{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}
{{여러 그림
| image1            = Foro.svg
| image2            = Foro sao paulo members (June 2018).svg
| image3            = Foro sao paulo members.svg
| footer            = 라틴아메리카의 지도에서 [[상파울루 포럼]]의 회원 정당이 정부 여당으로 집권한 경우 붉은색, 정부 야당에 소속된 경우 파란색으로 표시했다. 왼쪽부터 차례대로 2011년, 2018년, 2022년으로, 2022년 지도의 경우 브라질 대통령 룰라의 선출이 아직 반영되지 않았다.
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'''핑크 타이드'''({{llang|en|Pink tide}}, {{llang|es|marea rosa}}, {{llang|fr|marée rose}}, {{llang|po|onda rosa}}) 또는 '''좌익으로의 전환'''({{llang|es|giro a la izquierda}}, {{llang|fr|tournant à gauche}}, {{llang|po|volta à esquerda}})은 21세기 [[라틴아메리카]] 각국의 정부가 [[신자유주의]] 경제 모델을 거부하고 좌익으로 돌아선 일련의 정치적 물결, 또는 그러한 인식을 가리킨다. "핑크 타이드"와 "좌익으로의 전환"은 21세기 현대 [[선거학]] 또는 라틴아메리카 정부의 [[진보주의]] 정책을 가리킬 때 사용한다.<ref>{{저널 인용|last1=Lopes |first1=Dawisson Belém |last2=de Faria |first2=Carlos Aurélio Pimenta |date=January–April 2016 |title=When Foreign Policy Meets Social Demands in Latin America |journal=Contexto Internacional |type=[[Literature review]] |publisher=[[Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro]] |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=11–53|doi=10.1590/S0102-8529.2016380100001 |quote=No matter the shades of pink in the Latin American 'pink tide', and recalling that political change was not the norm for the whole region during that period, there seems to be greater agreement when it comes to explaining its emergence. In terms of this canonical interpretation, the left turn should be understood as a feature of general redemocratisation in the region, which is widely regarded as an inevitable result of the high levels of inequality in the region. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Jared2">{{웹 인용|last1=Abbott |first1=Jared |title=Will the Pink Tide Lift All Boats? Latin American Socialisms and Their Discontents |url=http://www.dsausa.org/will_the_pink_tide_lift_all_boats |access-date=5 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406111124/http://www.dsausa.org/will_the_pink_tide_lift_all_boats|archive-date=6 April 2017 |url-status=dead |publisher=[[Democratic Socialists of America]]}}</ref><ref>{{웹 인용 |last1=Oikonomakis |first1=Leonidas |title=Europe's pink tide? Heeding the Latin American experience |date=16 March 2015 |url=https://www.thepressproject.gr/endetails.php?aid=74480 |access-date=5 April 2017 |website=The Press Project |archive-date=2017-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406110550/https://www.thepressproject.gr/endetails.php?aid=74480 |url-status= }}</ref> 라틴아메리카에서 좌익이 집권한 정부를 "[[중도좌파]]", "좌편향", 또는 "급진적 [[사회민주주의]]" 정부로 부르기도 한다.<ref>{{서적 인용|last1=McLean |first1=Ian |last2=McMillan |first2=Allistair |year=2009 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199207800.001.0001/acref-9780199207800-e-1571 |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics |edition=3rd |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford, England |isbn=9780199207800 |access-date=14 June 2022 |via=Oxford Reference}}</ref> 라틴아메리카 좌익 정당들은 아메리카 대륙의 사회주의 정당 및 단체의 모임인 [[상파울루 포럼]]의 회원이기도 하다.<ref>{{웹 인용|title=The São Paulo Forum’s Modus Operandi |url=https://impunityobserver.com/2020/06/23/the-sao-paulo-forums-modus-operandi/ |last=Gómez |first=Paz |date=June 23, 2020 |access-date=October 5, 2022 |website=impunityobserver.com}}</ref>

