 기억]]
** [[억제 조절]]
** [[의사결정]]
** [[인지적 유연성]]
** [[작업 기억]]
** [[주의력]]
** [[추론]]

== 각주 ==
{{각주}}

[[분류:탐닉]]
[[분류:중독의학]]
[[분류:유산소 운동]]
[[분류:항우울제]]
[[분류:주의]]
[[분류:인지]]
[[분류:인지신경과학]]
[[분류:후성유전학]]
[[분류:도취제]]
[[분류:운동생리학]]
[[분류:기억]]
[[분류:신경심리학]]
[[분류:운동]]
[[분류:스포츠 과학]]