{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}
[[파일:MaoZedong19660818.jpg|대체글=|섬네일|1966년 8월 18일, [[마오쩌둥]]은 천안문에서 처음으로 [[홍위병]]를 만나 [[북경]]에서 대규모 학살을 촉발하였다.]]
'''붉은 8 월''' ({{zh|s=红八月|t=紅八月|p=Hóng Bāyuè}})은 원래 [[문화 대혁명]]이 시작되었던 1966년 8월을 의미하며 이 기간 동안 주로 일어난 [[베이징]]에서의 일련의 학살을 표현하는 데 사용된다.<ref name=":2">{{웹 인용|url=http://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2001_03_05.pdf|title=Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966|last=Wang|first=Youqin|date=2001|website=[[시카고 대학교]] (The University of Chicago)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417112031/http://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2001_03_05.pdf|archive-date=2020-04-17|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{저널 인용|title=A Massacre in Daxing County During the Cultural Revolution|journal=Chinese Law & Government|date=2014-12-07|volume=14|issue=3|pages=70–71|language=en|doi=10.2753/CLG0009-4609140370}}</ref><ref>{{뉴스 인용|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/11/the-cultural-revolution-50-years-on-all-you-need-to-know-about-chinas-political-convulsion|title=The Cultural Revolution: all you need to know about China's political convulsion|last=Phillips|first=Tom|date=2016-05-11|work=[[The Guardian]]|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208010532/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/11/the-cultural-revolution-50-years-on-all-you-need-to-know-about-chinas-political-convulsion|archive-date=2019-12-08|url-status=live|access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{웹 인용|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/09/13/china-communist-party-grandfather-survived-cultural-revolution-why-does-he-still-love-mao/|title=My Grandfather Survived China's Cultural Revolution. Why Does He Still Love Mao?|last=Dong|first=Yifu|website=Foreign Policy|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224032702/https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/09/13/china-communist-party-grandfather-survived-cultural-revolution-why-does-he-still-love-mao/|archive-date=2019-12-24|url-status=live|access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5-4zOdHKOIC&q=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Chinese+Cultural+Revolution+red+august&pg=PA237|title=Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution|last1=Jian|first1=Guo|last2=Song|first2=Yongyi|date=2006-07-17|publisher=Scarecrow Press|language=en|isbn=978-0-8108-6491-7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611201605/https://books.google.com/books?id=T5-4zOdHKOIC&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA237&dq=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Chinese+Cultural+Revolution+red+august|archive-date=2020-06-11|url-status=live|access-date=2020-07-10|last3=Zhou|first3=Yuan}}</ref><ref name=":34">{{웹 인용|url=https://www.statesman.com/article/20120901/NEWS/309013925|title=Chinese haunted by bloody 'Red August'|last=Lasseter|first=Tom|website=Austin American-Statesman|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612062816/https://www.statesman.com/article/20120901/NEWS/309013925|archive-date=2020-06-12|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-12}}</ref> 1980년 공식 통계에 따르면 1966년 8월부터 9 월까지 총 1,772 명 (많은 학교의 교사와 교장 포함)이 베이징에서 [[홍위병]]에 의해 사망하였다. 또한 33,695 채의 집이 약탈 당했고 85,196 가구가 강제로 도시를 떠나게 되었다.