[[워싱턴 합의]]를 거부하는 것과 같이<ref name="bbc2">{{뉴스 인용|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4311957.stm |title=South America's leftward sweep |date=2 March 2005 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=30 October 2018}}</ref> 라틴아메리카에서 벌어지고 있는 좌익의 물결을 묘사하기 위해 [[포스트신자유주의]]나 [[21세기 사회주의]]와 같은 새로운 용어가 등장했고,<ref name="pimenta">{{저널 인용|last1=Fernandes Pimenta |first1=Gabriel |last2=Casas V M Arantes |first2=Pedro |title=Rethinking Integration in Latin America: The "Pink Tide" and the Post-Neoliberal Regionalism |journal=FLACSO |date=2014 |url=http://web.isanet.org/Web/Conferences/FLACSO-ISA%20BuenosAires%202014/Archive/19e10599-bf80-42fa-a9e1-accb107de234.pdf |access-date=28 December 2017 |quote=In general, one must say that these governments have as defining common feature ample and generous social inclusion policies that link effectively for social investments that certainly had an impact on regional social indicators (LIMA apud SILVA, 2010a). In this sense, so far, all of these countries had positive improvements. As a result, it was observed the reduction in social inequality, as well as the reduction of poverty and other social problems (SILVA, 2010a)}}</ref> 이런 이념적 유행을 가진 라틴아메리카 국가들을 핑크 타이드 국가로 부르기도 한다.<ref>{{웹 인용|url=http://www.sustainabilitank.info/category/latin-america/central-america/guatemala/ |title=COHA Statement on the Ongoing Stress in Venezuela |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120132020/http://www.sustainabilitank.info/category/latin-america/central-america/guatemala/ |archive-date=2008-11-20}}</ref> [[아르헨티나]], [[브라질]], [[베네수엘라]] 등의 국가들은 [[반미주의]],<ref name="boston2">{{뉴스 인용|url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2007/01/14/the_many_stripes_of_anti_americanism/ |title=The many stripes of anti-Americanism |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |first=Neil |last=Gross |date=January 14, 2007 |access-date=30 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="NOVA2">{{저널 인용|last1=da Cruz |first1=Jose de Arimateia |date=2015 |title=Strategic Insights: From Ideology to Geopolitics: Russian Interests in Latin America |journal=Current Politics and Economics of Russia, Eastern and Central Europe |publisher=[[Nova Science Publishers]] |volume=30 |issue=1/2 |pages=175–185}}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last1=Lopes |first1=Dawisson Belém |last2=de Faria |first2=Carlos Aurélio Pimenta |date=January–April 2016 |title=When Foreign Policy Meets Social Demands in Latin America |journal=Contexto Internacional |type=[[Literature review]] |publisher=[[Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro]] |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=11–53 |doi=10.1590/S0102-8529.2016380100001 |quote=... one finds as many local left-leaning governments as there are countries making up the so-called left turn, because they emerged from distinct institutional settings ... espoused distinct degrees of anti-Americanism ... |doi-access=free}}</ref>  [[포퓰리즘]],<ref>{{저널 인용|last1=Lopes |first1=Dawisson Belém |last2=de Faria |first2=Carlos Aurélio Pimenta |date=Jan–Apr 2016 |title=When Foreign Policy Meets Social Demands in Latin America |journal=Contexto Internacional |type=[[Literature review]] |publisher=[[Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro]] |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=11–53 |doi=10.1590/S0102-8529.2016380100001 |quote=The wrong left, by contrast, was said to be populist, old-fashioned, and irresponsible ... |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ISBESTER2">{{서적 인용|title=The Paradox of Democracy in Latin America: Ten Country Studies of Division and Resilience |last1=Isbester |first1=Katherine |date=2011 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |isbn=978-1442601802 |location=Toronto |page=xiii |quote=... the populous of Latin America are voting in the Pink Tide governments that struggle with reform while being prone to populism and authoritarianism.