{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}
'''제2차 인티파다'''(아랍어: الانتبادة الثانية Al-Intifāḍat aṯ-Ṯāniyya; 히브리어: هאינתיפאדר هשנייר Ha-Intifāḍah ha-Shniya)는 [[이스라엘의 점령지]]에 대항한 [[팔레스타인인]]의 대규모 봉기였다. 2000년에서 2005년 사이에 [[팔레스타인 영토]]와 이스라엘에서 폭력이 고조된 기간이 특징인 이스라엘 점령에 반대하는 시위이다. 불안의 일반적인 원인은 2000년 캠프 데이비드 정상회담의 실패에 집중된 것으로 추측된다. 2000년 7월 이스라엘-팔레스타인 평화 과정에 대한 최종 합의가 이루어졌다. 2000년 9월 이스라엘 정치인 아리엘 샤론이 [[예루살렘]] 도시의 성전산 꼭대기에 위치한 알아크사 단지를 도발적으로 방문한 이후 폭력 사건이 급증하기 시작했다. 방문 자체는 평화로웠지만 예상대로 이스라엘 경찰이 고무탄과 최루탄으로 진압하는 시위와 폭동을 촉발시켰다.

민간인과 전투원 사이에서 많은 사상자가 발생했다. 이스라엘 보안군은 총격전, 표적 살해, 탱크 공격 및 공습에 참여했다. 팔레스타인인들은 총격전, 자살 폭탄 테러, 돌 던지기, 로켓 공격 등을 자행했다.<ref name=":1">{{서적 인용|last=Cohen |first=Samy |chapter=Botched Engagement in the Intifada |date=2010 |title=Israel's Asymmetric Wars |pages=73–91 |location=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |doi=10.1057/9780230112971_6 |isbn=978-1-349-28896-0}}"The al-Aqsa Intifada ushered in an era with a new brand of violence.1 It began with a popular uprising following Ariel Sharon's visit to Temple Mount on September 28, 2000. But unlike the first Intifada, which was basically a civil uprising against the symbols of an occupation that has lasted since June 1967, the second Intifada very quickly lapsed into an armed struggle between Palestinian activists and the Israeli armed forces. Almost from the very start, armed men took to hiding among crowds of Palestinians, using them as cover to shoot from. The IDF retaliated forcefully, each time causing several casualties."</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last=Kober |first=Avi |date=2007 |title=Targeted Killing during the Second Intifada:: The Quest for Effectiveness |url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/jcs/2009-v29-jcs_27_1/jcs27_1_1art06/ |journal=Journal of Conflict Studies |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=94–114 |issn=1198-8614 |quote=Based on the assumption that there was no longer one front or one line of contact, Israel was carrying out dozens of simultaneous operations on the ground and in the air on a daily basis, including TKs, which were supposed to have multi-dimensional effects. According to Byman, TKs were mostly attractive to Israelis as they satisfied domestic demands for a forceful response to Palestinian terrorism. Byman also believes that by bolstering public morale, the TKs helped counter one of the terrorists' primary objectives – to reduce the faith of Israelis in their own government. |access-date=5 April 2022 |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405160428/https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/jcs/2009-v29-jcs_27_1/jcs27_1_1art06/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 팔레스타인 가해자들이 자행한 자살 폭탄 테러는 2차 인티파다의 가장 두드러진 특징 중 하나가 되었으며 주로 이스라엘 민간인을 표적으로 삼았다. 이는 1987년부터 1993년 사이에 발생한 [[제1차 인티파다]]의 상대적으로 덜 폭력적인 성격과 대조된다.<ref name=":0">{{저널 인용|last1=Matta |first1=Nada |last2=Rojas |first2=René |date=2016 |title=The Second Intifada: A Dual Strategy Arena |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-journal-of-sociology-archives-europeennes-de-sociologie/article/abs/second-intifada/CEF937E5D28EFA4F4F684E6D946942BF |journal=European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie |language=en |volume=57 |issue=1 |page=66 |doi=10.1017/S0003975616000035 |s2cid=146939293 |issn=0003-9756 |quote=Suicide terror, lethal attacks indiscriminately carried out against civilians via self-immolation, attained prominence in the Palestinian repertoire beginning in March 2001. From that point until the