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9NQCgAAQBAJ&q=Daxing+Massacre&pg=PA86|title=Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution|last1=Jian|first1=Guo|last2=Song|first2=Yongyi|date=2015-07-23|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|language=en|isbn=978-1-4422-5172-4|last3=Zhou|first3=Yuan}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{웹 인용|url=http://www.ifengweekly.com/detil.php?id=604|title=怎样反思"红卫兵"|author=Wang|first=Jiajun|date=2014-09-05|publisher=[[봉황TV|Phoenix Weekly (凤凰周刊)]]|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016074817/http://ifengweekly.com/detil.php?id=604|archive-date=2017-10-16|url-status=live|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{웹 인용|url=https://boxun.com/news/gb/z_special/2011/09/201109160825.shtml|title=文革中"非正常死亡"了多少人？ ---- 读苏扬的《文革中中国农村的集体屠杀》|last=Song|first=Yongyi|date=2011|website=Boxun (博讯)|publisher=Dong Xiang (动向)|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210045125/https://boxun.com/news/gb/z_special/2011/09/201109160825.shtml|archive-date=2019-12-10|url-status=live|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{웹 인용|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/01/23/265228870/chinese-red-guards-apologize-reopening-a-dark-chapter|title=Chinese Red Guards Apologize, Reopening A Dark Chapter|website=[[내셔널 퍼블릭 라디오]] (NPR)|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214051839/https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/01/23/265228870/chinese-red-guards-apologize-reopening-a-dark-chapter|archive-date=2020-02-14|url-status=live|access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref> 학자들은 또한 1985년의 공식 통계에 따르면 붉은 8 월기간 동안의 실제 사망자 수는 10,000 명 이상이라고 지적하였다.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10">{{웹 인용|url=http://beijingspring.com/bj2/2010/170/201332200545.htm|title=记下老红卫兵的血债|last=Peng|first=Xiaoming|date=2013-03-02|website=Beijing Spring (北京之春)|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509040853/http://beijingspring.com/bj2/2010/170/201332200545.htm|archive-date=2013-05-09|url-status=live|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{웹 인용|url=https://blog.boxun.com/hero/201203/beijingzhoumoshihui/18_1.shtml|title=毛泽东大笑谈杀人|author=Sai|first=Hongqiu|website=Boxun|publisher=北京周末诗会|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210052515/https://blog.boxun.com/hero/201203/beijingzhoumoshihui/18_1.shtml|archive-date=2019-12-10|url-status=live|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref>

== 학살의 역사 ==
[[파일:1967-01_1966年10月18日毛泽东视察红卫兵.jpg|왼쪽|섬네일|[[마오쩌둥]]은 1966년 10월 베이징에서 [[홍위병]]들로부터 경례를 받는 마오쩌둥.]]
1966년 8월 18일, [[마오쩌둥]]은 베이징 [[천안문]]에서 홍위병 지도자 송 빈빈 (宋彬彬)을 만났다. 회의는 도시에서 대규모 살인을 시작한 [[홍위병]]들을 크게 자극하였다.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1">{{웹 인용|url=http://mjlsh.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/Book.aspx?cid=4&tid=2464|title=文革时期北京大兴县大屠杀调查|last=Yu|first=Luowen|website=[[홍콩 중문 대학]]|publisher=Lecture Room|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609003835/http://mjlsh.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/Book.aspx?cid=4&tid=2464|archive-date=2019-06-09|url-status=live|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref> 붉은 8월 기간 동안의 학살 방법에는 구타, 채찍질, [[교살]], 짓밟기, [[참수]] 등이 포함되었다. 특히 대부분의 영유아를 죽이는 데 사용된 방법은 그들을 땅에 내리치거나 반으로 자르는 것이었다.