}}</ref><ref name="pitts2">{{뉴스 인용|url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_310062.html |title=Latin America's 'pragmatic' pink tide |archive-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516065906/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_310062.html |date=16 May 2016 |work=Pittsburgh Tribune-Herald}}</ref> [[권위주의]]<ref name="ISBESTER2"/>의 특징을 가진다고 언급되기도 하며, 특히 2010년대의 [[니카라과]]와 베네수엘라는 이러한 특징들이 두드러졌지만, 다른 국가들은 민주 정부를 운영하고 있다.<ref>{{저널 인용|last1=Lopes |first1=Dawisson Belém |last2=de Faria |first2=Carlos Aurélio Pimenta |date=January–April 2016 |title=When Foreign Policy Meets Social Demands in Latin America |journal=Contexto Internacional |type=[[Literature review]] |publisher=[[Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro]] |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=11–53 |doi=10.1590/S0102-8529.2016380100001 |quote=However, these analytical and taxonomic efforts often led to new dichotomies ... democrats and authoritarians ... |doi-access=free}}</ref>

핑크 타이드에 대한 대응이자 그 뒤의 정치적 현상으로 2010년대 [[보수주의 물결]]이 등장했다. 몇몇 학자들은 핑크 타이드가 단일한 정치적 현상이라기보다는 두 차례에 걸쳐 나뉘어 진행되었다고 보는데, 첫번째 핑크 타이드는 1990년대 말부터 2000년대 초 사이에 등장했고<ref>{{저널 인용 |last1=Moraes |first1=Juan A. |last2=Luján |first2=Diego |year=2020 |title=The Electoral Success of the Left in Latin America: Is There Any Room for Spatial Models of Voting? |url=https://larrlasa.org/articles/10.25222/larr.466/ |journal=Latin American Research Review |volume=55 |issue=4 |page=691 |doi=10.25222/larr.466 |s2cid=233392799 |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516053511/https://larrlasa.org/articles/10.25222/larr.466/ |url-status= }}</ref><ref>{{뉴스 인용|last1=Schmidt |first1=Samantha |last2=Sheridan |first2=Mary Beth |date=December 6, 2021 |title=Do recent elections indicate a shift in Latin American politics? Post correspondents answered your questions |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/12/06/live-chat-latin-america-politics/ |access-date=December 29, 2021}}</ref> 두 번째 핑크 타이드는 2010년대 말부터 2020년대 초에 등장했다고 본다.<ref>{{뉴스 인용|last=Aquino |first=Marco |date=2021-06-21 |title=Another pink tide? Latin America's left galvanized by rising star in Peru |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/another-pink-tide-latin-americas-left-galvanized-by-rising-star-peru-2021-06-21/ |access-date=2021-12-21}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{웹 인용|last=Arsenault |first=Chris |date=2021-12-14 |title=How left-wing forces are regaining ground in Latin America |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/12/14/how-left-wing-forces-are-regaining-ground-in-latin-america |url-status=live |access-date=2021-12-21 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> 두 번째 핑크 타이드는 2018년 [[멕시코]]와 2019년 [[아르헨티나]]를 시작으로,<ref>{{뉴스 인용|last1=Araujo |first1=Gabriel |last2=Vargas|first2=Carlos |last3=Woodford |first3=Isabel |date=22 June 2022 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/latin-americas-new-pink-tide-gains-pace-colombia-shifts-left-brazil-up-next-2022-06-22/ |title=Latin America's new 'pink tide' gains pace as Colombia shifts left; Brazil up next |publisher=[[Reuters]] |access-date=23 June 2022}}</ref> 2020년 [[볼리비아]],<ref>{{웹 인용|last=Taher |first=Rahib |title=A Miraculous MAS Victory in Bolivia and the Resurgence of the Pink Tide |date=9 January 2021 |url=https://thesciencesurvey.com/editorial/2021/01/09/a-miraculous-mas-victory-in-bolivia-and-the-resurgence-of-the-pink-tide/ |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=The Science Survey}}</ref> 2021년 [[페루]],<ref>{{뉴스 인용|last=Aquino |first=Marco |date=21 June 2021 |title=Another pink tide? Latin