end of 2005, at which point they virtually ceased, 57 suicide bombings were carried out, causing 491 civilian deaths, 73% of the total civilians killed by Palestinian resistance organizations and 50% of all Israeli fatalities during this period. While not the modal coercive tactic, suicide terror was the most efficient in terms of lethality, our basic measure of its efficacy. |access-date=5 April 2022 |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405161756/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-journal-of-sociology-archives-europeennes-de-sociologie/article/abs/second-intifada/CEF937E5D28EFA4F4F684E6D946942BF |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용|last1=Brym |first1=R. J. |last2=Araj |first2=B. |date=2006-06-01 |title=Suicide Bombing as Strategy and Interaction: The Case of the Second Intifada |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-forces_2006-06_84_4/page/1969 |journal=Social Forces |volume=84 |issue=4 |page=1969 |doi=10.1353/sof.2006.0081 |s2cid=146180585 |issn=0037-7732 |quote=In the early years of the 21st century, Israel, the West Bank and Gaza became the region of the world with the highest frequency of - and the highest per capita death toll due to - suicide bombing.}}</ref><ref>Schweitzer, Y. (2010). The rise and fall of suicide bombings in the second Intifada. ''Strategic Assessment'', ''13''(3), 39–48. "As part of the violence perpetrated by the Palestinians during the second intifada, suicide bombings played a particularly prominent role and served as the primary effective weapon in the hands of the planners."</ref><ref>Schachter, J. (2010). [https://strategicassessment.inss.org.il/wp-content/uploads/antq/fe-3427267573.pdf The End of the Second Intifada?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930061049/https://strategicassessment.inss.org.il/wp-content/uploads/antq/fe-3427267573.pdf |date=30 September 2021 }}. ''Strategic Assessment'', ''13''(3), 63–70. "This article attempts to identify the end of the second intifada by focusing on the incidence of suicide bombings, arguably the most important element of second intifada-related violence."</ref><ref>Sela-Shayovitz, R. (2007). Suicide bombers in Israel: Their motivations, characteristics, and prior activity in terrorist organizations. ''International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV)'', ''1''(2), 163. "The period of the second Intifada significantly differs from other historical periods in Israeli history, because it has been characterized by intensive and numerous suicide attacks that have made civilian life into a battlefront."</ref> 전투원과 민간인의 경우, 이번 폭력사태로 인해 팔레스타인인 약 3,000명, 이스라엘인 1,000명, 외국인 64명이 사망한 것으로 추산된다.<ref name=casualties2005>[http://old.btselem.org/statistics/english/Casualties.asp?sD=29&sM=09&sY=2000&eD=15&eM=1&eY=2005&filterby=event&oferet_stat=before B'Tselem – Statistics – Fatalities 29.9.2000–15.1.2005], [[B'Tselem]]. {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20130414103627/http://old.btselem.org/statistics/english/Casualties.asp?sD=29&sM=09&sY=2000&eD=15&eM=1&eY=2005&filterby=event&oferet_stat=before |date=14 April 2013 }}</ref>

많은 사람들은 2005년 샤름 엘 셰이크 정상회담이 봉기를 종식시켰다고 생각한다. 마흐무드 압바스 팔레스타인 대통령과 아리엘 샤론 이스라엘 총리는 양측 간의 적대 관계를 완화하기 위한 결정적인 조치를 취하기로 합의했다. 모든 팔레스타인 무장 세력이 모든 것을 막을 것이다. 모든 곳의 모든 이스라엘인에 대한 폭력 행위, 그리고 이스라엘도 마찬가지로 모든 곳의 모든 팔레스타인인에 대한 모든 군사 활동을 중단할 것이다. 그들은 또한 2003년 중동사중주가 제안한 "평화를 위한 로드맵"에 대한 의지를 재확인했다. 또한 샤론은 당시 이스라엘이 억류하고 있던 팔레스타인 정치범 7,500명 중 900명을 석방하기로 합의했다. 군대는 봉기 동안 팔레스타인 무장세력과 싸우면서 다시 점령했던 서안 지구 지역에서 철수할 것이다.