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{웹 인용|url=http://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/victim_ebook_070505.pdf|title=文革受难者 ——关于迫害、监禁和杀戮的寻访实录|last=Wang|first=Youqin|publisher=[[시카고 대학교]] (The University of Chicago)|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012075659/http://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/victim_ebook_070505.pdf|archive-date=2016-10-12|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{웹 인용|url=https://www.boxun.com/news/gb/z_special/2013/08/201308012335.shtml|title=北京大兴文革屠杀：婴儿被劈成两半|date=2013-08-01|website=Boxun|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210222251/https://www.boxun.com/news/gb/z_special/2013/08/201308012335.shtml|archive-date=2019-12-10|url-status=live|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{웹 인용|url=https://www.ipkmedia.com/%e9%9b%86%e4%bd%93%e9%81%97%e5%bf%98%e6%96%87%e9%9d%a9%ef%bc%8c%e6%97%a0%e7%96%91%e6%98%af%e4%b8%80%e7%a7%8d%e6%9b%b4%e6%b7%b1%e8%bf%9c%e7%9a%84%e6%b0%91%e6%97%8f%e5%85%ac%e8%80%bb/|title=集体遗忘文革，无疑是一种更深远的民族公耻|website=Ipkmedia (光传媒)|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629132145/https://www.ipkmedia.com/%e9%9b%86%e4%bd%93%e9%81%97%e5%bf%98%e6%96%87%e9%9d%a9%ef%bc%8c%e6%97%a0%e7%96%91%e6%98%af%e4%b8%80%e7%a7%8d%e6%9b%b4%e6%b7%b1%e8%bf%9c%e7%9a%84%e6%b0%91%e6%97%8f%e5%85%ac%e8%80%bb/|archive-date=2020-06-29|url-status=live|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref> 저명한 작가 [[라오서]]를 비롯한 많은 사람들이 박해를 받고 자살했다.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{웹 인용|url=http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/rct/pdf/e_outputs/b10/v10p005.pdf|title=Death and the Nobel-On Lao She's "Suicide"|last=Brady|first=Paul|date=1974|website=[[홍콩 중문 대학]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227054417/http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/rct/pdf/e_outputs/b10/v10p005.pdf|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=live}}</ref>

학살 당시 마오쩌둥은 정부의 학생 운동에 대한 어떠한 개입도 공개적으로 반대했고, [[중화인민공화국 공안부|공안부]] 장관 시 푸지 (谢富治)도 홍위병를 보호하고 그들을 체포하지 말라고 명령했다.<ref name=":21">{{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diezDwAAQBAJ&q=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC+%E5%A6%82%E6%9E%9C%E4%BD%A0%E6%8A%8A%E6%89%93%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E6%89%A3%E7%95%99%E8%B5%B7%E6%9D%A5%EF%BC%8C%E6%8D%95%E8%B5%B7%E6%9D%A5%EF%BC%8C%E4%BD%A0%E4%BB%AC%E5%B0%B1%E8%A6%81%E7%8A%AF%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF&pg=PA62|title=中外學者談文革|last1=Xiong|first1=Jingming|last2=Song|first2=Yongyi|date=2018-06-15|publisher=The Chinese University Press|location=Hong Kong|language=zh|isbn=978-988-17563-3-6|last3=Yu|first3=Guoliang}}</ref><ref name=":33">{{웹 인용|url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-9/mswv9_65.htm|title=Talk At The Work Conference Of The Centre|last=Mao|first=Zedong|website=Marxists Internet Archive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715142628/https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-9/mswv9_65.htm|archive-date=2018-07-15|url-status=live|access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{웹 인용|url=http://news.ifeng.com/history/zhiqing/ziliao/detail_2012_09/01/17271511_0.shtml?_from_ralated|title=文革公安部长谢富治谈红卫兵打死人：我们管不着|website=[[봉황TV]]|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210045134/http://news.ifeng.com/history/zhiqing/ziliao/detail_2012_09/01/17271511_0.shtml?_from_ralated|archive-date=2019-12-10|url-status=live|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{웹 인용|url=http://news.ifeng.com/shendu/nfzm/detail_2014_03/14/34768339_0.shtml|title=卞仲耘丈夫：宋彬彬没参与打人 但她是一伙儿的|website=[[봉황TV]]|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210045143/http://news.ifeng.com/shendu/nfzm/detail_2014_03/14/34768339_0.shtml|archive-date=2019-12-10|url-status=live|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{웹 인용|url=http://news.ifeng.com/history/zhiqing/ziliao/200912/1214_6858_1473893.shtml|title=对红卫兵组织失去信任 毛泽东决定下放知青始末|date=2009-12-14|website=[[봉황TV]]|publisher=[[인민일보]]|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527233055/http://news.ifeng.com/history/zhiqing/ziliao/200912/1214_6858_1473893.shtml|archive-date=2015-05-27|url-status=live|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref> 그러나 상황은 1966년 8월 말까지 통제 할 수 없게되어 [[중국공산당 중앙위원회]]와 중국 정부가 여러 번의 개입을 강요하여 학살을 점차 종식 시켰다.