America's left galvanized by rising star in Peru |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/another-pink-tide-latin-americas-left-galvanized-by-rising-star-peru-2021-06-21/ |access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref> [[온두라스]],<ref>{{뉴스 인용|last1=Garcia |first1=David Alire |last2=Palencia |first2=Gustavo |date=2021-12-01 |title=Honduras' ruling party concedes presidential election to leftist |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/hondurans-wait-slow-vote-count-triumph-leftist-candidate-2021-11-30/ |access-date=2021-12-01}}</ref> [[칠레]],<ref>{{웹 인용|title=Gabriel Boric, a Former Student Activist, Is Elected Chile's Youngest President|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/19/world/americas/chile-president-election.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |first1=Pascale |last1=Bonnefoy |first2=Ernesto |last2=Londoño |date=19 December 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref> 그리고 2022년 [[콜롬비아]]와 [[브라질]]까지 확대되었다.<ref>{{웹 인용|last=Dyer |first=Gwynne |date=15 June 2022 |url=https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/2022-06-15/latin-america-the-pink-tide-is-rising/67888 |title=Latin America: The Pink Tide Is Rising |website=The Portugal News |access-date=23 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{뉴스 인용|date=31 October 2022 |title=Lula's leftist triumph: Is this Latin America's second 'pink tide'? |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221031-lula-s-leftist-triumph-is-this-latin-america-s-second-pink-tide|access-date=31 October 2022 |website=[[France 24]] |publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref><ref>{{뉴스 인용|last=Grattan |first=Steven |date=31 October 2022 |title=Latin America's 'pink tide' leaders congratulate Brazil's Lula on election win |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/latin-americas-pink-tide-leaders-congratulate-brazils-lula-election-win-2022-10-31/ |access-date=1 November 2022}}</ref> 특히, 콜롬비아의 경우 콜롬비아 역사상 처음으로 좌익 정당의 후보가 대통령으로 선출되었다.<ref>{{뉴스 인용|date=19 June 2022 |title=Leftist Gustavo Petro wins Colombian presidency |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/33d30a93-0f48-41ee-9847-4503c79ca7d9 |access-date=19 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620074307/https://www.ft.com/content/33d30a93-0f48-41ee-9847-4503c79ca7d9 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{뉴스 인용|last1=Bocanegra |first1=Nelson |last2=Griffin |first2=Oliver |last3=Vargas |first3=Carlos |date=19 June 2022 |title=Colombia elects former guerrilla Petro as first leftist president |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/colombians-head-polls-tightest-election-recent-memory-2022-06-19/ |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620074307/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/colombians-head-polls-tightest-election-recent-memory-2022-06-19/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{뉴스 인용|last1=Garavito |first1=Tatiana |last2=Thanki |first2=Nathan |date=23 June 2022 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/6/23/colombias-shift-to-the-left-a-new-pink-tide-in-latin-america |title=Colombia's shift to the left: A new 'pink tide' in Latin America? |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |access-date=24 June 2022}}</ref>

== 같이 보기 ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[아메리카를 위한 볼리바르 동맹]]
* [[볼리바르주의]]
* [[보수주의 물결]]
* [[상파울루 포럼]]
* [[키르치네르주의]]
* [[라틴아메리카 통합]]
* [[좌익 포퓰리즘]]
* [[룰라주의]]
* [[범아메리카주의]]
* [[페트로카리브]]
* [[21세기 사회주의]]
{{colend}}
== 각주 ==
{{각주}}

[[분류:남아메리카의 사회주의]]
[[분류:정치 신조어]]
[[분류:경제 이념]]
[[분류:볼리바르 혁명]]
[[분류:라틴아메리카]]
[[분류:2000년대 신조어]]