== 같이 보기 ==
* [[제1차 인티파다]]
* [[이스라엘의 가자 지구 철수]]
* [[이스라엘 요르단강 서안 지구 분리 장벽]]
* [[1990년 성전산 폭동]]
* [[팔레스타인 영토]]

== 출처 ==
{{참고 자료 시작|2}}
* {{서적 인용
| first=Ahron
| last=Bregman
| title=Elusive Peace: How the Holy Land Defeated America
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| date=29 September 2005
| publisher=Penguin Books Limited
| isbn=978-0-14-190613-3
| pages=160–
| access-date=29 October 2020
| archive-date=18 November 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118095446/https://books.google.com/books?id=pxNsI4UaU-sC&pg=PT160
| url-status=live
}}
* {{서적 인용
 |first        = Daniel
 |last         = Byman
 |title        = A High Price: The Triumphs and Failures of Israeli Counterterrorism
 |url          = https://books.google.com/books?id=mYppAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA114
 |date         = 15 June 2011
 |publisher    = Oxford University Press
 |isbn         = 978-0-19-983045-9
 |pages        = 114–
 |access-date  = 29 October 2020
 |archive-date = 18 November 2021
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20211118095443/https://books.google.com/books?id=mYppAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA114
 |url-status   = live
}}
* {{서적 인용|last=Catignani |first=Sergio |title=Israeli Counter-Insurgency and the Intifadas: Dilemmas of a Conventional Army |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2C3NcBIl_60C |date=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-203-93069-4 |access-date=12 December 2015 |archive-date=2 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102113652/https://books.google.com/books?id=2C3NcBIl_60C |url-status=live }}
* {{서적 인용
 |first        = Philip
 |last         = Mattar
 |title        = Encyclopedia of the Palestinians
 |url          = https://books.google.com/books?id=GkbzYoZtaJMC&pg=PA40
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}}
* {{서적 인용
| title=The Road Map to Nowhere: Israel/Palestine Since 2003
| url=https://archive.org/details/roadmaptonowhere0000rein
| first=Tanya
| last=Reinhart
| publisher=Verso|year=2006|isbn= 978-1-84467-076-5
| author-link=Tanya Reinhart}}
* {{서적 인용
| title=The Palestinian Diaspora: Formation of Identities and Politics of Homeland
| url=https://archive.org/details/palestiniandiasp0000schu
| first1=Helena Lindholm | last1=Schulz
| first2=Juliane | last2=Hammer |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2003|isbn=978-0-415-26820-2}}
* {{서적 인용
 |first        = Colin
 |last         = Shindler
 |title        = A History of Modern Israel
 |url          = https://books.google.com/books?id=oSQgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA283
 |date         = 25 March 2013
 |publisher    = Cambridge University Press
 |isbn         = 978-1-107-31121-3
 |pages        = 283–
 |access-date  = 3 October 2016
 |archive-date = 23 December 2016
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20161223214233/https://books.google.com/books?id=oSQgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA283
 |url-status   = live
}}
* {{서적 인용
| first=Spencer C.
| last=Tucker
| title=Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection &#91;4 volumes&#93;
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dm6pDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA958
| date=31 August 2019
| publisher=ABC-CLIO
| isbn=978-1-4408-5353-1
| pages=958–
| access-date=29 October 2020
| archive-date=18 November 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118095441/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dm6pDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA958
| url-status=live
}}
* {{서적 인용
|last=Yousef
|first=Mosab Hassan
|title=Son of Hamas: A Gripping Account of Terror, Betrayal, Political Intrigue, and Unthinkable Choices
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6qqwLB05IocC
|year=2011
|publisher=[[Tyndale House]]
|isbn=978-1-85078-985-7
|access-date=8 November 2020
|archive-date=18 November 2021
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118095443/https://books.google.com/books?id=6qqwLB05IocC
|url-status=live
}}
{{참고 자료 끝}}

== 각주 ==
{{각주}}

== 외부 링크 ==
{{위키공용분류-줄}}
{{탈냉전 시대 아시아의 분쟁}}
{{전거 통제}}



[[분류:인티파다]]
[[분류:팔레스타인의 항의행동]]