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":18">{{웹 인용|url=http://www.cnd.org/CR/ZK06/cr340.gb.html|title=《亲历重庆大武斗》序|author=Wang|first=Nianyi|date=2006-06-13|website=China News Digest (华夏文摘)|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519123434/http://www.cnd.org/CR/ZK06/cr340.gb.html|archive-date=2011-05-19|url-status=live|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref>

홍위병에 의한 살해는 또한 베이징의 여러 농촌 지역에 영향을 미쳤으며, 예를 들어 8월 27일부터 9월 1일까지 베이징의 [[다싱구]]에서 325 명이 사망 한 "다싱 대학살"을 일으켰다.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":22">{{뉴스 인용|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/07/18/a-nightmare-leaves-scars-questions/05791e4e-e4a4-49b8-b235-c440f51783c0/|title=A NIGHTMARE LEAVES SCARS, QUESTIONS|last=Southerl|first=Daniel|date=1994-07-18|work=[[워싱턴 포스트]] (The Washington Post)|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224105059/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/07/18/a-nightmare-leaves-scars-questions/05791e4e-e4a4-49b8-b235-c440f51783c0/|archive-date=2019-12-24|url-status=live|access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref> 다싱 대학살에서 사망 한 가장 오래된 사람은 80 세였고, 가장 어린 사람은 겨우 38 일이었다. 모두 22가구가 전멸하였다.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />

== 영향과 여파 ==
[[파일:Political_slogan_by_Red_Guards_on_the_campus_of_Fudan_University_1976.jpg|대체글=|섬네일|상하이 [[푸단 대학]] 캠퍼스에서 홍위병의 정치 선전 : "피와 생명으로 중앙당위원회를 지켜라! 피와 생명으로 마오 위원장을 지켜라!".]]
베이징의 붉은 8월은 [[상하이시|상하이]], [[광저우시|광저우]], [[난징시|난징]], [[샤먼시|샤먼]] 등 여러 도시에서 [[홍위병]] 운동을 촉발한 중국 [[문화 대혁명]] 내 "[[적색 테러]]"의 기원으로 여겨진다. 이 장소에서 지역 정치 지도자, 지식인, 교사 및 "흑오류(黑五类)"의 구성원들은 홍위병에 의해 박해를 받고 심지어 살해당하기까지 하였다.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":12">{{서적 인용|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diezDwAAQBAJ&q=%E7%BA%A2%E8%89%B2%E6%81%90%E6%80%96&pg=PR43|title=中外學者談文革|last1=Xiong|first1=Jingming|last2=Song|first2=Yongyi|date=2018-06-15|publisher=The Chinese University Press|location=Hong Kong|language=zh|isbn=978-988-17563-3-6|last3=Yu|first3=Guoliang}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{웹 인용|url=https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/zhuanlan/xinlingzhilyu/wengebeiwanglu/m0816mind-08152013163142.html|title=47周年回放：再忆文革"八.一八"和 "红八月"|date=2013-08-15|work=[[자유 아시아 방송]] (Radio Free Asia)|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210060415/https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/zhuanlan/xinlingzhilyu/wengebeiwanglu/m0816mind-08152013163142.html|archive-date=2019-12-10|url-status=live|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{웹 인용|url=https://www.chinesepen.org/blog/archives/61964|title=红八月，血迹未乾|author=Jin|first=Zhong|website=Independent Chinese PEN Center|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210070701/https://www.chinesepen.org/blog/archives/61964|archive-date=2019-12-10|url-status=live|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{웹 인용|url=https://wxn.qq.com/cmsid/2013092800383700|title=1966年首都红卫兵上海搞武斗:没打死就是文斗|date=2013-09-28|website=[[Tencent]]|publisher=Century (世纪)|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612062345/https://wxn.qq.com/cmsid/2013092800383700|archive-date=2020-06-12|url-status=live|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref><ref name=":28">{{웹 인용|url=http://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/bianzhongyun_text2.htm|title=卞仲耘纪念文章（续）|last=Wang|first=Youqin|publisher=[[시카고 대학교]] (University of Chicago)|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211010731/http://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/bianzhongyun_text2.htm|archive-date=2019-12-11|url-status=live|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref>

붉은 8월의 결정적인 순간이었던 '1966년 8월 18일'은 [[나치 독일]] [[홀로코스트]]의 시발점이 되었던 '[[수정의 밤]]'과의 비교가있다.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":24">{{웹 인용|url=https://www.dw.com/zh/%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%B9%E8%8A%AC%E7%BB%8F%E5%8E%86%E7%9A%84818/a-15326044|title=王容芬经历的"8·18"|date=2011-08-19|website=[[독일의 소리]] (Deutsche Welle)|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210070728/https://www.dw.com/zh/%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%B9%E8%8A%AC%E7%BB%8F%E5%8E%86%E7%9A%84818/a-15326044|archive-date=2019-12-10|url-status=live|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref><ref name=":25">{{웹 인용|url=http://www.mjlsh.org/book.aspx?cid=2&tid=2835&pid=7350|title=沉重的回忆（41）"文革"风暴到来的时候|author=Wang|first=Chuanye|website=[[홍콩 중문 대학]]|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324122118/http://www.mjlsh.org/book.aspx?cid=2&tid=2835&pid=7350|archive-date=2020-03-24|url-status=dead|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref><ref name=":26">{{웹 인용|url=https://www.boxun.com/news/gb/z_special/2012/04/201204232254.shtml|title=也说"老红卫兵"|author=Xi|first=Ligong|date=2012|website=Boxun|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210072231/https://www.boxun.com/news/gb/z_special/2012/04/201204232254.shtml|archive-date=2019-12-10|url-status=live|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref><ref name=":27">{{웹 인용|url=http://www.cnd.org/CR/ZK12/cr696.gb.html|title=伫视王晶垚－宋彬彬对簿历史的公堂——《宋彬彬谈话纪要》的解读及其它（下）|author=Lang|first=Jun|date=2012|website=China News Digest (华夏文摘)|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211010715/http://www.cnd.org/CR/ZK12/cr696.gb.html|archive-date=2019-12-11|url-status=live|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref><ref name=":30">{{저널 인용|title=Contrasting Two Survival Literatures: On the Jewish Holocaust and the Chinese Cultural Revolution|journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies|last=Ma|first=Sheng-Mei|url=https://academic.oup.com/hgs/article/2/1/81/759930|date=1987-01-01|volume=2|issue=1|pages=81–93|language=en|doi=10.1093/hgs/2.1.81|issn=8756-6583}}</ref> 또한 붉은 8월과 중국 전역의 문화 대혁명 학살은 '[[제2차 중일전쟁]]'당시 일본군이 실시한 [[난징 대학살]]과 비교되기도 한다.<ref name=":25" /><ref name=":26" /><ref name=":27" /><ref name=":29">{{웹 인용|url=https://theinitium.com/article/20181213-notes-nanjing-massacre/|title=讀者來函：建構文化創傷——從南京大屠殺與「文革」說起|author=Luo Ri|first=Yu Deng|date=2018-12-13|website=Initium Media|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211010714/https://theinitium.com/article/20181213-notes-nanjing-massacre/|archive-date=2019-12-11|url-status=live|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{웹 인용|url=https://www.chinesepen.org/blog/archives/53378|title=谁敢把皇帝拉下马？----文革五十周年反思|last=Ma|first=Jian|date=2016|website=Independent Chinese PEN Center|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628182031/https://www.chinesepen.org/blog/archives/53378|archive-date=2020-06-28|url-status=live|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref>

== 같이 보기 ==
* [[마오쩌둥 사상]]
* [[대숙청]]

== 각주 ==
{{각주}}

[[분류:문화 대혁명]]
[[분류:중화인민공화국의 역사]]
[[분류:인권 침해]]
[[분류:중화인민공화국의 범죄]]
[[분류:1966년 중국]]